Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (; 3 February 1795 – 4 June 1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (), was a Venezuelan general and politician who served as the president of Bolivia from 1825 to 1828. A close friend and associate of Simón Bolívar, he was one of the primary leaders of South America's struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire.

Born to an aristocratic family in Cumaná, Sucre joined the revolt against Spanish rule in 1814 and quickly established himself as a highly capable military leader. In 1822, he led the Patriot forces to triumph at Pichincha and liberated Quito, from which modern Ecuador would eventually emerge. As Bolívar's chief lieutenant, he went on to score a decisive victory over the Spanish Royalist army at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, which effectively secured the independence of Peru. Afterwards he moved into Upper Peru, pacified the Royalist resistance and set up an administration on Bolívar's orders. The region achieved independence as the Bolivia, and Sucre was inaugurated as president of the new republic after Bolívar passed on the duty.

Sucre's tenure as president was beset by difficulties, and opposition to his rule mounted as the populace turned against Bolívar and his followers. He was forced to resign in 1828, but was recalled to military duty on the outbreak of the Gran Colombia–Peru War, in which he commanded Colombian forces and fought the Peruvian invaders to a standstill. He was assassinated in Berruecos, Colombia in 1830, and the identity of the conspirators remains a subject of historical speculation.

Family
The aristocratic Sucre family traces its roots back to origins in Flanders. It arrived in Venezuela through Charles de Sucre y Franco Perez, a Flemish nobleman, son of Charles Adrian de Sucre, Marquess of Peru and Buenaventura Carolina Isabel Garrido y Pardo, a Spanish noblewoman. Charles de Sucre y Pardo served as a soldier in Catalonia in 1698 and was later named Governor of Cartagena de Indias and Captain General of Cuba. On 22 December 1779, Charles de Sucre y Pardo arrived in Cumaná, Venezuela, having been named Governor of New Andalucia, which includes present-day Sucre State.

Military career
In 1814, Antonio José de Sucre joined the fight for South American independence from Spain. The Battle of Pichincha took place on 24 May 1822, on the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, near Quito in what is now Ecuador. The encounter, fought in the context of the Spanish American wars of independence, pitted a Patriot army under Sucre against a Royalist army commanded by Field Marshal Melchor Aymerich. The defeat of the Royalist forces brought about the liberation of Quito and secured the independence of the provinces belonging to the Real Audiencia de Quito, or Presidencia de Quito, the Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction from which the Republic of Ecuador would eventually emerge.

As of late 1824, Royalists still had control of most of southern Peru as well as Real Felipe Fort in the port of Callao. On 9 December 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho took place at Pampa de La Quinua, near the town of Quinua, between Royalist and Patriot forces. Sucre, as Simón Bolívar's lieutenant, led the Patriot forces to victory over the Viceroy José de la Serna, who was wounded.  After the battle, second commander-in-chief José de Canterac signed the final capitulation of the Royalist army on his behalf. As a result, he was promoted, at the request of the Peruvian Congress, to Marshal and as General in Chief by the Colombian legislature.

After the victory at Ayacucho, following precise orders from Bolívar, Sucre, nominated as Ayacucho's Grand Marshal, entered Upper Peru (known today as Bolivia) territory on 25 February 1825. Besides having orders of installing an immediately independent administration, his role was limited to giving an appearance of legality to the process that Upper Peruvians themselves had begun already.

Royalist general Pedro Antonio Olañeta stayed in Potosí, where he received by January the "Union" Infantry Battalion coming from Puno under the command of colonel José María Valdez. Olañeta then summoned a War Council, which agreed to continue the resistance in the name of Ferdinand VII. Next, Olañeta distributed his troops between Cotagaita fortress with the "Chichas" Battalion. in charge of colonel Medinacelli, while Valdez was sent to Chuquisaca with the "Union" Infantry Battalion and loyalist militias, and Olañeta himself marched toward Vitichi, with 60,000 pieces of gold from the Coin House in Potosí. But for the Spanish military personnel in Upper Peru, it was too little too late, as since 1821 all out guerilla warfare had raged in this part of the continent.

However, in Cochabamba the First Battalion of the Infantry Regiment "Ferdinand VII", led by colonel José Martínez, rebelled and sided with the independence movement, only to be followed later by the Second Battalion, "Ferdinand VII" Infantry Regiment in Vallegrande, resulting in the forced resignation of Brigadier Francisco Aguilera on 12 February. Royalist colonel José Manuel Mercado occupied Santa Cruz de la Sierra on 14 February, as Chayanta stayed in the hands of lieutenant colonel Pedro Arraya, with the cavalry squadrons "Santa Victoria" (Holy Victory) and "Dragones Americanos" (American Dragoons), and in Chuquisaca the cavalry squadron "Dragones de la Frontera"(Frontier Dragoons) under colonel Francisco López claimed victory for the independence forces on 22 February. At this point, the majority of royalist troops of Upper Peru refused to continue fighting against the powerful army of Sucre and switched allegiances. Colonel Medinacelli with 300 soldiers also revolted against Olañeta, and on 2 April 1825 they faced each other in the Battle of Tumusla, which ended with the death of Olañeta. A few days later, on 7 April, general José Mario Valdez surrendered in Chequelte to general Urdininea, putting an end to the war in Upper Peru and signalling victory to the local independence movement which had been active since 1811.

Role in the foundation of Bolivia

After the Constituent Assembly in Chuquisaca was reconvened by Marshal Sucre on 8 July 1825 and later concluded, it was determined the complete independence of Upper Peru under the republican form. Finally, the Assembly president José Mariano Serrano, together with a commission, wrote down the "Independence Act of the Upper Peruvian Departments" which carries the date of 6 August 1825, in honor of the Battle of Junín won by Bolívar. Independence was declared by 7 representatives from Charcas, 14 from Potosí, 12 from La Paz, 13 from Cochabamba and 2 from Santa Cruz. The act of Independence, wrote by the president of the Congress, Serrano, states in its expositive part:

Through a decree it was determined that the new state in Upper Peru would carry the name of "República Bolívar", in honor of the liberator, who was designated as "Father of the Republic and Supreme Chief of State". Bolívar thanked them for these honors, but declined the presidency of the Republic, a duty he gave instead to the victor of Ayacucho, Grand Marshal Sucre, who would later be sworn in the same day as the first President of Bolivia. After some time, the subject of the name of the Young nation arose again, and a Potosían deputy named Manuel Martín Cruz offered a solution, suggesting that in the same manner which from Romulus comes Rome, from Bolívar ought to come the new nation of Bolivia.

When Bolívar got the news of the decision, he felt flattered by the young nation, but until then he had not willingly accepted Upper Peru's independence because he was worried about its future, due to Bolivia's location in the center of South America. According to Bolívar, this would create a nation that would face many future wars. Bolívar wished that Bolivia would become part of another nation, preferably Peru (given the fact that it had been part of Viceroyalty of Peru for centuries), or Argentina (since during the last decades of colonial domain it had been part of Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata), but what deeply convinced him otherwise was the attitude of the people. On 18 August, upon his arrival to La Paz, there was a demonstration of popular rejoicing. The same scene repeated when the Liberator arrived to Oruro, then to Potosí and finally to Chuquisaca, where he met his lieutenant of many years once more. Such a fervent demonstration by the people touched Bolívar, who called the new nation his "Predilect Daughter" and was called by the peoples of the new republic their "Favorite Son."

After the foundation of Bolivia, he became also the commander in chief of the Armed Forces of Bolivia, which he created the following day on the basis of the guerrilla forces and active Patriot armies stationed at the time of the declaration. He gave the young republic its first Constitution in 1828.

Battle of Tarqui

In the Battle of Tarqui, fought on 27 February 1829, heavily outnumbered two to one, Sucre defeated a Peruvian invasion force led by third President and General of Peru José de La Mar, whose intentions had been to annex Guayaquil and the rest of Ecuador to Peru.

Post-independence
When a strong movement arose against Bolívar, his followers, and the Bolivian constitution in 1828, Sucre resigned.

Assassination

Sucre was killed on 4 June 1830. General Juan José Flores wanted to separate the southern departments (Quito, Guayaquil, and Azuay), called the District of Ecuador, from the Gran Colombia so as to form an independent country and become its first President. General Flores believed that if Antonio José de Sucre arrived in Quito from Bogotá, he could thwart his plans, since Sucre was very popular due to his reputation as a hero and leader in the Battles of Pichincha, Tarqui and Ayacucho. General Juan José Flores put himself in contact with the anti-Bolívar and anti-Sucre leader Brigadier-General and the Commanding General of Cauca, José María Obando, who was not present at Sucre's death but who delegated this criminal act to the Venezuelan Colonel Apolinar Morillo. Commander Juan Gregorio Sarria (who later confessed he had been paid by Obando), José Erazo (a highway bandit and guerrilla fighter), and three peons as accomplices. The plan was to ambush José Antonio de Sucre on the morning of June 4, 1830, in the cold and bleak forested district of Berruecos, along a narrow path that was perennially covered with fog.

The five assassins were hiding behind trees along the part of the trail known as La Jacoba waiting for Sucre's party, which would be passing the area single file. Sucre's retinue comprised seven persons: two muleteers with the baggage, two sergeants, one being the Marshal's orderly, a representative to the Congress from Cuenca, and his servant, and finally Sucre himself. When Sucre approached La Jacoba, he was struck by three bullets, two inflicting superficial wounds to his head and one piercing his heart. He fell from his horse, which had been shot in the neck, and died almost instantly. His body remained there for twenty-four hours, as his companions, fearful of a similar fate, had fled in panic.

Later, Juan Gregorio Sarria and Colonel Apolinar Morillo confessed that it was Obando who had convinced them to assassinate Sucre. Commander Juan Gregorio Sarria also confessed that Obando had paid him to kill Sucre, since there were anti-Bolívar politicians and officers in Bogotá that wanted to see both Bolívar and Sucre eliminated. The ringleader of the anti-Bolívar faction in Bogotá was Francisco de Paula Santander, who had previously given a military position to Obando and remained his associate. Santander also been implicated (without direct proof) as a conspirator in the attempt to assassinate Bolívar on September 25, 1828. Following a quick military trial in which he was sentenced to death, Santander was granted leniency via the Council of Ministers, and despite having reservations Bolívar commuted Santander's sentence and exiled him instead until his return to New Granada in 1832. The three peons who were part of the Sucre assassination party were poisoned by Apolinar Morillo to prevent them from testifying about Sucre's murder. In the end, Colonel Apolinar Morillo was convicted and shot in the main square of Bogotá for the murder of Sucre on 30 November 1842, and José Erazo died in prison that same year. José Maria Obando was granted immunity due to the fact that he was too powerful in the Cauca Department.

Burial and aftermath

The following day Sucre's orderly, a sergeant named Lorenzo Caicedo, with some help from others, buried the body and marked the makeshift grave with a cross formed of branches. When the widow received news of the assassination, she promptly brought Sucre's remains from Berruecos to Quito, where they were interred in secret in the oratory of the chapel of "El Dean" on one of her haciendas. Subsequently, she had the remains transferred, also in secret, to the Carmen Bajo Convent in Quito, where they were placed facing the main altar of the church. Seventy years later, in April 1900, Sucre's remains were discovered and, their authenticity scrupulously verified,  transferred to the Quito Cathedral on 4 June 1900, in a sumptuous parade led by the Executive and his Ministers, the high dignitaries of the Church, and the diplomatic corps. At the time, the government ordered the building of a crypt, but it was not inaugurated until thirty-two years later, on 4 August 1932. This mausoleum consisted of a nine-ton monolith of granite from the quarries of the Pichincha volcano. Its cover, on which a cross is carved in high relief, was so heavy that thirty persons were required to move it into place.

According to the 19 December 1830 Gaceta de Colombia, Issue No. 495, a power-hungry, ambitious General Obando paid an assassin to kill Sucre by falsely informing the assassin that Sucre was a traitor and had to be stopped because Sucre's intentions were to go to Quito and separate the Department of Cauca and the three southern departments of Colombia and unite them with Peru. In reality, Sucre, a protégé of Bolívar, was going to Quito to stop the separation of the District of Ecuador from the Gran Colombia and to retire as soon as possible in Quito to live a quiet life with his wife. Some have argued that Sucre was ordered assassinated by General Obando so as to leave no clear successor to Bolívar in the Gran Colombia. Before his death, Bolívar believed Sucre to be the only man who could have reunited the Gran Colombia; however, Bolívar's generals and the majority of the politicians running the separate departments of the Gran Colombia had other selfish and ambitious plans. Sucre represented, according to historian Tomás Polanco Alcántara, "the indispensable complement to Simón Bolívar". Upon hearing the news of Sucre's death, Bolívar said, "Se ha derramado, Dios excelso, la sangre del inocente Abel..." ("The blood of the innocent Abel has been spilled, oh, Most High God..."). Bolívar later wrote (Gaceta de Colombia, 4 July 1830):

Sucre is buried in the Cathedral of Quito, Ecuador, as he had said, "I want my bones to be forever in Quito", where his wife, Mariana de Carcelén y Larrea, Marquise of Solanda, was from.

Legacy

Quito's airport was named after him.
The Venezuelan Remote Sensing Satellite 2 (VRSS-2), launched in 2017, was named after him.
Sucre Department in Colombia is named after him.
Sucre State in Venezuela, which holds Cumana, is named after him.
Sucre, the capital city of Bolivia, is named after him.

Further reading
 Biography, 236pp., online.
Higgins, James (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online.
Salamé Ruiz, Gil Ricardo (Autor). Sucre: algo más que un guerrero, 2009 Caracas, Venezuela. Fundación Editorial el Perro y la Rana, 2009 - Generals - 519 pages

References

Notes

Citations

External links

 Historic document: Memoria a la asamblea del Alto Perú en el día de su instalación.

1795 births
1830 deaths
People from Cumaná
Assassinated Venezuelan politicians
Deaths by firearm in Colombia
People of the Peruvian War of Independence
Presidents of Bolivia
Presidents of Peru
Venezuelan generals
Venezuelan soldiers
Venezuelan people of French descent
Venezuelan people of German descent
Viceroyalty of New Granada people
Venezuelan people murdered abroad
Venezuelan revolutionaries
People murdered in Colombia
Marshals of Peru
Venezuelan independence activists
Burials in Ecuador
1830s assassinated politicians
Assassinated Bolivian politicians
Assassinated presidents in South America
19th-century assassinated national presidents
Sucre family

Antonio José de Sucre


The xaphoon ( ) is a chromatic keyless single-reed woodwind instrument. It has a closed cylindrical bore and a very slightly flared bell. The xaphoon has a full chromatic range of two octaves, and overblows at the twelfth like the clarinet.

History
The first xaphoon, made out of bamboo in 1972, was a spontaneous effort by Brian Wittman, a Hawaiian saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist, to create an instrument for a young child who liked the sound of the saxophone. After failing to get a satisfactory sound out of an improvised bamboo flute, Wittman cut a mouthpiece opening and attached a tenor sax reed to it. Wittman was impressed by the sound of the simple instrument. After playing it at performances, other musicians were curious and asked him to make more; thus he refined the instrument, patented it, and started to manufacture and sell it.

Overview
The xaphoon's tone sounds like a clarinet or a saxophone, and is suitable for playing music in similar genres such as jazz or klezmer, although it has also been used to play music of other traditions. It uses a standard tenor saxophone reed. The xaphoon has nine tone holes: eight holes in front, and one hole in back for the left thumb, superficially resembling those of a recorder. The xaphoon's fingerings, however, are significantly different from those of either a saxophone or recorder.

The most common instrument, in C, is 12.5 inches or 32 cm long. Due to having a closed bore instead of an open bore like a recorder, its range is an octave below recorders of comparable length; for example, the soprano recorder's lowest note is C5, while the C xaphoon's is one octave lower at C4. The standard range is two octaves, although experienced players are able to extend the range of the larger sized instruments above that. Due to its short length and large finger-hole size, the pitch of individual notes can be raised and lowered easily, making the xaphoon equally well-suited to play Turkish, Middle Eastern, and other musical scales outside the European tradition. The xaphoon is similar to the chalumeau, a European keyless single-reed instrument that was the ancestor of the clarinet, and has a comparable range. Although it has a complete chromatic scale, the maker considers it a primarily diatonic instrument, capable of playing well in a small number of keys.

Materials and makers
The xaphoon has been made commercially available by Brian Wittman since 1975; Wittman still makes approximately 1500 bamboo instruments per year by hand at his home on the island of Maui, Hawaii, using local bamboo selected from the forests of the eastern end of the island. The xaphoon is available from Maui Xaphoon (Brian Wittman's company) in the keys of C, B♭, D, and G (as well as any other key via special order).

Due to its popularity, it became impossible to fulfill all orders manually using bamboo, and thus in the spring of 2000, a molded ABS version of the xaphoon following Wittman's patented design was introduced. These instruments are made under license by Indiana Plastics in Elkhart, Indiana, and are marketed under the trade name Xaphoon Pocket Sax. Currently, it is available in the key of C, with its lowest tone middle C. The instrument is sturdy, and the reed can be protected by a cap when not played.

In the spring of 2012, Wittman began a collaboration with Francesc Sans Sastre, a long-established luthier in Sant Jaume de Llierca, Spain, to produce hand-made wooden xaphoons in strict accordance with the original xaphoon design. These oak and olive wood xaphoons are sold under the name "Xaphoon de Catalunya".

While the popularity of the xaphoon has led to frequent use of the word "xaphoon" to denote any type of small single-reed keyless woodwind instrument, the term remains a registered trade name. Only those instruments produced by Brian Wittman (Maui Xaphoon), Indiana Plastics (Xaphoon Pocket Sax), and Sans Luthier (Xaphoon de Catalunya) are allowed to be called xaphoons.

See also
 Chalumeau
 Clarinet
 Saxophone
 Venova

References

External links

 Xaphoon example, "Bei Mir Bistu Shein"

Clarinets
Culture of Maui
Saxophones
Bamboo musical instruments
Hawaiian musical instruments

Xaphoon


FirstPlay was a video gaming online magazine published by Future Publishing for Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. It was produced by the team behind PlayStation Official Magazine and features video reviews and previews and screenshots of upcoming and recently released PlayStation 3 games. Episodes were released weekly on the PlayStation Store where users could choose to purchase a single episode or a 90-day subscription at a discounted rate.

Content
Editorial content in FirstPlay was scripted by Associate editor Nathan Ditum and writer Matthew Elliott with contributions from the Official PlayStation Magazine UK team. The videos were edited by a dedicated production team and narrated by Lucy Porter. All video content was presented in 720p. Each episode consists of four sections; HD Reviews & Previews, Network Highlights, Featured Downloads and Screenshot Galleries. Typically, each episode of FirstPlay has four features in each section.

The HD Reviews & Previews and Network Highlights sections both offer video content. This consists of reviews of recently released and upcoming PlayStation 3 games and previews of future games in the HD Reviews & Previews section while the Network Highlights section will include different video features each week such as round-ups of the best PlayStation Network games or user-created LittleBigPlanet levels. Advertisements of up to 30 seconds in length are run before each video feature. The user may choose to skip these after they have viewed five in total. Users can control the playback of video content in the same way that they can from video on the XMB, with the ability to pause, rewind, fastforward and skip.

The Screenshot Galleries feature screenshots of upcoming games. Each screenshot is accompanied by a voice-over providing commentary about a specific image, or general information about the game. The user can zoom into and pan around images and can also export images to their XMB to access from outside of FirstPlay.

The Featured Downloads section offers exclusive downloadable content which varies in each episode. This could include free add-ons for retail games, XMB themes, PlayStation Minis or other content.

History
Sony Computer Entertainment first announced in September 2008 that they were working with Future Publishing to produce an "on-console digital magazine" for PlayStation Network users in Europe. This was following the earlier release of Qore, a similar service available to users in North America. The service was initially scheduled for release in early 2009. In October 2009 it was revealed through a Future Publishing job listing that the service would be called Official PlayStation Magazine HD (or OPMHD). The product was finally announced as FirstPlay in February 2010 and it was confirmed that it would launch in Spring 2010. The first issue of FirstPlay was released on the PlayStation Store on 8 April 2010.

In July 2011 SCEE announced that the FirstPlay service was to end, leaving 6 July episode as the final FirstPlay to be released. The announcement went on to confirm that a new, yet-to-be-named service would replace FirstPlay, its focus shifting to SCEE's PlayStation Access events. As with its predecessor this new service would be produced by Future Publishing and delivered via the PSN Store, however this time the show would be free of charge.

Presenters
Lucy Porter (main)
Rachel Weber (episodes 28-33, and 48)
Niamh Shaw (episodes 25 and 26)

Editorial Team
 Nathan Ditum  Associate editor
 Matthew Elliott  Freelance writer

Production Team
 David Boddington  Content producer
 James Jarvis  Assistant producer
 Liz Wilson  PS3 Developer
 Paul Stevenson  Video editor
 Dan Read  Video editor

Episodes and Reception
FirstPlay had a total of 64 episodes, the last episode being on 6 July 2011. It is due to be replaced with a new show.

FirstPlay initially received a generally mixed reaction from viewers. Many complained about the lack of content in each episode, the unfulfilled promise of exclusive downloadable content and the fact that it was only available in the United Kingdom. The initial episodes received an average rating of 3.8 stars out of five on the PlayStation Store's ratings system. Overtime, viewer opinions became more positive, with many agreeing that content has improved and the writing has become tighter, while still criticizing the relative lack of expansion to other territories. Later episodes have received an average rating of 4.4 stars out of five.

Expansion
Originally only available in the United Kingdom, FirstPlay expanded to the Republic of Ireland on 19 May 2010, during the show's seventh episode, with expansion to further regions promised in the future.

Qore

Qore is an electronic magazine similar to FirstPlay, produced by Future Publishing. Released in June 2008, it is available to PlayStation 3 users via the PlayStation Store in the USA. Like FirstPlay, Qore offers exclusive videos, demos and downloads. but is released monthly instead of weekly.

References

Online magazines published in the United Kingdom
Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2010
PlayStation (brand) magazines
PlayStation 3
PlayStation Store

FirstPlay


Hafez-e Abru (; died June 1430) was a Persian historian working at the courts of Timurid rulers of Central Asia. His full name is
ʿAbdallah (or Nur-Allah) Ebn Lotf-Allah Ebn 'Abd-al-Rashid Behdadini; his short name is also transcribed in Western literature as Hafiz-i Abru, Hafez-e Abru, Hafiz Abru etc.

Hafiz-i Abru was born in Khorasan and studied in Hamadān. He entered Timur's court in the 1380s; after the death of Timur, Hafiz-i Abru continued in the service of Timur's son, Shah Rukh, in Herat. He interacted with other scholars congregating around Timur's and Shah Rukh's courts, and became recognized as a good chess player.

Hafiz-i Abru is the author and/or compiler of numerous works on the history and geography of the Timurid state and adjacent regions, commissioned by his master Shah Rukh, in particular Majma al-tawarikh ("World Histories").

References

Sources

15th-century Iranian historians
14th-century Iranian historians
Historians from the Timurid Empire
Officials of the Timurid Empire

Hafiz-i Abru


Mayday () is one of the biggest alternative rock bands in the Taiwanese pop culture. Mayday sing songs mostly in Mandarin and sometimes in Taiwanese language.

Career
Before Mayday's official debut in 1998, the band sung in local restaurants and clubs. Mayday became famous with their 1999 single "志明與春嬌". In the same year, on 28 August, they held a concert at the Chungshan Soccer Stadium, gaining fame in other countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia.

In 2001, they took a break from performing. In the August of 2003, Mayday was reunited and they held a reunion concert the Chungshan Soccer Stadium, the very place where they held their debut concert. 40,000 fans attended the concert, breaking Taiwan's record for the largest number of fans at a concert, a record previously held by pop star Michael Jackson.

Near the end of 2006, on 29 December, they released their 6th studio album, Born to Love. They made a surprise announcement not long after the album's release, that they would not hold autograph sessions but instead, would hold concerts in Taiwan. The tickets were included in albums which the fans bought. They held ten concerts to let all the fans see them. On the night after the concert, despite saying that they will not hold any autograph sessions, they did - the sessions lasted for 11 hours from New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, making that autograph session to be the first of the year 2007.

Members
Ashin
 Role in Band: Lead vocalist, composer, lyricist, graphic designer of Mayday merchandise
 Real Name: 陳信宏 Chen Hsin Hung
 Date of Birth: 6 December 1975
 Place of Birth: Taipei, Taiwan
 Instrumenta: Vocals, guitar, drum
Ashin is well known for his unique vocals and his insightful lyrics. He has composed and written songs for other artists, such Fish Leong, Wang Lee Hom and Twins (band). In 2006, Ashin wrote a book titled Happy.Birth.Day, a collection of "rock poems." Ashin also designs Mayday's concert shirts. In addition, he has also designed a perfume.

Monster
 Role in Band: Leader, producer, guitarist
 Real Name: 溫尚翊 Wen Shang Yi
 Date of Birth: 28 November 1976
 Place of Birth: Taipei, Taiwan
The leader of Mayday, Monster is in charge of daily operation of the band.

Stone
 Role in band: guitarist
 Real Name: 石錦航 Shi Chin Hang
 Date of Birth: 11 December 1976
 Place of Birth: Taipei, Taiwan
The first married member of Mayday, Stone is well known for his love for his wife to whom he proposed to at their 2001 concert. He claims he would leave Mayday if his wife asked him to.

Masa
 Role in band: Bass guitarist, pianist, harmonica-player
 Real Name: 蔡昇晏 Cai Shen Yen
 Date of Birth: 25 April 1977
 Place of Birth: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Masa is known for being outspoken. His is also well known for his eccentric words and wit. He has also been romantically linked to Fish Leong.

Ming
 Role: Drummer, keyboards
 Real Name: 劉諺明 Liu Yen Ming
 Date of Birth: 28 July 1973
 Place of Birth: Miaoli, Taiwan
He is the 4th drummer of Mayday. His birth name is Yan Ming, but he changed his name to Guan You because of a fortune-teller to be luckier. However, according to him, it does not seemed to have worked. He proposed to his girlfriend during a Mayday concert in Beijing in November 2005 and was married in June 2006. His daughter was born in October 2006. He became the first father among the five members of Mayday.

References
 iMayday.com, Mayday's Official Site

Taiwanese entertainers

Mayday


The Ford Bantam is a "bakkie" (pickup truck or "ute") sauld bi the Ford Motor Company in Sooth Africae. It is based on the Ford Fiesta, an is a Sooth African design as well as bein produced in Sooth African for the local mercat. The oreeginal Ford Bantam (1) launched in 1983 wis based on the Ford Escort Mk III. It wis produced in the Ford plant in Port Elizabeth an later in the Samcor plant in Pretorie when Ford divested frae Sooth Africae. Bantam 1 wis replaced bi the Bantam 2, wi a Mazda 323 6t generation-based Ford Laser front end, an wis an aa brandit Mazda Rustler.

The Bantam 3 wis launched in 2002, uisin the  Ford Fiesta Mark V (Code named BE91) front end, but still wi the Bantam 1 loadbox an basic rear suspension. It is produced in the same plant in Pretorie (Nou belongin tae Ford again). Ingines wur 1.3L 8V an 1.6L 8V SOHC Rocam petrol ingines an a 1.8L idi normally aspirated Diesel ingine. The Bantam 3 shares anerlie the front end wi the Brazilian Ford Courier , wi totally different rear ends.
In 2006, the Bantam 3 benefited frae a mild front end an interior face lift. The 1.8L idi Diesel ingine wis dropped frae the line up.
In early 2009, the Bantam wis faceliftit again wi new bonnet, headlamps, bumper, rear lichts, nomenclature, instrument cluster an interior trim. A Diesel ingine wis an aa introduced tae the range, the Ford / PSA 1.4 DV4 or Ford DLD ingine.

The Bantam is sauld successfully as a compact ruggit commercial vehicle as well as a leisure orientit privately awned vehicle.

Fremmit airtins
 Ford South Africa

Bantam
Pickup trucks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles

Ford Bantam


Holloman Air Force Base  is a United States Air Force base established in 1942 located six miles (10 km) southwest of the central business district of Alamogordo, and a census-designated place in Otero County, New Mexico, United States. The base was named in honor of Col. George V. Holloman, a pioneer in guided missile research. It is the home of the 49th Wing (49 WG) of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC).

In addition to hosting several combat wings, Holloman supports the nearby White Sands Missile Range and currently hosts the Royal Air Force RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) Formal Training Unit (FTU) and the Italian Air Force RPA training courses. The base previously hosted the German Air Force Flying Training Center.

History

Planned for the British Overseas Training program which was not pursued, construction for the USAAF base  west of Alamogordo, New Mexico, began on 6 February 1942. After the nearby Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range was established by Executive Order No. 9029 (range designation on 14 May), the neighboring military installation was designated Alamogordo Field Training Station (27 May) and Alamogordo Army Air Base (operated by the 359th Base Headquarters beginning on 10 June 1942).

Alamogordo Army Air Field

Alamogordo Army Air Field (Alamogordo AAFld, Alamogordo AAF) was named on 21 November as a Second Air Force installation equipped with aprons, runways, taxiways and hangars. From 1942 to 1945 the AAF had more than 20 different groups for overseas training, initially flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses then Consolidated B-24 Liberators. Training began in 1943 and in addition to the range, a detached installation operated by the base was the Alamogordo Gasoline Storage and Pumping Station Annex.

In 1944 the "base operating unit" changed to the 231st Army Air Force Base Unit (25 March) and 4145 AAFBU (24 August), and on 16 April 1945 Alamogordo AAF was relieved of its training mission and assigned to Continental Air Forces to become a permanent B-29 base. Instead, by 30 January 1946, the base was planned to "be manned by a skeleton crew merely as a plane refuelling station, [for] emergency landings, etc.", and it was temporarily inactivated on 28 February 1946. Post-war the AAF was used to support the Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base which had its first Boeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft launch on 14 November 1947.

With the September 1947 formation of the USAF, in late 1947 the Holloman range and the White Sands Proving Ground merged to become the New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range (later renamed White Sands Missile Range), and the renamed Holloman Air Force Base (13 January 1948) supported WSMR launch complexes (Launch Complex 33, etc.) firing of Tiny Tim (the first Army rocket), Rascal, V-2 rocket, Ryan XQ-2 Drone, Falcon, MGM-13 Mace, MGM-1 Matador, and AGM-45 Shrike. The 2754th Experimental Wing was activated on 20 September 1949 to oversee all research and development projects.

Holloman Air Development Center

The Holloman Air Development Center became the base operating unit on 10 October 1952, and the  rocket-powered sled was first run on 19 March 1954. On 10 December 1954, Lt Colonel (Dr.) John P. Stapp rode a Holloman rocket propelled test sled, Sonic Wind No. 1, to a speed of . The center was renamed the Air Force Missile Development Center on 1 September 1957 and inactivated on 1 August 1970.

Additionally, Captain Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., stepped out of an open balloon gondola at  on 16 August 1960, in an attempt to evaluate techniques of high altitude bailout. Capt Kittinger's jump lasted 13 minutes, reaching a velocity of . That jump broke four world records: highest open gondola manned balloon flight, highest balloon flight of any kind, highest bailout, and longest free fall.

The Aero-Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman "conducted space flight training with chimpanzees [in] 1961–1962", including Ham on a suborbital flight launched 31 January 1961, the first great ape in space, and Enos on a 1961 orbital flight as the third great ape to orbit Earth.

Tactical Fighter Wing
The 366th Tactical Fighter Wing arrived on 15 July 1963 "making Holloman a TAC operating base" and on 8 April 1966, the 4758th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron (DSES) arrived from Biggs AFB Texas. The squadron evaluated aircraft weapons systems and to provide training for air defense units. Aircraft flown by the 4758th DSES were the B-57 Canberra and F-100 Super Sabre. On 31 October 1970 the squadron was merged with the 4677th DSES at Tyndall AFB Florida.

On 1 August 1970, per Air Force Systems Command Special Order G-94, the AFMDC was inactivated and Tactical Air Command assumed host responsibilities for Holloman Air Force Base. Associate units and programs transferred to other locations within Air Force Systems Command. The Test & Evaluation activities that remained were the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (CIGTF), the High Speed Test Track, the Radar Target Scatter Facility (RATSCAT), and the Target Drone Facility.

These organizations were combined to form the nucleus of a Holloman AFB tenant organization, the 6585th Test Group, with the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, designated as the headquarters for the Test Group.

In 1975, AFSWC was disestablished, and the 6585th Test Group at Holloman became part of the Armament Development and Test Center (ADTC) at Eglin AFB Florida.

Tactical Training Center
Holloman was designated a Tactical Training Center on 1 August 1977 and on 1 October 1993, the Air Force Development Test Center at Eglin AFB was redesignated as the Air Armament Center (AAC).

In 1986, a contract was awarded to Flight Systems Inc. (later Honeywell) to modify 194 surplus Convair F-106 Delta Dart aircraft stored at Davis-Monthan AFB Arizona to the QF-106A target drone configuration. This program came to be known as Pacer Six, and the first flight of a converted drone took place in July 1987. Following the completion of an initial batch of ten QF-106s in 1990, most of the work was transferred to the USAF itself. Much of the conversion work was done before the aircraft were removed from storage at AMARC, with further work being carried out at East St Louis, Illinois.

The QF-106s began operating as a Full-Scale Aerial Target (FSAT) in late 1991 at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico, and later at the Eglin Gulf Test Range in Florida (based at Holloman and Tyndall). A typical mission would employ the QF-106 as a target for an infrared homing missile. The aircraft had burners placed on pylons underneath the wings to act as IR sources for heat-seeking missiles. The intention of the program was for the QF-106 to survive repeated engagements with air-to-air missiles, to make it possible for each QF-106 to last as long as possible before it was destroyed. The last shootdown of a QF-106 (57–2524) took place at Holloman AFB on 20 February 1997. The QF-106 was replaced by the QF-4 Phantom drone.

Today, the 96th Test Group from Eglin Air Force Base Florida is responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces. Current initiatives include advanced self-protection systems for combat aircraft, aircrew life support systems, aerial reconnaissance improvements, new armament and weapons delivery systems, and improved maintenance equipment and logistics support.

366th Tactical Fighter Wing
On 15 July 1963, after serving at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France as a conventional strike force in Europe, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing moved to Holloman. The move was a result of French president Charles DeGaulle's deep suspicion of "supranational organizations" and his country's shift away from the NATO orbit in the early 1960s that ultimately led to the closure of American air bases in France.

366th TFW was organized as follows:
 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron (blue striping)
 390st Tactical Fighter Squadron (yellow striping)
 391st Tactical Fighter Squadron (red striping)
 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron (green striping)

At the time of the wing's arrival at Holloman, they flew the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak, which were former Air National Guard aircraft transferred to France during the 1961 Berlin Crisis as part of Operation Tack Hammer. At Holloman, the wing began converting to the new McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II in February 1965.

Later that year, the wing sent its first squadron to the Republic of Vietnam. The 390th Fighter Squadron was assigned to Da Nang AB, and the 391st went to Cam Ranh Bay AB in early 1966.

On 20 March 1966 the rest of the wing entered the conflict and moved to Phan Rang AB, Republic of Vietnam in support of combat operations in Vietnam. With the transfer of the 366th to Vietnam, the 6583d Air Base Group became the host unit at Holloman.

49th Tactical Fighter Wing

On 1 July 1968, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing arrived at Holloman Air Force Base from Spangdahlem AB, West Germany, becoming the first dual-based tactical fighter wing. The 6583d Air Base Group was inactivated in place.

Under the dual-basing concept, the 49th, stationed at Holloman, deployed individual squadrons periodically to Europe, fulfilling their NATO commitment. The operational squadrons of the 49th TFW upon its arrival were:
 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HB/HO, blue)
 8th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HC/HO, yellow)
 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HD/HO, red)

All three squadrons flew the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II. In 1972 squadron aircraft tail codes were standardized on "HO".

In 1969, the wing participated in its first dual-basing exercise, Crested Cap I, deploying 2,000 personnel and 72 aircraft to NATO bases in Europe. Also in 1969, the 49th earned the coveted MacKay Trophy for the "most meritorious flight of the year", for the redeployment from Germany to Holloman after Crested Cap II. The MacKay Trophy recognized the 49th for the fastest non-stop deployment of jet aircraft accomplished by a wing's entire fleet.

In May 1972 the 49th deployed their F-4 aircraft and 2,600 personnel to Takhli RTAFB Thailand. During this deployment the 49th flew more than 21,000 combat hours over just about every battle zone from An Loc to vital installations in the Hanoi vicinity. During five months of combat, the wing did not lose any aircraft or personnel. The unit received an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device for its participation. The 49th TFW officially closed out its Southeast Asia duty on 9 October 1972, turning over Takhli to a former host unit at Holloman, the 366th TFW which was transferred from Da Nang Air Base South Vietnam.

F-15 Eagle era

On 20 December 1977, the wing began converting from the F-4D to F-15A/Bs. The transition was completed on 4 June 1978.

History was made during February 1980, when two pilots from the 49th each flew their F-15s 6,200 miles in just over 14 hours, establishing a record for the longest flight of a single-seat fighter aircraft. The flights required six aerial refuelings, proving the global power of the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing.

In July 1980, the wing acquired the commitment of a primary Rapid Deployment Force unit. This tasking, which lasted for a year, required the wing to be ready to deploy its aircraft, crews, and support personnel on short notice. The wing served with the Rapid Deployment Force until July 1981, when the tasking was transferred to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base Virginia.

The 49th demonstrated its capabilities in the fall of 1988, winning top honors at the William Tell air-to-air weapons competition. The wing outdistanced the nearest competitor by more than 2,000 points. The 49th won a variety of awards, including the coveted "Top Gun" for best fighter pilot.

F-117 Nighthawk era

From 1991 to 1993, the 49th underwent a number of transitions. On 1 October 1991, the 49th was redesignated the 49th Fighter Wing as part of an Air Force wide redesignation of units.

On 1 November 1991, the 7th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations, performing a Lead-In Fighter Training (LIFT) mission with Northrop AT-38B Talons, preparing for the transition to the Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk. during most of 1992.

On 1 June 1992 the 8th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations and started flying AT-38B LIFT missions.

The 9th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations on 5 June 1992 and received F-4E aircraft from the 20th Fighter Squadron from the closing George AFB California as the Fighter Training Unit for the German Air Force.

The last F-15 departed Holloman 5 June 1992, ending 14 years of Eagle operations.

On 9 May 1992, four Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighters from the Tonopah Test Range Airport Nevada, arrived at Holloman. The 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at Tonopah was inactivated with the transfer of the last F-117s to Holloman on 8 July 1992.

F-117s were initially assigned to the following squadrons:
 69th Fighter Squadron -> 8th FS (1 July 1993)
 69th Fighter Squadron -> 9th FS (1 July 1993)
 417th Fighter Squadron -> 7th FS (1 December 1993)

These squadrons were PCS (moved Permanent Change of Station) to Holloman as part of the 37th Operations Group on 15 June 1992. The formal transfer to the 49th Operations group occurred on 8 July 1992 when the 37th OG was inactivated. In 1993 these squadrons were inactivated with assets transferred to the 7th, 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons. The 7th was designated a combat training squadron, the 8th and 9th being deployable operational fighter squadrons.

On 1 July 1993, the 20th Fighter Squadron was activated as part of the 49th Operations Group, taking over the F-4Es of the 9th FS. The mission of the 20th FS was to conduct training with the German Air Force. The F-4Es which the 20th FS flew initially were USAF-owned aircraft, however in 1997 the squadron began flying German-owned F-4F aircraft. The F-4Fs, however flew in USAF markings. The 20th Fighter Squadron was inactivated on 20 December 2004 and the F-4Fs sent to Germany.

The 48th Rescue Squadron was activated at Holloman AFB on 1 May 1993 with its six Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters. The personnel of the 48th deployed six times in support of Operations Northern and Southern Watch. Additionally, the 48th saved 33 lives in real-world rescues in the American Southwest. The unit was inactivated on 1 February 1999.

The 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy and Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany from 21 February–1 July 1999, in support of Operation Allied Force. Flying more than 1,000 total sorties, pilots flew into heavily defended skies, littered with surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft fire. In particular, F-117A pilots bravely trusting in their aircraft's low observable technology struck some of the most valuable, and highly guarded targets in Serbia. The F-117s penetrated the heavily defended areas, which conventional aircraft could not reach, and at least two aircraft were lost.

Global War on Terror

People, airplanes, and equipment of the 49th Fighter Wing played a key role in the continued global war against terrorism and particularly in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The wing's F-117s played a major role, dropping the first bombs against an Iraqi leadership target in Baghdad on 19 March 2003. In all, F-117 pilots flew more than 80 missions and dropped nearly 100 enhanced guided bomb units against key targets.

Approximately 300 people deployed with the air package and provided direct support to the F-117 mission. Additionally, hundreds of other 49th FW personnel were deployed on other missions.

479th Tactical Training Wing
The 479th TTW was activated at Holloman on 1 January 1977 to provide Lead-In Fighter Training (LIFT) training for pilots assigned to fly tactical fighter or attack aircraft. The 479th Flew AT-38B Talons with the following squadrons:
 416th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (14 March 1979 – 1 September 1983) (grey stripe)Redesignated 433d TFTS (1 September 1983 – 15 November 1991)
 434th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (red stripe)
 435th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (blue stripe)
 436th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (yellow stripe)

All 479th TTW aircraft carried the "HM" tail code. The LIFT program was sharply cut back in 1991, and the wing replaced by the 479th Fighter Group at Holloman, with the aircraft being consolidated under the 586th Flight Training Squadron.

The 479th was inactivated on 31 July 2000, with squadron resources absorbed by the 49th FW, later being transferred to the 46th Test Group as the 586th Flight Test Squadron.

Base names
 Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, 14 May 1942
 Alamogordo Field Training Station, 27 May 1942
 Alamogordo Army Air Base, c. June 1942
 Alamogordo Army Air Field, 21 November 1942
 Holloman Air Force Base, 13 January 1948 – present

Major commands to which assigned
  Second Air Force, May 1942
 Continental Air Forces, 16 April 1945

 re-designated as: Strategic Air Command, 21 March 1946
 Air Materiel Command, 16 March 1947
 Air Research and Development Command, 2 April 1951

 re-designated as: Air Force Systems Command, 1 April 1961
 Tactical Air Command, 1 January 1971
 Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 28 September 2018
 Air Education and Training Command, 28 September 2018 – present

Major units assigned

World War II station units
 359th Base HQ and Air Base Squadron, 10 June 1942 – 25 March 1944
 231st Army Air Forces Base Unit, 25 March 1944 – 16 March 1947
 206th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 22 August 1944 – 6 June 1945
 1073d Army Air Forces Base Unit, 24 August 1944 – 15 January 1945

World War II training units

 301st Bombardment Group, 27 May – 21 June 1942 (B-17)
 303d Bombardment Group, 17 June – 7 August 1942 (B-17)
 330th Bombardment Group 1 August – 2 September 1942; 29 November 1942 – 5 April 1943 (B-24 OTU)
 392d Bombardment Group, 18 March – 18 July 1943 (B-24)
 454th Bombardment Group, 1 June – 1 July 1943 (B-24)
 455th Bombardment Group, 1 June – 6 September (B-24)
 459th Bombardment Group, 1–28 July 1943 (B-24)
 460th Bombardment Group, 1 July – 31 August 1943 (B-24)
 449th Bombardment Group, 5 July – 12 September 1943 (B-25)
 450th Bombardment Group, 8 July – 20 November 1943 (B-24)

 465th Bombardment Group, 1 August–September 1943 (B-24)
 466th Bombardment Group 1–31 August 1943; 24 November 1943 – February 1944 (B-24)
 36th Fighter Group, 7–26 November 1943 (P-47)
 400th Bombardment Group, 19 September – 11 December 1943 (B-24 OTU)
 492d Bombardment Group, October 1943 – January 1944 (B-24)
 487th Bombardment Group, 15 December 1943 – March 1944 (B-24)
 25th Bombardment Group, 6 April – 20 June 1944 (B-24 elements)
 680th Bombardment Squadron, 4 December 1944 – 10 May 1945 (B-24)
 467th Bombardment Group, 22 August – 8 September 1945 (B-17, YB-29)

United States Air Force

 4145th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 16 March 1947
 Re-designated: 2754th Air Force Base Unit27 September 1947 – 20 September 1949
 2754th Experimental Wing, 20 September 1949
 Re-designated: 6540th Missile Test Wing, 30 June 1951
 Re-designated: 6580th Missile Test Wing, 1 September 1952
 Re-designated: Holloman Air Development Center, 10 October 1952
 Re-designated: Air Force Missile Development Center1 September 1957 – 1 August 1970
 6585th Test Group, 1 August 1970
 Re-designated: 46th Test Group, 1 October 1992 – 18 July 2012
 96th Test Group, 18 July 2012 – present
 3089th Experimental Group, 5 October 1949
 Re-designated: 6540th Missile Test Group, 1 January 1951
 Re-designated: 6580th Missile Test Group, 1 October 1953
 Re-designated: 6580th Test Group, 1 September 1954 – 1 February 1955
 6580th Test Support Wing, 1 October 1953
 Re-designated: 6580th Air Base Wing, 1 September 1954
 Re-designated: 6580th Air Base Group, 1 February 1955 – 1 January 1971

 3225th Drone Squadron, 1 January 1953 – 25 October 1963
 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 1 December 1961 – 31 December 1970
 366th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 July 1963 – 11 March 1966
 4758th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, 8 April 1966 – 31 October 1970
 Re-designated: Det 1, 4677th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron31 October 1970 – 1 July 1974
 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 July 1968
 Re-designated: 49th Fighter Wing, 1 October 1991
 re-designated: 49th Wing, 30 June 2010 – present
 479th Tactical Training Wing, 1 January 1977 – 31 July 2000
 833d Air Division, 1 December 1980 – 15 November 1991
 Det 1, 82d Aerial Targets Squadron, 1 July 1981 – present
 Det 1, 475th Weapons Evaluation Group15 October 1983 – 20 November 1998
 4th Space Control Squadron, 16 April 1996 – present
 German Air Force Flying Training Center, 1 May 1996 – present
 44th Fighter Group, 1 February 2010 – 11 July 2014
 54th Fighter Group, 11 March 2014 – present

Aircraft operated from Holloman

 World War II

B-17E/F Flying Fortress, 1942
B-24D Liberator, 1943–1944
P-47D Thunderbolt, 1943
 United States Air Force

HH-60G Pavehawk, 1993–1999
F-4C/D/E Phantom II, 1963–2004
F-15A Eagle, 1977–1992
F-117A Nighthawk, 1992–2008
F-22A Raptor, 2008–2014
F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2014–present
F-84F Thunderstreak, 1963–1965
F-100D Super Sabre, 1963, 1966–1970
EB-57 Canberra, 1966–1970
T-38A Talon, 1968–1976, 1993–2014
AT-38B, 1992–1997
MQ-1B Predator, 2009–present
MQ-9 Reaper, 2009–present
 Drone aircraft

Sabre
QF-100D Super Sabre
QF-106A Delta Dart
QF-4E/G Phantom II
DB-17 Flying Fortress
QB-17 Flying Fortress
 German Air Force

F-4E/F Phantom II, 1993–2004
Panavia Tornado, 1996–2019

Role and operations
The 49th Wing – host wing at Holloman Air Force Base – supports national security objectives by deploying worldwide to support peacetime and wartime contingencies. The wing provides combat-ready Airmen, and trains General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper pilots (including all Spanish and British Reaper pilots), sensor operators and F-16 Fighting Falcon pilots. Additionally, the wing delivers Air Transportable Clinics and Basic Expeditionary Airfield Resources while providing support to more than 17,000 military and civilian personnel to include German Air Force Flying Training center operations. The wing has a proud history of service in World War II, Korea, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia and NATO-led Operation Allied Force. Holloman AFB supports about 21,000 Active Duty, Guard, Reserve, retirees, DoD civilians and their family members.

Holloman is home to the world's longest and fastest high speed test track. The 846th Test Squadron set the world land speed record for a railed vehicle with a run of 6,453 mph (2885 m/s or 10430 km/h), or Mach 8.5 on 30 April 2003.

49th Wing
The 49th Wing is the host unit at Holloman Air Force Base, supporting national security objectives with mission-ready MQ-9 Reapers, Air Transportable Medical Clinic and BEAR (Base Expeditionary Airfield Resources) Base assets. The wing deploys combat-ready and mission-support forces supporting Air Expeditionary Force operations, Overseas Contingency Operations, and peacetime contingencies.

The 49th Operations Group supports national security objectives, as directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by utilizing the Air Force's MQ-9 remotely piloted aircraft. The operational squadrons are:
 6th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
 9th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
 16th Training Squadron (MQ-9)
 29th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
 49th Operations Support Squadron

The Operations Group took over the activities of the inactivated 37th Fighter Wing at Tonopah Test Range Airport when the F-117As were transferred to Holloman in 1993. In addition to the 49th OG, other components of the 49th Wing are:
 49th Maintenance Group: Maintains aircraft, propulsion, avionics and accessory systems for the F-22A Raptor, T-38 Talon & MQ-9 Reaper.
 49th Mission Support Group: Provides support to all base operations, personnel, and family members.
 49th Medical Group: Provides medical services for active duty and retired military members and their families
 49th Materiel Maintenance Group: Maintains and deploys all equipment needed to build a "BEAR base" airfield
 Detachment 1, 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron (From Tyndall AFB, Florida): Maintains and operates QF-16 Full Scale Aerial Target (FSAT) drone aircraft (Tail Code HD).

In February 2006, the Bush administration announced that Holloman would cease to be home to the F-117A Nighthawk. This move coincided with an announcement that the F-117 will be removed from service on or about 2008. On 1 March 2006, it was announced by the United States Air Force that Holloman would be the new home of two squadrons of F-22A Raptors. In May 2014, with the inactivation of the 7th Fighter Squadron, the F-22 mission ceased at Holloman. The Wing's F-22s were transferred to other F-22 wings to bolster their available aircraft.

96th Test Group

As of 18 July 2012, the 46th Test Group was 'reflagged' as the 96th Test Group, under the new 96 TW, stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The 96th Test Group is an Air Force Materiel Command unit responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces. Current initiatives include advanced self-protection systems for combat aircraft, aircrew life support systems, aerial reconnaissance improvements, new armament and weapons delivery systems, and improved maintenance equipment and logistics support.

Squadrons of the group have been:
 586th Flight Test Squadron – Conducts flight testing
 746th Test Squadron – Conducts Guidance/Navigational testing to include Internal Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
 781st Test Squadron – National RCS Test Facility
 846th Test Squadron – Rocket Sled Tests

Aircraft of the 96th Test Group carry the tail code "HT".

54th Fighter Group
In March 2014 the 54th Fighter Group was reactivated at Holloman AFB, NM with a mission to train F-16 aircrew members and aircraft maintenance personnel. The 54th Fighter Group is a geographically separated unit of the 56th Fighter Wing, out of Luke AFB, Arizona.

Components:
 Operational Squadrons
 8th Fighter Squadron, 4 August 2017 – present
 311th Fighter Squadron, 1 March 2014 – present
 314th Fighter Squadron, 14 July 2015 – present
 Support Units
 54th Operations Support Squadron (OSS), 1 March 2014 – present
 54th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS), 1 March 2014 – present
 54th Maintenance Squadron (MS), March 2014 – present

German Air Force Flying Training Center

In 1992 the German Air Force made Holloman its main pilot training center in the United States. Holloman was chosen due to its weather conditions.

On 1 May 1996, the German Luftwaffe established the German Air Force Tactical Training Center at Holloman.

The German Air Force Tactical Training Center activated at Holloman 1 May 1996. With the activation, 300 German military personnel and 12 Panavia Tornado aircraft joined Team Holloman. German aircrews come to Holloman for approximately three weeks for advanced tactical training and then return to Germany. The German Air Force also conducts a Fighter Weapons Instructor Course for the Tornado. Aircrews for this course come to Holloman for about six months.

 there are 650 German military personnel and 25 Tornado aircraft assigned to Holloman AFB.

There are numerous reasons the German Air Force trained at Holloman. The area offers great flying weather and has suitable air space. Other reasons are the proximity of Holloman to the German Air Force Air Defense Center at Fort Bliss, Texas, and the centralizing of German aircrew training at a single location. To facilitate this, there is a memorandum of understanding between the two governments.

By offering NATO allies the benefits of available space at Holloman as well as the use of the Southwest's excellent flying weather, the U.S. can help maintain the strength of NATO's forces without the expense of forward-basing U.S. forces in great numbers overseas.

On 29 September 1999, two Luftwaffe Tornados crashed near Marathon Indian Basin, about  northwest of Carlsbad. The crash was investigated by Holloman AFB 49th Wing Safety and German Air Force Safety personnel. Both pilots successfully ejected, and were uninjured.

In September 2004, Luftwaffe chief of staff, Klaus-Peter Stieglitz announced a reduction in its training program of roughly 20%.

In March 2013, it was announced that German Air Force units at Fort Bliss will transfer to Holloman later that same year; this was to end the German Air Force presence at Fort Bliss dating back to 1956. In 2015, due to funding constraints on the planned new facilities in Europe, the German Air Force Air Defense school was to stay open at Fort Bliss until 2020. On March 13, 2019, after 27 years in southern New Mexico, the German Luftwaffe ceased flight training at Holloman AFB.

Housing Afghan refugees

Following the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, the Biden administration housed some Afghan refugees in military bases across the country. Up to ~5,000 Afghan refugees at a time were temporarily held at Holloman while awaiting residency processing, with a total of 7,221 having residence at Aman Omid village.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Holloman Air Force Base.

Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Holloman, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.

United States Air Force

Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
 Nineteenth Air Force
 49th Wing (Host Wing)
 Headquarters 49th Wing
 49th Comptroller Squadron
 49th Operations Group
 6th Attack Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 9th Attack Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 16th Training Squadron
 29th Attack Squadron – MQ-9A Reaper
 49th Maintenance Group
 49th Maintenance Squadron
 49th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 49th Maintenance Operations Squadron
 49th Medical Group
 49th Aerospace Medicine Squadron
 49th Medical Operations Squadron
 49th Medical Support Squadron
 49th Mission Support Group
 49th Civil Engineer Squadron
 49th Communications Squadron
 49th Contracting Squadron
 49th Force Support Squadron
 49th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 49th Security Forces Squadron
 54th Fighter Group
 8th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 54th Operations Support Squadron
 54th Training Squadron
 311th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 314th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)
 Tenth Air Force
 926th Wing
 726th Operations Group
 429th Attack Squadron (GSU) – MQ-9A Reaper
 944th Fighter Wing
 944th Operations Group
 Detachment 1 (GSU)

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
 Air Force Test Center
 Arnold Engineering Development Complex
 96th Test Wing
 704th Test Group (GSU)
 586th Flight Test Squadron – C-12J Huron and T-38C Talon
 704th Test Support Squadron
 746th Test Squadron
 846th Test Squadron
 Air Force Sustainment Center
 635th Supply Chain Operations Wing
 635th Materiel Maintenance Group (GSU)
 635th Materiel Maintenance Squadron
 635th Materiel Maintenance Support Squadron

Air Combat Command (ACC)
 US Air Force Warfare Center
 53rd Wing
 53rd Test and Evaluation Group
 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron
 Detachment 1 (GSU) – QF-16C Fighting Falcon
 Ninth Air Force
 93rd Air-Ground Operations Wing
 3rd Air Support Operations Group
 3rd Weather Squadron
 Detachment 3 (GSU)
 Sixteenth Air Force
 557th Weather Wing
 2nd Weather Group
 2nd Weather Squadron
 Detachment 4 (GSU)

Missile testing sites

Missile testing at Holloman began in 1948. Holloman is known to have been used for 147 major launches from 1948 to 1959, reaching up to 235 kilometers altitude.
 Holloman NATIV/Navaho launch complex. ()

 The North American Test Instrumentation Vehicle program took place between January–November 1948. Twenty launches were made, six were successful. Program terminated in 1949. SM-64 Navaho missile planned but not tested.
 Holloman Able-51/ZEL ()

 The Able-51/ZEL site was used to test a MGM‐1 Matador cruise missile in December 1948.
 Holloman Aerobee ()

 Launches of Aerobee sounding rockets. First use 2 December 1949. Last launch 24 June 1959.
 Holloman SLED/Snark launch complex. ()

 Used for testing SM-62 Snark. First use 21 December 1950. Last launch 28 March 1952.
 Holloman JB-2 launch complex ()

 Used for testing Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile. First use 3 May 1948. Last launch 10 January 1949.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,076 people, 393 households, and 380 families residing on the base. The population density was 165.7 people per square mile (64.0/km). There were 427 housing units at an average density of 34.1/sq mi (13.2/km). The racial makeup of the base was 73.3% White, 13.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 6.4% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 12.4% of the population.

There were 393 households, out of which 67.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 88.8% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 3.3% were non-families. 2.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.34.

On the base the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 37.0% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 3.7% from 45 to 64, and 0.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 152.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 180.4 males.

The median income for a household on the base was $37,206, and the median income for a family was $37,941. Males had a median income of $20,359 versus $15,425 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,568. About 8.3% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is zoned to Alamogordo Public Schools.

The base hosts Holloman Elementary School (grades K-5), the zoned elementary school; and Hollomon Middle School (grades 6–8), the zoned middle school, both named after the base. The mascot of the middle school is the falcon. Alamogordo High School is the school district's comprehensive high school.

Holloman Middle was formerly Hollomon Junior High School and originally held classes at barracks while the permanent facility was being established. Holloman Elementary opened in 1954. In 1956, 1959, 1965, and 1966 additions were built for the elementary.

When the personnel at the base asked for the school district to completely desegregate for the benefit of its black employees, circa 1949, the school system did so.

Geography
Holloman is located in New Mexico's Tularosa Basin between the Sacramento and San Andres mountain ranges. The base is about  west of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on U.S. Route 70;  north of El Paso, Texas; and  east of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The base covers  and is located at an altitude of .

The base is also a census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 2,076 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which,  is land and  (1.18%) is water. The area of the air force base is .

Environmental contamination
The groundwater below Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo first tested positive for hazardous chemicals in 2016. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFASs) have been found in the groundwater below the base and in wells that were tested off-base.

See also

 List of United States Air Force installations
 New Mexico World War II Army Airfields

References

This article includes content from Holloman Air Force Base Website, which as a work of the U.S. Government is presumed to be a public domain resource. That information was supplemented by:
 Donald, David (2004) Century Jets: USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War Publisher: AIRtime,
 Endicott, Judy G. (1999) Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History.
 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Martin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. .
 Mueller, Robert (1989). Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982. USAF Reference Series, Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History.
 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Rogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. .
 USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers1908 to present
 Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft

Further reading

External links

Installations of the United States Air Force in New Mexico
Airports in New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Otero County, New Mexico
Alamogordo, New Mexico
Census-designated places in Otero County, New Mexico
Transportation in Otero County, New Mexico
Tularosa Basin
Military installations established in 1948
Initial United States Air Force installations
History of Otero County, New Mexico
Post-World War II aircraft storage facilities
Bases of the German Air Force
Census-designated places in New Mexico
Overseas or abroad military installations
World War II airfields in the United States
1942 establishments in New Mexico
Military in New Mexico

Holloman Air Force Base


The Intel 8255 (or i8255) Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) chip was developed and manufactured by Intel in the first half of the 1970s for the Intel 8080 microprocessor. The 8255 provides 24 parallel input/output lines with a variety of programmable operating modes.

The 8255 is a member of the MCS-85 family of chips, designed by Intel for use with their 8085 and 8086 microprocessors and their descendants. It was first available in a 40-pin DIP and later a 44-pin PLCC packages. It found wide applicability in digital processing systems and was later cloned by other manufacturers. The 82C55 is a CMOS version for higher speed and lower current consumption.

The functionality of the 8255 is now mostly embedded in larger VLSI processing chips as a sub-function. A CMOS version of the 8255 is still being made by Renesas but mostly used to expand the I/O of microcontrollers.

Similar chips
The 8255 has a similar function to the Motorola 6820 PIA (Peripheral Interface Adapter) from the Motorola 6800 family, also originally packaged as 40-pin DIL. The 8255 provides 24 I/O pins with four programmable direction bits: one for Port A(7:0) (i.e., all pins in the port), one for Port B(7:0), one for Port C(3:0) and one for Port C(7:4). By contrast, the Motorola and MOS chips provide only 16 I/O pins plus 4 control pins, but the Motorola/MOS chips allow the direction (input or output) of all I/O pins to be individually programmed. Both have configurations that will do a certain amount of automatic handshaking and interrupt generation.

Other comparable microprocessor I/O chips are the 2655 Programmable Peripheral Interface from the Signetics 2650 family, the Z80 PIO, the Western Design Center WDC 65C21 (equivalent to the Motorola 6820/6821), and the MOS Technology 6522 VIA and 6526 CIA which had considerable additional functionality such as timers and shift registers.

Variants

The industrial grade version of Intel ID8255A was available for US$17.55 in quantities of 100 and up.  The available Intel 8255A-5 version was for USD $6.55 in quantities of 100 or more.  The available 82C55A CMOS version was outsourced to Oki Electronic Industry Co., Ltd. The available package from Intel branded 82C55 in 44-pin PLCC of sampling at fourth quarter of 1985.  In Eastern Europe, equivalent circuits were manufactured as the KR580VV55A in the Soviet Union and as the MHB8255A by Tesla in Czechoslovakia.

Applications
The 8255 was widely used in many microcomputer/microcontroller systems and home computers such as the SV-328 and all MSX models. The 8255 was used in the original IBM-PC, PC/XT, PC/jr and clones, along with numerous homebuilt computers such as the N8VEM.

Function
The 8255 gives a CPU or digital system access to programmable parallel I/O.
The 8255 has 24 input/output pins. These are divided into three 8-bit ports (A, B, C).  Port A and port B can be used as 8-bit input/output ports. Port C can be used as an 8-bit input/output port or as two 4-bit input/output ports or to produce handshake signals for ports A and B.

The three ports are further grouped as follows:
 Group A consisting of port A and upper part of port C.
 Group B consisting of port B and lower part of port C.
Eight data lines (D0–D7) are available (with an 8-bit data buffer) to read/write data into the ports or control register under the status of the RD (pin 5) and WR (pin 36), which are active-low signals for read and write operations respectively. Address lines A1 and A0 allow to access a data register for each port or a control register, as listed below:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="width:25px"|A1
!style="width:25px"|A0
!Port selected
|-
|0||0||port A
|-
|0||1||port B
|-
|1||0||port C
|-
|1||1||control register
|}

The control signal chip select CS (pin 6) is used to enable the 8255 chip. It is an active-low signal, i.e., when CS = 0, the 8255 is enabled. The RESET input (pin 35) is connected to the RESET line of system like 8085, 8086, etc., so that when the system is reset, all the ports are initialized as input lines. This is done to prevent 8255 and/or any peripheral connected to it from being destroyed due to mismatch of port direction settings. As an example, consider an input device connected to 8255 at port A. If from the previous operation, port A is initialized as an output port and if 8255 is not reset before using the current configuration, then there is a possibility of damage of either the input device connected or 8255 or both, since both 8255 and the device connected will be sending out data.

The control register (or the control logic, or the command word register) is an 8-bit register used to select the modes of operation and input/output designation of the ports.

Operational modes of 8255
There are two basic operational modes of 8255:
 Bit Set/Reset mode (BSR mode).
 Input/Output mode (I/O mode).

The two modes are selected on the basis of the value present at the D7 bit of the control word register. When D7 = 1, 8255 operates in I/O mode, and when D7 = 0, it operates in the BSR mode.

Bit Set/Reset (BSR) mode
The Bit Set/Reset (BSR) mode is available on port C only. Each line of port C (PC7 - PC0) can be set or reset by writing a suitable value to the control word register. BSR mode and I/O mode are independent and selection of BSR mode does not affect the operation of other ports in I/O mode.

D7 bit is always 0 for BSR mode.
Bits D6, D5 and D4 are don't care bits.
Bits D3, D2 and D1 are used to select the pin of Port C.
Bit D0 is used to set/reset the selected pin of Port C.

Selection of port C pin is determined as follows:

As an example, if it is needed that PC5 be set, then in the control word,

 Since it is BSR mode, D7 = '0'.
 Since D4, D5, D6 are not used, assume them to be '0'.
 PC5 has to be selected, hence, D3 = '1', D2 = '0', D1 = '1'.
 PC5 has to be set, hence, D0 = '1'.

Thus, as per the above values, 0B (Hex) will be loaded into the Control Word Register (CWR).

Input/Output mode
This mode is selected when D7 bit of the Control Word Register is 1. There are three I/O modes:
 Mode 0 - Simple I/O
 Mode 1 - Strobed I/O
 Mode 2 - Strobed Bi-directional I/O

Control Word format

D0, D1, D3, D4 are assigned for port C lower, port B, port C upper and port A respectively. When these bits are 1, the corresponding port acts as an input port. For e.g., if D0 = D4 = 1, then lower port C and port A act as input ports. If these bits are 0, then the corresponding port acts as an output port. For e.g., if D1 = D3 = 0, then port B and upper port C act as output ports.
D2 is used for mode selection of Group B (port B and lower port C). When D2 = 0, mode 0 is selected and when D2 = 1, mode 1 is selected.
D5 & D6 are used for mode selection of Group A ( port A and upper port C). The selection is done as follows:

 As it is I/O mode, D7 = 1.
For example, if port B and upper port C have to be initialized as input ports and lower port C and port A as output ports (all in mode 0):
 Since it is an I/O mode, D7 = 1.
 Mode selection bits, D2, D5, D6 are all 0 for mode 0 operation.
 Port B and upper port C should operate as Input ports, hence, D1 = D3 = 1.
 Port A and lower port C should operate as Output ports, hence, D4 = D0 = 0.

Hence, for the desired operation, the control word register will have to be loaded with "10001010" = 8A (hex).

Mode 0 - simple I/O
In this mode, the ports can be used for simple I/O operations without handshaking signals. Port A, port B provide simple I/O operation. The two halves of port C can be either used together as an additional 8-bit port, or they can be used as individual 4-bit ports. Since the two halves of port C are independent, they may be used such that one-half is initialized as an input port while the other half is initialized as an output port.

The input/output features in mode 0 are as follows:
Output ports are latched.
Input ports are buffered, not latched.
Ports do not have handshake or interrupt capability.
With 4 ports, 16 different combinations of I/O are possible.

'Latched' means the bits are put into a storage register (array of flip-flops) which holds its output constant even if the inputs change after being latched.

The 8255's outputs are latched to hold the last data written to them. This is required because the data only stays on the bus for one cycle. So, without latching, the outputs would become invalid as soon as the write cycle finishes.

The inputs are not latched because the CPU only has to read their current values, then store the data in a CPU register or memory if it needs to be referenced at a later time. If an input changes while the port is being read then the result may be indeterminate.

Mode 0 – input mode
 In the input mode, the 8255 gets data from the external peripheral ports and the CPU reads the received data via its data bus.
 The CPU first selects the 8255 chip by making CS low. Then it selects the desired port using A0 and A1 lines.
 The CPU then issues an RD signal to read the data from the external peripheral device via the system data bus.

Mode 0 - output mode
In the output mode, the CPU sends data to 8255 via system data bus and then the external peripheral ports receive this data via 8255 port.
CPU first selects the 8255 chip by making CS low. It then selects the desired port using A0 and A1 lines.
CPU then issues a WR signal to write data to the selected port via the system data bus. This data is then received by the external peripheral device connected to the selected port.

Mode 1 - Strobed Input/output mode
When we wish to use port A or port B for handshake (strobed) input or output operation, we initialise that port in mode 1 (port A and port B can be initialised to operate in different modes, i.e., for e.g., port A can operate in mode 0 and port B in mode 1). Some of the pins of port C function as handshake lines.

For port B in this mode (irrespective of whether is acting as an input port or output port), PC0, PC1 and PC2 pins function as handshake lines.

If port A is initialised as mode 1 input port, then, PC3, PC4 and PC5 function as handshake signals. Pins PC6 and PC7 are available for use as input/output lines.

The mode 1 which supports handshaking has following features:
 Two ports i.e. port A and B can be used as 8-bit i/o ports.
 Each port uses three lines of port c as handshake signal and remaining two signals can be used as i/o ports.
 Interrupt logic is supported.
 Input and Output data are latched.

Input Handshaking signals
1. IBF (Input Buffer Full) - It is an  output indicating that the input latch contains information.
2. STB (Strobed Input) - The strobe input loads data into the port latch, which holds the information until it is input to the microprocessor via the IN instruction.
3. INTR (Interrupt request) - It is an output that requests an interrupt. The INTR pin becomes a logic 1 when the STB input returns to a logic 1, and is cleared when the data are input from the port by the microprocessor.
4. INTE (Interrupt enable) - It is neither an input nor an output; it is an internal bit programmed via the port PC4(port A) or PC2(port B) bit position.
Output Handshaking signals
1. OBF (Output Buffer Full) - It is an output that goes low whenever data are output(OUT) to the port A or port B latch. This signal is set to a logic 1 whenever the ACK pulse returns from the external device.
2. ACK (Acknowledge)-It causes the OBF pin to return to a logic 1 level. The ACK signal is a response from an external device, indicating that it has received the data from the 82C55A port.
3. INTR (Interrupt request) - It is a signal that often interrupts the microprocessor when the external device receives the data via the signal. this pin is qualified by the internal INTE(interrupt enable) bit.
4. INTE (Interrupt enable) - It is neither an input nor an output; it is an internal bit programmed to enable or disable the INTR pin. The INTE A bit is programmed using the PC6 bit and INTE B is programmed using the PC2 bit.

Mode 2 - Strobed Bidirectional Input/Output mode
Only port A can be initialized in this mode. Port A can be used for bidirectional handshake data transfer. This means that data can be input or output on the same eight lines (PA0 - PA7). Pins PC3 - PC7 are used as handshake lines for port A. The remaining pins of port C (PC0 - PC2) can be used as input/output lines if group B is initialized in mode 0 or as handshaking for port B if group B is initialized in mode 1. In this mode, the 8255 may be used to extend the system bus to a slave microprocessor or to transfer data bytes to and from a floppy disk controller. Acknowledgement and handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronisation between the data transmitter and receiver.

References

External links
 drew.hickmans.net, Complete Description about the Intel 8255 IC
 ic-on-line.cn, Datasheet
 sharpmz.org, functions overview
 intel-assembler.it, Programming technical details and coding example
 bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de, Intel 8080 Microcomputer Systems User's Manual (September 1975). Includes 8255 chip.

Intel chipsets
IBM PC compatibles
Input/output integrated circuits

Intel 8255


Ekarma (; Japanese 越渇磨島; Ekaruma-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island near the center of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean,  separated from Shiashkotan by the Ekarma Strait. Its name is derived from the Ainu language, from "safe anchorage".

Geology
Ekarma is roughly oval, measuring  by  with an area of .

The island consists of two overlapping stratovolcano, collectively called  Pik Ekarma -(; Japanese 越渇磨岳; Ekaruma-dake), which rises to  above sea level. Lava flows radiate in all directly from the central peak, forming an uneven shoreline. Numerous hot springs with sulphur deposits are on the northern slopes of the mountain. The last eruption of the mountain was in May 1980, during which ash emissions reaching a height of one kilometer were observed from a fishing vessel.

History
Ekarma was visited by hunting and fishing parties of Ainu at the time of European contact, but was not permanently settled as it has no sources of fresh water aside from rainfall. The island appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1744.  Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda, but was returned to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. In 1893, a settlement was attempted by nine members of the Chishima Protective Society led by Gunji Shigetada; however, the colony failed when five of the nine members died in an accident while fishing. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.

See also
List of volcanoes in Russia

References

External links

Further reading
 Gorshkov, G. S. Volcanism and the Upper Mantle Investigations in the Kurile Island Arc. Monographs in geoscience. New York: Plenum Press, 1970.
 Krasheninnikov, Stepan Petrovich, and James Greive. The History of Kamtschatka and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963.
 Rees, David. The Soviet Seizure of the Kuriles. New York: Praeger, 1985.
 Takahashi, Hideki, and Masahiro Ōhara. Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Bulletin of the Hokkaido University Museum, no. 2-. Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido University Museum, 2004.

Notes

Active volcanoes
Islands of the Sea of Okhotsk
Islands of the Russian Far East
Stratovolcanoes of Russia
Islands of the Kuril Islands
Uninhabited islands of Russia
Uninhabited islands of the Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of the Kuril Islands
Mountains of the Kuril Islands
Holocene stratovolcanoes

Ekarma


The Lady Slipper Drive is a former scenic drive located in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, beginning and ending at Summerside.

The Lady Slipper Drive comprised numerous routes along coastal sections of Prince County and measured approximately 300 km in length.  It was replaced in 2005 by the North Cape Coastal Drive.

Deriving its name from the Lady's Slipper orchid, the provincial floral emblem which grows in shaded forests, the signs marking the Lady Slipper Drive depicted a red orchid within a red frame on a square white background.

The Lady Slipper Drive was developed as a tourism marketing project during the 1970s in conjunction with the Blue Heron Drive in Queens County and the Kings Byway in Kings County.

References

Scenic travelways in Prince Edward Island
Roads in Prince County, Prince Edward Island

Lady Slipper Drive


John Dunn (14 December 1846 – 19 March 1866) was an Australian bushranger. He was only 17 years old when he joined up with Ben Hall and John Gilbert and became a member of their gang.

Early life
He was born at Murrumburrah near Yass, New South Wales. His parents were Michael Dunn and Margaret Kelly. Dunn was only a small youth and worked as a jockey. He had robbed a Chinese gold miner and been in trouble with the police.

Ben Hall's gang
Dunn was a member of the gang when they tried to rob the mail coach near Jugiong on 16 November 1864. Gilbert shot Sergeant Parry to death during the robbery. The government already had offered reward money for the capture of the Gilbert and Hall; they now offered £500 for John Dunn.

The bushrangers spent Christmas, 1864, with Dunn's parents at Murrumburrah. After visiting Dunn's grandfather, John Kelly, near Binalong they rode to Binda on Boxing Day, 26 December. Gilbert and Dunn spent the night dancing at the Flag Hotel. Hall stood at the door and stopped people from going to get the police.

On 26 January 1865, Hall, Gilbert and  Dunn were at Collector, south of Goulburn.  While Hall and Gilbert were robbing the hotel, John Dunn stayed outside to watch for the police. Most of the police were out in the bush searching for the bushrangers. Policeman, Constable Samuel Nelson, was told the bushrangers were at the hotel. He told his wife he would "have to do his best". As he walked up to the hotel Dunn fired two shots into his face. Nelson was the father of nine children. One of the children saw the shooting. The bushrangers stole Nelson's gun, and his personal belongings and then left the town. During the next three months, the gang continued to rob from farmhouses and mail coaches.

Outlaw
In May 1865, Hall, Gilbert, and Dunn were made "outlaws"; they could be killed by anyone at anytime. Hall was found by the police in the bush near Forbes, New South Wales and shot dead. A week later, Gilbert was shot by the police at the home of John Kelly, Dunn's grandfather, near Binalong, on 13 May. Dunn was able to escape, although he was also shot. Dunn's Grandfather had told the police where the bushrangers were so that he could get the reward money.

Dunn went into hiding near Quambone Station (a farm) but another friend told the police where he was living. Dunn was badly hurt when the police went to capture him on 26 December 1865. Even though he was hurt, he climbed out of the police station window but was soon caught again. He was taken to Sydney to be tried in court. On 19 January 1866, he was found guilty of killing Nelson and sentenced to death.  He was hanged on 19 March 1865 at the Darlinghurst Gaol. He was only 19 years old. He is buried in the old Devonshire Street cemetery in Sydney.

Other websites

References

Australian criminals
Bushrangers
People from New South Wales
1846 births
1866 deaths

John Dunn


The  in Kurashiki was the first collection of Western art to be permanently exhibited in Japan. The museum opened in 1930 and originally consisted almost entirely of French paintings and sculptures of the 19th and 20th centuries. The collection has now expanded to include paintings of the Italian Renaissance and of the Dutch and Flemish 17th century. Well-known American and Italian artists of the 20th century are also included in the collection.

The basis of the collection was formed by Ōhara Magosaburō on the advice of the Japanese painter Kojima Torajirō (1881–1929) and the French artist Edmond Aman-Jean (1860–1935).

In 1961 a wing was added for acquired Japanese paintings of the first half of the 20th century: Fujishima Takeji, Aoki Shigeru, Kishida Ryūsei, Koide Tarushige and others. In the same year, a wing for potteries of Kawai Kanjirō, Bernard Leach, Hamada Shōji, Tomimoto Kenkichi and others was opened. 1963 a wing was added for the woodcuts of Munakata Shikō and dyeings of Serisawa Keisuke. Today the last two wings are combined as Crafts Wing (Kōgei-kan). 1972 the Kojima Torajirō Memorial Hall was opened at the Ivory Square of Kurashiki.

Selected collection highlights

Selected artists

 El Greco (Annunciation)
 Pierre Puvis de Chavannes
 Camille Pissarro
 Edgar Degas
 Claude Monet (Water Lilies)
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir
 Paul Gauguin
 Giovanni Segantini
 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
 Amedeo Clemente Modigliani
 Pablo Picasso
 Jackson Pollock
 Maurice Utrillo
 Giorgio de Chirico
 Georges Rouault
 Pierre Soulages
 Henri Matisse
 Pierre Bonnard
 Jasper Johns
 Auguste Rodin
 Narashige Koide
 Yuzo Saeki
 Fujishima Takeji
 Ryuzaburo Umehara
 Sōtarō Yasui
 Shikō Munakata
 Tadanori Yokoo

Access
 Public Transportation
Take Sanyo Shinkansen to Okayama Station.  Change to Sanyo Line to Kurashiki Station.  The museum is about 15-20 min walk.

External links

Virtual tour of the Ohara Museum of Art provided by Google Arts & Culture

Art museums and galleries in Okayama Prefecture
Art museums established in 1930
1930 establishments in Japan
Kurashiki

Ohara Museum of Art


Fully Loaded was a yearly WWF event, which started in July 1998 and was held for another two years. In 2001, the event was replaced by Invasion, which was replaced by Vengeance in 2002.

Fully Loaded dates and venues

Results

1998

Fully Loaded: In Your House took place on July 26, 1998 at the Selland Arena in Fresno, California.

 Val Venis beat Jeff Jarrett (with Tennessee Lee) (7:41)
 Venis pinned Jarrett with a roll-up.
 D'Lo Brown (with The Godfather) beat X-Pac (with Chyna) (8:26)
 Brown pinned X-Pac with a Sky High.
 Faarooq and Scorpio beat Terry Funk and Justin Bradshaw (6:51)
 Scorpio pinned Funk after a Scorpio Splash.
 Mark Henry beat Vader (5:03)
 Henry pinned Vader after a Big Splash.
 The Disciples of Apocalypse (8-Ball and Skull) (with Paul Ellering) beat L.O.D. 2000 (Hawk and Animal) (8:50)
 DOA won when Animal was pinned.
 Owen Hart beat Ken Shamrock (with Dan Severn as Special Guest Referee) in a Dungeon match (4:53)
 Owen won when he knocked Shamrock out with a dumbbell and lifted his arm in a tap out motion.
 This match was taped days earlier in the Hart family Dungeon.
 WWF Intercontinental Champion The Rock fought Triple H (with Chyna) to a time limit draw in a Two out of Three falls match match (30:00)
 Rock pinned Triple H after a Rock Bottom (20:21)
 Triple H pinned Rock after Chyna interfered and hit a DDT (25:23)
 The time limit was reached right after Triple H hit a Pedigree, Rock kept the title (30:00)
 Jacqueline beat Sable (with Jerry Lawler as Emcee) in a Bikini contest
 Sable originally won the match, but was later disqualified for not wearing a bikini top (she had hand prints painted on each breast).
 The Undertaker and Steve Austin beat Kane and Mankind to win the WWF Tag Team Championship (17:28)
 Undertaker pinned Kane after a Tombstone Piledriver.

1999

Fully Loaded (1999) took place on July 25, 1999 at the Marine Midland Arena in Buffalo, New York.

 Sunday Night Heat match: Val Venis beat Joey Abs (3:16)
 Venis pinned Abs.
 Sunday Night Heat match: The Godfather beat Meat (2:06)
 Godfather pinned Meat.
 Sunday Night Heat match: Christian beat Viscera (2:43)
 Christian pinned Viscera.
 Jeff Jarrett (with Debra) beat Edge to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship (13:22)
 Jarrett pinned Edge after a Stroke.
 The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) beat Michael Hayes and The Hardy Boyz (Matt and Jeff) in a Handicap match to win the WWF Tag Team Championship (9:32)
 Bradshaw pinned Hayes after a Double Powerbomb.
 D'Lo Brown beat Mideon to win the WWF European Championship (7:11)
 Brown pinned Mideon after a 'Lo Down.
 The Big Boss Man beat Al Snow to win the WWF Hardcore Championship (10:11)
 Boss Man pinned Snow after hitting him with a metal rod.
 The Big Show beat Kane (with Hardcore Holly as special guest referee) (8:13)
 Big Show pinned Kane after a Chokeslam.
 Ken Shamrock beat Steve Blackman in a Iron Circle match (4:19)
 Shamrock won by KO after choking Blackman out with a steel chain.
 This match took place in a parking garage where Shamrock and Blackman fought within a circle of cars.
 Road Dogg and X-Pac beat Mr. Ass and Chyna (11:44)
 Road Dogg pinned Mr. Ass after a Pumphandle Drop to win the rights to the DX name.
 Triple H beat The Rock in a Strap match (19:21)
 Triple H pinned Rock after a Pedigree to earn a WWF Championship match at SummerSlam.
 Steve Austin beat The Undertaker in a First Blood match to keep the WWF Championship (15:31)
 Austin won after hitting the Undertaker with a television camera following interference from X-Pac. As a result, Vince McMahon could no longer appear on WWF television.
 If Austin would have lost he could never wrestle for the WWF Championship again.

2000

Fully Loaded (2000) took place on July 23, 2000 at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas.

 The Hardy Boyz (Matt and Jeff) and Lita beat T & A (Test and Albert) and Trish Stratus in a Mixed Tag Team match (13:12)
 Lita pinned Stratus after a moonsault.
 Tazz beat Al Snow (5:20)
 Tazz forced Snow to submit with the Tazzmission.
 Perry Saturn (with Terri) beat Eddie Guerrero (with Chyna) to win the WWF European Championship (8:10)
 Saturn pinned Guerrero after a Diving elbow drop.
 The Acolytes (Faarooq and Bradshaw) beat WWF Tag Team Champions Edge and Christian by disqualification (5:29)
 Edge and Christian were disqualified after Edge hit Faarooq with a tag title belt, Edge and Christian kept the titles.
 Val Venis beat Rikishi in a Steel cage match to retain the WWF Intercontinental Championship (14:10)
 Venis pinned Rikishi after Tazz hit Rikishi with a TV camera.
 The Undertaker beat Kurt Angle (7:34)
 Undertaker pinned Angle after a Last Ride.
 Triple H beat Chris Jericho in a Last Man Standing match (23:11)
 Triple H won when Jericho could not get up after being suplexed through an announce table.
 The Rock beat Chris Benoit to retain the WWF Championship (22:09)
 Rock pinned Benoit after a Rock Bottom.
 The title could change hands by disqualification. However, Rock was disqualified, meaning Benoit won the title, but Commissioner Mick Foley came out and restarted the match.

References

History of Fresno, California
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
Sports in Buffalo, New York
20th century in Dallas
1998 in California
1999 in the United States
1990s in New York (state)
2000 in the United States
20th century in Buffalo, New York
July events

WWF Fully Loaded