Movies Anywhere (MA) is a cloud-based digital rights locker and over-the-top streaming platform that allows users to stream and download purchased films, including digital copies redeemed from codes found in home video releases as well as digital purchases from participating services. Movies Anywhere is operated by The Walt Disney Company. The platform provides content from Walt Disney Studios, Sony Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. The system utilizes an internal platform known as KeyChest, which synchronizes content licenses from digital distribution platforms linked to a central user account.

Movies Anywhere was first launched on February 25, 2014 as Disney Movies Anywhere (DMA), with content from Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars-branded films on iOS with iTunes Store integration; the service has since been extended to other platforms and storefronts, including Amazon Video, Google TV (formerly Play Movies & TV), Microsoft Movies & TV, and Vudu, along with subscribers of DirecTV, Xfinity, and Verizon Fios TV services. On October 12, 2017, DMA was relaunched as Movies Anywhere, with other studios joining Disney in offering their film titles through the platform. Sometime in 2018, titles on Google Play Movies & TV linked through Movies Anywhere were also made available through the "Purchased Movies" heading on a customer's YouTube account.

Until July 2019, Movies Anywhere was a competitor to the UltraViolet platform that was deployed by other major film studios; Disney declined to back the platform in favor of promoting KeyChest as an alternative. On January 31, 2019, the consortium behind UltraViolet (DECE) announced that it would shut down its services on July 31, 2019. The studios remaining with UltraViolet, including Paramount Pictures, MGM, Lionsgate, and many other non-participating movie studios, did not move and switch over to Movies Anywhere.

History
In 2009, Disney unveiled a rights synchronization platform known as KeyChest, which would allow content purchases via digital distribution platforms to be queried and used to build a centralized library. The company explained that this system would allow "persistent" access to purchased content across multiple digital platforms, including television set-top boxes and mobiles. The platform was viewed as being a competitor to UltraViolet, a competing concept developed by DECE, a consortium containing all other major U.S. film studios but Disney.

Disney Movies Anywhere (DMA) originally launched on February 25, 2014, as an iOS app that allows users to link Disney films purchased on iTunes Store into a unified library with digital copies of Disney films purchased on physical media, so that they can be streamed or downloaded. The integration is achieved by linking a user's Apple ID with a Disney account. The app also allows users to browse through a catalog of Disney films available on iTunes Store, access supplemental content such as interviews and behind-the-scenes footage, and participate in the Disney Movie Rewards program. Walt Disney Studios CTO Jamie Voris explained that the app was designed to provide a "rich, interactive experience" around its content as an alternative to "utilitarian" online stores and that Disney planned to seek additional retail partners for the service in the future.

In November 2014, support for Google Play Movies & TV and Vudu was added. In September 2015, support for Amazon Video and Microsoft Movies & TV was added, and DMA apps for Android TV and Roku were also released. In August 2016, Verizon Fios became the first television provider to integrate with DMA, allowing purchases through Fios On Demand to be synced into DMA libraries.

In September 2017, DMA ceased support for Microsoft Movies & TV, with future purchases no longer automatically accessible through the linked library. However, in August 2018 support for the service provider was officially restored under Movies Anywhere.

On October 10, 2017, it was reported that the DMA platform would expand to include content from non-Disney studios under the name Movies Anywhere, with 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. serving as initial partners, with Paramount Pictures, Lionsgate, and Metro-Goldwyn Mayer expressing interest. It would also include titles from Disney's Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures divisions that were previously unavailable on DMA. The DMA platform service network was relaunched on October 12, 2017. The Verge felt that the new platform could be used to replace the commercially unsuccessful UltraViolet platform (which Disney did not support). For physical copies of films printed pre-Movies Anywhere, these studios now route users redeeming codes formerly meant for their redemption portals and Ultraviolet to the redemption section of the Movies Anywhere site.

Just two months after launch, at the January 2018 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, General Manager Karin Gilford announced that consumers' accounts had accumulated nearly 80 million movies. That same month, Movies Anywhere was picked the 2018 winner of Home Media Magazine's inaugural Media Play News Fast Forward Awards, honoring people, technologies, organizations, products, or services that move the home entertainment industry forward. On February 28, 2018, The Walt Disney Company shut down its Disney Movies Anywhere website and mobile app service platform network, transferring its Disney digital movie collection library content to the Movies Anywhere website and mobile app service platform network.

Support for FandangoNow was added on March 13, 2018, with talks also resuming between Movies Anywhere and Microsoft Movies & TV. By then, there were more than 100 million movies in consumer accounts.

On August 6, 2018, it was announced that Microsoft Movies & TV would be rejoining the Movies Anywhere platform service network. By then, the number of movies in customer accounts had grown to more than 135 million.

On December 5, Comcast's Xfinity became the second cable provider, after Fios, to partner with Movies Anywhere; subscribers utilize their TV Everywhere login to connect their account to the service.

On January 31, 2019, Ultraviolet announced that it would terminate its services on July 31, 2019, owing to increased support for Movies Anywhere. While Lionsgate and Paramount dropped out of that service in July and December 2018, they have not made any transition to Movies Anywhere. MGM, the remaining studio that continued to utilize Ultraviolet, also did not transition to Movies Anywhere (although some MGM films like Missing Link and Booksmart also end up in Movies Anywhere, usually through 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment).

On March 17, 2020, Movies Anywhere announced users can now share movies with other Movies Anywhere users. Users can share up to 3 movies per month and the user the movie is shared to has 14 days to watch it, but 72 hours to finish the movie once started. The service officially launched in September 2020.

In August 2020, DirecTV became the first satellite TV provider to join the Movies Anywhere platform.

The logo for Movies Anywhere has been criticized by Australians on social media sites, with the criticism stemming from the fact that the Movies Anywhere logo resembles the logo of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The logo consists of a combination of the letters M and A, while the ABC's logo is based on the Lissajous curve. Movies Anywhere is not available in Australia.

On August 3, 2021, FandangoNOW merged with Vudu, although it continued to be under the Movies Anywhere platform with Vudu.

References

External links
  – official site

Transactional video on demand
Disney technology
Internet properties established in 2014
Internet properties established in 2017
Digital rights management systems
The Walt Disney Company subsidiaries

Movies Anywhere


Maria Luísa of Spain (24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Background

Maria Luisa was born in Portici, in Campania, the site of the summer palace (Reggia di Portici) of her parents, King Charles, King of Naples and Sicily and Maria Amalia of Saxony. She was the fifth daughter, and second surviving child, of her parents. Her father became King of Spain as Charles III in 1759, and she moved with her family to Spain. Her first cousins included Louis XVI, Maria I of Portugal and Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia.

Grand Duchess of Tuscany

On 16 February 1764 she was married by proxy at Madrid to Archduke Peter Leopold, the second son of Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, and the heir apparent to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The next year, on 5 August, she married him in person at Innsbruck. Only a few days later, the death of Emperor Francis made Maria Luisa's husband the new Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the newly married couple moved to Florence, where they would live for the next twenty-five years.

Holy Roman Empress

In 1790, on the death of Peter Leopold's childless brother, Joseph II, Maria Luisa's husband inherited the Habsburg lands in Central Europe, and was shortly thereafter elected Holy Roman Emperor.  Taking the name of Leopold II, the new Emperor moved his family to Vienna, where Maria Luisa took on the role of imperial consort.  Leopold died scarcely two years later, dying on 1 March 1792.  Maria Luisa followed her husband to the grave in less than three months, not living long enough to see her eldest son Francis elected as the last Holy Roman Emperor.

Mozart's opera La clemenza di Tito was commissioned by the Estates of Bohemia as part of the festivities that accompanied the coronation of Maria Luisa and her husband Leopold as king and queen of Bohemia in Prague on  6 September 1791.  In musical circles, Maria Luisa is famous for her putative denigration of Mozart's opera as "German rubbish" ("una porcheria tedesca"), however no claim that she made this remark pre-dates the publication in 1871 of Alfred Meissner's Rococo-Bilder: nach Aufzeichnungen meines Grossvaters, a collection of stories about cultural and political life in Prague in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Issue

Maria Theresa of Austria (14 January 1767 - 7 November 1827) marrried Anton of Saxony and had issue.
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (12 February 1768 - 2 March 1835) married Elisabeth of Württemberg and had issue; married Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily and had issue; married Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este no issue; married Caroline Augusta of Bavaria no issue.
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (6 May 1769 - 18 June 1824) married Luisa of Naples and Sicily and had issue; married Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony no issue.
Maria Anna of Austria (22 April 1770 - 1 October 1809) died unmarried.
Charles of Austria (5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) married Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg and had issue.
Alexander Leopold of Austria (14 August 1772 - 12 July 1795) died unmarried.
Albrecht Johann Joseph of Austria (19 September 1773 - 22 July 1774) died in infancy.
Maximilian of Austria (23 December 1774- 10 March 1778)  died in infancy.
Joseph of Austria (9 March 1776 - 13 January 1847) married Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia and had issue; married  Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and had issue; married Maria Dorothea of Württemberg and had issue.
Maria Clementina of Austria (1777 - 1801) married Prince Francesco, Duke of Calabria and had issue.
Anton of Austria (1779 - 1835) died unmarried unmarried, Grand Master of Teutonic Knights
Johann of Austria (1782 - 1859) married morganatically.
Rainer of Austria (30 September 1783 - 16 January 1853) married Elisabeth of Savoy and had issue.
Louis of Austria (13 December 1784 - 21 December 1864) died unmarried.
Rudolph of Austria (8 January 1788 - 24 July 1831) died unmarried.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

24 November 1745 – 16 February 1764 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Maria Luisa
16 February 1764 – 20 February 1790 Her Royal Highness The Grand Duchess of Tuscany
20 February 1790 – 1 March 1792 Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Empress
1 March 1792 - 15 May 1792 Her Imperial Majesty The Dowager Holy Roman Empress

Other websites

Holy Roman Empresses consort
Spanish House of Bourbon
1745 births
1792 deaths
Spanish infantes and infantas
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Habsburg Dynasty
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Counts and countesses of Flanders
People from Campania
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily

Maria Luisa of Spain


The Siegfried Line, known in German as the Westwall (= western bulwark), was a German defensive line built during the 1930s (started 1936) opposite the French Maginot Line. It stretched more than  from Kleve on the border with the Netherlands, along the western border of Nazi Germany, to the town of Weil am Rhein on the border with Switzerland. The line featured more than 18,000 bunkers, tunnels and tank traps.

From September 1944 to March 1945, the Siegfried Line was subjected to a large-scale Allied offensive.

Name
The official name for the German defensive line construction program before and during the Second World War that collectively came to be known as the "Westwall" (and "Siegfried Line", or sometimes "West Wall", in English) changed several times during the late 1930s, reflecting areas of progress:

 Border Watch programme (pioneering programme) for the most advanced positions (1938)
 Limes programme (1938)
 Western Air Defense Zone (1938)
 Aachen–Saar programme (1939)
 Geldern Emplacement between Brüggen and Kleve (1939–1940)

These programmes were all pushed forward with the highest priority, putting a heavy demand on the available resources.

The origin of the name "Westwall" is unknown, but it appeared in popular use from the middle of 1939; there is a record of Hitler sending an Order of the Day to the soldiers and the workers at the "Westwall" on 20 May 1939.

History

Minor early role
The Siegfried Line at the start of the Second World War had serious weaknesses. German General Alfred Jodl said after the war that it was "little better than a building site in 1939", and when Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt inspected the line, the weak construction and insufficient weapons caused him to laugh. Despite France's declaration of war on Germany at the beginning of the Second World War, there was no major combat at the Siegfried Line at the start of the campaign in the west, except for a minor offensive by the French. Instead, both sides remained stuck in the so-called Phoney War, where neither side attacked the other and both stayed in their safe positions.

The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda drew foreign attention to the unfinished Westwall, in several instances showcasing incomplete or test positions to portray the project finished and ready for action. During the Battle of France, French forces made minor attacks against some parts of the line, but the majority was left untested. When the campaign finished, transportable weapons and materials (metal doors for instance) were removed from the Siegfried Line and used in other places such as the Atlantic Wall defences.  The concrete sections were left in place in the countryside and soon became completely unfit for defense.  The bunkers were instead used for storage.

Reactivation in 1944

With the D-Day landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944, war in the west broke out once more. On 24 August 1944, Hitler gave a directive for renewed construction on the Siegfried Line. 20,000 forced labourers and members of the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service), most of whom were 14–16-year-old boys, attempted to re-equip the line for defence purposes. Local people were also called in to carry out this kind of work, mostly building anti-tank ditches.

Even during construction, it was becoming clear that the bunkers could not withstand the newly developed armour-piercing weapons. At the same time as the reactivation of the Siegfried Line, small concrete "Tobruks" were built along the borders of the occupied area. These bunkers were mostly dugouts for single soldiers.

Clashes

In August 1944, the first clashes took place on the Siegfried Line; the section of the line where most fighting took place was the Hürtgenwald (Hürtgen Forest) area in the Eifel,  southeast of Aachen. The Aachen Gap was the logical route into Germany's Rhineland and a main industrial area and was therefore where the Germans concentrated their defence.

The Americans committed an estimated 120,000 troops plus reinforcements to the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. The battle in this heavily forested area claimed the lives of 24,000 American soldiers plus 9,000 so-called nonbattle casualties—those evacuated because of fatigue, exposure, accidents and disease. The German death toll is not documented. After the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, the Battle of the Bulge began, starting in the area south of the Hürtgenwald, between Monschau and the Luxembourgish town of Echternach. This offensive was a last-ditch attempt by the Germans to reverse the course of the war in the West. German loss of life and material was severe, and the effort failed. There were serious clashes along other parts of the Siegfried Line and soldiers in many bunkers refused to surrender, often fighting to the death. By early 1945 the last Siegfried Line bunkers had fallen at the Saar and Hunsrück.

The British 21st Army Group also attacked the Siegfried Line. This army group included US formations and the resulting fighting brought total US losses to approximately 68,000. In addition, the First Army incurred over 50,000 non-battle casualties and the Ninth Army over 20,000. This brings the overall cost of the Siegfried Line Campaign, in US personnel, close to 140,000.

Postwar period

During the postwar period, many sections of the Siegfried Line were removed using explosives.

Preservation and destruction
In North Rhine Westphalia, about thirty bunkers still remain; most of the rest were either destroyed with explosives or covered with earth. Tank traps still exist in many areas; in the Eifel, they run over several kilometres. Zweibrücken Air Base was built on top of the Siegfried Line. When the base was still open, the remnants of several old bunkers could be seen in the tree line near the base's main gate. Another bunker was outside the base perimeter fence near the base hospital. Once the base was closed, workers, digging up the base's fuel tanks, discovered lost bunkers buried below the tanks.

Since 1997, with the motto "The value of the unpleasant as a memorial" (Der Denkmalswert des Unerfreulichen), an effort has been made to preserve the remains of the Siegfried Line as a historical monument. This was intended to stop reactionary fascist groups from using the Siegfried Line for propaganda purposes.

At the same time, state funding was still being provided to destroy the remains of the Siegfried Line. For this reason, emergency archaeological digs took place whenever any part of the line was removed, for example for road building. Archaeological activity was not able to stop the destruction of these sections but furthered scientific knowledge and revealed details of the line's construction.

Environmental conservation
Nature conservationists consider the remains of the Siegfried Line valuable as a chain of biotopes where, thanks to its size, rare animals and plants can take refuge and reproduce. This effect is magnified because the concrete ruins cannot be used for agricultural or forestry purposes.

Westwall construction programmes

Border Watch
Small bunkers with  thick walls were set up with three embrasures towards the front. Sleeping accommodations were hammocks. In exposed positions, similar small bunkers were erected with small round armoured "lookout" sections on the roofs. The programme was carried out by the Border Watch (Grenzwacht), a small military troop activated in the Rhineland immediately after the region was re-militarised by Germany after having been de-militarised following the First World War.

Limes

The Limes programme began in 1938 following an order by Hitler to strengthen fortifications on the western German border. Limes refers to the former borders of the Roman Empire; the cover story for the programme was that it was an archaeological study.

Its Type 10 bunkers were more strongly constructed than the earlier border fortifications. These had  thick ceilings and walls. A total of 3,471 were built along the entire length of the Siegfried Line. They featured a central room or shelter for 10–12 men with a stepped embrasure facing backwards and a combat section  higher. This elevated section had embrasures at the front and sides for machine guns. More embrasures were provided for riflemen, and the entire structure was constructed so as to be safe against poison gas.

Heating was from a safety oven, the chimney of which was covered with a thick grating. Space was tight, with about  per soldier, who was given a sleeping-place and a stool; the commanding officer had a chair. Surviving examples still retain signs warning "Walls have ears" and "Lights out when embrasures are open!"

Aachen-Saar
The Aachen-Saar programme bunkers were similar to those of the Limes programme: Type 107 double MG  casemates with concrete walls up to  thick. One difference was that there were no embrasures at the front, only at the sides of the bunkers. Embrasures were only built at the front in special cases and were then protected with heavy metal doors. This construction phase included the towns of Aachen and Saarbrücken, which were initially west of the Limes Programme defence line.

Western Air Defence Zone
The Western Air Defence Zone (Luftverteidigungszone West or LVZ West) continued parallel to the two other lines toward the east and consisted mainly of concrete flak foundations. Scattered MG 42 and MG 34 emplacements added additional defence against both air and land targets. Flak turrets were designed to force enemy planes to fly higher, thus decreasing the accuracy of their bombing. These towers were protected at close range by bunkers from the Limes and Aachen-Saar programmes.

Geldern Emplacement

The Geldern Emplacement lengthened the Siegfried Line northwards as far as Kleve on the Rhine and was built after the start of the Second World War. The Siegfried Line originally ended in the north near Brüggen in the Viersen district. The primary constructions were unarmed dugouts, but their extremely strong concrete design afforded excellent protection to the occupants. For camouflage they were often built near farms.

Elements
Standard construction elements such as large Regelbau bunkers, smaller concrete "pillboxes", and "dragon's teeth" anti-tank obstacles were built as part of each construction phase, sometimes by the thousands. Frequently vertical steel rods would be interspersed between the teeth. This standardisation was the most effective use of scarce raw materials, transport and workers, but proved an ineffective tank barrier as US bulldozers simply pushed bridges of soil over these devices.

"Dragon's teeth" tank traps were also known as Höcker in German ('humps' or 'pimples' in English) because of their shape. These blocks of reinforced concrete stand in several rows on a single foundation. There are two typical sorts of barrier: Type 1938 with four rows of teeth getting higher toward the back, and Type 1939 with five rows of such teeth. Many other irregular lines of teeth were also built. Another design of tank obstacle, known as the Czech hedgehog, was made by welding together several bars of steel in such a way that any tank rolling over it would get stuck and possibly damaged. If the contour of the land allowed it, water-filled ditches were dug instead of tank traps. Examples of this kind of defence are those north of Aachen near Geilenkirchen.

Working conditions
The early fortifications were mostly built by private firms, but the private sector was unable to provide the number of workers needed for the programmes that followed; this gap was filled by the Todt Organisation. With this organisation's help, huge numbers of forced labourers – up to 500,000 at a time – worked on the Siegfried Line. Transport of materials and workers from all across Germany was managed by the Deutsche Reichsbahn railway company, which took advantage of the well-developed strategic railway lines built on Germany's western border in World War I.

Working conditions were highly dangerous. For example, the most primitive means had to be used to handle and assemble extremely heavy armour plating, weighing up to .

Life on the building site and after work was monotonous, and many people gave up and left. Most workers received the West Wall Medal for their service.

In propaganda
German propaganda, both at home and abroad, repeatedly portrayed the Westwall during its construction as an unbreachable bulwark. At the start of the war, the opposing troops remained behind their own defence lines.

As a morale booster for British troops marching off to France, the Siegfried Line was the subject of a popular song: "We're Going to Hang out the Washing on the Siegfried Line".
A French version by Ray Ventura ("On ira pendre notre linge sur la ligne Siegfried") met a great success during the Phoney War (Drôle de guerre).

When asked about the Siegfried Line, General George S. Patton reportedly said "Fixed fortifications are monuments to man's stupidity."

See also

Similar border fortifications
 Atlantic Wall
Linea P (Spain)
 Maginot line
 Międzyrzecz Fortified Region
 Czechoslovak border fortifications
 Alpine Wall
 National Redoubt (Switzerland)
 Mannerheim Line

Surviving elements
 List of surviving elements of the Siegfried Line
 Besseringen B-Werk, museum in a preserved bunker complex
 Orscholz Switch (aka Siegfried Switch), part of Siegfried Line and scene of heavy fighting between German and US troops
 Regelbau, standard bunker construction
 Siegfried Line Museum, Pirmasens

References

Further reading

 Kauffmann, J.E. and Jurga, Robert M. Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II, Da Capo Press, 2002.
  – full text

External links

 BunkerBlog: All about German fortifications 1933–1945
 Bunkersite.com: About bunkers built by the Germans during 1933–1945 in the whole of Europe
 http://www.westwallmuseum-irrel.de/
 German Doctrine of the Stabilized Front, Report by US Military Intelligence Division, August 1943
 Bunkers in Europe (include: Siegfried Line)
 Pillbox Warfare in the Siegfried Line
 Storming Simserhof near Bitche – 1944
 »You enter Germany: Bloody Huertgen and the Siegfried Line« – Documentary by Achim Konejung and Aribert Weis; 2007
 Der Weltkrieg war vor deiner Tuer – The little Siegfried line (German: WMTS Wetterau-Main-Tauber-Stellung) in the east of the Siegfried line

German World War II defensive lines
Historic defensive lines
Military installations of the Wehrmacht
World War II sites in Germany
Rhine Province

Siegfried Line


John Anthony Tenta, Jr. (June 22, 1963 – June 7, 2006) was a Canadian sumōtori and professional wrestler. He was best known for wrestling with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring names, Earthquake and Golga and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring names, Avalanche and The Shark.

He was also known for being a sumo wrestler where did quite well but retired from the sport due to the difficulty of the sumo lifestyle, the toll the hard ring surface was taking on his body and the large tattoo of a tiger on his left biceps which in Japan is associated with gangsters. He was born on June 22, 1963 in Surrey, British Columbia and died on June 7, 2006 in Sanford, Florida from bladder cancer.

Tenta was shown in the video games, WWF WrestleFest in 1991, WWF Super WrestleMania in 1992, King of Colosseum II in 2004 and as DLC character in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 in 2009.

Championships
Tenta held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

All Star Wrestling
UWA Heavyweight Championship (Vancouver version) (two times)
NWA All-Star Wrestling
NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship (Vancouver version) (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year in 1990.
Super World of Sports
SWS Tag Team Championship (one time) with Typhoon
Tokyo Sports Grand Prix
Rookie of the Year in 1987.
World Wrestling Federation
WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) with Typhoon
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Worst Tag Team in 1998 with Kuurgan
Worst Feud of the Year in 1996 vs. Big Bubba Rogers

References

Other websites
Earthquake on WWE.com

1963 births
2006 deaths
Canadian professional wrestlers
Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from bladder cancer
Former WWE wrestlers
People from Surrey, British Columbia
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Sumo wrestlers

John Tenta


A deadlock  is a situation where in two or more competing actions are waiting for the other to finish. As a consequence,  neither ever does. It is often seen in a paradox like the "chicken or the egg."

In computer science, deadlock  refers to a specific condition when two or more processes are each waiting for each other to release a resource. It can also be that more than two processes are waiting for a number of resources. Deadlock is a common problem in multiprocessing where many processes share a specific type of mutually exclusive resource known as a software lock or soft lock. Computers intended for the time-sharing or real-time markets often have a hardware lock (or hard lock) which guarantees exclusive access to processes. This forces the prforcing serialized access.  Deadlocks are particularly troubling because there is no general solution to avoid (soft) deadlocks.

A similar situation is when two people are drawing diagrams, but they have only one pencil and one ruler. If one person takes the pencil and the other takes the ruler, a deadlock occurs when the person with the pencil needs the ruler and the person with the ruler needs the pencil to finish his work with the ruler. Both requests can't be satisfied, so a deadlock occurs.

The telecommunications description of deadlock is a little stronger: deadlock occurs when none of the processes meet the condition to move to another state (as described in the process's finite state machine) and all the communication channels are empty. The second condition is often left out on other systems but is important in the telecommunication context.

References

Computer science

Deadlock


Gampopa Sonam Rinchen (1079–1153) is Tibetan Buddhist teacher - lama, holder of the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
He was the most important (or son like) student of Milarepa.

In his young years Gampopa was a physician in Dagpo region of S. Tibet. Before studying under Milarepa, Gampopa had studied the Kadampa tradition, which belongs to gradual Mahayana path. He searched for, and eventually met Milarepa, and attained realization of ultimate reality under his guidance.
Four of his disciples  founded the four "major" Kagyu schools:
 Barom Kagyu founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug
 Phagdru Kagyu founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
 Karma Kagyu, also known as the Kamtsang Kagyu School, founded by Düsum Khyenpa the 1st Karmapa
 Tsalpa Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
1079 births
1153 deaths

Gampopa


Sancia of Majorca (c. 1281 – 28 July 1345), also known as Sancha, was Queen of Naples from 1309 until 1343 as the wife of Robert the Wise. She served as regent of Naples during the minority of her stepgrandaughter, Joanna I of Naples, from 1343 until 1344.

Life
She was the fifth child but second daughter of King James II of Majorca and Esclaramunda of Foix. The exact date of her birth is unknown, although the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña placed her as the second daughter of the Majorca Royal couple: la primera....Isabel...la otra Sancha, and traditionally she is placed as the penultimate of the six children born from them.

In Perpignan on 17 June 1304 Sancha was married by proxy to Robert, Duke of Calabria and Prince of Salerno, the widower heir of the throne of Naples. The wedding in person took place three months later, on 20 September at the Chapelle des Hospitaliers at the Royal Palace of Collioure, Pyrénées-Orientales. The union was childless.

Sancha became Queen consort of Naples with the death of her father-in-law King Charles II of Naples on 5 May 1309. Two years later (2 August 1311) her husband gave her the Lordships of Potenza, Venosa, Lanciano, Alessa and Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi. The next year, on 24 March 1312, the testament of her mother Queen Esclaramunda (Sclarmunda...regina Majoricæ) secured a bequest to her (...Sanciæ..Reginæ Siciliæ...filiæ nostræ...). On 22 May 1319 at Marseille, Sancha and her husband prayed before the relics of his brother Saint Louis of Toulouse.

At her court in Naples, Sancha welcomed her brother Philip, who was recently joined the Franciscans. He wanted to practice strictly the Rules of Saint Francis of Assisi, and gathered around him a group that became known as "the brothers of poor life", a branch of Fraticelli or zelanti. This group was therefore a great influence over the King and Queen of Naples and over Delphine of Glandèves, Sancha's confident. Philip of Majorca asked his sister and his brother-in-law to intercede with the Avignon Papacy to obtain the privileges necessary for the transformation of the Santa Chiara monastery in a place where would welcome "the brothers of poor life". However, Pope Benedict XII ended their hopes with three bulls dated on 24 June 1336, 20 February 1337 and 7 August 1340.

After the death of Philip of Majorca in 1342, Sancha and her husband remained under the influence of "the brothers of poor life". Their chaplains, Andrea de Galiano and Pietro de Cadeneto were also followers of Michael of Cesena. The rulers had hosted at Castel Nuovo two spiritual bishops, John Bertholeo, who had just been relieved of his office of Calvi, and William of Scala, who became confessor to the Queen; however, the worst of all was certain Fra Roberto, a personal friend of Angelo Clareto, the leader of the Fraticelli.

On numerous occasions, Sancha petitioned the Pope for the dissolution of her marriage, as she desired to become a nun. King Robert died on 20 January 1343, and Sancha became Queen Mother, Regent of the Kingdom and tutrix of her husband's granddaughter and successor, Joanna I. In his will dated four days before, on 16 January, Robert created a Council of Regency who would rule until Joanna's majority, who was fixed at the age of twenty-five. The Council was composed by Sancha, the Vice-Chancellor Philippe de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, Fillipo di Sanginetto, Great Seneschal of Provence, and Admiral Giffredo di Marzano. When Petrarch arrived in Naples in September 1343 as an ambassador of Pope Clement VI, he discovered a Kingdom similar to "a ship that was directly to a sinking". He particularly put into question the work of Fra Roberto, whose real name was Roberto de Mileto. This little fat man, dressed in rags, still leaning on a cane and wearing a hat or head covering, it seemed like the height of abjection and is described as "a horrible animal with three legs".

Sancha supported her step-granddaughter in the first year of her reign against other factions. However, the ineffectiveness of the Council of Regency forced the Pope, in his capacity as Overlord, to impose his direct rule by sending a Legate, Cardinal Aimery de Châtelus.

In the first anniversary of her husband's death (20 January 1344), and under the influence of her chaplains and confessors, Sancha formally renounced to the Regency and became a nun at the convent of Santa Maria della Croce in Naples, which was known as the place of the buried-alive (sepolte vive). She died there eighteen months later (28 July 1345), aged about 64. Initially was buried at Santa Maria della Croce, but later her remains where translated to Santa Chiara Basilica.

Notes

References

External links

|-

1281 births
1345 deaths
Royal consorts of Naples
Countesses of Provence
People from Mallorca
House of Aragon
Duchesses of Calabria
Aragonese infantas
Princes of Majorca
14th-century women rulers
14th-century Italian women
14th-century Neapolitan people
Court of Joanna I of Naples
Daughters of kings

Sancia of Majorca


Alabama 3 are a British musical group founded in Brixton, London, in 1995. They are best known for their track "Woke Up This Morning", which was used for the opening credits of the TV series The Sopranos. In the United States, the band is known as A3, to avoid legal conflict with the country music band Alabama.

History
The band formed when Jake Black (born in Glasgow, Scotland; 27 April 1960 – 21 May 2019) met Rob Spragg (from Wales) at a rave in Peckham. They decided that a fusion of country music with acid house was a musical possibility. Other members of the band were added later: Nick Reynolds is the son of one of the Great Train Robbers; Rob Spragg was at university with Piers Marsh, the harmonica-player and synthesiser programmer for the band; while Orlando Harrison, the group's keyboardist, used to live with Jake Black.

Forming initially under the name the First Presleyterian Church of Elvis the Divine (UK), and after having been dismissed by the mainstream media as a novelty act, the group switched names to Alabama 3. As with their performances under the previous name, their sound fuses electronic pop with elements of country and blues styles. They signed with One Little Indian Records in 1997 for the release of their debut album, Exile on Coldharbour Lane. Every member of the group has an alias, the band's founding members adopting the personas Larry Love (Rob Spragg) and The Very Reverend Dr. D. Wayne Love (Jake Black). Their second album, La Peste, featured bassist John "Segs" Jennings of the Ruts under the stage name Frank Zappatista.

In August 2007, the group toured under the name of Alabama 3: Acoustic and Unplugged, with Harpo Strangelove and Devlin Love, to promote new album M.O.R.. Bassist John "Segs" Jennings left the band, saying he was "busy elsewhere and [he doesn't] have the time". M.O.R. included a cover of Jerry Reed's 1970s hit "Amos Moses", and features The Proclaimers on the track "Sweet Joy". Having recorded and toured with the band in the early days, Aurora Dawn rejoined the band in 2009. Between late 2010 and early 2011, programmer, harmonicist and founding member Piers Marsh left the band.

Jake Black, a founding band member and songwriter, died of Addison's disease on 21 May 2019, several days after falling ill during a show at Highest Point Festival in Lancashire. He was 59.

Mountain of Love

Mountain of Love is a dubtronica group formed by two of the original three members of Alabama 3, Piers Marsh and Sir Eddie Real, in 2011 in Brixton, London. The band's eponymous first album was released in 2013 on Cooked Griffin Records.

Style
Alabama 3's sound is a blend of country, blues, and acid house. The band's songs have sampled Jim Jones in "Mao Tse Tung Said" and Birmingham Six survivor Patrick Hill in "The Thrills Have Gone". Trouser Press reviewer Jason Reeher wrote that A3's "debut is brilliant and shambolic...owing huge debts to both Hank Williams and Happy Mondays".

Members

Current
In 2019 the band included:
 Rob Spragg a.k.a. Larry Love - vocals
 Orlando Harrison a.k.a. The Spirit - keyboards, keyboard bass, backing vocals
 Mark Sams a.k.a. Rock Freebase - guitar, bass guitar
 Steve Finnerty a.k.a. LOVEPIPE - production, guitar and vocals
 Jonny Delafons a.k.a. L. B. Dope - drums, percussion
 Greg Fleming a.k.a. Wizard - sequencer and effects
 Ese Okorodudu a.k.a. Sister Ese - guitar, vocals
 Sheena Ross a.k.a. Sister Sheena - vocals
 Be Atwell The Reverend Be Atwell - vocals
 Nick Reynolds a.k.a. Harpo Strangelove - harmonica, percussion, vocals

Source:

Former
 Jake Black a.k.a. The Very Reverend D.Wayne Love - vocals (d. 2019)
 Aurora Dawn - vocals
 Brian O'Horain, "Paddy Love" - vocals
 John Jennings a.k.a. Segs - backing vocals, bass guitar
 Zoe Devlin a.k.a. Devlin Love - vocals
 Simon (The Dude) Edwards a.k.a. Sir Eddie Real - percussion, vocals
 Piers Marsh a.k.a. The Mountain of Love - synths, programming, harmonica
 Marianna Little Eye Ty - dancer
 Laura Lady Love dancer - dancer
 Robert "Hacker" Jessett : a.k.a. El Comandante - harmonica, guitar, backing vocals
 Rob Bailey - guitar

In popular culture

The band's music has been featured in numerous films, TV shows and video games, along with being sampled by other musicians, most famously through The Sopranos.

Film
 "Peace in the Valley" is featured in the film A Life Less Ordinary.
 "Too Sick to Pray" plays on the radio in the film Gone in 60 Seconds.
 A snippet of "Speed of the Sound of Loneliness" appears in Some Voices.
 "Mansion on the Hill" featured in 3000 Miles to Graceland.
 A part of "M.I.A" played in The Football Factory.
 The song "Sister Rosetta" from Exile on Coldharbour Lane can be heard in Barnyard.
 A snippet of "Bulletproof" appears in A Very British Gangster (2007), Donal MacIntyre's documentary film about Manchester crime boss Dominic Noonan.
 The song "Ain't Goin' to Goa" is featured in Definitely, Maybe.
 The band is featured in the documentary We Dreamed America. The film, which explores the influence of American country music on British artists, features three songs by the band.
"Mansion on the Hill" is used in the opening credits of mockumentary Good Arrows, written by Irvine Welsh and Dean Cavanagh. It also appears in The House.

Television

Lillyhammer- visit to NYC
 Episode four of the BBC Three series Being Human features "Too Sick to Pray" at its opening and "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlife" at its end. The songs were omitted from the DVD release of the episode due to copyright issues.
 "Mansion on the Hill" features in the sixth episode of the ABC television series Carpoolers.
 A remixed version of "Woke Up This Morning" plays during the opening credits of the HBO television series The Sopranos.
 A shortened, alternate version of "Woke Up This Morning" appears in The Simpsons episode "Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge", in a parody of the opening sequence of The Sopranos. It also appears in the later episode "The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer", which guest-starred Sopranos regulars Michael Imperioli and Joe Pantoliano.
On the Region 4 DVD release of season one of The Sopranos, the music video to "Woke Up This Morning" is included as a special feature; it is incorrectly credited as being performed by "Alabama 5".
 A snippet of "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlife" can be heard at the beginning of The Sopranos: "Mr. Ruggerio's Neighborhood" (episode 3.1) as Tony Soprano walks down the driveway to get his morning newspaper.
"Woke Up This Morning" was also used in an episode of BBC series Top Gear, in which the team were driving through Alabama.
The closing scene to first season Criminal Minds episode titled "Won't Get Fooled Again" (10/05/05) plays "The Night We Nearly Got Busted".
 "Mao Tse Tung Said" features in the first episode of the second season of Torchwood:.
 Rob Spragg (as Rob Love) wrote and recorded the theme to Welsh TV series Y Pris. He and John Hardy won the Best Original Music Soundtrack award at BAFTA Cymru 2008.

Games
 "The Night We Nearly Got Busted" is featured on the soundtrack of the MMO game, All Points Bulletin.

Samples by other artists
 Rapper Nas sampled "Woke Up This Morning" for his 2001 hit "Got Ur Self A...".

Discography

 Exile on Coldharbour Lane (1997)
 La Peste (2000)
 Power in the Blood (2002)
 Last Train to Mashville, Volume 2 (2002)
 Outlaw (2005)
 M.O.R. (2007)
 Revolver Soul (2010)
 There Will Be Peace in the Valley... When We Get the Keys to the Mansion on the Hill (2011)
 Shoplifting 4 Jesus (2011)
 The Men from W.O.M.B.L.E. (2013)
 The Wimmin from W.O.M.B.L.E. (2014)
 Blues (2016)
 Step 13 (2021)

References

External links

 London gig review November 2006

English electronic music groups
Musical groups from the London Borough of Lambeth
Acid house groups
Geffen Records artists
Columbia Records artists
English house music groups
One Little Independent Records artists
Bands with fictional stage personas
Musical groups established in 1995
Musicians from Brixton

Alabama 3


For the time in history, see Middle Ages.

Middle age is the period of life between youth and before old age. There is no fixed age, but most people think it begins when someone is about 45 years old, until the person is 64 years old.

In most countries, people that think that by middle age, people should be mature, perhaps with a good, steady job and a family. Due to promotion, middle age is sometimes a time when adults have greater wealth and influence than earlier in their careers, although they may have less disposable income due to having children. However, it is also common for some adults to suffer from mid-life crisis, when they are unsure about their life and sometimes become depressed because of it. Women and men often have different experiences of middle age partly depending on whether they choose to work or care for their family full-time.

Health
Middle-aged people begin to look older, with more wrinkles in their skin, and start to have grey hair. They become less fit and usually gain more weight.

Middle-aged females find it harder to become pregnant. If they do have a baby, there is a higher chance that it will have a genetic disease (Down syndrome, for example). Females usually have their menopause in middle age, when they stop bleeding every month. When that happens, they cannot have children anymore.

Human life stages

Middle age


Coober Pedy is a small town in South Australia. It is famous for the opals which have been mined there since 1915. The town was first settled after opals were first discovered. The town is about half way between Adelaide and Alice Springs, on the Stuart Highway. The highway was named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart, who was the first Europen person to see the area in 1858.

The area around Coober Pedy is very dry, treeless flat desert. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification). The town has about 1700 people, many of whom live in underground houses to keep out of the heat. The name comes from two Aboriginal words which mean "white men in holes in the ground."

References

1915 establishments
Towns in South Australia

Coober Pedy, South Australia


Orlando Meléndez Gilbert, a.k.a. "El Gato" (The Cat) (born 14 February 1979), is a Puerto Rican basketball player. He is the first Puerto Rico-born basketball player to play for the Harlem Globetrotters.

Early years
Meléndez was born in the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico, but was raised in the town of Juana Díaz, where he also received his primary and secondary education. When he was 14 years old, he would go home after school and with his basketball under his arm make take a 2-mile jog through the sugar cane fields every day to the nearest basketball court and practice the sport with the local kids. Running was in his blood since father used to run marathons, and his grandfather is a track and field expert.

He always grabbed a snack to eat during his trek and would drop crumbs along the way. As a result, whenever he arrived at the court he would be accompanied by an entourage of cats, thus his nickname "El Gato" (the cat). Melendez tried out for his Juana Díaz high school basketball team and was accepted. Through an exchange student program, he was able to play at McDowell High School in Marion, North Carolina, where he finished his senior year.

North Carolina Tar Heels
In 1997, Meléndez was awarded a scholarship to the University of North Carolina. There he began his college basketball career by playing for the North Carolina Tar Heels, where he appeared in the Final Fours in 1998 and 2000. From 1998 to 2007, Melendez played for UNC and professionally in Europe and Puerto Rico. He played for:
North Carolina (NCAA) 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2002;
Leones de Ponce 1999–2000; *Polluelos de Aibonito (Puerto Rico-BSN) 2001–2002;
Toritos de Cayey (Puerto Rico-BSN), in May was traded to
Los Atleticos de San German (Puerto Rico-BSN): 16 games; Atleticos de San German (Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN), starting five) 2003–2004, 2006;
Grises Orientales de Humacao (SuperLeague 25, starting five) 2004;
Indios de Mayagüez (BSN): 20 games 2004–2005;
Guayanilla (SuperLeague 25, starting five) 2005;
Gallitos de Isabela (BSN): 31 games 2006;
Luxbasket camp in Wiltz 2006–2007:
AS Soleuvre (LUX-DBBL): 11 games; in Dec.'06 try-out at Eiffel Towers Den Bosch (NED-Eredivisie), in Feb.'07 moved to
Team Merry Monk Ballina (IRL-SuperLeague): 8 games, 2007; *Maratonistas de Coamo (BSN, starting five), in May moved to
Cangrejeros de Santurce (BSN): 13 games, 2008; Cangrejeros de Santurce (BSN): Liga Americas: 6 games.

Harlem Globetrotters
In 2007, Sam Worthen, the former Chicago Bulls and New Orleans Jazz guard, coached professionally in Puerto Rico. He also coached the Washington Generals the perennial Globetrotters punching bag. Worthen, impressed with Meléndez's ability to play and entertain suggested Meléndez try out for the Globetrotters after the two had bumped into each other outside the San Juan apartment building in which they both lived.

In 2008, Meléndez became the first Puerto Rico-born basketball player ever to play for the Harlem Globetrotters. He was not however, the first Hispanic of Puerto Rican descent to play for the Globetrotters. That distinction belongs to Orlando Antigua, whose mother is Puerto Rican and who in 1995 made Globetrotters history by becoming the first Hispanic and non-black to play for the team.

Meléndez whose position is that of "power forward", injured his knee during training camp. He had surgery to repair a torn lateral meniscus. Meléndez was well enough for the start of the December 26 domestic season.

Awards and achievements
Among Meléndez's awards and achievements are the following:
NCAA Final Four -2000
ACC Champion Runner-Up -2001
Puerto Rico National Team -2001-2002
Puerto Rican PRSBL All Star Game -2001
Central American Championships (Centrobasket) Champion -2001
Tournament of the Americas (Copa América) in Neuquin (ARG) –2001 (Semifinals)
"Gatorade" Dunking contest in the Puerto Rican All Star Game -2002
Puerto Rican BSN Semifinals -2003
Irish Superleague Finalist -2007
Irish Superleague North Conference Runner-Up -2007
Puerto Rican BSN Champion -2007

See also

List of Puerto Ricans

References

1979 births
Living people
Atléticos de San Germán players
Baloncesto Superior Nacional players
Caciques de Humacao players
Harlem Globetrotters players
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
Puerto Rican men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Ponce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican expatriate basketball people in Luxembourg
Leones de Ponce basketball players
Puerto Rican expatriate basketball people in Ireland
Cangrejeros de Santurce basketball players
Puerto Rican expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands
Power forwards (basketball)

Orlando Meléndez


Felix Wayne Mitchell Jr. (August 23, 1954 – August 21, 1986) was a drug lord from Oakland, California, and leader of the "69 Mob" criminal organization, which operated throughout California and into the Midwest. He was known as "Felix the Cat" after the cartoon character.

History
Mitchell was born in Oakland and lived in the 69th Avenue San Antonio Village housing projects. After dropping out of high school, Mitchell created a criminal organization called "My Other Brother", or "6-9 Mob" a.k.a. "MOB".  Connected with L.A. kingpin Tootie Reese, he made business contacts in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and Detroit.

For more than a decade, Mitchell battled competition from Mickey Moore's crime family and the Funktown USA gang to gain total control of the heroin market. Before 1984–1985 and the widespread practice of free-basing cocaine, heroin use was more common. It is estimated that Mitchell brought in as much as $5 million annually.

Mitchell was targeted by local and federal law enforcement. He was convicted in 1985 and sentenced to life in prison at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary where he was fatally stabbed on August 21, 1986, two days before his 32nd birthday, a little more than a year later.

Funeral and notoriety
Mitchell's funeral gained national attention as an example of the impact drugs and drug-culture was having on the country's youth. Thousands of people lined the streets to pay their respects as the funeral procession went through Mitchell's old Oakland neighborhood. His body was carried through crowded streets by a horse-drawn carriage trailed by 14 Rolls-Royce limousines and was attended by Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton. According to an interview with Bay Area radio personality Jimmy Guy: "I remember his funeral, it was like Martin Luther King had died and that coverage went out all over the country. I didn't want my city to just be known for honoring a drug lord."

The service received news coverage internationally. Onlookers lined the streets to watch the procession. The procession began at Mitchell's former residence, the San Antonio Villas and ended at the Star Bethel Baptist Church at San Pablo and Stanford Avenues in Oakland. Many civic leaders and citizens were appalled that the services were allowed to take place at all. Proper permits for the event had been filed.

In 1987, Mitchell's conviction was overturned because he had died before an appeal could be heard.

Criminologists named an effect after him known as the "Felix Mitchell Paradox"—whereby after a major successful police operation (like the arrest of Mitchell) crime and violence both went up instead of down as one might expect. It is thought that Felix had such monopoly power in parts of Oakland that he controlled pricing and policed the violence of smaller gangs. When he was arrested it left a power vacuum and the smaller gangs started both price wars and shooting wars to fill the void.

References

1954 births
1986 deaths
People from Oakland, California
African-American gangsters
American gangsters
American drug traffickers
American crime bosses
Murdered African-American people
Murdered American gangsters
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners murdered in custody
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
People murdered in Kansas
Deaths by stabbing in Kansas
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Criminals of the San Francisco Bay Area
African-American history in Oakland, California
20th-century African-American people

Felix Mitchell


Luis de Molina (born 1535 in Cuenca; died October 12, 1600 in Madrid) was a Spanish Jesuit and writer.

At the age of eighteen Molina became a member of the Society of Jesus. He studied theology at Coimbra. After this, he became professor in the university of Évora, Portugal. From this post he was called, at the end of twenty years, to the chair of moral theology in Madrid.

Besides other works he wrote De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (4 vo., Lisbon, 1588); a commentary on the first part of the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas (2 vols., fol., Cuenca, 1593); and a treatise De jure et justitia (6 vols., 1593-1609).

1535 births
1600 deaths
Spanish academics
Christian theologians
Jesuits
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish writers

Luis de Molina


According to classical sources, the ancient Celts were animists. They honoured the forces of nature, saw the world as inhabited by many spirits, and saw the Divine manifesting in aspects of the natural world.

The Sacred Land
The Celts of the ancient world believed that many spirits and divine beings inhabited the world around them, and that humans could establish a rapport with these beings. The archaeological and the literary record indicate that ritual practice in Celtic societies lacked a clear distinction between the sacred and profane; rituals, offerings, and correct behaviour maintained a balance between gods, spirits and humans and harnessed supernatural forces for the benefit of the community.

The Celtic religion perceived the presence of the supernatural as integral to, and interwoven with, the material world. Every mountain, river, spring, marsh, tree and rocky outcrop was inspirited. While the polytheistic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome revolved around urban life, ancient Celtic society was predominantly rural. The close link with the natural world is reflected in what we know of the religious systems of Celtic Europe during the late 1st millennium BCE and early 1st millennium CE. As in many polytheistic systems, the local spirits honoured were those of both the wild and cultivated landscapes and their inhabitants. As Anne Ross observed: "... god-types, as opposed to individual universal Gaulish deities, are to be looked for as an important feature of the religion of the Gauls ... and the evidence of epigraphy strongly supports this conclusion." As what some may consider spirits are considered by other authors to be deities, the list of Celtic deities derived from local inscriptions can at times be rather long.

The ancient Celts venerated the spirits who inhabited local mountains, forests and springs. Certain animals were seen as messengers of the spirits or gods. In tribal territories, the ground and waters which received the dead were imbued with sanctity and revered by their living relatives. Sanctuaries were sacred spaces separated from the ordinary world, often in natural locations such as springs, sacred groves, or lakes. Many topographical features were honored as the abodes of powerful spirits or deities, with geographical features named for tutelary deities. Offerings of jewellery, weapons or foodstuffs were placed in offering pits and bodies of water dedicated to these beings. These offerings linked the donor to the place and spirits in a concrete way.

Honouring the Waters
The spirits of watery places were honoured as givers of life and as links between the physical realm and the other world. Sequana, for example, seems to have embodied the River Seine at its spring source, and Sulis appears to have been one and the same as the hot spring at Bath, Somerset, (Roman Aquae Sulis) not simply its guardian or possessor.

In Ireland, the tutelary goddesses Boann and Sionnan give their names to the rivers Boyne and Shannon, and the tales of these goddesses are the origin stories of the rivers themselves. The threefold goddess Brighid is associated with a number of holy wells and The Morrígan is connected with the River Unius.

There is abundant evidence for the veneration of water by the Celts and indeed by their Bronze Age forebears. In the Pre-Roman Iron Age, lakes, rivers, springs and bogs received special offerings of metalwork, wooden objects, animals and, occasionally, of human beings. By the Roman period, the names of some water-deities were recorded on inscriptions or were included in contemporary texts. The ancient name for the River Marne was Dea Matrona (Goddess Matron); the Seine was Sequana; the Severn, Sabrina; the Wharfe, Verbeia; the Saône, Souconna; there are countless others.

Natural springs were foci for healing cults: Sulis was prayed to as a healer at Aquae Sulis and the goddess Arnemetia was hailed as a healer at Aquae Arnemetiae. Nemausus, for example, was not only the Gallic name for the town of Nîmes but also that of its presiding spring-god. He had a set of three female counterparts, the Nemausicae. In the same region, the town of Glanum possessed a god called Glanis: an altar from a sacred spring is inscribed to Glanis and the Glanicae.

Spirits of the Weather and the Skies

Meteorological patterns and phenomena, especially wind, rain and thunder, were acknowledged as inspirited and propitiated. Inscribed dedications and iconography in the Roman period show that these spirits were personifications of natural forces. Taranis's name indicates not that he was the god of thunder but that he actually was thunder. Archaeological evidence suggests that the thunder was perceived as especially potent. Inscriptions to Taranis the 'Thunderer' have been found in Britain, Gaul, Germany and the former Yugoslavia and the Roman poet Lucan mentions him as a savage god who demanded human sacrifice.

In the insular Celtic lands, Lugh is seen as a god of the storms, as are the Cailleachan – Scottish storm hags – and the Cailleach herself, who brings the first winter snows to the land by washing her great plaid (Gaelic: féileadh mòr) in the Whirlpool of Coire Bhreacain. This process is said to take three days, during which the roar of the coming tempest is heard as far away as  inland. When she is finished, her plaid is pure white and snow covers the land.

From the early Bronze Age, people in much of temperate Europe used the spoked wheel to represent Taranis. The Romans imported their own celestial god, Jupiter, to continental Celtic lands by interpretatio Romana, and his imagery was merged with that of a native deity to produce a hybrid sky-deity who resembled the Roman god but who had additional solar attributes. Altars decorated with wheels were set up by Roman soldiers stationed at Hadrian's Wall, and also by supplicants in Cologne and Nîmes.

Sacred Trees

The Celts believed that trees had spirits and revered certain trees. The most sacred trees of Ireland were the bíle trees - old, sacred trees that stood in a central area and were often the social and ceremonial meeting place for a tribe or village. According to the Dindsenchas (lore of Irish places), the five sacred bíles of Ireland were the Ash of Tortu, the Bole of Ross (a yew tree), the Oak of Mugna, and the Ash of Dathi. These trees were associated with the five Irish provinces then in existence.

Animals as Omens and Emblems
Among both the Continental and Insular Celts, the behaviour of certain animals and birds were observed for omens, and certain spirits were closely associated with particular animals. The names of Artio, the ursine goddess, and Epona, the equine goddess, are based on Celtic words for bear and horse, respectively. In Ireland, the Morrígan is associated with crows, wolves, and horses, among other creatures, and in Scotland Brighid's animals include snakes and cattle.

Certain creatures were observed to have particular physical and mental qualities and characteristics, and distinctive patterns of behaviour. An animal like a stag or horse could be admired for its beauty, speed, or virility. Dogs were seen to be keen-scented, good at hunting, guarding, and healing.

Deer (who shed antlers) suggest cycles of growth; in Ireland they are sacred to the goddess Flidais, while in Scotland they are guarded by the Cailleach. Snakes were seen to be emblematic of long (possibly eternal) life, being able to shed their skin and renew themselves. Beavers were seen to be skillful workers in wood. Thus admiration and acknowledgment for a beast's essential nature led easily to reverence of those qualities and abilities which humans did not possess at all or possessed only partially.

The Hunt
Hunting deities, whose role acknowledges the economic importance of animals and the ritual of the hunt, highlight a different relationship to nature. The animal elements in half-human, antlered deities suggest that the forest and its denizens possessed a numinous quality as well as an economic value.

Hunter-gods were venerated among the Continental Celts, and they often seem to have had an ambivalent role as protector both of the hunter and the prey, not unlike the functions of Diana and Artemis in classical mythology. From Gaul, the armed deer-hunter depicted on an image from the temple of Le Donon in the Vosges lays his hands in benediction on the antlers of his stag companion. The hunter-god from Le Touget in Gers carries a hare tenderly in his arms. Arduinna, the eponymous boar-goddess of the Ardennes, rides her ferocious quarry, knife in hand, whilst the boar-god of Euffigneix in the Haute-Marne is portrayed with the motif of a boar with bristles erect, striding along his torso, which implies conflation between the human animal perception of divinity. Arawn of Welsh mythology may represent the remnants of a similar hunter-god of the forests of Dyfed. Additionally, in Welsh mythology the hunting of a sacred stag often leads the hunters into the otherworld.

As with many traditional societies, the hunt was probably hedged about with prohibitions and rituals. The Greek author Arrian, writing in the 2nd century CE, said that the Celts never went hunting without the gods' blessing and that they made payment of domestic animals to the supernatural powers in reparation for their theft of wild creatures from the landscape. Hunting itself may have been perceived as a symbolic, as well as practical, activity in which the spilling of blood led not only to the death of the beast but also to the earth's nourishment and replenishment.

Citations

Ancient Celtic religion
Animism
Paganism in Europe

Celtic Animism


The New Apostolic Church (NAC) is a Christian denomination. It divided from the Catholic Apostolic Church by the 1863 Schism of Hamburg. The church has congregations in all around the world and about 10 million members worldwide. The international head quarter of the New Apostolic Church is located in Zurich (Switzerland).

Charity and the Second Coming of Christ are the main ideas of the New Apostolic Church. Most of its ideas are related to mainstream Christianity. It also has a liturgy similar to Protestantism and it is organized like the Roman Catholic Church.

The church calls itself the Early Church. Its spiritual leaders call themselves Apostles.

Other websites
 International website
 New Apostolic Church USA
 New Apostolic Church Canada
 New Apostolic Church Cape  (South Africa)

Protestantism

New Apostolic Church


The Delisle scale is a scale to measure temperature. It was introduced by French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle in 1732. Delisle used a thermometer that worked with Mercury. The unit is abbreviated "De" or "D". 0°De is equal to the boiling point of water under normal pressure. Delisle then measured the volume change of the mercury. At the start, the Delisle scale had 2400 degrees. Josias Weitbrecht recalibrated the theromometer in 1738, so that the melting point of ice was taken into account. Ice melts at 150°De.

The Deslile scale counts downwards, from the boiling point to the melting point. It was widely used in Russia in the 19th century.

Units of temperature

Delisle scale


Seacroft is a large council estate in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.  The area was mainly built in the 1950s, surrounding the former Seacroft Green.  The area has a population of approximately 18,000.  The area suffers from deprivation and a high crime rate.  In the 1960s, the Seacroft Civic Centre was built, but it was demolished in 1999 and replaced with the Seacroft Green Shopping Centre which contains a large Tesco.  The Shopping Centre has a bus station with routes to Leeds, Wetherby, Harrogate and other Leeds suburbs.

Leeds
1950s establishments in England

Seacroft


Gustav Aschaffenburg (May 23, 1866 – September 2, 1944) was a German psychiatrist born in Zweibrücken.

In 1890 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Strasbourg with a thesis on delirium tremens. Later he worked as an assistant to Emil Kraepelin at the psychiatric university clinic in Heidelberg, with whom he later extensively wrote about Haltlose personality disorder. He then practiced psychiatric medicine at the University of Halle and at the Akademie für praktische Medizin in Cologne (from 1919 the University of Cologne).

In the 1930s Aschaffenburg's academic career at Cologne was terminated by the Nazi edict, Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums, and he eventually emigrated to the United States, working as a professor at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.

He wrote about the distinctions between Haltlose and Gemütlose psychopathy.

Aschaffenburg was a pioneer in the fields of criminology and forensic psychiatry. In 1903 he published an early systematic study on the causes of crime titled "Das Verbrechen und seine Bekämpfung", in which he discusses individual-hereditary and social-environmental factors, and also dismisses Cesare Lombroso's idea of the so-called "born criminal". Later the work was translated into English, and published as Crime and it's Repression (1913). It was also translated into Swedish by Olof Kinberg and Julia Kinberg.

References
 Catalogus-professorum-halensis (translated biography)

1866 births
1944 deaths
People from Zweibrücken
German psychiatrists
German emigrants to the United States
Catholic University of America faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Academic staff of the University of Halle
Academic staff of the University of Cologne

Gustav Aschaffenburg


The Reykjavík Summit wis a meeting atween U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.

It wis held in Höfði in Reykjavík, the capital city o Iceland, on October 11–12, 1986. This was during the Cauld War. The talks focused on peace atween the Unitit States and the Soviet Union. The talks failed near the end o the meeting. However, the progress that had been made eventually led to the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty atween the two countries.

Cauld War treaties
Foreign relations o the Soviet Union
History o the foreign relations o the United States
Soviet Union–Unitit States diplomatic conferences
Diplomatic conferences in Iceland
1986 in Iceland
1986 conferences
1986 in internaitional relations
1986 in politics
1980s in Reykjavík
October 1986 events in Europe
Events in Reykjavík

Reykjavík Summit


Michelle Richardson is a fictional character on the British television series Skins. She is played by April Pearson.

Personality
Michelle appears to only be interested in her boyfriend Tony Stonem, and "looking shaggable" (in other words being attractive), something she describes an important part of who she is. Although Michelle appears confident, especially of her appearance, she can be seen worried in the first series that Tony is cheating on her, especially with posh schoolgirl Abigail Stock. On Michelle's "about me" page located on the official Skins website, Michelle describes Jal Fazer as her best friend, saying that she and Jal have been in the same class since they were four, and that Jal still lets her copy from her homework. Even though Michelle doesn't seem to be interested in her schoolwork, she receives 2 A's and 1 B on her A Levels, and is accepted into the University of York after she finishes school at Roundview College. She also shows talent at speaking languages. Including French and Spanish, in the series one episode "Tony" Michelle appears to also understand Italian when spoken near her.

Although Michelle can be self centered—where she mainly focuses on her boyfriend Tony—she can be very helpful and caring too, such as when she solves her mother's relationship problems or befriends Sketch in series two. She also shows concern for Effy Stonem, and for her friendship with Jal in the first series episode "Maxxie and Anwar", where she feels she has not been a very good friend to her.

Michelle likes Stevie Nicks, Peaches, and Eminem, but she does not like Keane or James Blunt. Her favourite movies are Mean Girls, Emperor's New Groove, and Last Seduction, and her favourite television shows are One Tree Hill, Scrubs, and Extreme Makeover.

Character history

Series 1
Michelle is aware that Sid Jenkins, her boyfriend Tony's best friend, is in love with her, and tries to help by setting Sid up with her friend Cassie Ainsworth. Although loyal to him, Michelle worries that Tony is cheating on her, and breaks up with Tony after he kisses and fondles Abigail Stock at a choir performance. Sid tries to get with Michelle, but Tony takes her back before anything happens. After catching Tony trying to have sex with Maxxie during their class trip to Russia, Michelle breaks up with Tony again, except this time she will not take him back. She tries to have sex with Sid during this time, but Sid has fallen in love with Cassie, and reminds Michelle that she really loves Tony and is just looking for comfort. When Josh Stock, Abigail Stock's brother, asks Michelle out she agrees, and the two have a good time together for a short time. But their relationship is ruined by Tony. At Anwar's birthday party Tony calls Michelle on her phone and tells her that he loves her, bringing Michelle to tears. Then Tony is hit by a bus.

Series 2
In the second series Michelle avoids Tony, who is recovering from the accident and has a bad memory. Michell has been coping with sex, drugs, and partying. She returns to her normal self and tries to get back with Tony, but Tony is completely different now, and cannot have sex. Michelle invites Tony on her birthday camping trip, but Tony says no, and on the camping trip Michelle has sex with Sid and the two become involved. They try to keep their relationship secret, but Sid's girlfriend Cassie is angry, and tells everybody. Tony pretends not to care, but eventually tries to get Michelle back. Realizing they aren't in love with each other, Michelle and Sid end their relationship, and Michelle and Tony try to make a relationship work. Everything goes well, but they are accepted into different universities after graduation, and it is unknown whether they stay together or not.

References

Fictional British people
Television characters

Michelle Richardson


The Flesh and the Fiends (US title Mania) is a 1960 British horror film directed by John Gilling. It stars Peter Cushing as 19th-century medical doctor Robert Knox, who purchases human corpses for research from a murderous pair named Burke and Hare (George Rose and Donald Pleasence). The film is based on the true case of Burke and Hare, who murdered at least 16 people in 1828 Edinburgh, Scotland and sold their bodies for anatomical research.

Plot
In 1828 Edinburgh, Scotland, Dr. Knox (Peter Cushing) is a highly skilled anatomist who draws large crowds of medical students to his lectures on the human body. Though he is constantly at odds with his stuffy, backwards colleagues, he is highly venerated by his students and believes his duty is to push the medical profession forward. Unfortunately, due to the laws of the time very few cadavers are legally available to the medical profession, necessitating the use of graverobbers or "Resurrection men" to procure additional specimens. Dr. Knox's assistant Dr. Mitchell (Dermot Walsh) and a young student named Jackson (John Cairney) are given the task of buying the bodies, which are worth a small fortune... especially when fresh.

Meanwhile, drunken miscreants William Burke (George Rose) and William Hare (Donald Pleasence) discover that a lodger at Burke's boarding house has died still owing £4 in rent. When they find that the body can make them a handsome profit, they begin a career of murdering locals and selling them to the medical school. When Jackson goes to a local tavern to give Burke and Hare their pay, he becomes involved with tempestuous local prostitute Mary Patterson (Billie Whitelaw), who is also well known to the killers.

Over time, Jackson and Mitchell begin to suspect that the bodies supplied by Burke and Hare are victims of foul play. Despite his concerns, Dr. Knox dismisses any attempt at going to the police. When Jackson's new girlfriend Mary becomes their latest victim, Jackson discovers her body in the lecture room and he too is killed when he confronts the murderous duo. When they murder a well-known mentally ill youth (Melvyn Hayes), however, they quickly become murder suspects and are caught by an angry mob. Hare agrees to turn King's Evidence against his former partner and is set free, though vindictive locals catch him and burn out his eyes. Burke is executed by hanging, still complaining that Dr. Knox never paid him for the final body.

Knox, for his part in the killings, is the object of widespread public outrage, but ultimately not punished or censured by his colleagues (to whom Dr. Mitchell eloquently defends him). Though he is free to continue lecturing, he ultimately feels guilt over his part in the horrors, admitting to his devoted niece Martha (June Laverick) that the murder victims "seemed so small in my scheme of things. But I knew how they died." The film ends with Knox, who assumes his lectures will now be empty, instead finding himself greeted with applause from a packed hall of students. Apparently a changed man, he begins his lecture with the Hippocratic Oath which includes the promise to "never do harm to anyone."

Cast
 Peter Cushing as Dr. Robert Knox
 June Laverick as Martha Knox
 Donald Pleasence as William Hare
 George Rose as William Burke
 Renee Houston as Helen Burke
 Dermot Walsh as Dr. Geoffrey Mitchell
 Billie Whitelaw as Mary Patterson
 John Cairney as Chris Jackson
 Melvyn Hayes as Daft Jamie
 June Powell as Maggie O'Hara
 Andrew Faulds as Inspector McCulloch
 Philip Leaver as Dr. Elliott
 George Woodbridge as Dr. Ferguson
 Garard Green as Dr. Andrews
 Esma Cannon as Aggie
 Raf De La Torre as Grave Robber
 Steven Berkoff as Medical student (uncredited)

Production
Writer/ Producer John Gilling, along with producers Robert S. Baker and Monty Berman of Tempean Films, formed Triad Productions specifically to make the film. It was the first horror movie to feature newly minted horror star Peter Cushing that was not produced by Hammer Films.

Gilling had previously written a film about Burke and Hare entitled The Greed of William Hart in 1948. At that time, however, the British Board of Film Censors demanded that all references to the real-life killers were removed, and so Gilling was forced to rename the killers and several other key characters. The Flesh and the Fiends restores the correct historical names and begins with the text: "[this] is a story of vice and murder. We make no apologies to the dead. It is all true." However, the filmmakers were still not permitted to use Burke and Hare's name in the title, and chief censor John Trevelyan called Baker to his office to discuss his concerns about several "potentially offensive sequences," though the film was ultimately passed uncut with an "X" rating.

To minimize any similarities to Gilling's previous film (and to the then-unproduced script on the same subject by Dylan Thomas, which would eventually be produced in 1985 as The Doctor and the Devils), the film's producers brought in Leon Griffiths to rewrite Gilling's original screenplay.

In his autobiography, Cushing—who had been catapulted to fame by his portrayal of Victor Frankenstein in 1957's The Curse of Frankenstein—compared the role of Dr. Knox to his most famous character: "Now it seemed to me that Knox and 'Frankenstein' had a lot in common. The minds of these exceptional men were driven by a single desire: to inquire into the unknown. Ahead of their time, like most great scientists, their work and motives were misunderstood."

The drooping left eye which Cushing uses in his performance (emphasized in many of the film's posters, though not in the American one) is accurate to the real Dr. Knox, who had his left eye destroyed and his face disfigured by smallpox he contracted as an infant.

Reception
The film has been described alternately as a "box office disappointment," or a film which did "average business." It received mixed reviews upon its initial release; Variety praised Cushing's performance as a "most effective study in single-minded integrity which knits the film together admirably," while Film and Filming'''s Ian Moss criticized the film, writing "I can't understand anyone wishing to see this film voluntarily," and arguing that the script afforded the characters no depth."

In recent years, it has enjoyed something of a stronger critical reappraisal as a cult film. Reviewing the 2001 DVD release by Image Entertainment, critic Glenn Erickson praised the acting as "first rate," and added, "The production values of The Flesh and the Fiends outshine the House of Hammer.... The film is lacking in outright grue and gore but the tone is perfect."

Versions

Several Cuts of the film have circulated in different markets. The currently available DVD from Image Entertainment lists the runtime for the "uncut" original theatrical version at 94 minutes, with a slightly extended "Continental" version—produced for European markets with more permissive censors—running at 95 minutes and including short sequences or alternate takes with more nudity. The film was released by Valiant in the USA under the titles Mania and Psycho Killers using the British theatrical cut, but a later 1965 re-release by Pacemaker Pictures under the title The Fiendish Ghouls cut 23 minutes from the film's runtime. Both the UK and the continental cuts of the film are included on the DVD from Image Entertainment.

See also
 The Greed of William Hart (1948)
 Burke & Hare (1971)
 The Doctor and the Devils (1985)
 Burke & Hare'' (Comedy, 2010)

References

External links

1960 films
1960 horror films
1960s serial killer films
British horror films
British serial killer films
Films directed by John Gilling
Biographical films about serial killers
Films about physicians
Films set in the 1820s
Films set in Edinburgh
Cultural depictions of William Burke and Hare
Grave-robbing in film
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

The Flesh and the Fiends


An intranet is a private network website that only a few selected computers can have access to. Usually, they are being used as internal company websites for employees to know more about what is happening in the company without letting other people see.

An intranet works the same way as a normal website. The system administrator can add webpages to it and it can be accessed normally from a web browser.

Russia has successfully tested Runet, a country-wide alternative to the internet. An expert said "Increasingly, authoritarian countries who want to control what citizens see are looking at what Iran and China have already done... It means people will not have access to dialogue about what is going on in their own country, they will be kept within their own bubble".

Related pages
 Internet

References

Internet

Intranet


Eriastrum sapphirinum is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name sapphire woollystar. This wildflower is endemic to California where it is found in many habitats throughout the state. It is an annual reaching anywhere from 5 to 40 centimeters in height, forming clumps or singular spindly stems. The stem is erect and may be reddish to green, and has the occasional threadlike leaf with sparse hairs to a coat of dense wool. The inflorescences at the tips of the stems are packed with pointed, leaflike green to red bracts and funnel-shaped flowers. The corolla of the flower has five lobes each one half to one centimeter long and pale to bright blue. The throat of the flower is the same color or yellowish to white. At the mouth of the tube there may be dots of yellow and white. The light colored stamens protrude.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

sapphirinum
Endemic flora of California

Eriastrum sapphirinum


Events
January 11-May 6 – First recorded lottery in England performed nonstop at the west door of the St. Paul's Cathedral. Each share costs 10 shillings and proceeds are used to repair the harbors and for other public works
March 13 – Battle of Jarnac – Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape under Gaspard de Coligny.
June 10 – German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny near Limoges
July – September – Huguenot forces under Coligny and 15 year-old Prince Henry of Navarre besiege Poitiers
August 24 – Battle of Orthez – Huguenot forces under Gabriel de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives would be spared. Huguenots agreed, but then massacred the Catholics anyway.
September – A Royalist army under the Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers
October 3 – Battle of Moncountour – The Royalist forces of Tavannaes and Anjou defeat Coligny's Huguenots.
 Gerardus Mercator devises the Mercator projection
 Assemblies of 3 Lithuanian provinces, Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie vote to be incorporated into Poland.
 Poland and Lithuania are united in the Union of Lublin. They form Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1569


Richard Alfred Waite (May 14, 1848 – January 7, 1911) was a British-born American architect in the late 19th century.

Early years
Richard Waite was born in London in 1848 as one of seven children (surviving included William T, Helen and Jennie) of Charles Henry Waite and his wife Harriet Humphries Holland. Richard Waite's father moved to America in 1856 with his wife and children and settled in Buffalo, New York to work in a printing company.

Education and career

Waite like many early architects, learned building design as an apprentice. He studied mechanical engineering in New York City under John Ericsson, the inventor of the Civil War ironclad USS Monitor.

Waite returned to Buffalo in 1874 as a fully trained architect. His 1869 marriage to Sarah Holloway, daughter of local contractor Isaac Holloway, afforded him several public works commissions. In 1876, he made architectural history by hiring Louise Blanchard Bethune as a draftsman. She went on to become the first professional woman architect in the United States.

Projects
Although Waite designed many homes in the Buffalo area, some of his best-known commissions were in Canada.

Some of Waite's key accomplishments:

Buffalo, New York
The Werner Photography Building (101-103 Genesee Street) 1895
Trinity Episcopal Church (Delaware Avenue and Johnson Park) 1872 (plans only as Trinity Episcopal Church was built by another architect in the 1880s)
Public School 32 (32 South Cedar Street), built late 1870s; later demolished and replaced. The replacement structure is now used by Bennett Park Montessori School.
Pierce's Palace Hotel, built 1878 (Beaux-Arts architecture//Classical Revival architecture) - located on Porter Avenue and burned down in 1881, it is now the site of D'Youville College campus at Prospect Park.
Walden-Myer Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, built 1885 (Romanesque Revival)
Buffalo German Insurance Company Building, built 1875 - (Second Empire architecture) office building located at Main and Lafayette Square; demolished ca. 1957 and now site of Tishman Building
W.H. Glenny & Sons Building (257 Main Street), built 1875 (Italian Renaissance Revival/Palazzo architecture); rebuilt 1905 after fire; now named Dennis Building
 George Williams House (249 North Street), built 1877 (Stick style), interior was renovated in 1909 in Colonial Revival style.
 Buffalo Music Hall, (760-768 Main Street at Edward Street), built 1885-87 (Richardson Romanesque). Later known as the Teck Theater; demolished 1980s-1990s.
 Phillip Becker Mansion (534 Delaware Avenue), built 1887-88 - built for Mayor Phillip Becker; later converted into the Plaza Suites executive offices
 White Brothers Livery Stable (428-430 Jersey Street), built 1889 (Commercial Romanesque Revival)
 Richard A. Waite House (361 Pennsylvania Street)
 Private residence (357 Pennsylvania Street)
 Private residence (355 Pennsylvania Street)

South Bend, Indiana
Waite helped design the Oliver Opera House on Main Street North and West Washington Street. This opera house was built in 1885 for James and Joseph Doty Oliver, both founders of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works located in South Bend, Indiana. James Oliver was the inventor of the Chilled Plow. The opera house was demolished after it closed in 1953, and the space is presently used for parking adjacent to the JMS Building.

Hamilton, Ontario
Birks Building, built 1883 - (Richardsonian Romanesque) Built at the corner of King Street East and Hughson Street South for Canada Life Insurance as their Head Office (until 1900 when it was relocated to Toronto) and sold to jeweller Henry Birks and Sons in 1929. Birks ground floor retail store closed and building was demolished in 1972. Part of the site was replaced by Fidelity-Equitable Trust Tower (now HSBC Tower) in 1974; the remaining space was incorporated into Gore Park.
 Birks "Clock of the Charging Horsemen" was restored and placed inside of Farmers Market (York Boulevard and MacNab Street North) from 1986 to 2007. It was removed, then remounted outdoors in Jackson Square (corner of James Street North and King Street West) in 2010.

Montreal, Quebec
 Canada Life Assurance Company Building, built 1898 (Romanesque Revival architecture). After being used as an office building for several decades, it was converted for residential use as St. Regis condos.
 Grand Trunk Railway Company Limited Building, built 1906 (Italianate architecture) - (360 rue McGill). It is now known as Édifice Gérald-Godin.

Toronto
 Ontario Legislative Building, built 1892 (Richardsonian Romanesque) - home of Ontario Legislature since 1892.

Personal and death
Waite's mother died in 1862 and his wife Sarah in 1901. Waite died in 1911, survived by brother William T (also an architect), and by his five children:
 Helen Holloway Waite (November 16, 1871 – December 6, 1949)
 son Richard Alfred Waite II (January 30, 1874 – March 11, 1961) studied architecture at Cornell University, but changed to theology at Syracuse University due to poor health. He became a Methodist minister and died in St. Louis, Missouri. Waite is buried with his wife at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo.
 Raymond Isaac Waite, (October 18, 1875 – December 28, 1945)
 Evadne Holland Waite (October 1, 1879 – June 4, 1922)
 Mary Sarah Waite (December 26, 1880 – March 3, 1956)

References

External links
 Richard A. Waite
 Richard A. Waite, Architect

19th-century American architects
Architects from Buffalo, New York
Architects from London
1848 births
1911 deaths
Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)
British emigrants to the United States

Richard A. Waite


The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters () is an 1835 novel by Vladimir Odoevsky. It is a futuristic novel, set in the year 4338, a year before Biela's Comet was to collide with the Earth as computed in the 1820s although the comet burned up later in the nineteenth century. This work was originally conceived as the third part of a trilogy, which was also to have featured depictions of Russia in the time of Peter the Great and in the author's contemporary period, the 1830s. The first part was never written and the second and futuristic parts remained unfinished. Fragments were published in 1835 and 1840, with the fullest version appearing in 1926.

The world described in Odoevsky's work is in some respects similar to the 21st century and yet differs significantly from the present we currently encounter. Some of the technological advances included in the Petersburg Letters are air and space travel, the telephone, artificially controlled climates and the ability to photocopy. Hallucinogenic and truth drugs, in the forms of gaseous drinks and "magnetic baths" remove hypocrisy from social life. In this envisioned future, Russia and China are the centers of global power. Russia and China united their efforts to avoid Earth's collision with another planet. In the novel, China is described as having experienced a "deadly stagnation" which came to an end with the rule of Hin Gin in the 39th century. The main character of the story is actually a Chinese student, Ippolit Tsunguev, (not a Russian character, as might be expected) who attends St. Petersburg's "Main School". His letters to his fellow students constitute the novel.

References

External links
 Original text including extra fragments
 English translation

1835 Russian novels
Russian science fiction novels
Novels by Vladimir Odoevsky
Utopian novels
1830s science fiction novels
Fiction set in the 5th millennium
Unfinished novels

The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters


John Woolman Douglas (August 15, 1921 – June 2, 2010) was an American attorney and civil rights advocate, who pushed the cause in private practice and during the 1960s as a United States Assistant Attorney General.

Early life
Douglas was born in Philadelphia, and later moved with his family to Chicago. His father, Paul Douglas, was an economics professor who would later represent Illinois in the United States Senate for three terms. His mother, Dorothy was an economics and sociology professor.

He earned his undergraduate degree in 1943 from Princeton University, where he received the Moses Taylor Pyne Honor Prize, the highest honor bestowed on an undergraduate. After leaving college he enlisted in the United States Navy, where he saw service during World War II as an officer on PT boats. After completing his military service he was awarded a degree in law from Yale Law School in 1948 and earned a doctorate in politics from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1950.

After completing his degree at Oxford, he was a law clerk for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Harold Hitz Burton in 1951 and 1952.

Kennedy administration
During the presidency of John F. Kennedy, Douglas was part of a four-member committee that arranged for the release of Cuban exiles who had participated in the Bay of Pigs Invasion, negotiating a deal in which the 1,113 prisoners were released in exchange for food and medicine worth $53 million. He was later named as head of the United States Department of Justice Civil Division, where he was assigned by United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to coordinate logistical and security considerations of the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom together with Bayard Rustin and other organizers of the event, an event that culminated with Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. Douglas bore responsibility for details of the march down to the level of ensuring the adequacy of portable toilets on the Mall. Victor S. Navasky, biographer of Robert F. Kennedy's Justice Department, stated that Douglas "shares historic credit for the orderliness and smoothness and joy of that day".

In 1966, he left the Department of Justice to work on his father's bid for a fourth term in the Senate, a race he lost to Republican Charles H. Percy. He co-chaired the efforts by the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law in the early 1970s to have volunteers ensure that schools in the South were integrating classes within schools. While with the law firm of Covington & Burling, he continued his advocacy work at the Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs, as president of the National Legal Aid and Defender Association and as chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Douglas died at age 88, due to complications of a stroke in his home in Washington, D.C. He was survived by a daughter, a son, four grandchildren and a great-grandson. His wife, the former Mary St. John, died in 2007 after 62 years of marriage.

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)

References

1921 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American Rhodes Scholars
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
United States Navy officers
Princeton University alumni
Yale Law School alumni
United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Division
People associated with Covington & Burling
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

John W. Douglas


Cytokines are a group of signalling molecules made by cells. They help to control the immune system and fight disease. They are similar to hormones and, as we learn more about each, distinctions between the two are fading.

Cytokines carry signals locally between cells, and these signals have an effect on other cells. They are made of proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins. The cytokines are a large family of polypeptide regulators that are produced throughout the body by many groups of cells.

Some well-known cytokines include interferon, prostaglandin and interleukins. Cytokines can be detected using the ELISA and ELISPOT techniques.

Cytokines work by signal transduction. Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor. Then cascades of signals inside the cell changes cell functions. This may include the regulation of several genes, the production of other cytokines, or an increase in surface receptors for other molecules.

Related pages
Cytokine storm
Signal transduction
Signal (biology)

References

Proteins
Immunology
Cell biology

Cytokine


The Border Collie is a breed of dog that originated along the English-Scottish border. It is one of the most intelligent dog breeds. They have been used to herd livestock for over 300 years. It is also famous for a pet or show-dog. The border collie is about 20 inches (51 cm) in height and weighs 31 to 50 pounds (14 to 23 kg). It is usually a long-haired dog. Its coat is often black and white in color.

The Border Collie is a member of the collie dog breed group.

As with other herding and sheepdogs, border collies can be fiercely protective of their territory and their owners. This inclination (likelihood) to protect their family makes them ideal guard dogs. If a border collie notices anything new, they will always alert the family by barking loudly.

Exercise is one of the most important aspects of caring for a Border Collie. The herding dog breed has had over a hundred years of genetic reinforcement (to strengthen) to provide them with intelligence, agility, and a high energy level to perform a job (wrangling sheep) that they generally no longer have to do. This is why Border Collies are not recommended for pet owners who may be unable to provide their dogs with high amounts of exercise.

References

Dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom
FCI breeds

Border Collie