George Arthur Foster (born December 1, 1948) is an American former professional baseball player and scout. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from  through , most notably as an integral member of the Cincinnati Reds, with whom he won two World Series championships, in  and . He also played for the San Francisco Giants, New York Mets and the Chicago White Sox.

A five-time All-Star, Foster was one of the most feared right-handed sluggers of his era, leading the National League in home runs in 1977 and 1978, and in RBIs in 1976, 1977, and 1978. He won the National League's Most Valuable Player Award in 1977 and a Silver Slugger Award in 1981. In 2003, Foster was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame.

San Francisco Giants
Born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Foster attended Leuzinger High School in Lawndale, California. After just a single year at El Camino College, Foster was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the third round of the 1968 Major League Baseball draft. After two seasons in their farm system, he debuted with the Giants at 20 years old in September . He went two-for-five with one run batted in as a pinch hitter and late inning defensive replacement. That year on September 22, Willie Mays pinch hit for Foster and hit his career home run number 600.

Foster returned to the Giants in September of the following year, hitting his first career home run off the San Diego Padres' Pat Dobson. He finally made an opening day roster in  as a fourth outfielder behind Mays, Bobby Bonds and Ken Henderson, but was traded to the Cincinnati Reds shortly after the season started for shortstop Frank Duffy and pitcher Vern Geishert.

Cincinnati Reds
Foster was immediately inserted into the starting line-up in center field, as starting center fielder Bobby Tolan was lost for the season with a torn Achilles tendon. He returned to a back-up role in , platooning in right field with César Gerónimo, and managed just a .200 batting average, two home runs and twelve RBIs. The nucleus of the "Big Red Machine" began coming together that season, however, and the Reds returned to the post-season playoffs after a disappointing fourth-place finish in 1971. Foster played in the 1972 National League Championship Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates only as a pinch runner for Tony Pérez in game five of the series; he scored the series-winning run on a wild pitch from Bob Moose. Foster appeared in games one and five of the World Series against the Oakland Athletics, but did not log an at-bat.

He spent the  season with the Reds' triple A affiliate, the Indianapolis Indians, and made a September return to the majors when the minor league season ended. He was not part of the Reds' post-season roster. Tolan had suffered through a poor 1973 season in which he batted just .206, and was traded that winter to the San Diego Padres for pitcher Clay Kirby. Foster, Merv Rettenmund and rookie Ken Griffey all took turns filling the hole the trade created in right field in , with Foster batting .264 with seven home runs and 64 RBIs.

The "Big Red Machine"
Early in the  season, Reds manager Sparky Anderson shifted perennial All-Star Pete Rose to third base, and used a platoon of Foster and Dan Driessen in left. Foster soon won the everyday job with a .300 batting average, 23 home runs and 78 RBIs. With Foster now in left, the final piece of the "Big Red Machine" was in place. The Reds won 108 games that year, tying the  World Series champion Baltimore Orioles for the most regular season wins that decade. They dominated the Pirates in the 1975 National League Championship Series, out-scoring their opponent 19–7 to sweep the series in three games. For his part, Foster batted .364 and scored three runs.

The Boston Red Sox proved a far tougher opponent in the World Series, as the Reds needed  seven games to win their first World Series title since . Foster went two-for-six and drove in two runs in the classic game six of the World Series at Fenway Park. His most memorable moment was on the field. The game was tied, and with the bases loaded and no outs in the ninth inning, reigning MVP and Rookie of the Year Fred Lynn lifted a ball down the left field line. Foster made the catch near the stands for the first out of the inning. Denny Doyle tagged up on the play, and was out at home on a strong throw from Foster. Rico Petrocelli grounded out to Rose at third for the final out and sent the game to extra innings.

Anderson moved Foster into the clean-up spot in his batting order during a 17-game hitting streak in June  when Foster's batting average peaked at .343. With 17 home runs and 71 RBI at the All-Star break, he was elected to start his first All-Star game. He turned in an MVP performance with a two-run home run and third RBI to pace his team to a 7–1 victory over the American League All-Stars. He ended the season batting .306 with 29 home runs and a major league-leading 121 RBIs to finish second, behind only teammate Joe Morgan, in National League MVP balloting. Rose and Griffey also finished within the top ten.

The Reds won the National League West by 10 games over the Los Angeles Dodgers. They became the only team to go undefeated in post-season history since the establishment of the Divisional Era in 1969 when they swept the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1976 National League Championship Series and New York Yankees in the World Series. For his part, Foster batted just .167 in the NLCS, but hit key home runs in games one and three. His average jumped to .429 in the World Series, while driving in four.

National League MVP

Foster turned in one of the all-time great seasons in  on his way to winning the National League's Most Valuable Player Award. On July 14, Foster clubbed three home runs against the Atlanta Braves. A home run the following day off the Houston Astros' Gene Pentz brought his season mark to 29 heading into the All-Star break. He started his second consecutive All-Star game, and led the NL charge with a first inning double to drive in Dave Parker with the first run of the game. On September 23, in the ninth inning of the Reds' 5–1 victory over the Atlanta Braves, Foster hit his fiftieth home run of the season off Buzz Capra, making him the first player since Willie Mays in  to hit fifty in a season. The 50 home run mark would not be reached again until Cecil Fielder hit 51 home runs in 1990. Foster was just the 10th player in major league history to reach the mark, and the first ever Cincinnati Reds player. His 149 RBIs also led the majors. He finished fourth in the NL in batting, missing the Triple Crown by .018 behind Dave Parker. He also led the NL in slugging percentage (.631), runs scored (124) and total bases (388).

He took over where he left off in , with 18 home runs and 63 RBIs in the first half of the season to earn his third consecutive All-Star start. For the season, he batted .281 and paced the NL in both home runs and RBIs with 40 and 120, respectively. He was voted onto his fourth consecutive All-Star team in , but needed to be pulled in the second inning after pulling his thigh. The Reds lost Foster for a month, and had been decimated by injuries, but managed to stay in the NL West race during Foster's absence. Shortly after his return, the Reds went on an eight-game winning streak that saw them jump into first place by 1.5 games over the Houston Astros. The Reds held off the Astros to win their first division crown since 1976, but were swept by the Pirates in the 1979 National League Championship Series. Foster's highlight was a game tying home run in game one of the NLCS.

Following the 1979 season, Joe Morgan headed to the Houston Astros via free agency. With Tony Pérez and Pete Rose already gone, the "Big Red Machine" was beginning to come apart, and the Reds slumped to a third-place finish in . Foster led the club with 25 home runs and 93 RBIs. A rejuvenated Cincinnati Reds team won a major league best 66 games in the strike shortened  season, but managed to miss the playoffs as a result of the split-season format used that season. Foster returned to form, finishing second to Mike Schmidt in the NL's RBI race. At this point in his career, when it looked like he would one day rank among the game's all-time greats, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time.

New York Mets
With one year remaining on his contract, Foster was seeking a new five-year deal with the Reds. Unwilling to meet his contract demands, the Reds traded him to the New York Mets for Greg Harris, Jim Kern and Alex Treviño on February 10, . After which, Foster agreed with the club on a five-year, $10 million contract.

Whereas the Reds were at or near the top of their division Foster's entire time in Cincinnati, the Mets were consistent cellar dwellers in the National League East when Foster joined his new club. The franchise was hoping for a turn around with Foster in tow, but it was not to be, as all of Foster's power numbers declined. He hit just 13 home runs while driving in 70 his first season in New York City, both the lowest numbers he'd put up since 1974.

The Mets acquired Keith Hernandez and brought up rookie prospect Darryl Strawberry during the  season. Given more protection in the line-up, Foster rebounded with a team-best 28 home runs and 90 RBI. When the Mets became a contending team in , Foster batted .269 with 24 home runs and 86 RBI.

The  season came down to the wire between the Mets and St. Louis Cardinals. On September 10, with the two teams tied atop the NL East, an incident between Foster and Cardinals pitcher Danny Cox caused both benches to clear. The race remained tight, but the Cardinals pulled off a three-game lead as the Mets headed to Busch Stadium for a three-game set on October 1. Game one was a pitchers' duel between Ron Darling and John Tudor that the Mets won in extra innings. With the Mets now just two games back, 20 game winners Dwight Gooden and Joaquín Andújar faced off in game two.

With the Mets leading 1–0, Foster led off the second inning by legging out an infield single. Three batters later, he scored the second run of the game on a fielder's choice by Gooden. In the seventh, he drove the first pitch from Andújar to deep center field to give the Mets a 4–1 lead. Foster went 3-for-4 to lead the Mets to a 5–2 victory, and pull to within one game of the division lead. The Mets would, however, lose the following day, and the Cardinals went on to win the division.

Last year in baseball
Foster was 37 years old and in the final year of his contract when the  season began. Although he had been respectable for several years, he had not fully lived up to the expectations that were set for him by the Mets and his age was starting to become a factor as well. He put up respectable power numbers (13 home runs and 37 RBIs), but had a .237 batting average, and had lost considerable range in left field. Meanwhile, the Mets manager Davey Johnson was looking for an everyday position for utilityman Kevin Mitchell. When the Mets headed to Cincinnati for a three-game series on July 21, Foster sat out the series, making just one pinch hit appearance in the second game of the set.

This game was highlighted by a bench-clearing brawl that was ignited when the Reds' Eric Davis stole third base in the tenth inning. After a hard tag by Mets third baseman Ray Knight, the two men exchanged words, leading to Knight's punching Davis in the face. Both benches emptied with the exception of Foster. Foster said that he stayed out of the ruckus because it set a bad example for children. After the series in Cincinnati, the manager Johnson officially announced Mitchell as the everyday left fielder.

Foster complained that his demotion was racially motivated, with Los Angeles Times writer Mike Downey criticizing him for making that statement considering that Mitchell, who replaced Foster, was black (like Foster). He made just 14 plate appearances after that point, walking once, getting one single, and striking out six times. On August 7, the Mets released Foster and replaced him on their major league roster with Lee Mazzilli.

Later that month, he was claimed off waivers by the Chicago White Sox, and hit the ground running with his new club. In his first game, he went 2-for-4 with a home run. From there, his game declined, and Foster was released on September 7 after 15 games with his new club. When the Mets won the World Series in , they awarded Foster a World Series ring (the third of his career) and a three-quarters share as a team member for part of the season. He attempted to sign with a new club in , but was unsuccessful.

Career statistics
In 1,977 games over 18 seasons, Foster compiled a .274 batting average (1,925-for-7,023) with 986 runs, 307 doubles, 47 triples, 348 home runs, 1,239 Run batted in (RBI), 666 walks, 1,419 strikeouts, a .338 on-base percentage and a .480 slugging percentage. He posted a .984 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions. In 23 post-season games (three appearances in the World Series, four appearances in the NLCS), he hit .289 (22-for-76) with eleven runs, two doubles, three home runs, twelve runs batted in and eight walks.

Senior Professional Baseball Association
Afterwards, Foster played from 1989 to 1990 in the Senior Professional Baseball Association. In his first season, he hit .269 with 11 home runs and 52 RBI in 70 games  for the St. Lucie Legends. In 1990, he joined the St. Petersburg Pelicans and batted .273 in three games for the club before the league folded during the midseason.

In February 2010, Foster was hired as a scout advisor for the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball.

Personal life
He has two daughters, Shawna and Starr.

Foster began a baseball online radio show, "The George Foster Diamond Report", in which he speaks about how the development and strength of an athlete can build a strong foundation. Foster spends time instructing youth in baseball techniques, and also works as a motivational speaker. He operates a non-profit organization that supports children of military families and who live in inner city neighborhoods. He also sponsors baseball boot camps for children as well as a Cincinnati select baseball team, Foster's Force.

Foster was on the National Baseball Hall of Fame ballot for four years, having his highest total of 6.9% in 1993 before being dropped off after garnering 4.1% of the vote in 1995. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in , He was a celebrity participant in the  Cincinnati Reds/Findlay Market Opening Day Parade and he frequently returns to Cincinnati for the annual Redsfest and other reunion events. He was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.

See also

List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
San Francisco Giants all-time roster
Cincinnati Reds all-time roster
New York Mets all-time roster
Chicago White Sox all-time roster

References

External links

George Foster MLB - Baseballbiography.com
Ultimate Mets Database

1948 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
African-American Christians
American motivational speakers
Arizona Instructional League Giants players
Baseball players from Alabama
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
El Camino Warriors baseball players
Fresno Giants players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball left fielders
Medford Giants players
Minor league baseball managers
National League All-Stars
National League home run champions
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National League RBI champions
New York Mets players
Phoenix Giants players
San Francisco Giants players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Sportspeople from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
St. Lucie Legends players
St. Petersburg Pelicans players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

George Foster (baseball)


The Parrot assembly language (PASM) is the basic assembly language used by the Parrot virtual machine.

PASM is the lowest level assembly language in the Parrot stack. The Parrot intermediate representation (PIR) is PASM extended to simplify development of compilers.

The hello world program in PASM is simply:
 print "Hello world!\n"
 end

Although it appears similar to source code in some high-level programming languages, more complex PASM programs will resemble other assembly languages. The main exceptions to this low level programming in PASM are string handling and, as shown above, input and output. Additionally, PASM has automatic garbage collection from the virtual machine, and it does not allow pointer arithmetic.

Parrot assembly language has more instructions than hardware assembly languages, even  CISC processors. This is because the marginal cost of creating a new instruction in Parrot is low compared to the marginal cost of doing so in hardware, and the creators of Parrot had no particular goal of minimalism.

External sources

References

Assembly languages
Perl

Parrot assembly language


John Peter Berger (5. 11. 1926. – 2. 1. 2017), britanski likovni kritičar, romanopisac, slikar i pisac. Među njegovim najpoznatijim djelima se nalazi roman G., dobitnik Nagrade Booker za 1972. godinu, kao i esej o likovnoj kritici Ways of Seeing, poznat kao književni prilog istoimenoj BBC-jevoj seriji.

Bibliografija
 A Painter of Our Time
 Permanent Red
 The Foot of Clive
 Corker's Freedom
 A Fortunate Man
 Art and Revolution
 The Moment of Cubism and Other Essays
 The Look of Things: Selected Essays and Articles
 Ways of Seeing
 Another Way of Telling
 A Seventh Man
 The Success and Failure of Picasso
 G.
 About Looking
 Into Their Labours (Pig Earth, Once in Europa, Lilac and Flag. A Trilogy)
 And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos
 The White Bird (
 Keeping a Rendezvous
 Pages of the Wound
 Photocopies
 To the Wedding
 King
 The Shape of a Pocket
 Selected Essays (Geoff Dyer, ur.)
 I Send You This Cadmium Red (koautor John Christie)
 Titian: Nymph and Shepherd (koautor with Katya Berger)
 Here is Where We Meet
 Hold Everything Dear

Eksterni linkovi

 Online extract from 'A Seventh Man' published in 'Race & Class', 1975
 Notes on the Gaze by Daniel Chandler
 Illustrations and Amplifications for John Berger's Ways of Seeing
 Excerpt from Ways of Seeing
 part of Ch.1 of Ways of Seeing
 online version of Ways of Seeing
 John Berger, Virtual Interview in Prospect Magazine, Dec 2000
 An interview with Berger from the San Francisco Chronicle
 Profile and interview from the London Telegraph
 Berger article from online Literary Encyclopedia
 What He Saw, Review of... John Berger, Selected Essays by Jim Lewis, Village Voice, February 15th, 2002
 Written in the night, the pain of living in the present world By John Berger, Le Monde diplomatique, February 2003
 John Berger pays tribute to his good friend, John Berger, Sunday August 8, 2004, The Observer
 The beginning of history, review of the film, Fahrenheit 9/11, John Berger, The Guardian, August 24, 2004
 johnberger.org, web site for the 2005 release of Here is Where We Meet and associated events in London
 John Berger, Islington, Prospect magazine, March 2005
 "A radical returns". The Guardian April 3, 2005.
 Bloomsbury Author Page  features biography and bibliography.
 The bloody outcome of two worlds at war, John Berger, Sunday July 17, 2005 The Observer
 Notes for his art exhibition in Cork, Ireland, 2005
 Undefeated despair, John Berger, 13-1-2006
 We must speak out: Berger launches cultural boycott of Israel
 An Interview with John Berger by Li-Hsin Kuo (in Chinese). from shihlun/punctum

Britanski likovni kritičari
Britanski slikari
Engleski pisci
Dobitnici Bookerove nagrade

John Berger


The Flying Elephant was a proposed super-heavy tank, planned but never built by the British during World War I.

Development
After the last order for an additional fifty Mark I vehicles in April 1916, it was not certain that any more tanks were to be produced. Everything would depend on the success of the new weapon. William Tritton, co-designer and co-producer of the Mark I, thought he already understood what would prove to be its main weakness. A direct hit by a shell would destroy the vehicle, a major drawback on a battlefield saturated with artillery fire. Tritton decided to design a tank that would be immune to medium artillery fire in April 1916.

Tritton was unsure what this would entail. He did not know how thick the armour should be to ensure complete protection. The same month Lieutenant Kenneth Symes began to test 2 inch (51 mm) armour plate by firing at it with various captured German guns. In June, this programme was expanded by testing several types of plate at Shoeburyness, delivered by armour producer William Beardmore and Company. The Tank Supply Committee approved the production of a prototype on 19 June 1916, but the design was not to be finalised until late August 1916.

Description
Partial drawings have survived and show a vehicle  long and about  tall and three metres wide, not that much larger than the Mark I. However, the weight was estimated at a hundred tons, much heavier than the 28 tons of the Mark I. The huge increase in weight came from the enormously thick armour for the time (three inches at the front, two inches on the sides). The hull roof consisted of a horizontal half-cylinder, apparently also with a uniform armour two inches thick. The front was a vertical half-cylinder, the transition between the two being a half-dome.

Many sources claim that the main armament, a nose-mounted cannon, was a standard 57-millimetre 6-pounder gun. John Glanfield, in his history The Devil's Chariots, states that it was a 75-millimetre or 13-pounder gun. A 6-pounder main gun for such a heavy machine would have meant half the main armament of contemporary vehicles. The preliminary design, for which partial blueprints are in the Albert Stern archive at King's College London, featured two six-pounders in sponsons either side of a bulbous nose equipped with no fewer than five machine guns. Each side had two machine-gun positions on the flanks, with two more at the rear (the original Foster drawings make this quite clear; the reproduction of the drawings in David Fletcher's book British Tanks 1915–19 is cropped and makes the rear guns ambiguous in nature). Originally, the shell-proof tank was referred to simply as the Heavy Tank, then Foster's Battle Tank.  Where the nickname 'Flying Elephant' came from no one knows for sure, though it was probably the result of the trunk-like nose gun, domed front, and enormous bulk combined with a traditional British lightheartedness.

The tank was fitted with two pairs of caterpillar tracks. The outer tracks resembled those of the Mark I, but were flatter and 61 centimetres wide, while a pair of additional, narrower tracks were fitted to the underside approximately 6 inches higher than the main tracks. They were not intended to be used for normal driving but were to be engaged to give extra traction over rough ground and would have helped to prevent "bellying", i.e. the tank becoming stuck on higher ground between the two outer tracks. All four tracks could be simultaneously driven by two Daimler 105 horsepower (78 kilowatt) engines, positioned on the centre-line, with the inner tracks connected to the main units via dog clutches. Each engine had its own primary gearbox, both of which drove into one single differential. This differential powered two secondary gearboxes, one for each main track. This differs from the solution chosen for the later Whippet in which each engine drove its own track.

Results
It is certain that construction was started at some point, but did not result in a completed prototype. Albert Gerald Stern, the head of the Tank Supply Department, wrote that the War Office ordered the end of the project late in 1916, because it deemed mobility more important than protection.

Historian David Fletcher speculated that the project ran into trouble because the vehicle was grossly underpowered; top speed was estimated at two miles per hour, and it seems unlikely that it could have worked itself free when stuck in mud. The fact that the Mark I series turned out to be a success removed one of Tritton's main motives for building the heavier tank. However, John Glanfield writes that Tritton, in an effort to lighten the machine and make it more practicable, halved the thickness of the armour, reducing the overall weight to a still hefty 50–60 tons. Its appearance would have remained unchanged.  Furthermore, the role of the Flying Elephant was changed from a vague 'attack' role to that of a 'tank-buster' when it was feared that the Germans were developing their own armoured fighting vehicles. Apparently, Stern planned to build twenty of the machines, before the project was cancelled.

Citations

References

Further reading

Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom
Super-heavy tanks
World War I tanks
History of the tank

Flying Elephant


Johann Jakob Frey (27 January 1813 - 30 September 1865), a Swiss landscape painter, a native of Basle, studied principally in Italy, and his views of that country are much valued. From Egypt, whither he accompanied Professor Lepsius, he brought many excellent sketches of the pyramids, labyrinths etc. It is to be regretted that he was obliged to make but a short stay on account of his health. His painting of 'Chamsyn in the Desert,' in the possession of the Emperor of Germany, was produced in 1845, and is greatly admired. He died at Frascati, near Rome, in 1865. The Modern Gallery at Munich has his Two Memnons near Thebes.

Notes

1813 births
1865 deaths
19th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
Swiss landscape painters
Artists from Basel-Stadt
19th-century Swiss male artists

Johann Jakob Frey


Recommended Records (RēR) is a British independent record label and distribution network founded by Chris Cutler with Nick Hobbs in March 1978. RēR features largely "Rock in Opposition" and related music, but it also distributes selected music released on other independent labels.

In 1982 Cutler established November Books, the publishing wing of Recommended Records, and between 1985 and 1997, Recommended Records and November Books published RēR Quarterly, a "quarterly" sound-magazine edited by Cutler.

In 1989 Recommended Records became known as RēR Megacorp with a turnover of £180,000 in 1994.

History
When English avant-rock group Henry Cow toured Europe between 1975 and 1977 they encountered many bands in a similar situation to their own: they were forced to operate outside the music industry that refused to recognise their music. In 1978 these groups got together and formed Rock in Opposition (RIO). To provide a record label and distribution network for these artists, Chris Cutler of Henry Cow and Nick Hobbs, Henry Cow's manager at the time, established Recommended Records (RēR) as a model for a non-profit music company. When RIO folded as an organisation in late 1979, RēR continued RIO's work by representing and promoting marginalised musicians and groups. RēR became a "virtual RIO", and "part of the continuing legacy of RIO".

Recommended Records grew from "Ré", a private record label in 1978 to "RēR Megacorp" in 1989, an internationally recognised independent record company with distributors worldwide. They have consistently introduced new and interesting artists from around the world, many of whom might never have been able to release records. They have always put the artist first and commercial viability second.

Evolution of the name
When Henry Cow split up in 1978, Chris Cutler created a record label called Ré for his own projects with a distribution arm called Recommended Distribution, so called because he personally "recommended" the titles they distributed. The intention was to import and distribute new, interesting and experimental music from all over the world to the United Kingdom.

In 1979, Cutler established the Recommended label for releases other than his own. In 1987, he combined the Ré and Recommended labels to form RēR, and at the same time Recommended Distribution became a worker's cooperative enabling Cutler to concentrate on running the RéR label and writing RēR's mail order catalogue. This arrangement worked for a few years, but in 1989, due to enormous unpaid debts from Recommended Distribution, Cutler was forced to restart his own distribution system again, and RēR became RēR/Recommended. Recommended Distribution went on to become These Records, an affiliated label. RēR/Recommended became known as RēR Megacorp with a website and online shopping facilities.

RēR logos
Just as Recommended Records's name evolved over the years, so did its logo. Here are examples from 1979 and 1998:

Imprints
Recommended Records has the following imprints:
 Points East – established to release experimental music from Central Europe
 Freedonia – established to release records by Půlnoc, formerly The Plastic People of the Universe
 Political Underground – established to release records by Unrest Work and Play
 Fred Records – dedicated to re-releasing the back catalogue of Fred Frith recordings plus previously unreleased material
 This is! – set up by Charles Hayward and Charles Bullen to re-release This Heat's back catalogue

Affiliated labels
A distribution network of affiliated labels exists throughout the world to promote experimental, unusual and innovative music. While many of these labels are distinct operations, they share a common musical ethic. Some of these affiliated labels are:
 Ad Hoc Records – RēR USA label
 Locus Solus – Recommended Records Japan
 These Records – independent UK label and mail-order shop
 RecRec Music – RēR Switzerland, an independent Swiss label (no longer active)
 Review Records – ReRe Germany, an independent German label
 No Man's Land – an imprint of Review (ReRe) Records
 AYAA – Recommended France, an independent French label (no longer active)
 Cuneiform Records – US distributor of RēR, an independent US label

Artists
These are some of the artists that have had music released or re-released on the Recommended Records label.

5uu's
After Dinner
AMM
Paolo Angeli
Arcane Device
Art Bears
Biota/Mnemonists
Peter Blegvad
Brainville 3
Cassiber
Lindsay Cooper
Chris Cutler
Peter Cusack
Tod Dockstader
Bob Drake
Faust
Janet Feder
Fred Frith
Lutz Glandien
Light Coorporation
Ground Zero
Haco
Hail
Alfred Harth
Henry Cow
Tim Hodgkinson
The Homosexuals
Robert Iolini
Kalahari Surfers
Keep the Dog
Boris Kovač
Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar
Albert Marcoeur
Elio Martusciello
Massacre
R. Stevie Moore
The Necks
News from Babel
John Oswald
P53
Zeena Parkins
Lesego Rampolokeng
Jon Rose
The Science Group
Skeleton Crew
Slapp Happy
Sun Ra
Richard Aaker Trythall
Thinking Plague
This Heat
Jack Vees
Charles Vrtacek
When

RēR compilations
Various artists: Recommended Records Sampler (1982, 2xLP, Recommended Records)
Various artists: Recommended Records Sampler (1982, EP, Recommended Records)
Various artists: RēR Quarterly (1985–1997, LP/CD + magazine, Recommended Records)

See also
 List of independent UK record labels

References

External links
Chris Cutler homepage.
RēR Megacorp. Recommended Records UK.
Recommended Records at SquidCo.

British independent record labels
Record labels established in 1978
Alternative rock record labels
Experimental music record labels
Chris Cutler
1978 establishments in the United Kingdom

Recommended Records


Mihailo Merćep (; 1864–1937) was a Serbian flight pioneer.

Biography
Born in Dubrovnik in a tradesman family, then a part of Austria-Hungary, Merćep started his primary education in Kladovo, Serbia and finished on the other side of the Danube in Turn-Severin (today Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania), He returned to his native town in 1878 where he worked as a merchant though his main interests lay in photography.

At the beginning of the 1880s he moved to Belgrade, where he was one of the co-founders of the first Serbian velocipede society (1884). In 1893 he embarked on a spectacular bicycle journey: he was to ride his bike from Belgrade to Chicago (with ship transport from Hamburg to New York) to be there in time for the World Expo and second world championship in bicycling. In Chicago Merćep witnessed some attempts of flying. Next four years he spent in Dallas, where he embarked on a cyclist career. In 1897 he returned to Serbia this time cycling from Dallas to New York and again from Hamburg to Belgrade. In 1898 Merćep joined with the Belgrade cycling champion publisher Sveta Savić and actor Ljuba Stanojević and together they cycled through "Serb Lands": across Bosnia and Herzegovina to Montenegro and then across Boka Kotorska to Dubrovnik.

At the beginning of the 20th century Merćep moved to Zagreb where he opened a photo studio. Apart from cycling he was now also in motorcycling and cars, organizing some of the first car "tours" in Croatia. In one cycling race he met Slovene Edvard Rusjan, who was also interested in airplanes. Since in Rusjan was already close to finishing his biplane EDA I that flew on 25 November 1909 – an event marked as the first flight of any South Slav. During 1910 Edvard Rusjan built seven more planes with various successes. After Merćep gave Rusjan the much needed financial help, they joined in and built a hangar in Zagreb, where Merćep planned a production of aircraft for the market. A supplemented variant of EDA VI was named Merćep-Rusjan. This monoplane proved to be far better than the previous and rose to a record height of 28 meters, 4 meters above the previous maximum achieved by Louis Bleriot. With this height Rusjan was able to make a flight over Zagreb in late 1910. However, the first Serbian air meeting in Belgrade in January 1911 was fatal for Rusjan. Merćep continued work with Edvard's brother Josip and produced three more aircraft in which they trained pilots and gave many performances across Austria-Hungary. Merćep's success was crowned in 1912 when he was declared the best pilot of the Empire.

In the meantime Merćep became the member of the Sokol association in Zagreb (1909). After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914, Merćep was jailed as a declared Serb nationalist. After six months and many interventions of his friends he was out of prison only to find out that his hangar and workshop have been destroyed by the anti-Serb mob. This was the last of Merćep's pilot and constructionist career.

After the Great War, Merćep initiated the founding of aero club in Zagreb in 1925 and was one of the founders of the Aero-Club of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the same year. He died in Belgrade.

References

1864 births
1937 deaths
People from Dubrovnik
Aviation pioneers
Serbs of Croatia
Serbian aviators
Austro-Hungarian Serbs
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary
Immigrants to the Kingdom of Serbia

Mihailo Merćep


Wasps are members of the order Hymenoptera, which also includes ants, bees and sawflies.

The common or garden wasps, Vespula vulgaris, and hornets (Vespa) are members of the eusocial family Vespidae. This has about 5000 species.

By far the greater number of wasp species (over 100,000) are the parasitic wasps. Most of them are parasitoids which lay their eggs in the caterpillars of other insect species. Almost every pest insect species has at least one wasp species that preys upon it or parasitizes it. This makes wasps vital to the natural control of pest numbers (biocontrol). Parasitic wasps are increasingly used in agricultural pest control as they prey mostly on pest insects and have little impact on crops.

Anatomy
Many people get confused between wasps and bees. It's pretty easy to tell the difference between bees and wasps, because bees look quite hairy and wasps do not.

Wasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments. They usually have wings and their abdomens are attached to their thorax by a slender petiole, or a "waist". Females have a sting, which they use for piercing and egg laying. Adult wasps feed mostly on nectar, but their larvae feed on insects or pollen, provided by the mother.

Free-living wasps

Nests made of paper
Most free-living wasps are social insects, like bees and ants, but there are a few solitary wasps. Social wasps are formed of paper wasps, yellowjackets and hornets. All three make paper nests from tree wood. They create paper cells similar to the combs that bees make with wax. They chew up bits of wood and convert it into a paste which they use to construct their paper nests.

Eggs & larvae
The queen lays an egg in each cell of the nests. When it hatches the grub is fed regurgitated insects by the worker wasps. In one group, the pollen wasps, grubs are fed pollen and nectar only. Adult wasps eat only nectar.
Unlike honeybees, the only one in a social wasp colony that will survive the winter is the queen. She will find a place to hibernate - in the hollows of trees, under bark, or in the walls of buildings. In the spring, she crawls out and starts all over again building a few cells, laying a few eggs, and nurturing them until they can become workers who will do all the work while she lays more eggs.

Parasitic wasps

With most species, adult parasitic wasps themselves do not take any nutrients from their prey, and, much like bees, butterflies, and moths, those that do feed as adults typically derive all of their nutrition from nectar.  Parasitic wasps are typically parasitoids, and extremely diverse in habits, many laying their eggs in inert stages of their host (egg or pupa), or sometimes paralyzing their prey by injecting it with venom through their ovipositor. They then insert one or more eggs into the host or deposit them upon the host externally. The host remains alive until the parasitoid larvae are mature, usually dying either when the parasitoids pupate, or when they emerge as adults. Farmers buy these parasitic wasps for insect control in their fields.

Solitary life
The mud dauber is one of the most common solitary wasps. The difference between normal wasps and mud daubers can be seen easily because of its long petiole. The female gathers together mud and puts it in her mouth to use when building her paper nest for her young. She uses her ovipositor to sting and paralyze tiny insects, spiders, caterpillars, and other creatures, which are stuffed into the mud nest. After each cell in the nest is filled and almost overflowing with spiders and insects, the mud dauber lays an egg in each cell, closes the openings, and leaves. Then, when the eggs finally hatch, the larvae, have a perfectly nice feast upon which they will dine until they become adults.

Some solitary wasps make galls, which are abnormal growths on plants. They form directly after the wasp lays its eggs, and the plant develops a growth around the egg, encasing it. The trigger for the gall to form is not known. The gall protects the eggs while they develop. Galls can be found almost everywhere in the late summer, especially on the branches of oak trees, like in this picture.

Some wasps deposit their eggs in wood so that the young wasp larvae will feed on the tree itself, making circular tunnels through the wood as they feed, until they pupate and crawl out of the tree as adult wasps.

Allergy and stings
A few people are allergic and might die if stung by a wasp. Wasps do not usually sting something unless it bothers them first. Allergy to bees is uncommon compared with allergy to wasps. Some people have a very marked local reaction to a wasp sting. This can usually be prevented with good self care such as elevation, cold compress, pain relief tablets and (if medically advised) antihistamines.

A sting is not the same as an allergy: the reaction to a sting is a normal immune response. If a person has symptoms at a distance from the sting (spreading rash or itch, tight chest, wheeze, tight swallowing, swollen lips/face, faintness or nausea), they need to seek medical care immediately. Prevention of stings is fairly easy if people understand how wasps live. Avoid eating sweet foods in their environment and take care over sweet smells when they are particularly hungry in the autumn.

Related pages
Bees

References

Other websites

Information on Wasps and sting prevention

Wasp


Détente (pronounced day-tont) is a word that means less tension and a better relationship between two countries.

The main example of a détente was during the Cold War. In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union improved relations. Both signed several treaties which reduced the amount of nuclear weapons each country had. During this time period, as China began to dislike the Soviet Union, the United States tried to make friends with China, giving the Soviet Union a disadvantage during the Cold War. This was often called "playing the China card."

Détente primarily was concerned with relations between the US and USSR but other countries like China, West Germany, and most of the European states also played their role in developing it. Their motives were mixed. The US proposed this because they did not want to have to go to war with USSR which would lead to all out nuclear warfare.

The literal and original use of the word meant to undo a crossbow, the detention of the cord that launched the arrow.

Related pages
Appeasement
Cold war

International relations

Détente


On 25 November 1975 the independent Republic o Suriname adoptit an offeecial coat o airms.  The motto reads Justitia - Pietas - Fides (Juistice - Piety - Fidelity).  It further consists o twa natives who carry a shield.  The left hauf o the shield seembolizes the past, as slaves wur abductit via ship oot o [[Africae]e].  The richt hauf, the side o the present, shows a Ryal Palm, an aa the seembol o a juist body ("The juist body shoud blossom like a palm").  The diamond in the middle is the stylized form o the hert, which is regardit as the organ o love.  The pynts o the diamond shaw the fower directions o the wind.  Inside the diamond is a five-pointit starn.  This starn seembolizes the five continents frae which the indwallers o Suriname migratit: Africae, Americae, Australie, Asie, an Europe.

Suriname
Naitional seembols o Suriname

Coat o airms o Suriname


The Treaty of Verdun (843) happened two generations after Charlemagne and divided his empire into three parts. When Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died in 840, his oldest son Lothair I said that he ruled his younger brothers and their lands. But his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald won the Battle of Fontenoy (841).

Division of the empire
Each of the brothers already had one kingdom - Lothair in Italy, Louis the German in Bavaria, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine.

 Lothair got the central part of the empire - what later became the Low Countries, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence, and Italy.

 Louis the German received East Francia. Louis became of all lands to the east of the Rhine river and to the north and east of Italy. This area became the Medieval Holy Roman Empire and parts of it later became modern Germany.

Charles the Bald received West Francia, which later became modern France.

9th century in Germany
History of France
Verdun
843
9th century in Europe
Verdun

Treaty of Verdun


The Great Seal of the State of Louisiana is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Louisiana. It was adopted in 1902.

It has four pelicans (one adult, the other three are little). Mother Pelican wounds her breast to feed her young. "Union, justice, confidence" are the words of the motto surrounding these four pelicans.

The wording "State of Louisiana" is on the outer edge of the seal.

Louisiana
Louisiana
1902 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Louisiana

Seal of Louisiana


Henry VII or Henry Tudor (28 January 1457–21 April 1509) was King of England from 1485 to 1509. He founded the Tudor dynasty by winning the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. His son became king Henry VIII of England.

Biography
Henry VII was born in 1457 to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort. His father died two months before he was born, leaving his 13-year-old mother as his only parent. After Henry's birth, he spent a lot of time with his uncle Jasper Tudor. Jasper took Henry to France, where he spent most of his youth. Henry had a claim to the throne of England, but it was not a very good one, and he had to wait a long time for a chance to take the throne.

In 1483, a new king came to the throne in England, called Richard III. King Richard was not popular with everyone. Some thought he had stolen the throne from his young nephews and had killed them. This gave Henry the chance he had been waiting for. With help from the French, he raised an army. They landed at Dale in Pembrokeshire, close to where Henry had been born, so he was able to gather more supporters on the way.

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) had been going on for years. They were fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster and supporters of the House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III.

King Henry VI and his family the House of Lancaster fought against their enemies for many years.  The wars finally came to an end when King Henry VII of England came to the throne in 1485.

On 22 August 1485, Henry's army defeated Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth Field. When Richard III died in this battle, Henry VII became king.  Other people also had a claim on the throne, and Henry did his best to stop them from taking it from him, either by executing them, putting them in prison, or trying to make friends of them, as he did with the Earl of Lincoln.  Another step he took was to marry Elizabeth of York, the niece of King Richard III, who would herself have been the heir to the throne if she had not been a girl.

There were also people who pretended to be long-lost members of the royal family, so that they could try to take the throne. One of these was a little boy called Lambert Simnel, who looked very like Edward, Earl of Warwick. The real Earl of Warwick was Henry's prisoner, but this did not stop other people from believing that Lambert was him. The Earl of Lincoln rebelled against King Henry and raised an army to make Lambert king, thinking that he himself could rule the country. There was a battle, and the Earl of Lincoln was killed. Lambert Simnel was captured, but, because he was only a child, Henry spared his life and he became a royal servant.

Henry married Elizabeth of York, and by this action put an end to the Wars of the Roses. They had six children, but only four survived infancy:

 Arthur Tudor (September 1486–April 1502)
 Margaret Tudor (November 1489–October 1541)
 Henry VIII (June 1491–January 1547)
 Mary Tudor (March 1496–June 1533)
 Edmund Tudor (died young)
 Catherine Tudor (died young)

Henry VII increased taxes so future kings would have enough money. People disliked that.

Death

Henry VII died of tuberculosis in 1509 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.  He was succeeded by his son, Henry VIII on 21 April 1509.

1457 births
1509 deaths

House of Tudor
15th century in England
16th century in England

Henry VII of England


A pebble is a piece of rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimetres. They are often made of flint.

Pebbles are larger than granules (2 to 4 millimetres diameter) and smaller than cobbles (64 to 256 millimetres diameter). A rock made predominantly of pebbles is termed a conglomerate. Pebble tools are among the earliest known man-made artifacts, dating from the Palaeolithic period of human history.

A beach composed chiefly of surface pebbles is commonly termed a shingle beach. This type of beach resists wave erosion, and has ecological niches which can provide habitat for animals and plants.

Sedimentary rocks

Pebble


Jaap Penraat (April 11, 1918 – June 25, 2006) was a Dutch resistance fighter during the Second World War.

Life
Penraat was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands. As a child, he helped Jewish neighbors by switching lights for them on Shabbat, which they were forbidden to do. When the Nazis occupied The Netherlands and began acting against the Jews, Penraat was an interior designer, architect and sculptor of tiles and statues. He started his resistance activities by forging identity papers for Jews, but was discovered and jailed for several months. Later he made over 20 trips smuggling a total of 406 Jewish people to safety from the Netherlands to Spain via France by using his forgery skills to convince the Nazis they were slave laborers for the Atlantic Wall on France's coast. He lost only one man, who was hit by a train. Penraat was tortured by the Nazis, but revealed nothing about his operations. After his release, he continued his activities until 1944, when it became too risky to continue, and he spent the rest of the war hiding in a village, living on sugar beets.

After the war, Penraat became a noted designer in Amsterdam, until in 1958 he moved to the United States. In 1964, he designed the Dutch mill cafe, for the New York World's Fair.

He remained silent about his wartime activities until his daughters convinced him that his grandchildren should know about them. He went on to describe his experiences to school groups. In subsequent interviews, he insisted he had only "done the decent thing". Yad Vashem, the official Israeli memorial to victims of the Holocaust, awarded him the designation of Righteous Among the Nations and put him on its honor roll on June 11, 1988.

A longtime friend of Penraat's, Hudson Talbott, authored a children's book about Penraat's activities entitled Forging Freedom: A True Story of Heroism During the Holocaust. Talbott said in an interview that Penraat "just loved the idea of putting one over on the Nazis".

Penraat died at his home in Catskill, New York at the age of 88, three years following the death of his wife, Jettie. He is survived by his three daughters, Marjolijn, Mir, and Noelle.

References
 Forging Freedom - A true story of heroism during the Holocaust, by Hudson Talbott. New York, 2000.

External links
New York Times "Jaap Penraat Dies at 88; Saved Hundreds in Holocaust" July 2, 2006 (registration may be required)
Jerusalem Post
Jaap Penraat at Yad Vashem website

Dutch resistance members
Dutch architects
Architects from Amsterdam
Dutch Righteous Among the Nations
1918 births
2006 deaths
People from Catskill, New York

Jaap Penraat


Trustworthiness or honesty is mainly a moral value. A trustworthy person is someone in whom we can place our trust and be sure that the trust will not be betrayed. Examples could be
Do we trust this person to look after our children when we are not present?
Do we trust this person to carry out a complicated repair to a piece of machinery?

The first example is moral. It depends on what we know about the person, their family and upbringing.

The second example is technical. We would need to know what kind of jobs the person had done before and, perhaps, what kind of training he had.

In order for one to trust another,their worth and integrity must be proven over time. That applies especially to the first (moral) case.
Trustworthiness in technical matters may be identified by attributes such as reliability, dependability and qualifications.

Related pages
Virtue
Loyalty

Virtues

Trustworthiness


A garage is a place for storing cars. There are many kinds of garages used for different things.

Residential garage

A residential garage is a garage that is part of a house or similar building. Some garages are directly connected (called "attached") to the house, while others are separate and called a "detached" garage". The garage will have a large garage door that opens to let cars in and out, which is often opened by a motor.

Parking garage

A parking garage is a large covered structure, often made of concrete, which is used for holding many cars. Parking garages may have more than one level.

Automobile repair shop
An automobile repair shop may also be called a garage, although it is for repairing cars rather than just storing them.

Transport buildings and structures
Rooms
Home

Garage


The Red River Rebellion was an uprising by the Métis people in modern Manitoba. The national government of Canada bought the area, then known as "Rupert's Land", from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869. The government then ordered surveys to be started of the new territory. The Metis were afraid that they would then lose their lands, since many did not have clear titles. They were also afraid that the Canadian government officials, many of which were Protestants, would not allow the Metis to continue being Catholics.

The Metis then orgainized their own provisional government, with Louis Riel as their leader, in the summer of 1869. They sent a list of demands to the Canadian government, including protection of the French language. After several months of negotiations, the Parliament of Canada passed the Manitoba Act of May 1870. The act admitted Manitoba into the Canadian Confederation and included many of the Metis' demands.

1869
1870
19th century in Canada
Manitoba

Red River Rebellion


The Mingei International Museum is a non-profit public institution that collects, conserves and exhibits folk art, craft and design. The museum was  founded in 1974, and its building opened in 1978. The word mingei, meaning 'art of the people,' was coined by the Japanese scholar Dr. Sōetsu Yanagi by combining the Japanese words for all people (min 民) and art (gei 芸).

History
Mingei International Museum was founded by Martha Longenecker, Professor of Art Emerita, San Diego State University.  As an artist craftsman who studied pottery-making in Japan, she became acquainted with and learned from the founders and leaders of the Mingei Association of Japan. Under her guidance, the museum was established and developed over more than 27 years.

In May 1978, Mingei International Museum of World Folk Art opened at University Towne Centre in San Diego with the exhibition, Dolls and Folk Toys of the World.

In August 1996, Mingei International was relocated to the historic House of Charm on the Plaza de Panama in Balboa Park. It shares the central square with the San Diego Museum of Art and the Timken Museum of Art.

In 2003, Mingei International opened a second museum in downtown Escondido, in North San Diego County.  The premiere exhibition, Niki de Saint Phalle Remembered featured the artist's work from the museum's permanent collection and loans from the Niki Charitable Art Foundation.

In its 30-year history, Mingei International has presented 140 exhibitions, accompanied by related lectures, films, demonstrations, workshops, music, theater and dance.

Mingei International Museum closed its Escondido museum galleries to the public on June 26, 2010.

Collections
The museum's collections comprise 17,500 objects from 141 countries.  The collections contain artifacts from the 3rd century BCE to the present day and include objects as diverse as ancient clay vessels and 21st-century Venetian glass.

Several regions of the world are represented.
 Mexico: pottery, wood carvings, textiles, retablos, masks
 India: bronzes, wood carvings, pottery, textiles
 China: costumes, jewelry, wood carvings, pottery
 Japan: pottery, textiles, wood carvings, lacquer ware, metal work
 Indonesia: ancestral monuments, wood carvings, textiles, masks, sculptures
 Africa: pottery, head rests, stools, masks, textiles
 Pre-Columbian: pottery and textiles from Central and South America
 Middle East: textiles, jewelry, wood carvings
 US: mid 20th-century pottery; contemporary furniture, textiles, glass; Navajo weavings

References

Further reading

External links

 See-Mingei, an online interactive presentation of the museum's collections
 Frommers

Balboa Park (San Diego)
Museums in San Diego
Decorative arts museums in the United States
Folk art museums and galleries in California
Art museums established in 1974
1974 establishments in California

Mingei International Museum


The Book of Joel is part of the Jewish Tanakh, and also the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Joel describes a plague of locusts in Palestine.

It is hard to know when the Book of Joel was written since the events told about could have happened at any point in time between 850 and 400 BC. Most modern students of the Bible believe the locusts were real insects that destroyed the crops, leaving the people hungry. Others think they are a picture of big armies that will invade the land and destroy. They can also be both things, one past, the other future.  Joel calls on the leaders and people to turn from their sins and ask God to forgive them. God promises to do that both at that time and in the future whenever similar punishments are needed.

The phrase "day of the Lord" is used by Joel to refer to a period when God will punish, but then forgive his people.
Peter, one of Jesus' followers, talked about some verses from Joel to describe what happened on the day of Pentecost when Christians believe that the Holy Spirit was given and Christians talked about Jesus in languages they had never learned.  This led to many people becoming Christians. This is found in the Book of Acts in the New Testament

Quotes
The great army of locusts advances like darkness spreading over the mountains (2:2)

Books of the Hebrew Bible
Old Testament books

Book of Joel


A mutant is a type of fictional character in a fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. In this world, mutants can be either heroes or villains. A mutant is someone who has different DNA than its parents. These mutations often lead to superpowers. They may also cause physical changes such as wings, blue skin, or a tail.

Mutants were created in the Marvel Universe in the 1960s with the comic book The X-Men. It was a way for them to tell stories that dealt with racism. Racism, hatred and fear of mutants are an important part of their history  . Two main teams of mutants have been around since the 1960s: The X-Men (heroes) and the Brotherhood of Mutants (villains).

Overview

Sometimes a human is born with a certain kind of DNA change. This X-GENE is passed to their children. This genetic change may not create any noticeable difference. It could pass for generations without anyone knowing about it.

Mutants may be born to human or mutant parents, though the odds of a mutant birth are much better for the latter. Likewise, it is rare but possible for mutant parents to have human children, termed "baseline" by characters within the Marvel Universe. Some baseline humans are genetically predisposed towards having mutant descendants such as the Guthrie family (see Cannonball, Husk, and Icarus). Mutant children born to mutant parent(s) will not necessarily have the same power(s) as their parent(s), nor will they necessarily have the same power(s) as any mutant siblings they may have; however, examples of children with the same power(s) as their parents and/or siblings are not uncommon.

There is, however, a chance that mutants may not even be able to reproduce a child at all. The Hayes (Runaways), telepathic mutant doctors, were unsure their mutant heritage could even produce a child; it did, however, take them several years to finally have a child: Molly Hayes.

Classification
Marvel's mutants are classified by their level of power.

OMEGA: Omega mutants are those with the highest level of power. They are the most powerful of the Alphas.
ALPHA: Alpha mutants have very powerful and useful mutant powers and no drawbacks such as changes in appearance. They are perhaps the most feared  mutants.
BETA: Betas are as powerful as alphas but they have some physical changes as a drawback.
GAMMA: Gammas are also powerful mutants but they suffer from large physical changes. These changes make their lives very hard and make them very easy to tell they are a mutant.
DELTA: Delta mutants have low levels of power than Alphas. Like Alphas, they have no physical changes. Most Deltas do not even know they are mutants.
EPSILON: Epsilons have minor superhuman powers and major physical flaws. They are easily recognized just by looking at them.

Note: Only Alpha and Omega have actually been used as classification within comics. The other ranks were created by fans.

Mutants as a metaphor for racism
The X-Men were created in the 1960s during a time of civil unrest in the United States. The characters allowed the writer to write stories that showed racism and bigotry without singling out a specific minority.

By classifying Mutants as they did, they also created different aspects of racism. Some mutants are easily recognized by how they look (similar to African-Americans). Some have a few physical characteristics that can make them get noticed (Similar to Jews). Other mutants blend in so well that it nearly impossible to tell they are a mutant unless they use their powers (similar to how people in the LGBT community were thought of in society).

In the Marvel universe normal people often hate and fear mutants. This is  because they think mutants may make normal humans extinct. They fear what they do not understand. They are jealous of them having superpowers. Bigotry and xenophobia are also reasons for hatred of mutants. In the Marvel universe, anti-mutant feeling has led to the separation of mutants from society. It has led to  mob violence and government sponsored attempts to fight mutants.

The X-Men books have been written as typical superhero comic books. They have epic adventures and battles with super villains. Yet, the idea of mutants as a metaphor for real world minorities who face oppression is shown throughout the series. Some examples:

 Magneto, a Jewish Holocaust survivor who once lived in Israel. He has tried to create a "mutant home state" similar to Israel. He became ruler of Genosha, a fictional island off the coast of Madagascar, recognized by the United Nations as a mutant state.
 The 1981 story set in the future, Days of Futures' Past, shows a mutant Holocaust. Mutants are herded into concentration camps and killed.
 Senator Robert Kelly has proposed a Mutant Registration Act. It would force mutants to list their powers and identities with the federal government. This is very similar to McCarthyism and other acts of Congress that outlawed the American Communist Party.
 The anti-mutant hate group Friends of Humanity was inspired by the Aryan Nations. Its leader was inspired on Frank Collin, Chairman of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party of America.
 Most mutant powers take effect at puberty. A large number of young mutants are rejected by their families. This is similar to young gay people discovering their homosexuality in their teen years and the rejection they receive from their family.  This is show very openly in the second X-Men movie with the line "Have you ever tried not being a mutant?"
 The Legacy Virus storyline of the 1990s was seen as a metaphor for the AIDS epidemic.

Other websites
 Marvel Entertainment official site

Marvel Comics species

Mutant (Marvel Comics)


MOF Model to Text Transformation Language (Mof2Text or MOFM2T) is an Object Management Group (OMG) specification for a model transformation language. Specifically, it can be used to express transformations which transform a model into text (M2T), for example a platform-specific model into source code or documentation. MOFM2T is one part of OMG's Model-driven architecture (MDA) and reuses many concepts of MOF, OMG's metamodeling architecture. Whereas MOFM2T is used for expressing M2T transformations, OMG's QVT is used for expressing M2M transformations.

See also
 Model-driven engineering (MDE)
 Model Driven Architecture (MDA): OMG's vision of MDE
 Acceleo, an implementation of the MOFM2T standard.

External links
 Object Management Group (OMG) website
 Object Management Group, MOF Model to Text Transformation Language (MOFM2T), 1.0 - Specification

Systems engineering


Luke Skywalker is a character from the Star Wars universe. He is the main hero of the Star Wars movies and book series. Luke was in three Star Wars movies, Episode IV: A New Hope, Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back and Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. He was also in most of the books that took place after these movies. Luke Skywalker was played by actor Mark Hamill in all three movies. The character was also shown briefly at his birth in Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.

Luke Skywalker was the main character during the original three movies. These movies follow his life from being a farmer on the planet Tatooine to becoming an important part of the Rebel Alliance and a Jedi Knight.

In Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Skywalker dies in Ahch-To as Luke's body vanishes, having made peace with his legacy.

A New Hope

The adult Luke Skywalker is first seen in this movie. He was raised on the planet Tatooine. Tatooine is a desert planet. He lives with his uncle, Owen and his aunt, Beru. After he bought two droids, named C-3PO and R2-D2, stormtroopers sent by the Empire start to look for them. R2-D2 runs away one night. In the next morning, Luke and C-3PO look for him. Luke is attacked by Tusken Raiders, but is rescued by Obi-Wan Kenobi. R2-D2 plays a message from Princess Leia asking for help from Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan then says that Luke must come with him to Alderaan to learn about the Force. Luke learns that his father, Anakin Skywalker, was a Jedi. Luke also gets his father's old lightsaber. Luke says that he can not go with him and returns home. When he does, he sees that his home was destroyed (broken down). he is a bit fruity. He goes back to Obi-Wan and agrees to go with him and learn about the Force. Luke, Obi-Wan and the droids go to Mos Eisley to find a pilot to take them to Alderaan. They get Han Solo and Chewbacca to take them to Alderaan. When they get there, they see that the planet is gone and there is a small moon close to where it was. This small moon is the Death Star. On board the Death Star, Luke, Han, and Chewbacca save Princess Leia. As they are about to leave they see Obi-Wan fighting Darth Vader. Obi-Wan gives his life so that the group can escape. Luke and the others go to Yavin 4 so that the secret plans to the Death Star in R2-D2 can be used to destroy the Death Star. Luke then pilots an X-wing to fight against the big space station. Luke uses the Force and fires the missile that destroys the Death Star.

The Empire Strikes Back

Luke Skywalker has joined the Rebel Alliance and is on the ice planet of Hoth. While outside the base, Luke is attacked by a wampa. After escaping the wampa, Luke is weak and hurt. He sees the image of Obi-Wan Kenobi. He tells him to go to the planet Dagobah to be taught by the Jedi master Yoda. Luke is saved by Han Solo. Shortly after, the Empire attacks the Rebel base on Hoth. The Rebels leave the base. Luke takes R2-D2 in his X-wing and the two travel to Dagobah. They make a crash landing on the swamp planet and go looking for Yoda. Luke soon finds Yoda, but Yoda does not think Luke should be a Jedi. Luke convinces Yoda, and the old master starts to teach Luke. Luke faces difficult things to do. Before he completes his training he has a vision of the future. In it his friends were being tortured. Although Yoda, and the Force Ghost of Obi-Wan warn him not to leave, Luke goes to Cloud City. When he gets there he sees that it was a trap set by Darth Vader. The two then get into a lightsaber battle. Vader cuts off Luke's hand and then tells Luke that he is actually his father, Anakin Skywalker. Vader gives Luke the choice to join him but Luke says no and jumps off the platform. He is rescued by Leia and taken to a medical spaceship, where his hand is replaced.

Return of the Jedi

In Return of the Jedi, Luke alongside Leia, Chewbacca, R2-D2, C-3PO and Lando Calrissian attempt to rescue Han Solo from Jabba The Hutt but fail and end up captured and condemned to the Sarlacc Pit. However, Luke, using R2-D2's help, devises a plan and is able to escape the Pit and save his friends, killing Boba Fett and Jabba The Hutt in the process.

After this, Luke returns to Dagobah to conclude his training with Yoda, but learns he's dying. In his dying breath, Yoda confirms that Darth Vader/Anakin is Luke's father and tells the young hero he must confront Vader once more to complete his Jedi training.
Luke then encounters the Force Ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi, who also confirms Luke's origins and states he told the truth, from a certain point of view. Obi-Wan assures Luke he must kill Vader but Luke refuses, believing he can still save his father.
After this, Luke learns that Leia is also his sister.
Luke, Han and Leia go to the moon of Endor to stop the Empire once and for all in their newly constructed Death Star II.
Luke handles himself over to Vader, attempting to save his father, who claims Anakin Skywalker is dead and that the Emperor will soon be Luke's new master.

Upon reaching the Emperor's Throne Room, Luke learns his rebel friends are going into a trap and tries to kill the Emperor but is stopped by Vader.
Father and son duel once more, with Luke using the Dark Side to overpower Vader. Realizing he's becoming the thing he swore to destroy, Luke denies his father's wishes of continuing the fight, but angrily lashes out at his father when the latter threatens to turn Leia to the Dark Side.
Luke brutally overpowers and defeats his father, but stops attacking after being goaded by the Emperor. Luke stands down, triumphantly claiming to be a Jedi like his father before him. Annoyed, the Emperor tries to kill Luke with his Force Lightning, but is killed himself by Anakin who has redeemed himself.

Luke carries his father's fatally wounded body to one of the shuttles as the Death Star II is about to be destroyed by the Rebel Alliance. Luke removes Vader helmet and father and son share one last moment before Anakin succumbs to his wounds. Unwillingly to let his father's body to rot in the explosion, Luke takes it with him.
While the rebels celebrate their victory on Endor, Luke cremates his father's body.
Joining his friends in the celebration, Luke sees the Force Ghosts of Obi-Wan, Anakin and Yoda watching him in pride.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Fictional twins
Star Wars characters

Luke Skywalker


Patiala was a Sikh princely state that lasted from 1714 to 1948. Its rulers were descended from Chaudhary Phul (1627-1689), a Sidhu Jat from Mehraj village in the Bathinda District of Punjab. The other Sikh states, such as Jind and Nabha, were also the descendants of Phul. Its capital was in the Malva region of Punjab, but its territory expanded from Bathinda to present-day Mohali. They were known as the Phulkian (Patiala) Dynasty.

The House of Phul, was a Jatt of Sidhu Clan, belonging to the Malva Region of Punjab. Their ancestors had converted to Sikhism in the early 1600s. They claim to be the descendants from the sidhu jats, who ruled in the 11th century. The migrated to the Malva region of Punjab, establishing themselves at present day Bathinda District of Punjab.

The Sidhu Jatts and the Bhullar Jatts of the Bathinda district, never got along with each other, They were at war. But later Nanu Bhullar, got his daughter married in the house of these Sidhu Jatts, the ancestors of the Patiala State.

They were known as the Phulkian (Patiala) Dynasty. Ahmed Shah Abdali, Afghan Ruler and Maharaja Ala Singh became friends, the Sikh Chieftains of Punjab did not Like this so the Dal Khalsa met at Akal Takhat in Amritsar in 1765, in which it was decided that Patiala should be kicked out of the Dal Khalsa. And it will not be part of the 12 Sikh Confederacies, it was also the year when Ala Singh died and his son Amar Singh had become the next ruler. Ahmed Shah Abdali, bestowed upon Maharajah Amar Singh, the title of Raja-i-Rajgan, and he also was allowed to strike his own coins. But the Sikh Nation was not to happy about this, and in years to come they the Phulkians would be traitors to the Khalsa Panth, and helping the British to attack the Sikh interior of Punjab.

Even when Sardar Hari Singh Dhillon (r.1746-1764), the Sikh Bhangi Misl Maharaja of Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib and Lahore, found out about Ahmed Shah Abdali being in the Patiala Kingdom, he marched with a big army of dashing looking Sikh soldiers from the Majha, where the holy city of Amritsar is located, on Patiala Kingdom to chase the Ahmed Shah away, but on the way he was killed, by someone. Years later his younger son Sardar Ganda Singh Dhillon (d. 1776), the Maharajah of Lahore and Amritsar, married of his daughter Bibi Rattan Kaur, to Maharajah Sahib Singh of Patiala in 1787, the marriage took place at Amritsar. Five years later he remarried Bibi As kaur, the daughter of Sardar Gurdas Singh Chatha. It is As kaur, who's Sons and Grandsons ruled on.

From 1809-1947, the Phulkian State, had good relations with the British Government, the Patiala State, royal family, were not Orthodox Sikhs, but very secular/mixed rulers. Very mixed with the East India Company. A time when the Sikh Kingdoms did not like British, visiting their Land, Patiala, was the first to call the British, In his territory. The later royal family became Congress, an Indian party, after the break up of Dynasty.

Rajasthani Paintings within Patiala
Patiala State, was different from other Sikh States, as it did not support Sikh religion, and not following the Sikh rules. But still the State religion was Sikhism. The Later Patiala Maharajahs (Karam Singh) introduced Hindu Paintings of Hindu Gods within their Qila Mubarak palace in Patiala, it can still be seen, on the Palace Walls. Showing great respect to all religions. Rajput Hindu Paintings were very famous in Patiala from 1800s, The Maharajahs got them selves painted in Rajput Styles. And even had relations with the Royal Hindu States of Rajasthan.

Relations with other Royal Jat States
They also had relationship with the Hindu Jat Rulers of Royal Bharatpur State in Rajasthan of Sinsinwar Clan. As Maharajah Narinder Singh, in 1859, married of his third daughter Maharani Bishan Kaur, to Rajah Jaswant Singh, (1851-1893), Jat ruler of Bharatpur State. Intermarriage between the Phulkian Jatts, and Rajasthani Royal Hindu Jatts, was very common, During the 19th Century.

List of maharajas

Maharaja Ala Singh (1691-1765)
Maharaja Amar Singh (1748-1782)
Maharaja Sahib Singh (1773-1813), A very weak ruler, who had imprisoned his won Sister Bibi Sahib kaur, but later escaped.
Maharaja Karam Singh (1798-1845)
Maharaja Narinder Singh (1823-1862)
Maharaja Mahendra Singh (1852-1876)
Maharaja Rajinder Singh (1872-1900)
Maharaja Bhupinder Singh (1891-1938)
Maharaja Yadavindra Singh (1913-1974)
Captain Amarinder Singh (1942-1948)

Signing their Union with India
Maharajah Yadavindra Singh, signed his union with India in 1948, transferring his Kingdom, to the Government of India, Patiala State was united with the Punjab State of India, in 1948. The Maharajah also told other Royal Princely States to Unite with India.

References

http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Maharajas%20of%20Punjab/Mah%20Punj%20States.htm
http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-phulkian.html
http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ala.html

Indian princely states
1714 establishments
1948 disestablishments in India
1710s establishments in Asia
18th-century establishments in India

Patiala state


Epping Forest district is a district of Essex, bordering Greater London. Much of the district is covered with the forest of the same name. The district was formed on 1 April 1974. Much of the district has a rural appearance. In the south, at the border of Greater London it is more suburban. The biggest town in the district, Loughton, lies in this area. Chipping Ongar is a small market town a bit more to the north. The administration is in Epping, which is roughly in the centre of the district. The rest of the district is dominated by villages.

About 130,000 people live in the borough. The M25 and M11 go through it.

1974 establishments in England
Essex boroughs

Epping Forest (district)


The Mexican burrowing toad (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) is a frog.  They are the only species in the genus Rhinophrynus and the family Rhinophrynidae. These frogs live from the southern Texas through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They used to live in more places.  There were species going as far north as Canada, but these died out in the Oligocene.

Physical description
The Mexican Burrowing Toad grows to  in length.  They usually have red spots on its bloated body with a red stripe along the center of its back. It has short legs, and a small, pointed head. Its feet have horny, shovel-like growths that help it in digging. Its eyes are small. The Mexican Burrowing Toad's tongue comes directly out the front of the mouth.  In all other frogs it is flipped out.

Behavior
As the name suggests, the Mexican Burrowing Toad is a burrowing animal. It spends a large part of its life underground. After a large time of rain, it will come out from the soil and lay eggs in water. They will travel up to  to find a good water source. Because of the unpredictability of rain, the frog will call and mate during any time of the year. It will dig into soft soil with its short legs once the land has dried up. The egg and tadpole stages of the life cycle are short. The eggs take only a few days to hatch. The tadpoles develop over one to three months.

The call is a loud, low pitched "wh-o-o-o-a". When it is calling or scared, the body becomes inflated. The Mexican Burrowing Toad eats insects, mostly ants and termites.

References

Frogs of North America

Mexican burrowing toad


An asset is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as a certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset.

Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.

There are two types of assets:
tangible assets
Fixed assets such as buildings, equipment etc.
Current assets like inventory
Intangible assets for example: goodwill, patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer programs

Asset characteristics

Assets have three important characteristics:

They can give a future benefit to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows, and, in the case of not-for-profit organizations, to give services;
It can control access to the benefit; and,
The transaction or event which created the asset has already occurred.

Other websites
Protecting Business Assets: An article from Oklahoma State University
Roundtable on accounting for intangible assets

Economics

Asset


Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell (13 September 1750, in Weilburg – 24 February 1823, in Munich) was a German landscape gardener from Weilburg an der Lahn. He is regarded as the founder of the English gardens in Germany, which he introduced to the German experts with his writings on garden design. His manner of grouping and choice of plants is still used to an extent in German landscaping today.

Career
Sckell was trained in the Court Market Garden in Schwetzingen near Mannheim and worked after his apprenticeship in Bruchsal, Paris, and Versailles. From 1773 to 1777, he was in England busying himself with English-style gardening. Upon his return, Sckell redesigned the gardens of Schönbusch Park in Aschaffenburg for the Prince-Electors of Mainz and Archbishop Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal in the English style, as well as those of Schöntal Park. Afterwards he was responsible for the beginning of the Schwetzinger Gardens as a scenic park, and along with Benjamin Thompson, was commissioned by Prince Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria in 1789 to begin the Englischer Garten in Munich.

In the time following the Englischer Garten, Sckell spent a short time in service of the rulers of Baden, before he was called back in 1803 to Munich, where, as the Director of Royal Gardens, he completed the Englischer Garten.  He then transformed the regular garden of Nymphenburg Park into a more scenic arrangement.

As a landscape gardener, Sckell was also responsible for beginning the castle gardens at Biebrich and Oppenweiler, and possibly those at Dirmstein as well.

In 1808, Sckell received the title Knight of Sckell, which added the "von" to his name.  He died in 1823 in Munich as a Court Garden Director, and was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof there.  A monument in the Englischer Garten was erected in his honor.

See also
 The House of Sckell

Notes

References
 The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent.
 Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell: Beiträge zur bildenden Gartenkunst für angehende Gartenkünstler. 2. Nachdruck der 2. Auflage von 1825, Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft (Grüne Reihe - Quellen und Forschungen zur Gartenkunst Band 05), Worms, 1998,
 Volker Hannwacker: Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell. Der Begründer des Landschaftsgarten in Deutschland. Deutsche Verlag-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1992,

External links

1750 births
1823 deaths
18th-century German people
19th-century German people
German gardeners
German landscape architects
German untitled nobility
People from Weilburg
Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof

Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell


For a full account of the biological family, see Hominidae
For the novel by Klaus Ebner see Hominid (novel)
A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae. These are the "great apes", living and extinct. At present there are humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The word "hominid" has been used in various ways. The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades. These revisions led to different uses of the word "hominid". The original meaning of the taxon Hominidae meant only humans and their closest relatives. Now this group is called the Hominina.

The primatological term hominid is easily confused with a number of similar words:
 A hominoid or ape is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: existing members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes.
 A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae: all of the great apes.
 A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
 A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: including chimpanzees and humans.
 A hominan is a little used term for a sub-tribe.
 A human is a member of Homo sapiens. The word is sometimes also used to refer to any extinct member of the genus Homo or members from other hominan genera.
 A humanoid is a vaguely human-shaped entity; the term is typically used in science fiction.

The dispute is really about whether humans and Australopithecines are sufficiently different from chimpanzees to rank as a separate family. In morphology and life style they are, in genetics they are not.

A move from rainforest to savannah and woodland led first to bipedalism (walking on two feet). Later, hunting and social needs led to larger brains and the making and use of tools. These differences between human beings and the other great apes are certainly important. However, a genetically based taxonomic classification shows the genetic differences are not enough to divide us into separate families. Genetics, rather than morphology, is generally more widely accepted as the critical standard. However, many scientists, including anthropologists, use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors.

Hominid


The Bureau of Corporations, predecessor to the Federal Trade Commission, was created as an investigatory agency within the Department of Commerce and Labor in the United States. The Bureau and the Department were created by Congress on February 14, 1903, during the Progressive Era.

The main role of the Bureau was to study and report on industry, looking especially for monopolistic practices. Its 1906 report on petroleum transportation made recommendations that became part of the Hepburn Act of 1906, and was used when the Justice Department successfully prosecuted and broke up Standard Oil in 1911.

In 1912 the Bureau issued a report on the development of water power in the United States, including its ownership or control, and fundamental economic principles involved in utilization of this new and rapidly growing energy source.  The report noted an increasing concentration of ownership and control of widely separated waterpower developments in the hands of a few; a substantial interrelationship among leading water-power interests, as well as a significant and increasing affiliation between water-power companies and street-railway and electric-lighting companies. The report stressed the importance of promptly adopting a definitive public policy concerning water-power development.  The various concerns expressed would initially be regulated by the Federal Water Power Act of 1920. The business, managerial, and financial practices of these early utility holding companies would proliferate, but remain largely unregulated until the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935.

The Bureau also conducted studies of tobacco, steel, lumber and other industries.

The Bureau became part of the new Federal Trade Commission in 1915.   The new Commission took over both staff and ongoing investigations from the Bureau. Commissioner of Corporations, Joseph E. Davies, became the FTC's first Chairman and Davies' deputy Francis Walker became the chief economist of the FTC

Further reading
  Fishbein, Meyer Harry. "Bureau of Corporations: An Agency of the Progressive Era"  American University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1954. 28595050.

 MacLean, Elizabeth Kimball. "Joseph E. Davies: The Wisconsin Idea and the Origins of the Federal Trade Commission," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2007) 6#3 pp 248–284.
 Murphey, William, "Theodore Roosevelt and the Bureau of Corporation: Executive-Corporate Cooperation and the Advancement of the Regulatory State," American Nineteenth Century History 14 (March 2013), 73–111.

References

1915 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
Commerce and Labor
Commerce and Labor
Government agencies established in 1903
1903 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Bureau of Corporations


Donkey Kong is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1981. It was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Gunpei Yokoi after their other games failed in North America. It is the first game starring Mario (then called Jumpman) and Donkey Kong, where Mario has to climb a construction site to save his girlfriend Pauline from Donkey Kong, an escaped gorilla.

Gameplay
The player is Jumpman (Mario).  He must climb to the top of the level to reach his girlfriend Pauline who has been kidnapped by Donkey Kong, who escaped from a zoo. There are four different levels, and Donkey Kong has different weapons in each.  Donkey Kong rolls barrels down a busted construction site, and Mario has to climb ladders and jump over these barrels until he reaches the top. He can grab a hammer to defeat obstacles, and each level has three of Pauline's things that will give him bonus points.

When Mario beats the fourth level, it goes back to the first level and it gets harder. Like all arcade games with looping levels has an end level because the game cannot go farther than that. In this, Mario dies ten seconds into the final level.

Music
The music was made by Hirokazu "Hip" Tanaka. Several remixes have been made of music from this game and used in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Development
Shigeru Miyamoto made Donkey Kong with the help of other people, such as Gunpei Yokoi. It was based on an older Nintendo game called Radar Scope, which did not do very well in the United States, so Hiroshi Yamauchi, the president of Nintendo, asked Miyamoto to make a game to replace Radar Scope.

Name
There are a lot of rumors about where the name comes from. One rumor says that someone misheard or mistranslated the phrase "Monkey Kong" into Donkey Kong when talking over the phone or on a fax machine.  Another rumor is that Miyamoto used a Japanese-to-English dictionary to find words that meant stubborn gorilla and came up with Donkey Kong.

Reception
When Donkey Kong was first announced in America, game magazines thought it was not going to be a good game because it was not like other games being made at the time, which were mostly shooting games. But when it came out, it got great reviews and made a lot of money at the arcades. It is one of Nintendo's most famous games ever made.

Legacy
There was a documentary made about the game called The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters where someone tries to beat the high score for the game.

A lot of items from this game are used in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. There is also a stage that copies the third level.

Sequels and re-releases
Donkey Kong has had many sequels. Donkey Kong Jr. and Donkey Kong 3 were sequels to this game.  The playable character called Mario went on to become the biggest game character of all time, making Nintendo more than 1 billion dollars and releasing more than 200 games, more than any other series. Donkey Kong went on to have his own series apart from Mario, starting with Donkey Kong Country for the Super NES.  Donkey Kong also starred in many more sequels, as well as spin-offs like the Donkey Konga music games.

Donkey Kong has been re-released many times; first on the Nintendo Entertainment System where it was the same game except that it does not have the second level. It has also appeared on other consoles including Atari consoles. A sequel came out for the Game Boy called Donkey Kong, which has the first four levels and 100 new levels after that.

Donkey Kong appeared as a bonus game in the Frantic Factory level for Donkey Kong 64.

This game has not to be confused with the Game & Watch Donkey Kong Jr. portable game console, because the history of the game is a little different. In the Game & Watch version, the main character is Donkey Kong Jr., that has to save its father Donkey Kong from Mario. This game recently released for the Nintendo DSi as a downloadable for the cost of 200 Nintendo Points.

1981 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Mario platform games
Atari 2600 games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
Famicom Disk System games
Game Boy Advance games
Donkey Kong

Donkey Kong (video game)


John Morrison Clay (February 21, 1821 – August 10, 1887) was a Kentucky thoroughbred breeder, a son of statesman Henry Clay, and a husband of Josephine Russell Clay and the brother of Henry Clay, Jr. and James Brown Clay. He was also called John M. Clay.

Upon his father's death, Clay inherited a portion of the large estate, Ashland. To distinguish John Clay's land from the mansion and lands that went to his brother, James Brown Clay, John's holdings were called Ashland Stock Farm, Ashland Stud, or, sometimes, Ashland-on-the-Tates-Creek-Pike.

In 1866 John M. Clay married his nephew's widow, who became known as Josephine Russell Clay. The couple had no children, but they poured their time and energy into training and racing horses for about twenty years. John Clay traveled the racing circuit throughout the East, South, and Midwest. Josephine ran Ashland Stud. Their famous race horses included Skedaddle, Survivor, Star Davis, Sauce Box, Squeeze 'em, and Victory. Victory (Vic), in 1873, was bought by General George Armstrong Custer who rode him at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. It is believed that Vic died in the battle.

Following an illness, Clay died in 1887. He is interred at Lexington Cemetery. Josephine Clay continued to very ably run Ashland Stud until her own death in 1920.

See also
Clay family

Sources and external links
Ashland
Squib on Josephine Clay
Horse Park Biography
The Josephine Clay Papers at the University of Kentucky
Discussion about Vic

1821 births
1887 deaths
American people of English descent
American racehorse owners and breeders
Kentucky culture
Henry Clay family

John Morrison Clay