Iron Maiden ar an Inglis hivy metal baund frae Leyton in east Lunnon, formed in 1975 bi bassist  Steve Harris. Since their inception, the group hae released a collective total o thirty-ane albums: fifteen studio albums; seiven live albums; fower EPs; an five compilations.

Pioneers o the New Wave o Breetish Hivy Metal, Iron Maiden achieved success during the early 1980s an, efter several lineup changes, the baund went on to release a series o platinum an gold albums. These include the US platinum-selling landmarks The Number of the Beast in 1982, Piece of Mind in 1983, Powerslave in 1984, the acclaimed live album Live After Death in 1985, Somewhere in Time in 1986, an Seventh Son of a Seventh Son in 1988. Their seicont maist recent studio effort, A Matter of Life and Death, wis released in 2006 an peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 an at number 4 in the UK an is also ane o the few rock albums to be certified platinum in Indie. Their newest album, The Final Frontier, wis released on August 13, 2010 in some kintras, an warldwide on August 16–17, 2010.

As ane o the maist successful hivy metal baunds in heestory, Iron Maiden haee sold over 80 million records under EMI an a total o over 100 million records warldwide with almost no radio or television support. The baund wan the Ivor Novello Award for internaitional achievement in 2002, an wur also inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk in Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California during their Unitit States tour in 2005. As o October 2009, the baund haes played over 2000 live shows during their career. For the past 30 years, the baund haes been supported bi their famous mascot, "Eddie the Head", who haes appeared on almost all o their album an single covers, as well as their live shows.

Band members

Discography

Studio albums
 Iron Maiden (1980)
 Killers (1981)
 The Number of the Beast (1982)
 Piece of Mind (1983)
 Powerslave (1984)
 Somewhere in Time (1986)
 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
 No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
 Fear of the Dark (1992)
 The X Factor (1995)
 Virtual XI (1998)
 Brave New World (2000)
 Dance of Death (2003)
 A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
 The Final Frontier (2010)
 The Book of Souls (2015)
Senjutsu (2021)

Inglis hivy metal muisical groups

Iron Maiden


The von KleinSmid Mansion was built for the von KleinSmid family of the DeKalb County city of Sandwich, Illinois in the mid-nineteenth century. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The building is located on Sandwich's West Center Street, and is under private ownership.

It was the childhood home of Rufus B. von KleinSmid, former President and Chancellor of the University of Southern California, and a passionate supporter of eugenics.

References

Houses in DeKalb County, Illinois
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in DeKalb County, Illinois
Sandwich, Illinois

Von KleinSmid Mansion


A cylinder, in firearms terminology, is the cylindrical, rotating part of a revolver. The cylinder has multiple cartridges chambers. The cylinder revolves around a central shaft in the revolver. This is to bring each individual chamber into alignment with the barrel for firing. Each time the gun is cocked (made ready to fire), the cylinder rotates by one chamber making the pistol ready to fire again.

Cylinders typically hold six cartridges—which is why revolvers are sometimes called "six shooters". But some small frame revolvers only hold five cartridges, due to the smaller overall size of the gun. Several models of .22 rimfire caliber revolvers have cylinders holding nine or ten rounds. As a general rule, cylinders are not designed to be removed from the firearm except for cleaning. A speedloader or moon clip can be used with some revolvers for rapid reloading.

References

Firearm components

Cylinder (firearms)


Der Rosenkavalier (in English: The Knight of the Rose) is a comic opera by Richard Strauss.  The words (libretto) were especially written for the opera by the German poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal.

It was first performed in Dresden on 26 January 1911 and was an immediate success.  It continues to be a very popular opera in opera houses all over the world and has been performed more often than any other German language 20th century opera.

The story is supposed to be happening in Vienna in the time of  the Empress Maria Theresa (mid to late 18th century).  The music and the words deliberately show the elegant life of aristocratic society of that time.  For example: the title of the opera is about the silver rose which traditionally was sent by a bridegroom to his bride and was brought by a knight (the Knight of the Rose).

The story of the opera

Act 1
Act I takes place in the Marschallin's bedroom.  The Marschallin is an aristocratic lady aged 32.  She has a lover, a young boy aged 17 called Octavian.   When the opera starts, we first hear an orchestral prologue.  The music suggests that the Marschallin and Octavian are making love.  Then the curtain opens and we see the two together.  They hear a noise and the Marschallin thinks her husband is coming, so Octavian hides.  It is not her husband, but her cousin Baron Ochs.  Ochs is a very rude man with bad manners.  He marches in to the Marschallin's room although the servants had asked him to wait.  Octavian manages to change his clothes and appears dressed as a maid called Mariandel.  Ochs thinks "she" is pretty and wants "her" to meet him.  Then he tells the Marschallin what he has come for:  he wants a young knight to deliver the silver rose to his bride Sophie.  He also needs a notary to sign the legal documents of the wedding.  Ochs sings about the fun of making love.  He wishes he were like Jupiter who was able to disguise himself in many ways.

The morning levée begins.  This means: the ceremony of the Marschallin getting up.  Several people come in.  They include: an Italian tenor who sings an aria, two Italian people called Valzacchi and Annina, who are always spreading gossip, and a notary.  When the notary tells Ochs that he needs to pay a dowry to his bride, not the other way round, Ochs is very angry.

When the Marschallin is left alone she sings a song about how she is losing her youthful looks.  Octavian returns and cheers her up a bit, but she feels sad when he says goodbye very politely and formally, not even kissing her.  The Marschallin sends her little black pageboy to run after him with the silver rose.

Act 2
The story continues in the large room of the house of Herr von Faninal, the father of Sophie whom Ochs wants to marry.  Sophie is waiting for the silver rose to arrive (the convention of the time says that her father must not be there).  Octavian enters and gives her the rose.  The music at this moment is very beautiful and very famous.  The people in the room are talking, then Baron Ochs enters rudely.  Sophie is shocked about his bad manners.  Ochs hums his favourite waltz, then goes to the next room to sign a marriage contract.  Sophie sinks into Octavian's arms.  When Ochs comes back, Octavian tells him Sophie does not want him, but Ochs will not listen.  Eventually Ochs takes his sword and starts to fight Octavian, who wounds Ochs slightly.  Ochs is furious, but calms down a little after he is given some wine.

Octavian has fallen in love with Sophie, and Sophie with him.  He wants to use Valzacchi and Annina to help him with a plan.  He writes a note to Ochs, which is supposed to be from the maid Mariandel, asking him to meet her.  He gets Annina to take the note to Ochs, who is delighted when he reads it.  He sings his favourite waltz.

Act 3
The scene is an inn near Vienna.  Valzacchi and Annina now work both for Octavian and for Ochs.  They prefer working for Octavian because he pays them more money.  They are planning tricks on Ochs.

Ochs meets Mariandel (Octavian dressed up as the maid again).  He tries to get "her" drunk, but "she" shyly sings "Nein, nein!  i' trink kein Wein." ("No, no, I don't drink wine").  Ochs thinks "she" looks like Octavian.  Then strange figures of people appear at a window.  Then Annina comes in and says she is Ochs's wife whom he has deserted.  Then some children come in and say that Ochs is their father.  Ochs is very embarrassed when Faninal comes in and says Mariandel is his fiancée.  He tells the people he has never seen Faninal before.  Then the Marschallin appears and also the police.  The evening is a disaster for Ochs.  The Marschallin tells the police it is just a joke.  She sends Ochs away.

The Marschallin, Sophie and Octavian sing a beautiful trio (using some of the music from the song "Nein, nein, i' trink kein Wein").  Octavian is forgiven.  He is left alone with Sophie and they sing a duet together, then go off hand in hand.  She has left a handkerchief on the floor.  The little black pageboy picks it up and runs after them.

Roles

Language
The language used by Hofmannsthal changes according to who is speaking.  The members of the nobility speak in very elegant language which is often old-fashioned and always very polite.  When good friends speak to one another they often use the familiar (du) ("you" when used between very close friends).  For example: Octavian and the Marschallin often use the familiar "you" but sometimes use (Sie) when they are being more formal.

Baron Ochs is always showing off and the words he uses show this.  When Octavian pretends to be the maid Mariandel he speaks in an Austrian dialect.  Valzacchi and Annina also speak in a dialect, but their German is not perfect and often mixed with Italian.

All this makes it particularly difficult to sing the opera in any other language.

References
The New Kobbé Opera book, ed. The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie;

Compositions by Richard Strauss
1910s operas
1911 works

Der Rosenkavalier


John Caesar (1764 – 15 February 1796), known as Black Caesar, was the first Australian bushranger. He was also the first black person with an African background to come to Australia. He was the first bushranger to have a reward offered for his capture.

Early life
Caesar was most likely born in Madagascar, in about 1763. He was a slave on a sugar plantation (farm) in the West Indies. He ran away and went to London. On 17 March 1786, he was in court at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings. He was sent to the new country called Australia as a convict for seven years. He left on the Alexander, a convict transport ship in the First Fleet, in May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788.

Convict life for Black Caesar
On 29 April 1789 he was caught stealing food. Two weeks later he escaped into the bush, taking food, an iron cooking pot, and a musket (gun) taken from a sea army officer (Marine) named Abraham Hand. He could not catch enough animals to eat, and he began to steal food from the settlement. On 26 May he stole food from a brick making gang at Brickfield Hill and was nearly caught. On June 6 he tried to steal food from Zachariah Clark, who was the assistant in charge of the new colony's food supplies. Caesar was caught by a convict named William Saltmarsh.

In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, said that John Caesar was the hardest working convict in the new colony. He said that he was a large man with a lot of muscles, but he was always hungry. He would eat food meant to last two days in one meal, and would then need to steal more food from others. All his thefts were about getting more food.

After he was captured, Collins said Caesar was a "wretch" (a miserable person) who did not care if he died. Caesar told Collins that he would make it if was hanged, he would turn into a joke by playing a trick on the executioner. Governor Arthur Phillip however, thought Caesar would be more use working and sent him to Garden Island, where he would work in with his legs tied with iron chain. He was well behaved and the chains were soon taken off.

Escape
Caesar soon escaped again; on 22 December used a canoe to get off the island, taking a week's worth of food. He stole a musket, and lived by taking food from gardens and taking the food of Aboriginals after scaring them away with his gun. After he lost the gun at Rose Hill, and was attacked by the Aborigines, leaving him wounded in several places. He gave himself up on the 31 December to an officer at Rose Hill.

On 6 March 1790, Caesar was sent to Norfolk Island. There he had one daughter, later named Mary Ann Fisher Power, to Ann (e) Power. He was taken back to Sydney in 1793, and began stealing from the farms and huts again. He was caught and then flogged (hit 500 times with a whip). This did not make any difference; Caesar said that "all that would not make him better."

Bushranger
In 1795 Black Caesar ran away for the last time, and formed a gang of runaways. On 29 January 1796, a reward of five gallons of rum was offered by Governor John Hunter for his capture. Every day there were reports of missing things, but he was able to avoid being captured until 15 February. A man named Wimbow, who had been searching for days, found him in an area of thick bush called Liberty Plains and shot him. He died soon after.

References

Other websites
 Negro Convicts in Australia
 First Fleet - John Caesar
 First Fleet stories - John Caesar

1763 births
1796 deaths
Bushrangers
Slaves

John Caesar


Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.

Old Norse
Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.

According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.

Places in Norse mythology

Midgard


Peter Albert Loeb (born July 3, 1937) is a mathematician at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He co-authored a basic reference text on nonstandard analysis (Hurd–Loeb 1985).  Reviewer Perry Smith for MathSciNet wrote:
This book is a welcome addition to the literature on nonstandard analysis.
The notion of Loeb measure named after him has become a standard tool in the field.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

See also
Influence of nonstandard analysis

Notes

Publications
Hurd, Albert E.; Loeb, Peter A. An introduction to nonstandard real analysis. Pure and Applied Mathematics, 118. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1985.
Loeb, Peter A. "Conversion from nonstandard to standard measure spaces and applications in probability theory". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 211 (1975), 113–122.
Loeb, Peter A. "A new proof of the Tychonoff theorem". American Mathematical Monthly 72 1965 711–717.
Bliedtner, J.; Loeb, P. "A reduction technique for limit theorems in analysis and probability theory". Ark. Mat. 30 (1992), no. 1, 25–43.
Loeb, Peter A. "Weak limits of measures and the standard part map". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 77 (1979), no. 1, 128–135.
Füredi, Zoltán; Loeb, Peter A. "On the best constant for the Besicovitch covering theorem". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 121 (1994), no. 4, 1063–1073.
Loeb, Peter A. "A nonstandard functional approach to Fubini's theorem". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 93 (1985), no. 2, 343–346.
Loeb, Peter; Sun, Yeneng: "Purification of measure-valued maps". Illinois Journal of Mathematics 50 (2006), no. 1-4, 747–762.
Loeb, Peter A.; Osswald, Horst "Nonstandard integration theory in topological vector lattices". Monatsch. Math. 124 (1997), no. 1, 53–82.
Loeb, Peter A. "An axiomatic treatment of pairs of elliptic differential equations". Annales de l'Institut Fourier (Grenoble) 16 1966 fasc. 2, 167–208.

External links
Peter Loeb, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Mathematical logicians
Living people
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
1937 births
People from Berkeley, California

Peter A. Loeb


The Mersey Beat or Mersey Sound or Liverpool Sound is the name for a type of music that came out in the city of Liverpool, England in the early 1960s.

Maybe the first group to be thought of as a part of genre were Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes. The most famous group of this genre were The Beatles. Other important groups include Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers and the female singer Cilla Black.

Other websites
http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/
http://www.merseybeatnostalgia.co.uk/
http://www.merseybeatabd.co.uk/
Newsreel footage of The Fourmost
Short news story on Mersey Sound

Music genres
Musical groups from Liverpool

Mersey Beat


Sankt Pauli (or St. Pauli) is a district of Hamburg. About 27,000 people live in St. Pauli. St. Pauli is a district where many people go to have fun. There are theatres, cinemas, and a red-light district (around the Reeperbahn) in St. Pauli. This quarter is called the Kiez. There, there are no closing times imposed for shops and restaurants. Most of St. Pauli is different, though. In the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg based an important German football club (Fußball-Club St. Pauli).

References

Hamburg

Sankt Pauli


Lewis Paul (died 1759) was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.

Life and work
Lewis Paul was of Huguenot descent. His father was physician to Lord Shaftesbury.  He may have begun work on designing a spinning machine for cotton as early as 1729, but probably did not make practical progress until after 1732 when he met John Wyatt, a carpenter then working in Birmingham for a gun barrel forger.  Wyatt had designed a machine, probably for cutting files, in which Paul took an interest.

Roller spinning was certainly Paul's idea, and Wyatt built a machine (or model) for him.  Paul obtained a patent for this on 24 June 1738.  He then set about trying to license his machine, though some licences were granted in satisfaction of debts.  In 1741, he set up a machine powered by two asses in the Upper Priory in Birmingham, near his house in Old Square.

Mills using the roller spinning patent
Edward Cave, a publisher, obtained a licence and set up machines in a warehouse in London. In 1742, he acquired Marvel's Mill on the River Nene at Northampton. He rebuilt the mill to hold four or five water-powered spinning machines, each with 50 spindles.  This was thus the first cotton mill.  Cave died on 10 January 1754, so that the mill passed to his brother William and his nephew Paul.  Samuel Touchet, a London merchant had the mill until 1755, but made no profit.  It may then have been let to Lewis Paul, but he died in 1759.  The Caves forfeited the lease for non-payment of rent in March 1761 and advertised the mill to let in November 1761.  By 1768, the mill had reverted to being a corn mill.

Another mill that operated under Paul's patent was at Leominster.  This was built in 1744 by John Bourn in partnership with Henry Morris of Lancashire.  The mill burnt down in November 1754.

Carding machines
In 1748, Daniel Bourn and Lewis Paul separately obtained patents for carding machines, which were presumably used in the Leominster and Northampton mills respectively.  This carding technology of Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn seems to be the basis of later carding machines.

Achievements
The principle of his rolling spinning process was perfected by John Kay and Thomas Highs and promoted by Richard Arkwright.  Paul's machine seems only to have been modestly profitable, and it is not clear to what extent his work is reflected in Arkwright's much more successful machine, the water frame, patented in 1769.   Like Paul and Bourn, Arkwright subsequently added a carding stage to his machinery, but his use of this as a means of continuing his patent rights beyond the expiry of his original patent failed, because the improvement was not his invention.

Bibliography

A. P. Wadsworth and J. de L. Mann, The Cotton Industry and Industrial Lancashire (Manchester University Press 1931), 419-448.
D. L. Bates, 'Cotton-spinning in Northampton: Edward Cave's Mill' Northamptonshire Past and Present IX(3) (1996), 237-51.
W. English, The Textile Industry (Longmans, London 1931), 80-2.
R. B. Prosser, 'Paul, Lewis (d. 1759)', rev. Gillian Cookson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 25 Feb 2008

References

External links

English inventors
Textile engineering
Textile workers
Year of birth unknown
1759 deaths
Industrial Revolution in England
People of the Industrial Revolution
Spinning
18th-century British engineers

Lewis Paul


Isifo yimpilo engamanga kakuhle,  ubuhesheheshe ngokwemo nangokokusebenza kwempilo yomntu, okuthi kuchaphazele ilungu layo yonke i- organism. Isifundo ngesizekabani sesifo sibizwa ngokuba yi-pathology.  Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.    It may be caused by factors originally from an external source, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with a disease can alter one's perspective on life, and one's personality.

References

Isifiso


Bretislaus II (; c. 1060 – 22 December 1100) was the duke of Bohemia from 14 September 1092 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Vratislaus II and Adelaide, daughter of Andrew I of Hungary. He was a major enemy of paganism.

Life
He succeeded his uncle Conrad I and worked for the destruction of the old Slavic culture. In 1097, he expelled the Slavonic monks of the monastery in Sazava founded in 1033 by Procopius. Bretislaus also wished to end the elective principle of succession and replace it with a type of seniorate as conceptualised by Bretislaus I: the eldest prince of the reigning family would hold Bohemia as sovereign over the entire state while the younger scions of the dynasty would rule as territorial dukes over the regions of Moravia. This was to the benefit of his half-brother Bořivoj II. He invested Bořivoj as duke of Brno in 1097, thus removing the sons of Conrad I from the succession. Bretislaus also succeeded in receiving a long-desired imperial investiture at the Diet of Regensburg on 19 April 1099. Bretislaus was assassinated by his adversaries at the hunting lodge of Zbecno in western Bohemia on 22 December 1100.

Marriage
In 1094 Bretislaus married Luitgard of Windberg, with whom he had one son: Bretislaus, who rebelled against Soběslav I and was killed on 8 March 1130.

Sources

Roman Catholic monarchs
Dukes of Bohemia
1060s births
1100 deaths
Czech military leaders
Czech murder victims
Sons of kings
Bohemian monarchs

Bretislav II


Alfred Grévin (28 January 1827 – 5 May 1892) was a 19th-century caricaturist, best known during his lifetime for his caricature silhouettes of contemporary Parisian women. He was also a sculptor, cartoonist, and designed costumes and sets for popular theater.

He founded with journalist Arthur Meyer the Musée Grévin, a waxwork museum.

Career

Alfred Grevin was born in a house in the main street of Épineuil in 1827. He studied natural sciences and drawing at the College of Tonnerre. His first job was as an apprentice draughtsman for Paris à Lyon à la Méditerranée railways. In his free time, he would draw for fun.

In 1853 he moved to Paris. He put his cartooning talents at the service of the newspaper Le Gaulois, then headed by Arthur Meyer. He then went on to work for Le Journal amusant and Le Charivari. To supplement his meager salary as a cartoonist and illustrator, he worked as a theater costume designer, and wrote plays.

By 1867 he was able settle in a home in Saint-Mandé, at 16bis rue de Berulle.

In 1869 he founded l'Almanach des Parisiennes with Louis Adrien Huart, and in 1875 Grévin designed the 673 costumes for Jacques Offenbach's opéra-féerie Le voyage dans la lune, and later for Charles Lecocq's opera comique The Daughter of Madame Angot

In 1881, Meyer had the idea, along with Alfred Grévin, to represent the personalities that made the front page of the news section as wax mannequins, which allowed visitors – in an era before photography was used in the press – to put a face to the names in the news. This was the beginning of the Musée Grévin, which opened its doors on 5 June 1882 and swiftly became successful. Grévin met Émile Zola on several occasions, whom he wanted to include a portrait of in his collections.

Grevin spent the final two years of his life paralyzed, and died of a sudden stroke of apoplexy in 1892 at Saint-Mandé.

References

External links

Les Parisiennes, a collection of Grévin's illustrations
Grévin's illustrations in Le Journal amusant digital editions from Bibliothèque nationale de France

Personalities of Tonnerre
Heritage City of Saint Mandé
Works by Grévin on Artchive, ArtNet, Original Art, Christie's Art, Liveauctioneers, Great Caricatures

1827 births
1892 deaths
People from Yonne
French caricaturists
French editorial cartoonists
French costume designers
French sculptors

Alfred Grévin


Guy Henry Ourisson (March 26, 1926 – November 4, 2006) was a French chemist. He was vice president and later president of the Academy of Sciences.

Career
In 1952 he got a PhD from Harvard University. In 1954, he got a doctorate in physics from the Sorbonne under the direction of G. Dupont. At the University of Strasbourg, he was appointed as a lecturer in 1955, professor in 1958. He became a retired professor in 1995.

He died, aged 80, in Strasbourg.

2003 deaths
1926 births
French chemists

Guy Ourisson


The South London Gallery, founded 1891, is a public-funded gallery of contemporary art in Camberwell, London. Until 1992, it was known as the South London Art Gallery, and nowadays the acronym SLG is often used.  Margot Heller became its director in 2001.

Gallery

History

The gallery traces its origins back to the South London Working Men's College at 91 Blackfriars Road in 1868, whose Principal was the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, the grandfather of Aldous Huxley; the Manager was William Rossiter. In 1878, the College relocated to 143 Kennington Lane, where a Free Library was also opened. In 1879 Rossiter staged an art show of privately owned works at the Library. After this the name was changed to the Free Library and Art Gallery. In 1881, the library and gallery moved again to New Road, Battersea, and in 1887 to 207 Camberwell Road.

Leading artists such as Sir Frederic Leighton, President of the Royal Academy, Edward Burne-Jones and G. F. Watts supported the institution; the Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, was its first president, succeeded by Leighton in 1887.

On 4 May 1891, The South London Fine Art Gallery opened in Peckham Road in a new building in the grounds of Portland House, whose freehold Rossiter had purchased. In 1893, the Prince of Wales officially opened a lecture hall and library funded by newspaper owner John Passmore Edwards. In 1896, the Gallery was relocated at the Vestry of Camberwell. In 1898, Royal Academy President, Sir Edward Poynter opened a Technical Institute, which again had been funded by Passmore Edwards (to commemorate Lord Leighton who had died) on the site of Portland House. It later became Camberwell College of Art, which was run by the London County Council from 1904, though the Gallery was still under the local authority.

The Gallery added to its permanent collection in 1953, to celebrate the coronation, with works by contemporary artists such as John Piper and Christopher Wood, and the next decade acquired over 500 twentieth-century prints. The new London Borough of Southwark took over responsibility for the Gallery in 1965 but under independent trustees.

Modern phase
The appointment of David Thorp as Director in 1992 brought what then came to be known as the South London Gallery into its present phase, when it espoused Britart and staged significant "cutting edge" exhibitions.

The Gallery was the first venue for the showing of Tracey Emin's "tent", Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995, when Carl Freedman curated the Minky Manky show in 1995. The show catalogue includes an interview with Emin. Other artists in the show were Sarah Lucas, Gary Hume, Damien Hirst, Mat Collishaw, Gilbert and George, Critical Décor and Stephen Pippin. Freedman said one of the show's themes was:
the artist as a subject, and (to) explore the relationship between the art on the wall and its creator, to make the whole thing more humanistic. And in there somewhere there is the beginnings of a thesis on the relationship and similarities between madness and modernism, for example, defiance of authority, nihilism, examples of extreme relativism, strange transformations of the self, irrationality, and things like that.
Minky Manky then went to the Arnolfini gallery, Bristol. Two years later Emin staged a solo show I Need Art Like I Need God, which included a debate with artist Billy Childish about their former relationship.

A strong programme of exhibitions gained the gallery increased publicity and greater visitor numbers, as well as a place in the 1996 Prudential Awards for the Arts, and a nomination for Thorp in 1997 for the Prudential Creative Britons Award. Exhibitors included Anselm Kiefer and Gavin Turk. Works were acquired by artists such as Antony Gormley, Anish Kapoor and Tracey Emin, Sarah Lucas and Angus Fairhurst.

In 1999, Curator Donna Lynas began a Live Art programme, which incurred some controversy, with performances including Franko B and Stuart Brisley.

In 2001, Margot Heller became Director continuing to develop the gallery's international reputation for its programme of contemporary art exhibitions and live art events, with integrated education projects for children, young people and adults. Five exhibitions each year profile the work of established international figures such as Tom Friedman, Mark Dion, Rivane Neuenschwander, Alfredo Jaar, Eva Rothschild, Ryan Gander and Superflex; as well as that by younger and mid-career artists such as Alice Channer and Oscar Murillo. Group shows bring together works by established and lesser known British and international artists. The gallery's live art and film programme has included presentations by Rachel Gomme, Nathaniel Mellors, Gail Pickering, OMSK and Gisele Vienne, and occasional large scale off-site projects have included those by on Kawara in Trafalgar Square in 2004, and Chris Burden at Chelsea College of Art Parade Ground in 2006.

The South London Gallery is at 65 Peckham Road, London SE5 8UH. It is open Tuesday to Sunday, 11am–6pm, Wednesdays and the last Friday of every month until 9pm, exhibitions are free.

References

External links

Contemporary art galleries in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
1891 establishments in England
Museums in the London Borough of Southwark
Art museums established in 1891
Camberwell
1891 in London
Museum of the Year (UK) recipients

South London Gallery


Lynne "Angel" (née Cooper) Harvey (October 4, 1916 – May 3, 2008) was the radio producer for The Rest of the Story, and the first producer to enter the National Radio Hall of Fame. Dubbed the "First Lady of Radio," Harvey's sixty-year career in radio transformed American radio and television news format.

Early life and career
Harvey was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and graduated from Washington University in St. Louis with a BA and MA in English. Harvey was a member of Phi Beta Kappa at Washington University and was a former schoolteacher. In 1939, she went to work for KXOK. There she met her future husband Paul Harvey. Paul Harvey invited her to dinner, proposed to her after a few minutes of conversation and from then on called her "Angel," even on his radio show. The two were married in 1940, and moved to WKZO in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1941. The couple moved to Chicago in 1945.

In 1997, Lynne Harvey was the first producer ever inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame, and had developed some of her husband's best-known features, such as "The Rest of the Story."  While working on her husband's radio show, she established 10 p.m. as the hour in which news is broadcast. She was the first woman to receive a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago chapter of American Women in Radio and Television.   She worked in television also, and created a television show called Dilemma which is acknowledged as the prototype of the modern talk show genre. While working at CBS, she was among the first women to produce an entire newscast. In later years, she was best known as a philanthropist.

Later life and death
On May 17, 2007, Harvey told his radio audience that Angel had contracted leukemia. Her death, at the age of 91, was announced by ABC radio on May 3, 2008. When she died at their River Forest home, the Chicago Sun-Times described her as, "More than his astute business partner and producer, she also was a pioneer for women in radio and an influential figure in her own right for decades." According to the founder of the Museum of Broadcast Communications, Bruce DuMont, "She was to Paul Harvey what Colonel Parker was to Elvis Presley. She really put him on track to have the phenomenal career that his career has been."

References

External links

2008 deaths
1916 births
American radio producers
Burials at Forest Home Cemetery, Chicago
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Deaths from leukemia
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Women radio producers

Lynne Cooper Harvey


Jean-Baptiste Lully (pronounce: "Loo-lee"), (born Florence, 28 November 1632; died Paris, 22 March 1687), was an Italian composer, violinist and dancer who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France. He took on French nationality in 1661. He was the most important French composer of his time. Lully realized that music in the Italian style was not suitable for the French language, so he composed his operas in a special way. He created the tradition of French opera. He also wrote a lot of ballet music and some church music.

Life
Lully was born in Florence, Italy. Lully did not have much education. He taught himself a lot of what he could do. He learned to play the guitar and the violin and to dance.

In 1646 he was taken to France where he was given a job teaching Italian to a Duchess. He had the opportunity to hear a lot of good music, and, by the time he was 20, he was an excellent composer, violinist and dancer.

He started to work for Louis XIV in 1652. He composed some music for the Ballet de la Nuit (Night Ballet). The king liked it very much. He became composer of instrumental music to the king. His orchestra (called Grande Bande, i.e. large band) had 24 violins. They were not very good, so he got the king's permission to start another group which he called Petits Violons (Little Violins). There were 16 in the group (later it became 21), and Lully trained them properly. He did not let them put too many ornaments in the music.

He became a Frenchman in 1661. The next year he became Music Master to the Royal Family and he also married. The king and queen signed the marriage document, so Lully was obviously an important man.

Lully composed lots of ballets for the King during the 1650s and 1660s. He was one of the dancers in these ballets. The king also danced. He worked with the great playwright Molière, composing music for Molière's comedies. These include Le Mariage forcé (1664), L'Amour médecin (1665), and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670). Together with Molière he created the Comédie-Ballet which became a great French tradition.

When the king got older he could not dance and so he became less interested in ballet. So Lully became more interested in composing operas. He earned a lot of money from this, because there was an arrangement with the king that Lully would have complete control of any music that was published in France. Lully had become a very powerful man, and many other musicians did not like this. There were a lot of arguments, especially when Lully did not allow music in puppet shows.

Lully had lots of successes in his life. He also had many love affairs, with men and women. There were several scandals, but the king always forgave him because he was a great friend..

Death
Late in 1686 the king had been ill, but he got better, so he asked Lully to organize a concert to celebrate the fact that he was well again. The concert was given on 8 January 1687. The orchestra played a Te Deum. Lully conducted the orchestra. Conductors did not yet use batons (sticks) in those days. Instead, Lully banged a big stick on the floor to keep the orchestra together. Suddenly, he hit his toe with his stick. The wound in the toe got an infection. The infection later became gangrene. He did not want the doctors to cut off his toe. The infection spread to the rest of the body, and he died on 22 March from gangrene.

Lully was rich when he died. He left 800.000 livres. He had five houses in Paris as well as two country houses.

Music
Lully lived in the middle of the Baroque period. He liked fast, lively music, especially music that could be danced to. He changed people's taste in musical style. He used a lot of instruments that had not been used in orchestras before. His friendship with Molière resulted in a new musical form, the comédie-ballet which combined theatre, comedy, and ballet.

Lully also created the style of French opera called tragédie en musique or tragédie lyrique. Instead of having his opera music divided into recitatives and arias he often combined the two so that events in the story happened quickly.

References

1632 births
1687 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Baroque composers
Bisexual people
17th-century French composers
French dancers
French LGBT people
17th-century Italian composers
Italian LGBT people
LGBT composers
LGBT dancers
People from Florence

Jean-Baptiste Lully


Jack Walter Keller (born James Walter Keller; 11 November 1936 – 1 April 2005) was an American composer, songwriter and record producer.  He co-wrote, with Howard Greenfield and others, several pop hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including "Just Between You and Me", "Everybody's Somebody's Fool", "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own", "Venus in Blue Jeans" and "Run to Him".  He also wrote the theme songs for TV series including Bewitched and Gidget, and later worked in Los Angeles – where he wrote for, and produced, The Monkees – and in Nashville.

Biography
Keller was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of dance band musician Mal Keller and his wife Reva.  He learned the accordion and piano, and worked in a camera repair store at the age of 15 following his father's death.  He also began playing in dance bands, and started writing songs with his friend Paul Kaufman. In the mid 1950s, he started hanging around the Brill Building, the heart of "Tin Pan Alley" in New York City, and was introduced to lyricist Lee Cathy.  Their first collaboration, "Just Between You and Me", was recorded by The Chordettes and became a top ten hit in 1957.  He also collaborated with Noel Sherman, and their songs were recorded by Perry Como and The Kalin Twins.

In 1959, he was one of the first songwriters to sign an exclusive contract with Aldon Music, the music publishing company established by Don Kirshner and Al Nevins.  Keller began working with and developing a young writing staff that included Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka, and Howard Greenfield. Between 1960 and 1963, Aldon Music had 54 top ten songs.

After Sedaka began a performing career, Keller worked with Greenfield, and the pair jointly co-wrote two number-one hits for Connie Francis in 1960, "Everybody's Somebody's Fool" and "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own", as well as the follow-up "Breakin' In A Brand New Broken Heart".  Keller and Greenfield also co-wrote Jimmy Clanton's 1962 top ten hit "Venus in Blue Jeans"; and "Your Used to Be", a chart hit for Brenda Lee.  At the same time, Keller wrote successfully with lyricist Gerry Goffin, including Bobby Vee's No. 2 hit "Run to Him" as well as several hits for the Everly Brothers, and co-wrote with Hank Hunter, including the McGuire Sisters' hit "Just For Old Time's Sake" and Sedaka's "One Way Ticket," later a hit for Eruption.

When Aldon was sold to Columbia Pictures (Screen Gems) in 1963, the company began securing new film and television contracts.  Keller and Greenfield wrote the theme songs for two highly successful TV series, Bewitched and Gidget, in 1964 and 1965. Both Greenfield and Keller moved to Los Angeles, California in 1966.  As well as continuing to write theme songs for TV, his compositions were recorded by such musicians as Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles and Louis Armstrong.

When Don Kirshner and Screen Gems launched The Monkees in 1966, Keller co-produced their first album, and co-wrote several of their songs including "Your Auntie Grizelda" and "Early Morning Blues and Greens", both written with Diane Hildebrand.  Keller and Hildebrand also wrote Bobby Sherman's 1970 hit, "Easy Come, Easy Go".  He later worked for United Artists Music in Hollywood.

In 1984 he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he wrote songs recorded by leading country stars including Ernest Tubb, Crystal Gayle, Eddy Arnold, Loretta Lynn and Reba McEntire. On November 11, 2013, one of Keller's arrangements, Stephen Foster's Beautiful Dreamer, appeared on the Beatles' album On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2 – recorded live on January 22, 1963 –  showing that Keller and his fellow 'Brill Building' songwriters were influential on the Beatles in their formative years. (Keller had written additional lyrics to Foster's song.)

He died of leukemia at the age of 68.  Jack Keller was survived by his wife, Robi Keller and children Mike Keller, Russ Keller, Pari Keller and entertainment attorney, Jordan Keller.

Compositions

References

External links

1936 births
2005 deaths
Musicians from Brooklyn
Deaths from leukemia
Jewish American songwriters
The Monkees
Deaths from cancer in Tennessee
Bewitched

Jack Keller (songwriter)


The Farmington Rock Chapel or Rock Church, built between 1861 and 1863 in the city of Farmington, Utah, is one of the oldest churches still in use in Utah.  The Primary Association of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) was founded by Aurelia Spencer Rogers in the rock church in 1878 with 224 children and now serves millions of children worldwide, adding additional historic significance.  A large mural painted by Lynn Fausett commemorating the 63rd anniversary of the Primary was added to the LDS Church in 1941.  The church was designed by pioneer architect Reuben Broadbent and built with native fieldstone with slight Greek Revival styling but is mainly vernacular.  The rock chapel has had three additional wings added onto it with renovations happening in 1941 and 1980, and currently serves the Farmington 1st, 3rd, and 5th Wards.  The rock church is part of the Farmington Main Street Historic District which was added to the U.S.National Register of Historic Places on October 20, 2011.

See also
Photo of exterior of Farmington Rock Chapel
Photo of interior of the Farmington Rock Chapel and mural
National Register of Historic Places listings in Davis County, Utah

References

19th-century Latter Day Saint church buildings
Buildings and structures in Farmington, Utah
Historic district contributing properties in Utah
History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Meetinghouses of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Churches completed in 1863
1863 establishments in Utah Territory
National Register of Historic Places in Davis County, Utah

Farmington Rock Chapel


Fan Expo Canada is an annual speculative fiction fan convention held in Toronto, Ontario. It was founded as the Canadian National Comic Book Expo in 1995 by Hobby Star Marketing Inc. It includes distinctly branded sections, including GX (Gaming Expo) and SFX (Science Fiction Expo), and formerly CNAnime (Canadian National Anime Expo). It is a four-day event (Thursday through Sunday) typically held the weekend before Labour Day during the summer at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre (MTCC).

Originally showcasing comic books, science fiction/fantasy and film/television and related popular arts, Fan Expo Canada has expanded over the years to include a larger range of pop culture and fandom elements, such as horror, anime, manga, animation, toys, collectible card games, video games, and web entertainment. The convention is the largest of its kind in Canada and among the largest in the world, filling the entire North and South Buildings of the MTCC with over 130,000 attendees in 2016.

In 2013, Fan Expo Canada's parent company Hobby Star Marketing was acquired by Informa, which now organizes the event. The company has extended the Fan Expo brand to other conventions organized by the company in Canada and the United States.

Programming
Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, portfolio review sessions with top comic book and video game companies, and evening events such as the Masquerade (a costume contest), special screenings and the Diamond Distribution Industry Night Dinner and Reception for industry professionals only.

Traditional events include screening rooms devoted to Japanese animation, gaming, and over 300 hours of other programming on all aspects of comic books and popular culture.

Like most comic book conventions, Fan Expo Canada features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as movie studios and TV networks, as well as comic book dealers and collectibles merchants. Fan Expo Canada also includes a large autographs area, as well as an Artists Alley where comic book artists can sign autographs and sell or do free sketches.

Exclusive collectibles
In recent years, Fan Expo Canada has become one of the few events that provides selling "exclusive" products to attendees. The vast majority of the exclusives offered at Fan Expo Canada are licensed properties of popular movie, comic book and related characters.

History, locations, and dates

Fan Expo 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Attractions

Fan Expo Canada is the site of many unique attractions that include Exclusive Pre-screenings and live presentations of upcoming television series and feature films, often including live introductions from the Directors, Producers and Cast members. Some recent projects featured at Fan Expo Canada included the television series:
Revolution cast Billy Burke, Tracy Spiridakos and Giancarlo Esposito
Arrow cast Stephen Amell, Willa Holland, Colin Donnell and Katie Cassidy
Criminal Minds cast A. J. Cook and Matthew Gray Gubler
Flashpoint cast David Paetkau, Sergio Di Zio and Oluniké Adeliyi
entire cast for Bitten
entire casts and producers for Continuum, Dead Before Dawn and Lost Girl
Harry Potter Reunion with Tom Felton, Rupert Grint and James and Oliver Phelps

In 2012, for the first time ever, Fan Expo Canada was the site of a wedding. Two longtime Fan Expo attendees were married in front of a live audience of thousands of fans on the afternoon of August 24. There was also a proposal of marriage that took place between two attendees on the afternoon of August 26. The engaged couple credited Fan Expo Canada's Nerd Speed Dating event from the previous year in finding one another.

Some attractions at Fan Expo Canada have become standard from year to year due to their continued popularity. Some of these attractions include the aforementioned Speed Dating, Steampunk activities, Web series presentations, Star Wars sessions provided by the 501st Legion, Lolita fashion and others.

Issues
Capacity attendance at Fan Expo Canada in 2005 has raised crowding issues. Concerns have been that the event is possibly too big for the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, even though they have moved to the largest halls in the facility. The worry of fans is that the event will sell out and potential attendees will be denied entry as has happened at similar events such as Anime North, the New York Comic Con and San Diego Comic-Con International.

The 2010 event left thousands of fans standing outside as capacity became an issue, many waiting several hours for re-entry. At one point during Saturday afternoon organizers announced (to a small group by the doors) that they would not be letting anyone else in, including those who had purchased tickets in advance, but the majority of fans remained unaware of this and continued to line up in ignorance until word-of-mouth reached them. Eventually they announced that they would be staying open an extra hour to try to accommodate the lines, though many had waited for more than 2 hours for re-entry.

Due to additional space, more staff, a new advance ticketing system, expanded hours and the additional day added to the event, capacity issues were avoided in 2011.

In recent years, HSM has cleaned up their organization and become more respectful to attendees of their fan-based events. After the capacity issue at Fan Expo 2010 and extending the event, CEO and President Aman Gupta released an apology statement to the fans, and stated that while no refunds would be made under any circumstances, the South Building of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, which had been the location in previous years, was booked immediately for the 2011 edition.  Public relations employees at Hobby Star also contacted as many of the fans who had expressed their dissatisfaction, gathering feedback on the convention and expressing personal apologies.

Criticism
Some of the negative aspects described by fans is the overpricing of the conventions, including entry fees, merchandise, autographs and poor services. Canadian journalist and book writer Jonathan Kay, who was an attender at the convention with his daughters, criticized the high prices charged to fans for photo ops and autographs, arguing them to be unjust. He gave the opinion that it was an undignified way to make a living and that "celebrity worship is the lowest common denominator in popular culture".

References

External links

Anime conventions in Canada
Comics conventions in Canada
Gaming conventions
Horror conventions
Multigenre conventions
Science fiction conventions in Canada
Recurring events established in 1995

Fan Expo Canada


The Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) is a small bird. It is the only species in the genus Auriparus, and the only species in the family found in the New World.

The Verdin is a very small bird. At 4.5 inches in length, it rivals the Bushtit as one of the smallest passerines in North America. It is gray overall, and adults have a bright yellow head and rusty "shoulder patch" (the lesser coverts). Unlike the tits, it has a sharply pointed bill.

Verdins are insectivores. They keep looking among the desert trees and scrubs. They usually live alone except when they pair up to make their nests. They are very friendly birds. Verdins occasionally try to get tidbits of dried sugar water from hummingbird feeders.

Verdins always have and will live in southwestern United States and northern Mexico, ranging from southeastern California to Texas, throughout Baja California and into central Mexico, north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Birds of North America
Passeri

Verdin


A reflex (/ˈriːfleks/) or reflex action is an automatic and fast movement in response to a stimulus.

A true reflex is a behaviour done by the reflex arc. This is the path the signal of a reflex takes. That path is from the outside stimulus to the central nervous system (CNS), then the path from the CNS to the appropriate muscle.

The nerve cells responsible for reflexes are not always in the brain, but often in the spinal cord. This way, reflexes are processed faster. Nerve cells in the brain still get feedback that the reflex action occurred. And, of course, reflex actions involving sight and sound are done by the brain. With invertebrate animals, the brain is not so dominant, and more is done by local reflex arcs in the segments.

Reflexes may take place even after death. The bite of a poisonous snake can be triggered up to several hours after it has died.

If the behaviour is complex, the stimulus is called a releaser, and the behaviour which follows may involve the whole animal for a long time in what is called a fixed action pattern. However, this is not the usual use of the term "reflex". It is studied in ethology because it usually involves two animals of the same species.

The word 'reflex' can also be used as a metaphor for something done quickly, without much thinking.

References

Physiology

Reflex


A Dyson sphere is an idea about a structure that surrounds a star, first thought up by physicist Freeman Dyson, and then used in some science fiction works.

The idea of the Dyson sphere was the result of a thought experiment. Dyson noted that civilizations constantly increased their need for energy. He reasoned that as human civilization went on, there would come a time when it demanded more energy than the Earth could provide.

He proposed a system of structures designed to intercept and collect all energy produced by the Sun. Dyson's proposal did not detail how such a system would be constructed. His 1960 paper "Search for artificial stellar sources of infra-red radiation",  in the journal Science, was the first to present the concept of the Dyson sphere.

There are at least three types of Dyson spheres:
A Dyson shell that is a solid structure and the inside could even become habitable if the sphere produces artificial gravity by spinning on itself. It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible to build (particularly because of the enormous quantity of material needed, the instability of the sphere and the strong gravity of the star affecting the whole structure).
A Dyson swarm, which is not exactly a sphere, but millions of smaller bodies orbiting the star and thus forming a more or less spherical structure around it. The most physically realistic structure to build.
A Dyson bubble that is made up of small bodies (like a Dyson swarm), but linked together with an extremely light and thin (but very large) structure such as a light sail around a star that keeps it centered because of stellar winds.

A far bigger Dyson sphere would be a Birch World

References

Space colonization
Science fiction
Thought

Dyson sphere


Harry Emmet Gunning,  (December 16, 1916 – November 24, 2002) was a Canadian scientist and administrator.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree, a Master of Arts degree, and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1942 from the University of Toronto.

In 1957, he was appointed Professor and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Alberta. From 1974 to 1979, he was the President as well.

In 1979, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada as a "scientist and educator, who has achieved an international reputation for chemical research".

Career

Gunning attended the University of Toronto, and there he earned three degrees in physical chemistry; a BA Honors, an MA, and a PhD.  He finished his schooling in 1942, when he earned his PhD. Next, he did post-doctoral studies at Harvard. After that, Gunning returned to Canada and became a research chemist in Dr. Edgar Steacie's laboratory in Ottawa. He also did research for the National Research council at the time. In 1946, he became a professor at the University of Rochester and then at the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1957, he returned to Canada again and became Professor and Chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Alberta. He was very passionate about building up the department to much higher standards. In the next ten years, Gunning's work achieved the University's chemistry department international recognition and it became a rapidly evolving center for chemical studies. In 1973, a new wing was added to the Chemistry building to accommodate for the rapid growth of the department, under Gunning's supervision.

Achievements/awards

Gunning's focuses were on chemical kinetics and photochemistry. He did much research in these areas and published over 175 research papers on these areas of chemistry. He became president of the Chemical Institute of Canada in 1973 and remained there until 1974. He was active in provincial, municipal, and federal commissions and boards, one of them being the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority.
Gunning became President of the University of Alberta in 1974. He was a strong president, introducing many innovative policies in science and administration. He also supported and promoted the interaction between academics, industry, and government in Canada. He also was an important role-player in research and development of Alberta's vast oil and sand resources. Not only did he do that, but he helped in developing Chem-Biomed Ltd and established the Edmonton Research and Development Park. Gunning received many awards in recognition of his vast achievements in the field of science and academia. He received the Chemical Institute of Canada Medal in 1967 and the Province of Alberta Achievement Award in 1971 as well as 1979. He also achieved six honorary degrees in total, and in 1979, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. On November 30, 2001, the University of Alberta's Chemistry Building was renamed the Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre in honour of Harry Gunning as well as Raymond Urgel Lemieux, who were considered the department's two most distinguished chemists.

References

External links
 Harry Emmet Gunning at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1916 births
2002 deaths
Canadian physical chemists
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Officers of the Order of Canada
Scientists from Toronto
Presidents of the University of Alberta
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
University of Rochester faculty
University of Toronto alumni

Harry Gunning


Supernova is an American punk rock band formed in Costa Mesa, California, United States, in 1989. The band has released three full-length albums, numerous singles and EPs and were part of the original 1995 Vans Warped Tour line-up. They are perhaps best known by wider audiences for their song "Chewbacca", which was featured on the soundtrack to Kevin Smith's 1994 independent film Clerks. They are also known for the song "Up & Down", which was performed in 2007 on the Nick Jr. Channel children's show Yo Gabba Gabba!

Biography

Early years (1989–1994)
The original line-up of Supernova formed in Costa Mesa, California in 1989, consisting of bassist/vocalist Art Mitchell, guitarist/vocalist Hayden Thais and drummer Dave Collins. Noted for their energetic live shows and outlandish science fiction-themed aesthetic in which the members claimed to be aliens from a distant planet. the band quickly became a popular draw within the Orange County punk scene, independently releasing a slew of 7" singles and EPs throughout the early 1990s and receiving regular airplay on local and college radio.

In 1994, Supernova received significant exposure when their song "Chewbacca" - a mostly instrumental piece featuring the band members growling like Wookiees - was featured in the successful independent comedy Clerks and its respective soundtrack. That same year, however, Thais departed from the group's line-up, later joining the popular surf rock outfit Man or Astro-man? and fronting the robot-themed New Wave rock band Servotron.

Indie breakthrough (1995–2005)
After hiring Jodey Lawrence as their new guitarist, Supernova recorded their debut studio album Ages 3 & Up in 1995 on Amphetamine Reptile Records. The release of the album was followed by extensive touring as the band joined the line-up of the inaugural Vans Warped Tour in 1995, spending the remainder of the decade regularly touring with such notable Orange County bands like The Aquabats and Reel Big Fish, as well as opening for bands including The Buzzcocks, Dick Dale, The Presidents of the United States of America and The Supersuckers. In 1998, Supernova released their second album Rox, accompanied by another appearance on the Warped Tour in 1999. Rox was soon followed by Pop as a Weapon in 2001, a compilation album collecting all of the band's early vinyl releases.

In 2003, OC Weekly ranked Supernova No. 86 in their feature "The 129 Greatest OC Bands Ever". The reviewer described the band as "part of the wave of bands that brought the spotlight to OC for a bit", summarizing them as "one of the first and best of the slew of outer-space-themed rock bands". In an AllMusic review of Pop as a Weapon, reviewer Ned Raggett called Supernova "one of the most underrated acts of the '90s", calling their songs "[q]uick, brisk, to-the-point, and hilarious as all hell" and writing "Quite why they never connected with more folks like the equally wonderful Man or Astro-man?...will have to remain one of the many cosmic mysteries of music".

Resurgence (2006–2009)
In the mid-2000s, after several years of relative inactivity, Supernova experienced a resurgence of popularity after embarking on several tours with The Aquabats, following their own commercial resurgence with the 2005 album Charge!!. In 2007, Supernova appeared on two episodes of Yo Gabba Gabba!, a popular children's television series developed by Aquabats singer Christian Jacobs, where they performed their song "Up & Down" and featured Lawrence in a segment playing electric guitar with Aquabats guitarist Eagle "Bones" Falconhawk. Following the release of the live 7" ¡Diga Queso!, the band's first recorded material in six years, Supernova played a number of high-profile festivals, including the 2006 and 2008 Bamboozle fests and the 2007 Warped Tour.

In August 2008, Jodey Lawrence left Supernova; in a MySpace blog announcing his departure, the band facetiously explained that Lawrence had decided to become a "full-time Earthling". Former Aquabats guitarist and longtime Supernova fan Corey Pollock was recruited as a temporary replacement, though immediately following his first show with the band, it was announced that Pollock would become a permanent member, retaining his Aquabats stage name of "Chainsaw".

Current era (2010–present)
Since 2007, Supernova had announced plans to record a new studio album, with at least two new songs, "Poodle" and "Whiffle Bat", having been written and performed at live shows. Following Lawrence's departure, however, the band mentioned wanting to re-write the material with Pollock, though plans for the album were dropped as the band quickly slipped into an unexplained hiatus, performing their last show as "Supernova" on January 29, 2010.

On June 16, 2012, Mitchell, Collins and guitarist "Ben Nova" performed an all-Supernova set at the Tiki Bar in Costa Mesa under the name "Gum Fighters". There was no further information on Supernova's status until October 28, 2014, when the band released an EP entitled No Data on Amazon.com, featuring demos and various recordings from the cancelled studio album.

On April 26, 2015, Supernova - with Lawrence back on guitar - performed as part of a benefit show at The Boathouse in Costa Mesa.

On July 2, 2016, Supernova - Art, Dave, Jo - will perform at SATURDAY IN THE PARK festival in Sioux City, IA, as well as a club show at Marty's Tap in Sioux City on July 1, 2016.

Band mythology and live shows

Similar to such bands as The Aquabats, The Phenomenauts or Servotron, one defining aspect of Supernova is the fictional mythology which accompanies the band's outer space theme.

According to the band's biography and press kits, the origins of Supernova begin on the distant planet of Cynot 3, a world inhabited by kind aliens who spend their days relaxing and searching for valuable tin foil. One day in 1989, their sun exploded in a supernova and the Cynotions were forced to flee the planet. Three native Cynotians - Art, Hank and Dave (later retconned to include Jo in hybernation phase) - escape just in time with their rock n' roll-powered tour bus spaceship and crash land in Costa Mesa, where they decide to start their very own rock band and use their popularity to convince Earth kids to bring them precious tin foil.

In 1995, Supernova produced a 25-minute television pilot starring themselves based on the band's mythology. Entitled Last In Space: A Show for Kids?, the pilot was an adult-oriented children's show chronicling the trio's adventures within their space van, complete with musical numbers. The pilot ultimately failed to generate network interest, but copies of the pilot were regularly sold on VHS at the band's shows up until their hiatus.

Live performances
While not as elaborately staged as other theatrical bands like The Aquabats, Supernova's live shows were characterized by a heavy science fiction-themed visual aesthetic. The band members most often entered the stage wearing shiny silver jumpsuits and custom-made space helmets, removing the latter to frequently reveal bizarre hairstyles or facial hair. Tin foil was a crucial element of the band's style: both Collins' drum kit and Mitchell's bass guitar were covered in foil, and the band would hand out sheets to audience members so they could create their own accessories. Fans were encouraged to wear tin foil to Supernova shows - with most venues offering ticket discounts for those who did - and, at the insistence of the band, attempt to pelt the members in the face with foil balls during the show. Mitchell often incited mass foil attacks by frequently making the often-disputed claim that he had never been successfully hit in the face.

Rock Star dispute
In 2006, CBS premiered the second season of their reality television series Rock Star, in which contestants compete to become the lead singer of a new band featuring established musicians. The band which was created for the season, including musicians Tommy Lee, Jason Newsted and Gilby Clark, was to be named "Supernova".

On 27 June 2006, the members of the Orange County Supernova filed a lawsuit against CBS, Mark Burnett and Rockstar Entertainment, seeking compensatory and punitive damages, as well as trademark protection of the "Supernova" name and the destruction of all Rock Star materials bearing the name "Supernova". One of the primary pieces of evidence was a MySpace message from Rock Star producer Butch Walker in which he notes that the defendants had been informed of the existence of a prior Supernova, but decided to proceed anyway.

The defendants did not believe that the plaintiffs had exclusive and enforceable trademark rights to the band name "Supernova" for a number of reasons, including that the Orange County Supernova band had not performed for years, that they were not the only band who used the name "Supernova", and that their trademark rights had never been very strong.

On 12 September 2006, the judge ruled in favor of the original Supernova, granting their request for a preliminary injunction.  The injunction kept the producers and musicians of Rock Star from performing, recording, or selling merchandise under the name "Supernova" pending the outcome of the lawsuit. As a result, the CBS band was simply renamed "Rock Star Supernova" and the lawsuit was dropped soon thereafter (Rock Star Supernova disbanded in 2008).

Members

Current lineup
Art Nova (Art Mitchell) (born March 25, 1965) - bass, lead and backing vocals (1989-present)
Dave Nova (Dave Collins) - drums, backing vocals (1989-present)
Jo Nova (Jodey Lawrence) (born April 28, 1968) - guitar, lead and backing vocals (1994-2008, 2010-present)

Former members
Chainsaw (Corey Pollock) - guitar, backing vocals (2008-2010)
Hank (Hayden Thais) (born April 5, 1969) - guitar, lead and backing vocals (1989-1994)

Discography

Studio albums
 Ages 3 & Up (1995, Amphetamine Reptile Records)
 Rox (1998, Amphetamine Reptile Records)

Compilations
 Pop as a Weapon (2001, Sympathy for the Record Industry)

EPs
 More Songs About Hair (1993, Oddessy Records)
 Live at the Lava Room (1997, What Else Records)
 No Data (2014, Religious Grandma Records)

Singles
 "Long Hair & Tattoos" (1992, Odyssey Records)
 "Calling Hong Kong" (1993, Goldenrod Records)
 "Electric Man" (1993, Sympathy for the Record Industry)
 "Costa Mesa Hates Me" (1994, Tres Hombres Musica)
 "Monsta!!" (1995, Sympathy for the Record Industry)
 "How Much More" (1996, Sympathy for the Record Industry)
 "¡Diga Queso!" (2007, Rococo Records)

Non-album tracks and compilation appearances
 "Chewbacca", Clerks: Music from the Motion Picture (1994, Sony Records)
 "Math", AmRep Motors 1995 Models (1995, Amphetamine Reptile Records)
 "Math", Tromeo and Juliet (Soundtrack) (1996, Oglio Records)
 "Vitamins", Dr Marten's Capitol Records Music Sampler (1996, Capitol Records)
 "Calling Hong Kong" Super Mixer: A Goldenrod Compilation (1996, Goldenrod Records)
 "Gates of Steel", We Are Not Devo (1997, Glue Factory Records)
 "Vitamins", AmRep Equipped (1997, Amphetamine Reptile Records)
 "Sugar Coated Stucco", Dope-Guns-'N-Fucking in the Streets (1997, Amphetamine Reptile Records)

References

External links
Supernova on Facebook
Supernova on MySpace

Amphetamine Reptile Records artists
Bands with fictional stage personas
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Orange County, California
American musical trios
Pop punk groups from California
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists

Supernova (American band)


Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746 – 30 April 1828) was a Spanish painter. He painted many portraits of the Spanish Royal Family. His most famous paintings are Charles IV of Spain and His Family and The Third of May 1808. He regularly painted the famous Duchess of Alba.

Life

Youth

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, in the region of Aragón, Spain, in 1746. His parents were José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos. His father's work was gilding (putting gold onto picture frames). In about 1749, the family moved to a house in the city of Zaragoza. Goya went to school at Escuelas Pias. He became best friends with Martin Zapater. Through their lives, they wrote many letters to each other. Because of these letters, historians know a lot about Goya's life. When he was 14 Goya became an apprentice to the painter José Luzán.

Goya later moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. Goya and Mengs did not like each other, and Goya got bad marks in his examinations. Goya tried to join the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but failed.

He then traveled to Rome. In 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition in the city of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza. He got work painting frescos in several buildings including the dome of the Basilica of the Pillar. He studied with the painter Francisco Bayeu y Subías. His painting began to show the style which later made his famous.

Success

Goya married Bayeu's sister, Josefa, in 1774. Francisco Bayeu was a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art. This helped Goya to get work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. He worked there for 5 years, and designed 42 patterns. Many of his designs were made into tapestries and used to decorate the bare stone walls of the royal palaces, such as El Escorial. The Spanish Royal family saw his works and later gave him work as a portrait painter. He also painted an altarpiece (Holy picture) for the Church of San Francisco El Grande. Because of this picture, Goya was at last made a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art.

In 1783, the Count of Florida blanca, commissioned Goya (gave Goya the paid work) to paint his portrait. Then King Charles III of Spain and other important people wanted Goya to paint their portraits. Goya became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. From 1788, in the reign of Charles IV, Goya became even more popular.

Later life
In the 1790s Goya became ill. It is not known exactly what his illness was. It is believed that he suffered mental breakdown. He may have had viral encephalitis or several strokes. He may have suffered from dementia. It is also thought that he may have been poisoned by lead paint. His sight, hearing, balance and mental health were all affected.

His unhappiness was also affected by the French invasion of Spain in 1808. One of his most famous paintings, The Third of May 1808, is about the execution of Spanish men trying to defend their country.

After the defeat of the French, Goya did not get on well with King Ferdinand VII. Goya moved to a house far away from the court. He lived there with his housekeeper and her daughter, and taught painting to the girl, Rosario Weiss. Some of the walls of the house are painted with strange dark pictures, but it is not sure whether Goya did them. For two years Goya lived in France but returned to Spain where he was warmly welcomed home in 1826, He died in 1828 at the age of 82.

Works

Court paintings
Goya's early cartoons for the royal tapestries are merry scenes of festivals in bright colours.

Goya painted portraits of many famous people, including the Duke of Wellington. His paintings of the Royal Family of Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII show them looking like very ordinary people, not like proud nobility. Queen Maria Luisa was delighted with the large portrait that he did of her family in 1800, even though a French writer Théophile Gautier said that Goya made them look "like the corner baker and his wife after they had won the lottery".

The "Majas"
Two of Goya's most famous paintings were owned by a member of the royal court, Manuel de Godoy. These two paintings are called The Nude Maja (La maja desnuda) and The Clothed Maja (La maja vestida). The nude painting was thought of as very shocking. In 1813, the Inquisition said that both paintings were pornography and took them away. They were returned to Goya in 1836. Nobody knows who the woman was that posed for Goya. One idea is that she was the Duchess of Alba. She may have been Godoy's mistress. Perhaps Goya painted the figure from his imagination. There is only one earlier nude painting by a Spanish artist, Velazquez's "Venus and Cupid", (see National Gallery, London). When this painting was done, other nude figures, painted in Italy, Germany and other countries, always showed the woman as a goddess from mythology or had some other allegorical meaning (was a symbol of some sort). This painting is unusual because the nude figure is not meant to be a Goddess and does not seem to have any symbolic meaning. It is the very first life-sized female nude in Western Painting that is just about the beauty of the female body.

Later works
 In 1793 and 1794 Goya was recovering from his illness. During this time, he painted eleven small pictures painted on tin. These pictures are known as Fantasy and Invention today. They show a change in his art. From that time on, he painted dark, frightening pictures about war, violence and madness.

One painting is called Courtyard with Lunatics. It is a scene in a mental asylum. It is about loneliness and fear. It shows how mentally ill people have trouble dealing with other people and normal life. Goya was the first artist to paint people with mental illness in a realistic way. Goya wanted to show that it was wrong to punish mentally ill people, and lock them up with criminals. There was a movement at this time to improve the life of people in asylums and prisons.

Goya made two series of prints. The first was called Caprichos and the second was called The Disasters of War. The Caprichos series shows nightmarish scenes of the problems with Spanish society. The Disaster of War shows scenes of terrible violence. These were not published until more than 30 years after his death. The Disaster of War were made because of the war between France and Spain. One of Goya's most famous paintings is a large picture called The Third of May 1808.(see above) It is about the executions of Spanish men that took place in 1808. This painting shows the courage of the unarmed Spanish hero. It shows the French soldiers in the firing squad acting as if they have no minds or feelings. This painting was a great inspiration to other painters such as the French painter Manet who painted a scene of the execution of the Governor of Mexico.

Goya's most frightening picture shows a giant man, eating people. It is now called Saturn Devouring His Sons, (after Saturn the Father of the Gods in Greek mythology) but no-one knows what it really means. It is more likely a picture of the way that War destroys people. In the house that Goya owned, there are paintings on the walls known as the Black Paintings. They show scenes with the Devil and witches. It is not sure whether Goya really painted them.

Influence
Goya's brightly coloured tapestry cartoons influenced the French Impressionist painters such as Monet and Renoir. His portraits were an influence on Manet and Degas as well as Renoir. The Black Paintings influenced Expressionist painters.

References

1746 births
1829 deaths
Spanish painters
People from Aragon
Deaths from encephalitis
Deaths from dementia

Francisco de Goya


Okotoks Erratic (also known as either Big Rock or, in Blackfoot, as Okotok) is a 16,500-tonne (18,200-ton) boulder that lies on the otherwise flat, relatively featureless, surface of the Canadian Prairies in Alberta. It is part of the  Foothills Erratics Train of typically angular boulders of distinctive quartzite and pebbly quartzite.

This massive angular boulder, which is broken into two main pieces, measures about  and is  high. It consists of thick-bedded, micaceous, feldspathic quartzite that is light grey, pink, to purplish. Besides having been extensively fractured by frost action, it is unweathered. Big Rock lies about  west of the town of Okotoks, Alberta, Canada,  south of Calgary in the SE. 1/4 of Sec. 21, Township 20, Range 1, West 5th Meridian.

Big Rock is a glacial erratic that is part of a  long, narrow ( wide), linear scatter of thousands of distinctive quartzite and pebbly quartzite glacial erratics between  and  in length. This linear scatter of distinctive quartzite glacial erratics is known as the Foothills Erratics Train. The Foothills Erratics Train extends along the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and northern Montana to the International Border. The boulders and smaller gravel, which comprises the Foothills Erratics Train, consist of Lower Cambrian shallow marine quartzite and conglomeratic quartzite, which occurs only within the Gog Group and is found in the Athabasca River Valley of central western Alberta. Big Rock is the largest erratic within the Foothills Erratics Train. Lying on prairie to the east of the Rocky Mountains and like all the larger erratics. it is visible for a considerable distance across the prairie and, likely served as a prominent landmark for Indigenous people.

Geologic history

Near the end of the Pleistocene Period, between 12,000 and 17,000 years ago, a massive landslide occurred within the upper reaches of the Athabasca River valley. As a result of this landslide, millions of tonnes of beige to pinkish quartzite and quartzitic conglomerate slid from the side of a mountain and onto the top of a valley glacier within the Athabasca River valley. On its top, the narrow valley glacier carried eastward this mass of Gog Group quartzite and quartzitic conglomerate. Because it lay on and within the top of this glacier, the highly fractured boulders were neither broken up into smaller blocks nor rounded by movement of the glaciers that transported it. After leaving the Rocky Mountains, the valley glacier collided with the westward moving ice streams of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and both it, other Rocky Mountain valley glaciers, and Laurentide ice streams coalesced as ice streams and were diverted southward and parallel to the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains. Together they flowed as far south as northern Montana as an ice sheet before they stagnated and melted. When the ice sheet melted, erratics of Gog quartzite and quartzitic conglomerate were dropped to form the line of rocks known as the Foothills Erratics Train. Big Rock is one of these glacial erratics of Gog quartzite and quartzitic conglomerate that originated as part of a landslide in the Athabasca River valley and carried on the top of a glacier, later ice stream, to its present site.

History
The people of the Blackfoot First Nation used Big Rock as a landmark for finding a crossing over the Sheep River (where Okotoks stands today) long before European settlement. The town's name, Okotoks, is derived from "o'kotok" , meaning "rock" in the Blackfoot language, and may refer to the rock. The rock also contains native pictographs and was considered a medicine rock to the natives.  In the 1970s the government declared it a Provincial Historic Site to protect its geological and cultural importance.

James Hector, a geologist with the Palliser Expedition, first documented the rock in 1863. He misidentified the feature as a klippe.

Indigenous perspective
One interesting feature of Big Rock is the large split down the middle. A Blackfoot story describes how this may have happened:

One hot summer day, Napi, the supernatural trickster of the Blackfoot peoples, rested on the rock because the day was warm and he was tired. He spread his robe on the rock, telling the rock to keep the robe in return for letting Napi rest there. Suddenly, the weather changed and Napi became cold as the wind whistled and the rain fell. Napi asked the rock to return his robe, but the rock refused. Napi got mad and just took the clothing. As he strolled away, he heard a loud noise and turning, he saw the rock was rolling after him. Napi ran for his life. The deer, the bison and the pronghorn were Napi's friends, and they tried to stop the rock by running in front of it. The rock rolled over them. Napi's last chance was to call on the bats for help. Fortunately, they did better than their hoofed neighbours, and by diving at the rock and colliding with it, one of them finally hit the rock just right and it broke into two pieces.

Not only does this story explain why the rock is in two pieces, but also why bats have squashed-looking faces. The tale provides helpful caution against taking back what you have given away.

Present day

Although it has been claimed to be the largest glacial erratic in the world, e.g. Sterenberg (2013), Big Rock is not.  For example, one large glacial erratic in Germany measures  and is  thick. Near Cooking Lake, Alberta, one of several large glacial erratics, which is called the Cooking Lake (Number 6) megablock, covers an area of at least , has a length of  and is about  thick. Pollen studies indicate that the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary strata that comprise this glacial erratic were transported a minimum distance of about .

Big Rock is located along the side of Highway 7, and public parking is available at the turn-off. Despite the presence of a fence around Big Rock and a sign telling people not to climb, many tourists, who visit the rock, ignore the warnings to either boulder or climb the  tall erratic.

In popular culture
Big Rock Brewery in Calgary is named after Big Rock.

References

External links
Brink, J. (2014) Okotoks Big Rock – Managing Vandalism with Technology, Aboriginal Heritage Section, Alberta's history, Retroactive, Alberta Government (June 17, 2014).

Landforms of Alberta
Glacial erratics of Canada
Foothills County
Okotoks
Provincial historic sites of Alberta
Provincial Historic Resources of Alberta
Quartzite formations
Individual rocks

Okotoks Erratic


Harold George "H. G." Nelson (21 December 1881 – 26 April 1947) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who was the first person to represent the Northern Territory in the House of Representatives. He arrived in the territory in 1914 to work as an organiser for the Australian Workers' Union (AWU), and was a leader of the Darwin rebellion of 1918. He subsequently served in the House of Representatives from 1922 to 1934, initially as an independent and then as a member of the Labor Party.

Early life
Nelson was born in Botany, New South Wales, the son of Elizabeth Ann (née Tighe) and John Nelson. His father was a Scottish-born shopkeeper. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "little is known of his early years and nothing of his education". Nelson moved to Queensland as a young man, working as an engine-driver at Gympie and Mount Perry.

Politics

Nelson, his wife Maud, and their five children moved to Pine Creek, Northern Territory in 1913 where he continued to work as an engine driver and began his involvement in union affairs.  Nelson started work as an organiser for the Australian Workers' Union in 1914 and became the first secretary of the AWU's Darwin branch.

The influence of the AWU in the Northern Territory grew in significance and so did Nelson. By the end of 1917, 40% of all white men in the Territory belonged to the AWU and Nelson used his standing in the community to gain election to Darwin Town Council.

Described as a "medium-sized nuggety man" and a fiery orator, Nelson was an effective campaigner, as can be seen by his successful campaign to significantly raise the wages of Darwin meatworkers in 1917.  He also led protests against the Northern Territory Administrator Dr John A. Gilruth, which officially originated in November 1918 when Gilruth refused requests from barmaids for time off to celebrate the end of World War I (although tensions had been simmering between Gilruth and the union movement for some time).  On 17 December 1918, in what has since been called the Darwin Rebellion, Nelson led a protest march to Liberty Square, in front of Government House, to demand Gilruth's removal as Administrator.  Continued protests eventually led to the removal of Dr Gilruth from the Administrator position in February 1919, followed by the departure of other senior officials soon after.

Nelson then turned his attention to campaigning for Northern Territory representation in the Australian parliament, including refusing to pay taxes in an echo of the American War of Independence cry of "no taxation without representation".  After a brief gaol stint, Nelson's campaign resulted in the establishment of a Northern Territory-based seat (albeit non-voting) in the House of Representatives.

After standing down as AWU secretary, Nelson successfully stood for the new seat as an independent at the 1922 election (although he would join the Australian Labor Party soon after).

Nelson spent his time in parliament campaigning for greater expenditure and self-government for the Northern Territory, with little success.  Following his defeat at the 1934 election, Nelson moved to Alice Springs to work as an agent.

Personal life

Nelson married Maud Alice Lawrence on 17 March 1904 in Mount Perry, Queensland. The couple had five children, including John Norman "Jock" Nelson who followed his father into politics.

In 1922, Nelson attempted to cross Australia north-south on a 1922 Velocette motorcycle, but failed, and nearly died of dehydration en route.

Nelson died from unexpected cardiac failure after a long illness in Alice Springs on 26 April 1947, survived by his wife and five children.  His son Jock Nelson also served as member for the Northern Territory and in 1973 became the first Territory born Northern Territory Administrator.

Legacy
The Northern Territory Electoral division of Nelson is named for him.

Popular culture
As Nelson is usually referred to by his initials "HG", it is unclear whether Australian comedian Greig Pickhaver named his character H. G. Nelson in honour of Nelson.

References

 Documenting Democracy, National Archives of Australia (2006).  Accessed 25 October 2006.
 d'Orléans, Paul.The Little Velocette that Tried... (10 December 2012). TheVintagent.com

1881 births
1947 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian trade unionists
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Northern Territory
People from Darwin, Northern Territory
Tax resisters
20th-century Australian politicians

Harold George Nelson


Berkshire Hathaway is an investment company mostly owned and controlled by Warren Buffett.  It owns many different companies.  It owns several companies completely, and holds large portions of other companies.  It has 27,000 shareholders, and Bill Gates is one of the company's directors.

It takes its name from a textile mill that was started in 1839, bought by Buffett in 1964, and closed in 1985.

Since Berkshire Hathaway's stock has gained a lot of value and never split, a single share of "A stock" is now worth over $400,000.  Because of this, there is a "B" stock that sells for a small fraction of the "A stock".

Companies Berkshire Hathaway owns completely
(partial list)
Ben Bridge Jewelers (jewelers, since 2000)
Benjamin Moore (paint, since 2000)
Burlington Northern Santa Fe (railroads, since 2009)
Clayton Homes (building, since 2003)
Dairy Queen (ice cream retail, since 1997)
Fruit of the Loom (underwear, since 2002)
GEICO (insurance, since 1996)
General Re (insurance, since 1998)
Russell Brands (sportswear, since 2006)
See's Candies (chocolate)

Companies Berkshire Hathaway owns big portion of

American Express Co. (banking, 12.6%)
Bank of America
BYD (Chinese automotives, 9.9%)
Coca-Cola Company (soft drinks, 8.6%)
ConocoPhillips (5.6%)
Costco
General Electric
Goldman Sachs
Home Depot
Kraft Foods (food, 5.6%)
MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (energy, 83.7%)
Moody's (banking, 12.5%)
M&T Bank (banking, 15.9%)
Procter & Gamble (3.3%)
Union Pacific Railroad
Washington Post (publishing, 18.1%)
Wells Fargo (banking, 19.0%)

American financial companies
Insurance companies of the United States

Berkshire Hathaway


A dry ski slope or artificial ski slope is a ski slope that mimics the attributes of snow using materials that are stable at room temperature, to enable people to ski, snowboard or snow tube in places where natural, snow-covered slopes are inconvenient or unavailable.

Although commonly known as "dry ski slopes", many slopes are lubricated using a mist or jet system to increase speed and prevent damage to equipment from friction heat build-up. As a general rule, they are found predominantly in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands as other European countries tend to have ready access to real snow fields, as does North America in the winter.

Materials

Early materials

A variety of materials can be found on dry ski slopes.

Early efforts to mimic snow involved laying extruded plastic tiles with upward spikes in an attempt to provide grip. These were unpopular as they provided little grip and turning capability and the experience was similar to skiing across ice.

However, in present day, many ski slopes (both indoor and outdoor) continue to use plastic, injection moulded tiles. Quality has improved and many dry ski slopes in the Netherlands use these tiles for training and championships.

Brush materials

The next stage in dry ski slope development came with the brush industry. The most common material is Dendix which is a by-product of brush manufacturing and is similar to a short-haired brush with the bristles sticking upwards. Dendix is manufactured in Chepstow, however it can be found on slopes throughout the world. It is arranged in a hexagonal pattern of approximately  strips of bristles in a  hexagon. Although it was a significant advancement from previous surfaces, concern over damage to slope users (it provides little or no impact protection to a slope user when falling) and ski or snowboard damage due to friction meant litigation for slopes using it was a constant threat. Nowadays water is often sprayed onto the surface of the dendix to lubricate it and increase speed; however, higher insurance premiums cause many slope operators to look for safer alternatives.

Despite more recent materials, Dendix remains the most popular plastic slope material in use.

Recent materials

The most recent development has seen a crop of materials providing both impact protection and slope lubrication as well as the ability to perform turns, erect jumps, rails and quarterpipes and provide a ride that is closer to the feel of real snow. Neveplast is one of these, a newer material whose use is becoming even more common. This new type of mat, which uses a concentric arrangement of conical stems, is marketed for downhill, snowboarding and cross country skiing. Neveplast claims to be certified as having the same coefficient of friction between the surface and the ski as snow, allowing the skier a good side grip, with the same skis used on the snow, and without the need for water. The Neveplast cooling hole has a comparable diameter to the F.I.S. slalom pole standards used for training and competition in both slalom and giant slalom. Neveplast is also used for school camps. This surface is modular and flexible, used frequently also for Urban freestyle parks.

A German provider that guarantees year round skiing is Mr. Snow. The company does not only produce dry slopes for downhill skiing, snowboarding and cross country skiing but also provides tubing tracks and rental opportunities for events. The material of Mr. Snow is claimed to have very good sliding capacities, is predictable in all climates and does not harm the ski or sliding surface. Mr. Snow works without the use of silicone which is not necessary to achieve good sliding characteristics. The snow carpet evidently has no negative environmental impact. So the mats can remain on the surface 365 days a year.
But it is also possible to remove them very quickly if it is required.  Temporary using can be realized with the 20 sqm modules.

Another very common mat is Snowflex, manufactured near Huddersfield, West Yorkshire in England by Briton Engineering Developments Limited. Others include Perma-snow by John Nike Leisure/ Techmat 2000, also in the UK and Astroride by NorCal Extreme Sports in the United States. Snowflex and Perma-snow are both white in colour, although the former has been produced in a darker green (such as in Kendal Ski Club in Cumbria, England) to comply with planning requirements. There is no indication from NorCal Extreme Sports that AstroRide has been commercially tested to any great extent.

The latest arrival is from UK company Proslope who produce a matting with variable filament lengths to emulate the gradual edge grip and release of snow. As with some other surfaces, the system is coloured white, is modular, and works both with and without a misting system.

Ski and board preparation
Dry slope users often improve the performance of their equipment by using the hardest grade of ski wax. The wax wears off quickly, however, and must be renewed after one or two sessions. At least one company makes a hard wax that is intended for use on dry slopes. Some users apply aerosol furniture polish or other can-based products to the bases of their skis or boards as the silicone oil it contains is reputed to reduce friction. Other substances, such as dishwashing liquid, are sometimes used.

See also
 Skiing
 Snowboarding
 Indoor ski slopes
 Ski simulators
 Snowmaking

References

External links

Artificial ski resorts
Ski areas and resorts
Snowboarding

Dry ski slope