Female sexual arousal disorder is condition where a woman has a hard time getting aroused sexually. or to maintain this arousal, until after sexual intercourse.

Persistent, recurrent problems with sexual response or desire — that distress you or strain your relationship with your partner — are known medically as female sexual dysfunction.

Many women experience problems with sexual function at some point in their lives. Female sexual dysfunction can occur at all stages of life, and it may be ongoing or happen only once in a while.

You may experience more than one type of female sexual dysfunction. Types include:

Low sexual desire. You have diminished libido, or lack of sex drive.
Sexual arousal disorder. Your desire for sex might be intact, but you have difficulty or are unable to become aroused or maintain arousal during sexual activity.
Orgasmic disorder. You have persistent or recurrent difficulty in achieving orgasm after sufficient sexual arousal and ongoing stimulation.
Sexual pain disorder. You have pain associated with sexual stimulation or vaginal contact.

Sexual disorders

Female sexual arousal disorder


The Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania is one of the Eastern Orthodox churches. It is very new. It was created in 1922 by the fathers of the Albanian Orthodoxy Fan Noli, Visarion Xhuvani, and others. The Albanian Orthodox Church is autocephalous, meaning its bishop does not have to answer before any superior clerical authority.

Since its beginning it has had a difficult time. The church suffered during the Second World War, and in the communist period that came after. This became worse after 1967 when Albania was declared an atheist state, and no public or private expression of religion was allowed. After religious freedom returned in 1991, the church has become very active again. More than 250 churches have been created or repaired, and more than 100 clergy being ordained.

The Church currently has four dioceses, Tirana, Durrës and Elbasan; Berat and Kanina; Gjirokastër; and Korçë.

Other websites
 Official Site of the Albanian Orthodox Church (Warning: requires Flash)
 Albanian Orthodox Library
 Eastern Christian Churches: Orthodox Church of Albania
 History of the Establishment of the Church

Eastern Orthodox Church
Organizations based in Albania

Albanian Orthodox Church


Myeong-dong (, literally means 'bright town') is an area in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is mostly a commercial area, being one of the main shopping and tourism districts in Seoul.

Actually, Myeong-dong is not an original name and it was not known as a commercial area at first. During the Joseon Dynasty era, it was mostly a residential district called Myeongryebang (). Later on, under the Japanese colonization, the name was changed to Myeongchijeong (). It started to be more like a commercial district during that colonial period. Finally it was changed to the current name, Myeong-dong in 1946, after independence.

Shopping
In Myeong-dong, there are several large department stores and shopping malls such as Lotte (), Shinsegae (), Migliore and Noon square. Also, the main streets are lined with lots of clothing shops, cosmetics stores, and international retailers.

This area has become more and more international. The survey targeted 12,000 tourists departing Korea, and 55.3% answered that their major tourist destination was Myeong-dong, and it is one of the most popular shopping spots. Favorite items are Korean cosmetics such as Missha and Nature Republic, and there are most of Korean cosmetics brand stores on the main street of Myeong-dong. Therefore, it is necessary for those stores to hire bilingual staffs fluent in English, Japanese, or Chinese, and it attracts more and more foreign shoppers.

Transportation
There are two Seoul Subway stations near the district; Station #202, Euljiro 1-ga on Line 2 on the north end of the area, Station #424, Myeong-dong on Line 4 on the south end of the area.

Other websites

Visit Korea; Myeong-dong
Myeongdong, Seoul's no.1 shopping district

Seoul

Myeong-dong


The coat o airms o Portugal wis offeecially adoptit on 30 Juin 1911, alang wi the republican banner o Portugal. It is based on the coat o airms uised bi the Portuguese Kinrick syne the Middle Ages.

History an meanin
The Portuguese coat o airms is the result o amaist a millennium o modifications an alterations. Stairtin wi Henry o Burgundy blue on a siller cross, successive elements wur addit or taken, culminatin wi the complex heraldic design that wis offeecially adoptit in 1911 (efter the Republican Revolution o 1910). The twa stripes bear the colours o the Portuguese banner: red an green.

Escutcheons an bezants
Efter the offeecial recognition o the Kinrick o Portugal as an independent kintra in 1143 (it haed been declared in 1139), siller bezants wur addit tae the Burgundian banner, seembolisin coins an the richt the monarch haed tae issue currency, as leader o a sovereign state. Eventually, an gien the enormous dynamism o medieval heraldry, it is believed that the shield degradit an lost some elements in battle, eventually losin the cross format. This is hou King Sancho I inheritit the shield frae his faither, Afonso Henriques, wi nae cross an five escutcheons (kent in Portuguese as quinas), which stuid whaur the siller bezants haed been placed.

Later, the nummer o siller bezants in each escutcheon wad be reduced frae eleiven tae five bi King Sebastian I, an modren explanations interpret them as the five wounds o Jesus Christ, awtho this is heichlie improbable.

Castles
It wis durin the reign o Afonso III that the reid mairch wi gowden castles (no touers, as some soorces state) wis addit. Awtho the nummer o castles coud vary atween eicht tae twal, Afonso IV wad define them as twal an Sebastian I wad finally fix them as seiven. Thay supposedly represent the Moorish castles conquered bi the Kinrick o Portugal durin the Reconquista. Thair oreegin is probably Castilian, but unlik Spainyie castles, which uisually hae thair gates coloured blue (hence opened), Portuguese castles wur aye depictit wi gowd gates (hence closed).

Airmillary sphere
An important element o Portuguese heraldry syne the 15t century, the armillary sphere wis mony times uised in Portuguese colonial banners, mainly in Brazil. It wis a navigation instrument uised tae calculate distances an represents the importance o Portugal durin the Age o Diskivery, as well as the vastness o its colonial empire when the First Republic wis implemented.

Awtho it is commonly uised as a "republican" element, as opposed tae the monarchist croun in the blue/white banner (see Banner o Portugal), some monarchist banners, sic as the banner o the Unitit Kinrick o Portugal, Brazil an the Algarves, awready depictit airmillary spheres. The incorporation o the airmillary sphere intae the 1816 banner o the Unitit Kinrick o Portugal is relatit tae the adoption o the first banner o the Kinrick o Brazil, an airmillary sphere on a blue backgrund.

Crouns

The coat o airms sportit different crouns durin imperial rule o Portguese an foreign crouns.

 pre mid-1500s the coat o airms haed a open imperial croun
 Croun o the Hoose o Habsburg
 Croun o Hoose o Braganza-Saxe-Coburg an Gotha wi influence frae the Germanic Hoose o Saxe-Coburg an Gotha

Evolution of the Portuguese shield

See an aw

 Banner o Portugal
 History o Portugal
 Coats o airms o Portuguese colonies
 Coat o airms o Ceuta

Portugal

Naitional seembols o Portugal

Coat o airms o Portugal


Marie Louise Berneri (March 1, 1918 - April 13, 1949) was an anarchist activist and author.

Life
She was born in Arezzo, Italy, and she was the daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. The family went into exile in 1926 for resisting Mussolini. In 1936 her father went to Spain, to fight against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. He was assassinated by communists in 1937. She wrote for many journals, articles as, Revision, with Luis Mercier Vega and was a member of the group that edited Revolt, War Commentary, and the Freedom newspaper published by the Freedom Bookstore in London. She also wrote Journey Through Utopia and Neither East Nor West.  During the father's murder she was living in France and studying psychology at the Sorbonne University. She married Vernon Richards, also an active anarchist with many of the same groups and publications as she. In April 1945 she was one of the four editors of War Commentary. In the post-war international anarchist conference in Paris, 1948 she was  a member of the British delegation. Her mother and sister Giliane Berneri were  members of the Italian and French anarchists delegations.

The death
Marie-Louise Berneri died, along with her baby, during childbirth, 13 April 1949 at the age of 31. George Woodcock & Ivan Avacumovic dedicated their biography of Peter Kropotkin, The Anarchist Prince (1950) to Marie-Louise Berneri, "a true disciple of Kropotkin."

Related pages
 Feminism
 Anarchism
 List of anarchists

Other websites
Marie-Louise Berneri , from The Anarchist Encyclopedia at Recollection Books

English writers
Italian anarchists
1918 births
1949 deaths
Deaths in childbirth

Marie Louise Berneri


Heythrop College is a philosophy and theology college that is part of the University of London. It was started in 1614 in Leuven in Belgium by the Society of Jesus but moved to Stonyhurst in England due to persecution of Catholics.

The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in philosophy, theology, religious studies and psychology. It became part of the University of London in 1971. It moved to Kensington in 1993.

University of London

Heythrop College


Ethnography at the British Museum describes how ethnography has developed at the British Museum.

Within the Department of Natural History and Curiosities
The ethnographical collection was originally linked to the Department of Natural History and Curiosities. The addition of material gathered by Captain James Cook and his companions between 1767 and 1780, and presented to the British Museum by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, Cook himself and Joseph Banks, were a substantial addition to the material previously collected by Sir Hans Sloane. But much of this collection was dispersed. Some material found its way to Göttingen, where August Ludwig Schlözer was developing his concepts of Völkerkunde and ethnographie. However additional material was transferred from the "artificial curiosities" held by the museum of the Royal Society until 1781. In 1817 this was supplemented by material from West Africa collected by Thomas Edward Bowdich during his 'Mission to Ashantee', in 1825 by Aztec sculptures collected by William Bullock in Mexico and Captain William Edward Parry's Eskimo material from his second Arctic voyage of 1829.

Within the Department of Antiquities
In 1836 the Department of Antiquities was established and the ethnographic collection was transferred there. When Christian Jürgensen Thomsen visited the British Museum in 1843, he did not hide his disappointment: he was unimpressed 'by the British antiquities everywhere covered in dust and not much esteemed' and complained that the artefacts were displayed without indication of their provenance. An Ethnological Gallery was opened in 1845. In 1851 there were 3,700 artefacts in the ethnographic collection, displayed in a single gallery. In 1852 this consisted of seventy four cases of material from outside Europe: nine containing Chinese and Indian material, 4 African material, 29 material from the Americas with remaining 32 cases containing material from Oceania and South East Asia. Polynesia alone accounted for 15 cases.

Within the Department of British and Mediaeval Antiquities
In 1866, the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities was formed under the superintendence of Augustus Wollaston Franks, as Keeper. It included the ethnographic collections. Franks maintained the view that the Museum's collections "should illustrate the manners and customs of such races as have not been subjected directly to European civilisation, so as to furnish the student with the means of examining the affinities and differences between such races and also to reconstruct some of the last pages of the history of the world". The Handbook of the Ethnographical Collection was published in 1910.

Department of Ethnography
The Department of Ethnography was set up as a separate department in 1946. In 1964 the department received 15,000 items from the Wellcome Foundation, the biggest single acquisition from which they ever benefited.

Museum of Mankind

From 1970 to 2004 the Department of Ethnography of the British Museum was housed at 6 Burlington Gardens, displaying collections from the Americas, Africa, the Pacific and Australia, as well as tribal Asia and Europe. This was due to lack of space in the Museum's main building in Bloomsbury. Between 1970 and 1997, the department was known as the Museum of Mankind.  75 exhibitions were hosted, including many famous ones such as Nomad and City (1976), and Living Arctic (1987). It was created by Keeper of Ethnography Adrian Digby in the 1960s, and opened by his successor William Fagg. Fagg was succeeded by Malcolm Mcleod in 1974, and by John Mack in 1990. The museum ceased exhibiting at Burlington Gardens in 1997 and the Department of Ethnography moved back to the British Museum in Bloomsbury in 2004.

Exhibitions held at the Museum of Mankind
Manding: Focus on an African Civilisation, 1972
 The Power of the Hand, African arms and armour, 1995

Notable ethnographers who have worked at the British Museum
 Karl Marx who produced his Ethnographic Notebooks was a regular user of the Reading Room when it housed the British Library.

References

British Museum
Ethnography
British Museum

Ethnography at the British Museum


A laboratory (lab for short) is a work place where scientific research, experiments, or measurement are done.

The word laboratory is also used for other places where the work done or equipment used are like those in scientific laboratories. These include:
 a film laboratory or photographic laboratory
 a computer lab
 a medical lab
 a clandestine lab for making illegal drugs

Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in hospitals, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft.

Laboratory equipment

Laboratory


Adscape Media, Inc. is a San Francisco in-game advertising company that was acquired by Google on February 15, 2007, for US$23 million. Adscape was founded in 2002 by Dan Willis, a former Nortel engineer. Adscape was launched in February 2006 with $3.2 million in funding from HIG Ventures, a venture capital company based in Atlanta, Georgia. The company offers services including delivering dynamic advertisements to video games. It has yet to form any partnerships with any game publishers as of its acquisition by Google.

Google's acquisition of the company grants it Adscape's patents. Google commented on the acquisition by saying in a press release, "As more and more people spend time playing video games, we think we can create opportunities for advertisers to reach their target audiences while maintaining a high quality, engaging user experience." This acquisition was in part fueled by Microsoft's purchase of in-game advertisement company Massive Incorporated, which already has secured deals with game publishers including Ubisoft, THQ, and Take-Two Interactive, for $200 million in 2006. One expert commented on the acquisition, saying, "There is a whole world of difference between the form of advertising done by Google and Madison Avenue. [...] While everyone appreciates the dollars Google can throw around, when it comes to [in-game ad] experience they just don't have it." Adscape moved from its offices in Atlanta to Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California, in March 2007. The company's leadership includes Dan Willis as Chief Technical Officer, Bernie Stolar as Chairman, and Eva Woo as vice president of marketing.

References

External links
 Google has acquired Adscape Media

Google
Video game companies of the United States
Marketing companies established in 2006
Companies based in San Francisco
Google acquisitions

Adscape


O Prêmio Seymour Cray (), é um prêmio concedido em reconhecimento a contribuições significativas e inovadoras no campo da computação de alta performance. O prêmio gratifica cientistas que exibem a criatividade demonstrada por Seymour Cray, fundador da Cray Research e pioneiro da supercomputação, O laureado recebe um troféu de cristal, um certificado e US$ 10.000.

Laureados
1999 John Cocke. "For unique and creative contributions to the computer industry through innovative high performance system designs."
2000 Glen Culler. "For pioneering contributions to the foundation and practice of high performance computing in array and very long instruction word (VLIW) processing especially for use in interactive scientific exploration."
2001 John LeRoy Hennessy. "For pioneering contributions to the foundation, teaching, and practice of high performance computing, especially in distributed shared memory multiprocessor architectures and in design and application of reduced instruction set architectures."
2002 Monty Denneau. "For ingenious and sustained contributions to designs and implementations at the frontier of high performance computing leading to widely used industrial products."
2003 Burton Smith. "For ingenious and sustained contributions to designs and implementations at the frontier of high performance computing and especially for sustained championing of the use of multithreading to enable parallel execution and overcome latency and to achieve high performance in industrially significant products."
2004 Bill Dally. "For fundamental contributions to the design and engineering of high-performance interconnection networks, parallel computer architectures, and high-speed signaling technology."
2005 Steven Scott. "For advancing supercomputer architecture through the development of the Cray T3E, the Cray X1 and the Cray Black Widow".
2006 Tadashi Watanabe. "For serving as lead designer of the NEC SX series of supercomputers, and especially for the design of the Earth Simulator, which was the world's fastest supercomputer from 2002 to 2004."
2007 Ken Batcher. "For fundamental theoretical and practical contributions to massively parallel computation, including parallel sorting algorithms, interconnection networks, and pioneering designs of the STARAN and MPP computers."
2008 Steve Wallach. For his "contribution to high-performance computing through design of innovative vector and parallel computing systems, notably the Convex mini-supercomputer series, a distinguished industrial career and acts of public service."
2009 Kenichi Miura. For his "ingenuity in developing supercomputer software and hardware that advanced the state-of-the art in technical computing."
2010 Alan Gara. "For innovations in low power, densely packaged supercomputing systems."
2011 Charles Seitz
2012 Peter Kogge
2013 Marc Snir
2014 Gordon Bell
2015 Mateo Valero
2016 William Camp

Ligações externas

Prêmios de ciência da computação
Supercomputadores
Distinções do Instituto de Engenheiros Eletricistas e Eletrônicos

Prêmio Seymour Cray


Kenneth Lee Carpenter (August 21, 1900 – October 16, 1984) was a TV and radio announcer and sportscaster, who was the announcer for singer and actor Bing Crosby for 27 years.

Early life and education

Born in Avon, Illinois, Carpenter was the son of Barlow Carpenter, a Universalist minister, and Clara Carpenter. He graduated from Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois in 1921, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. Lombard College also is where Carpenter met his future lifelong wife, Betty. They were married July 29, 1922.

Early show business career

Carpenter moved to Hollywood in 1929, one year after resolving to move there after listening to radio legend Graham McNamee call the Rose Bowl. The 1930 Census reveals he was employed as a newspaper copywriter. Not long afterward, he became a staff announcer for KFI radio. As part of that job, Carpenter announced USC and UCLA football games for the Pacific Coast and the NBC radio networks from 1932 until 1935. In 1935, Carpenter announced the Rose Bowl for NBC radio. Carpenter became the color man for Bill Stern for all NBC-originated radio programming from Los Angeles from 1938 until 1942, which included the Rose Bowl. "Those Rose Bowl games were a big break for me, as they made me known to clients and advertising agencies in the East, so I had a jump on other local men when the big commercial shows started originating in L.A. in the mid-1930s," Carpenter later said.

Work with Bing Crosby

In 1936, Carpenter became Crosby's announcer after Crosby began hosting the Kraft Music Hall radio variety program. Carpenter continued to announce for Crosby on various programs for the next 27 years. Crosby famously once called Carpenter "the man with the golden voice." Carpenter also was known for ringing the chimes on many of Crosby's shows.

Other work

Carpenter announced for Al Jolson and Edgar Bergen as well. By virtue of his extensive announcing career, he wound up with uncredited roles in well-known movies, including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Susan Slept Here. He was also the narrator for producer Jerry Fairbanks' theatrical short-subject series Unusual Occupations and Speaking of Animals, both released by Paramount Pictures.

From 1949 until 1952, Carpenter was the announcer for the NBC Radio sitcom The Halls of Ivy. He was also the announcer for Lux Radio Theater from 1952 through the end of the series in 1955; from 1955 until 1957, Carpenter hosted NBC's Lux Video Theatre program during its summer seasons. Other programs for which Carpenter was an announcer on radio included The Great Gildersleeve, The Chase and Sanborn Program (featuring Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy) and a stint on The Life of Riley from 1947 through 1949.

Retirement

In his final years, Carpenter lived in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. He died at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California on October 16, 1984 after suffering a brief illness. Carpenter was survived by his wife Betty and his son, Ronald. He also was survived by four grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.

References

External links

1900 births
1984 deaths
American sports announcers
College football announcers
Lombard College alumni
People from Avon, Illinois
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
Radio and television announcers
UCLA Bruins football announcers
USC Trojans football announcers
Presidents of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists

Ken Carpenter (announcer)


Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (August 28, 1749 – Mairch 22, 1832) wis a German writer, poet, novelist, an playwricht. He wirked as an actor, administrator, scientist, geologist, botanist an philosopher an aw. He influenced mony 19t century writers an thinkers. His conteibutions tae science include his wirk in botany an his Theory o Colours. Famous lines frae his beuks is aften quotit, an some o his phrases hae acome pairt o the German leid. His poems wis set tae muisic bi componers lik Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Wolf, an Strauss. Critics an scholars say his poems is anly guid in German, acause that is the leid he wrote them in. His plays isna aften performed ootwi Germany, an maist o his scienteefic wirk nou seems auld-farrant.

Early life
Goethe wis born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His faither wis weel-eddicatit an vera strict. His mither wis anly echteen whan he wis born. Whan Goethe wis a young lad, he began tae write stories an plays for his freins. In his youth, he learnt Greek, Latin an French. He studied law in Leipzig frae 1765 tae 1768. He an aa wrote some letters that are seen as beautiful, an that showed his promise as a writer. He continued his studies in Strasbourg frae 1770 tae 1771. He jynt ither young men wha wantit tae chynge the wey that Germans wis writin. He thocht that fowk lik Johann Christoph Gottsched wis ower strict anent writin poetry. Instead o the ideas o the Enlightenment, he wantit poets tae be creative an mak thair ain rules.

Ae man wha haed mony new ideas wis a poet named Johann Gottfried Herder. Herder liked the plays o Shakespeare (whilk he haed learned in German) as weel as fowk poetry. Thir ideas wis excitin for Goethe, an he helpit Herder tae collect fowk poetry. Baith men believed that poetry shoud aye come frae the hert, an that it shoud be based on the poet's experiences insteid an auld-farrant idea o whit a guid poem shoud be. Some o Goethe's best-kent poems wis written in this time, lik Heidenröslein, Der König in Thule, an Erlkönig.

Goethe fell in luve wi several weemen durin his lifetime. Durin the early period o his life, he wis in luve wi a girl named Friederike Brion, the dochter o a pastor. Several o his poems are inspired bi her. He felt extremely sad when thay split up.  The feelin o desertion bi a luver is a lot o Goethe's wirks. Thay are aw based on his ain experience. His disappointment in luve inspired him when writin aboot Werther in Die Leiden des jungen Werthers an Gretchen in his great play Faust. His poems an aa shaw his ideas aboot science an filosofie.

Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (The Sufferings o Young Werther) is a beuk written in the form o letters. Werther is a young man wha faws passionately in luve wi a lass cried Lotte wha is merrit wi anither buddy. Werther kills himself in the end. The beuk wis very successfu aw ower Europe. Fowk talkit aboot "Werther fever."  Mony young men wha wis disappoint in luve copied Werther an killt thairsels.

Goethe's maist famous wirk is a vera lang play cried Faust. He spent maist o his life wirkin at it. He wis writin the first version o Faust at this time. Based on a legendary chairacter, it tells o a man cried Faust wha is tired o studyin an wants tae hae the greatest possible happiness. The deil (cried Mephistopheles in the play) tells Faust he can help him tae dae this, but that in the end Faust maun gie him his soul an gang wi him tae hell. Faust uises magic in the howp that it will tell him awthing aboot life.

Alang wi writin, Goethe wis developin a career in law. In 1772, he spent fower month in Wetzlar at the Imperial Law Courts. Here he made new friends, includin a young lass wha wis awready engaged tae anither buddy.

Middle Period: Arrival in Weimar til death o Schiller (1775-1805)
Goethe haed been weel-eddicate an wis guid at organizin an gettin on wi important fowk. For aliven year, he wirked at the court o Weimar for a young Duke cRIed Karl August. He became a memmer an later the preses o the Duke's cabinet. He haed tae organize road-buildin projects, an leuk efter pairks an building. He studied geologie, mineralogie, botany an anatomy. He fell in luve wi a woman cried Charlotte von Stein wha wis mairit an haed several bairns. He wrote luve letters tae her, an she inspired him tae write mony poems. At this time, he felt that a man's task in life wis tae be uisefu. The heroes o his beuks at this time wis aften ordinary fowk insteid o geniuses.

Efter a time, he realised that aw his wirk on governmental duties wisna gien him time for his writin, sae he gaed tae Italy for 18 month. He luved the landscape an made a wheen o sketches, an he read the auncient poets an beuks on the history o airt. He wrote a play in rhyme cried Iphigenie auf Tauris which combines the beauty o Classicism wi great poetry.

Whan he returned frae Italy he settled ance mair in Weimar. He veesit Italy a seicont time. He became great freins wi the famous poet an playwricht Friedrich Schiller. The twa men talkit aboot mony o thair ideas an helpit ilkane ither bi offerin criticism o thair wirks. He wrote short wirks lik Hermann und Dorothea that is aboot life in a smaa German toun at the time o the French Revolution.

Twa wirks o the greatest importance wirks occupied him at this time. Ane is the novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. This is an ensaumple o what is cried in German a "Bildungsroman" which means something lik "Education novel". It means a novel which shows a person growin up an developin his character an learnin aboot the warld. This beuk wis a very important influence on the 19t century Romantic novel an on aw German autobiographical novels ever syne. Goethe spent mony years wirkin on this beuk.

The seicont wirk o enormous importance wis his play Faust. He made chynges tae the oreeginal version, pittin aw the smaa bits thegether intae ane great play. Schiller gae him advice while he wis writin it. Faust enters intae a pact wi the devil, Mephistopheles who promises him aw his soul can wish for: fine livin, gowd, weemen an honour. He signs the pact wi his bluid.

Later life (1805-1832)

Napoleon wis fechtin wars aw ower Europe at this time. Germany wis made up o a wheen o smaa kintras. Goethe aye thocht on Napoleon as a hero. His ideas aboot politics wis still based on 18t century ideas. He wis pacifist an sae he didna tak pairt in politics but concentrate on science an literature. He writ a beuk cried Die Wahlverwandtschaften (Elective Affinities) that is aboot a divorce problem. Some o his scienteefic ideas is uised in the story as he talks aboot the wey that twa chemical compounds can break up an form new unions. He compares this tae the fowk in his story. His poems in Westöstlicher Divan are some o his greatest. He uises ideas frae Persie an ither Eastren kintras thegether wi ideas frae the West. It haes a lot o parables aboot human life.

Mony interestin things that Goethe said war written doun in a beuk bi his friend Eckermann, wha published them in a beuk cried Conversations wi Goethe. Goethe wrote aboot his ain life in his autobiography that he cried Dichtung und Wahrheit (Poetry an Truth). The beuk tells us aboot his youth up til the time o his arrival in Weimar. It is in fower pairts. The fowert pairt wis published efter his daith. He chose the title tae shaw that he wis tellin us the truth aboot his life, but that he haed chynged the order o some events tae mak it intae a poetic beuk.

Goethe writ a sequel tae Wilhelm Meister cried Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (The Years o Wilhelm Meister's Wanderings). It consists o several sections that is lik separate stories. Thay tell us aboot Wilhelm Meister's relationship wi society an hou he haes tae chynge his ways tae fit in wi ither fowk.

Goethe's Faust haed made him the greatest person in European literature. At the end o his life, he feenished a seicont pairt o Faust. It is mair o a lang poem than a dramatic play. It talks o his ideas aboot allegory, science an filosofie.

Goethe died in Weimar on Mairch 22, 1832. He haed startit as a great Classical writer o the 18t century an feenished as a young Romantic o the 19t century. Nae ither buddy haed a siclike muckle influence on airt an literature o that time.

His works

 Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand, 1773
 Prometheus, 1774
 Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, 1774
 Iphigenie auf Tauris, 1779
 Torquato Tasso, 1780 - 1790
 Römische Elegien, 1788-90
 Venezianische Epigramme, 1790
 Faust. Ein Fragment, 1790
 Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, 1795/96
 Faust. Eine Tragödie, 1808
 Theory of colours, 1810
 West-östlicher Divan, 1819
 Faust II, 1833

Ither wabsteids
 Works by Johann Wolfgang Goethe at Zeno.org (German)

1749 births
1832 daiths

Fowk frae Frankfurt
Fowk frae Thuringie
Fowk frae Weimar
Leipzig Varsity alumni
Varsity o Strasbourg alumni
German autobiografers
German dramatists an playwrichts
German novelists
German poets
German traivel writers
German non-feection writers
Romantic poets
18t-century German writers
19t-century German writers
18t-century dramatists an playwrichts
19t-century dramatists an playwrichts
18t-century novelists
19t-century novelists
18t-century poets
19t-century poets
German philosophers
Naitural filosofers
Enlichtenment philosophers
Colour scientists
German monarchists
German Lutherans
German unteetled nobility
Pantheists
Fellaes o the German Academy o Sciences Leopoldina
Members o the Zentrale Dombauverein zu Köln von 1842
Illuminati members

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe


Astronomy (frae Greek: αστρονομία) is a naitural science that studies celestial objects an phenomena. It applees mathematics, physics, an chemistry, in an effort tae expleen the oreegin o thae objects an phenomena an thair evolution. Objects o interest include planets, muins, starns, galaxies, an comets; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, an cosmic microwave backgrund radiation. Mair generally, aw astronomical phenomena that oreeginate ootside Yird's atmosphere are within the purview o astronomy. A relatit but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned wi the study o the Universe as a whole.

Astronomy is the auldest o the naitural sciences. The early ceevilisations in recordit history, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Indies, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Cheenese, an Maya performed methodical observations o the nicht sky. Historically, astronomy haes includit disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy an the makkin o calendars, but professional astronomy is nou eften conseedert tae be synonymous wi astrophysics.

During the 20t century, the field o professional astronomy split intae observational an theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquirin data frae observations o astronomical objects, which is then analysed using basic principles o physics. Theoretical astronomy is orientit taewart the development o computer or analytical models tae descrive astronomical objects an phenomena. The twa fields complement ilk ither, wi theoretical astronomy seekin tae expleen the observational results an observations bein uised tae confirm theoretical results.

Astronomy is ane o the few sciences whaur amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery an observation o transient phenomena. Amateur astronomers hae made an contreibutit tae mony important astronomical discoveries, such as findin new comets.

References

Fremmit airtins
 Czech astronomie (in Czech)
 Astronomie in Canada  (in baith French an Ingles)
 Aurora Borealis (gies a chyce atween 6 leids)

 Astronomy
Physical sciences

Astronomy


Tommy Broughan (born 1 August 1947) is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the Labour Pairty. He represents the North-east Dublin consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1947 births
Livin fowk
Alumni o Varsity College Dublin
Alumni o the Varsity o Lunnon
Erse schuilteachers
Labour Pairty (Ireland) politeecians
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Members o the 31st Dáil
Politeecians frae Coonty Dublin
Teachtaí Dála

Tommy Broughan


Chreese is a vegan cheese substitute made with nutritional yeast.  The product is manufactured by Road's End Organics, a U.S. company that specializes in food for people with special dietary needs. Chreese is organic, lactose-free, cholesterol and saturated fat-free.  It comes in a number of varieties, including a powder mix, a queso dip alternative, and as part of a "Mac & Chreese" line of pasta products.

There are currently four different styles of Chreese powder mixes with a modified version for children: "Cheddar Style" and gluten-free cheddar style (used in grilled cheese sandwiches), "Mozzarella Style" (used on pizza), "Gluten Free Alfredo Style", and "KIDz Chreese" (less  garlic and bright orange color). To make chreese, the powder mix is combined with boiling water and blended in a food processor which can then be stored in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.

The queso dip (nacho cheese) alternative is called "Nacho Chreese". It comes in mild and spicy flavors and may be used as a dip with tortilla chips. There are also five different "Mac & Chreese" pasta products, made with either semolina, whole wheat, or brown rice noodles.

Similar soy cheeses are also available from European manufacturers.

References

External links
Chreese - Manufacturer Homepage

Vegan cuisine
Cheese analogues

Chreese


Ameland is an island and municipality of the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 3,600 people. The municipality covers an area of 269 km², the island an area of 59 km².

Ameland makes part of the West Frisian Islands ().

It lies west of the island of Schiermonnikoog and east of the island of Terschelling.

Other websites

West Frisian Islands
Municipalities of Friesland

Ameland


HDMS Sælen (S323) (or KDM Sælen ) is one of the three Tumleren-class small coastal submarines of the Royal Danish Navy.

History
She was built as a Type 207 submarine by Rheinstahl-Nordseewerke of Emden, Germany in 1965 for the Royal Norwegian Navy and served for 25 years as HNoMS Uthaug before being purchased by Denmark in 1990, and renamed after the seal. Her international call sign is OUCJ.

On 4 December 1990, Sælen sank in the Kattegat off Hesselø while being towed from Copenhagen to Aarhus.  On 17 December, she was raised by the German floating crane Roland and taken to Aarhus for repair.  On 10 August 1993, diving approval was issued and the boat was recommissioned.

Sælen served in the 2003 invasion of Iraq from May 2002 until June 2003.  To speed her return to her homeport of Frederikshavn after 385 days of deployment in the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf, she was transported on board the heavy-lift ship Grietje.

Museum ship

After her return from the Persian Gulf, Sælen was decommissioned and handed over to the Royal Danish Naval Museum. Sælen is now on the hard at the old navy headquarters at Holmen in central Copenhagen where she is open to visitors.

See also

 List of submarine museums

References

Ships in the National Museum of Denmark
Museum ships in Copenhagen
Kobben-class submarines
Ships built in Emden
1965 ships
Tumleren-class submarines
Maritime incidents in 1990
Museum ships in Denmark

HDMS Sælen (S323)


Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato (August 25, 1609 – August 8, 1685), also known as Giovanni Battista Salvi, was an Italian Baroque painter, known for his archaizing commitment to Raphael's style. He is often referred to only by the town of his birthplace (Sassoferrato), as was customary in his time, and for example seen with da Vinci and Caravaggio.

Biography
The details of Giovanni Battista Salvi's biography are very sparse. He was born in the small town of Sassoferrato in the Marche region of central Italy,  half-way between Rome and Florence, east of Apennines.

Sassoferrato was apprenticed under his father, the painter Tarquinio Salvi; fragments of Tarquinio's work are still visible in the church of Saint Francis in Sassoferrato. The rest of Giovanni's training is undocumented but it is thought that he worked under the Bolognese Domenichino, a main apprentice of Annibale Carracci (c. 1580). Two other Carracci trainees Francesco Albani and  Guido Reni also influenced Sassoferrato. In Francis Russell's view, Reni was as much Sassoferrato's mentor as Domenichino was his master. His paintings also show the influence of Albrecht Dürer, Guercino, and above all Raphael. He appears to also have been influenced by Pierre Mignard, whom he may have met in Rome in the 1630s.

Few public commissions by Sassoferrato exist, and, like Carlo Dolci he seems to have concentrated on producing multiple copies of various styles of devotional image for private patrons, a demand fuelled by the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church. Apart from his many smaller works, his paintings include some at the Benedictine convent of San Pietro in Perugia (1630) and the imposing altarpiece in Santa Sabina, Rome, portraying La Madonna del Rosario (1643). In 1683 Cardinal Chigi presented Sassoferrato's self-portrait to Cosimo III de' Medici.

Sassoferrato died in 1685. His will is dated June 29 of the same year.

Works
Sassoferrato's work was held in high regard through to the mid-19th century. His paintings were sometimes believed to be contemporary with the School of Raphael. However, by the late 19th century, reaction against sweet devotional art work was reinforced in England by the critical commentary of John Ruskin.

The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in Italian Baroque archaizing painting with Guido Reni leading the way in generating a surge of auction interest also in Sassoferrato.

There are over three hundred works by Sassoferrato in public collections in 2006 throughout the world including almost all of his extant drawings in the British Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.

Sassoferrato was also active as a copyist and reproduced paintings by other masters. His copying style was highly free and individualistic and he rather modified the original compositions or their dimensions than slavishly copy.

Notes

External links

1609 births
People from the Province of Ancona
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
1685 deaths
Catholic painters

Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato


The Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall is  the largest known superstructure in the universe.

It is a huge group of galaxies forming a giant sheet-like pattern which is about 10 billion light-years long, 7.2 billion light-years wide, and almost 1 billion light-years thick. It is about 10 billion light-years away in the constellations of Hercules and Corona Borealis, hence its name.

It was discovered in November 2013 by mapping gamma-ray bursts. They are very luminous explosions of distant, massive stars, the most powerful explosions in the universe. A typical burst releases more energy in less than a tenth of a second than the Sun will in its whole life of 10 billion years.

Gamma-ray bursts are very rare: only one happens in a typical galaxy every few million years. The stars which cause these explosions are very massive, so the material required for them to be formed must be in great amounts. So, these explosions can be used to track down if there is a galaxy in that direction, or there is a large group of matter in there.

Between the years of 1997 to 2012, astronomers mapped these bursts in the sky, with the help of the robotic satellites Swift and Fermi which look for gamma-ray bursts and measure their redshifts. In the map they produced, they noticed something interesting; 14 gamma-ray bursts have very similar redshifts and are very close to each other. This means that there is a very large group of galaxies and matter in the region. They say, measuring these bursts comes up with a very large structure measuring 10 billion light-years in diameter.

For comparison, the Milky Way, the galaxy we live in, measures only 200,000 light-years, and the distance from the Milky Way to the Andromeda Galaxy measures only 2.5 million light-years. The Huge-LQG (the Huge Large Quasar Group), the previous largest structure in the universe, is 4 billion light-years long.

The discovery of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall contradicts a theory proposed by Albert Einstein known as the cosmological principle. The cosmological principle says that the entire universe is approximately equal; any two regions in the universe will look very similar, even if those two regions are very far apart, assuming those regions have sizes larger than 250 to 300 million light-years. Maximum sizes of structures must be around 1.2 billion light-years based on the meaning above, and no structure must be larger than that, assuming that matter is spread equally from the Big Bang. However, the structure is eight times larger than the limit, contradicting the cosmological principle.

The structure also contradicts theories about the evolution of the universe. The structure is 10 billion light-years away, which means that we see the structure 10 billion years ago, when the universe is only 13.8 billion years old, and its light was just approaching us. The 3.8 billion year span of time is too short for a giant structure 10 billion light-years long to form. Even Istvan Horvath, the discoverer of the structure, says he has no idea how the structure has formed in that amount of time. For now, the existence of the structure is still a mystery for cosmologists.

Another idea says that the idea of the Big Bang might be proven false as a result of this incredible cosmic structure.

References

Galaxy clusters

Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall


Benjamin Wistar Morris (sometimes III or Jr.; October 23, 1870 – December 4, 1944) was an American architect from Oregon who worked primarily in New York City.

Early life and education
Morris was born in Portland, Oregon on October 23, 1870, to Benjamin Wistar Morris, Episcopal Bishop of Oregon and Washington, and his wife Hannah. He attended the Bishop Scott Academy in Oregon, and then St. Paul's Preparatory School in Concord, New Hampshire. Intending to become a minister, he attended Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, but he later decided to become an architect and graduated from Columbia University in 1894. In 1895 and 1896 he continued his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Upon his return to the United States, Morris joined the firm of Carrère and Hastings, where he assisted in preparing the successful entry for the design of the New York Public Library.

Professional life

Morris started his own practice in 1900. He later formed the firm of Morris, Butler and Rodman, but soon withdrew from the practice and worked alone until 1910, when he formed a partnership with Christopher Grant LaFarge as LaFarge & Morris. That firm lasted until 1915. Morris later formed Morris & O'Connor with his son-in-law, Robert B. O'Connor. Morris worked with O'Connor until Morris' death in 1944.

In 1913, Morris was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), serving as president of the New York chapter. He also served on the New York City Art Commission, and was a member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1927 to 1931. Morris became a full Academician in the National Academy of Design in 1941.

Works
In his native Portland, Morris designed the Wells Fargo Building in 1907. It is considered the city's first skyscraper. He designed many important buildings in Connecticut and New York, including the Cunard Building (with Carrère and Hastings), the Union League Club of New York, and 48 Wall Street, as well as the interiors of the Queen Mary and the Harmonie Club. In addition, he designed residences in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn and Long Island for watch case manufacturer Joseph Fahys.

Later life and death
Morris died on December 4, 1944, in New York City; he was survived by his wife, Alice Fenwick Goodwin, daughter Mary Wistar O'Connor, and son Benjamin. He was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut.

References

1870 births
1944 deaths
Architects from New York (state)
Architects from Portland, Oregon
Burials at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni

Benjamin Wistar Morris (architect)


The Battle of Mormant (17 February 1814) was fought during the War of the Sixth Coalition between an Imperial French army under Emperor Napoleon I and a division of Russians under Count Peter Petrovich Pahlen near the town of Mormant, some  southeast of Paris.  Pahlen's outnumbered force was enveloped by cavalry and infantry, and nearly destroyed, with only about a third of its soldiers escaping.

Later in the day, a French column encountered an Austrian-Bavarian rearguard in the Battle of Valjouan. The Allied force was attacked and mauled by French infantry and cavalry, before it withdrew behind the Seine River. The Mormant-Valjouan actions and the Battle of Montereau the following day marked the start of a French counteroffensive intended to drive back Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg's Allied Army of Bohemia.

Background
The Allied generals, particularly the Prussians, were exuberant following their victory over Napoleon at the Battle of La Rothière on 1 February 1814. They soon conceived a plan in which the main army under the Austrian Field Marshal Schwarzenberg advanced toward Paris via Troyes. Simultaneously, Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's army took a more northerly route along the Marne River toward Meaux. When Napoleon realized that Blücher represented the more serious threat on 6 February, he began to shift his strength northward in order to deal with the Prussian field marshal. Leaving Marshals Victor and Nicolas Oudinot with 34,000 men to hold off Schwarzenberg's much larger army, Napoleon headed north on 9 February with 30,000 troops.

Napoleon landed some damaging blows on Blücher's army in the subsequent Six Days' Campaign. On 10 February in the Battle of Champaubert, the French army fell on Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev's corps, which numbered only 4,000 infantry and 24 guns. Only 1,700 Russians escaped the disaster and the French made Olsufiev a prisoner. The next day, Napoleon defeated Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken's Russians and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg's Prussians in the Battle of Montmirail. For the loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, the French inflicted a loss of 3,700 men and 13 guns on the Allies. On 12 February, the French beat Sacken and Yorck again in the Battle of Château-Thierry. French losses were 600; the Allies lost 2,750 men and nine guns. Blücher attacked the French on 14 February and was nearly destroyed in the Battle of Vauchamps. The French sustained a loss of 600 men while the Allies lost 6,000 men and 16 guns. Altogether, Blücher's 56,000-man army lost over 16,000 soldiers and 47 guns during the week while Napoleon's losses added up to only 4,000.

While Napoleon was drubbing Blücher, Schwarzenberg's main army pushed back the forces of Marshals Victor and Oudinot. On the Allied right wing, Peter Wittgenstein's Russian corps advanced toward Nogent-sur-Seine while Karl Philipp von Wrede's Austro-Bavarian corps struck toward Bray-sur-Seine. On the Allied left wing, Crown Prince Frederick William of Württemberg's Württemberg corps moved toward Sens with Frederick Bianchi's Austrian corps on his left. Ignaz Gyulai's Austrian corps supported the left wing while Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly's Allied Reserves supported the right wing. Wrede got across the Seine at Bray, causing the French to abandon Nogent to Wittgenstein. Victor and Oudinot retreated behind the Yerres stream, dangerously close to Paris. When the marshals called for help, Napoleon sent Marshal Jacques MacDonald to Guignes where he arrived on 14 February with a corps that was rebuilt by replacements from Paris. A blunder caused the army's wagon train to withdraw across the Marne near Paris, causing panic in the French capital.

Leaving Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier to watch Blücher, Napoleon rapidly transferred his strength southward against Schwarzenberg's army. The French emperor arrived at Guignes on the evening of 16 February and planned to launch his offensive the next day. He found the army of Victor and Oudinot in good order and prepared to go over to the offensive.

Battle

Armies

Schwarzenberg had over 100,000 soldiers in his main army. A week later, on 23 February, the army counted Moritz von Liechtenstein's 2nd Light Division (4,000), Bianchi's I Corps (13,000), Gyulai's III Corps (11,000), Württemberg's IV Corps (10,000), Wrede's V Corps (21,000), Wittgenstein's VI Corps (15,000) and Barclay's Guard and Reserve Corps (30,000). This reckoning was made after the Battle of Montereau which cost the I Corps 2,000 casualties and the IV Corps 2,844 casualties. When Schwarzenberg heard about Blücher's defeats, he ordered his army to pull back behind the Seine. Instead of obeying, Wittgenstein aggressively pushed his corps west beyond Provins toward Nangis while his advanced guard under Pahlen reached Mormant. On 16 February, Wrede's corps was near Donnemarie-Dontilly except for Anton von Hardegg's division which was in Nangis. Württemberg's corps was near Montereau with advance guards near Melun. Bianchi's corps was south of the Seine between Moret-sur-Loing and Villeneuve-la-Guyard with advance guards farther west in Fontainebleau. Gyulai's corps was in Pont-sur-Yonne, Barclay's Russian Reserves were near Nogent while Liechtenstein's division and the Austrian Reserves were at Sens.

Napoleon massed his army near Guinges by the evening of 16 February. The Imperial Guard forces included Louis Friant's Old Guard division (4,500), Marshal Michel Ney's Young Guard divisions (3,000) and Guard cavalry under Louis Marie Laferrière-Levesque, Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans and Louis Michel Pac (3,000 total). The line troops consisted of Victor's II Corps (6,549 men, 40 guns), from Oudinot's VII Corps (7,516 men, 34 guns), from MacDonald's XI Corps (8,797 men, 37 guns), Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud's V Cavalry Corps (4,700) and François Étienne de Kellermann's VI Cavalry Corps (2,788). In addition, there were 4,500 men from Étienne Maurice Gérard's Reserve of Paris. Farther east near Melun were Henri François Marie Charpentier's Young Guard division (3,500), Michel-Marie Pacthod's National Guards division (5,000) and Pierre Claude Pajol's cavalry division (1,400). On the march to Guignes were Jean François Leval's division (4,500), Joseph Boyer de Rébeval's Young Guard division (3,300) and Antoine-Louis Decrest de Saint-Germain's division (1,300). Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle was also on hand with 581 newly recruited horsemen.

Mormant

At Mormant, Pahlen became aware that large numbers of French troops were near his position. The Russian placed two battalions in Mormant and massed the rest of his troops on both sides of the highway with his artillery in the center. He was prepared to fight or to retreat. During the night, Wittgenstein received positive orders to withdraw so he marched his corps east toward Provins at dawn. He forwarded the orders to Pahlen but they came too late. At daybreak, Pahlen saw that he faced an overwhelming force and began to retreat. The Russian commanded 2,000–2,500-foot soldiers and 1,500–1,800 mounted troops. The infantry consisted of Selenginsk, Reval, Tenguinsk and Estonia Regiments and the 4th and 34th Jäger Regiments. The cavalry were led by Theodor von Rüdiger and included 14 squadrons from the Soumy Hussar, Olviopol Hussar and Tchougoulev Uhlan Regiments plus the Illowaiski XII, Rebrikov III and two unnamed Cossack regiments. Colonel Rosen's brigade was to the east at Bailly. Another source stated that the Grodno rather than the Olviopol Hussars were engaged, that the 20th and 21st Jägers were involved and that the Russians had 12 field pieces.

At 5:00 a.m. the French infantry advanced with Guillaume Philibert Duhesme's II Corps division on the left, Gérard's Paris Reserve in the center and Louis Huguet-Château's II Corps division on the right. Victor's corps artillery marched in the intervals. Milhaud's corps included Hippolyte Piré's light cavalry division, André Briche's dragoon division and Samuel-François Lhéritier dragoon division. Kellermann's corps had only Anne-François-Charles Trelliard's dragoon division, fresh from the Spanish theater. Lhéritier was temporarily assigned to Kellermann. Milhaud commanded the left wing cavalry with Piré's horsemen deployed on Duhesme's left and Briche's troopers echeloned to Piré's left rear. Kellermann commanded the right wing cavalry with Trelliard's dragoons on Huguet-Château's right and Lhéritier's troopers echeloned to Trelliard's right rear. Behind the front-line units marched two VII Corps units on the north side of the highway. Pierre François Xavier Boyer's division was in the lead with Henri Rottembourg's division  farther back. The Imperial Guard artillery moved along the main road beside the VII Corps. The remainder of the army followed.

Pahlen ordered the two battalions in Mormant to hold back the French at all cost in order to allow the rest of his command to escape. Four Cossack regiments opposed Kellermann's corps while Rüdiger's regular cavalry faced Milhaud's corps. Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie's brigade of Pire's division turned half-right and swooped down on the Russian skirmishers while the rest of Milhaud's cavalry advanced on Rüdiger's horsemen. In the center, Gérard's infantry forced its way into the village of Mormant, flushing its defenders into the open. Pierre Ismert, leading one of Trelliard's brigades, hurled the 4th Dragoons at the fleeing Russians, forcing many to surrender. On the right flank, Lhéritier's first brigade under August Étienne Lamotte dispersed the first two Cossack regiments. When the Illowaiski and Rebrikov Cossacks tried to intervene they were swept away by Lhéritier's second brigade led by Jean Antoine de Collaert. As Lhéritier's horsemen galloped after the routed Cossacks, the 16th Dragoons of Trelliard's division charged and broke a Russian square.

On the north flank, Rüdiger deployed nine squadrons in the first line and five squadrons in the second line. Against the Russian horsemen, Milhaud had Piré's division (minus Subervie's brigade) in the first line, Gabriel Gaspard Montelégier's brigade in the second and Denis Éloi Ludot's in the third. Successive charges by Piré and Montelégier broke Rüdiger's squadrons and chased them off the battlefield with the French light cavalry in pursuit. Milhaud directed Montelégier to deal with the Russian infantry while sending Ludot on a sweep to block Pahlen's escape route. Without its supporting cavalry, Pahlen's infantry battalions were compelled to form into a square formation to defend against cavalry. Antoine Drouot aggressively pushed 36 guns from the French Guard artillery into the front line where they pummeled the Russians.

Pahlen sent messengers to Nangis pleading for assistance, but Ignaz Splény de Miháldi's division had already marched off leaving only Anton Leonhard von Hardegg's Austrian division from Wrede's V Corps. Hardegg had some infantry battalions in Nangis and two cavalry regiments in Bailly. The Austrian division commander declined to assist his ally and ordered an immediate retreat. However, before they could get away, the two Austrian cavalry regiments were disordered by the fleeing Cossacks and then scattered by Piré's and August Lamotte's horsemen. The Russian infantry's withdrawal continued, leaving a trail of casualties from artillery fire. On the outskirts of Grandpuits they were finally brought to halt by Ludot's brigade which was now blocking the Russian line of retreat. Surrounded and hammered by artillery, the Russian battalions were all overrun by cavalry charges. The final square was broken when charged simultaneously by the brigades of Ludot and Ismert.

The Russians probably lost one-third of their cavalry and admitted the loss of 2,114-foot soldiers. The French claimed 9–12 guns and 40 caissons captured while the Russians said they saved two cannons. The French cavalry commanders reported losing 150 horsemen and Gérard reported only 30 casualties. Pahlen's survivors dispersed over the French countryside. Another authority stated that Pahlen lost 2,000 men and 10 guns. The Reval and Selenginsk Regiments lost so many men that they were withdrawn to Plock in Poland to reorganize.

Valjouan

At Nangis, Napoleon split his advancing army into three columns. Victor led the right-most column south toward Montereau. This force included the II Corps, Paris Reserve, Lhéritier's dragoons and Bordesoulle's recruits. The left-most column under Oudinot, with the VII Corps and Trelliard's dragoons, followed Wittgenstein's retreat east toward Provins. MacDonald's center column consisted of the XI Corps, Piré light horsemen and Briche's dragoons; it headed southeast toward Donnemarie. The French emperor held the Imperial Guard in reserve at Nangis. Wittgenstein retreated rapidly and crossed the Seine at Nogent that evening.

Victor's column departed Nangis at 1:30 p.m. and bumped into enemy resistance at Villeneuve-le-Comte about 3:00 p.m. Tipped off by Hardegg's survivors, Peter de Lamotte deployed the 3rd Bavarian Division on the Valjouan heights, blocking the road. Lamotte posted the 11th Bavarian Line Infantry in an advanced position at Villeneuve and Grand-Maison farm; his cavalry covered both flanks. The divisions of Hardegg and Splény were behind Lamotte; they began withdrawing as soon as the French appeared. The Schwarzenberg Uhlans Nr. 1 and Archduke Joseph Hussars Nr. 2, rallied from their earlier mauling by the French cavalry, were positioned to assist the Bavarian cavalry. Gérard, whose troops led the infantry column, decided to attack at once and asked Victor for help from the II Corps. Gérard deployed Lhéritier to the right and Bordesoulle to the left.

Supported by 12 cannons, Jacques Félix Jan de La Hamelinaye's brigade stormed Villeneuve and Grand-Maison at 3:30 p.m. Gérard held Georges Joseph Dufour's brigade in reserve. As the Bavarian foot soldiers bolted from both positions, they were set upon by Bordesoulle's cavalrymen. When some Allied cavalry tried to rescue the Bavarians, the French horsemen rode into them and chased them away. Next, the Iller Mobile Legion tried to intervene, only to be routed by the French recruits. Altogether, Bordesoulle's half-trained horsemen inflicted about 300 casualties on their foes. They apparently took no prisoners except a wounded Austrian officer who Bordesoulle had to personally save.

Peter de Lamotte formed his division into a square formation and began to retreat, followed by Bordesoulle. At some point during the withdrawal, the two Austrian mounted regiments were attacked by a large force of French cavalry and suffered 200 casualties in the melee. After Lamotte marched about  toward Donnemarie, Gérard's infantry burst out of the woods and nearly broke up Lamotte's division. However, the French cavalry was absent this time, allowing the Bavarians to reform their battalions and resume their retreat. That evening, Wrede got the V Corps across the Seine at Bray, except for a rearguard at Mouy-sur-Seine.

Other actions
On 17 February, Charpentier's division and a task force under Jacques Alexandre Allix de Vaux advanced south from Melun, driving Ignaz von Hardegg's division (Bianchi's I Corps) from Fontainebleau. Pajol and Pacthod left Saint-Germain-Laxis and headed southeast toward Montereau. They skirmished with Prince Adam of Württemberg's 1,000 infantry and cavalry during the day.

Result
The Allies had become overextended and Napoleon took advantage of this to strike hard at his enemies. One historian estimated that the French sustained 800 casualties while the Allies lost 3,000 men and 14 guns at Mormant and Valjouan. A second authority gave casualties for the actions as 600 French and 3,114 Allied, with the French seizing nine guns and 40 caissons. Pahlen was credited with 2,500 infantry and 1,800 cavalry of which 1,250 were Russian and 550 were Austrian. Though the author listed the Valjouan action, he did not list Bavarian numbers. The French brought 18,000–20,000 men to the battlefield.

Napoleon was angry at Victor for not pressing on that evening. He expected Victor to be at Montereau at 6:00 a.m. the next day. When Victor did not arrive before the town until 9:00 a.m., the French emperor replaced him with Gérard. Schwarzenberg ordered the Crown Prince of Württemberg to hold a bridgehead at Montereau for a day. The Battle of Montereau was fought on 18 February.

Forces

French army

Allied forces

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles involving Austria
Battles involving Bavaria
Battles involving France
Battles involving Russia
Battles involving Württemberg
Conflicts in 1814
February 1814 events
1814 in France
Battles in Île-de-France
History of Seine-et-Marne

Battle of Mormant


A veil is a soft covering of all or part of the face. It has often been used by women in many cultures. It is often used by brides on their wedding day. It may have religious meaning, or it may be used for pleasure or dance. It is different from a mask because a mask is close-fitting, and often firm or hard, while a veil is soft and may fit loosely.

Veils as communication
Veils are a kind of non-verbal communication. They always have some kind of unspoken message.

Some kinds of veil include a hood which covers the entire head, like a hijab. The point of covering the head entirely is to cover all parts which have any sexual meaning. A woman's hair is one of her secondary sexual characteristics, and acts (with her face, body and personality) to attract the opposite sex. Some religious groups believe that female sexuality should not be shown in public.

The most important part of the head (for the viewer) is the face, because the human face takes part in communication. Covering it says, in effect, 'this person is not available'. That is why it has been used so often by women. Because it is of soft material, the veil may be lifted back over the head or unclipped from one side. This is also a signal. It says 'now I am available'. So brides lift their veil at the point when they are married.

Veils may be, and often are, partly transparent. This adds ambiguity and mystery to the 'message' it offers the viewer; it is a 'fashion statement'. The raising or dropping of veils is a sign of intimacy: the wearer, who was covered, is now in the open. In an extreme example, the idea of a "Dance of the Seven Veils" originates with the 1893 English translation of Oscar Wilde's 1891 French play Salome in the stage direction.

Related pages

Mask
Make-up
Headgear
Nonverbal communication

Veil


Grindcore is a type of heavy metal and hardcore punk music. It was invented in the 1980s by bands such as Napalm Death. Grindcore is a lot like black metal and death metal, but the guitar parts are very simple and are played over and over again in a song. The vocals are usually loud shouts and screams while the drums play fast and loud, around 200bpm. In most cases, grindcore songs will be very short in length - Napalm Death's song 'You Suffer' is the shortest in the world at 1.316 seconds long. Their lyrics are similar to death metal and hardcore punk, which usually sing about pain, suffering, blood, gore or politics, injustice and revolution.

One popular grindcore band is Anal Cunt, who go by "A.C." because their name has a sexual meaning. A.C. sings about racism, violence, and sexism. They produce very controversial songs such as 'You Were Pregnant So I Kicked You in the Stomach' and lyrics which make jokes of the Third Reich.

There are several offshoots of grindcore, including pornogrind, goregrind and deathgrind.

Music genres

Grindcore


Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.  It infects the small intestine.

There are many types (strains) of the Vibrio cholera bacteria.  Some of them cause more serious illnesses than others.  Because of this, some people who get cholera have no symptoms; others have symptoms that are not very bad, and others have very bad symptoms.

The most common symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea.  In the worst cases, diarrhea can be so bad that people can die in a few hours from dehydration.

Cholera is a very old disease.  Writings about cholera (written in Sanskrit) have been found from the 5th century BC.  Throughout history, there have been many outbreaks and epidemics of cholera.

Cholera still affects many people throughout the world.  Estimates from 2010 say that between 3 million and 5 million people get cholera every year, and 58,000–130,000 people die from the disease every year.  Today, cholera is considered a pandemic.  However, it is most common in developing countries, especially in children.

Cause
People usually get cholera by eating food or drinking water that is unclean.  When people have cholera, they have a lot of diarrhea, and the cholera bacteria stays alive in their feces.  In developing countries, often there is not good sanitation.  Cholera can spread if this diarrhea gets into water that other people use.  For example, if sewage (human waste) gets into a river, people can get cholera if they:
 Drink the water from the river.
 Eat food that they have washed in the river.
 Eat fish that live in the river, if they are not cooked well enough to kill the cholera bacteria.
This is the most common cause of cholera in developed countries.  People eat seafood like oysters that were taken from waters with the cholera bacteria in them and sent to stores in developed countries.

Cholera is very rarely spread directly from person to person.

Signs and symptoms

Cholera's main symptoms are bad diarrhea and vomiting clear fluid.  These symptoms usually start suddenly.  They start half a day to five days after the person gets infected.  (This is called cholera's "incubation period".)

If they do not get treatment, about half of people with serious cholera die.  People with bad cholera may have so much diarrhea that they do not have enough water and electrolytes (salts) left in their bodies to survive.  Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death" because a person dying of cholera may lose so many body fluids that their skin turns bluish-gray.

Other symptoms may include:

 Lethargy (having no energy)
 Eyes that look sunken into the head, dry mouth, and saggy skin (from dehydration)
 Changes in breathing
 Confusion
 Hypotension (low blood pressure)
 Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
 Shock caused by dehydration (called hypovolemic shock)
 Seizures (especially in children)
 Coma, especially in children

Prognosis
If people with cholera get good, quick medical treatment, less than 1% die from the disease.  However, if cholera is not treated, at least half of people with the disease (50% to 60%) die.

Some strains of the Vibrio cholera bacteria have different genes than others, which make them more dangerous.  These more dangerous strains of cholera bacteria caused the 2010 epidemic in Haiti and the 2004 outbreak in India.  A person who gets these strains of cholera can die within two hours of getting sick.  This means there is very little time to get the person treated.

Treatment

There are antibiotics for cholera. There are various treatments which can help.  For example:
 Giving fluids to treat dehydration, either by mouth or through a needle placed into a vein (intravenously).
 Giving important electrolytes like potassium and sodium chloride (salt)
 Giving antibiotics.  These make symptoms go away faster and not be so bad.  However, people may recover without them if they are not too dehydrated. Some advice is that antibiotics are suggested for people who have bad cholera and are dehydrated.
 Patients should keep eating; this helps their intestines return to normal.

Prevention

Individuals

There is a cholera vaccine that can be taken by mouth.  It provides some protection from cholera for about six months.

People can also do some other things to prevent cholera.  For example:
 Wash their hands with soap and/or ash after using the toilet, and before touching food or eating.
 Sterilize (remove germs from) all water used for drinking, washing, or cooking.  The best and least expensive ways to do this are to boil water or to add chlorine.  If this is not possible, using a cloth filter for water is better than nothing.
 Wash all fruits and vegetables using safe water.  Peel fresh fruits before eating them.
 Not put their untreated feces in rivers, oceans, or anywhere in the open environment. This can be avoided by using dry toilets, especially if governments do not properly treat sewage.
 Follow all suggestions from public health agencies like the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about how to prevent spreading cholera (or other diseases).

Governments

Governments could stop outbreaks or epidemics from happening by improving sanitation.  For example, cholera is very uncommon in developed countries because they have good sanitation and because they add chemicals to their water to kill germs.  Even after people start to get cholera, it is possible for governments to stop the disease from spreading, though:
 Sterilization:  Any material that touched a cholera patient should be  cleaned with disinfectant and washed in hot water, using chlorine bleach if possible.  Hands that touched cholera patients or their things, like clothing or blankets, should be carefully cleaned and disinfected with water that has chlorine in it, or with other effective antimicrobial agents (chemicals that will kill bacteria).
 Sewage: Proper treatment can kill enough cholera bacteria for wastewater to go back into the environment. Dry toilets can be promoted where sewage treatment is not so good.
 Sources: Warnings about possible cholera in the water should be posted around contaminated water sources, with directions on how to kill the bacteria in the water through things like boiling or adding chlorine for possible use.

History

Cholera probably started in the Indian subcontinent.  As early as the 5th century BC, people in the Ganges River delta area wrote about cholera.  The disease first spread to Russia in 1817 by trade routes (over both land and sea).  Later, cholera spread to the rest of Europe, and from Europe to North America and the rest of the world.

Seven cholera pandemics have happened in the past 200 years.  The latest started in Indonesia in 1961.  There have also been many serious outbreaks.  The worst outbreak in recent history happened in Haiti after the earthquake there in 2010.  Between October 2010 and August 2015, more than 700,000 Haitians got cholera, and over 9,000 died.  The outbreak was caused by a United Nations base where Nepalese soldiers were living.  The soldiers would dump human waste into the Artibonite River, which many Haitians used for drinking, cooking, and bathing.

Cholera was common in the 19th century. It has killed tens of millions of people.  Just in Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died of cholera.  During the second pandemic, which lasted from 18271835, the disease killed 150,000 Americans.  Between 1900 and 1920, in India, up to eight million people died of cholera.

in 1854, an English doctor named John Snow was the first person to realize that contaminated water caused cholera.

The English engineer Joseph Bazalgette solved the problem for London in the middle of the 19th century. He invented the system for cleaning foul water, a system which is still used world-wide. Cholera has come back to the world because cities have hugely increased populations, and the treatment of sewage has overrun the facilities. It was the British who built most of the world's sewage plants, and until about 1950 they were able to work well unless they were damaged by warfare. Later governments did not invest money in their infrastructure, which meant the increased population eventually caused cholera to return.

Cholera is not the only problem with water supply. Blooms of red algae occur from time to time in hot weather, and they have to be killed off. Emergency control is got by adding chlorine to the water supply. This works, but makes the water rather distasteful.

Fortunately, infections transmitted in bad water can be cured. There is at least one antibiotic which works well against amoeboid parasites, and another which usually works against bacteria. Treatment costs money, of course, and in many countries that means the treatment is not widely available.

References

Other websites
 Information about cholera in Simple English from the CDC
 CDC facts about cholera
 WHO facts about cholera
 Rehydration Project talks about ORSs (oral rehydration solutions)

Diseases caused by bacteria
History of medicine

Cholera


Franco Bernabè (born 18 September 1948) is an Italian banker and manager, formerly the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Telecom Italia, appointed on 3 December 2007.

Early life
Bernabè was born at Vipiteno/Sterzing (Italy). He graduated in 1973 from the University of Turin and worked as a post-graduate fellow in economics at the Einaudi Foundation from 1973 to 1975. He is the author of several publications in economics and has received an honorary doctorate degree in Environmental Sciences from the University of Parma.

He joined Eni in 1983 as an assistant to the chairman and became subsequently the Head of Corporate Planning, Financial Control, and Corporate Development, and in 1992 Chief Executive Officer. Prior to his joining Eni, he worked in the planning department of Fiat as a Chief Economist. He started his career as a Senior Economist at the OECD Department of Economics and Statistics in Paris.

Bernabè has served pro bono on different public assignments: in 1999 he was appointed by the Italian Prime Minister as a special representative of the Italian government for the reconstruction of Kosovo; between 2001 and 2003 he was the chairman of La Biennale di Venezia, and since 2004 he is the chairman of Mart, the foremost Italian museum of modern art. He has served on the advisory board of the Council on Foreign Relations and currently serves on the board of the Peres Center for Peace, and on the advisory board of the Observatoire Méditerranéen de l'Énergie. In the past, Bernabè has also served on the boards of several Italian and international listed companies.

Bernabè has also been chairman and majority shareholder of FB Group, an investment company that he founded in 1999, which was active in the areas of ICT and renewable energy. He has been particularly active in the telecom sector - as a founder of Andala H3G, and as one of the controlling shareholders of Netscalibur and Telit, contributing to the turnaround of the two companies – and in the software sector through the companies of the Kelyan Group, focusing on ICT solutions for the extended enterprise as well as on value-added services for the telecommunication industry.
Besides, he is a Vice Chairman of Rothschild Europe. Between 2012 and 2015 he was a member of the steering committee of the Bilderberg Group.

References

External links

 https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=16874
 Harvard Business Review Library

1948 births
Living people
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
People from Sterzing
University of Turin alumni
Italian bankers
Rothschild & Co people

Franco Bernabè


Vermiculite is a phyllosilicate mineral that is dug out of the ground in China, South Africa, Russia and Brazil. When it is dug from the ground it is a hard rock. Vermiculite gets bigger when it is heated and changes into a material that looks like worms. This was first done in the United States of America in the year 1824.

When Vermiculite has changed into small grains it is a very good material for insulation and is used to stop the escape of heat in things like ovens, furnaces and houses in cold countries. It is also very good at holding water so it is used in the soil of plants in pots and helping to grow seeds.

Because the Vermiculite grains are spongy (they can be pressed flat and then they open again) but not hard they are used inside cases or boxes to protect articles from breakage when they are being transported.

Vermiculite is also used in hydroponics as a material for the roots of plants to hold on to.

Because it does not burn Vermiculite is used with other materials in fillings in walls or ceilings (the roof of a room) to stop the spread of fire.

Although vermiculite is not a form of asbestos, it is often contaminated with asbestos. Any vermiculite insulation found in a building should be treated as containing asbestos until confirmed otherwise by a laboratory.

References

Minerals
Insulation

Vermiculite