Pau Casals i Defilló (Pablo Casals) (born El Vendrell, Catalonia, 29 December 1876; died San Juan, Puerto Rico, 22 October 1973) was a Spanish Catalan cellist. He made the cello popular as a solo instrument to the younger generation. In his later years he was also a conductor as well as a composer.

Casals made many recordings of solo, chamber, and orchestral music. Perhaps his best known recordings are the ones he made between 1936 and 1939 of the Cello Suites by Bach. When the dictator General Franco started to rule Spain he felt very strongly about the political situation. When the democratic party was defeated in 1939 he said that he would never go back to Spain until democracy had been restored. He did not live long enough to see the end to Franco's rule, which happened two years after his death, with the death of Franco.

Life
Casals' father was the organist at the local church. He gave Casals his first music lessons, teaching him piano, violin and organ. When Casals was eleven, he heard a group of travelling musicians playing music. One of the instruments was the cello. He had never heard one and he decided that was what he wanted to play. His mother took him to Barcelona, where he went to a music school: the Escola Municipal de Música. There he studied the cello, music theory and piano.

One day, when he was 13, he was looking at some old music in a second-hand music shop. He found some very old music for solo cello. They were the Cello Suites by Bach. People in those days thought they were just a collection of studies to help cellists with their technique, but Casals, although only still a boy, realized it was great music. He spent the next 12 years practising them until he felt ready to perform them. Casals' discovery of these wonderful Cello Suites was the most important Bach discovery since 1829 when Mendelssohn found and performed the St Matthew Passion which the world had forgotten about.

Casals showed enormous talent for the cello. On 23 February 1891, when he was 14 years old, he gave a solo recital in Barcelona. He graduated from the Escola with honours two years later.

In 1893, the Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz heard him playing in a trio in a café. He gave him a letter which allowed him to be introduced to the Queen. She gave him money so that he could study at the Conservatory in Madrid. She then allowed him to go to Brussels to study at the Conservatory which was then the best in Europe for string instruments. The cello teacher mentioned a long list of cello pieces and asked him which ones he played. When Casals told him he could play them all, the teacher made fun of him. When Casals started playing, everyone was amazed at his talent. The teacher wanted him to be one of his pupils, but Casals had been insulted and so he went to Paris the next day. The Queen of Spain was angry with Casals when she heard what had happened and stopped sending him money.

In Paris he had very little money. He earned a living by playing second cello in the theatre orchestra of the Folies Marigny. His mother tried to earn some money by sewing. In 1896, he returned to Catalonia where he taught at a music school and played principal cellist in the orchestra of Barcelona's opera house, the Liceu. In 1897 he appeared as soloist with the Madrid Symphony Orchestra, and was awarded the Order of Charles III from the Queen.

International fame
In 1899, Casals played the Saint-Saëns Cello Concerto at Crystal Palace in London, and later for Queen Victoria at her summer home at Cowes, Isle of Wight. He was becoming very famous. In Paris he make a great impression on everyone, especially the conductor Charles Lamoureux who had started a famous orchestra. Casals went to the Netherlands, the United States where he gave 80 concerts, and South America. He often played with the pianist Harold Bauer.

On 15 January 1904 Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt. He played in the Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss's Don Quixote with the composer conducting. Between 1906 and 1912 he had a relationship with a Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, although they were never married.
In 1914 Casals married the American singer Susan Metcalfe. They were separated in 1928, but did not divorce until 1957.

Casals formed a trio with the pianist Alfred Cortot and the violinist Jacques Thibaud. They gave many concerts and made some of the first recordings of piano trio music. They played together for 30 years.

In 1905 he toured Russia. It was an unfortunate time because the Russian Revolution was taking place. During the concert he played in Moscow gunfire could be heard outside the hall.

During the First World War Casals lived in New York. In 1919 he went back to Barcelona. He wanted to improve the music in his own country. There were very few people who could play well, so he founded his own orchestra: the Orquesta Pau Casals. This annual music festival continued until the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.

Casals supported the Spanish Republican government. When it was defeated he said that he would not return until Spain was once more a democratic country. He then left his country and went into exile. He went to live in the French village of Prades which was near the border with Spain. He continued his career as a cellist. After World War II, in June 1946, he went to England and played the cello concertos by Schumann and Elgar at the Royal Albert Hall with Sir Adrian Boult conducting. Outside the hall the police had to help him get to his car because so many people were crowding round him.

Casals played in many countries, but refused to play in any country that was friendly with Franco's government in Spain. In 1945 he gave a broadcast at the BBC and spoke to his people in Catalonia. He finished by playing a Catalan folksong called El Cant dels Ocells (The Song of the Birds). He played it at the end of all his concerts. When Britain recognized Franco's government, Casals decided he could no long play in England. He made one big exception to his decision not to visit Franco-friendly countries: in 1961 he took part in a concert of chamber music in the White House on 13 November where he played to President John F Kennedy whom he admired.

Later years

Prades Festivals
In 1950 he continued his career as conductor and cellist at the Prades Festival in Conflent. He agreed to play on condition that the money that was made at the festival would be given to a refugee hospital nearby. Franco said that Spaniards were forbidden to go to the festival, but many managed to cross the border on foot. Many world-famous musicians played at Prades: Josef Szigeti, Isaac Stern, Rudolf Serkin and Eugene Istomin and others.

He continued to lead the Prades Festivals until 1966.

Puerto Rico
When he was 80 Casals married one of his young students, a girl called Marta. They had met in Prades. Marta was from Puerto Rico where Casals' mother had come from. They went to live in Puerto Rico in a house called "El Pesebre". In 1957 a musical festival was started there in the town of San Juan. He continued to visit the festival at Prades every year until 1966. He also gave masterclasses at American schools and universities as well as in other countries. Some of these were televised.

The composer
Casals was also a composer. One of his last compositions was the Himne a les Nacions Unides (Hymn of the United Nations); he conducted its first performance in a special concert at the United Nations on 24 October 1971, 2 months before his 95th birthday.

Casals wrote an autobiography Joys and Sorrows; Reflections (1970).

Death

Casals died in 1973 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, at the age of 96. In 1979 his remains were taken to El Vendrell, Catalonia, where he had been born. He did not live to see the end of the Franco dictatorial regime. Later, when Franco had died in 1975 and Spain was a democracy once more, the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I, issued a postage stamp in honour of the centenary of his birth.

In 1989, sixteen years after his death, Casals was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

His achievements
No other cellist had such an influence on cello playing in the 20th century. He changed the way people thought about cello technique. For example: when he was young violinists and cellists were taught to practise with a book under the right arm. This made the bowing arm very stiff. Casals taught his pupils to play with a free bowing arm. Casals was a great teacher, and he learned a lot about playing through his teaching. He thought about fingering and bowing, and showed his pupils how their left hand could be strong but also relaxed.

The International Pau Casals Cello Competition is held in Germany once every four years. It was started in 2000 to help young cellists to start their careers. It is supported by the Pau Casals Foundation, under the patronage Casals' widow. One of the prizes is the use of a beautiful cello which was owned by Casals.

References
The Great Cellists: Margaret Campbell, London 2004, , p. 82.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

1876 births
1973 deaths
Cellists
Spanish conductors
Spanish composers
Autobiographers

Pablo Casals


Adam Jack Aitken (1921–1998) wis a Scots lexicographer an a leadin scholar o the Scots leid.

Jack Aitken wis born in Edinburgh, grew up in Bonnyrigg, Midlowden, an wis eddicate at Lasswade High School. He wis the auldest o three bairns o Adam Aitken, a miner, and his first wife Alexandrina Sutherland, wha dee'd whan Jack wis aboot nine. He tholed neglect as a step-bairn, bit his meenister, Rev. Oliver Dryer, halpit him to lea hame at the age o saxteen, an he ay stuck in at the schuil thanks tae a bursary. Bein the son o a miner, he got ither bursaries that alloued him to gang tae the Varsity o Edinburgh in 1939. He ser'd in the Ryal Artillery durin Warld War II as a lance bombadier, an tane pairt in the Normandy landins an in the war in North Africa, risin tae the rank of sairgeant major. He wis commendit for bravery be Field-Marshall Montgomery in 1944. He graduatit MA with First Class Honours in English Language an Literature fae the Varsity o Edinburgh in 1947. In 1948 he wis appyntit Assistant tae Sir William Craigie, the Editor o the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) that is nou online as the Dictionar o the Scots Leid. He became Editor hissel whan Craigie retiret in 1956. Whan he tane ower editorial responsibeelity for DOST, Aitken pit in place a new readin programme that aboot dooblet the list of warks excerptit for the dictionar, correctin the bias taewart verse an leeterary prose. Aitken's editorship begoud wi the letter J, an the impack o the new readin programme is tae the fore fae the thrid volume on.

Aitken wis ane o the first tae catch on tae the uisefuness o the computer for research in the Airts. Although computer methods kythed ower late tae be the wirkhorse o the collection process for DOST, he set up, wi ithers, the Older Scots Textual Archive, a computer-readable archive wi mair nor a million wirds o Aulder Scots leeterature.

For the maist o his career, up tae 1979, he combint his wark on DOST wi teaching, as a Lecturer an than a Reader in the Depairtment o English Language. He can be sayed tae hae creatit 'Scots language' as a univairsity subjeck. The haundoots that he screivit in the 1950s for his courses on the Scots leid wis for mony a year the only clear summaries o Scots vocabular, phonology, orthography, grammar an stylistics that existit, an they circulatit widely amang scholars. Ower time he made the maist o this material available in prent, and his writins is at the founs o the subjeck.

He wis Chairman o the Language Committee of the Association for Scottish Literary Studies 1971–1976; Chairman o the Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland 1978–1981 an Honorary President fae 1994; Vice-President o the Scottish Text Society fae 1985; Honorary Preses o the Scots Leid Associe fae 1994; Honorary Vice-President o the Scottish National Dictionary Association fae 1995; an Honorary Vice-President o the Robert Henryson Society fae 1996. In 1981 the British Academy awardit him the Biennial Sir Israel Gollancz Prize. In 1983 he was awardit a DLitt be the Varsity o Edinburgh, an wis appyntit Honorary Professor in 1984. In 1987, he wis presentit wi a Festschrift: The Nuttis Schell, Essays on the Scots Language presented to A J Aitken.

Aitken is weel-kent for his formulation o the Scots Vouel Lenth Rule, kent as Aitken's Law forby. He developed a nummerin seestem for the Scots vouels that alloued a better unnerstaundin an descreeption o thair historical development.

He retirt in 1986 an dee'd at hame in Edinburgh on 11 February 1998 o ischaemia.

References

Caroline Macafee, 'Obituary: A. J. Aitken (1921–1998)', English World-Wide 19:2 (1998) 275–285 http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.19.2.09mac DOI: 10.1075/eww.19.2.09mac
Priscilla Bawcutt 'Professor A. J. Aitken' The Independent (18 February 1998) https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-professor-a-j-aitken-1145481.html
Caroline Macafee, 'Professor A J Aitken', The Herald (14 February 1998) http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/professor-a-j-aitken-1.354441
J Derrick McClure 'Professor Jack Aitken. The word in Scotland', The Guardian (10 March 1998) https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/guardian/doc/188142614.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+10%2C+1998&author=J+Derrick+McClure&pub=The+Guardian+%281959-2003%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=The+word+in+Scotland
'History of DOST', http://www.dsl.ac.uk/
Caroline Macafee an Iseabail Macleod, eds. The Nuttis Schell. Essays on the Scots Language presented tae A J Aitken (Aberdeen University Press, 1987)
A. J. Aitken, ed. Caroline Macafee, The Older Scots Vowels: A History of the Stressed Vowels of Older Scots from the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 2002)
A. J. Aitken,'The Scottish Vowel Length-Rule' in A. J. Aitken, M. Benskin an M. L. Samuels, eds., So meny people longages and tonges: Philological Essays in Scots and Mediaeval English presented tae Angus McIntosh (Edinburgh, 1981)

Fowk frae Edinburgh
Scots fowk
1921 births
1998 daiths

A.J. Aitken


Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport series including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race Team Lotus remains one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States, between 1962 and 1978. Under the direction of founder and Chief Designer Colin Chapman Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in motorsport, in both technical and commercial arenas. In 2010 Lotus has returned to F1 as Lotus Racing.

Formula One constructors

Team Lotus


In Communist parties the politburo (short for "political bureau") was the group of people that made all decisions of the party. The Central Committee elected its own members to the Politburo at meetings. The leader of the politburo was called the General Secretary, and this person was the most powerful person in the party.

Communism

Politburo


Leo Sachs (Hebrew: ליאו זקס;  14 October 1924 – 12 December 2013) was a German-born Israeli molecular biologist and cancer researcher. Born in Leipzig, he emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1933, and to Israel in 1952. There he joined the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Biography
Leo Sachs moved to Britain with his family in 1933 following Hitler's rise to power. In 1952 he received a BSc from the University of Wales in Bangor. His original dream was to help establish a kibbutz in Palestine, and he even spent two years as a farm laborer, milking cows. But the doors to Palestine were virtually closed by the British, so Sachs began studying agricultural botany at the University of Wales, became fascinated along the way by genetics and development, and ended up completing a PhD in genetics in 1951 at Cambridge University.

Upon moving to Israel, he began to contribute to the fledgling country in the way he knew best – as a geneticist at the Weizmann Institute. Because there were no animal studies yet at the Institute, Sachs started working on a theory that human amniotic fluid, which bathes the baby in the womb, contains fetal cells that provide information about the fetus. His research proved him right, showing that these cells can be used to determine the baby's gender and other important genetic properties. Sachs's research formed the basis for amniocentesis, the widely used prenatal diagnosis of human diseases.

Eventually, Sachs secured his own laboratory and a supply of mice and began working on a question that would anchor his research throughout: What controls normal development and what happens when development goes wrong? Why does the machinery in cancer cells run amok, causing abnormal proliferation?  Focusing on blood stem cells, a small group of bone marrow cells that produce some 200 billion new blood cells every day, Sachs ended up, in 1963, designing the first cell culture system able to grow, clone, and induce the development of different types of normal blood cells. Using this process, he subsequently discovered and identified a family of proteins that plays a key role in controlling normal blood cell development. Later named colony stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins, one of these CSF proteins is now used worldwide in a variety of clinical procedures, including boosting the production of infection-fighting white blood cells in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, and improving the success of bone marrow and peripheral blood cell transplants.

Sachs also demonstrated, for the first time, that malignancy can be reversed. He showed that the proteins he had identified, along with some other compounds, set leukemic cells back on the right track – inducing them to differentiate into normal-behaving mature cells. This approach, using retinoic acid combined with chemotherapy, is now standard procedure in treating human promyelocytic leukemia, and it has greatly increased survival rates.

At the Weizmann Institute, he established a section on genetics and virology and for 27 years, from 1962 to 1989, served as head of the institute's genetics department. In addition, between 1974 and 1979 he served as dean of Weizmann's biology faculty.

Awards and honours
 In 1965, he was elected Member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation;
 In 1972, Sachs was awarded the Israel Prize, for natural sciences
 In 1975 he was elected Member, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities;
 In 1977 Sachs was awarded the Rothschild Prize in the Biological Sciences;
 In 1980, he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine, becoming the first Israeli scientist to win the Wolf Prize; for his "contributions to knowledge of the function and dysfunction of the body cells through [his] studies on ... the elucidation of mechanisms governing the control and differentiation of normal and cancer cells".
 In 1983 Sachs was awarded the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, New York;
 In 1985 he was elected Doctor Honoris Causa, Bordeaux University, France;
 In 1986 Sachs was awarded The Royal Society Wellcome Foundation Prize, London;
 In 1989 Sachs was awarded the Alfred P. Sloan Prize, General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, New York;
 In 1995, he was also elected as a Foreign Associate to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS).
 In 1996, Sachs received the Ot Hanagid (Medal of the Governor) award, presented annually by Jerusalem's Shaare Zedek Medical Center, for his pioneering work in cancer research. The presentation noted that "He discovered and identified a group of proteins among them colony-stimulating factors and some interleukins that control the viability and growth of blood stem cells and their development into different types of mature blood cells." It noted further that his "research in the 1950s on the use of amniotic fluid to diagnose a fetus s genetic properties has formed the basis for today's prenatal diagnosis of human diseases."
 In 1997 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
 In 1998, he was elected Foreign Member, Academia Europaea;
 In 1999, he was elected Member Honorary Fellow, University of Wales, Bangor;
 In 2000, he was elected Ham-Wasserman Lecture, American Society of Hematology, San Francisco;
 In 2001, he was awarded Honorary Life Membership Award, International Cytokine Society;
 In 2002, he was awarded Emet Prize for Life Sciences, Medicine and Genetics

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
 Faculty Homepage
 Sachs on NAS website
Shaare Zedek Honors Weizmann Institute's Prof. Leo Sachs

1924 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of Bangor University
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
German emigrants to the United Kingdom
British emigrants to Israel
Israel Prize in life sciences recipients who were biologists
EMET Prize recipients in the Life Sciences
Israeli biologists
Israeli geneticists
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish scientists
Molecular biologists
Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Leo Sachs


Georg Wilhelm Steller (10 March 1709 – 14 November 1746) was a German botanist, zoologist, physician and explorer, who worked in Russia and is considered a pioneer of Alaskan natural history.

Biography
Early Life

Steller was born in Windsheim, near Nuremberg in Germany, the son of a Lutheran cantor, Johann Jakob Stöhler (after 1715, Georg changed his last name to be Steller to accommodate with Russian pronunciation), and studied at the University of Wittenberg. He then traveled to Russia as a physician on a troop ship returning home with the wounded. He arrived in Russia in November 1734. He met the naturalist Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685–1735) at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Two years after Messerschmidt's death, Steller married his widow and acquired notes from his travels in Siberia not handed over to the Academy.

Expeditions

Steller knew about Vitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition, which had left Saint Petersburg in February 1733. He volunteered to join it and was accepted. He then left St Petersburg in January 1738 with his wife, who decided to stay in Moscow and go no farther. Steller met Johann Georg Gmelin in Yeniseisk in January 1739. Gmelin recommended that Steller take his place in the planned exploration of Kamchatka. Steller embraced that role and finally reached Okhotsk and the main expedition in March 1740 as Bering's ships, the St. Peter and St. Paul, were nearing completion.

In September 1740, the expedition sailed to the Kamchatka Peninsula with Bering and his two expeditionary vessels sailing around the peninsula's south tip and up to Avacha Bay on the Pacific coast. Steller went ashore on the east coast of Kamchatka to spend the winter in Bolsherechye, where he helped to organize a local school and began exploring Kamchatka. When Bering summoned him to join the voyage in search of America and the strait between the two continents, serving in the role of scientist and physician, Steller crossed the peninsula by dog sled.  After Bering's St. Peter was separated from its sister ship the St. Paul in a storm, Bering continued to sail east, expecting to find land soon. Steller, reading sea currents and flotsam and wildlife, insisted they should sail northeast. After considerable time lost, they turned northeast and made landfall in Alaska at Kayak Island on Monday 20 July 1741.  Bering wanted to stay only long enough to take on fresh water. Steller argued Captain Bering into giving him more time for land exploration and was granted 10 hours. During his ten hours on land Steller noted the mathematical ratio of 10 years preparation for ten hours of investigation.

While the crew never even set foot on the mainland, Georg Steller is credited with being one of the first non-natives to have set foot upon Alaskan soil. The expedition never made mainland landfall because of a stubbornness and a "dull fear". They left with only a sketch of what they think the mainland would look like. On a remarkable journey, Steller became the first European naturalist to describe a number of North American plants and animals, including a jay later named Steller's jay.

Although Steller tried to treat the crew's growing scurvy epidemic with leaves and berries he had gathered, officers scorned his proposal.  Steller and his assistant were some of the very few who did not suffer from the ailment. On the return journey, with only 12 members of the crew able to move and the rigging rapidly failing, the expedition was shipwrecked on what later became known as Bering Island. Almost half of the crew had perished from scurvy during the voyage.  Steller nursed the survivors, including Bering, but he could not be saved and died. The remaining men made camp with little food or water, a situation made only worse by frequent raids by Arctic foxes. The crew hunted sea otters, sea lions, fur seals and sea cows to survive the winter.

In early 1742, the crew used salvaged material from the St. Peter to construct a new vessel to return to Avacha Bay and nicknamed it The Bering. Steller spent the next two years exploring the Kamchatka peninsula. Because of his sympathies for the native Kamchatkans, he was accused of fomenting rebellion and was recalled to Saint Petersburg. At one point he was put under arrest and made to return to Irkutsk for a hearing. He was freed and again turned west toward St. Petersburg, but along the way he came down with a fever and died at Tyumen.

Some of his journals, which reached the academy and were later published by Peter Simon Pallas, were used by other explorers of the North Pacific, including Captain Cook. There is also a journal of Steller's published by Stanford University Press that is titled Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741-1742, which has detailed accounts of the Second Kamchatka Expedition or the Great Northern Expedition.

Scientific Contributions

Of the six species of birds and mammals that Steller discovered during the voyage, two are extinct (Steller's sea cow and the spectacled cormorant) and three are near threatened and vulnerable (Steller sea lion, Steller's eider and Steller's sea eagle). The sea cow, in particular, a massive northern relative of the dugong, lasted only 27 years after Steller discovered and named it. The sea cow had a limited population that quickly became victim of overhunting by the Russian crews that followed in Bering's wake.

Steller's jay is one of the few species named after Steller that is not currently listed as endangered. In his brief encounter with the bird, Steller was able to deduce that the jay was kin to the American blue jay, a fact which seemed proof that Alaska was indeed part of North America.

Despite the hardships the crew endured, Steller studied the flora, fauna, and topography of the island in great detail. Of particular note were the only detailed behavioral and anatomical observations of Steller's sea cow, a large sirenian mammal that once ranged across the Northern Pacific during the Ice Ages, but whose surviving relict population was confined to the shallow kelp beds around the Commander Islands, and which was driven to extinction within 30 years of discovery by Europeans.

Based on these and other observations, Steller later wrote De Bestiis Marinis ('On the Beasts of the Sea'), describing the fauna of the island, including the northern fur seal, the sea otter, Steller sea lion, Steller's sea cow, Steller's eider and the spectacled cormorant. Steller claimed the only recorded sighting of the marine cryptid Steller's sea ape.

Discoveries and namesakes
Georg Steller described a number of animals and plants, some of which bear his name, either in the common name or scientific:
Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri)
Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri)
Sea otter (Enhydra lutris)
Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus)
Short-tailed albatross
Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)
Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
Steller's sculpin
Gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri)
Hoary mugwort (Artemisia stelleriana)
 Stellera L. (Thymelaeaceae)
Stellerite (a mineral in the zeolite group)
Restella Pobed. (Thymelaeaceae)

Steller Secondary School in Anchorage, Alaska is named for Steller.

Popular culture
In The Great North episode "Xmas With the Skanks Adventure" (s3e10 debuted 11 December 2022), Moon Tobin names a reindeer he finds "Wilhelm" after the zoologist

Works

 Steller, Georg Wilhelm (1988). Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741-1742. Stanford University Press.

References

Further reading

Leonhard Stejneger – Georg Wilhelm Steller, the pioneer of Alaskan natural history. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1936.
G. W. Steller – Reise von Kamtschatka nach Amerika mit dem Commandeur-Capitän Bering : ein Pendant zu dessen Beschreibung von Kamtschatka. St Petersburg, 1793. Full text
Georg Steller – Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741–1742  edited by O. Frost. Stanford University Press,1993.
Walter Miller and Jennie Emerson Miller, translators – De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea) in an appendix to The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, edited by David Starr Jordan, Part 3 (Washington, 1899), pp. 179–218
 Andrei Bronnikov (2009). Species Evanescens [Ischezayushchi vid] (Russian Edition). Reflections,  (a book of poetry inspired by dramatic events of Steller's life).
 Ann Arnold (2008). Sea Cows, Shamans, and Scurvy Alaska's First Naturalist: Georg Wilhelm Steller. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
 Andreas Daum (2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise", in Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I, eds. Hartmut Berghoff, Frank Biess and Ulrike Strasser. New York: Berghahn Books, 79–102.
 Erich Kasten (2020) "Georg Wilhelm Steller: Scientist, Humanist, and Most Significant Ethnographer for the Itelmens of Kamchatka." In: Writing the Arctic : German Representations of the Far North in the 18th and 19th century hrsg. von Jan Borm und Joanna Kodzik. Cambridge: Scholar Publishing.
 Marcus Köhler: "Völker-Beschreibung". Die ethnographische Methodik Georg Wilhelm Stellers (1709–1746) im Kontext der Herausbildung der "russischen" ėtnografija. Saarbrücken 2008. (about Steller's importance for the development of modern ethnography as a science)
 Dean Littlepage (2006). Steller's Island: Adventures of a Pioneer Naturalist in Alaska.  The Mountaineer's Books.
 Barbara and Richard Mearns – Biographies for Birdwatchers
 Corey Ford, Where the Sea Breaks its Back, 1966. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1992.
Steller's 1741 expedition from Kamchatka is covered in Orcutt Frost's Bering: the Russian discovery of America (Yale University Press, 2004).
Steller is the subject of the second section of W. G. Sebald's book-length poem, After Nature (2002).
 A somewhat fictionalized account of Steller's time with Bering is contained in James A. Michener's, Alaska''.

External links
  Commander (Komandorskie) Islands
  Steller, Georg Wilhelm
  Poetry on Steller
  German National Geographic magazine about the diary of Steller
 Extracts from De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea (1751)

1709 births
1746 deaths
18th-century physicians from the Russian Empire
Botanists with author abbreviations
German explorers of North America
Explorers of Alaska
Explorers of Asia
Explorers of Siberia
18th-century German botanists
German emigrants to the Russian Empire
German explorers
German ornithologists
18th-century German zoologists
Great Northern Expedition
Explorers from the Russian Empire
Scientists from the Russian Empire
People from Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Russian scientists

Georg Wilhelm Steller


Makar Sankranti, Sankranti or Sankranthi is one of the main festivals in India. It is the first festival of the year in the Gregorian calendar. This festival is celebrated by the people all over India. It marks the transition of the sun into Makara rashi (Capricorn) on its path across the sky. It is celebrated on the 14th or 15th of January. Makar Sankranti is celebrated with social festivities such as colourful decorations, melas (fairs), bonfires and feasts.

Makar Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names, though observed on the same date. It is known as Pedda Panduga in Andhra Pradesh, Makara Sankranti in Karnataka, and by other names.

Hindu festivals
Andhra Pradesh
Festivals in India

Samkranthi


A. Nathaniel ("Nat") Goldhaber is an American venture capitalist, computer entrepreneur and politician. Goldhaber helped found Maharishi International University and was special assistant to lieutenant governor William Scranton III and founder and chief executive of TOPS, a computer networking company. He served as president of the venture capital firm Cole Gilburne Goldhaber & Ariyoshi Management and was the founding CEO of CyberGold, an Internet marketing company that became a public stock offering in 1999. He was the 2000 U.S. Vice President candidate for the Natural Law Party and serves as the managing director of Claremont Creek Ventures, an investment firm.

Education
Goldhaber received a BA in interdisciplinary studies from Maharishi International University and an MA in Education from the University of California, Berkeley.
In June 2013 he received an PhD (H. C.) from Maharishi University of Management. Goldhaber is an emeritus member of the Executive Board of the College of Letters and Science at UC Berkeley.

Goldhaber is a private and part 135 pilot and holds an Airline Transport Pilot License (twin, instrument, with ratings for CE525S (CitationJet single-pilot) and a CE750 PIC (Citation X Jet Pilot in Command).

Career
In the 1960s, Goldhaber became interested in meditation and worked directly with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of the Transcendental Meditation technique. In 1971, Goldhaber helped establish Maharishi International University, an accredited institution in Fairfield, Iowa, In 1976, he wrote TM: an Alphabetical Guide to the Transcendental Meditation Program with Denise Denniston and Peter McWilliams.

From 1979 to 1982, Goldhaber worked in Pennsylvania politics as special assistant to the lieutenant governor William Scranton III and later as the interim director of the state's energy agency. Goldhaber left government to build a career in high technology and founded his first company, Centram Systems Inc., which developed networking for personal computers.  Goldhaber was founder and chief executive of TOPS, a computer networking company which Goldhaber sold to Sun Microsystems in 1987 for $20 million. Goldhaber then served as Vice President of Sun Microsystems. Centram Systems product, called TOPS ("Transcendental Operating System"), allowed transparent file sharing among Macs, PCs, and Unix machines, using the AppleTalk protocol.

In 1989, Goldhaber became the president of Cole Gilburne Goldhaber & Ariyoshi Management, a venture capital firm specializing in high technology for computers. In 1992, IBM and Apple Computer Inc. appointed Goldhaber as president and founding CEO of their joint multi-media venture, Kaleida Labs. In 1995, Goldhaber became the founding CEO of Cybergold, an Internet marketing and payment system which went public in 1999 and was acquired by MyPoints.com, Inc. in August 2000 in a stock-for-stock deal worth approximately $160 million.

Goldhaber was the Natural Law Party nominee for vice president in 2000 on the ticket with presidential candidate, John Hagelin. At the convention for a splinter faction of the Reform Party of the United States of America allied with party founder Ross Perot, Goldhaber won the nomination for vice president over candidate Lenora Fulani by a vote of 120–66. The Federal Elections Commission later decided that Buchanan and Fulani were the Reform Party's legitimate nominees.

In 2005, Goldhaber established Oakland-based Claremont Creek Ventures with colleagues, Randy Hawks and John Steuart, specializing in clean energy and healthcare investments in the San Francisco Bay Area and around the globe. Goldhaber currently serves as Managing Director.

In 2011, AOL.com named Goldhaber resident expert at Claremont Creek Ventures on energy conservation and management systems and one of the "Top Five Clean Energy VCs and Principals" in the US.

In 2012, Goldhaber and Claremont Creek Ventures commissioned a study by graduate students at the University of Michigan Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise that determined that the United States could reach energy independence through significant penetration of electric and natural gas vehicles into the market, and increased public and private sector investment in renewables, energy efficiency technologies and North American oil reserves. The results of this study were released at the UC Berkeley BERC Energy Symposium.

Other

The National Academies of Science, Engineering, Medicine: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences appointed Goldhaber to its Board on Energy and Environmental Systems.

Goldhaber is a member of the US Secret Service Electronics Crime Taskforce and an emeritus Member of the Federation of American Scientists.

He is an emeritus member of the Silicon Valley Association of Startup Entrepreneurs (SVASE) and an emeritus member of the Board of the Lester Center for Entrepreneurship at the Haas School of Business, the Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology and the Berkeley SkyDeck Incubator UC Berkeley.

He was a friend of Electronic Frontier Foundation founder, the late John Perry Barlow.

He served as Special Deputy and was former Commander San Francisco Sheriff's Air Squadron

Personal life
Goldhaber lives in San Antonio TX, with his wife, Marilyn, a co-founder and board member of the Claremont Canyon Conservancy.

References

External links

 Bio at Claremont Creek Ventures
 Nat Goldhaber personal blog website
 Claremont Creek Ventures website and blog
 September 2013 interview with San Jose Mercury News

Living people
20th-century American politicians
2000 United States vice-presidential candidates
Activists from Pennsylvania
American activists
American technology chief executives
Natural Law Party (United States) politicians
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nat Goldhaber


Biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.

Related pages

Biathlon's two sports disciplines:
 Cross-Country Skiing
 Rifle shooting

Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon):
 Duathlon
 Nordic Combined
 Triathlon
 Pentathlon
 Modern pentathlon
 Heptathlon
 Decathlon

Other websites

 Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998  – The official IBU rule book, with annexes
 Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc.
 Russian Biathlon Union (rus)
 Russian Biathlon Union(eng)
 Biathlon Canada
 Biathlon Alberta
 U.S. Biathlon Association
 U.S. Archery Biathlon
 History of Biathlon
 Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge
 Biathlon on OLN TV
 Biathlon on DVD
 Biathlon Russia
 Biathlon Ukraine
 BiathlonFrance.com

Skiing
Sport shooting

Biathlon


Smolny Convent or Smolny Convent of the Resurrection (Voskresensky, Russian: Воскресенский новодевичий Смольный монастырь), located on Ploschad Rastrelli (Rastrelli Square), on the left bank of the River Neva in Saint Petersburg, Russia, consists of a cathedral (sobor) and a complex of buildings surrounding it, originally planned as a convent.

History
This Russian Orthodox convent was built to house Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great. After she was disallowed succession to the throne, she opted to become a nun. However, her Imperial predecessor, Ivan VI, was overthrown during a coup d'état (carried out by the royal guards in 1741). Elizabeth decided against entering monastic life and accepted the offer of the Russian throne. Work on the convent continued with her royal patronage.

The convent's main church (catholicon or sobor), a blue-and-white building, is considered to be one of the architectural masterpieces of the Italian architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who also redesigned the Winter Palace, and created the Grand Catherine Palace (Yekaterininsky) in Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), the Grand Palace in Peterhof and many other major St. Petersburg landmarks.

The Cathedral is the centerpiece of the convent, built by Rastrelli between 1748 and 1764. The projected bell-tower was to become the tallest building in St. Petersburg and, at the time, all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design.

When Catherine II assumed the throne, it was found that the new Empress strongly disapproved of the baroque style, and funding that had supported the construction of the convent rapidly ran out. Rastrelli was unable to build the huge bell-tower he had planned and unable to finish the interior of the cathedral. The building was only finished in 1835 by Vasily Stasov with the addition of a neo-classical interior to suit the changed architectural tastes at the time. The cathedral was consecrated on 22 July 1835; its main altar was dedicated to the Resurrection and the two side altars were dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene and Righteous Elizabeth.

The church was closed by the Soviet authorities in 1923. It was looted and allowed to decay until 1982, when it became a concert hall.

The faculties of sociology, political science and international relations of the Saint Petersburg State University are located in some of the buildings surrounding the cathedral.

In April 2015 Smolny Cathedral was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, and is now an active Orthodox church, the Divine Liturgy is held daily.

The nearby Smolny Institute is named after the convent.

The name "Smolny" derives from the location. In the early days of St. Petersburg the place at the edge of the city where pitch ("smola" in Russian) was processed for use in shipbuilding and maintenance.  As a result, the locale was called "smolny" - the place of pitch.

References
Smolny Cathedral (Saint Petersburg)

Royal residences in Russia
Russian Orthodox monasteries in Russia
Monasteries in Saint Petersburg
Baroque architecture in Saint Petersburg
Christian monasteries established in the 18th century
Convents in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg

Smolny Convent


Nathia Gali or Nathiagali () is one of the mountain holiday towns of the Galyat area of Pakistan. It is one of the most popular tourist areas of the Murree Hills, with fairly good facilities and is on the road from Murree to Abbottabad lying midway between the two. The main tribe of Nathia Gali is the Karlal.

History
During British rule Nathia Gali, then part of Abbottabad Tehsil of Hazara District, was the summer headquarters of the Chief Commissioner. The town along with Dunga Gali was a notified area.

Tourism
It is in Abbottabad District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. At 2,500 m (8,200 ft) height from the sea level, it is a popular tourist resort in the summer months. It is forested with pine, walnut and also broad-leaved oak and maple trees.

It is about two and a half hours car drive away from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.

"Mukshpuri" and "Miranjani" are the two nearby high peaks both of which are favoured by hikers. The Mukshpuri track is wide and easy to hike. The Miranjani track, on the other hand, is a bit more difficult as it has steeper height and the track is narrow at some places. Both of these peaks could be reached within 2 to 3 hours by hiking. In case of clear weather one could catch a glimpse of Nangaparbat peak some 400 kilometres away from top of these peaks. More serious hikers also go from Nathia Gali to "Thandiani" on foot via Miranjani peak. However, the travel takes more than a day therefore proper preparation for such a trip is required. Facilities of local guides are easily available. It is advisable to acquire the services of a local guide for any hiking trip in view of the presence of wildlife in the surrounding forests.

Nathia Gali has been declared a wildlife sanctuary by the Government. Monkeys, leopards and variety of other birds and animals are common in the forest surrounding Nathia Gali. Monkeys' foraging on trees is not an uncommon sight in Nathia Gali.

Nathia Gali has a mini bazaar. The nearest place to Nathia Gali is Kala Bagh.

A number of hotels and guest houses are available in Nathia Gali which provide reasonable accommodation to the tourists. The best available hotels are Pine View Hotel and Greens Hotel.

Nathia Gali also has a small seasonal church, St Matthews (attached to the St Luke's Church, Abbottabad)  which was constructed during the time of the British Raj. It is totally made of wood. It is at the edge of the mountain from which there is a beautiful sight. Kashmir can be seen right behind this church, and is a wonderful scene.

Subdivisions

The Union Council of Nathia Gali is divided into the following areas: Bagan, Donga Gali, Jhansa, Keri Sarafali, Lassan, Malach, Nathiagali and Pasala.

Related pages
Murree

References

Other websites
 Nathia Gali pictures
 Governors House

Hill stations in Pakistan
Union councils of Abbottabad District

Nathia Gali


The Dow Jones Industrial Average (, also called the DJIA, Dow 30, The Dow Jones or The Dow) is a stock market index. It was created by Charles Dow, who worked for the Wall Street Journal newspaper and later made a new company named Dow Jones & Company.

The stock prices of 30 companies are used to calculate the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The 30 companies are picked by experts who work for Dow Jones. These people pick companies so that the calculated number will represent the general economy of the United States. The rules to pick companies say that all the companies must be from the USA. The rules also say the companies' stocks must be traded on either the NYSE or the Nasdaq Exchange.

In the past the companies were all heavy industries companies and made things like steel, oil, autos, and appliances. Now the DJIA has many different kinds of companies including some that offer products and services like medicine or software.

Since 2020, these are the companies that currently make up the Dow Jones:

For a list of companies that have once been a part on the Dow Jones but are no longer part of it today, see this list.

1896 establishments in the United States

Dow Jones Industrial Average


The Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests is an ecoregion on Malay Peninsula, which includes portions of Malaysia. It is in the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome.

Setting
The ecoregion covers an area of  on both the eastern and western sides of the peninsula. The peat swamp forests have formed over hundreds of years, as sediment and organic debris deposited by rivers are trapped behind mangroves, gradually building up a layer of waterlogged, acidic, nutrient-poor soil. These forests are less diverse than the surrounding Peninsular Malaysian rain forests, but are home to many endangered animals.

Flora
Dipterocarps, including Shorea albida, are the dominant trees, while strangler figs (Ficus spp.) are common at the edges of the swamp forests. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and the red sealing wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda) are common understory plants. These and other plants provide a source of food for a host of animals, including birds.

Fauna
The ecoregion home to many endangered species, including tigers, Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus), clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa), Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and previously also Sumatran rhinoceroses (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis).

Threats

Threats to the forests include: mining, rubber harvesting, and clearing of forest for oil palm and coconut plantations. Land draining has also opened a great deal of space in these forests. Many trees are cut down for development of more space, although this has increased peat forest fires.

External links

References

Ecoregions of Asia
Ecoregions of Malaysia
Ecoregions of Malesia

Indomalayan ecoregions
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests


Atmospheric convection, like other convection, is caused by temperature differences. This may be because the atmosphere is unstable. When parts of the Earth's surface become warmer this can also cause convection. The first type (unstable state of atmosphere) can be called spontaneous. The second type (convection caused by unequal soaking) can be called contact convection. Spontaneous convection starts at any level. Contact convection starts near the terrain.

The most frequent is contact convection. The sun is shining on the surface. It gets warmer and warmer. This leads to vertical draft, that is spontaneous rising and downward motions.  This warm air has higher temperature than its neighborhood. Warmer air has lower density than cold air.  Warm air rises.  Through this rising motion the air element decelerates because of friction.  This trend stops when the temperature of this element is equal to the temperature of surrounding air. Next rising continues due to inertia

These thermal motions are used for example in gliding. The Thermal flow has enough energy to bring gliders to higher altitude.

Related pages
 Convection

Atmosphere

Atmospheric convection


Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known as Tiny Tim (April 12, 1932 – November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician. He became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice. His most famous song was "Tiptoe Through the Tulips". His best-remembered television appearances were on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In and The Tonight Show. His first wedding took place on The Tonight Show in 1969, at host Johnny Carson's suggestion.

Career
Tim was not just a performer, he was also an expert musicologist, who studied American music from the earliest days of the United States, and performed many historic songs in his act. Over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.

When his popularity as a pop star lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier. During the 1980s, he toured with a circus, and appeared in a movie as a circus performer who turned to crime. In the 1990s, he recorded new music (including a Christmas album), and joined comedian Pat Paulsen in his latest mock campaign to become President of the United States, as Paulsen's running mate.

Personal life
Married three times, his last wife was a former fan, who met him when she made a documentary about his life and career. One of his later supporters was radio talk show host Howard Stern. Tiny Tim died in 1996, after suffering a heart attack during a performance.

singers from New York City
musicians from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction

1932 births
1996 deaths
Baritones

Tiny Tim


A piston is a component o reciprocating ingines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors an pneumatic cylinders, amang ither seemilar mechanisms. It is the muivin component that is contained bi a cylinder an is made gas-tight bi piston rings. In an ingine, its purpose is tae transfer force frae expanding gas in the cylinder tae the crankshaft via a piston rod an/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed an force is transferred frae the crankshaft tae the piston for the purpose o compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some ingines, the piston an aw acts as a valve bi covering an uncovering ports in the cylinder wall.

Ingine technology

Piston


Sasuke Uchiha is a fictional character from the manga series Naruto, which depicts a world of ninjas. He is an important character in the manga due to the fact that the story basically revolves around Naruto, the main character, and Sasuke, Naruto's rival. Sasuke is a very popular character, there have been many polls that prove this. Merchandise based on Sasuke has also been released, ranging widely from action figures to plush dolls and even to his ninja equipment. Sasuke has also appeared in Naruto related video games and OVAs.

Background
Sasuke is a member of the Uchiha Clan, one of the strongest clans of the village of Konoha (Also known as the hidden leaf village). When Sasuke was a little boy, he saw his older brother kill their parents. Itachi Uchiha, Sasuke's older brother, told Sasuke that he also killed all of the other clan members to see if he was a strong ninja but that he will save Sasuke's life because it was not even worth killing. From then on, Sasuke lived a lonely life full of hatred and destined to walk a path of an "Avatar of Revenge" and kill his brother. However, these feelings seemed to be alleviated when he befriended Naruto Uzumaki after graduating Ninja Academy. As they were working together in a team as "Genin" (which means rookie ninja), Naruto showed him what friendship and companionship were.

This ended with Sasuke's encounter with his brother. After battling Itachi, Sasuke realized that he lacked both the strength and intelligence to kill him. Later Sasuke leaves Naruto and Konoha to go to Orochimaru, one of the main antagonists of the series, to learn advanced ninja techniques and to be trained as a stronger ninja. Through mastering "Level Two of the Cursed Seal," a restricted ninja technique, Sasuke obtains extraordinary power, thanks to is former master. Eventually, Sasuke defeats and kills his older brother only to find out that the order to massacre the Uchiha Clan was made by the elders of Konoha because the clan was destroying the peace of the entire village. However, Itachi could not kill his little brother because he loved Sasuke too much. In order for Sasuke to become able to protect himself, Itachi told Sasuke to live a life of anger and revenge which would stimulate Sasuke's progress and allow him to become a strong ninja. After hearing about his brother, Sasuke turns his anger toward Konoha and decides to destroy the village.

Naruto is a weekly cartoon and has not ended even to this day. The adventures of Sasuke continue. The story now focuses on the reunion of the two rivals, Naruto and Sasuke. The two friends' goals conflict in that Naruto wants to protect Konoha, whereas, Sasuke plans to destroy it.

References

Further reading
Kishimoto, Masashi (2000). "Chapter 4". Naruto, Volume 1.
Kishimoto, Masashi (2003). "Chapter 145". Naruto, Volume 17.
Kishimoto, Masashi (2003). "Chapter 146". Naruto, Volume 17.
Kishimoto, Masashi (2004). "Chapter 179". Naruto, Volume 20.

Naruto characters

Sasuke Uchiha


Khlong Toei (an aw Klong Toey, ; ) is a destrict in central Bangkok, lang kent for its slum. It is bordered bi the Chao Phraya River an conteens major port facilities. It is the location o a major mercat an aw, tho no ane o tourist importance.

Neebourin destricts are (clockwise frae the north): Watthana, Phra Khanong, Amphoe Phra Pradaeng o Samut Prakan Province (athort the Chao Phraya), Yan Nawa, Sathon, an Pathum Wan.

History

The destrict wis ance pairt o Phra Khanong, but on 9 November 1989 it wis separatit intae a new destrict. Oreeginally Khlong Toei consistit o 6 sub-destricts, three o which hae syne left tae shape the new Watthana destrict (annooncit on 14 October 1997, effective frae 6 Mairch 1998).

The aurie haes a history datin back tae the nint hunderyear as a port tae ceeties upstream alang the Chao Phraya River, such as Pak Nam Phra Pradaeng (Thai: เมืองปากน้ำพระประแดง) (as opposed tae the current Amphoe Phra Pradaeng) built durin the King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke period. Khlong Thanon Trong (Thai: คลองถนนตรง) wis a khlong (canal) an a parallel road built bi King Mongkut aroond 1857. Later, it became kent as Khlong Toei an Khlong Hua Lamphong for different sections o the canal. Khlong Toei means the canal o pandan, as the plant grew alang the soothren bank o the canal. The road wis renamit tae Rama IV Road bi King Vajiravudh in 1919. In 1947, a lairge portion of Khlong Toei canal wis filled up tae expand the Rama IV Road surface.

Admeenistration

The destrict is sub-dividit intae 3 sub-destricts (Khwaeng). Frae wast tae east, these are:

Note that Khlong Toei is a baith the name o a subdestrict an the destrict in which it lees. Phra Khanong is baith a subdestrict o Khlong Toei an a destrict on its awn, wi anerly subdestrict Bang Chak. Furthermair, aw three subdestricts leetit abuin hae coonterpairts wi addeetion "Nuea" (North) in Watthana destrict.

Port
The Khlong Toei Port, kent as Bangkok Port an aw, wis Thailand's anerly major port for sea transportation o cargo. The construction began in 1938 an feenished efter the end o Warld War II. The port is locatit on the Chao Phraya River, no far frae the Gulf o Thailand. Due tae its limitit capacity an traffec problems caused bi semi-trailer trucks, hintle o its shippin operation haes muivit tae Laem Chabang Port in Chonburi Province syne it wis opened in Julie 1981.

Places

Attractions include:
 Bangkok Planetarium
 Science Centre for Education
 Tamnak Plai Noen, the historic residence o Prince Naris, nou convertit intae a smaw museum.
 Stock Exchange of Thailand Biggin
 The Emporium, a luxury shoppin center.
 Lumpinee Boxing Stadium, an indoor Muay Thai arena.
 Nana Plaza, a major center for prostitution wi go-go an hostess bars.
 Queen Sirikit National Convention Center, servit bi the Bangkok Metro station o the same name, hosts various exhibitions aroond the year.
 Benjakitti Park, a recently creatit pairk next tae the convention center. It includes a big loch and is on laund that wis umwhile occupee'd bi the Tobacco Monopoly, the govrenment's tobacco factory.
 Benjasiri Park, anither fairly new pairk, it wis creatit tae commemorate Her Majesty Queen Sirikit's 60t birthday. It is next tae The Emporium.
 Chuvit Garden, the newest public pairk in the destrict, creatit bi massage parlor tycoon-turned-politeecian Chuwit Kamolvisit frae his awn plot o laund, aboot 2,400 m² in size an wirth aboot 1,250 million Baht. Opened in Dizember 2005, it is locatit on Sukhumvit Soi 10.
 Khlong Toei Mercat, Bangkok's lairgest wet mercat.
 PAT Stadium locatit aff Sunthon Kosa Road.
 Port Authority o Thailand
 Eastern Bus Terminal (Ekkamai)
 Thailand Tobacco Monopoly

Transportation
Bangkok Skytrain (BTS) stations in the destrict are Nana, Asok (wi interchynge tae Bangkok Metro Sukhumvit station), Phrom Phong, Thong Lo, Ekkamai, Phra Khanong, an On Nut, aw alang Sukhumvit Road on the BTS Sukhumvit Line.
Bangkok Metro (MRTA) haes stations Khlong Toei, Queen Sirikit National Convention Center an Sukhumvit (interchynge t\ae BTS).
Eastern Bus Terminal (cried Ekkamai Bus Terminal an aw) haes inter-ceety buses tae destinations such as Pattaya, Rayong an Trat. It is locatit on Sukhumvit Road, near the Ekkamai BTS station.

Eddication
The Sacred Heart Convent School is in Khlong Toei Destrict.

References

Freemit airtins
BMA wabsteid wi the tourist landmarks o Khlong Toei
Khlong Toei destrict office  (Thai only)
History o Khlong Toei port

Destricts o Bangkok

Poverty in Thailand

Khlong Toei Destrict


Smith's Wood is a residential aurie in the north o the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull in the Wast Midlands o Ingland. It is a ceevil parish wi a population o 10,943, accordin tae the 2001 census.

The A452 an M6 form its north an east boundary, Kingshurst an Fordbridge its sooth, an Castle Bromwich its wast.

Smith's Wood an aa haes several pairks that are being redeveloped. The Smith's Wood estate is the steid o the auncient 'Smith's Wood'- a historical woodland which wis ance pairt o the forest o Arden. It wis offeecially designatit a Local Nature Reserve in 2004 an is going tae be enhanced as pairt o the regeneration project alang wi ither green spaces.

Smith's Wood is hame tae Smith's Wood Boys Football Club , a lairge boys' fitbaa club established in 1970. Derby County forrit Jamie Ward is frae Smiths Wood an attendit Smiths Wood Sports College.

Mony flats an houses are being demolished an rebuilt in Smith's Wood as pairt o the regeneration o North Solihull. New features will include a heich street, a community hub, an a new private hoosin estate on Burton's Farm Park. The Woodlands campus o Solihull College wis completit in 2006.

Education
There are five primary schuils; an aw a special an a seicontary schuil (Smith's Wood Sports College)  on adjacent steids.

Ethnicity

At the 2001 Census, Smith's Wood haed the 6t heichest proportion o non-white residents (Black, Asian, Mixed Race an Cheenese) in Solihull (6%), although aw wards in the Borough are belaw the Wast Midlands average o 11%.  Smith's Wood haes the Borough's heichest proportion o mixed race (3%) an black residents (3%).  Syne the 2001 Census, the proportion o non-white residents in Solihull haes risen significantly. Experimental statistics frae mid-2007, estimate that the proportion o non-white residents in Solihull rose tae 9%. Ward level figures are no available, but it is likely that Smith's Wood will hae seen a proportional rise in non-white residents as well.

Freemit airtins

 Smith's Wood Boys Football Club
  North Solihull Regeneration Wabsteid
  Smiths Wood Sports College Wabsteid
  Smiths Wood Community Primary Schuil Wabsteid

Veelages in the Wast Midlands (coonty)
Solihull
Auries o the Wast Midlands (coonty)

Smith's Wood


The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, known as EULEX Kosovo or simply as EULEX, is the largest civilian mission ever launched under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union. EULEX supports selected Kosovo rule of law institutions on their path towards increased effectiveness, sustainability, multi-ethnicity and accountability, free from political interference and in full compliance with international human rights standards and best European practices.

EULEX's current mandate has been launched to cover the period until 14 June 2025 based on Council Decision 2023/1095. Within its mandate, the Mission undertakes monitoring, mentoring, and advising activities and has limited executive functions.

The Mission works within the framework of UN Security Council Resolution 1244.

History
A 1,800 to 1,900 strong mission was approved by the European Council on 14 December 2007. This was later increased to 2,000 personnel due to the lack of an agreement with Serbia. It consisted of police officers (including four anti-riot units), prosecutors and judges – hence focusing on issues on the rule of law issues, including democratic standards.

The final decision on the mission was planned to be taken on 28 January 2008. This was postponed due to concerns over possible negative effects on the second round of the presidential election in Serbia on 3 February 2008 and the possible signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement with Serbia on that date. The officially voiced reason for the postponement was the lack of a legal basis for the mission. A Joint Action was approved on 4 February 2008 and the final decision was made on 16 February 2008 (a joint action is a method of implementing the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and are binding on member states).

EULEX was therefore set up in February 2008 to support local institutions in the rule of law, right after the self-declared independence by Kosovo on 17 February 2008. After signing a five-point plan between Serbia and the UN, the UN Security Council approved the addition of EULEX as an assistance mission subjected to UNMIK, rather than outright replacing it.

The Mission included around 3,200 police and judicial personnel (1,950 international, 1,250 local), and began a four-month deployment process on 16 February 2008. In September 2012, the Kosovo Assembly voted to extend EULEX to 2014. In April 2014, the Kosovo Assembly once again voted to extend EULEX's mandate, this time until June 2016. The European Council then decided to extend the mandate of the EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo until 14 June 2018, before extending it again in June 2018.

EULEX's current mandate has been launched to cover the period until 14 June 2025 with an allocated budget of EUR 58.5 million that will cover the EULEX Kosovo mission's expenditure for the implementation of its new mandate in Kosovo.

Heads of Mission of EULEX

Contributing States
EULEX is supported by all 27 European Union Member States, the United Kingdom and five Contributing States (Canada, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States).

However, some EU countries do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Spain for instance did not take part in the EULEX mission, since legal questions over how it replaces the UN administration have not been answered, according to the Spanish government. Furthermore, political issues related to the independence claims of the Catalonia region prevented Spain from recognizing Kosovo a self-declared independent State. In June 2008, Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos announced in a meeting of European Union Foreign Ministers that Spain would not send its contingent to the EULEX mission until there has been a formal transfer of powers from the United Nations. The other EU countries that do not recognize the independence  of Kosovo are Greece, Cyprus, Romania and Slovakia.

Political context

The EU has been divided on whether to recognize an independent Kosovo without international and Serbian approval. The Stabilization and Association Agreement with Serbia was seen as ensuring the unity of the EU on the question, however the Presidency announced it would not amount to recognition of an independent Kosovo.

EULEX is legally based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, which introduced the international rule of Kosovo in 1999. However, the mission, which was previously planned to be covered by the Security Council's approval of the Ahtisaari Plan, has not received a new UN Security Council mandate due to the opposition from Russia. Serbia also views the Mission as an EU recognition of an independent Kosovo.

In November 2008, the EU accepted the demand of Serbia not to implement the Ahtisaari Plan through EULEX and to be neutral regarding the status of Kosovo. In turn, EULEX would be accepted by Serbia and the UN Security Council.

Protests
On 25 August 2009, the EULEX mission was subject to violent protests, resulting in the damaging of 28 EU vehicles. Three Kosovo police officers were injured in the clashes which resulted in 21 arrests by the Kosovo police. The attack was organised by a group called Vetëvendosja ("Self-Determination") in reaction to EULEX's police cooperation with Serbia and its actions in Kosovo. There is resentment towards the EU mission for exercising its powers over Kosovo while mediating between the state and Serbia. Policies concentrating on crisis management, rather than resolution, as well as the pursuit of ethnic autonomy and its overly broad mandate over Kosovo's governance is at the stem of the discontent with the EU mission.

Intermediary mediation

Former Executive Mandate

Before December 2018, EULEX had an executive mandate to pursue two operational objectives: a monitoring, mentoring and advising objective, providing support to Kosovo's rule of law institutions – specifically in the police, judiciary and customs areas – and to the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue, and an executive objective, supporting the adjudication of constitutional and civil justice and prosecuting and adjudicating selected criminal cases.
The mission implemented this mandate through the Strengthening Division (Monitoring, Mentoring and Advising) and the Executive Division.

Strengthening Division

The Strengthening Division (SD), in full close cooperation with other EU actors, supported Kosovo's rule of law institutions at the senior management level in their progress towards sustainability and accountability. It aimed to strengthen the chain of criminal justice, with an emphasis of fighting political interference, through monitoring mentoring and advising, including the monitoring of selected Kosovo case, such as corruption, organised crime, inter-ethnic crimes and war crimes, providing advice on the prosecution and investigation of these crimes. In addition, it provided structured support to develop the capacity and competence of the Kosovo Judicial Council and Kosovo Prosecutorial Council. It supported also the Kosovo Correctional Service with mobile capacity to focus on handling of high-profile detainees, prisons and detention centres, including the Mitrovica Detention Centre, and provided support to the Kosovo Police (KP) senior management, including a mobile capacity for police to address structural and organisational weaknesses to improve targeting of serious criminality, including terrorism, corruption, organised crime and specialised units. The Strengthening Division also assisted the Kosovo Border Police/Kosovo Customs in the implementation of the Kosovo IBM and migration strategies, including freedom of movement and IBM agreements and joint activities with FRONTEX. Finally, the SD supported the Civil Registration Agency in implementing the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue agreements.

Executive Division

Through its Executive Division (ED), EULEX focused on delivering law services until the progress of local authorities allowed a complete transition of executive functions to them. This means that EULEX Judges and Prosecutors were embedded in Kosovo institutions and served in accordance with Kosovo law. Joint cases were investigated and prosecuted by mixed teams consisting of Kosovo prosecution authorities and EULEX prosecutors. In these cases, the Executive Division engaged in mentoring the counterpart in the form of peer-to-peer cooperation in their investigation and prosecution.
EULEX dealt with highly sensitive cases related to war crimes, terrorism, organised crime and corruption.
EULEX Civil Judges adjudicated property disputes and privatisation matters. In the area of privatisation matters, the mandate of EULEX Judges was restricted to cases falling within the jurisdiction of the Special Chamber of the Supreme Court of Kosovo.
EULEX under its Executive objective supported the Department for Forensic Medicine by carrying out executive functions with reference to missing persons and war crimes.

Current Mandate (2023–2025)
Under its current mandate extended until 14 June 2025, EULEX undertakes monitoring, mentoring, and advising activities and has limited executive functions.

Through its Case Monitoring Unit, the Monitoring Pillar conducts a robust monitoring of selected cases, which covers the entire chain of criminal justice as well as civil justice cases on property and privatization issues. The Pillar also focuses its monitoring activities on selected cases which were dealt with by EULEX under its previous mandate that ended in mid-June 2018 and were later handed over to the local judiciary as well as other cases.

Through its Correctional Unit, the Monitoring Pillar also supports the Kosovo Correctional Service (KCS) in developing a professional management team through monitoring, mentoring and advising and through a continued presence in KCS facilities. The Correctional Unit also helps the KCS increase its capacities in providing rehabilitation of prisoners.

Through EULEX's Senior Police Advisors in northern Kosovo, the Monitoring Pillar advises Kosovo Police's Region North Directorate and the four police stations under its command on number of issues related to the provision of policing services.

Operational functions are undertaken by the Mission's Operations Support Pillar, which maintains a limited residual capability as a Kosovo's second security responder, where Kosovo Police is the first security responder, EULEX is the second one, and KFOR is the third security responder. EULEX also supports the Kosovo Police in the field of international police cooperation by facilitating the exchange of information between the Kosovo Police and Interpol, Europol or the Serbian Ministry of Interior. The Mission also assists the Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office by providing logistic and operational support in line with relevant Kosovo legislation. In addition, EULEX experts continue to work together with their local counterparts at the Institute of Forensic Medicine to determine the fate of missing persons by offering expertise and advice in the identification of potential clandestine graves and the exhumation and identification of victims from the Kosovo conflict. Last but not least, the Mission continues to manage its witness protection programme.

The Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office
In September 2011, the European Union decided to set up a Special Investigative Task Force to further the investigation into the allegations contained in the Council of Europe report of Dick Marty, in particular about alleged organ trafficking by the KLA.

In the summer of 2014, the Task Force announced that the evidence investigated was of sufficient weight to file an indictment. In order to address these allegations, there had to be an adequate institution for proper judicial proceedings, so the Kosovo authorities have agreed with the EU on modalities of dealing with those serious allegations.

On 3 August 2015, the Kosovo Assembly adopted Article 162 of the Kosovo Constitution and the Law on Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office, following the Exchange of Letters between the President of Kosovo and the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in 2014. The Specialist Chambers are attached to each level of the court system in Kosovo – Basic Court, Court of Appeals, Supreme Court and Constitutional Court and function according to relevant Kosovo laws as well as customary international law and international human rights law.

EULEX supports the Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office with logistic and operational support in line with the relevant Kosovo legislation.

The European Union Human Rights Review Panel (HRRP)
To guarantee the full transparency and accountability of EULEX, on 29 October 2009 the European Union established the Human Rights Review Panel with a mandate to review alleged human rights violations by EULEX Kosovo in the conduct of its executive mandate.

The Panel is an independent, external accountability body which performs its functions with impartiality and integrity.

The Panel reviews complaints that are submitted to it within six months from the date of the alleged violation, decides if a complaint is admissible and when admissible, it reviews the complaint and renders a finding as to whether or not EULEX has violated the human rights law applicable in Kosovo.

When the Panel determines that a violation has occurred, its findings may include non-binding recommendations for remedial action by the Head of Mission. The recommendations of the Panel and the subsequent actions by the Head of Mission with regard to the implementation of its recommendation are published in the English, Albanian and Serbian languages on the Panel's website.

Effectiveness
The European Court of Auditors in a 2012 report found that EULEX assistance has not been sufficiently effective. Although the EU helped to build capacity, notably in the area of customs, assistance to the police and the judiciary has had only modest success. Levels of organised crime and corruption in Kosovo remained high. The judiciary continued to suffer from political interference, inefficiency and a lack of transparency and enforcement. There had been almost no progress in establishing the rule of law in the north of Kosovo, the 2012 report stated.

According to a February 2016 report by FOL, an accountability NGO in Kosovo, during the first 7 years of operation up until August 2015, EULEX judges delivered 47 verdicts on corruption cases and 23 verdicts on organised crime. This makes a total of 70 verdicts in these respective crimes since 2008. Numbers of convictions resulting from these verdicts was not provided to the researchers. In this period, EULEX prosecutors gained 24 indictments which amount to approximately a 6% indictment rate.

According to Andrea Capussela, a former ICO high official, from 2008 to 2013, EULEX policy was to not encroach upon the political elite's interests, or to only do so to protect its credibility; and in these cases to achieve the minimum necessary result. For war crimes, EULEX was much more successful, as these generally had less impact on current elite's criminal activities and were less likely to expose widespread criminal practices, Capussela concludes.

After the end of EULEX's executive mandate in the judiciary, the Mission appears to have received acceptance by Kosovo. In his proposal on the steps to be taken to de-escalate the situation in north Kosovo, Prime Minister Albin Kurti pledged to provide full access and monitoring by EULEX and interested human rights NGOs of judicial proceedings in relation to perpetrators of violence.

On 9 June 2023, the President of Kosovo, Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, awarded the Presidential Medal for Rule of Law to the Head of EULEX, Lars-Gunnar Wigemark, in recognition of his "steadfast support and cooperation in building a just and safe society in Kosovo".

Controversy
In October 2014, British EULEX prosecutor Maria Bamieh, demanded a corruption inquiry against some of her colleagues, after she became aware that a senior civil servant at the Kosovan health ministry, held in prison after corruption charges, discussed his case with her superiors. Ms Bamieh, who claims to act as a whistleblower, cites several cases of corruption, dating back to 2012. She was suspended on 24 October.

EU High Representative Federica Mogherini said she would appoint an independent legal expert to probe Eulex.
On 24 July 2015, Parliament of Kosovo voted a resolution proposed by VV! that obligates Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga to ask the High Representative Mogherini to initiate investigations.

In November 2017, chief judge Malcolm Simmons resigned and accused EULEX and several senior members of corruption and malpractice. He further claimed that EULEX was subject to political interference and a political mission, rather than one to promote the rule of law. In response to the accusations, EULEX stated in November 2017 that Simmons himself had been under investigation due to serious allegations against him, which at the time had not been concluded. In a 2021 press release, the mission criticized Simmons' statements as "a deliberate disinformation campaign" and stated that an independent investigation had not been able to confirm Simmons' allegations.

See also
 EULEX IG – EULEX's multinational police Intervention Group
 Overseas interventions of the European Union
 Kosovo status process
 Kosovo Police
 OSCE Mission in Kosovo

Notes

References

External links
 Official website.
 Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP.
 Viewpoint: The EU's toughest operation, BBC News.
 Kosovo 2009: Uncertain Future – spotlight europe 2009/01
 EULEX Kosovo breaks new ground for ESDP, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Newsletter, January 2009
 Kosovo: one year on, Opinion by Jelena Obradović, February 2009, European Union Institute for Security Studies

Rule of law missions of the European Union
Politics of Kosovo
Law enforcement in Kosovo
2008 in Kosovo
2009 in Kosovo
2010s in Kosovo
Kosovo–European Union relations


Android Package Kit (APK) is the file format that software for Android is distributed in. It is an extension of the ZIP file format. An APK file contains bitcode for Android's Dalvik Virtual machine, resources used by the program (such as images and sounds), and sometimes native executable code, usually for the ARM processor.

Google
Computer file formats

APK (file format)


Kirsten Caroline Dunst (born 30 Apryle 1982) is an American actress, sangster an model.

Dunst achieved fame for her portrayal o Mary Jane Watson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007). Syne then, her films hae included Mona Lisa Smile (2003), Wimbledon, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (baith 2004), Cameron Crowe's Elizabethtown (2005), the teetle role in Sofia Coppola's Marie Antoinette (2006), How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (2008), Bachelorette (2012), an The Two Faces of January (2014).

1982 births
American film actresses
American bairn actresses
American bairn models
American female models
American female sangsters
American feminists
American fowk o German strynd
American fowk o Swadish strynd
American televeesion actresses
American vyce actresses
20t-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century German actresses
Actresses frae New Jersey
Best Actress Empire Awaird winners
HIV/AIDS activists
New Jersey Democrats
Fowk frae Brick Tounship, New Jersey
Fowk frae Point Pleasant, New Jersey
Livin fowk

Kirsten Dunst


Piedmont blues (also called East Coast Blues) is a blues music style from the East Coast of the USA. The name came from the Piedmont, a hilly coastal area between Richmond, Virginia and Atlanta, Georgia. But the style is also played in Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Florida.

The main instruments are guitar, vocals, drums and bass. The Piedmont style is played on acoustic instruments. The main difference to the Delta blues is the ragtime based rhythm. The style is influenced by ragtime, country string bands, traveling medicine shows and popular song of the early 20th century. East Coast Piedmont Blues blended both black and white, rural and urban song elements in the diverse urban centers of the Southeast and mid-Atlantic region. In contrast to Delta blues, the Piedmont blues were influenced by white music.

In the early twentieth century artists such as Blind Boy Fuller, Blind Blake, Blind Willie McTell, Rev. Gary Davis and Sonny Terry made Piedmont blues popular. Women also played the Piedmont guitar style, including Etta Baker and Elizabeth Cotten, whose "Freight Train" is one of the most recognized Piedmont tunes. Before the Second World War Piedmont blues was a style that was very popular with the African-Americans of the South. The heyday was the 1920s and 1930s.

List of Piedmont blues musicians

Florida

 Blind Blake
 Gabriel Brown

Georgia

 Blind Willie McTell (William Samuel McTell)
 Barbecue Bob (Robert Hicks)
 "Laughing" Charley Lincoln (Charlie Hicks), Barbecue Bob's brother.
 Peg Leg Howell
 Eddie Mapp
 Curley Weaver
 Buddy Moss
 Tampa Red
 Bumble Bee Slim (Amos Easton)
 Baby Tate (Charles Henry "Baby" Tate)
 Andrew and Jim Baxter
 Clifford Lee
 Jonas Brown
 Buddy Keith
 Georgia Cotton Pickers

South Carolina

 Pink Anderson
 Alvin "Little Pink" Anderson
 Simeon "Simmie" Dooley
 Reverend Gary Davis
 Willie Walker
 Josh White
 Henry Johnson
 Peg Leg Sam
 Ted Bogan
 Julius Daniels
 Cottie Stark

North Carolina

 Blind Boy Fuller (Fulton Allen)
 Carolina Slim (Edward P. Harris)
 Sonny Terry
 Etta Baker
 Elizabeth Cotten
 Floyd "Dipper Boy" Council
 Richard Trice
 Willie (Welly) Trice
 Roy Dunn
 Alden "Tarheel Slim" Bunn
 George Higgs
 Ephen Lee
 John Dee Holeman
 Quentin "Fris" Holloway
 Lesley T. Riddle
 Preston Fulp

Tennessee
 Brownie McGhee
 Cripple Clarence Lofton
 Howard Armstrong ("Louie Bluie")
 Joe Evans (Billy Bird)

Virginia

 Jimmie Strother
 Luke Jordan
 John Jackson
 James Jackson (son of John Jackson)
 Archie Edwards
 Stephen Tarter
 Harry Gay
 William Moore
 Carl Martin

Washington, DC

 John Cephas
 Phil Wiggins

Others

 Sam Butler (Bo Weavil Jackson)
 Bayless Rose
 Chicken Wilson and Skeeter Hinton

References

Piedmont blues