John Macquarrie  (1919–2007) was a Scottish-born theologian, philosopher and Anglican priest. He was the author of Principles of Christian Theology (1966) and Jesus Christ in Modern Thought (1991). Timothy Bradshaw, writing in the Handbook of Anglican Theologians, described Macquarrie as "unquestionably Anglicanism's most distinguished systematic theologian in the second half of the 20th century."

Life and career

Macquarrie was born on 27 June 1919 in Renfrew, into a devout Presbyterian family. His father was an elder in the Church of Scotland with strong Gaelic roots. Macquarrie was educated at Paisley Grammar School before studying philosophy at the University of Glasgow under the distinguished scholar Charles Arthur Campbell (MA 1940) and obtained a degree in theology (BD 1943).

Macquarrie enlisted in the British Army and served from 1943 to 1948. He was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in the Church of Scotland in 1945 and then served in the Royal Army Chaplains Department (1945–1948). After demobilization he served as a parish minister in the Church of Scotland at St Ninian's Church, Brechin (1948–1953).

Macquarrie returned to the University of Glasgow to study for a PhD, which he was awarded in 1954 while serving as lecturer in systematic theology at Trinity College, Glasgow. His supervisor was Ian Henderson who, despite having been a pupil of Karl Barth at Basle, was theologically more closely aligned with his disputant, Rudolf Bultmann.

In 1962 Macquarrie was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology at Union Theological Seminary, New York City. During his time in the United States Macquarrie became a member of the Episcopal Church, part of the Anglican Communion. While in Scotland, he had long been attracted to the Anglican church there, but in deference to his family's feelings and their strong Presbyterian roots, he maintained his membership in the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. His involvement in the Episcopal Church in the United States eventually led him to be ordained priest by the Bishop of New York on 16 June 1965. On the next day (the Feast of Corpus Christi) he celebrated his first Eucharist at the Church of St Mary the Virgin in New York City.

He was Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford and a canon residentiary of Christ Church, Oxford, from 1970 until 1986. On retirement he continued to live in Oxford and was appointed a professor emeritus and a canon emeritus. From 1996 he had been the Martin Heidegger Professor of Philosophical Theology at the Graduate Theological Foundation in the United States.

Macquarrie was awarded the Territorial Decoration in 1962. In 1964 the University of Glasgow conferred the degree of Doctor of Letters on him and in 1969 the university awarded him the degree of Doctor of Divinity honoris causa. On his appointment to the Lady Margaret chair at Oxford he incepted as a Master of Arts. In 1981 he became a Doctor of Divinity of the University of Oxford and in 1984 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. He has also received the honorary degrees of Doctor of Sacred Theology from the University of the South (1967) and the General Theological Seminary (1968), Doctor of Divinity from the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest (1981), the University of Dayton (1994) and the Graduate Theological Foundation, Indiana, and Doctor of Canon Law from Nashotah House (1986).

He was the Gifford Lecturer for 1983–1984, lecturing on the topic "In Search of Deity".

Macquarrie is often categorised as both an existentialist and a systematic theologian. His most important philosophical influence is the work of Martin Heidegger. This influence can be traced to Macquarrie's 1954 dissertation, published as An Existentialist Theology: A Comparison of Heidegger and Bultmann (1955). Macquarrie remains one of the most important commentators and explainers of Heidegger's work. His co-translation of Being and Time into English is considered the canonical version. He was also a notable English-language expositor on the theological and philosophical work of Rudolf Bultmann.

Among Macquarrie's most widely read books are Existentialism, meant as an introduction to the subject, and his major work, Principles of Christian Theology, a work of systematic theology which aims to harmonise existentialism and orthodox Christian thought. His work is characterised by even-handedness to all sides and viewpoints and, although not always readily accessible to those without a good background in philosophy, his writing is considered engaging and often witty - at least judged by the standards of existentialism and systematic theology.

Views on other faith traditions
Macquarrie believed that truth value could reside in other faith traditions, although he rejected syncretism. In his book Mediators Between Human and Divine (1996), he wrote:
In 1964 I published an article entitled 'Christianity and Other Faiths'... [and] I continue to hold the views I expressed then... I believe that, however difficult it may be, we should hold to our own traditions and yet respect and even learn from the traditions of others. I drew the conclusion that there should be an end to proselytizing but that equally there should be no syncretism of the kind typified by the Bahá'í movement. (p. 2)

In that book, Macquarrie commented on what he called nine historical figures who were viewed by their followers as mediators between the human and the divine. Regarding these "mediators", Macquarrie wrote that
[T]here will be no attempt to show that any one of [the mediators] is superior to the others... what has already been said... has shown the impossibility of any such judgment. No human being - and certainly not the present writer - has the exhaustive knowledge of the several mediators or the requisite criteria for making such a judgment. Neither does he or she have the detached situation that would enable a purely objective view of the question. Only God, I suppose, could make such a judgment. (p. 12)
He concluded that
I do not deny for a moment that the truth of God has reached others through other channels – indeed, I hope and pray that it has. So while I have a special attachment to one mediator, I have respect for them all and have tried to give a fair presentation of each. (p. 12)

Macquarrie died on 28 May 2007 at the age of 87. His widow, Jenny, died in August 2008. He is survived by two sons and a daughter. His archives are maintained by the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The Macquarrie Project, a multimedia collection which includes Macquarrie's personal research library, lecture recordings, library notations and a tome of sermons, is housed at the Graduate Theological Foundation in Indiana.

Works

Books

. 2nd rev. ed. 1977.
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 - a revised edition of A Dictionary of Christian Ethics
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. Earlier editions were published in 1963 and 1981.

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Articles

(Spring 1979). "Existentialism and theological method". Communio International Catholic Review.Vol. VI, Number 1: 5-15.

References

Further reading
 A biography of Macquarrie's life and thought is Eugene Thomas Long's Existence, Being, and God: An Introduction to the Philosophical Theology of John Macquarrie (), 1985 (out of print).
 Timothy Bradshaw, "John Macquarrie", in Alister E. McGrath (ed) SPCK Handbook of Anglican Theologians (London: SPCK, 1998), p. 168.

 A detailed account of Heidegger's influence on Macquarrie, while at Glasgow, during Macquarrie's work on his 1954 dissertation, can be found in Hue Woodson's Heideggerian Theologies: The Pathmarks of John Macquarrie, Rudolf Bultmann, Paul Tillich, and Karl Rahner (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2018)
A scholarly account of Macquarrie's theology in relation to New Phenomenology and Postmodernism can be found in Stephen Foster's "Theology as Repetition: John Macquarrie in Conversation" (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2019)

External links
Theological Studies: A bibliography of works by and about John Macquarrie
Encyclopedia of World Biography article
Thomas H. Carr, 'Only a God Can Save Us', First Things vol. 55 (August/September 1995), pp. 57-62
John Macquarrie, 'What Still Separates Us from the Catholic Church? An Anglican Reply', in Hans Küng,  Post-ecumenical Christianity (New York: Herder & Herder, 1970), pp. 45-53
Telegraph obituary
Obituary in The Independent, 1 June 2007 (written by David Fergusson, Professor of Divinity, University of Edinburgh)
In Search of Deity lectures, summary and biography

1919 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Anglican theologians
Anglican philosophers
20th-century American Episcopal priests
Anglo-Catholic clergy
Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers
Anglo-Catholic theologians
British Army personnel of World War II
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) faculty
Lady Margaret Professors of Divinity
Graduate Theological Foundation faculty
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Systematic theologians
Scottish philosophers
Scottish Episcopal theologians
Philosophers of religion
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Glasgow
People from Renfrew
Existentialist theologians
Christian existentialists
People educated at Paisley Grammar School
Heidegger scholars
Scottish Anglo-Catholics
American Episcopal theologians

John Macquarrie


Xenoy is a blend of plastics with many industrially-useful properties. It is typically polyester (polybutylene terephthalate, PBT, or polyethylene terephthalate, PET) and polycarbonate (PC): it is often labeled PBT+PC or PET+PC.

Xenoy resins can be created with recycled post-consumer PBT plastic, consuming less energy and yielding less carbon dioxide () in their manufacturing than traditional resins.

References

Plastics

Xenoy


Marek S. Huberath (pen name, born 1954) is a Polish professor of physics in the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and an award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer. His themes are philosophical, moral, and religious: how people become beasts or remain human in extreme circumstances. Many of his stories focus on death. Winner of the Zajdel Award in 1991 for a short story Kara większa and in 1997 for his novel Gniazdo Światów.

Works

Novels
Gniazdo światów (Nest of Worlds) (NOWA 2000) (English translation by Michael Kandel, Restless Books 2014)
Miasta pod skałą (Cities under the Rock) (Wydawnictwo Literackie 2005)
Vatran Auraio (Wydawnictwo Literackie 2010)
Zachodni portal Katedry w Lugdunum (Western Portal of the Cathedral in Lugdunum) (Wydawnictwo Literackie 2012)

Short story collections
Ostatni, którzy wyszli z raju (The Last to Leave Paradise) (Zysk i S-ka 1996)
Druga podobizna w alabastrze (Second Image in Alabaster) (Zysk i S-ka 1997)
Balsam długiego pożegnania (Balm of Long Farewell) (Wydawnictwo Literackie 2006)

Short stories
"Yoo Retoont, Sneogg. Ay Noo" translated by Michael Kandel on Words without Borders; in A Polish Book of Monsters (New York: PIASA Books, 2010)
"Balm of a Long Farewell" translated by Michael Kandel on Words without Borders

External links

 Michael Kandel, Climbing with Huberath
 Short story '"Yoo Retoont, Sneogg. Ay Noo." in English, translated by Michael Kandel
 Short story "Balm of a Long Farewell." in English, translated by Michael Kandel

1954 births
Living people
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Polish fantasy writers
20th-century Polish physicists
Polish science fiction writers
Janusz A. Zajdel Award winners

Marek Huberath


Conan the Barbarian (forby kent as Conan the Cimmerian, fae the name o the chairacter's cauf kintra, Cimmeria) be a upmak swuird an glamourie hero that stairtit in pulp fiction magazines an hae syne bin makkit intae books, comics, picturs (Conan the Barbarian an Conan the Destroyer), televeesion programs, video gemms, roleplaying gemms an ither media. The chairacter wis upmakkit bi writer Robert E. Howard in 1932 via a series o fantasy yairns set furth in Weird Tales magazine.

Conan the Barbarian


Inger Stevens (born Inger Stensland; October 18, 1934 – April 30, 1970) was a Swedish-American actress who was best known for her role as Katy in the television sitcom The Farmer's Daughter.

Stevens was born on October 18, 1934 in Stockholm, Sweden. She was raised in New York City, New York and in Manhattan, Kansas. Stevens studied at the Manhattan High School and at the Actors Studio.

Stevens was married to Anthony Soglio from 1955 until they divorced in 1958. Then she was married to Ike Jones from 1961 until her death in 1970. Stevens committed suicide after drinking barbiturate (poison). She died on her way to the hospital in Hollywood, California on April 30, 1970, aged 35.

Other websites

1934 births
1970 deaths
Drug-related suicides
Swedish movie actors
Swedish stage actors
Swedish voice actors
Swedish television actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Actors from Kansas
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Actors from Stockholm

Inger Stevens


Stranraer ( , ; ) in Scotland, cryed locally as "The Toon", is a toon in the pairish o Inch, Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. Stranrawer is in the historical coonty o Wigtounshire. It lies on the shores o Loch Ryan, on the northren side o the isthmus jynin the Rhins o Gallowa til the mainland.  Stranrawer is Dumfries an Gallowa's seicont-lairgest toon, wi a population includin the surroondin aurie o awmaist 13,000.

Stranrawer is the admeenistrative centre for the Wast Gallowa Wigtounshire aurie o Dumfries an Gallowa. It wis umwhile a ferry port, connectin Scotland wi Belfast an Lairne in Northren Ireland; the service wis relocatit tae nearby The Cairn in November 2011. It lies bi road 87.4 mile southwast o Glesga an 72.8 mile til the wast o Dumfries.

The name comes fae the Scots Gaelic An t-Sròn Reamhar meanin "the braid heidland".

Transport

The A77 road rins north taewart Ayr, Preswick, an Glesga. The A75 road rins fae Stranrawer tae Gretna, wi links til the M6 motorwey gaun tae Cairl. The A75 is pairt o European route E18, bit, like aw European routes, it isna signpostit as sic in the Unitit Kinrick.

The main national coach providers operate services fae Stranrawer. National Express offer a service tae Lunnon, an Scottish Citylink (in associe wi Ulsterbus operate services til Edinburgh. Local transport in an aroond the toon is providit bi Stagecoach West Scotland, an local companys, includin McCulloch's Coaches.

Stranraer railwey station is the soothren stance for ane o the brainch lines o the Glasgow South Western Line Trains is providit bi Abellio ScotRail daily til Ayr, Glesga Central, an tae Kilmarnock. Fae Stranraer connections til the West Coast Main Line can be made at Glesga Central, or traivelin via Ayr, Kilmarnock, Dumfries tae Cairl. Onwart trains fae baith Glesga Central or Cairl connect direct tae London Euston an ither destinations sic as Manchester Picadilly, Crewe, and Birmingham New Street.

In November 2011, Stena Line relocatit its ferry services til a new port at Auld Hoose Pynt, north o The Cairn that is a wheen o miles north o Stranrawer. The existin port in Stranrawer micht be redevelopit wi the depairtur o Stena Line; owertures tae build a transport hub hae been made.

Baith Campbelltown Airport an Glesga Prestwick Airport, at aroond 45 mile, is the closest airports in Scotland tae Stranraer. George Best Belfast City Airport in Northren Ireland is 39 mile awa.

Economy

The main industries in the aurie is the ferry port, wi associatit industries; tourism; an mair tradeetional, fermin.

Climate

Like maist o the Unitit Kinrick, Stranrawer his an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). The nearest wather station tae Stranraer is locatit at RAF West Freugh, aroond 5 mile sooth o Stranrawer.

Redevelopment

The European Union is pairtly financin The Stranraer and Loch Ryan Waterfront Project tae regenerate the aurie.

At an estimatit cost o £1.29 million, the Castle Square development will be the first phase o the redevelopment o Stranrawer toon centre an signeeficant chainge the flowe o traffeck, wi Castle Street an George Street baith bein nairit in a bit tae be mair ganger-freendly. Bi Januar 2010, wirk on the streets wis complete, wi the streets aroond the Castle o St John re-paved and re-profile't. The Castle Square wis formal unveilt in Mairch 2011 an his sae faur hostit a range o acteevitys, includin muisic an faimily events.

Stranrawer is praisently unnergaun redevelopment in the South Central Area (kent as Dick's Hill, Ochtrelure, an the soothren pairt o Liddesdle Road auire intil the Gallow Hill).

Historic an namely biggins

The Castle o St John is a medieval tour hoose, built aroond 1500 bi the Adairs o Kilhilt. It his been uised as a hame, a coort, a preeson, an a militar gairison - the last durin The Killin Times in the 1680s. The Auld Toon Hoose, built in 1776, noo hooses the Stranrawer Museum wi tis shawins o Victorian Wigtounshire an the toon's polar explorers, Sir John Ross an his neffae James Clark Ross. The toon is hame an aw tae North West Castle, built in 1820 an the first hottle in the warld wi its ain inby curlin sheet.

Laundmerks

Local tourist attractions include:

 Ardwell Gairdens
 Castle o St John
 Castle Kennedy Gairdens - a 75-acre gairden atween twa lochs, notit for its rhododendrons, azaleas, an embothriums, in the grunds o Lochinch Castle, the seat ot the Yerls o Stair
 Glenluce Aibey - a 12t century Cistercian monastery
 Glenwhan Gairdens - a 12-acre gairden near Dunragit
 Logan Botanic Gairden, near the veelage o Port Logan, ane o the fower sites o the Ryal Botanic Gairden Edinburgh
 Mull o Gallowa - the soothrenmaist pynt o Scotland, wi a lichthoose, a veesitor centre, an a RSPB bird reserve
 Portpaitrick
 The Robert the Bruce Trail begins at Loch Ryan
 Soothren Upland Wey - a 212 mile coast-tae-coast paith atween Portpaitrick an Cockburnspaith
 Stranrawer Museum

Eddication

Stranrawer his five primary schuils:

 Belmont
 Park
 Rephad
 St Joseph's R.C.
 Sheuchan

The seicontary schuil, Stranraer Academy, is a comprehensive schuil conseestin o ane modren biggin (New Building Phase 2 completit in 2010). The schuil his aroond 1,200 scholarts, 90 members o staff an serves the aurie o Stranraer, the Rhins, an pairts o the Machars in Wigtounshire. Stranraer Academy his anither seiven associatit primary schuils fae auries ootby Stranraer: Glenluce, Castle Kennedy, Drummore, Kirkcolm, Leswalt, Saundheid, an Portpaitrick. The oreeginal Stranraer Academy wis appent in 1845 on the site o the praisent Stranraer Campus o Dumfries and Galloway College. In 1965, a new Academy (B Block) wis built alangside a new Heich Schuil (A Block) an in 1970 the schuils gaed thegither. Dumfries and Galloway College his a campus in the toon. In 1990, the John Niven Education College wis built on Academy Street in the toon; it his been syne absorbit intil the Dumfries and Galloway College.

Sport

The toon is the hame o Stranraer F.C., the local semi-perfaisional fitbaw team that plays at Stair Park. Thay praisently plays in the Scottish League One.

The rugby team Wigtownshire RFC is sted in the toon, playkkn at London Road Playing Fields, opposite Stair Park, an is praisently in West League Division 2.

At Stair Park the're BMX an skeitchbuirdin ledges an aw, an aw-wather tennis coorts an netbaw coorts. The toon his a soumin-puil an aw (wi a fluim), fitness suites, gymnasium, an a lairge sports haw at the cooncil-run Ryan Centre, as weel as ither fitbaw fields, pairks, an aw-wather multi-purpose pitches.

Ootthrou the years, Stranrawer his been an aw a centre o excellence for Scots curlin. The toon blowsts the first hottle in the warld wi an inby curlin sheet (North West Castle), an wis the birthplace o Hammy McMillan, a Warld Kemp curler that conteenas tae bide in the toon nouadays. The toon is host til a nummer o annual curlin kemps, includin the Scots Leddys Curlin Kemp and the Warld Junior Curlin Kemp.

The're twa lawn-bouls clubs an aw in Stranrawer. Baith clubs hae wun major national an international honours in recent years.

A smaw leisur-boat marina wis biggit in Stranrawer Herbour in 2008.

In 2019 the Scots Coastal Rowin Kemps, Skiffieworld, wis haudit at Stranrawer atween 7 an 13 Julie. Ower 50 clubls race't St Ayles Skiffs durin the week.

Public services

NHS Dumfries and Galloway provides healcare services in the toon. The Galloway Community Hospital appent in 2006 an replace't the Garrick an Dalrymple infirmarys in the toon. Geneneral Practeesoner (GP) services is sted in the Waverly Medical Centre, aside the new infirmary.

The toon haes a nummer o care hames for the elderin, the mucklemaist bein Thorneycroft on the edges o the toon, run bi the CIC company.

Media

The local newspaper, Stranraer and Wigtownshire Free Press"" is sted an printit in the toon's St Andrews Street. The Galloway Gazeette kivers the toon an aw, an the surroondin aurie. Stranrawer faws in the ITV Border televeesion aurie. The nearest radio station is sted in Belfast; houiver the nearest local station is sted in Dumfries. West Sound FM braidcasts on 96.5 FM in the toon.

In Juin 2009, Stranrawer stairtit the transition fae analogue tae digital televeesion, makkin it ane o the first auries in the kintra tae dae sae, ahint Workington an The Mairches. This appent up a number o digital services for the toon an the surroondin auries, that afore struggle't tae get even the likes o Chainel Five on thair televeesion sets.

History

The Battle o Loch Ryan wis fochten near Stranrawer on 9/10 Februar 1307 durin the Wars o Scots Unthirldom. Keeng Robert I o Scotland's invasion o his ancestoral launds in Annandale an Carrick begoud in 1307. The Annandale an Gallowa invasion force wis led bi his brithers Alexander de Brus an Tammas de Brus; Malcolm McQuillan, Laird o Kintyre; an Irish sub-keeng, an Sir Reginal Crawford. The force consistit o 1,000 men an 18 gaileys. Thay sailt intae Loch Ryan an laundit near Stranrawer. The invasion force wis quickly owerwhalmt bi local forces, led bi Dungal MacDouall that wis an uphauder o the Balliols, Comyns, an Keeng Edward I o England, an anely twa gaileys escapit. Aw the leaders wis capturt. Dungal MacDouall short an lang executit the Irish sub-keeng an Malcolm McQuillan, Laird o Kintyre. Alexander, Tammas, and Reginald wis sent tae Cairl, whaur thay wis executit. The heids o McQuillan an twa Irish chiefs wis sent tae Keeng Edward I.

On 12 November 1595, the "Clashant o Stranrawer" is name't pairt o Ninian Adair's launds o Barony an in 1596 wis upset intil a burgh o barony, the Barony o Kinhilt. This is recordit in the Register o the Great Seal o Scotland. Pairt o the record translates:

At Lithgae, 12 November 1595, the Keeng confirms an for faithfu service again dedicates tae Ninian Adair o Kinhilt, an the richtous male heirs o his body, that failin his nearest richtous male heirs whasaeiver beir the name an inseegnie o Adair [various launds]... In addeetion, the Keeng creauts the veelage at Clachan o Stranrawer as a free burgh an Port o Stranrawer; and the said Ninian etc sall hae the authority tae appynt a bailie, thesaurer, Dean o Guild, judge, burgesses, offeecials, etc; an the burgesses sal hae the authority an leave tae pack an unpack [meanin the sellin o bouk guids (halesale tred) alloud bi law anely in a free burgh], tae buy an tae sell [alloued anely in a free burgh an aw] etc; [...] an the said Ninian etc sall hae authority tae haud the poseetion o governor o the said burgh, [...] tae haud weekly mercats on Seturday, wi free (no taxt) mercat days twice a year, viz St Barnabas Day the 11th o June, an at Peter's Impreesonment cried Lammas Day on the 1t o August, [...] an the said Ninian etc sall hae authority ower aw the port customs o the said burgh raised bi sea or laund amang the laund tenants o the said burgh an uphaudin o the said port; an the said Ninian etc sall hae authority tae receive resignations o launds o the said burgh etc [that is, rekiver his launds fae townsfowk that chuise tae sell thaim or gie thaim up]; fae thae persons whatsaeiver that chose tae pit by thaim; the townsfowk can meet three times a week on Monanday, Wadensday, an Friday

Bi 1600, Stranrawer hid become the mercat toon for wastren Wigtounshire. At aboot this time, Stranrawer wis reakit bi a militar road built fae Dumfries tae allou easier aiccess tae Portpaitrick for transportation o people til Ireland for the Plantation o Ulster. Stranrawer becam a ryal burgh in 1617.

The first herbor in Stranrawer wis built in the mid-18t century, wi forder port development in teh 1820s. The arrival o the railwey fae Dumfries in 1861 (closed 1965), giein the shortest jurney tae/fae Lunnon, estaiblisht final Stranraer as the aurie's main port. In 1862 the line wis stendit tae serve the herbour direct, an a link tae Portpaitrick wis apptent an aw. In 1877, a rail connection north tae Girvan an Glesga wis estaiblisht an aw. Stranrawer remeent the main Scots port for the Irish ferrys for the neist 150 year o sae. On 31 Januar 1953, 133 people dee'd whan the MV Princess Victoria sank near Belfast Loch efter its caur deck wis owersumpit bi hivy seas.

Stranrawer an its surroondin aurie saw a signeeficant amoont o acteevity durin Warld War II, as it becam a focus for anti-U-boat wirk. Fleein boats operatit fae the aurie in an attempt tae siccar the watters o the North Chainel an the soothwastren coast o Scotland. Awmaist aw o Breetain's shippin imports passt throu thae twa sea auries en route til the Clyde or the Mersey. The fleein boat Supermarine Stranraer is name't efter the toon. Winston Churchill himsel depairtit fae Stranraer in a Boeing Flying boat on the nicht o 25 Juin 1942, whan makkin his seicont veesit o the war til the USA. Churchill spent time an aw at nearby Knockinaam Lodge durin the war years.

Stranrawer his an active local history trust that publishes wirk on the aurie's history, commissiont fae local scrievers.

Gailerie

Destricts
Ailsa Gait
Ailsa View
Bishopburn
Ochtrelure
Sheuchan Parks / Liddesdale
Stair
Stranrawer Toon Centre
West End

Ootby destricts
Auchtrelure
Blackparks
Culhorn
Gallowhill
Inchparks
Innermessan
Sandmill
Soulseat

Cultural references

 The sang "Cap in hand" bi The Proclaimers says "I can understand why Stranraer lie so lowly, than could save a lot of points by singing Hibs' goalie", a referance tae goalkeeper Andy Goram an tae Stranraer FC's puir league poseetion at the tame the sang wis written.

 In the fowert episdoe o the BBC Radio 4 series Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge ane o the guests wis the Duchess o Stranraer. No sic title exists.

 Stranrawer his featurt in Peter Kay's Channel 4 Phoenix Nights series, awbeit anely bi name. Ae chairacter, Alan, is said tae be stucken in Stranrawer wi his larrie an no at the club.

 Stranrawer is mentiont in season 3 episode 7 o Sons of Anarchy.

 BBC TV's 2000 Acres of Sky (sternin Paul Kaye an ex-EastEnders starn Michelle Collins wis filmt in an aroond Stranrawer. The veelage in the shaw wis Port Logan, aboot 13 mile til the sooth on the coast.

Namely fowk

 Vicki Adams (born 1989) - curlin Olympic medallist

 David Broadfoot (1899-1953) - hero o the 1953 MV Princess Victoria sinkin

 James Caird (1816-1892) - agricultural scriever an politeecian

 Colin Calderwood (born 1965) - fitbaw player an manager

 James Dalrymple, 1t Viscoont o Stair (1619-1695) - jurist an author o The institutions o the Laws o Scotland

 John Dalrymple, 1t Yerl o Stair (1648-1701) - sat as MP for the burgh o Stranrawer in the 1689 Convention Pairlament

 Craig Hamilton (born 1979) - rugby player

 Thomas de Courcy Hamilton VC (1825-1908) - recieved the Victoria Cross for his actions at Sevastopol durin the Crimean War

 Leander Starr Jameson (1853-1917) - leader o the Jameson Raid, a precursor o the Seicont Boer War, an Prime Meenister o the Cape Colony, eeditor o the Wigtownshire Free Press

 Robert William Jameson (1805-1868) - author, eeditor o the Wigtownshire Free Press, faither o Leander Starr Jameson

 Allan Jenkins (born 1981) - perfaisional fitbawer

 Major-General Sir John Noble Kennedy (1893-1970) - Breetish Airmy officer, author, an colonial governor (Soothren Rhodesia)

 Keith Knox (born 1964) - fitbawer

 Kevin Kyle (born 1981) - fitbawer

 Allan Little (born 1959) - BBC furrin correspondent

 John Livingstone (1603-1672) - meenister banisht tae Rotterdam

 John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) - laundskip gairdener an horticultural scriever that laid oot the grunds at Castle Kennedy in 1841

 Rory Loy (born 1988) - fitbawer

 Robert McDouall (1774-1848) - Breetish Airmy officer, Napoleonic Wars

 William McFadzean, Baron McFadzean (1903-1996) - industrialist an preses o Federation of British Industries

 Hammy McMillan (born 1963) - Warld Curlin Kemp 1999

 Shaun McSkimming (born 1970) - fitbawer

 James Mavor (1854-1925) - economist, economic historian, Professor o Poleetical Economy an Constitutional History at the University o Toronto

 Major-General Sir Robert Pringle (1855-1925) - Breetish Airmy officer - Director-General o the Ryal Airmy Veterinary Corps 1910-17

 John Rennie (1842-1918) - navail airchitecht

 Sir John Ross (1777-1856) - polar explorer

 David Spiers (born 1984) - Australian politeecian

 Dame Lesley Strathie (1955-2012) - Chief Executive o HM Revenue and Customs

 Peter Wilson (born 1961) - Warld Junion Curlin Kemp 1981

References

Forder readin

Touns in Scotland
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland
Stranrawer
Wigtounshire

Stranrawer


Bristol is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,835. It is the twin city of Bristol, Tennessee, just across the state line, which runs down the middle of its main street, State Street. It is surrounded on three sides by Washington County, Virginia, which is combined with the city for statistical purposes. Bristol is a principal city of the Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

References

Cities in Virginia
Tri-Cities, Tennessee

Bristol, Virginia


Columbia College, also known as Columbia College of Missouri, is a private college based in Columbia, Missouri. Founded in 1851 as a nonsectarian college, it has retained a covenant with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) since its inception. In addition to its main campus, the college operates 34 "extended campuses" in 13 U.S. states and one in Cuba, with 18 of them on U.S. military bases. One third of Columbia's almost 10,000 students are associated with the U.S. military.

History

1850s
Christian Female College received its charter from the Missouri Legislature on January 18, 1851, making it the first women's college west of the Mississippi River to be chartered by a state legislature. The city of Columbia strongly supported female education, in part because the University of Missouri did not yet admit women. Columbia was also home to Stephens College, founded in 1833 and chartered in 1856. Infrastructure was a problem; the first classes were held in an unfinished mansion.

A typical day for female students in 1851 started at 6 a.m. with a morning walk, followed by worship in the chapel. They attended classes until late afternoon and then wrote a daily composition. After they studied and did chores, the students attended a Bible lecture every evening. They studied arithmetic, ancient history, grammar, ancient geography, philosophy, the five books of Moses, and composition. The college purchased the estate of Dr. James Bennett and formally dedicated the buildings and grounds as the Christian College campus in 1852. By 1856, there were 150 students, including 85 boarders.

1860s
In the chaos of the Civil War, Christian College President Joseph K. Rogers vowed to keep the school open. The majority of the city of Columbia was pro-Union but the surrounding agricultural areas of Boone County and the rest of central Missouri were decidedly pro-slavery. Rogers was successful, thanks in part to faculty who relinquished pay.

President Rogers insisted the college remain neutral and did not allow newspapers on the grounds, but privately he read them. As the fighting continued, so did the fight for the college's survival. Only three students graduated in 1862 and four the following year. But Christian College never missed a day of classes. After the war, Christian College saw its largest enrollment to date with 182 students taught by nine faculty members.

1890s–1920s
Growth continued through the start of the 20th century, especially under Luella St. Clair Moss, a "steam engine in petticoats." St. Clair served three different terms as president of the college between 1893 and 1920 and was one of the first female college presidents in the country.

During her administration, she spearheaded the construction of four new buildings—St. Clair Hall, Dorsey Hall, Launer Auditorium and Missouri Hall—all of which are still in use today. She doubled the size of the faculty, held the first Ivy Chain ceremony, launched a college magazine, created a college orchestra, started a women's basketball team and implemented the then-innovative cap-and-gown uniform, which students wore in public. She also changed the college from a four-year school to one of the first accredited junior colleges in the country.

1960s–present
In 1970 the college changed from a four-year conservative all-female college to a liberal coeducational college, and changed its name to Columbia College. Between 1970 and 1971, more than 70 courses as daring as cycling and flying were added to the curriculum; all graduation requirements except freshman English and a GPA of 2.5 were dropped; more foreign students were admitted; and a host of lifestyle choices such as off-campus living for juniors, a relaxed dress code, and smoking were allowed. President W. Merle Hill said in 1971 that the time had come to openly allow discussions of poverty, the Vietnam War, racism, sex, drugs and abortion. All this was a radical departure from the college's conservative heritage and alienated some students and alumni.

President W. Merle Hill said in 1971, "I would like to bring education screaming and kicking into the 1970s. Then we would only be about 70 years behind. ... Instead of pounding something into students' heads, you have to permit young people to create their own lifestyle. If you dictate, they will rebel. The best way to teach is to let your own lifestyle be such that they want to follow, not rebel."

The college began educating military personnel in St. Louis at the request of the military, making it one of the first colleges in the country with extended campuses on military bases. This was the start of the Extended Studies Division first headed up by Dr. William Brown, who would later go on to serve as Executive Vice President of the college. Two years later, the college launched the Evening Campus, geared to adult learners. Today, the college has 33 extended campuses around the country serving more than 25,000 military and civilian students each year, including one in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

In 1995, Columbia College offered its first graduate degree with a Master of Arts in Teaching, followed by a Master of Business Administration and a Master of Science in Criminal Justice. These degrees are offered through evening classes in Columbia, Mo., and at select extended campuses around the country. In 2000, the college launched its Online Campus, which now offers more than 500 online courses and 18 online degrees.

The Columbia College Cougars women's volleyball program captured two consecutive National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) championships in 1998 and 1999 with perfect 45–0 and 44–0 records, respectively. And in honor of what would have been alumna Jane Froman's 100th birthday, a centennial celebration was held at Columbia College November 9–11, 2007. A DVD of the movie, "With a Song in my Heart," with added new segments, also premiered.

Academics
The college's academic divisions include:

Visual Arts and Music Department
Business Administration Department
Computer and Mathematical Sciences Department
Criminal Justice and Human Services Department
Division of Adult Higher Education
Education Department
Evening Campus Office
Graduate Studies
History and Political Science Department
Humanities Department
International Programs
Nursing Program
Psychology and Sociology Department
Science Department

Rankings
In 2014, Columbia College was named a "Best Midwestern College" by The Princeton Review.

Athletics

The Columbia athletic teams are called the Cougars. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the American Midwest Conference (AMC) since the 1986–87 academic year.

Columbia competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include competitive cheer, competitive dance and eSports.

Women's basketball
Columbia College re-instated women's basketball as a varsity sport in 2000 and the team played its first game on Nov. 6, 2001 vs. Wesleyan University. In 2008, the Cougars advanced to the AMC title game, falling to McKendree University of Illinois, 78–66. Sophomore forward Rachel Oswald was named Newcomer of the Year. The Cougars have been coached by James Arnold since 2022. Forward Mallory Shetley became an NAIA All-American for the third consecutive year in 2023, as the Cougars produced their second-consecutive AMC tournament championship, along with a regular season championship. The Cougars have made the NAIA national tournament eight consecutive seasons.

Men's basketball
Bob Burchard has led the Cougar basketball program for the last 25 years. A perennial powerhouse in the NAIA, the Cougars were 35–1 in the 2012–13 season. Columbia spent eight consecutive weeks ranked #1 in the nation and advanced to the quarterfinals of the NAIA tournament as the overall #1 seed. The 2012–13 NABC National Coach of the Year, Burchard has compiled a 632–226 (.737) record at Columbia giving him the most in wins in program history. The Cougars have averaged 25 victories per season under his guidance. This transition took many by surprise because the 14 seasons prior to Burchard's arrival, the Cougars recorded a 98–224 (.304) record. The Cougars have advanced to the NAIA Men's National Basketball Championship 17 times in his tenure, including 16 of the past 19 seasons. In the 2008–09 season Columbia advanced to the NAIA National Championship Game. Burchard has been named conference Coach of the Year eight times, most recently 2012–13 when the Cougars swept the American Midwest Conference with a 16–0 record. Among all active coaches in the NAIA Division I, Burchard stands at fifth in most wins with 632 and third highest winning percentage (.737). Tomas Brock, Burchard's former assistant, has coached the Cougars since 2019.

Men's soccer
Men's Cougar soccer has also seen some successes; in 2006, the soccer team finished second in the conference with an overall record of 11–7–1. The soccer team is coached by John Klein.

Softball
The softball program won three straight AMC Tournament Championships from 2001 to 2004 and won again in 2008. Head coach Wendy Spratt has achieved 500 victories with a win over Northwestern Oklahoma State University in April 2007.

The AMC named pitcher Valerie Teter the league's most valuable player and freshman of the year in 2008. Teter threw a two-hitter and stuck out 10 in five innings, adding a grand slam in the second inning. AMC's Pitcher of the Year award went to Katie McMahon for the second straight season in 2008 following a 16–4 record with a 1.61 ERA, and 138 strikeouts in 135 innings. McMahon is the eighth Columbia College player since 1999 to earn the league's top pitching honor; other two-time winners from Columbia College were Jayne Miller and Monica Mueller.

Women's volleyball
The women's volleyball program has been successful in NAIA Division I, with three perfect seasons and championships in 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2015.

In the late 1990s, the husband-and-wife team of Wayne and Coach Susan Kreklow drove the team to the NAIA National Tournament six times and won five regional championships and seven consecutive American Midwest Conference championships. In 1998 and 1999, Columbia College achieved consecutive undefeated seasons with a combined record of 85–0. The Cougars' undefeated record included 78 consecutive wins at home and 227 consecutive game victories.

In 1997 and 1998, the Kreklows shared NAIA/AVCA National Coach of the Year and Midwest Region Coach of the Year honors. In 1999, the coaching tandem took home the regional award for the fifth consecutive year. In 1998 and 1999, the Kreklows also received the NAIA National Tournament Coach of the Year award. After the 1999 season, both Kreklows left the Cougars, but did not go far—just two miles down the city's College Avenue, where Wayne took the head coaching job with the Missouri Tigers and Susan became Director of Volleyball for Mizzou.

The Kreklows also started the men's volleyball program at Columbia College in 1997. In 1999, the Cougars finished the season with a 19–5 overall record, enjoying their second consecutive undefeated run through the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association. They also took second place at the inaugural SSI Volleyball National Invitational Tournament in 1999. In 2000 the Men's Team won the NAIA championship; although the Kreklows were not there for the entire season, they are the coaches who put the team together and coached them for the first part of the year. The men's volleyball program has since been disbanded.

In 2000, with a team composed of ten freshmen and three sophomores, the Lady Cougars finished 44–2 for a second-place finish at the NAIA National Tournament. Coach Melinda Wrye-Washington was named American Midwest Conference and NAIA Region V Coach of the Year. In 2001, the Lady Cougars returned to perfect form as NAIA champions with a 38–0 record.

In 2015, the squad finished with a record of 33–7 winning the AMC Conference Tournament championship and NAIA National Tournament. Outside hitter Penny Liu was named the NAIA Player of the Year and First Team All-American. Sashiko Heredia was names Second Team All-American while head coach Melinda Wrye-Washington was named the NAIA Volleyball Coach of the Year.

Allison Jones-Olson has coached the Cougars since 2019.

Columbia College Global (CCG)

In addition to its main campus in Columbia, Missouri, Columbia College operates 38 nationwide locations in 14 U.S. states and one in Cuba with 20 of them on U.S. military bases.

A breakdown of the college's nationwide locations are below:

Alabama

 Redstone Arsenal

California

 Imperial
 Lemoore
 Los Alamitos
 San Diego
 San Luis Obispo

Colorado

 Denver

Cuba

 NB Guantanamo Bay

Florida

 Jacksonville
 NAS Jacksonville
 Orlando
 Tavares

Georgia

 Fort Stewart
 Hunter Army Airfield
 NSB Kings Bay

Hawaii

 USCG Honolulu

Illinois

 Crystal Lake
 Elgin
 Freeport
 Lake County / NS Great Lakes

Missouri

 Columbia (Day Campus / Evening Campus)
 Fort Leonard Wood
 Jefferson City
 Kansas City
 Lake of the Ozarks
 Moberly
 Rolla
 Springfield
 St. Louis
 Waynesville
 Whiteman AFB

North Dakota

 Minot AFB

Oklahoma

 Fort Sill

South Dakota

 Ellsworth AFB

Texas

 NASJRB Fort Worth
 Mesquite

Utah

 Salt Lake City

Washington

 NS Everett / Marysville
 NAS Whidbey Island

Notable alumni
Sandy Adams, former US Congresswomen from Florida
Avery Bourne '14; current member of the Illinois House of Representatives
Deborah Bryant '65, Miss America 1966
Jane Froman '26, 1930–1950s singer, actress
Arliss Howard '76, actor, writer and director
Tim Kennedy (Criminal Justice '02), wrestler; retired mixed martial artist who competed in the middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship
Gloria McCloskey, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player, voted Christian College's Athletic Queen in 1955
Sally Rand (attended 1919), notorious fan dancer and early movie star
Lavinia "Vinnie" Ream (attended 1857), sculptor of Lincoln statue in U.S. Capitol rotunda
Clem Smith, current Missouri State Representative from St. Louis County
Julie Stevens (1918–1984), radio actress
Margaret Rose Sanford, First Lady of North Carolina
Larry Young '76; bronze medal racewalking, '68 Mexico City and '72 Munich Olympics; sculptor
Ron Stallworth '07; African-American police officer responsible for infiltrating the KKK, author of Black Klansman (2014)
Charles McGee '78; Tuskegee Airman, Brigadier general

Notable faculty

Judy Baker, former Missouri state representative

References

Bibliography

External links

 Official athletics website

Universities and colleges affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
Universities and colleges established in 1851
Private universities and colleges in Missouri
Universities and colleges in Columbia, Missouri
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
1851 establishments in Missouri

Columbia College (Missouri)


Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera, OBE, JP,  (8 November 1899 – 23 April 1973) was a Sri Lankan academic, scholar and diplomat best known for his Malalasekara English-Sinhala Dictionary. He was Ceylon's first Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Ceylon's High Commissioner to Canada, the United Kingdom and Ceylon's Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York. He was the Professor Emeritus in Pali and Dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies.

Early life and education

Born on 8 November 1899 at Malamulla, Panadura as George Pieris Malalasekera. His father was a well-known Ayurvedic (native medicine) physician, Ayur. Dr. M. S. Pieris Malalasekera.

Malalasekera was educated at St. John's College Panadura, (now the St. John's College National School). It was a leading school in the English medium in Panadura under the head master Cyril Jansz, a reputed educationist of the colonial era. After receiving his education in that school from 1907–17, he joined the Ceylon Medical College, Colombo to qualify as a doctor with a Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery (LMS). However, the death of his father cut short his medical studies, compelling him to give up his hopes of becoming a medical doctor. By following a correspondence course from England, he gained a BA from the University of London External System in 1919 with a first division. His subjects were English, Latin, Greek and French. He was the youngest candidate to obtain the Bachelor of Arts degree in the British Empire in that year with a first class.

In 1923, he proceeded to join the University of London and obtained the two postgraduate degrees of a MA and a PhD concurrently in 1925, in oriental languages majoring in Pali from the London School of Oriental Studies. Malalasekera would later gain a DLitt in 1938, his thesis was 'Pali Literature in Sri Lanka' from the University of London.

Teaching career

Coming under the influence of Buddhist renaissance of Srimath Anagarika Dharmapala, he changed his foreign names of George and Pieris to those of Gunapala Piyasena and henceforth came to be known as G. P. (Gunapala Piyasena) Malalasekera. After gaining his BA he took to teaching at Ananda College, Colombo as an assistant teacher, then under the principal P. de S. Kularatne. Both of them were the architects of the Sinhalese national costume. In quick succession Malalasekera rose up the ranks to be the Vice Principal and acting Principal of Ananda College. Thereafter he left for London for his graduate studies. On his return to the motherland in 1926, he was appointed Principal of newly formed Nalanda College Colombo. The student assembly hall of Nalanda College Colombo is named Malalasekara Theatre in memory of him.

Academic career

In 1927, he succeeded Ven. Suriyagoda as lecturer in the then University College, Colombo to lecture in English on Sinhala, Pali and Sanskrit for the University of London degree examinations. When the University of Ceylon was founded in 1942, he became the Professor of Pali and Buddhist Studies. Serving as the Head of the Department of Pali, he went on to serve as the Dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Ceylon. His research on Buddhism and Buddhist Civilization was extensive and he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. He contributed research papers and publications to the Pali Text Society of London under the patronage of scholars like Rhys David and Miss I. B. Horner. From 1927, he was twice elected the Joint Secretary of the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress. Thrice he was the Vice-President and functioned as its President from 1939–1957. On his departure from the University of Ceylon, he was appointed Professor Emeritus.

During his tenure in office, he saw to it that the All-Ceylon Buddhist Congress constructed a new building for its headquarters in Buller's Road (now Bauddhaloka Mawatha). He took a delight in the activities of the Viharamahadevi Girls' Home, Biyagama and was responsible for the establishment of boys' homes at Panadura and Ja-Ela. During his presidency of the Buddhist Congress for 25 years, he addressed 20 of its annual sessions. His most significant publication is the Malalasekara Sinhala-English Dictionary. It was first published in 1948 and is currently up to its fifth edition, which was released in 2014. Of equal importance is the Dictionary of Pali Proper names. He was an ardent member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Ceylon. He represented Ceylon at several parleys abroad, notably: Conference on Living Religions (London, 1924), Conference on World Religious (London, 1936), Association of Occidental (Western) and Oriental Philosophers (Hawaii, 1949), Association of Indian Philosophers – India, meeting of the Pakistani Philosophers (Karachi, 1953), and the Seminar on Religions for Peace, (San Francisco, USA, 1965). He presented numerous essays, write-ups and literary contributions, and delivered radio talks on Buddhist and religious/cultural matters and Social service assignments. He was the founder president of the World Fellowship of Buddhists inaugurated within the Temple of the Tooth, Kandy in 1950 at the suggestion of the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress.

He was president of the World Fellowship of Buddhists from 1950 to 1958 as well as the Ceylon Arts Society;

Diplomatic career

Malalasekera was appointed the Ceylon's first Ambassador to the USSR in 1957 by Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike when he established diplomatic relations with socialist countries such as Russia, China, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia. In 1959, he was appointed concurrently first Ambassador for Ceylon to Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania. He served until 1961

Subsequently, he functioned as Ceylon's High Commissioner to Canada and Ceylon's Permanent Representative to the UN in New York from 1961 to 1963. There he served as chairman, Security Council Member, Fact Finding Mission to Saigon and also in the Committee on Information from North Non-self Governing Territories. Finally, he was the Ceylon's High Commissioner to the UK from 1963 to 1967.

Later life

In 1967, he returned to the island to accept the post of chairman of the National Higher Education Commission which responsible post he held until 1971. He died on 23 April 1973.

Family life
He married Margaret Russell in 1927. She was a concert pianist he met while he was a student at the London School of Oriental Studies. The marriage lasted only three years until her early death, and produced a daughter Chitra who excelled in classical music (piano). He thereafter married Lyle, they had three sons and two daughters. His sons were Indrajith, Arjun and Vijaya. Vijaya studied law at the University of Cambridge and was called to the English Bar as Barrister-at-Law. His second daughter became a science graduate.

Honours

 Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Civil Division) (1949 Birthday Honours)
 Justice of the Peace
 Professor Emeritus of the University of Ceylon
 Honorary Doctor of Letters, Vidyodaya University of Ceylon
 Honorary Doctor of Philosophy, University of Moscow
 Membre d'Honneur of École française d'Extrême-Orient
 Commander of the Royal Order of Monisaraphon
 Buddha Sasana Vepulla Hitadhara from the Supreme Council of Buddhist Monks, Burma

See also

Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats

References

External links
Dictionary of Pali Names by  G. P.  Malalasekera
  Books by Professor G. P.  Malalasekera
 Biography of Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera
Local symbol of global Buddhism

1899 births
1973 deaths
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Alumni of St. John's College, Panadura
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of Ceylon Medical College
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Academic staff of the Ceylon University College
Sinhalese academics
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to the Soviet Union
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to Canada
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to the United Kingdom
Permanent Representatives of Sri Lanka to the United Nations
Ceylonese Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sinhalese writers
Principals of Nalanda College, Colombo
Faculty of Nalanda College, Colombo
Principals of Ananda College
People from Panadura
Members of the Royal Order of Monisaraphon

Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera


Insulated glazing, otherwise known as double glazing or triple glazing, refers to the layers of glass in a window. A double glazed window is two panes of glass (also called a lite) with a sealed air (or gas) space in the middle. The edges are sealed together with an air-tight spacer. This is used so that heat cannot escape through the air space by conduction or convection. Heat radiation is not affected as it can travel through a vacuum space. To increase the R-value of insulated windows are sealed with argon gas.

References

Energy conservation
Windows (architecture)

Insulated glazing


The at-sign, @, normally read alood as "at", an aa commonly cried the at seembol or commercial at, an less commonly a wide range o ither terms (sic as the strudel), is oreeginally an accoontin an commercial invyce abbreviation meanin "at a rate o" (e.g. 7 widgets @ £2 = £14).
It wis nae includit on the keybuird o the earliest commercially successfu typewriters, but wis on at least ane 1889 model an the very successfu Underwood models frae the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It is nou universally includit on computer keybuirds. The merk is encodit at .

References

Punctuation
Typografical seembols

At sign


Torfaen is a coonty burgh in Wales athin the historic bundaries o Monmouthshire. It wis oreeginally formit in 1974 as a destrict o the coonty o Gwent an in 1996 it wis reconstitutit as a unitary authority.

Education
Seicontary schuils in the aurie are:
St Albans RC High School, Pontypool
West Monmouth School, Pontypool
Croesyceiliog School, Cwmbran
Ysgol Gyfun Gwynllyw, Pontypool (Welsh-leid)
Abersychan Comprehensive School, Pontypool
Fairwater High School, Cwmbran
Llantarnam School, Cwmbran

Further education, vocational trainin an some heicher education is providit at the Ponytpool Campus o Coleg Gwent, umwhile Pontypool College.

Etymology
The meanin o Torfaen in Welsh is brak-stein, an the name refers tae the river that flowes throu the coonty burgh frae its soorce in Blaenavon. The river in quaisten is nou kent as the Afon Lwyd ("gray river").

Location
Torfaen borders the ceety o Newport tae the sooth, the coonty o Monmouthshire tae the east an the coonty burghs o Caerphilly an Blaenau Gwent tae the wast an north-wast.

Aurie characteristics
The aurie haes a population o aroond 91,000. Hintle o the soothren pairts o the coonty burgh are nou urbanisit aroond the Cwmbran new toun conurbation. The north o the coonty burgh is greener an retains vast acres o kintraside, especially on the route tae Blaenavon.

The admeenistrative centre is Pontypool in the centre o the coonty burgh. Maist o the admeenistration o Torfaen County Borough Council is conductit frae the Civic Centre here, awtho facilities at the Coonty Haw in Cwmbran are shared wi Monmouthshire County Council.

Local landmarks
Torfaen, awtho a relatively sma aurie, haes a nummer o notable laundmerks:

Pontypool Park

Pontypool Pairk is the name gien tae the umwhile principal residence o Pontypool (nou a seicontary schuil) an the  pairk that surroonds it. The pairk contains Pontypool Leisure Centre an sports facilities an is the hame o Pontypool RFC. The pairk includes a folly, shell grotto an ornamental ponds. Hintle o the aurie is gien tae firthland but thare is extensive open grassland. The American Gardens wur open tae the public in 2008, efter bein closed tae visitors for mony years, an a restoration project is unnerway. Torfaen County Borough Council is currently mappin aw the trees frae the pairk tae remuive an then replant the dyin an diseased trees.

Cwmbran Shopping Centre

Cwmbran Shopping Centre is advertisit as the seicont lairgest unner-cover shopping centre in Wales. The centre includes mony familiar heich-street stores.

Blaenavon Booktown

The umwhile minin toun o Blaenavon in the northren pairt o the county borough is nou a recognised UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid.

Politics
Torfaen is historically a safe Labour Pairty seat. At present the MP is Paul Murphy. Constituents in Croesyceiliog North, Croesyceiliog South, Llanyrafon North an Llanyrafon South wairds are servit bi the Monmouth MP, Conservative David Davies. Torfaen is a Welsh Assembly Govrenment constituency an aw, presidit ower bi Labour AM, Lynne Neagle.

In local elections on 1 Mey 2008, the Labour majority o Torfaen County Borough Council failed tae win 16 o its 34 seats an lost owerall control. Housomeivver, a greement wis reached wi Plaid Cymru an twa independent members tae maintain a stable regime wi Labour control.

References

Freemit airtins

Torfaen County Borough Council

Principal auries o Wales
Coonty burghs o Wales

Torfaen


Constructivism was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin onward which rejected the idea of art for art's sake in favour of art for social purposes. It heavily influenced graphic and industrial designers.

Constructivism as an active force lasted until around 1934, having a great deal of effect on the art of the Weimar Republic and elsewhere, before being replaced by Socialist Realism. Its motifs have sporadically recurred in other art movements since.

Art movements
Architecture

Constructivism


Ipsos Reid was the name of a Canada-based research company, still existing under the name Ipsos as the Canadian arm of the global Ipsos Group. Founded in Winnipeg in 1979 as the Angus Reid Group, the company expanded across the country and was purchased by the Ipsos Group and given the name Ipsos Reid in 2000.

Today, Ipsos is Canada's largest market research and public opinion polling firm. The company's researchers conduct both syndicated and customized research studies across key sectors of the Canadian economy, including consumer packaged goods, financial services, automotive, retail, health and technology & telecommunications.

With operations in seven Canadian cities, Ipsos employs more than 600 research professionals and support staff across Canada. The company has the biggest network of telephone call centres in the country, as well as the largest pre-recruited household and online panels. The current President and CEO for Ipsos in Canada is Gary Bennewies.

Memberships
Ipsos is a member of the following associations:
 The Marketing Research and Intelligence Association

References

External links
 Canadian homepage

Public opinion research companies
Market research companies of Canada
Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies

Companies based in Winnipeg

Ipsos-Reid


Novaya Zemlya () is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the north of Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe. The archipelago is made of a north island and a south island; it separates the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea. There is a narrow channel, called Matochkin Strait that separates the two islands. Both islands together are about 900 km long; they are between 470 and 1150 km north of the Arctic Circle. Today, 2716 people live on the islands. 2622 of them live in the capital Belushya Guba (on the south island)

The Russians knew of Novaya Zemlya from the 11th century, when hunters from Novgorod visited the area.

Novaya Zemlya is the northern part of the Ural Mountains and the interior is mountainous throughout. The northern island contains many glaciers, while the southern one has a tundra landscape.

In July 1954, Novaya Zemlya was designated the Novaya Zemlya Test Site.  It was used as a test site throughout the cold war. In 1961 Tsar Bomba was dropped on the archipelago. The Tsar Bomb was the largest nuclear bomb ever made at 50 Mt. By contrast, the largest weapon ever produced by the United States, the now-decommissioned B41, had a predicted maximum yield of 25 Mt.

References

Other websites

Selected satellite views of nuclear test site Novaya Zemlya (global security).
Environment, climate change, and history of exploration (Barents' wintering).
Rozenberg Publishers - Climate and glacial history of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic
Nuclear tests in Novaya Zemlya, International Atomic Energy Agency Department of Nuclear Safety and Security.

Archipelagos
Arctic islands
Islands of Russia
Arkhangelsk Oblast

Novaya Zemlya


Ethnosemiotics is a disciplinary perspective which links semiotics concepts to ethnographic methods.

Overview
Algirdas Julien Greimas and Joseph Courtés defined for the first time ethnosemiotics in Semiotics and language: an analytical dictionary.

"Ethno-semiotics is not truly an autonomous semiotics. If it were, it would be in competition with a field of knowledge already established under the name of ethnology or anthropology, whose contribution to the advent of semiotics itself is considerable. Rather, it is a privileged area of curiosities and of methodological exercises ... .
Given that general semiotics authorizes the treatment of non-linguistic (gestual, somatic, etc.) syntagmatic concatenations as discourses or texts, the field of ethno-linguistics can be enlarged to become an ethno-semiotics; analyses, still rare, of rituals and ceremonies lead us to suppose that ethnology can become, once again, the privileged locus for the construction of general models of signifying behavior."

During the 2000s, in Italy, the interest toward the discipline has been renewed thanks to the studies and the researches of Maurizio del Ninno, Tarcisio Lancioni, and Francesco Marsciani. Under the direction of Francesco Marsciani, in Bologna in 2007 the Ethnosemiotic Centre of the Bologna University (CUBE) was founded, active in different fields of inquiry. In 2015, CUBE's experience led to the series Quaderni di Etnosemiotica and the Ethnosemiotics lab.

Focus and fields of inquiry
The ethnosemiologist analyses the systems of signifiers which are individuated in specific cultural contexts through the observation and the application of the ethnographic methods. At the present, the principal researchers which have been realized are focused on urban spaces, therapy, rituals, folklore, everyday practices.
In Italy we can distinguish two approaches to ethnosemiotics:

 the Urbin school, founded by Maurizio del Ninno, which follows the theoretical framework of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Georges Dumézil, close to French Social Anthropology.
 the Bologna-Siena school, founded by Tarcisio Lancioni and Francesco Marsciani, which were concerned by the development of a set of concepts and methods to apply semiotic analysis to different aspects of everyday life.

From 2015 the Ethnosemiotics Lab leads researches both in the theoretical and the methodological field. Developed inside CUBE, active at the Bologna University, it conducts multidisciplinary researches. The synergy between ethnographic observation and the analysis of the manifested values offers active results from the point of view of the capacity to describe social phenomena.

See also
 Semiotics
 Ethnography
 Ethnology
 Social anthropology

References

Bibliography
 (IT) Accardo Lorenza, Donatiello Paola, Liborio Elena, Palestrini Maddalena, Via Mascarella. Declinazioni di uno spazio denso, Bologna, Esculapio, 2015.
 (FR) De Certeau Michel, L'invention du quotidien. I Arts de faire, Éditions Gallimard, 1990; eng. tr., The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall, University of California Press, Berkeley 1984.
 Del Ninno Maurizio, (a cura di), Etnosemiotica. Questioni di metodo, Meltemi, Roma, 2007.
 (FR-ENG)  1979. eng. tr., Semiotics and language: an analytical dictionary Indiana University Press, 1982.
 (IT) Marsciani Francesco, Lancioni Tarcisio, La pratica come testo: per una etnosemiotica del mondo quotidiano; in Marrone, Gianfranco, Dusi, Nicola, Lo Feudo, Giorgio, (a cura di), Narrazione ed esperienza: intorno a una semiotica della vita quotidiana, 2007.
 (PT) Marsciani Francesco, Introdução à etnossemiótica, Centro de pesquisas Sociossemióticas, São Paulo, 2012.
 Marsciani Francesco, Tracciati di etnosemiotica, Franco Angeli, Milano, 2007.
 (FR) Marsciani Francesco, À propos de quelques questions inactuelles en théorie de la signification in Actes Sémiotiques, nº 117, 2014.
 Mazzarino Giuseppe, Il potere dell'ipnosi. Proposte teoriche per un'etnosemiotica, Esculapio, Bologna, 2015
 (ENG) Sbriccoli Tommaso, Jacoviello Stefano, (a cura di), 2012, Shifting borders. European perspectives on creolisation, Cambridge Scholar Publishing, Newcastle.

External links
 (IT) CUBE - Ethnosemiotic Centre of the Bologna University
 (IT) Ethnosemiotics Lab
 (IT) Etnosemiotica.it - Maurizio del Ninno's webpage

Semiotics
Ethnography
Social anthropology

Ethnosemiotics


Wi-Fi Protected Access (also known as WPA and WPA2) is the name for a number of standards to use encryption on a Wireless LAN. They were made because people found many weaknesses in WEP, or Wired Equivalent Privacy (the standard that came before WPA).

Products that have the label WPA were made to work with most cards, even those that came out before there was WPA. This is not true for access points.

Products with the WPA2 use all of the standard. This started in 2004 and is more secure, but it may not work with some older hardware.

There are two types of WPA. They are called WPA Personal and WPA Enterprise. WPA Personal is used a lot in casual places like people's homes.  To connect, you enter a password. WPA Enterprise is used for bigger networks like businesses. To connect, you must enter a username and password given to you by the people in charge of the network.

Computer networking

Wi-Fi Protected Access


The trombone is a brass horn musical instrument. It is similar to a large trumpet, except the player pushes and pulls on its slide to change the length of the tube.

Together with vibrations from the player's lips, the trombone can play a wide range of notes. It sounds deeper than a trumpet and is usually said to be one of the bass clef instruments.  Music is normally written in the bass clef, but some high parts can be written in tenor clef. Some players have the music transposed into the treble clef. The trombone is the loudest instrument in the symphony orchestra.

A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist. Some trombones have a valve which increases the range of available notes. The name trombone comes from the Italian language and means large trumpet. Trombones are nearly always made out of brass but can also be made out of plastic: the "P-bone".

History
The forerunner to today's trombone was called the sackbut.  It was first used in the 16th century during the Renaissance era of music.  In the centuries that followed, the sackbut was gradually improved into today's trombone. Beethoven was the first composer to add trombones to the standard symphony orchestra. Many different types of music use the unique sound of the trombone to add color and depth.  Trombones are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, brass bands, big bands, swing bands, ska bands, and jazz ensembles. In the symphony orchestra, it is common to see trombones in a section of three: two tenors and a bass. In a standard big band, a four player section is more typical. This time with three tenors and one bass as the normal arrangement.

In the hands of a skilled trombonist, the trombone is a very versatile instrument and can play many styles. The trombone can go from smooth, sweet jazz ballads and peaceful slow melodies such as Duke Ellington's "Pyramid", to fast and technical passages from pieces like "Blue Bells of Scotland" and "Carnival of Venice".

Types

There are a lot of types of trombones. Each one is for different playing ranges (how high or low you play). There are contrabass trombones, bass trombones, tenor bass trombones, tenor trombones, alto trombones, soprano trombones, and piccolo trombones. These are the different types of trombones, arranged according to general usage.

The tenor trombone is the most popular trombone type in use today, and is usually what people mean when they say "trombone". It is usually the first instrument a new trombonist will play. It has a slide that is used to change notes and make music. People who play the tenor trombone usually play from bass clef but some very good players can play from treble clef. Better and more expensive tenor trombones have an F attachment.
The bass trombone is different from the tenor trombone because it has one or two triggers, and has a larger bell, which makes it sound better in lower octaves. Most bands have only one bass trombonist. Usually, if a song does not have a bass trombone part, the bass trombonist reads off the 3rd or 4th trombone part.
The alto trombone is a type of trombone that is somewhat higher sounding than a regular trombone. It is mostly used in orchestras where the highest part is sometimes easier to play on an alto trombone. However, it is not very common and most of the time, a tenor trombone  plays the alto trombone part if one exists.
The contrabass trombone is the lowest-sounding trombone used in music today. It sometimes has a double slide, meaning that the slide tube wraps twice instead of once like on a tenor trombone.
The soprano trombone is a type of trombone that plays in the same range as a Bb trumpet.
The valve trombone is just a tenor trombone with a valve section. These valves work the same as those on a trumpet, euphonium, etc.

Famous trombonists
Some famous trombonists include:
 Edward 'Kid' Ory
 Bill Watrous
 Carl Fontana
 Jim Robinson
 Jack Teagarden
 Al Grey
 Glenn Miller
 Tommy Dorsey
 Pete Ramberg
 Lawrence Brown
 Curtis Fuller
 Slide Hampton
 Fred Wesley
 Trombone Shorty
Martin Schippers
 Christian Lindberg
Joseph Alessi
Christopher Bill
Wycliffe Gordon

References

Other websites

 International Trombone Association
 Trombone Page of the World
 TrombonesOnline   - Trombone Portal and Trombonist Directory
 British Trombone Society
 Finnish Trombone and Tuba Association
 Online Trombone Journal

Trombone


The flag of Amapá is one of the official symbols of the state of Amapá, Brazil. The current flag was introduced by Decree No. 8 of 23 April 1984.

Symbolism
Each color has the following meaning:

 The green represents the forests;
 The yellow represents mineral wealth;
 The blue represents the sky;
 The white represents peace;
 Black symbolizes the respect for those who died fighting for the state.

The centralized geometric figure on the hoist-side represents the Fortaleza de São José de Macapá.

Prior to the creation of the Amapá territory, the area was disputed between France and Brazil. Known variously as the Republic of Counani (1886–1887), and the Free State of Counani (1904–1912), these territories were never internationally recognized, and ultimately quelled by the governments of France and Brazil.

The Federal Territory of Amapá established its own flag, which was used after the state's creation on 5 October 1988, and established by Decree No. 8 of 23 April 1984. However, due to disputes at the time, a tripartite version of the state flag of Pará, showing the fort of São José, was popularly used. This version only ceased to be used during the administration of Aníbal Barcelos (pt).

External links
 Símbolos do Amapá

Flags of Brazil
Amapá
Flags introduced in 1988
1988 establishments in Brazil

Flag of Amapá


The Voyage is an opera in three acts (plus a prologue and an epilogue) by the American composer Philip Glass. The English/Latin/Spanish libretto was written by David Henry Hwang.

The work was commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera, New York City, and first performed there on October 12, 1992 (that date being the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus discovering the Americas). The British premiere was in Leeds, England, performed by Leeds Youth Opera, with Johnathon Clift and Mike Williamson as the directors, with Richard Pascoe playing Columbus.

Roles

Synopsis
Glass did not want to create a biographical opera about Columbus, especially in a year when there were countless films, documentaries and other events doing the same job. Instead he opted to make his opera a more general study of exploration – of the oceans, of space and time and of the mind. Columbus remains a central character though, appearing in the second act and the epilogue.

Prologue
We see a scientist in a wheelchair (reminding us of Professor Stephen Hawking), pondering time and space. He sings that despite man's inadequate mind, body and technology, the will to explore and follow one's vision "towards holes on the horizon" has always existed. Meanwhile, the chorus poses eternal questions about time and space repeatedly, growing in volume and intensity.

Act 1
Above an ice-age Earth, a spacecraft hurtles through space out of control. Its occupants are frantic; the Commander sings that nothing on the ship works properly, whilst the rest of the crew call out the ship's status and instrument readings. They see that the planet they are passing can support life, and they decide to make for it. As they await the inevitable crash landing, they recall moments from their lives. They survive the crash and decide to split up, each taking with them one of the "directional crystals" from the ship. Any two of these crystals will, when brought together, indicate the course back to the crew's home planet. The crew consider their new home and what sort of world they would like to live in; each has their own markedly different ideal world. The Commander leaves the wrecked ship to see what awaits her. Outside, she is met by a group of natives that dance a rite of spring and imagine the Commander to be a fantastic god descended from the sky. They sweep her up and she goes with them, becoming part of their celebration.

Act 2
Spain, 1492

Columbus is at the court of Queen Isabella bidding them farewell as he prepares to set sail for the Indies. He is promised untold riches and power on his return. Suddenly this scene fades and we realise that we are aboard Columbus' ship; he has been reminiscing about his departure. It is the 32nd day of the voyage. Doubts are beginning to set in as they sail the endless blue ocean. Isabella appears to him in a vision and reminds him of the faith of Noah and of the Virgin Mary and tells him to hold fast to his faith. She promises him that by seeing the journey through he will further the kingdom of God, as well as gain riches and power. Suddenly the First Mate shouts that he has sighted land.

Act 3
Year 2092

In a space station above the Earth, two astronomers ("Space Twins") scan for signs of life in the cosmos. At the same time, on the Earth, two archeologists (the "Earth Twins") have discovered two of the Directional Crystals from the ship that crashed thousands of years earlier. As they bring the crystals together, their scanning equipment homes in on the planet from which the space travellers in Act I originated. A mission to travel to the planet is begun and we see a terrific celebration as the ship prepares for launch, with dignitaries, politicians, dancers, musicians and a large crowd of well-wishers. The explorers enter the ship and bid farewell to their loved ones. The ship blasts off and another journey of discovery begins.

Epilogue
1506

We see Columbus on his deathbed. Monks chant around him and Isabella appears to accompany the explorer on his final journey into the unknown. (She has already passed on to that realm herself). He accuses her of breaking her promises to him but she claims that he undertook his voyage for pride and vanity, guided by Lucifer. Even so, she offers herself to him but he rejects her, saying that the journey he is about to undergo is far more seductive. Pondering man's eternal quest for knowledge and exploration, he is transported up to the stars.

The libretto is published as part of Trying to Find Chinatown: The Selected Plays of David Henry Hwang by Theatre Communications Group.

Recording

In July 2006, a long-awaited complete recording of the opera became available on Glass' Orange Mountain Music label, based on the staging by the Landestheater Linz (Austria) and conducted by Dennis Russell Davies.

References

1992 operas
Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus
English-language operas
Opera world premieres at the Metropolitan Opera
Minimalist operas
Operas
Operas by Philip Glass
Science fiction operas
Operas set in outer space
Fiction set in 1492
Fiction set in the 2090s
Works about astronauts

The Voyage (opera)


Participant observation is a way of getting information about a group of people. A person doing participant observation will live with a group of people in their normal environment. They do this so they can learn about that groups way of life. One of the uses of participant observation is to understand the world from the point of view of a person from that group. This is done by watching the things they do every day. The product of participant observation is normally a piece of writing about what the researcher has seen. It is called ethnography.  Participant observers can live with the group for months or many years. The longer the researcher is with the group, the better the information they learn will be.

In the first half of the 20th century, anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski, Margaret Mead and Edward Evans-Prichard started using participant observation. It is now the main way research is  done by cultural anthropologists.

Covert participation observation
In Covert participation observation, the researcher lives with a group but does not tell the group that they are studying them. The research is done in secret. This method is good because the people will not act differently than they normally do if they do not known they are being studied. One problem with covert participation observation is that it can be unethical. The subject cannot give the researcher their consent because they do not know they are being studied.

Overt participation observation
In overt participation observation, the researcher tells the group of people that they are being studied. A problem with this method is that people may change the way they act if they know they are being studied.  Overt Participation Observation does not have the ethical problems of covert observation and lets the researcher watch the people lying about what they are doing.

References
Evans-Pritchard, Edward (1940) The Nuer: a Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic people.
Malinowski, Bronisław (1929) The Sexual life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia: an ethnographic account of Courtship, Marriage and Family life among the natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea.
Mead, Margaret (1928) Coming of age in Samoa: a Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation.
http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_plummer_sociology_3/40/10342/2647687.cw/content/index.html

Sociology
Research methods
Anthropology
Ethnography

pl:Obserwacja (metoda badawcza)#Obserwacja uczestnicząca i nieuczestnicząca

Participant observation


Harry Eugene Stanley (born March 28, 1941) is an American physicist and University Professor at Boston University. He has made seminal contributions to statistical physics and is one of the pioneers of interdisciplinary science. His current research focuses on understanding the anomalous behavior of liquid water, but he had made fundamental contributions to complex systems, such as quantifying correlations among the constituents of the Alzheimer brain, and quantifying fluctuations in noncoding and coding DNA sequences, interbeat intervals of the healthy and diseased heart. He is one of the founding fathers of econophysics.

Education

Stanley obtained his B.A. in physics at Wesleyan University in 1962.

He performed biological physics research with Max Delbrück in 1963 and was awarded a Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University in 1967.

Stanley was a Miller Fellow at University of California, Berkeley  with Charles Kittel, where he wrote an Oxford monograph
Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena which won the
Choice Award for Outstanding Academic Book of 1971.

Academic career

Stanley was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1969 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1971.  He was appointed Hermann von Helmholtz Associate Professor in 1973, in recognition of his interdepartmental teaching and research with the Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology. In 1976, Stanley joined Boston University as Professor of Physics, and Associate Professor of Physiology (in the School of Medicine).  In 1978 and 1979, he was promoted to Professor of Physiology and University Professor, respectively.  Since 2007 he holds joint appointments with the Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering Departments. In 2011, he was made William F. Warren Distinguished Professor. In the spring of 2013, he held the Lorentz Professorship at the University of Leiden.

Research and achievements

Stanley had fundamental contributions to several topics in statistical physics, such as the theory of phase transitions, percolation, disordered systems, aggregation phenomena, polymers, econophysics and biological physics. His early work introduced the n-vector model of magnetism and its exact solution in the limit nà infinity, topics that are now part of standard statistical physics textbooks.

His seminal work on liquid water started with a percolation model he developed with Texeira to explain the experimentally observed anticorrelations in entropy and volume [H. E. Stanley and J. Teixeira, "Interpretation of The Unusual Behavior of H2O
and D2O at Low Temperatures: Tests of a Percolation Model" J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3404–3422 (1980)]. In 1992 he developed the liquid-liquid critical point hypothesis, that offered a quantitative understanding of water's anomalies,  applying to all liquids with tetrahedral symmetry (such as silicon and silica). Direct experimental proof for his proposal was obtained by recent experiments in Tsukuba, MIT, and Stanford.

Stanley coined the term 'econophysics' in 1994 to denote the field of physics dealing with economic phenomena. His group has found empirical laws governing economic fluctuations, and proposed statistical mechanics models to explain their origins.

The ISI Web of Science, lists 76,778 citations to Stanley's work (excluding 33 books). Using the Hirsch H Index metric for publication impact [PNAS 102, 16569 (2005)], Stanley has authored 129 papers with a citation count equal to or greater than 129, so H = 129. Google Scholar lists over 200,000 citations, with H = 201.

Stanley is committed to education at all levels, from high school to graduate studies.  He has served as thesis advisor to 114 Ph.D. students and has collaborated with 211 postdoctoral fellows and visiting faculty. He is also active in worldwide efforts for achieving gender balance in the physical sciences.

Honors and awards

Stanley has been elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (2004), the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.  He is an Honorary Member of the
Hungarian Physical Society. He is currently
Honorary Professor at the Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Pavia (Pavia, Italy), and at Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest, Hungary).  Stanley awarded the 2004 APS Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service, "For his extraordinary contributions to human rights, for his initiatives on behalf of female physicists, and for his caring and supportive relationship with those who have worked in his laboratory."

For his contributions to phase transitions Stanley received the
2004 Boltzmann Medal, awarded by International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), and the American Physical Society 2008 Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize.

He was awarded the Teresiana Medal in Complex Systems Research
given by the University of Pavia.  He also received the Distinguished
Teaching Scholar  Director's Award from the National Science Foundation, the Nicholson Medal for Human Outreach from the American Physical Society, a Guggenheim Fellowship (1979), the David Turnbull Prize from the Materials Research Society (1998), a BP Venture Research Award, the Floyd K. Richtmyer Memorial Lectureship Award (1997), the Memory Ride Award for Alzheimer Research, and the Massachusetts Professor of the Year
awarded by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education.

Stanley has received nine Doctorates Honoris Causa, from Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan, (Israel), Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest). University of Liège (Belgium), University of Dortmund, University of Wroclaw, Northwestern University, University of Messina, University of Leicester, and the IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca.

See also
 List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Applied physical sciences)

Notes

External links

1941 births
Living people
21st-century American physicists
Boston University faculty
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Harvard University faculty
Wesleyan University alumni
Probability theorists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Network scientists
Statistical physicists

H. Eugene Stanley


(from Latin: Acts of the Erudite) was the first scientific journal of the German-speaking lands of Europe, published from 1682 to 1782.

History
Acta Eruditorum was founded in 1682 in Leipzig by Otto Mencke, who became its first editor, with support from Gottfried Leibniz in Hanover, who contributed 13 articles over the journal's first four years. It was published by Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, with sponsorship from the Duke of Saxony, and was patterned after the French Journal des savants and the Italian Giornale de'letterati. The journal was published monthly, entirely in Latin, and contained excerpts from new writings, reviews, small essays and notes. Most of the articles were devoted to the natural sciences and mathematics, including contributions (apart from Leibniz) from, e.g., Jakob Bernoulli, Humphry Ditton, Leonhard Euler, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Pierre-Simon Laplace and Jérôme Lalande, but also from humanists and philosophers such as Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, Stephan Bergler, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff.

After Otto Mencke's death in 1707, Acta Eruditorum was directed by his son, Johann Burckhardt Mencke, who died in 1732. The journal had changed its name by then to Nova Acta Eruditorum. Beginning in 1756 it was led by Karl Andreas Bel.

Role in the Calculus War
Although Mencke once exchanged letters and publications with Isaac Newton, Newton was not a correspondent of Acta. The dispute between Newton and Leibniz over credit for the development of differential calculus started with a contribution by Leibniz to the May 1697 issue of Acta Eruditorum, in response to which Fatio de Duillier, feeling slighted by being omitted from Leibniz's list of the best mathematicians of Europe, announced that Newton had discovered calculus before Leibniz and the last had probably even relied on Newton's achievements. In the following acrimonious squabble, Acta by and large acted as a mouthpiece for Leibniz's camp, much as Philosophical Transactions did for Newton's. Mencke tried to tone down the dispute, but rebuttals from both sides were too forceful. "Where Mencke was powerless to call the tune, he did his utmost at least to set the tone," says H. Laeven in his description of the row. This dispute also influenced Acta to express the feelings of national cohesion and defining German scholarship within the international field of influence.

Notes

References
 H. Laeven, "The "Acta Eruditorum" under the Editorship of Otto Mencke. The History of an International Learned Journal between 1682 and 1707", trans. L. Richards, Amsterdam: APA-Holland University Press, 1990. Electronic version available through repository of University Library Nijmegen.
 A.H. Laeven and L.J.M. Laeven-Aretz, "The authors and reviewers of the Acta Eruditorum 1682-1735", Molenhoek, The Netherlands, 2014. [electronic publication]. Identifies and lists all authors and reviewers of individual contributions between 1682 and 1735. Available through repositories of University Library Leipzig and University Library Nijmegen.
 (Nova) Acta Eruditorum: table of contents, 1682-1776

Publications established in 1682
Publications disestablished in 1782
Defunct journals
Multidisciplinary academic journals
Magazines published in Leipzig
Latin-language journals

Acta Eruditorum


The Barnacle Historic State Park is a  Florida State Park in the Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida at 3485 Main Highway.

Built in 1891, it is the oldest house in its original location in Miami-Dade County. The Barnacle was the home of Ralph Middleton Munroe, one of Coconut Grove's founders, as well as founder and Commodore of the Biscayne Bay Yacht Club.  He was also a leading designer of sailing yachts. The Florida Park Service acquired the remaining  of Munroe's original  homesite from his descendants in 1973.

The Barnacle Historic State Park is served by the Miami Metrorail at the Douglas Road and the Coconut Grove stations.

History

Ralph Middleton Munroe first visited South Florida in 1877 while on vacation from New York City. On his second trip he brought his wife who suffered from tuberculosis. Unfortunately, the cure failed and she died.  Her body is buried in Coconut Grove. He returned several times to the area and in 1887 decided to settle in the Bay.

Ralph Munroe purchased  of bayfront land in 1886 for $400 in addition to one of his sailboats, the Kingfish, valued at an additional $400. His boathouse was built in 1887 and he lived on its upper floor until his main house was completed in 1891. The house, a one-story structure, was raised off the ground on wood pilings. Its central room is octagonal in shape and Munroe called his home "The Barnacle," presumably because it resembled one. It remained a bungalow until 1908 when more space was needed for his growing family. The whole structure was lifted and a new first story inserted below. In 1912 a library was built adjacent to the house. The Barnacle survived the disastrous 1926 hurricane and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 with only minimal damage.

Ralph Munroe's principal passion in life was designing yachts. Boats were the major form of transportation in the early days of Coconut Grove and yachting was a popular sport. Many South Floridians commissioned Munroe to design their yachts. In 1887, a group of residents formed the Biscayne Bay Yacht Club, electing Munroe as Commodore, a title that he held for 22 years. In his lifetime, he drew plans for 56 different yachts. Micco, one of the last of Munroe's boats, was displayed at the park until Hurricane Andrew reduced the 101-year-old vessel to fragments. Egret, a replica of Munroe's  modified sharpie is now moored offshore.

As a seaman, civic activist, naturalist, and photographer, Commodore Munroe was a man who cherished the natural world around him. A walk into the park passes through a tropical hardwood hammock. It is representative of the original landscape within the city of Miami. Today, it is one of the last remnants of the once vast Miami Hammock.

Regatta
In the spring of 1887 Ralph Munroe organized a regatta on Biscayne Bay with fifteen boats divided into three classes. "The winners were Ada (Captain Brickell), Maggie (Captain Carney) and Edna (Captain Addison), while Alfred Munroe and Charles Peacock were timekeepers and judges. After the race all hands, about fifty in number, participated in a good dinner at Peacock's (the Peacock Inn), given by the promoters. Thus began organized aquatic sports on the Bay, the Washington's Birthday Regatta afterwards being a fixture of the Biscayne Bay Yacht Club, until the displacement of sails by gasoline in general interest caused it to degenerate into a "Chowder-party".

Timeline: Early history of the site
 Before 1846: Largely unused, like most of South Florida, until the Seminole Wars forced Seminoles into this area. Spanish expeditions may have explored the bay on mapping expeditions, but any inland explorations are purely speculative.
 1846: Land first surveyed.
 1868, November 14: Edmund Beasley files claim for site under the Homestead Act. May have dug well on site. Built a small house later called the Three Sisters Cottage about this time.
 1870: Beasley dies, leaves site to his wife, Anna.
 1872: Site rented to Dr. Horace Porter.
 1873, January 6: Porter establishes a post office, which he calls Cocoanut Grove.
 1873, July: Porter unsuccessfully attempts to claim site under the Homestead Act, claiming that it had been abandoned by the Beasleys.
 1875, May 20: Mrs. Beasley gains clear title to the site.
 1877: Mrs. Beasley sells site to John W. Frow, lighthouse keeper at Cape Florida, for $100.00.
 1886: Ralph Munroe purchases  for $400.00 plus the boat "Kingfish" which he values at $400.00.
 1887: First Washington's Birthday Regatta held.

Timeline: History of the Barnacle
 1887: Ralph Munroe builds boathouse with living quarters on upper floor and workshop on lower floor.
 1891, Summer: Ralph begins constructing the Barnacle house.
 1895: Ralph marries Jessie Wirth.
 1900: Daughter, Patty, born. Jessie's sister, Josephine, joins household to help with child.
 1902: Son Wirth Middleton Munroe is born.
 1903: Northwest corner of house expanded.
 1908: House raised and first floor added.
 1913: House electrified and library added.
 1916: Indoor bathrooms added to northeast corner of first floor and area off of Mr. & Mrs. Munroe's bedroom with water tank on second floor.
 1926: Original boathouse destroyed in hurricane. House sustains minor damage. Boathouse later rebuilt along lines substantially like those of original.
 1928: House assumes present day form by enclosing porches on sides of house on both floors and extending library and kitchen.
 1932: Patty marries William Catlow, moves to New Jersey.
 1933: Wirth marries Mary Poore.
 1933, August 20: Ralph dies at age 82. Buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, MA.
 1940: Jessie dies, Wirth and Mary move into house with their children, Charles and William.
 1959: Sarah Josephine Wirth (Aunt Dodie) dies.
 1968: Wirth Munroe dies.
 1973: Munroe family sells site to the State of Florida.
 1988: Used as the backdrop to the finale of the Miami Vice TV episode 'Deliver Us From Evil' (first aired 29 April 1988).  The house was portrayed as the Caribbean island hideaway of career criminal Frank Hackman, who tricked Det. Sonny Crockett into getting him released from death row, and later murdered Crockett's wife.  Crockett successfully tracked Hackman to the house and avenged his wife's death by shooting Hackman in cold blood.  The dramatic scene concludes with Crockett walking towards the water's edge and showing a vista of the property with the dead Hackman slumped over in a lawn chair.
 1992: Hurricane Andrew heavily damages boathouse, destroys one of the last surviving Munroe boats, the "Micco", but house receives only very minor damage.
 1994: Site of the final answer in the 1994 Tropic Hunt, just before reopening to the public.

Activities
Daytime activities include touring the historic site, picnicking, and wildlife viewing. Concerts and other events are held frequently throughout the year, making it a popular destination in Miami.

Location and parking

The entrance is on the Northbound side of Main Highway between Abitare and The Cloister Townhomes. There is no parking available in the park itself, except for those with disabilities.  However, there is a public parking lot next to the Coconut Grove playhouse and street parking throughout the neighborhood.

References
Notes

Bibliography
 The Barnacle State Historic Site at Absolutely Florida
 The Barnacle State Historic Site at Wildernet

Further reading

 Monroe, Ralph M. The Commodore's Story
 Parks, Arva M. The Forgotten Frontier: Florida through the lens of Ralph Middleton Monroe

External links

The Barnacle Historic State Park at Florida State Parks
National Register of Historic Places

Coconut Grove (Miami)
State parks of Florida
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Historic house museums in Florida
Museums in Miami
National Register of Historic Places in Miami
Parks in Miami
Protected areas established in 1973
Tourist attractions in Miami
1973 establishments in Florida
Houses completed in 1891
Houses in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Historic American Buildings Survey in Florida

The Barnacle Historic State Park


Agent Orange is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War. It is a defoliant that destroys forests. It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.

Problems
The problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated. Dioxins stay a long time in the environment. They are very toxic, and cause genetic modifications and cancer.

Other websites
Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia  History of Operation Ranch Hand
 Air Force Health Study  Study of Operation Ranch Hand veterans
 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 Institute of Medicine analysis of research on dioxin
 Vietnam war orange agent  Collection photos of victim caused by orange agent in Vietnam war and information about the orange agent, disease, effect and symptom

Carcinogens
Poisons
Herbicides

Agent Orange