Woodstock is a city and the county seat of Oxford County, Ontario in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Woodstock is 128 km southwest of Toronto, north of Highway 401 (Ontario) along the historic Thames River (Ontario). It is known as the Dairy Capital of Canada and promotes itself as "The Friendly City." In 2006, 35,480 people lived in Woodstock.

The community was first settled in 1800 after it was determined by Sir John Graves Simcoe, governor of what was then known as Upper Canada, that the area would make a good townsite. The early settlers were American immigrants from New York state. Increased immigration from Great Britain followed in the 1820s and 1830s. Woodstock was incorporated as a town in 1851 and a city in 1901.

Vansittart Avenue (named after Admiral Henry Vansittart, an early settler) in Woodstock's west end has one of the finest residential Victorian streetscapes in the province. Woodstock has a community center that hosts hockey games in addition to many social gatherings.

Government
The city government, Woodstock City Council, consists of four city councillors and two city and county councillors. Trevor Birtch is the current mayor, following a hard-fought and demanding campaign. Oxford Centre is the district in which Woodstock is included when voting in federal elections. Currently, the MP of Oxford is Dave MacKenzie (of the Conservative party).

History

Devastating tornado
On August 7, 1979, the Woodstock area was hit by three tornadoes, two of which registered at least F4 on the Fujita Scale. On the west side of town along Ingersoll Road, a Dominion Food Store was heavily damaged while the tornadoes skipped over every other home and business. Dickson's Florist was wiped out and the Fry home was moved on its foundation. Father Grondziel of the new Polish Roman Catholic Church, next to the Dominion Food Store, had just stepped into the washroom when one of the tornadoes passed by and took off the roof of the church and everything in the room he had just been in. No one on the street was injured and the cleanup took many weeks. On the south side, the buildings of the Maranatha Christian Reformed Church and the John Knox Christian School were destroyed, and the only fatality occurred when a vehicle on Highway 401 was blown off the road and the lone occupant killed.

Landmarks

Old St. Paul's Anglican Church
One of Woodstock's most notable historic sites is Old St. Paul's Church, the mother church of the Anglican Communion in Oxford County. The church was built in 1834. It is near the intersection of Huron and Dundas Streets. It used as a temporary jail during the rebellion of 1837. The church is a beautiful, brick cruciform structure surrounded by Woodstock's oldest cemetery. It has original box pews and dozens of memorial tablets commemorating prominent Woodstock citizens.

Springbank Snow Countess
The "Springbank Snow Countess" was commemorated by a life-size statue (designed by acclaimed Oxford County agricultural artist Ross Butler) which is on the corner of Dundas and Springbank.

This bell iron and lead statue was made to honour a record-setting milk production by a Holstein (Friesian) cow named Snow Countess.

The statue was first unveiled on August 4, 1937 by the Holstein Frisian Association of Canada. Snow Countess was born on November 18, 1919 and died at age 16 on August 9, 1936. During her lifetime, she produced 9,062 pounds of butterfat, impressive at the time. The statue and granite base cost $4,000 to design and erect.

The cow has become an important symbol to Woodstock and is used in many cultural events, such as the annual Cowapalooza Festival.

Infrastructure

Pittock Dam
Construction on the dam was started in 1964. If was completed in 1967. The cost of the dam and land at that time was close to $6 million. Present annual maintenance costs are about $40,000.

The Pittock Dam is designed for both flood control and flow augmentation purposes. It is designed to benefit water quality downstream during dry summer conditions and provide year-round flood control capability to protect downstream communities.

Woodstock Airport
The Woodstock Airport is  west of Woodstock.

Industry

Toyota Plant
In June 2005, Toyota, the world's second largest automaker, announced plans to build a new, $800 million automobile assembly plant in Woodstock on a  undeveloped undeveloped site in the city's northeast end. The plant was expected to employ 2000 people and begin full production of the Toyota RAV4 SUV in November 2008, at the rate of 150,000 a year. However, due to the recent economic problems and the slowing car sales, Toyota announced that production would be cut by 50% to 75,000 a year and the work force shrunk 40% to 1200 people. Fortunately the other 800 workers are expected to be recalled when car sales increase. It was the first new auto assembly plant to be built in Canada in two decades.

Late in 2008, the plant began producing vehicles, and on December 4, a ceremony attended by Ontario and federal government representatives as well as top Toyota executives, took place to celebrate its official opening.

Hino Motor Sales Canada
Early in March 2006, Hino Motors, a Toyota Motor Co. subsidiary, announced that it will be the first Japanese truck manufacturer to build its vehicles in Canada with a new Woodstock plant slated to begin production in April 2006, in the former General Seating plant in the Pattullo Ridge Business Park near Highway 401 and Highway 59.

The $3 million, 120,000 square foot (11,000 m²) plant will employ 45 and assemble 2,000 trucks a year when it begins production.

In late November 2008 the Hino Motors automotive plant was completed.

Other Major Industries in Woodstock include:
Vuteq Canada Inc (automotive parts supplier)
Firestone Textiles
CBM (Concrete)
Toyota Boshuko
General Motors (national parts distribution center)
RWF Braun (Heavy Equipment)
Standard Tube

Woodstock Organ Company
A major Canadian piano and organ and reed organ company operated under the name of Woodstock Organ Company for many years of the early twentieth century. It was owned by D W Karn, who was at one time mayor of Woodstock. Karn had previously operated an organ and piano manufacturing company under his own name.

Media
Woodstock has one daily newspaper owned by Sun Media Corporation, the Woodstock Sentinel-Review.

There are three licensed FM radio stations:
 FM 94.3 - CJFH, "Hope FM" Christian music
 FM 103.9 - CKDK 1039 FM (The Hawk)Oldies
 FM 104.7 - CIHR, "Heart FM" adult contemporary

The city also has a rebroadcaster of Toronto television station Citytv, operating on channel 31 and primarily targeting London and surrounding towns.

Transportation

Intercity transportation includes a VIA Rail train station and a Greyhound Lines of Canada intercity bus depot.

Local public transit service is available daily except Sunday on six routes. No service is provided after 18:30.

Provincial Highway 401 is at the south and east edges of the city, with the junction of Highway 403 east of the urban area. Many Oxford County highways and other roads radiate from Woodstock.

Further reading
 Art Williams. Bits & Pieces: A Montage of Woodstock, Ontario in Text and Pictures. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills, 1967, 1990.

References

Other websites

 City of Woodstock official website
 Oxford County Official website
 Information Oxford Business directory, Events, Social Services etc.

Cities in Ontario
1800 establishments
1800s establishments in Canada

Woodstock, Ontario


Comalcalco is a city located in Comalcalco Municipality about 45 miles (60 km) northwest of Villahermosa in the Mexican state of Tabasco. Near the city is the Pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site of Comalcalco. The literal English translation of "Comalcalco" is "In the house of the comals". A comal is a pan used to prepare food.

Demography
The present-day city of Comalcalco reported a 2020 census population of 43,035 inhabitants, while the municipality of which it serves as municipal seat had a population of 214,877. The city is the third-largest community in the state of Tabasco, behind Villahermosa and Cárdenas. The municipality, which has an area of 723.19 km2 (279.225 sq mi), includes many smaller outlying communities, the largest of which are Tecolutilla, Chichicapa, Cupilco, Aldama, Gobernadores, Tomas Garrido and Miguel Hidalgo.

Archeological site

The site of Comalcalco, whose coordinates are 18°16′N 93°10′W, is notable for two characteristics.  First, it is the westernmost known Maya settlement.  Second, and due to a dearth of locally available limestone (the primary material used in architectural construction), the city's buildings were made from fired-clay bricks held together with mortar made from oyster shells. The use of bricks at Comalcalco was unique among Maya sites, and many of them are decorated with iconography and/or glyphs. Important architectural features include the  northern plaza and two pyramids, the Gran Acropolis and the Acropolis Este.

Economy
Comalcalco has fertile soil.  Large amounts of  tropical products are grown.  Corn and beans and vegetables are also cultivated.  Cocoa is the largest harvest in Comalcalco. Comalcalco produces 20% of the cocoa harvested in the state of Tabasco. Also coconut, pepper, avocado and some tropical fruits are important in some zones.
Livestock raising, even though it is not widely practiced, is of high quality, most ranchers have their farms just sideout of Comalcalco, away from urban development.

Comalcalco produces 5% of the total extracted petroleum in the state of Tabasco.

History

In 1820, the river Mezcalapa was drying up, and many of the families made residence in the middle of the river on an island.  The Government of the State of Tabasco; consisting of Juan Mariano Sale, Antonio Solana and Fausto Gordillo, and all members of the congress;  established a town in October, and named it San Isidro de Comalcalco. The decree was published by Mr. Marcelino Margalli, governor of the state and Jose Mariano Troncoso, who was secretary of the state. The town is located in the Comalcalco municipalities, and on November 14 of 1834 the first local government was created.

References
 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
 Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

External links
Official Website Ayuntamiento de Comalcalco

Populated places in Tabasco

Comalcalco


For thousands of years, people have caught and eaten fish and seafood. Today this has become a problem: The population has increased, and more fish and seafood need to be caught to feed all the people. This means that the populations of fish have less time to regenerate, and they get depleted, which is known as overfishing. Sustainable seafood is the idea of catching the fish, without putting the ecosystem they come from in danger. Sustainable seafood is either caught wild, or it is farmed, but without endangering the ecosystem, and giving the stocks a chance to grow. There are different non-profit organizations that watch over these rules. Special labels have been created so the consumer can see that the fish or seafood was bred or caught in accordance with these rules.

Fishing
Sustainable development

Sustainable seafood


Lenard Duane Moore (born February 13, 1958) is an American writer. He was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina. He has written more than 20 forms of poetry, drama, essays and literary criticism. He has been writing and publishing haiku for 25 years.

Poetry
Lenard's poetry has been translated into several languages. He has written the following:
Poems of Love & Understanding (Carlton Press, 1982)
The Open Eye (NC Haiku Society Press, 1985)
Forever Home (St. Andrews College Press, 1992)
Desert Storm: A Brief History (Los Hombres Press, 1993)

Awards
1983, 1994, 2003 Haiku Museum of Tokyo Award
1987-1988 Japan Air Lines Haiku Contest Finalist out of 40,000 entries
1992 First Prize Winner in Traditional Style Haiku,Mainichi Daily News:Tokyo, JAPAN
1992 Third Prize Harold G. Henderson Award, Haiku Society of America
1996 Indies Arts Award
1997 Margaret Walker Creative Writing Award
1998 Tar Heel of the Week Award
1998-2000 Cave Canem Fellow
2000 Alumni Achievement Award
2001 The Heron's Nest Award, First Runner-up for poem "summer moon-"
2006 Sam Ragan Fine Arts Award for contributing to the fine arts of North Carolina

1958 births
Living people
Military people from North Carolina
Writers from North Carolina

Lenard Moore


Many countries have armed forces, which they usually call military. Some people in these forces are soldiers, and they have a special education as a soldier. In many cases, the military is not only made of such people, but the country also requires its citizens to spend part of their life in the military. This time is usually called military service. In most cases, it will be done after a first education has finished, with adolescents and young adults. Most countries only require men to do this service, women often don't have to, but they can volunteer. A few countries require all people of a given age group to serve in the military. Very often, there's a concept called civil service, for people who do not want to carry weapons.

Military

Military service


An art critic is a person who writes about art. He writes reviews which are published in newspapers, magazines, books and on web sites.  He often goes to museums and art exhibitions and then writes about the paintings and sculptures on display.

Professional art critics should know a lot about art history.

People often discuss what the art critic has said or written.  It may lead to a lot of discussion among art lovers.  When art critics write good things about young artists it may help them to become famous.  If they write bad things then it makes it difficult for young artists to have a good career.  So, art critics (just like music critics with music) have a lot of influence on art culture.  Critics such as Roger Fry have helped the public to understand the Post-Impressionist movement, and Lawrence Alloway helped to explain Pop Art.

Related pages
Criticism
Vladimir Stasov

Art critic


Brinkley is a small village in Cambridgeshire, England. It is situated about 15 miles east of Cambridge and 5 miles south of Newmarket, the horse racing centre. It features a pub, The Brinkley Lion, but its post office closed down in the 1990s. Children go to school in the neighbouring village, Burrough Green.

The local church is St Mary's Church. Most of it dates from around 1600 but some parts of it are older. It has a beautiful east window (the tower is at the west end) which is thought to date from around 1300 so it is likely there was probably a building here much earlier. The rectors of Brinkley are recorded all the way back to 1260. There have been around 50 since then.

From time to time the residents invite everyone with the surname Brinkley to come to the village fete, which is held in July each year in the grounds of Brinkley Hall, next to the church. The last time this happened was in July 2000 when 250 Brinkleys from all over the world turned out.

References

External links

 Village website
 2001 Census
 Brinkley Campanology
 Cambridgeshire Churches: "Brinkley: St Mary's"

Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
East Cambridgeshire District
Villages in Cambridgeshire

Brinkley, Cambridgeshire


Autolycus of Pitane (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.  He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.  His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC.  Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called On the Moving Sphere) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies.  On the Moving Sphere is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work.  Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

Mathematics
Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere.  It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived.  Theodosius' Sphaerics was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.

Astronomy
Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.

References

Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient mathematicians

Autolycus of Pitane


Christian art is an art form related to Christianity. There are a lot different definitions of it.  Christian art is mainly defined by pieces that try to show or express the ideas of Christianity. Most Christian denominations or groups either use or have used art to some extent. Other groups, however, have do not like the idea of religious images, and there have been major periods of iconoclasm within Christianity. Images of Jesus and events from the Life of Christ are the most common subjects, and scenes from the Old Testament play a part in the art of most Christian groups.  Images of the Virgin Mary and saints are less common in Protestant art than in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox art.

Related pages
Nativity scene

Christian art


Téorema Bayes mangrupa hasil dina tiori probabiliti, which gives the conditional probability distribution of a variabel acak A given B in terms of the conditional probability distribution of variable B given A and the marginal probability distribution of A alone.

In the context of Bayesian probability theory and statistical inference, the marginal probability distribution of A alone is usually called the prior probability distribution or simply the prior. The conditional distribution of A given the "data" B is called the posterior probability distribution or just the posterior.

As a mathematical theorem, Bayes' théorem is valid regardless of whether one adopts a frequentist or a Bayesian interpretation of probability.
However, there is disagreement as to what kinds of variables can be substituted for A and B in the théorem; this topic is tréated at gréater length in the articles on Bayesian probability and frequentist probability.

Historical remarks

Bayes' théorem is named after the Reverend Thomas Bayes (1702–61). Bayes worked on the problem of computing a distribution for the paraméter of a binomial distribution (to use modérn terminology); his work was edited and presented posthumously (1763) by his friend Richard Price, in An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances. Bayes' results were replicated and extended by Laplace in an essay of 1774, who apparently was not aware of Bayes' work.

One of Bayes' results (Proposition 5) gives a simple description of conditional probability, and shows that it does not depend on the order in which things occur:

If there be two subsequent events, the probability of the second b/N and the probability of both together P/N, and it being first discovered that the second event has also happened, the probability I am right [i.e. the conditional probability of the first event being true given that the second has happened] is P/b.

The main result (Proposition 9 in the essay) derived by Bayes is the following: assuming a uniform distribution for the prior distribution of the binomial paraméter p, the probability that p is between two values a and b is

where m is the number of observed successes and n the number of observed failures. His preliminary results, in particular Propositions 3, 4, and 5, imply the result now called Bayes' Théorem (as described below), but it does not appéar that Bayes himself emphasized or focused on that result.

What is "Bayesian" about Proposition 9 is that Bayes presented it as a probability for the paraméter p. That is, not only can one compute probabilities for experimental outcomes, but also for the paraméter which governs them, and the same algebra is used to maké inferences of either kind. Interestingly, Bayes actually states his question in a way that might maké the idéa of assigning a probability distribution to a paraméter palatable to a frequentist. He supposes that a billiard ball is thrown at random onto a billiard table, and that the probabilities p and q are the probabilities that subsequent billiard balls will fall above or below the first ball. By making the binomial paraméter p depend on a random event, he cleverly escapes a philosophical quagmire that he most likely was not even aware was an issue.

Statement of Bayes' theorem

Bayes' théorem is a relation among conditional and marginal probabilities. It can be viewed as a méans of incorporating information, from an observation, for example, to produce a modified or updated probability distribution.

Suppose the marginal probability density function or probability mass function of a random variable X is

(be very careful to distinguish between the capital X and the lower-case x above!). This is the prior probability distribution of X. Suppose the conditional probability density function or probability mass function of Y given X = x (a function of y) is

As a function of x, this is the likelihood function

The likelihood function is not a probability density function or a probability mass function for X, since it need not integrate (or sum) over x to produce 1.

Bayes théorem says:

To get the posterior probability distribution of X (i.e., the conditional probability distribution of X given Y), multiply the prior probability density function (or mass function) for X by the likelihood function, and then normalize to produce a probability distribution.

"Normalize" méans to multiply or divide by a constant to maké the resulting function a probability density function or a probability mass function. Thus the posterior probability density function is

The normalizing constant in the denominator is

In the discrete case, one would have a sum rather than an integral. If one takes the measure-theoretic viewpoint, either is an integral.

Conto

Suppose the proportion R of voters who will vote "yes" in a referendum is sebaran seragam between 0 and 1. That is the prior probability distribution of R. A random sample of 10 voters is taken, and it is found that seven of them will vote "yes". The conditional distribution of the number X of voters in this small sample who will vote "yes", given that (capital) R is some particular number (lower-case) r, is a sebaran binomial with paraméters 10 and r, i.e., it is the distribution of the number of "successes" in 10 independent Bernoulli trials with probability r of success on éach trial. One therefore has

Since X was observed to be 7, the likelihood function is

for 0 ≤ r ≤ 1. The prior probability density function is

and 0 otherwise. Multiplying the prior by the likelihood, we get

if 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, and 0 otherwise. Integrating, we get

so the posterior probability density function is

for r between 0 and 1, and 0 otherwise.

One may be interested in the probability that more than half the voters will vote "yes". The prior probability that more than half the voters will vote "yes" is 1/2, by the symmetry of the sebaran seragam. The posterior probability that more than half the voters will vote "yes", i.e., the conditional probability given the outcome of the opinion poll—that seven of the 10 voters questioned will vote "yes"—is

about an "89% chance".

Derivation in the discrete case

To derive Bayes' théorem in the discrete case, note first from the definition of conditional probability that

denoting by P(A,B) the joint probability of A and B.
Dividing the left- and right-hand sides by P(B), we obtain

which is Bayes' théorem.

éach term in Bayes' théorem has a conventional name.
The term P(A) is called the prior probability of A.
It is "prior" in the sense that it precedes any information about B.
P(A) is also the marginal probability of A.
The term P(A|B) is called the posterior probability of A, given B. It is "posterior" in the sense that it is derived from or entailed by the specified value of B.
The term P(B|A), for a specific value of B, is called the likelihood function for A given B and can also be written as L(A|B).
The term P(B) is the prior or marginal probability of B, and acts as the normalizing constant.

Alternative forms of Bayes' theorem

Bayes' théorem is often embellished by noting that

so the théorem can be restated as

where AC is the complementary event of A. More generally, where {Ai} forms a partition of the event space,

for any Ai in the partition.

See also the law of total probability.

Bayes' theorem for probability densities

There is also a version of Bayes' théorem for continuous distributions.
It is somewhat harder to derive, since probability densities,
strictly spéaking, are not probabilities,
so Bayes' théorem has to be established by a limit process;
see Papoulis (citation below), Section 7.3 for an elementary derivation.
Bayes' théorem for probability densities is formally similar to the théorem for probabilities:

and there is an analogous statement of the law of total probability:

As in the discrete case,
the terms have standard names.
f(x, y) is the joint distribution of X and Y,
f(x|y) is the posterior distribution of X given Y=y,
f(y|x) = L(x|y) is (as a function of x) the likelihood function of X given Y=y,
and f(x) and f(y) are the marginal distributions of X and Y respectively, with f(x) being the prior distribution of X.

Here we have indulged in a conventional abuse of notation,
using f for éach one of these terms,
although éach one is réally a different function;
the functions are distinguished by the names of their arguments.

Extensions of Bayes' theorem

Théorems analogous to Bayes' théorem hold in problems with more than two variables.
These théorems are not given distinct names,
as they may be mass-produced by applying the laws of probability.
The general strategy is to work with a decomposition of the joint probability, and to marginalize (integrate) over the variables that are not of interest.
Depending on the form of the decomposition,
it may be possible to prove that some integrals must be 1,
and thus they fall out of the decomposition;
exploiting this property can reduce the computations very substantially.
A Bayesian network is essentially a mechanism for automatically generating the extensions of Bayes' théorem that are appropriate for a given decomposition of the joint probability.

Examples

Typical examples that use Bayes' théorem assume the philosphy underlying Bayesian probability that uncertainty and degrees of belief can be méasured as probabilities. For worked out examples, pléase see the article on the examples of Bayesian inference.

References

Versions of the essay

 Thomas Bayes (1763), "An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 53.
 Thomas Bayes (1763/1958) "Studies in the History of Probability and Statistics: IX. Thomas Bayes's Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances", Biometrika 45:296-315 (Bayes's essay in modernized notation)
 Thomas Bayes "An essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances"  (Bayes's essay in the original notation)

Commentaries

 G.A. Barnard. (1958) "Studies in the History of Probability and Statistics: IX. Thomas Bayes's Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances", Biometrika 45:293-295 (biographical remarks)
 Daniel Covarrubias "An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances"  (an outline and exposition of Bayes's essay)
 Stephen M. Stigler (1982) "Thomas Bayes' Bayesian Inference," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 145:250-258 (Stigler argues for a revised interpretation of the essay -- recommended)
 Isaac Todhunter (1865) A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from the time of Pascal to that of Laplace, Macmillan. Reprinted 1949, 1956 by Chelséa and 2001 by Thoemmes.

Additional material

 Pierre-Simon Laplace (1774), "Mémoire sur la Probabilité des Causes par les Événements," Savants Étranges 6:621-656, also Oeuvres 8:27-65.
 Pierre-Simon Laplace (1774/1986), "Memoir on the Probability of the Causes of Events", Statistical Science, 1(3):364–378.
 Stephen M. Stigler (1986), "Laplace's 1774 memoir on inverse probability," Statistical Science, 1(3):359–378.
 Stephen M. Stigler (1983), "Who Discovered Bayes's Theorem?" The American Statistician, 37(4):290-296.
 Jeff Miller. Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (B) (very informative -- recommended)
 Athanasios Papoulis (1984), Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, second edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tempo ogé

 Raven paradox
 Prosecutor's fallacy
 Revising opinions in statistics
 Occam's razor
 Inferensi Bayes

Probability theory
Theorems

Téoréma Bayes


Sandy (San-Dŷ meaning saint house) is an area in the county of Carmarthenshire in south-west Wales, on the western border of Llanelli town, about 5 miles east of Burry Port.

The area is home to Sandy Water Park, a large project which has seen acres of disused industrial land converted to parkland and a lake. It now forms a part of the more recent Millennium Coastal Park.

Sandy is adjacent to Stradey, which once contained the famous Stradey Park stadium, former home to Llanelli RFC and the Llanelli Scarlets. In 2008/09 the Scarlets moved to a new purpose-built stadium in Pemberton and Stradey Park has now been demolished.

External links

Llanelli Rural
Villages in Carmarthenshire

Sandy, Carmarthenshire


The Vienna Dioscurides or Vienna Dioscorides is an early 6th-century Byzantine Greek illuminated manuscript of an even earlier 1st century AD work, De materia medica (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς : Perì hylēs iatrikēs in the original Greek) by Pedanius Dioscorides in uncial script. It is an important and rare example of a late antique scientific text. After residing in Constantinople for just over a thousand years, the text passed to the Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna in the 16th century, a century after the city fell to the Ottoman Empire.

The 491 vellum folios measure  by  and contain more than 400 pictures of animals and plants, most done in a naturalistic style. In addition to the text by Dioscorides, the manuscript has appended to it, the Carmen de herbis attributed to Rufus, a paraphrase of an ornithological treatise by a certain Dionysius, usually identified with Dionysius of Philadelphia, and a paraphrase of Nicander's treatise on the treatment of snake bites.

History
The manuscript was created in about 515 AD in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire's capital, Constantinople, for a resident Byzantine imperial princess, Anicia Juliana, the daughter of Anicius Olybrius (one of the last of the Western Roman Emperors). The manuscript is accordingly now called the Juliana Anicia Codex by scholars. Although it was created as a luxury copy, in later centuries it was used daily as a textbook in the imperial hospital of Constantinople, and a medieval note records that a Greek nurse there, named Nathanael, had it rebound in 1406.

Throughout the Byzantine period the manuscript was used as the original for copies of the work that were given to foreign leaders, including the Arabic edition of Abd al-Rahman III of Spain for the creation of which the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII sent a Greek copy and a translator. A note recording the name of one Michael of the Varangian Guard is also found in the text.

The manuscript was restored and a table of contents and extensive scholia added in Byzantine Greek minuscule, by the patriarchal notary John Chortasmenos in 1406. In the mid-15th century, it was used to create the Pope Alexander VII Dioscorides, now in the Vatican Library, by the monks of St. John the Baptist Greek orthodox monastery in Constantinople. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 a subsequent owner handwrote each plant's name in Arabic and Hebrew. The manuscript, still in Istanbul a century after the fall of the city, was purchased from Moses Hamon, the Arabic-speaking, Jewish physician to sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, by the Flemish diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, who was in the employ of Emperor Ferdinand I of the Austrian Habsburgs. The manuscript is now held among the manuscripts of the Austrian National Library () in Vienna, where it is identified as the Codex Vindobonensis med. gr. 1. The manuscript was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 1997 in recognition of its historical significance.

Illustrations

The manuscript has 383 extant full-page illustrations of plants out of the original 435 illustrations.  The illustrations fall into two groups.  There are those that faithfully follow earlier classical models and present a quite naturalistic illustration of each plant.  There are also other illustrations that are more abstract.  The majority of the illustrations were painted in a naturalistic style so as to aid a pharmacologist in the recognition of each plant.  However, it is believed that these illustrations were made as copies of an earlier herbal and were not drawn from nature.

In addition to the illustrations of the text, the manuscript contains several frontispieces in the form of a series of full-page miniatures.  Of special note is the dedication miniature portrait of Anicia Juliana on folio 6 verso. The manuscript was presented to Anicia out of gratitude for her funding the construction of a church in the suburbs of Constantinople.  This portrait is the oldest extant dedication portrait.  The portrait has Anicia seated in a ceremonial pose distributing alms.  She is flanked by personifications of Megalopsychia (magnanimity) and Phronesis (prudence).  At her feet, another personification, labeled "Gratitude of the Arts", kneels.  A putto holds a dedication copy up to Anicia.  Anicia and her attendants are enclosed within an eight-point star within a circle all formed of intertwined rope. Within the outer spandrels of the star are putti, done in grisaille, working as masons and carpenters.  This miniature is an altogether original creation and, with the inclusion of the personifications and the putti, shows the endurance of the classical tradition in Constantinople, despite the fact that Anicia herself was a pious Christian.The series of frontispieces in the manuscript begins with two full-page miniatures, each having a group of seven noted pharmacologists.  In the second picture (folio 3 verso, see here), the most prominent and only one sitting on a chair is Galen.  He is flanked by three pairs of other physicians, seated on stones or the ground.  Closest to Galen are Crateuas and Dioscurides.  The second pair are Apollonius Mys and Nicander. Farthest from Galen are Andreas and Rufus of Ephesus.  Each of the figures is a self-contained portrait and was probably modeled on authors' portraits from the various authors' treatises.  The seven figures are contained within an elaborate decorated frame.  The background is solid gold, which places the figures in an abstract space.  This is the earliest known manuscript to use a solid gold background.

Following the two miniatures of seven pharmacologists, there are two author portraits.  In the second portrait (see here), Dioscurides sits writing in a codex on his lap.  He is shown in profile, which corresponds to the portrait in the previous miniature.  It is possible that there was a tradition based on Dioscurides' life portrait that the images are based on.  In front of Dioscurides is an artist, seated at a lower level, painting an illustration of the mandrake root.  He is painting from nature.  The mandrake root he is looking at is held by the personification of Epinoia (the power of thought).  There is architectural background consisting of a colonnade with a central niche.

The paraphrase of the treatise on birds by Dionysius is in three books.  The first two books have illustrations of the birds inserted into the text columns without frame or background (for example, see here). The third book has 24 birds arranged in a grid on a full-page miniature (see illustration above).  The birds portrayed throughout the treatise are of high artistic merit and are faithful to nature in form and color. Most of the birds are easily identifiable.  Some of the birds contained in the full-page miniature in the third book are not described in the text of the paraphrase.  It is probable that these illustrations are based on the illustrations from an older, different treatise, possibly that of Alexander of Myndus.  This manuscript, however, is the oldest surviving illustrated treatise on birds.

Gallery

References

Notes

Sources
Walther, Ingo F. and Norbert Wolf. Codices Illustres: The world's most famous illuminated manuscripts, 400 to 1600. Köln, TASCHEN, 2005.
Weitzmann, Kurt. Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination. New York: George Braziller, 1977.

Further reading
Leslie Brubaker, "The Vienna Dioskurides and Anicia Juliana" in Byzantine Garden Culture ed. Antony Robert Littlewood, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002).
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, no. 179, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Lazaris, Stavros, "L'illustration des disciplines médicales dans l'Antiquité : hypothèses, enjeux, nouvelles interprétations", in: La Collezione di testi chirurgici di Niceta (Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 74.7). Tradizione medica classica a Bisanzio, M. Bernabò (ed.), Roma, 2010, pp. 99–109
Lazaris, Stavros, "L'image paradigmatique : des Schémas anatomiques d'Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride", Pallas, 93 (2013), pp. 131–164

515
6th-century illuminated manuscripts
Biology books
Herbals
Scientific illuminated manuscripts
Ancient Roman medicine
Byzantine medicine
Memory of the World Register
Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
Constantine VII
Pope Alexander VII
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Putti

Vienna Dioscurides


A stew is a dish cooked for a long time, and served in the gravy produced by the cooking. The basic materials may be any  meat and/or vegetables. It is ideal for tough meat like mutton and beef cuts which have marbling (fat) and connective tissue. Also, the tougher vegetables should be used.

It is traditional to start off with a simple sauce, such as a roux. Even simpler, flour and an Oxo stock cube can be stirred in some milk and water. It is usual for the tougher meats to start off by themselves, with vegetables added later.

Casseroles and stews are similar. Casseroles often have a topping; stews do not. Stewing is a cooking process whereby heat is applied to the bottom of the cooking vessel (typically over a fire or on a stove), whereas casserole cooking is generally baked in an oven where heat circulates all around the cooking vessel.

History
Stews have been made since ancient times. It figures in the Roman cookbook by Apicius. Herodotus says that the Scythians (8th to 4th centuries BC) "put the flesh into an animal's paunch, mix water with it, and boil it like that over the bone fire. The bones burn very well, and the paunch easily contains all the meat once it has been stripped off. In this way an ox, or any other sacrificial beast, is ingeniously made to boil itself."

Amazonian tribes used the shells of turtles as vessels, boiling the entrails of the turtle and various other ingredients in them. Other cultures used the shells of large mollusks (clams etc.) to boil foods in. There is archaeological evidence of these practices going back 8,000 years or more.

There are recipes for lamb stews and fish stews in the Roman cookery book Apicius, believed to date from the 4th century AD. Le Viandier, one of the oldest cookbooks in French, written by the French chef known as Taillevent, has ragouts or stews of various types in it.

Hungarian goulash dates back to the 9th century Magyar shepherds of the area, before the existence of Hungary. Paprika was added in the 18th century.

The first written reference to 'Irish stew' is in Byron's "The Devil's Drive" (1814): "The Devil ... dined on ... a rebel or so in an Irish stew."

Related pages
Casserole

References

Cooking methods

Stew


Stranger Inside is a made-for-television crime drama film directed by Cheryl Dunye that premiered on cable television in 2001.  The story primarily concerns African-American lesbians in prison. Michael Stipe, the lead singer of R.E.M., helped to produce it.  In a 2004 issue of Feminist Studies, Dunye stated that she worked with actual female inmates to produce the script.

Plot
Treasure Lee (Yolonda Ross) learns that her biological mother Brownie (Davenia McFadden) is incarcerated in an adult prison, so she purposely gets into trouble in order to be transferred from a juvenile facility to an adult women's facility in order to meet her. In the new prison, she reunites with an old friend Shadow (LaTanya Hagans).  She meets new inmates, such as Leisha (Medusa), an aspiring rapper, and Doodle (Ella Joyce), a religious, homophobic woman who is involved with a male correctional officer.

When Treasure asks about Brownie, Leisha responds, "I'm about getting up out of here.  I ain't about no Brownie."  Later, Shadow points Brownie out to her on the basketball court.  Brownie knocks a player down, injuring her, and demands that another person take her place.  Treasure volunteers for the position. Back in the cells, Treasure approaches Brownie around her "prison family."  She pulls out a photo of a woman and says to Brownie that she is her mother and her reason for being in prison.  Brownie's "daughters" protest that the photograph is not of Brownie.  Brownie asks the daughters to leave and yells at Treasure, stating it is her own fault she is in jail.

Treasure is playing cards with Leisha and Shadow when she begins flirting with an inmate named Sugar (Patrice Fisher).  Kit (Rain Phoenix), Brownie's main daughter, chides the woman for not meeting her in the chapel for their usual sexual relations.  A fight breaks out between Treasure and Kit that results in both being placed in solitary confinement.  While confined, Brownie speaks through a wall telling Treasure that they should meet once she is released.  Once back in the general population, Brownie meets with Treasure alone and states that she did not know about her because she was taken away at birth.  She admits, "I failed you."  Treasure cries on her shoulder.

As Treasure becomes a part of Brownie's prison family, Kit informs her that Brownie taught her how to survive in prison and demands that she sells drugs.  Later, Brownie shoves a fork into Kit's thigh when Kit fails to bring in a certain amount of money from selling drugs.  Meanwhile, Leisha is released from prison and Shadow admits that she wished she had never told Treasure about Brownie.  Brownie tattoos the same ankh she has on Treasure's arm.  Treasure suggested that she should be reassigned cells to be closer to the family and Brownie does nothing to make that happen.  However, when Brownie eats food made by Treasure's new Asian cellmate (Emily Kuroda), she proposes that the new inmate should live near her.

Brownie mocks Kit when she sees Kit reading Nazi literature.  Kit responds, "I am not jealous of you and Treasure because I know Brownie just cares about Brownie."  Brownie then kicks her out of the prison family.  In a later scene, a ranting Brownie grabs Treasure and comes close to maiming her with broken glass. Brownie approaches Treasure in the kitchen area where Treasure shows her obvious irritation with Brownie.  Brownie tries to persuade Treasure that she needs to kill Kit, who now associates with a female neo-Nazi gang.

On the basketball court, Brownie slides a shank to Treasure.  Treasure demands to play one-on-one basketball with Kit.  Instead of playing, they immediately begin fighting.  Treasure beats Kit badly but does not use the shank on her.  Brownie pulls her to the side and demands that she kill Kit.  As the two women leave their huddle, Kit approaches Brownie and puts a shank deep in her neck.  All the inmates fall to the ground as correctional officers run out onto the court.

In a medical waiting area, Treasure sees Leisha, who is now in a wheelchair.  Leisha, in a drowsy voice, states that the police caught her with drug paraphernalia again.  When a medical worker calls Treasure's name, she dismisses her for not having matching blood.  Treasure grabs the woman by the arm and demands to donate blood.  A female correctional officer approaches the two and demands to read the file.  The file reveals that Brownie is not Treasure's mother, but instead the woman who killed Treasure's mother.

The warden (Lee Garlington) has a meeting with Treasure in her office, and says that she sympathizes with her.  She offers to transfer Treasure if she will admit that Brownie and a male correctional officer have been working together to bring drugs to inmates.

At her new prison, a crew of inmates approach Treasure out of respect while she is outside smoking a cigarette. They ask her for her name and Treasure replies that her name is Brownie.

Cast
Yolonda Ross as Treasure
Davenia McFadden as Brownie
Rain Phoenix as Kit
Ella Joyce as Doodle Alderidge
Conchata Ferrell as Mama Cass
Lee Garlington as Warden Arnold
LaTonya 'T' Hagans as Shadow
Medusa as Leisha
Marc Vann as Nelson
Almayvonne Dixon as Scar
Mary Mara as Tanya
Karina Logue as Fran
Emily Kuroda as Min

Awards
In 2001, Stranger Inside won the Audience Awards at the Seattle Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, the San Francisco International Film Festival, L.A. Outfest and the Philadelphia Film Festival. It also won the award for Breakthrough Actor at the Gotham Awards (for Yolonda Ross) and the Special Jury Award at the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. In 2002, the film was nominated for several awards including a GLAAD Media Award, three Independent Spirit Awards and five Black Reel Awards. It won the Audience Award and Special mention at the Créteil International Women's Film Festival. For producing the film, Effie Brown won the Producer's Award at the 2003 Independent Spirit Awards.

References

External links

 The Stranger Inside 2013 Official Trailer
 The Stranger Inside 2013

2001 drama films
2001 television films
2001 films
American LGBT-related television films
African-American LGBT-related films
Lesbian-related films
Lesbian-related television shows
American prison films
Films scored by Andrew Lockington
Films scored by Mychael Danna
2001 LGBT-related films
American drama television films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Stranger Inside


John Belchier (1706 – 6 February 1785) was a British surgeon at Guy's Hospital from 1736 to 1768. He discovered at about the time of his Guy's appointment that the vegetable dye madder stained newly forming bone tissue, opening up the study of the growth and development of the skeleton, which was taken forward by
Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and John Hunter.

Belchier was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1737. He was a founding governor for the Foundling Hospital, a charity created by Royal Charter in 1739, and was a member of the Court of Assistants at the Company of Surgeons from 1751 to 1785.

References

Royal Society page Copley archive winners 1799–1731
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, List of Copley Medal Winners

1706 births
1785 deaths
English surgeons
British surgeons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Copley Medal
18th-century English people
Place of birth unknown
Place of death missing
Date of birth unknown
Physicians of Guy's Hospital

John Belchier


A ball-jointed doll is a doll that is can have its arms and legs moved because of a ball joint. During the 1930, artist Hans Bellmer, made dolls that had ball-joints and used them in photography. In 1980, Japanese traditional doll artists used ball joints with dolls. In 1999, Japanese doll company, Volks, popularized the ball-jointed doll made of urethane.

The main feature of the ball-jointed doll is its joints. These joints are round and can be taken apart. So you can assemble the joints and body parts to make a doll. There are single-joints and double-joints that can make doll more delicate.

The eyes, wigs, clothes and make-up on the dolls can be changed and people can design their 'own' doll.

Volks is the most popular company. There is also U-noa (Japan), D.O.D (Dream of Doll)(Korea), Luts (Korea), Blue Fairy (Korea), Iple House (Korea) and DZdoll (China).

Dolls

Ball-jointed doll


The Ochre Pits are a popular tourist destination in Australia's Northern Territory, approximately 100 kilometres west of Alice Springs along the Larapinta Trail.

The pits consist of several layers of multi-coloured, layered rock that was traditionally used by Indigenous Australians in ceremonies and played an important role in the continent's economy, being traded with neighbouring clans and "countries", in every direction on the continent.

The mine belongs to the Western Arrernte people. Prior to European settlement of the area in 1880, only certain men were qualified to collect the ochre.

It was considered some of the choicest ochre – soft to touch, vivid, with a slight sheen to it. The colours range from gold to crimson.

After the ochre was mined by the Western Arrernte, it was ground and mixed with emu fat for ceremonial body adornment.

See also
 West MacDonnell National Park
 West MacDonnell Ranges

References

Australian Aboriginal culture
Geology of the Northern Territory
Tourist attractions in the Northern Territory

Ochre Pits


In computing, input/output/(*.*)., or Clear Text, refers to the communication between a digital processing system (such as a computer or an embedded system), and the outside world – possibly a human, another processing system or a device.

Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with the digital processing system. For instance, keyboards and mice are considered input devices of a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices of a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output.

Note that the description of a device as either input or output depends on how it is viewed. Mouses and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and convert it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human users can see or read. (For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input.)

Computers only work with digital information, any input that a computer receives must be digitalised.

Computer science
Data input

Input/output


DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, created in 1958, is located along the banks of the Missouri River in the U.S. states of Iowa and Nebraska. The  refuge (46% in Iowa, 54% in Nebraska) preserves an area that would have been otherwise lost to cultivation. In 1960, an Army Corps of Engineers channelization project on the Missouri River moved the main river channel in the area to the west. The former river channel became DeSoto Lake, a seven-mile long oxbow lake.  As a result, part of the Nebraska portion of the refuge lies on the east side of the Missouri River.

For over 20 years after construction, the lake was used for recreational boating, with half of the lake designated for watersports and the other half a no-wake zone for wildlife habitat and fishing. The lake was so popular that access was limited by the park's rangers to keep the boat traffic down on the lake on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The lake's marina, snack bar, swimming area and boat ramps were all removed, and restrictions were placed on boat operation.

Today, the refuge is home to around 30 mammal species, including white-tailed deer, beavers, opossums, raccoons, fox squirrels, muskrats and coyotes. Many bird species also inhabit the refuge, such as bald eagles, great blue herons, egrets, pelicans, turkeys and cardinals. The refuge is also a major stopover on the Central Flyway bird migration route; the population of migratory birds increases substantially in the spring and fall months. The numbers of snow geese used to frequently be in the hundreds of thousands, but for unknown reasons has substantially dropped for only a few thousand a year (not at once). The population of Canada geese that stopped at the lake before it was channelized is once again rising.

Several miles of nature trails provide access to the varied landscapes of the refuge. Dogs are permitted only under physical restrictive control of a leash at all times. Hunting is allowed in season (for deer, turkey, and pheasant) with a permit and there are several fishing piers along the lake, which are open outside of the bird migration seasons.

The refuge also documents the area's human history. In 1865, the sternwheel steamboat Bertrand, bound for the Montana Territory, sank in the Missouri River. The boat and its cargo rested on the river bottom until 1968, when the wreck was rediscovered. Over 500,000 items were excavated from the wreck; many of them were in excellent condition. Catalogue numbers are now in the upper 5000's, each number sometimes only having one related object, or, in the case of nails, tens of thousands. A visitor center in the refuge displays many of these items.  The Bertrand site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge is located five miles (eight kilometres) east of Blair, Nebraska. Access to the refuge is on U.S. Route 30 between Blair and Interstate 29.

See also
 Boyer Chute National Wildlife Refuge
 Fort Atkinson State Historic Park

References

External links

 Official DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge website
 Recreation.gov: DeSoto NWR
 Friends of Boyer Chute and DeSoto National Wildlife Refuges

National Wildlife Refuges in Iowa
National Wildlife Refuges in Nebraska
Missouri River
Protected areas of Harrison County, Iowa
Protected areas of Pottawattamie County, Iowa
Protected areas of Washington County, Nebraska
Border irregularities of the United States
1958 establishments in Iowa
1958 establishments in Nebraska
Protected areas established in 1958

DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge


Sam Smith (born January 24, 1948) is an NBA writer for the Chicago Bulls website bulls.com. He is the author of multiple articles and books, including The New York Times bestseller, The Jordan Rules.

Career
Sam was born on January 24, 1948, in Brooklyn, New York City. Smith attended James Madison High School in Brooklyn and Pace University in New York City, graduating with a bachelor's degree in accounting in 1970. He worked two years on the auditing staff of Arthur Young & Co. and then earned a master's degree in journalism from Ball State University. He is in the journalism Hall of Fame at Ball State. He was a staff and investigative reporter for the Fort Wayne News-Sentinel and congressional reporter and managing editor for States News Service in Washington, D.C. He then became press secretary to Connecticut U.S. Senator Lowell Weicker. He left Weicker's staff to join the Chicago Tribune in November 1979.

Smith started at the Tribune as a political/general assignment writer, writing on the city news and national staffs, the business department, and Sunday magazine, before moving to sports full-time in 1983. He was a sports feature writer and NBA basketball writer until becoming full-time Bulls/NBA writer in 1987. He is the author or co-author of several books, including The New York Times best seller, The Jordan Rules. He also has been a columnist for the Sporting News, ESPN.com, NBC.com, HoopsHype.com, Inside Sports magazine and NBA publications in China and Japan. He appears frequently on radio and TV, including The Tony Kornheiser Show. He received the lifetime achievement award from the Pro Basketball Writers Association and the Curt Gowdy Media Award from the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame.

Books and articles
Smith wrote The Jordan Rules and Second Coming: The Strange Odyssey of Michael Jordan from Courtside to Home Plate and Back Again (or simply Second Coming). He also is co-author of the basketball book, The Perfect Team, and the Total Basketball Encyclopedia.

Personal
Smith has been married to Kathleen since 1976 and has two children, Connor and Hannah-Li, and lives in Geneva, Illinois. His grandfather Samuel Pritzker was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi from Ukraine who emigrated to the U.S. from Holovanivsk on August 13, 1925 with his wife and two children, including Smith's mother Betty.

References

1948 births
Living people
Ball State University alumni
Chicago Tribune people
Pace University alumni
Writers from Chicago
People from Elgin, Illinois
People from Geneva, Illinois
Journalists from Illinois
Sportswriters from Illinois

Sam Smith (sportswriter)


Uva di Troia is a red wine grape variety grown in the Italian region of Apulia, particularly in the areas around Andria and Barletta, and in the Province of Bari.

The name probably derives from the town of Troia in the Province of Foggia the legendary founder of which was the Greek hero Diomedes, after he had destroyed the ancient Troy. Other names which have been used at various times include: Nero di Troia, Sumarello, Uva di Canosa, Uva di Barletta, Troiano, Tranese, and Uva della Marina.

Characteristics
The vine is fairly vigorous, with much girth, and it carries large, rather compact, pyramidal (sometimes "winged") clusters of violet colored grapes which ripen mid-season. It is adaptable to a variety of soils and does not suffer unduly from the high temperatures of Apulia, although hot winds in summer may cause problems.

Wines
Uva di Troia may be used by itself or can be blended with such grapes as Bombino nero, Montepulciano and Sangiovese. Where DOC wines are concerned, the grape is the principal component of the wines Rosso Barletta and Rosso Canosa; Castel del Monte may also be produced as a pure Uva di Troia variety; it is also used in Cacc'e Mmitte di Lucera (35-60%), Orta Nova (up to 40%) and Rosso di Cerignola. Additionally, in the small town of Troia, just across the Monti Dauni, the wine is produced as Nero di Troia.

External links
 LaViniUm, Guida dei vitigni: Uva di Troia
 vinoinrete.it, Uva di Troia
 Epicurious, Uva di Troia
 Parco Marano, Giancarlo Ceci

Red wine grape varieties
Wine grapes of Italy
Wine grapes of Apulia

Uva di Troia


The First Martyrs of the Church of Rome were Christians martyred in the city of Rome during Nero's persecution in 64. The event is recorded by both Tacitus and Pope Clement I, among others. They are celebrated in the Roman Catholic Church as an optional memorial on 30 June. The Orthodox Church and the True Orthodox Church, celebrate them on 30 June in their liturgical calendars as pre-1054 East-West Schism Western saints

Background
Rome had a large Jewish population. The couple, Priscilla and Aquila, were tent makers from Pontus, whom Paul met in Corinth. They had lived in Rome until the emperor Claudius ordered all the Jews to leave the city. Suetonius mentions this as due to disturbances in the city between the Jews and the followers of "Christus". Claudius died in 54 AD.

There were early Christians in Rome within a dozen or so years after the death of Jesus, though they were not the converts of Paul.  He had not yet visited them at the time he wrote his Epistle to the Romans in 57-58 AD. Paul wrote to a community of both Jews and Gentiles.

History
In July of 64 AD, Rome was devastated by fire. Largely made up of wooden tenements, fire was a frequent occurrence in the city. Rumor blamed the tragedy on the unpopular emperor Nero, who wanted to enlarge his palace. He accused the Christians. According to the historian Tacitus, many Christians were put to death "not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind."
Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed.

Peter and Paul were probably among the victims.

Veneration

This feast first came into the General Roman Calendar in the 1969 calendar reforms.  The intention of the feast is to give a general celebration of early Roman martyrs.  Prior to the calendar reforms, there were dozens of relatively minor Roman martyrs celebrated or commemorated in the calendar.  Several of these had scant historical evidence, but did benefit from immemorial tradition.  This feast is a replacement for the many Roman martyr feasts, whose absence allowed for a less cluttered and more "dies natale" based sanctoral calendar of more major saints.  It also permitted the greater celebration of ferias, partially enacting the Second Vatican Council's call for the Proper of Time to take a greater precedence.  All of the early Roman martyrs retain their place in the Martyrology and can be celebrated in local calendars or privately unless impeded by a greater observance.

The placement of the feast is directly after the Solemnity of SS Peter and Paul, who are the principal patron saints of Rome.  The subsequent martyrs are associated with this patronage.  The feast day was formerly occupied with a Commemoration of St. Paul, and fell in the Octave of SS Peter and Paul.

The church of Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica in Rome is dedicated to these first martyrs.

See also
 Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire

Notes

1st-century Christian martyrs
Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era
Groups of Christian saints
Groups of Roman Catholic saints

First Martyrs of the Church of Rome


A morgue is a place where dead human bodies are kept for a short time soon after the person died. Sometimes, the body is examined by autopsy. Most often, the body is delivered to a mortuary and buried in a grave or cremated. Morgues are found in hospitals, usually on the lowest floor or basement.

Death

Morgue


The Titan's Curse is fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology. It was written by Rick Riordan and was published in 2007. The Titan's Curse is the third novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series. It is the next book after The Sea of Monsters. The book tells the story of the adventures of the fourteen-year-old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends go on a dangerous adventure. In this quest, they have to rescue his friend Annabeth and the Greek goddess Artemis, who have both been kidnapped.

The Titan's Curse received good reviews. It was nominated for many awards. The book was also the number one The New York Times children's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007. It was released in the United States and the United Kingdom on May 1, 2007. The novel was also released in audiobook format. Actor Jesse Bernstein read the audiobook. It is followed by The Battle of the Labyrinth, which is the fourth book in the series.

Plot
Like the other books in the series, The Titan's Curse is of the fantasy genre. It uses the ancient Greek mythology in a modern setting as background. Reviewers have called its plot "fast-paced", meaning that the story moves very quickly. It has humor as well as themes such as love and loyalty.

Plot summary

Annabeth Chase and Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, are kidnapped and Percy and his friends must find Artemis before the winter solstice. This is because at the winter solstice, her influence on the Olympian Council could change an important vote. The vote was on the war with the Titans. Thalia Grace, Zoë Nightshade, Bianca Di Angelo, and Grover go on this dangerous quest. They also are searching for a rare monster that Artemis was trying to hunt down when she went missing. This monster is so powerful that it can destroy Olympus. Percy is called by a hippocampus (which is a mythological sea-horse) to rescue a cow-like creature called the Ophiotaurus which lives in the sea. Percy names the Ophiotaurus "Bessie". He did not know that it is a male.

With help from Apollo, they reach a small town in New Mexico. Grover feels the presence of Pan, the Greek god of nature. Soon, a wild gift from Pan, the giant Erymanthian Boar, comes to carry them to San Francisco. It takes them to the junkyard of the gods. Here, Percy meets Ares and talks to Aphrodite. Aphrodite hints that Annabeth and Percy will fall in love in future. The group then enters the junkyard. There, Bianca tries to steal an action figure for her younger brother. However, she awakens a prototype of Talos, a giant man of bronze. She destroys it, but dies after this. The demigods then go to Hoover Dam. Percy is attacked by skeleton warriors there. He meets Rachel Elizabeth Dare, a girl who can see through the Mist (which prevents common people from seeing monsters and magical things). She saves Percy by confusing the skeletons. This allows Percy and his friends to escape.

In San Francisco, they learn that Bessie the Ophiotaurus is the monster Artemis was searching. This is because sacrificing it and burning its entrails will give a person the power to destroy Olympus. They ask for the help of Annabeth's father who gives them a car. They travel to the Garden of Hesperides, where Zoë meets her sisters. She is poisoned by a dragon called Ladon. They continue to the Mountain of Despair on California's Mount Tamalpais, where Mt. Othrys, the Titan capital, is now present. From the top of the mountain where Atlas held up the sky, they see Artemis holding the sky. Annabeth is held captive by Luke. Percy takes the burden—the Titan's curse—from Artemis. After this, a fight breaks out. Atlas (the General of the Titans) kills his daughter Zoë by throwing her against rocks. Artemis tricks Atlas into taking his burden from Percy. Luke falls from a cliff during a battle with Thalia, and Percy thinks that he is dead. They go to Olympus and they keep Ophiotaurus there and at that party Percy is told by Annabeth that Luke has survived.

Major characters

 Percy Jackson: Percy Jackson is a fourteen-year-old demigod and the son of Poseidon. He is the main character who tells the story in the series. Percy goes on a journey to save his friend Annabeth and the Greek goddess Artemis, who have both been kidnapped.
 Thalia Grace: Thalia is a fifteen-year-old demigod. She is a daughter of Zeus. Thalia appears in Percy's dream in the second book. But she makes a full appearance at the end of The Sea of Monsters. Thalia is given a greater role in the third book. Thalia is described as looking very punk. She wears black clothes, has spiky hair and wears eyeliner. Her personality is described in the book as "independent and many times sarcastic". Thalia is a lot like Percy. So, they get into fights often. She has feelings for Luke and was very sad when he betrayed the gods. Thalia is also afraid of heights.
 Annabeth Chase: Annabeth is a fourteen-year-old demigod. She is the daughter of Athena. Annabeth is friends with Percy, Thalia and Grover. She is kidnapped along with Artemis by the Titans. Annabeth is very interested in architecture and she wishes to be an architect when she is older.
 Grover Underwood: Grover is a satyr. He is 28 years old but looks like a teenager. This is due to the satyrs' slower growth rate (half that of humans). Grover wants to look for Pan, the satyr god of nature and the wild, who fell into a "deep sleep" due to the pollution of the world.
 Bianca di Angelo: Bianca is a twelve-year-old demigod. She is the daughter of Hades. Bianca and her ten-year-old brother Nico were trapped in the Lotus Hotel, where time is slowed down. When the book begins, they have been released and are attending a school. Bianca later joined the Hunters of Artemis. She was killed in the quest in the "Junkyard of the Gods". Her death greatly upsets her brother, Nico. He quickly blames Percy for it.
 Zoë Nightshade: Zoë is the daughter of Atlas and a hunter of Artemis. She dies after being bitten by Ladon. Ladon protects the golden apple tree. The fruits of the tree make a person immortal. Artemis turns her spirit into a constellation soon after her death.
 Luke Castellan: The demigod son of Hermes, Luke is the main antagonist of the series. The lord of the Titans, Kronos takes over his body at the end of the book. Kronos' followers and army gather on a ship called the Princess Andromeda
 Nico di Angelo: Nico is the ten-year-old demigod son of Hades. He and his sister, Bianca di Angelo, were trapped in the Lotus Hotel, where time is slowed down. When the book begins, they have been released and are attending a school. They are rescued from a Manticore by Percy, Annabeth, Thalia, and Grover. He is left at camp during the quest, but stays in the Hermes Cabin because his parentage has not been discovered. He leaves camp after hearing Percy broke his promise of letting Bianca die. Before he leaves, he sends an army of skeletal warriors into the underworld. This shows that he is the son of Hades.

Critical reception
The Titan's Curse received positive reviews from critics. The reviewers praised the humor and action in the story. Children's Literature called the book fast-paced. They said it "is full of adventure and humour" and that "[r]eaders will relate to good natured Percy, the protagonist." Kirkus said that the book made Greek myths come alive in a way classrooms cannot. They said the book will have "readers wondering how literature can be this fun." School Library Journal wrote that "Intricate prophecies and relationships" are "neatly" woven into the plot which they said had a lot of adventure. They added: "Teachers will cheer for Percy Jackson and the Olympians" as they would help students to learn about Greek mythology and also to read. They said that the book was a "winner" in "Olympic" (large) proportions. Booklist's starred review said, "The Percy Jackson & the Olympians series is built around a terrific idea" and said Riordan added more depth to the characters, but the books are still as funny as the previous ones. KidsReads also praised the book and said that the books are popular because they combine "humor, adventure and a winning hero" and said readers who have read the previous books would like Riordan's style.

Awards and nominations
The Titan's Curse received some awards and nominations. It was a Quill Award nominee. It was also the number one The New York Times children's series best seller and Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick for 2007.

Audiobook
An eight-hour and forty-eight minute audiobook read by the actor Jesse Bernstein was released on April 24, 2007. It was published by Listening Library.

AudioFile Magazine praised the audiobook. They wrote that it sounded "young, or old, or really scary" in different parts. They added that Jesse Bernstein "[...] effectively voices the confusion and loss the team experiences."

Sequel

The Battle of the Labyrinth is the fourth book in the series. Annabeth and Percy find entrance into the Labyrinth during a game of capture the flag. Percy soon learns that Luke had used the entrance. He will lead the Titan army through the Labyrinth straight into the camp. To get into the Labyrinth, Percy has to find the Delta Symbol (Δ) and touch it. Using the Labyrinth, Percy tries to find Daedalus so Luke cannot get Ariadne's string. This would prevent Luke from attacking the camp.

Related pages
 Mythology
 Mount Olympus
 Greek mythology

References

Other websites
 Percy Jackson U.K. website
 Percy Jackson official US website

Percy Jackson and the Olympians
2007 books

The Titan's Curse


Julius Klinger (22 May 1876 – 1942) was an Austrian painter, draftsman, illustrator, commercial graphic artist, typographer and writer. Klinger studied at the Technologisches Gewerbemuseum in Vienna.

Early works in Vienna and Munich

Klinger was born in Dornbach near Vienna. In 1895, he found his first employment with the Vienna fashion magazine Wiener Mode. Here he made acquaintance with Koloman Moser, who later would be his teacher; Moser recommended him to the Meggendorfer-Blätter.

1896 saw him moving to Munich where he worked as an illustrator for the Meggendorfer-Blätter and others. From 1897 to 1902 he was a collaborator to the eponymous Jugendstil magazine Die Jugend.

Berlin

In 1897 he relocated to Berlin, where he worked extensively as a commercial graphic artist until 1915. Together with the printing house Hollerbaum und Schmidt, he developed a new fashion of functional poster design that soon gained him international reputation. In 1912 he designed the poster for the Rund um Berlin air show in Johannisthal. In Berlin he also contributed to Das kleine Witzblatt, Lustige Blätter and Das Narrenschiff humorous magazines.

Advertising campaign for the "Tabu" company

Beginning in 1918, Klinger designed a comprehensive and noted campaign promoting the "Tabu" company's cigarette rolling paper, that was advertised all over Vienna in 1918/19. Klinger devised a promotional strategy, spanning from small-sized newspaper advertisements to billboards and painted firewalls – construction site fences and winterized fountain paneling were used as advertising space, too.

Nazi persecution

Being of Jewish descent, Klinger suffered from national socialist harassment.

Probably towards the end of 1937 he designed his last poster for the Ankerbrot-Werke factory. The Jewish-owned company was transferred to "Aryan" proprietors in 1938. (After 1945 legitimate ownership was restored.)

According to Viennese police records, he and his wife were registered as moved to Minsk on 2 June 1942, i.e. deported. Presumably, they were killed the same year.

Literature
 Anita Kühnel: Julius Klinger – Bilderheft der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (Catalogue of the Berlin State Museums), Gebr. Mann, Berlin, 1999

Some of his work

External links

 Dr.Wiles-Worris – Weil's woah is, Der Standard, 12. November 1999
 Anita Kühnel: Julius Klinger – Poster Artist and Draftsman

Notes

19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century Austrian male artists
Austrian male painters
20th-century Austrian painters
Austrian male writers
Austrian graphic artists
Austrian typographers and type designers
Austrian Jews
People from Hernals
Austrian poster artists
Austrian Jews who died in the Holocaust
1876 births
1942 deaths
Jewish artists
20th-century Austrian male artists

Julius Klinger


The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was a rock music festival at Max Yasgur's 600 acre (2.4 km²) dairy farm in the town of Bethel, New York from 15 to 18 August 1969. It might be the most famous rock concert and festival ever held. For many, it showed the counterculture of the 1960s and the "hippie era".

Many of the most famous musicians at the time showed up during the rainy weekend, as can be seen in a 1970 movie, Woodstock. Joni Mitchell's song "Woodstock", about the event, also became a major hit song for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. In recent years, a number of attempts were made to recreate it, but the original Woodstock festival of 1969 has proven to be legendary.

The festival was called "Woodstock", because the investment group that backed the concert was called "Woodstock Ventures." It was originally planned for Saugerties, and then the Town of Wallkill, in Orange County (not to be confused with the Hamlet of Wallkill, in Ulster county). People in the Town of Wallkill, meaning those on the Town Board, quickly passed a law that required a permit to hold any gathering for over 5,000 people. A permit was applied for, but it was denied because the portable toilets proposed were considered to be inadequate. A Sullivan County farmer named Max Yasgur heard about the festival and the problems and offered his farm in the Town of Bethel. He was paid $10,000 for the three days.

Although all the municipalities were told there would be no more than 50,000, the organizers thought they would get as many as 150,000, and by best counts, there were more than three times that number over the three days. Most did not pay to get in, and the festival lost money as a result. The roads to the concert were jammed with traffic. People left their cars and walked for miles to get to the concert area. The weekend was rainy and overcrowded, and fans shared food, alcoholic drinks, and drugs. Some people who lived there, including those at nearby Camp Ma-Ho-Ge, gave blankets and food to some concert-goers.

After two days of rain, there was deep mud in many places. There was almost no water for washing, and not enough toilets. Many of the concert-goers had brought small tents to sleep in; some of these turned into piles of cloth and mud. Even though this may not have been the most comfortable place, the crowd kept up kindness and good cheer among themselves. As the half-million people in the audience became aware of this, a warm feeling of friendship spread to everyone.

Some of the music stars of Woodstock were The Who and Jimi Hendrix. Because of arguments about getting paid, The Who did not play on the stage until about 4:00 in the morning. One part of The Who's show was the song "See Me, Feel Me", when the sun rose just as lead singer Roger Daltrey started to sing the chorus. When The Who was still playing, Abbie Hoffman jumped on the stage stopping the show, and tried to stir up the crowd with political slogans, but he was knocked off the stage by the guitar of the band's leader, Pete Townshend, to the delight of the audience. At the end of The Who's set, Townshend slammed his guitar into the stage and threw it into the crowd. This helped set up The Who as super-stars, and caused their album Tommy to sell multi-platinum.

Jimi Hendrix had a big show with the songs he played, including a new version of "The Star Spangled Banner". The song caused some disagreements, because the Vietnam War was going on, and the sounds that Hendrix made with his guitar were like the sounds of the violence of the war. Fans remember these two acts as some of the greatest in rock history, although both The Who and Hendrix thought of their performances as not the best.

Woodstock was put on by Michael Lang, Artie Kornfeld, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman. Roberts was the financer, backed by a trust fund; his friend Rosenman, a graduate of Yale Law, was an amateur guitarist. Their friends were Kornfeld, vice-president at Capitol Records, and Michael Lang. Lang was a light-hearted hippie who had owned a head shop, and hoped to build a studio in the Woodstock area to serve singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin, who had homes nearby. When Lang and Kornfeld told the idea to Rosenman and Roberts, Rosenman got the idea of a rock concert with the same musicians. They picked the slogan "Three Days of Peace and Music". They hired artist Arnold Skolnick to design the artwork for the poster with the bird. It wasn't until years later, after the release of the 3-LP album and the documentary-like movie that the original investors began to recoup their investment.

In 1997, the concert place and 1,400 surrounding acres were bought by Alan Gerry, and have become the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. It opened on July 1, 2006 with the New York Philharmonic playing. On August 13, 2006, Crosby Stills Nash & Young amazed 16,000 fans at the new Center—exactly 37 years after they played at Woodstock.

1969 in music
1969 in the United States
1960s in New York (state)
Music festivals in the United States
Music in New York (state)
Rock festivals
August events

Woodstock Festival


High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas (; ;  Adrar n Dern), is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa, the highest part of the Atlas Mountains.

The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly.

The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at  is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park.
The range serves as a weather system barrier in Morocco running east–west and separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and continental zones to the north and west. In the higher elevations of the massif, snow falls regularly, allowing winter sports. Snow lasts well into late spring in the High Atlas, mostly on the northern faces of the range. On the Western High Atlas, there is Oukaïmeden, one of three main ski stations in Morocco.

The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems. The majority of the year-round rivers flow to the north, providing the basis for the settlements there. A number of wadis and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts to the south and plateaux to the east of the mountains.

The High-Atlas Mountains are inhabited by Berbers, who live from agriculture and pastoralism in the valleys. In the steppe zone of the High-Atlas, where precipitations are low, the locals created a smart technique in managing the low precipitations and the weak soil. They turn the rather semi-arid lands into fertile valleys called locally by Agdal (garden in Berber). This technique has intrigued many Western agriculturalists, in which they were impressed by the high efficiency of this agricultural system. Many scientists, particularly French scientists, make yearly expeditions to observe the community and their living system.

Climate

There are two types of Alpine Climates in the High Atlas:
 Oceanic climate, dominates the north and south of the Western High Atlas until (Jbel Toubkal), as well as the northern part of Central High Atlas from Jbel Toubkal until Imilchil, owing to their exposition to the perturbations coming from the North Atlantic Ocean. These regions are relatively humid with irregular precipitations but occasionally torrential. The annual rainfall is between . The drought in the summer months, interrupted by thunderstorms, is usually intense. Snow falls between November and April, but can persist from September to June in the peaks. Important rivers flow through the valleys (including Asif Melloul, Oued n'Fis, and Oued Tessaout) supply the fertile basins like Aït Bou Guemez and Imilchil. These conditions allow the existence of pine, oak and cedar forests. However, these forests are declining because of the reducing of annual precipitation, over-exploitation of the trees (used for construction and heating), and sheep-goat overgrazing.
 Continental semi-arid or steppe climate, and is present in the southern part of the Central High Atlas, from Toubkal to Imilchil, and the whole Oriental High-Atlas down of Imilchil. These regions are marked by variations in temperatures. It extends southward from the steppe lands into rocky desert. In addition, some localized valleys supplied by irrigation make agriculture possible. Forests are almost rare. This portion of High-Atlas is very similar to the Rocky Mountains in the western United States.

Subdivisions

Western High Atlas

In the west lies the oldest portion of the range. Its high point is the Jbel Toubkal, which is visible from the city of Marrakech. Jbel Toubkal lies in the Toubkal national park, which was created in 1942. The massif consists of Jurassic and Cretaceous formations notched by deep erosion-carved valleys. This part of the range includes the Ourika Valley, which is the only location in the High Atlas where the endangered primate, the Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, is found; however, this primate is also found in parts of the Middle Atlas and the Rif, as well as parts of Algeria. The Ourika Valley is also a location where a diverse flora was recorded as early as the 19th century.

Central High Atlas
A solid chalk mass morphologically dominated by tabular zones reaching an altitude of  extends from Azilal to Ouarzazate. Here, the contrasting landscapes are similar to Colorado in the United States, with high plateaux, gorges and box canyons, and peaks sometimes splintered by erosion. Several peaks in this area exceed , with Jbel Mgoun at 4068 m being the highest peak in this part of the High Atlas. The area is populated by Berbers.

Eastern High Atlas

The eastern part of the High Atlas forms vast plateaux at high altitude which provide the headwaters for the Moulouya River. It extends from the town of Khenifra. This portion of the range includes the solid mass of the Tamlelt whose northern edge is occupied by its higher peaks, such Jbel Ayachi at . The altitude falls towards the east where the mountains join the pre-Saharan zone.

This massif became an internationally famous paleontological site after the discovery of the bones of a dinosaur called 'Atlasaurus', which populated Morocco 180 million years ago. This dinosaur is also named Tazoudasaurus, after the name of the village of Tazouda, where it was discovered. The creature, about  long, is postulated to be an ancestor of the Sauropoda found in America. Until 140 million years ago, the African and American continents were connected.

Geology
The Atlas Mountains define an ENE-WSW trending intracontinental belt, resulting from the tectonic inversion of the Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic rift basin during the Cenozoic convergence between the African and Eurasian Plates. The Moroccan Atlas is formed by the ENE-WSW-striking High Atlas and the NE-SW-trending Middle Atlas. The former is divided into three segments named western, central, and eastern High Atlas.

The western High Atlas was part of the Atlantic Jurassic passive margin and is separated from the central and eastern High Atlas by the Paleozoic Massif, an area of pre-Mesozoic basement exposures located south of Marrakesh. The central and eastern High Atlas basin developed as a multiphase rift system opened toward the east by two major rift episodes occurring during Middle-Late Triassic and Early Jurassic (late Sinemurian and Pliensbachian. At present, the central High Atlas is characterized by a folded domain that is dominated by NE-SW striking structural highs or ridges separating elongated and wide synclines filled by Early and Middle Jurassic sediments.

Subordinate NW-SE trending structural highs bounding equal-trend synclines are also present. Cretaceous and later syntectonic Tertiary units are also locally present (e.g., Miocene-Pliocene La Cathédrale conglomerates and sandstones).

Triassic-Jurassic

During the Triassic, the central High Atlas extensional basin was characterized by the synrift deposition of red beds and localized evaporites capped by extensive basaltic lava flows.

Following the Triassic red bed deposition, marine conditions prevailed during the Early and Middle Jurassic resulting in the development of carbonate and mixed depositional systems. The Jurassic Atlas basin was open to the east (western Tethys realm) with Paleozoic provenance areas located toward the west and south. Liassic sedimentary systems evolved from extensive peritidal shallow water carbonate platforms (Hettangian-lower Sinemurian) that progressively backstepped toward the basin margins, to more localized platform development flanking the depocenters (Sinemurian).

Normal faulting and block tilting increased notably during Pliensbachian times, resulting in north to south compartmentalization of the basin. Pliensbachian carbonate platforms preferentially developed in the margins basin and in synsedimentary structural highs, promoting abrupt transitions in the marine sedimentary record from shallow water to basinal facies.

Toarcian

Global anoxia during the latest Pliensbachian and the earliest Toarcian occurred in close association with regional drowning of the lower Liassic platforms and localized deposition of basinal marls. From Toarcian times, carbonate platforms of the Azilal Formation developed in the margins of the central High Atlas basin, whereas the basin axis was occupied by a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic platform system prograding eastward to basinal deposits. This mixed system progressively graded to an extensive shallow water carbonate platform of the Anoual Formation, Bajocian to early Bathonian in age that is recognized throughout the central High Atlas.

Cretaceous

Finally, the middle Dogger to Lower Cretaceous red beds record the sedimentation of continental to shallow marine transitional deposits that characterize the central High Atlas domain. Fully marine environmental conditions and platform carbonate deposits, which locally crop out in the margins of the Atlas System, dominated between Aptian and Cenomanian times.

Areas of interest

At the foot of the High Atlas one finds Aït Benhaddou, a ksar (Maghribi , fortified village) still in use. The ksar is widely used in the film industry.

At approximately mid-range, the Amesfrane Rock Wall rises some  from a dry riverbed wadi. The formation is composed of rounded columns patterned with horizontal ridges that occurred as a result of erosion, which caused travellers to nickname it "the Cathedral", for its resemblance to a gothic cathedral.

Among the summits at a height of  height lies the Kasbah of Telouet on the road to Marrakech. The canyons and ravines of the Dadès and the Todra are also points of interest.

See also
 Mediterranean woodlands and forests
 Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
 Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe

References

Bibliography

Ecology publications
 C. Michael Hogan (2008) Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
 Joseph Dalton Hooker, John Ball and George Maw (1878) Journal of a Tour in Morocco and the Great Atlas, Macmillan and company, 499 pages

Geology publications

External links

 Photo Gallery of Morocco and the High Atlas
 Accommodation in Imlil

Mountain ranges of the Atlas Mountains
Mountain ranges of Morocco

High Atlas


The corgi (or Welsh corgi) is a small breed of dog. It comes from Wales.

There are two breeds: the Pembroke Welsh corgi and the Cardigan Welsh corgi. Queen Elizabeth II has kept pet Pembroke Welsh corgis since she was seven years old.

Corgis have a long torso and short legs, large bones, and a very short tail. Corgis were originally bred as dogs. They are very active and like exercise. They are intelligent and have good memories.

Culture

Outside Wales, corgis have been made popular by Queen Elizabeth II. She usually had at least four as pets and once as many as thirteen. Her first corgi was named Susan. She mated Susan and her current dogs are still offspring of that breeding. She now has two corgis who are about twelve years old. Some portraits of Queen Elizabeth II show her holding a corgi or a few around her.

References

Dog breeds originating in Wales

Corgi


Cloud cuckoo land is a state of absurdly, over-optimistic fantasy or an unrealistically idealistic state of mind where everything appears to be perfect. Someone who is said to "live in cloud cuckoo land" is a person who thinks that things that are completely impossible might happen, rather than understanding how things really are. It also hints that the person referred to is naive, unaware of realities or deranged in holding such an optimistic belief.

In the modern world, a "cloud cuckoo lander" is defined as someone who is seen as "crazy" or "strange" by most average people, often doing or saying things that seemingly only make sense to themselves, but also exhibiting cleverness at times in ways no one else would think of.

Cockaigne, the land of plenty in medieval myth, can be considered the predecessor to the modern day cloud cuckoo land. It was an imaginary place of extreme luxury and ease where physical comforts and pleasures were always immediately at hand and where the harshness of medieval peasant life did not exist.

Literary sources
Aristophanes, a Greek playwright, wrote and directed a drama The Birds, first performed in 414 BC, in which Pisthetaerus, a middle-aged Athenian, persuades the world's birds to create a new city in the sky to be named  () or Cloud Cuckoo Land (), thereby gaining control over all communications between men and gods.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer used the word (German ) in his publication On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason in 1813, as well as later in his main work The World as Will and Representation and in other places. Here, he gave it its figurative sense by reproaching other philosophers for only talking about Cloud-cuckoo-land.  The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche refers to the term in his essay "On Truth and Lying in a Nonmoral Sense".

In 1923 the Viennese satirist and critic Karl Kraus published  (Cloudcuckooland), an adaptation of The Birds by Aristophanes.

Uses in politics
Author Edward Crankshaw used the term when discussing the Deák-Andrássy Plan of 1867 in his 1963 book The Fall of the House of Habsburg (Chapter 13, "The Iron Ring of Fate").

The phrase has been used by British and American politicians as well as writers. Margaret Thatcher used this phrase in the 1980s: "The ANC is a typical terrorist organisation... Anyone who thinks it is going to run the government in South Africa is living in cloud-cuckoo land." Bernard Ingham, Thatcher's spokesman, who, when asked if the ANC might overthrow the government of South Africa by force, replied: "It is cloud-cuckoo land for anyone to believe that could be done". MP Ann Widdecombe used the phrase in a debate on drug prohibition with a representative of Transform Drug Policy Foundation: "it is cloud cuckoo land to suggest that [people who don't currently use heroin would not start using it if it became legal]".

Newt Gingrich referred to Barack Obama's claim that algae could be used as a fuel source as cloud cuckoo land.  Henry A. Wallace, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture  (later U.S. Vice President in Franklin D. Roosevelt's third term) used the term to describe the unrealistically inflated value of stocks on the New York Stock Exchange just before the crash of 1929 that signaled the onset of the Great Depression. In his 1936 book, Whose Constitution? An Inquiry into the General Welfare, Wallace describes a cartoon in a popular weekly magazine which "pictured an airplane in an endurance flight refueling in mid-air, and made fun of the old fashioned economist down below who was saying it couldn't be done. The economic aeroplane was to keep on gaining elevation indefinitely, with the millennium just around a cloud" (p. 75). Wallace wrote that Wall Street's practice of lending money to Europe after World War I "to pay interest on the [war reparations] debts she owed us and to buy the products we wanted to sell her ... was the international refueling device that for 12 years kept our economic aeroplane above the towering peaks of our credit structure and the massive wall of our tariff, in Cloud-Cuckoo Land".

Paul Krugman used the phrase referring to inadequate German economic politics toward failing members of the European Union: "Basically, it seems that even as the euro approaches a critical juncture, senior German officials are living in Wolkenkuckucksheim—cloud-cuckoo land." (June 9, 2012). Yuri N. Maltsev, an Austrian economist and economic historian, uses the term to describe the lack of promised results in the communist states in his forward to 1920 essay by Ludwig von Mises: "Today, the disastrous consequences of enforcing the utopia on the unfortunate populations of the communist states are clear even to their leaders. As Mises predicted, despite the cloud-cuckoo lands of their fancy, roasted pigeons failed to fly into the mouths of the comrades."

Other uses
The phrase has been used in poetry, music, film and by writers. Cloudcuckooland, a poetry collection by Simon Armitage. Cloudcuckooland, the first album by the Lightning Seeds, released in 1990.  In 2002, electronic music producer Sasha released a track called "Cloud Cuckoo" on his album Airdrawndagger. Radiohead uses the term in the lyrics of their song "Like Spinning Plates". Publisher and editor Gary Groth uses the term in the title of his review of Scott McCloud's book Reinventing Comics.

Cloud Cuckoo Land has been used as a stand-in for Hollywood as in Stella Gibbons's Cold Comfort Farm. Dorothy Sayers, in the Author's Note to her novel Gaudy Night (1936), explains that the story, while set in Oxford, is entirely fictitious, concluding that "...the novelist's only native country is Cloud-Cuckooland, where they do but jest, poison in jest: no offense in the world." (The final words are a reference to Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 2.)

Cloud Cuckooland is the name of the eighth world found in the video game Banjo-Tooie.

Cloud Cuckoo Land is the name of a realm hidden inside a cloud featured in The Lego Movie. An iconoclastic, mixed-genre world where there are no rules or unhappy things and serves as a hidden base for the rebel protagonists and councils of Master Builder. It is destroyed by Lord Business's army and falls in pieces into a giant Lego ocean.

"Magical Christmas Land" is a slang term frequently used by players of the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering that appears to be synonymous with Cloud Cuckoo Land.

Cloud Cuckoo Land is the title of a 1925 novel by Scottish novelist and poet Naomi Mitchison.

Cloud Cuckoo Land is the title of a 2002 novel by American novelist Lisa Borders.

Cloud Cuckoo Land is the name of a September 2021 novel by Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winning author Anthony Doerr.

On November 26, 2021, Tesla CEO Elon Musk used the phrase to mock General Motors CEO Mary Barra's claim that GM is the electric vehicles leader, despite Tesla controlling 63% of the US electric vehicle market share compared to GM only accounting for 9-10%. Musk tweeted, "Must be nice living in Cloud Cuckoo Land."

See also

References

External links

Ancient Greece
Phrases
Mythical utopias
Aristophanes
Magic realism

Cloud cuckoo land