Zhu Jingze (朱敬則; 635–709), courtesy name Shaolian (), was an official of China's Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as a chancellor during Wu Zetian's reign.

Background
Zhu Jingze was born in 635, during the reign of Emperor Taizong.  His family was from Bo Prefecture (亳州, roughly modern Bozhou, Anhui) and had been known for generations, from the Northern Zhou to Tang dynasty, as a family that had filial piety and upright behavior.  Zhu Jingze himself was said to value character and righteousness, and was known for his linguistic studies in his youth.  He was also said to have lived with three cousins without any disputes between them about property and was friendly with Jiang Rong () and Wei Yuanzhong, both of whom later became important officials as well.  During the Xianheng era of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong (670–674), Emperor Gaozong heard of his reputation and summoned him, preparing to make him an important imperial official.  However, the official Li Jingxuan spoke against Zhu, and Zhu was instead made the sheriff of Huanshui County (洹水, in modern Handan, Hebei).

During Wu Zetian's reign
As of 692, when Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian had been ruling as "emperor" of her own Zhou dynasty, interrupting Tang, Zhu Jingze was serving as You Bujue (), a low level official at the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge).  Before that time, there had been a large number of officials accused of treason and executed based on the accusations of secret police officials, as Wu Zetian was seeking to wipe out actual or potential dissenters to her rule.  Zhu, believing that such actions were no longer necessary to affirm her rule, submitted a petition to her pointing out that such measures were no longer necessary and were entrapping the innocent.  While she did not abandon the policy immediately, she rewarded Zhu with silk for his suggestion.

In 700, Zhu was still serving as You Bujue, when Wu Zetian established a group of imperial attendants, headed by her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, but also including other favorites of hers as well as officials with literary talent and young men with handsome appearances.  Zhu submitted a petition suggesting that the Zhangs were sufficient for her and that she curb in the recruitment—pointing out that such officials as Hou Xiang () were flaunting their appearances to try to become imperial attendants and that such actions were causing damage to her reputation.  Wu Zetian appreciated his petition and again rewarded him with silk.

In 703, Zhu was promoted to be Zhengjian Daifu (), a senior consultant at the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai).  He was soon also given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (), making him a de facto chancellor.  Later that year, the Zhang brothers falsely accused Wei Yuanzhong of plotting treason. Wei's subordinate Zhang Yue, after initially agreeing to perjure himself by testifying against Wei, in the end corroborated Wei's protestation of innocence. Though the other chancellors were afraid to speak out, Zhu submitted a petition defending Wei and Zhang Yue.  Wei and Zhang Yue escaped death but were exiled.  When Su Anheng (), a commoner who had repeatedly submitted petitions to Wu Zetian, also submitted a petition defending Wei but which used exceedingly insulting language against Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, Zhang Yizhi was incensed and tried to have Su executed, stopping only when Zhu, Huan Yanfan, and Wei Zhigu interceded on Su's behalf.  Late that year, when Wu Zetian was concerned about a rebellion by the Lao tribal chief Ouyang Qian () at Shi'an (始安, in modern Guilin, Guangxi), Zhu recommended Pei Huaigu () to deal with the situation.  Once Pei got to the area, he was able to, without military engagement, persuade Ouyang and the other tribal chiefs to submit.  This recommendation of Zhu's, as well as his recommendations of Wei Zhigu and Zhang Sijing (), impressed the people at the time at Zhu's good judgment of people's abilities, and it was said that while Zhu served as chancellor, he concentrated on finding appropriate officials to fill posts and did not worry about details.

In 704, citing his age, Zhu requested retirement from his chancellor post.  Wu Zetian agreed and made him the deputy minister of public works (冬官侍郎, Dongguan Shilang) and let him be in charge of editing imperial histories.  Around that time, Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were commissioning a project of portraits of 18 officials, including her nephew Wu Sansi, Li Jiao, Su Weidao, Li Jiongxiu, and Wang Shaozong ().  They wanted to include Zhu in the project, but Zhu repeatedly declined, not wishing to be associated with Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and the popular opinion at the time praised him.

During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and her son Li Xian the Crown Prince, a former emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong).  Around this time, Zhu was sent to Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) to serve as prefect, and soon retired completely.  In 706, after Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao () was executed on accusation that he had planned to kill Wu Sansi, who was by then a trusted advisor of Emperor Zhongzong's, and depose Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei, who was having an affair of Wu Sansi, the imperial censor Ran Zuyong (), who had long been resentful of Zhu Jingze, falsely accused Zhu of being part of Wang's plot and had him exiled to serve as the prefect of Lu Prefecture (廬州, roughly modern Hefei, Anhui).  Several months later, however, Zhu was allowed to return to his home in Bo Prefecture, and when he returned home, it was said that he carried nothing from Lu Prefecture except for the horse he was on, and his sons and nephews walked next to his horse, attending him.  He died in summer 709.

After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710 and Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Dan became emperor (as Emperor Ruizong), Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored many officials whom he believed were wrongly killed or demoted during Emperor Zhongzong's reign.  When he discussed with the chancellor Liu Youqiu as to whether he was missing anyone, Liu, who was at one point Zhu's subordinate, pointed out Zhu's honesty and contributions, and Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored Zhu and gave him the posthumous name of Yuan (元, meaning "discerning").

References

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Tang dynasty historians
8th-century Chinese historians
635 births
709 deaths
Politicians from Shangqiu
Historians from Henan
Writers from Shangqiu

Zhu Jingze


Belleville Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located  southeast of Belleville, Illinois.  It was closed in 1968.

History
Belleville AFS was one of twenty-eight stations built as part of the second segment of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network, primarily to provide air defense radar coverage for Saint Louis and Scott Air Force Base. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary's approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.

On 1 May 1951 the 798th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron began operations. The site initially used AN/CPS-4 and AN/FPS-3 radars, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station.  As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes.    The AN/FPS-3 remained in operation until 1963 (at which time it presumably was upgraded to an AN/FPS-20).

The United States Army established Army Air-Defense Command Post (AADCP) SL-47DC for Nike Missile air-defense system, St. Louis Defense Area in 1959 at Belleville. During 1962 Belleville AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, feeding data to DC-07 at Truax Field, Wisconsin. After joining, the squadron was redesignated as the 798th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 March 1962.  The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.  On 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-70. In 1963 two AN/FPS-6 height-finder radars also stood guard. Later, during the mid-1960s, this site operated with an AN/FPS-66 search radar.

In addition to the main facility, Belleville operated five unmanned AN/FPS-18 Gap Filler sites:
 Edgewood, MO  (P-70B)
 Vichy, MO     (P-70C)
 Marquand, MO  (P-70D)
 Neoga, IL     (P-70F)
 Bowling Green, MO   (P-70G)

The 798th Radar Squadron was discontinued along with the Army Command Post on 18 June 1968; the station was closed on 30 June. Today the former radar station has been redeveloped into a vocational rehabilitation center. Most of the former military buildings are still in use.  There is a small memorial on the site for its military use.

Air Force units and assignments

Units
 Constituted as the 798th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
 Activated on 1 May 1951
 Redesignated as 798th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 March 1962
 Discontinued and inactivated on 18 June 1968

Assignments
 546th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 1 May 1951
 159th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 1 June 1951
 33d Air Division, 6 February 1952
 20th Air Division, 1 March 1956
 Kansas City Air Defense Sector, 1 January 1960
 Chicago Air Defense Sector, 1 July 1961
 20th Air Division, 1 April 1966
 30th Air Division, 1 December 1967 - 18 June 1968

See also
 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations
 List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons

References

 Information for Belleville AFS, IL

Installations of the United States Air Force in Illinois
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Military installations established in 1951
Military installations closed in 1968
1951 establishments in Illinois
1968 disestablishments in Illinois

Belleville Air Force Station


United Nations Security Council resolution 1524, adopted unanimously on 30 January 2004, after reaffirming all resolutions on Abkhazia and Georgia, particularly Resolution 1494 (2003), the council extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 31 July 2004.

Resolution

Observations
In the preamble of the resolution, the Security Council stressed that the lack of progress on a settlement between the two parties was unacceptable. It condemned the shooting down of an UNOMIG helicopter in October 2001 which resulted in nine deaths and deplored that the perpetrators of the attack had not been identified. The contributions of UNOMIG and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping forces in the region were welcomed, in addition to the United Nations-led peace process. A presidential election was held in Georgia in January 2004 and the new leadership was encouraged to pursue a settlement.

Acts
The Security Council welcomed political efforts to resolve the situation, in particular the "Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi" to facilitate negotiations between Georgia and Abkhazia. It regretted the lack of progress on political status negotiations and the refusal of Abkhazia to discuss the document, further calling on both sides to overcome their mutual mistrust. All violations of the 1994 Agreement on a Cease-fire and Separation of Forces were condemned. The council also welcomed the easing of tensions in the Kodori Valley and the signing of a protocol by both parties on 2 April 2002. Concerns of the civilian population were noted and the Georgian side was asked to guarantee the safety of UNOMIG and CIS troops in the valley.

The resolution urged the two parties to revitalise the peace process, including greater participation on issues relating to refugees, internally displaced persons, economic co-operation and political and security matters. It also reaffirmed the unacceptability of demographic changes resulting from the conflict. Abkhazia in particular was called upon to improve law enforcement, address the lack of instruction to ethnic Georgians in their first language and ensure the safety of returning refugees.

The Council called again on both parties to take measures to identify those responsible for the shooting down of an UNOMIG helicopter in October 2001. Both parties were also asked to dissociate themselves from military rhetoric and demonstrations in support of illegal armed groups, and ensure the safety of United Nations personnel. Furthermore, there were concerns about the security situation in Gali region with repeated killings and there were also abductions of UNOMIG and CIS peacekeeping personnel, which the council condemned.

See also
 Georgian–Abkhazian conflict
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1501 to 1600 (2003–2005)
 United Nations resolutions on Abkhazia

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 1524
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
2004 in Georgia (country)
2004 in Abkhazia
 1524
 1524
January 2004 events

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1524


Willie Kemp, King of the Cornkisters (born 1888 in Oldmeldrum – 1965) is best known as a singer and writer of Doric comic songs.  His family owned a hotel in Oldmeldrum, formerly Kemp's hotel, now Morris's and at an early age Kemp started performing at the hotel.

During the early 1920s, Kemp went to Art school in Aberdeen and while there, he joined a concert party. By 1923 he was invited to broadcast for the BBC in Aberdeen. An employee of the Beltona record label heard his broadcasts and he was invited to Beltona's London studios to make recordings. He continued to record with them throughout the 1930s.

The material that he recorded for Beltona was a mixture of bothy ballads, and cornkisters, some written by others, some written by himself. His musical composition skills were good, his lyric composition less so, and as a result his best work was done in collaboration with others, particularly the lyricist G Bruce Thomson with whom he wrote McFarlane o the Sprotts o Burnieboosie, The Weddin o McGinnis tae  his Cross-eyed Pet and McGinty's Meal and Ale.

Sources
 A Salute to Doric Heroes

1888 births
1965 deaths
Scottish entertainers
People from Oldmeldrum

Willie Kemp


The inner ear is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. It is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of two main working parts inside a bony labyrinth:

 The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound pressure patterns from the outer ear into electrochemical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve.
 The balance system. This has three semi-circular canals, which are set at right angles to each other.

The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with many variations in form and function. The inner ear is supplied with the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates.

References

Ear

Inner ear


Akiba Rubinstein (Stawiski, Poland, 12 December 1882 – 15 March 1961, Antwerp, Belgium) was a Polish chess Grandmaster in the first part of the 20th century. Around 1910 he was one of the three best players in the world.p346

Biography
Rubinstein was Jewish, and his family planned for him to become a rabbi. However,  he did not finish his studies, and chose to devote himself to chess entirely. The decision came in 1903 after he won fifth place at a tournament in Kiev. He learned to play chess when he was 16, and played with the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź.

Rubinstein's best period was from 1907 to 1912. It began with his win at Karlovy Vary in 1907, and a shared win at St. Petersburg in the same year. It closed in a string of wins in 1912. He won five consecutive major tournaments that year: San Sebastian, Piešťany, Breslau (the German championship), Warsaw and Vilnius (although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca).p79 Some believe that he was better than World Champion Emanuel Lasker at this time. Ratings from Chessmetrics support this conclusion, placing him as world #1 between mid 1912 and mid 1914. Others believe he was not quite so strong as Lasker, and was eclipsed by José Raúl Capablanca after 1911.

Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship: he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker's financial demands. In the 1909 St. Petersburg tournament, he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him. However, he had a poor result at St. Petersburg tournament 1914, not reaching the final pool of five players. A match with Lasker was arranged for October 1914, but it never took place because of the outbreak of World War I.

After the war Rubinstein was still an elite grandmaster, but his results lacked their previous formidable consistency. Nevertheless, he won at Vienna in 1922, ahead of future world champion Alexander Alekhine, and was the leader of the Polish team that won the Chess Olympiad at Hamburg in 1930 with a superb record of thirteen wins and four draws. A year later he won an Olympic silver.

Mental health
After 1932 he withdrew from tournament play, mostly because his symptoms of schizophrenia prevented normal life. He suffered from a fear of people and society. He lived then in a sanitorium, and later rejoined his family.

Rubinstein lived on for almost 30 years afterwards. He left behind no literary works (perhaps because of his mental problems), but a great heritage in his games. During World War II he was placed in an asylum. One account says that when the Nazis eventually arrived to haul the aged Jewish grandmaster from his asylum to the death camps, he was so patently insane that they abandoned the attempt.

Chess heritage
He was one of the earliest chess players to take the endgame into account when choosing and playing the opening. He was exceptionally talented in the endgame, particularly in rook endings, where he broke new ground. Silman ranks him as one of the five best endgame players of all time, and a master of rook endgames.

He originated the Rubinstein System against the Tarrasch variation of the Queen's Gambit declined: 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 c5 3.c4 e6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.g3 Nf6 7.Bg2 cxd4 8.Nxd4 Qb6 (Rubinstein - Tarrasch, 1912). He is also credited with inventing the Meran variation, which stems from the Slav defence.

Today, he certainly has no shortage of lines named for him. 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3. is the Rubinstein variation of the Nimzo-Indian defence.

The Rubinstein Trap, a trap in the Queen's Gambit declined is named after him because he fell into it twice. One version of the trap runs 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5 Be7 6.e3 0-0 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.Bd3 c6 10.0-0 Re8 11.Rc1 h6 12. Bf4 Nh5? 13. Nxd5! Now 13...cxd5?? is met by 14.Bc7, winning the queen, while 13...Nxf4 14.Nxf4 leaves White a pawn ahead.

The Rubinstein Memorial tournament in his honor has been held annually since 1963 in Polanica Zdroj, with a glittering list of top-flight winners.

Notable chess games
George Rotlewi vs Akiba Rubinstein, Lodz 1907, Tarrasch Defense: Symmetrical Variation (D02), 0-1 A very impressive attacking combination; "perhaps the most magnificent combination of all time" (Carl Schlechter)
Akiba Rubinstein vs Emanuel Lasker, St.Petersburg 1909, Queen's Gambit Declined: Traditional Variation (D30), 1-0 This game ends in an interesting position where Lasker has no good moves (zugzwang).
Akiba Rubinstein vs Karel Hromádka, Moravská Ostrava 1923, King's Gambit: Declined. Classical Variation (C30), 1-0
Akiba Rubinstein vs Carl Schlechter. San Sebastian 1912, 1-0  Capablanca has heaped enormous praise on this game, calling it "a monument of magnificent precision".  A quintessential game of Rubinstein.
Hermanis Mattison vs. Akiba Rubinstein, Carlsbad, 1929, (C68), 0-1 A famous rook and pawn ending that seemed "hopelessly drawn", but was won by Rubinstein.  The editor of the tournament book said that if this game had been played 300 years earlier, Rubinstein would have been burned at the stake for dealing with evil spirits.

Further reading
Donaldson, John and Nikolay Minev 1994. Akiba Rubinstein: uncrowned king. International Chess Enterprises, Seattle.  Volume 1 of Rubinstein's games, with annotations and biographical material.
Donaldson, John and Nikolay Minev 1995. Akiba Rubinstein: the later years. International Chess Enterprises, Seattle.  Volume 2 of Rubinstein's games, with annotations and biographical material.

Other websites
 Capablanca on Rubinstein
 Chess poster biog chess poster bio

References

1882 births
1961 deaths
Jewish sportspeople
Polish chess players
Polish Jews
Chess grandmasters

Akiba Rubinstein


A precentor is a person who helps facilitate worship. The details vary depending on the religion, denomination, and era in question. The Latin derivation is præcentor, from cantor, meaning "the one who sings before" (or alternatively, "first singer").

Ancient precentors

The chief precentor was the highest position in many ancient Mesopotamian cities (see Music of Mesopotamia).

Jewish precentors

Jewish precentors are song or prayer leaders, leading synagogue music.  A Jewish precentor is typically called a hazzan or cantor. In the Middle Ages, women precentors leading prayers in the vaybershul (women's gallery) were known as firzogerin, farzangerin, foreleiner, zogerin, or zogerke.

Christian precentors

A precentor is a member of a church who helps facilitate worship. The role of precentor was carried over from the synagogues into the early Christian church.

Catholic precentors

Ancient era
The term precentor usually described an ecclesiastical dignitary, an administrative or ceremonial officer. Anciently, the precentor had duties such as being the first or leading chanter, who on Sundays and greater feasts intoned certain antiphons, psalms, hymns, responsories, etc.; gave the pitch or tone to the bishop and dean at Mass (the succentor performing a similar office to the canons and clerks); recruited and taught the choir, directed its rehearsals and supervised its official functions; interpreted the rubrics and explained the ceremonies, ordered in a general way the Divine Office and sometimes composed desired hymns, sequences, and lessons of saints. He was variously styled capiscol (from the Latin caput scholæ, head of the choir-school), prior scholæ, magister scholæ, and primicerius (a word of widely different implications). Victor of St. Hugo tells us that in the care of the primicerius were placed the acolytes, exorcists, lectors, and psalmists (chanters).

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages the principal dignitaries of cathedral, collegiate chapters, and monastic orders, imitated the example of St. Gregory the Great in acting as directors of chant-schools. The schola was always in attendance when the bishop officiated in his cathedral, and to the precentor was assigned a place near the bishop and high in dignity. His office demanded much learning and executive ability, and his dignity corresponded with his duties.

In the cathedrals of England, France, Spain, and Germany, a precentor sometimes ranked next to the dean, sometimes next to the archdeacon. In some instances a precentor's sphere of activity was more broad, including the duty of installing deans, canons, and other dignitaries; and in some monasteries, the duties of librarian and registrar.

From the fourteenth century the title and dignity were largely handed over to incumbents whose musical knowledge did not fit them for the duties to which the name of precentor owed its origin; the dignities remained, but the duties became obscured. "In France, some chapters retain traces of the dignity of Precentor, and sometimes an archdeacon, sometimes a titular or honorary canon, carrying the baton cantoral, the insignia of his office". This "baton cantoral" is a silver or white staff. "In the dioceses of Aix, Carcassonne, Coutances, Dijon, Metz, Orléans, the dignity of Precentor is still the highest in the chapter.... Some chapters have sub-chanters, those of Arras being among the honorary resident canons", where also the quoted statutes of the Bishop of Dijon may serve to illustrate the modern idea of the office of precentor: "The Précenteur or Grand Chantre is the head of the choir and ... brings the antiphon to the bishop when officiating pontifically. Sacristans, chanters, choir-boys, and employés of the Cathedral are placed under his surveillance. He will also preserve order and silence in the sacristy."

Anglican precentors

A precentor is a person, usually ordained, who is in charge of preparing worship services. This position is usually held in a large church. Most cathedrals have a precentor in charge of the organisation of liturgy and worship. The precentor of a cathedral is usually a residentiary canon or prebendary and may be assisted by a succentor (particularly in the daily task of leading choral singing). In some cathedrals (including Canterbury), the precentor is a minor canon and therefore part of the foundation but not part of the chapter.

Traditionally the precentor's stall (seat) in the cathedral is on the opposite side of the quire from that of the dean, leading to the traditional division of the singers into decani (the dean's side) and cantoris (the precentor's side).

Presbyterian precentors

In Presbyterian churches that worship in the historical fashion (i.e., sing a cappella; see Presbyterian worship), a precentor is a person (man or woman, not necessarily clergy) who leads the singing, often by means of conducting techniques, but sometimes just by singing from amongst the congregation.

Churches that use a call and response method of singing called lining out (used primarily when sufficient numbers of psalm books are unavailable, or the congregation insufficiently literate, as was the case in the black church in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird) are usually led by the precentor, much as with other non-instrumental churches.

Public schools and Cambridge

The title "precentor" is also used at two English public schools, Radley College and Eton College, and a private school in Sri Lanka, S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, to refer to the head of music. These school precentors have no specific religious duties although, as part of their musical function, they may conduct the college chapel choir. At Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and Magdalene College, Cambridge, the precentor's main responsibility is as director of the college choir, which provides music for chapel services.

References

External links

Ecclesiastical titles
Anglican ecclesiastical offices
Presbyterianism
Religious music

Precentor


Fable II is a fantasy role-playing videogame released for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console in 2008. It is the sequel to the original Xbox game, Fable. In Fable II you begin as a poor orphan child who has a sister. You are invited into the King's palace where he kills your sister. The rest of the game you go through various quests where your ultimate goal is to gain revenge on the King.

2008 video games
Xbox 360 games
Role-playing video games

Fable II


John James Peck (January 4, 1821 – April 21, 1878) was a United States soldier who fought in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War.

Early life
Peck was born on January 4, 1821, in Manlius, New York. His father, John W. Peck, who had served in the War of 1812, was among the earliest and most active settlers of Onondaga County. The family home was at 312 Seneca Street, Manlius and is one of the oldest residences in Manlius village, having been built by Finley McLaren prior to 1807. Today the home is marked by a New York State Education Department historic marker commemorating it as the birthplace of Gen. John J. Peck. His mother was Phebe Peck.

Peck entered the United States Military Academy at age 18 and graduated eighth from a class of 39 on July 1, 1843, along with Ulysses S. Grant and many other soon to be famous military officers. He served in the artillery as a second lieutenant and was stationed in New York until 1845.

Mexican–American War
In 1846 he was promoted second lieutenant and fought in Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation during the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and Monterrey. He then joined Winfield Scott's army and landed at Vera Cruz and fought in all the battles of Scott's campaign culminating in the fall of Mexico City. He was brevetted captain for gallantry and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco and again brevetted to major for his services at the battle of Molino del Rey and received the praise of his division commander, William J. Worth. Prior to the outbreak of the Civil War he was said to have been an intimate friend of Generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard.

Returning to the U.S. after the war he served in the quartermasters department and against the Apache Indians on the frontier. Peck resigned from the army on March 1, 1853, and became the treasurer of a railroad project from New York to Syracuse, New York. In 1856 he stood as the Democratic candidate for Congress in the Onondaga district. At the time of Peck's reenlistment and appointment as brigadier general he held the position of cashier at the Burnett Bank of Syracuse of which he was one of the founding members. Peck also served as president of the Syracuse board of education, which position he continued to hold while on active service and only resigned in 1862.

Civil War

The Peninsula Campaign
The outbreak of the Civil War brought Peck back into the army. He accepted a commission as brigadier general of volunteers on August 9, 1861. He was given command of a brigade defending Chain Bridge and the Northern defenses of Washington at Tennallytown and soon after joined George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac in Virginia. He commanded the 3rd Brigade, (55th NY, 62d NY, 93d Pa, 98th Pa & 102Pa) Couch's 1st Division, Keyes' IV Corps during the Peninsula Campaign. He served in the siege of Yorktown, and distinguished himself in the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. He was placed in command of the 2nd Division, IV Corps during the Seven Days Battles where he again distinguished himself. On July 25, 1862, he was promoted to major general of volunteers to rank from July 4, 1862, for his services in the Battle of Malvern Hill.

Suffolk
When McClellan's forces began evacuating the peninsula, Peck was left in command of a Union garrison stationed at Yorktown. In September he was given command of all Union troops in Virginia south of the James River. In 1863 during James Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign the attention of both armies in southern Virginia turned to the city of Suffolk. Suffolk guarded the western land approaches to the naval yards at Portsmouth and Norfolk which were in Union control. Peck took command of a force designated the Suffolk Detachment, VII Corps. Peck and his staff maintained Union Army staff headquarters at the Riddick House. This force would eventually amount to three divisions commanded by Michael Corcoran, George W. Getty and George H. Gordon. Peck received a captured message informing him of the Confederate intentions against Suffolk with enough time to take appropriate measures. Longstreet's besiegers gained some initial advantages during the siege of Suffolk at the battle of Norfleet House cutting off the Union supply route. Yet Peck mounted a counter offensive and retook the lost positions in the battle of Hill's Point. The Confederates lifted the siege, and Longstreet's corps returned to northern Virginia for the upcoming Gettysburg campaign. Peck received the praise of his superior, General John A. Dix for his competent defense of Suffolk.

In the summer following the siege of Suffolk, Peck was transferred to command the District of North Carolina where he was involved in little action. Due to health reasons he went on sick leave. At the request of General Dix, he returned to command the Canadian frontier for the remainder of the war. His Chief of Staff was Colonel John Watts de Peyster Jr., son of a prominent New York family.

Post-war career
After the close of the war, Peck returned to Syracuse where he became president of the New York State Life Insurance Company. His health deteriorating, he died on April 21, 1878, at his home in Syracuse.

See also
 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

Bibliography Notes
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 John J. Peck

External links
 John J. Peck Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1821 births
1878 deaths
Union Army generals
Military personnel from Syracuse, New York
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
United States Military Academy alumni
People from Manlius, New York
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York)

John J. Peck


The 35th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS television on June 7, 1981, from the Mark Hellinger Theatre. The hosts were Ellen Burstyn and Richard Chamberlain. The theme was "Women's Achievements in the Theatre."

The ceremony
Presenters: Jane Alexander, Lucie Arnaz, Beatrice Arthur, Lauren Bacall, Zoe Caldwell, Diahann Carroll, Nell Carter, Colleen Dewhurst, José Ferrer, Phyllis Frelich, Julie Harris, Helen Hayes, Celeste Holm, Lena Horne, Judith Jamison, Marjorie Bradley Kellogg, Angela Lansbury, Jane Lapotaire, Michael Learned, Priscilla Lopez, Patti LuPone, Andrea McArdle, Carolyn Mignini, Ann Miller, Tharon Musser, Patricia Neal, Carole Bayer Sager, Ntozake Shange, Meryl Streep, Elizabeth Taylor, Lynne Thigpen, Mary Catherine Wright, Patricia Zipprodt.

Performers: Richard Chamberlain, José Ferrer, Robert Goulet, Robert Klein, Jack Klugman, Peter Nero, Tony Randall, Christopher Reeve, Jason Robards, Tony Roberts, Richard Thomas, Ben Vereen, Billy Dee Williams.

Musicals represented:
 A Chorus Line ("What I Did For Love" - Priscilla Lopez)
 Ain't Misbehavin' ("Honeysuckle Rose" - Nell Carter)
 Annie ("Tomorrow" - Andrea McArdle)
 Evita ("Buenos Aires" - Patti LuPone)
 42nd Street ("Lullaby of Broadway" - Jerry Orbach and Company)
 Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music ("If You Believe" - Lena Horne)
 Piaf ("La Vie en Rose" - Jane Lapotaire)
 Sophisticated Ladies ("Rockin' in Rhythm" - Company)
 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ("By The Sea" - Angela Lansbury)
 Tintypes (It's Delightful to be Married"/"Fifty-Fifty" - Company)
 Woman of the Year ("One of the Boys" - Lauren Bacall and Men)

Winners and nominees
Winners are in bold

Special awards
Lena Horne for Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
Regional Theatre Award: Trinity Square Repertory Company, Providence, Rhode Island

Multiple nominations and awards

These productions had multiple nominations:

8 nominations: 42nd Street and Sophisticated Ladies
7 nominations: Amadeus and The Pirates of Penzance
6 nominations: Woman of the Year
5 nominations: Fifth of July and The Little Foxes
4 nominations: A Life
3 nominations: Brigadoon, Can-Can and Tintypes
2 nominations: Camelot, The Floating Light Bulb, Piaf, Rose and To Grandmother's House We Go

The following productions received multiple awards.

5 wins: Amadeus
4 wins: Woman of the Year
3 wins: The Pirates of Penzance
2 wins: 42nd Street and Sophisticated Ladies

See also
 Drama Desk Awards
 1981 Laurence Olivier Awards – equivalent awards for West End theatre productions
 Obie Award
 New York Drama Critics' Circle
 Theatre World Award
 Lucille Lortel Awards

External links
Official site

Tony Awards ceremonies
1981 in theatre
1981 theatre awards
1981 in New York City
Tony

35th Tony Awards


Chico Freeman (born Earl Lavon Freeman Jr.; July 17, 1949) is a modern jazz tenor saxophonist and trumpeter and son of jazz saxophonist Von Freeman. He began recording as lead musician in 1976 with Morning Prayer, won the New York Jazz Award in 1979 and earned the Stereo Review Record of the Year in 1981 for his album The Outside Within.

Early years
He was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of jazz tenor saxophonist Von Freeman. His uncle George Freeman played the guitar, and his uncle Bruz Freeman played the drums. Freeman took piano lessons as a child and was introduced to the trumpet by his brother Everett, who found a trumpet in the family basement. Freeman began playing, inspired by artists such as Miles Davis and his Kind of Blue album. He went to Northwestern University in 1967 with a scholarship for mathematics and played the trumpet in the school, but did not begin playing the saxophone until his junior year. After practicing eight to ten hours per day and trying out for the saxophone section, Freeman quickly changed his major to music, and graduated in 1972. By that time he was proficient in saxophone, trumpet, and piano.

After graduation, Freeman taught at the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians School of Music in Chicago, and started taking classes as a graduate student at Governors State University, earning a master's degree in composition and theory. Although most of Freeman's musical upbringing had been in jazz, at this time he began getting involved in blues music as well. He began playing at local Chicago clubs with artists such as Memphis Slim and Lucky Carmichael.

Career

1976 saw the release of Freeman's first album as lead musician, Morning Prayer. The next year he moved to New York City, and widened his musical influences. The following years would be the most productive of his career, producing albums such as No Time Left, Tradition in Transition, and The Outside Within; the last of which earned him Record of the Year from Stereo Review.

He came to prominence in the late 1970s as part of a movement including Wynton Marsalis of modern players steeped in the traditions of jazz, recording for independent labels like India Navigation and Contemporary Records.  Freeman's albums contain standards and compositions by modernists like John Coltrane as well as new tunes by Freeman and his contemporaries such as bassist Cecil McBee. The line-up on his 1981 album Destiny's Dance includes Wynton Marsalis, Bobby Hutcherson, Cecil McBee (these two contributing compositions), with Freeman playing tenor saxophone and bass clarinet. Freeman formed the band Guataca and released Oh By the Way... in 2002. Freeman has toured internationally, both with his band as well as with Chaka Khan, Tomasz Stanko, Celia Cruz and Tito Puente. Members of Guataca include Hilton Ruiz, Ruben Rodriguez, Yoron Israel, and Giovanni Hidalgo.

In 1989, he put together an electric band called Brainstorm, consisting of himself, Delmar Brown (vocals and keyboards), Norman Hedman (percussion), Chris Walker (bassist), Archie Walker (drums).

In 1998, Freeman produced an album for Arthur Blythe called NightSong, and in 1999 he began teaching at New School University.

Discography

 Morning Prayer (1976)
 Chico (1977)
 Beyond the Rain (1978)
 Kings of Mali (1978)
 The Outside Within (1978)

 Spirit Sensitive (1979)
 No Time Left (1979)
 Peaceful Heart, Gentle Spirit (1980)
 Destiny's Dance (1981)
 Focus (1995)

References

External links
 Official website.
 Chico Freeman interview at allaboutjazz.com

Avant-garde jazz musicians
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Bienen School of Music alumni
Jazz musicians from Chicago
1949 births
Living people
Elektra Records artists
India Navigation artists
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Leaders members
Intakt Records artists

Chico Freeman


George Auriol, born Jean-Georges Huyot (26 April 1863, Beauvais (Oise) – February 1938, Paris), was a French poet, songwriter, graphic designer, type designer, and Art Nouveau artist. He worked in many media and created illustrations for the covers of magazines, books, and sheet music, as well as other types of work such as monograms and trademarks.

Biography
After he arrived in Paris in 1883, Auriol was introduced to typography and book design by Eugène Grasset and became particularly interested in the revival of historical type styles. Appointed by Georges Peignot, he created his signature typeface Auriol inspired by the Art Nouveau movement for the G. Peignot & Fils foundry, which was used in the work of Francis Thibaudeau and other publishers of the period. Auriol was a member of French bohemian culture, a denizen of the Chat Noir ("Black Cat Café") and long a friend of Erik Satie.

Auriol illustrated playbills for André Antoine's Théâtre Libre and for the Théâtre du Chat Noir in the Montmartre district of Paris, one of which became a popular poster.

Typefaces
All fonts cast by G. Peignot & Fils.

Works by George Auriol

The Harpsichord of Yeddo. Prose poem. Appears in English in Specimens of the Forms of Discourse, compiled and edited by E.H. Lewis (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1900), p. 45.
Le Premier Livre des cachets, marques, et monogrammes dessinés (Paris: Librairie Centrale des Beaux-Arts, 1901).
Les Trente-six Vues de la Tour Eiffel, illustrations by Henri Rivière, prologue by Arsène Alexandre (Paris: Imprimerie Eugène Verneau, 1902). George Auriol: typography, layout, & design.

Notes

References

Fields, Armond and Leroy-Crevecœur, Marie. George Auriol. Layton, Utah: Peregrine Smith Books, 1985. (, )
Brief mention at typophile.com.

External links
Typographie & Civilisation: George Auriol & l'écriture typographique, biography, illustration & typography (French)

French artists
19th-century French poets
French male songwriters
French songwriters
French graphic designers
French typographers and type designers
1863 births
1938 deaths
Art Nouveau illustrators
Art Nouveau designers
People from Beauvais
People of Montmartre

George Auriol


AM is an American songwriter, musician, composer and producer born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, raised in New Orleans, and currently residing in the Los Angeles Echo Park neighborhood in California. AM or A.M. refers to his band and is also the moniker for this artist.  Known for his seamless fusing of pop, soul, funk and world music, recording artist AM has released several critically acclaimed albums and toured the world.  His newest collaboration with London artist/producer Shawn Lee, has been described by Rolling Stone as "hypnotic" and by Daytrotter as "intricate, groove-filled dreamscapes that are every bit organic and every bit mad genius."

Career
AM has toured with bands such as the French band AIR, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Thievery Corporation, Caetano Veloso, Shawn Lee, and Josh Rouse.

AM DJ's under the moniker George Ben Sun.

AM's side project creatively entitled AM & Shawn Lee  is a collaboration with London-based producer and multi-instrumentalist Shawn Lee. After AM heard Lee's Music and Rhythm album on the radio in Los Angeles he decided to reach out to Lee on Myspace. The two became quick friends sharing a common love for 60's psychedelia and 70's Italian soundtracks. The first single from the debut album Celestial Electric is entitled Dark into Light and was released on gold colored, limited edition 12" vinyl on the Ubiquity label in honor of Record Store Day and the full album came out on Thievery Corporation's label ESL Music (ADA Distribution/ Beggars Canada/ Naive in France.)

La Musique Numerique (Park The Van Records) is the second LP from AM & Shawn Lee (Park The Van Records).

After selling 25,000 albums on his own, AM's critically acclaimed debut album Troubled Times (released on Defend Music in the US and Luna Records in Europe) went on to have all 10 songs featured in films and television shows which had not been done since Moby's album Play. When Gary Jules brought his PA into a little coffee shop and began booking songwriter nights, he invited AM to come up and play and this was the beginning of what is now known as one of the most established singer-songwriter venues in the country, the Hotel Cafe in Los Angeles, California.  AM credits KCRW's Nic Harcourt who started playing AM's demos for being the first to play his music on the radio show Morning Becomes Eclectic.

Future Sons & Daughters was released on Filter US Recordings in the US and in the UK on the high fidelity label Naim.  Side By Side- Duets Vol. 1 was a duets project he conceived of as a way to work with songwriter friends including: Tina Dico, Meiko, Rick Garcia, Buddy, Susie Suh, and Julianna Raye. "Side By Side- Duets Vol.2" is in the works.

iTunes Store
AM has been featured many times in the "Indie Spotlight" under Alternative and Singer/Songwriter  in the iTunes Store.

AM won the "Best singer/Songwriter of the Year"award at the LA Weekly Music Awards where Brian Wilson also accepted the award for Lifetime Achievement. iTunes named AM's debut album "Troubled Times" "Best Singer/Songwriters Album of the Year" on iTunes.

Education
AM is an alumnus of Loyola University in New Orleans, Louisiana and has a bachelor's degree in philosophy.

Nowadays
In addition to the above, his music has also been featured in pivotal scenes on shows such as MTV's The Hills, and HBO's Big Love, ABC's Men in Trees, and he has been given reference in the music publications Billboard (magazine) and Performing Songwriter Magazine.

AM performed on the main stage at the 2009 and 2011 Voodoo Music Festival in New Orleans with Duran Duran, Flaming Lips, and Muse.  AM performed on the main stage at Dfest in Tulsa, Oklahoma with The Roots, All American Rejects, and Paramore. He has been compared to Wilco, Beck, Jackson Browne, John Lennon, Coldplay, Nada Surf, Pete Yorn, Phoenix, The Fruit Bats, and the late Elliott Smith.

AM has cited The Flaming Lips, Wilco, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Jorge Ben, The Byrds, Johnny Cash, McCoy Tyner, and Lou Reed among his influences.

Discography

Albums

Solo
2016: Precious Life
2009: Future Sons & Daughters (Filter US Recordings/ AM Sounds)
2008: Soul Variations (AM Sounds)
2005: Troubled Times (Defend Music/ AM Sounds)
Side By Side – Duets Vol. 1 (AM Sounds), featured in "What's Hot" iTunes.  Duets album featuring AM performing duets with friends and notable singer-songwriters Buddy, Meiko, Julianna Raye, Tina Dico, Susie Suh, and Rick Garcia.
Friday Night Lights Vol. 2 (television soundtrack) (Scion) featuring AM's song "What You Hide"

AM and Shawn Lee
2015: Outlines
2013: La Musique Numerique
2011: Celestial Electric (Eighteenth Street Lounge/ ESL Music/ Naive/ AM Sounds)

Covers
 "I'll Be Your Mirror" – Velvet Underground written by Lou Reed, duet performed with AM and Julianna Raye
 "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" – written by George Harrison duet performed with AM and Tina Dico, or Tina Dickow as she is known in her native country of Denmark.
 "Jackie Blue" – written by Larry Lee and Steve Cash from The Ozark Mountain Daredevils, performed by AM & Shawn Lee
 "Me And My Arrow" – written by Harry Nilsson, performed by AM
 "Steppin' Out" – written by Joe Jackson, performed by AM & Shawn Lee

Music videos
 "Dark Into Light" directed by A Bigger Plan
 "Grand Opinion" directed by Blake West
 "Self Preservation" directed by Blake West
 "Hear Me Sing" directed by Gus Black
 "It's Been So Long" directed by Gus Black

Radio
 Regular rotation airplay on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic", "New Ground" and the Nationally syndicated "Sounds Eclectic"
 Performed live on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic with Jason Bentley
 Performed live on KEXP
 Performed live on WFUV
 Performed live on OPM
 Performed live on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic with Nic Harcourt

Awards
 Best Singer Songwriter of the Year- LA Weekly
 "Best Song of the Year 2012– Somebody Like You"- No. 6 Daytrotter
 "Best Albums of 2010" – Rough Trade
 "Best Album of 2009" – iTunes

Composer
Man Maid- AM co-composed this film with Tom Hiel.

Television song appearances
Greys Anatomy Episode "Free Falling"
"Boundaries"
Criminal Minds Episode "Painless"
"City Boy"
Royal Pains – episode 205 ("Mano a Mano")
"Self Preservation"
Friday Night Lights – episode 402 ("After The Fall")
"What You Hide"
Real World: New Orleans – episode 2402
"Self Preservation"
Men in Trees – Season 1 episode ("Take It Like A Man")
"Playing The Game"
Dog The Bounty Hunter episode 232–233 "Tears For Fears"
"Running Away"
Dog The Bounty Hunter episode 228
"Losing You"
Trust Me – episode
"Playing The Game"
Greek – episode 2024
"Troubled Times"
The Real World: Washington D.C. – episode 2303 ("Playboys and Proper Proportion")
"Live A Lie (Instrumental)"
Knight Rider – episode 16 ("Knight and the City")
"Stepping Stone"
Brothers and Sisters – 2-Hour Special episode ("Troubled Waters")
"Live A Lie"
iCarly – episode 213 ("iKiss")
"Running Away"
Zoey 101 – episode ("Back To PCA")
"City Syndrome"
Zoey 101 – episode ("Back To PCA")
"Mainstay"
Zoey 101 – episode ("Robot Wars")
"Running Away"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians – episode ("Blame It on the Alcohol")
"Darker Days"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians- episode ("Blind Date")
"Self Preservation"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians – episode ("Dash No More")
"A Complete Unknown"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians – episode ("Kim's House Party")
"You Say These Things"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians – episode ("Kris The Cougar Jenner")
"Fortunate Family Tree"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians – episode ("Scott on the Rocks")
"Playing The Game"
Keeping Up with the Kardashians – episode ("Weekend From Hell")
"Playing The Game"
Trust Me – episode ("What's The Rush")
"Wayside"
Zoey 101 – episode ("Time Capsule")
"Wayside"
Big Love – episode 108
"Gone Away"
Greek – episode 116
"Troubled Times"
The Hills – episode 317
"City Syndrome"
Kyle XY – episode 210 ("House of Cards")
"We Will Remain"
Kyle XY – episode 210 ("House of Cards")
""What You Hide"
Kyle XY – Season 2 ("Hands on a Hybrid")
""We Will Remain"
Life As We Know It – episode 102
"Troubled Times"
What About Brian – episode 101 "Two In Twenty-Four"
"Playing The Game"
What About Brian – episode 101
"Mainstay"
Married to Rock – episode 108
"Jorge Ben"
Zoey 101 – episode 202
"Playing The Game"
Cheyenne
"City Syndrome"
Reunited: The Real World Vegas – episode 01
"Wayside"
The Bad Girls Club – episode 213 "Cordelia and the Chamber of Secrets"
"Wayside"
The Bad Girls Club – episode "This Is Not The Amber Show"
"Everybody's Jesus"
The Bad Girls Club – episode "Out with a Bang"
"Mainstay"
The Bad Girls Club – episode "Shrink Wrapped"
"Troubled Times"

Film song appearances
Spread – Starring Ashton Kutcher and Anne Heche and directed by David Mackenzie. The film was released under the name L.A. Gigolo in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, as Toy Boy in France, Germany and the Netherlands, American Playboy in Spain and S-Lover in South Korea. The film was released on January 17 at the Sundance Film Festival and was released on August 14, 2009, in theaters.
"Mainstay"
Wake – Directed by Ellie Kanner, starring Danny Masterson, Bijou Phillips, and Jane Seymore
"Hear Me Sing"
The Naked Ape
Dreamland – Starring Gina Gershon, Justin Long
"Mainstay"
Dreamland
"Troubled Times"
Butterfly Effect 2- American psychological thriller film directed by John R. Leonetti, starring Eric Lively, Erica Durance, Dustin Milligan and Gina Holden
 Flakes – American comedy film, directed by Michael Lehmann and starring Aaron Stanford and Zooey Deschanel.
"Gone Away"
99 Pieces
Man Maid

References

External links
Official site
Soundcloud
MySpace page

American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American folk singers
American male pop singers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Singers from New Orleans
American male singer-songwriters
Loyola University New Orleans alumni
American alternative rock musicians
American pop guitarists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana
Guitarists from Oklahoma
Guitarists from Louisiana
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Guitarists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

AM (musician)


USS Thatcher (DD-514), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral Henry K. Thatcher (1806–1880).

Thatcher was laid down on 20 June 1942 at Bath, Maine, by the Bath Iron Works Corp.; launched on 6 December 1942; sponsored by Miss Charlotte L. Hyde; and commissioned on 10 February 1943.

1943

The destroyer held her shakedown training in Casco Bay and was then assigned escort duty. She stood out of New York on 29 April with convoy UGF-8 for Casablanca and returned with GUF-8 on 31 May. On 11 June, Thatcher departed the east coast for duty in the Pacific. She joined the Pacific Fleet on the 19th and, after calling at Mare Island Naval Shipyard for armament modifications, arrived at Pearl Harbor on 31 July.

On 22 August, Thatcher joined the fast aircraft carrier task group of Rear Admiral Charles Alan Pownall. They steamed toward Marcus Island and launched air attacks against that enemy base on the 31st. The group returned to Pearl Harbor on 7 September.

The following week, the destroyer got underway for the New Hebrides and arrived at Espiritu Santo on the 27th. She performed escort duty between Espiritu Santo and Guadalcanal and then screened a resupply convoy to Vella Lavella in mid-October. In late October, Task Force 39 (TF 39), composed of Cruiser Division 12 and Destroyer Divisions (DesDiv) 45 and 46, was assembled at Purvis Bay to support the landings on Bougainville. The force—including Thatcher in DesDiv 46—sortied on 30 October.

The fleet bombarded the Buka-Bonis airfields on the night of 31 October and 1 November and then made a high-speed run to the southern tip of the island to shell airfields in the Shortland Islands. After the landings on Cape Torokina on 1 November, TF 39 protected the amphibious forces from enemy interference. That afternoon, TF 39 was ordered to intercept a force of enemy cruisers and destroyers that had left Rabaul to destroy American shipping in Empress Augusta Bay.

At 02:27 on 2 November, radar on the American ships showed surface blips at a range of slightly over 35,000 yards (32 km). The Battle of Empress Augusta Bay began when the destroyers of DesDiv 45 fired a salvo of 25 torpedoes at the Japanese ships. However, due to a right turn by the enemy to close and to get into battle formation, all of the torpedoes missed.

DesDiv 46—composed of Thatcher, , , and —was protecting the rear of the American formation. These ships held their fire until 03:52 when they launched 19 torpedoes against two Japanese destroyers without scoring. However, the American cruisers had been tallying hits on the Japanese cruiser , which was soon a blazing wreck. During the ensuing melee, Foote was hit by a torpedo that blew off her stern. Spence sideswiped Thatcher, but the resulting damage did not threaten the survival of either ship.  Spence signalled Thatcher during the battle: "We've just had another close miss.   Hope you are not shooting at us."   Thatcher replied: "Sorry.   You will have to excuse the next four salvos.  They're already on their way."   Thatcher'''s salvos missed the Spence but sank the Japanese destroyer . Finally, Spence took a hit below the water line that let salt water contaminate her fuel oil. While the Japanese lost Sendai and Hatsukaze, the United States suffered no total losses as Foote was towed to port and repaired. The next day, the Japanese attacked TF 39 with over 100 aircraft. They lost over 20 planes while scoring two hits on .

A closer inspection of Thatcher revealed that her collision with Spence had sprung her starboard shaft and had caused extensive dishing of her starboard side amidships. She steamed to Purvis Bay and was routed onward to Nouméa where the misaligned screw was repaired. She then returned to Espiritu Santo where she received orders to proceed to the United States for further repairs. On 20 November, Thatcher got underway as an escort for , and the ships arrived at San Francisco on 14 December 1943. After her damage had been corrected at the Mare Island Navy Yard, Thatcher stood out of San Francisco on 11 February 1944 and steamed to Pearl Harbor for refresher training before rejoining TF 39 on 14 March.

 1944

The task force covered the unopposed landings on Emirau Island on the 20th. On 26 March, Thatcher was reassigned to TG 58.3 of the Fast Carrier Task Force. She escorted the carriers as their aircraft flew strikes against Palau, Yap, Ulithi, and Woleai in the Caroline Islands from 30 March to 1 April. The task group then retired to the Marshall Islands to prepare for their next assault against Japanese bases.

On 13 April, Thatcher escorted the fast carriers to New Guinea as they launched strikes against Hollandia, Wakde, Sawar Airfield, and Sarmi on the 21st and 22d to support the landings for Operations Reckless and Persecution. On 29 April, aircraft from the carriers began a two-day attack against Truk, Ponape, and Satawan. On 1 May, Thatcher was in the screen of the bombardment group that shelled Ponape.Thatcher returned to Majuro on 4 May to enter a floating drydock for repairs. She returned to sea late in the month for refresher training and firing exercises. On 26 May, her number 3 5 inch gun accidentally fired into her starboard midships 20 mm mount, killing five men and causing considerable structural damage. Repairs were completed in time for the destroyer to accompany TG 58.4 to the Mariana Islands.

While operating with the group near Saipan on 12 June, Thatcher and  were ordered to rescue some aviators in the water near Pagan Island. The two destroyers closed to within five miles of the enemy-held island before reaching the pilots. It was shortly before dark and, as Charles Ausburne was picking them up, Thatcher investigated a ship which had been sighted about six miles northward. She found a small wooden freighter and took it under fire. The size of the fires which broke out on the target and the subsequent explosions indicated that her cargo was oil and ammunition. Survivors in the water refused the lifelines thrown to them.Thatcher rejoined her sister destroyer, and they made a sweep of the island seeking further targets. They soon made radar contact, and both ships began firing at 12,000 yards (11 km) but observed no hits. When they had closed the range to 4,700 yards (4.3 km), Ausburne fired star shells which revealed a ship similar to the vessel Thatcher had sunk. She then fired another salvo which set the ship afire. The destroyers found no other targets before they rejoined the task group the next morning.

The carriers conducted air strikes against the Bonin Islands on 15 and 16 June and returned to the Saipan area. On 18 June, when TF 58 prepared for a major battle with the Japanese fleet, Thatcher's group took station on the northern flank of the force. During the ensuing action—later referred to as the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot"—only a few Japanese planes broke through the American fighter cover, and they caused no damage. Meanwhile, the Japanese lost over 300 aircraft.

The next day, Thatcher and TG 58.4 were detached from the westward-moving task force to refuel and to continue strikes against Rota and Guam. In the early morning of the 20th, carrier aircraft of the group shot down 18 enemy planes and destroyed 52 more on the ground. On 27 June, Thatcher was with the destroyer squadron that was detached to accompany  and  on a bombardment mission against Rota and Guam. Thatcher and two other destroyers shelled Rota, setting fire to a sugar mill and other buildings, and then joined the other ships off Guam to bombard airfields, shipping, storage tanks, and other worthwhile targets. Thatcher shelled the same islands again three days later and continued the operation through 1 July.

She returned to Eniwetok on 6 July with the task group and remained there for a week before heading
back toward the Marianas. The destroyer served with TF 58 until 2 August when she was detached to join  Admiral William Halsey's 3d Fleet at Eniwetok. She then joined TG 30.8, the fleet oiler and transport group established to support the 3d Fleet. The ship stood out of Eniwetok on 26 August with several oilers and arrived at Seeadler Harbor on the 31st. She spent the next three months with various units of the group as it provided fuel, mail, and planes for TF 38. They first operated in the vicinity of Palau and Yap when the carriers struck west of the Carolines. TG 30.8 then moved to Ulithi as the carriers shifted their strikes westward to the Philippines and Formosa.Thatcher then joined TG 38.3 for operations in the Philippine Islands. On 14, 15, and 16 December, the carriers launched strikes against Luzon to support the landings on Mindoro. The group retired to refuel, but the rapidly falling barometer indicated a typhoon approaching. Thatcher was fueled to 50% capacity before the hoses parted due to rough seas. The task force attempted to steam out of the danger area but was near the center of the storm on the 17th and 18th. Three United States destroyers were lost. When the weather cleared and the fleet reassembled, Thatcher joined TG 30.8, a supply group, and served with it until 7 January 1945.

 1945

On 8 January, Thatcher joined a special fueling group composed of six of the fastest oilers, two escort carriers, and eight destroyers to conduct fueling operations in the South China Sea for the fast carriers. They accompanied the fast carriers into the South China Sea and took station midway between the Philippines and the coast of Indochina. The destroyer remained on station until the 20th when she headed for Guam with a group of empty oilers. Arriving at Apra Harbor on the 27th, she left for Ulithi and the Philippines the following week.

PhilippinesThatcher joined the 7th Fleet at Leyte on 10 February and, three days later, escorted a convoy to Subic Bay. From 19 February to 3 March, the destroyer provided fire support for the Army forces ashore. Following two weeks of escort duty, the destroyer joined TG 78.3, the Visayan Attack Group. The group sailed on 15 March and headed directly to the landing beaches on the south coast of Panay.Thatcher was off the landing beaches on 18 March and fired her only bombardment of the day against two groups of Japanese cut off by guerrillas in villages near the assault area. The 40th Infantry Division landed at 09:00 and met very little opposition. As Army troops landed at Negros Occidental on the 29th, the destroyer assisted with call fire and continued the task until 5 April when she was relieved. She refitted at San Pedro to prepare for action in the Ryūkyūs.

Fate
Okinawa and kamikaze strike
On 13 May, Thatcher got underway for Kerama Retto, near Okinawa. The destroyer was assigned to radar picket duty to detect and intercept enemy aircraft before they could enter the transport anchorages. On 20 May, she detected large numbers of Japanese aircraft approaching the anchorage. All ships opened fire, and Thatcher maneuvered to bring all batteries to bear on the attacking planes. As a low-flying Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" fighter passed down her port side, she increased her speed to 25 knots (46 km/h) and commenced firing with her 20 mm and 40 mm guns. The kamikaze climbed steeply, did a wing-over, and dived into the destroyer, striking her aft of the bridge. All power and steering control on the bridge were lost; both radars and the gyro system were out; all external communications were lost; and there was a six- by nine-foot hole between the keel and the bilge.  and  came alongside to remove the wounded and help extinguish fires.

Towing and repair
With 14 killed or missing and 53 wounded, the stricken ship limped into Kerama Retto. Thatcher awaited drydock entry until 1 July. On the 13th, she was ready for sea and had to ride out a typhoon in Buckner Bay.

On the 19th, a kamikaze slipped into the bay and dived on the destroyer. His aim was not as accurate as his predecessor, and he bounced off the port side, above the water line, to explode and burn alongside. Damage was slight, and only two men were wounded.

Decommissioned, scrappedThatcher got underway for the United States on 25 July. After calling at Ulithi, Majuro, Eniwetok, Johnston Island, and Hawaii, she arrived at Bremerton, Washington on 20 August. A survey board decided that the ship should be scrapped, and she was decommissioned on 23 November 1945. Thatcher was struck from the Navy List on 5 December 1945 and sold on 23 January 1948 to the Lerner Co., Oakland, California, for scrap.

HonorsThatcher'' was awarded 12 battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links
 history.navy.mil/photos: USS Thatcher
       navsource.org: USS Thatcher
 hazegray.org: USS Thatcher

World War II destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Bath, Maine
1942 ships
Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in May 1945

USS Thatcher (DD-514)


A social interaction or social relation is the way people talk and act with each other. It may include interactions in a team, family or  bureaucracy. It includes any relationship between two or more individuals.
It is a source of socialization and it characterizes all types of social relationships.

According to Gish and N.P, " Social interaction is the reciprocal influence human beings exert on each other through inter stimulation and response."

References

Sociology
Human communication

Social interaction


A prelude is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin pre=before; ludere=to play).

History
Preludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a "prelude" which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.

By the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called "Preludes and Fugues". Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called The Well-Tempered Clavier, which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his Ave Maria.) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a "suite").

In the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called "Preludes". Just like Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).

Composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger. There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.

There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called "Preludes".  Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: "Vorspiel") instead of the usual word "overture".

Related pages
 Preludes (Chopin)

Musical forms

Prelude


Michel Jonasz (born 21 Januar 1947 in Drancy, Fraunce) is a French componer, sangwriter, sangster an actor. His compositions include: La boîte de jazz, Joueurs de blues and  Les vacances au bord de la mer.

Born frae Hungarian immigrant parents, Michel Jonasz left schuil at the age o 15 tae fynd his wey in the airts. Paintin, theatre an muisic interestit him, but he began his airtistic career as a pianist. Efter wirkin wi baith Vigon an The Lemons, in 1966 he creatit the baund King Set wi his friend, the guitarist Alain Goldstein.

Twa radio successes made his voice an his talent for rhythm kent: an oreeginal composition,Apesanteur (Wichtlessness), in 1967, an Jezebel in 1968.

His solo career began slowly wi a single ("45t") at the end o 1968 unner the name o Michel Kingset, the next in 1970 unner his awn name. He haed tae wait tikl 1974 tae fynd a lairge audience wi twa simultaneous hits ("tubes"): Dites-Moi an Super Nana.

Filmografie
 2005 : Dalida directit bi Joyce Buñuel

Freemit airtins
 Offeecial Michel Jonasz Steid (in French)

French male sangsters
French sangster-sangwriters
Livin fowk
1947 births

Michel Jonasz


Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (;  – 2 February 1939) was a Russian and Soviet engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of the world's first hyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges. He is also the inventor of the first cracking method.

Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings, Shukhov was the inventor of a new family of doubly curved structural forms. These forms, based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry, are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their analysis. Shukhov is particularly reputed for his original designs of hyperboloid towers such as the Shukhov Tower.

Biography

Vladimir Shukhov born in Russian family, in a town of Graivoron, Belgorod uezd, Kursk Governorate (in present-day Belgorod Oblast) into a petty noble family. His father Grigory Ivanovich Shukhov was a minor government official, promoted for his efforts in the Crimean War. For a while, Grigory served as Mayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator in Warsaw.

In 1864 Vladimir entered Saint Petersburg gymnasium from which he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his high school years he showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his classmates and teacher an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem. The teacher praised his skills but he failed the grade for violating the textbook's guidelines.

After graduating from the gymnasium, Shukhov entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School, in which his teachers included Pafnuty Chebyshev, Aleksey Letnikov, and Nikolay Zhukovsky. In the beginning of the year 1876 Shukhov graduated from school with distinction and a Gold Medal. Chebyshev offered him a job as a lecturer in mathematics at the Imperial Moscow Technical School, but Shukhov decided to seek a job in the engineering industry instead.

In May 1876 Shukhov went to Philadelphia, to work on the Russian pavilion at the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States, and to study the inner workings of the American construction and engineering industries. During his stay in the US, Shukhov came to know a Russian-American entrepreneur, Alexander Veniaminovich Bari who also worked on the organization of the Fair.

In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting office of the Warsaw–Vienna railroad. Within several months, Shukhov's frustration with standard and routine engineering made him abandon the office and join a military-medical academy.

On his coming to Russia in 1877, Bari persuaded Shukhov to give up his medical education and to assume the office of Chief Engineer in a new company specializing in innovative engineering. Shukhov worked with Bari at this company until the October Revolution. He also brought in Leonid Leibenson. Their works revolutionized many areas of civil engineering, ship engineering, and oil industry. The thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was patented by Vladimir Shukhov in 1891.

Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby – photography. The photographic works of Shukhov opened new trends ahead of their flourishing of fine art photography. He made photos in various genres: reporting, city landscape, portrait, constructivism. About two thousand photos and negatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day.

After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the Soviet Union despite having received alluring job offers from all around the world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects of the 1920s were associated with his name. In 1919 he framed his slogan: We should work independently from politics. The buildings, boilers, beams would be needed and so would we. In the later 1930s during the Great Purge he retired from engineering work but was not arrested or persecuted.

Shukov died on 2 February 1939 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. His many honours included the Lenin Prize (1929) and the title of Hero of Labour (1932).

Works

Vladimir Shukhov is often referred as the Russian Edison for the sheer quantity and quality of his pioneering works . He was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of beams, shells and membranes on elastic foundation. These theoretical results allowed him to design the first Russian oil tanker, new types of oil tanker barges, and a new type of oil reservoirs. The same principle of the shell on an elastic foundation allowed him to theoretically calculate the optimal diameter, wall thickness and fluid speed for fluid pipelines. Shukhov's projects were instrumental in constructing:

An oil pipeline, the first in the Russian Empire, between Balkhany and Cherny Gorod near Baku (12 km, 1878 complete, used by the Branobel). By 1883 the total length of Shukhov-designed, Bari-built oil pipelines in Baku exceeded 94 km, transporting 30,000 barrels of oil per day. In 1894, a similar pipeline network was built in Grozny. Shukhov designed the first Trans-Caucasian kerosene pipeline between Baku and Batumi (835 km long) and Grozny-Tuapse pipeline (618 km long).
A superior design for water-mains. Shukhov designed (and Bari built) complete water-supply systems for the cities of Cherkassy, Tambov, Kharkov, Voronezh and many others. In that age of infectious diseases his water-supply systems likely saved thousands of lives.
A superior design for oil-tanker barges (less than half of the metal previously required), 84 150-meters long barges were built (mostly for the Volga river) as well as the first Russian seaworthy oil tanker ship. His approach to the ship strength analysis (using the model of a shell on an elastic foundation) was absolutely novel for that time.
Shukhov-designed inexpensive oil tanks with the bottom calculated as a membrane on elastic foundation. They became very popular among oil-producers of the Imperial Russia. By 1881, 130 such tanks were built in Baku alone.

Shukhov made important contributions to the chemical industry:

He designed and built an oil cracking plant. His patents (Shukhov cracking process – patent of Russian empire No. 12926 from 27 November 1891) on cracking were used to invalidate Standard Oil's patents (Burton process – Patent of USA  No. 1,049,667 on 7 January 1913) on oil refineries.
He designed an original oil pump. Shukhov's pumps revolutionized Baku's oil industry allowing to increase its oil output.
He designed one of the first furnaces that used residual oil: before his work residual oil was considered a waste and was discarded, due to his work it became recognized as an important technical product known as a fuel oil.

Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. As a leading specialist of metallic structures (hyperboloid structures, thin-shell structures, tensile structures), he may be compared with Gustave Eiffel. Shukhov's innovative and exquisite constructions still grace many towns across the former Russian Empire:

Eight thin-shell structures exhibition pavilions for the All-Russia Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod of 1896, covering the area of 27,000 m², and featuring an unorthodox water-tower that served as a model for more than 30 similar structures built in Imperial Russia, and thousands around the world now.
About 200 original towers (hyperboloid steel gridshells) all over the world, the most famous being the 160-meter-high Shukhov Tower in Moscow (1922) and 70-meter-high Adziogol Lighthouse near Kherson (1910). On Shukhov's 110th birthday in 1963 Soviet Union issued a postal stamp showing Shukhov and his tower (pictured).
Spacious elongated shop galleries, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, notably the Upper Trade Rows on Red Square (1889–94), Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts  (1898–1912) and Petrovka Passage (1903–06).
Enormous metal arch vaulting for the Municipal Railway Park (1908) and the Kievskiy Railway Station in Moscow (1912–17).
The colossal hall of the Central Post Office, Moscow (1911–13).
Truss-supported metal framework for the Central Universal Store in Moscow (1906–08).
A rotating scene for the Moscow Art Theatre.
Several Constructivist projects, designed in collaboration with Konstantin Melnikov,  notably the Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage (1926–28) and Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage (1926–29).
More than 180 bridges across the Volga, Yenisey, Dnieper, and other rivers.
Stabilization Minaret of the Madrasah Ulugh Beg in Samarkand (Shukhov's last engineering work).

Major works

 Grozny-Tuapse pipeline
 Shukhov Tower
 Shukhov Rotunda
 Adziogol Lighthouse
 Shukhov tower on the Oka River
 Pushkin Museum
 Moscow GUM
 Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage
 Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage
 Kievskiy Railway Station
 Hotel Metropol (Moscow)
 Petrovsky Passage
 Lattice mast

Gallery

See also

 Shukhov cracking process
 Gridshell
 Diagrid
 Hyperboloid structure
 Tensile and membrane structures
 Constructivist architecture
 Pylons of Cádiz
 All-Russia exhibition 1896
 History of structural engineering

References

 Shukhov and Oil Industry
  – video
  – architectural works
 Biography of Shukhov

 Karl-Eugen Kurrer, "The History of the Theory of Structures: From Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics", 2008,
 Ekaterina Nozhova, "Networks of Construction", 2016,
 "The Nijni-Novgorod exhibition: Water tower, room under construction, springing of 91 feet span", "The Engineer", No. 19 March 1897, pp. 292–294, London, 1897.
 William Craft Brumfield: "The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture", University of California Press, 1991, .
 Elizabeth C. English: "Invention of Hyperboloid Structures", Metropolis & Beyond, 2005.
 Elizabeth C. English: "Arkhitektura i mnimosti": The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition", a dissertation in architecture, 264 p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.
 Valeri Fedorov: "Telecommunications grid architecture in the former Soviet Union", Global Consultants, 1992,
 Photographic works of Shukhov

 Die sparsame Konstruktion
 Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: "Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.", 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, .
 Jesberg, Paulgerd: "Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkunst", Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany), , 1996; pp. 198–9.
 Ricken, Herbert: "Der Bauingenieur", Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (Germany), , 1994; pp. 230.
  Suchov und Gaudi

 Picon, Antoine (dir.): "L'art de l'ingenieur : constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur", Éditions du Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1997,

 Fausto Giovannardi: "Vladimir G. Shukhov e la leggerezza dell'acciaio", Borgo San Lorenzo, 2007.

 Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 1, «Строительная механика», 192 стр., под ред. А. Ю. Ишлинского, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1977.
 Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 2, «Гидротехника», 222 стр., под ред. А. Е. Шейндлина, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1981.
 Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 3, «Нефтепереработка. Теплотехника», 102 стр., под ред. А. Е. Шейндлина, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1982.
 Грефе Р. и др.: «В. Г. Шухов (1853—1939). Искусство конструкции.», «Мир», Москва, 1994, .
 Шухова Е. М.: «Владимир Григорьевич Шухов. Первый инженер России.», 368 стр., Изд. МГТУ, Москва, 2003, .
 "В.Г.Шухов – выдающийся инженер и ученый", Труды Объединенной научной сессии Академии наук СССР, посвященной научному и инженерному творчеству почетного академика В.Г.Шухова. М.: Наука, 1984, 96 с.
 Петропавловская И.А.: "Владимир Григорьевич Шухов, 1853–1939", Москва, "Наука", 2004, .
 Российский государственный архив научно-технической документации (РГАНТД): "Документальное наследие выдающегося российского инженера В.Г. Шухова в архивах" (межархивный справочник), ред. Шапошников А.С., Медведева Г.А.; 181 стр., издание РГАНТД, Москва, 2008.

1853 births
1939 deaths
People from Belgorod Oblast
People from Grayvoronsky Uyezd
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Photographers from the Russian Empire
Bridge engineers
Soviet chemical engineers
Constructivist architects
Hydraulic engineers
Hyperboloid structures
Modernist architects
Architects from the Russian Empire
Engineers from the Russian Empire
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Scientists from the Russian Empire
Soviet architects
Soviet engineers
Soviet photographers
Structural engineers
Systems engineers
Tensile membrane structures
Tensile architecture
Lighthouse builders
Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Articles containing video clips
Russian scientists

Vladimir Shukhov


"Spanish Lady" (euskaraz "Espainiar Anderea") irlandar folk abesti bat da. Musika talde eta abeslari askok abesti honen bertsioak egin izan dituzte, beharbada horien artean esanguratsuena The Dubliners da.

 Orthodox Celts taldearen "I´ll Tell Me Ma" eta "Spanish Lady" abestiekin moldatutako bertsioa entzuteko sakatu hemen

Hitzak
As I came down through Dublin City, at the hour of twelve at night,
Who should I spy, but a Spanish Lady
Washing her feet by the candlelight
First she washed them,then she dried them
Over a fire of amber coals
In all me life I ne'er did see, a maid so sweet about the soul

Whack for the Too Rye Ooh Ray Lady,
whack for the Too Rye Ooh Rye Aye (Bis)

As I came back through Dublin City at the hour of Half past Eight,
Who should I spy but the Spanish Lady,
brushing her hair in the broad daylight
First she brushed it , then she tossed it
On her lap was a silver comb
In all me life I ne'er did see, a maid so fair since I did roam.

Bis

As I returned to Dublin City, as the sun began to set
Who should I spy but a Spanish lady
Catching a moth, in a golden net.
First she saw me, then she fled me
Lifted her petticoats o'er her knee
In all me life I ne'er did see, a maid so fair as the Spanish Lady

Bis

Ive wandered North, and I have wonder South
Through Stoney Barter and Patricks Close
Up and around, by the Gloucester Diamond
And back by Napper Tandys' house
Auld age has laid her hands on me
Cold as a fire of ashy coals....
But, there is the love of me Spanish Lady, a maid so sweet about the soul

Kanpo estekak
 "Spanish Lady" abestiaren The Dubliners taldearen bertsioa entzuteko sakatu hemen
 Spanish Lady on IrishSongs.com

Irlandako abestiak
The Dubliners taldearen abestiak

Spanish Lady


Oligarchy is a form of government. In an oligarchic system, all the power is held by a small group of people. It is usually the most powerful people who govern the state. It was used in Sparta, where the kingship alternated between three leading families. Oligarchy can be a form of dictatorship.

Rule by the best
An oligarchy where the best rule is called Aristocracy.

Rule by the rich
If the richest people rule the country, this is called Plutocracy.

Other websites
 Online Text: Leonard Whibley, Greek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organisation  (1896), still the only full-scale treatment of oligarchy in Classical Greece.

Forms of government

Oligarchy


Mansfield Park is the third novel by iconic English author Jane Austen. Published in 1814, it was the most successful during her lifetime.

Plot

Mansfield Park is about a poor young girl named Fanny Price.

Born in Portsmouth, Fanny's mother has two sisters, one of whom has married Sir Thomas Bertram of Mansfield Park miles away and the other lives in a cottage on the grounds of Mansfield.  This other sister, in an attempt to show off her own sense of self-importance and charity, offers to take one of her poor sister's children off her hands, and persuades Sir Thomas that Fanny could be her assistant in helping with the daily running of Mansfield and so should live there too.

At Mansfield Park, Fanny grows up with her cousins Tom, Maria, Julia and Edmund Bertram. Only Edmund is kind to her. As they grow up, Edmund's kindness to Fanny makes her fall in love with him.

However, when Fanny's uncle goes away for business, Mary Crawford and her brother Henry come to the neighborhood. Henry flirts with the Misses Bertram, making them fall in love with him, even though Maria is already engaged to a Mr. Rushworth. Mary and Edmund fall in love with each other, much to Fanny's surprise and sadness, but Mary wants Edmund to become rich and not be a clergyman. They put on a play called Lovers Vows that Fanny does not think Sir Thomas would like, so she does not join in. Just as they are trying to make her act, Sir Thomas returns home.

Henry Crawford goes away, and Maria, angry and proud, quickly marries Mr. Rushworth, even though she does not love him. Henry Crawford falls really in love with Fanny, and proposes to her, but she says no. Sir Thomas gives Fanny the ultimatum of marry Mr Crawford or go back to her parents.  Choosing to see her family again she is unhappy to see how coarse and vulgar they are.

While she is there, she finds out in a newspaper that Maria has run away with Henry Crawford. Fanny is very shocked and unhappy. Edmund comes to ask Fanny to come back to Mansfield to nurse a sick Tom. He tells Fanny that he was shocked that Mary Crawford only thought Maria and Henry were silly for being found out, and that the act of adultery was not bad. He expresses he has finally realised he has always loved Fanny, and they marry.

Other websites

Mansfield Park Free audio book at LibriVox
Mansfield Park Complete text with audio and language translations.
Mansfield Park free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
Selected quotes from Mansfield Park
Mansfield Park Map
Mansfield Park study guide, themes, quotes, literary devices, & teacher guide

1814 books
Books by Jane Austen
English novels

Mansfield Park (novel)


In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compoond in which the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is boond tae a carbon atom. The term alcohol oreeginally referred tae the primar alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), that is uised as a drog an is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.

The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name o aw substances whaur the hydroxyl group is the functional group wi the heichest priority; in substances whaur a heicher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy- will appear in the International Union o Pure an Applee'd Chemistry (IUPAC) name. The suffix -ol in nan-systematic names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) an aa teepically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group an, sae, can be termed an alcohol. But mony substances, pairticularly succars (ensaumples glucose an sucrose) conteen hydroxyl functional groups withoot uisin the suffix. An important cless o alcohols, o that methanol an ethanol are the semplest members is the saturatit straicht cheen alcohols, the general formula for that is CnH2n+1OH.

Antiseptics
Functional groups

Alcohol


Philip Carteret; ; (1639–1682) was the first Governor of New Jersey, from 1665 to 1673 and governor of East New Jersey from 1674 to 1682.

Career
The English annexed the Dutch province of New Netherland in 1664, and lands west of Long Island and Manhattan Island were awarded to two Lords Proprietors, John Berkeley and George Carteret (cousin of Philip). In 1665, Carteret (or "Cartaret") was appointed by them to take possession of the newly acquired territory which been renamed the Province of New Caesaria, or New Jersey, and assume the position of governor.

Philip Carteret and Berkeley issued the Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors of New Jersey, the "most liberal grant of political privileges made by any English colonial proprietor to the people". Freedom of conscience was guaranteed and generous land grants were promised. Carteret indeed issued many grants of lands to settlers and landowners, partly with the purpose of increasing the worth of the colony. The pair "expected to profit from sales of their rich North American land holdings, and they were not disappointed".

Carteret designated Elizabethtown (named after the wife of George Carteret) as the capital of New Jersey, where a representative assembly first met in 1668. Middletown Township and Shrewsbury Township refused to send representatives to this New Jersey Assembly and declared their independence, electing James Carteret as their leader. Carteret became angry and left for England, and had the English government force the New Jersey settlers to pay quitrents.

Carteret found the province inhabited by "a few hundred Dutchmen and English Puritans. During his governorship, more towns sprang up in New Jersey.
By the end of  his term in 1682 the province consisted of seven towns, and many outlying plantations. The populations (exclusive of Lenape natives) was about 3500 in the seven established towns of Berghen, Newarke, Elizabeth Towne, Woodbridge, Piscattawy and Middletown, with an undetermined number in outlying areas.

After the death of George Carteret, Governor Edmund Andros of New York attempted to seize power in East Jersey. When Philip Carteret refused to give up his position as governor, Andros sent a raiding party to his home and had him beaten and arrested to New York. Carteret was placed on trial, but was acquitted by the jury. The attack caused permanent injuries to Carteret, and he died in 1682.

See also
Bergen, New Netherland
List of colonial governors of New Jersey
East Jersey

References
Samuel Eliot Morison: The Oxford History of the American People, Vol. 1: Oxford University Press 1965 & 1972. Library of Congress: 65-12468.
Hugh Brogan: The Longman History of the United States of America: Longman Group Ltd. 1985.
Robert H Ferrell (with Richard Natkiel): Atlas of American History: Bison Books Ltd. 1987.

External links
Decarteret.org.uk, Person Sheet
Colonial History of New Jersey, USAhistory.info

1639 births
1682 deaths
Philip Carteret Governor
Colonial governors of New Jersey
Jersey people
Politicians from Elizabeth, New Jersey
Governors of East New Jersey

Philip Carteret (colonial governor)


Police Academy: The Series, also known as Police Academy: The Animated Series, is an popular 1988 American animated television series based on the Police Academy series of films. It aired on Saturday mornings and lasted two seasons for a total of 64 episodes.

Synopsis
Some episodes feature a crime boss named Kingpin. His keen intelligence, girth, and stature are very similar to the Marvel Comics character of the same name. New characters were added to the show as well. Among them were a group of talking police dogs called the Canine Corps. They were made up of Samson (the bulldog leader), Lobo (the noble yet clumsy husky), Bonehead (the dimwitted giant St. Bernard), Chilipepper (the excitable chihuahua), and Schitzy (the only female golden retriever with an identity crisis).

The show was produced by Ruby-Spears Productions and Warner Bros. Animation. In later years, the latter company would gain distribution rights to most of the pre-1990 shows by the former, thanks to Time Warner buying Turner Entertainment (which had acquired the R-S library) in 1996.

The animated serie takes place chronologically between the fourth and fifth film of the series of films.

Twelve characters are re-created for this animated version, including a team of Academy graduates led by Carey Mahoney, a likeable rogue bachelor boy, who unconsciously—and consistently—does his best to make life miserable for Captain Harris and his knucklehead assistant Sgt. Proctor.

Mahoney's friends include the aptly named Moses Hightower, walking sound effects machine Larvell Jones, trigger-happy Eugene Tackleberry, sweet & timid Laverne Hooks, tough-as-nails Debbie Callahan, larger-than-life House, and the bread-&-butter duo of reformed gang member Zed and his best buddy, Sweetchuck.

Eric Lassard is the highly-respected (albeit dreamy) Commandant, and Academy newcomer The Professor is also on hand, and also the cadets new friends, the K-9 Corps, a group of cops dogs, and stocking our crime-fighting heroes with an endless supply of wacky gadgets as they combat a motley crew of Kingpin and other recurring villains such as Numbskull, The Claw, Mr. Sleaze, Lockjaw and Amazona.

Characters
 Carey Mahoney - The most clever among the cadets, always ready to lend a hand to his companions, is in patrol with Jones.
 Larvell Jones - On patrol with Mahoney, skilled in martial arts and exceptional ventriloquist. His main skill is to recreate the mouth with different sounds and noises (sirens, gunfire, helicopters, etc. ...). Very often this will be useful skills for companions.
 Sweetchuck - Glasses and down Sweetchuck is the most fifone of the group always tries to do his best but always ends up in trouble to finish. It is the companion to patrol Zed.
 Zed - Certainly the most strange group, Zed always ends to combine the mess, and is skilful in the fall in the pitfalls of the enemy in turn, often drags along his colleague Sweetchuck.
 Moses Hightower - Robust and forced, almost sound like a closet human Hightower is the cadet knows that in scazzottate always be useful. Often uses his strength to bend bars sovraumana and improve the means of the police who remain bogged. In addition to its large arms are ideal for immobilizing and handcuffed criminals. It is the companion to patrol Hooks.
 Laverne Hooks - Small of stature and with a stamp of a voice that seems that of a shy little girl is the officer to the police switchboard. If the launches are angry shouts of very strong and unpleasant with which can be enforced. It is the companion to patrol Hightower.
 Thomas "House" Conklin - Fat and nice is the most trouble guy of group. He is always hungry and obviously not very courageous. It is the companion to patrol Sweetchuck and Zed.
 Eugene Tackleberry - Characterized by a pronounced jaw almost always wears glasses and helmet, is a fanatic of the weapons, gun enthusiast and Bazooka; has a weakness for his fellow patrol Callahan. Often uses the armored car of the police with whom ultimately erode the walls and doors. When it comes to shoot there think twice to press the trigger and frequent launches of networks with the bazooka to trap thieves.
 Debbie Callahan - Connect to Tackleberry, is a woman's physical strength from the slender, being skilful in respect to the sound of punchs, his numerous court, often the offenders themselves, have never easy.
 Capt. Thaddeus Harris - Always carry a walking stick and is almost always in the company of his sidekick Proctor. Not keen to see the cadets and always tries to put a spoke in the wheels to Mahoney and his companions to discredit the Comm Lassard, to obtain the command of School Police. Its shady attempts fail systematically and Proctor and he always ends by being in a jam and embarrassing.
 Proctor - Is Harris' sidekick. Silly and always ends in vain to make all the plans of the Harris Comm. Unsurpassed in the slip and get trapped by the gangsters.
 Com. Eric Lassard - Elder and colorful chief of police, brings with it a goldfish from which it never separates. For his sbadataggine often to get into trouble but thanks to the cadets always manages to appear as a brilliant commander. Many times unlocks situations so daring, and catch criminals, almost always by accident.
 Professor - He is the inventor of numerous devices and strange weapons that often come with useful cadets.
 K-9 corps - This is a group of police dogs, helpers of Cadets: The bulldog Samson, the chihuahua Peper, sleepyhead the Lightning, the high and senior Oliver Skittzy, the only female to make the different verses. Their boss is the assistant sergeant Bouser (Mauser).

Other characters

Villains
 Kingpin - He is the largest of all the bandits of all the episodes of the series, and together makes a great ceremony to the Council of crime.
 Numbskull
 Mr. Sleaze
 Claw
 Phoenix Amazona
 Shark
 The Clown Gang
 The Phantom
 The London Bridge Gang
 The Phantom of the Opera
 George and Lenny
 Seedy McLeech
 The Mummy
 The Highway Robbers
 Madame Zelda and the Land Pirates
 Awesome Ape
 The Magnificent Mystopholes
 The Ninjas and Father
 Flung Hi
 The Hang Ten Gang
 Mr. Glitch and Cratchit
 Professor Jekill and Gangster Hyde
 King Neptune
 Ace, Queen of Hearths and Chester
 The Comic Book Thief
 Falcon
 Big Mary
 Fox
 Mr. Watkips and Watso
 Lady Tina and Smalto
 Skull Ned and the Rock Gang
 Sheikh and the Guards
 The incredible Shandar
 Maxine
 Krutz and his gang
 The Mexican Gang
 Slik and his gang
 Pop Corn and Family
 Bad Knight
 The Twin Humongo
 Professor Pilpers/Bates
 Giaguar the voodoo
 Mr. Shee, Pack, Squitty and Fufy the crocodile
 Big Burger
 Mr. Ego and Charles
 Prof. Pherril and Pack
 Dr. Deadstone
 The Hillbilly Sheriff
 The Junkman
 Robin Good

Home video and DVD releases
Police Academy was released through chronological volumes on VHS. At least six volumes were released, each including two episodes. In 2009 on DVD with the complete series.

Animated television series
1988 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
Police Academy
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs

Police Academy: The Animated Series