Photographic film is a sheet of plastic for recording visual scenes. The plastic has been specially treated to be sensitive to light. The image is recorded on the plastic when the plastic is exposed to light. Film is kept in small canisters (boxes) which protect it from the light. A normal photographic film may hold up to 40 pictures.

Once all pictures have been recorded, the film has to undergo a special chemical treatment. This is called developing a film or film processing. That treatment makes the pictures visible (you can see them), and the exposed film is no longer sensitive to light.

Different kinds of films exist. Some require more light to be exposed than others. Some are black and white only; they record no colors. There are also special films which can record infrared light. Photographic film was invented in the 1880s and replaced the earlier dry plate system.

Films also come in different sizes. 35 millimeter film, the most used size, comes in metal cans or canisters, but there are other camera films that come in paper wrappings or in single sheets.

Uses
Film can only be used once. After that, it cannot be used again (if it is accidentally used again, this results in an artifact called a multiple exposure). When not in use, film needs to be covered from light, otherwise it will record any lights that shine on it. This will make it useless to record a picture. Film comes in a can called a canister to cover it from light rays.

Film needs the right amount of light to make a picture. If the picture is too bright or too dark, it will not record correctly. The longer that the film keeps recording, the more light it will get. If what is being photographed is bright, it will be recorded faster. If it is darker, the film will need more time to record.

Films that need less time to record the picture are known as "faster" films. Different speeds of films are marked with an ISO number. The higher the number, the faster the films. Films can only make a picture from focused lights. If there is no lens to focus light, the film will only turn white from receiving just the light. If a film with an ISO level of 200 instead of 100 is used, it will only need half as much time to record a picture of the same scene.

Examples of ISO numbers are ISO 50, ISO 100, IS0 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, and ISO 1600. The ISO number is sometimes called the ''ASA number'' or the ''film speed''. When the ISO number is low, for example ISO 50, the film takes a long time to record the picture. This is called a slow film. This means the shutter has to stay open for a long time. When the ISO number is high, for example ISO 800, the picture is made in a very short time. This is a fast film. This means the shutter has to open and close quickly.

Before photographic film was invented, photography used glass dry plates. In the 21st century, most cameras don't use film anymore.

References

Photography

Photographic film


The Overmind (originally the Over-Mind) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history

The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #113 (Aug 1971).

Fictional character biography
The Overmind is an alien belonging to the Eternals of Eyung. He was born uncounted millennia ago on the planet Eyung ("Eternus") as Grom. Acting as one of their warlords, he led massacres of entire species. He was also the reigning champion in their gladiatorial arenas. When his race had engaged the Gigantians in a war about to lead to mutual absolute destruction, Grom was chosen for his physical prowess as the receptacle for their entire population of several hundred million minds. He was launched in a protective capsule, unconscious for thousands of years while assimilating them into one single mind.

In recent years he awoke and piloted his ship to the nearest inhabited planet, Earth. There he came into contact with the Fantastic Four, who had been warned by Uatu the Watcher. The Overmind took over the mind of Mister Fantastic, and battled the Fantastic Four and Doctor Doom, who proved unable to stop him until the Stranger intervened and shrank the Overmind into a subatomic microverse on a dust mote, where he was left completely isolated with no available conquests, and went mad from the strain.

He was later discovered by another collective consciousness known as Null the Living Darkness. In his current broken state Null took control of him and sent him on a campaign against a parallel universe, Earth, inhabited by the Squadron Supreme. The Overmind mentally enslaved both the Squadron and that Earth's leaders while posing as the U.S. president Kyle Richmond, and began construction of an interstellar armada to invade other worlds. When Hyperion brought the Defenders to assist him, they freed the Squadron. Meanwhile, Null had leeched away the Overmind's mental energies, but yet another psychic composite entity of seven human telepaths empowered by the assembled heroes, defeated him and inhabited the weakened Grom.

The Overmind returned with the Defenders to their Earth. For a while this entity was welcomed into the Defenders' ranks, and the loose ends of the seven psychics' old lives were tied up. He assisted the Defenders in the rescue of Daimon Hellstrom from the Miracle Man. The Overmind grew uncomfortable and eventually left the Defenders, and made them forget he was ever one of them. He tried to find a purpose by attempting to help Millwood, New Hampshire, a town of 800 people dying of chemical poisoning, by controlling their minds to foster the illusion that they were well. The Overmind was convinced to cancel the illusion and allow them to live in reality.

When the Squadron transferred to this Earth, the Overmind's original psyche was stirred into awareness and absorbed the telepaths into his own billion-wide whole. His psychic powers were replenished and his true mind reasserted itself. He once more mind-controlled and kidnapped the Squadron to take revenge against the Stranger by organizing a raid against the latter's laboratory world. He freed many of the Stranger's superhuman captives to fuel his enslaved ranks. He locked the Stranger in a stalemated mental battle. When several Watchers arrived on an unrelated business the Overmind was wrought by paranoia, believing the Stranger to have summoned them for assistance, inducing psychosis, and enabling the Stranger to capture him as a subject of study.

The Overmind's future counterpart travels back in time to present-day Squadron-Earth to aid the Scarlet Centurion in repelling the expanding Nth Man. His head explodes from the effort.

The Overmind reappeared in the mainstream continuity and was Seen when he declined participation in the Mad Thinker's quest for vengeance against the Fantastic Four.

Civil War
Shortly afterwards Grom was affected by the Purple Man's mind-controlling pheromones, and used to both monitor New York's population, as the latter's chemicals spread in the water supply, as well as control potential threats like the Avengers, but disappeared after the Purple Man's defeat. He was eventually located by Baron Zemo and his Thunderbolts, during the Civil War event, and coerced to join the group or face jail time.

Powers and abilities
The Overmind possesses vast psychic powers derived from the synthesized intellects of the billion Eternals of Eyung composing his essence, including telepathy, telekinesis, or illusion-casting, and can use them over great distances. The Overmind can scan the thoughts of others and project his thoughts into others' minds within an unrevealed radius. His victims are completely unaware of his influence unless he allows them. Even when severely weakened, with his mind comatose and his body under the influence of the 7 telepaths, whose assembled might was likened to a drop in the ocean compared to his own, he was able to control the minds of 800 people, and at full power he managed to push the Stranger, a cosmic entity rivaling Galactus in scope, to his mental limits. He possesses psychokinetic ability enabling him to lift psychokinetically approximately what he can physically lift. He can project psychokinetic concussion blasts capable of deforming steel at .

His sole weaknesses are his inability to control Eternals of any race, and his schizoid composition can make his abilities weaken immensely when sufficiently stressed. The Overmind is susceptible to magic, the imposition of superior intellects and powers, and fatigue. Twice he suffered mental breakdowns, rendering him mentally vulnerable.

As a result of his alien physiology and metabolism, he possesses great superhuman physical strength, magnified sevenfold through psionic augmentation; and even more impressive speed, stamina, and durability. He is an experienced veteran of many wars, with considerable fighting skills.

Reception
 In 2021, CBR.com ranked Grom/The Over-Mind 14th in their "15 Most Powerful Eternals" list.
 In 2021, Screen Rant ranked The Over-Mind 9th in their "10 Most Powerful Members Of The Eternals" list

Notes

References

External links
Overmind at the Marvel Universe

Characters created by John Buscema
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1971
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics telepaths

Overmind (comics)


High school is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for use in life. In a three-part system such as in the United States, children go to high school after middle school ("junior high"). In a two-part system such as in the United Kingdom, the change is from primary school to secondary school at 11 years of age.

In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12, from the ages of about 14-15 to about 17-18. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to. However, students with behavioral issues that are too much for the school to handle cannot attend. This is called expulsion. Some states have an age or certain grade where a student does not have to attend school, this is called the compulsory age, for example in New York, students below 17 years of age are required to attend school unless the child is excused. Some people may choose to take some tests called GED (General Education Development) as another way to finish high school. A student is allowed by law to stop going to high school after a certain age without having graduated. In most this is 16, however, in a few states, it is 18 or higher, for example, Wisconsin.

In the United Kingdom the law requires the student to go to school until 16. The term 'high school' is only used in Scotland.
The term 'Secondary School' is used for most of the UK instead of 'high school'.
'Secondary school' is school year 7-11; which is pupils aged 11-16.

There are public high schools and private high schools in the United States and many other countries.

References

High school


Li (禮 pinyin: Lǐ) is a classical Chinese word used in Confucian and post-Confucian Chinese philosophy. The English meaning is "the way things should be done."

In Li one must be aware of the way one should act and function within a society. In Li one can best cultivate their character by understanding what it entails. Li encompasses most importantly the Doctrine of the Mean, and the Five Constant Relationships.

The Doctrine of the Mean is the way in which one should make decisions in life, in which the best decision is always the middle between unworkable extremes. Taking the middle road as Confucius said would guide one to the way things should be done.

The Five Constant Relationships outline how one should act in society, being the relationships between parent and child, husband and wife, elder sibling and junior sibling, elder friend and junior friend, and ruler and subject. With these constant relationship guidelines, Li sets up a hierarchy between the two people and terms the accepted responses and actions between them.

A parent is to be loving, a child obedient.
An elder sibling is to be gentle, and younger siblings respectful.
Husbands are to be good and fair, and wives understanding.
Older friends are to be considerate, younger friends reverential.
Rulers should be benevolent, and subjects loyal.

References
 Ames, Roger T., Rosemont Jr., Henry (Translators). "Analects of Confucius." Ballantine Books:1998
 Brash, Graham. "The Sayings of Confucius." Graham Brash (Pte.) Ltd Singapore: 1988
 Confucius.  "The Li Ji" Shandong Frienship Press: 2000
 Lau, D.C. (Translator). ``Confucius: The Analects.`` The Chinese University Press:1 992
 Nylan, Michael.`(Article) ``Li`` from ``The Encyclopedia of Confucianism`` RoutledgeCurzon: 2003
 Qiuming, Zuo (Commentary) "Selections from Spring and Autumn Annals." Shandong Frienship Press: 2000
 Henry Rosemont, Jr. Lecture, Brown University, 2005
 Twitchett, Denis and Wright, Arthur F. "Confucian Personalities." Stanford University Press: 1962
 Watson, Burton (Translator). "Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsun Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu." Columbia University Press:1 963

Confucianism

Li (Confucian)


The Jardin botanique exotique de Menton (11,000 m²), also known as the Jardin botanique exotique du Val Rahmeh, is a botanical garden located off Avenue St Jacques, Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. It is open daily except Tuesday; an admission fee is charged.

The garden can be traced back to 1875 when the De Monléon family constructed the property. In 1905 Lord Percy Radcliffe, former governor of Malta, with his spouse Rahmeh acquired the property, adding adjacent farmland to form a garden. In 1957 Miss May Sherwood Campbell acquired the property and a second garden, now accessed by a bridge, and created a pond with water hyacinths, water lilies, and papyrus. In 1966 she donated her property to the nation, which transferred it to the Ministry of National Education. It then became a research center for Mediterranean flora managed by the National Museum of Natural History. The garden opened to the public in 1967.

Today the garden contains some 1,500 taxa growing within a microclimate of high humidity where temperatures rarely fall below 5 °C (41 °F) in winter. It features Sophora toromiro (a species of small trees since disappeared from Easter Island), as well as  exceptional olive trees (more than 400 years old) and collections of exotic plants including palm trees, chorisia, datura, and lotus, plus fine collections of citrus, olives, and palm trees. Rare species include Aloe marlothii, Araucaria columnaris, Castanospermum australe (Moreton Bay chestnut), Cnicothamnus lorentzi, and Ficus religiosa. A small rainforest area contains bamboo, gingers, philodendrons, tropical fruit trees, and a path through spices and herbs. The garden also contains an excellent Musa basjoo and a two Chorisia speciosa specimens.

Gallerie

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References

 Jardin botanique exotique de Menton
 National Museum of Natural History article (French)
 Jardins de Menton description (French)
 Cote d'Azur entry (French)
 Gralon.net entry (French)
 Penelope Hobhouse, Patrick Taylor, The Garden Lover's Guide to France, Princeton Architectural Press, 1998, pages 140-141. .

Gardens in Menton
Menton, Jardin botanique exotique

Jardin botanique exotique de Menton


The Atocha station memorial is a memorial monument located at Atocha station in Madrid, Spain, that commemorates the 191 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings.  Furthermore, it also honors the special forces agent who died when seven suicide bombers blew themselves up on 3 April 2004 during a raid on an apartment used by the bombers.

The  tall cylinder stands above Atocha station, the destination of the four trains that were attacked. Texts composed of hundreds of expressions of grief sent in the days after the attack from all over the world are printed on a clear colourless membrane that is inflated by air pressure, rising balloon-like inside a cylinder. That structure is composed of glass blocks and sits on a platform or terrace overhead. The light in the empty blue room below comes from this source alone. At night the cylinder is illuminated by lamps within its base and can be seen throughout the station neighborhood.

King Juan Carlos, Queen Sofia and Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero attended a ceremony at the site on the third anniversary of the bombings, 11 March 2007. Wreaths were laid at the foot of the tower and mourners observed three minutes of silence.

References

Buildings and structures in Arganzuela District, Madrid
Monuments and memorials in Madrid
2004 Madrid train bombings
Monuments and memorials to victims of terrorism

Atocha station memorial


King Khalid bin Abdul Aziz, King o Saudi Arabie (Arabic:خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود b. 1912–Juin 13, 1982) wis Keeng o Saudi Arabie frae the assassination o Keeng Faisal in 1975 till his awn daith in 1982. He ruled durin the oil boom years o the Kinrick. In 1979, he haed tae deal wi the Grand Mosque Seizure. As King, he delegatit mony o his responsibilities tae his hauf-brither Croun Prince Fahd.

1912 births
1982 daiths
Kings o Saudi Arabie
Prime Meenisters o Saudi Arabie

Khalid o Saudi Arabie


Louis Clark de Rochemont (January 13, 1899 – December 23, 1978) was an American film maker known for creating, along with Roy E. Larsen, the monthly  theatrically shown newsreels The March of Time. His brother, Richard, was also a producer and writer on The March of Time.

The de Rochemonts were descended from Huguenot ancestors who settled in New Hampshire early in the nineteenth century. Born in 1899, the son of a Boston attorney, he grew up in small-town Massachusetts. His film career began when, still a teenager, he filmed his New England neighbors and sold the footage to local theatres under the  title See Yourself as Others See You.

The newsreels he created defined film news from 1935–51. The 20-minute films, which combined filmed news with interpretive interviews and dramatizations, appeared between featured films in theaters. When he moved from newsreels to feature films, de Rochemont chose to produce films based on real stories in actual locations, often with locals in the cast. After three spy films that helped define film noir, including The House on 92nd Street (1945), he produced a wide array of feature films such as the semi-documentary Boomerang (1947).

He has been called the "father of the docu-drama."  His early documentary productions won 2 Academy Awards. Windjammer (1958) was produced by de Rochemont and directed by his son, Louis de Rochemont III. The elder Rochemont also produced The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1962).

In March 1951, de Rochemont's production company purchased the animated film rights to George Orwell's Animal Farm, and de Rochemont was heavily involved in the artistic direction of the animated film. De Rochemont's firm acted as a "front" for the Central Intelligence Agency, the actual funder/producer of this film.

References

External links
Louis De Rochemont papers at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center

1899 births
1978 deaths
Film producers from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Boston
20th-century American businesspeople

Louis de Rochemont


Caerwys F.C. (Welsh Clwb Pêl Droed Caerwys) is a football club representing the Flintshire town of Caerwys in Wales, and they play their home games at Lon yr Ysgol at Caerwys.  They currently play in the North East Wales Football League Premier Division, which is at tier four of the Welsh football pyramid.

Caerwys currently play in the North East Wales Football League after the reorganisation of the Clwyd League in the 2011–12 season.

History

Located in Flintshire on the border with Denbighshire, Caerwys F.C. was formed at the turn of the century when they were known as Caerwys Town. Unfortunately there are no records of that team apart from a team photo from 1921. It is believed they just played friendly matches until a team apparently joined the Halkyn Mountain League post-war.

In more recent times a team was entered into the Llandyrnog & District Summer League in the late 60s which was originally organised in the 50s for the farming community. Success was achieved in 1971 and 1972 when Caerwys won the League Championship and they boasted a very strong side. They also won the Times Shield, a knockout competition on three occasions in 1970, 1989 & 1990. Large crowds of up to 600 people turned out for those finals, something which is rarely seen at Caerwys these days.

In 1983 a team was entered into Division 3 of the Clwyd League. In those days, there were the likes of Wrexham and Chester Reserves in the Clwyd Premier Division. After a steady rise through the divisions, the team had progressed through to the Clwyd Premier Division under the guidance of Manager Jack Phillips (who had also run the club's youth team for ten seasons), finishing runners up in 1999–2000 in the Premier Division. Caerwys gained promotion to the Welsh Alliance League, where they remained for eight seasons. The team enjoyed mediocre success but resigned in 2008 to concentrate on putting their financial resources into building a new pavilion, plus the added financial strain of running a team in the W.A.L. For five years the club was sponsored by Les Ward and his container business, Securistore.

In 1998 the club's veterans over 40s team managed by Steve Griffith and Dave Williams had triumphed in the National UMBRO knockout cup by defeating Bedfordshire based Sandy Albion at Rushden & Diamonds ground. During that spell the club ran five teams at senior level.
The first team had its best spell since promoted to the W.A.L., in 2003–04 when they reached three major cup semi-finals including the Welsh Trophy and the North Wales Challenge Cup under the guidance of Russ Pierce and Mark Speakman and finished mid-table in the League.
In 2006–07 season the first team was taken over by Richie Roberts who was assisted by Mark Speakman. The team finished with their best points tally in 10th spot since joining the Welsh Alliance League, but Roberts, a local farmer, had to put his job first and called it a day. The Reserves were managed by long serving player Matty Peters, who took over when the team dropped down to the Clwyd Premier.

The Veterans team joined the Cheshire Vets League in 2005/06. In their first season they clinched the Division 1 title gaining promotion to the Premier Division. The Vets went on to lift the League Cup and also the Premier Division Title. In 2009–10 the team changed their name coming under the umbrella of Flint Town United as all their matches are played there due to there being no Sunday facilities at Caerwys.

In 2016 the Veterans team was resurrected and reached the final of the North East Wales Cup losing to British Steel at Rhydymwyn.
Dyfan Davies was appointed in 2017 as Manager of the Llandyrnog & District Summer League team which is totally reliant on players residing within the parish due to strict rules which forbid using outside players. Caerwys have been members since 1968.

In 2009 local builder and committee member Shaun Davies began work on the new pavilion. A£30,000 grant was obtained from Flintshire County Council plus £2500 from Caerwys Town Council with the club providing £18,000 from fundraising. This was enough to complete phase one. An additional grant of £26,000 from Cadwyn Clwyd, which the club had to match fund with 30%, saw the completion of phase 2 by 2012.
The club's kit used to be sponsored by Shotblast Engineering Services based at Greenfield, whose owner, Roger Burgess, died on 20 September 2011. The company sponsored the club on and off for 25 years. Since then the club has been sponsored by the Royal Oak, Holywell based ICRGroup for two seasons then local based Thomas Plant Hire since 2015.

Caerwys were promoted from the Clwyd League East at the end of the 2013/14 season into the Welsh National League Division 1. After three seasons in the WNL, the team resigned before the season ended, citing lack of commitment from players combined by a poorly run league, which had seen eight matches called off because of a lack of match officials. The following season 2016–17, Caerwys entered the North East Wales league with local player Nick Voyle appointed as Manager. The team finished tenth, having beaten most of the better sides in the league. 2018–19 started well with the team progressing in two cups but in December 2018, Voyle resigned as Team Manager, citing lack of commitment from players.  Shaun Davies took over as Interim Manager and the team finished the season on a winning run with only one defeat in six matches and that was only due to having no recognised keeper.  The team finished in a creditable fifth spot. The club were going to apply to the Vale of Clwyd league for season 2019-20 but have now decided to stay where they are under the guidance of Ethan Jones and Jordan Hadaway who will take charge next season.  Caerwys Veterans also finished mid-table in the newly formed North East Wales Vets League which was won by Rhyl.

Current squad

References

External links
Official site
Official FAW page

Sport in Flintshire
Football clubs in Wales
Association football clubs established in 2005
Caerwys
Welsh Alliance League clubs
North East Wales Football League clubs

Caerwys F.C.


Games played (abbreviated as G or GP) is a statistic. It is used in team sports to show the total number of games in which a player has participated in.

Baseball
In baseball, the statistic also applies to players who are included on a starting lineup card whether they play or not.

References

Statistics

Games played


The 84th Academy Awards was on February 26, 2012. It was held in the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. Billy Crystal was the morderator at this ceremony.

The Artist won five Oscars: Best Picture, Best Actor for Jean Dujardin and Best Director for Michael Hazanavicius. Other Winners were Hugo with five Oscars, The Iron Lady with two Oscars and Beginners, The Descendants, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Help, Midnight in Paris, The Muppets, Rango, Saving Face, A Separation, The Shore and Undefeated with one.

Nominees and winners
Winners are listed first.

Academy Awards
2012 movies

84th Academy Awards


Caroline Achaintre (born December 1969) is a mixed media artist living and working in London. Her work draws heavily on Animism , Expressionism , Theatricality and the Handmade .

Born in Toulouse and brought up near Nuremberg, Achaintre obtained a scholarship at the Kunsthochschule in Halle, then came to London to study at the Chelsea College of Arts and then at Goldsmiths, University of London before establishing a studio in Homerton, East London.

Much of her earlier work was in textiles, particularly wool, and Primitivist in style, though she has also worked in installation, and also in ink on paper and ceramics. Much of this work draws on traditions of carnival and tribal masks and the potential to both attract and repulse through the materials. She has held a number of residencies and exhibited in a number of locations, including London's Saatchi Gallery, Cell Project Space (London), Birmingham's Eastside Projects, and as part of the eighth British Art Show.

References

1969 births
Living people

Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Artists from London
British contemporary artists
Artists from Nuremberg
Textile artists

Caroline Achaintre


Meyer Myron "Mickey" Katz (June 15, 1909 – April 30, 1985) was an American musician and comedian. He was the father of actor Joel Grey and paternal grandfather of actress Jennifer Grey.

Early life
Meyer Myron Katz was born on Sawtell Court in Cleveland, Ohio, to a Jewish family. He was one of five children born to Johanna (née Herzberg) and Menachem Katz. Mickey lost an older sister to diphtheria when he was about four years old. Menachem supported the family as a tailor, but money was always tight in the Katz family. As children, Mickey and his siblings contributed to the family finances by entering amateur musical contests in the neighborhood theaters and bringing the prize money home to their parents. Even after graduating from high school, Mickey continued to support his family with the money he earned from his music.

Out of high school, Katz was hired by Phil Spitalny to go on a road tour. While waiting at the train station to leave, Katz met Grace Epstein, his future wife. He was seventeen and she was fourteen.  He married her three years later, in 1930. They had two sons, Joel Grey and Ronald. Each of Katz's sons had two children. Joel fathered Jennifer Grey and Jim Grey, and Ronald fathered Randy Katz and Todd Katz. In 1977, Katz told the story of his life in a biography called Papa, Play for Me.

Career

Finding the clarinet
One evening when Katz was eleven, his father took him to a concert at the Talmud Torah. A clarinet solo was on the program. On the way home, Katz told him he wanted to play the clarinet. However, for his father to pay for an instrument and lessons was out of the question. The next day, Katz asked the bandmaster of the local high school for a school clarinet, and within a few days he received an old and dusty clarinet. The next step was to find a way to pay for clarinet lessons. Katz went to his Uncle Sam and offered to clean his tailor shop if he would pay for the lessons. His uncle agreed, and soon Katz was studying under Joseph Narovec.  He made excellent progress on the instrument, and quickly learned the saxophone as well.

Starting his career
Fresh out of high school, Katz landed a gig playing clarinet and sax for Phil Spitalny and went on a road tour with his band. After the tour, Katz played in Doc Whipple's big band at the Golden Pheasant Chinese Restaurant for about a year, at which point he left and joined Angelo Vitale's band at the Park Theater. Deciding to try his luck in New York City, Katz left Cleveland in 1929. He had a hard time finding work at first, and bopped around from one small, unsuccessful job to the next. He finally ran into Ed Fishman, whom he knew from Cleveland and who helped him find a job playing in Howard Phillips' orchestra at the Manger Hotel. However, the job ended in 1930, after his marriage, and the couple had no choice but to go to live in Grace's uncle's home.

Katz was soon saved from this situation when he received a phone call from Jack Spector, a friend back in Cleveland. A spot for a clarinet and sax player had recently opened up in Maurice Spitalny's band at the Loew's State Theater, and Spector had recommended Katz. Katz moved back to Cleveland with Grace and played with Spitalny until the leader left Loew's Theater in 1932. Katz continued to play there for another year, then rejoined Spitalny at the RKO Palace Theater and played there until the Cleveland musicians' local in Cleveland went on strike in 1935. Unfortunately for Katz, the union lost the strike, since movie theaters were becoming more common and theaters no longer needed live musicians, and he was out of a job once again.

Nevertheless, he soon found work playing for vacationers as they sailed around Lake Erie on the excursion boat Goodtime. This gig lasted every summer from 1935 to 1939. During the off-season, Katz found what work he could playing various one-night gigs. When the Goodtime went out of business in 1939, he moved on to a position as bandleader and MC at the Ohio Villa gambling palace.

Going to war
In 1942, Katz was hired as bandleader at the Alpine Village theater-restaurant in Cleveland. He was subsequently drafted, but was classified 4-F classification by the Selective Service System and released from his military obligation after failing his preinduction physical. He found other ways to help the war effort, though. Back at the Alpine Village he began to sell war bonds after the shows, bringing in US$25,000 to $30,000 a week for the U.S. government. He also played for servicemen at the USO canteen at Cleveland's St. John's Cathedral. Then, in 1945, he took his six-man comedy and band group (Mickey Katz and His Krazy Kittens) on a USO tour of Europe with movie star Betty Hutton. For this trip Katz was made a temporary officer; it was the closest he ever came to serving in the military.

Hitting his stride
In 1946, the national jukebox convention was to be held in Cleveland, and Katz was asked to conduct for it. While there he met Spike Jones, and a week later Jones asked Katz to join him in Hollywood. Katz played with Jones for more than a year, but never felt he was paid enough, so he left Jones in 1947.

Katz soon decided to make an English-Yiddish comedy record. Having written the lyrics to "Haim afen Range" (based on "Home on the Range") some years previously, he had it approved by RCA. He quickly wrote another song for the flip side, "Yiddish Square Dance", and had his friend Al Sack sketch out the melody for it and set "Haim afen Range" to music as well. The original run of 10,000 copies released in New York City sold out in three days, and RCA received orders for 25,000 more. Katz then went on to parody "Tico, Tico" as "Tickle, Tickle" and backed this new record with "Chloya", a parody of "Chloe". He then hired a manager in Los Angeles, and in 1947 performed in Boyle Heights, a largely Jewish and Mexican-American neighborhood. In Katz's words, he was a "double-ethnic smash."

Receiving some opposition
Despite Katz's appeal with particular groups, there were many who did not like his music. Most of these people were affronted by the way he emphasized Jewish differences, convinced that his antics would help perpetuate Jewish stereotypes. In "The Yiddish are coming", writer Josh Kun sums up the atmosphere of the time with the following: "As historian Howard Sachar has noted, the prevailing attitude after World War II was a fear that anything that promoted a 'separate identity as Jews ... would somehow lend credence to Hitler's racial theories.

Although Katz had his fans, not everybody loved him. There were many radio stations that refused to play his records, and several venues feared hiring him. In his biography, Katz recalls asking a radio station manager why he wouldn't play any of Katz's records:

 I asked him why he wouldn't play my records. He said, "Because some of our listeners are offended."
 I asked, "Who, besides you?"
 He said, "I don't think that's any of your business."
 I answered, "I think it is my business because this is how I make a living. You play Italian records, you play Polish records--"
 He cut me off. "I will not play any record with Yiddish in it. Yiddish is the language of the ghetto."
 "My friend," I said, "Yiddish is the language of our forefathers."
 "I do not care to hear it."
 "Then why don't you play some of my instrumental records? They're some of the greatest music in the world, played by some of the greatest musicians in the world—Ziggy Elman, Mannie Klein, Nat Farber--"
 Again he cut me off mid-sentence. "There will be no Yiddish spoken, or Jewish music played, on this station."

Continuing on
Not one to let others get him down, though, Katz continued to create parodies until 1957 and continued to perform off and on until his death. In 1948, Katz produced the English-Yiddish stage revue Borscht Capades, co-starring with his son Joel Grey. The show did well until it went to Broadway. Right before Borscht Capades opened, an almost identical show, called Bagels and Yocks opened up down the street. In competition with each other for such a small, particular audience, both shows ending up failing.

From 1951 to 1956, Katz operated as a disc jockey for the Los Angeles radio station KABC while going on occasional road tours and playing engagements at the Bandbox nightclub. In 1952 Katz also did some shows for the United Jewish Appeal. In the same year, he joined the California Friars Club, and proceeded to conduct at their major functions for the next 25 years. In 1953, Katz decided to play Las Vegas, and after a successful start at the Frontier, he returned to Las Vegas for four more years.

In 1955, Katz played a brief engagement at Harrah's, located at Lake Tahoe. The following year, he played in Europe and Australia. In 1958, Katz finally played the Catskills, an area where most of his peers made their start. Unfortunately for Katz, the booking office that hired him was determined to make as much money out of him as possible, and he ended up with a packed schedule, playing "anything north of Atlantic City." In 1961, Katz went on a tour of South Africa, playing in cities including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Benoni, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria, and Muizenberg. Finally, at the end of his career, Katz began playing the Florida condominium circuit, often playing two shows a night.

Musical style
Katz was largely a jazz musician. All of his parodies have a distinct klezmer flavor, either throughout the entire piece or as a brief "break" in the middle of the song. His songs often lampooned both Jewish and American culture.

Various Katz appearances
Katz and his group can be seen in the movie Thoroughly Modern Millie accompanying Julie Andrews as she sings a Yiddish song at a Jewish wedding.

A number of famous Jewish musicians, including those with their own bands, recorded with him, including Mannie Klein, Ziggy Elman and Si Zentner.

Jazz musician Don Byron recorded a tribute to Mickey Katz in 1993, Don Byron Plays The Music of Mickey Katz.

The 2003 British movie Wondrous Oblivion featured Katz' "The Barber of Schlemiel" (a parody of The Barber of Seville) in a scene where the Jewish main character plays the record for his Jamaican neighbor.

Katz supplied the voice of the character Hop-a-Long Catskill on the Beany and Cecil cartoon series on ABC-TV in 1962. Catskill was a frog, and the role was a parody of the role of Chester on the television series Gunsmoke. His primary function, in the few episodes in which he appeared, was to serve bad coffee and provide even worse Yiddish/English puns.

Music
In addition to his parodies, Katz created more traditional klezmer music. His songs have been compiled onto CDs, including Mish Mosh, The Most Mishige, Mickey Katz Greatest Shticks, and Simcha Time: Music for Weddings, Bar Mitzvahs, and Brisses. Katz played with many musicians throughout the years, but he initially performed his parodies with Mannie Klein on trumpet, Sammy Weiss on drums, Benny Gill on violin, Si Zentner on trombone, and Wally Wechsler on piano. Al Sack, the man who created the music for Katz's first two parodies, assembled these players for Katz and then helped him get Nat Farber to arrange the music.

Death
Katz died of kidney failure in Los Angeles, California in 1985, at the age of 75.

Further reading
 Katz, Mickey. Nonzense on Who's Whoo end Wat's Wat, Illustrations Bernard Schmittke (74 pages). Spear & Gilpin 1929.
 Katz, Mickey. Papa, Play For Me, Simon & Schuster, 1977.
 Larkin, Colin. The encyclopedia of popular music, third edition. Macmillan 1998.
 Perry, Jeb H. Variety obits. An index to obituaries in Variety, 1905-1978, Scarecrow Press, 1980.
 Whitburn, Joel. Joel Whitburn's Pop memories 1890-1954. The history of American popular music compiled form America's popular music charts 1890-1954, Record Research Inc. 1986.
 Chabon, Michael. Manhood for Amateurs, Ch. X (Cue the Mickey Katz), HarperCollins 2009.
 Young, Jordan R. (2005). Spike Jones Off the Record: The Man Who Murdered Music. (3rd edition) Albany: BearManor Media .
 Kun, Josh.  'Audiotopia: Music, Race, and America,' University of California Press, 2005, Ch. 2 ("The Yiddish Are Coming").

References

External links

MickeyKatz.com

1909 births
1985 deaths
American jazz musicians
Jewish American male actors
Jewish male comedians
RCA Victor artists
Yiddish comedians
American parodists
Parody musicians
20th-century American male actors
Deaths from kidney failure
Male actors from Cleveland
20th-century American musicians
Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery
20th-century American comedians
Jazz musicians from Ohio
Yiddish-language satirists
20th-century American Jews

Mickey Katz


A chief executive officer (CEO) (also known as a central executive officer, or just chief executive (CE), or as managing director (MD) in the UK) is the highest officer charged with the management of an organization especially a company or nonprofit institution.

CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private corporations, nonprofit organizations, and even some government organizations (notably state-owned enterprises). The CEO of a corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the business, which may include maximizing the share price, market share, revenues, or another element. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by legislation. CEOs are also frequently assigned the role of the main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in the C-suite.

Origins
The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States of America used the term to refer to governors and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the Thirteen Colonies. In draft additions to the Oxford English Dictionary published online in 2011, the Dictionary says that the use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in Australia, with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972.

Responsibilities
The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's board of directors or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in a formal delegation of authority regarding business administration. Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on business strategy and other key policy issues, leader, manager, and executor. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors.

As an executive officer of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for a company's business decisions, including those in operations, marketing, business development, finance, human resources, etc.

The use of the CEO title is not necessarily limited to describing the owner or the head of a company. For example, the CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns.

International use
In some countries, there is a dual board system with two separate boards, one executive board for the day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the chairperson presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person.

In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (the division/subsidiary heads and C-level officers that report directly to the CEO).

In the United States, and in business, the executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the California Corporate Disclosure Act defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a sole proprietorship, an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In the case of a partnership, an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a limited liability company, an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer.

Related positions

Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives, executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if the CEO is also the president, is the vice president (VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the chief operating officer (COO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief strategy officer (CSO), and chief business officer (CBO). The public relations-focused position of chief reputation officer is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force behind, an organisation culture".

United States
In the US, the term chief executive officer is used primarily in business, whereas the term executive director is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector. These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities.

United Kingdom
In the UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in local government, business, and the charitable sector. , the use of the term director for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term managing director is often used in lieu of chief executive officer.

Celebrity CEOs
Business publicists since the days of Edward Bernays (1891–1995) and his client John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for Henry Ford, promoted the concept of the "celebrity CEO". Business journalists have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in the arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the "great man theory". Guthey et al. argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to the point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business atmosphere". Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does the work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the celebrity journalists.

Research published in 2009 by Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance".

Criticism

Executive compensation

Executive compensation has been a source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the average worker's wage. For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000. The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1. Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees. In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay.

Diversity

Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been a source of criticism. In 2018, 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were women. In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies. The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in Big Five personality traits and temperament, sex differences in psychology and interests, maternity and career breaks, hypergamy, phallogocentrism, the existence of old boy networks, tradition, and the lack of female role models in that regard. Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas. In 2023 Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to Korn Ferry to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's.

See also
 CEO succession
 CEO of public schools
 City manager
 Executive officer
 Glass cliff
 List of books written by CEOs
 List of chief executive officers
 Occupational Information Network
 Prime minister
 United States Department of Labor

References

Further reading

 Vancil, Richard F. Passing the baton: Managing the process of CEO succession (Harvard Business School Press, 1987).

External links

Management occupations

E
Positions of authority
Leadership

Chief executive officer


College basketball is basketball played between teams from colleges or universities, usually in the United States. The most popular American college basketball league is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).  Basketball in the NCAA is put into three divisions: Division I, Division II and Division III. However, there are other college basketball leagues, such as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). College basketball teams are split into conferences, which are groups of about 10 teams.

Division I of the NCAA has two tournaments to determine who the national champion. One tournament is for men and one is for women. The men's tournament has 68 teams, and the women's tournament has 64 teams. These tournaments are often called "March Madness".

Compared to professional basketball
NCAA basketball and NBA basketball are different in some ways:
In NCAA basketball, there are more teams.
In NCAA basketball, there are fewer games.
In NCAA basketball, the 3-point line is farther back.
In NCAA basketball, the game is split into two 20 minute halves instead of four 12 minute quarters.
In NCAA basketball, the shot clock is 35 seconds instead of 24 seconds.
In NCAA basketball, the scores are usually lower.

College basketball


Emergency Medicine is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)

Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called Accident and Emergency Medicine (AEM).

EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need immediate care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called emergencies. If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.

Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.

Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know quite as much about the chronic treatments of diseases over years. However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know  about how to treat non-emergencies.

Related pages
Emergency medical services
First aid

References

Emergency medicine


Kannada Saahithya Parishath (; ) is an Indian non-profit organisation that promotes the Kannada language and its literature. Its headquarters are in the city of Bengaluru in the state of Karnataka, India. It strives to promote Kannada language through publishing books, organising literary seminars and promoting research projects. It also organises an annual conference on Kannada literature called Kannada Sahithya Sammelana (Kannada Literary Meet). The current president of the parishat is Dr. Mahesh joshi.

Origin
During the British rule of India, Kannada speakers were spread across different provinces. Coming under the influence of different languages in those provinces, the pronunciation and grammar of Kannada language started to differ across provinces. This led to a gap in communication across the people in these provinces though they spoke the same language of Kannada. Mokshagundam Vishweshwaraiah, who was the Diwan of the Mysore Kingdom felt the need to conserve and promote the Kannada language and literature. In this direction, he started the Mysore Economic Conference and created a study circle under H. V. Nanjundaiah. A sub-committee formed under the study circle came up with five different topics on which suggestions were invited:

 To develop ideas to promote unity and co-operation among Kannada speakers spread across different regions.
 To develop suggestions for a common written Kannada which had diversified across different regions
 To ensure that students learning Kannada language use a common textbook
 To improve the general knowledge among the Kannada speaking population by publishing appropriate books.
 To produce appropriate Kannada translations for words used in other languages, especially the scientific words.

The sub-committee received good responses from the public and it decided to organise a conference in Bangalore on 3 May 1915 to act upon these suggestions. The conference was held on the grounds of the Government High School and was attended by littérateurs, newspaper editors and other dignitaries from different regions. The conference agreed to create the Karnataka Sahitya Parishat with a mandate to conserve and promote Kannada language and literature. H. V. Nanjundaiah was unanimously elected as the President of the Parishat. Apart from the Mysore province, the Karnataka Sahitya Parishat was simultaneously started in the Madras, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Kodagu provinces.

Growth
H. V. Nanjundaiah remained as President of the Parishat for the first five years of its creation. In 1935, an annual event under the aegis of the Parishat called as Kannada Sahitya Sammelana commenced. The foundation ceremony of a separate building to house the Parishat was organised on 12 April 1937 under the Presidency of Karpura Srinivas Rao. The construction of this building was completed on 29 May 1938. B M Srikantaiah was the Vice President of the Parishat from 1938 till 1942. In 1938, the name of Karnataka Sahitya Parishat was changed to Kannada Sahitya Parishat. Under the guidance of B M Srikantaiah, the logo of the Parishat containing the map of the Mysore province with the phrase Sirigannadam gelge, Kannada Sahitya Parishat written inside it was created. Over the period of time; a women's wing, a publishing house, a Kannada journal and literature exams were also added to the repertoire of the Parishat. Kannada Sahitya Parishat branches at the district and taluk levels were also created. A new building is being constructed to replace the existing building of the Parishat at a cost of Rupees five crores. During its existence, the Parishat has contributed to the growth of Kannada language by organising conferences and debates, publication and release of books, organising talks by eminent writers and also by holding the annual Kannada Sahitya Sammelana.

Criticism
The Parishat has reportedly lost focus on its goals due to various reasons including lack of funds and political interference. There were also reports of irregularities conducted within the Parishat in 1987, which prompted the Karnataka Government to nominate an Administrator to the Parishat. The office of the Administrator was removed in 1989.

See also
 Kannada Sahitya Sammelana

External links
 Kannada Sahitya Parishat website
 a PhD thesis by Dr. M.L. Shankaralingappa – Kannada sahitya parishttu – ondu samaajo samsmskrutika adhyayana – published by Kannada sahitya parishattu, Bangalore, awarded by Bangalore University.
 * ka sa pa- saitya sammelanagala nirnayagalu. Edited by Dr. M.L. Shankaralingappa – published by Sumukha Prakashana, Bangalore.
Kannada Sahitya Parishat literally mean Kannada Literary Council

Notes

Kannada literature
Non-profit organisations based in India
Indic literature societies
Organisations based in Karnataka
Culture of Karnataka
1915 establishments in India
Organizations established in 1915
Cultural organisations based in India
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014

Kannada Sahitya Parishat


Miroslav Verner (born October 31, 1941, in Brno) is a Czech egyptologist, who specializes in the history and archaeology of Ancient Egypt of the Old Kingdom and especially of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

Verner is a specialist on the archaeology of the Old Kingdom pyramids, and published one of the fundamental syntheses on the subject, in a new, updated edition in 2021.

Biography
Verner was the director of the Czechoslovak and later Czech Institute of Egyptology at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague for twenty-five years, and led the Czech excavations at Abusir. He has also been associated with the Universities of Vienna and Hamburg as well as the Charles University in Prague and the American University in Cairo.

Verner has been active in archaeological work since 1964, and he has been excavating at Abusir since 1976. In 1998, the tomb of Iufaa, an Egyptian priest and administer of palaces, was discovered in an undisturbed tomb by a team of Czech archaeologists from the Czech Institute of Egyptology, under the direction of Verner. The excavation report on the tomb was published by Ladislav Bareš and Květa Smoláriková.

In 2005, Verner became the director of the project called "Investigation of the civilisation of Ancient Egypt". The project runs from 2005 to 2011, and the aim is to study the evolution of Egyptian society throughout its history.

Bibliography
Selected monographs include:
Abusir XII. Minor tombs in the Royal Necropolis I (The Mastabas of Nebtyemneferes and Nakhtsare, Pyramid Complex Lepsius no. 24 and Tomb Complex Lepsius no. 25) (with J. Krejčí and V. G. Callender), Prague 2008.
Unearthing Ancient Egypt: Fifty years of the Czech Archaeological Exploration in Egypt [Hardcover] (with Hana Benešovská); Czech Institute of Egyptology; December 31, 2008. ()
Abusir IX — The Pyramid Complex of Raneferef, the Archaeology (v. 9, Pt. 1) [Hardcover], Czech Institute of Egyptology Charles Univers; December 31, 2006. ()
Abusir X — The Pyramid Complex of Raneferef: The Papyrus Archive (Abusir Monographs) (v. 10) (with Paule Posener-Kriéger and Hana Vymazalova) [Hardcover], Czech Institute of Egyptology; December 1, 2006. ()
Abusir: The Realm of Osiris (Hardcover), American University in Cairo Press: 2003, 248 pages ()
Sons of the sun: rise and decline of the Fifth Dynasty (1 ed.). Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Charles University. ()
The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments, Grove Press,  : October 2001, 432 pages ()
The Pyramids. The Archaeology and History of Egypt's Iconic Monuments (2 ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ()
Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir, Academia Skodaexport; 1994. ()
The mastaba of Ptahshepses (The Excavations of the Czechoslovak Institute of Egyptology at Abusir) , Charles University (1977)

Articles include:
Contemporaneous Evidence for the Relative Chronology of Dyns. 4 and 5, in: E. Hornung – R. Krauss – D. A. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, (HdO. Section 1. The Near and Middle East 83), Leiden – Boston 2006 [v tisku].
The Abusir Pyramids Quarry and Supply Road, in: P. Jánosi (ed.), Structure and Significance. Thoughts on Ancient Egyptian Architecture, (DÖAW 33), Wien 2005, 531–538.
Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001, pp. 363–418

References

External links

Miroslav Verner Website Page maintained by the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Background and bibliography are provided.
Interview with Miroslav Verner

Czech archaeologists
Czech Egyptologists
1941 births
Living people
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Writers from Brno
Academic staff of Charles University

Miroslav Verner


Finland Swadish () is a general term fir the closely relatit cluster o dialects o Swedish spoken in Finland bi Swadish-speakin Finns as their mither tongue. fir the maist pairt, these dialects an the dialects spoken in Swaden are mutually intelligible, although some archaic Swadish dialects in Ostrobothnie are practically unintelligible tae Swadish-speakin fowk in soothren Finland (an in Swaden). Maist Swadish-speakin Finns emphasize that Finland Swadish is nae a leid separate frae the Swadish o Swaden. The Swadish dialects in Finland are considered varieties o Swadish, an the norm fir written Staundart Swadish is completely applicable an aw fir Finland Swadish.

Swadish as spoken in Finland is regulatit bi the Swadish Depairtment o the Research Institute fir the Leids o Finland. This regulation includes the offeecially statit aim o keepin Finland Swadish close tae the Swadish as spoken in Swaden an strangly phrased advice against loanwirds an calques frae Finnish, which are uisually incomprehensible tae Swades.

An aften repeatit "fact" is that the municipality wi the heichest proportion o Swadish speakers in the warld, Hammarland (96%, 2004 est.), is locatit in Finland. Korsnäs haes an aw held this title an is aften citit as sic. Housomeivver, as there are nae offeecial statistics on the mither tongue o inhabitants o Swaden, this is haurd or impossible tae verify an shoud probably be taken wi a grain o salt.

In the spoken slang-leid, especially amang young fowk in Finnish-dominatit auries, Finnish loanwirds as well as calques frae Finnish are frequently incorporatit intae Finland Swadish. There are an aw some wirds in Finland Swadish that wad be considered slichtly archaic in Swaden. Some govrenment an public service terms that hae been creatit in recent centuries an aw differ. The same is true o ither new wirds, notably loanwords frae Inglis.

A common mistake made bi mony Swades is tae mistake Finland Swadish fir Swadish wi a Finnish accent, somethin that can be a considerable source o frustration tae maist Swadish-speakin Finns. Ony leid adopts featurs, especially pronunciation habits, frae dominant leids it comes in touch wi, but mony o the traits o Finland Swadish exist an aw in monolingual auries an some are in fact preserved featurs o auld Swadish. The pronunciation o Finland Swadish bi a Swadish-speakin Finn is different frae that o Finnish speakers pronooncin Swadish as a foreign leid.

History

Frae the 16t century, Swadish wis the main leid o jurisdiction, admeenistration, an heicher education in Finland, but the majority o the population spoke Finnish ootside o these sectors o society, i.e. in normal, daily life. In 1809, when Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Roushie Empire, Swadish remained the anerlie offeecial leid. In 1863, Finnish an Swadish became offeecial leids wi equal status, an bi the time o Finland's unthirldom in 1917, Finnish clearly dominatit in govrenment an society.

Finland haes syne then been a bilingual kintra wi a Swadish-speakin minority (5.5% o mainland Finland's population in 2006) livin maistly in the coastal auries o soothren, sooth-wastren, an wastren Finland. Durin the 20t century, the urbanization follaein the Industrial Revolution haes led tae lairge majorities o Finnish speakers in aw major ceeties. The caipital Helsinki (in Swadish Helsingfors) became predominantly Finnish speakin as early as aroond 1900. A lairge an important pairt o the Swadish-speakin population nivertheless lives in the caipital.

The autonomous island province o Åland is an exception, being monolingually Swadish speakin accordin tae internaitional treaties. It is a matter o definition whether the Swadish dialects spoken on Åland are tae be considered a kynd o Finland Swadish or nae. Maist Swadish-speakin Finns an linguists consider them tae be closer tae some o the dialects spoken in nearbi pairts o Swaden.

Offeecial status

Swadish is ane o the twa naitional leids o the republic o Finland, the ither being Finnish. These twa leids hae formally equal status in nearlins aw legislation. The ither minority leids (sic as Sami) are regulatit separately.

Finland Swadish is regulatit bi the Research Institute fir the Leids o Finland. Offeecial Swadish isnae supposed tae be different frae Swadish as foond in Swaden.

Bilingualism o municipalities is regulatit bi the Leid Act o 2003. gin the minority haes increased intae at least 3,000 persons or 8% o residenters, then the municipality must become bilingual. gin the minority haes fawen belaw 3,000 persons an 6% o inhabitants, then the municipality must become monolingual, unless it decides tae keep its bilingual status. At present, anerlie ane sic municipality haes done so, namely Lohja (Lojo in Swadish). The status is reviewed ance in a decade, an enactit bi a govrenment decree issued bi the Finnish Cooncil o State.

The kintra's public broadcaster, YLE, provides twa Swadish-leid radio stations, Radio Vega an YLE X3M, as well a TV channel, FST5.

Phonology
Wi the exception o the dialects spoken in Ostrobothnia alang the wast coast, close tae the Gulf o Bothnie (example: the dialect spoken in Närpes), Finland Swadish is nae pairticularly different frae Central Swadish. The phonology is identical, but it haes slichtly different vouel qualities. The phoneme  is mair centralized an pronooncit like , quite similar tae hou mony American Inglis pronoonce /u/ (as in moon). This shoud be compared tae the Central Swadish , which is vera close tae the short vouel  an is mair roondit.

The realization o the heichlie variable phoneme  is mair frontal on the mainland an can vary atween  an , while the realizations on Åland are mair similar tae the velar (an aften destinctly labialized)  in the neighborin pairts o Swaden.  is affricated intae  or  in aw dialects includin in staundart Finland Swadish.

The tonal wird accent, which distinguishes some minimal pairs in maist dialects o Swadish an Norse, is nae present in Finland Swadish (except aroond the parish o Snappertuna, wast o Helsinki). The so-cried "accent 2", uised mainly in wirds wi a twa-syllable ruit, is nae uised at aw; insteid, "accent 1" is uised in aw wirds. Hence, Swaden Swadish minimal pairs like  ("the duck") - wi stress on anerlie the first syllable - an  ("the spirit") - wi baith syllables stressed - are baith pronoonced  in Finland.

See an aw
 Åland Swadish
 Swadish-speakin Finns
 Swaden Swadish

References

Freemit airtins
 SweDia  - a collection o dialect samples o Swadish includin Finland Swadish

Finland Swadish
Leids o Finland
Swadish leid

Finland Swadish


A stable is a building for livestock animals such as horses or cows to live in.

A stable often has a loft where food such as hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter.  The stable may be divided into enclosures or stalls to keep the animals separate.

A stable is most likely to be built near a farmhouse.

According to the Christian Bible, the baby Jesus was born in a stable.  He was wrapped up and put to sleep on the straw in the feed bin (the manger).

Agriculture
Animal enclosures

Stable


Rose Windross originally began as a singer and songwriter in the UK reggae scene. She recorded her first album, Just Rose, on the Ital Records label when she was still at school.

Windross both wrote and recorded Soul II Soul's first single "Fairplay" for Jazzie B, which is featured on the album, Club Classics Vol. One. In the US, although the single was pressed, "Fairplay" was never officially released as a single there, but it appeared on the B-side to the single "Feel Free".

In 1996, she performed vocals on Dpd's (one of Dillon & Dickins's aliases) cover version of Terence Trent D'Arby's "Sign Your Name" which was released on Higher State's sublabel 99 North.

Windross joined her brother Norris Windross in 1999 to launch W Records through his own booking agency, Da Boss Entertainments.

References

External links
Rose Windross on Discogs
Myspace.com

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British reggae musicians
20th-century Black British women singers
UK garage singers
English people of Guyanese descent
Soul II Soul members

Rose Windross


Pier Francesco Tosi (c. 16531732) was a castrato singer, composer, and writer on music.  His Opinoni de' cantori antichi e moderni... was the first full-length treatise on singing and provides a unique glimpse into the technical and social aspects of Baroque vocal music.

Life and career
Tosi was born in Cesena, Italy in 1653 or 1654.  There is a disagreement among sources whether he was the son of composer Giuseppe Felice Tosi.  He was castrated before puberty to preserve his high voice.  While it is not known where he received his rudimentary music training, he sang at a church in Rome from 1676 to 1677 and at the Milan cathedral from 1681 until 1685, when he was dismissed for "misconduct."  Thereafter, he made his one recorded appearance in opera at Reggio nell'Emilia in 1687 (in Varischino's Odoacre) and was based for a time in Genoa.  In 1693 Tosi relocated to London where he took on singing students and sang in weekly public concerts.  In 1701 he entered into the service of Austrian Emperor Joseph I and Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, whom he served as a musical and diplomatic agent, traveling extensively until 1723.  In 1724 he returned to a London ablaze with the works of Handel, where he again taught and was a founding member of the Academy of Ancient Music. He took holy orders sometime before his death in Faenza, Italy in 1732.  In addition to being a well-known soprano (of the cantabile style, singing mostly chamber music) and voice teacher, Tosi was a composer of several arias and cantatas.

Opinioni de' cantori antichi, e moderni... [Observations on the Florid Song]
Opinioni is primarily directed to the singing teacher, laying out what and how they must teach their pupils.  It also includes a chapter and several passages addressed to the future professional singer with advice on good taste, ornaments, performance skills and the life and business of singing professionally.  Tosi stresses the need for a long period of student training in reading and composing music, singing and constructing ornamentation, as well as in grammar, diction, social decorum and acting.  All the standard ornaments of the time are thoroughly presented: appoggiatura, messa di voce, eight kinds of trills, passaggi (divisions), and portamento.  Tosi also dedicates a chapter each to recitative and aria singing, preaching throughout the necessity of improvising one's own graces and divisions on the spot in performances.

There are a few teachings of Tosi's in his Opinioni that have been particularly interesting to singers and scholars over the years.  Tosi clearly advocates uniting and blending the chest and head registers,  the first recorded vocal pedagogue to do so.  While earlier writers such as Zacconi  and Caccini stated that singers ought to only sing in their "natural voice," Tosi went so far as to say "[I]f [the chest and head register] do not perfectly unite, the Voice will be of divers Registers, and must consequently lose its Beauty."   Tosi's is also the first recorded encouragement of the use of rubato as an embellishment.  While he again and again rails on singers who accidentally sing out of tempo or self-aggrandizingly hold out notes as in the modern fermata, he encourages "[t]he stealing of Time […], provided he makes a Restitution with Ingenuity"; meaning, provided the singer catches back up the accompaniment, allowing them to keep tempo.

Another interesting element of Opinioni is Tosi's discussions on intonation and sol-fa-ing.  During a period in which various methods of temperament were used by keyboards, strings and even singers, Tosi laments that "except in some few Professors, that modern Intonation is very bad."   He speaks of a differing "Semitone Major and Minor" (or a larger and a smaller semitone) whose "[d]ifference cannot be known by an Organ or Harpsichord, if the Keys of the Instrument are not split."   Consequentially, he warns that "if a Soprano was to sing D sharp, like E flat, a nice Ear will find he is out of Tune, because this last rises."   Tosi's remedy to poor intonation is to begin the singer young on solfege, using the traditional gamut created by Guido.  While both the Guidonian hexachord system and meantone temperament were becoming antiquated at the time Tosi wrote his treatise, he nevertheless insisted on their use.

Opinioni was in fact a watershed for much more than just early Baroque music theory and tuning.  Tosi spends a considerable amount of time in his treatise praising the "ancient" cantabile (or "Pathetick," as the original translator put it) style of his generation, around the start of the 18th century.  He cannot seem to understand why "the Mode" has moved to the rapid, highly ornate "Allegro" style popular at the time of his writing, which he lumps with insufficient singer training, ignoring the traditional Church modes and "tasteless" virtuosic displays as the great sin of the "modern" music generation.  Being a pragmaticist, however, he still encourages "it will be of Use to a prudent Scholar, who is desirous to be expert in both Manners."

Literature
 Dutch Translation: "" (Leyden, 1731)
. (Bologna 1723).
English Translation: Observations on the Florid Song. Trans. by John Ernest Galliard, London: J. Wilcox, 1742 or 1743.
German Translation and Extensive Commentary: . By Johann Friedrich Agricola. Berlin: George Ludewig Winter, 1757. Facsimile Edition with introduction and commentary by Kurt Wichmann. Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1966.
Tosi, Pierfrancesco: Opinions of singers, Ancient and Modern, or Observations on Figured Singing, English translation with introduction and commentary by Edward Foreman Minneapolis, Pro Music Press, 1993
Portuguese translation: Opiniões de cantores antigos e modernos, ou seja, Observações sobre o canto florido. Introduction and commentary by Alberto José Vieira Pacheco and Edoardo Sbaffi. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. UFRJ, 2022.

References

Sources
Malcolm Boyd/John Rosselli. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992).  and
Text for this article has been excerpted by permission of the author from the introduction to P.F. Tosi Observations on the Florid Song, Bel Canto Masters Study Series (Pitch Perfect Publishing, 2009).  .

External links

1650s births
1732 deaths
Castrati
18th-century Italian male actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male classical composers
Italian Baroque composers
Members of the Academy of Ancient Music
Italian music theorists
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians

Pier Francesco Tosi


A P-Patch is a parcel of property used for gardening; the term is specific to Seattle, Washington. The "P" originally stood for "Picardo", after the family who owned Picardo Farm in Seattle's Wedgwood neighborhood, part of which became the original P-Patch. (A folk etymology attributes it to "pea patch".)

One of the more unique P-Patch locations is atop the Mercer Street parking garage at the Seattle Center, which spans . It opened in 2012 and was slated for closure in 2020, but was saved after community protests.

List of P-Patches
Jackson Park, 10th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 133rd St.
Pinehurst, 12th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 115th St.
Evanston, Evanston Ave. N. & N. 102nd St.
Ballard, 25th Ave. N.W. & N.W. 85th St.
Picardo Farm, 26th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 82nd St.
Burke-Gilman Gardens, 5200 Mithun Pl. N.E.
Magnuson, Sand Point Way N.E. & N.E. 70th St.
Ravenna, 5200 Ravenna Ave. N.E.
Good Shepherd, Bagley Ave. N. & N. 47th St.
University District, 8th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 40th St.
Interbay, 2451 15th Avenue West
Eastlake, 2900 Fairview Ave. E.
Colman Park, 32nd Ave. S. & S. Grand St.
Snoqualmie, 13th Ave. S. & S. Snoqualmie St.
Ferdinand, Columbia Dr. S. & S. Ferdinand St.
Delridge, 5078 25th Ave. S.W.
University Heights Center, 5031 University Way N.E.
Thistle, Martin Luther King Jr. Way S. & S. Cloverdale St.
Judkins, 24th Ave. S. & S. Norman St.
Republican, 20th Ave. E. & E. Republican St.
Alki, 2126 Alki Ave S.W.
Bradner Gardens Park, 29th Ave. S. & S. Grand St.
Estelle Street, 3400 Rainier Ave. S.
Phinney Ridge, 3rd Ave. N.W. & N.W. 60th St.
Ida Mia Garden, E. Madison St., 32nd Ave. E. & Lake Washington Blvd. E.
Fremont West, Baker Ave. N.W. & N.W. 42nd St.
Belltown, Elliott Ave. & Vine St.
Queen Anne, 3rd Ave. N. & Lynn St.
Hillman City, 46th Ave. S. & S. Lucille St.
Hiawatha, S. Dearborn St. & Hiawatha Pl. S.
Squire Park, 14th Ave. & E. Fir St.
Fremont, Woodland Park Ave. N. & N. 39th St.
Cascade, Minor Ave. N. & Thomas St.
Thomas Street Gardens, 1010 E. Thomas St.
Greenwood, 345 N.W. 88th St.
Marra Farm, 4th Ave. S. & S. Director St.
Haller Lake, 13045 1st Ave. N.E.
Greg's Garden (formerly East Ballard), 14th Ave. N.W. & N.W. 54th St.
Immaculate, 18th Ave. & E. Columbia St.
Courtland Place, 36th Ave. S. & S. Spokane St.
Pelican Tea Garden, E. Mercer St. & 19th Ave. E.
Roosevelt, 7012 12th Ave. N.E.
Mad P, 30th Ave. E. & E. Mercer St.
Queen Pea, 5th Ave. N. & Howe St.
Thyme Patch Park, 28th Ave. N.W. & N.W. 58th St.
Beacon Bluff, S. Massachusetts St. & 13th Ave. S.
Longfellow Creek, 25th Ave. S.W. & S.W. Thistle St.
Linden Orchard, Linden Ave. N. & N. 67th St.
Brandon Street Orchard, S. Brandon St. & 47th Ave. S.
Lincoln Park, Fauntleroy Ave. S.W. & S.W. Webster St.
Angel Morgan, S. Morgan St. & 42nd Ave. S.
Maple Leaf, 5th Ave. N.E. & N.E. 103rd St.
Oxbow Park, Corson Ave. S. & S. Eddy St.
Hawkins Garden, E. Jefferson St. & Martin Luther King Jr. Way
Genesee, 41st Ave S.W. &  S.W. Genesee St.
Howell Collective Gardens, 1514 E Howell St

See also
 Allotment (gardening)
 Urban agriculture

References

External links

 Official site, as part of the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods
 P-Patch Trust, a non-profit land trust supporting community gardening in Seattle.
 The History of Seattle's P-Patches from Crosscut.com and KCTS

Parks in Seattle
Gardening in the United States
Community gardening in Washington (state)

P-Patch


Oliba (c. 971–1046) was the Count of Berga (998–1003) and Ripoll and later became Bishop of Vic (1018–1046) and Abbot of Sant Miquel de Cuixà. He was one of the spiritual founders of Catalonia. At that time, he may have been the most important churchman of his age in the Iberian Peninsula.

Oliba was also a writer. He and his monks in the scriptorium at Ripoll wrote many works about his world. His most crucial writing may have been his translations of Arabic manuscripts into Latin.

Family
We don't know exactly when Oliba was born, but it was near 971.  He was born to a rich family. He was the third son of a Catalan count, which is a type of nobleman. He gave up his possessions to take up the Benedictine habit in the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. He had three brothers and a sister.

As count
In 988, Count Oliba Cabreta took the habit, meaning he became a monk, and retired to Montecassino with St. Romuald, which met in Cuixà.

Oliba began to perform his duties as a count, a medieval nobleman. His brother Bernard inherited Besalú and Guifré Cerdanya; Oliva received Berga and Ripoll.

Between 988 and 1002, Oliva was Count of Berga and Ripoll. He was associated with his brother Guifré.

Church life
Oliba promoted the idea of Peace and Truce of God (Catalan: Pau I Treva de Déu) until 1022. In 1027, he signed an agreement with other bishops and noblemen in Toulouges (Roussillon). In this treaty, they all agreed to decide on days when no one would fight battles with anyone else and fugitives could run to churches.

Oliba was very influential. In 1023, King Sancho III of Navarre asked him for advice because he wanted his sister Urraca to be her second cousin Alfonso V of León. Oliva said not to do it, but Sancho ignored him. His letters to the various contemporaneous kings of Spain indicate to us that Alfonso and his successor, Vermudo III, were regarded as imperatore. And the king of Navarre was a mere rex.

Oliba started or reformed the monasteries of Montserrat (1025), Fluvià, and Canigó. He consecrated or patronized many other churches, such as the Collegiate Basilica of Manresa. He started the Assemblies of Peace and Truce, which later became Catalonia's corts, or parliament. He improved the decoration of his church at Ripoll and rededicated it on 15 January 1032.  He was a close advisor to Count Berengar Raymond I of Barcelona and he rebuilt the cathedral of Vic with help from Countess Ermesinda. The new cathedral was rededicated to Peter and Paul on 31 August 1038. He died at his monastery at Cuixà in 1046.

Monk and abbot
In August 1002, when Oliba was 31 years, he became a monk of the Benedictine Order in the Monastery of Ripoll.

In 1008, after the death of Abbot Seniofré, Olive was elected abbot, or leader of the monastery. Months later, he was elected abbot of the Monastery of St. Miquel de Cuixà. Oliba decided the monasteries should be more austere and disciplined.

By the following year, Oliba had become a little famous. In 1009, he was also elected abbot of Sant Martí del Canigó. Other monasteries liked his way of running things, such as the monasteries of Sant Feliu and Sant Sadurní Tavèrnoles.

Oliba spent his time and energy defending churches' property and rights against attacks by his manor. In 1011, he went to the Vatican to meet the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Sergius IV, and he won several bulls, which are papal rulings, for his monasteries. These papal bulls had significant power: the Pope, whom medieval Catholics considered God's representative on earth, said that the monasteries and lands owned were under the protection of St. Peter and the attack on the abbey was an aggression against the authority of the Pope.

Santa Maria de Ripoll

In the late tenth century, Catalonia became an important place for culture and art.  The people there had access to Arabic science, and the places where monks wrote and made copies of other pieces of writing called scriptoria became some of the best in Europe.

Ripoll was the most critical scriptorium in Catalonia. With help from things he learned at Ripoll, Pope Sylvester II introduced the Arabic numbers, the concept of zero, and the astrolabe to Europe.  During Oliba's time, the library at Ripoll gained three the number of pieces of writing; together with the Bobbio, it became one of the most important libraries in the Christian world during the middle ages.

Sant Miquel de Cuixà

Oliba made architectural modifications to this monastery. Oliba had a walkway built around the sanctuary with three apses. Then, he built a dome over the altar and the crypt. He also erected the Nativity, Chapel of the Trinity, and the two towers of Lombard, of which only one is still standing today.

Sant Martí del Canigó
The monastery of St. Martí del Canigó was founded by Oliba's brother, Count Gifré II of Cerdanya-Conflent. Gifré took an old church at the foot of Canigó and became an important monastery.

In 1009, this church and its community were made up of monks from Cuixà. Abbot Oliba ruled it throughout his community until 1014 when it had enough monks to start an abbot of its own.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Fundació Abat Oliba
 Abat Oliba CEU University
 Oliba at Wikisource

971 births
People from Catalonia
1046 deaths
Christian monks
Benedictines

Abbot Oliba


An anime convention is an event where people who like anime and things that are Japanese come together. Most conventions take all weekend, and many of the people dress up like characters from anime and video games and go to many different kinds of events during the convention.

Activities
People who go to anime conventions do a lot of different things. Many of them dress up in costumes, play video games, sing in karaoke, and watch various anime that yet to be widely released.

A dealer's room is also often popular, and it usually has many people selling unique items related to anime, Japan, or video games. A similar room, called the artist's alley, is also often available for local and beginning artists to promote themselves and sell their items as well.

Conventions also have talks about anime, video rooms, and places to meet artists.

Guests
Most conventions bring famous people to the convention who are called guests. The people who are at the convention can talk to these guests, get autographs, and sometimes take pictures.

References

Other websites
 AnimeCons.com - Lists anime conventions.
 UpcomingCons.com - Lists anime conventions too.
 AnimeNewsNetwork.com - News about anime conventions.

Animation

Anime convention


Oviedo () is a city in the North of Spain and capital of the Principality of Asturias. In 2020 it had 220,406 inhabitants.

History

Oviedo was founded about 761 A.D. by two monks Maximus and Fromestanus who built a monastery dedicated to Saint Vincent. King Fruela I (757-768) confirmed the foundation and also built a palace and a cathedral dedicated to Saint Saviour.

King Alfonso II the Chaste (791-842) moved the capital of the kingdom of Asturias to Oviedo in 791. He enlarged the city with a new cathedral, palaces, churches and city walls. Examples of these buildings which are still existing are: San Julián de los Prados, (St Julian in the fields), also called Santullano, the head of the church dedicated to San Tirso, (Saint Thyrsus), and the Cámara Santa, (Holy Chamber) which is a chapel which belonged to the palace of the king.
During this period, it was discovered the tomb of the Apostle St James. The king sponsored and create the St James's Way to Santiago de Compostela in order to improve communications of the city and the kingdom as a way to open them to new ideas and influences from the rest of Europe. Its known that ambassadors from Charlemagne or Carles the Great visited Oviedo at the beginning of s. IX.

King Ramiro I (842-850) built the most important and brilliant buildings of the Kingdom of Asturias: Santa María del Naranco, (St Mary of Naranco), a hall for the king's rest, and San Miguel de Lillo, (St Michael of Lillo). These buildings are at the top of the Pre-Romanesque Asturian Art.

King Alfonso III the Great (866-910), built the only civil building of this period, the water fountain La Foncalada.

King García I (910-914) moved the capital of the kingdom to León in 910. Since then, the bishops of Oviedo will take the responsibility of the development of the city and also the population and the importance of the city decreased. Even the St James's Way moved to León and Oviedo was left apart.

Culture

The Arts Academy of Oviedo started in the 17th century.

Capital cities in Spain

Oviedo


Rapa or Oparo is an island in French Polynesia. It is sometimes called Rapa Iti to distinguish it from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

History
The first European, who visited the island, was the captain George Vancouver. He visited the island in 1791. The island had an estimated population of about 2000 inhabitants. Four tribes inhabited the island. There were many tribal wars on the island.

The Rapan people were converted to Christianity in 1826, when six embassadors were sent from Tahiti. Soon after that some slaves were brought to Rapa. It caused an epidemy and in 1867 the island's population had declined to about 120. Since late 1800s, the island's population has steadily grown.

Geography
The main village of Rapa is Haurei. Nearly all inhabitants of Rapa are living in Haurei. The Bay of Haurei, which is on the western end of the island, is named after the village. The bay's original name was, however, "Oparo" or "Paro". Smaller villages include 'Area.

Rapa's nearest inhabited neighbor island is more than five hundred kilometers away. Together with Marotiri and some smaller islets, Rapa forms the Bass Islands. Marotiri is 46 miles away from Rapa.

To the southeast is the uninhabited islet Motu Tauturu.

Many mountains are in Rapa. The highest of them is Mt. Perau (650 m). Rapa has a land area of forty km².

Rapa is 1240 kilometers away from Tahiti, the main island of French Polynesia.

Demographics
Most inhabitants of Rapa are Polynesians. Polynesians are believed to inhabit the island in about 1000 BC.

Rapa has a population of 521 inhabitants (1996). Most of them are fishermen. The most spoken language of the island is Rapan. Most children and youth can also speak French.

Rapan is however an endangered language. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Tubuaian.

Culture
The most common form of Rapan folk music is himene tarava. The band The Tahitian Choir is from Rapa and its songs are sung in the Rapan language.

Islands of French Polynesia

Rapa