In music, ornaments are notes which are added to the main notes of a piece of music in order to make it more interesting.  There are several types of ornaments, including trills and slides.  Music of the Renaissance and Baroque periods have lots of ornaments.  The composer usually shows what ornaments are needed by little signs written above the notes.  In some pieces, especially in slow movements, the composers often did not show the ornaments that are needed: they expected the performers to put them in themselves.  Understanding the correct way of ornamenting music used to be a very important part of the art of singing or playing a musical instrument.

The correct way of ornamenting music varied a lot from one country to another and from one century to another.  Ideas about how music should be performed kept changing.  It is important for musicians today, who want to play music from these older periods, to know as much as possible about historical musical styles.  Sometimes we have to make guesses about what a composer might have wanted.  Fortunately several composers and music theorists wrote books about how to play ornaments.  This enables us to understand the different performing styles.  Sometimes composers wrote a preface (introduction) in their music to explain to the performer how to play the ornaments they had written.

There are different kinds of ornaments.  A "grace note" is a note written in smaller print, to show that its note value (how long it lasts) does not count as part of the total time value of the measure.

In Spain, these ornaments were called "diferenzias".  They were used as  early as the 16th century, when the first books with music for the guitar were produced.  In French music they were called "agréments".

Ornaments were still written in music from the Classical music period although they are gradually used less and less as composers started to write precisely all the notes that were to be played.  By the Romantic period they were hardly being used except for "tr" meaning "trill".

Types of Baroque/Classical ornaments

Trill
A trill is a quick alternation between the main note and the note above it.  It was also known as a shake.  Usually, if the music was written before 1800 the trill is played by starting a note above the written note. If the music was written after 1800 then the trill is usually played by starting on the note written and going up to the note above.  This was not, of course, a firm rule: changes in performance style happened gradually.

Sometimes the trill ends with a turn (the note above, the main note, the note below, the main note).

The trill is shown in musical notation by either a  or a ~~, with the ~ representing the length of the trill, above the staff.

Mordent
The mordent is like a very short trill, usually just the main note, the note above, and the main note again.  If the middle note is the note below, this is called an "inverted mordent" or "lower mordent".

The upper mordent is indicated by a short squiggle (which may also indicate a trill); the lower mordent is the same with a short vertical line through it:

As with the trill, the exact speed with which the mordent is played will depend on the speed of the piece, but at a moderate speed the above might be played like this:

Turn
A short figure consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. It is marked by a mirrored S-shape lying on its side above the staff.

The lower added note may or may not be chromatically raised (turn into a sharp)

An inverted turn (the note below the one indicated, the note itself, the note above it, and the note itself again) is usually indicated by putting a short vertical line through the normal turn sign, though sometimes the sign itself is turned upside down.

Appoggiatura

An Appoggiatura literally means a "leaning note".  The word comes from the Italian word appoggiare, "to lean upon".  It is a note which wants to fall down to the next one which is part of the harmony.   Composers often wrote an appoggiatura in small print.  This usually means it must be played by taking half the time value of the next note (for example: an appoggiatura in front of a quaver (eighth note) turns both notes into two semiquavers (sixteenth notes).  During the 18th century composers stopped writing them in small print and just wrote them as normal notes.

Acciaccatura
An acciaccatura is a note which is played as fast as possible.  It means a "crushed note" (in Italian acciaccare means "to crush").  It is normally written in small print but with a slash through it to show that it is not an appoggiatura.  Most performers play acciaccaturas exactly on the beat, but sometimes it is better to play it just before the beat so that the main note is exactly on time on the beat.

 Musical notation
Musical performance techniques

Ornamentation (music)


In communications systems, the return channel (also reverse channel or return link) is the transmission link from a user terminal to the central hub. Return links are often, but not always, slower than the corresponding forward links. Examples where this is true include asymmetric digital subscriber line, cable modems, mobile broadband and satellite internet access.

The return channel need not use the same medium as the main channel. For example, some hybrid Internet access services use a one-way cable television system for the forward channel and a dial-up modem for the return channel. Even when the return and forward channels use the same medium, their differences often dictate the use of very different data modulation and coding techniques. For example, in a star radio network, only the central hub transmits on the forward link, so channel access method is a consideration only on the return link.

The "forward/return" terminology is also used for spacecraft communication links for command and telemetry. Because the return link carries telemetry, often including imagery, it is often orders of magnitude faster than the forward link that transmits only a few predefined spacecraft commands.

Return and forward channels are distinct from, and should not be confused with, uplinks and downlinks in satellite communication systems. For example, satellite internet access with conventional bent-pipe transponders require a total of two uplinks and two downlinks. One uplink and downlink pair are used for the forward link from the central ground hub through the satellite to the user terminal, and another uplink/downlink pair are used for the return link from the user terminal to the central hub.

See also
Backward channel
Upstream (networking)
Backhaul (telecommunications)

Communication circuits

Return channel


Princeton-by-the-Sea (sometimes, especially locally, called Princeton) is an unincorporated community on the coast of San Mateo County, California. The ZIP code is 94019 and the community is in area code 650.

Profile
This area was inhabited by Ohlone tribes in pre-Columbian times. According to mission records, the Chiguan Ohlones, who numbered about 50, called the place Ssatumnumo, and had a second village, Chagunte, near Half Moon Bay.

Because of the special microhabitat of the adjacent Pillar Point Harbor, there are numerous pelagic birds that visit the local area.  The area has a boating cachet for harbor activities and has been a tourist destination since the early 1900s with the establishment of the Princeton Inn Hotel. As of 2000, the population of the community is 297.

Besides the harbor, with its piers and docks, Princeton has a number of shops, restaurants, and accommodations.  The community is near State Route 1, the Cabrillo Highway, just north of Half Moon Bay and south of Moss Beach.  The Half Moon Bay Airport is just north of the community.

The annual surfing competition Mavericks actually takes place in Princeton, although it is usually attributed to neighboring Half Moon Bay.

Addresses within Princeton-by-the-Sea are often listed as Half Moon Bay addresses.

Geography
This community is located on level ground at an elevation of five feet (1.5 m) above mean sea datum (U.S. Geological Survey, 1980).  The soil in the Princeton-by-the-Sea vicinity has good drainage, since the surface consists of marine deposits with underlying water bearing sediments of unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits (Earth Metrics, 1989).  Until 1973 extensive row crop farming was conducted immediately at the northern edge of Princeton.

References

 U.S. Geological Survey, Montara Mountain, California, 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, 1956, photorevised 1980.
 Earth Metrics Inc, Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment, Shorebird Restaurant, 390 Capistrano Road, Princeton-by-the-Sea, Report # 10310, Nov. 10, 1989

Unincorporated communities in San Mateo County, California
Half Moon Bay, California
Former Native American populated places in California
Unincorporated communities in California

Princeton-by-the-Sea, California


Qi Xi, sometimes called Chinese Valentine's Day, Magpie Festival, or the Double Seventh Festival is a traditional romantic festival in China. It take places on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month and often goes into August on the Gregorian calendar.

The story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl
In late summer, two bright stars can be seen on opposite sides of the Milky Way. These stars are Altair ("the cowherd", Niulang) and Vega ("the weaver girl", Zhinü). The following story is told about the two:

Long, long ago, there was an honest and kind-hearted fellow named Niulang (Cowherd). His parents died when he was a child. Later, he was driven out of his home by his sister-in-law. So he lived by himself herding cattle and farming. One day, a fairy from heaven named Zhinü (Weaver Girl) fell in love with him. She secretly came down to earth and married him. Niulang farmed in the field and Zhinü wove at home. They lived a happy life and gave birth to a boy and a girl. Unfortunately, the God of Heaven soon found this out and ordered the Queen Mother of the Western Heavens to bring Zhinü back.

With the help of celestial cattle, Niulang flew to heaven with his son and daughter. When he was about to catch up with his wife, the Queen Mother took off one of her gold hairpins and scratched a river in the sky to separate the lovers. Niulang and Zhinü have been separated on the two banks ever since. Once a year all of the magpies in the world come to build a bridge for Niulang and Zhinü to meet each other. This meeting happens on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month. Because of this, their meeting is called "Qi Xi" (Double Seventh).

History
Scholars have shown the Double Seventh Festival originated from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Historical documents from the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 371-420) mention the festival, while records from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) depict the grand evening banquet of Emperor Taizong and his concubines. By the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasties, special articles for the Qi Xi were seen being sold on markets in the capital. The bustling markets demonstrated the significance of the festival.

Traditional celebrations
Today some traditional customs are still observed in rural areas of China, but have been weakened or diluted in urban cities.

In the past, Qi Xi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It has been known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival."

In the past, girls would conduct a ceremony to beg Zhinü for wisdom, dexterity and a satisfying marriage in the future.

In some parts of the Shandong Province, young women offered fruit and pastries to pray for a bright mind. If spiders were seen to weave webs on sacrificial objects, it was believed the Weaving Girl was offering positive feedback.

In other regions, seven close friends would gather to make dumplings. They put into three separate dumplings a needle, a copper coin and a red date, which represented perfect needlework skills, good fortune and an early marriage.

Girls also held weaving and needlework competitions to see who had the best hands and the brightest mind, both important to being a good wife and mother in ancient China. Young women in southern China used to weave small handicrafts with colored paper, grass and thread. Afterwards, they competed to pass a thread through the eyes of seven needles in a single breath.

Japan
The Japanese version of Qi Xi is called Tanabata. It is held on July 7th. On the evening of the 7th, slips of paper are hung on bamboo trees. The notes contain desires that the person hopes will be fulfilled.

Holidays of the People's Republic of China

Qi Xi


A kangaroo  is an Australian marsupial. It belongs to the genus Macropus. The common name 'kangaroo' is used for the four large species, and there are another 50 species of smaller macropods. The kangaroos are common in Australia and can also be found in New Guinea. Kangaroos move by hopping.

Common names
kangaroos: large males are 2 metres tall (6ft 7 inches) and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).
wallaroos: between kangaroos and wallabies in size.
wallabies: small to medium-sized macropods.
tree-kangaroos: Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They live in the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, far northeastern Queensland, and some of the islands in the region.

The four species

There are four living species of kangaroos:

 The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest marsupial anywhere in the world. The red kangaroo lives in the arid and semi-arid centre of Australia. A large male can be two metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).
 The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is less well-known than the red (outside of Australia), but the most often seen, as its range covers the fertile eastern part of the continent.
 The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) is slightly smaller again at about 54 kg (119 lb) for a large male. It is found in the south part of Western Australia, South Australia near the coast, and the Darling River basin.
 The antilopine kangaroo (Macropus antilopinus) is similar to the Eastern and Western greys. Like them, it lives on the grassy plains and woodlands. It lives in large groups.

There are also about 50 other smaller macropods in 10 genera in the Macropodidae family.

Evolution
The evolutionary ancestors of marsupials split from placental mammals during the Jurassic period about 160 million years ago (mya). The earliest known fossil macropod dates back about 11.61 to 28.4 mya, either in the Miocene or late Oligocene. It was found in South Australia. Unfortunately, the fossil could not be identified any further than the family. A Queensland fossil of a species similar to Hadronomas has been dated at 5.33 to 11.61 mya, in the late Miocene or early Pliocene.

Background
Kangaroos hop to move around quickly, and walk on two or four legs while moving slowly. They cannot walk in any direction and cannot hop backwards. They can hop or jump as far as about three times their own height. They can also swim if necessary. The kangaroo is a herbivore, eating mainly grass, but some species also eat shrubs. A female Kangaroo has three vaginas.

Kangaroos are marsupials: they carry their young in a special pouch on their bodies. Baby kangaroos are called joeys. Kangaroos live in large groups, called mobs. Each group is made up of breeding females, their young and several adult males. One of the males is the dominant male, he is the only one that breeds with the females in the mob.

Because they are mostly found in Australia, Australians see it as a national symbol. The kangaroo is featured holding the Australian coat of arms. The Australian airline, Qantas, uses the kangaroo as its emblem. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) also a has a kangaroo emblem.

Kangaroos can be dangerous because of their powerful legs. They can lean back on their tails to deliver powerful kicks. In 2009, a man went to save his dog which had chased a kangaroo into a farm dam. The kangaroo was able to hold the dog underwater nearly drowning it. The kangaroo gave the man several big kicks before he was able to grab his dog and escape from the dam. He needed hospital treatment for his injuries.

The name
The word kangaroo is an Australian Aboriginal word from the Guugu Yimidhirr people of north Queensland. The word was recorded by Captain James Cook in August 1770. It was the name for the grey kangaroo, Macropus robustus. Cook's ship, the HMS Endeavour, had been damaged on coral on the Great Barrier Reef. It took seven weeks for the ship to be repaired on the banks of a river, now the Endeavour River, at the site of the town of Cooktown. This gave Cook, Joseph Banks and other crew members time to explore the area and the plants and animals. The skin and skull of a kangaroo was taken back to England to be put on show. In James Boswell's book "Life of Johnson" he describes Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1793 hopping around the room to explain to people how a kangaroo moved. When Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived in Sydney in 1788, they were surprised that the Aborigines did not know the word "kangaroo." It took them a while to realize that Aborigines at Sydney spoke a different language to those from Cooktown.

Extinct family
There was a now-extinct family of giant kangaroos, the Sthenurinae. They were adapted for browsing in woodland areas, rather than open grassland. The largest (Procoptodon goliah) had an estimated body mass of 240 kg., which is almost three times the weight of the largest living kangaroos. Probably they moved at slower speeds, since hopping was not possible. They would have moved by striding (walking). The family went extinct about 30,000 years ago.

New Guinea
New Guinea is the large island close to Australia. It has been divided into Papua New Guinea (Australian administration), and  Papua and West Irian (Indonesian province). Because the island was once closer to Australia, they have many related animals and plants in common. They have kangaroos, and a fossil of a giant kangaroo has been found on New Guinea at Nombe rock shelter. It has been named Nombe nombe.

References

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia

Kangaroo


Lew Perkins (March 24, 1945 – July 18, 2023) was an American athletic director. He ended his 40-year career at the University of Kansas (KU), having joined in June 2003, taking over for Al Bohl. Perkins previously held similar positions with the University of Connecticut, University of Maryland, College Park, Wichita State University and University of South Carolina Aiken where he gained a reputation for successfully cleaning up schools suffering under NCAA violations. Under Perkins direction, the athletics program at KU had several successful seasons, including winning the 2008 Orange Bowl in football and the 2008 men's basketball championship. His tenure, though, ultimately ended in scandal and early retirement in 2010.

Biography

Early life
Perkins was a native of Chelsea, Massachusetts, where he was inducted into the High School Athletics Hall of Fame. Following high school, Perkins played basketball at the University of Iowa from 1965 to 1967, where he was coached by former KU great Ralph Miller, a member of the Naismith Hall of Fame. He also received an undergraduate degree in education from the institution. At Iowa, Perkins pledged and activated the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity.

Administrative and coaching career

South Carolina Aiken
Perkins served as athletics director at the University of South Carolina Aiken from 1969 to 1980, overseeing the athletics department during the university's transition from a junior college to four-year institution. He also served as the head basketball coach from 1969 to 1979. In 1975 he received a master's degree in education from the University of South Carolina. In 2005, Perkins was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Education by the University of South Carolina Aiken.

Penn
From 1980 to 1983, Perkins served as associate athletic director at the University of Pennsylvania, managing the university's 28 varsity sports.

Wichita State
Perkins served as athletic director at Wichita State University from 1983 to 1987. Perkins took over a program that was on NCAA probation. Two years later, the NCAA cited WSU as having an "exemplary program." During his tenure as AD, the WSU football program was ended, due to mounting budget issues. During his tenure, Perkins hired Eddie Fogler to replace Gene Smithson as head basketball coach and Ron Chismar to replace Willie Jeffries as head football coach.

Maryland
Perkins served as athletic director at the University of Maryland, College Park from 1987 to 1990. Perkins was brought in by Maryland to clean up the program after the investigation into the death of basketball player Len Bias revealed foul play within the organization. Perkins left the university following another NCAA investigation that took place after then basketball coach Bob Wade revealed to him that he and his staff had been violating several NCAA rules. Before leaving he hired Gary Williams to be the new head coach. Williams was previously the coach of Ohio State.

Connecticut
From 1990 to 2003, Perkins served as athletic director for the University of Connecticut, earning nationwide recognition for his efforts. Under Perkins' watch, the program won six NCAA national championships, including four in women's basketball, one in men's basketball, and one in men's soccer. Perkins was instrumental in bringing Division I-A football to the university. The football team joined Division I-A in 2000, and the Big East in 2004, after Perkins' departure.

Perkins also brought drastic change to the athletics facilities. During Perkins' tenure, a $2 million hockey arena, the Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum, $14 million student recreation center, a $2.5 million addition of seating to Harry A. Gampel Pavilion, a $3.5 million track and intramural facility, and the $90 million Rentschler Field football complex were all constructed.

In 2000, he became the inaugural winner of the National Athletic Director of the Year Award.

During his tenure, Perkins hired Skip Holtz as head football coach and Randy Edsall after Holtz resigned to join his father at South Carolina.

Kansas
Perkins served as athletic director of the University of Kansas from June 2003 to September 2010. While Perkins was AD, the football program won the 2008 Orange Bowl, and Kansas basketball brought home the 2008 men's basketball championship. Upon arrival at KU, Perkins became aware of potential NCAA rules violations at KU and he initiated an internal investigation. After KU self-reported violations, the NCAA ruled in 2006 that KU demonstrated a "lack of institutional control" under its prior Athletic Director. As a result, Perkins added at least two new full-time compliance officers to the department.

Perkins brought many facilities upgrades to the campus, and raised KU's athletics budget from $27 million to over $55 million. Ten million dollars' worth of renovations to Allen Fieldhouse were completed in 2005–06, including a new videoboard. Another $15 million was approved for further upgrades to the facility. The Booth Family Hall of Athletics was added to the eastern side of the fieldhouse, at a cost of $5 million. The Anderson Family Football complex officially opened on July 30, 2008, adjacent to the football field at Memorial Stadium, at a cost of $31 million. In 2009, $42 million in improvements for a new basketball practice and training facility, locker rooms, donor atrium, new concourses and other upgrades to Allen Fieldhouse were completed. Additionally $8 million was spent for improvement of student athlete housing. Other facilities upgrades during Perkins' tenure included new baseball and softball facilities, and a boathouse for the rowing team.

Several major deals were negotiated during Perkins' tenure, including a $26.67 million deal with Adidas, a $40 million deal with ESPN, and an $86 million deal with IMG.

In 2008, Time magazine named Perkins one of the top-35 sports executives in the world, the only collegiate executive to make the list.

However, Perkins' time at KU concluded with scandal. In March 2010, KU announced that it was conducting an internal investigation into the Athletics Department ticket office. A separate investigation by the FBI and IRS ultimately resulted in federal charges against five employees of the Athletics Department and one consultant, alleging that they had stolen more than $2 million of KU tickets to be illegally resold during Perkins' tenure. Perkins was not implicated in the scheme, but many of the five employees charged with crimes were hired or promoted to their positions by Perkins. By February 2011, all five employees pleaded guilty to the charges. Separately, in May 2010, Perkins was accused by a former Athletic Department employee of personally accepting exercise equipment in exchange for giving premium basketball tickets. As a result, Perkins was eventually fined by the State of Kansas Ethics Commission for violating rules against accepting gifts.

On June 10, 2010, Perkins announced that he would retire after the 2010–11 school year, effective September 4, 2011. However, Perkins soon accelerated this schedule, and one year early, on September 7, 2010, he announced his retirement would be effective immediately. KU Chancellor Bernadette Gray-Little named Associate Athletics Director Sean Lester as interim director for Kansas athletics. Despite the early retirement, KU agreed to pay Perkins the full $2 million salary he would have earned if he had stayed through September 2011, including a $600,000 retention bonus that he would have earned for working at KU through June 2011.

Death
Perkins died in Lawrence, Kansas, on July 18, 2023, at the age of 78.

Other service
 Basketball Issues Committee
 Chair of the Big 12 Board of Athletics Directors
 Big 12 Television Committee
 Board of Directors of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
 Gatorade Board of Directors

References

1945 births
2023 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Massachusetts
Basketball players from Boston
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball players
Kansas Jayhawks athletic directors
Maryland Terrapins athletic directors
Sportspeople from Chelsea, Massachusetts
UConn Huskies athletic directors
University of South Carolina alumni
USC Aiken Pacers men's basketball coaches
Wichita State Shockers athletic directors

Lew Perkins


An electricity meter (or energy meter) is a device that measures the amount of electricity used by a house or business. Measurements are usually taken in kilowatt hours (kWh).

History
Electricity meters became popular when more and more houses were connected to electricity in the 1880s. Instead of charging the homes based on how many electricity loads they had, charging on how much electricity they used became more accurate and fair.

Types of electricity meter

Electromechanical meters
This type electricity meter uses the force generated by current when passing through magnetic field to rotate a spinning disk inside the meter. The disk is then turn the number to indicate how much electricity has been used which is recorded by the meter.

Electronic meters
This type of electricity meter converts electricity directly with an analogue-to-digital converter inside a microprocessor to get the exact electricity usage reading.

Security
Electricity meters can easily be tampered with. This may allow the customers to use electricity for free. Tampering with electricity meters is illegal and can carry fines or legal actions.

Electricity
Measuring tools

Electricity meter


Vladimir Jurowski (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor.  He is one of the most important young conductors of today. Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.

In 1995 he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House.  He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.

In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.  He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

In May 2007, Jurowski received the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award for Conductor of the Year.

Jurowski, Vladimir
1972 births
Living people

Vladimir Jurowski


Lingvo > Planlingvoj > Baza Angla

La vortprovizo de Baza Angla estis selektita de Charles Kay Ogden celante maksimuman esprimpovon per laŭeble plej malmulte da vortoj.

La Baza Angla havas 850 precipajn vortojn:

OPERACIOJ (100 vortoj)
<P>come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, seem, take,
be, do, have, say, see, send, may, will
about, across, after, against, among, at, before, between, by,
down, from, in, off, on, over, through, to, under, up, with,
as, for, of, till, than,
a , the, all, any, every, no, other, some, such, that, this,
I , he, you, who,
and, because, but, or, if, though, while, how, when, where, why,
again, ever, far, forward, here, near, now, out, still, then,
there together, well
almost, enough, even, little, much, not, only, quite, so, very,
tomorrow, yesterday
north, south, east, west, please, yes.

AFEROJ (400 ĝeneralaj vortoj)
account, act, addition, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, air,
amount, amusement, animal, answer, apparatus, approval, argument, art,
attack, attempt, attention, attraction, authority,
back, balance, base, behaviour, belief, birth, bit, bite, blood, blow,
body, brass, bread, breath, brother, building, burn, burst, business,
butter,
canvas, care, cause, chalk, chance, change, cloth, coal, colour, comfort,
committee, company, comparison, competition, condition, connection,
control, cook, copper, copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover,
crack, credit, crime, crush, cry ,current, curve,
damage, danger, daughter, day, death, debt, decision, degree, design,
desire, destruction, detail, development, digestion, direction,
discovery, discussion, disease, disgust, distance,
distribution, division, doubt, drink, driving, dust,
earth, edge, education, effect, end, error, event, example, exchange,
existence, expansion, experience, expert,
fact, fall, family, father, fear, feeling, fiction, field, fight, fire,
flame, flight, flower, fold, food, force, form, friend, front, fruit,
glass, gold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth, guide,
harbour, harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history, hole, hope, hour, humour
ice, idea, impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect, instrument,
insurance, interest, invention, iron,
jelly, join, journey, judge, jump,
kick, kiss, knowledge,
land, language, laugh, law, lead, learning, leather, letter, level,
lift, light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look, loss, love,
machine, man, manager, mark, market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting,
memory, metal, middle, milk, mind, mine, minute, mist, money, month,
morning, mother, motion, mountain, move, music,
name, nation, need, news, night, noise, note, number,
observation, offer, oil, operation, opinion, order, organization,
ornament, owner,
page, pain, paint, paper, part, paste, payment, peace, person, place,
plant, play, pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter, position, powder,
power, price, print, process, produce, profit, property,
prose, protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push,
quality, question,
rain range rate ray reaction reading reason record regret relation religion
representative request respect rest reward rhythm rice river road roll room rub rule run,
salt sand scale science sea seat secretary selection self sense servant sex
shade shake shame shock side sign silk silver sister size sky sleep slip slope
smash smell smile smoke sneeze snow soap society son song sort sound soup
space stage start statement steam steel step stitch stone stop story stretch
structure substance sugar suggestion summer support surprise swim system
talk, taste, tax, teaching, tendency, test, theory, thing, thought, thunder,
time, tin, top, touch, trade, transport, trick, trouble, turn, twist, unit, use,
value, verse, vessel, view, voice, walk, war, wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way, weather, week, weight,
wind, wine, winter, woman, wood, wool, word, work, wound, writing, year

AFEROJ (200 bildeblaj vortoj)
angle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army, baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket, bath, bed, bee, bell, berry, bird,
blade, board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle, box, boy, brain, brake,
branch, brick, bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button,
cake, camera, card, cart, carriage, cat, chain, cheese, chest, chin,
church, circle, clock, cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup,
curtain, cushion, dog, door, drain, drawer, dress, drop,
ear, egg, engine, eye, face, farm, feather, finger, fish, flag, floor, fly, foot, fork, fowl, frame
garden, girl, glove, goat, gun,
hair, hammer, hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse, hospital, house, island, jewel,
kettle, key, knee, knife, knot, leaf, leg, library, line, lip, lock, map, match, monkey, moon, mouth, muscle,
nail, neck, needle, nerve, net, nose, nut,
office, orange, oven, parcel, pen, pencil, picture, pig, pin, pipe, plane, plate, plough,
pocket, pot, potato, prison, pump, rail, rat, receipt, ring, rod, roof, root,
sail, school, scissors, screw, seed, sheep, shelf, ship, shirt, shoe,
skin, skirt, snake, sock, spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp,
star, station, stem, stick, stocking, stomach, store, street, sun,
table, tail, thread, throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth, town, train, tray, tree, trousers,
umbrella, wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window, wing, wire, worm .

KVALITOJ (100 ĝeneralaj vortoj)
able, acid, angry, automatic, beautiful, black, boiling, bright, broken, brown,
cheap, chemical, chief, clean, clear, common, complex, conscious, cut,
deep, dependent, early, elastic, electric, equal,
fat, fertile, first, fixed, flat, free, frequent, full,
general, good, great, grey, hanging, happy, hard, healthy, high, hollow,
important, kind, like, living, long, male, married, material, medical, military,
natural, necessary, new, normal, open, parallel, past, physical, political, poor,
possible, present, private, probable, quick, quiet,
ready, red, regular, responsible, right, round,
same, second, separate, serious, sharp, smooth, sticky, stiff, straight,
strong, sudden, sweet,
tall, thick, tight, tired, true, violent,
waiting, warm, wet, wide, wise, yellow, young .

KVALITOJ - (50 kontraŭoj)
awake, bad, bent, bitter, blue, certain, cold, complete, cruel,
dark, dead, dear, delicate, different, dirty, dry,
false, feeble, female, foolish, future,
green, ill,
last, late, left, loose, loud, low,
mixed, narrow, old, opposite,
public, rough,
sad, safe, secret, short, shut, simple, slow, small, soft, solid,
special, strange,
thin, white, wrong.

78 Internaciaj Vortoj
alcohol, algebra, aluminium, arithmetic, automobile, bank, bar, beef, beer,
biology, calendar, cheque, chemist, chemistry, chocolate, chorus, cigarette,
club, coffee, college, colony, dance, dominion, embassy, empire, engineer,
gas, geography, geology, geometry, hotel, imperial, influenza,
international, king, lava, madam, mathematics, miss, Mr, Mrs, museum,
nickel, opera, orchestra, paraffin, park, passport, patent, phonograph,
physics, physiology, piano, police, post, president, prince, princess,
program(me), propaganda, psychology, queen, radio, restaurant, royal, sir,
sport, taxi, tea, telegram, telephone, terrace, theatre, tobacco,
university, whisky, zinc, zoology.

Eksteraj ligiloj
 http://www2.educ.fukushima-u.ac.jp/~ryota/word-list.html  Vortlisto

Modifita angla

Vortostoko de Baza Angla


A Mandala is a symbol of either a man or a woman in the world.

Uses
The Mandala acts as a support for anyone in meditation. The Mandala itself is often illustrated as a palace with four gates, facing the four corners of the Earth. It is a symbol that represents wholeness, and can be seen as a model for the structure of life itself. There are generally symbols within it that represent something.

Meditation
Religious symbols

Mandala


A de Dion tube is a form of non-independent automobile suspension.  It is a considerable improvement over the swing axle, Hotchkiss drive, or live axle. Because it plays no part in transmitting power to the drive wheels, it is sometimes called a "dead axle".

A powered de Dion suspension uses universal joints on its driveshafts at both the wheel hubs and differential, and a solid tubular beam to hold the opposite wheels in parallel. Unlike an anti-roll bar, a de Dion tube is not directly connected to the chassis nor is it intended to flex. In suspension geometry it is a beam axle suspension.

History
The de Dion tube was named after Comte Jules-Albert de Dion, founder of French automobile manufacturer De Dion-Bouton. The tube, however, was invented around 1894 by co-founder Charles Trépardoux for use on the company's steam tricycles.

Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
Reduced unsprung weight compared to the Hotchkiss drive (live axle), since the differential and half-shafts are connected to the chassis.
Unlike most fully independent suspension there are no camber changes on axle loading and unloading (or rebound). Fixing the camber of both wheels at 0° assists in obtaining good traction from wide tires and also tends to reduce wheel hop under high power operations compared to an independent suspension.
The choice of shock absorbers and springs is made easier.
The two wheels may be individually aligned, allowing for independent camber (vertical) and track (horizontal) alignment.

Disadvantages:
A pair of CV or universal joints is required for each wheel, adding complexity, cost, and weight.
If coil springs are used, then a lateral location link (usually either a Panhard rod or Watt's linkage) is required, plus additional torque links on each side (five link suspension) or a combination of lower trailing links and an upper transverse wishbone. None of these additional links are required if leaf springs are used, but ride can be compromised due to the leaves having to do double duty as both locating links and springs. The torque links are not required if the setup uses inboard brakes, like in the Pegaso 1502, Rover P6, all Iso cars and Alfa Romeo type 116 (and derivatives), as the wheels do not transmit torque to the suspension.
Sympathetic camber changes on opposite wheels are seen on single-wheel suspension compression, just as in a Hotchkiss drive or live axle. This is not important for operation on improved surfaces but is more critical for rough road or off-road use.

Use in production cars

Older cars
Alfa Romeo is probably the most famous adopter of this technology, using it on the Alfa Romeo Alfetta, GT, GTV, GTV6, Giulietta, Alfa 6, 90, 75/Milano, SZ/RZ. Other production vehicles using this suspension include the Lancia Aurelia (fourth series onwards) and Flaminia, first and second generation Prince Gloria, the original Mazda Cosmo, Volvo 300-series, Rover P6, Chrysler minivans (all wheel drive versions from 1991 to 2004), DAF 46, DAF 66, all Iso cars (Iso Rivolta IR 300, Iso Grifo, Iso Fidia, Iso Lele) and early Bizzarrini 5300 GT Stradas, some of the largest Opels, such as the Opel Diplomat "B" of 1969, all Aston Martins from 1967 to 1989, Ferrari 375 and 250TR, first generation Maserati Quattroporte, Bugatti Type 251, Mercedes-Benz W125 and W154 as well as Auto Union Type D.

Recent vehicles
The Smart Fortwo (and Smart Roadster before) micro-compact cars produced by Daimler AG, Mitsubishi i kei car produced by Mitsubishi Motors and the Caterham 7 (a development of the Lotus Seven after Lotus sold the design rights to Caterham Cars), are the only cars recently in production that utilize this arrangement, as well as the products of some kit car companies. A recent vehicle to use this suspension coupled with leaf springs was the Ford Ranger EV. The American-built MV-1 van by VPG, produced from 2010 to 2016, also used this suspension in the rear with leaf springs. 4WD variants of the Honda Fit and Honda HR-V subcompact SUV have been reported as using a de Dion style suspension; however, these vehicles actually have a twist-beam rear suspension, with the cross beam element located even further forward (and thus even more like a trailing arm and less like the beam axle of a de Dion) than the 2WD variants. The Mitsubishi Fuso e-Canter Fuso_Ecanter uses a DeDeion rear axle with leaf springs.

Other notable uses
Most models of the Kawasaki MULE line of utility vehicles feature a leaf-sprung de Dion rear suspension with a distinctively curved tube axle that clears the rear subframe to provide 50mm (2 inches) of wheel travel.  Benefits include simplicity, durability, compactness and a relatively low liftover height for the cargo bed.

Walter Snow Fighter plow trucks produced by the Walter Truck Company of Long Island, New York throughout the mid 20th century used de Dion axles with portal gear hubs for both the front and the rear suspension, allowing the use of large differentials for durability without increasing unsprung weight or reducing ground clearance.  Forged steel axles were used instead of tubes.

And Mowag Duro.

UC San Diego's Formula SAE team, Triton Racing, has employed the use of de Dion rear suspension in their vehicles since 2015. They are one of the only teams in the competition to do so.

References

Sources
 (reprints AB Nordbok 1985 edition).
Setright, L. J. K. "De Dion axle:  The First Step to Independence", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. World of Automobiles, Volume 5, pp. 515–516. London: Orbis, 1974.

Automotive suspension technologies
Vehicle technology

De Dion tube


A Photoshop contest, or sometimes Photoshop battle (often abbreviated to PS Battle), is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some kind of graphics editing software, usually Adobe Photoshop, however other editors are commonly allowed, such as Corel Photo-Paint, GIMP, PaintShop Pro, Paint.NET or even Microsoft Paint. People can also use video editing software to create these images, such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Kdenlive, OpenShot, or NCH VideoPad.

While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program, Adobe Systems, the publisher of Photoshop, discourages use of "Photoshop" to refer to anything other than their photo editing software, to prevent their trademark from becoming generic.

Humor

A large part of the humor in many of these contests involves the use of internet memes.

Such contests have recently seen increasing participation on many blogs and forums. The popular internet community Reddit has a community called r/photoshopbattles devoted to the contests.

A more "underground" variety of these image manipulation jokes involves the blending of celebrity faces with nude or pornographic images commonly known as fake nudes, often combined with references to movies, music, magazines and other forms of related popular culture.

Photoshop tennis
Photoshop tennis (also known as Photoshop Pong or Photoshop battle (similar in its function to a "DJ battle" or "rap battle" in hip hop music) is a game played through sequential alternating photoshopping of an image. Photoshop tennis originated in graphics-related internet forums in the late-1990s/early-2000s, and shares an earlier history with online image games such as SITO's "PANIC" (started January, 1994).  The game was made popular by art director Jim Coudal in 2001 as "Photoshop Tennis". The matches on coudal.com have since been renamed Layer Tennis, as they are no longer restricted to the use of Adobe Photoshop.

Each match of Photoshop tennis is generally played with two competing players. The players pick a starting image, or one is "served" by a player, then another player makes some sort of alteration to the image in any chosen image editor (matches are not exclusive to Adobe Photoshop). They then send the altered image to the other player or players, usually via e-mail or by posting the image to a Photoshop tennis forum, who then edits that image and sends it back to the first player. This process goes back and forth until a predetermined number of rounds have elapsed, or the players otherwise wish to end the game. When the final round is over, there may be an independent judge who determines who has played the best shots, and declares that person the winner, or players may play without a clear winner. Sometimes extra rules can be enforced, such as sticking to one particular software package, or keeping to a particular theme.

Pictures

See also
 Adobe Photoshop
 Photomontage
 Email art
 Fark
 Photo editing (disambiguation)
 Something Awful's "Photoshop Phriday"
 Worth1000
 FreakingNews

References

External links
israr

CarChops
 Something Awful's Photoshop Phriday feature

Arts competitions
Digital art
Adobe Photoshop

Photoshop contest


Bioinformatics or computational biology is the study of large amounts of biological information or genome. It focuses on molecules like DNA. It is done often with the help of computers.

Foundation
As species of living things change over time, the DNA contained in their cells change, because of evolution. If we can extract the information from living things today, and compare them to each other, we can see which living things are most closely related, the most similar can be thought to be the most closely related in time. Biologists can then construct family trees, or phylogenies. By combining each tree, a grand tree connecting all living things can be made, this is called the "Tree of Life". Bioinformatics uses integration of mathematical, statistical and computational method to analyze biological, biochemical and biophysical data.

The process
All of the information needed by a cell is provided in its DNA. When a cell wants to build a protein, it finds the appropriate piece of DNA, makes a copy of it (called RNA), and uses the instructions in the copy to make the protein.

Proteins can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism. Proteins are made from amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids that are used to build millions of different protein molecules.

These molecules can be studied using computers to analyze the DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences from which they are created. Because there are so many different molecules, the best way we have of understanding how the entire system works is to use bioinformatics.

Computers in bioinformatics
Chemists have developed ways to understand the shape and behavior of small molecules, using mathematical analysis. They might use computers to study these molecules. The DNA contained in just one cell of an organism is far too large to be read by any person, and to compare the DNA between two (or more) organisms, be they in the brother and sister, or of a completely different species, requires comparing large amounts of information to find differences. Computers are better suited to such comparisons, and computer programmers have worked with biologists to create very very large databases to store all the DNA information that has ever been learned.

Related pages
Biotechnology
Sequence analysis

Branches of biology
Computer science

Bioinformatics


Øyvind Sauvik (born 3 February 1976), better known by his stage name Vinni, is a Norwegian musician and hip hop artist.

Biography
Born in Arendal, Norway, Sauvik moved with his parents to Tanzania when he was three years old, as they worked with development agency NORAD. He grew up in Africa and learned to speak Swahili there.

Upon his return, he formed the hip hop duo Paperboys with Jarle "J.J." Hollerud. When JJ left the formation, he was replaced by DJ Ole Alexander "Pope Dawg" Halstensgård. In the duo Øyvind Sauvik was popularly known as Vincent Vagabond or just Vinni. The band released a number of successful albums.

In 2009, Vinni took part in the Norwegian TV 2 channel's reality television program Det store korslaget, a competition of choirs. He took on a choir from Kolbotn where they finished 5th in the competition out of 7 choirs taking part.

In 2009, he also took part in Zebra Grand Prix a car racing competition of celebrities broadcast on TV2 Zebra where Vinni partnered with Vibeke Klemetsen. Although the couple passed the preliminary round of the race, they were eliminated after the semi-final race. The partners Trine Rein & Jan Erik Larssen were the eventual winners.

Vinni and the Vagabonds
In 2010, he carved for himself an independent musical career with his band Vinni and the Vagabonds with a release of the album Happily Lost.

In Hver gang vi møtes
Vinni also took part in the reality television program Hver gang vi møtes also on TV 2, with well-known singers competing by performing hits of the other participants. Vinni's interpretation were:

Halvdan Sivertsen episode – "Sommerfuggel i vinterland"
Bertine Zetlitz episode – "Apples & Diamonds"
Jan Eggum episode – "Kor é alle helter hen?"
Anne Grete Preus episode – "Millimeter"
Øyvind "Vinni" Sauvik episode – Being his week, the other participants sang Vinni's own hits with Elvira Nikolaisen singing "Barcelona", Jan Eggum singing "Tomorrow", Bertine Zetlitz singing "Change My Star", Øystein Dolmen singing "Let the Monkey Out", Anne Grete Preus singing "Medisin" and Halvdan Sivertsen singing "Lonesome Traveller"
Elvira Nikolaisen episode – "Nothing to Lose"
Øystein Dolmen episode – "God morgen Norge"

EMI released a compilation of the performances on an album entitled Venner. Vinni's interpretation of "Sommerfuggel i vinterland" from Halvdan Sivertsen proved to be the most popular of all the performances.

In 2012, Vinni had a huge success with the single "Sommerfuggel i Vinterland" that he performed initially during Hver gang vi møtes. the song stayed at the top of the VG-lista, the official Norwegian Singles Chart, for five consecutive weeks. This top selling single was replaced by yet another of his Hver gang vi møtes performances, namely "Godmorgen Norge" which also reached No. 1 and stayed at the top of the VG-lista for another two weeks, making it a total of seven consecutive weeks for Vinni on top of the Norwegian charts in 2012.

Based on this immense success, Vinni released a third single, "Halve meg", that entered the Norwegian Singles Chart at No. 4 in its first week of release. A studio album was expected during 2012.

Discography

Albums

Solo

as Vinni and the Vagabonds

as Paperboys

Singles

as Vinni & the Vagabonds

as Paperboys

References

External links
Official website
Facebook
LastFM

Norwegian male singers
Norwegian rappers
1976 births
Living people
Musicians from Arendal
Musicians from Kolbotn

Vinni


Paul Hamilton Hume White (26 February 1910 – 21 December 1992) was an Australian missionary, evangelist, radio program host and author.

Early life and missionary work
White was born in Bowral, New South Wales. After studying medicine at the University of Sydney, he married Mary Bellingham and together they travelled to Tanganyika Territory (now part of Tanzania) as Church Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries in 1938, where White established a hospital at Mvumi Mission which soon replaced Kilimatinde as the main medical centre of the CMS mission in Tanganyika.

White succeeded Dr Cyril Wallace as the medical secretary of the Diocese of Central Tanganyika in 1939.  In 1941 after only two years in missionary work White had to return to Australia due to his wife's illness.
On the way home, he developed a boil in, to use his own words, 'a place which caused me to take a pillow, cut a hole in it, and sit very carefully (!)' Unable to take part in the shipboard entertainment he started to write. From this came his first missionary book, Doctor of Tanganyika, which is factual and contains many photographs taken by White himself, to illustrate how missionary work was carried out under such primitive settings, with the local Chigogo people.

Published work
Following his return to Australia, White went on to write Jungle Doctor, the first in an extensive series bearing the same name, which have been translated into more than 80 languages. At the same time he began his Jungle Doctor radio program, which continued for 25 years.  His books are based in Africa and depict African folklore and missionary adventure.  Many of White's stories include moral teaching.  They tell of surgical operations in the wild using the most basic equipment and the very colourful people of Africa, including his friend Daudi (David) Matama, and quite often striking against the village witchdoctors who relied on black magic to gain power. Several stories are tales of good winning against evil.  Although the stories are fiction, they are based on fact, based on White's own, as well as other people's experiences.

Original editions were illustrated by Graham Wade, who also produced Jungle Doctor comic strips. White then authored six 'Fable' books, in the form of the traditional African 'round the fire' storytelling, incorporating Christian moral lessons. They are Jungle Doctor's Fables, Jungle Doctor's Tug of War, Jungle Doctor's Monkey Tales, Jungle Doctor's Hippo Happenings, Jungle Doctor's Rhino Rumblings and Jungle Doctor Meets Mongoose.

Some of the Jungle Doctor stories were released on record in the 1960s, with White himself narrating them.

Other work
As well as pioneering Christian media in the form of both radio and television in Australia, White was active in student evangelism and is credited with revitalising evangelical Christian student groups in Australia after World War II. He became general secretary of the Intervarsity Fellowship in 1943. He was the inaugural chairman of African Enterprise Australia from 1978  White also continued to practice medicine on a part-time basis right up until his death.

Death
White died on 21 December 1992, aged 82.  He is buried at St. Simon & St. Jude Anglican church in Bowral.

Bibliography

Jungle Doctor Series
 Jungle Doctor (1942); reprinted as Jungle Doctor's Africa
 Jungle Doctor on Safari (1943)
 Jungle Doctor Operates (1944)
 Jungle Doctor Attacks Witchcraft (1947)
 Jungle Doctor's Enemies (1948, revised 1987)
 Jungle Doctor Meets a Lion (1950)
 Jungle Doctor to the Rescue (1951)
 Jungle Doctor's Casebook (1952, revised 1991)
 Jungle Doctor and the Whirlwind (1952, revised 1987)
 Eyes on Jungle Doctor (1953)
 Jungle Doctor Looks for Trouble (1953)
 Jungle Doctor Goes West (1954)
 Jungle Doctor Stings a Scorpion (1955)
 Jungle Doctor Hunts Big Game (1956)
 Jungle Doctor on the Hop (1957, revised 1988)
 Jungle Doctor's Crooked Dealings (1959, revised 1988)
 Jungle Doctor Spots a Leopard (1963, revised 1987)
 Jungle Doctor Pulls a Leg (1964)
 Jungle Doctor Sees Red (1968)
 Yacobo in Slippery Places (1973, revised 1988); reprinted as Jungle Doctor in Slippery Places

Jungle Doctor's Fables Series
 1: Jungle Doctor's Fables (1955)
 2: Jungle Doctor's Monkey Tales (1957)
 3: Jungle Doctor's Tug-of-War (1958)
 4: Jungle Doctor's Hippo Happenings (1966)
 5: Jungle Doctor's Rhino Rumblings (1974?)
 6: Jungle Doctor Meets Mongoose (1974)

Jungle Doctor Picture Fables Series (Illustrated by Peter Oram)
 1: Donkey Wisdom (1973)
 2: Famous Monkey Last Words (1973)
 3: Monkey in a Lion's Skin (1973)
 4: Reflections of Hippo (1973)
 5: The Cool Pool (1975)
 6: The Monkey and the Eggs (1975)
 7: Monkey Crosses the Equator (1975)
 8: Sweet and Sour Hippo (1975)

Jungle Doctor Comic Books
 1: The Great Wall
 2: The Monkeys who didn't believe in the Crocodile
 3: Monkeys in the Bog
 4: Out on a Limb
 5: Little Leopards become Big Leopards
 6: The Sticky End
 7: Monkey in a Lion Skin
 8: The Goat who wanted to become a Lion
 9: The Helpfulness of Hippo
 10: Safe as Poison
 11: Knots Untied
 12: Wisdom of Donkeys

Jungle Doctor Novels
 1: Lion Hunter: An African Love Story (1982/1983)
 2: Jungle Doctor's Safari from Fear: An African Adventure (1984)
 3: Maasai: An African Drama (1985) (expanded from the theme of Jungle Doctor Sees Red)

The Ranford Series (in collaboration with Dr. David Britten)
 The Ranford Mystery Miler (1960)
 Ructions at Ranford (c1961)
 Ranford Goes Fishing (1962)
 Ranford in Flames (1965)

With Clifford Warne
 The great escape (1981)
 Simon's lucky day (1981)
 The daredevils (1981)
 The rescue squad (1981)
 How to read the Bible aloud (1983)
 How to hold an audience without a rope (1982)

Other works
 Medical Man or Medicine Man?
 I. V. F. Invites a General (1948)
 What's happening to mother? : understanding about birth (1976)
 What's happened to Auntie Jean? : understanding about death (1976)
 Get moving! : motivation for living (1976)
 Alias jungle doctor : an autobiography (1977)
 Uproar at Radford (1989)
 Radford's big race (1989)
 Doctor of Tanganyika (1941)
 Jungle Doctor's Progress (1962)
 Jungle Doctor's Panorama (1962)

Further reading
Paul White, Alias Jungle Doctor: An Autobiography (1977, second edition 2014, rereleased 2016)
John Stott, People My Teachers, Chapter 10: Paul White, Australian Jungle Doctor (2005)
Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (1991)

References

External links
Jungle Doctor website
Jungle Doctor books that have been released for free distribution
Mvumi Hospital website

1910 births
1992 deaths
20th-century Australian male writers
20th-century Australian novelists
Australian Anglican missionaries
People from Bowral
Australian male novelists
Australian radio personalities
University of Sydney alumni
Christian medical missionaries
Tanganyika (territory) people
Anglican missionaries in Tanzania

Paul White (missionary)


The Smiths were an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987. They released four studio albums. The band consisted of Morrissey (singing), Johnny Marr (guitar), Andy Rourke (bass) and Mike Joyce (drums). Critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. Q magazine writer Simon Goddard wrote that The Smiths were the one truly important group of the 1980s, "the most influential British guitar group of the decade" and the first independent group to become successful in the main music scene.

The band was based on the songwriting partnership of Morrissey and Marr. They signed to the independent record label Rough Trade Records. On this, they released four studio albums: The Smiths (1984), Meat Is Murder (1985), The Queen Is Dead (1986) and Strangeways, Here We Come (1987). They have also released several compilations, and many singles that were not released on any of their studio albums.

The Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty. All four of their albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a large following of fans. The band had limited commercial success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have refused several offers to reunite.

The music focuses on a guitar, bass and drum sound. They blend 1960s rock and post-punk. This sounded very different to the synthesiser-based contemporary dance pop that was popular in the early 1980s. Marr's guitar playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound influenced by Roger McGuinn of the 1960s group The Byrds. It influenced later bands from Manchester, such as The Stone Roses and Oasis. Morrissey's lyrics combined stories about ordinary people's lives with a sense of humour.

Band members
Morrissey (lead singer)
Johnny Marr (guitar)
Andy Rourke (bass) (deceased, 2023)
Mike Joyce (drums)

Discography

The Smiths (1984)
Hatful of Hollow (1984)
Meat Is Murder (1985)
The Queen Is Dead (1986)
The World Won't Listen (1987)
Louder Than Bombs (1987)
Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)
Rank (1988)

References

Other websites
Morrisey on ¡ponte los cascos! article about Morrisey and Eurovision

1982 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1980s disestablishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
Musical groups established in 1982
Musical groups from Manchester

Warner Bros. Records artists
1987 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

The Smiths


Sir William Walton OM, (born Oldham, 29 March 1902; died Ischia, Italy, 8 March 1983) was a British composer and conductor. He was one of the most important British composers of the mid-20th century, a period that included Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett. His music has very lively rhythms which are often jazzy.

Early years
Walton's family were musical but they had very little money. Both his parents sang, and Walton sang in the local church choir. His father would hit him if he made a mistake. This may be why in later life he was so careful about every note he wrote.

At the age of ten he joined the choir of Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford. He learned the piano and violin. He was only 16 years when he went to Oxford University where he was at Christ Church, Oxford. Most of what he knew about composing he taught himself. He studied the scores of works by Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Jean Sibelius and others. He had some lessons from Hugh Allen, the cathedral organist. At Oxford Walton became friends with two poets: Sacheverell Sitwell and Siegfried Sassoon. Most of the music he wrote when he was very young has been lost, but the choral anthem A Litany, written when he was just fifteen, shows his musical talent with its modern harmonies.

Walton left Oxford in 1920 without a degree having failed his exams three times. He went to live with the Sitwell family, who introduced him to many important people, including the composer Constant Lambert and song writer Noel Coward. He also travelled with the Sitwells to Italy. In 1923 he set one of Edith Sitwell's poems to music. The piece was called Façade. The music was very jazzy and almost jokey, and it sounded very modern to many people at that time.

During the 1920s, Walton earned some money playing the piano at jazz clubs, but he spent most of his time composing in the Sitwells' attic. The orchestral overture Portsmouth Point (which he dedicated to Sassoon) was the first work which shows Walton's real style. In 1929 the Viola Concerto started to make him really famous. This was followed by Belshazzar's Feast (1931), the Symphony No. 1 (1935), the coronation march Crown Imperial (1937), and the Violin Concerto (1939). All these works are very popular today.

After World War II
During World War II, Walton did not have to do military service so he had time to compose music for propaganda films, such as The First of the Few (1942), and Laurence Olivier's adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry V (1944). After composing a second string quartet (1946) Walton spent most of the next seven years writing his opera, Troilus and Cressida (1947 – 1954). The opera was not very popular. This was because his music was rather Romantic, very different from a lot of modern music that was in fashion in the 1950s, especially the music of Pierre Boulez and his followers.

Walton also composed the music for two more Shakespeare-Olivier films - the Academy Award-winning Hamlet, and Richard III. Walton, however, did not win Oscars for any of his Shakespeare-based scores.

Walton then started to write more orchestral music: the Cello Concerto (1956), the Symphony No. 2 (1960), and the Variations on a Theme by Hindemith (1963). He started to have many honours: He was knighted in 1951 and received the Order of Merit in 1968. People liked his one-act comic opera The Bear, when it was performed at the Aldeburgh Festival in 1967, and he was asked by people from all over the world for new music. His song-cycles from this period were given their first performances by famous singers such as Peter Pears and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.

Last years
In his last years, Walton found composition more and more difficult. He tried to compose a third symphony for André Previn, but later gave up. His last works were mostly church music or reworkings of older pieces.. He had settled on the island of Ischia in Italy in 1949 with his Argentine wife Susana Gil. He died there in 1983.

Since his death, Walton's music has been performed and recorded a lot. People no longer think of him as old-fashioned, but as a composer who had a very strong personality which can be heard clearly in his music.

Walton was knighted in 1951 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1967.

1902 births
1983 deaths
20th-century English composers
Order of Merit
People from Oldham
Knights Bachelor

William Walton


Andrew Manze (pronounce: "MAN-zee"), (born Beckenham, 14 January 1965)
is an English violinist and conductor who is famous for performing music from the Baroque period.

Manze spent his childhood in Bedford. He went to Bedford School where he learned to play the violin. While studying Classics at Cambridge University he started to play the Baroque violin. Then he studied with Simon Standage at the Royal Academy of Music, and then he studied with Lucy van Dael at The Hague and with Marie Leonhardt.

In 1988 he became first violinist of the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra which was conducted by Ton Koopman. He also played with two other musicians: the harpsichordist John Toll and the lutenist Nigel North, in a trio called Romanesca.

From 2003 to 2007 he directed The English Concert. He also introduced many music programmes on BBC Radio 3 and appeared in television programmes, e.g. Handel's Water Music. He often performed with the harpsichordist Richard Egarr. He has appeared twice at the BBC Proms.

Manze is now taking a rest from playing the violin and concentrating on conducting. He lives in Sweden where he is Principal Conductor of the Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra and Principal Guest Conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra. He is also Associate Conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.

In 2011 Andrew Manze was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize laureate in Musical Arts, a Swedish prize which is awarded every three years

References

British violinists
British conductors
Performers of early music
1965 births
Living people

Andrew Manze


Eilean Musdile (Mansedale) is an islet, and lighthouse to the south west of Lismore in the Inner Hebrides.

The island lies in the entrance to Loch Linnhe, separated from Lismore by a sound ¼ miles across. It is a low-lying rock,  in size, with some grass on it. CalMac ferries pass close to the island on their way from Oban to Mull.

The lighthouse was built by Robert Stevenson in 1833 at a cost of £4260 and initially showed a fixed white light. In 1910 most of the Northern Lighthouse Board's lights were changed to dioptric or Fresnel lenses but Lismore and Fidra, in the Firth of Forth, were left as the only remaining purely catoptric lights in the service.

A Standing Stone once stood on the highest point of the island (). The  monolith appears to have recorded the midwinter sunset and is thought to have been removed during construction of the lighthouse.

The skerry of Lady's Rock lies a short distance to the south west.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

Footnotes

External links
 Northern Lighthouse Board

Lismore, Scotland
Category A listed lighthouses
Archaeological sites in the Northern Inner Hebrides
Lighthouses of Scottish islands
Works of Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)

Eilean Musdile


Materials science studies the properties of matter to solve science and engineering problems. It uses applied physics and chemistry. Supersmall nanotechnology has got attention in recent years. There are many inventions of new material. Work on why structures fail or break down is very important to engineering.

History
The important material of a given era is often its defining point. Examples are the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

Materials science originally studied ceramics and metallurgy.  These ancient crafts make materials science one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs showed that the physical  properties of a material were related to its atomic structure. As the phases changed, so did the physical properties of the material.

Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space exploration vehicles.

Materials science is now linked to the development of plastics, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers,  magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials.

The material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful forms. So, ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/engineer. Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10 and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be produced.

Cause of failures
The study of disasters in the 19th and 20th century led to some important discoveries. A.A. Griffith (1893–1963) discovered that real materials never get near their theoretical strength. This was a groundbreaking discovery which led to changes in many industries. As an example, steel gets almost 1/10th of its theoretical strength, but most solids are 100 to 1000 times weaker than expected.

Griffith's insights were developed further by J.E. Gordon (1913–1998). Gordon said that all simple solids are by their nature brittle. Toughness – resistance to fracture – has to be designed into materials. The usual way is to add other material to the pure substance. This makes its structure more complex, and that makes it less likely to fail. A good example is bulletproof glass, where a plastic layer stuck to glass make it many times stronger than either material would be separately. The personal armour based on Kevlar is another example. Biological materials have this feature naturally. Bones do bend a little before they reach breaking point, and tree trunks also have some "give".

Metal alloys
The industrial study of metal alloys is a large part of materials science. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. An iron carbon alloy is only considered steel if the carbon level is between 0.01% and 2.00%. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present. Increasing carbon levels leads to lower ductility and toughness. Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties however. Cast Iron is defined as an Iron-Carbon alloy with more than 2.00% but less than 6.67% carbon. Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of chromium. Nickel and molybdenum are also found in stainless steels.

Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.

Polymers

Polymers are also an important part of materials science. They are the raw materials used to make what we commonly call plastics. Plastics are really the final product. They are made when polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing. The mixture is then shaped into a final form. Common polymers are, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.

PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. It lends itself to an incredible array of uses, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and containers. It is simple to make. It accepts a wide range of plasticisers and other additives, which  give it differing properties.

Ceramics and glasses

Another application of the material sciences is the structures of glass and ceramics, typically associated with the most brittle materials. Ceramics and glasses use covalent bonds and ionic-covalent bonds with SiO2, silica or sand, as a fundamental building block. Ceramics are as soft as clay and as hard as stone and concrete. Usually, they are crystalline in form. Most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica. At high temperatures used to prepare glass, the material is a viscous liquid. Glass forms into an amorphous structure when it is cooled. Windowpanes and eyeglasses are important examples. Fibers of glass are also available. Diamond and carbon in its graphite form are considered to be ceramics.

Engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness, high temperature, and stability under compression and electrical stress.  Alumina, silica carbide, and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder. Hot pressing provides higher density material. Chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material. Cermets are ceramic particles containing some metals. The wear resistance of tools is derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties.

Composite materials

Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials. Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermally insulative tiles which play a key and integral role in National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Shuttle thermal protection system which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. One example is Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC), The light gray material which withstands re-entry temperatures up to 1510 °C (2750 °F) and protects the Space Shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cap. RCC is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with a phenolic resin. After curing at high temperature in an autoclave, the laminate is pyrolized to convert the resin to carbon, impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber, and cured/pyrolized to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon. In order to provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the RCC are converted to silicon carbide.

Other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and similar objects. These plastic casings are usually a composite material. It is a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibers or carbon fibers have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion. These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.

New magnetic material
A  new magnetic material has been discovered. It could transform computer hard drives and energy storage devices.

A highly sensitive metal bilayer needs only a small shift in temperature to dramatically alter its magnetism. This is a very useful property in electronic engineering. "No other material known to man can do this. It's a huge effect. And we can engineer it", said Ivan Schuller, of the University of California, San Diego.

The material combines thin layers of nickel and vanadium oxide. This is a structure which is surprisingly responsive to heat. "We can control the magnetism in just a narrow range of temperature  without applying a magnetic field. And in principle we could also control it with voltage or current", said Prof Schuller.

Classes of materials
Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:
 Ionic crystals
 Covalent crystals
 Metals
 Intermetallics
 Semiconductors
 Polymers
 Composite materials
 Vitreous materials

References

Further reading

Other websites
BBC News Science of materials.

Materials science


Quantum entanglement is the name given to a special connection between pairs or groups of quantum systems, or any objects described by quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement is one of the biggest parts of quantum mechanics that makes it hard to understand in terms of the everyday world.

Explanation
When we look at particles, we usually say that each particle has its own quantum state. Sometimes, two particles can act on one another and become an entangled system. When a pair or group of particles can only be described by the quantum state for the system, and not by individual quantum states, we say the particles are "entangled".

 Particles have a "quantum state", which is a way of describing their properties.
 Sometimes, two particles can interact with each other and become a "system" where they are entangled.
 When the quantum state of a group of particles can only be described for the whole system, and not for individual particles, we say that the particles are "entangled".

In simpler terms, "entangled" particles are those that are connected in such a way that their properties are linked and cannot be described independently. This is a strange phenomenon that is not fully understood, but it is an important concept in the field of physics.

When and why do we see entanglement?
Entanglement between particles happens because little particles can push and pull on each other, just like big objects do in terms of gravity. If nothing else is acting on those particles, then there are certain things before and after the particles act on each other that have to stay the same. For example, the total momentum of both particles put together would be (roughly) the same before and after they act on each other.

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us we can never know the momentum of a particle exactly, or even the total momentum of both particles put together. In fact, we can't ever know exactly what we will measure the momentum of a particle to be before we measure it, but we do know always that the total momentum of the two particles put together doesn't change when the particles act on each other.

In order to be sure that the total momentum is the same before and after the particles act on one another, we need to describe a pair of particles as a single quantum system rather than a pair of quantum systems. If this were not true, the conservation law for momentum would be violated due to the quantum uncertainty of the momentum of each particle.

When particles interact with each other, certain things about their properties must stay the same, but we can't always know exactly what those properties are. To make sure that the rules of physics are followed, we have to describe the particles as a single system rather than two separate systems. This is related to the concept of quantum entanglement, which is a phenomenon in which the properties of two particles become linked in a way that cannot be explained by classical physics.

Interaction
Even though each particle has a lot of information about the other, they do not send messages to each other.  There are no messages between the particles saying, "I'm going down, therefore, you must go up" and waiting for the particle to receive the message. Yet, the particles are always connected and can behave as one.

History
Quantum entanglement is one of the concepts that led Albert Einstein to dislike the theory of quantum mechanics. With his co-workers, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, Einstein used entanglement to try to show weaknesses in quantum mechanics. Einstein called entanglement "spooky action at a distance". He said this because he did not believe that quantum particles could affect one another faster than the speed of light. He tried to show that this weird effect means that quantum mechanics gives an incomplete picture of what really goes on and that in the future it will be taken care of with extra "hidden" variables.

Erwin Schrödinger talked about entanglement and quantum superposition in the same article where he described Schrödinger's cat.

Years later, John Bell showed with his theorem that we can tell if this "spooky action at a distance" is real or not.  After that, experiments using Bell's theorem proved that entanglement actually happens between tiny particles.

Uses
Scientists are trying to use quantum entanglement for many different things. Some things are sending completely secret messages (passing encrypted notes that can't be understood if intercepted), and making super computers faster than ever before thought possible. However, entanglement between a pair of particles is a very delicate thing and is easily destroyed. Because of this, it is difficult to use quantum entanglement to do these things. Currently, many scientists are working on making stronger systems where entanglement is stronger and lasts longer to try to do these things more easily.

Although you can do some things to one particle to try to cause a change in its partner particle, you can't use this (by itself) to send information from one particle to another because it is only possible to control how likely the change will happen. The outcome of whatever measurement you make on a single particle is completely random, and so is the change that results in the partner particle. In other words, changing one particle may change its partner particle, but you cannot guarantee exactly which way you will influence them. Because scientists cannot control exactly what changes between entangled particles occur, it is not possible to use quantum entanglement alone to send messages. If you also send information about the state of the single particle classically (by phone, radio, carrier pigeon, etc.), you can use the entanglement they share to teleport the quantum state of one particle to another particle.

Also, without sending information about the partner particle, there's no way to tell if a given particle is single or half of an entangled pair. With no outside information, a single particle is completely like any other. It's only when you can receive information about the other particle that you will be able to figure out if your particle is one part of an entangled pair. No one can use entanglement to send information faster than the speed of light because you would need another faster than light communicator to do it.

Mechanics
Quantum mechanics

Quantum entanglement


The New York – New Jersey Trail Conference (NYNJTC) is a volunteer-based federation of approximately 10,000 individual members and about 100 member organizations (mostly hiking clubs and environmental organizations). The conference coordinates the maintenance of 2,000 miles of foot trails around the New York metropolitan area, from the Delaware Water Gap, north to beyond the Catskill Mountains, including the Appalachian Trail through New York and New Jersey. It also works to protect open space and publishes books and trail maps. The organization's headquarters are at 600 Ramapo Valley Road, Mahwah, New Jersey.

History
On October 19, 1920 local hiking clubs gathered in the Log Cabin atop the Abercrombie & Fitch sporting goods store in New York City.  The meeting was proposed by Meade C. Dobson of the Boy Scouts of America and organized by Major William A. Welch, general manager of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to plan a system of hiking trails to make Harriman-Bear Mountain State Park more accessible to the public. In addition to Welch and Dobson, those attending included Raymond H. Torrey, who edited the Outings page of the New York Evening Post, and included representatives from the Appalachian Mountain Club, the Fresh Air Club, the Green Mountain Club, the Tramp and Trail Club, the Associated Mountaineering Clubs of America and the League of Walkers. Major Welch guided the organization during its first ten years. Raymond Torrey served as its Secretary.

In 1922 a proposal by forester Benton MacKaye to build a  trail from Maine to Georgia (subsequently named the Appalachian Trail) was publicized by the New York Evening Post. The project generated great enthusiasm, and on October 7, 1923, the first section of the trail, from Bear Mountain west through Harriman State Park to Arden, New York, was opened by groups of enthusiastic volunteers.

The first trails built were the Ramapo-Dunderberg, the Timp-Torne, the Tuxedo-Mount Ivy Trails, and the Boy Scouts' White Bar Trail; all are still in use.

In 1923, the Palisades Interstate Trail Conference changed its name to the New York New Jersey Trail Conference.

During the 1930s, as more trails were built, a system of trail maintenance was developed giving each hiking club a share of responsibility. Over the ensuing years, as the number of miles of trails maintained has grown, the Trail Conference has relied on trained individual volunteers as well to maintain the trails. They also have developed skilled volunteer trail crews to repair and build trails.

According to one study, for every $1 invested in trails, $2.94 is returned in medical benefits from improved health.

Land acquisition and preservation
On May 31, 2011 the Times Herald-Record reported by Stephen Sacco that the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference had helped expand the Huckleberry Ridge State Forest in Orange County, New York by transferring 389 acres from the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference holdings to the State of New York.  The Huckleberry Ridge State Forest grew to 1500 acres with the acres purchased from the Trail Conference.  The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation paid $1.55 million for the land purchase from the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference, the Times Herald-Record reports.  Stephen Sacco goes on to report that throughout New York and New Jersey, the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference has managed to preserve 2400 acres through direct land purchases in the past 10 years. Protecting the 43 mile long Shawangunk Ridge Trail has been a priority for the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference and other conservation groups including Open Space Institute, The Nature Conservancy, and the Orange County Land Trust was also reported by the Times Herald-Record.

The Trail Conference has been active in open space preservation in its region since its earliest days, including the efforts that led to the preservation of Storm King Mountain, now Storm King State Park. In that project, the Trail Conference joined with The Nature Conservancy to found the Scenic Hudson Preservation Committee, which eventually became known and established as Scenic Hudson, and which continues to protect land today. The Trail Conference also led the effort to preserve Sterling Forest in New York and the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area on the border of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Associations
The Trail Conference participates in, or attends in an advisory or information gathering capacity, a number of governmental, quasi-governmental, or not-for-profit agencies, including:

Adirondack Mountain Club
Appalachian Trail Conservancy
Catskill Mountain 3500 Club
Darlington Schoolhouse
Green Mountain Club
Highlands Coalition
National Park Service
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry
New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife
New Jersey State Trails Council
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
New York State Trails Council
New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Taconic region
Open Space Institute
Orange County Land Trust
Palisades Interstate Park Commission
Bear Mountain State Park
Harriman State Park
Minnewaska State Park Preserve
Rivers and Trails Coalition
Shawangunk Ridge Coalition
Sierra Club, New Jersey Chapter
Sterling Forest Partnership
Teatown Lake Reservation
The Nature Conservancy
United States Forest Service

See also

Sustainability
Biodiversity
Ecology
Earth Science
Natural environment
Nature

References

External links

Environmental organizations based in New Jersey
Hiking organizations in the United States
Palisades Interstate Park system
Ramapos
Appalachian Trail
Mahwah, New Jersey
Environmental organizations based in New York (state)
1920 establishments in New York (state)

New York–New Jersey Trail Conference


'Asir  ( ) is a province o Saudi Arabie locatit in the soothwast o the kintra, namit efter the confederation o clans o the same name.  It haes an aurie o 81,000 km² an an estimatit population o 1,563,000.  It shares a short border wi Yemen. Its caipital is Abha.  Ither touns include Khamis Mushayt an Qal'at Bishah.  The govrenor o the province is Faisal bin Khalid (appointit 16 Mey 2007]]), a son o the late keeng o Saudi Arabie, Khalid bin Abdul-Aziz.  He replacit his cousin, Khalid al Faisal who wis made govrenor o Makkah Province on the same day.

Geography

Geographically, the 'Asir region is situatit on a heich plateau that receives mair rainfaw than the rest o the kintra an contains the kintra's heichest peaks, which rise tae amaist 3,000 metres at Jebel Sawdah near Abha.  Tho data is exceedingly spairse an unreliable, the average annual rainfaw in the heichlands probably ranges frae 300 tae 500 millimetres (12 tae 20 inches) fawin in twa rainy saisons, the chief ane bein in Mairch an Aprile wi some rain in the simmer.  Temperaturs are vera extreme, wi diurnal temperatur ranges in the heichlands the greatest in the warld.  It is common for efternuin temperaturs tae be ower 30 °C (85 °F) yet forenuins can be extremely frosty an fog can cut visibility tae near zero percent.  As a result, thare is hintle mair naitural vegetation in 'Asir than in ony ither pairt o Saudi Arabie, wi sheltered auries even containin auries o dense coniferous forests, tho mair exposed ridges still are vera dry. 'Asir is hame tae mony fermers who chiefly grow wheat an fruit crops, tho irrigation haes greatly expandit production in modren times.

Ethnography

The population belangs amaist entirely tae auncient tribes native tae the aurie such as Qahtan, moawiah wa almahlaf Bal-Garn, Elyan, Khatha'm, Rijal Alma, Rijal Al-Hajr, Amro, Shehr, Shahran, Bal-Asmar, an Bal-Ahmar, as well as a lairge confederation o tribes kent as the 'Asir (or 'Asaryah), efter whom the region wis namit. Thair releegion is chiefly Sunni Muslim o Shafii an Hanbali rites.

The indwallers speak a conservative group o Arabic dialects.  Maist tribes in 'Asir are dividit intae three sub-pairts based on thair geographical location.  The tribes o the central heichlands are cried sarat, the tribes o the wastren coastal plain are cried tihama, an the tribes o the eastren desert region o 'Asir are referred tae as badiyah.  Thus mony tribes are dividit intae sarat, tihama, an badiyah components.

The region's cultur shares hintle in common wi neighborin Yemen in its airchitectural style, which is adaptit tae cope wi the occasional vera hivy dounpours bi deflectin them frae hooses, but "[t]he ways o the muntaineers tend towards those o Najd."  'Asir haes been less affectit bi the ile boom than haes the rest o Saudi Arabie, an the modren urban development o ceeties lik Riyadh is lairgely absent except tae some extent in Abha, which serves as a resort toun for mony Saudis durin the extremely het simmers.  Tribal laws an customs are still exceedingly strang amang the fowks o this region.

See an aw
 Habala

References

Freemit airtins
 Asir National Park : Splendid Arabia, An Online Guide tae the Kinrick of Saudi Arabia

Asir

'Asir Province