The Baltic offensive, also known as the Baltic strategic offensive, was the campaign between the northern Fronts of the Red Army and the German Army Group North in the Baltic States during the autumn of 1944. The result of the series of battles was the isolation and encirclement of the Army Group North in the Courland Pocket and Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic States.

Background
By early 1944, the Wehrmacht was pushed back along its entire frontline in the east. In February 1944, it retreated from the approaches to Leningrad to the prepared section of the Panther Line at the border of Estonia. In June and July, Army Group Centre was thrown back from the Byelorussian SSR into Poland by Operation Bagration. This created the opportunity for the Red Army to attack towards the Baltic Sea, thereby severing the land connection between the German Army Groups in the east.

By 5 July, the Šiauliai offensive commenced, as a follow-up from Operation Bagration. The Soviet 43rd, 51st, and 2nd Guards Armies attacked towards Riga on the Baltic coast with 3rd Guards Mechanized Corps in the van. By 31 July, the coast on the Gulf of Riga had been reached; 6th Guards Army covered Riga and the extended flank of the penetration towards the north.

The German reaction was rapid, and initially successful. A counterattack, code-named Operation Doppelkopf, was conducted on 16 August by XXXX and XXXIX Panzer Corps under the command of Third Panzer Army, Army Group Centre. Acting in coordination with armored formations from Army Group North, they initially cut off the Soviet troops on the coast, and re-established a tenuous 30-kilometer-wide corridor connecting Army Groups Centre and North. The main objective of the attack was to retake the key road junction of Šiauliai (), but the German tanks ran head-on into an in-depth defense by the 1st Baltic Front, and by 20 August the German advance had stalled with heavy losses. A follow-up attack, code-named Operation Cäsar, and launched on 16 September, failed in the same manner. After a brief period of respite, STAVKA issued orders for the Baltic strategic offensive, which lasted from 14 September to 24 November.

Battles

In common with other Soviet strategic offensives, the Baltic offensive covers a number of operational level operations and individual Front offensive operations:

The Riga offensive () (14 September–24 October 1944) was carried out by the 3rd and 2nd Baltic Fronts and cleared the eastern coast of the Gulf of Riga.
The Tallinn offensive () (17–26 September 1944) was carried out by the Leningrad Front to drive German forces from mainland Estonia.
The Moonsund Landing Operation () (27 September–24 November 1944) was the amphibious landing on the Estonian islands of Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu, which block access to the Gulf of Riga. According to Soviet data Germany lost 7,000 dead soldiers and 700 captured.
The Memel offensive () (5–22 October 1944) was an attack by the 1st Baltic Front aimed at severing the connection between the German Army Groups Centre and North.

From the German defensive perspective, the period included the following operations:
Operation Cäsar, aimed at the restoration of contact between Army Groups Centre and North 16–21 September 1944;
Operation Aster aimed at the evacuation of Army Group North from mainland Estonia 17–26 September 1944;
The siege of Memel 5–27 October 1944;
Formation of the Courland Pocket 15–22 October 1944.

Aftermath

Soviet victory
The Baltic offensive operation resulted in the expulsion of German forces from Estonia and Lithuania. The Soviet fronts involved in the battle lost a total of ca. 280,000 men to all causes (killed, missing, wounded, sick).

Communication lines between Army Group North and Army Group Centre were permanently severed, and the former was relegated to an occupied Baltic seashore area in Latvia. On 25 January, Adolf Hitler renamed Army Group North to Army Group Courland implicitly recognising that there was no possibility of restoring a new land corridor between Courland and East Prussia. The Red Army commenced the encirclement and reduction of the Courland cauldron which retained a possibility of being a major threat, but were able to focus on operations on its northern flank that were now aiming at East Prussia. Operations by the Red Army against the Courland Pocket continued until the surrender of the Army Group Courland on 9 May 1945, when close to 200,000 Germans were taken prisoner there.

The German command released thousands of native conscripts from military service. However the Soviet command began conscripting Baltic natives as areas were brought under Soviet control. While some ended up serving on both sides, many partisans hid in the woods to avoid conscription. (See also Forest Brothers)

112 Hero of the Soviet Union awards were given out during the offensive, of which three were given soldier's second award.

Reoccupation of the Baltic states

Soviet rule of the Baltic states was re-established by force, and sovietisation followed, which was mostly carried out in 1944–1950. The forced collectivisation of agriculture began in 1947, and was completed after the mass deportation of civilians in March 1949. All private farms were confiscated, and farmers were made to join the collective farms. An armed resistance movement named the 'Forest Brothers' was active until the mass deportations. Tens of thousands participated or supported the movement; thousands were killed. The Soviet authorities fighting the Forest Brothers also suffered hundreds of deaths. Among those killed on both sides were innocent civilians. Besides the armed resistance of the Forest Brothers, a number of underground nationalist schoolchildren groups were active. Most of their members were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. The punitive actions decreased rapidly after Joseph Stalin's death in 1953; from 1956 to 1958, a large part of the deportees and political prisoners were allowed to return to their homelands. Political arrests and numerous other kinds of crimes against humanity were committed all through the occupation period until the late 1980s. Although the armed resistance was defeated, the populations remained anti-Soviet. This helped the Baltic citizens to organise a new resistance movement in the late 1980s and then rapidly develop a modern society after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Formations and units involved

Soviet
1st Baltic Front commanded by General Ivan Baghramian
5th Guards Tank Army commanded by General Vasily Volsky
6th Guards Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Ivan Chistyakov
4th Shock Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Pyotr Malyshev
43rd Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Afanasy Beloborodov
51st Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Yakov Kreizer
33rd Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Vyacheslav Tsvetayev
3rd Air Army
2nd Baltic Front commanded by Army-General Andrey Yeryomenko
3rd Shock Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Nikolai Simoniak
22nd Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Vladimir Vostrukhov
3rd Baltic Front commanded by Colonel-General I.I. Maslennikov
3rd Belorussian Front (parts) commanded by Army General Ivan Chernyakhovsky
2nd Shock Army commanded first by Lieutenant-General Porfiry Chanchibadze, then by Lieutenant-General Ivan Fedyuninsky
3rd Guards Mechanized Corps commanded by Lieutenant-General Viktor Obukhov
61st Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Pavel Belov
67th Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Vladimir Sviridov
Leningrad Front commanded by Marshal L.A. Govorov (parts)
8th Army commanded by Lieutenant-General Filipp Starikov

German
Army Group North commanded by Colonel-General Ferdinand Schörner
Army detachment "Narwa" commanded by Infantry General Grasser
Eighteenth Army commanded by Infantry-General Loch
Sixteenth Army commanded by Artillery-General Hansen
502nd Heavy Panzer Battalion
Army Group Centre commanded by Colonel-General Reinhardt
Third Panzer Army commanded by Colonel-General Erhard Raus
XXXX Panzer Corps
XXXIX Panzer Corps
Panzer Grenadier Division Grossdeutschland
4th Panzer Division
5th Panzer Division
17th Panzer Division

Notes and references

Anderson, D, et al. The Eastern Front, Zenith Imprint (2001),
Muriyev, D. Preparations, Conduct of 1944 Baltic Operation Described, Military History Journal (USSR Report, Military affairs), 1984-9
Stilwell, A. and Hastings, M. The Second World War: A World in Flames, Osprey (2004),
Проэктор, Д. M. "Агрессия и катастрофа. Высшее военное руководство фашистской Германии во второй мировой войне", Глава восьмая. "Катастрофа", М.: Наука, 1972.

Further reading
Melzer, W. 'Der Kampf um die baltischen Inseln'
Niepold, G. 'Panzeroperationen Doppelkopf und Cäsar'
Ziemke, E.F. 'Stalingrad to Berlin'
Bagramyan 'So schritten wir zum Sieg'

External links

Conflicts in 1944
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
Battles involving the Soviet Union
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
Baltic Sea operations of World War II
Occupation of the Baltic states
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
1944 in Estonia
1944 in Latvia
1944 in Lithuania

Baltic offensive


RuPaul (born RuPaul Andre Charles on November 17, 1960 in San Diego) is an African-American actor, drag queen, model, author, and singer-songwriter. He first became widely known in the 1990s when he appeared in a wide variety of television programs, films, and musical albums. He was once a fixture on the Atlanta and New York City gay club scenes during the 1980s and early 90s. RuPaul has on occasion performed as a man in a number of roles. He is usually billed as RuPaul Charles. RuPaul is noted among famous drag queens for his indifference towards the gender-specific pronouns used to address him—both "he" and "she" have been deemed acceptable. "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call me Regis and Kathie Lee; I don't care! Just as long as you call me."  He hosted a short-running talk show on VH1. He has hosted reality television shows called RuPaul's Drag Race and RuPaul's Drag U.

In 2020, he learned that he and New Jersey Senator Cory Booker are cousins; they discovered it by appearing on the TV show Finding Your Roots.

References

1960 births
Living people
Actors from San Diego, California
Singers from San Diego, California
Writers from San Diego, California
African American actors
African-American singers
African American television personalities
African American writers
American television presenters
Drag queens
LGBT actors
LGBT African Americans
LGBT models
LGBT people from California
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
American LGBT writers
Gay men
Models from San Diego, California
Musicians from San Diego, California
Singer-songwriters from California
Writers from California
American bloggers

RuPaul


The Dresden University of Technology (; TUD) is a university in Dresden, in Germany. It is the largest university in the state of Saxony and one of the ten largest universities in Germany with around 35,000 students.

History
Dresden University is one of the oldest colleges of technology in Germany. In 1828, the Saxon Technical School was founded to teach workers in technological subjects such as mechanics and ship construction. In 1871, the institute was renamed the Royal Saxon Polytechnic, and other subjects, such as history and languages, were introduced. By the end of the 19th century the institute had grown into a university covering all subjects. It was given its current name in 1961.

Organisation
The Dresden University of Technology is organised into 14 departments. Almost all departments are on the main campus south of the city centre, except for the Faculty of Medicine which has its own campus near the Elbe River, east of the city centre, and the Department of Forestry in a town nearby called Tharandt.

The university's annual budget is around €400 million.

Reputation

The TU Dresden offers a wide range of courses and research. It has a high reputation in technical fields such as electrical engineering or computer science.

The university also has a strong research tradition in microelectronics and transport sciences in the Dresden area, and now is becoming more important in new fields of research such as biotechnology.

Campus
TU Dresden is a campus university, meaning most of its buildings are in one area rather than being spread out across the city. Some of its buildings are more than a hundred years old. In recent years these historic building have been complemented by modern buildings (e.g. the library, the main auditorium, the biochemistry department or the life sciences building).

Students

About 60% of the students come from Saxony (about three-quarters live in Dresden), 19% from other eastern German states, 12% from the western German states and 10% from other countries.

In 2005/2006, there were 3,442 international students enrolled at TU Dresden. Most of the foreign students come from Europe (1,527), followed by Asia (1,404) and America (170). Ranked by countries the largest group of students comes from China (710), followed by Poland (294), Vietnam (196), Bulgaria (160) and Russia (154). The university is also quite popular among Central and East European countries such as the neighbouring Czech Republic (which is only  away or Ukraine.

Because of the Erasmus programme and partnerships with universities in the United States, there are many English-, French- and Spanish-speaking students. But the language spoken during lessons is nearly always German. To prepare for the university, many international students attend German language courses at the university.

Other activities
Sports are very popular among the TUD students. There are eight big students' clubs and the summer campus party is among the biggest in Germany. There are cafeterias as at most universities and the largest refectory can compete with some restaurants even as far as menu size.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1828 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Germany
Dresden
Technical colleges and universities in Germany
Buildings and structures in Saxony

Dresden University of Technology


Monosaccharides are  the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides  have a sweet taste.

Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties.

Monosaccharide


Matricide is the act of killing one's mother. In the case of teenage daughters, it is often for one of two reasons. Either the daughter "snapped" (suddenly lost her temper) after suffering abuse or became an abuser herself. Few studies have been done to discover why children commit parricide, matricide or patricide.

Known or suspected matricides

 Amastris, queen of Heraclea, was drowned by her two sons in 284 BC.
 Cleopatra III of Egypt was assassinated in 101 BC by order of her son, Ptolemy X, for her conspiracy.
 Ptolemy XI of Egypt had his wife, Berenice III, murdered shortly after their wedding in 80 BC. She was also his stepmother, or perhaps his mother.
 In AD 59, the Roman Emperor Nero is said to have ordered the murder of his mother Agrippina the Younger, supposedly because she was conspiring against him.
 Mary Ann Lamb, the mentally ill sister of essayist Charles Lamb, killed their invalid mother during an episode of mania in 1796.
 Sidney Harry Fox, a British man, hanged in 1930 for killing his mother to gain from her insurance.
 Battle of Okinawa, 1945: There are accounts in which Okinawan civilians killed their mothers to prevent them from being captured, raped, tortured, and/or killed by the invading American forces.
 The Parker–Hulme murder case of 1954. This case was chronicled in the 1994 film Heavenly Creatures.
 Jack Gilbert Graham killed his mother along with 44 people by planting a dynamite bomb in his mother's suitcase, that was subsequently loaded aboard United Airlines Flight 629 in 1955.
 Charles Whitman killed his mother and wife before going on his killing spree at the University of Texas at Austin that killed 14 people and wounded 31 others, as part of a shooting rampage from the observation deck of the University's 32-story administrative building on August 1, 1966. He was eventually shot and killed by Austin police.
 John Emil List murdered his mother, wife and his three children on November 9, 1971, making List also guilty of filicide and uxoricide. He was a fugitive for 18 years. He was apprehended on June 1, 1989 after an episode of "America's Most Wanted" aired. On May 1, 1990 he was sentenced to 5 life terms in prison.
 Antony Baekeland murdered his mother, Barbara Daly Baekeland on November 11, 1972, at their luxurious London apartment. She had allegedly forced him to have sex with her, in order to "cure" his homosexuality. Savage Grace is a book and a movie based on this event.
 Serial killer Edmund Kemper beat his mother to death in 1973, along with one of his mother's friends before turning himself in to the police. He had previously committed half-a-dozen sex-murders. Kemper had been psychologically abused by his domineering mother in his youth.
 Ronald DeFeo, Jr. killed his parents and his four siblings in what would later become known as "The Amityville Horror House" (1974)
 Bradford Bishop bludgeoned his mother, spouse and three children to death in 1976. He was indicted for murders and remains at large.
 Jim Gordon, a session musician who played drums with Eric Clapton band Derek and the Dominoes bludgeoned his mother with a hammer and then stabbed her to death with a butcher's knife in 1983. In May 1984 he was sentenced to sixteen years to life in prison.
 Susan Cabot, 1950s actress, was beaten to death in 1986 at her Hollywood home by her son Timothy Roman. He was convicted of involuntary manslaughter.
 Lyle and Erik Menendez were convicted during a highly publicized trial in July 1996 for the shotgun killings of their parents in 1989.
 Brett Reider, a 15-year-old boy in Omaha, Nebraska, stabbed his mother to death during a dispute in 1993. He was convicted of second degree murder and sentenced as an adult to 11–20 years. In 1996, his older sister, Alissa Reider made an HBO documentary: "Brett Killed Mom: a sister's diary", claiming both of them suffered years of constant verbal and physical abuse from their mother. Brett was released in 1999.
 Aaron Brown, Indiana resident who at the age of 16 sat in wait with a shotgun until his parents came home one night, and as his mom walked through the door, he blasted her with the shotgun. He shot at his stepfather and missed, but eventually gunned him down. These crimes were committed in 1994. He is currently serving two life sentences at The Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana.
 Luke Woodham, Mississippi resident who killed his mother in June 1997 before killing two more and wounding seven others in the Pearl High School shooting. Currently serving a life sentence at the Mississippi State Penitentiary.
 Kip Kinkel (1982– ), an Oregon boy who was convicted of killing both parents as well as killing two students at his school on May 20, 1998.
 Dr. I. Kathleen Hagen, a prominent urologist, killed her mother and her father in August 2000 and was acquitted on the grounds of insanity.
 Yukio Yamaji, a 16-year-old living in Japan, killed his mother in 2000. After his release, he raped and murdered a woman and her sister in 2005. He was executed by hanging in 2009.
 Dipendra of Nepal (1971–2001) reportedly massacred much of his family at a royal dinner on June 1, 2001, including his mother Queen Aiswarya, father, brother, and sister.
 Nathan Ybanez, a 16-year-old Colorado boy, murdered his mother Julie Ybanez in June of 1998.
 Erika di Nardo killed her mother and brother in 2001. See Novi Ligure Murder
Sef Gonzales, an Australian man who killed his father, mother and sister in 2001.
 Linda Andersen (January 18, 2003) murdered by her two daughters.
 Sarah Marie Johnson (1987– ), an Idaho girl who was convicted of killing both parents on the morning of September 2, 2003.
 Noura Jackson was wrongfully convicted of killing her mother who was found dead with more than 50 stab wounds on June 5, 2005. The Tennessee Supreme Court overturned this verdict on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct. Prosecutor Amy Weirich withheld evidence that would have freed her.
 Jasmiyah Kaneesha Whitehead (b. November 27, 1993) and Tasmiyah Janeesha Whitehead (b. November 27, 1993) are identical twins who were convicted in 2014 for the murder of Nikki Whitehead (their mother).
 Joseph Nerone confessed to killing his mother by stabbing her multiple times on April 2, 2012.
 Adam Lanza in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting shot and killed his mother along with 20 children, 6 other adults and then himself on December 14, 2012.
 Kvissel murder, October 2014: Danish 15-year-old Lisa Borch and her 29-year-old Iraqi boyfriend Bakhtiar Mohammed Abdullah were convicted of murdering her mother in her sleep

References

Murders

Matricide


This is a list of German inventors and discoverers. The following list comprises people from Germany or German-speaking Europe, and also people of predominantly German heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.

A

Ernst Abbe: Invented the first refractometer, and many other devices. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, still in existence today.
Franz Carl Achard: Developed a process to produce sugar from sugar beet. Built the first factory for the process in 1802.
Robert Adler: Invented a better television remote control.
Konrad Adenauer: Invented soya sausage (1916; "Kölner Wurst") and, together with Jean and Josef Oebel, [coarse] wholemeal bread (1917; Kölner Brot).
Georgius Agricola: Named "the father of mineralogy".
Wilhelm Albert: Invented the wire rope 1834.
Kurt Alder: Discovery of the Diels–Alder reaction, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.
Richard Altmann: Discovery of the Mitochondrion
Alois Alzheimer: Psychiatrist who discovered Alzheimer´s disease, a degeneration of the brain in old age.
Ottomar Anschütz: in 1883 he patented a camera with an internal roller blind shutter mechanism, just in front of the photographic plate. Thus the focal-plane shutter in modern recognizable form was born.
Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe: Invented the gyrocompass in 1907.
Manfred von Ardenne: Self-taught researcher, applied physicist and inventor. Inventor of television among other things. 600 patents in fields including electron microscopy, medical technology, nuclear technology, plasma physics, and radio and television technology.
Leo Arons: Mercury-vapor lamp together with Peter Cooper Hewitt.
Carl Auer von Welsbach: Gas mantle
Leopold Auerbach: Discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's plexus.
Max Abraham: Physicist. Worked as Max Planck's assistant for three years. Developed theories on electrons.

B

Walter Baade: astronom, discovered together with Fritz Zwicky, he identified supernovae as a new category of astronomical objects
Karl Ernst von Baer: discovered mammal ovum.
Ralph Baer: Inventor of the first home video game console.
Adolf von Baeyer: Chemist. Synthesized indigo, discovered the phthalein dyes, and investigated polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, nitroso compounds (1869) and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864). Nobel laureate 1905.
Albert Ballin: Father of modern cruise ship travel
Heinrich Band: Developed a musical instrument and called it bandoneón in 1846. It is used in most tango orchestras until today.
Heinrich Barkhausen: Discovered what is now called the Barkhausen effect, to describe the phenomenon, which is caused by rapid changes of size of magnetic domains in 1919,  and Barkhausen stability criterion.
Oskar Barnack: The father of the first mass marketed 35mm camera and Leica.
Heinrich Anton de Bary: Father of Phytopathology, the science of plant diseases and modern Mycology. Coined the word symbiosis in 1879.
Karl Adolph von Basedow: Discovery and description of Graves-Basedow disease
Wilhelm Bauer: Inventor and engineer, who built several hand-powered submarines.
Eugen Baumann: He was one of the first people to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and, together with Carl Schotten, he discovered the Schotten-Baumann reaction.
Carl Baunscheidt: Inventor of the Lebenswecker ("life awakener") or "artificial leech".
Hans Beck: Inventor of the toy Playmobil.
Georg Bednorz: Physicist, discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramics, shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Martin Behaim: Inventor of the first globe of the world (Erdapfel) between 1491 and 1493.
Alexander Behm: Inventor of echo sounding. The patent was granted in 1913.
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen: Navigator and Explorer. Discovered the land mass of Antarctica on January 28, 1820.
Friedrich Bessel: astronom, he is credited with being the first to use parallax in calculating the distance to a star.
Hans Bethe: Nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate in physics 1967. During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs.
Emil Adolf von Behring: Discovered the diphtheria antitoxin. It was the world's first cure for a disease (1891). He was awarded history's first Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine in 1901.
Melitta Bentz: Inventor of the coffee filter, 1908.
Karl Benz: Father and inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, 1885, and pioneering founder of automobile manufacturing.
Albrecht Berblinger: Inventor of the spring prosthesis and hang-glider (1811).
Hans Berger: a German neurologist, best known as the inventor of electroencephalography (EEG) (the recording of "brain waves") in 1924, coining the name, and the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm known as "Berger's wave"
Emil Berliner: He is best known for developing the microphone and disc record gramophone.
Albert Betz: Betz's law, 1913
Gerd Binnig: Physicist. Design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with Heinrich Rohrer. Nobel laureate 1986.
Ludwig Blattner: developed the Blattnerphone, the first magnetic tape recorder (using steel tape) whilst working in Britain in the late 1920s.
Max Bockmühl: He developed together with German Gustav Ehrhart Methadone in 1937 in Germany, working for I.G. Farbenindustrie AG at the Farbwerke Hoechst
Johann Elert Bode: Discovered the Titus-Bode Law
Ludwig Bölkow: Aeronautical pioneer. Was instrumental in the development of the Me 262, developed a new rotorhead concept for helicopters.
Max Born: Physicist and mathematician. Groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics. Nobel laureate 1954 with Walther Bothe. His Ph.D. student Delbrück, and six of his assistants (Fermi, Heisenberg, Goeppert-Mayer, Herzberg, Pauli, Wigner) went on to win Nobel Prizes. His Ph.D. student J. Robert Oppenheimer led the project to develop the atomic bomb.
Manfred Börner: Physicist. Developed the first working fiber-optical data transmission system in 1965. Received a patent for an "electro-optical transmission system utilizing lasers".
Carl Bosch: Chemist and Nobel laureate, discovered the processes of industrial high pressure chemistry.
Robert Bosch: He invented, engineered and launched various innovations for the motor vehicle.
Walther Bothe: Nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born.
Johann Friedrich Böttger: He was generally acknowledged as the inventor of European porcelain although more recent sources ascribe this to Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus. Böttger is still credited with developing the manufacture of porcelain in Europe.
Karlheinz Brandenburg: Inventor and audio engineer; father of audio compression format MPEG Audio Layer 3, more commonly known as MP3.
Karl Ferdinand Braun: Inventor of the CRT oscilloscope in 1897
Wernher von Braun: The preeminent rocket engineer of the 20th century. Developed the V-2 rocket for Germany. Built Saturn V rocket in USA which put man on the moon.
Korbinian Brodmann: neurologist, Brodmann area in brain
Walter Bruch: PAL, colour encoding system for analogue television
Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn: inventor of Taximeter
Ernst Büchner: Chemist and inventor of Büchner flask and Büchner funnel.
Robert Bunsen: Chemist who developed the Bunsen burner, and with Gustav Kirchhoff he discovered caesium (1860) and rubidium (1861).
Wilhelm Busch: Caricaturist, painter and poet; father of comics.
Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann: Pioneer and promoter of the harmonica.
Adolf Busemann: Discovered the effect of swept wing for modern aircraft in 1935.
Adolf Butenandt: Discovered primary female sex hormones. Shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Leopold Ruzicka in 1939.

C
Georg Cantor: Mathematician, discoverer of the set theory (1870s), which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.
Ernst Boris Chain: biochemist, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin (together with Fleming).
Carl von Clausewitz: The father of modern military theory.
Justus Claproth: Jurist and inventor of recyclable paper and deinking.
Nicolaus Copernicus: Astronom, formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.
Manfred Curry: German American yachtsman, developed the cam cleat used on sailboats to easily and quickly secure a rope, discoverer of the pseudoscientific phenomenon of "geomagnetic lines" called the Curry Grid.

D

Gottlieb Daimler: He invented the first high-speed petrol engine and the first four-wheel automobile, also the first internal combustion motorcycle, the Reitwagen.
Adolf "Adi" Dassler: Sports shoes with and without spikes; founder of Adidas.
Rudolf Dassler: First sport shoes with screw-in shoe spikes, 1949; founder of Puma.
Hans Georg Dehmelt: Physicist. Co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an ion trap. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1989.
Max Delbrück: German American biophysicist. He was awarded the Nobel prize for discovering that bacteria become resistant to viruses (phages) as a result of genetic mutations.
Johann Christoph Denner: Woodwind instrument maker, inventor of the clarinet.
Jürgen Dethloff: Inventor and engineer, co-inventor of the Smart card (together with Helmut Gröttrup).
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach: Pioneer of skin transplantation and cosmetic surgery.
Ernst Dickmanns: Developer of the first driverless car.
Otto Diels: Diels–Alder reaction (together with Kurt Alder)
Rudolf Diesel: Inventor of the diesel engine 1893.
Gerhard Domagk: Discovery of what would become the first commercially available antibiotic.
Christian Doppler: Discovered the Doppler effect.
Walter Robert Dornberger: Co-inventor of the V-2 rocket.
Karl Drais: Inventor of the bicycle and typewriter (1821) among other things.
Peter Ferdinand Drucker: Invented the science of modern management.

E

Paul Ehrlich: Scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. Developed an effective treatment against syphilis.
 Caroline Eichler: Inventor, first woman to receive a patent (for her leg prosthesis)
Albert Einstein: Father of Theoretical Physics, inventor and discoverer.
Ludwig Elsbett: Developed new concepts for Diesel engines which drastically enhanced efficiency.
Douglas Engelbart: German American inventor of the computer mouse.
Evaristo Conrado Engelberg: Inventor in 1885 of a machine used to remove the husks from rice and coffee, the Engelberg huller.
Friedrich Engels: He invented together with Karl Marx the economic and sociopolitical worldview Marxism.
Hugo Erdmann: Chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor Jacob Volhard, the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term noble gas (the original noun is  in German).
Leonhard Euler: Swiss mathematician and physicist. One of the most influential mathematicians of the 18th century.

F

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit: Physicist and engineer who invented the alcohol thermometer (1709), the mercury thermometer (1714), and a temperature scale now named after him.
Gerd Faltings:  Mathematician known for his work in arithmetic algebraic geometry, Fields Medal in 1986 for proving the Mordell conjecture.
Otto Feick: Wheel gymnastics in 1925.
Wilhelm Emil Fein: Invented the electrically-driven hand drill in 1895.
Artur Fischer: Invented the (split) wallplug made of plastic in 1958.
Hermann Emil Fischer: Discoveries in chemistry.
Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch: Invented a process in 1925 to turn coal into synthesis gas, and still further into liquid hydrocarbons. The process is a key component in modern gas to liquids processes.
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig: He discovered the pinacol coupling reaction, mesitylene, diacetyl and biphenyl.
Irmgard Flügge-Lotz: She worked on what she called "discontinuous automatic control", which laid the foundation for automatic on-off aircraft control systems in jets.
Werner Forssmann: Performed the first human cardiac catheterisation. Shared the Nobel Price for Medicine 1956
Joseph von Fraunhofer: Discovery of the dark absorption lines known as Fraunhofer lines in the Sun's spectrum, and for making excellent optical glass and achromatic telescope objectives.
Gottlob Frege: He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy. Had influence on Carnap, Russell, and Wittgenstein
Otto Frenzl: Aeronautical pioneer, developed the area rule in 1943, a design technique for airfoils used to reduce an aircraft's drag at transonic and supersonic speeds. Later it was independently developed again by Richard T. Whitcomb in 1952.
Sigmund Freud: Neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
Nikolaus Friedreich: Discovery of Friedreich-Auerbach disease (together with Leopold Auerbach) among other things.
Friedrich Fröbel:  Pedagogue, who laid the foundation for modern education. He created the concept of the kindergarten.
Klaus Fuchs: Theoretical physicist
Johann Carl Fuhlrott: Had the insight to recognize the Neanderthal bones for what they were: the remains of a previously unknown type of humans. He (together with Schaafhausen) is considered to be the father of paleoanthropology.

G

Hermann Ganswindt: Inventor and spaceflight scientist, whose inventions (such as the dirigible, the helicopter, and the internal combustion engine) are thought to have been ahead of his time.
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss: German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics. Sometimes referred to as "the Prince of Mathematicians".
Hans Geiger: Inventor of the Geiger–Müller counter in 1928. It detects the emission of nuclear radiation through the ionization produced in a low-pressure gas in a Geiger–Müller tube. Further improved by Walther Müller.
Heinrich Geißler: Inventor of the Geissler tube.
Reinhard Genzel: Astrophysicist, he and his group were the first to track the motions of stars at the centre of the Milky Way and show that they were orbiting a very massive object, probably a supermassive black hole.
Walter Gerlach: Physicist who co-discovered spin quantization in a magnetic field, the Stern–Gerlach effect.
Edmund Germer: Inventor of the neon lamp (Neonlampe).
Max Giese: Inventor of the first concrete pump in 1928.
Heinrich Göbel: Inventor of Hemmer for Sewing Machines, 1865, Vacuum Pump (Improvement of the Geissler-System of vacuum pumps, 1881 and Electric Incandescent Lamp (sockets to connect the filament of carbon and the conducting wires), 1882
Kurt Gödel: Important discoveries in math and logic, such as the incompleteness theorems

Maria Goeppert-Mayer: Physicist.  Nobel laureate in Physics 1963 for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus together with J. Hans D. Jensen. The unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert-Mayer (GM) unit.
Peter Carl Goldmark: Engineer who was instrumental in developing the long-playing (LP) microgroove 33-1/3 rpm vinyl phonograph disc.
Heinrich Greinacher: German-Swiss physicist. He is regarded as an original experimenter and is the developer of the magnetron and the Greinacher multiplier; Cockcroft-Walton-Generator in 1914.
Brothers Grimm: Academic pioneers of philology, linguistics, and storytelling. Worked together on the most comprehensive dictionary of the German language Deutsches Wörterbuch. Jacob Grimm: Philologist and linguist. Described first what is now known as Grimm's law, the first scientific research into sound change in 1822.
Alexander Grothendieck: Mathematician and the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of algebraic geometry; Fields Medalist (1966).
Helmut Gröttrup: smart card (together with Jürgen Dethloff)
Walter Gropius: Pioneer of modern architecture. Founder of the Bauhaus. First modern industrial building designed in 1910.
Peter Grünberg: Physicist. Discovered giant magnetoresistance with Albert Fert. The discovery is used in gigabyte hard disk drives for computers. Nobel laureate 2007.
Heinz Guderian: The father of modern mechanized warfare, inventor of the Blitzkrieg strategy.
Otto von Guericke: Groundbreaking research into air pressure. Invented the vacuum pump in 1650.
Beno Gutenberg: Together with American Charles Francis Richter he invented Richter magnitude scale.
Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the technology of printing with movable type in 1439. The first book so printed was the Gutenberg Bible, one of the most beautifully executed printed books ever produced.

H

Fritz Haber: German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered synthetic ammonia and chemical warfare.
Theodor W. Hänsch: Physicist, developed laser-based precision spectroscopy further to determine optical frequency extremely accurately. Nobel laureate in 2005.
Otto Hahn: German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. Considered to be "the father of nuclear chemistry" and the "founder of the atomic age". Discovered many isotopes, Protactinium and nuclear fission.
Samuel Hahnemann: Physician, best known for creating a system of alternative medicine called homeopathy.
Harald zur Hausen: Virologist, discovered the role of papilloma viruses in the development of cervical cancer. His research made the development of a vaccine against papilloma possible, which will drastically reduce cervical cancer in future. Nobel laureate 2008.
Henry J. Heinz: Tomato ketchup and fifty six other things.
Werner Heisenberg: Theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics. Discovered a particle's position and velocity cannot be known at the same time. Discovered atomic nuclei are made of protons and neutrons.
Wolfgang Helfrich: Co-inventor of Twisted nematic field effect.
Rudolf Hell: Inventor of the first fax machine (Hellschreiber).
Richard Hellmann: Hellmann's (Blue Ribbon) Mayonnaise, 1905.
Hermann von Helmholtz: Discovered the principle of conservation of energy.
Peter Henlein: Inventor of the portable watch.
Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (William Herschel): Discovered the planet Uranus and infrared radiation among other things.
Heinrich Hertz: Physicist, Discoverer of electromagnetic/radio waves.
Otto Herzog: First use of the Carabiner in mountain climbing which substantially enhanced security for mountaineers.
Victor Francis Hess: Discovered Cosmic rays. Also won the Nobel Prize.
David Hilbert: Influential mathematician who discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in math.
Albert Hofmann: German-Swiss; Discovered the chemical properties of chitin and lysergic acid diethylamide.
Wilhelm Hofmeister: Discovery the Alternation of generations
Felix Hoffmann: Isolated acetylsalicylic acid, a painkiller marketed under the name Aspirin (Bayer), 1897. In some English speaking countries marketed under the name disprin.
Herman Hollerith: a German American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards
Gottlob Honold: Inventor of the spark plug and the modern internal combustion engine, as well as headlights.
Horten brothers: Designed some of the most advanced aircraft of the 1940s, including the world's first jet-powered flying wing, the Horten Ho 229.
Christian Hülsmeyer: German inventor of the Telemobilskop, a radio-based detector of remote objects; a 1904 precursor of radar.
Alexander von Humboldt: Naturalist and explorer. His quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography.
Wilhelm von Humboldt: Originator of the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

I
Otmar Issing: Economist who invented the "pepet pillar" decision algorithm now used by the ECB.

J
J. Hans D. Jensen: Nuclear physicist, proposed the nuclear shell model, shared 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Hugo Junkers: Pioneer of all-metal aircraft construction with the Junkers J 1 (1915–16).

K

 Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer : Introduction of the transverse incision technique to minimize bleeding by modern Caesarean section
Hermann Kemper: Invented the magnetic levitation train. Patent granted in 1934.
Johannes Kepler: Discovered the laws of planetary motion.
Donald J. Kessler: Astrophysicist, known for developing the Kessler syndrome.
Wolfgang Ketterle: German-American physicist who developed an "atom laser", amongst other breakthroughs. Nobel laureate 2001.
Erhard Kietz: Pioneer discoverer of video technology.
Gustav Kirchhoff: Discovery of the principles upon which spectroscopy is founded.
Martin Heinrich Klaproth: Discovered the element Uranium.
Klaus von Klitzing: Physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Ludwig Knorr: Chemist, who together with Carl Paal, discovered the Paal-Knorr synthesis, and the Knorr quinoline synthesis and Knorr pyrrole synthesis.
Robert Koch: Physician, discoverer, inventor and Nobel Prize winner. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the Vibrio cholera (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates.
Arthur Korn: Inventor involved in development of the fax machine, specifically the transmission of photographs or telephotography, known as the Bildtelegraph.
Max Kramer: Aircraft engineer. Developed the first operational guided bomb in 1942/43. This first smart bomb was radio controlled and joy-stick operated.
Julius H. Kroehl: Inventor and engineer, who built the first functioning submarine in the world.
Herbert Kroemer: Physicist, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics.
Werner Krüger: Developed the Krueger flap, a lift enhancement device in modern aircraft wings in 1943.
Alfred Krupp: Pioneer in metal casting and metal working process and procedures.
Adam Johann von Krusenstern: Navigator and explorer, led the first Russian expedition to circumnavigate the earth.
Dietrich Küchemann: Aeronautical pioneer, developed wings for supersonic speed, such as delta wings as used in the Concorde.

L

Eugen Langen: Entrepreneur, engineer and inventor, involved in the development of the petrol engine and the Wuppertal monorail.
Paul Langerhans: Islets of Langerhans, Langerhans cells
Max von Laue: Discoveries regarding the diffraction of X-rays in crystals.
Ernst Lecher: He is remembered for developing an apparatus— "Lecher lines"—to measure the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Philosopher known for discovering the mathematical field of calculus and coherently laying down its basic operations in 1684.
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg: German scientist credited with the development of the electrophorus.
Justus von Liebig: German chemist who made contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry.
Otto Lilienthal: Father of Aviation and first successful aviator. Main discovery was the properties and shape of the wing.
Carl von Linde: Engineer who, among other things, developed refrigeration and gas separation technologies.
Walter Linderer: Father of the airbag.
Alexander Lippisch: Pioneer of aerodynamics, his most famous design is the Messerschmitt Me 163.
Ernst Litfaß: free-standing cylindrical advertising column.

M

Ernst Mach: Discovered many effects of high speed projectiles; the Mach number is dedicated to his memory.
Georg Hans Madelung: Academic and aeronautical engineer; a participant in the development of the Junkers F.13.
Karl Marx: Political economist and philosopher, who defined the political/economical background of capitalism and discovered the mechanics of Marxism. His ideas still influence the world we now live in.
Wilhelm Maybach: Together with Gottlieb Daimler the first gasoline-powered motorcycle, power-engine boat and later, 1902, the Mercedes car model.
Ottomar von Mayenburg: Inventor of "Chlorodont", the first commercial brand of toothpaste.
Georg Meissner: Discovered Meissner's plexus.
Lise Meitner: Nuclear physicist, who, together with Otto Frisch, provided a theoretical account of nuclear fission.
Julius Lothar Meyer: With Mendeleev he developed the periodic classification of the elements in order of their atomic weight.
Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer: He discovered the Triassic predator Teratosaurus, the earliest bird Archaeopteryx lithographica (1861), the pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, and the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus
Gregor Mendel: Discoveries in genetics. Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. First published in 1865.
Ottmar Mergenthaler:  Inventor who has been called a second Gutenberg because of his invention of the Linotype machine.
Rudolf Mössbauer: physicist, discovered Mössbauer effect, shared Nobel Prize in Physics 1961.
Johannes Peter Müller: Discoveries in physiology.

N

Thomas Nast: The German American "Father of the American Cartoon".
Walther Nernst: Inventor of the Nernst lamp and Nobel laureate 1920 in Chemistry.
Karl Nessler: Inventor of the permanent wave.
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow: Technician and inventor, the "spiritual father" of the core element of first generation television technology.
Emmy Noether: Mathematician. Groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics (Noether's theorem). Considered by many as the most influential woman in the history of mathematics.

O

Hermann Oberth: Pioneer of rocket science and discoverer of the Oberth effect.
August Oetker: Pharmacist. He was the first to sell baking powder in small packets to households instead of bakeries (as others before him) and thus made it the popular product we know today.
Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain: The modern jet engine in 1933, patented in 1936. Frank Whittle had developed a similar concept independently in 1928/1929.
Wilhelm Ostwald: Numerous discoveries and inventions in chemistry and other areas.
Nikolaus August Otto: Inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber.

P

Wolfgang Paul: Physicist. Co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an ion trap. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1989.
Hans von Pechmann: Chemist, renowned for his discovery of diazomethane in 1894. Pechmann condensation and Pechmann pyrazole synthesis.
Julius Richard Petri: Bacteriologist who is generally credited with inventing the Petri dish while working as assistant to Robert Koch.
Emil Pfeiffer: Discovery of Infectious mononucleosis
Fritz Pfleumer: Inventor of magnetic tape for recording sound. He builts the world's first practical tape recorder, called Magnetophon K1.
Max Planck: Physicist, Scientist. He is considered to be the founder of the quantum theory, and one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century.
Robert Wichard Pohl: In 1938, together with Rudolf Hilsch, built first functioning solid-state amplifier using salt as the semiconductor.
Ludwig Prandtl: First to explain the boundary layer and its importance for drag and streamlining in aircraft in 1904. He established and headed the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt in Göttingen, now Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization. During his tenure the first wind tunnel in Germany was built here, thereby establishing a specific design for wind tunnels (Göttingen type).

Q
 Georg Hermann Quincke: German physicist who invented the Quincke's Interference Tube, an apparatus which demonstrates destructive interference of sound waves.

R

Adolf Rambold: Inventor of modern tea bag.
Johann Philipp Reis: Inventor of the first phone transmitter in 1861, he also invented the term Telephone.
Josef Rodenstock: Founder of Rodenstock, manufacturer of optical systems, ophthalmic lenses and spectacles frames.
Ralf Reski: Moss bioreactor (1998).
Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter: Communications pioneer.
Fritz Reiche: Was a student of Max Planck and a colleague of Albert Einstein, who was active in, and made important contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics including co-authoring the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule.
Hans Reichel: Musical instrument inventor. Inventor of the daxophone and various overtone guitars.
Bernhard Riemann: Mathematician, who made lasting contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
Johann Wilhelm Ritter: Physicist and discoverer of Ultraviolet.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Physicist and discoverer of x-rays/Röntgen rays (8 November 1895), this earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Arthur Rudolph: Rocket engineer who, together with Wernher von Braun, played a key role in the development of the V-2 rocket.
Ernst Ruska: Physicist, developed the first electron microscope in 1933. Nobel laureate 1986.

S

Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), identification of molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen and chlorine
Arthur Scherbius: Developed the mechanical cipher machine Enigma. Patent granted in 1918.
Paul Schlack: Invented Nylon 6.
Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick: Was a German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.
Heinrich Schliemann: Father of archaeology, among other things he discovered Homeric Troy.
Hugo Schmeisser: Developed the first modern assault rifle StG 44 in 1942.
Bernhard Schmidt: Developed a photographic telescope with minimal optical errors: the Schmidt camera.
Paul Schmidt (inventor): Developed since 1928 his idea of a new drive, the "pulsating incineration", also used in the V-1 flying bomb (engine was called "Argus-Schmidtrohr"); pulsejet was a development by Schmidt.
Christian Friedrich Schönbein: Professor Schönbein is credited with four scientific advances: Ozone, Gun cotton, Collodion and Fuel cell
Johann Lukas Schönlein: Professor of medicine, he discovered among other things the parasitic cause of ringworm or favus (Achorion Schönleinii).

Otto Schoetensack: Named the Homo heidelbergensis.
Otto Schott: Inventor of borosilicate glass. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, still in existence today.
Walter H. Schottky: Played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena, invented the screen-grid vacuum tube and the pentode.
Marx Schwab: Silversmith, invented coining with the screw press around 1550.
Theodor Schwann: Discovery of properties of cells in animals.
Alois Senefelder: He invented the printing technique of lithography in 1796.
Friedrich Sertürner: First to isolate morphine from the opium poppy in 1803/1804, discovering morphine.
Philipp Franz von Siebold: Physician and naturalist, detailed description and collection of the Japanese flora and fauna. Introduced Western medicine to Japan and opened a medical school.
Ernst Werner von Siemens: Dynamo, pointer telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, first electric elevator, trolleybus.
Friedrich Soennecken: Invented Hole punch and ring binder.
Arnold Sommerfeld: Theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics.
Jack Steinberger: German-American-Swiss physicist, co-discovered the muon neutrino, shared 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Georg Wilhelm Steller: Chief naturalist on Vitus Bering's expedition during which Alaska was discovered (1741) and pioneer of Alaskan Natural History. Steller's sea cow (now extinct) was named after him.
Otto Stern: Nobel laureate; contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the Stern–Gerlach experiment with Walther Gerlach in 1922.
Heinrich Stölzel: Developed the valve for brass instruments which is used today in 1818. Friedrich Blühmel had made a similar development independently at the same time.
Horst Ludwig Störmer: German-American physicist. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
Levi Strauss: The German American father of blue jeans.
Eduard Suess: Discoveries in geology.

T
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus: He is considered to have been the inventor of European porcelain.
Oscar Troplowitz: He invented adhesive tape, Leukoplast.

U
Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn: Engineer, mechanic and inventor, who invented the first mechanical tachometer (1817), between 1817 and 1830 inventor of the Presse Monétaire (level coin press known as Uhlhorn Press) which bears his name.

V

Abraham Vater: Professor of anatomy; Ampulla of Vater.
Richard Vetter: Developed the most fuel efficient condensing boiler for heating systems in 1980. Used in many houses in Europe.
Rudolf Virchow: "Father of modern pathology"; numerous discoveries in the area of medicine.
Hans Vogt: Invented sound-on-film (idea 1905) together with Jo Engl and Joseph Massolle, first sound-on-film for the public on 17 September 1922 in Filmtheater Alhambra, Berlin, Germany.
Woldemar Voigt (often: Waldemar Voigt): Physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. He worked on crystal physics, thermodynamics and electro-optics. He discovered the Voigt effect in 1898.
Woldemar Voigt (engineer): Chief designer at Messerschmitt's Oberammergau offices and pioneer of the Me 163 and Me 264, project leader of the development of Me P. 1101, Me P. 1106, Me P. 1110, Me P. 1111, Me P. 1112 and Me P. 1116.
Jacob Volhard: Chemist who discovered, together with his student Hugo Erdmann, the Volhard–Erdmann cyclization.

W

Martin Waldseemüller: Cartographer, used the name "America" on his map Universalis Cosmographia in honour of the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci. The map was drawn at St-Die in 1507 and it was the first time "America" was used on a map.
Otto Wallach: Chemist who researched, amongst others, alicyclic compounds. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910.
Hellmuth Walter: Engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines.
Felix Wankel: Inventor of the Rotary Motor.
Max Weber: Discovered the mass effects of capitalism and modernity.
Wilhelm Eduard Weber: Inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph together with Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Alfred Wegener: He is most notable for proposing continental drift in 1912
Gustav Weißkopf: Aviation pioneer - World's First Motorized Flight: August 14, 1901.
Clemens Alexander Winkler: Chemist who discovered the element germanium in 1886.
August Wöhler: Investigated fatigue phenomena in the behavior of materials
Friedrich Wöhler: The first to synthesize urea. Wöhler is regarded as a pioneer in organic chemistry.

X

Y

Z
Hermann Zapf: Pioneer of computer typography and creator of many well-known typefaces.
Carl Zeiss: Pioneered glass casting and allied procedures and processes for high quality optics.
Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin (1838–1917): Inventor of the airship named after him. Start of the airship LZ1 in 1900.
Karl Zimmer: Discovered the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA in 1935.
Konrad Zuse: Inventor of the first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer in 1941, and the first high-level programming language Plankalkül in 1942.

See also
 German inventions and discoveries
 List of German Americans

Notes

References

External links
 "Made in Germany"
 German Inventions - Discoveries
 A Sampling of German Inventors and Inventions
 German inventors—"Made in Germany"

!
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Germany history-related lists
German

List of German inventors and discoverers


A splatter film is a subgenre of horror films that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and graphic violence. These films, usually through the use of special effects, display a fascination with the vulnerability of the human body and the theatricality of its mutilation. The term "splatter cinema" was coined by George A. Romero to describe his film Dawn of the Dead, though Dawn of the Dead is generally considered by critics to have higher aspirations, such as social commentary, than to be simply exploitative for its own sake.

The term was popularized by John McCarty's 1981 book Splatter Movies, subtitled: Breaking The Last Taboo: A Critical Survey of the Wildly Demented Sub Genre of the Horror Film that Is Changing the Face of Film Realism Forever. The first significant publication to attempt to define and analyse the 'Splatter Film',  McCarty suggests that Splatter is indicative of broader trends in film production. Though Splatter is associated with fairly extreme Horror Films, and such works form the main focus of the book, a relatively diverse range of titles dating mainly from the 1960s to late 1970s are also included, for example John Waters' Female Trouble, Ted Post's Magnum Force, Terry Gilliam's Jabberwocky, and Walter Hill's Western The Long Riders. This filmography implies that the influence of film-makers such as Sam Peckinpah or Andy Warhol, to name two, is as significant to the development of the form as Grand Guignol, Hammer Films or Herschell Gordon Lewis.

During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the use of graphic violence in cinema has been labeled "torture porn" or "gorno" (a portmanteau of "gore" and "porno"). By contrast, films such as Braindead, Evil Dead II, Idle Hands, and to some extent Dawn of the Dead, all of which feature over-the-top gore, can be construed as comedic, and fall into the category of splatstick.

Characteristics
Splatter films, according to film critic Michael Arnzen, "self-consciously revel in the special effects of gore as an artform." Where typical horror films deal with such fears as that of the unknown, the supernatural and the dark, the impetus for fear in a splatter film comes from physical destruction of the body and the pain accompanying it. There is also an emphasis on visuals, style and technique, including hyperactive camerawork. Where most horror films have a tendency to re-establish the social and moral order with good triumphing over evil, splatter films thrive on a lack of order. Arnzen argues that "the spectacle of violence replaces any pretensions to narrative structure, because gore is the only part of the film that is reliably consistent." These films also often feature fragmented narratives and direction, including "manic montages full of subject camera movement ... cross-cuttings from hunted to hunter, and ominous juxtapositions and contrasts."

Origins
The splatter film has its aesthetic roots in French Grand Guignol theatre, which endeavored to stage realistic scenes of blood and carnage for its patrons. In 1908, Grand Guignol made its first appearance in England, although the gore was downplayed in favor of a more Gothic tone, owing to the greater censorship of the arts in Britain.

The first appearance of gore—the realistic mutilation of the human body—in cinema can be traced to D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916), which features numerous Guignol-esque touches, including two onscreen decapitations, and a scene in which a spear is slowly driven through a soldier's naked abdomen as blood wells from the wound. Several of Griffith's subsequent films, and those of his contemporary Cecil B. DeMille, featured similarly realistic carnage.

Modern era
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public was reintroduced to splatter themes and motifs by groundbreaking films such as Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) and the output of Hammer Film Productions (an artistic outgrowth of the English Grand Guignol style) such as The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) and Horror of Dracula (1958). Perhaps the most explicitly violent film of this era was Nobuo Nakagawa's Jigoku (1960), which included numerous scenes of flaying and dismemberment in its depiction of the Buddhist underworld Naraka.

Splatter came into its own as a distinct subgenre of horror in the early 1960s with the films of Herschell Gordon Lewis in the United States. Eager to maintain a profitable niche, Lewis turned to something that mainstream cinema still rarely featured: scenes of visceral, explicit gore. In 1963, he directed Blood Feast, widely considered the first splatter film. In the 15 years following its release, Blood Feast took in an estimated $7 million. It was made for an estimated $24,500. Blood Feast was followed by two more gore films by Herschell Gordon Lewis, Two Thousand Maniacs! (1964) and Color Me Blood Red (1965).

The popularity of the splatter film in the 1970s was met with strong reactions in the US and the U.K. Roger Ebert in the U.S., and Member of Parliament Graham Bright in the U.K., led the charge to censor splatter films on home video with the film critic going after I Spit on Your Grave while the politician sponsored the Video Recordings Act, a system of censorship and certification for home video in the U.K. This resulted in the outright banning of many splatter films, which were deemed "video nasties" in the British press.

Some splatter directors have gone on to produce mainstream hits. Peter Jackson started his career in New Zealand by directing the splatter movies Bad Taste (1987) and Braindead (1992). These films featured such over-the-top gore that it became a comedic device. These comedic gore films have been dubbed "splatstick", defined as physical comedy that involves dismemberment. Splatstick seems to be more common in Japan, with the examples of Robogeisha, Tokyo Gore Police, and Machine Girl.

Splatter films have pioneered techniques used in other genres. For example, the popular 1999 film The Blair Witch Project is similar to the 1980 film Cannibal Holocaust. The story in Cannibal Holocaust is told through footage from a group of people making a documentary about a portion of the Amazon which is said to be populated by cannibals. Although the Blair Witch directors had not seen Cannibal Holocaust at the time of filming, this "mockumentary" format was later used in their film.

One of the more recent examples of a splatter film is Terrifier (2016) and its sequel Terrifier 2 (2022). Both films are infamous for their gore, two main examples being Dawn's hacksaw kill in Terrifier, where Art the Clown saws Dawn in half, and Allie's bedroom kill in Terrifier 2, where Art theatrically mutilates Allie to death. Terrifier 2 was said to be so gory and so violent that audience members have reported to be vomiting and fainting.

Resurgence and "torture porn" label

In the 2000s—particularly 2003–2009—a body of films was produced that combined elements of the splatter and slasher film genres. The films were dubbed "torture porn" by critics and detractors, most notably by David Edelstein, who is thought to have coined the term. Like their splatter forerunners, torture porn films reputedly emphasize depictions of violence, gore, nudity, torture, mutilation and sadism. Also like splatter films, the extent to which torture porn lives up to its sensational reputation has been disputed.

Filmmaker Eli Roth's Hostel (2005), released in January 2006, was the first to be called torture porn by critic Edelstein, but the classification has since been applied to Saw and its sequels (though its creators disagree with the classification), The Devil's Rejects (2005), Wolf Creek (2005), and the earlier films Baise-moi (2000) and Ichi the Killer (2001). A difference between this group of films and earlier splatter films is that they are often mainstream Hollywood films that receive a wide release, and have comparatively high production values.

The torture porn subgenre has proven to be very profitable: Saw, made for $1.2 million, grossed over $100 million worldwide, while Hostel, which cost less than $5 million to produce, grossed over $80 million. Lionsgate, the studio behind the films, made considerable gains in its stock price from the box office showing. The financial success led the way for the release of similar films: Turistas in 2006, Hostel: Part II, Borderland, and Captivity, starring Elisha Cuthbert and Daniel Gillies, in 2007. Indeed, in 2009 the Saw series became the most profitable horror film series of all time,
prompting the release of The Collector starring Josh Stewart and Juan Fernández within that year.
Despite these financial successes, torture porn is perceived as a pejorative label by many press critics, filmmakers, and fans. "Torture porn's" pejorative connotations were anchored by high-profile salacious advertising campaigns. Billboards and posters used in the marketing of Hostel: Part II and Captivity drew criticism for their graphic imagery, causing them to be taken down in many locations. Director Eli Roth sought to defend the subgenre, claiming that critics' uses of torture porn "genuinely says more about the critic's limited understanding of what horror movies can do than about the film itself", and that "they're out of touch." Horror author Stephen King defended Hostel: Part II and torture porn stating, "sure it makes you uncomfortable, but good art should make you uncomfortable." Influential director George A. Romero stated, "I don't get the torture porn films ... they're lacking metaphor."

The success of torture porn, and its boom during the mid to late 2000s, led to a crossover into genres other than horror. This became evident with the release of many crime thrillers, particularly the 2007 film I Know Who Killed Me starring Lindsay Lohan, and the 2008 film Untraceable, starring Diane Lane and Billy Burke. The British film WΔZ, starring Stellan Skarsgård and Selma Blair, and its US counterpart Scar, starring Angela Bettis and Ben Cotton, continued to facilitate this hybrid form of torture porn, which was also, to a lesser degree, evident in films such as Rendition (2007) starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Law Abiding Citizen (2009), and Unthinkable (2010) starring Samuel L. Jackson.

In the mid-2000s, the splatter film was given a major boost within the horror industry by a new wave of French films—commonly referred to as the New French Extremity—which became internationally known for their extremely brutal nature: Martyrs (2008), directed by Pascal Laugier, Frontier(s) (2007), directed by Xavier Gens, and Inside (2007), directed by Alexandre Bustillo and Julien Maury. Rapper Eminem explored the genre in his music video for the single "3 a.m." that year. Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier's Antichrist, starring Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg, was labeled torture porn by critics when it premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival due to scenes of extreme violence, graphic sex, and genital self-mutilation.

By 2009, the box office draw of torture porn films had mostly been replaced in the U.S. by the profitable trend of remaking or rebooting earlier horror films from decades past, with the modernization of films such as Dawn of the Dead (2004), The Amityville Horror (2005), House of Wax (2005), Black Christmas (2006), Halloween (2007), My Bloody Valentine 3D (2009), Friday the 13th (2009), The Wolfman (2010), The Crazies (2010), and A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010). A number of these remakes, such as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), The Hills Have Eyes (2006) (and its sequel in 2007), Funny Games (2008), The Last House on the Left (2009), and I Spit on Your Grave (2010) were referred to as torture porn in press reviews.

At the close of the decade, The Human Centipede (First Sequence) (2009) and A Serbian Film (2010) were among the most notable torture porn releases. Although not as financially successful as Saw or Hostel, A Serbian Film and The Human Centipede II (Full Sequence) (2011) gained attention in the press for their graphic depictions of forced fecal consumption and necrophilia, and both films were censored in order to attain release in the U.K. Other torture porn films such as Murder-Set-Pieces, Grotesque and The Bunny Game were banned outright by the BBFC.

Subsequently, torture porn has increasingly become a DVD-oriented subgenre. For example, Hostel: Part III (2011) was released direct to DVD, unlike the previous films in the series. The film received less negative attention in the press as a result of its lower-profile release. Other recent torture porn films include Would You Rather (2012), Shiver (2012), and The Collection (2012). As fewer and fewer high-profile cinematic torture porn films are being released, however, the subgenre is slowly dying out, as many journalists have proposed.

The genre elements were also used in episodes of many popular American television shows, including Fox's 24, CBS's Criminal Minds, Showtime's Dexter, The CW's Supernatural, NBC's Blindspot and FX's American Horror Story.

Some scholars have published analyses of torture porn films. For example, a book chronicling the torture porn phenomenon and the surrounding controversy—Steve Jones' Torture Porn: Popular Horror after Saw—was published in 2013.

References

Film genres
Horror genres
Dystopian fiction
Thrillers

Obscenity controversies in film
1960s in film
1970s in film
1980s in film

Splatter film


The Glass House is an American reality television series in which people who signed up get to tell the people what to do. Fourteen contestants will live in the house and compete for $250,000. The premiere was on June 18, 2012.

On May 4, 2012, broadcasting company CBS told ABC not to air The Glass House.  This was because CBS thought it was the same as their reality television series Big Brother.  Nineteen people who used to work on Big Brother are working on The Glass House. On May 10, 2012, CBS started a lawsuit against ABC.

References

2012 American television series debuts
American reality television series
English-language television programs

The Glass House (2012 TV series)


The Canon EOS (Electro-Optical System) is an autofocus 35 mm film and digital SLR camera system that was introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650 and is still in production as Canon's current dSLR system.  The acronym EOS was chosen for Eos in Greek mythology, and is often pronounced as a word (i.e., EE-oss), although some spell out the letters, reading it as an initialism. Both pronunciations are acceptable as there is no official pronunciation.

It competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica. In most countries, EOS cameras have the largest market share of SLR cameras.

References

Cameras

Canon EOS


alpha radiation from helium nucleus

Alpha radiation imhando yeradiation ino wanikwa ku ma nucleus ane maelectron maviri ne ma neutron maviri which is helium . Helium inonzi ino buditsa ma alpha radiation ndosaka ichinzi iri radioactive

more
The best-known source of alpha particles is alpha decay of heavier (> 106 u atomic weight) atoms. When an atom emits an alpha particle in alpha decay, the atom's mass number decreases by four due to the loss of the four nucleons in the alpha particle. The atomic number of the atom goes down by exactly two, as a result of the loss of two protons – the atom becomes a new element. Examples of this sort of nuclear transmutation are when uranium becomes thorium, or radium becomes radon gas, due to alpha decay.

Alpha particles are commonly emitted by all of the larger radioactive nuclei such as uranium, thorium, actinium, and radium, as well as the transuranic elements. Unlike other types of decay, alpha decay as a process must have a minimum-size atomic nucleus that can support it. The smallest nuclei that have to date been found to be capable of alpha emission are the lightest nuclides of tellurium (element 52), with mass numbers between 106 and 110 (with the exception of beryllium-8). The process of alpha decay sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state, wherein the emission of a gamma ray then removes the excess energy.

uses
In the years 1899 and 1900, physicists Ernest Rutherford (working in McGill University in Montreal, Canada) and Paul Villard (working in Paris) separated radiation into three types: eventually named alpha, beta, and gamma by Rutherford, based on penetration of objects and deflection by a magnetic field.[9] Alpha rays were defined by Rutherford as those having the lowest penetration of ordinary objects.

Rutherford's work also included measurements of the ratio of an alpha particle's mass to its charge, which led him to the hypothesis that alpha particles were doubly charged helium ions (later shown to be bare helium nuclei).[10] In 1907, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds finally proved that alpha particles were indeed helium ions.[11] To do this they allowed alpha particles to penetrate a very thin glass wall of an evacuated tube, thus capturing a large number of the hypothesized helium ions inside the tube. They then caused an electric spark inside the tube, which provided a shower of electrons that were taken up by the ions to form neutral atoms of a gas. Subsequent study of the spectra of the resulting gas showed that it was helium and that the alpha particles were indeed the hypothesized helium ions.

Chemishonga

Alpha Radiation


The Immortal Game was a chess game played on 21 June 1851 by Adolf Anderssen  and Lionel Kieseritzky. The number of pieces Anderssen gave up in order to win have made it one of the most well known chess games of all time. Anderssen gave up both rooks and a bishop, then his queen, checkmating his opponent with the remaining bishop and two knights.

Chess

Immortal game


A network port is a 16-bit number that identifies one side of a connection between two computers. Computers use port numbers to determine to which process or application a message should be delivered. As network addresses are like street address, port numbers are like suite or room numbers. Any program may use any port, though some port numbers have a standard use and some programs may be limited in which ports they can use for security reasons. Firewalls often block access to ports based on the network address and port of the source or destination computer, or the program using the port (if the firewall is running on the same computer).

Computer networking

Network port


A serial number is a unique number used for identification. Serial numbers are made in such a way that they change by a fixed discrete integer value, each time a new serial number is needed. Most people refer to any identifier that has numbers and letters in it as a serial number and that can be used to pick a certain item of a large number of items. Not every numerical identifier is a serial number; identifying numbers which are not serial numbers are sometimes called nominal numbers.

Sequence numbers are almost always non-negative, and typically start at zero or one.

What are serial numbers used for?
Serial numbers can be very useful for quality control. That way, if there is a problem with a certain batch of products, the serial number of one defective item can tell which items are affected by the problem. Serial numbers can also be used against stealing or imitating products, because it is possible to keep track of which serial numbers have been used. Stolen goods or those with problems can be identified more easily.

Many computer programs come with serial numbers, often called "Compact Disc keys", and the installers often require the user to enter a valid serial number to continue. These numbers are verified using a certain algorithm to avoid usage of counterfeit keys.

Serial numbers also help track down counterfeit currency, because in some countries each banknote has a unique serial number.

The International Standard Serial Number or ISSN  can be seen on magazines and other periodicals. It is the similar to the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for books.  It is serially assigned but takes its name from the library science use of serial to mean a periodical, like a newspaper.

Certificates and Certificate Authorities (CA) are necessary for widespread use of cryptography. These depend on applying mathematically rigorous serial numbers and serial number arithmetic

The term "serial number" is also used in military formations as an alternative to the expression "service number". In air forces the serial number is used to identify a specific aircraft. It is usually painted on both sides of the aircraft, most often in the tail area, although in some cases the serial is painted on the side of the aircraft's fin/rudder(s).  Because of this, the serial number is sometimes called a "tail number".

In the case of the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) the "Serial" takes the form of two letters followed by three numbers, e.g., BT308—the prototype Avro Lancaster, or XS903—an English Electric Lightning F.6 at one time based at RAF Binbrook . During the Second World War RAF aircraft carrying secret equipment or that were in themselves secret had "/G" added to the end of the serial, the "G" signifying "Guard", denoting that the aircraft was to have an armed guard at all times while on the ground, e.g., LZ548/G—the prototype de Havilland Vampire jet fighter, or ML926/G—a de Havilland Mosquito XVI experimentally fitted with H2S radar. Prior to this two-letter, three-number scheme, the RAF and preceding Royal Flying Corps (RFC) used a serial with a letter followed by four numbers, e.g., D8096 - a Bristol F.2 Fighter currently owned by the Shuttleworth Collection, or K5054 - the prototype Supermarine Spitfire. The aircraft serial number does not change.

Serial number arithmetic
Serial numbers are often used in network protocols. However, most sequence numbers in computer protocols are limited to a fixed number of bits, and will wrap around after a sufficiently many numbers have been allocated. Thus, recently-allocated serial numbers may duplicate very old serial numbers, but not other recently-allocated serial numbers. To avoid ambiguity with these non-unique numbers, RFC 1982, "Serial Number Arithmetic" defines special rules for calculations involving these kinds of serial numbers.

Lollipop sequence number spaces are a more recent and sophisticated scheme for dealing with finite-sized sequence numbers in protocols.

Related pages
Nominal number
Numbering scheme
Names of numbers in English
United Kingdom military aircraft serials
United States military aircraft serials

References
 Elz, R., and R. Bush, RFC 1982 "Serial Number Arithmetic", Network Working Group, August 1996.
 Plummer, William W. "Sequence Number Arithmetic" . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., 21 September 1978.

Other websites
ISSN Home page
serial number

Numbers

Serial number


Data compression is a set of steps for packing data into a smaller space, while allowing for the original data to be seen again.  Compression is a two-way process: a compression algorithm can be used to make a data package smaller, but it can also be run the other way, to decompress the package into its original form.  Data compression is useful in computing to save disk space, or to reduce the bandwidth used when sending data (e.g., over the internet).

Lossless compression

Lossless compression packs data in such a way that the compressed package can be decompressed, and the data can be pulled out exactly the same as it went in. This is very important for computer programs and archives, since even a very small change in a computer program will make it unusable.

This type of compression works by reducing how much waste space is in a piece of data. For example, if you receive a data package which contains "AAAAABBBB", you could compress that into "5A4B", which has the same meaning but takes up less space. This type of compression is called "run-length encoding", because you define how long the "run" of a character is. In the above example, there are two runs: a run of 5 A's, and another of 4 B's.

The problem with run-length encoding is that it only works on long pieces of the same value of data. If you receive a package with "ABBAABAAB" inside, that can be compressed into "1A2B2A1B2A1B"; but that's longer than the original! In this case, there's another method that can be used: checking how often a particular value comes up in the whole data package. This is often called frequency compression.

The most common kind of frequency compression is called Huffman coding, after the scientist who came up with the idea. The basic plan is to give each distinct value in a piece of data a code:- values that crop up all the time get shorter codes, and values that only show up once or twice get longer codes.

Examples of lossless compression

 Archiving formats: Zip, GZip, bZip2, 7-Zip, etc.
 Images/diagrams: GIF, PNG, PCX
 Audio: FLAC, WavPack
 Video: FFV1, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Predictive Profile
 Program compressors: UPX

Lossy compression

For some types of data, lossy compression can go much further; this is most often the case with media files, like music and images.  Lossy compression loses some of the data so that there's less to store.  Depending on what information is lost, people do not notice it is missing.  As a result, it can simply be removed from the data.

Of course, this will not work for computer programs and other such data where every piece is important; throwing away pieces of a computer program is generally unhealthy for the program.

Examples of lossy compression
 Images: JPEG
 Audio: MP3, Windows Media
 Video: MPEG, DivX, Windows Video

Data structures

Data compression


New Zealand Food Safety (NZFS), or Haumaru Kai Aotearoa, is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety, and is the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. In April 2012 it was merged into the Ministry for Primary Industries.

The NZFSA administered legislation covering:

 food for sale in New Zealand
 primary processing of animal products and official assurances related to their export
 exports of plant products and the controls surrounding registration, and
 use of agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines.

In July 2007 the NZFSA was separated from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to form a new Public Service Department. On 1 July 2010, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) was amalgamated back into the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Food Bill 160-2
Food Bill 160-2 was introduced on 26 May 2010 to make some fundamental changes to New Zealand's domestic food regulatory regime. Significantly, for an export-led economic recovery for New Zealand, the domestic food regulatory regime is the platform for exports. The New Zealand domestic standard is used as the basis for negotiating equivalence arrangements with trading partners. This minimizes the excessive importing country requirements that may be imposed but which do not go to food safety. If passed into law and fully implemented, it would replace the Food Act 1981 and the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974. Food Bill will also make consequential amendments to the Animal Products Act 1999 and the Wine Act 2003 to improve the interface of regulatory processes across food sectors.

MAF (through NZFSA) managed New Zealand's participation in Codex Alimentarius and set strategic priorities which ensure that Codex standards have the widest possible application.

See also
 Food safety in New Zealand
 Food Standards Australia New Zealand
 Food Act 1981 - New Zealand

References

External links
New Zealand Food Safety Authority

Government agencies of New Zealand
Regulators of biotechnology products
Food safety organizations
Food safety in New Zealand
Medical and health organisations based in New Zealand
Regulation in New Zealand

New Zealand Food Safety