(; UN/LOCODE: SE STO) nyaéta ibukota Swédia, jadi tempat pamaréntahan jeung parleménna salian ti ogé jadi tempat cicingna pamingpin nagara Swédia, King Carl XVI Gustaf.

Stockholm geus jadi puseur pulitik jeung ekonomi Swedia ti saprak abad ka-13. Kiwari mangrupa munisipalitas panggedéna di Swedia, kalayan jumlah populasi 776,000, sedengkeun populasi wewengkon urban Stockholm jeung Métropolitan Stockholm kasarna aya 1.2 jeung 1.9 million.

Kalayan lokasina nu aya di basisir wetan Swedia dina sungut Situ Mälaren, di kapuloan Stockholm, Stockholm kasohor ku kaendahannana.

Asal ngaran
The first, undisputed mention of the name 'Stockholm' are from two letters written in Latin in 1252; one written in July is a letter where the King Valdemar and Birger Jarl offering their royal patronage to the abbey of Fogdö; and the other, written by Birger Jarl, in August, urging the péasantry in Attundaland to pay their tithes to the Uppsala Cathedral. Both letters were written in Stockholm, but give no further information of the city itself or any explanation on the background of the name.

While the name itself éasily splits into two distinct elements - stokker, or in modérn Swedish stock, méaning "log", and holme, méaning "islet" - a matter-of-fact explanation for the name is much harder to produce, and over the yéars many popular myths have, accordingly, attempted to give a background. One story dated back to the mid 17th century for example, tells how the population of Birka, a historical city on Lake Mälaren, grew too rapidly, and the Gods then consulted urged parts of the population to emigrate to a new site. To determine where to build the new city, it was decided a log bound with gold should point out where to settle by sailing ashore on the site, and, occasionally, it landed on an islet in what is today central Stockholm.

The first attempt to an explanation was put forward by the German humanist Jacob Ziegler in his work Schondia (Scandinavia) printed in 1532. Writing in Latin, he describes the city as the stronghold and trade post of the Swedes, located among paludibus, méaning either marshes or lakes, and - like Venice - resting on poles. Most likely, Ziegler, while Rome, came in contact with prominent Swedes like Johannes Magnus who supplied him with the description of the city, which still today styles itself "The Venice of the Nordic countries" (Nordens Venedig).

Other interpretations includes stock being an allusion to:
 poles erected either to indicate frontiers or temporary market places,
 trap logs, used to catch animals,
 stubs supposed to have been abundant on the central island of the city,
 fiskestock - either the local "fish livestock" or a hollowed out log used as an osier basket,
 the place where the watercourse and/or logs clogs (stockar sig),
 the name Stocksund for the stréam flowing through the city, as mentioned in Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga and the saga of Saint Olaf, thus supposing the original name of the city was Stocksundsholm,
 a footbridge stretching over the stréam, supposedly built before 1000, and, maybe the most widespréad explanation,
 logs drilled into the strait for either defensive purposes, or to force ships to pay tolls.

To add to the enigma, Stockholm have been called Eken ("The oak") in many contexts. While it is mostly associated to slang, it is supposedly derived from Stockhäcken, the name the city was given by traders from Västergötland (called Västgötaknallar).

Sajarah

The location appéars in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and especially in connection with the legendary king Agne. The éarliest mention of Stockholm in writing dates from 1252, when the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name (stock)  méans log, while the second (holm) méans islet, and refers to the islet Stadsholmen in central Stockholm which for centuries constituted the main part of Stockholm.

The city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl in order to protect Sweden from a séa invasion by foreign navies, and to stop the pillage of towns such as Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren. It is also said that the name derives from the spot where a log (stock) pushed into the waters, and following its currents, drifted upon an islet (holm). This location would thus constitute the best location for a harbour for returning ships.

The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the Danish Kings of the Kalmar Union and the national independence movement in the 15th century. The Danish King Christian II was able to enter the city in 1520. On November 8, 1520, massive executions of opposition figures, called the Stockholm Bloodbath, took place. This massacre set off further uprisings, which eventually led to the bréak-up of the Kalmar Union.

With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the establishment of a royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, réaching ten thousand by 1600.

The 17th century saw Sweden rise into a major Européan power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680, the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also créated that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and Scandinavian territories.

Between 1713–1714, Stockholm suffered from the Black Death. After the end of the Great Northern War and the destruction of several aréas of the city in 1721, the city stagnated. Population growth halted and economic growth slowed. However, Stockholm maintained its role as the political centre of Sweden and continued to develop culturally under Gustav III. The royal opera is a good architectural example of this era.

By the second half of the 19th century, Stockholm had regained its léading economic role. New industries emerged, and Stockholm transformed into an important trade and service centre, as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew radically during this time, mainly through immigration. At the end of the century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born. Settlement began to expand outside of the city limits. In the 19th century, a number of scientific institutes opened in Stockholm, including the Karolinska Institute.

In the late 20th century, Stockholm became a modérn, technologically-advanced, and ethnically diverse city. Many historical buildings were torn down, including the entire historical district of Klara , and replaced with modérn architecture. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from work-intensive activities into more high-technology and service-industry aréas.

The city continued to expand and new districts were créated, such as Rinkeby, and Tensta, some with high proportions of immigrants.

 Reference: German Wikipedia, :de:Stockholm, in German.

Géografi

Lokasi
Stockholm is located on Sweden's éast coast, where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea. The central parts of the city consists of fourteen islands, all part of the archipelago. The géographical city centre is virtually situated on the water, in the bay Riddarfjärden. (Coordinates: .)

For details about the other municipalities usually considered part of Stockholm, see respective municipality. North of Stockholm Municipality: Järfälla, Solna, Täby, Sollentuna, Lidingö, Upplands Väsby, Österåker, Sigtuna, Sundbyberg, Danderyd, Vallentuna, Ekerö, Upplands-Bro and Vaxholm. South of Stockholm: Huddinge, Nacka, Botkyrka, Haninge, Tyresö, Värmdö and Salem.

Munisipalitas Stockholm

Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit defined by géographical borders. The officially adapted name for the municipality is City of Stockholm (Stockholms stad in Swedish). As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, or boroughs, which carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective aréas. The City of Stockholm is usually described in terms of its three main parts: Stockholm City Centre (Innerstaden), South Stockholm (Söderort) and West Stockholm (Västerort). The districts of respective parts are:

Iklim
Due to the city's high northern latitude, the climate of Stockholm is extremely varied with distinct seasons. At the winter solstice in late December, the day lasts about six hours, wheréas at the summer solstice in late June, Stockholm's daylight period extends beyond eighteen hours. As a result, Stockholm is exposed to cold winters and mild summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm was +38 °C (100 °F); the lowest was −32 °C (−26 °F). While unevenly distributed during the yéar, the number of annual sun hours usually amounts to over 1,800.

Typical temperatures for éach séason:
 Winter: from −7 °C to +2 (19 to 36 °F)
 Spring: between +5 and 15 °C (41 to 59 °F)
 Summer: 20–25 °C (68 to 77 °F) or warmer
 Autumn: between +5 and 18 °C (41 to 64 °F)

Pulitik jeung pamarentahan

Municipalities are responsible for government-mandated duties, and elections for the City Council are held every four yéars, parallel to the general elections.

Following the 2006 municipal elections, the séats are divided in the following way:

The current Mayor of Stockholm is Kristina Axén Olin.

Ekonomi
The vast majority of Stockholmians work in the service industry, which accounts for roughly 85% of jobs in Stockholm. The almost total absence of héavy industry makes Stockholm one of the world's cléanest metropols.

The last decade has seen a significant number of jobs créated in high technology companies. Large employers include IBM, Ericsson, and Electrolux. Arguably one of the world's léading IT centres is located in Kista, in northern Stockholm.

Stockholm is Sweden's financial center. Major Swedish banks, such as Swedbank, Handelsbanken, and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, are héadquartered in Stockholm, as are the major insurance companies Skandia and TryggHansa. Stockholm is also home to Sweden's foremost stock exchange, the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Stockholmsbörsen). Finally, about 45% of Swedish companies with more than 200 employees are héadquartered in Stockholm.

In the last yéars, tourism has played an important part in the city's economy. Between 1991–2004, annual overnight stays incréased from 4 to 7.7 million.

Largest companies by number of employees:
 Ericsson—8,430
 Posten—4,710
 Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) -- 4,240
 Swedbank—3,610
 Södersjukhuset (Southern Hospital) -- 3,610
 Nordea—2,820
 Handelsbanken—2,800
 IBM Svenska—2,640
 Securitas—2,360
 Connex—2,300
 ISS Facility Services—2,000
 Sveriges Television (public television) -- 1,880
 Sodexho—1,580

Pangatikan

Reséarch and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with an education in medicine and various reséarch institutions, such as the Stockholm Observatory. The medical education was eventually formalized in 1811 as the Karolinska Institutet. The Royal Institute of Technology (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, or KTH) was founded in 1827 and is currently Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students. Stockholm University, founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 35,000 students as of 2004. It also incorporates many historical institutions, such as the Observatory, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, and the botanical garden Bergianska trädgården. The Stockholm School of Economics, founded in 1909, is one of few private institutions of higher education in Sweden.

In the fine arts, educational institutions include the Royal College of Music, which has a history going back to the conservatory founded as part of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1771, the Royal University College of Fine Arts, which has a similar historical association with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and a foundation date of 1735, and the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting, which is the continuation of the school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre, once attended by Greta Garbo. Other schools include the design school Konstfack, founded in 1844, the University College of Opera (founded in 1968, but with older roots), the University College of Dance, and the Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut (the University College of Music Education).

The Södertörn University College was founded in 1995 as a multidisciplinary institution for southern Metropolitan Stockholm, to balance the many institutions located in the northern part of the region.

Other institutes of higher education are:
 Ersta Sköndal University College
 The Stockholm School of Theology (Teologiska Högskolan, Stockholm)
 The Swedish School of Sport and Héalth Sciences (Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, or GIK)
 The Stockholm Institute of Education (Lärarhögskolan i Stockholm)

Démografi
The Stockholm region is home to around 20% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 25% of the gross domestic product.

The géographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed throughout the times. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm basically consisted of the aréa today known as City Centre, roughly 35 km² or 1/5 of the current municipal aréa. In the ensuing decades several other aréas were incorporated (such as Brännkyrka Municipality in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, and Spånga in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971 – with the exception of Hansta, in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature reserve.

Of the population of 765,044 (2004), 370,482 were men and 394,562 women. The average age is 39.8 yéars; 40,5% of the population is between 20–44 yéars.

309,480 persons, or 40.4% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried. 211,115 persons, or 27.5% of the population, were married. 85,373, or 11.1% of the population, had been married but divorced.

Historical population
Population in the City of Stockholm from 1750 to present:

In the latest century, the population of néarby municipalities of Stockholm County has become important to mention next to the population of Stockholm Municipality, as many municipalities are constituting parts of Stockholm urban area and as such often considered part of the general term "Stockholm".

As of 2000, Stockholm urban area extended into 11 municipalities (Stockholm 750,000 inh.; Huddinge 82,891; Järfälla 60,254; Solna 56,605; Sollentuna 53,715; Botkyrka 48,268; Haninge 40,151; Tyresö 36,483; Sundbyberg 33,868; Nacka 25,170; Danderyd 24,600) and a total population of 1,200,000 inhabitants. If counting the entire Stockholm County, with its 26 municipalities, the population réaches 1,900,000 inhabitants.

Rujukan démografis
 Stockholm Statistical Yearbook, 2006 (Stockholms statistiska årsbok för 2006).

Budaya

Apart from being a large city with an active cultural life, Stockholm, as Sweden's capital, houses many national cultural institutions. Most notably, there are two UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Stockholm aréa: the Royal Palace Drottningholm (within Ekerö Municipality) and the Forest Cemetery Skogskyrkogården.

The oldest part of Stockholm is the Stockholm Old Town, Gamla stan, with its main part on the islet Stadsholmen. It féatures the medieval street system, where two main streets (Österlånggatan and Västerlånggatan) cross it, and several small alleys diverging towards the water. Some notable buildings of the Gamla Stan are the large German Church (Tyska kyrkan), several mansions and palaces: the Riddarhuset (the House of Nobles), the Bonde Palace, the Tessin Palace and the Oxenstierna Palace.

During 1998 Stockholm was selected as the European City of Culture.

Literatur
Authors connected to Stockholm include the poet and songwriter Carl Bellman (1740–1795), novelist and dramatist August Strindberg (1849 - 1912), and novelist Hjalmar Söderberg (1869-1941), all of whom made Stockholm part of their works. Other authors with notable heritage in Stockholm were the Nobel Prize laureate Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) and the popular poet and composer Evert Taube (1890–1976). The novelist Per Anders Fogelström (1917-1998) wrote a popular series of historical novels depicting life in Stockholm from the 19th to the mid-20th century.

Arsitéktur umum

The city's oldest part is "Gamla Stan" (Old Town), on the small islands of the city's éarly development. It still mainly féaturing its original medieval street net. The oldest building in Stockholm is the Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After the castle fire in 1697 when the medieval castle was destroyed, today's Stockholm Palace was erected in baroque style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal séat of the Bishop of Stockholm stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is féaturing baroque exteriors from the 18th century.

Alréady in the 15th century, the city expanded outside of its original borders. Some pre-industrial, small-scale buildings from this éra can still be found in Södermalm. During the 19th century and the industrialization, the city rapidly grew with planning and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such as Berlin and Vienna. Notable works of this includes public buildings as the Royal Swedish Opera and private developments such as the luxury housing developments on Strandvägen.

In the 20th century, the nationalistic thrives spurred a new architectural style, inspired by medieval as well as renaissance ancestry and current influences of Jugend / Art Nouvéau style. The maybe most well-known landmark of Stockholm, the Stockholm City Hall, was erected 1911-1923 by architect Ragnar Östberg. Other notable architectural works of those times are the Stockholm Public Library and the Forest Cemétery, Skogskyrkogården

In the 1930s modérnism characterized the development of the city as it grew with new residential aréas such as the development on Gärdet and industrial development such as the KF manufacturing industries on Kvarnholmen in the Nacka Municipality. In the 1950s, suburban development entered a new phase with the introduction of the Stockholm metro. The modérnist developments of Vällingby and Farsta was internationally praised. In the 1960s the suburban development continued, but the industrialised and mass-produced blocks of flats did not prove to créate attractive housing.

Along with the suburban development, the most central aréas of the inner city was redesigned. Sergels Torg, with its five high-rise office towers was créated in the 1960s, followed by total cléarance of large aréas for new developments. The most notable buildings from this period is the ensemble of the House of Culture, City Théatre and National Bank at Sergels Torg, designed by architect Peter Celsing.

Museums
Stockholm is one of the most crowded muséum-towns in the world with some 70 muséums, visited by over 9 million péople per yéar.

The most renowned national muséum is the Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts, with Sweden's largest collection of art: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection stems back to the days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as Rembrandt, and Antoine Watteau, as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Tobias Sergel, Carl Larsson, Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson. Most of Stockholm's state-operated muséums have free entrance.

The muséum of modérn Art, or Moderna Museet, is Sweden's national muséum of modérn art. It has works by foremost modérn artists such as Picasso and Salvador Dalí.

Other notable muséums:
 Stockholm City Museum
 Skansen, the archetype of open air museums, inaugurated 1891.
 The Vasa Museum, now with the reconstruction of the missing parts of the Vasa Ship.

Kahirupan peuting
See further: Kahirupan peuting di Stockholm

Outer suburbs
The outer Stockholm suburbs (Förort in Swedish) are places with diverse cultural background. Some aréas in the (somewhat) outer suburbs, including those of Tensta, Jordbro, Fittja, Husby, Rinkeby, Kista, Hagsätra, Rågsved, Södertälje, Huddinge, have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants of Middle Eastern, former Yugoslavian, African nationality or of other immigrant descent (Such as South Asian & Hispanic). Other parts of the outer suburbs, such as Hässelby, Vällingby, Flysta & Hökarängen, as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of ethnic Swedes (Rinkeby is the Stockholm suburb with léast Swedes, but still as many as 10%). Through high influx of immigration a new language has formed from speech in Arabian, Serbo-Croat etc "Rinkeby Swedish" named after the suburb Rinkeby.

Some aréas in the outer suburbs of Stockholm also have a low average income and high unemployment rates, as well as medium to high crime-rates. Other aréas in the outer suburbs (Such as Bromma, Flysta & Danderyd, both dominated by ethnic Swedes living in detached single-family homes, just like in the American suburbs) have a high average income and low unemployment rates, as well as low crime-rates.

Theatres
Among Stockholm's many théatres distinguish the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten), as one of Europe's most renowned théatres, and the Royal Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773. Other notable théatres are the Stockholm City Théatre, the Péoples Opera (Folkoperan), the modérn Théatre of Dance (Moderna dansteatern), the China Théatre, the Göta Lejon Théatre, the Mosebacke Théatre, and the Oscar Théatre.

Media
Stockholm is basically the media center of Sweden. It has four nation wide daily newspapers, is also the central location of the publicly-funded radio (SR) and television (SVT); in addition, all other major television channels have their base in Stockholm (TV4 TV3, TV6 and Kanal 5). All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the largest literature publisher, the Bonnier group.

Olahraga
The most popular spectator sports are football and ice hockey. The three most popular football téams in the Stockholm region are AIK, Hammarby IF and Djurgårdens IF. In ice hockey, Stockholm's highest rated téam is Djurgårdens IF.

Historically, the city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics. From those days stem the Stockholms Olympiastadion which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics, and is the current home arena of Djurgårdens IF. For the ice hockey téam, the home arena is Stockholm Globe Arena, one of the largest spherical building in the world, but it is also hosting concerts and other events.

Stockholm also hosted all but one of the Nordic Games, a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter Olympics.

In addition, there have been a number of "Getaway in Stockholm" Vidéos where multiple high-power vehicles evade police.  One of the numerous filmed escapes involved a Porsche 911, where another had a Toyota Supra and a Ford Cosworth evading police.

Acara taunan
 Stockholm Jazz féstival is one of Sweden's oldest féstivals, the féstival takes place at Skeppsholmen every august.
 Stockholm Pride is the largest Pride event in the Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of July every yéar. The Stockholm Pride always ends with a parade and in 2006, 30 000 péople marched with the parade and about 350 000 watched it.

Galeri wangunan

Angkutan

Angkutan umum

Stockholm has an extensive public transport system. It consists of the Stockholm Metro (Tunnelbanan); three regional/suburban rail systems: commuter rail (pendeltåg), Roslagsbanan, and Saltsjöbanan; three light rail systems: Nockebybanan, Lidingöbanan, and Tvärbanan; and a large amount of bus lines.

All the land-based public transport in Stockholm County, except the airport buses/trains, is organised by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL), with the operation and maintenance of the public transport services delegated to several contractors, such as Connex who operate the metro and regional/suburban railways except for the commuter rail. The archipelago boat traffic is handled by Waxholmsbolaget.

The SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for éasy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. A single ticket costs 20 SEK (2.17 EUR; 2.75 USD) and is valid for one hour. The duration of the travel card validity depends on the exact type, they are available from 24 hours up to a yéar. A 30-day card costs 600 SEK (65 EUR; 82 USD). Tickets of both types are available with reduced price for persons under 20 and over 65 yéars old.

Jalan
Stockholm is at the junction of the European routes E4, E18 and E20.

Ongkos macét
Stockholm city has had a trial period with electronicly collected congestion charges. This trial was between January 3, 2006 and July 31, 2006. The trial period project is called Stockholmsförsöket - The Stockholm trial.

After closing the trials on the 31:st of August 2006, various municipal referendums on the issue were held in September of 2006. The municipality of Stockholm voted in favour of re-introducing the congestion charges, and furthermore to invest the money gained from the congestion charges in public  transport. Some of the  municipalities sorrounding Stockholm, however, arranged referendums of their own, all of them resulting in opposition to the congestion charges. Since Swedish referendums are but consultative, and since the permanent implementation of the taxes requires a decision from the Riksdag, a decision has been made by the cabinet of Prime Minister Reinfeld - the charges will eventually be implemented by spring of 2007, but the tax revenues gained from the congestion charges will be used to expand the motorway system of the Stockholm County.

During the trial period the following was valid:
The City Centre is within the Stockholm congestion tax zone. All the entrances and exists of this aréa have unmanned electronic toll collection stations operating with cameras réading the registration plates, alternatively a transponder. All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected aréa, with a few exceptions, were to pay up to 20 SEK (2.17 EUR; 2.80 USD) per passage, depending on the time of the day. However, the maximum tax amount per vehicle per day was 60 SEK (6.50 EUR; 8.40 USD).

Féri
Stockholm has regular ferry lines to Helsinki in Finland (commonly called "Finlandsfärjan"); Tallinn, Estonia; Riga, Latvia; and to the Åland islands. Travelers are no longer able to take a direct ferry to St. Petersburg, Russia as of 1998.  One must first ferry to Helsinki and then onto St. Petersburg.

The large Stockholm archipelago is served by the Waxholmsbolaget archipelago boats.

Bandara
 Internasional jeung Doméstik:
 Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
 Stockholm-Bromma Airport
 Husus internasional
 Stockholm-Skavsta Airport
 Stockholm-Västerås Airport

Flygbussarna bus lines run to and from central Stockholm from all the airports, and the Arlanda Express airport rail link runs between Arlanda Airport and Stockholm.

Kota kembar
The policy of Stockholm is to have informal town twinning with all capitals of the world, with its main focus being those in northern Europe. Stockholm does not sign any formal town twinning tréaties, although the city claims to have established such tréaties in the past which are still valid.

The cities claiming to having been with Stockholm are:
  Kiev
  Riga
  Sarajevo
  St. Petersburg

Tempo ogé
 Wewengkon métropolitan panglegana di Éropa
 Palabuan Laut Baltik
 Conference on the Human Environment
 Daptar jalma nu patali jeung Stockholm

Rujukan jeung catetan

Tumbu luar

Loka ramat pamaréntahan munisipal jeung Visitors Board
 Stockholm - Official website
 Stockholm  - Official website
 Stockholm Visitors Board  - The official visitors' guide, operated by the (municipal) Stockholm Visitors Board
 VisitSweden - Stockholm - Official visitor's guide operated by sweden.se
Loka ramat liana
 Visit Stockholm  a guide operated by a for-profit website

 Webcams

Ibukota di Éropa
Kota basisir
Kota tempat Olimpiade Usum Panas
Métropolitan Stockholm
Munisipalitas di County Stockholm
Munisipalitas di Swédia

Kota di Swédia
Palabuan
Laut Baltik

Stockholm


The Murowa diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Mazvihwa, south central Zimbabwe, about 40 kilometres from the asbestos mining town of Zvishavane in the Midlands province. The mine is majority owned and operated by the Rio Tinto Group, which also owns the Argyle diamond mine in Australia and part of the Diavik Diamond Mine in Canada. The mine is a combination of open pit and underground construction; current estimates put construction costs at $61 million USD and mine reserves are 19 million tonnes of ore, with an ore grade of  per tonne.

Geology of the Deposit
Murowa consists of three north-trending kimberlite pipes, intrusive into the Chivi suite granites of the Zimbabwe Craton. The kimberlites have been dated at 500 Ma.

History
The Murowa site's possibilities were first realized in 1997 when three diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes were discovered; over a period of three years of study, the two larger pipes have been determined to be economically feasible as mines. Construction of mine facilities was completed in late 2004. Preparation for mining included the forced relocation of 926 people living on the mine site to six farms purchased by a government relocation program. Limited mining operations began in Murowa in 2004, with full capacity expected to be reached sometime in 2005, although permitting problems have slowed progress toward this milestone. Full-scale production is expected to process 200,000 tonnes of ore annually, although it is possible to push production to as much as one million tonnes annually through further capital investment.

The mine is a combination of open pit and underground construction; current estimates put construction costs at $61 million USD. Current estimates of mine reserves are 19 million tonnes of ore, with an ore grade of  per tonne. Rio Tinto estimates that over the life of the mine, prices for the Murowa's production will fetch an average price of $65 USD per carat (325 $/g).

References
Rio Tinto Diamonds: Murowa Rough Diamonds (Retrieved April 15, 2005)
"Murowa Diamond Set To Reach Full Production". The Financial Gazette: February 2, 2005.

Diamond mines in Zimbabwe
Rio Tinto (corporation) subsidiaries
Underground mines in Zimbabwe
Surface mines in Zimbabwe
Diatremes
Volcanoes of Zimbabwe
Pre-Holocene volcanoes
Buildings and structures in Midlands Province
Geography of Midlands Province

Murowa diamond mine


Henry Spenser Wilkinson (1 May 1853 – 31 January 1937) was the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University. While he was an English writer known primarily for his work on military subjects, he had wide interests. Earlier in his career he was the drama critic for London's Morning Post.

Early life and education
The second son of Thomas Read Wilkinson, a banker, and his wife Emma Wolfenden, he was born in Hulme. He was educated at Owens College, Manchester and studied at Merton College, Oxford in 1873–1878.  While at Oxford, he became interested in armies and began his lifelong interest in military affairs. As an undergraduate, he joined the Oxford Volunteers. After Oxford, he read law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1880. On returning to Manchester in 1880, he took a commission in the volunteers and also founded the Manchester Tactical Society.

In 1888, Wilkinson married Victoria Crowe (1868–1929), daughter of Sir Joseph Archer Crowe and niece of the artist Eyre Crowe. Together, he and his wife had two sons and four daughters.

Career as a journalist
From 1882 to 1892 he was on the staff of the Manchester Guardian, for which he wrote occasional pieces on military subjects and was sent on a short-term assignment to cover Lord Wolseley's campaign in Egypt in 1883. He was made redundant in 1892 because of C.P. Scott's view that Wilkinson did not follow the principles of the Liberal Party. Through his friendship with Lord Roberts, Wilkinson obtained a post on the staff of the London Morning Post from 1895 to 1914.

Convinced as early as 1874 that Great Britain was inadequately armed, he increasingly devoted his attention to the subject of the national defence. He became a key figure in the founding of the Navy League of Great Britain in 1894 and a serious student of the German military philosopher Carl von Clausewitz. During the early months of the Boer War (1899–1900) and made remarkably accurate forecasts of military movements. Wilkinson's views on military affairs were widely influential. At the Foreign Office, Wilkinson's wife's brother, Sir Eyre Crowe, summarised much of Wilkinson's argument from his 1896 book The National Awakening in his famous 1 January 1907 memorandum on British relations with France and Germany.

Academic career
Wilkinson was very well connected to key figures in politics and in the armed forces as he journalist and had long hoped for an academic appointment, as his interests increasingly turned toward historical study. He was elected the first Chichele Professor of Military History in the University of Oxford and Fellow of All Souls College in 1909. During World War I he became—like Clausewitz's foremost German proponent at the time, Hans Delbrück—an energetic critic of his nation's counterproductive strategy and policy. He remained an influential voice in Britain until his death in Oxford on 31 January 1937.

Bibliography
 Essays toward the Improvement of the Volunteer Forces (1886)
 The Brain of an Army (1890, 2 ed. 1895, reprinted 1913), an account of the German general staff
 Imperial Defence (1892), with Sir Charles Dilke
 The Command of the Sea (1894)
 The Brain of the Navy (1895)
 The Nation's Awakening (1896)
 British Policy in South Africa (1899)
 War and Policy (1900)
 as editor: The Nation's Need: Chapters on Education (1903)
 Britain at Bay (1909)
 Hannibal's March through the Alps (1911)
 First Lessons in War (1914)
 The French Army before Napoleon (1915)
 The Nation's Servants (1916)
 The Defence of Piedmont, 1742–1748:  A Prelude to the Study of Napoleon (1927)

For on-line examples of Wilkinson's writings, see:
 Strategy in the Navy, The Morning Post, 3 August 1909. This essay is essentially an attack on the influential British naval theorist Julian Stafford Corbett's interpretation of Clausewitz and on Corbett's influence on the Royal Navy.
 Killing No Murder: An Examination of Some New Theories of War, Army Quarterly 14 (October 1927). This is a bitingly critical response to B.H. Liddell Hart's book, The Remaking of Modern Armies (London: J. Murray, 1927).

Sources
 Scammell, J. M. "Spenser Wilkinson and the Defense of Britain." Journal of Military History 4 (1940): 129–142 online
 William Archer, Real Conversations (London, 1904)
 John B. Hattendorf, "The Study of War History at Oxford" in Hattendorf and Malcolm H. Murfett, eds., The Limitations of Military Power (1990).
 Jay Luvaas, The Education of an Army: British Military Thought, 1815–1940 (1965.
 A. J. A. Morris, "Wilkinson, (Henry) Spencer (1853–1937)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (2004)

Wilkinson's Papers are located at the National Army Museum, London. His correspondence with Sir Charles Dilke is in the British Library, Add MSS 43915-43916 and his Correspondence with Sir Basil Liddell Hart is at King's College London

For an extended discussion of Wilkinson, see
 Chapter 9, "Major British Military Writers," and Chapter 15, section "Wilkinson on Liddell Hart and Clausewitz," in Christopher Bassford, Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

References

External links

 The South Manchester Tactical Society

British military writers
1853 births
1937 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
British military historians
People from Hulme
Chichele Professors of the History of War

Spenser Wilkinson


The Black Forest Fire was a forest fire that began near Highway 83 and Shoup Road in Black Forest, Colorado around 1:00 p.m. on June 11, 2013. As of June 20, 2013, the fire was 100 percent contained,  were burned, at least 509 homes were said to be destroyed, and two people had died. This was the most destructive fire in the state's history at the time, surpassing the 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire which also began near Colorado Springs. It was surpassed in 2021, when the Marshall Fire destroyed over 1,000 homes in Boulder County, in Superior and Louisville.

The evacuation area covered  acres, 13,000 homes and 38,000 people. Three shelters were established in the area, including Elbert County Fairgrounds, which accepted humans, pets, and large animals. Two other shelters were designated for large animals only.

On June 13, the Denver Post reported, 457 firefighters were working the fireline, including agencies around the fire, the Colorado Air National Guard, and select personnel from fire suppression teams on Fort Carson and the nearby United States Air Force Academy. Of note, 3 x UH-60 and 3 x CH-47 from 2-4 GSAB along with some crews from 3-4 AHB (4th Combat Aviation Brigade) were instrumental in providing immediate response to assist in fighting the fires.  The Battalion, commanded by LTC Tyler Smith, launched with very little notice to provide much needed support to the Front Range region.  One of the CH-47D aircraft "Patches", was involved in the effort on every day.  Governor John Hickenlooper addressed Emergency Managers at the command post on June 12.  U.S. Northern Command assisted with fire fighting efforts.

Background and ignition

Record setting heat in the region, and a Red Flag Warning from the National Weather Service set the stage for an explosive fire situation. In the early afternoon hours of Tuesday, June 11, 2013, beginning before 2:00 p.m. MDT, reports of a wildfire in the Black Forest area reached 9-1-1 dispatchers. The initial 9-1-1 call came from Gregg Cawlfield, reporting a small structure fire. Cell phone video he captured shows the fire started as a small, localized event. The record heat and high winds quickly spread the flames to several hundred acres. As of June 20, the investigation into the cause and timeline of events continued.

The National Weather Service in Pueblo, Colorado issued notices for severe fire weather starting at 2:00 p.m. on June 12, with low humidity, high winds, and temperatures approaching  expected to drive the fire. As of 4:50 a.m., the evacuation area stood at 55 square miles, with firefighters from agencies around the state of Colorado being mobilized, as well as helicopters and military aircraft.

In the afternoon hours of June 12, the fire exploded in size driven by dry winds, jumping fire lines and spreading out to the east, north, and west. Evacuation areas were expanded from El Paso County into Douglas and Elbert Counties, and west to Interstate 25. Some evacuation shelters were forced to evacuate due to smoke.

Firefighters experienced additional frustrations with intrusions of road closures on Highway 83, Walker Road, and Evans Road, according to scanner traffic observed by The Gazette. Also observed by reporters over the scanner were instances of news media helicopters violating closed airspace above the fire, creating hazardous situations and the potential for an air disaster.

Heavy smoke being pushed by the south/south-easterly winds covered most of the populated areas of Douglas County and pushed into other Denver suburbs.

Fire investigators confirmed that lightning had been ruled out as a cause of the fire. The investigation centers just north of Shoup Road near Darr Drive, an area with many homes in a heavily wooded area.

Destruction
Within 2 days of ignition, the Black Forest fire surpassed the previous year's Waldo Canyon fire as the most destructive fire in Colorado history. El Paso County Sheriff Terry Maketa stated that at least 360 homes had been lost and 15,000 acres had burned as of the June 13 morning briefing. It was also released that 1,205 homes were still unaffected by the fire, and 38,000 residents had been evacuated from 13,000 homes so far. The National Weather Service predicted a third day of hot, dry, windy weather for the fire area, especially in late afternoon. Isolated thunderstorms were expected.

Already the most destructive fire in Colorado history, the fire remained at zero containment throughout the day with weather forecasts showing no natural relief in sight.

By late Thursday morning, the fire had also severed the broadcast transmission line for 740 AM KVOR, which operates a transmitter in the evacuation zone. As a result, crews were unable to enter the area to repair the transmission line. The Gazette reported that KVOR moved to 1300 AM, a sister station.

By 5:00 p.m., containment of the fire increased to five percent, and the acreage increased to . Sheriff Terry Maketa reported two fatalities were discovered, and the victims appeared to have died while attempting to evacuate their home. Dry lightning and thunderstorms were also reported forming in the area, including one sparking a brief-lived sister fire north of Cripple Creek.

Maketa announced on Friday morning that 19 more homes burned, totaling 379 and in the evening, his office further updated this number to 419.

Containment
Firefighters were able to make some important gains the evening of Friday, June 14, when some cloud cover and rain moved into the area, bringing containment to 30 percent that night.

It was announced in the early morning hours of Saturday, June 15 that the sheriff's office had updated some information at midnight, including the number of homes burnt rising to 473 and containment of the blaze rising to 30 percent. By evening, KOAA reported the fire as 55 percent contained and the number of houses destroyed as 483.

On Sunday, June 16 the Denver Post reported that the fire was 65 percent contained and the number of homes destroyed had climbed to 485. The burned area was downgraded from 15,000 to 14,198 acres due to better mapping.  The firefighting costs had reached $5.2 million.

At 7:30 p.m. June 16, the Sheriff's office released new data on the number of homes affected: 3,633 unaffected, 483 total loss, and 17 with partial damage. Due to lessons learned from the Waldo Canyon Fire, a publicly accessible list of affected homes was published by the Sheriff's office and updated on a regular basis, using the same web address to reflect ongoing updates to this data in real time. At 8:00 p.m., more areas that were on mandatory evacuation were changed to pre-evacuation status to allow residents in those areas to return home.

As of Friday, June 22, the number of homes lost had risen to 511.

Residents return
As of 10:00 a.m. Thursday, June 20, the Sheriff's office allowed residents to return to most of the burn area, though a small area including Darr Circle, Falcon Drive, Peregrine Way and the adjacent section of Shoup Road continued to be closed to residents and the public due to an ongoing crime scene investigation.

In an interview at noon Thursday, which was announced to be the last press conference for the Black Forest fire with 100 percent containment expected by that night, Sheriff Maketa announced that while area residents were allowed to reenter their property as of that morning, the area would not be opened to the general public until Saturday.

Aftermath
As of Friday, June 21, the fire was completely contained, but the total number of homes lost had risen to 509, and Sheriff Maketa stated that the assessed value of the lost homes totaled about $90 million. The number was revised upward the next day to 511 homes lost. As of June 20, 2013, the cost for fighting the fire was estimated at $9,323,955.

At the completion of the first of four parts of the Black Forest assessment in early July, the El Paso County Accessor's office reported that the fire destroyed 486 homes — fewer than the sheriff's department's initial estimate of 511 — and damaged 37, causing $85,444,052 in damage.    Sixteen members of the office, who have been working full-time on the fire, must now put dollar amounts to lost outbuildings, commercial structures and, perhaps most costly, trees. A treeless lot sells for about 30 percent less than one with pristine trees, and buyers will pay about 15 percent less for a lot with damaged trees. The assessor's office came up with its totals after on-site inspections of 2,400 parcels. "We will probably have to review Black Forest in a year or two because we have no guarantee that those trees that were damaged are going to make it," county assessor Mark Lowderman said.

Authorities continued to investigate the cause of the fire, which killed a married couple, Marc Allen Herklotz, 52, and his wife, Robin Lauran Herklotz, 50, who were attempting to flee the area. The bodies were discovered Thursday June 13 in what was the garage of a home that the blaze had leveled. They were next to a car with its doors open. The car's trunk was packed full of belongings. The sheriff's office, which said the fire's cause was not natural, has executed search warrants and conducted interviews.

See also
 2013 Colorado wildfires
 Royal Gorge fire, another fire in Colorado that started on the same day
 Waldo Canyon fire, previously the most destructive wildfire in Colorado history

References

External links

 Black Forest Burn Map - Hosted by lmf-llc.com
 Evacuation and pre-evacuation zones hosted by Google Maps
 Another map of the evacuation areas via Google Maps Engine
 Black Forest fire at InciWeb

Wildfires in Colorado
2013 wildfires in the United States
2013 in Colorado
History of Colorado Springs, Colorado

Black Forest Fire


Wetherby is a 1985 British mystery drama film written and directed by playwright David Hare and starring Vanessa Redgrave, Ian Holm, Judi Dench, Stuart Wilson, Tim McInnerny, and Suzanna Hamilton.

Plot
Set in the town of Wetherby in West Yorkshire, the film focuses on Jean Travers, a middle-aged spinster schoolteacher. One evening, she invites married friends for a dinner party, only to have some terrible repressions and past traumas dredged up when guest John Morgan expresses his emotional pain. The strange young man arrives at Jean's cottage the next morning with a gift of pheasants. While sitting at the kitchen table waiting for tea, he puts the barrel of a gun in his mouth and kills himself.

From this point onward, the film's story is told in chronologically discrete, interlocking flashbacks to the recent and distant past, showing actions and events as seen and experienced from various points of view. The central mystery of Morgan's suicide is the fulcrum around which the narrative turns. The narrative construction of the film resembles a jigsaw puzzle and, in keeping with Hare's style of exposition, frequently appears to have key pieces missing.

There are further scenes of the dinner party as well as scenes of the police investigation into the suicide. We learn Morgan had not been an invited guest—he walked in with others who assumed he was an acquaintance of Jean's, and Jean assumed that her friends had brought him with them.

An aloof and peculiar young woman named Karen Creasy—a former acquaintance of Morgan's—is delivered from the funeral to Jean's doorstep by Mike Langdon, one of the policemen conducting the inquest. For several weeks after, the girl insinuates herself into Jean's life and home and shows no intention of leaving. Sullen and self-centred, Karen is curiously unmoved by Morgan's death and is even hostile to his memory. It is later shown in flashbacks that Morgan had developed an obsession with Karen when they were both students at the University of Essex, and she had violently rebuffed his desperate attempt to initiate a relationship with her. It is implied this rejection may have been a factor in his decision to leave Essex for Yorkshire with the intention of committing suicide.

When Jean suggests to Karen that she may have been responsible for Morgan's decision to kill himself, the young woman angrily denies that her behaviour was, or is, in any way provocative. Karen makes it clear that she hates emotional involvements—what she harshly describes as "people digging into each other"—and likewise resents Jean's attempt to engage her in a close relationship. In a sudden fit of pique, Karen quits Jean's home and Wetherby for good. But before leaving, she cruelly taunts Jean by remarking that, if Morgan's suicide wasn't merely an accident, then she would love to know what possible role the spinster played in causing it.

In addition to the events occurring in the present day, there are flashbacks of Jean and her lifelong friend, Marcia, as teenagers in 1953. These scenes reveal Jean had been engaged to airman, Jim Mortimer, and that she failed to stop him from going away on active service in southeast Asia. In a brutal twist of fate, Jim was senselessly murdered in a gambling den during the anti-imperial uprisings in British Malaya.

As these episodes from the past and present criss-cross and overlap, Jean begins to understand the dull resentment and lonely despair that drove Morgan to take his life. She also seems to gain some insight into the restlessness and self-destructive impulses of the younger generation. In a related incident, she tries to get one of her female students to see the value of continuing her education (At the end of the film, Jean is told that the girl has dropped out of the Sixth Form to run away to London, presumably with a boyfriend).

Jean is likewise affected by the diminished hopes of her contemporaries, who bemoan the state of the country under Thatcherism. She regularly discusses these current matters with Stanley Pilborough, Marcia's husband and the town solicitor, who is often purposefully drunk. She observes the unhappy marriages of her middle-aged friends, particularly the endless bickering that goes on between Roger and Verity Braithwaite. Even lonely, despondent Mike Langdon confesses the failure of his relationship with his mistress, Chrissie, who eventually leaves him to return to her sheep farmer husband.

In the end, it seems that Jean no longer needs to mourn for the life she might have had, and the person she might have become, had she not allowed her fiancé to make his fatal departure for Malaya three decades earlier. She will make the best of what she has, and the way things are, in the here and now.

Principal cast
Vanessa Redgrave ..... Jean Travers
Ian Holm ..... Stanley Pilborough
Judi Dench ..... Marcia Pilborough
Tim McInnerny ..... John Morgan
Stuart Wilson ..... Mike Langdon
Suzanna Hamilton ..... Karen Creasy
Tom Wilkinson ..... Roger Braithwaite
Marjorie Yates ..... Verity Braithwaite
Joely Richardson ..... Young Jean
Katy Behean ..... Young Marcia
Robert Hines ..... Jim Mortimer

Release
The film was screened at the 35th Berlin International Film Festival in February 1985. It was released in the UK on 8 March 1985 as the first film to be shown at the Curzon West End. It grossed $18,694 in its opening week.

Critical reception

In her review in The New York Times, Janet Maslin observed the film was written "with a playwright's ear for elegant dialogue and a playwright's portentous sense of symmetry. While the former is certainly welcome on the screen, the latter is less at home, and it serves to make Wetherby a peculiar hybrid not entirely suited to either medium . . . the film's momentum varies unpredictably, with a rhythm that is sometimes abrupt, sometimes languid. Equally uneven is the acuteness of the dialogue, with passages that are particularly pointed interspersed with those whose bearing is at best indirect . . . However, Mr. Hare has assembled a superb cast, and its ensemble work is very fine . . . Miss Redgrave's warm, credible performance is very much the heart of the film. She brings to the character a crisp intelligence and a very deep compassion, while still managing to make every movement a surprise."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "a haunting film, because it dares to suggest that the death of the stranger is important to everyone it touches – because it forces them to decide how alive they really are."

Time Out London notes, "Redgrave's performance is superb and she's ably supported by Holm, Dench, and Hamilton in particular."

Awards and nominations
Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear for Best Motion Picture (winner, tie with Die Frau und der Fremde)
Berlin International Film Festival C.I.C.A.E. Award (David Hare, winner)
Berlin International Film Festival Interfilm Award – Honorable Mention (David Hare, winner)
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Judi Dench, nominee)
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress (Vanessa Redgrave, winner)
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor (Ian Holm, winner)

References

External links

1985 films
1980s mystery drama films
British mystery drama films
Films set in Leeds
Films set in Yorkshire
Golden Bear winners
British independent films
Films directed by David Hare
1985 independent films
1985 drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s British films

Wetherby (film)


An intermission or interval is a break in a performance of play or opera. An intermission may be twenty minutes or longer: time for people to have a drink and time for the performers to relax.  Plays and operas are usually divided into acts.  The intermission will come where there is a suitable break between the acts.  There are a few operas (e.g. those by Richard Wagner) which are so long that there may be two intermissions.

Theater

Intermission


Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra taught to students. It is often one of the next areas of mathematics taught to students after arithmetic. While in arithmetic only numbers and operators like +, −, ×, and ÷ occur; in algebra, variables (like a, x, y) are used to stand for numbers. This is useful because:
 It lets people solve problems about "unknown" numbers. This means learning about equations and how to solve them (for example, "find a number x where ").
 It allows the generalization of the rules from arithmetic. While some students understand that , it helps to prove that  for all a and b. This makes algebra a good step to learning about abstraction (learning general ideas from many examples).
 It helps people understand and create functional relationships (also sometimes called cause and effect). An example of this is "if x tickets are sold, then the profit will be  dollars".

These three are the main strands of elementary algebra. Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects, like science, business, and building. Abstract algebra, a much more advanced topic, is generally taught late in college.

Simple algebra problems
If an equation has only one number that is unknown it is sometimes easy to solve. The unknown number is called "x":

To solve a simple equation with one unknown amount add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to put the unknown amount, x, on one side of the equation.  Once x is by itself on one side, use arithmetic to determine the amount on the other side of the equation.  For example, by subtracting 4 from both sides in the equation above:

getting:

Dividing both sides by 2:

getting:

It may help to think of this equation as a see-saw or balance, what you do to one side, you must do to the other and your main aim is to get x by itself.

Definitions
 has the following components:
1 : Exponent (power), 2 : Coefficient, 3 : term, 4 : operator, 5 : constant,  : variables

Notes

Algebra

Elementary algebra


MSF (Major Street-basketball Foundation) is a basketball-dedicated group in Australia that promotes the sport of basketball by working on positive projects. Ranging from basketball events, professional camps, influencing outdoor court upgrades, and many other initiatives that ultimately benefit the sport and the youth.

MSF was founded in Melbourne by basketball visionaries David Coles and Andre Gorgievski, in February 2002. From personal experiences with basketball, David and Andre both decided to step up and make something happen. MSF's vision is to promote and develop the game of basketball on all levels by creating greater opportunities and experiences of the game for everybody.

MSF has initiated one of Australia's most recognised 3-on-3 basketball tournaments at the Royal Melbourne Show and Moomba Waterfest, two of Australia's largest community festivals.

External links
 MSF Official Website
 Go-ahead basketball needs a network to net new audience

Basketball in Australia

Major Street-basketball Foundation


Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 Aprile 1964 in Wellington) is an actor frae New Zealand wha is a lang-term resident o Australie. He is kent for his roles as Decimus Meridius in Gladiator and as Jor-El in Man of Steel.

1964 births
20t-century Australie male actors
20t-century Australie sangsters
20t-century New Zealand male actors
21st-century Australie male actors
21st-century Australie sangsters
21st-century New Zealand male actors
Australie Christians
Australie film producers
Australie male film actors
Australie male sangsters
Australie male televeesion actors
Best Actor AACTA Awaird winners
Best Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners
Best Actor Empire Awaird winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Fowk frae Wellington
New Zealand expatriates in Australie
Recipients o the Centenary Medal
Rugby league fowk in Australie
Sangsters frae Sydney
Livin fowk

Russell Crowe


Malbec () is a purple grape variety used in making red wine. The grapes tend to have an inky dark color and robust tannins, and are known as one of the six grapes allowed in the blend of red Bordeaux wine. In France, plantations of Malbec are now found primarily in Cahors in South West France, though the grape is grown worldwide. It is increasingly celebrated as an Argentine varietal.

The grape became less popular in Bordeaux after 1956 when frost killed off 75% of the crop. Despite Cahors being hit by the same frost, which devastated the vineyards, Malbec was replanted and continued to be popular in that area. Winemakers in the region frequently mixed Malbec with Merlot and Tannat to make dark, full-bodied wines, but have ventured into 100% Malbec varietal wines more recently.

A popular but unconfirmed theory claims that Malbec is named after a Hungarian peasant who first spread the grape variety throughout France. French ampelographer and viticulturalist Pierre Galet notes, however, that most evidence suggests that Côt was the variety's original name and that it probably originated in northern Burgundy. Due to similarities in synonyms, Malbec is often confused with other varieties of grape. Malbec argenté is not Malbec, but rather a variety of the southwestern French grape Abouriou. In Cahors, the Malbec grape is referred to as Auxerrois or Côt Noir; this is sometimes confused with Auxerrois blanc, which is an entirely different variety.

The Malbec grape is a thin-skinned grape and needs more sun and heat than either Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot to mature. It ripens mid-season and can bring very deep color, ample tannin, and a particular plum-like flavor component which adds complexity to claret blends. Sometimes, especially in its traditional growing regions, it is not trellised but is instead cultivated as bush vines (the goblet system). In such cases, it is sometimes kept to a relatively low yield of about 6 tons per hectare. Wines produced using this growing method are rich, dark, and juicy.

As a varietal, Malbec creates a rather inky red (or violet), intense wine, so it is also commonly used in blends, such as with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon to create the red French Bordeaux claret blend. The grape is blended with Cabernet Franc and Gamay in some regions such as the Loire Valley. Other wine regions use the grape to produce Bordeaux-style blends. The varietal is sensitive to frost and has a propensity for shattering or coulure.

Viticulture
Malbec is very susceptible to various grape diseases and viticultural hazards—most notably frost, coulure, downey mildew, and rot— but the development of new clones and vineyard management techniques have helped control some of these potential problems. When it is not afflicted with these various ailments, particularly coulure, it does have the potential to produce high yields. Malbec seems to be able to produce well in a variety of soil types but in the limestone based soils of Cahors it seems to produce its most dark and tannic manifestation. There are distinct ampelographical differences in the clones of Malbec found in France and in Argentina, with Argentine Malbec tending to have smaller berries.

A comparative research study conducted by the Catena Institute of Wine and University of California, Davis, examined the difference between the phenolic composition of Malbec wines from California, USA, and Mendoza, Argentina. Sixteen vineyards in California and twenty-six blocks in Mendoza were selected based on their uniformity and regional representativeness. The study concluded that there are distinct flavor and compositional differences in Malbec wines produced in Mendoza and California.

Regions
Malbec is the dominant red variety in Cahors where the Appellation Controlée regulations for Cahors require a minimum content of 70%. Introduced to Argentina by French agricultural engineer Michel Pouget in 1868, Malbec is now widely planted in Argentina. Grapes from this region produce softer, less tannic-driven wines than those from Cahors. There were once 50,000 hectares planted with Malbec in Argentina; now there are 25,000 hectares in Mendoza alone, in addition to production in La Rioja, Salta, San Juan, Catamarca and Buenos Aires. In California the grape is used to make Meritage. Malbec is also grown in Washington State, the Rogue and Umpqua regions of Oregon, the Grand Valley AVA of Colorado, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Brazil, British Columbia, the Long Island AVA of New York, southern Bolivia, Peru, northeastern Italy and recently in Texas and southern Ontario, Virginia, and in the Baja California region of Mexico.

France

At one point Malbec was grown in 30 different departments of France, a legacy that is still present in the list of local synonyms for the variety, which easily surpasses 1000 names. In recent times, however, the popularity of the variety has been steadily declining with a 2000 census reporting only 15,000 acres (6,100 hectares) of the vine, which are mostly consigned to the southwestern part of the country. Its stronghold remains Cahors where Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) regulations stipulates that Malbec must compose at least 70% of the blend, with Merlot and Tannat rounding out the remaining percentage. Outside of Cahors, Malbec is still found in small amounts as a permitted variety in the AOCs of Bergerac, Buzet, Côtes de Duras, Côtes du Marmandais, Fronton and Pécharmant. It is also permitted in the Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (VDQS) of Côtes du Brulhois. In Le Midi region of the Languedoc, it is permitted (but rarely grown) in the AOC regions of Cabardès and Côtes de Malepère. There is a small amount of Malbec grown in the middle Loire Valley and permitted in the AOCs of Anjou, Coteaux du Loir, Touraine and the sparkling wine AOC of Saumur where it is blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and Gamay. Still, as elsewhere in France, Malbec is losing acreage to other varieties—most notably Cabernet Franc in the Loire.

Though the grape was historically a major planting in Bordeaux, providing color and fruit to its blends, in the 20th century it started to lose ground to Merlot and Cabernet Franc. This was due, in part, to its vulnerabilities to so many different vine ailments (coulure, downy mildew, frost). The severe 1956 frost wiped out a significant portion of Malbec vines in Bordeaux, allowing many growers a chance to start anew with different varieties. By 1968, plantings in the Libournais were down to 4,900 hectares (12,100 acres) and fell further to 1,400 hectares (3,460 acres) by 2000. While Malbec has since become a popular component of New World meritages or Bordeaux blends, and although it is still a permitted variety in all major wine regions of Bordeaux, its presence in Bordeaux has dwindled; the only significant plantings are in the regions of the Côtes-de-Bourg, Blaye and Entre-Deux-Mers.

Argentina
While acreage of the Malbec is declining in France, in Argentina the grape is surging and has become a "national variety" of a sort that is uniquely identified with Argentine wine. The grape was first introduced to the region in the mid 19th century when provincial governor Domingo Faustino Sarmiento instructed the French agronomist Michel Pouget to bring grapevine cuttings from France to Argentina. Among the vines that Pouget brought were the very first Malbec vines to be planted in the country. During the economic turmoil of the 20th century, some plantings of Malbec were pulled out to make way for the jug wine producing varieties of Criolla Grande and Cereza. The grape was rediscovered in the late 20th century as the Argentine wine industry shifted its focus to premium wine production for export. As the Argentine wine industry discovered the unique quality of wine that could be made from the grape, Malbec arose to greater prominence and is today the most widely planted red grape variety in the country. As of 2003 there were over 20,000 hectares (50,000 acres) of Malbec in Argentina. The Mendoza region is the leading producer of Malbec in Argentina with plantings found throughout the country in places such as La Rioja, Salta, San Juan, Catamarca and Buenos Aires.

The grape clusters of Argentine Malbec are different from its French relatives, having smaller berries in tighter, smaller clusters. This suggests that the cuttings brought over by Pouget and later French immigrants were a unique clone that may have gone extinct in France due to frost and the phylloxera epidemic. Argentine Malbec wine is characterized by its deep color and intense fruity flavors with a velvety texture. While they lack the tannic structure of French Malbecs, being more plush in texture, Argentine Malbecs have shown aging potential similar to their French counterparts.

High altitude Mendoza Malbec
Argentina's most highly rated Malbec wines originate from Mendoza's high altitude wine regions of Luján de Cuyo and the Uco Valley. These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes mountains between 800 m and 1500 m elevation (2,800 to 5,000 feet).

Argentine vintner Nicolás Catena Zapata has been widely credited for elevating the status of Argentine Malbec and the Mendoza region through serious experimentation into the effects of high altitude. In 1994, he was the first to plant a Malbec vineyard at almost 1500 m (5,000 feet) elevation in the Gualtallary sub-district of Tupungato, the Adrianna Vineyard. He was also the first to develop a clonal selection of Argentine Malbec.<ref name="fourmagazine">Four Magazine , Wine Spectator, 2012.</ref>

High-altitude Mendoza has attracted many notable foreign winemakers, such as Paul Hobbs, Michel Rolland, Herve Joyaux-Fabre, Roberto Cipresso and Alberto Antonini. Today, there are several Malbecs from the region scoring over 95 points in Wine Spectator and Robert Parker's The Wine Advocate.Achaval Ferrer, "Wine.com"Top 5 Wine Spectator , 'Wine Spectator, December 15, 2010.

 Chile
Although Carménère is the emblematic strain of Chilean wine and other varieties of strains such as Cabernet Souvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir among others are harvested in the country, Malbec has experienced exponential growth in its production during the last decades, due to the discovery of hundred-year-old vines of the variety, as well as the year-on-year increase in hectares planted for its exclusive production in the country. It is currently estimated that in Chile there are 2,361 hectares dedicated exclusively to the production of Malbec.

The history of malbec in Chile begins in 1841, when a group of French winemakers brought the vine to the country, along with other varieties to be planted in the Quinta Normal of Santiago , later in 1853 the first malbec strains would be exported from Chile to Argentina, specifically to the Mendoza region.

At the end of the century XIX, French winemakers began to expand Malbec plantations to other regions of the central-south zone of Chile, however they mixed them with other varieties, so the production of Malbec gradually faded over the years, as was the case in the Maule Region, since centenary Malbec vines that had been mixed with other vines were discovered a few years ago in the area. It was not until 1993 that the Viu Manent vineyard became the first Chilean winery to produce, bottle and market 100% Malbec wines produced in the country, from the vineyard they had for more than 100 years in the city of Santa Cruz in the Colchagua where this variety was found. In 2016, a hundred-year-old Malbec plantation was also discovered in the city of San Rosendo, in the Biobío Region, which was brought to the area by French settlers at the end of the 19th century, which had also been blended with other vines from the area.

Currently, the largest amount of Malbec production in Chile is located in the Maule Region, however there are also important plantations of the strain in the Biobío regions and in the Colchagua Valley area. The Terroir of the Maule Region is granitic, which causes the malbec of the area to contain a special minerality, in addition the influence of the coast and the mountains give acidity and freshness to the Chilean malbec, these conditions cause an important difference in its par Also, Chilean Malbec tends to have a fresher and more fruity flavor, because it is not harvested as ripe as other Malbec productions in the world.

United States

Prior to Prohibition in the United States, Malbec was a significant variety in California used mainly for blended bulk wine production. After Prohibition, the grape was a minor variety until it experienced a surge of interest as a component of "Meritage" Bordeaux-style blends in the mid-1990s. Between 1995 and 2003, plantings of Malbec in California increased from 404 hectares (1,000 acres) to more than 2,830 hectares (7000 acres). While the appearance of Californian varietal Malbec is increasing, the grape is still most widely used for blending. In California, the American Viticultural Areas (AVA) with the most plantings of Malbec include Napa Valley, Alexander Valley, Paso Robles and Sonoma Valley.

Other regions in California with some plantings of Malbec include Livermore Valley, Atlas Peak, Carmel Valley, Los Carneros, Ramona Valley, Central Coast, Red Hills Lake County, Chalk Hill, Clear Lake, Diamond Mountain District, Russian River Valley, Dry Creek Valley, Rutherford, El Dorado, San Lucas, Santa Clara Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Lucia Highlands, Santa Maria Valley, Santa Ynez Valley, Howell Mountain, Sierra Foothills, Knights Valley, Spring Mountain District, St. Helena, Lodi, Stags Leap District, Madera, Suisun Valley, Temecula Valley, Monterey, Mount Veeder, North Coast, Oak Knoll District,
Yorkville Highlands, Oakville, Paicines, Clements Hills, Fair Play, Willow Creek, North Yuba, and Yountville.

Seven Hills Winery planted the first vines of Malbec planted in Oregon state in the late 1990s in their Windrow vineyard in the Walla Walla Valley. Since the turn of the 21st century, several wineries have been experimenting with 100% varietal Malbec as well as using the variety in Meritage blends. In Washington state it is grown predominately in the Columbia Valley and the sub-AVAs of Walla Walla Valley, Rattlesnake Hills, Red Mountain, Wahluke Slope, Horse Heaven Hills and Yakima Valley.

Other AVAs in the United States producing Malbec include the Ohio appellation of Grand River Valley, the New York appellations of North Fork of Long Island and Finger Lakes; the Oregon appellations of Applegate Valley, Rogue Valley, Southern Oregon, Umpqua Valley and Willamette Valley; the Idaho appellation of the Snake River Valley; the Texas appellations of Texas High Plains and Texas Hill Country; the Virginia appellations of Monticello and North Fork of Roanoke; the North Carolina appellation of the Yadkin Valley; the Michigan appellations of the Old Mission Peninsula and Leelanau Peninsula; the New Jersey appellation of the Outer Coastal Plain and the high altitude, Colorado appellation of the Grand Valley. Additionally, there are some plantings in Missouri and Georgia outside of federally delineated appellations.

Other regions

The success of Malbec led some producers in Chile to try their hand at the varietal. Grown throughout the Central Valley, Chilean Malbec tends to be more tannic than its counterpart and is used primarily in Bordeaux-style blends. In 2016 a budget-priced La Moneda Reserve Malbec from the UK supermarket chain Asda won the Platinum Best in Show prize in a blind tasting at the Decanter World Wine awards.

The grapevine was introduced to Australia in the 19th century and was mostly a bulk wine producing grape. The particular clones planted in Australia were of poor quality and highly susceptible to coulure, frost and downy mildew. By the mid to late 20th century, many acres of Malbec were uprooted and planted with different varieties. By 2000, there were slightly over 1,235 acres (500 hectares), with the Clare Valley and Langhorne Creek  having the most significant amount. As newer clones become available, plantings of Malbec in Australia have increased slightly.

Other regions with some plantings of Malbec include north Italy, New Zealand, Brazil, South Africa, the Canadian regions of British Columbia and Ontario, Peru, Bolivia and Mexico, and Southern Indiana and Israeli wine in the Negev Teperberg 1870.

Wine
Wine expert Jancis Robinson describes the French style of Malbec common in the Libournais (Bordeaux region) as a "rustic" version of Merlot, softer in tannins and lower in acidity with blackberry fruit in its youth. The Malbec of the Cahors region is much more tannic with more phenolic compounds that contribute to its dark color. Oz Clarke describes Cahors' Malbec as dark purple in color with aromas of damsons, tobacco, garlic, and raisin. In Argentina, Malbec becomes softer with a plusher texture and riper tannins. The wines tend to have juicy fruit notes with violet aromas. In very warm regions of Argentina and Australia, the acidity of the wine may be too low which can cause a wine to taste flabby and weak. Malbec grown in Washington state tends to be characterized by dark fruit notes and herbal aromas.

Synonyms

The French ampelographer Pierre Galet has documented over a thousand different synonyms for Malbec, stemming in part from its peak period when it was growing in 30 different departments of France. While Malbec is the name most commonly known to wine drinkers, Galet suggest that Côt was most likely the grape variety's original name and the frequent appearance of Auxerrois as a synonym suggests the northern reaches of Burgundy as being the possible home of the varietal. In Bordeaux, where the variety first gained attention, it was known under the synonym Pressac''.

Other common synonyms for Malbec include Agreste, Auxerrois, Auxerrois De Laquenexy, Auxerrois Des Moines De Picpus, Auxerrois Du Mans, Balouzat, Beran, Blanc De Kienzheim, Cahors, Calarin, Cauli, Costa Rosa, Côt, Cot A Queue Verte, Cotes Rouges, Doux Noir, Estrangey, Gourdaux, Grelot De Tours, Grifforin, Guillan, Hourcat, Jacobain, Luckens, Magret, Malbek, Medoc Noir, Mouranne, Navarien, Negre De Prechac, Negrera, Noir De Chartres, Noir De Pressac, Noir Doux, Nyar De Presak, Parde, Périgord, Pied De Perdrix, Pied Noir, Pied Rouge, Pied Rouget, Piperdy, Plant D'Arles, Plant De Meraou, Plant du Lot, Plant Du Roi, Prechat, Pressac, Prunieral, Quercy, Queue Rouge, Quille De Coy, Romieu, Teinturin, Terranis, Vesparo.

See also
 Malbec World Day
 Cahors wine

References

French wine
Red wine grape varieties

Malbec


Tetraphobia is a fear of the number 4.  It is a superstition found most often in East Asian areas, for example China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

The Chinese word for four (, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei3), sounds very similar to the word for death (, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei2).

Chinese people take care not to use the number 4 during important holidays, or if someone in the family is sick. Numbers such as 14, 24, and so on, are not used because they also have the number 4 in them. Buildings sometimes do not have floors with these numbers, apartments and hotels do not have rooms with number 4, 14, 24 and so on. Table number 4, 14, 24, may be often left out in wedding dinners or other social activities in these countries. Where there are a lot of apartment buildings, buildings that should be 4, 14, 24, are called 3A, 13A, 23A, and so on.

In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vision City and The Arch do not have the floors from 40 to 49. Immediately above 39/F is 50/F, leading many who do not know about tetraphobia to think that some floors are missing.

The Chinese start numbering their military aircraft with the number 5, such as the fighter plane "Shenyang J-5". The Taiwanese and the South Korean navies do not use the number 4 when giving flag numbers to their ships.

In cities where East Asian and Western cultures come together, like Hong Kong and Singapore, it is possible in some buildings that both 13 and 14 are left out as floor numbers, along with all the other 4s.

In Korea, tetraphobia is not as important, but the floor number 4 is almost always left out in hospitals. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes named "F" (Four) instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers with a lot of the number 4 (such as 404) are hard to sell, and often they are not worth as much money.

References

Superstitions
Phobias

Tetraphobia


Busker Busker () is a Korean indie band which got their popularity in Superstar K, one of the most famous audition programs in South Korea. The band is composed of three members now: Jang Bum-jun (guitarist and vocalist), Kim Hyung-tae (bassist), and Bradely Ray Moore (drummer). They won the second prize in Superstar K season 3, and then they officially released their own debut album on 29 March 2012.

History
The three members were in the same university; Jang and Kim were students of Animation Art and Brad was an English professor in Sang-myung University located in Cheonan. They named the band as Busker Busker because they performed on the street to the public in Cheonan. They went to Seoul in order to share their music talents with more people, especially in Hong-dae which is a favorite place for many indie musicians in Korea. As they got popular among people, they participated in Superstar K of M-net on April, 2011. Actually there were more members in the band but composition was somewhat unsettled. As the three of them could adjust their schedules and started to be aired on TV, Busker Busker has been fixed as trio band.

They could pass the preliminary stage as performing their own song "Ideal Type". In Super-week, they performed K-pop song "Coming-of-age ceremony" but they failed to pass the rival mission with 2-Month () singing "Juliet". However, one of the Top 10 band, Yeri-Band left the lodging without permission during training period. As there happened to be a vacancy in Top 10, Busker Busker was newly selected as one of the top 11, with Haze. As they sang several songs on the live stages including "Tokyo girl", "People in Seoul" and "Makgerlina", they got extremely popular and most of their songs were ranked highest in music charts. Although Ulala Session got the title of the competition, they kept their popularity after the Audition.

Busker Busker has released their first regular album, Busker Busker 1st album, on March 29th, 2012. The songs in the album, which were all written by their own, hit all kinds of K-pop chart including "Cherry blossom Ending", "First Love", and "Yeosu Night Sea". The album sold over a million, and the next album Busker Busker 1st Finale has also been loved since it was released on June 21st. They ended their first promotional activities for the albums after finishing their first concert, Youth Bus, on June 22nd and 23rd.

South Korean musical groups
Indie bands
Reality television participants
2011 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in South Korea

Busker Busker


Samaná Bay (Spanish, Bahía de Samaná) is a big bay in the northeast of the Dominican Republic, south of the Samaná Peninsula. Christopher Columbus gave the name of "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of Arrows) to the bay.

It has about  east-west and  north-south. The Yuna river, one of the most important of the Hispaniola island, flows into the bay. Other rivers that flow into the bay are the Barracote and the Yabón.

There are many cays (very small and flat islands) in the bay, many of them with beautiful beaches visited by many tourists; Levantado Cay (Spanish, Cayo Levantado) is big enough to have a hotel.

On the southwest coast there is a national park: National Park Los Haitises, with many interesting plants and animals.

Dolphins are common in the bay most of the year. Humpback whales come from northern, cold waters to Samaná Bay to breed during winter and spring; then, they return to cold waters where food is more abundant. Whale watching is an important business in the Samaná Province in late winter and early spring.

France, England and United States were interested in the Samaná Bay (with the Samaná Peninsula) during the 19th century to control the Caribbean. Before that time, pirates were frequent visitors.

The most important cities around the bay are Santa Bárbara de Samaná and Sánchez on the north, in the Samaná Province province; and Sabana de la Mar, on the south, in the Hato Mayor Province province. Sánchez was the most important international port of the Dominican Republic during the 19th century and early 20th century.

Gallery

References

Bodies of water of North America
Geography of the Dominican Republic
Bays

Samaná Bay


This is a list of characters appearing in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie series.

Main characters

Jack Sparrow

Jack Sparrow begins the Curse of the Black Pearl as a pirate captain without a ship. He is played by Johnny Depp.

Sparrow had been captain of the Black Pearl before his first mate, Hector Barbossa led a mutiny and took over. Sparrow was left alone on a small island with nothing but a gun, one bullet, and a bottle of rum. The crew thought he would either die of thirst or shoot himself. When they returned expecting to find him dead, Sparrow was gone. No one knew how he did it and many amazing stories grew around their former captain. In reality, the island was used by smugglers to hide their illegal rum. When the smugglers returned, Sparrow left the island on their ship.

Sparrow assembles a crew to help him reclaim the Black Pearl. After the curse is lifted from the crew of the Black Pearl, he kills Barbossa with the same gun he was left with on the island. He becomes captain of the Black Pearl again.

Elizabeth Swann

Elizabeth Swann is the daughter of Weatherby Swann, Governor of Port Royal. She is played by Keira Knightley.

Elizabeth loves Will Turner but accepts James Norrington's marriage proposal to save Turner. The marriage is called off after Will is rescued. She marries Will Turner and they have a son, Henry. After Elizabeth gives birth, William is forced to go to sea for ten years. He is reunited with his family in At World's End, but only for one day due to a curse.

This curse is broken when Poseidon's Trident is destroyed at the end of Dead Men Tell No Tales allowing Will to reunite with Elizabeth and their son Henry.

Hector Barbossa

Captain Hector Barbossa is an evil and murderous pirate and arch-rival of Jack Sparrow. He is played by Geoffrey Rush.

Barbossa was Jack Sparrow's first mate but led a mutiny and became captain of the Black Pearl. He leaves Sparrow on a deserted island to die but Sparrow managed to escape. Barbossa and the crew are cursed to not die but also not to feel any pleasure after they steal a chest of Aztec gold. Just as the curse is lifted, Jack Sparrow shoots Barbossa (using the bullet from the gun left with him when he was marooned). This shot kills Barbossa. However, he is brought back to life by Tia Dalma to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker.

Barbossa was brought back to free Tia Dalma, not to rescue Jack Sparrow. Tia Dalma was actually in the process of reviving Barbossa when Jack showed up and traded the cursed monkey for a jar of dirt to ward off Davy Jones. Jack had not finished in Davy Jones's Locker yet when she started to revive Barbossa. This could also be Tia Dalma's reason for helping the others rescue Jack without charging them.

In the fourth film, he acts as a privateer to get his revenge on Blackbeard for stealing the Black Pearl.

In the fifth film, he became a rich pirate and helps Jack to find the Trident. During the adventure, he reunites with his illegitimate daughter Carina and ends up redeeming himself by sacrificing himself to save her and the others from Salazar which leads to his death.

Will Turner

William "Will" Turner is a blacksmith and self-taught swordsman who lives in Port Royal. He is played by Orlando Bloom.

Will was found holding on to a piece of wood at sea as a boy and rescued by a ship traveling to Port Royal. He falls in love with Elizabeth Swann, the governor's daughter, and wants to marry her. However, because she is rich and he is poor, it does not seem possible. When Elizabeth is taken by Barbossa, Will teams up with Jack Sparrow to rescue her. Sparrow tells Will that Will's father, Bootstrap Turner was one of his crew on the Black Pearl. Bootstrap Turner was the only one on the crew who did not want to mutiny against Sparrow.

Will finally marries Elizabeth in At World's End. They have a son, Henry. However, Will is made captain of the Flying Dutchman, and is only allowed to return to port every ten years.

James Norrington

James Norrington is a British Royal Navy Officer. He is played by Jack Davenport.

James Norrington is a commodore in the Royal Navy. He is in love with Elizabeth Swann and she accepts his proposal to rescue Will.

After Jack Sparrow escapes hanging on the gallows, Norrington gives him a day's head start to let him escape. This causes him to lose his commission and position in the Royal Navy. He goes to Tortuga, a private port where many pirates and criminals live. However, he redeems himself by stealing the heart of Davy Jones and giving it to Lord Beckett. However, he regrets this decision as Beckett begins executing all pirates.

James Norrington was killed by Bootstrap Bill Turner on board the Flying Dutchman after helping Elizabeth and her crew escapes the ship's brig.

Lord Cutler Beckett

Lord Cutler Beckett is a ruthless lord of the East India Trading Company and he was an officer at the royal navy. He is played Tom Hollander.

After gaining the heart of Davy Jones from James Norrington, Beckett uses it to control Davy Jones by taking over the ship and ordering a mass execution of all pirates, women, and children.

He has killed aboard the ship the Endeavor. He loses his control of Davy Jones after Will Turner stabs the heart of Davy Jones and becomes the captain of the Flying Dutchman. The Endeavor is destroyed by the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman, killing almost all on board, including Beckett.

Tia Dalma

Tia Dalma is the human form of the goddess Calypso. She is played by Naomie Harris.

Little is known about Tia Dalma. She once had a relationship with Jack Sparrow when they were "inseparable". It was in this time when she gave Sparrow his compass. She was also Davy Jones' lover at one point. She was the one who turned him into a monster after he cut his heart out for her.

She is revealed to be the nymph Calypso, bound to human form by the Brethren Court.

Davy Jones

Davy Jones is captain of the Flying Dutchman and the sworn enemy of Jack Sparrow. He is played by Bill Nighy through the movie and he's the overall main antagonist of the series.

Davy Jones turned into a monster after he cut his heart out for Calypso. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman, a ship crewed by those offered a second chance at life for a hundred years. Their job is to ferry souls to the afterlife. However, Davy Jones uses the crew for his own purposes. This has caused him and the crew to transform into monsters resembling sea life.

Davy Jones was killed by Will Turner aboard the Flying Dutchman.Will was stabbed by Davy Jones and then Bootstrap charged at Davey Jones and attacked him. But when  Davey Jones got a grip on him he took out his sword and was going to stab Bootstrap just as Jack sparrow took the heart out of the chest and helped Will stab it with a  broken sword.

However, he was accidentally resurrected when they broke the Trident of Poseidon allowing Jones to return and to search for revenge.

Davy Jones did not cut his heart out for Calypso. He cut his heart out after she betrayed him by not showing up the day Davy Jones was allowed to make port. He was so hurt that he cut out his own heart so he would never have feelings ever again. This is also the reason Davy Jones taught the Brethren Court how to bind Calypso in a human form.

Sao Feng

Sao Feng is a Pirate Lord of the Brethren Court. He was played by Chow Yun-Fat.

Sao Feng is the pirate lord of the South China Sea. He is known for betraying anyone, even his friends, to get on the winning side. He says this is "just good business". He often uses a dao as his weapon of choice.

Elizabeth and Barbossa visit Sao Feng to request a ship and a crew. Feng is suspicious and informs them that earlier that day someone broke into his uncle's temple and attempted to steal the navigational charts to World's End. He reveals the thief to be Will Turner. Barbossa and Elizabeth deny knowing Will, but when Feng threatens to kill him, Elizabeth reacts, confirming they are allies. Barbossa explains that the Brethren Court has been summoned to meet at Shipwreck Cove and Feng, being one of the nine Pirate Lords, is honor-bound to attend. Feng demands to know why they want to sail to the Locker. When Will admits they want to rescue Jack, Feng becomes angry and declares that he would only bring Sparrow back to life to kill him in person. Barbossa reminds Feng that Jack is one of the nine Pirate Lords and is still in possession of a "piece of eight," a pirate lord's symbol, and didn't have a successor to give it to before his "death".

Other characters

Joshamee Gibbs

Joshamee Gibbs, known as Mr. Gibbs, is a pirate. He is played by Kevin McNally.

Mr. Gibbs is the right-hand man to Jack Sparrow. He helps Jack Sparrow assemble a crew to go after the Black Pearl. He is very superstitious. Not much is known about his past, aside from the fact he had served in the Royal Navy at one point.

Weatherby Swann

Weatherby Swann is the governor of Port Royal and is the father of Elizabeth Swann. He was played by Jonathan Pryce.

Governor Swann wanted Elizabeth to marry James Norrington. However, he did not mind when she chose Will Turner instead, because he wanted her to be happy.

He was assassinated by an employee of the East India Trading Company under Beckett's orders.

Pintel and Ragetti

Pintel and Ragetti are pirates. Pintel is played by Lee Arenburg, and Ragetti is played by Mackenzie Crook.

Pintel and Ragetti were part of the crew on the Black Pearl. They took part in the mutiny led by Barbossa, and each became immortal after taking part in the cursed chest of Aztec gold. Ragetti has a wooden eye, which is in fact Barbossa's Piece of Eight. They often are comic relief in the movies.

Bootstrap Bill Turner

Bill Turner, often called Bootstrap, is a pirate played by Stellan Skarsgård.

Bootstrap is Will Turner's father. He was part of the crew of the Black Pearl with Jack Sparrow as captain, but he did not take part in the mutiny. After stealing the Aztec gold (meaning he was cursed, and immortal) Bootstrap felt bad for the part he played in the mutiny against Jack. He stuck up for Jack, so Barbossa strapped him to a cannon and sent him to the depths, unable to breathe yet unable to die (as said by Bootstrap himself in Dead Man's Chest). Davy Jones offered him a way out of his eternal torture, and Bootstrap Bill accepted. Thus he becomes part of the crew on the Flying Dutchman with Davy Jones. He also chose to be on the ship with his son William Turner after agreeing to leave every ten years to give his wife and his son a visit.

The Kraken

The Kraken is a fictional sea monster. It is based on the mythical beast in mythology (extremely redundant). It is a sea monster that does the bidding of Davy Jones. When summoned by him, it arises from the ocean. Often Davy Jones tells it to destroy ships that he believes threaten or annoy him. The Kraken kills Jack Sparrow and destroys the Black Pearl but Jack lived. The Kraken is Killed in fact by Davy Jones. He has a lizardy kind of skin.

Captain Teague

Captain Teague is a pirate and is Keeper of the Code for the Brethren Court. He is played by Keith Richards.

Teague is Jack Sparrow's father. He is the former Pirate Lord of Madagascar, but he resigned to become Keeper of the Code.

Minor characters

Anamaria

Anamaria is a female pirate. She is played by Zoë Saldaña.

Not much is known about her, other than her ship was stolen by Jack Sparrow at one point. She becomes part of Jack Sparrow's crew in helping him find the Black Pearl.

Lieutenant Gillette

Lieutenant Gillette is a British Royal Navy officer. He is played by Damian O'Hare.

Gillette is James Norrington's Flag-Lieutenant. He survives the battle on the HMS Dauntless.

Lieutenant Groves

Lieutenant Groves is a British Royal Navy Officer. He is played by Greg Ellis.

Groves is a British Royal Navy Officer. He served under the command of James Norrington. He also serves as Beckett's second-in-command aboard the Endeavour when it is destroyed by the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl. When Beckett gives no commands to the crew, he orders them to abandon the ship.

Mercer

Mercer is an employee of the East India Trading Company. He is played by David Schofield.

Mercer is Beckett's assistant. Beckett often uses Mercer to carry out his "dirty" work, such as assassination and spying.

Giselle and Scarlett

Giselle and Scarlett are prostitutes from Tortuga. Giselle is played by Vanessa Branch. Scarlett is played by Lauren Maher.

Both women often flirt with Jack Sparrow. They both also often slap him for lying to them.

Other websites

 Pirates of the Caribbean Wiki – Pirates.wikia.com
 Pirates of the Caribbean Online wiki – PotC-Wiki.com
 Official Disney website for Pirates of the Caribbean

List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters


The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) is a species of caiman. It is the largest living member of the Alligatoridae family. It lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes and wetlands in the Amazon Basin of South America. The black caiman has very dark skin. It can grow up to  in length.

Crocodilia
Reptiles of South America

Black caiman