The Tumult of Thorn (Toruń), or Blood-Bath of Thorn (, , literally Bloody court of Thorn) refers to executions ordered in 1724 by the Polish supreme court under Augustus II the Strong of Saxony. During a religious conflict between Protestant townsfolk represented by mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner, and the Roman Catholic students of the Jesuit college in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, the college had been vandalised by a crowd of German Protestants. The mayor and nine other Lutheran officials were blamed for neglect of duty, sentenced to death, and executed on 7 December 1724.

Historical background

The castle of Thorn (Toruń) was built by crusading German knights of the Teutonic Order, next to an existing Slavic town. In 1233, the town was granted Kulm law city rights. More settlers soon arrived with Franciscan and Dominican friars. In the 15th century, after becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the policy of the Order, citizens of the Order's monastic state organized themselves into the Prussian Confederation, and seceded in 1454 with the help of the Polish Crown. The resulting Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466 with the Second Peace of Thorn, in which the province of Royal Prussia was created and incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland.

After the secularization of the Teutonic Order, the newly formed Duchy of Prussia and the remaining Prussian territory adopted Lutheranism in 1525, the first state to do so.
During the Protestant Reformation, the mostly German-populated Royal Prussia also adopted Protestantism in 1557, while the majority of the Kingdom of Poland remained Roman Catholic. During the tenure of mayor (Bürgermeister) Heinrich Stroband (1586–1609), the city became centralised and power passed into the hands of its city council.

At that time, Poland was largely tolerant in religious affairs. However, this gradually changed with the advent of the Counter-Reformation. In 1595, the Jesuits arrived to promote the Counter-Reformation, taking control of the Church of St John. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of a Catholic population into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and Dominicans) already controlled most churches, leaving only St Mary's to the Protestant citizens.

In the second half of the 17th century, tensions between Catholics and Protestants grew. In 1645, a Colloquium Charitativum, a discussion between the leaders of the rival creeds, resulted in no agreement. Just as the religious tensions in the rest of Europe were settling down after the bloody Thirty Years' War and Peace of Westphalia, in the once very tolerant Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the situation was worsening. From 1682, St Mary's Church had to be guarded by a Lutheran Bürgerwehr (militia) during the Feast of Corpus Christi processions, as the assembled Catholics might have occupied this church as well. Further violent conflicts occurred in 1688 and 1721.

1724 Events

On 16 and 17 July 1724, when the Jesuits held another procession, fights between pupils of the Jesuits and Lutheran inhabitants occurred as Jesuit pupils accused the gathered Lutherans of showing disrespect to Holy Mary by not taking their hats off during the procession and not kneeling before her statue. In the following argument, a Catholic student named Stanisław Lisiecki was arrested by Lutheran militia. In response, pupils of the Jesuits dragged a pupil named Jan Nagórny of the Lutheran Gymnasium into their monastery, demanding that Lisiecki be released. After a crowd assembled in front of the monastery to demand Nagórny's release. Johann Gottfried Rösner, who in that year served as president of the town council, ordered the town militia to dissolve the angry mob, but the commander disobeyed, as did the "citizen guards". Only the "crown guards", loyal to the king, could eventually pacify the scene, yet only after the crowd had entered the Jesuit building, causing damage.

Several Jesuits were beaten, portraits of Catholic saints were defiled, and the main altar was partially destroyed. Afterwards many books and paintings were thrown out into a pile and set on fire. After this event, both Jesuits and Dominicans tried to persuade Rösner and ten other leading citizens, all of them German Protestants, to convert to Roman Catholicism. They refused and remained in the city despite the pressure applied when the Jesuits sued them at the royal supreme court in Warsaw. The court was held during the second monarchy of August II the Strong of Saxony in the era of the Silent Sejm, a time in which the Russian Empire dictated Polish internal policy.  August, a former Lutheran who had been required to convert to Roman Catholicism in order to be elected to the Polish throne, regretted not being in a position to pardon the convicts.

Rösner and twelve other Lutherans were sentenced to death on 16 November. Prince Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski led a regiment of soldiers to the city to execute the verdict. Rösner and other officials were to be decapitated for "neglecting their duty and countenancing tumult", while two others, accused of profaning the Virgin, were to be quartered, and burned.

One of the convicts converted to Roman Catholicism and was spared, as was Rösner's predecessor and proxy, Jakob Heinrich Zerneke (1672–1741), a well-respected historian who had written the Chronica Thornica in 1711. He received an amnesty on 12 December and emigrated to Danzig (Gdańsk).

The last remaining Protestant church, St Mary's, was made Catholic and given to Franciscan friars who celebrated a mass there on the day of the execution, 7 December 1724, a date which is now observed  in remembrance of the Protestant martyrs. In addition, the majority of the town council was required to be Catholic from then on. A Protestant school, chapel, and printing press were required to be handed over to Catholic control.

Aftermath
The event was used by what Karin Friedrich calls "Brandenburg-Prussia's efficient propaganda machine", as an example of Polish and Catholic intolerance, even in  German states which engaged in religious persecution themselves. In large parts of Protestant Europe, the event damaged Poland's reputation for religious tolerance.

Over contemporary 165 publications and hundreds of newspapers reported on the alleged oppression of Protestants in Thorn. Decades later, during the Partitions of Poland, Voltaire recalled the sentencing of Protestants as an example "of the religious intolerance of the Poles" and glorified the Russian army.

In Polish history books, the event rarely found mention before 1979. Norman Davies states that it was the sole event for which the name of Copernicus's birthplace was remembered in Protestant Europe.

References

External links
  – "blood-bath of Thorn"
 Deutsche & Polen: 1724 Das Thorner Blutgericht
 Johann Gottfried Rösner
 Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon: Märtyrer des Thorner Blutgerichts
  Visiting Toruń : Churches on the Old Town

1724 in Prussia
History of Toruń
1720s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
History of Protestantism in Poland
Trials in Poland
Persecution of Protestants
1724 in Christianity

Tumult of Thorn (Toruń)


The Lost World is a book written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the year 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live. After a long journey they find the plateau, and witness not only dinosaurs, but two tribes - an ancient Native American people and ape-men who resemble the missing link.

After many adventures, they return to London and attempt to describe their adventures to a disbelieving public.

Other websites

British novels
Science fiction books
Dinosaurs in fiction
Books by Arthur Conan Doyle

The Lost World


A gangster is a creeminal who is a member o a gang. Some gangs are considered tae be pairt o organisit crime. Gangsters are cried mobsters an aw, a term derivit frae mob and the suffix -ster.
Gangs provide a level o organisation an resources that support hintle lairger an mair complex creeminal transactions than an individual creeminal coud achieve. Gangsters hae been active for mony years in kintras aroond the warld. Some gangsters, aiblins maist notably Al Capone, hae become famous. Gangsters are the subject o mony movies, pairticularly frae the period atween 1930 an 1960. The term "Gangster" is nou uised for members o street gangs.

References

Organisit crime members bi role

Gangster


Electricity is the set o physical phenomena associatit wi the presence an motion o electric chairge. Awtho ineetially conseedert a phenomenon separate frae magnetism, syne the development o Maxwell's equations, baith are recognised as pairt o a single phenomenon: electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are relatit tae electricity, includin lichtnin, static electricity, electric heatin, electric dischairges an mony ithers.

The presence o an electric chairge, that can be aither positive or negative, produces an electric field. The muivement o electric chairges is an electric current an produces a magnetic field.

Whan a chairge is placed in a location wi a non-zero electric field, a force will act on it. The magnitude o this force is gien bi Coulomb's law. Sicweys, gin that chairge war tae muive, the electric field wad be daein wirk on the electric chairge. Sicweys we can speak o electric potential at a certain pynt in space, that is equal tae the wirk duin bi an freemit augent in cairyin a unit o positive chairge frae an arbitrarily chuisen reference pynt tae that point withoot ony acceleration an is teepically meisurt in volts.

Electricity is at the hert o mony modren technologies, bein uised for:
 electric pouer whaur electric current is uised tae energise equipment;
 electronics that deals wi electrical circuits that involve active electrical components sic as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes an integratit circuits, an associatit passive interconnection technologies.

Electrical phenomena hae been studied syne antiquity, tho progress in theoretical unnerstaundin remeened slaw till the seiventeent an aichteent centuries. Even then, practical applications for electricity war few, an it wad nae be till the late nineteent century that electrical ingineers war able tae put it tae industrial an residential uise. The fest expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industrie an society, acomin a drivin force for the Seicont Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be pit tae an awmaist leemitless set o applications that include transport, heatin, lichtin, communications, an computation. Electrical pouer is nou the backbane o modren industrial society.

References

Electricity


Elephants Dream is a short movie made using mostly open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006. It was first developed under the name Orange, then later changed to Machina then finally to Elephants Dream since the people working on the movie could not decide how "Machina" would be pronounced. The movie is 11 minutes long.

Overview
The movie has a very random and abstract nature. Despite the film's title, Elephants Dream does not have any elephants or dreams. It instead has Proog and Emo in an extremely bizarre construction referred to only as "the machine." Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.) and argues about its purpose.
Bassam Kurdali, Director of Elephants Dream, explained the plot of the movie by saying:
"The story is very simple- I'm not sure you can call it a complete story even- It is about how people create ideas/stories/fictions/social realities and communicate them or impose them on others. Thus Proog has created (in his head) the concept of a special place/machine, that he tries to "show" to Emo. When Emo does not accept his story, Proog becomes desperate and hits him. It's a parable of human relationships really- You can substitute many ideas (money, religion, social institutions, property) instead of Proog's machine - the story does not say that creating ideas is bad, just hints that it is better to share ideas than force them on others. There are lots of little clues/hints about this in the movie- many little things have a meaning- but we are not very "tight" with it, because we are hoping people will have their own ideas about the story, and make a new version of the movie. In this way (and others) we tie the story of the movie with the "open movie" idea."
Ton Roosendaal announced the film in May 2005. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Media Art Institute funded the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the film's credits. The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18, 2006.

Other websites
 The Elephants Dream website

Animated movies
2006 movies
English-language movies

Elephants Dream


A cappella music is music where people sing without instruments.

In a choir, there are up to 5 parts: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, and bass. A cappella can also have those 5 parts. A difference is with percussion. With musical instruments, percussion is done with musical instruments that you hit, such as drums. In an a cappella performance, a person makes the percussion sound. For a beatbox performance, performers make sounds like electric drums, synthesizer and electric guitar. Another part of percussion in a cappella performance is making classical drum sounds for tapping the beat.

The word a cappella is Italian for "in the manner of the church" or "in the manner of the chapel".  It was first used in religious music.  Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing.

History
For the first 1000 years of Christianity, all hymns in the church were sung without instrumental accompaniment. This style of singing came to be known as a cappella, meaning "of the church" or "in the style of the church".

Genres
There are several kinds of music in a cappella, such as barbershop, classical, contemporary, gospel, doo-wop, jazz, and world.

A barbershop group has 4 people. The name of this genre came from the tradition that when many men gathered in a barbershop they would sing with no musical instruments. A barbershop quartet has four male voices or four female voices.  Mixed barbershop quartets are also possible, usually with two male and two female voices.  The voices parts are called bass, baritone, lead, and tenor. In music in the barbershop style, the melody (the "tune") is sung by the lead part.

In classical a cappella, people perform classical music such as 'a Turkish march', 'Overture William Tell', madrigal, etc.

Contemporary is the most popular kind of a cappella these days. For this kind, the "bass" line should be stronger, and the "chorus" (all the singers except for bass, percussion, and solo) should have variety. The percussion should make their sound more like drums. This genre is similar to 'doo-wop' but the "chorus" part is more complex and has a variety of sound effects.

Doo-wop is also getting more popular because of its simple style. Even though it has simple moto (Italian for "progression of music"), it can be interesting with great vocal and chorus.

References

CASA Homepage
KACS Homepage
Kissing - Korean A Cappella Club
blog.me

Other websites
Club for five
The Real Group
The Idea of North
Suade
Naturally 7
CASA - The Contemporary A Cappella Society
CASHM
KACS - Korea A Cappella Society

Singing

A cappella


A bandage is strip of cloth or other material that is used to stop and absorb blood from wounds.

In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, though technically the two are different things.

How to apply a bandage

See these links:
How to apply a bandage in a figure of 8 around an ankle. (YouTube)
How to apply a bandage in circular style around a wrist. (YouTube)
How to apply a compression bandage for lymphedema.

Medical equipment

Bandage


Search and seizure is an act that police and other law enforcement authorities are allowed to do. It is when they search a place for evidence of a crime. If they find that evidence, they may take it. They usually knock the door down with a search warrant. Warrants are a document stating that the government has permission to go into a building due to found evidence.

Law enforcement techniques

Search and seizure


Sir John Stuart, Count of Maida GCB (1759–1815), was a British Lieutenant-General during the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography
Stuart was born in Georgia, the son of Colonel John Stuart, superintendent of Indian affairs in the southern district, and a prominent loyalist in the War of Independence. Educated at Westminster School, young Stuart entered the 3rd Foot Guards in 1778, and almost immediately returned to America with his regiment. He was present at the siege of Charleston, the battles of Camden and Guilford court-house, and the surrender of Yorktown, returning a regimental lieutenant and an army captain, as was then usual in the Guards.

Ten years later, as captain and lieutenant-colonel, he was present with the Duke of York's army in the Netherlands and in northern France. He took part in the sieges and battles of the 1793 campaign, Valenciennes, Lincelles, Dunkirk and Lannoy. The following year, now at the head of his battalion, he was present at Landrecies and at Pont-a-Chin or Tournay, and when the tide turned against the allies, he shared with his guards in the discomforts of the retreat. As a brigadier-general he served in Portugal in 1796, and in Minorca in 1799. At Alexandria, in 1801, his handling of his brigade called forth special commendation in general orders, and a year later he became substantive major-general. He then went on to take part in the siege of Cairo and following this the final action in Egypt with the surrender of Alexandria.

After two years in command of a brigade in Kent, Stuart went with Sir James Craig to the Mediterranean. The British were employed, along with Lacy's Russians, in the defence of the kingdom of Naples but Austerlitz led to the recall of the Russian contingent, and the British soon afterwards evacuated Italy. Thus exposed, Naples fell to the advancing troops of Masséna but Gaeta still held out for King Ferdinand and Masséna's main force became locked up in the siege of this fortress. Stuart, who was in temporary command, realized the weakness of the French position in Calabria and on 1 July 1806 swiftly disembarked all his available forces in the Gulf of Saint Euphemia. On the 4th the British force, 4,800 strong, won the celebrated victory of Maida over Reynier's army. After this success, Stuart marched south and after a series of minor skirmishes, returned to Sicily as he felt his force was too weak to go onto a full offensive against Masséna's foothold in Naples. After besieging and taking the castle of Scylla, the force returned to Messina. Besides the dignity of Count of Maida from the court of Palermo, Stuart received the thanks of parliament and an annuity of £1,000, as well as the KCB. Superseded by two other generals, Henry Fox and John Moore, the latter of whom was his junior, Stuart came home in 1806.

A year later, now a lieutenant-general, he received the Mediterranean command which he held until 1810. His operations were confined to south Italy where Murat, king of Naples, held the mainland whereas the British and Sicilian troops (along with some Neapolitan exiles) held Sicily for the Bourbon king. Of the events of this time may be mentioned the failure to relieve Colonel Hudson Lowe at Capri, the expedition against Murat's gunboats in the bay of Naples and the second siege of Scylla. The various attempts made by Murat to cross the straits uniformly failed, though on one occasion the French actually obtained a footing in the island. A. G. Macdonell in his 1934 book Napoleon and His Marshals describes Stuart as "a dawdling, incompetent and evil-minded man", but it is unclear why Macdonell issues such a disparaging description. In 1810 Stuart returned to England. He died at Clifton in 1815. Two months previously he had received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).

Notes

References

Attribution:

External links

|-

1759 births
1815 deaths
People of Georgia (British colony)
People educated at Westminster School, London
British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army lieutenant generals
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
Scots Guards officers
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars

John Stuart, Count of Maida


A flipper is a special kind of limb that is flattened like a paddle for moving through water. Many animals that live in water, such as whales and seals have flippers. The flipper of a fish is called a fin.

It can also be an item worn on the foot to help people swim more easily.

Animal anatomy

Flipper


Magnet is the pseudonym of Norwegian singer-songwriter Even Johansen (born 7 June 1970). To date, he has released five full-length studio albums as well as several singles and EPs. Johansen draws upon many influences, including folk, pop, and electronica. His albums are composed and produced solely by him, and he usually performs live sets on his own, using preset loops or creating them as he plays.

Biography
Even Johansen was born, raised, and resides in Bergen, Norway, but he has also lived just outside the southern Scottish town of Lockerbie, where he recorded his On Your Side album. Initially, Even was a founding member of the Norwegian rock bands Libido and Chocolate Overdose. During his involvement with Libido, Even conceived a series of songs he thought were inappropriate for the band. His first solo album, Quiet & Still, was released in 2000 under the alias Magnet (in the United States, the album was released under his real name). The name "Magnet" originated from when Even was a child with anemia; he was prescribed a special magnetic tattoo on his left shoulder so it could attract iron.

Magnet's second album On Your Side was released in June 2003 on Ultimate Dilemma to positive critical acclaim. The album features Magnet's duet with Irish singer-songwriter Gemma Hayes on a cover of Bob Dylan's "Lay Lady Lay", which was later featured in the 2005 film Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Following European and North American tour dates throughout 2003 and 2004, Magnet signed to Atlantic Records for his third album The Tourniquet, which was released in May 2005 to further positive acclaim. In 2006, he contributed several songs to the soundtrack of the video game Dreamfall: The Longest Journey. His fourth studio album, The Simple Life, followed in March 2007 on the Hermetix Recordings label, an imprint of Sony BMG.

Over the years, Even has toured with Phoenix, Engineers, Zero 7, Isobel Campbell, Gemma Hayes, Ed Harcourt, Stars, and Doves. Even also provided a remix of Doves' song "The Last Broadcast," which was featured on the bonus disc of their 2003 B-sides and rarities compilation Lost Sides.

On 16 July 2011, Even posted a new single to his Myspace page entitled "Doldrum Days", and followed it with his fifth and latest album at that date on 2 December 2011. The album, Ferrofluid, was released in Norway through iTunes and other retailers.

Discography

Albums
Quiet & Still (10 October 2000)
On Your Side (23 June 2003)
The Tourniquet (30 May 2005)
The Simple Life (26 March 2007)
Ferrofluid (2 December 2011)

Singles/EPs
Where Happiness Lives EP (3 June 2002) (CD, 10")
 "Where Happiness Lives"
 "I'll Come Along"
 "Heaviest Heart"
 "Nothing Hurts Now"
Chasing Dreams EP (23 September 2002) (CD, 10")
 "Chasing Dreams"
 "Little Miss More or Less"
 "Home Song"
 "I'll Come Along" (Psychonauts Remix)
The Day We Left Town EP (21 April 2003) (CD)
 "The Day We Left Town"
 "Clean Slate"
 "Dead Happy"
 "The Big Black Moon"
"Last Day of Summer" single (24 November 2003) (12")
 "Last Day of Summer"
 "Last Day of Summer" (Tom Middleton Cosmos Vox Remix)
 "Last Day of Summer" (Tom Middleton Cosmos Deep Dub)
"Lay Lady Lay" single (22 March 2004)
CD:
 "Lay Lady Lay" (with Gemma Hayes) (Radio Edit)
 "Wish Me Well"
 "Last Day of Summer" (Tom Middleton Cosmos Vox Remix)
 "Lay Lady Lay" (enhanced video)
7" vinyl:
 "Lay Lady Lay" (with Gemma Hayes)
 "Clean Slate" (The Bees Remix Edit)
Minus EP (29 November 2004) (Norway-only CD)
 "Let It Snow"
 "Clean Slate"
 "Heaviest Heart"
 "Dead Happy"
 "The Big Black Moon"
 "Clean Slate" (The Bees Remix)
"Hold On" (15 August 2005)
UK double 7" set:
 "Hold On"
 "The Mute"
 "The Pacemaker"
 "Good Mourning"
US Tour EP CD:
 "Hold On" (Radio Edit)
 "The Mute"
 "Good Mourning"
 "Grinder"
 "Hold On" (Metronomy Remix)
 "Hold On" (Lindstrøm Remix)
"Fall at Your Feet" (5 December 2005)
CD:
 "Fall at Your Feet" (Jack Joseph Puig Mix)
 "This Bird Can Never Fly"
7" vinyl:
 "Fall at Your Feet"
 "Hold On" (Metronomy Remix)
Dreamfall: The Longest Journey Soundtrack EP (5 April 2006)
 "Be With You" (previously unreleased)
 "My Darling Curse"
 "The Pacemaker"
 "Nothing Hurts Now"
"Lonely No More" (30 June 2008)
 "Lonely No More"
 "Pennydrop"
 "1997"
 "Selfhelper"
"Deja Vu" (13 September 2019)
Single track, digital download only

References

External links

 Magnet's official
 Magnet's official MySpace page
 Magnet at Discogs
 Magnet on Last.fm
 Magnet on BPOP Mentometer (in Norwegian)

1970 births
Living people
Norwegian male singer-songwriters
Norwegian singer-songwriters
Sony BMG artists
Warner Music Group artists
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian male singers

Magnet (musician)


Dioxins is the name for a group of chemical compounds. These are organic compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of halogenated organic compounds which are significant because they act as environmental pollutants. They are very poisonous. Many dioxins cause cancer.
Today, Dioxins are no longer made. They can occur as a by-product of other processes, though. Examples where dioxins can result are the production of PVC or the bleaching of paper. In nature, they are produced in volcanoes and forest fires.

A chemical accident where a lot of dioxin was released was the Seveso disaster.

Organic compounds
Pollution

Dioxin


A parade is a large or small group of people who all walk together, usually down a street or road. People who walk in parades are often dressed in costumes, and followed by marching bands, floats or large balloons.

Reasons
They are often held on holidays or to honor someone. Parades are held for many reasons, but are usually for celebrations of some kind. Days like St Patrick's Day are often celebrated with a parade.

Military parades
A military parade is one of the most common parades.  It is when soldiers march in public.  Usually they are followed by tanks and other military vehicles.  Military parades are often held after a battle or war has been won. In China, National Day is now celebrated with large military parades in Beijing every 5th year after 1949. In the United Kingdom, the Queen's Official Birthday (now always on a Saturday) is marked by a military parade every year. In the United States, such military parades are less common but usually held on Veterans Day and Independence Day.

Famous parades
One of the most famous parades in the United States is the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City.  Over 44 million people watch this parade on television each year.

Events

Parade


Paolo Romeo (born 20 February 1938) is an Italian cardinal and archbishop emeritus of Palermo. He was appointed to the see of Palermo by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 December 2006.

Romeo was the fifth of nine children. After primary school he entered the seminary and began studying theology.

His bishop sent him to Rome in 1959 to complete his academic studies and he achieved the licentiate in theology at the Gregorian University and a doctorate in canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.

He was ordained on 18 March 1961 at the chapel of the Episcopal Seminary of Acireale, he was incardinated in the Diocese of Acireale. He continued his studies at the university and did pastoral ministry as assistant to the Scouts Group "Roma IX" in "Collegio San Giuseppe in Piazza di Spagna" and diocesan assistant of the association "Silenziosi Operai della Croce".

Diplomatic work
In 1964, he was admitted to the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and on 1 January 1967 he entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See. Romeo worked in the nunciatures in the Philippines, Belgium and Luxembourg and European Community, Venezuela, and Rwanda and Burundi. In 1967, he was called to the Council for Public Affairs of the Church in the Secretariat of State. At the same time, he worked as director of the "Casa Internazionale del Clero" and was regional assistant for the Lazio of the AGESC.

In 1976 he was recalled to the Vatican Secretariat of State to monitor the life of the Catholic community in the countries of Latin America and activities of the Latin American Episcopal Conference, especially at that time which involved preparation for the 3rd General Conference of that continent which opened on 29 January 1979.

On 17 December 1983 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Vulturia by Pope John Paul II and that same day was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti.  Romeo stayed in Haiti until his appointment to serve as Nuncio in Colombia in April 1990. On 5 February 1999 he was appointed Nuncio to Canada.

Archbishop of Palermo

On 17 April 2001 was named to represent the Holy See in Italy and San Marino. Pope Benedict XVI appointed Archbishop Romeo to serve as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Palermo on 19 December 2006, replacing Salvatore De Giorgi, who had reached the retirement age of 75 in September 2005. In 2005 Archbishop Romeo was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Archbishop Romeo received the pallium in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican on 29 June 2007 from Pope Benedict along with 45 other metropolitan archbishops. Archbishop Romeo was elected president of the Sicilian Episcopal Conference on 14 February 2007.

He was created Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Odigitria at a consistory on 20 November 2010 and was eligible to vote in a papal conclave until his 80th birthday in 2018. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that selected Pope Francis.

In December 2010 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for the Laity. On 3 October 2010 he welcomed Pope Benedict when he visited the Sicilian capital. Cardinal Romeo is Sicilian Grand Prior of the Lieutenancy of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. At age 75 he submitted his resignation letter to Pope Francis, which was accepted on 27 October 2015.

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
People from Acireale
Roman Catholic archbishops of Palermo
Apostolic Nuncios to Colombia
Apostolic Nuncios to Canada
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Almo Collegio Capranica alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Pontifical Lateran University alumni
21st-century Italian cardinals
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
20th-century Italian cardinals
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Apostolic Nuncios to Italy
Apostolic Nuncios to San Marino
Apostolic Nuncios to Haiti
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops

Paolo Romeo


Operation Sinaloa or Operation Culiacan - Navolato (Spanish: Operacion Sinaloa/Operacion Conjunto Sinaloa) is an ongoing anti-drug trafficking operation in the Mexican state of Sinaloa by the Federal Police and the Mexican Armed Forces. Its main objective is to cripple all cartel organizations such as the Sinaloa Cartel, Beltrán-Leyva Cartel and Los Zetas that operate in that state. The Military was deployed in response to the murder of Mexico's Federal Police commissioner Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez.

Background
President Felipe Calderón's government ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006 in response to an increasingly deadly spate of violence in his home state of Michoacán. The decision to intensify drug enforcement operations has led to an ongoing conflict between the federal government and the Mexican drug cartels. Sinaloa is home to the Sinaloa cartel and Beltrán-Leyva Cartel who are at war with each other since their break in 2008 due to the arrest of Alfredo Beltrán Leyva (a.k.a. El Mochomo, "The Desert Ant") on January 20, 2008. Beltrán Leyva's arrest was a huge blow to the Sinaloa Cartel, as he allegedly oversaw large-scale drug-smuggling operations and was a key money launderer for the cartel.

In apparent revenge for the arrest of his brother Alfredo, Arturo Beltrán Leyva ordered the assassination of the commissioner of the Federal Police, Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez and other top federal officials in the Mexican capital. One group of these hit men was captured in a Mexico City house with dozens of assault rifles, pistols, grenade launchers, 30 hand grenades, and bullet-proof jackets bearing the legend FEDA — the Spanish acronym for 'Special Forces of Arturo'. Apparently, the Beltrán Leyva brothers blamed their boss Joaquin "Chapo" Guzmán for their brother's arrest, and ordered the assassination of Guzmán's son, 22-year-old Édgar Guzmán López, which was carried out in a shopping center parking lot by at least 15 gunmen using assault rifles and grenade launchers.

2008

 January 3 - Mexican military and police personnel discover 252.7 kilos of cocaine inside freight containers on board a ship in the port of Mazatlán.
 May 11, 2008 - Alfonso Gutiérrez Loera cousin of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán Loera and 5 other drug traffickers were arrested after a shootout with Federal Police officers in Culiacán, Sinaloa. Along with the captured suspects, 16 assault rifles, 3 grenades, 102 magazines and 3,543 ammunition rounds were seized.
 May 13 - Secretary of the Interior Juan Camilo Mouriño announces the launch of Operation Sinaloa by deploying 3,000 Army and Federal Police troops to Sinaloa. That day, 300 Mexican troops in a 50 vehicle convoy arrived in the city of Navolato.
 May 22 - In Culiacán, Sinaloa, acting on an citizen's complaint that armed men were present inside a household in Culiacán's Colonia Guadalupe. Mexican troops from the 24th Motorized Cavalry Regiment and 94th Infantry Battalion raided the household and seized $6 million, 13,831 rounds of ammunition, and 16 magazines but no suspects were apprehended.
 May 24 - Mexican Naval air and ground units intercepted two small boats carrying 3 tons of marijuana and close to 2 kilos of marijuana seeds in Altata, Sinaloa.
 May 27 - Mexican marines and Federal Police forces conducted a search raid on two houses in Navolato. Marine and Police personnel discovered and seized three assault rifles, 2 rifle magazines and 33 cartridges. 3 trucks were also seized, inside two of them various packages of marijuana was discovered.
 June 5 - Mexican marines locate and destroy 1,200 marijuana plants inside a plantation outside the town of El Naranjo. Also, in another part of the state 3 individuals were arrested in a military checkpoint they were in possession of 400 grams of crystal meth, 3 packages of marijuana with a weight of 400 kilos, 2 assault rifles and two trucks.
 June 9 - Due to a maritime and aerial patrol, Mexican naval units seized two small boats carrying 4 tons of marijuana. Days later, The Mexican Navy incinerated the seized marijuana.

2009
 February 18 - Mexican Marines discover 21 grams of cocaine hidden inside the tires of a pick up truck that was stopped for inspection in Mazatlán.
 March 19 - The Mexican Military captures alleged Sinaloa cartel drug boss Vicente Zambada Niebla, son of drug lord Ismael Zambada García El Mayo.
 June 12 - Mexican marines locate and seized a drug laboratory filled with 50 thousand liters of liquid Ephedrine 46 kilometers north of Culiacán.
 October 12 - With the help of a U.S. Navy ship, Mexican Naval personnel intercepted the ship vessel "FIONA" of the coast of Clarion Island. 4 individuals and 500 kilos of cocaine were seized.

2010
 January 2 - Carlos Beltrán Leyva, brother of Marcos Arturo Beltrán-Leyva was arrested by Federal Police officers in Culiacán, Sinaloa.
 March 31 – In various parts around Culiacán, troops from the 9th military zone seized 7 kilos 200 grams of crystal that was found inside the compartment of a truck, a clandestine laboratory for producing synthetic drugs with 65 liters of methamphetamine, 30 assault rifles, 23 magazines, one vehicle and $30 thousand.
 April 30 – For two days, SIEDO agents supported by hundreds of marines initiated various household raids in Mazatlán. Two individuals were arrested.
 May 1 – In Cualiacan, Sinaloa, a Municipal Police commander was ambushed and shot dead in his patrol vehicle in the Colonia of Ferrocarrilera.
 In Los Mochis, government officials announced that 500 Federal Police officers would be deployed in the municipality of Ahome to reinforce the municipal police. Less than 150 of those officers will be sent to Los Mochis.

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

References

Battles of the Mexican drug war
Sinaloa

Operation Sinaloa


Johnny Aitken (May 3, 1885 – October 15, 1918) was an American racecar driver from Indianapolis, who was active in the years prior to World War I. Aitken competed in the Indianapolis 500 three times.  He started the race twice, in 1911 and 1916.  He led the first lap of the first race (1911).  Aitken captured the pole position in 1916, but ended up in 15th place (his best finish) that year.  In the 1915 Indianapolis 500, Aitken drove relief for two drivers, Gil Anderson and Earl Cooper (who ultimately finished 3rd and 4th).

Biography
Aitken competed in the Indianapolis 500 three times.  He started the race twice, in 1911 and 1916.  He led the first lap of the first race (1911).  Aitken captured the pole position in 1916, but ended up in 15th place (his best finish) that year.  In the 1915 Indianapolis 500, Aitken drove relief for two drivers, Gil Anderson and Earl Cooper (who ultimately finished 3rd and 4th).

While Aitken never won the Indianapolis 500 as a driver, he did serve as team manager for two winning efforts, Joe Dawson's victory in 1912, and Jules Goux's win in 1913.

Aitken's activity at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was not limited to the Indianapolis 500.  He won a total of 15 races at IMS, the most of any driver in the 100-year history of the track.  Aitken was the only driver to win races in each of the four automobile race weekends that were held during the track's "pre-500" years of 1909–1910.  He also won all three races which comprised the Harvest Auto Racing Classic, in September 1916.  (The driver with the second-greatest number of wins at IMS is Ray Harroun, with 8 wins in 1909–1911.)

Aitken started a total of 41 races at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, which is, again, the most of any driver in the track's history.  (The driver with the second-greatest number of starts at IMS is A. J. Foyt, who started a total of 36 races from 1958 to 1994.)

Outside of his participation at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Aitken is known to have started at least 33 AAA-sanctioned races, from 1907 to 1916, and to have driven relief in at least three others.  He won seven of these races, including the 1916 1st International Sweepstakes race (300 miles, Sept 14, at the Cincinnati Motor Speedway ), the 1916 Astor Cup Race (250 miles, Sept 30, at the Sheepshead Bay Speedway), and the 1916 Harkness Trophy Race (100 miles, Oct 28, also at Sheepshead Bay).

Aitken is credited as co-winner of the American Grand Prize race, which was held at the Santa Monica Road Race Course on Nov 18, 1916.  He started the race, but was the first driver to drop out, when his car suffered a broken piston after one lap.  On Lap 21, he took over the car which had started the race being driven by Howdy Wilcox.  Aitken drove that car for the remainder of the race, completing 28 of the total 48 laps, finishing first.  Aitken, therefore, was credited with both first and last place.  (Such scoring would not take place under the current rules of most racing series.)

Aitken died on October 15, 1918, of bronchopneumonia from the Influenza pandemic of 1918.

Indianapolis 500 results

References

 Scott, D. Bruce; INDY: Racing Before the 500; Indiana Reflections; 2005; .
 Galpin, Darren;  A Record of Motorsport Racing Before World War I.
 http://www.motorsport.com/stats
 http://www.champcarstats.com
 Dill, Mark; "A Forgotten Classic;" 2006 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard Official Program; Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

External links

1885 births
1918 deaths
Racing drivers from Indianapolis
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 polesitters
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in Indiana
AAA Championship Car drivers

Johnny Aitken


Miranda is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange  and his most famous book today. It is said that Miranda is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia.
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.

Explanation of the novel's title
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Miranda also has been influenced by work such as: Men Like Gods by Herbert George Wells; The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella; Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe,;Genezis z Ducha by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.

Plot summary
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book think the most important things are anarchy, freedom, peace, and free love. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own parte-parole) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.

Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.

References

1924 books
Novels
Polish literature

Miranda (novel)


George Puttenham (1529–1590) was an English writer and literary critic.  He is generally considered to be the author of the influential handbook on poetry and rhetoric, The Arte of English Poesie (1589).

Family and early life
Puttenham was the second son of Robert Puttenham of Sherfield-on-Loddon in Hampshire and his wife Margaret, the daughter of Sir Richard Elyot and sister of Sir Thomas Elyot. He had an elder brother, Richard. He matriculated at Christ's College, Cambridge, in November 1546, aged 17, but took no degree, and was admitted to the Middle Temple on 11 August 1556.

In late 1559 or early 1560 Puttenham married Elizabeth, Lady Windsor (1520–1588), the daughter and coheir of Peter Cowdray of Herriard, Hampshire. She was the widow of both Richard, brother of William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, and William, Baron Windsor. She brought a substantial dowry to the marriage. They had at least one daughter.

Somewhere around 1562, Puttenham travelled abroad to purchase Sherfield House from his elder brother Richard. He immediately quarrelled at Sherfield House with Lady Windsor's brother-in-law, Thomas Paulet, for inciting others to steal a goshawk from him; Paulet admitting to having confronted Puttenham with a dagger and wounding him twice. His circle of enemies notedly widened when Lady Windsor separated from him, suing him for divorce in 1566.

Domestic disputes and later legal troubles
Much of the information known about Puttenham's later personal and professional life stems from court records of the dissolution of his marriage and of his attempt to get out of debt by wresting control of Sherfield House from his niece Anne Morris and her husband, Francis. These documents paint a troubled picture of Puttenham as a compulsive adulterer, a serial rapist and a wife-beater. In addition he seems to have followed his elder brother's precedent in having at least one child with his maidservants. One he took to Flanders and abandoned. One of the more lascivious stories asserts that when Puttenham was forty-three, he had his servant kidnap a 17-year-old girl in London and bring her to his farm at Upton Grey near Sherfield, where he raped her and kept her locked up for three years.

While the veracity of these court records should reasonably be questioned (given the particularly nasty nature of Puttenham's divorce and the tendency of early modern court cases to present the most fantastical accounts of their participants), surprisingly little was said in defence of Puttenham's character.  It is, perhaps, telling that the neutral observer Richard Horne, Bishop of Winchester, reacted with surprise and disdain to Puttenham's appointment as a Justice of the Peace, writing to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, hoping that it "be not true, for his evil life is well knowne."

In 1579 he presented to Elizabeth I his Partheniades (printed in a collection of manuscript Ballads by F. J. Furnivall), and he wrote the treatise in question especially for the delectation of the queen and her ladies. He mentions nine other works of his, none of which are extant. Puttenham is said to have been implicated in a plot against Lord Burghley in 1570 and in December 1578 was imprisoned. In 1585 he received reparation from the privy council for alleged wrongs suffered at the hands of his relations. His will is dated 1 September 1590.

Authorship of The Arte of English Poesie
The Arte of English Poesie was entered at Stationers' Hall in 1588, and published in the following year with a dedicatory letter to Lord Burghley written by the printer Richard Field, who professed ignorance of the writer's name and position. However, alterations to the text made during the press run indicate that the author must have been alive and that Field must have known his identity. The first reference to the work was made in the preface to Sir John Harrington's translation of Orlando Furioso (1591) in reaction to Puttenham's view of translators as mere versifiers. Harrington disparages Puttenham's assertion that poetry is an art rather than a gift, holding up Puttenham's own poetry as proof because "he sheweth himself so slender a gift in it." Although Harrington does not name Puttenham, in a surviving manuscript note concerning the publication of his own book, he asks Field to publish it "in the same print that Putnams book is", which he did.

In an essay published in the second edition of William Camden's Remaines (1614), Richard Carew writes, "look into our Imitations of all sorts of verses by any other language, and you shall finde that Sir Phillip Sidney, Maister Puttenham, Maister Stanihurst, and divers more have made use how farre wee are within compasse of a fore imagined impossibility in that behalfe". Around the same time, in his Hypercritica (not published until 1722), Edmund Bolton writes of "the elegant, witty, and artificial book of the Art of English Poetrie, (the work as the fame is) of one of [Queen Elizabeth's] Gentleman Pensioners, Puttenham". Since Puttenham received two leases in reversion from the queen in 1588, this seems to clearly identify him as the author.

Certain biographical details in The Arte may point to a Puttenham as the author. He was educated at Oxford, and at the age of 18 he addressed an eclogue entitled Elpine to Edward VI. In his youth he had visited Spain, France, and Italy, and was better acquainted with foreign courts than with his own.

There is no direct evidence beyond Bolton's ascription to identify the author with George or Richard Puttenham, the sons of Robert Puttenham and his wife Margaret, the sister of Sir Thomas Elyot, who dedicated his treatise on the Education or Bringing up of Children to her for the benefit of her sons. Furthermore, since Bolton's ascription occurs 15 years after George's death and four after Richard's neither man would have been able to either accept or reject the attribution.  Both made unhappy marriages, were constantly engaged in litigation, and were frequently in disgrace. One fact that points towards George's authorship is that Richard was in prison when the book was licensed to be printed, and when he made his will in 1597 he was in the Queen's Bench Prison. He was buried, according to John Payne Collier, at St. Clement Danes, London, on 2 July 1601.  Richard Puttenham is known to have spent much of his time abroad, whereas George is only known to have left England a single time, to get the deed for Sherfield House from his brother. This agrees better with the writer's account of himself; but if the statement that he addressed Elpine to Edward VI when he was 18 years of age be taken to imply that the production of this work fell within that king's reign, the date of the author's birth cannot be placed anterior to 1529. At the date (1546) of his inheritance of his uncle, Sir Thomas Elyot's estates, Richard Puttenham was proved in an inquisition held at Newmarket to have been twenty-six years old.  The history of the Puttenhams is discussed in H. H. S. Croft's edition of Elyot's Boke called the Cover nour. A careful investigation brought him to the conclusion that the evidence was in favour of Richard. There are other modern editions of the book, notably one in Joseph Haslewood's Ancient Critical Essays (1811–1815). For editions with critical apparatus see Willcock and Walker's Cambridge edition of 1936 and Whigham and Rebhorn's new critical edition (Cornell UP, 2007).

The Arte of English Poesie
Whoever the author may have been, there is no doubt about the importance of the work, which is the most systematic and comprehensive treatise of the time on its subject. It is "contrived into three books: the first of poets and poesies, the second of proportion, the third of ornament." Puttenham's book covers a general history of the art of poetry, and a discussion of the various forms of poetry; the second treats of prosody, dealing in turn with the measures in use in English verse, the caesura, punctuation, rhyme, accent, cadence, proportion in figure, which the author illustrates by geometrical diagrams, and the proposed innovations of English quantitative verse; the section on ornament deals with style, the distinctions between written and spoken language, the figures of speech; and the author closes with lengthy observations on good manners. He deprecates the use of archaisms, and although he allows that the purer Saxon speech is spoken beyond the Trent, he advises the English writer to take as his model the usual speech of the court, of London and the home counties.

Book I, "Of Poets and Poesie", contains a remarkably credible history of poetry in Greek, Latin and in English. All subjects, including science and law, were in primitive times written in verse, and the types of poetry number in the dozens. Because it is decorated with versification and figures of speech, poetry is a more persuasive and melodious form of language, and is very much given to structure and accuracy. The countless examples of dignities and promotions given to poets throughout history, and the numerous examples of royal poets, show up the ignorance of Renaissance courtiers who suppress their poetry or publish under a pseudonym.

In Book II, "Of Proportion Poetical", Puttenham compares metrical form to arithmetical, geometrical, and musical pattern. He adduces five points to English verse structure: the "Staffe", the "Measure", "Concord or Symphony", "Situation" and "Figure".

The staff, or stanza, is four to ten lines that join without intermission and finish up all of the sentences thereof. Each length of stanza suits a poetic tone and genre. Each is overlaid by a closed rhyme scheme. This latter, termed "band" (65) and "enterlacement" (70), is of primary concern to Puttenham. He views English as having solely a syllabic system of measure, or metre. The length of lines may alternate in patterns that support the rhyme scheme, and so increase the band. Syllabic length is a factor but accentuation is not. Caesura should occur at the same place in every line; it helps to keep up distinctness and clarity, two virtues of civil language.

"Concord, called Symphonie or rime" (76) is an accommodation made for the lack of metrical feet in English versification. The matching of line lengths, rhymed at the end, in symmetrical patterns, is a further accommodation. A number of graphs are shown to illustrate the variety of rhyme schemes and line-length patterns, or situation. The poet who can work melodiously within the strictures of versification proves a "crafts master", a valuable literary virtue. Proportion in figure is the composition of stanzas in graphic forms ranging from the rhombus to the spire.

Book III, "Of Ornament", which comprises a full half of the Arte, is a catalogue of figures of speech, in the tradition of Richard Sherry, Henry Peacham, Abraham Fraunce and Angel Day. Since language is inherently artificial, and "not naturall to man" (120), the added artifice of figures is particularly suitable.  Figures give more "pithe and substance, subtilitie, quicknesse, efficacie or moderation, in this or that sort tuning and tempring them by amplification, abridgement, opening, closing, enforcing, meekening or otherwise disposing them to the best purpose ..." (134). From page 136 to 225, Puttenham lists and analyses figures of speech. His book concludes with a lengthy analysis of "decency", and the artificial and natural dimensions of language.

Influence of The Arte of English Poesie
Many later "poetics" are indebted to this book. The original edition is very rare. Edward Arber's reprint (1869) contains a clear summary of the various documents with regard to the authorship of this treatise.  According to Puttenham, presumptive author of The Arte of English Poesie, Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, "trauailed into Italie" (49) and brought back the verse forms that make them "the first reformers of our English meter and stile" (49). The introduction of these new Italian forms in turn necessitated the flurry of Renaissance poetry manuals, by George Gascoigne, Samuel Daniel, Charles Webb and Sir Philip Sidney, in addition to Puttenham's Arte.  There is currently debate about Puttenham's relative authority in comparison to these other figures.

References

Further reading
 Steven W. May, "George Puttenham's Lewd and Illicit Career," Texas Studies in Literature and Language 2008.
 Frank Whigham and Wayne A. Rebhorn (eds.). The Art of English Poesy: A Critical Edition Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2007.
 Walter Nash, "George Puttenham," The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, Second Series, Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 229–248.
 G. D. Willcock & A. Walker, eds., The Arte of English Poesie, Cambridge: University Press, 1936, pp. ix–cii.
 W. K. Boyd, ed., Vol. 9 of Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, 1547–1603, Glasgow: Hedderwick, 1915, pp. 356–388.
 John Bruce & Allan James Crosby, eds., Accounts and papers Relating to Mary Queen of Scots, Westminster: Nichols & Sons, 1867, pp. 257–279.

External links

 Steven W. May, 'Puttenham, George (1529–1590/91)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 8 November 2007
 The Arte of English Poesie online from the Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library

1529 births
1590 deaths
English literary critics
Rhetoric theorists
People from Sherfield on Loddon
English rapists
British kidnappers
Incidents of domestic violence
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers

George Puttenham


The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), also called the golden lion marmoset is a small, squirrel-sized monkey with a lion-like mane.

Tamarins live in small family groups. They are diurnal (most active during the day); at night, they rest in the cavity of a tree. The life span is about 15 years. They are in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat as their forest home is being cleared. These tamarins are arboreal (they live in trees). They live in coastal tropical rainforests in eastern Brazil of South America. Lion Tamarins take their name from their impressive manes—thick rings from Africa great cats lions.  The golden lion tamarin may be the most beautiful of the four lion tamarin species. Its golden hair frames a charismatic black face and covers its small body and tail.Despite their name, these rare primates have far more in common with their monkey relatives than any feline.

Diet
The golden lion tamarin is an omnivore (eating both animals and plants); it eats insects, fruit, small snakes, lizards, snails, spiders, and vegetables. Tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees.

New World monkeys
Mammals of South America

Golden lion tamarin


The Magic Riddle is a 1991 Australian animated musical feature film written and directed by Yoram Gross. The film tells the story of Cindy, an orphan who lives as an indentured servant to her cruel stepmother, and features elements of famous fairytales including Cinderella, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Little Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty and Pinocchio. Robyn Moore provides the voice of Cindy and various other characters. It was panned by critics, and accused of borrowing from several other Disney films.

Plot
Cindy, short for Cinderella, lives with her widowed stepmother and two stepsisters, Bertha and Ertha. Cindy is forced to do all of the housework and is effectively a servant. The widow hates Cindy because when her late Grandfather died, he hid his will which the widow knows passes all the family inheritance to Cindy. The widow purposely keeps Cindy busy so that she won't find the will, giving the widow time to find it first. The widow is also planning to marry her favorite daughter, Bertha, to a handsome young man named Phillipe, though he is smitten with Cindy.

One night, Cindy falls asleep before finishing her chores, but an old lady sneaks into the house to finish the chores for her. Ertha, Cindy's kinder stepsister, encounters the old lady, who reveals that she is Cindy's Grandmother, and was kicked out of the house by the widow after Grandfather died. The same thing happens the following night, but the widow wakes up and chases Grandmother away. Ertha, who witnessed everything, tells Cindy about it.

The widow is afraid that Grandmother will help Cindy find the will. Following the advice of her magic mirror, the widow puts on a salesman disguise and visits Grandmother in the woods, tricking her into entering The Castle of a Hundred Doors, from which there is no escape. Cindy, dressed in a red riding hood, arrives at Grandmother's cottage too late and is chased away by a "wolf", which is actually the widow in disguise.

Cindy sits by a lake, telling her hopes to an ugly duckling, unaware that Phillippe is listening. Phillippe reveals himself and gives her a ring as a token, but their meeting is interrupted by the widow, who orders Cindy to work. While in the barn, Cindy discovers the widow's wolf costume and realizes what happened. Bertha, who is jealous of Cindy, chases the pigs away from the farm and blames Cindy for it. Ertha advises Cindy to escape to Grandmother's cottage, which she does. There Cindy discovers seven wooden dwarfs and one wooden puppet Pinocchio. They come alive when she kisses them, and they tell her that widow took Grandmother away.

The widow wants Cindy back at the house working for her. She discovers Cindy's music box and decides to lure her back by holding a masked ball. Cindy wants to go, as it is a chance to see Phillippe. The dwarfs make her a costume, but warn her that since her mask is made of snow it will melt at midnight. At the ball, Cindy's disguise works and she gets to dance with Phillippe. Meanwhile, Ertha and Pinocchio dance together. When the clock strikes twelve, Cindy's disguise melts and she runs away to escape the widow, her friends following close behind.

When the widow mocks Ertha for falling for Pinocchio, Ertha retaliates by telling Phillippe that Cindy can be found at Grandmother's house. He heads out to find her, but finds the Castle of a Hundred Doors instead. The dwarfs also find the Castle, but they too get lost inside and unable to escape.

The widow goes to the cottage wearing another disguise devised by her magic mirror, this time pretending to be Pinocchio's mother. The widow hypnotises Cindy with a magic apple to fall asleep, and in the commotion the widow accidentally falls into a well. Pinocchio, now alone, searches for help and stumbles upon the Castle. When he enters, one of his shoes is caught on a nail and starts to unravel. Eventually Grandmother is found, and everyone groups up and follows the trail out.

When they arrive back at the cottage, Cindy is woken up by a kiss from Phillippe. Grandmother explains to Cindy about the will, and that the answer is in his Magic Riddle, a poem which ends with: "Only Pinocchio knows". It turns out that the will is inside Pinocchio's nose. Grandmother reads the will, confirming that all of Grandfather's possessions go to Cindy. Cindy and Phillippe's wedding is held at what used to be the widow's house. After the celebrations, the dwarfs and Pinocchio turn back into wood, their task completed. But when Ertha kisses Pinocchio, he comes back to life to be with her.

Voice cast
Robyn Moore as Cindy, Ertha, Bertha, Grandmother, The Widow.
Keith Scott as Philippe, Pinocchio, The Seven Dwarfs.
Ross Higgins as Philippe's singing voice.

Music
 "When I Was Just a Little Girl"
 "Cindy Do It Now"
 "Mean Mean Mean"
 "I Will Find the Will"
 "My Darling Daughters"
 "Sisters Sisters"
 "Oh Silver Bright Reflection"
 "Now How Did It Go"
 "Grandma Dear Grandma"
 "Try Not to Cry So"
 "Pig Song"
 "I'm Alive"
 "Girl in the Snow White Dress"
 "Cinderella's Wedding Day"
 "Ordinary Miracles" (plays over end credits) - Julie Anthony

An official soundtrack was released in July 1992 by Alhambra Records; however, it features a different song order than the film proper.
 "Ordinary Miracles" - Julie Anthony
 "When I Was Just a Little Girl"
 "I Will Find the Will"
 "Mean Mean Mean"
 "My Darling Daughters"
 "Sisters Sisters"
 "Cindy Do It Now"
 "Try Not to Cry So"
 "Pig Song"
 "Oh Silver Bright Reflection"
 "Grandma Dear Grandma"
 "Now How Did It Go"
 "Girl in the Snow White Dress"
 "I'm Alive"
 "Cinderella's Wedding Day"
 "Instrumental Score Excerpts"

Release
The Magic Riddle was released in Australia on September 19, 1991. The film was also given a theatrical release in the Philippines, with an advanced screening held at the Shangri-La Plaza's The Cinema on January 2, 1994.

Box office
The Magic Riddle grossed $1,510,536 at the box office in Australia.

Reception
The film received largely negative reviews from critics, who criticized the screenplay, animation, music and story. It has also been accused of being a blatant rip-off of several Disney films. However, despite its critical failure, the film has gained a cult following over the years.

References

External links

The Magic Riddle at the National Film and Sound Archive
The Magic Riddle Soundtrack on Amazon.co.uk
The Magic Riddle at Oz Movies

1991 animated films
1991 films
Australian animated fantasy films
Australian children's musical films
Fairy tale parody films
Films about weddings
Films based on Charles Perrault's Cinderella
Animated films based on Cinderella
Animated films based on Little Red Riding Hood
Australian independent films
Animated musical films
Films directed by Yoram Gross
Films scored by Guy Gross
1990s children's animated films
1990s Australian animated films
1990s English-language films
Flying Bark Productions films

The Magic Riddle


The Pont Alexandre III is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris. It connects the Champs-Élysées quarter with those of the Invalides and Eiffel Tower. The bridge is widely regarded as the most ornate, extravagant bridge in the city. It has been classified as a French monument historique since 1975.

History
The Beaux-Arts style bridge, with its exuberant Art Nouveau lamps, cherubs, nymphs and winged horses at either end, was built between 1896 and 1900. It is named after Tsar Alexander III of Russia, who had concluded the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1892. His son Nicholas II laid the foundation stone in October 1896. The style of the bridge reflects that of the Grand Palais, to which it leads on the right bank.

The construction of the bridge is a marvel of 19th century engineering, consisting of a  high single span steel arch. The design, by the architects  and Gaston Cousin, was constrained by the need to keep the bridge from obscuring the view of the Champs-Élysées or the Invalides.

The bridge was built by the engineers Jean Résal and . It was inaugurated in 1900 for the Exposition Universelle (universal exhibition) World's Fair, as were the nearby Grand Palais and Petit Palais.

Sculptures

Numerous sculptors provided the sculptures that feature prominently on the bridge.

Fames
Four gilt-bronze statues of Fames watch over the bridge, supported on massive  masonry socles, that provide stabilizing counterweight for the arch, without interfering with monumental views. The socles are crowned by Fames restraining Pegasus.

On the Right Bank: Renommée des Sciences ("Fame of the Sciences") and the Renommée des Arts ("Fame of the Arts"), both by Emmanuel Frémiet. At their bases, La France Contemporaine ("Contemporary France") by Gustave Michel and France de Charlemagne ("France of Charlemagne") by . The lions groups are by Georges Gardet.
On the Left Bank: Renommée du Commerce ("Fame of Commerce") by  and Renommée de l'Industrie ("Fame of Industry") by . At their bases, France de la Renaissance ("France of the Renaissance") by Jules Coutan and La France de Louis XIV ("France of Louis XIV") by Laurent Marqueste. The lions groups are by Jules Dalou.

Nymphs

The nymph reliefs are at the centres of the arches over the Seine, memorials to the Franco-Russian Alliance. The Nymphs of the Seine has a relief of the arms of Paris, and faces the Nymphs of the Neva with the arms of Imperial Russia. They are both executed in hammered copper over forms by Georges Récipon.

In the same political spirit, the Trinity Bridge in Saint Petersburg was conceived as a memorial to the Franco-Russian Alliance. It was designed by Gustave Eiffel, and the first stone was laid in August 1897 by French president Félix Faure.

Cultural associations

 Films and videos
 In the 1956 film Anastasia, the final battle takes place at the bridge.
 The Moody Blues' first music video footage for the song "Nights in White Satin" was shot two times with two scenes throughout the middle and the ending of the song in 1967.
 In the 1979 film French Postcards, the final romantic scene takes place on the bridge.
 In the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill, Bond comes to a halt at the bridge in a hijacked taxi. Moments later, Bond jumps from the bridge onto a boat.
 In the 1997 animated film Anastasia, the bridge is damaged by Rasputin in an attempt to kill Anastasia, who in real life was the granddaughter of Alexander III of Russia. Ironically, his downfall and ultimate death take place on the same bridge.
 In the 1998 film Ronin, the spy team meets some arms dealers under the bridge on the Right Bank.
 In the 2004 film A Very Long Engagement, Marion Cotillard's character kills the character played by François Levantal under the bridge.
 In the 2005 film Angel-A it is the Pont Alexandre III from which Angela and André jump into the Seine.
In the 2006 music video for Mariah Carey's hit single "Say Somethin'" with Pharrell and Snoop Dogg.
 In the 2006 episode "Cold Stones" of The Sopranos, Carmela Soprano and her friend Rosalie Aprile walk in wonderment over the bridge.
 In the 2011 film Midnight in Paris, the bridge is depicted in multiple scenes, including the final one.
 Adele's music video for the song "Someone Like You" was shot on the bridge in 2011.
 In the 2016 film Me Before You, the closing shot was filmed near the northeast corner of the bridge.
 In the 2016 Bollywood film Befikre, the song "Nashe si Chadh Gayi" was shot on the river bank by the bridge.
 The 2018 film Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald features a sequence with the main character, Newt Scamander, capturing an escaped magical creature known as a Zouwu on the bridge.
 In the 2020 Netflix Original TV series Emily in Paris, Savoir, the French marketing firm where Emily works, films a perfume advertisement here with their client, Maison Lavaux.
 Jung Jaehyun (NCT) was shooting a music video for his cover version of the 2017 song "I Like Me Better" by Lauv.

Musicals
 In the 2017 Broadway musical Anastasia, based on the 1997 film, the bridge is seen in the second half of the musical and in the closing scene. Anastasia was the granddaughter of Alexander III, who is mentioned in the musical.

Sports
In June 2017, with Paris competing against Los Angeles to host the 2024 Olympics, Paris turned some of its world-famous landmarks over to sports and installed diving boards on the Alexandre III bridge that spanned the Seine.

Gallery

See also
 List of bridges in France

References

External links

 Pont Alexandre III
 Alexandre III Bridge, current photographs and of the 1900s.

Alexandre III
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Alexandre
Alexandre
Exposition Universelle (1900)
Monuments historiques of Paris
Art Nouveau architecture in Paris
Beaux-Arts architecture in France
Historicist architecture in France
World's fair architecture in Paris
Alexandre
Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris
1900 establishments in France

Pont Alexandre III


Fright Night is a 2011 American supernatural horror comedy film directed by Craig Gillespie and produced by Michael De Luca and Alison Rosenzweig. A remake of Tom Holland's 1985 film, the film's screenplay was adapted by Marti Noxon. It stars Anton Yelchin, Colin Farrell, Toni Collette, Imogen Poots, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, and David Tennant. The plot follows a teenaged boy who discovers that his neighbor is actually a vampire, which culminates in a battle between the two. The film held its world premiere at The O2 in London on August 14, 2011. It was released in the United States by Touchstone Pictures on August 19, 2011.

Upon its release, Fright Night grossed $41 million against a production budget of $30 million. It received generally positive reviews, with many praising its humor and performances, notably Farrell.

Plot
Charley Brewster is a teenager living in a suburb of Las Vegas, Nevada, who discovers that a new neighbor has moved in next door. Charley's old best friend, Edward "Evil Ed" Lee, informs him that many students have gone missing, including their other childhood friend, Adam Johnson. When Charley goes home after school, his mother, Jane, introduces him to Jerry Dandrige, their new neighbor. Fed-up and angry with Ed after he claims that Jerry is a vampire, Charley tells him that he is crazy and that he does not want to be friends anymore.

On his way home, Ed is confronted by Jerry, who claims that he has been watching Ed and has been aware of Ed watching him. Jerry soon chases Ed into a nearby pool and convinces him into believing that his life would be much better if he were a vampire. Ed succumbs and willingly allows Jerry to bite him. The next day, Charley realizes that Ed is missing and decides to investigate, starting to believe Ed's claims when he discovers video recordings of objects moving on their own, with Ed's voiceover revealing that he is recording Jerry to prove that his reflection does not show up in recordings. As Jerry begins to attack more people throughout the neighborhood, Charley sneaks into Jerry's house and finds out that he keeps his victims in secret rooms. Charley goes to Las Vegas magician Peter Vincent, a supposed expert on vampires. Peter, however, does not take him seriously and kicks him out.

Jerry comes to Charley's house and sets fire to it. Charley, Jane, and his girlfriend, Amy Peterson, flee through the desert in their minivan. Jerry catches up with them but is wounded by Jane with a real estate sign stake. Jane is admitted to a hospital, where Charley is summoned by Peter who recognized the sigil from Jerry's house. Upon arriving at Peter's penthouse, they are informed that the species of vampire Jerry belongs to is cannibalistic when Ed turns up. By now, Ed has been fully transformed into a vampire and he aids Jerry in attacking Charley, Amy, and Peter. As they fight, Ed lets all of his anger out and Charley reluctantly kills Ed. Meanwhile, Amy shoots Jerry with silver bullets, which are rather ineffective, but then injures Jerry with holy water. They then run into a club, where they get separated in the crowd. Amy is kissed and bitten by Jerry, who proceeds to abduct her.

Peter refuses to help Charley and reveals that both of his parents were killed by a vampire (later revealed to be Jerry himself). He does, however, give Charley a stake blessed by Saint Michael that will kill Jerry and turn all of his victims back into humans. Charley goes to Jerry's house, where Peter decides to join him after all.

They are led into Jerry's basement, where they are attacked by many of Jerry's victims, including Amy. Charley confronts Amy and she explains how they can be with each other forever. Just as she is about to bite Charley, he stabs her, intentionally missing her heart, and then escaping. Meanwhile, Peter is ambushed by Jerry and many of his victims. Peter is able to kill a few before his weapon backfires. Charley returns to the basement, only to see Peter being fed on by the remaining vampires. He decides to shoot holes in the roof, from which sunlight shines in and kills them. The patch of sunlight guards both Charley and Peter from the vampires who had not been destroyed. Jerry appears, explaining that Charley's quest is, in fact, over. Charley, having outfitted himself in a flame-retardant suit, has Peter light him on fire and tackles Jerry just as Amy is feeding on him. A struggle between the two ensues while the other vampires watch. Peter assists him by shooting another hole in the floor above to allow more sunlight in. This burns Jerry, and Peter tosses Charley the stake he had dropped. Charley quickly stabs Jerry in his visible heart, killing him, and returning his victims to their human form. Afterwards, Jane recovers and goes to shop for a new house, as Charley and Amy have sex in Peter's penthouse.

Cast
 Anton Yelchin as Charley Brewster
 Colin Farrell as Jerry
 Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Edward "Evil Ed" Lee
 David Tennant as Peter Vincent
 Imogen Poots as Amy Peterson
 Toni Collette as Jane Brewster
 Dave Franco as Mark
 Reid Ewing as Ben
 Will Denton as Adam Johnson
 Sandra Vergara as Ginger
 Emily Montague As Doris
 Lisa Loeb as Victoria Lee
 Brian Huskey as Rick Lee
 Grace Phipps as Bee
 Dee Bradley Baker as Vampires (vocals)

Chris Sarandon, who portrayed Jerry in the original film, makes a cameo appearance as a motorist killed by the vampire (his character is credited as "Jay Dee", after the initials of his original character).

Production
Principal photography of Charley, Ed and Jerry's houses and neighborhood began in Rio Rancho, New Mexico, a suburb Northwest of Albuquerque, New Mexico, the scenes of Peter Vincent on stage were shot at the National Hispanic Cultural Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico and the scenes involving the Hard Rock Casino, Las Vegas were actually shot at the now defunct Hard Rock Casino, Isleta, New Mexico, with Las Vegas set as the backdrop on July 26, 2010, and wrapped on October 1, 2010. Fright Night was produced by DreamWorks Pictures and distributed worldwide by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the Touchstone Pictures label. The film was the first of two collaborations between Anton Yelchin and Imogen Poots, with the second and final being Green Room.

Steven Spielberg provided a great deal of input in the making of the film, such as storyboarding scenes and assistance with editing.

Soundtrack

Ramin Djawadi composed the score to the film.

Track listing

Release

Although the film received a wide release in the United States on August 19, 2011, an advance screening took place at San Diego Comic-Con International on July 22, 2011.

Home media
The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray 3D, DVD, and digital download on December 13, 2011. The release was produced in three different physical packages: a 3-disc combo pack (Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD with Digital Copy); a 2-disc combo pack (Blu-ray Disc and DVD); and a one-disc DVD. The film was also released digitally in 3D, high definition, and standard definition. The DVD version will include the "Gag Reel" and "Squid Man – Extended and Uncut" bonus features, as well as an uncensored music video for Kid Cudi's song "No One Believes Me". The digital download version will include the same features as the DVD version, plus "Live in Las Vegas: An Interview with Peter Vincent" and "The Official 'How to Make a Funny Vampire Movie' Guide" bonus features. Both the 2-disc and 3-disc combo packs will include five deleted scenes with introductions by director Gillespie, a gag reel, an uncensored music video for "No One Believes Me", "Squid Man – Extended & Uncut", "Peter Vincent: Swim Inside My Mind", "The Official 'How to Make a Funny Vampire Movie' Guide" and "Frightful Facts & Terrifying Trivia" bonus features.

Reception

Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 72% based on 178 reviews, and an average rating of 6.28/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It may not have been necessary to remake the 1985 cult classic, but the new Fright Night benefits from terrific performances by Colin Farrell and David Tennant – and it's smart, funny, and stylishly gory to boot." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 64 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Robert Koehler of Variety writes, Fright Night has "a cleverly balanced mix of scares and laughs".

Box office
Fright Night opened in number six in the box office. The film grossed $7,714,388 in its opening weekend and finished with a domestic grossing of $18,302,607 and $22,700,000 in other countries, giving a worldwide total of $41,002,607 against its $30 million budget.

Accolades

Homage sequel
A straight-to-video homage sequel titled Fright Night 2: New Blood was filmed in Romania. It stars Will Payne, Jaime Murray, Sean Power, Sacha Parkinson, and Chris Waller. The film was released direct to DVD on October 1, 2013. Though billed as a sequel, the film repeats the plot of the original and remake, with none of the 2011 cast, and no reference is made to events in the previous film (for example, the character of Evil Ed, killed in Fright Night, is alive in the "sequel").

See also
 Vampire film
 List of films set in Las Vegas

Notes

References

External links

2011 films
2011 3D films
2011 comedy horror films
2010s English-language films
2010s teen horror films
2010s supernatural horror films
American 3D films
American comedy horror films
American teen horror films
Comedy film remakes
DreamWorks Pictures films
Films directed by Craig Gillespie
Films produced by Michael De Luca
Films scored by Ramin Djawadi
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in New Mexico
Films with screenplays by Marti Noxon
Fright Night (franchise)
Horror film remakes
Reliance Entertainment films
Remakes of American films
Teen film remakes
Touchstone Pictures films
2010s American films

Fright Night (2011 film)


Pizzicato means:  playing a string instrument by plucking the strings (pulling a string with the finger and letting go quickly).  Instruments such as the violin, viola, cello and double bass are normally played with a bow, but if the composer wants the player to pluck instead of bow, the word "pizzicato" or just "pizz" is written in the music.  When the player has to play with the bow again the word "arco" is written in the music ("arco" is the Italian word for "bow").

How to play pizzicato
When instruments of the violin family are played pizzicato the player usually plucks the string with the index finger (pointing finger) of the right hand somewhere over the fingerboard. Bassists typically use the index and middle finger. Sometimes the player may rest the thumb on the edge of the fingerboard to keep the hand steady. Sometimes more fingers can be used for particularly fast pizzicato sections.  Cellists and double bass players can use the thumb for plucking, especially for playing chords.

It is also possible to play pizzicato with the left hand (the hand which is normally doing the fingering).  It is not difficult to pluck an open string with the left hand.  Stopped strings are harder, and the brilliant violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini wrote some virtuoso pieces with extremely difficult left hand pizzicato.

Very occasionally violinists may be asked to pluck their instruments holding them down in their laps.  This is normally when they are deliberately imitating a guitar.

Very often players have to change very quickly from bowing to plucking and back again.  It is easy to play a bowed note and then immediately a plucked note if the bowed note finished near the heel of the bow (the end where the bow is held).  If the bowed note finishes near the tip the player needs a moment to get the hand ready to pluck.   It can take a little more time to go back to bowing again because the player has to get the bow back into playing position.

If there is a long pizzicato section then it is more comfortable to put the bow down instead of holding it in the right hand all the time.  This is fine so long as the player has time to pick the bow up again when it goes back to arco.

The sound of pizzicato
Pizzicato notes sound short and detached (staccato).  The player can get different sounds by plucking in different parts of the string.  High notes sound very short and dry.  Pizzicato notes on the double bass sound much more resonant (big and boomy).  Double basses often play pizzicato to give extra rhythmic and harmonic support.  For example: in a waltz the cellos and violas might be accompanying  the tune with an "um-cha-cha, um-cha-cha" while the double basses just pluck on the "um" (the first beat of the bar).  Double basses usually play pizzicato when playing with jazz groups.

One special effect can be made by pulling the string hard and letting it go so that it snaps against the fingerboard.   Bartók used this effect several times.  This is not the same as jazz bass players who slap the strings at the end of a note ("slap bass").

Pizzicato in music history
In orchestras composers used pizzicato in the 17th century.  Monteverdi used it in his opera Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda.  In the 19th century the Romantic composers often asked for pizzicato.  Tchaikovsky's Symphony no 4 has a whole scherzo movement for pizzicato strings.  Johann Strauss wrote a Pizzicato Polka and in the 20th century Britten wrote a whole movement for pizzicato strings in his Simple Symphony.

Musical performance techniques

Pizzicato


The Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG (VSt or Vestag, United Steelworks) was a German industrial conglomerate producing coal, iron, and steel in the interbellum and during World War II.

Founded in 1926, economic pressures (decreasing prices and excess capacities) led to the union of several companies, including Thyssen AG, , Rheinische Stahlwerke, Rhein-Elbe-Union GmbH, , , and . This group united of most German iron, steel and coal producers but did not include Hoesch AG, Krupp AG, Klöckner-Werke, , and Mannesmann.

The company was headquartered in Düsseldorf. During the 1930s, VSt was one of the biggest German companies and, at times, also the largest steel producer in Europe. With up to about 250,000 workers, it produced about 40% of the steel and 20% of the coal produced in Germany. Chief executive officer (chief of the Vorstand) was initially Albert Vögler, until 1935. He was succeeded (1935−1943) as CEO by Ernst Poensgen, descendant of the Rhenish industrial family Poensgen and cofounder of the "Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG" in 1926. Fritz Thyssen was chairman of the board (Aufsichtsrat).

In 1932, as a result of the effects of the Great Depression, part of the company was nationalized to prevent bankruptcy. The Weimar government bought stock valued at 25 million Reichsmark (RM) for 99 million RM. This transaction like the similar Gelsenberg affair led to a public outcry. According to Heinrich Brüning the company then went on to support the Nazi party with 500,000 RM for the 1932 elections. The Nazi government re-privatized the stocks four years later so that the Vst achieved a net win of 33 million RM. The Vst became a major contributor in supplying materiel and munitions to the war effort. However, as the Vst was unable to fulfill the demands of the Nazi government, another steelworks, the Reichswerke Hermann Göring, was founded in Salzgitter.

During World War II, most of the production facilities were destroyed by bombing, and after the war, the company was dismantled. From the residuals several companies were founded in the Federal Republic of Germany after 1951, including , August Thyssen-Hütte AG, , and .

References

The start of this article is based on the corresponding article of the German Wikipedia, accessed 2/13/2008.

Bibliography
 Alexander Donges: Die Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG im Nationalsozialismus. Konzernpolitik zwischen Marktwirtschaft und Staatswirtschaft. Reihe: Familie – Unternehmen – Öffentlichkeit: Thyssen im 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 1. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2014, .
 Alfred Reckendrees: Das "Stahltrust"-Projekt. Die Gründung der Vereinigte Stahlwerke A.G. und ihre Unternehmensentwicklung 1926-1933/34. Schriftenreihe zur Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte, 5. München: C. H. Beck Verlag, 2000. .

External links

Conglomerate companies established in 1926
Manufacturing companies based in Düsseldorf
Defunct companies of Germany
Mining companies of Germany
Steel companies of Germany
Conglomerate companies disestablished in 1948
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1926
Manufacturing companies established in 1926
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1948
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1948
German companies established in 1926
1948 disestablishments in Germany
Companies of Prussia
Economy of Nazi Germany

Vereinigte Stahlwerke


Saul Leiter  (December 3, 1923 – November 26, 2013) was an American photographer and painter whose early work in the 1940s and 1950s was an important contribution to what came to be recognized as the New York school of photography.

Life and work
Saul Leiter was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father was a well known Talmud scholar and Saul studied to become a rabbi. His mother gave him his first camera at age 12. At age 23, he left theology school and moved to New York City to become an artist. He had developed an early interest in painting and was fortunate to meet the Abstract Expressionist painter Richard Pousette-Dart.

Pousette-Dart and W. Eugene Smith encouraged Leiter to pursue photography and he was soon taking black and white pictures with a 35 mm Leica, which he acquired for a few Eugene Smith prints. In 1948, he started taking color photographs. He began associating with other contemporary photographers such as Robert Frank and Diane Arbus and helped form what Jane Livingston has termed the New York School of photographers during the 1940s and 1950s.

Leiter worked as a fashion photographer for the next 20 years and was published in Show, Elle, British Vogue, Queen, and Nova. In the late 1950s the art director Henry Wolf published Leiter's color fashion work in Esquire and later in Harper's Bazaar.

Edward Steichen included Leiter's black and white photographs in the exhibition Always the Young Stranger at the Museum of Modern Art in 1953. Leiter's work is featured prominently in Jane Livingston's book The New York School (1992) and in Martin Harrison's Appearances: Fashion Photography since 1945 (1991). In 2008, The Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation in Paris mounted Leiter's first museum exhibition in Europe with an accompanying catalog.

Leiter is the subject of a 2012 feature-length documentary In No Great Hurry - 13 Lessons in Life with Saul Leiter, directed and produced by Tomas Leach. Leiter is a featured subject, among others, in the documentary film Tracing Outlines (2015) by 2nd State Productions.

Martin Harrison, editor and author of Saul Leiter Early Color (2006), writes, "Leiter's sensibility . . . placed him outside the visceral confrontations with urban anxiety associated with photographers such as Robert Frank or William Klein. Instead, for him the camera provided an alternate way of seeing, of framing events and interpreting reality. He sought out moments of quiet humanity in the Manhattan maelstrom, forging a unique urban pastoral from the most unlikely of circumstances."

Leiter died on 26 November 2013 in New York City.

Publications
Early Color. Introduction by Martin Harrison.
Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. .
Göttingen: Steidl, 2013. .
Saul Leiter.
Paris: Delpire, 2007. Photo Poche series.
London: Thames & Hudson, 2008. . Photofile series.
Early Black and White.
Göttingen: Steidl, 2008.
Göttingen: Steidl; Howard Greenberg Gallery, 2014. . Two volumes, boxed edition. By Max Kozloff, edited by Howard Greenberg and Bob Shamis with the assistance of Margit Erb, with an additional essay by Jane Livingston.
Saul Leiter. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. . Preface by Agnès Sire.
Photographs and Works on Paper. Antwerp: Fifty One Publication, 2011. . Exhibition Catalogue.
Saul Leiter Retrospektive.  Hamburg: Kehrer Verlag, 2012.
Here's more, why not?. Antwerp: Fifty One Publication, 2013. .
Painted Nudes. London: Sylph, 2015. .
All About Saul Leiter. Seigensha, 2017. Catalogue published to accompany an exhibition at the Bunkamura Museum of Art, Tokyo, 2017. Captions in English and Japanese.
 London: Thames & Hudson, 2018.
In My Room. Göttingen; Steidl, 2018.
Women. Tokyo: Space Shower, 2018. . Mostly photographs, some paintings.
East 10th Street. Antwerp: Fifty One Publication, 2019.
Forever Saul Leiter. London: Thames & Hudson, 2022.
The Unseen Saul Leiter. London: Thames & Hudson, 2022. . Previously unseen slides from Leiter archive, curated by Erb & Parillo.

Filmography
In No Great Hurry: 13 Lessons in Life with Saul Leiter (2013) – documentary about Leiter directed and produced by Tomas Leach; 75 mins

Solo exhibitions

1944: Ten Thirty Gallery, Cleveland.
1945: The Outlines Gallery, Pittsburgh.
1947: Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH.
1950s: Tanager Gallery, New York.
1954: Emerging Talent. Curated by Clement Greenberg. Samuel Koontz Gallery, New York.
1972: Midtown Y, New York.
1984: Gallery Lafayette, New York.
1985: Gallery Lafayette, New York.
1993: Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
1994: Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
1997: Saul Leiter, In Color. Martha Schneider Gallery, Chicago.
1997: Saul Leiter, In Color. Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
2004: Saul Leiter, In Color. Staton Greenberg Gallery, Santa Barbara.
2005: Saul Leiter, Early Color. Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
2006: The Fashion Photographs of Saul Leiter, Festival of Fashion Photography, Hyères, France.
2006: Saul Leiter, Color, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp.
2006: In Living Color, Photographs by Saul Leiter, Milwaukee Art Museum.
2007: Saul Leiter, Early Color, University of Maine Museum of Art, Bangor.
2008: Saul Leiter, Galerie Camera Obscura, Paris.
2008: Saul Leiter, Faggionato Fine Arts, London.
2008: Saul Leiter, Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
2008: Saul Leiter, Jackson Fine Art, Atlanta.
2008: Saul Leiter, Galleria C arla Sozzani, Milan.
2008: Saul Leiter, Foundation Henri Cartier-Bresson, Paris.
2009: Saul Leiter, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp.
2010: Saul Leiter, Mois de la Foto, Paris.
2011: Saul Leiter, New York Reflections, Jewish Historical Museum, Amsterdam.
2011: Saul Leiter, Early Color, Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne
2011: Saul Leiter, Photographs and works on paper, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp.
2012: Saul Leiter, Retrospective, Deichtorhallen Hamburg.
2013: Saul Leiter, Here's more, why not, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp.
2013: Saul Leiter, Black & white, Fifty One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp.
2013: Saul Leiter, Kunst Haus Wien.
2015: Homage to Saul Leiter, Fifty One gallery, Antwerp.

Collections

Leiter's work is held in the following public collections:
 Addison Gallery of American Art
 The Albertina Museum, Vienna
 Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth
 Art Institute of Chicago
 Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore
 Milwaukee Art Museum
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
 Museum of Modern Art, New York
 National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis
 Staatliche Museen Zu Berlin,
 Victoria & Albert Museum, London
 Whitney Museum of American Arts, New York

References

External links

 Saul Leiter Early Black and White Photo Book The Eye of Photography
 Saul Leiter interview at Photographers Speak
 18 photographs by Saul Leiter
 In No Great Hurry, a feature documentary about Saul Leiter by Tomas Leach
 'Coffee and conversation with photographer Saul Leiter' in 2008 by Visual Productions NYC

1923 births
2013 deaths
Artists from Pittsburgh
Photographers from Pennsylvania
American people of Jewish descent

Saul Leiter


Hasan Abdel Rahman (born 1944 in Surda, Ramallah, British Mandate Palestine) is a former Palestinian National Authority Ambassador to the United States of America and PNA Ambassador to the Kingdom of Morocco. Nominated by the PLO Executive Committee in 1983 to serve as the PLO's representative in Washington, D.C., from 1994 through 2005 he represented the Palestinian National Authority in the American capital. Amb. Abdel Rahman is currently the Executive Director and General Coordinator of the Arab-Latin American Forum and a senior advisor to the Global Foundation for Democracy and Development (FUNGLODE).

Ambassador Abdel Rahman began his academic career at Damascus University in the early 1960s. However, his active participation in the university's Palestinian student political movement brought him to the attention of the Syrian Mukhabarat, eventually forcing him to flee Syria in 1964 for Latin America. Ambassador Abdel Rahman ended up spending one year in Argentina and three years in Brazil before moving on to various Caribbean nations and eventually settling in Puerto Rico.

In 1971, Ambassador Abdel Rahman graduated from the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico with a bachelor's degree in political science and sociology. One year later, he earned a master's degree in public administration from the University of Puerto Rico. In 1972, Ambassador Abdel Rahman left for the United States where he was a doctoral candidate in political science from the City College of New York.

In 1974, Ambassador Abdel Rahman was hired by the PLO to help prepare for Yasser Arafat's historic address to the United Nations. When on November 22, 1974, the organization received formal observer status, Ambassador Abdel Rahman became its deputy representative in New York City. Just weeks prior to the announcement, Ambassador Abdel Rahman was the victim of a terrorist attack in his New York City offices by two armed members of the Jewish Defense League who entered the building and beat him with pipes and bats, leaving him with permanent scars on his forehead.

In 1983, Ambassador Abdel Rahman was appointed to serve as the PLO's official representative to the United States, a position he held (save for a brief two-year interlude as the organization's representative in Canada between 1991–1992) until the signing of the Declaration of Principles in September 1993. From 1994 to 2005, he served as chief representative of the Palestinian National Authority to the United States. As a fluent Spanish speaker, he concurrently served as the PNA's liaison to the governments of Colombia, Chile and Venezuela.

In addition to his official representative positions, Ambassador Abdel Rahman was an active participant in the Peace Process in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, serving as a senior political advisor to the Palestinian negotiating teams at the Madrid Conference of 1991, Wye River Conference and Camp David 2000 Summit.

During his tenure in Washington, D.C., Ambassador Abdel Rahman was a frequent guest on television news programs and the college lecture circuit.

References

External links
 by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report
  by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report

1944 births
Living people
Palestinian diplomats
Ambassadors of the State of Palestine to Morocco
Ambassadors of the State of Palestine to the United States
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico alumni
University of Puerto Rico alumni
CUNY Graduate Center alumni
People from Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate

Hasan Abdel Rahman


Ferrous is an adjective coming from the Latin ferrum (iron). One uses this word to indicate the presence of iron, mostly in metallurgy or related industries.
There are also non-ferrous metals, which are metals that have no iron in them at all.

Ferrous can also refer to iron in its +2 oxidation state.

"Ferrous" is also the name of a song by Peter Gabriel.

Related pages
Iron compounds

Metals
Iron

Ferrous