Ionizing radiation is a process in physics where something sends out particles or waves that can ionize an atom or molecule through atomic interactions.

The strength of ionizing radiation depends on the energy of the individual particles or waves, and not a function of the number of particles or waves present. The material that the radiation can ionize depends on the ionization energy of the material.

Ionizing radiation can be electromagnetic radiation or subatomic particles.
Electromagnetic:
 Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves of highest energy.
 X-rays are less energetic.
 Ultraviolet radiation only ionizes some materials.

Subatomic particle radiation includes:
 Alpha particle radiation, made of helium nuclei
 Beta particle radiation, made of energetic electrons or positrons
 Neutron radiation, made of neutrons

Some radiation can go through the human body and other objects. Usually when people use the term radiation, they are talking specifically about potentially harmful types of ionizing radiation. If something produces this sort of radiation, we can say it is radioactive.

There is a little radiation all around us all the time, which people's bodies are used to, but larger amounts of radiation can make people sick or kill them. Natural ionizing radiation is produced by radioactive decay of some chemical elements, such as uranium. Stars and other things in outer space also make radiation. See cosmic ray. Some isotopes that are radioactive only stay radioactive for much less than a second. Other things can stay radioactive for thousands of years.

People and anything that lives gives off radiation naturally, because of the potassium and Carbon-14 inside.

Some of the machines that make radiation are called particle accelerators. Scientists use these machines to make radiation so they can study it.

X-ray machines also make radiation, so doctors can see the inside of the human body and help people. Nuclear weapons (atomic weapons) use a nuclear reaction to produce massive amounts of energy, in the form of heat, light, and radiation. This radiation is spread by the dust, ash, and smoke produced by the blast.

Nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. They make a lot of radiation, but the reactors are built carefully to keep the radiation inside the reactor. But many people are afraid that if there were a problem with the reactor, radioactive material could escape into the environment, harming or killing many animals and people. Also, the parts of the reactor stay radioactive, and can kill people, for hundreds or thousands of years, so people are not sure where they can keep parts of old reactors safely away from people.

Uses
X-ray machines also make radiation, so doctors can see the inside of the human body and help people. Nuclear weapons (atomic weapons) use a nuclear reaction to produce massive amounts of energy, in the form of heat, light, and radiation.

Nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. They make a lot of radiation, but the reactors are built carefully to keep the radiation inside the reactor.

Alpha radiation is used in static eliminators and smoke detectors. Ionizing radiation are used to sterilize medical instruments. It is also used in radiation therapy, food irradiation and the sterile insect technique.

Related pages
Acute radiation syndrome
Dirty bomb
Radiology

Other websites
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US:
Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures: Radiation Hormesis
Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2
NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Ionizing Radiation
RISC-RAD  is a European research project on assessment of low dose cancer risk
UNSCEAR 2000 Report, Volume 1: Sources
UNSCEAR 2000 Report, Volume 2: Effects
Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement
Quantities, units and their relationships
Plans for homemade ionizing radiation meter
List of common household radioactive items
Ionizing radiation -Citizendium

Nuclear physics

Ionizing radiation


Jules Joseph Lefebvre (Tournan-en-Brie, March 14, 1836 – Paris, February 24, 1911) was a French figure painter.

Lefebvre went to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852. He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet. He won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1861. Between 1855 and 1898, he exhibited 72 portraits in the Paris Salon. In 1891, he became a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.

He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris. One of his famous students was the Scottish born landscape painter William Hart. Georges Rochegrosse, Félix Vallotton, the Americans Childe Hassam, John Henry Twachtman, John Noble Barlow, Augustus Kenderdine, and Charles A. Platt were also his pupils. He was a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts for a long time.

His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women.

Among his best portraits were those of M. L. Reynaud and the Prince Imperial (1874). Among his many decorations were a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 and the medal of honor in 1886. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institut de France.

Gallery

1836 births
1911 deaths
French painters

Jules Joseph Lefebvre


Malmesbury is a market town in north Wiltshire, just south of the Cotswolds. The town became popular during the Middle Ages as the abbey as a center for learning. It is the oldest borough in England. Malmesbury was created by a charter of Alfred the Great about 880 AD. It was once the site of an Iron Age hill fort.

References

Towns in Wiltshire
Market towns in England

Malmesbury


String is a thin piece of rope or twine which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects. String can be made from many kinds of fibres.

A "string" can also mean:

In science, computers or mathematics:
 String (computer science), a sequence of symbols or digits in computer programming
 String (physics), one of the main objects of study in string theory
 strings (Unix), a UNIX programme for finding character strings in binary files
 String literal, the notation for representing a string value within the text of a computer program
 A string of nucleotides is called DNA or RNA
 A string of amino acids is called a peptide or protein
 String theory, a popular grand unified theory

In music:
 String instrument, a musical instrument that produces sound through vibrating strings
 Strings (music), flexible material that provides vibrations in string instruments
 Strings (Pakistani pop band), a pop band from Pakistan
 String (Thai pop), a genre of Thai pop music
 "Strings", the nickname of Robert Dahlqvist, guitarist of Swedish rock and roll band The Hellacopters

Other meanings:
 G-string, a type of underclothing that parts the buttocks without covering them
 Strings (film), a 2004 movie directed by Anders Rønnow Klarlund
 String figures, designs formed by weaving string around one's fingers
 A character controlled by Marik in the Yu-Gi-Oh! series

String


The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. It details the return of the Jewish people from their exile in Babylon in the second half of the sixth century BC and the struggles they had. These include having to rebuild their previously destroyed temple and people failing to obey Jewish religious commandments.

Ezra and Nehemiah

The words that start Nehemiah 1:1, "The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah", shows that Ezra and Nehemiah were at first two different works. However, they were put together as one in the earliest Hebrew manuscripts. Josephus and the Jewish Talmud talk about the book of Ezra but not a different book of Nehemiah. The oldest manuscripts of the Septuagint also treat Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.

Origen (A.D. 185–253) is the first writer to treat the books as different works. He called them I Ezra and II Ezra. In translating the Latin Vulgate, Jerome called Nehemiah the second book of Esdrae (Ezra). The English translations by Wycliffe (1382) and Coverdale (1535) also called Ezra "I Esdras" and Nehemiah "II Esdras". The same separation first came out in a Hebrew manuscript in 1448.

References

Books of the Hebrew Bible
Old Testament books
4th-century BC books

Book of Ezra


Draw poker games are mostly played with blinds and positional betting.

General Outline of Play
 Blinds or ante.
 5 facedown cards to each player.
 First betting round.
 Players discard anywhere between 0 to 5 cards per variant rules.
 Players get replacement cards for the number of cards they discard or extra replacement per variant rules.
 Second betting round.
 Showdown, best hands win the pot.
 In blind games, first betting begins from player to the left of the big blind and subsequent betting begins from player to the left of the dealer.
 In ante games, betting always begins from player to the left of the dealer.

Sequence of betting is similar in the following games per ante and blind rules unless mentioned.

Significant changes in rules applicable in betting, dealing and replacement in draw variants are mentioned under each heading below.

Classical high variants

Standard 5 card draw

 Blinds posting.
 5 cards are dealt
 3 cards can be discarded and replaced.
 An Ace or a wild card is required for 4th card replacement per house rules.
Gardena jackpots ("Jacks to open" or simply "Jackpots")
 Ante, no blinds
 Joker as a bug
 In first betting round, "a pair of jacks" or "better" opens the bet, otherwise, players check. (The opening player can discard his jacks in later rounds to make his hand.)
 Players who checked can call or raise if someone opens.
 If no one opens, a new deal begins with re-ante.

(or)

 In some cases, when no one opens, the qualifying hand after the re-ante will be kings, and if no kings, the qualifying hand after the re-ante will be Aces, therefore known as progressive jackpots.

Lowball variants

California lowball

 Blinds posting.
 No checking in first betting round.
 Checking is permitted in second betting round, (no raise after check).
 7-high hand who checks after the draw forfeits his right to the pot.
 "Ace to five" wins the showdown.
 In high-lo variant 8-high or better low is needed for the low hand.

Badugi (Ace-to-five lowball variant)

 Four cards are dealt, played as 4 card hand.
 Badugi 4 card hand should be of different rank and different suit.
 One card from similar suit and similar rank will be discarded to qualify.
 Final hand can be Badugi 4 card hand > Badugi 3 card hand > Badugi 2 card hand 1> Badugi one card hand after discarding similar suits and similar rank.
•	Showdown Ace-to-5 low, played as a triple draw game, 1-1-2-2 betting structure.

Kansas City

 Played for deuce to seven
 Played without "7-high hand" rule or "no check after raise" rule.

Other variant rules

Double-draw and Triple-draw

All of the above stated high variant and low variant games can be played with double or triple draws with three or four betting rounds.

Four–Before

 4 cards is dealt to each player.
 Players take one card more than what they discard
 Best 5 card hand wins.

Jacks Back

 Ante game, no blinds.
 Joker - bug.
 First betting round (can check or open with anything.)
 If the bet is opened, game is continued like traditional draw game (high).
 If the bet is not opened, the game is played like California lowball poker, after the player next to the dealer opens the bet (can check or open with anything.)
 If the bet is not opened, then there is a re-deal and re-ante.

Q-Ball

 3 blinds are placed. Dealer(bet x 1) , small blind (bet x 1) , big blind (bet x 2)
 One joker is used.
 3 cards are dealt.
 Betting from player after the big blind (no checking)
 Fourth card is dealt
 Second betting (no checking)
 Fifth card is dealt.
 Third betting (can check)
 Normal draw and 4th betting round.
 Showdown Ace-to-5 low.
 1-2-2-4 betting is followed.

Other websites
 Mansion Poker
 Draw poker variations

Poker

Draw poker


Angels & Demons is a book by American author Dan Brown. This book follows the story of Robert Langdon, the professor who studies about mysterious codes and ancient societies.
The main subject of the book is how Robert Langdon, with the help of the beautiful scientist Vittoria Vetra, search for the container of a dangerous substance named antimatter that would destroy the Vatican city at midnight, and rescue the four cardinals in the day of the Conclave. To find the container and rescue the cardinals, Langdon and Vittoria have to follow the "Path of Illumination", that is marked by sculptures made by a member of illuminati - Bernini, each of them representing one of the elements of science, Earth, Air, Fire and Water. In the end they are able to rescue only 1 cardinal and the antimatter is lifted into the sky where it explodes harmlessly.

20th-century American novels
2000 books

Angels & Demons


First-past-the-post is a voting system used by some countries to elect their governments or the members of their parliaments.  In a first-past-the-post system, a country is divided into constituencies.  In these constituencies people known as candidates, each of whom usually represents a different political party, will stand for election to the country's parliament.  In the individual constituencies, the candidate who gets the most votes from people, wins the race to be elected to a seat in parliament. Plurality is another name for such an electoral system.  It is in contrast to the majority system, where the winning candidate must have more votes than all other candidates combined.

If a party wins over 50% of the seats, it can form a majority government. If no single party wins over 50% of the seats, then either the party with the most seats can form a minority government, or a coalition government can be formed from two or more of the other political parties who together have over 50% of the seats.

Countries using first-past-the-post include the United Kingdom, Canada, India and partly in the United States.

Considerations
First-past-the-post, often called 'plurality voting', is the most common method for electing representatives in the United States and some other countries. Voters vote for one candidate, and the candidate with the most votes wins.

Political parties often use a primary in order to avoid splitting their party vote in a general election. For example, if 60% of the voters are Republican, and 40% Democrat, but two Republicans run for the same office and each get 30% of the vote, the Democrat would win with 40%, since that is the most votes, even if 60% of voters least preferred the Democrat.

If more than two candidates are on the general election ballot, voters often compromise vote an acceptable candidate whom they think  has a chance of winning.

Opponents of plurality voting argue that the media has too much power since they tell people which of the two has a chance and that voting for a third candidate is in effect voting for the worse of the two strong candidates. It is theoretically possible that the two "front runner" candidates not to be not centrist and not to represent the people.

Proponents of plurality voting argue that it is very simple and that it forces voters to elect a centrist candidate through compromise voting. To avoid its problems, some elections require a minimum percentage of votes, or a majority, through a "run-off election".

Example

In a first-past-the-post system, candidate A wins because that candidate received more votes than anyone else.

Voting systems

First-past-the-post voting


(6 September 193213 June 2006) was a Japanese conductor and percussionist.

Biography
Iwaki was born in Tokyo in 1932. Shortly after he entered an elementary school, he moved to Kyoto due to his father's transferral. He came to play the xylophone at nine years old. He moved back to Tokyo when he advanced to the fifth grade.

In May 1945, suffering from an air raid, he evacuated to Kanazawa, where his relatives lived. After the end of World War II, he moved to mountainous area of Gifu for his father's work. In 1947, he was admitted to Gakushuin Boy's Junior High School, graduating in 1951. He had applied for admission to the Department of German Literature of University of Tokyo, but he gave up on account of a high fever he ran on the eve of the examination. Eventually he went to the Percussion Department, Faculty of Music, Tokyo University of the Arts. However, he dropped out later. In that era, discrimination existed depending on one's specialty within the faculty, and above all, the Percussion Department was ranked among the lowest group in the faculty.

He made his conducting debut with the NHK Symphony Orchestra in 1956, and was later honored as permanent conductor of that orchestra. In 1977, he became the first Japanese to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic, as a substitute for Bernard Haitink, who had taken ill. He first conducted the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (MSO) on a 1973 Australian tour, and was chief conductor of the MSO for a record term of 23 years (1974–97), during which time he took the orchestra on two tours of Japan. In 1990 he was appointed the orchestra's conductor laureate, while remaining chief conductor until his retirement in 1997. He remained the conductor laureate after retirement.

He made efforts to found the Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa and was appointed as the first music director, where he established the composer-in-residence system and tried hard to perform their commissioned works first in the world. He conducted all the symphonies of Ludwig van Beethoven in one concert at Tokyo Bunka Kaikan, from the afternoon of 31 December 2004 to the morning of 1 January 2005. In the following year, he performed the same program again from memory at Tokyo Metropolitan Art Space on 31 December 2005.

On 13 June 2006, he died of heart failure in Tokyo, Japan.

Honours
For his contribution to Australian musical life, he was appointed an honorary Member (AM) of the Order of Australia in 1985, which was later upgraded to honorary Officer status (AO).
Monash University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws in 1986, and in 1991 appointed him their first Fellow of the Faculty of Arts.
Recipient of the 19th Suntory Music Award (1987)
In 1990 he was made an Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.
In 1995 the Australian Broadcasting Corporation named its Southbank studio in Melbourne the Iwaki Auditorium.
Japan awarded him the Medal of Honour with Purple Ribbon in 1996.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

!
|-
| 1994
| Violin Concertos (with Melbourne Symphony Orchestra & Dene Olding)
| Best Classical Album
|
|
|-

References

 USA Today, "Japanese conductor Hiroyuki Iwaki dies at 73", 13 June 2006

External links
Official website

1932 births
2006 deaths
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Japanese musicians
Classical percussionists
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
Japanese male conductors (music)
Japanese percussionists
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni
20th-century Japanese male musicians

Hiroyuki Iwaki


Thought is the operation of the brain in conscious activity. It may or may not be goal-directed, aimed at solving specific problems. It is not the only way brains operate. Behaviour may occur as a result of instinct, and the adaptive unconscious may solve problems without a person being aware.

Other animals can use their brains to solve problems, but there is no way of telling whether they do so consciously. Thought is investigated by four or five academic disciplines, each in its own way. The disciplines include psychology, philosophy, biology, physiology, psychoanalysis and sociology.

Philosophy
Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, functions, properties, and consciousness. The mind-body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, especially the brain, is a central issue in philosophy of mind.

The mind-body problem
The mind-body problem has to do with the explanation of the relationship that exists between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states/processes, and how—or even if—minds are affected by and can affect the body.

Our perceptual experiences depend on stimuli which arrive at our various sensory organs from the external world and these stimuli cause changes in our mental states, ultimately causing us to feel a sensation, which may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone's desire for a hat, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how someone's beliefs and desires can cause that individual's neurons to fire and his muscles to contract in exactly the correct manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes.

Further reading
 Eric Baum 2004. What is thought? Chapter 2: The mind is a computer program. MIT Press.

References

Related page
Argument
Critical thinking

Physiology
Philosophy

Thought


Insolvency means that a person or organisation does not have enough money to pay all of the people who they owe money. Different countries have different definitions of exactly what insolvency means, but usually it means either that:
 a person cannot pay their debts as they fall due (which is sometimes called cash flow insolvency); or
 the total amount of a person's liabilities is larger than the total amount of their assets (which is called balance sheet insolvency'').

When a person or a business is insolvent, then people whom they owe money to may apply to court to put then into bankruptcy.

Insolvency and bankruptcy

People often confuse the terms bankruptcy and insolvency, and sometimes they use one word when they really mean the other. Insolvency usually just means that a someone does not have enough money to pay their debts or (sometimes) that the total amount of their debts is worth more than the total amount of their assets. Bankruptcy is a formal legal process in front of the courts. Although the two terms are connected, just because a person is insolvent does not necessarily mean that they will go into bankruptcy.

Consequences of insolvency

Apart from being put into bankruptcy there are other risks to being insolvent.  Many countries have laws to protect the public which means that the directors of a company who continue to trade whilst the company is insolvent may have to pay compensation to creditors, and in some cases may even be convicted of a crime.

References

Economics

Insolvency


Rwakitura is the personal country home of the president of Uganda, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni. Apart from being his personal home, it is also the site of selected official meetings with Ugandan and foreign visitors. The late John Garang, former Vice President of Sudan, had just left Rwakitura on his way back to Sudan when the helicopter he was traveling in crashed in the hills of Southern Sudan.

Populated places in Uganda

Rwakitura


Puck may refer to:
 Puck (mythology), a nature spirit

Characters
 Puck (Shakespeare), from A Midsummer Night's Dream
 Puck, the narrator of the book Puck of Pook's Hill (1906) by Rudyard Kipling
 Puck, a character in the Japanese anime/manga Berserk
 Puck (comics), a diminutive superhero in Marvel comics
 Puck, a trickster in the animated television show Gargoyles
 Peter Puck, the name of a hockey-puck-shaped cartoon character
 Puck, a minor character appearing in Final Fantasy IX
 Puck the talking dog, a character in  Ouida's 1870 novel Puck who narrates and makes comments on British society.
 Puck (The Faerie Dragon), a hero in the video game Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne's custom map, "Defense of the Ancients"
 Puck, a character in the novel series "The Sisters Grimm"

People
 Theodore Puck (1916-2005), American geneticist
 Wolfgang Puck (born 1949), an Austrian celebrity chef and restaurateur
 Kirby Puckett
 Axel (Puck) Munthe, Swedish physician and author
 David "Puck" Rainey a cast member from MTV's reality television show, The Real World

Places
 Puck (moon), a moon of Uranus
 Puck, Poland, a town in Poland
 Puck Building, a block in Manhattan, New York City, USA
 Bay of Puck, a shallow western part of the Bay of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea

Others
 Puck (band), South African based electronic band
 Puck (sports), the object used for scoring goals in ice hockey, roller hockey, underwater hockey, air hockey, carrom and novuss
 Puck (goat), a specially captured wild goat crowned "King Puck" at Puck Fair every year in Ireland
 Puck (magazine), a 19th century US periodical
 Puck (literary magazine), a late 20th century US periodical
 Puck, an amount of tamped coffee within an espresso machine's portafilter
 Puck, a pointing device used with a graphics tablet

Puck


Oceanography (also called oceanology or marine science) is the study of the ocean, its properties and its characteristics. This can include, and is not limited to, studying the marine life, the geography of the ocean floor, and the water itself. Many sciences are useful in oceanography, so it is a multidisciplinary field. Oceanographers spend much time on boats.

Sub-Categories
The study of oceanography may be divide branches:
 Marine biology or biological oceanography
 Chemical oceanography or marine chemistry
 Marine geology or geological oceanography
 Physical oceanography
 Marine engineering

Oceanography


The Kirksville Daily Express is a bi-weekly newspaper published Wednesday and Saturday. It serves the Kirksville and Adair County, Missouri area including the communities of Brashear and Novinger. It is owned by Phillips Media Group.

History
While newspapers in Adair County date back as early as 1856, the Kirksville Daily Express had its beginnings in 1901 when the Kirksville Evening Express was started by N. A. Matlick and J. Orton Rice. In 1906, under the new ownership of C. C. Howard, the name was changed to the Kirksville Daily Express. In November, 1909 Howard sold it to a trio of businessmen led by E. E. Swain. Swain soon bought out his two partners and the newspaper would remain in the Swain family for the next eight decades. Edward Everett Swain, a native of Ewing, Illinois had  considerable newspaper experience before coming to Kirksville. He previously worked for major publications in Rochester, New York as well as the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis Globe-Democrat and the Associated Press.

Early notable events in the newspapers' history include joining the United Press Association in 1915 and the coming of news via teletypewriter in 1928. After working out of a number of rented building spaces for the first several years, in 1930 E. E. Swain constructed an art deco style building in downtown Kirksville. It, along with an addition constructed in 1964 to house an offset printer, continues to serve as the Express offices. Following Swain's death in 1972 ownership and operation of the newspaper passed to his son E. E. Swain, Jr.

In 1990 the Daily Express was sold to American Publishing Company, although a Swain, E. E.'s grandson Tony, still remained as pressroom supervisor. Gatehouse Media (formerly Liberty Media Group) assumed operation of the newspaper in 1998. Faced with an aging offset press needing upgrade and growing consolidation in the newspaper industry, the decision was made in December, 2010 to shift printing of the Kirksville Daily Express to a sister Gatehouse Media operation in Hannibal, Missouri. Other than printing however all operations remain in Kirksville.

References

 A Book of Adair County History. Pg. 171-173 Published by the Adair County Bicentennial Committee, 1976.
 Hunsicker, Jason The end of an Era: Shifting press operations to Hannibal closes century of Kirksville printing. Published by Kirksville Daily Express. 13 December 2010.

External links

 GateHouse Media

Newspapers published in Missouri
Adair County, Missouri
Kirksville micropolitan area, Missouri
Gannett publications

Kirksville Daily Express


A harbor (American English) or harbour (British English) is a place where ships may shelter. Some harbours are used as ports to load and unload ships. The port will have quays or piers where the ships may be moored or tied up and a transport system for taking goods inland. Often railway and road transport will be used. Goods also move by pipeline transport and by smaller ships on rivers.

Harbor means to shelter or keep safe. Harbors can be natural as in San Francisco or artificial as in ancient Carthage or a mix of both. During the D-Day operations of 1944, two artificial harbors (named mulberry) were built just off the beaches where the invasion was happening.

Related pages
 Dock
 Dockyard
 Marina
 Naval base
 Quay
 Seaport
 Transport
 Wharf

References

Basic English 850 words

Harbor


A pier is a raised structure, includin brig an biggin supports an walkways, ower watter, teepically supportit bi widely spread piles or pillars. The lichter structure o a pier allaws tides an currents tae flow almaist unhindered, whauras the mair solit foundations o a quay or the closely-spaced piles o a wharf can act as a fleet-dyke, an are consequently mair liable tae siltin. Piers can range in size an complexity frae a semple lichtweight widden structure tae major structures extendit ower a mile oot tae sea.

Piers hae been biggit for several different purposes, an acause thir different purposes hae distinct regional variances, the term pier tends tae hae different nuances o meanin in different pairts o the warld. Sicweys in North Americae an Australie, whaur mony ports wur, till recently, biggit on the multiple pier model, the term tends tae imply a current or umwhile cargo-handlin facility. In Europe housomeivver, whaur ports hae tended tae uise basins an river-side quays rather than piers, the term is principally associatit wi the image o a Victorian yatlin pleasure pier. Housomeivver, the earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age.

Types o pier
Piers can be categorized intae different groupins accordin tae the principal purpose. Housomeivver thare is considerable owerlap atween thir categories. For ensaumple, pleasure piers aften an aa allou for the dockin o pleasure steamers an ither seemilar craft, whilst wirkin piers hae aften been convertit tae leisure uise efter bein rendered obsolete bi advanced developments in cargo-handlin technology.

Wirkin piers
Wirkin piers wur biggit for the handlin o passengers an cargo ontae an off ships or (as at Wigan Pier) canal boats. Workin piers themselves faw intae twa different groups. Langer individual piers are aften foond at ports wi lairge tidal ranges, wi the pier stretchin far eneuch aff shore tae reach deep watter at law tide. Sic piers providit an economical alternative tae impounded docks whaur cargo volumes wur law, or whaur specialist bulk cargo wis handled, sic as at coal piers. The ither form o wirkin pier, aften cawed the finger pier, wis biggit at ports wi smawer tidal ranges. Here the principal advantage wis tae gie a greater available quay lenth for ships tae berth against compared tae a linear littoral quayside, an sic piers are uisuallie muckle shorter. teepically each pier wad cairy a single transit shed the lenth o the pier, wi ships berthin bow or stern in tae the shore. Some major ports consistit o lairge nummers o sic piers linin the foreshore, classic ensaumples bein the Hudson River frontage o New York, or the Embarcadero in San Francisco.

The advent o container shippin, wi its need for lairge container handlin spaces adjacent tae the shippin berths, haes made wirkin piers obsolete for the handlin o general cargo, awtho some still survive for the handlin o passenger ships or bulk cargos. Ane ensaumple, is in uise in Progreso, Yucatán, whaur a pier extends mair nor 4 mile intae the Gulf o Mexico, makin it the langest pier in the warld. The Progreso Pier supplies muckle o the peninsula wi transportation for the fishin an cargo industries an serves as a port for lairge cruise ships in the aurie. Mony ither workin piers hae been demolished, or remain derelict, but some hae been recycled as pleasure piers. The best kent ensaumple o this is Pier 39 in San Francisco.

At Southport an the Tweed River on the Gold Coast in Australie, thare ar piers that support equipment for a saund bipassin seestem that maintains the heal o sandy beaches an navigation channels.

Pleasure piers
Pleasure piers wur first biggit in Ingland, during the 19t century. The earliest structures wur Ryde Pier, biggit in  1813/4, Leith Trinity Chain Pier, biggit in 1821,wis as a workin pier fir ferries afore chynging tae a pleasure pier an Brighton Chain Pier, biggit in 1823. Ae the auldest o thir piers still remains. At that time the introduction o the railweys for the first time permittit mass tourism tae dedicatit seaside resorts. Housomeivver, the lairge tidal ranges at mony sic resorts meant that for muckle o the day, the sea wis no visible frae dry land. The pleasure pier wis the resorts' answer, permittin holiday makers tae promenade ower an alangside the sea at aw times.  The langest Pleasure pier in the warld is at Soothend-on-sea, Essex, an extends 2,158 metres (1.34 mi) intae the Thames estuary. The langest pier on the West Coast o the Unitit States is the Oceanside Pier.

Pleasure piers aften include ither amusements an theatres as pairt o the attraction. Sic a pier mey be open air, closed, or pairtly open, paritly closed. Whiles a pier haes twa decks.

Earlie pleasure piers wur o wooden construction, wi iron structures bein introduced wi the construction in 1855 o Margate Jetty, in Margate, Ingland. Margate wis wrecked in storms in 1978 an wis niver repaired. The auldest iron pleasure pier still remainin is in Soothport, Ingland, an dates frae 1860 - housomeivver the warlds auldest iron pier dates frae 1834 an is in Gravesend, Kent. Gravesham council hae recently purchased an refurbished this passenger pier.

Fishin piers
Mony piers are biggit for the purpose of providin land locked anglers access tae fishin grunds that are itherwise inaccessible.

Piers o the warld

Scotland
Dunoon
Kilcreggan
Rothesay

Ingland

Blackpool
Bournemooth
Brichton (wi photograph)
Burnham-on-Sea
Cromer
Clacton
Cleethorpes
Clevedon
Eastbourne
Great Yarmooth
Lowestoft
Paignton
Ryde Pier
Sandoun
Sautburn-by-the-Sea
Soothend-on-Sea
Soothport
Soothwold
Swanage
Teignmouth
Totland, Isle o Wicht
Weston-super-Mare
Yarmooth

Wales

Aberystwyth
Bangor
Colwyn Bay
Llandudno
Mumbles
Penarth

Lave o the warld

Belgium: Blankenberge, Nieuwpoort
Denmark: Copenhagen
Lithuanie: Palanga
Netherlands: Scheveningen - haes twa decks, the upper ane open air, the lawer ane closed
Poland: Sopot, Gdansk-Brzezno, Miedzyzdroje (Photo of the pier )
Swaden: Malmö
USA:
Atlantic stron
Asbury Park, New Jersey
Gulf o Mexico coast
Pensacola Beach, Floridae
Pacific stron
Avila Beach, Californie
Cayucos, California
Huntington Beach, Californie
Oakland, Californie
Pismo Beach, Californie
San Diego, Californie
San Francisco, Californie
Santa Barbara, Californie
Santa Cruz, Californie
Santa Monica, Californie  See Forby: Santa Monica Pier
Venice, Californie
Ventura, Californie
Olympia, Washington
Seattle, Washington
Tacoma, Washington
Midwest
Navy Pier, Chicago, Illinois

Fremmit Airtins
National Piers Society

Coastal construction
Marine airchitectur

Pier


An oil well is a well to get petroleum from the ground.  People in the petroleum industry look for a place that might have oil.  They drill a hole deep in the ground and, if the oil is there, then pump it up from the hole.  Most oil is very deep underground.

Oil wells can be classified by purpose:
 Production wells produce gas or oil.
 Appraisal wells determine the characteristics of a hydrocarbon accumulation.
 Exploration wells explore for new oil and gas.
 Wildcat wells  explore areas which are not near known gas or oil fields.

Active wells can also be categorized as:
 Oil producers may produce some gas, but they primarily produce liquid hydrocarbons.
 Gas producers primarily produce gaseous hydrocarbons and aquifer producers primarily produce water to for the purpose of re-injecting it into the ground to manage the pressure of gas or oil wells.
 Water injectors inject the water that is removed from the aquifer producers, as well as disposal of any water obtained during gas or oil production.
 Gas injectors inject gas into reservoirs to maintain the reservoir's pressure, as well as for disposal and sequestering of gas that cannot be immediately used.

Wells may be straight holes, or directionally drilled:
 Straight(vertical) holes wells are those drilled to targets essentially beneath the surface location of the well,  although some small deviation in the  well bore can occur during the drilling process.
 Directionally drilled wells are those which are drilled to targets not directly beneath the surface location of the well.  Directionally drilled wells can be  classified  further into  Straight kick, S- kick and horizontal wells.
 In straight kick wells, the well bore is deviated until the desired angle is achieved. This angle is maintained all the way to the bottom of the hole.
 In S-kick  wells, the well bore is deviated to achieve the desired horizontal displacement and then returns to a vertical direction before penetrating the producing zone. The term "S-kick" is derived from the shape of the course.
 Horizontal wells, as the name implies, are deviated until the well bore achieves a horizontal direction. The well bore may then continue in the horizontal direction for hundreds or even thousands of feet, depending on results desired.

Petroleum

Oil well


Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created, usually things like art, books, poems and other writing. Deconstruction is breaking something down into smaller parts. Deconstruction looks at the smaller parts that were used to create an object. The smaller parts are usually ideas.

Sometimes deconstruction looks at how an author can imply things he does not mean. It says that because words are not precise, we can never know what an author meant.

Sometimes deconstruction looks at the things the author did not say because he made assumptions.

One thing it pays attention to is how opposites work. (It calls them "binary oppositions.") It says that two opposites like "good" and "bad" are not really different things. "Good" only makes sense when someone compares it to "bad," and "bad" only makes sense when someone compares it to "good." And so even when someone talks about "good," they are still talking about "bad." But this is just one thing it does.

Because of things like this, deconstruction argues that books and poems never just mean what we think they mean at first. Other meanings are always there too, and the book or poem works because all of those meanings work together. The closer we look at the writing, the more we find about how it works, and how meaning works for all things. If we deconstructed everything, we might never be able to talk or write at all. But that does not mean deconstruction is useless. If we deconstruct some things, we can learn more about them and about how talking and writing work.

Slippery Words
Words are made up of 'signifiers', or the sounds/spellings, and the 'signified', or the meaning and concepts they are talking about. However, the meaning of a word is naturally unclear; the word in itself and the meaning are not naturally linked. The word 'band' can refer to an elastic band, a pop music group, a gathering of brass musicians or a collection of people, each with different meanings and mental images. This means it is the reader who will choose the meanings of words. In a similar way, reading is like trying to hold a wet fish, because there are different meanings to each word. Jacques Derrida calls this "slippage along the chain of signifiers."

The chain of signifiers is a long chain of words that are connected to each other, for example a chain might look like this: "band, brass, copper, police." This chain really has no end, because each word connects to many others, and the more slippery a word, the more words it relates to.

Important people
Deconstructionists question language and meaning. Some people who were very close to Derrida are usually called deconstructionists. These people include Helene Cixous and Jean-Luc Nancy. If someone really deconstructed everything, he or she could not talk or think! Instead there are people who deconstruct things (books, poems, writing, words - in short, texts). Jacques Derrida began deconstructing things in the 1960s, but he was not the first. Martin Heidegger had talked about deconstruction in 1927 with Being and Time but he used the word "destruktion". Heidegger might even say that he got the idea from Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Other important people who talked about it include Paul de Man and Judith Butler.

Literature

Deconstruction


A Chinese radical (Chinese: 部首; pinyin: bùshǒu; "section header") is the part of a Chinese character used to list the character in a Chinese dictionary.

The radical is usually a semantic indicator: a piece that gives hints to the reader about what the whole character means. Later, the term was given a second meaning, the 部首 (Pinyin: bùshǒu, Japanese bushu, Korean busu). This means  "section header", which refers to the place where a character is listed in the dictionary.

Radicals are typically simpler characters, or different variants of simpler characters, which combine with other radicals to make a more complex character. People can only make so many unique ideographs for the huge number of words and morphemes that make up a language. Combining already existing ideographs together to form a compound ideograph is a very convenient solution to make many more words. While there are thousands of Chinese characters (well over 45,000) that exist, it is said that nearly all characters used in daily life are made up of just 214 radicals.

One example of simpler characters combining to form a more complex one is the complex character 明 míng meaning "bright" or "tomorrow", which is made up of the radicals 日 rì meaning "sun" or "day" and 月 yuè meaning "moon" or "month", both of which are simple characters that can exist by themselves, and the putting together of sun 日 and moon 月 to make one character show that either the sun and moon pass before tomorrow comes, or that they are the bright objects in the sky that shine light on the earth. An example of characters with radicals that don't exist by themselves is the complex character 休 xìu meaning "to stop", "to cease" or "to rest", which is made up of the radical 亻, which is a variant of the simple character 人 rén meaning "person" or "human", though the variant never exists as by itself must therefore attach itself to another character to form a complete character, and the radical 木 mǔ meaning "wood" or "tree", hinting what a person might want to do after he/she ceases working (like lying on a tree).

A more complex is the character 媽 mā meaning "mother" (shown right), in which the left part 女 nǚ meaning "woman" or "female"  happens to be the semantic component, and also the section header under which dictionaries list the graph. However, not all section headers function in a particular character as the semantic component. Some are based on phonetics, or hint as the character's pronunciation, like the right part 馬 mǎ meaning "horse" of the character 媽. Although the meaning of the character 媽 has no clear, obvious connection to a horse, 馬 is included to help the reader remember its pronunciation. Other section headers are merely chosen for convenience of finding the character in a dictionary, and play neither a semantic nor a phonetic role, like 二 èr "two" in 亞 yà "second" or "inferior",亅 jué (no meaning) in 了 liào "past tense marker", and 一 yī "one" in 丁 dīng "fourth". These two meanings of "radical" are not synonymous, though they may coincide in a particular example, causing a lot of confusion. (For clarity, both semantic component and section header terms are used here.)

The equivalents in cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics are called determinatives.

Chinese character components, whether semantic or phonetic in role, are the building blocks for all Chinese Hanzi as well as in the derived forms of Japanese Kanji, Korean Hanja, and Vietnamese Chữ nôm and Chữ nho.
Since the Kangxi dictionary of 1716 was indexed using the 214
Zìhuì section headers, the standard list thereof has remained unchanged. Section headers are foundationally important for the organisation and use of Hanzi, Kanji, and Hanja dictionaries.

References

Chinese characters

Radical (Chinese character)


Erazim Kohák (21 May 1933 – 8 February 2020) was a Czech philosopher and writer. His early education was in Prague. After communists took over Czechoslovakia in 1948, his family escaped to the United States. He died in February 2020 at the age of 86.

Academic life
Kohák was born in Prague in May 1933. He studied at Colgate University, earning a B.A. in 1954, and then studied philosophy, theology and religious studies at Yale University (M.A. in 1957, PhD in 1958). He also worked at Gustavus Adolphus College and Boston University (Professor in 1977). After the Velvet revolution in 1989, he returned to Czechoslovakia to become a professor at Charles University in Prague. Since 2006, he has been a senior research fellow in the Centre of Global Studies in the Institute of Philosophy at the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague.

Other activities
He supported several non-governmental ecological organizations and was a member of the honorary board of Děti Země (Children of the Earth) and Společnost pro trvale udržitelný život (Society for Sustainable Living).

Bibliography
 Na vlastní kůži (The Time at Firsthand). With Heda Kovály. Toronto, 68 Publishers, 1973A dialogue about Communism and democracy with the widow of a prominent Communist executed in the Slánský trial (in Czech)
 The Victors and the Vanquished. With Heda Kovály. New York, Horizon Press, 1973.An English mutation of the above, rewritten for Western reader (in English)
 Národ v nás (The nation we bear within). Toronto, 68 Publishers, 1978An examination of the meaning, if any, of Czech and Czechoslovak national identity against the background of the Communist "normalization" (in Czech)
 Idea and Experience: Husserl's Project of Phenomenology in Ideen I. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1978, 1982.An interpretation of Husserl's phenomenology stressing its critical and realistic thrust (in English)
 The Embers and the Stars: Philosophical Inquiry into the Moral Sense of Nature. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1984, 1987A philosophical essay based on life in a forest clearing, focusing on ecophenomenology (in English)
 Krize rozumu a přirozený svět (The Crisis of Reason and the Natural World).Smuggled into Czechoslovakia and 'published' there as samizdat in Václav Havel's series Edice Expedice, an examination of Jan Patočka's earlier writings (in Czech)
 Jan Patočka: His Thought and Writings. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989A philosophical biography of Jan Patočka supplemented by translations of selected writings (in English)
 Dopisy přes oceán, aneb Čertování s Míšou (Letters across the ocean) Praha, State Pedagogical Publishers, 1992A collection of twenty quarter-hour philosophical reflections broadcast by Radio Free Europe in 1980-83 (in Czech)
 Jan Patočka: filosofický životopis (Jan Patočka, a philosophical life). Praha, Nakladatelství H+H, 1993Josef Moural's translation of the first part of Jan Patočka: His Thought and Writings (in Czech)
 P.S. Psové (Dogs: an afterthought). Praha, Nakladatelství ISV, 1993, 1996, 2001A collection of fifteen quarter-hour philosophical reflections broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio in 1992 (in Czech)
 Pražské přednášky: Život v pravdě a (post)moderní skepse (Prague lectures: Life in truth and (post)modern scepticism). Praha, Ježek, 1992, 1994, 1999Lectures at Charles University, given without warning upon my return in 1990, examining various modes of scepticism and responses to it (in Czech)
 Člověk, dobro a zlo (Of humans, good and evil). Praha, Ježek, 1993, 1999.Lectures in examining various conceptions of good and evil, concluding with ecological conception as fundamental in our time. Much needed rewriting in progress (in Czech)
 Hesla Erazima Koháka (EK's short answers).Praha, Nakladatelství Pokorný, 1993.A collection of columns presenting philosophy in short answers to young people (in Czech)
 Průvodce po demokracii (A Guide through Democracy). Praha, Sociologické nakladatelství,  1997, 1994, 1999A repeatedly reprinted beginner's introduction to the philosophy and practice of democracy, based on the conception of T.G.Masaryk, also tr. into Bulgarian (in Czech)
 Pravda a pestrost (Truth and Variety) Praha, Zdeněk Susa, 1997An essay pamphlet on the relation of life in truth and life in freedom (in Czech)
 Zelená svatozář: kapitoly z ekologické etiky (The Green Halo: Chapters from Environmental Ethics)Praha, Sociologické nakladatelství, 1998, 1999, 2002A broadly based introduction to problems and alternatives in environmental ethics (in Czech)
 Hesla mladých svišťů (Prairie Dog Homilies) Praha, Kalich, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004A light-hearted catechism for young people, widely used in both Protestant and Catholic churches (in Czech)
 The Green Halo: Bird's Eye View of Ecological Ethics. Chicago, Open Court, 2000An English mutation of Zelená svatozář, rewritten for western readers (in English)
 Erazim Kohák: Poutník po hvězdách (EK, pilgrim among the stars). With R. Šantora and J. Zajíc. Praha: Portál, 2001Conversations about philosophy and theology in an autobiographical frame (in Czech)
 Orbis bene vivendi. (World of Welfare) Praha, Junák, 2001A collection of journal articles dealing with philosophy and ethics (in Czech)
 Dary noci (Gifts of the Night). Praha, Bonaventura, 2003A bibliophile edition of themes from ¨The Embers and the Stars revised and rewritten in Czech (in Czech)
 Zorným úhlem filosofa (From a Philosopher's Perspective). Ed. Marie Skýbová. Praha, Ježek, 2004A selection of journal articles on philosophy, theology, ecology and public affairs (in Czech)
 Svoboda, svědomí, soužití: kapitoly z mezilidské etiky (Freedom, conscience, coexistence: lectures in human ethics). Praha, Sociologické nakladatelství, 2004A systematic examination of philosophical options in the ethics of interhuman dealings. (in Czech)

Views
Kohak has said in 2007 for BBC: "We have nothing to fear from a Russia in the ascendant,."

References

External links
 Prof. Erazim Kohák, PhD. - biography, bibliography (in English)
 Erazim Kohák - about his life and work (in Czech)

1933 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Czech philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Czech exiles
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Czech male writers
Czech Protestants
Writers from Prague
Phenomenologists
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Academic staff of Charles University
Boston University faculty
Colgate University alumni
Yale University alumni

Erazim Kohák


A petticoat is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way.

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

Petticoats in the 20th century
For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly multiple petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.

Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted New Look of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his A-Line collection of Spring 1955, which featured  the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior's successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his Trapeze Line of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.

References

Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)

Petticoat


A Roman legion (frae Laitin legio "militar levy, conscription", frae legere "to choose") normally indicates the basic auncient Roman airmy unit recruited specifically frae Roman citizens. The organization o legions varied greatly ower time but thay were typically componed o up tae 5,400 sauldiers, oreeginally  dividit intae 10 maniples an later intae cohorts, ilka ane wi 480 sauldiers.  Maniples or cohorts wur dividit intae 6 centuries, wi 80 men in ilka ane.

Legion
Legion
Legion
1

Roman legion


Banks Island () is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is separated from Victoria Island to its east by the Prince of Wales Strait and from the mainland by Amundsen Gulf to its south. The Beaufort Sea lies to its west. To the northeast, McClure Strait separates the island from Prince Patrick Island and Melville Island.

History
It was named "Banks Island" in 1820 by Sir William Parry in honour of Sir Joseph Banks. However, during the exploration of the area by Robert McClure (1850-1854) the island was marked on their maps as "Baring Island".

The only permanent Inuvialuit settlement on the island, Sachs Harbour or Ikhuak, is on the southwest coast. Two federal Migratory Bird Sanctuaries were founded on the island in 1961. The island does not have any trees, with the tallest plant, the arctic willow, sometimes growing to about the height of a person's knee but usually standing no taller than 10 cm.

Banks Island covers an area 70,028 km² (27,038 sq mi) and it is the world's 24th biggest island and Canada's fifth biggest island.

Islands of Canada
Arctic islands

Banks Island


The Msunduzi River is a river in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is also known by its anglicised name, the Dusi River. The original name, Msunduzi, is isiZulu.

The Msunduzi is a tributary of the Mngeni River.

In Pietermaritzburg
The Msunduzi passes through the centre of Pietermaritzburg, the provincial capital. A portion of the river within the city has been dammed by weirs, and is used for canoeing and rowing practice. This section, known as Camp's Drift, has also been proposed for potential development of a sporting and office complex, including an olympic standard canoe slalom course.

The Msunduzi Municipality, to which Pietermaritzburg belongs, takes its name from the river.

Dusi Canoe Marathon

The Dusi Canoe Marathon is an annual canoe marathon from Pietermaritzburg to Durban, which starts on the Msunduzi, and ends on the Mngeni. The race attracts around 2000 paddlers, and receives national media coverage in South Africa. The race first began in 1951.

Problems with water quality
In the Pietermaritzburg region, the river occasionally contains counts of E. coli bacteria as high as 50 000 per 100 ml. This results in a fairly high incidence (64% of respondents in one survey) of health issues in canoeists using the river. These include diarrhea (colloquially known as "Dusi guts"), as well as eye and ear infections, and septic cuts. The poor quality of water is believed to be caused by sewers near the river overflowing during heavy rains, and illegal dumping. These health risks threaten the annual canoe marathon. In effective terms, the water quality of the Msunduzi river is undesirable and can pose as a serious health threat for those who brave its waters.

An NGO, the Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), has been set up to coordinate projects aimed at improving water quality, and conserving the regions around the river. (DUCT were responsible for the above-mentioned figures). Following DUCT lobbying, the Msunduzi District Municipality has commenced on a 10 million rand (SA currency) program to repair and improve the sewage system in 2016. DUCT is also testing trash nets as a means of catching and removing illegally dumped trash.

References

External links
Official website of the Dusi Canoe Marathon
SA Paddler Magazine
Website of DUCT, the Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, a NGO set up to conserve the river and its environs
Website of Umgeni Water, the water utility responsible for managing the river
Website containing detailed maps, videos and photographs or the river to assist canoeists

Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal

Msunduzi River


Joey Barton (born 2 September, 1982) is a fitbaa player that hails frae Ingland, but is o Irish ancestry. He played his gemme wi Newcastle Unitit F.C. amang ither clubs.

Efter the Warld Cup in 2006, Barton suggyresded Steven Gerrard and Frank Lampard cashed in on Ingland's puir performance by settin furth beuks aboot it. He said "Ingland did naething in that warld cup, sae why are thay bringin beuks oot? 'We gat beat in the quarter-feenals, a played like shite, here's ma beuk' Who wants tae read that? A daen't".

Barton haes been in tribble wi the polis efter a fecht wi Ousmane Dabo in Apryle 2007.

1982 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Huyton
Sportsfowk frae Merseyside
Inglis foitbawers
Inglis expatriate fitbawers
Ingland unner-21 internaitional fitbawers
Ingland internaitional fitbawers
Association fitbaw midfielders
Manchester City F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Burnley F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Expatriate fitbawers in Fraunce
Inglis expatriates in Fraunce
Inglis preesoners an detainees
Inglis fowk convictit o assault
Inglis columnists
Inglis male writers
Breetish male creeminals
Sportsfowk involved in bettin scandals

Joey Barton


A demon or daemon is a supernatural bad, powerful or malevolent being in many world religions. The word 'demon' has different meanings all over the world, but often there is the idea that they are spirits that lived in a place, or went with a person. The word is also used for a type of computer program that does useful things in the background of a computer, but this use is not related to the religious meaning.

In religion, folklore, and mythology

A demon is usually thought to be a supernatural creature that is an evil spirit. Demons are often described as being summoned by someone, and then either being sent to do works of evil, or to create chaos. "To demonize" means to make someone appear evil.

In a few writings, there are also good demons, for example in stories by James Clerk Maxwell, Hesiod and Shakespeare. In Indo-European mythology and traditions of Iranian Avestan and Vedic, the idea of "demons" was there for many years. Ancient Egyptians thought of demons as "monsters" that ate souls of people when they went to the afterlife. In ancient Greek mythology, there are also daemons but they were thought to be invisible protectors that they believed protected them. In the book Northern Lights by Philip Pullman, a daemon is said to be a creature that everyone has as part of the body. So if it is far away from someone, that person would feel hurt.

"Monotheistic" religions (that say there is one God) usually teach that demons are rebels and under God at all times. The English poet John Milton describes Satan as rebelling against God but losing, and being allowed to survive only by God's grace. In some "polytheistic" religions, demons are equal to gods. In Hinduism, the demon-goddess Kali represents destruction and thus from a human standpoint is "bad".

Western belief

The grimoire (medieval book about magical beliefs) called Ars Goetia, writes about 72 demons that a king has called and put in a bronze container sealed by magical symbols. The demons had to do whatever the king said. This book is all about spirits and demons, good and evil, that were called by magic.

In Western thought, demons are spirits who do evil things. They are not similar to humans. Rather they are like angels, but doing harm. Pagan gods, like the Norse Gods are often thought to be demons in reality.

Christians believe that demons were angels that went bad. They fought against God, who won the battle with Michael (see Book of Revelation chapter 12) God sent the bad demons into a prison called Hell and they could not see God now for the punishment. Those demons are called the fallen angels.

Western beliefs about demons come from the Bible. The Bible does not mention the origin of demons. The idea that demons are fallen angels comes mostly from Augustine of Hippo.

Middle Eastern belief

In Middle Eastern beliefs, demons are often thought to have lived before humans, and they are often similar to humans. When humans appeared, the demons vanished under the earth or hide into dark and desolate places. In Turkey, Armenia, Iran and Albania they are called div. In Syria, Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt, they are called ifrit or marid. In Islamic cultures, there are also djinn, who are similar to demons, but not necessarily evil.

The notion of demons derive from Zoroastrianism, an ancient Iranian religion. They called the demons deva. Zorastrians believed that the Hindu deities (deva) were evil and caused injustice among humans. Therefore, they believed the deva are evil. Jews back when believed these deva were real, but the demons of their own religion.

In the Greek New Testament and Hebrew Old Testament, demons are said to be bad. In Hebrew, demons are called . In other Hebrew writings, they do not come from heaven, but came from another world and made much troubles. They gave diseases too. And they have a prince who is not God, but a demon. Sometimes this prince is thought to be Samael.

The deva were called div by Muslims. Unlike the djinns, div were not created to choose and have no free-will. Muslim scholars could only speculate about their origin. Some think they have been created by God, even before the djinns, others thought they are created a company for Satan.

In Islam, djinns are creatures that cannot be seen by people most of the time, made of fire by God (Allah), with special powers to help and harm people. Djinns, like humans, have free will and must choose to serve and obey God (Allah). Like demons, djinns can possess people, but they are not only evil.

Eastern Belief
In Hinduism, demons are called asuras. Patala is thought to be an underground place below the Earth, where humans live. Asura means supernatural beings that were good or bad. People who do evil and horrible things in their lives, by reincarnation, will turn into evil, ghost spirits called Vetalas, Pisand hachas, Bhūtas. The most evil people reincarnate in hell as demons. In Japanese folklore, there are malevolent spirits called oni (鬼), a Japanese word translatable as "demon" in English.

Native American Belief
In the traditional religion and folklore from the Native Americans in the United States and the Canada's First Nations, the Wendigo, a mythological monster believed to have a grotesque appearance and only eat human flesh, is widely considered to be a demon.

Age and InuYasha

In InuYasha, a fictional manga, yokai (Japanese for supernatural creatures and translated demon in English) cannot die easily and they age more slowly than humans.

Computers

A daemon is a type of program found in computers running operating systems based on Unix like Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X. (In Windows these programs are usually called "services" instead.) It usually starts when the computer starts, and does useful things. Some daemons start other programs after waiting until a certain time of day, or wait for you to ask for a file from another computer. The term is a reference to Maxwell's Demon, not religion.

References

Other websites
 Demons in the Catechism of the Catholic Church: Hyperlinked references to demons in the online Catechism of the Catholic Church
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas:  Demonology
 A to Z list of Demons
 Demonic Possession

Demons
Theology
Mythology

Demon


Moe Jaffe (October 23, 1901 – December 2, 1972) was a songwriter and bandleader who composed more than 250 songs. He is best known for six: "Collegiate" (which was played by Chico Marx in the movie Horse Feathers), "The Gypsy in My Soul", "If I Had My Life to Live Over", "If You Are But a Dream", "Bell Bottom Trousers", and "I'm My Own Grandpa".

First success

Jaffe was born into a Jewish family in Vilna in the Russian Empire (now Vilnius, Lithuania). Shortly after his birth, the family emigrated to America and settled in Keyport, New Jersey. After graduating from Keyport High School, Jaffe worked his way through the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School (class of '23) and the University of Pennsylvania Law School (class of '26) by playing piano and leading a campus dance band, Jaffe's Collegians.

It was the band's theme song, "Collegiate", that turned him toward Tin Pan Alley. Written by Jaffe and fellow student Nat Bonx, "Collegiate" was well known on the campus when Fred Waring (a Pennsylvania State grad) brought his "Pennsylvanians" to play at the university's annual Ivy Ball. Waring received so many requests for the song that he assumed it was published. When he learned that the writers were students, he arranged to meet them. On April 4, 1925, Waring recorded "Collegiate" at the Victor Talking Machine Company studios in Camden, New Jersey. It was one of the first electrical recordings of a song, using an electrical microphone instead of an acoustic horn. Lee Morse recorded his song "Bolshevik".

Waring's recording helped make "Collegiate" number three in the country, selling more than one million copies of sheet music. To date, the song has sold over five million discs and was "interpolated" into several movies, including Chico Marx's piano version in Horse Feathers (1932).

On Broadway

From the late 1920s through the mid '40s, Jaffe's songwriting made Jaffe and his orchestra a Philadelphia favorite. Their music was broadcast live from the Georgian Room of the Benjamin Franklin Hotel. For many summers, he also took his band to Poland Spring, Maine, where they were the house orchestra at the Poland Spring House.

Jaffe continued his songwriting, primarily as a lyricist, though he wrote the music for some songs. In 1927, a Shubert Brothers production, "Listen, Dearie", had included the song "Sweetest Little Girl" by Jaffe, Nat Bonx, and Clay Boland. Jaffe contributed songs to three revues produced by the Messrs. Shubert: "Pleasure Bound", "A Night in Venice," and "Broadway Nights."

One of his most successful songs, "The Gypsy in My Soul", was written with Clay Boland in 1937 for the 50th annual production of the University of Pennsylvania's Mask and Wig Show. These "varsity shows" were major productions at the time, playing in theaters and drawing audiences from outside the university community. The songs were printed in a portfolio and sold as souvenirs. In 1935, Brooks Bowman wrote "East of the Sun" for a Princeton Triangle show and copyrighted it. After that, contributing songwriters secured independent publication of their songs, which were published in individual copies, orchestrated for dance, and recorded by name artists.

Lyricist Moe Jaffe teamed with Clay Boland to write the scores for nine Mask & Wig shows between 1936 and 1950. One of their first collaborations, "An Apple a Day" (from the 1936 Mask & Wig show "This Mad Whirl"), was recorded by Hal Kemp for Brunswick, by Tempo King for Bluebird, and by Ruby Newman for Victor; Benny Goodman never recorded "An Apple a Day" commercially, but his orchestra did play it on radio broadcasts. "The Gypsy in My Soul" has been recorded at least 100 times since then, it was wise for Jaffe and Boland to retain the rights.

Later hits

Although "book shows" like the Mask & Wig productions provide songwriters with a context, most of Jaffe's subsequent songs, written with various collaborators, were created independently of the stage. In 1937, for example, Jaffe teamed up with Henry Tobias and Larry Vincent to write "If I Had My Life to Live Over", a sentimental waltz that caught on after World War II, when it was featured by Kate Smith, Buddy Clark and Bob Eberly, among others.

In 1941, Jaffe, Nat Bonx and musician Jack Fulton adapted Anton Rubinstein's classical "Romance", added lyrics, and called their version "If You Are But a Dream". After Jimmy Dorsey and his Orchestra introduced the song (with Bob Eberly's vocal), it went on to take a permanent place among Frank Sinatra's greatest hits—recorded on Columbia with Axel Stordahl's arrangement, and on Capitol with Nelson Riddle's arrangement. This version is featured in the film Radio Days.

In 1944, Jaffe took credit for words and music, without collaboration, on "Bell Bottom Trousers"—although he freely admitted that it wasn't an entirely original concept. For a hundred years or more, sailors sang a much bawdier version of the tune, much too "blue" for the times. Jaffe's cleaned-up version was tame enough for Ruth McCullough to sing when Tony Pastor's orchestra recorded the song. And additional recordings by Guy Lombardo, Louis Prima, Jerry Colonna and others made "Bell Bottom Trousers" Tune-Dex Digest's number two selling song for 1944-45 (second to "Don't Fence Me In").

In the mid-1940s, Jaffe formed a business collaboration with Paul Kapp, a personal manager for musical artists. Together, they founded General Music Publishing Company, which had its first big hit in 1948 with Jaffe's song "I'm My Own Grandpaw", co-written with Dwight Latham. Latham was a singer with The Jesters, a popular trio known for their novelty songs. He was probably the one who remembered an anecdote, then attributed to Mark Twain, that described someone who became his own grandfather by marrying his daughter's stepmother.

More likely, the idea for "Grandpaw" may have derived from a story called "Singular Intermarriages," which was published in C.C. Bombaugh's Gleanings for the Curious from the Harvest-Fields of Literature (1874). Whatever its origins, "I'm My Own Grandpaw" has been consistently performed and recorded ever since, including a 2001 release by Willie Nelson.

Other songs in the Jaffe catalog include "Oh, You Sweet One," written with Paul Kapp in 1949, recorded by The Andrews Sisters; "Bread and Gravy", written with Dwight Latham in 1948, recorded by Homer and Jethro; "I Don't Know from Nothin'", written with Henry Tobias in 1949, recorded by Don Cornell and Laura Leslie with the Sammy Kaye Orchestra; "It's Just a Matter of Opinion," written with Carl Lampl in 1946, recorded by Gene Krupa; and "Charlie Was a Boxer", written with George Keefer and Vincent Lopez in 1940, and recorded by Lopez.

A few Jaffe songs have a spiritual or gospel flavor, such as: "Get Together with the Lord", written with Bickley Reichner in 1945, recorded by Andy Kirk's Orchestra with The Jubalaires; "Pray", written with Reichner and Clay Boland in 1950, recorded by Hank Snow; "Just Whisper", written with Reichner in 1951, recorded by Savannah Churchill; and "These Things Are Known (Only to God)", written with Paul Kapp in 1951, and recorded by Jan Peerce.

By the 1960s, the music industry had changed dramatically, and the kind of songs Jaffe wrote fell out of public favor. A few of his tunes continued to be recorded, especially "Gypsy in My Soul", primarily by jazz artists, and "Grandpaw", mostly by country singers. Also, General Music Publishing enjoyed a few more prosperous years by publishing a song called "I Left My Heart in San Francisco", written by Douglass Cross and George Cory, and recorded by Tony Bennett.

By the time of Tony Bennett's hit, though, Jaffe was suffering from Parkinson's disease and his overall health was failing. He had lived in Teaneck, New Jersey for many years, and died at a hospital in nearby Englewood, New Jersey, on December 2, 1972.

References

External links
Complete Biography
ASCAP song list

 to Thelma Todd in Horse Feathers
 used in Animal Crackers as entry music for Harpo - 7:30 mark

1901 births
1972 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Jewish American songwriters
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Jewish American musicians
Lithuanian Jews
Songwriters from New Jersey
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
People from Keyport, New Jersey
Musicians from Teaneck, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Musicians from Vilnius
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American Jews

Moe Jaffe


Caucasian Albania was the area of modern-day Azerbaijan. It was a client state of the Roman Empire for four centuries around the time of Christ. Its influence over the region started in the first century before Christ and lasted until around 250 AD. Around 299 AD, Albania was again a "nominal" vassal state of emperor Diocletianus for a few years more.

Rome controlled Caucasian Albania only as a client or vassal state. It was never able to fully make it a part of the Roman Empire, like a "province" (as happened with its neighbour, Armenia).

In these centuries Rome brought Christianity to the Caucasian Albanians, with a western cultural influence that has lasted until contemporary Azerbaijan. Even if few Azerbaijanis are Christians today, the writing system they use is the Roman alphabet.

A second and final influence came from the Eastern Roman Empire when emperor Heraclius was able to take control of Caucasian Albania in 627 AD with help from the Gokturks of the Western Turkic Khaganate, in the Third Perso-Turkic War.

History

There was an enduring relation between Caucasian Albania and Ancient Rome. In 65 BC, the Roman general Pompey, who had just subjugated Armenia and Iberia and had conquered Colchis, entered Albania at the head of his army. Crossing the arid province of Cambysenē (Kambičan)—recently seized from the Armenians by the Albanians—he turned in the direction of the Caspian Sea.

In fording the Alazan river, he clashed with the forces of Oroezes, king of Albania, and eventually defeated them. Pompey ensured the control of Albanians nearly reaching the Caspian sea before returning to Anatolia.

But the Albanians, influenced by the Parthian Empire were not slow to revolt against Rome: in 36 BC Mark Antony found himself obliged to send one of his lieutenants to bring an end to their rebellion. Zober, who was then king of Albania, capitulated and Albania thus became -at least in name- a "Roman protectorate", starting a condition of vassalage that lasted for nearly three centuries.

A king of Albania appears in the list of dynasties whose ambassadors were received by Augustus.

In 35 AD King Pharasmanes of Iberia and his brother Mithridates, with the support of Rome, confronted the Parthians in Armenia: the Albanians proved effective allies, contributing to the defeat and temporary eviction of the Parthians.

Emperor Nero prepared in 67 AD a military expedition in the Caucasus: he wanted to defeat the barbarian Alans and conquer for Rome all the northern shores of the Black sea from actual Georgia-Azerbaijan to what is now Romania-Moldavia,  but his death stopped it.

Successively Vespasian was determined to restore and reinforce the full authority of Rome in the Caucasus as far as the Caspian.

The presence of a detachment of the Legio XII Fulminata at a distance of some kilometers from the shores of that sea (69 km south of Baku) is attested by an inscription drawn up between 83 and 96 AD in the reign of Domitian.

In 75 AD, XII Fulminata was in Caucasus, where Emperor Vespasian had sent the legion to support the allied kingdoms of Iberia and Albania.

An inscription has been found in Azerbaijan which reads: IMP DOMITIANO CAESARE AVG GERMANICO LVCIVS IVLIVS MAXIMVS LEGIONIS XII FVL, Under imperator Domitian, Caesar, Augustus Germanicus, Lucius Julius Maximus, Legio XII Fulminata.

Some historians argue that the actual settlement of Ramana near Baku was possibly founded by the Roman troops of Lucius Julius Maximus from "Legio XII Fulminata" in the first century AD  and derives its name from the Latin Romana.

Among the facts that strengthen this hypothesis are the military-topoghraphical map of Caucasus published in 1903 by Russian Administration which spells name of town as "Romana", various Roman artefacts found in the Absheron region and also old inhabitants' referring to the town as Romani.

Additionally, Ramana is positioned in an area perfectly suited for a Roman "castrum" to control nearby Baku' s port, on the commercial sea route (through the Caspian sea) between the Caucasus and the Central Asia plains.

Despite the growth of Roman influence, Albania never ceased to remain in commercial and probably also cultural contact with Persia, but with Trajan in 114 AD Roman control over Caucasian Albania was nearly complete with top social levels fully romanized.

During the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian (117-138) Albania was invaded by the Alans, an Iranian nomadic group.

This invasion promoted an alliance between Rome and the Albanians that was reinforced under Antoninus Pius in 140 AD. Sassanians occupied the area around 240 Ad but after a few years the Roman Empire regained control of Caucasian Albania.

In 297 AD the treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over Caucasian Iberia and Caucasian Albania. But fifty years later Rome lost the area that since then remained an integral part of the Sassanian Empire for more than two centuries.

In the late sixth century the territory of Albania became again an arena of wars between Sassanian Persia and the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire. During the third Perso-Turkic War, the Khazars (Gokturks) invaded Albania, and their leader Ziebel declared himself Lord of Albania in 627 AD under the Roman Heraclius rule, levying a tax on merchants and the fishermen of the Kura and Araxes rivers, which was  "in accordance with the land survey of the kingdom of Persia". The Albanian kings retained their rule by paying tribute to the regional powers.

Caucasian Albania was later conquered by the Arabs in 643 AD, during the Islamic conquest of Persia.

Roman legacy

Rome has left a huge cultural legacy to actual Azerbaijan: not only the Latin alphabet and the western-oriented society of contemporary Azerbaijanis, but even - like in Armenia and Georgia - the Christian faith (even if actually has few worshippers).

Christianity started to enter Caucasian Albania, according to Movses Kaghankatvatsi, as early as during the 1st century, exactly when Romans imposed their initial control on Albania. The first Christian church in the region  was built by St. Eliseus, a disciple of Thaddeus of Edessa, at a place called Gis and is believed to be the modern-day "Church of Kish".

After Armenia under Roman influence adopted Christianity as its state religion (301 AD), the Caucasian Albanian king Urnayr went to the See of the Armenian Apostolic Church to receive baptism from St. Gregory the Illuminator, the first "Patriarch of Armenia".

Christianity reached its golden age in the late fifth century under Vachagan the Pious (ruled 487–510 AD), who launched a campaign - influenced by Byzantine priests - against idol worship in Caucasian Albania and discouraged Persian Zoroastrianism. After the Muslim invasions of the 7th century the original Christians have nearly disappeared from actual Azerbaijan. The only remaining Caucasian Albanians are the Udi people, who maintain the Christian faith of their Roman influenced ancestors. The last 7000 Udi live mostly in the village of Nij of the region of Kabala and Oguz (former Vartashen), but a few can be found in the capital Baku.

Notes

Bibliography
 Bais, Marco. Albania caucasica: ethnos, storia, territorio attraverso le fonti greche, latine e armene. Editore Mimesis Edizioni. Roma, 2001
 Kalankatuatsi, Movses. History of Albania. Translated by L. Davlianidze-Tatishvili, Tbilisi, 1985.
 Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire. Barnes & Noble Ed. New York, 1999.
 Thomson, Robert W. Rewriting Caucasian History. Penguin Books. London, 1996
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
Roman Empire

Roman influence in Caucasian Albania


William Rosecrans (September 6, 1819 – March 11, 1898) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was born in 1819 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1842 and became an engineer. He resigned from the army in 1854 and became a businessman.

When the Civil War started, Rosecrans rejoined the army. He became a Brigadier general in May 1861. He commanded a brigade during the Western Virginia Campaign. He commanded the Union units in West Virginia for a while before being transferred to the Western Theater in May 1862.

In October 1862, Rosecrans became commander of the Army of the Cumberland. His first battle as army commander was at the Battle of Stones River from December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863. The Union army won the battle. During the summer of 1863, Rosecrans then captured the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. But he lost the Battle of Chickamauga in September, which forced him to retreat to Chattanooga. The Confederates surrounded the city and started a siege. Union president Abraham Lincoln and Major General U.S. Grant, who commanded all Union armies in the Western Theater, didn't think Rosecrans could defend the city. So Rosecrans was fired as commander of the Army of the Cumberland and sent to Missouri.

Rosecrans resigned from the army again in 1867 and went back into business. In 1881 he was elected to the House of Representatives from California. He died in 1898 in California. Rosecrans has a national cemetery in San Diego, California named after him.

Rosecrans, William
Rosecrans, William
Rosecrans, William
Military people from Ohio

William Rosecrans


A department is one way Argentina is divided. A province is the biggest way Argentina is divided. The provinces are divided into departments.  The Departments are then divided into municipalities.

There are no departments in the city of Buenos Aires.  There are 376 departments.  Because names do not have to be unique, 75 departments have same or similar names.

Subdivisions of Argentina

Departments of Argentina


Walter Klien (27 November 1928 – 9 February 1991) was an Austrian pianist.

Career
Klien was born in Graz in 1928. His mother was the artist Erika Giovanna Klien (1900-1957). She emigrated to the United States in 1929, and their only further contact was by correspondence.

Klien studied piano with Josef Dichler at the Music Academy in Vienna and with Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli. He also studied composition with Paul Hindemith.

He was a laureate of the Busoni Competition in Bolzano and the Marguerite Long Competition in Paris and made his debut in the United States in 1969. In 1953 he had been  awarded the Bosendorfer Prize in Vienna.

Shortly before his death from cancer in 1991 (which occurred shortly before a planned visit to Australia), he was honoured with the Joseph Marx Music Prize in 1987 and the gold medal of the city of Vienna in 1989.

Recordings
His discography is large, and much of it has been reissued on CD or is available in download format. It includes the complete solo piano works and many of the piano concertos of Mozart, much of the piano music of Brahms, as well as the complete piano sonatas of Schubert. He partnered Arthur Grumiaux in recording the Mozart music for piano and violin, and Rena Kyriakou in the complete piano music of Chabrier.

He performed and recorded piano duo and duet repertoire with his wife, Beatriz Klien and with his Graz contemporary Alfred Brendel.

He was much admired for his crystalline tone and projection of detail in his interpretations. His clarity of playing suited the music of Mozart and Schubert in particular. These qualities are also very evident in his Brahms recordings, where the dense textures of the writing can easily obscure the musical argument. Critics continue to regard his complete Schubert sonatas as amongst the finest recorded, not least for their unique Viennese lilt and unaffected ease.

References

External links
 KATALOG DER DEUTSCHEN NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK

1928 births
1991 deaths
Austrian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Classical piano duos
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century male musicians

Walter Klien


Pachelbel's Canon (also known as Canon in D major or just Canon in D) is the most famous piece of music by Johann Pachelbel. It was written in or around the time period of  1680, as a piece of chamber music for three violins and basso continuo, but it has been arranged for many other instruments since then.   It is well known for its chord progression.

Pachelbel's Canon is often played at weddings.

Listen
This is Pachelbel's Canon played on a piano:

Chamber music compositions

Pachelbel's Canon


Arnold Adoff (July 16, 1935, in Bronx, New York – May 7, 2021, in Yellow Springs, Ohio) was an American children's writer. In 1988, the National Council of Teachers of English gave Adoff the Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children. He has said, "I will always try to turn sights and sounds into words. I will always try to shape words into my singing poems."

Biography
Adoff grew up in the South Bronx, New York, the son of Jewish immigrants from a town near the Polish-Russian border. He enrolled in the Columbia University School of Pharmacy but transferred to City College of New York, where he received a B.A. in history and literature. He married Virginia Hamilton in 1960 and they lived in Europe briefly before moving back to New York City.  Adoff taught social studies in Harlem and the Upper West Side of New York. Adoff and Hamilton eventually moved to Yellow Springs, Ohio, where Adoff lived until his death in 2021.

"I began writing for kids because I wanted to effect a change in American society. I continue in that spirit. By the time we reach adulthood, we are closed and set in our attitudes. The chances of a poet reaching us are very slim. But I can open a child's imagination, develop his appetite for poetry, and more importantly, show him that poetry is a natural part of everyday life. We all need someone to point out that the emperor is wearing no clothes. That's the poet's job." --Arnold Adoff

Fiction
Mandala - Pictures by Emily McCully, Harper and Row, 1971.
Black is Brown Is Tan - pictures by Emily Arnold McCully, Harper Collins, 2002, Harper & Row, 1973.
Hard to be Six - illustrated by Cheryl Hanna, Lee & Shapard, 1991.
In for Winter, Out for Spring - illustrated by Jerry Pinkney, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991.
The Return of Rex and Ethel - illustrated by Catherine Deeter, Harcourt, 2000.
Daring Dog and Captain Cat - illustrated by Joe Cepeda, Simon & Schuster for Young Readers, 2001.

Nonfiction

Black on Black; Commentaries by Negro Americans. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Brothers and Sisters; Modern Stories by Black Americans. New York: Macmillan, 1970.
Malcolm X. - illustrated by Rudy Gutierrez. pa. HarperCollins, 2000 (ages 7–10). Winner of ALA Notable Children's Book and Library of Congress Children's Books.
Roots and Blues: A Celebration - illustrated by R. Gregory Christie. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2011. Winner of The Lion and the Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, 2012.

References

External links

Bibliography

 Arnold Adoff mini-bio at the Ohio Center for the Book website

American non-fiction children's writers
20th-century American poets
Jewish American poets
Columbia University College of Pharmacy alumni
City College of New York alumni
People from Yellow Springs, Ohio
1935 births
Living people
21st-century American Jews

Arnold Adoff


A mystagogue (from , mystagogos, "person who initiates into mysteries") is a person who initiates others into mystic beliefs, and an educator or person who has knowledge of the sacred mysteries of a belief system. Another word for mystagogue is hierophant.

Origins
In ancient mystery religions, a mystagogue would be responsible for leading an initiate into the secret teachings and rituals of a cultus. The initiate would often be blindfolded, and the mystagogue would literally "guide" him into the sacred space.

In the early Christian church, this same concept was used to describe role of the bishop, who was responsible for seeing to it that the catechumens were properly prepared for baptism. Mystagogical homilies, or homilies that dealt with the Church's sacraments, were given to those in the last stages of preparation for full Church membership. Sometimes these mystagogical instructions were not given until after the catechumen had been baptized. The most famous of these mystagogical works are the "Mystagogical Homilies" of St. Cyril of Jerusalem, and the work, "On the Mysteries" by St. Ambrose of Milan.

Typologies
In various organizations, it is the role of the mystagogue to "mystify" pledges. The term is sometimes used to refer to a person who guides people through religious sites, such as churches, and explains the various artifacts. This branch of theology is at times called mystagogy.

In the United States versions of mystagogical legends predate European contact. Early Native American tribes around the Great Lakes region, taught that the mystagogue was a spiritual leader, and upon death would transform into a beast with many heads. The mystagogue would reappear in his beastly form and feed on those who strayed from the tribe if it was not in keeping with their religious customs.

The historical tradition of the mystagogue has carried on today in one way through the fraternity system in American universities, that have historically held a position for a mystagogue at either the chapter or the national level. The mystagogue is a person of great respect, and his knowledge concerning both the physical and spiritual matters of the organization is not questioned. In a way similar to that of some Native American traditions, the mystagogue in the fraternity system has the power to shut down parts of the fraternity which are not in keeping with customs or tradition.

Max Weber, considered to be one of the founders of the modern study of sociology, described the mystagogue as part magician and part prophet, and as one who dispensed "magical actions that contain the boons of salvation."

According to Roy Wallis: "The primary criterion that Weber had in mind in distinguishing the prophet from the mystagogue was that the latter offers a largely magical means of salvation rather than proclaiming a radical religious ethic or an example to be followed."

See also
 Hierophant
 Sacred mysteries

References

Mysticism
Christian terminology
Religious occupations

es:Mistagogo

Mystagogue


José Ramón Nova Mesa (; born May 22, 1966) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball from 1987 through 2007. He played for the Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Colorado Rockies, and Detroit Tigers. He retired with 321 career saves.

Mesa was a two-time MLB All-Star and won the American League (AL) Rolaids Relief Man Award in 1995, when he led the AL in saves. His nickname was "Joe Table", the literal translation of his name in the English language.

Baseball career
Initially, Mesa was signed as an amateur free agent by the Toronto Blue Jays in 1981, originally as an outfielder. He was sent from the Blue Jays to the Orioles on September 4, 1987 to complete a transaction from four days prior on August 31 when Oswaldo Peraza was traded to Baltimore for Mike Flanagan. Mesa began his major-league career as a starting pitcher with the Orioles, who hoped that Mesa's superior fastball would earn him success in the starting role. After 48 starts of below-average results during four seasons, Mesa was traded from the Orioles to the Indians for minor-league outfielder Kyle Washington on July 14, 1992. Cleveland continued to use Mesa as a starter through the end of ; that year, Mesa pitched a career-high  innings, although his earned-run average was worse than the league average ERA for the fifth consecutive season.

Mesa became a relief pitcher for the Cleveland Indians in , and for the first season of his career, he posted an ERA better than the league average. In the role of closer during the  season, Mesa pitched superbly; in 64 innings pitched over 62 appearances, Mesa had a 1.13 ERA, saved 46 games in 48 chances, and earned three wins. Thirty-eight of Mesa's 46 saves were recorded in consecutive appearances in save situations; this was a major-league record at the time. Mesa's performance in 1995 was critical in the Indians' 100–44 regular-season record and their first World Series appearance since . That year, Mesa finished second in AL Cy Young voting and fourth in AL MVP voting.

In , Mesa's 2.40 ERA, 16 saves, and four wins helped the Indians to their second World Series appearance in three seasons; however, he failed to hold a one-run lead in the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1997 World Series, and Cleveland traded him midway through the following season. Following his departure from Cleveland, he pitched for the San Francisco Giants and Seattle Mariners, but without much success. In 2001, he signed with the Philadelphia Phillies and enjoyed a two-year run of success. However, in 2003 his ERA more than doubled, and he was granted free agency at the end of the season. He spent 2004 and 2005 pitching for the Pittsburgh Pirates, and pitched for the Colorado Rockies in 2006.

On December 10, , he signed with the Detroit Tigers. He was released by the team on June 3, . In 16 appearances with the team, he was 1-1 with a 12.34 ERA. On June 8, 2007 he signed a minor league deal with the Phillies. He appeared in 40 games for the Phillies, compiling a 1-2 record with a 5.54 ERA, and retired following the 2007 season.

Highlights
 American League All-Star (twice, 1995–96)
 Relief Man of the Year Award (1995)
 TSN Reliever of the Year Award (1995)
 Led AL in saves (46, 1995)
 Led AL in games finished (57, 1995)
 His 321 career saves rank him 13th on the all-time list
 His 112 career saves ranks second all-time in Philadelphia Phillies history

Controversies
Mesa was involved in a longstanding feud with former teammate Omar Vizquel following the publication of Vizquel's autobiography, Omar! My Life On and Off the Field. In the book, Vizquel criticized Mesa's performance in Game 7 of the 1997 World Series, in which Mesa came in with the Indians leading 2-1 and 3 outs away from their first championship in 49 years, only to blow the save and allow Florida to tie the game: "The eyes of the world were focused on every move we made. Unfortunately, Jose's own eyes were vacant. Completely empty. Nobody home. You could almost see right through him. Not long after I looked into his vacant eyes, he blew the save and the Marlins tied the game." Mesa reacted furiously, pledging to hit Vizquel upon every subsequent opportunity: "Even my little boy told me to get him. If I face him 10 more times, I'll hit him 10 times. I want to kill him."

By the end of the 2007 season, Mesa had hit Vizquel on three separate occasions. Vizquel expressed regret in 2014 about what happened due to his comments about Mesa (which he also stated were misinterpreted) but Mesa and Vizquel have never reconciled, to the point where Mesa said he hadn't spoken to Vizquel in over a decade and had no plans to ever talk to him again.

Mesa was later charged with one count of rape for allegedly penetrating one woman with his finger and two counts of gross sexual imposition for allegedly groping two women in a Lakewood, Ohio motel room on December 22, 1996. Mesa was acquitted of all charges on April 9, 1997.

Personal life
Mesa's son, José Mesa Jr., is also a pitcher who played in the minor leagues in the New York Yankees' and Baltimore Orioles' organizations and, as of 2021, plays in the Miami Marlins organization.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

References

External links

Indians All-Time Team
court TV becomes truTV

1966 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League saves champions
Baltimore Orioles players
Cleveland Indians players
Colorado Rockies players
Detroit Tigers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Florence Blue Jays players
Gulf Coast Blue Jays players
Hagerstown Suns players
Kinston Blue Jays players
Knoxville Blue Jays players

Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Rochester Red Wings players
San Francisco Giants players
Seattle Mariners players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Ventura County Gulls players
People acquitted of rape

José Mesa