Some economic historians use the term merchant capitalism, a term coined by the German sociologist and economist Werner Sombart in his "The Genesis of Modern Capitalism" in 1902, to refer to the earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system. However, others argue that mercantilism, which has flourished widely in the world without the emergence of systems like modern capitalism, is not actually capitalist as such.

Merchant capitalism is distinguished from more fully developed capitalism by its focus on simply moving goods from a market where they are cheap to a market where they are expensive (rather than influencing the mode of the production of those goods), the lack of industrialization, and of commercial finance. Merchant houses were backed by relatively small private financiers acting as intermediaries between simple commodity producers and by exchanging debt with each other. Thus, merchant capitalism preceded the capitalist mode of production as a form of capital accumulation. A process of primitive accumulation of capital, upon which commercial finance operations could be based and making application of mass wage labor and industrialization possible, was the necessary precondition for the transformation of merchant capitalism into industrial capitalism.

Early forms of merchant capitalism developed in the 9th century, during the Islamic Golden Age, while in medieval Europe from the 12th century. The movement towards merchant capitalism across the old municipal and guild system had been apparent in the wool trade as early as the age of Chaucer. In Europe, merchant capitalism became a significant economic force in the 16th century. The mercantile era drew to a close around 1800, giving way to industrial capitalism.  However, merchant capitalism remained entrenched in some parts of the West well into the 19th century, notably the Southern United States, where the plantation system constrained the development of industrial capitalism (limiting markets for consumer goods) whose political manifestations prevented Northern legislators from passing broad economic packages (e.g. monetary and banking reform, a transcontinental railroad, and incentives for settlement of the American west) to integrate the states' economies and spur the growth of industrial capitalism.

See also
 Feudalism
 Late capitalism

Notes

References
John Day, Money and finance in the age of merchant capitalism, 1999.
J.L. van Zanden, The rise and decline of Holland's economy: merchant capitalism and the labour market, 1993.
Joseph Calder Miller, Way of death : merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade 1730–1830 1988.
Elizabeth Genovese & Eugene D. Genovese, Fruits of merchant capital : slavery and bourgeois property in the rise and expansion of capitalism, 1983.
Paul Frentrop, A History of Corporate Governance, 1602–2002. Amsterdam: Deminor, 2003.
Andre Gunder Frank, World accumulation, 1492–1789. New York: 1978
Henri Pirenne, Economic and social history of Medieval Europe. London: Routledge, 1936.
Michel Beaud, A history of capitalism 1500–2000. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001.
 Nicolas Vrousalis, Capital without Wage-Labour: Marx's Modes of Subsumption Revisited', Economics and Philosophy. Vol. 34 No 3, 2018.
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, Academic Press, 1997.
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750, Academic Press; (June 1980).
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730–1840s. Academic Press, 1988.

Capitalism
Medieval economics
Economy of the medieval Islamic world

Merchant capitalism


A process is a series of stages in time where the last stage is the product, result or goal.

Processes may be planned or unplanned.

A process planned by humans has a purpose. It is a course of action, or a procedure, to achieve a result, or an end-product. The sequence from start to finish is the plan. A plan may be written, or programmed, or just held in the mind. Examples include building a house, fighting a battle. sowing crops; organising a wedding.

Natural processes are not planned by humans. They are investigated and described. Examples: volcanic eruption, the evolution of the solar system; biological evolution; the melting of ice and other phase changes; the process of development from egg to adult.

Processes often repeat whenever certain conditions hold. Example: car low on petrol/gas, visit garage and refill. Most computer programs are of this type. Processes may be circular: planets revolve around sun; eggs produce chickens, and chickens produce eggs. Rain water flows into rivers, evaporates, and returns as rain.

Processes, especially those which are cyclical, may be subject to feedback. A simple case is a central heating system.

References

Planning
Thought
Science

Process


Sojourner Truth (about 1797 – November 26, 1883) was one of the first abolitionists and activists for women's rights. She was born as a slave, but escaped from slavery in 1826. She was born Isabella Baumfree, but renamed herself to 'Sojourner Truth' when she was 46 and announced she would travel to work against injustice.The name Sojourner Truth translates as itinerant preacher. She is one of the most widely known African American women of the 19th century. Her freedom was linked with the passage of a New-York State Law in 1799 that began the process of gradual emancipation.

She lectured widely on the cruelties she had experienced as a slave. She is best known for her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech, given at the Woman's Rights Convention of 1851. She also gave out speeches about abolishing slavery. Also, she became active in the Underground Railroad, helping blacks escape to freedom. She could only speak Dutch and at a young age soon learnt English. Sadly, she was beaten for not understanding the commands of her owners John and Sally Dumont. There is evidence that John beat her and Sally sexually abused her.

Early Life
Isabella Baumfree (Sojourner Truth) was born into slavery around 1797 in Swarterkill, New York. Sojourner was the daughter of James Baumfree and Elizabeth Baumfree. Her family's slave owner was Colonel Hardenbergh. Sojourner was born a slave and did not know how to read or write because nobody taught slaves how to. Out of 13 children, she was the youngest. In the first three decades of her life she was the property of five owners.It is  In 1815 she dated fellow slave Thomas. Together they had 3 children. Her family was separated in 1806. In 1826 Isabella escaped to freedom with her infant daughter. Sojourner changed her name in 1843 from Isabella Baumfree to Sojourner Truth. She married and bore five children although only four of their names are known. She never learned to read or write and depended on others to take down her words while handling her correspondences.

Sojourner was the first African American to win a trial against a white man. This trial was about getting her son Peter back. This was a great accomplishment for African Americans. During the Civil War Belle told the people about the Woman's Right to vote and became friends with some other people, which one of them threaten that she would not support the issue.She campaigned for Republican Ulysses S. Grant. She was one of the prominent Americans that attempted to vote in the 1872 election but was refused the right to. She went on to support herself by selling copies of her book, "The Narrative of Sojourner Truth ". During that time, she was a Battle Creek resident and property owner. She spent the last few years of her life and died in Battle Creek, Michigan on November 26, 1883.

References

1797 births
1883 deaths
African-American people
American abolitionists
American feminists
People from New York (state)
Slaves

Sojourner Truth


A-Pucikwar or Pucikwar is an extinct leid o the Andaman Islands, Indie, formerly spoken bi the A-Pucikwar fowk on the sooth coast o Middle Andaman, the northeast coast o Sooth Andaman, an on Baratang Island.

As the colonisation an settlement process o the Andaman Islands intensified frae the late 19t century an intae the 20t century, the indigenous Great Andamanese groups wur greatly reduced in number an became alienated frae their traditional territories. The few survivin Great Andamanese soon lost the cultural an linguistic distinctions amang them that wur present at the onset o the 19t century, when at least ten distinct tribal an linguistic groups wur recordit. As a leid an as a distinct identity, A-Puckiwar an the ither groups dee'd oot in the 20t century. The few remainin families o Great Andamanese descent—coalesced frae several o the umwhile communities an wi some admixture o Karen (Burmese) an Indien settlers—wur resettled on Strait Island. Approximately half o these speak today a creolised leid based mainly on Aka-Jeru wi some A-Pucikwar, Hindi an Burmese elements. The remainder speak anerlie Hindi.

See also
Andamanese leids

External links
Ethnologue report for A-Pucikwar

Andamanese leids
Leids o Indie
Extinct leids o Asie

A-Pucikwar leid


A tray is a shallow container designed for carrying things.

Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. They are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.

A butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. It is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.

Basic English 850 words
Containers

Tray


Donald Horowitz (born November 18, 1936)  is an American lawyer who served as the Acting United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey in 1969.

Biography

Horowitz was born in New York City in 1936. He received his A.B. degree from Rutgers University in 1958 and his LL.B. degree from Columbia University School of Law in 1961. He served as law clerk to Milton B. Conford (New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division) from 1961 to 1962. In 1963 he was named Assistant U.S. Attorney at the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey. He was Chief of the Criminal Division in 1966 and First Assistant in 1968. In 1969 he was Acting U.S. Attorney until the appointment of Frederick B. Lacey by President Richard Nixon.  From 1969 to 1970 he served as Special Deputy Attorney General of New Jersey.

Horowitz went into private practice in 1969, as a partner in the law firm of Cummins, Cummins, Dunn, Horowitz, Rosner & Pashman until 1982. He was a sole practitioner in Hackensack, New Jersey from 1982 to 1985, a partner in the Hackensack firm of Horowitz & Jacobs from 1985 to 1989, and principal of the Law Offices of Donald Horowitz in Hackensack from 1989 to the present.

From 1989 to 1998 Horowitz was Master of the Justice Morris Pashman American Inns of Court.

References

External links
Lawyer Profile: Donald Horowitz, LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell.

1936 births
Living people
New Jersey lawyers
Rutgers University alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey

Donald Horowitz (New Jersey lawyer)


Sport in Slovenia consists of a wide range of team and individual sports. The most popular team sports are football, basketball, volleyball, ice hockey, and handball. While the most popular individual sports are skiing, ski jumping, athletics, cycling, and tennis. Slovenia has competed at fifteen Olympic Games since its inaugural appearance at the 1992 Winter Olympics and is also known for its extreme sport athletes, such as ultramarathon swimmer Martin Strel and extreme skier Davo Karničar.

Team sports

Association football

The highest level of association football in Slovenia is the Slovenian PrvaLiga, which consists of ten teams. The Slovenia national football team have qualified for the FIFA World Cup on two occasions (2002 and 2010), and the UEFA European Championship once (2000). Notable Slovenian international players include Samir Handanović, Milivoje Novaković, Josip Iličić, Boštjan Cesar, Jan Oblak, Bojan Jokić, Valter Birsa, Brane Oblak, Danilo Popivoda, Srečko Katanec, Džoni Novak, and Zlatko Zahovič.

Basketball

The highest level of basketball is the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League. The Slovenia national basketball team has appeared in four FIBA World Cups (2006, 2010, 2014 and 2023) and fourteen EuroBasket tournaments, highlighted by a fourth-place finish in 2009 and the gold medal in 2017. Notable Slovenian basketball players include Goran Dragić, Zoran Dragić, Luka Dončić, Sasha Vujačić, Radoslav Nesterović, Vlatko Čančar, Beno Udrih, Matjaž Smodiš, Marko Milič, Ivo Daneu, Peter Vilfan, Vinko Jelovac, Aljoša Žorga, Primož Brezec, Boštjan Nachbar, Sani Bečirović and Jaka Lakovič.

Ice hockey

The highest level of ice hockey is the Slovenian Ice Hockey Championship. The Slovenia men's national ice hockey team has competed at 29 Ice Hockey World Championships between 1993 and 2023, with 10 appearances in top division. One of Slovenia's most notable athletes is Anže Kopitar, who plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. In 2012, Kopitar became the first Slovenian to win the Stanley Cup and tied as the top scorer of the respective playoffs. Other notable Slovenian hockey players include Robert Kristan, Jan Muršak, David Rodman, Marcel Rodman, Rok Tičar, Žiga Pance, Žiga Jeglič, Tomaž Vnuk, Dejan Kontrec and Bojan Zajc.

Handball
Handball is a popular sport in Slovenia. The Slovenia men's national handball team has participated at ten World Championships, and its best achievement is third place at the 2017 Championship. The national team has also made thirteen appearances at the European Championships and was the runner-up of the 2004 edition, which was held in Slovenia.

RK Celje won the EHF Champions League in 2004, when they beat SG Flensburg-Handewitt in the final. Other notable Slovenian teams are RD Slovan, which reached the final of the 1980–81 European Cup, RK Gorenje and RK Koper.

Rugby union

Rugby union is a growing sport in Slovenia which is governed by Rugby Zveza Slovenije (Rugby Union of Slovenia). The Slovenia national rugby union team is currently ranked 43rd by World Rugby. There are also many active local clubs, including RAK Olimpija, RFC Bezigrad and RK Ljubljana.

Beach volleyball
Slovenia featured national teams in beach volleyball that competed in the women's and men's section at the 2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.

Individual sports

Ski jumping
Ski jumping is another popular winter sport in Slovenia. The first national championship was held in 1921 in Bohinj, when Jože Pogačar won with a nine meter jump. After that, many ski jumpers found success for Yugoslavia, with Jože Šlibar achieving a world record jump in 1961. After the introduction of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup in 1979, SR Slovenia was a regular host of matches in Planica. The most successful ski jumper of the time was Primož Ulaga, who had nine wins for Yugoslavia. In both 1997 and 1998, Primož Peterka won the World Cup. Other notable ski jumpers are Peter Prevc, Jurij Tepeš, Robert Kranjec, Rok Benkovič, Jernej Damjan, Peter Žonta, Franci Petek and Špela Rogelj.

Since 2011, the Slovenian men's ski jumping coach is Goran Janus, who has helped revive Slovenian ski jumping results. Under his leadership, the team has many individual wins, earned Olympic and World Cup medals, and set a world record. In 2012, the men's team won their first team event in ski jumping and since then has nine team wins. Furthermore, Peter Prevc won the 2015–2016 Four Hills Tourney, the World Ski-Flying Championship in 2016 and the World Cup title for the 2015–2016 season.

Alpine skiing
Alpine skiing is a popular sport in Slovenia and dates back to the 17th century, while modern competitive skiing began in the 1920s. During the existence of Yugoslavia, its national skiing squad consisted of almost exclusively Slovenes. In addition, the Vitranc Cup races, which are sanctioned by the International Ski Federation and later incorporated into the World Cup, started at Podkoren in 1961 and is now hosted at Kranjska Gora Ski Resort each season. Slovenes Mateja Svet and Jure Franko both won Olympic medals for Yugoslavia, while Jure Košir, Katja Koren, Alenka Dovžan and Tina Maze won medals for independent Slovenia. Ilka Štuhec won back-to-back World Championship golds in 2017 and 2019. Other notable skiers include Boris Strel, Rok Petrovič, Bojan Križaj, Mitja Kunc, Urška Hrovat, Špela Pretnar and Nataša Bokal.

Cycling

Cycling has a long tradition in Slovenia. The first cycling club was founded by Germans in Ljubljana in 1885 and the Slovenian Cycling Club was formed two years later. Cycling then spread to other cities, including Gorica and Maribor, and slowly developed into a major competitive sport in Yugoslavia after World War I. Slovenian cyclists were not as successful as cyclists from other parts of the country and in the period between the world wars, Josip Šolar and Bruno Faninger were the only Slovenian cycling champions of Yugoslavia, in 1925 and 1935, respectively. After World War II, Slovenian cycling grew with the formation of clubs such as Rog in Ljubljana, Sava in Kranj and Krka in Novo Mesto.

The Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's three-week-long Grand Tours, has passed through Slovenia seven times in its history: 1922, 1971, 1994, 2001, 2004, 2021, and 2022.

Notable cyclists include Borut Božič, Janez Brajkovič, Jure Golčer, Andrej Hauptman, Matej Mugerli, Uroš Murn, Jure Robič, Simon Špilak, Gorazd Štangelj, Tadej Valjavec, Tanja Žakelj, Blaža Klemenčič, Luka Mezgec, Matej Mohorič, Primož Roglič and Tadej Pogačar. In 2018 Slovenia took more wins on the UCI World Tour per capita than any other nation. Professional cycling teams in Slovenia include the men's teams  and  and formerly the women's team . In 2019, Roglič became the first Slovenian Grand Tour winner after finishing first in the 2019 Vuelta a España. Pogačar became the first Slovenian to win the Tour de France in 2020.

Athletics
Athletics started as a recreation activity in the late 19th century due to the Sokol movement. In 1913, when it was introduced as a sport by the SK Ilirija association football club in Ljubljana. It split into its own branch after World War I and was popular in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, with the first Slovenian championship held in 1920. However, international success didn't come until Stanko Lorger earned the first Slovenian European Championship medal in 1958 and Draga Stamejčič set the first Slovenian world record in 1964. The most notable Slovenian athletic clubs are ŽAK in Ljubljana and Kladivar in Celje. Notable athletes include Primož Kozmus, Jolanda Čeplak, Matic Osovnikar, Martina Ratej, Brigita Bukovec, Britta Bilač, Borut Bilač, Gregor Cankar, Sonja Roman, Brigita Langerholc, Helena Javornik, Alenka Bikar, Rožle Prezelj and Boštjan Buč.

Biathlon
Biathlon is a growing sport in Slovenia. However, before Slovenia's independence in 1991, it was a mostly unknown sport and Slovenes achieved no major results until the 1990s. In 1992, Pokljuka began hosting World Cup races and Andreja Koblar won the first race for the Slovenian women's team in 1996, while Janez Marič achieved the same for the men's team in 2003. The most successful biathlete representing Slovenia is the Croatian-born Jakov Fak, who has won several World Championships medals. Other notable biathletes include Teja Gregorin, Andreja Mali, Tomas Globočnik and Klemen Bauer.

Cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiing has, alongside alpine skiing and ski jumping, a long tradition in Slovenia, but competitive success has only come in recent years. The first cross-country competition in Slovenia was organized in Bohinjska Bistrica in 1914. During the existence of Yugoslavia, the best result achieved by a Slovene was Franc Smolej's 10th place finish at the 1936 Winter Olympics. Petra Majdič is the most successful Slovenian cross-country skier, as she has won 24 World Cup races and one Olympic medal. Other notable cross-country skiers include Vesna Fabjan and Katja Višnar.

Motorsport
Motorsport in Slovenia began with the formation of the Ilirija Motorsport Club in 1913 and became popular during the two world wars. ŽSK Hermes built the first motorsport track at ŽŠD Ljubljana and Ludvik Starič became a serial Yugoslav champion in the 1930s. Currently, Slovenia hosts Grand Prix races at Matija Gubec Stadium in Krško and there is also a speedway track at Ilirija Sports Park in Ljubljana. Notable motorsport competitors include Matej Ferjan, Matej Žagar, Sašo Kragelj, Tim Gajser and Miran Stanovnik.

The only woman to have circumnavigated the world on a motorbike is Slovenian Benka Pulko. On June 19, 1997, Pulko departed from her hometown of Ptuj on a BMW F650 motorcycle. She returned to Ptuj on December 10, 2002, having established the Guinness World Record for the longest solo motorcycle ride ever undertaken by a woman in both distance (180,015 km) and duration (2,000 days). In the process she also became the first motorcyclist to reach Antarctica, and the first woman to ride solo across Saudi Arabia.

Fencing
The most notable Slovenian fencer is Rudolf Cvetko, who was a member of the Olympic silver medal-winning team in 1912 for Austria. He was the first Slovenian to win an Olympic medal and a promoter of fencing in Yugoslav Slovenia.

Gymnastics
Gymnastics played an important part in the beginnings of sport in Slovenia through a national revival of the Falcon and Hawk societies which helped young Slovenes socialize and keep their language alive. Slovenians would win eight Olympic medals for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, all in the gymnastics field, which were the only medals Yugoslavia earned prior to World War II. Notable Slovene gymnasts include Leon Štukelj, Mitja Petkovšek, Aljaž Pegan, Stane Derganc, Josip Primožič, Miroslav Cerar, Adela Šajn, Rok Klavora and Sašo Bertoncelj.

Judo
Notable Slovene judo athletes include Urška Žolnir, Lucija Polavder, Raša Sraka, Petra Nareks, Matjaž Ceraj, Anamari Velenšek, Tina Trstenjak, Rok Drakšič and Sašo Jereb.

Sailing
Slovenia has had multiple successful sailors, including Gašper Vinčec and Olympic medalist Vasilij Žbogar.

Standup paddleboarding
Slovenia is a destination for standup paddleboarding due to its coastline, lakes and rivers.

Shooting
The most successful Slovenian sport shooter is Rajmond Debevec, won has competed in three Olympic games and won an Olympic gold and two bronze medals. He also hold the world record for the 50 metre rifle three positions event.

Snowboarding
Notable Slovenian snowboarders include Žan Košir, Rok Marguč, Rok Flander, Dejan Košir and Tim-Kevin Ravnjak.

Swimming
Notable Slovenian swimmers include Sara Isakovič, Peter Mankoč, Borut Petrič, Darjan Petrič, Anja Klinar, Alenka Kejžar, Nataša Kejžar, Emil Tahirovič, Damir Dugonjič and Anja Čarman.

Tennis

Notable Slovenian tennis players include Grega Žemlja, Tamara Zidanšek, Katarina Srebotnik, Blaž Kavčič, Polona Hercog, Maša Zec Peškirič and Nastja Kolar.

Canoeing and kayaking
Slovenia has won numerous titles in canoeing and kayaking and hosts competitions at Tacen Whitewater Course. The most successful canoeists and kayakers are Peter Kauzer and Benjamin Savšek.

Mountain climbing
Slovenia has a major presence in alpinism, with notable Slovene alpinists including Tomaž Humar, Tomo Česen, Julius Kugy, Jakob Aljaž, Klement Jug, Davo Karničar, Nejc Zaplotnik, Miha Valič, Aljaž Anderle, Viki Grošelj, Pavle Kozje, and Igor Škamperle.

Rowing
Since Slovenia's independence in 1991, rowers have found excellent results in international competition. Notable rower in Slovenia include Iztok Čop, Milan Janša, Jani Klemenčič, Rok Kolander, Sašo Mirjanič, Sadik Mujkić, Miha Pirih, Matjaž Pirih, Denis Žvegelj, Matej Prelog and Luka Špik.

Climbing

Since the mid-2000s Slovenia has had some of the most successful sports climbers in the world, including Mina Markovič and Janja Garnbret who won the overall lead and overall combined titles in multiple consecutive years each. Garnbret also won gold at the first sport climbing competition at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Other successful athletes are Jernej Kruder, Domen Škofic, Klemen Bečan, Luka Potočar, Gregor Vezonik, Natalija Gros, Martina Čufar, Mia Krampl, Katja Debevec, Lučka Rakovec and Vita Lukan.

Olympics

Slovenia has achieved impressive Olympic success relative to its size, having earned 28 medals (eight gold, nine silver and eleven bronze) at eight Summer Olympics, and 24 medals (four gold, eight silver and twelve bronze) at nine Winter Olympics. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Slovenia's three medals, at roughly one medal for every 681,000 Slovenes, was the third best per capita medal ratio behind only Norway and Austria.

Prior to 1991, Slovenian athletes competed for other countries. The first medal won by an ethnic Slovenian was Rudolf Cvetko, who won silver in fencing in 1912 representing Austria. After World War I, when the Habsburg monarchy collapsed and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formed, Slovenian athletes won all of their medals for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Leon Štukelj won two gold medals in gymnastics. At the 1928 Summer Olympics, Štukelj won a gold medal, Josip Primožič won a silver medal and Stane Derganc won a bronze medal. In addition, their team won bronze in the team event. At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Štukelj, at the age of 38, won the silver at men's rings. After World War II, Slovenians would continue to win Olympic medals under the Yugoslav flag.

Mediterranean Games

Slovenia has competed in the Mediterranean Games since 1993.  It is ranked twelfth in the all-time rankings and as of 2016, Slovenia has won 136 medals (40 gold, 39 silver and 57 bronze).

See also
List of Slovenian sportspeople

References

External links
Sport in Slovenia

Sport in Slovenia


Wind chimes are chimes that are made up of tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are made of wood or metal. Wind chimes are usually hung outside of someone's house near a garden. Wind chimes makes sounds when the wind blows the tubes, rods and bells. In popular music, wind chimes can be used for harmonic music.

References

Musical instruments
Sound

Wind chimes


A flood is an overflow of water. Floods are very hard to deal with.

This is most commonly due to an overflowing river, a dam break, snowmelt, or heavy rainfall. Less commonly happening are tsunamis, storm surge.
The most deadly flooding was in 1931 in China and killed between 20,00,000 and 40,00,000 people. The Kerala flood in India was another flood that has destroyed people's houses.

During a flood, people try to move themselves and their most precious belongings to higher ground quickly. The process of leaving homes in search of a safe place is called a flood evacuation.

Floods have inspired myths and legends, especially the story of the great flood.

Pollution of drinking water

During a flood there is plenty of water logging and overflow of water,  it is mostly polluted and not safe to drink. If people drink this dirty water, they may suffer from diseases such as typhoid and cholera, hepatitis and other such diseases. People can get ready to survive a flood by filling many containers with fresh and clean drinking water and storing other emergency supplies; like: medicine and food. During flood people try to go to higher sides because the flood water wouldn't reach high areas. Also drains overflow and mix with clean water and people who drink it might fall ill.

Causes of floods
Flooding is usually caused when a volume of water within a water body, such as a lake, overflows outside it.Sometimes if a dam breaks, it suddenly releases a large amount of water. The result is that some of the water travels to land, and 'floods' the area. Many rivers are in a channel, between river banks. They flood when the strength of the river causes it to flow beyond the banks. This is more common at bends or meanders. Flood damage can be prevented by moving away from places that flood. However, people have long liked to have their homes and businesses alongside water because water is good for agriculture and transport and in other ways. Floods are also caused due to improper management of drains. Rainfall is the most common cause. Snow melt is also a cause of flooding. Tsunamis and Storm Surge are less common ways that floods happen. Coastal Flooding is another common cause of flooding, and this is caused by low pressure systems or storms.You can control floods by improving the drainage and grading of your home. Installing a flood detection system in your home also helps to prevent flooding.

References

Related pages
 Noah
 Flood control

Flood


Endymion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. It is his longest poem. Keats wrote the poem in 1817, and it was printed in a book in 1818. The poem's opening line is one of the most famous lines of poetry in English literature:

A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance." He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long. The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together. The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology.

Endymion was criticized harshly when it was first published. Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true.

1810s British poems

1817

Endymion (poem)


Protocadherin-20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCDH20 gene.

This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. This gene encodes a protein which contains 6 extracellular cadherin domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail differing from those of the classical cadherins. Although its specific function is undetermined, the cadherin-related neuronal receptor is thought to play a role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell connections in the brain.

References

Further reading

PCDH20


Sandomierz Voivodeship (, ) was a unit of administration and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. It was part of the Lesser Poland region. Originally Sandomierz Voivodeship also covered the area around Lublin, but in 1474 its three eastern counties were organized into Lublin Voivodeship.  In the 16th century, it had 374 parishes, 100 towns and 2586 villages. The voivodeship was based on the Sandomerz ziemia, which earlier was the Duchy of Sandomierz. The Duchy of Sandomierz was created in 1138 by King Bolesław III Wrymouth, who in his testament divided Poland into five principalities. One of them, with the capital at Sandomierz, was assigned to Krzywousty's son, Henry of Sandomierz. Later on, with southern part of the Seniorate Province (which emerged into the Duchy of Krakow), the Duchy of Sandomierz created Lesser Poland, divided into Kraków and Sandomierz Voivodeships.

Sandomierz Voivodeship was also one of the voivodeships of Congress Poland. Created in 1816 from the Radom Department, in 1837 it was transformed into the Sandomierz Governorate.

14th century-1795

Boundaries
Sandomierz Voivodeship in its original shape was one of the largest provinces of the Kingdom of Poland. After Lublin Voivodeship was created out of its eastern territories, the province stretched from Białobrzegi in the north, to the area north of Krosno in the south (the town of Krosno itself belonged to Red Ruthenia). It included such cities and towns of contemporary Poland, as Dębica, Dęblin, Iłża, Kielce, Kolbuszowa, Końskie, Kozienice, Lipsko, Mielec, Nisko, Opoczno, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Pińczów, Pionki, Radom, Ropczyce, Ryki, Stalowa Wola, Starachowice, Staszów, Szydłowiec, Tarnów, Tarnobrzeg and Włoszczowa. The shape of the voivodeship remained unchanged from 1474 to the first partition of Poland (1772), when the Habsburg monarchy annexed the area south of the Vistula, with Dębica, Kolbuszowa, Mielec, Nisko and Tarnów.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Sandomierz Voivodeship:

"Duke Boleslaw Krzywousty, before his death in 1138, divided Poland between his four sons, giving Henryk the Land of Sandomierz together with the Land of Lublin. The Duchy of Sandomierz was thus created (...)

During the reign of Wladyslaw Lokietek, the duchy was turned into a large voivodeship. In ca. 1471, the Land of Lublin was separated from it (...) The area of Sandomierz Voivodeship was 467 square miles, with 374 Roman Catholic parishes, 100 towns, and 2,586 villages. In 1397 left bank part of the province was divided into three counties – Sandomierz, Radom and Checiny. In the early 16th century the voivodeship had 9 counties: Sandomierz, Wislica, Checiny, Opoczno, Radom, Szydlow, Stezyca, Pilzno and Tarnów. By late 16th century, Tarnow county was annexed by Pilzno county, while Szydlow county was divided between Wislica and Sandomierz (...)

Sandomierz Voivodeship had nine senators: the voivode and the castellan of Sandomierz, and castellans of Wislica, Radom, Zawichost, Żarnów, Malogoszcz, Połaniec and Czchow. The voivodeship had several starostas, who resided in such towns, as Sandomierz, Radom, Checiny, Opoczno, Nowy Korczyn, Stezyca, Wislica, Pilzno, Stopnica, Solec nad Wisla, Zawichost, Szydlow, Przedborz, Ropczyce, Ryczywol, Radoszyce, Ryki, Zwolen, Gołąb and others. Local sejmiks took place at Opatow, at which seven deputies to the Sejm were elected, as well as two deputies to the Lesser Poland Tribunal in Lublin (...)

The soil in the northern part of the voivodeship was sandy, while in its center and south it was very rich. In the area of Opatow, famous wheat was produced, called sandomierka or opatowka. There also were large forests, as well as deposits of marble, copper, iron and lime (...) Among oldest urban centers of Sandomierz Voivodeship were Sandomierz, Wislica, Nowy Korczyn, Zawichost, Radom. Main castles were at Chrobrze, Osiek, Ilza, Checiny, Janowiec nad Wisla. Most important monasteries were at Lysa Gora, Sieciechow, Opatow, Wachock and Koprzywnica".

Municipal government
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 Sandomierz

Regional council (sejmik generalny) seats:
 Nowe Miasto Korczyn

Administrative division
In 1397, part of the Sandomierz Voivodeship which was located on the western bank of the Vistula, was divided into three counties:
 Sandomierz County (Powiat Sandomierski), Sandomierz
 Radom County (Powiat Radomski), Radom, which was traditionally called Radom Land (Ziemia radomska)
 Chęciny County (Powiat Chęciński), Chęciny.

In 1662, Sandomierz Voivodeship consisted of the following counties:
 Sandomierz County,
 Chęciny County,
 Wiślica County,
 Stężyca County,
 Radom County,
 Opoczno County,
 Pilzno County.

Voivodes
 Jan z Melsztyna (since 1361)
 Jan z Tarnowa (before 1385)
 Spytek z Tarnowa i Jarosławia (since 1433)
 Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski (since 1501)
 Mikołaj Firlej (since 1514)
 Jan Kostka (since 1574)
 Jerzy Mniszech (since 1590)
 Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński (since 1613)
 Stanisław Koniecpolski (since 1625 to 1633),
 Mikołaj Firlej (1633–1635)
 Jerzy Ossoliński (XI 1636-III 1638)
 Krzysztof Ossoliński (since IV 1638 to 1645)
 Władysław Dominik Zasławski (since 1649)
 Aleksander Koniecpolski (since 1656)
 Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski (since 1659)
 Jerzy Aleksander Lubomirski (since 1729)
 Jan Tarło (since 1736)

Cities and towns of Sandomierz Voivodeship (1662)

Cities and towns of Sandomierz County
 Sandomierz,
 Opatów,
 Koprzywnica (Pokrzywnica),
 Połaniec,
 Osiek,
 Staszów,
 Łagów,
 Nowa Słupia,
 Bodzentyn,
 Wąchock,
 Ćmielów,
 Kunów,
 Lasocin,
 Rudnik nad Sanem,
 Iwaniska,
 Zawichost,
 Tarłów,
 Mielec,
 Janików,
 Ożarów,
 Waśniów.

Cities and towns of Chęciny County
 Chęciny,
 Przedbórz,
 Kurzelów,
 Secemin,
 Małogoszcz,
 Włoszczowa,
 Oksa (Oxa),
 Sobków,
 Daleszyce.

Cities and towns of Wiślica County
 Wiślica,
 Nowy Korczyn,
 Szydłów,
 Pierzchnica (Pierśnica),
 Pińczów,
 Busko,
 Opatowiec,
 Pacanów,
 Żabno,
 Stopnica (Stobnica),
 Kurozwęki,
 Oleśnica,
 Chmielnik.

Cities and towns of Stężyca County
 Stężyca,
 Żelechów,
 Łaskarzew,
 Bobrowniki,
 Okrzeja,
 Adamów (Jadamów),
 Jeziorzany (known in 1662 as Łysobyki),
 Wojcieszków,
 Maciejowice.

Cities and towns of Radom County
 Radom,
 Ciepielów,
 Skaryszew,
 Iłża,
 Szydłowiec,
 Zwoleń,
 Przytyk,
 Wierzbnik (now a district of Starachowice),
 Jedlińsk (Jedleńsko),
 Odechów,
 Jastrząb,
 Nieznamierowice (Znamierowice),
 Klwów,
 Skrzynno,
 Sieciechów,
 Solec nad Wisłą,
 Kozienice.

Cities and towns of Opoczno County
 Opoczno,
 Gowarczów,
 Białaczów,
 Fałków,
 Odrzywół,
 Drzewica,
 Gielniów.

Cities and towns of Pilzno County
 Pilzno,
 Strzyżów,
 Rzochów,
 Tuchów,
 Brzostek,
 Ropczyce,
 Frysztak,
 Kołaczyce,
 Sędziszów Małopolski,
 Dębica,
 Wielopole Skrzyńskie,
 Czudec,
 Głogów Małopolski,
 Niebylec,
 Przecław,
 Tarnów,
 Brzyska (Rzyska),
 Radomyśl Wielki.

Neighbouring Voivodeships
 Rawa Voivodeship
 Mazovian Voivodeship
 Lublin Voivodeship
 Ruthenian Voivodeship
 Kraków Voivodeship
 Sieradz Voivodeship
 Łęczyca Voivodeship

1939

Sandomierz Voivodeship was also a proposed voivodeship of Second Polish Republic, which never was created because of the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939. The idea of creation of this unit was the brainchild of Minister of Industry and Trade Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, and it was directly linked with creation of one of the biggest economic projects of interbellum Poland, Central Industrial Region. It was to cover south-central Poland, and most probably, it was to be created in late 1939. Its projected size was 24.500 square kilometers, and it was to incorporate 20 or 21 powiats.

References
Zygmunt Gloger, Historical Geography of Lands of Ancient Poland, Sandomierz Voivodeship (in Polish)

Voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1795 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
States and territories established in the 14th century
History of Lesser Poland
14th-century establishments in Poland

Sandomierz Voivodeship


The chondrophores or porpitids are a small and unusual group of hydrozoans. They are the family Porpitidae.

They all live at the surface of the open ocean, and are  colonies of carnivorous, free-floating hydroids. Their life-style in the plankton is similar to that of pelagic jellyfish.

The chondrophores look like a single organism but are  cooperatives of polyps.

The most familiar members of the family Porpitidae are the blue button (Porpita porpita) and the by-the-wind sailor (Velella velella).

Structure
Chondrophores may look like a jellyfish, but they really are not. Like the siphonophores they are not a single animal. They are a colony of clones, genetically identical zooids. These zooids are small, highly modified individual polyps. Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

This kind of set-up is also found in the siphonophores: the Portuguese man o' war. They evolved independently, and are classified in different orders.

Fossil record
A rare soft-bodied fossil was got from  Mississippian strata in northeastern Kentucky. It was interpreted as a chondrophorine float. The origin of the group was probably in the Neoproterozoic era, some 650540 million years ago.

References

Cnidarians

Chondrophore


Hackleton, Northamptonshire, England, is a large village that is neighboured by Piddington and Horton.
The village has a post office, village shop, local butchers and the White Hart pub. There is also a village hall, where meetings and events are held.

Behind the school, Hackleton C of E Primary, is the recreation ground. It is most commonly known as 'The Rec'. It has play equipment.

Villages in Northamptonshire

Hackleton


A fire station (also known as a firehouse or fire hall) is a building for storing fire engines and other firefighting equipment.

Some fire stations are staffed by full-time firefighters. These fire stations have offices and living areas for them. There will also be beds, for when they are on duty at night. They wait at the fire station to be called out to an emergency. The firefighters often slide down a pole to get downstairs to the fire engine, as this is quicker than walking down stairs.

In small towns and villages, a fire station may not have full-time firefighters. Instead, these stations have part-time or volunteer firefighters. When there is an emergency, they will drive to the fire station and bring out the fire engine.

Buildings and structures
Firefighting

Fire station


Windows 2000 (also known as Win2K, W2K, Win2000 or Windows 2K) is an operating system for computers that have either single or multiple processors. It was made for 32-bit Intel x86 computers. It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems, and was released on February 17, 2000. Windows 2000 comes in four versions: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. Additionally, Microsoft offers Windows 2000 Advanced Server - Limited Edition and Datacenter Server - Limited Edition, which were released in 2001 and run on 64-bit Intel Itanium processors. Windows 2000 was designed for businesses, but it was also popular with home users.

Windows 2000 uses two 'modes' - a 'User Mode' and a 'Kernel Mode'. The Kernel Mode is specially for hardware drivers (drivers tell the computer how to 'speak' to something) and allows drivers to 'speak' to things in the computer. The User Mode is for computer programs to run in without fear of causing harm to the computer.

All versions of Windows 2000 have things in common, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) and standard system management applications such as a disk defragmentation utility. There is lots of support for different languages and for people with disabilities. Windows 2000 supports the Windows NT file system NTFS 5, the Encrypted File System (EFS), as well as basic and dynamic disk storage. Dynamic disk storage allows different types of volumes to be used (a volume is an area of storage on a hard disk that has been formatted with its own file system structure). The Windows 2000 Server version has many more features, including the ability to provide Active Directory services (a way of organising resources such as printers, users and group), a distributed file system (a file system that supports sharing of files) and fault-redundant storage volumes.

Windows 2000 can be installed and deployed to an enterprise through either an attended or unattended installation. Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), by the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep).

History
Windows 2000 was created from the Microsoft Windows NT operating system versions. It was originally called Windows NT 5.0 but Microsoft changed the name to Windows 2000 on October 27, 1998. The first software test version (also known as a beta version) for Windows 2000 was released on September 27, 1997. Several more test versions were released until Beta 3, which was released on April 29, 1999. Microsoft further issued three more test versions from between July to November 1999. They then finally released Windows 2000 to partners on December 12, 1999 . The public received the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000 and the press immediately called it the most stable operating system Microsoft had ever released. Novell (a competitor of Microsoft) did not think that Microsoft's new directory service product (part of Windows 2000) was as good as their own Novell Directory Services (NDS) technology . On September 29, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000 Datacenter. Microsoft released Service Pack 1 (SP1) on August 15, 2000, Service Pack 2 (SP2) on May 16, 2001, Service Pack 3 (SP3) on August 29, 2002 and its last Service Pack (SP4) on June 26, 2003. Microsoft has said that they will not release a Service Pack 5, but instead, have offered an "Update Rollup" for Service Pack 4. Microsoft stopped developing their Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for Windows 2000 in Service Pack 3.

Microsoft has replaced Windows 2000 Professional with Windows XP Professional, and Windows 2000 Server products with Windows Server 2003. A project code named "Neptune" started development in 1999. Neptune was based on Windows 2000, and it was supposed to be a home-user replacement for Windows 98. However, the project took a long time to create and only one pre-test (alpha version) release was created. Windows Me was released instead, and the Neptune project later turned into part of a project that became Windows XP. The only elements of the Neptune project which were included in Windows 2000 were the ability to upgrade from Windows 95 or Windows 98, and support for the FAT32 file system.

Several notable security flaws have been found in Windows 2000. Code Red and Code Red II were famous computer worms that used problems with the indexing service from Windows 2000's Internet Information Services (IIS) to cause security problems. In August 2003, two major worms named the Sobig worm and the Blaster worm began to attack millions of Microsoft Windows computers and caused many problems for system administrators and computer operators who used Windows 2000. This was very embarrassing for Microsoft, and caused many corporations and governments to look carefully at Microsoft's security problems.

Windows 2000 is the last version of Windows that does not require any Pentium instructions, and is therefore the last version that will run on an Intel i486.

References

  "It's official: NT 5.0 becomes Windows 2000", infoWorld.
  "Windows 2000 history", ActiveWin.
  "NDS eDirectory vs. Microsoft Active Directory? " (November 17, 1999). Novell Cool Solutions Question & Answer. Novell was less than impressed with Active Directory, stating that "NDS eDirectory is a cross-platform directory solution that works on NT 4, Windows 2000 when available, Solaris and NetWare 5. Active Directory will only support the Windows 2000 environment. In addition, eDirectory users can be assured they are using the most trusted, reliable and mature directory service to manage and control their e-business relationships—not a 1.0 release."

Other websites
 Windows 2000 official product page
 Windows 2000 Professional feature list
 Windows 2000 Server Family
 Windows 2000 Server information at Technet
 Official support page
 Windows 2000 Transitions to Extended Support.

Microsoft operating systems

Windows 2000


Camp Mabry (ICAO: KATT) is a military installation in Austin, Texas, housing the headquarters of the Texas Military Department, Texas Military Forces, and Texas Military Forces Museum. Established in 1892, Camp Mabry is the third-oldest active military installation in Texas, behind Fort Sam Houston and Fort Bliss. It was named for Brigadier General Woodford H. Mabry, the Adjutant General of Texas when the camp was founded. The camp was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Military functions

Camp Mabry's Building 8 is the home to the Texas Military Department headquarters which contains the Joint Force Headquarters of the Texas Military Forces and office of the Adjutant General of Texas. It is also home to Texas Army National Guard, Texas Air National Guard and Texas State Guard headquarters and hosts the Texas Military Forces Museum.

Camp Mabry has served a variety of military purposes since its establishment. It was used as a mobilization area during the Spanish–American War, as headquarters for the Texas Defense Guard during World War II, and as a training facility for the Texas DPS and the Texas Rangers until 1953. It has also hosted the Texas National Guard's State Officer Candidate School since 1959. Camp Mabry currently hosts other branches of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces from the United States Army Reserve, the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operations Support Center (NOSC Austin) and the United States Marine Corps Reserve.

Site
Camp Mabry's original  site, overlooking the Colorado River three miles (5 km) northwest of downtown Austin, was donated by the city to the state in 1892. It was initially a literal "camp," a space in which the Texas Volunteer Guard encamped during the summers while hosting mock battles and demonstrations for the people of Austin. In 1909 the camp was greatly enlarged by the addition of  of land purchased by the federal government for use in training the state national guard. Other land gifts brought the camp to its present size of around  by 1911. The site now adjoins the west side of Mopac Expressway.

Facilities
The first constructions at the camp were grandstands and a mess shed, funded by paid admissions to the historical reenactments and events held there. In 1915 an arsenal became the first permanent structure built onsite, allowing military equipment and weapons to be moved out of storage in the capitol building. During World War I the U.S. Army used the camp as a training site and built several barracks and administration buildings.

From 1935 to 1943, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), under the sponsorship of the Adjutant General Department of Texas, completed a $130,000 improvement project, of which the WPA provided $92,000 for labor. The WPA did necessary repairs and "other improvements to generally restore the useful value" of 15 buildings, built structures of native limestone that included rustic walls, entrance gates and guard post, a dam, arched bridges, drainage ditches, a flagpole base, cannon bases, workshops, warehouses and storage buildings. Infrastructure features included limestone culverts, head walls, and limestone or concrete sidewalks. They constructed roads and cleared, leveled, sodded, and drained the camp.

Other facilities include the 136th Regional Training Institute, state Combined Support Maintenance Shops, the armory of the 36th Infantry Division headquarters, a clinic, a parachute packing and storage facility, and additional storage buildings. In 1992 the Texas Military Forces Museum opened on the site.

Prior to the September 11th attacks, Camp Mabry's mile-long track that sits adjacent to Mopac was a popular destination for walkers and joggers, and the field within it was used by many youth sports teams.  The track and field are still available for public use, though adult visitors must present a state or federal ID at the gate.

Weather station
Camp Mabry has also operated an ICAO recognized weather station since 1898.

See also

 Texas Military Forces
 Texas Military Department
 List of conflicts involving the Texas Military
 Awards and decorations of the Texas Military

References

Military in Austin, Texas
Military facilities in Texas
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Neighborhoods in Austin, Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Austin, Texas
United States Army posts
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Texas Military Department

Camp Mabry


Henry Threadgill (born February 15, 1944) is an American composer, saxophonist and flautist. He came to prominence in the 1970s leading ensembles rooted in jazz but with unusual instrumentation and often incorporating other genres of music. He has performed and recorded with several ensembles: Air, Aggregation Orb, Make a Move, the seven-piece Henry Threadgill Sextett, the twenty-piece Society Situation Dance Band, Very Very Circus, X-75, and Zooid.

He was awarded the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his album In for a Penny, In for a Pound, which premiered at Roulette Intermedium on December 4, 2014.

In 2023, he published his autobiography, written with Brent Hayes Edwards: Easily Slip into Another World: A Life in Music.

Career
Threadgill performed as a percussionist in his high-school marching band before taking up baritone saxophone, alto saxophone, and flute. He studied at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago, majoring in piano, flute, and composition. He studied piano with Gail Quillman and composition with Stella Roberts. He was an original member of the Experimental Band, a precursor to the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) in his hometown of Chicago, and worked under the guidance of Muhal Richard Abrams, before leaving to tour with a gospel band. In 1967, he enlisted in the U.S. Army, playing with a rock band in Vietnam during the Vietnam War in 1967 and 1968. He was discharged in 1969.

After returning to Chicago, Threadgill joined AACM members bassist Fred Hopkins and drummer Steve McCall in a trio which would eventually become the group Air. He moved to New York City, where he formed his first group, X-75, a nonet consisting of four reed players, four bass players, and a vocalist.

In the early 1980s, Threadgill created his first critically acclaimed ensemble as a leader, the Henry Threadgill Sextet (actually a septet; he counted the two drummers as a single percussion unit), which released three albums on About Time Records. After a hiatus, he formed New Air with Pheeroan akLaff, replacing Steve McCall on drums, and reformed the Henry Threadgill Sextett (with two t's at the end). The six albums the group recorded feature some of his most accessible work, notably on the album You Know the Number. The group's unorthodox instrumentation included two drummers, double bass, cello, trumpet, and trombone, in addition to Threadgill's alto saxophone and flute. Among the players were drummers akLaff, John Betsch, Reggie Nicholson and Newman Baker; bassist Fred Hopkins; cellist Diedre Murray; trumpeters Rasul Siddik and Ted Daniels; cornetist Olu Dara; and trombonists Ray Anderson, Frank Lacy, Bill Lowe, and Craig Harris.

During the 1990s, Threadgill pushed the musical boundaries even further with his ensemble Very Very Circus. The group consisted of two tubas, two electric guitars, a trombone or French horn, and drums. With this group he explored more complex and highly structured forms of composition, augmenting the group with Latin percussion, French horn, violin, accordion, vocalists, and exotic instruments. He composed and recorded with other unusual instruments, such as a flute quartet (Flute Force Four, a one-time project from 1990); and combinations of four cellos and four acoustic guitars (on Makin' a Move).

He was signed by Columbia Records for three albums. Since the dissolution of Very Very Circus, Threadgill has continued in his iconoclastic ways with ensembles such as Make a Move and Zooid. Zooid, currently a sextet with tuba (Jose Davila), acoustic guitar (Liberty Ellman), cello (Christopher Hoffman), drums (Elliot Kavee) and bass guitar (Stomu Takeishi), has been the primary vehicle for Threadgill's compositions in the 2000s.

In 2018, Threadgill composed the string quartet "Sixfivetwo" for the Kronos Quartet, which they recorded as part of their "Fifty for the Future" project.

Awards and honors
In 2016, Threadgill's composition In for a Penny, In for a Pound was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Music.

In July 2016, he received the Vietnam Veterans of America Excellence in the Arts Award, at the VVA National Leadership Conference in Tucson.

"Run Silent, Run Deep, Run Loud, Run High" (conducted by Hale Smith) and "Mix for Orchestra" (conducted by Dennis Russell Davies), were both premiered at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1987 and 1993 respectively. He has had commissions from Mordine & Company in 1971 and 1989, from Carnegie Hall for "Quintet for Strings and Woodwinds" in 1983 and 1985, the New York Shakespeare Festival in 1985, Bang on a Can All-Stars in 1995, "Peroxide" commissioned by the Miller Theatre Columbia University in 2003 for "Aggregation Orb", a commission from the Talujon Percussion Ensemble in 2008, a piece "Fly Fliegen Volar" commissioned and premiered at the Saalfelden Jazz Festival with the Junge Philharmonie Salzburg Orchestra in 2007, a premier of the piece "Mc Guffins" with Zooid at the Biennale Festival in Italy in 2004.

In October 2020, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) announced Threadgill as one of four recipients of the NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships, celebrated in an online concert and show on April 22, 2021. Awarded in recognition of lifetime achievement, the honor is bestowed on individuals who have made significant contributions to the art form. The other 2021 recipients were Terri Lyne Carrington, Albert "Tootie" Heath, and Phil Schaap.

Personal life
Threadgill was born in Chicago. He studied piano, flute, and composition at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago, and Governors State University, in University Park, Illinois. He was a member of the US Army Concert Band, and served in Vietnam. He is married to recording artist and ethnomusicologist Senti Toy, also known as Sentienla Toy Threadgill.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
Air
 1975: Air Song (Why Not)
 1976: Air Raid (Why Not)
 1977: Live Air (Black Saint)
 1977: Air Time (Nessa)
 1978: Open Air Suit (Arista/Novus)
 1978: Montreux Suisse (Arista/Novus)
 1979: Air Lore (Arista/Novus)
 1980: Air Mail (Black Saint)
 1982: 80° Below '82 (Antilles)
 1983: Live at Montreal International Jazz Festival (as New Air) (Black Saint)
 1986: Air Show No. 1 (as New Air with Cassandra Wilson) (Black Saint)

X-75
 1979: X-75 Volume 1 (Arista/Novus)
Henry Threadgill Sextett
 1982: When Was That? (About Time)
 1983: Just the Facts and Pass the Bucket (About Time)
 1984: Subject to Change (About Time)
 1987: You Know the Number (Arista/Novus)
 1988: Easily Slip Into Another World (Arista/Novus)
 1989: Rag, Bush and All (Arista/Novus)

Very Very Circus
 1990: Spirit of Nuff...Nuff (Black Saint)
 1991: Live at Koncepts (Taylor Made)
 1993: Too Much Sugar for a Dime (Axiom)
 1993: Song Out of My Trees (Black Saint)
 1994: Carry the Day (Columbia)
 1995: Makin' a Move (Columbia)

Make a Move
 1996: Where's Your Cup? (Columbia)
 2001: Everybodys Mouth's a Book (Pi)

Zooid
 2001: Up Popped the Two Lips (Pi)
 2005: Pop Start the Tape, StoP (Hardedge)
 2009: This Brings Us to Volume 1 (Pi)
 2010: This Brings Us to Volume 2 (Pi )
 2012: Tomorrow Sunny / The Revelry, Spp (Pi)
 2015: In for a Penny, In for a Pound (Pi)
 2021: Poof (Pi)

Ensemble Double Up
 2016: Old Locks and Irregular Verbs (Pi)
 2018: Double Up, Plays Double Up Plus (Pi)

14 or 15 Kestra: Agg
 2018: Dirt… And More Dirt (Pi)

Henry Threadgill Ensemble
 2023: The Other One (Pi)

As sideman
With Muhal Richard Abrams
 Young at Heart/Wise in Time (1969)
 1-OQA+19 (1977)
With Anthony Braxton
 For Trio (Arista, 1978)
With Chico Freeman
 Morning Prayer (Whynot, 1976)
With Roscoe Mitchell
 Nonaah (Nessa, 1977)
 L-R-G / The Maze / S II Examples (Nessa, 1978)
With Frank Walton
 Reality (1978)
With David Murray
 Ming (1980)
 Home (1981)
 Murray's Steps (1982)
With Material / Bill Laswell
 Memory Serves (1981)
 The Third Power (1991)
With Sly & Robbie / Bill Laswell
 Rhythm Killers (1987)
With Carlinhos Brown / Bill Laswell
 Bahia Black: Ritual Beating System (1991)
With Leroy Jenkins
 Themes & Improvisations on the Blues (1992)
With Kip Hanrahan
 Darn It! (1992) with Paul Haines
 A Thousand Nights and a Night (Shadow Night – 1) (1996)
With Billy Bang
 Hip Hop Be Bop (1993) with Craig Harris
 Vietnam: Reflections (2005)
With Sola
 Blues in the East (1994)
With Abiodun Oyewole
 25 Years (1996)
With Flute Force Four (Threadgill, Pedro Eustache, Melecio Magdaluyo, James Newton)
 Flutistry (1990, released 1997)
With Douglas Ewart
 Angles of Entrance (1998)
With Jean-Paul Bourelly
 Boom Bop (2000)
 Trance Atlantic – Boom Bop II (2001)
With Ejigayehu "Gigi" Shibabaw
 Gigi (2001)
With Lucky Peterson
 Black Midnight Sun (2002)
With Dafnis Prieto
 Absolute Quintet (2006)
With Wadada Leo Smith
 The Great Lakes Suites (2012, released 2014)
With Jack DeJohnette
 Made in Chicago (ECM, 2013 [2015]) with Muhal Richard Abrams, Larry Gray and Roscoe Mitchell

References

External links
 Tribute by Dave Kaufman
 Interview on Columbia University's radio station
 Interview
 Henry Threadgill unedited, Wire interview, July 2010
 Illustrated Discography by Lars Backstrom

1944 births
Living people
Musicians from Chicago
American jazz flautists
American male saxophonists
Avant-garde jazz musicians
Jazz alto saxophonists
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Columbia Records artists
Pi Recordings artists
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
Air (free jazz trio) members
21st-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Illinois
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
United States Army soldiers
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American musicians
21st-century flautists

Henry Threadgill


Diplom (from Greek  diploma) is a high level degree awarded for learning. It is awarded in European countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belarus and Greece. It is a similar award to the Bachelor's and Master's degrees in other countries.

The Diplom was first awarded when the Technische Hochschulen became a university.

The diplom is slowly being replaced by a system that awards Bachelor's and Master's degrees. Bachelor's degrees, sometimes called Bakkalaureus in Germany, are thought of as a "small Diplom".

Germany / Austria

The Diplom may be awarded by the two types of German university. At a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a Diplom (FH) and normally takes four years to study and gain work experience. At a Universität the degree is called a Diplom or sometimes a Diplom (Univ.) and takes four or five years.  These years are called "regular study time" (Regelstudienzeit) but study for the universität normally takes longer.

The Diplom is the first university award for many students. There has been no Bachelor's degree in the German/Austrian educational system.

To win the Diplom certificate, a student must pass the tests for the Hauptstudium (main study time) after the Vordiplom, then one or more Studienarbeit (study research projects), and then write a Diplomarbeit (diploma thesis). The curriculum of diplom studies at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) is focused on using (applying) the science. The Universität is focused on learning.

A student must have a Diplom before studying for a PhD (Doctorate). The diplom qualifies a student to study for a doctorate in most other countries.

This chart is a guide to the number of years of university study needed in a diplom system to begin studying for a doctorate:

Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend two years with a company where he or she does not study before studying for a doctorate. These years are shown as "additional work" in the table.

Also note: A Diplom student can begin the doctorate without the additional work if their work has been good enough. Normally a Master's course is taken before a doctorate.

Related pages
 Magister
 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

References

Education in Germany
Austria
Switzerland
Greece

Diplom


The Temple in Independence, Missouri, is a house of worship and education "dedicated to the pursuit of peace". It dominates the skyline of Independence and has become the focal point of the headquarters of the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints). The temple was built by the Community of Christ in response to a revelation presented at their 1984 World Conference by church prophet-president Wallace B. Smith. The revelation was the culmination of instructions shared over the course of more than 150 years by prior prophet-presidents recognized by the Community of Christ. Groundbreaking for the temple took place on April 6, 1990, and the completed structure was dedicated on April 17, 1994.

Structure and building
 The temple was designed by Gyo Obata and evokes the spiral shell of the nautilus with a stainless steel spire that rises . The facility displays art which comprises a collection of modern and traditional religious art from around the world. The entry to the sanctuary is through an etched glass archway depicting the Sacred Grove where Joseph Smith had his initial revelatory experience. This leads to the gently ascending worshipper's path of textured stone which spirals around its periphery. Along the path are artworks and a fountain symbolising the "living water" of John 4:10 for meditative focus. The temple's main sanctuary has seating for approximately 1,600. It houses a Casavant pipe organ with 60 stops, 102 ranks, and 5685 pipes. At the exit foyer in the mouth of the spiral, "The Field is White, Already to Harvest" (see John: 4:35) is a large stained glass wall depicting rice and wheat, that earned an American Institute of Architects award for religious art. Adjacent are the massive bronze exit doors which carry the church seal depicting the peaceful lion, lamb, and child from Isaiah 11:6 and the word "PEACE". The wide steps open up onto a world plaza with global map of inlaid brick.

The public is welcomed to the temple, where there is a Daily Prayer for Peace at 1:00 p.m. Central Time on behalf of a selected nation of the world. A meditation chapel with paintings by Jack Garnier of the Sacraments being performed around the world opens onto a Japanese style meditation garden and serves the needs of individuals or small groups of visitors. The temple also contains the church archives, the Temple School, administrative offices of church headquarters, theaters used for visitors and also for meetings, presentations, and classes, a museum and gift shop. The building has become a popular attraction with guided tours available. Approximately 60,000 people visit the temple each year.

Temple ministries

The temple is regarded as a symbol of the church's mission and has long been closely associated with the denomination's developing theology of Zion, or the peaceable Kingdom of God, first advocated as basileia tou theou by Jesus Christ. The first major event held at the temple prior to its dedication was the International Women's Conference in June 1993. The temple has no private ceremonies and is open to everyone. The sacraments performed there are communion, administration to the sick (laying on of hands), and priesthood ordination. Initially, six temple ministries centers were created in response to the building of the temple. The temple according to Ken Robinson, former member of the First Presidency, "gives form to our commitment to Jesus Christ" and that it "is at the center of meaning and identity for members of...Community of Christ"

Temple lot

Wallace B. Smith's great-grandfather and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith, visited Jackson County in 1831 and prophesied that a temple to the Lord would be built there. The early Latter Day Saints purchased a  parcel of land known as the "greater temple lot." At that time a portion of the property was dedicated as the site for a temple, and cornerstones were laid. However, the church members were driven from the county before any construction began. The original temple site proper is now owned by the Church of Christ (Temple Lot).

The Community of Christ's temple is built on the greater temple lot, as is the Auditorium, the headquarters chapel of the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) and a visitor center of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The Community of Christ also owns the temple in Kirtland, Ohio, the first temple built by Latter Day Saints, which continues to be a place of worship and education. As part of its educational ministry that site is open as a National Historic Landmark.

Notes

References
Laurie Smith Monsees, The Temple: Dedicated to Peace, Herald House: 1993.
Marilyn Chiat, North American Churches, Publications International, Ltd.: 2004, p. 72.
Michael J. Crosbie, Architecture for the Gods. (Watson-Guptill Publications: 2000), pp. 66–72.

External links

Temple pipe organ

20th-century Latter Day Saint temples in the United States
Churches in Independence, Missouri
Religious buildings and structures of the Community of Christ
Latter Day Saint movement in Missouri
Peace symbols
Religious buildings and structures in Missouri
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 1994
Temple Lot
1994 establishments in Missouri
Museums in Jackson County, Missouri
Religious museums in Missouri
Mormon museums in the United States
Gyo Obata buildings
Temples (LDS Church) in Missouri

Independence Temple


The Barber of Seville (in Italian: Il barbiere di Siviglia) is a comic opera (opera buffa) in two acts by the composer Gioachino Rossini. The libretto (words) are based on a comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais called The Barber of Seville. It is Rossini's most famous opera, containing some very well known tunes.

The first performance took place on 20 February, 1816 in Rome.

History of the opera
Rossini's opera was not the first one to be based on Beaumarchais' play. The composer Giovanni Paisiello had written one with the same title, and another was composed in 1796 by Nicolas Isouard. Paisiello's opera was popular for a time, but soon Rossini's opera became famous and Paisiello's opera was forgotten.

Mozart's opera Le nozze di Figaro, composed in 1786 is also based on the same play, but it deals with the second part of the play (the play was in three parts).

Rossini is well known for being able to compose very quickly. He composed all the music for The Barber of Seville in less than three weeks. He borrowed the overture from something he had written earlier.

When the opera was first performed on 20 February 1816 it was a big failure. The audience hissed and jeered the whole time, and there were several little accidents on the stage. At one point a cat walked onto the stage.

The second time it was performed it was a great success.

Roles

The story of the opera

Act 1
The square in front of Dr. Bartolo's house

The story takes place in the town of Seville in Spain. It is supposed to be the 17th century. In a town square outside Dr. Bartolo's house a band of musicians are serenading outside the window of Rosina. Among them is Lindoro, who is pretending to be a poor student, but he is really Count Almaviva in disguise. He hopes that Rosina will love him. He pays the musicians who then leave.

Figaro comes in. He used to be Almaviva's servant. The aria that he sings is very famous. It is called Largo al factotum. Almaviva asks him to help him meet Rosina, offering him money if he can do it. Figaro says he should disguise himself as a soldier and pretend to be drunk and to try and get into the house.

Inside Dr Bartolo's house Rosina sings a song Una voce poco fa (A voice just now).
Rosina writes to the Count, calling him Lindoro, because she thinks that is his name. As she is leaving the room, Bartolo and Basilio enter. Bartolo is suspicious of the Count, and Basilio says that they should start to tell bad stories about him to get him out of the way.

When they are gone, Rosina and Figaro enter. Figaro asks Rosina to write a short note to Lindoro. She has already done this. She is surprised by Bartolo, but she manages to fool him.

Berta, Dr Bartolo's servant, tries to leave the house. She is met by the Count disguised as an drunken soldier. Bartolo cannot get rid of the Count, who manages to have a quick word with Rosina. He whispers to her that he is called Lindoro and gives her a letter. Bartolo is watching and is suspicious. He wants to know what the letter is about, but Rosina fools him by giving him a list of things to be washed. Bartolo and the Count start arguing. Basilio, Figaro and Berta appear and the noise is heard by the Officer of the Watch and his men. Bartolo thinks that the Count has been arrested, but Almaviva tells the officer his real name and he is immediately released. Bartolo and Basilio cannot understand why this happened. Rosina laughs at them.

Act 2
Dr. Bartolo's house

Almaviva comes to the doctor's house again. This time he is disguised as a music teacher. He is pretending that Basilio is ill and that he has come instead. At first Bartolo is suspicious but he soon lets him in when he shows him Rosina's letter. He gives Rosina a singing lesson. Bartolo thinks that Lindoro is one of the Count's servants and that he is trying to get girls for the Count. Bartolo does not want to leave him alone with Rosina, so he gets Figaro (who is a barber) to shave him.

When Basilio suddenly appears, Almaviva bribes him with some money and he goes away saying he is sick. Bartolo realizes in the end that it is a trick, and gets everyone out of the room. He goes to a notary to get a marriage contract made between himself and Rosina. He shows Rosina the letter she wrote to "Lindoro", and makes her think that Lindoro is a servant and cunning friend of Almaviva.

The stage is empty while the music creates a thunder storm. The Count and Figaro climb up a ladder to the balcony and enter the room through a window. Rosina shows Almaviva the letter and says she is very sad. Almaviva tells her who he really is. Rosina now loves him. Figaro tells them they should leave. Basilio and the notary come to the front door and try to leave by the ladder, but it has gone. Basilio can either take a bribe a be a witness to the marriage or he can be shot dead. He decides, together with Figaro, to witness the signing of the marriage contract between the Count and Rosina. Bartolo rushes in, but is too late. Bartolo (who was the one who had taken away the ladder) is made happy when he is told he can keep Rosina's dowry.

Compositions by Gioachino Rossini
Operas set in Spain
1810s operas

The Barber of Seville


Chemical composition is the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of chemical substances. Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals. Chemical formulas show this information.

The chemical composition of a substance determines the intramolecular forces and properties of the substance.  This means that the way atoms are put together in something determines the color, density, strength, texture and other properties of the thing.  Chemists can use tests to learn the chemical composition of a substance, including a pH test, flammability test, heavy metal test etc.

A particular chemical has a particular ratio of its atoms, allowed by their valence (chemistry). An example is Hydrogen Fluoride, or HF, which has 1 Hydrogen atom in ratio to every 1 Fluorine atom.  This substance has strong intramolecular forces of attraction because it is a hydrogen bond.

Analytical chemistry

Chemical composition


The Three Gorges Dam () is a dam in the Three Gorges region on the Yangtze River in Sandouping, in the country of China. Being one of the largest dams in the world, it also generates the biggest amount of hydroelectric power (22,250 megawatts), pushing the massive Itaipu Dam in Brazil from first place to second place.

The Three Gorges Dam project was completed on July 4, 2012. The dam was built for flood control, irrigation, and electricity. However, this has not come without problems. The dam covers a lot of historic sites and has caused 1.24 million people to lose their homes under the rising water. The dam forms the Three Gorges Reservoir, which extends nearly   upstream to the city of Chongqing.

History

The dam was proposed by Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese political leader, in 1919. The site was surveyed in 1932 and 1939, by the Chinese and Japanese respectively. The Japanese drew up a plan (the Otani plan) for the dam, only to realize later that China would remain under Chinese control. Later, in 1944, the United States helped make plans for the dam, but all work on the dam stopped in 1947, because of the Chinese Civil War. In 1949, work resumed, but the work was slow because of problems in the economy. Later in 1958, some engineers who were against the dam were put in jail.

In 1980, work on the dam continued faster. The National People's Congress voted in 1992 for the dam. The dam was accepted by the government, and on December 14, 1994, construction began. In 2009, the dam began to make hydroelectricity. Some new plans, such as a set of 6 new power generators under construction, became operational in the year 2011. The reservoir filled to capacity at the end of 2008.

Design, cost and purpose

The Three Gorges Dam consists of a main dam wall, and a section on the right with a set of five locks, which are devices used to raise boats and ships.
 The dam is:
  long
  tall
  thick at the bottom
  thick at the top
 The dam uses:
 27,200,000 cubic meters (35,600,000 cubic yards) of concrete
 463,000 tons of steel
 102,600,000 cubic meters (1.342E+8 cubic yards) of soil
 The reservoir is:
  above sea level
  deep
  long
  wide

The dam cost $180 billion Chinese Yuan Renminbi (about $30 billion USD). While this cost seems huge, it actually was $20 billion yuan (about $3.3 billion USD) less than the original budget of $203.9 billion yuan (about $34 billion USD). However, this cost will be recovered when the dam makes money by making electricity. In about 10 years, the complete cost of the dam will be recovered.

Flood control

One of the big reasons the dam was built to control floods. It protects large cities like Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai, which are very close to the river. Lots of farms, small villages and towns, and factories are also located near the river. In the event of a flood, there are 22 cubic kilometers (18 million acre feet) of space behind the dam to hold back the flood waters. The flood waters are stored behind the dam for future use. In the dry season, the water is released down the river, and the reservoir level drops to prepare for the next flood. However, the dam does not protect the lower river tributaries from flooding.

Navigation

Another reason the dam was built was for water navigation, or the transport of people and goods by ship. There are two sets of locks each of which has five stages. Each lock is  long,  wide, and  deep, which is similar in size to the original locks of the Panama Canal, one of the biggest canals in the world. The reservoir behind the dam floods dangerous sections of the river, so boats and ships can go safely and easily. There is also a "ship lift" (an elevator for ships) that can lift ships that weigh up to 3,000 tons.

Electricity

The Three Gorges Dam generates 22,250 megawatts, which makes it the biggest single hydroelectric power source in the world. It has 34 electricity generators, and 32 are main generators. Each generator is powered by water that comes from the reservoir.  Each of these 32 generators makes about 700 megawatts of electricity. (This is more electricity than the entire electricity generation of Glen Canyon Dam, one of the biggest dams in the United States.) The other two generators will make power for the dam itself. These two generators each make 50 megawatts.

Generators
Of the 32 main generators, 14 generators are on the north side of the dam. 12 are on the south side of the dam. 6 are in a separate powerhouse under a mountain just south of the dam. The generating capacity of the dam is 10,000 MWh (megawatt-hours), or the amount of megawatts generated per hour. Each main generator weighs a massive 6000 tons (about the same weight as three thousand cars). The water drops  from the reservoir to the generator, which uses a type of turbine called a Francis turbine. Each turbine is  wide and  tall. The amount of water that goes into the turbine can be from 1,968 cubic feet (600 m3) to 3,116 cubic feet (950 m3) per second. The turbines turn at a speed of 75 RPM (rotations per minute). The efficiency of the generators is from 94 to 96.5 percent.

Construction
The 14 main generators on the north side were installed from 2003 to 2005. The first one to begin making electricity (Generator No.2) started on July 10, 2003. The last one (Generator No.9) started on September 7, 2005. The full power (9,800 megawatts) of the north side generators was first tested on October 18, 2006, when the reservoir had risen to  above sea level. The 12 main generators on the south side were installed from 2007 to 2008. The first one to begin making electricity (Generator No.22) started on June 11, 2007. The last one (Generator No.23) started on August 19, 2008.

Electricity production and distribution
From its completion to March 2009, the Three Gorges Dam has generated about 296,550,000 MWh (Megawatt-hours) of electricity.

Three power lines send electricity away from the dam, to three electricity grids called the East, Central, and South China grids.
 One goes to a power distributor called the East China Grid. This power line can carry 7,200 megawatts.
 A branch of it goes to Shanghai. This branch carries 3,000 megawatts.
 Another branch goes to Changzhou. This branch also carries 3,000 megawatts.
 The third branch goes first to Gezhouba then to Shanghai. This branch can carry 1,200 megawatts.
 The second one goes to the Central China Grid. This power line carries 12,000 megawatts.
 The third one goes to the South China Grid. This power line can carry 3,000 megawatts.
The dam provides about 3% of China's electricity. However, the dam was originally planned to supply 10% of China's electricity. The reason for the decrease is, China's energy use grew much faster than the designers expected.

Benefits of the dam

Because of reducing electricity needs on fossil fuels like coal and oil, the Three Gorges Dam has saved 31 million tons of coal per year, and prevented:
 100 million tons of greenhouse gas per year
 1 million tons of sulfur dioxide per year
 370,000 tons of nitric oxide (large amounts of it can damage the human body)
 10,000 tons of carbon monoxide
 Large amounts of mercury and dust

The dam has also benefited transportation on the river. Because of the locks (devices used to lift ships) installed on the dam, the benefits are:
 6 times the water traffic capacity on the river
 25 percent decrease in shipping cost
 Fuel saved by the dam by replacing land transportation by water transportation has cut carbon dioxide by 10 million tons.

In response to the dam, many sewage pipes that once dumped sewage straight into the Yangtze River now have to be treated. Over 65 percent of this waste water is now treated before flowing into the reservoir. There are now about 50 water treatment facilities in the area. Also, solid waste is now collected in 32 landfills. They can handle 7,664.5 tons of waste every day.

The dam also persuaded the government of China to think seriously about the pollution in the Yangtze River and the rest of China.

Disadvantages of the dam
A total of 1.24 million people had to move to different places because their homes were flooded by the dam. This number is about 1.5% of the total population of Hubei Province (60.3 million) and Chongqing City (31.44 million) where the reservoir is located. 140,000 from Hubei Province alone.
On July 22, 2008, most of the people were safely relocated. 4 million more people will ultimately have to move to Chongqing from their homes near the Three Gorges Dam.

Wildlife habitat and historic sites
A large amount of animal habitat has also been destroyed. Many animals with critically low populations have lost their vital habitat. These include the endangered Siberian Crane, the Yangtze river dolphin (baiji), and Yangtze sturgeon. About one billion tons of dirty water flow into the Yangtze River each year. The dam has stopped this dirty water from being washed away to Shanghai, and led to serious pollution problems.

About 1,300 historical sites have been flooded by the Three Gorges reservoir.  Many of these historic sites have been moved to safer places.  Some historic sites cannot be moved because of their location, size, or design.

The Three Gorges Dam will become much less spectacular, because the water level will rise up to  in places, reducing the depth of the canyons.

Sediment problems
A lot of silt (sediment) that is carried by the river has been trapped in the reservoir. Eventually, if the dam is not removed, the reservoir will fill with silt, making it useless. Also, because the river's silt doesn't go downstream anymore, the city of Shanghai will suffer because there has been no silt to replace land that is washed away at the river's mouth. In a high-silt content river like the Yangtze, sediment can clog the dam's outlets, and it cannot release water. The water would back up behind the dam and have nowhere to go, and would eventually go over the dam, making it collapse.

Other dangers
The dam is also a possible target in war, weakening China's national security. It is also possible that the dam sits on a seismic fault.

Assisting dam projects

Gezhouba Dam

The Gezhouba Dam (Gezhouba Water Control Project, Chinese: 长江葛洲坝水利枢纽工程) is an afterbay (smaller dam in front) of the Three Gorges Dam. It forms a pool that extends upstream to the base of the Three Gorges Dam, improving navigation. The dam was built from December 30, 1970 to December 10, 1988. The dam is  long and up to  tall. It generates 2,710 megawatts of electricity. There are three ship locks at the dam. Lock No.2, which is  long,  wide, and  deep, is among the 100 largest in the world.

Other dams

A series of other dams are also planned upstream, on the Yangtze and Jinsha rivers. About four dams are planned on the stretch of the Yangtze River, and they will produce 38,500 megawatts in total. Eight dams are planned on the Jinsha River, and eight more upstream of it, and one original plan called for a dam in the Tiger Leaping Gorge, one of the deepest river canyons in the world. This plan was, however, scrapped in December 21, 2007, because of the gorge's status as a World Heritage site.

References

Buildings and structures in China
Dams in Asia
2012 establishments in China

Three Gorges Dam


Michael Hoenig (born 4 January 1952) is a German composer who has composed music for several films and games, in addition to two solo albums, including the highly acclaimed 1978 album Departure from the Northern Wasteland. In 1997, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music for composing the theme to the science fiction series Dark Skies.

Early career
As the editor of the underground magazine LOVE in the late sixties, Hoenig was part of the burgeoning progressive rock scene in Berlin, which fostered bands like Tangerine Dream, Ash Ra Tempel and Agitation Free. His interest in avant-garde music, sound generators and prepared tapes caught the eye of Michael Günther, the bassist of Agitation Free, and he joined the band in February 1971. In March 1975, Hoenig was hired to replace Peter Baumann in Tangerine Dream for an Australian tour and a London Royal Albert Hall concert, and subsequently left Agitation Free, which broke up shortly after. Baumann rejoined Tangerine Dream soon after, and Hoenig went on to collaborate with Klaus Schulze on the short-lived project "Timewind" (unrelated to the 1975 Schulze album of the same name). In 1976 he had a brief collaboration with Manuel Göttsching of Ash Ra Tempel; a recording of one of the sessions was released in 1995 under the title "Early Water". In 1977, he released his first solo album, the highly acclaimed Berlin School classic Departure from the Northern Wasteland, and left for Los Angeles shortly after it was released.

Later career
Hoenig owns a recording studio in Los Angeles and through his company Metamusic Productions, he has composed the scores for several movies (see filmography below) and television shows. In addition to this, he has composed music for the extremely popular Baldur's Gate PC games by BioWare. In 1987, Hoenig released his second solo album, Xcept One. The track Bones on the Beach from the Xcept One album was installed in the roller coaster CHAOS at Opryland in Nashville, making the attraction the first roller coaster to be synced to music. Bones on the Beach has also been used at a similar roller coaster, Revolution, at Bobbejaanland, a family park in Lichtaart, Belgium from 2004-2008 and since 2011.

Discography

Albums
Departure from the Northern Wasteland (1978)
Xcept One (1987)
The Blob soundtrack (1988)
Dark Skies score (1997)

with Tangerine Dream
Bootleg Box Set Vol. 1 (2003)
In Search of Hades: The Virgin Recordings 1973-1979 (2019)

with Manuel Göttsching
Early Water (1997)

Producer
Lovely Thunder – Harold Budd (1986)

Filmography

Films
Dracula 3000 (2004)
Contaminated Man (2000)
After Alice (1999)
Her Costly Affair (1996)
Thrill (1996)
Above Suspicion (1995)
Terminal Justice (1995)
Search for Grace (1994)
Eyes of Terror (1994)
Visions of Murder (1993)
The Amy Fisher Story (1993)
The Last of the Finest (1990)
Class of 1999 (1990)
I, Madman (1989)
The Blob (1988)
The Gate (1987)
Shattered Spirits (1987)
The Wraith (1987)
9½ Weeks (1986 – additional music)
Silent Witness (1985)
Night Patrol (1984)
Deadly Encounter (1982)
Koyaanisqatsi (1982 – additional music)

Television series
The District (2000–2004)
Strange World (1999)
Dark Skies (1996–1997)Max Headroom (1987–88)

GamesBaldur's Gate (1998)Baldur's Gate: Tales of the Sword Coast (1999)Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn'' (2000)

References

External links

Artist profile at OverClocked ReMix

Departure From The Northern Wasteland review (in Spanish)

1952 births
Ambient musicians
German film score composers
German male composers
German television composers
Living people
Male film score composers
Male television composers
Composers from Hamburg
New-age composers
New-age musicians
Video game composers

Michael Hoenig


Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2016 British/American fantasie film that was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and directed by David Yates. It was released worldwide on November 18, 2016 in 3D, IMAX 4K Laser and other muckle format cinemas.

2016 films
2016 3D films
2010s adventur films
2010s fantasy films
American films
American 3D films
American adventur films
American fantasy films
Breetish films
Breetish 3D films
Breetish adventur films
Breetish fantasy films
Inglis-leid films
Films based on wirks bi J. K. Rowling
Film scores bi James Newton Howard
Film spin-offs
Films directit bi David Yates
Films produced bi David Heyman
Films set in 1926
Films set in New York Ceety
Films set in the Roarin Twenties
Films shot in Ingland
Films shot in Lunnon
Films uisin computer-generatit eemagery
Harry Potter (film series)
Heyday Films films
High fantasy films
IMAX films
Warner Bros. films
Memory erasur an alteration in feection

Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016 film)


Carlos Sastre Candil (born 22 April 1975 in Leganés, Madrid) is a Spanish cyclist. He is retired and he won the Tour de France in 2008. He is a climbing specialist and has been very consistent, finishing consistently in the top 10 of the Vuelta and the Tour de France. A film made about his team showed that he is a man who loves his family. The title of the film is 'Overcoming'.

In 2009, his contract expired with CSC. He found work in two other teams before retiring at the end of 2011. Sastre is the only winner of the Tour de France from 2000 to 2010 who has not been involved in doping cases.

Spanish cyclists
1975 births
Living people

Carlos Sastre


Phoebe is a Titan in Greek mythology. She was associated with the moon. She is the daughter of Uranos and Gaia. She was married to her brother Coeus, and had two daughters: Leto  and Asteria. Leto bore Artemis and Apollo, Asteria is the mother of Hecate.

The Olympians beat the Titans in the ten-year war. She and the Titans were summoned by Zeus to Tarturus, in the Underworld.

Titans

Phoebe (Titan)


Sometimes Sacrament can stand for Eucharist
In Christianity, a sacrament is a special rite. It is a visible token of the reality of God.

Sacraments in the Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church knows seven such sacraments. These are
Baptism - usually given shortly after birth, it is meant to forgive original sin.
Confirmation - done when reaching maturity
Holy Eucharist - The body and blood of Jesus Christ is eaten to remember the Last Supper.
Marriage
Holy orders - the deacon, the priest and bishop.
Penance and remission of sins
Anointing of the Sick - used to be known as Last Rites, given shortly before death

Protestant views
Following Martin Luther's tradition, many Protestant churches see only Baptism and Lord's Supper as Sacraments. They also have most of the other rites, but do not consider them to be sacraments.

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox views
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches basically have the same views as the Roman Catholic Church. They say however, that many things the church does (as church), can be seen as sacraments, in some way.

Sacraments

Sacrament