Annette Louise Greenfield Strauss (January 26, 1924 – December 14, 1998) was an American philanthropist and politician who served as the 55th mayor of Dallas. The Annette Strauss Artist Square in the Arts District of downtown Dallas, Texas is named in honor of her. She was the second female mayor and the second Jewish mayor of Dallas (Adlene Harrison was first; Laura Miller was the third). She was also the first woman elected to the post in her own right; Harrison served as a caretaker for the last months of Wes Wise's term after Wise resigned to run for Congress.

Life
Born in Houston, Texas, Annette Strauss graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in 1944. She moved to New York City where she received master's degrees in sociology and psychology from Columbia University. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa honor society and Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority. She worked as a Red Cross social worker in Houston for a year until she married Ted Strauss, Sr. Managing Director of Bear Stearns, in 1946 and moved to Dallas in 1947.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Strauss worked tirelessly as a fundraiser for various charities and organizations and also as a volunteer for a number of other organizations. She worked on behalf of the Dallas Symphony, the Crystal Charity Ball, Southern Methodist University, the United Way of America, the United Jewish Appeal, the Dallas Black Dance Theatre, Baylor University Medical Center and many other groups. Her efforts helped to raise millions for the arts in Dallas. Strauss was also one of the founding members of the Volunteer Center of North Texas.

Using her many connections in the city, Strauss was elected to a Dallas City Council seat in 1983. She became deputy mayor pro tem and then mayor pro tem in 1984. In 1987, Strauss ran for mayor of Dallas and won with 56 percent of the vote. Her opponents included the Texas Republican state chairman, Fred Meyer, a Dallas businessman originally from suburban Chicago.

During her tenure as mayor, Strauss helped to lead a city suffering from a sharp economic downturn.

While Mayor-Pro Tem, Annette spearheaded the effort to build a refuge for an increasing number of families living on the streets, victims of the collapsed Texas economy. The vision was a facility where homeless families could stay together as a family unit. A coalition of congregations responded, and Family Gateway was born. Originally named the Downtown Family Shelter, the S. St. Paul, 30-room facility was rededicated as the Annette. G. Strauss Family Gateway Center in 2000. The Center provides a private room, food and clothing for homeless families with children; coupled with the child care, educational and employment resources they need to recover from crisis and make positive choices for their future. Today, Family Gateway has grown to include transitional housing and permanent supportive housing units in the community to serve the growing number of homeless families. After 25 years Annette's original vision for Family Gateway continues today; to empower homeless families to break the cycle of homelessness and embrace a life of hope and promise.

In 1991, Strauss left the mayoral position and worked as a consultant and trustee for a number of boards and foundations, including the Children's Medical Center Foundation, the Dallas Methodist Hospitals Foundation, the St. Paul Hospital Foundation, the Timberlawn Foundation and the Texas Historical Foundation.  She was also appointed "Ambassador-at-large" for the city of Dallas, an honorary position she held until her death from cancer in 1998.  She was interred at Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery. Her husband Ted Strauss died on September 5, 2014.

Legacy
In recognition of her many years of humanitarian service, many things have been named for Annette Strauss, including the Annette G. Strauss Family Gateway Center, the Annette Strauss Institute for Civic Life at the University of Texas at Austin and also the Annette Strauss Artist Square, an open-air Performing Arts area in downtown Dallas.

References

External links

1924 births
1998 deaths
Women mayors of places in Texas
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Columbia University alumni
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
Jewish women politicians
Mayors of Dallas
Politicians from Houston
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Burials at Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
Jewish American people in Texas politics
20th-century American Jews

Annette Strauss


Hurricane Cindy was a tropical cyclone that reached minimal hurricane strength for a very short time in the Gulf of Mexico during July and made landfall in Louisiana. It was the third named storm and first hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Cindy was originally thought to have been a strong tropical storm at its strongest strength, but was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the post-storm analysis.

Hurricane Cindy formed on July 3 just east of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea. The depression soon made landfall on the peninsula and weakened before entering in the Gulf of Mexico on July 4. The storm restrengthened as it moved north becoming a hurricane just before making landfall on southern Louisiana on July 5. The storm weakened as it moved inland and became extratropical on July 7.

Cindy was responsible for a total of 3 deaths in the United States and`for bringing heavy rains to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Maryland. An unusually strong F2 tornado formed from Cindy's remnants and caused a lot of damage in Hampton, Georgia. Cindy also caused flooding and a very big blackout in New Orleans, Louisiana, which encouraged the people to evacuate when Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city in the next month.

Storm history

On June 24 a strong tropical wave formed off the African coast and moved quickly west across the Atlantic Ocean without any strengthening. The wave steadily became more organized as it came to the Caribbean Sea and late on July 3 it strengthened into Tropical Depression Three about 80 miles (130 km) east of Chetumal, Mexico. The models originally had difficulty predicting the future path of the depression and the forecasts from the National Hurricane Center agreed with this, predicting that the depression would maybe hit Texas. Anyhow, the depression developed quickly before making landfall on Yucatán Peninsula early on July 4 with 35 mph (55 km/h) winds. Cindy then began to lose its most of its strength and organization as it moved inland.

A new center of organization began forming later on July 4 when Cindy entered the Gulf of Mexico. This reorganization caused a notable change in the models, which now predicted a landfall in Louisiana. The depression moved north in the Gulf of Mexico and became a Tropical Storm Cindy early on July 5. Weakened shear allowed Cindy to strengthen more as it approached Louisiana and was a minimal hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds for a very short time when it made landfall near Grand Isle late on July 5. While it was thought that Cindy did not originally reach hurricane strength, but post-season re-analysis confirmed the upgrade.

Hurricane Cindy weakened back into a tropical storm as it crossed over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound before making a second landfall near Waveland, Mississippi with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds on July 6. Cindy moved to the northeast over Mississippi and Alabama, weakening to a tropical depression that day. The depression became extratropical over South Carolina on July 7 and moved to the northeast dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on July 9.

Impact

About 300,000 homes and businesses in southeast Louisiana and the Mississippi coastline lost electrical power while a storm surge of 4–6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters) affected the same area, causing some beach erosion in southern Louisiana.

In New Orleans, Louisiana, wind gusts reached 70 mph (110 km/h), many trees were destroyed or uprooted and various street flooding was reported. As thousands lost electrical power, the city experienced its worst blackout since Hurricane Betsy 40 years earlier. Although at the time, Cindy was still listed as a "Tropical Storm" by the weather service, many in New Orleans thought that Cindy was a hurricane, and referred to it as "Hurricane Cindy" before it was officially upgraded.

Even though Cindy had weakened to a depression and was deep inland, Cindy's effects were still felt; some parts of Atlanta Motor Speedway and Tara Field Airport in Hampton, Georgia suffered heavy damage from an F2 tornado created by the storm. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta had over 5 inches (130 mm) of rain on July 6, its sixth-highest one-day rainfall since 1878; most rain fell during just two hours (8 to 10  p.m. EDT). This is more rain than the area normally gets in all of July. Many other places, such as Slidell, Louisiana, Gulfport, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and Salisbury, Maryland, also saw over 5 inches (125 mm) of rain.

Cindy was also reported to have caused three deaths – two in Georgia (one direct) and another in Alabama.

Many people in the New Orleans metropolitan area thought Cindy would only create minimal effects from the storm, but found themselves cleaning up the mess and were without power for days after Cindy's strike. The experience encouraged many people to evacuate when the much more powerful Hurricane Katrina was heading towards the city less than two months later.

Naming
When Tropical Storm Cindy formed on July 5, it was the seventh time that the name had been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. Because Cindy did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
 List of hurricanes in Florida

References

Other websites

 The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Cindy.
 The NHC's archive on Hurricane Cindy.
 The HPC's archive on Hurricane Cindy .
 USA Today: Tropical Storm Cindy floods streets along Gulf Coast
 Photos of Cindy on al.com
 Times-Picayune article the following day via ohsep.louisiana.gov
 NASA article on Cindy's rainfall

Cindy
Cindy

Hurricane Cindy (2005)


Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer. The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until December 5, 1992. A second series, The New Adventures of Captain Planet, ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions. Both programs continue today in syndication.

Related pages
Captain Planet

1990s American animated television series
1990 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
English-language television programs

Captain Planet and the Planeteers


Michelle Monaghan (born March 23, 1976) is an American movie and television program actress. She was in the movies Eagle Eye, Made of Honor and Mission: Impossible III. She also acted in the television program Boston Public. Before acting, she appeared on the covers of several magazines. Monaghan was born in Winthrop, Iowa.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Iowa
1976 births
Living people
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors

Michelle Monaghan


Hail Mary - Ave Maria

ನಮಾನ್ ಮಾರ್ಯೆ,
ಕುರ್ಪೆನ್ ಭರ್ಲೆಲೆ ಸರ್ವೆಸ್ಪರ್ ತುಜೆ ಥಾಂಯ್ ಆಸಾ,
ಅಸ್ತರಯಾಂ ಮದೆಂ ತುಂ ಸೊದೈವ್,
ಆನಿ ಸೊದೈವ್ ತುಜೊ ಪುತ್ ಜೆಜು.

ಭಾಗೆವಂತ್ ಮಾರ್ಯೆ,
ದೆವಾಚೆ ಮಾಯೆ ಆಮಾಂ ಪಾಪ್ಯಾಂ ಖಾತಿರ್
ವಿಂತಿ ಕರ್ ಆತಾಂ ಆನಿ ಆಮ್ಚ್ಯಾ ಮರ್ಣಾಚ್ಯಾ ವೆಳಾರ್.

 ಆಮೆನ್

English Bhaxen

The Hail Mary, also commonly called the Ave Maria (Latin) or Angelic Salutation, is a traditional Catholic prayer asking for the intercession of the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. In Roman Catholicism, the prayer forms the basis of the Rosary and the Angelus prayers. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, a similar prayer is used in formal liturgies, both in Greek and in translations. It is also used by many other groups within the Catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans, Independent Catholics, and Old Catholics. Some Protestant denominations, such as Lutherans, also make use of a form of the prayer.

Based on the greeting of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary in the Gospel of Luke, the prayer takes different forms in various traditions. It has often been set to music, although the most famous musical expression of the words Ave Maria by Schubert does not actually contain the Hail Mary prayer.

Roman Catholic use

The Hail Mary is the essential element of the Rosary, a prayer method in use especially among Latin Rite (Western) Catholics. The Eastern Catholic Churches say a similar version of the Hail Mary. The Rosary consists traditionally of three sets of five Mysteries, each mystery consisting of one "decade" or ten Ave Marias. The 150 Ave Marias of the Rosary thus echo the 150 psalms. These meditate upon events of Jesus' life during his childhood (Joyful Mysteries), Passion (Sorrowful Mysteries), and from his Resurrection onwards (Glorious Mysteries). Another set, the Luminous Mysteries, is of comparatively recent origin, having been proposed by Pope John Paul II in 2002. Each of these Mysteries is prayed as a decade (a unit of ten), consisting of one Our Father (Pater Noster or The Lord's Prayer), ten Hail Marys, and one 'Glory Be' (Gloria Patri) (Doxology).

The Hail Mary is also the central part of the Angelus, a devotion generally recited thrice daily by many Catholics, as well as some Anglicans and Lutherans.

In English:
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

ಪಳೆಯಾತ್
Hail_Mary

ರೊಮನ್ ಕಾಥ್ಲಿಕ್ ಆಂಚಿಂ ಮಾಗ್ಣಿಂ
ಕನ್ನಡ್ ಪಾನಾಂ

ನಮಾನ್ ಮಾರ್ಯೆ ಮಾಗ್ಣೆಂ


Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as N, E, S and W.

North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.

If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.

Cardinal directions in world cultures

Through history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:

 East: Green or Blue
 South: Red
 West: White
 North: Black

Related pages
 Latitude
 Longitude
 Compass

Compass directions

Cardinal direction


Kangaroo rats are small rodents from North and Central America. They got their name because they look like small kangaroos when standing upright. But they are not related to kangaroos, except that they are mammals. The genus of the kangaroo rats is called Dipodomys.

Currently, there are 22 species in that genus. They vary in size from 10cm to 20cm, and they weigh between 35 and 180 grams for adult animals.

Kangaroo rats live in dry climates. They can live in deserts also, like the Thar Desert. This means that they have developed traits from other species that live in such climates, but are not related to them. Some of those species are the jerboas, which can be found in the deserts of Africa and Asia, and the hopping mice of the Australian Outback.

All of those species have highly developed hind legs. They also live in deep burrows that protect them from the worst heat of the day. Water may be difficult to find in such climates. Therefore, they only rarely need to drink water. Instead, they have a very efficient metabolism. Their kidneys are much more efficient than human kidneys. They can also chemically split off water from the food they eat.

Kangaroo mice are found in areas of the United States and Mexico, where there is some grass or vegetation left, but which have a rather dry climate.  Scientists call those areas arid and semi-arid. The animals live on seeds, leaves, nuts and other fruit they can find. They also catch insects. They are also known for stockpiling (keeping) some food in their burrows, for bad times.

Usually, the animals have a color that blends in nicely with the sandy surroundings. Most often they are a tone of dark yellow to deep brown.

They are nocturnal which means that they are active during the night.

Other websites

Geomyoid rodents
Mammals of North America

Kangaroo rat


A Plasma window is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.

As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, such as lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum, but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.

History
The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.

Plasma Valve

The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.

Properties
A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 kelvin. The only limit to the window's size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.

Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.

Other websites
Official article by Ady Hershcovitch - Inventor of the Plasma Window.
BROOKHAVEN LAB WINS R&D 100 AWARD FOR THE "PLASMA WINDOW"
Brookhaven National Laboratory - Where the Plasma Window was invented
News on the Plasma Window
Plasma Valve Patent

Physics

Plasma window


Long Day's Journey into Night is a play in four acts written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1939–1941 and first published posthumously in 1956. It is widely regarded as his magnum opus and one of the great American plays of the 20th century. It premiered in Sweden in February 1956 and then opened on Broadway in November 1956, winning the Tony Award for Best Play. O'Neill received the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for Drama posthumously for Long Day's Journey into Night. The work is openly autobiographical in nature. The "long day" in the title refers to the setting of the play, which takes place during one day.

Summary
The play takes place on a single day in August 1912. The setting is Monte Cristo Cottage, the seaside home of the Tyrones in Connecticut. The four main characters are the semi-autobiographical representations of O'Neill, his older brother, and their parents.

The play portrays a family struggling to grapple with the realities and consequences of each member's failings. The parents and two sons blame and resent each other for various reasons; bitterness and jealousy serve as proxies for ultimately failed attempts at tenderness and compassion. The family's enduring emotional and psychic stress is fueled by their shared self-analysis, combined with articulate honesty. The story deals with addiction, unfulfilled dreams, moral flaws, and the struggle of family relationships.

Synopsis

Act I
Living-room of the Tyrones' summer home, 8:30 am on a day in August, 1912
James Tyrone is a 65-year-old actor who had long ago bought a "vehicle" play for himself and had established his reputation based on this one role in which he had toured for years. Although that "vehicle" had served him well financially, he is now resentful that his having become so identified with this character has limited his scope and opportunities as a classical actor. He is a wealthy but somewhat miserly man. His money is all tied up in property, which he hangs onto despite impending financial hardship. His dress and appearance are showing signs of his strained financial circumstances, but he retains many of the mixed affectations of a classical actor in spite of his shabby attire.

His wife Mary recently returned from treatment for morphine addiction and has put on some much-needed weight as a result. She is looking much healthier than the family has been accustomed to, and they remark frequently on her improved appearance. However, she still retains the haggard facial features of a long-time addict. As a recovering addict, she is restless and anxious. She also suffers from insomnia. When Edmund, her younger son, hears her moving around at night and entering the spare bedroom, he becomes alarmed, thinking she is succumbing to her addiction. He questions her about it indirectly, but she reassures him that she just wanted to get away from her husband's snoring.

In addition to Mary's problems, the family is burdened by Edmund's coughing; they fear that he might have tuberculosis, and are anxiously awaiting a doctor's diagnosis. Edmund is more concerned about the effect a positive diagnosis might have on his mother than on himself. The constant possibility that she might relapse worries him still further.

Act II
The same, around 12:45 pm; and about a half-hour later
Jamie and Edmund taunt each other about stealing their father's alcohol and watering it down so he won't notice. They speak about Mary's conduct. Jamie berates Edmund for leaving their mother unsupervised. Edmund berates Jamie for being suspicious. Both, however, are deeply worried that their mother's addiction may have resurfaced. Jamie points out to Edmund that they had concealed their mother's addiction from him for 10 years, explaining that his naiveté about the nature of the disease was understandable but deluded. They discuss the upcoming results of Edmund's tests for tuberculosis, and Jamie tells him to prepare for the worst.

Mary appears. She is distraught about Edmund's coughing, which he tries to suppress so as not to alarm her, fearing anything that might trigger her addiction again. When Edmund accepts his mother's excuse that she had been upstairs so long because she had been "lying down", Jamie looks at them both contemptuously. Mary notices and starts becoming defensive and belligerent, berating Jamie for his cynicism and disrespect for his parents. Jamie is quick to point out that the only reason he has survived as an actor is through his father's influence in the business.

Mary speaks of her frustration with their summer home, its impermanence and shabbiness, and her husband's indifference to his surroundings. With irony, she alludes to her belief that this air of detachment might be the very reason he has tolerated her addiction for so long. Finally, unable to tolerate the way Jamie is looking at her, Mary asks him angrily why he is doing it. "You know!", he retorts, and tells her to take a look at her glazed eyes in the mirror.

Act III
The same, around 6:30 that evening
Mary and Cathleen return home from their drive to the drugstore, where Mary has sent Cathleen in to purchase her morphine prescription. Not wanting to be alone, Mary does not allow Cathleen to go to the kitchen to finish dinner and offers her a drink instead. Mary does most of the talking and discusses her love for fog but her hatred of the foghorn, and her husband's obvious obsession with money. Mary already took some of her "prescription." She talks about her past in a Catholic convent, the promise she had as a pianist, and plans for becoming a nun. She also makes it clear that, while she fell in love with her husband upon meeting him, she had never taken to the theatre crowd. She shows her arthritic hands to Cathleen and explains that the pain is why she needs drugs – an explanation which is untrue and transparent to Cathleen.

When Mary dozes off, Cathleen exits to prepare dinner. Mary awakes and begins to have haunting memories about life before marriage. She decides that her prayers as an addict are not being heard by the Virgin Mary and decides to go upstairs to get more drugs. Before she can do so, Edmund and James Sr. return home.

The men are drunk, but they realize that Mary is back on morphine. Jamie has not returned home, but has elected instead to continue drinking and to visit prostitutes. After calling Jamie a "hopeless failure", Mary warns that his bad influence will drag his brother down as well. After seeing the condition that his wife is in, James expresses the regret that he bothered to come home, and he attempts to ignore her as she continues her remarks, which include blaming him for Jamie's drinking. Then, as often happens in the play, Mary and James try to get over their animosity and attempt to express their love for one another by remembering happier days. When James goes to the basement to get another bottle of whiskey, Mary continues to talk with Edmund.

When Edmund reveals that he has consumption, Mary refuses to believe it, and attempts to discredit Dr. Hardy, due to her inability to face the reality and severity of the situation. She accuses Edmund of attempting to get more attention by blowing everything out of proportion. In retaliation, Edmund reminds his mother that her own father died of consumption, and then, before exiting, he adds how difficult it is to have a "dope fiend for a mother." Alone, Mary admits that she needs more morphine and hopes that someday she will "accidentally" overdose, because she knows that if she did so on purpose, the Virgin never would forgive her. When James comes back with more alcohol he notes that there was evidence that Jamie had attempted to pick the locks to the whiskey cabinet in the cellar, as he has done before. Mary ignores this and bursts out that she is afraid that Edmund is going to die. She also confides to James that Edmund does not love her because of her drug problem. When James attempts to console her, Mary again rues having given birth to Edmund, who appears to have been conceived to replace a baby they had lost before Edmund's birth. When Cathleen announces dinner, Mary indicates that she is not hungry and is going to bed. James goes in to dinner all alone, knowing that Mary is really going upstairs to get more drugs.

Act IV
The same, around midnight
Edmund returns home to find his father playing solitaire. While the two argue and drink, they also have an intimate, tender conversation. James explains his stinginess, and also reveals that he ruined his career by staying in an acting job for money. After so many years playing the same part, he lost his talent for versatility. Edmund talks to his father about sailing and of his failure to become a poet. They hear Jamie coming home drunk, and James leaves to avoid fighting. Jamie and Edmund converse, and Jamie confesses that although he loves Edmund more than anyone else, he wants him to fail. Jamie passes out. When James returns, Jamie wakes up, and they quarrel anew. Mary, lost in her drug-laden dreams of the past, comes downstairs. Holding her wedding gown, she talks about her convent days and how she lost her vocation by falling in love with James, while her husband and sons silently watch her.

Characters
 James Tyrone Sr. – 65 years old. He looks ten years younger and is about five feet eight inches tall but appears taller due to his military-like posture and bearing. He is broad-shouldered and deep-chested and remarkably good-looking for his age with light brown eyes. His speech and movement are those of a classical actor with a studied technique, but he is unpretentious and not temperamental at all with "inclinations still close to his humble beginnings and Irish farmer forebears". His attire is somewhat threadbare and shabby. He wears his clothing to the limit of usefulness. He has been a healthy man his entire life and is free of hang ups and anxieties except for fear of "dying in the poorhouse" and obsession with having money. He has "streaks of sentimental melancholy and rare flashes of intuitive sensibility". He smokes cigars and dislikes being referred to as the "Old Man" by his sons.
 Mary Cavan Tyrone – 54 years old, the wife and mother of the family who lapses between self-delusion and the haze of her morphine addiction. She is medium height with a young graceful figure, a trifle plump with distinctly Irish facial features. She was once extremely pretty and is still striking. She wears no make-up and her hair is thick, white and perfectly coiffed. She has large, dark, almost black, eyes. She has a soft and attractive voice with a "touch of Irish lilt when she is merry". Mary has been addicted to morphine since the difficult birth of her youngest son Edmund. The doctor who treated her simply gave her painkillers, which led to a longtime morphine addiction that continues to plague her.
 James "Jamie" Jr. – 33 years old, the older son. He has thinning hair, an aquiline nose and shows signs of premature disintegration. He has a habitual expression of cynicism. He resembles his father. "On the rare occasions when he smiles without sneering, his personality possesses the remnant of a humorous, romantic, irresponsible Irish charm – the beguiling ne'er-do-well, with a strain of the sentimentally poetic". He is attractive to women and popular with men. He is an actor like his father but has difficulty finding work due to a reputation for being an irresponsible, womanizing alcoholic. He and his father argue a great deal about this. Jamie often refers to his father as "Old Gaspard", a character from the opera Les cloches de Corneville, who is also a miser.
 Edmund – 23 years old, the younger and more intellectually and poetically inclined son. He is thin and wiry. He looks like both his parents but more like his mother. He has her big dark eyes and hypersensitive mouth in a long narrow Irish face with dark brown hair and red highlights from the sun. Like his mother, he is extremely nervous. He is in bad health and his cheeks are sunken. Later he is diagnosed with tuberculosis. He is politically inclined to have socialist leanings. He traveled the world by working in the merchant navy and caught tuberculosis while abroad.
 Cathleen – "The second girl", she is the summer maid. She is a "buxom Irish peasant", in her early twenties with red cheeks, black hair and blue eyes. She is "amiable, ignorant, clumsy with a well-meaning stupidity".

Several characters are referenced in the play but do not appear on stage:

 Eugene Tyrone – A son born before Edmund who died of measles at the age of two. He was infected by Jamie who was seven at the time and had been told not to enter his room but disobeyed. Mary believes that Jamie had the intent of hurting Eugene.
 Bridget – A cook.
 McGuire – A real estate agent who has swindled James Tyrone in the past.
 Shaughnessy – A tenant on a farm owned by the Tyrones.
 Harker – A friend of James Tyrone, "the Standard Oil millionaire", owns a neighboring farm to Shaughnessy with whom he gets into conflicts, often postulated to be based on Edward Harkness, Standard Oil heir, who had a summer home nearby in Waterford, Connecticut.
 Doctor Hardy – The Tyrones' physician at the insistence of James, though the other family members don't think much of him and suspect he is only their doctor because he is cheap.
 Captain Turner – The Tyrones' neighbor.
 Smythe – A garage assistant whom James hired as a chauffeur for Mary. Mary suspects he is intentionally damaging the car to provide work for the garage.
 The mistress – A woman with whom James had had an affair before his marriage, who had later sued him causing Mary to be shunned by her friends as someone with undesirable social connections.
 Mary's father – Died of tuberculosis.
 James's parents and siblings – The family immigrated to the United States when James was 8 years old. His father abandoned the family two years later and returned to Ireland, where he died after ingesting rat poison. It was suspected suicide but James refuses to believe that. He had two older brothers and three sisters.

History of the play
O'Neill finished revising the manuscript into its final version in March 1941. He did not want it ever produced as a play, and did not even want it published during his lifetime, writing to his friend, the critic George Jean Nathan: "There are good reasons in the play itself...why I'm keeping this one very much to myself, as you will appreciate when you read it."

O'Neill did not copyright the play. In 1945 he had a sealed copy of the manuscript placed in the document vault of publisher Random House, instructing that it not be published until 25 years after his death. He sent a second sealed copy to the O'Neill collection at Yale University.

Soon after O'Neill's death, his widow Carlotta Monterey demanded that Random House contravene O'Neill's explicit wishes and publish the play at once. "We refused, of course," wrote publisher Bennett Cerf in his memoirs, "but then were horrified to learn that legally all the cards were in her hand. … I do not regret that we took the stand we did, because I still think we were right." Monterey had the play published by the Yale University Press in 1956, with the bulk of the proceeds deeded to Yale's Eugene O'Neill Collection and for scholarships at its drama school.

Autobiographical content

In key aspects, the play closely parallels Eugene O'Neill's own life. The location, a summer home in Connecticut, corresponds to the family home Monte Cristo Cottage, in New London, Connecticut (the small town of the play). The actual cottage, today owned and operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, is made up as it may appear in the play. The family in the script corresponds to the O'Neill family, which was Irish-American, with three name changes. The family name "O'Neill" is changed to "Tyrone", which is the name of the earldom granted to Conn O'Neill by Henry VIII. The names of the second and third sons are reversed, "Eugene" with "Edmund". In fact, Eugene, the playwright, was the third and the youngest child, and he corresponds to the character of "Edmund" in the play. O'Neill's mother, Mary Ellen "Ella" Quinlan, corresponds to the character Mary Cavan. The ages are all the actual ages of the O'Neill family in August 1912.

Eugene O'Neill's father, James O'Neill, was a promising young actor in his youth, as was the father in the play. He also shared the stage with Edwin Booth, who is mentioned in the play. James O'Neill achieved commercial success in the title role of Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo, playing the title role about 6,000 times, but he was criticized for "selling out" for commercial success at the expense of artistic merit.

Eugene's mother Mary did attend Saint Mary's College, a Catholic school in the Midwest, of Notre Dame, Indiana. Subsequent to the date when the play is set (1912), but prior to the play's writing (1941–42), Eugene's older brother Jamie did drink himself to death (c. 1923).

Regarding O'Neill himself, by 1912 he had attended a renowned university (Princeton), spent several years at sea, and suffered from depression and alcoholism. He did contribute poetry to the local newspaper, the New London Telegraph, as well as reporting, and he was admitted to a sanatorium in 1912–13, suffering from tuberculosis (consumption), whereupon he devoted himself to playwriting. Thus, the events in the play are set immediately prior to O'Neill beginning his career in earnest.

Productions

Premiere productions

Long Day's Journey into Night was first performed on February 2, 1956, by the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm.  The production was in Swedish (as Lång dags färd mot natt). It was directed by Bengt Ekerot, with the cast of Lars Hanson (James Tyrone), Inga Tidblad (Mary Tyrone), Ulf Palme (James Tyrone Jr.), Jarl Kulle (Edmund Tyrone) and Catrin Westerlund (Cathleen, the serving-maid). The production was universally praised by the critics.

The Broadway debut of Long Day's Journey into Night took place at the Helen Hayes Theatre on 7 November 1956, shortly after its American premiere at Boston's Wilbur Theatre. The production was directed by José Quintero, and its cast included Fredric March (James Tyrone), Florence Eldridge who was March's wife in real life (Mary Tyrone), Jason Robards Jr. ("Jamie" Tyrone), Bradford Dillman (Edmund), and Katherine Ross (Cathleen). The production won the Tony Award for Best Play and Best Actor in a Play (Fredric March), and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play of the season.

The play's first production in the United Kingdom came in 1958, opening first in Edinburgh, Scotland, and then moving to the Globe Theatre in London's West End. It was directed again by Quintero, and the cast included Anthony Quayle (James), Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies (Mary), Ian Bannen (Jamie), Alan Bates (Edmund), and Etain O'Dell (Cathleen).

Other notable productions
1970: Memorial Art Center (Atlanta); with Robert Foxworth (James), Gerald Richards (Jamie), Jo Van Fleet (Mary), directed by Michael Howard.
 1971: Promenade Theatre (Off-Broadway), New York; with Robert Ryan (James), Geraldine Fitzgerald (Mary), Stacy Keach (Jamie), James Naughton (Edmund), and Paddy Croft (Cathleen), directed by Arvin Brown; 1971 Theatre World Award for Naughton and Drama Desk Vernon Rice Award for production. Recorded by Caedmon Records.
 1971: National Theatre, London; with Laurence Olivier (James), Constance Cummings (Mary), Denis Quilley (Jamie), Ronald Pickup (Edmund), and Jo Maxwell-Muller (Cathleen), directed by Michael Blakemore. This production would be adapted into a videotaped television version, which aired 10 March 1973; the cast was as above, excepting the substitution of Maureen Lipman (Cathleen). The TV version was directed by Michael Blakemore and Peter Wood. Olivier won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role.
 1973: The South Australian Theatre Company's Melbourne production is considered one of the landmark productions in Australian theatre, largely due to Patricia Kennedy's Mary, which was described as "the best female performance on the Melbourne stage in 1973".
 1976: Brooklyn Academy of Music, New York; with Jason Robards Jr. (James), Zoe Caldwell (Mary), Kevin Conway (Jamie), Michael Moriarty (Edmund), and Lindsay Crouse (Cathleen), directed by Jason Robards Jr.
 1986: Broadhurst Theatre (Broadway), New York; with Jack Lemmon (James), Bethel Leslie (Mary), Kevin Spacey (Jamie), Peter Gallagher (Edmund), and Jodie Lynne McClintock (Cathleen), directed by Jonathan Miller. A television version of this production was aired in 1987.
 1988: Neil Simon Theatre (Broadway), New York; with Jason Robards Jr. (James), Colleen Dewhurst (Mary), Jamey Sheridan (Jamie), Campbell Scott (Edmund), and Jane Macfie (Cathleen), directed by José Quintero. This production ran in repertory with O'Neill's play, Ah, Wilderness!, (in which the author's youth and family are depicted as he wished they had been), featuring the same actors. Dewhurst was also the real-life mother of Campbell Scott (by her marriage to actor George C. Scott).
 1988: Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm; with Jarl Kulle (James), Bibi Andersson (Mary), Thommy Berggren (Jamie), Peter Stormare (Edmund), and  (Cathleen), directed by Ingmar Bergman.
 1991: National Theatre, London and Bristol Old Vic co-production; with Timothy West (James), Prunella Scales (Mary), Seán McGinley (Jamie), Stephen Dillane (Edmund), and Geraldine Fitzgerald (Cathleen), directed by Howard Davies.
 1994: Stratford Festival, Stratford, Ontario; with William Hutt (James), Martha Henry (Mary), Peter Donaldson (Jamie), Tom McCamus (Edmund), and Martha Burns (Cathleen), directed by Diana Leblanc. This production was made into a film in 1996, directed by David Wellington.
 2000: Lyric Theatre, London; with Jessica Lange (Mary), Charles Dance (James), Paul Rudd (Jamie), Paul Nicholls (Edmund), and Olivia Colman (Cathleen).
 2003: Plymouth Theatre (Broadway), New York; with Brian Dennehy (James), Vanessa Redgrave (Mary), Philip Seymour Hoffman (Jamie), Robert Sean Leonard (Edmund), and Fiana Toibin (Cathleen), directed by Robert Falls.
 2005: Centaur Theatre, Montreal; with Albert Millaire (James), Rosemary Dunsmore (Mary), Alain Goulem (James Jr), Brendan Murray (Edmund), Laura Teasdale (Cathleen), directed by David Latham
 2007: Druid Theatre, Galway; with James Cromwell (James), Marie Mullen (Mary), Aidan Kelly (Jamie), Michael Esper (Edmund), and Maude Fahy (Cathleen), directed by Garry Hynes.
 2010: Co-production with Sydney Theatre and Artists Repertory Theatre, Sydney Theatre Company; with William Hurt (James), Luke Mullins (Edmund), Robyn Nevin (Mary), Emily Russell (Cathleen) and Todd Van Voris (Jamie), directed by Andrew Upton.
 2010: Riksteatret (Norway); with Bjørn Sundquist (James), Liv Ullmann (Mary), Anders Baasmo Christiansen (Jamie), Pål Sverre Valheim Hagen (Edmund) and Viktoria Winge (Cathleen), directed by Stein Winge.
 2011–2012 Apollo Theatre, London (UK); with David Suchet (James Tyrone) and Laurie Metcalf (Mary Tyrone), Trevor White (Jamie Tyrone), Kyle Soller (Edmund Tyrone) and Rosie Sansom as Cathleen, directed by Anthony Page. In Glasgow the production played at the Theatre Royal (26–31 March 2012).
 2016: American Airlines Theatre (Roundabout Theatre Company), Broadway, New York; with Jessica Lange (Mary), Gabriel Byrne (James), Michael Shannon (James Jr.), John Gallagher Jr. (Edmund) and Colby Minifie (Cathleen) directed by Jonathan Kent.
 2017: Geffen Playhouse, Los Angeles; with Jane Kaczmarek (Mary), Alfred Molina (James), Angela Goethals (Cathleen), directed by Jeanie Hackett.
 2017, 2018: Monte Cristo Cottage (Flock Theatre), New London, CT; with Anne Flammang (Mary), Christie Max Williams (James), Eric Michaelian (James Jr.), Victor Chiburis (Edmund), Amy Bentley/Madeleine Dauer/C.S.E Cooney (Cathleen), directed by Derron Wood. This production was performed in the actual room where O'Neill set the play with an extremely limited and intimate audience. Certain performances took place over the course of entire days at the approximate times that the scenes take place to utilize natural lighting. The production received a special award from the CT Critics Circle.
 2018: Stratford Festival, Stratford, Ontario (Canada); with Seana McKenna (Mary), Scott Wentworth (James), Gordon S. Miller (James Jr.), Charlie Gallant (Edmund), Amy Keating (Cathleen).
 2018: Wyndham's Theatre, London (UK); with Lesley Manville (Mary), Jeremy Irons (James), Rory Keenan (James Jr.), Matthew Beard (Edmund), Jessica Regan (Kathleen), Richard Eyre's production.
 2022: Minetta Lane Theatre, Off-Broadway (NYC); with Bill Camp (James), Elizabeth Marvel (Mary), Ato Blankson-Wood (Edmund), Jason Bowen (Jamie). Off-Broadway production directed by Robert O'Hara (Slave Play). An audio recording of this adaption is now available to stream on Audible.

Film adaptations
The play was made into a 1962 film starring Katharine Hepburn as Mary, Ralph Richardson as James, Jason Robards as Jamie, Dean Stockwell as Edmund, and Jeanne Barr as Cathleen. The movie was directed by Sidney Lumet. At that year's Cannes Film Festival Richardson, Robards and Stockwell all received Best Actor awards, and Hepburn was named Best Actress. Hepburn's performance later drew a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

In 1973, the ITV Sunday Night Theatre program on British television presented a videotaped television version of the 1971 production at the National Theatre directed by Peter Wood and starring Laurence Olivier, Constance Cummings, Denis Quilley, and Ronald Pickup. Olivier won a Best Actor Emmy Award for this performance.

A 1982 TV film directed by William Woodman was produced by ABC featuring an all-African American cast of Earle Hyman (James), Ruby Dee (Mary), Thommie Blackwell (Jamie), and Peter Francis James (Edmund).

A 1987 TV film directed by Jonathan Miller starred Kevin Spacey as Jamie, Peter Gallagher as Edmund, Jack Lemmon as James Tyrone, Bethel Leslie as Mary, and Jodie Lynne McClintock as Cathleen. Lemmon was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in Mini-Series or Made-for-TV Movie the following year.

A 1996 film adaptation was directed by Canadian director David Wellington and starred William Hutt as James, Martha Henry as Mary, Peter Donaldson as Jamie, Tom McCamus as Edmund and Martha Burns as Cathleen. The same cast had previously performed the play at Canada's Stratford Festival; Wellington essentially filmed the stage production without significant changes. The film swept the acting awards at the 17th Genie Awards, winning awards for Hutt, Henry, Donaldson and Burns. This version later was aired by PBS on its Great Performances series in 1999.

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

1986 Broadway revival

1988 Broadway revival

2003 Broadway revival

2016 Broadway revival

References

Further reading

External links

1956 plays
Broadway plays
Plays by Eugene O'Neill
Drama Desk Award-winning plays
Off-Broadway plays
Autobiographical plays
American plays adapted into films
Plays based on actual events
Pulitzer Prize for Drama-winning works
Tony Award-winning plays
West End plays
Fiction set in 1912
Plays set in Connecticut
Tragedy plays

Long Day's Journey into Night


London Gatwick Airport  is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. It is the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of passengers per year (7th in terms of international passengers). It is also often quoted as the world's busiest single runway airport, although strictly speaking it now has a second 'stand-by' runway, which can only be used when the main runway is out of use.

Overview
Gatwick is in Crawley, West Sussex (it used to be Charlwood, Surrey) 5 km (3 miles) north of the town centre, 46 km (28 miles) south of London and 40 km (25 miles) north of Brighton.

Gatwick is owned and operated by a group of companies, led by Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), after its previous owner BAA was forced to sell the airport by the Competition Commission due to its dominance in London and the South East, also owning Heathrow Airport.

With about 200 destinations, the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements in 2006. It was said that during 2007 Gatwick broke through the 35 million barrier for the first time in its history.

Usually, Charter airlines do not operate from Heathrow and therefore use Gatwick as their main base for London and the South East.

For the past 30 years, many flights to and from the USA have also used Gatwick because of the restrictions on access to Heathrow that were enshrined in the 1977 Bermuda II bilateral air services agreement between the UK and the US.

The airport is a major operational base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is also a major base for a number of charter airlines including First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomsonfly and XL Airways. Runway 8L/26R is mostly used as a taxiway.

London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

References

Other websites
 Gatwick Airport

Gatwick
Buildings and structures in West Sussex

London Gatwick Airport


Exercise physiology is the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide-range of physical exercise conditions. In addition, many exercise physiologists study the effect of exercise on pathology, and the mechanisms by which exercise can reduce or reverse disease progression. Professional bodies in most developed countries review and approve education programs to ensuring the quality and consistency of education.

Area of study
An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and perpheral nervous system function. Also, exercise physiologists range from basic scientists, to clinical researchers, to clinicians, to sports trainers.

Physiology
Evolutionary biology
Sports

Exercise physiology


Terministic screen is a term in the theory and criticism of rhetoric. It involves the acknowledgment of a language system that determines an individual's perception and symbolic action in the world.

Overview
Kenneth Burke develops the terministic screen in his book of essays called Language as Symbolic Action in 1966. He defines the concept as "a screen composed of terms through which humans perceive the world, and that direct attention away from some interpretations and toward others". Burke offers the metaphor to explain why people interpret messages differently, based on the construction of symbols, meanings, and, therefore, reality. Words convey a particular meaning, conjuring images and ideas that induce support toward beliefs or opinions. Receivers interpret the intended message through a metaphorical screen of their own vocabulary and perspective to the world. Certain terms may grab attention and lead to a particular conclusion. "Language reflects, selects, and deflects as a way of shaping the symbol systems that allow us to cope with the world".

Scientistic versus dramatistic
Burke describes two different types of terministic screens: scientistic and dramatistic. Scientistic begins with a definition of a term; it describes the term as what it is or what it is not, putting the term in black and white. When defining, the essential function is either attitudinal or hortatory. In other words, the focus is on expressions or commands. When terms are treated as hortatory, they are developed. Burke comments on why he uses developed rather than another word. "I say 'developed'; I do not say 'originating'. The ultimate origins of language seem to me as mysterious as the origins of the universe itself. One must view it, I feel, simply as the 'given' ". The dramatistic approach concerns action: thou shalt or thou shalt not. This screen directs the audience toward action based on interpretation of a term. Via terministic screens, the audience will be able to associate with the term or dissociate from it.

Social constructionism
"Social constructionism is a metaphor that attempts to capture the way Burke viewed the nature of the world and the function of language therein." Symbols, terms, and language build our view of life. Social constructionism allows us to look at Burke's theory in terms we recognize and are comfortable with.

Examples
When a person says gender, most people, based on their individual beliefs, normally think of male or female. However, some could think of intersex individuals. If someone says they think of male, female, and intersex, more would be reflected about the person based on their terminology. Still others would recognize gender as different from biological sex, and say they think of man, woman, and other genders. Another example occurs within the abortion controversy. A pro-choice advocate would most likely use the word "fetus" but opponents of legal abortion would use the word "baby", because the term stirs more realistic and relatable images and has a bearing on the legal status. Using the word "baby" versus "fetus" defines reality differently (scientistic) and guides people to act in a certain way (dramatistic) solely based on term selection that may be unconscious.

Importance
Words are absolute for thought and action. In other words, language is needed to perform thought and action. One can not think without language, and therefore can not act without language and thought. In his "Definition of Man" Burke refers to man as the "symbol using animal" because of man's capacity  to use a complex web of symbol systems (language) for meaning making. According to Burke, individuals create terministic screens consciously and unconsciously, as they perceive the world and share perspectives.  Burke contends these screens set up a network of beliefs through which all ideas will be interpreted. Communication scholar Paul Stob contends that the language we use is thus not just a direct reflection of our intelligence, but also of perception and culture.  David Blakesley posits that the terministic screen enables the further understanding of rhetorical perspectives. In each of these ways, the terministic screen allows for concepts to be interpreted in different ways by different people and contribute to the complexity of meaning.

See also

References

Rhetoric
Ideologies
Language
Social constructionism

Terministic screen


Context in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text. In order to understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation where they are used. In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around it. This helps the reader to understand the piece in question. In speech, the social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is said.

Something like: "You can take it whenever you need to" might refer to almost anything. However, if it is said by a doctor to a patient, then the context is clear, and the listener can guess it refers to some kind of medication. So the context is what goes with a text (written or spoken) which helps the reader (or listener) understand the communication.

However, to understand what is really going on, we may need to go beyond what is said or written. A simple phrase, such as "I hate you" can mean exactly the opposite. All kinds of clues are needed to understand what has been said. Along with verbal communication comes non-verbal communication.

Human communication
Linguistics

Context (language)


David Stewart (24 October 1378 – 26 Mairch 1402) wis prince an heir tae the throne o Scotland frae 1390 an the first Duke o Rothesay frae 1398. He wis named efter his great-great-uncle, David II o Scotland, an an aa held the teetles o Earl o Atholl (1398–1402) an Earl o Carrick (1390–1402). He shares wi his uncle an airch-rival, Robert Stewart, first Duke o Albany, the distinction o bein first Dukes tae be creatit in the Scots Peerage. David nivir acame King. His mairiage tae Marjorie Douglas, dauchter o Archibald the Grim, the third Earl o Douglas, wis wioot issue.

1378 births
1402 daiths
David Stewart, Duke o Rothesay
David Stewart, Duke o Rothesay
David Stewart, Duke o Rothesay
David Stewart, Duke o Rothesay
David Stewart, Duke o Rothesay
Dukes o Rothsay

David Stewart, Duke o Rothesay


The Treaty o Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) wis ane o the peace treaties at the end o Warld War I. It endit the state o war atween Germany an the Allied Pouers. It wis signed on 28 Juin 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years efter the assassination o Archduke Franz Ferdinand, that haed directly led tae the war. The ither Central Pouers on the German side signed separate treaties. Awtho the airmistice, signed on 11 November 1918, endit the actual feghtin, it teuk sax month o Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference tae conclude the peace treaty. The treaty wis registered bi the Secretariat o the League o Naitions on 21 October 1919.

O the mony proveesions in the treaty, ane o the maist important an controversial required "Germany [tae] accept the responsibility o Germany an her allies for causin aw the loss an damage" in the war (the ither members o the Central Powers signed treaties conteenin seemilar airticles). This airticle, Airticle 231, later becam kent as the War Guilt clause. The treaty required Germany tae disairm, mak ample territorial concessions, an pey reparations tae certaint kintras that haed formed the Entente pouers. In 1921 the tot cost o thir reparations wis assessed at 132 billion marks (then $31.4 billion or £6.6 billion, aboot equivalent tae US$442 billion or UK£284 billion in ). At the time economists, notably John Maynard Keynes (a Breetish delegate tae the Paris Peace Conference), predictit that the treaty wis ower hersh—a "Carthaginian peace"—an said the reparations feegur wis excessive an coonter-productive, views that, syne then, hae been the subject o ongaein debate bi historians an economists. On the ither haund, prominent feegurs on the Allied side, sic as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, creeticised the treaty for treatin Germany ower leniently.

The result o thir competin an whiles conflictin goals amang the victors wis a compromise that left na ane satisfied, an, in pairteecular, Germany wis naither pacified nor conciliatit, nor wis it permanently waikened. The problems that arose frae the treaty wad lead tae the Locarno Treaties, that impruived relations atween Germany an the ither European pouers, an the re-negotiation o the reparation seestem resultin in the Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, an the indefinite postponement o reparations at the Lausanne Conference o 1932.

Altho it is eften referred tae as the "Versailles Conference", anerly the actual signin o the treaty teuk place at the historic pailace. Maist o the negotiations war in Paris, wi the "Big Fower" meetings takin place generally at the Quai d'Orsay.

References

1919 in Fraunce
Airms control treaties
Treaty
Peace treaties o Fraunce
Peace treaties o Germany
Peace treaties o Italy
Peace treaties o Japan
Peace treaties o the Unitit Kinrick
Peace treaties o the Unitit States
Treaties concludit in 1919
Treaties entered intae force in 1920
Treaties o the Empire o Japan
Treaties o the French Third Republic
Treaties o the German Empire
Treaties o the Kinrick o Italy (1861–1946)
Warld War I treaties
Fraunce–Germany relations
Germany–Italy relations
Germany–Japan relations
Germany–Unitit Kinrick relations
Germany–Unitit States relations
Treaties o the Unitit Kinrick (1801–1922)

Treaty o Versailles


Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside.

History
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land.

Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.

In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.

Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.

Farms
Wine
German food
20th century in Germany

Flurbereinigung


The Commonwealth of Nations (also known only as "Commonwealth") is a confederation of countries. Originally, it was called the  British Commonwealth  which was founded in 1926 when the British Empire began to break up. Now, there are 56 member countries of the Commonwealth.

Only countries which were part of the British Empire are allowed to become members of the Commonwealth (although an exception was made for Rwanda, Mozambique and Gabon which were never colonised by Britain, when they were allowed to become members). Members are free to leave and rejoin the Commonwealth. However, joining or rejoining the Commonwealth can become difficult, when the candidate country has serious human rights violations.

Origin

The term the Commonwealth of Nations originated in 1884. Lord Rosebery was on a visit to Australia in 1884. At Adelaide he said that over a period of time a number of colonies of the British Empire will become free and many may become more independent. He further said that all of these countries would then become the Commonwealth of Nations.

Purpose

The Commonwealth of Nations is not a political organization. King Charles III is also head of state of 16 Commonwealth countries, referred to as Commonwealth realms. Canada and Australia are two of the largest realms.  A Secretary General manages the day-to-day matters of the Commonwealth of Nations. Patricia Scotland is the Secretary General since 2015. However, the United Kingdom or the Secretary General does not have any direct or indirect control over these countries. In fact, almost all the 53 members are independent countries with their own governments and hold Commonwealth Games. These countries have come together to form an association with some common aims. Such common aims include:
 To increase economic cooperation among the member countries.
 To encourage democracy in the member countries.
 To ensure that member countries follow human rights.

Some information

 The total population of all the 54 countries of the Commonwealth is about 2.245 billion. This is almost a third of the population of the whole world. About half of these live in India.
 The four largest Commonwealth nations by population are India at 1.37 billion, Pakistan at 230 million, Nigeria at 174 million, and Bangladesh at 166 million.
 Tuvalu and Nauru are the smallest members, each with less than 11,000 people.
 These 53 countries cover an area of 12.1 million square miles. This is about 21 % of the total land area of the world.
 The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 3.8 million square miles, Australia at 3.0 million square miles, and India at 1.3 million square miles.
 The economy of these countries is about 16 % of the world economy.
 Based on the purchasing power parity, the four largest economies are India at 2,600 billion US dollars, the United Kingdom at 1,500 billion US dollars, Canada at 930 billion US dollars, and Australia at 520 billion US dollars.

References

Other websites

 Commonwealth of Nations -Citizendium

1949 establishments

Commonwealth of Nations


People with stereotypic movement disorder often hurt themselves. Some people make behaviors such as keeping their hands in their pockets, to prevent these movements. Cause of stereotypic movement disorder is certain physical conditions, head injuries and use of some drugs (cocaine). Childhood habits can result in negative social interactions and avoidance by peers and family members. Some repetitive behaviors can cause damage. The most common treatment approaches used for children with this condition are therapies aimed at reducing stress that may trigger the movements and changing behaviors. Some medications may also help reduce stereotypic behavior. Naltrexone has been used with some success in reducing stereotypic self-injurious behavior. In some cases, antidepressants such as Prozac, Zoloft and Luvox (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), or Anafranil (a tricyclic antidepressant) may be helpful.

Disorders

Stereotypic movement disorder


Salicylic acid is a chemical substance. It is an acid. It is the base ingredient for a drug called aspirin. It is also used as a food preservative, and to treat diseases of the skin, like acne or warts. It is also used in shampoos to treat dandruff (flaking skin on the head).

Acids

Salicylic acid


A catwalk is a raised walkway. The term is most often used for fashion shows, where models walk along showing off the clothes. A catwalk on a ship is a passageway above decks. A similar term is runway, but it need not be off the ground.

Movie
Catwalk, a documentary on life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director Robert Leacock. The movie followed models Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, Kate Moss, and Carla Bruni as they jetted around London, Milan, Paris, and New York during Spring Fashion Week, including behind-the-scenes footage.  The movie was shot in black and white and colour, and featured many top designers at work, like a young John Galliano, Justin Thomas, Karl Lagerfeld, and Gianni Versace four years before his death.

Architectural elements
Fashion

Catwalk


The 25th annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 4 to 19 May 1972. The Palme d'Or went to the Italian films The Working Class Goes to Heaven by Elio Petri and The Mattei Affair by Francesco Rosi.

The festival opened with the French film L'aventure, c'est l'aventure by Claude Lelouch and closed with the British film Frenzy by Alfred Hitchcock.

Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1972 feature film competition:

Feature films
Joseph Losey (UK) Jury President
Bibi Andersson (Sweden)
Georges Auric (France)
Erskine Caldwell (USA)
Mark Donskoi (Soviet Union)
Miloš Forman (USA)
Giorgio Papi (Yugoslavia)
Jean Rochereau (France) (journalist)
Alain Tanner (Switzerland)
Naoki Togawa (Japan)
Short films
Frédéric Rossif (France) President
Istvan Dosai (Hungary) (Cinématographie official)
Vicente Pineda (Italy) (journalist)

Official selection

In competition - Feature film
The following feature films competed for the Palme d'Or:

Dear Louise (Chère Louise) by Philippe de Broca
A Fan's Notes by Eric Till
Havoc (Das Unheil) by Peter Fleischmann
Hearth Fires (Les Feux de la Chandeleur) by Serge Korber
I Love You Rosa (Ani Ohev Otach Rosa) by Moshé Mizrahi
Images by Robert Altman
Jeremiah Johnson by Sydney Pollack
King, Queen, Knave by Jerzy Skolimowski
Malpertuis by Harry Kümel
The Mattei Affair (Il Caso Mattei) by Francesco Rosi
Oil Lamps (Petrolejové lampy) by Juraj Herz
Pearl in the Crown (Perła w koronie) by Kazimierz Kutz
Red Psalm (Még kér a nép) by Miklós Jancsó
The Ruling Class by Peter Medak
The Seduction of Mimi (Mimí metallurgico ferito nell'onore) by Lina Wertmüller
Silence (Chinmoku) by Masahiro Shinoda
Slaughterhouse-Five by George Roy Hill
Solaris (Solyaris) by Andrei Tarkovsky
The Surveyors (Les arpenteurs) by Michel Soutter
To Find a Man by Buzz Kulik
Trotta by Johannes Schaaf
The True Nature of Bernadette (La vraie nature de Bernadette) by Gilles Carle
The Visitors by Elia Kazan
We Won't Grow Old Together (Nous ne vieillirons pas ensemble) by Maurice Pialat
The Working Class Goes to Heaven (La classe operaia va in paradiso) by Elio Petri

Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:

 Asta Nielsen by Asta Nielsen
 Bröder Carl by Susan Sontag
 Faustine et le bel été by Nina Companéez
 Frenzy by Alfred Hitchcock
 L'aventure c'est l'aventure by Claude Lelouch
 La dérive by Paula Delsol
 La Génération du désert by Nicole Stéphane
 Une guerre pour une paix by Nicole Stéphane
 Lisa and the Devil by Mario Bava
 Den gale dansker by Kirsten Stenbæk
 Le lys de mer by Jacqueline Audry
 Hvezda Betlémská by Hermína Týrlová
 Alye maki Issyk-Kulya by Bolotbek Shamshiyev
 Les Jeunes Filles En Fleurs by David Hamilton, Philippe Leroi
 Macbeth by Roman Polanski
 Marie by Márta Mészáros
 Merry-Go-Round by Kirsten Stenbæk
 Papa, les petits bateaux by Nelly Kaplan
 Roma by Federico Fellini
 Serata by Malvina Ursianu
 Sziget a szárazföldön by Judit Elek

Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:

Atlantyda by Piotr Szpakowicz
The Birth of Aphrodite by Leland Auslender
Le Fusil à lunette by Jean Chapot
Giovanni Michelucci by Fernando Cerchio
Hundertwasser's Rainy Day by Peter Schamoni
Jour de classe by Henri Jouf
Magic Graz by Curt Faudon
Malka dnevna muzika by Ivan Vesselinov
Mini by Stoian Doukov
I Omorfia tou thanatou by Nestoras Matsas
Operation X-70 by Raoul Servais
Pour solde de tout compte by Louis Pitzele
Een Zeer zonnige wereld by Pieter De Groot
Zikkaron by Laurent Coderre

Parallel sections

International Critics' Week
The following feature films were screened for the 11th International Critics' Week (11e Semaine de la Critique):

 Avoir 20 ans dans les Aurès by René Vautier (France)
 Fritz the Cat by Ralph Bakshi (United States)
 The Hamburg Uprising of 1923 (Der Hamburger Aufstand Oktober 1923) by Reiner Etz, Gisela Tuchtenhagen, Klaus Wildenhahn (West Germany)
 Dirty Money (La Maudite Galette) by Denys Arcand (Canada)
 Pilgrimage by Beni Montreso (United States)
 The Trial of Catonsville Nine by Gorgon Davidson (United States)
 Winter Soldier (Anonymous) (United States)
 Prata Palomares by André Faria (Brazil) (screening was canceled at the request of the Brazilian government)

Directors' Fortnight
The following films were screened for the 1972 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalizateurs):

 Alianza para el progreso by Julio César Ludueña (Argentina)
 All the Advantages by Christopher Mason (United Kingdom)
 The Birch Wood (Brzezina) by Andrzej Wajda (Poland)
 Confessions Among Actresses (Kokuhakuteki joyûron) by Yoshishige Yoshida (Japan)
 The Days of Water (Los días del agua) by Manuel Octavio Gómez (Cuba)
 Diary of a Suicide (Le journal d'un suicidé) by Stanislav Stanojevic (France)
 Los dias del amor by Alberto Isaac (Mexico)
 The Dupes (Al-makhdu'un) by Tewfik Saleh (Syria)
 Emitai by Ousmane Sembene (Senegal)
  by  (France)
 Family Life by Ken Loach (United Kingdom)
 Film Portrait [doc.) by Jerome Hill (United States)
 Il gesto by Marcello Grottesi (Italy)
 Hail by Fred Levinson (United States)
 Heat by Paul Morrissey (United States)
 Homolka a tobolka by Jaroslav Papoušek (Czechoslovakia)
 Land of Silence and Darkness (Land des Schweigens und der Dunkelheit) (doc.) by Werner Herzog (West Germany)
 Luminous Procuress by Steven Arnold (United States)
 Marjoe by Howard Smith, Sarah Kernochan (United States)
 The People by John Korty (United States)
 Postchi by Dariush Mehrjui (Iran)
 ¡Qué hacer! by Saul Landau, Raoul Ruiz, James Becket, Bill Yarhaus, Nina Serrano (Chile, United States)
 Reed: Insurgent Mexico (Reed, México insurgente) by Paul Leduc (Mexico)
 Le Sang by Jean-Daniel Pollet (France)
 São Bernardo by Leon Hirszman (Brazil)
 Savages by James Ivory (United Kingdom)
 Shura by Toshio Matsumoto (Japan)
 St. Michael Had a Rooster (San Michele aveva un gallo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (Italy)
 Summer Soldiers by Hiroshi Teshigahara (Japan)
 La tecnica e il rito by Miklós Jancsó (Italy)
  by Werner Schroeter (West Germany)
 Week-end à Sochaux by Groupe Medvedkine (France)
 Wezwanie by Wojciech Solarz (Poland)
 The Wise Guys (Les smattes) by Jean-Claude Labrecque (Canada)
 Die Zelle by Horst Bienek (West Germany)

Short films

 Autoportrait d'un pornographe by Robert Swaim (France)
 Camille ou la comédie catastrophique by Claude Miller (France)
 Celui qui venait d'ailleurs by Atahualpa Lichy, J.P. Torok (France)
 Das Kaputte Kino by H.H.K. Schoenherr (Switzerland)
 Death of a Sandwichman by G. Henderickx, Robbe De Hert (Belgium)
 Drug Abuse by Pat Lehman (United States)
 Empereur Tomato-Ketchup by Shuji Terayama (Japan)
 Homo Augens by Ante Zaninovic (Yougoslavie)
 Kamasutra Rides Again by Bob Godfrey (United Kingdom)
 La Chute by Paul Dopff (France)
 Le Cabot by P. Letellier J. (France)
 Le Sourire by Paul Dopff (France)
 Légendes et chateaux by Patrick Hella (Belgium)
 Luger by Georges Bensoussan (France)
 Saint-Denis sur Avenir by Sarah Maldoror (France)
 Yunbogi no nikki by Nagisa Oshima (Japan)

Awards

Official awards
The following films and people received the 1972 Official selection awards:
Grand Prix du Festival International du Film:
The Working Class Goes to Heaven (La classe operaia va in paradiso) by Elio Petri
The Mattei Affair (Il Caso Mattei) by Francesco Rosi
Grand Prix Spécial du Jury: Solaris (Solyaris) by Andrei Tarkovsky
Best Director: Miklós Jancsó for Red Psalm (Még kér a nép)
Best Actress: Susannah York for Images
Best Actor: Jean Yanne for We Won't Grow Old Together (Nous ne vieillirons pas ensemble)
Jury Prize: Slaughterhouse-Five by George Roy Hill
Short films
Grand Prix International du Festival: Le Fusil à lunette by Jean Chapot
Prix spécial du Jury: Operation X-70 by Raoul Servais

Independent awards
FIPRESCI
FIPRESCI Prize: Avoir 20 ans dans les Aurès by René Vautier
Commission Supérieure Technique
Technical Grand Prize: Zikkaron by Laurent Coderre
Other awards
Special Mention: Gian Maria Volonté for  La Classe operaia va in paradiso and Il Caso Mattei

References

Media

INA: Atmosphere at the 1972 Festival (commentary in French)
INA: Groucho Marx and Alfred Hitchcock at Cannes (interview in French and English)
INA: Présentation du film "Malpertuis" (commentary in French)
INA: The winners (commentary in French)

External links
1972 Cannes Film Festival (web.archive)
Official website Retrospective 1972
Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1972 at Internet Movie Database

Cannes Film Festival, 1972
Cannes Film Festival, 1972
Cannes Film Festival

1972 Cannes Film Festival


A repository is a way of storing information related to a file system. For version control software (VCS), it is used to store information about files, their size, date of creation, and any changes made to them (often called "commits"). Common examples of software that use repositories are Git and Mercurial, but others do exist.

A repository can be stored on a person's computer locally (not on the internet), but it can also be stored remotely (on a network or the internet). One of the most popular websites for hosting repositories is GitHub, however others such as GitLab exist. If a person wants to use a public repository on these kinds of websites, they can "clone" the repository onto their computer. This creates a copy of the repository, and all of the files (usually computer code) related to it. A person can then make changes to the repository, and they can "commit" those changes to their local repository (which means that their changes are recorded in the repository's history). If they wish to update the remote repository (the one stored online) they can "push" their changes to it. This updates the repository on the website or network location.

Related pages
 CTAN - Repository for LaTeX

Other websites
 GitHub

Computing
Computer science

Repository (data)


Alec Brownstein (born November 21, 1980) is an American creative marketer, the co-author of several humor books, and a film director. He attended The Haverford School in Haverford, Pennsylvania, and Tufts University. He is currently the Global Head of Creative at PayPal Honey and was previously the original Creative Director of Dollar Shave Club. Brownstein played a key role developing Dollar Shave Club's iconic voice and brand tone.

Books
Brownstein is the author of two bestselling comedy books.  His first book with co-author Justin Racz, 50 Relatives Worse Than Yours, was featured on CNN, FoxNews, NPR, as well as many local and satellite radio stations.  His second book with Racz, 50 Days Worse Than Yours, was featured on FoxNews, CNN, local and satellite radio stations, as well as such print outlets as Entertainment Weekly.

Films
Brownstein wrote and directed the short film Trevor's in Heaven which was an official selection of the Austin Film Festival as well as the New Filmmaker's Festival in New York and Los Angeles.  It can also be viewed online at YouTube.

Digital projects
In the summer of 2010, he received national and international media attention with The Google Job Experiment a social media experiment whereby creative directors at top advertising agencies saw ads directed only to them appearing only when they Googled their own names.

References

1980 births
American male writers
American film directors
Writers from Philadelphia
Living people
Tufts University alumni
Haverford School alumni

Alec Brownstein


Dijkstra's algorithm is a method to find the shortest paths between nodes in a graph. It is faster than many other ways to do this, but it needs all of the distances between nodes in the graph to be zero or more.

Algorithm

 Keep doing these steps:
 Find the thing that you have not yet drawn a mark next to that has the smallest number written next to it
 Draw a mark next to this thing
 Do these steps for each other thing connected to this place:
 Add the number written next to this thing and the distance of the connection together
 If the connected thing does not have a number written next to it, write the new number and the name of this thing next to the connected thing
 If the connected thing has a number written next to it and the new number is smaller than the written number:
 Draw a line over what is already written
 Write the new number and the name of this thing instead
 Stop when you have drawn a mark next to every thing in the list
When you have done all of these steps you can use the list to find the shortest way from the first thing to any other thing.  First write down the other thing.  Then keep doing these steps:
 Find the last thing you wrote down in the list
 Write down the thing written next to it
 Stop when you find the first thing
The connections between the things you have written down are the shortest way from the first thing to the other thing.

Pseudocode

In this pseudocode algorithm, the code , searches for the vertex  in the vertex set  that has the least  value.  returns the length of the edge connecting the two neighbor-nodes  and . The variable  on line 18 is the length of the path from the root node to the neighbor node  if it were to go through . If this path is shorter than the current shortest path recorded for , that current path is replaced with this  path. The  array contains a pointer to the next node on the source graph to get the shortest route to the source.

  1  function Dijkstra(Graph, source):
  2
  3      create vertex set Q
  4
  5      for each vertex v in Graph:
  6          dist[v] ← INFINITY
  7          prev[v] ← UNDEFINED
  8          add v to Q
  9      dist[source] ← 0
 10
 11      while Q is not empty:
 12          u ← vertex in Q with min dist[u]
 13
 14          remove u from Q
 15
 16          for each neighbor v of u:           // only v that are still in Q
 17              alt ← dist[u] + length(u, v)
 18              if alt < dist[v]:
 19                  dist[v] ← alt
 20                  prev[v] ← u
 21
 22      return dist[], prev[]

If we only want the shortest path between vertices  and , we can stop the search after line 15 if  (if the current node  is the target node).
Now we can read the shortest path from  to  by going backwards:

 1  S ← empty sequence
 2  u ← target
 3  if prev[u] is defined or u = source:          // Do something only if the vertex is reachable
 4      while u is defined:                       // Construct the shortest path with a stack S
 5          insert u at the beginning of S        // Push the vertex onto the stack
 6          u ← prev[u]                           // Traverse from target to source

Now sequence  is the list of vertices that make up one of the shortest paths from  to . If a path from  to  does not exist, sequence  will be empty.

References

 Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2001). "Section 24.3: Dijkstra's algorithm". Introduction to Algorithms (Second ed.). MIT Press and McGraw–Hill. pp. 595–601. .
https://github.com/xtaci/algorithms/blob/master/include/dijkstra.h

Other websites

Dijkstra's Algorithm in C++

Algorithms
Graph theory

Dijkstra's algorithm


James Moss (born September 22, 1971), better known by his stage name J. Moss, is an American gospel musician, composer, producer and arranger.

Early years
Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, James Moss went to Cass Technical High School, the son of Gospel star Bill Moss, Sr., and nephew of choir master Mattie Moss Clark. James spent much of his childhood on tours with his father's popular group, Bill Moss and the Celestials, and his cousins' group The Clark Sisters.  As an early teen, Moss was teamed with his brother Bill Moss, Jr. in the singing duo The Moss Brothers. They toured on weekends around the midwest and recorded two major label albums during their seven years together.

In this period James developed as a keyboardist and burgeoning songwriter. He was also learning first-hand the business of music. He attended Michigan State University for two years, but the desire to write and perform was too strong, and he left to seek a career in music.

Music career

Beginnings
Upon his return to Detroit, Moss signed with a small local Christian label Aviday Records and released two albums to little fanfare. Yet, during this time he became acquainted with Paul Allen and Walter Kearney. The three began working together as PAJAM.  Moss spent the mid-90s touring with The Clark Sisters and was signed, along with Karen Clark-Sheard, his cousin, to Island Records in 1996 to record a solo album. While a proper release never materialized for Moss before Island Black Music shut its doors, Clark's became a smash and introduced the Gospel world to the production powerhouse of PAJAM.

The J. Moss Project
Over the next seven years, the PAJAM team became Gospel music's most prolific hitmakers. However, Moss' desire to perform never went away, and in 2003 he and Allen began writing songs for what would ultimately become The J. Moss Project, released in September 2005 on GospoCentric Records.

Though PAJAM's work has been seen as a revolutionary blend of gospel and hip-hop style, The J. Moss Project is a surprisingly traditional affair. The set largely relies on familiar arrangements, and keeps its focus on Moss's clear tenor voice and strong backing choir vocals. The album made a grand entry with the upbeat lead single "I Wanna Be".

The disc includes a number of upbeat gospel numbers such as "Don't Pray and Worry" and "Psalm 150". J. Moss' lithe falsetto at times draws comparison to the likes of Prince and Tonéx on "Livin' 4". There are also several gentle ballads such as "Give You More" and the album's anthemic single "We Must Praise" that display J. Moss' range as a vocalist and songwriter.

V2...
On April 3, 2007, after several delays, J Moss released his second album V2... through GospoCentric Records. Appearances were made by contemporary Gospel group 21:03, Moss's cousin Kierra "Kiki" Sheard, Kirk Franklin, his cousin Karen Clark-Sheard, Marvin Winans of the famed Winans family, Byron Cage, Anthony Hamilton and American comedian, radio and television host Steve Harvey. Three bonus tracks ("Florida", "73 Degrees", and "Everybody Ain't Got a Word") were originally thought to be regular album tracks.

Just James
J. Moss released his third album Just James on August 25, 2009.  The album spawned two gospel hits, the double A-side "Restored/I Gave It Up" and "Rebuild" and its 2010 remix single.

V4...The Other Side
J. Moss released his fourth album V4...The Other Side on July 31, 2012, with songs "God's Got It", "The Other Side of Victory" "The Prayers" featuring Hezekiah Walker and Dorinda Clark-Cole, and the radio hit "Good and Bad".

Grown Folks Gospel
In 2014, J. Moss released his fifth album Grown Folks Gospel, which features Faith Evans, Fred Hammond, PJ Morton, 21:03 and the late Wayman Tisdale! The album includes the radio hit "Faith".

GFG Reload
On January 29, 2016, J. Moss released his sixth project, which includes a few favorites from the Grown Folks Gospel album, as well as a few new songs.

Discography

Albums
 The J. Moss Project (GospoCentric, 2004)
 V2... (GospoCentric, 2007)
 Just James (GospoCentric, 2009)
 Remixed, Rare & Unreleashed (GospoCentric, 2010)
 V4...The Other Side (GospoCentric, 2012)
 Grown Folks Gospel (Central South, 2014)
 GFG Reload (Central South, 2016)

Singles
 "We Must Praise"
 "Psalm 150"
 "Operator"
 "Praise On the Inside"
 "I'm Not Perfect" (featuring Anthony Hamilton)
 "Abundantly"
 "Restored"
 "I Gave It Up"
 "Rebuild"
 "Rebuild: The Remix"
 "The Prayers" (featuring Hezekiah Walker & LFC)
 "Good & Bad"
 "God's Got It"
 "Alright OK"
 "Beyond My Reach"
 "Faith"

Production discography

See also
PAJAM

References

External links
Official website of PAJAM

1971 births
Living people
American gospel singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Urban contemporary gospel musicians
Performers of Christian contemporary R&B music
Record producers from Michigan
Songwriters from Michigan
Singers from Detroit
African-American Christians
American Pentecostals
Cass Technical High School alumni
Members of the Church of God in Christ

J. Moss


The 1889 World Series was an end-of-the-year baseball playoff series between the National League champion New York Giants and the American Association champion Brooklyn Bridegrooms (later known as the Dodgers).

This Series was part of the pre-modern-era World Series, an annual competition between the champions of the National League and the American Association.  The Giants won this best-of-11-games series, 6 games to 3. The 1889 Series was the first involving solely New York City area clubs, and was part of the continuum of a long-standing rivalry that developed between the clubs in New York, particularly the Giants and the Dodgers. Brooklyn was then a separate city from New York; Brooklyn (and the other three boroughs) would merge with New York City in 1898. (see Timeline of New York City)

Despite this Series setback, the Brooklyn team would come back strong in 1890. The club transferred to the National League, and with the Giants suffering raids by the Players' League, would win the league championship; it was the first major league club to win consecutive pennants in two different leagues.

World Series summary

The New York Giants defeated the Brooklyn Bridegrooms in the 1889 World Series, 6 games to 3.

On October 17, the two clubs owners, John B. Day of the New York club and Charles H. Byrne of the Brooklyn club, met to arrange a post-season series. They agreed that the Series would end when one club had won six games. The Series commenced the next day, and continued through October 29, when the Giants won their sixth game, ending the Series.

Attendance was good for the first two games, at the Polo Grounds and Washington Park, respectively, but the weather turned cold and rainy, and the remainder of the Series was sparsely attended.

Game 1 saw a Seventh-inning stretch after somebody yelled "Stretch for luck."

Game 1, October 18, at New York – Brooklyn 12, New York 10
Game 2, October 19, at Brooklyn – New York 6, Brooklyn 2
Game 3, October 22, at New York – Brooklyn 8, New York 7 (8 innings)
Game 4, October 23, at Brooklyn – Brooklyn 10, New York 7 (6 innings)
Game 5, October 24, at Brooklyn – New York 11, Brooklyn 3
Game 6, October 25, at New York – New York 2, Brooklyn 1 (11 innings)
Game 7, October 26, at New York – New York 11, Brooklyn 7
Game 8, October 28, at Brooklyn – New York 16, Brooklyn 7
Game 9, October 29, at New York – New York 3, Brooklyn 2

References

Sources
Baseball Library chronology for 1889
Glory Fades Away: The Nineteenth-Century World Series Rediscovered, by Jerry Lansche, Taylor Publishing, Dallas, Texas, 1991: pp. 153–182.

See also
The original World Series

World Series
World Series
World Series
Brooklyn Dodgers postseason
New York Giants (NL) postseason
1889 in sports
October 1889 events
19th century in Brooklyn
19th century in Manhattan
Park Slope
Washington Heights, Manhattan
Baseball competitions in New York City

1889 World Series


The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service () was alongside the Norwegian Army Air Service the forerunner to the modern-day Royal Norwegian Air Force.

History
The RNNAS was established on 1 June 1912,  with the maiden flight of the HNoMS Start, piloted by Hans Dons. The founding of the Air Service was based largely on pride. On 19 April 1912 newspapers had reported that a Swedish pilot was planning to fly over Moss and Horten. Horten was the site of the main base of the Royal Norwegian Navy. Three officers of the Norwegian submarine Kobben decided that it would be a shame if they were not able to beat him to it.

Later that year, the Maurice Farman biplanes Njaal and Gange Rolf were purchased.

In 1915 the Navy established its own aircraft factory and a flying school.

The main flight base was established in Horten. Other naval air stations were established in Kristiansand in 1918, Bergen in 1919 and in Tromsø shortly before the invasion in 1940.

Second World War

The Norwegian Campaign

In 1940 most of the planes in Norwegian service were outdated, and the 1 100 transport and fighter planes of the Luftwaffe  soon gained air superiority. The armed resistance in Norway was abandoned 9 June 1940, although some Norwegians would continue the fight abroad. The aircraft of the Norwegian Naval Airforce were the only ones which had the range to fly all the way from the remaining bases in Northern Norway to Britain. Amongst the Norwegian aircraft which reached Britain were four German made Heinkel He 115 sea planes, a fifth escaping to Finland. Three Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.11 maritime reconnaissance aircraft also made it to Finland, landing on Lake Salmijärvi in Petsamo on 8 June. Six He 115s were bought before the war, and another two were captured from the Germans during the Norwegian Campaign. A captured Arado Ar 196 from the German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper was also flown from Norway to Britain for testing.

The RNNAS in exile

The Army and Navy air forces established themselves in Britain under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Norwegian air and ground crews operated as part of the British Royal Air Force, both in wholly Norwegian squadrons, and in others. The first exile air unit was the 330 Squadron equipped with Northrop torpedo-bombers. This squadron was established in the autumn of 1940 and was operating from Akureyri, Iceland,  from July 1941. On 28 January 1943 the entire squadron relocated to Oban, Scotland where it began to re-equip with Short Sunderlands. The second maritime squadron was the 333 squadron established in 1943 in Woodhaven, Scotland equipped with Catalina sea planes and Mosquito fighter-bombers. At the start of the war, Norwegian personnel received flight training at Toronto, Canada, at Toronto Island Airport.  The advantage of this site was its ability to provide both basic flight and seaplane training.  Although the airport is located on an island in the harbour, personnel were housed in barracks on the mainland, in a neighbourhood which is still known today as Little Norway.  On 10 May 1945 the Mosquitos were formed into a third separate squadron - 334 Squadron. Both planes and running costs were financed by the exiled Norwegian government.

The Royal Norwegian Air Force
The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service ceased to exist on 10 November 1944 when the Royal Norwegian Air Force was established.

In honour of the achievements of the RNoAF Squadrons of the World War II The Royal Norwegian Air Force has maintained the RAF squadron names. Thus Norway still has 330 and 333 squadrons, respectively flying Sea King helicopters and Orion Maritime Patrol Aircraft. 334 Squadron is currently deactivated and is going to reform with NH90 utility helicopters sometime in 2007.

See also
Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk
Norwegian Army Air Service

Footnotes

Bibliography

Military units and formations disestablished in 1944
Military units and formations established in 1912
Naval aviation services
Royal Norwegian Navy
Royal Norwegian Air Force
1912 establishments in Norway
1944 disestablishments in Norway

Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service


Zatch Bell! is a Japanese-American animated television series, anime, and manga. The series is about a teenage boy, named Kiyo, who found this boy named "Zatch". Zatch is actually a Mamodo. He came from the Mamodo World where hundreds of other Mamodos came from. However, another Mamodo, named Zeno, somehow erased Zatch's memory. Zatch can not remember anything of his past in the Mamodo World. The reason why all the Mamodos are in the real world is to battle. When one enters the world, they must find a human to be their partner and to use a book of spells that came with them. Only humans can read the spells and cause the Mamodo to do a certain action. Examples of these spells would be to create a lightning bolt, create a shield, or move very fast. As a person becomes stronger physically and emotionally new spells are written into the book so that the human can read and use them.

By burning the book, the Mamodo gets sent back to the Mamodo World. If the Mamodo gets badly beaten, he will also be sent away. The last Mamodo standing will be 'King' of the Mamodos. Zatch decides that he wants to be a Belovelent King or Kind King to stop all the battles. In their adventure, they come across many enemies and allies.

Characters

Zatch Bell
Zatch Bell is main character of this story.

Kiyo Takamine
Kiyo Takamine is another main character of this story. He is the partner of Zatch Bell. And he is very cool.

Tia
Tia is one of Zatch's friends.

Megumi
Megumi is one of Kiyo's friends. She is the partner of Tia. And she is a famous Japanese idol.

Zofis
Zofis is one of main antagonists. He is evil genius. He likes manipulate others.

Koko
Koko is the partner of Zofis.

References

Other websites
Information on the English anime

Zatch Bell!