Die Welt is a German naitional newspaper setten furth bi the Axel Springer company. It wis foondit in Hamburg in 1946 bi the Breetish occupeein militar, an taks a centre-richt poleetical stance (in thair ain wirds, "liberal cosmopolitan").

The average circulation o Die Welt is aboot 209,000 praisently, an the blad can be obteent in mair nor 130 kintras. Daily regional edeetions appears in Berlin an Hamburg, an in 2002 the paper stairtit wi a Bavarie edeetion. A newspaper reegional supplement appears in Bremen forby. The main editorial office is in Berlin, thegither wi the Berliner Morgenpost.

The newspaper nou sets furth a compact edeetion enteetlt Die Welt Kompakt a 48-page cuttit-doun version o the main braidsheet.

Die Welt is the flagship publication, amang the sae-cawed quality newspaper mercat, o the Axel Springer empire. Its foremaist competitors is the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the Süddeutsche Zeitung an the Frankfurter Rundschau. Financially, it haes been a lossmakker for mony years.

Die Welt wis foonder member o the European Dailies Alliance (EDA) an haes a langstaundin co-operation wi compearable daily newspapers fae ither kintras, includin the Daily Telegraph (UK), Le Figaro (Fraunce) an ABC (Spain).

The paper disna prent on Sundays, but its poseetion is taen bi the publication Die Welt am Sonntag.

Fremmit airtins
Die Welt online

1946 establishments in Wast Germany
German-leid newspapers
Newspapers published in Hamburg
Newspapers published in Berlin
Publications established in 1946
Daily newspapers published in Germany
Axel Springer SE

Media in Berlin

Die Welt


Jérémie (Kréyòl: Jeremi) is a city in southwest Haiti. It is the capital city of the Grand'Anse Département.

Jérémie is also called the City of Poets because of the many writers, poets, and historians that were born or live there, such as Etzer Vilaire and Émile Roumer. The father of the French writer Alexandre Dumas, père, General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, was born at Madère, near Jérémie.

History
The town was founded in 1756 when the country was the French colony of Saint-Domingue. It was built where there was a small fishing town called Trou-Jérémie.

Geography
The city is on the north coast of the Southern Peninsula, on a small bay. It is among low mountains (Bordes, Rochasse and Caracol) and almost isolated from the rest of the country, about 280 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. To the southeast of the city is the River Grande-Anse.

It is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name. The arrondissement has five communes (a commune is like a municipality): Jérémie, Abricots, Bonbon, Chambellan and Moron.

Economy
Jeremie is an important Haitian port; bananas are send to other countries from this port.

Places to visit
There are several interesting places to visit and see in Jérémie and near the city. Some of them are:
 Fort Télémaque or Fort Marfrac. It was built after the Haitian independence to defend the area.
 Église Saint-Louis (Saint Louis Church), built during the 19th century.
 The Anse-d'Azur' beach. There are other interesting beaches such as those of Gommier and Guinaudée.
 L'Habitation Latibolière where the General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, father of the French writer Alexandre Dumas, was born. It was a farm where coffee was grown; its old name was Habitation Davy de La Pailleterie''.

Media

Radio
 Radio Grand-Anse FM
 Radio Imagine FM (Corail)
 Radio Lanbi FM (Rue Stenio Vincent)
 Radio Orbite (Rue De la Paix)
 Radio Tèt Ansanm (Rue Abbe Huet)
 Radio Pipirite Nouvelle (Rue Alexandre Petion)
 Radio Jérémie Nouvelle (Rue Dr Hypolytte)
 Radio Echo Celeste (Calas)
 Radio ABC FM (Caracolie)
 Radio Xaragua FM (Rue Mgn Beauger)
 Radio Power Mix (Gragramora)
 Zantray (Dame Marie)
 Radio Dame Marie FM (Dame Marie)
 Radio pirite (Anse D´ainault)
 Radio Mega FM (Beaumont)
 Radio Rebel (Anse D´ainault)
 Radio trompette Evangelique (Caracolie)
 Radio Makandal FM (Caracolie)

References

Cities in Haiti
1756 establishments
18th-century establishments in Haiti
1750s establishments in North America

Jérémie


Pilkington is a glass-manufacturing company which is based in Lathom, Lancashire, United Kingdom. It includes several legal entities in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Japanese company Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG).

Prior to its acquisition by NSG in 2006, it was an independent company listed on the London Stock Exchange and for a time was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

History

The company was founded in 1826 as a partnership between members of the Pilkington and Greenall families, based in St Helens, Lancashire (now Merseyside), England. The venture used the trading name of St Helens Crown Glass Company. On the departure from the partnership of the last Greenall in 1845, the firm became known as Pilkington Brothers. In 1894, the business was incorporated under the Companies Act 1862 as Pilkington Brothers Limited.

Pilkington was floated as a public company on the London Stock Exchange in 1970. It was for many years the biggest employer in the northwest industrial town. The distinctive blue-glass head office tower block on Alexandra Business Park, off Prescot Road, used as the firm's world HQ, and completed in 1964, still dominates the town's skyline.

Between 1953 and 1957, Pilkington employees Alastair Pilkington (no family relation) and Kenneth Bickerstaff invented the float glass process, a revolutionary method of high-quality flat glass production by floating molten glass over a bath of molten tin, avoiding the costly need to grind and polish plate glass to make it clear. Pilkington then allowed the Float Process to be used under licence by numerous manufacturers around the world.

Pilkington, with its subsidiary Triplex Safety Glass, in which it gradually acquired a controlling interest, also became a major world supplier of toughened and laminated safety glass to the automotive, aerospace and building industries.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Pilkington used the flow of Float royalties to invest in float glass plants in several countries including Argentina, Australia, Canada and Sweden, and also to acquire major existing flat and safety glass producers and plants in the United States (Libbey Owens Ford), Germany and France.

A Monopolies Commission report in 1967, concluded that Pilkington and Triplex operations were efficient and entrepreneurial and, despite their high share of the UK glass trade, operated in a manner suited to consumers' best interests.

A rank-and-file strike in 1970, sparked off by an error in wage packets, brought 8,000 workers out for nearly two months. The General and Municipal Workers Union and Trades Union Congress leadership failed to provide any support, as they were too closely bound to management and government circles, with the result that strike leaders were blacklisted. Anti-union legislation was introduced by central government. These events were recreated in Ken Loach's film The Rank and File, although the BBC insisted on a change in the name and location of the company, so that the film is set at a Wilkinsons in the West Midlands.

In late 1985, Pilkington was the subject of an unfriendly take-over bid from BTR Industries, a large British-based conglomerate group. Pilkington's efforts to reject the bid were assisted by its employees, the town and some government ministers. Their joint successful work was followed by a withdrawal of BTR's offer in early 1986.

Litigation
Pilkington aggressively protected its patents and trade secrets through a network of licensing agreements with glass manufacturers around the world. The modern "float" technique (pouring the molten glass on a layer of very pure molten tin) became commercially widespread when Alastair Pilkington developed a practical version, patented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As Pilkington plc owned all but one of the manufacturing plants around the world employing the float process Pilkington had a monopoly.

Although the patents had expired by the early 1980s, Pilkington had licensed their use, and required the licensees to keep the details of the float glass process secret. Guardian Industries had tried to challenge Pilkington's dominance but had made a secret agreement to prevent new entrants into the market, with Guardian taking the lead to enable Pilkington, a British company, to reduce its exposure to United States antitrust law.

In May 1994, the United States Department of Justice filed suit on the grounds that Pilkington had created a cartel by exercising control over the markets in which its licensees could sell float glass and construct float-glass manufacturing plants, and over the customers within each market to which each licensee could serve. It was claimed this was a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, because Pilkington's patents had expired and any trade secrets which it might have had in the process used by the licensees had long since become publicly known. On the same day, the US government and Pilkington filed a proposed consent decree, which enjoined Pilkington from enforcing these restrictions against its US licensees, or against US non-licensees, or against non-US licensees wishing to export either technology or glass products to the United States. The agreement came into force on 22 December 1994, and expired ten years later.

Pilkington Optronics
In 1988, Pilkington plc formed a new subsidiary, Pilkington Optronics, in order to group together the company's optronics businesses: Pilkington PE located in North Wales (formed in 1966), and Barr and Stroud (acquired in 1977) which was based in Glasgow. Pilkington PE later became Thales Optics Ltd., which was divested from Thales in December 2005 as Qioptiq Ltd.

Thomson-CSF acquired 50% of Pilkington Optronics in 1991. In 1995, Pilkington Optronics acquired Thorn EMI Electro Optics which was renamed Pilkington Thorn Optronics. Three years later, Thomson-CSF purchased another 40% of Pilkington Optronics from Pilkington and the remainder in 2000 to make it a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2000, Thomson-CSF was renamed Thales and Pilkington Optronics Ltd. became Thales Optronics Ltd. Soon afterward, Thomson-CSF acquired W Vinten Ltd, a British reconnaissance equipment manufacturer, including the Joint Reconnaissance Pod, who now operate as Thales Optronics (Bury St Edmunds) Ltd.

In November 2006, Thales Optronics Limited announced the closure of its manufacturing facility in Taunton, Somerset, with the loss of 180 jobs. In June 2007, Thales sold the beryllium mirrors and structures business of Thales Optronics Limited to GSI Group Inc. for an undisclosed amount.

Takeover by NSG
In late 2005, the company received a takeover bid from a bigger Japanese company, NSG. The initial bid and the first revised bid were not accepted, but on 16 February 2006 NSG increased its offer for the 80% it did not already own to 165 pence per share (£1.8 billion or $3.14 billion in total) and this was accepted by Pilkington's major institutional shareholders, enabling NSG to compulsorily acquire by scheme of arrangement the smaller holdings of other shareholders, many of them being existing and retired employees, who had not wished to support the takeover. The combined company would compete for global leadership in the glass industry with the leading Japanese glassmaker Asahi Glass, which had around a quarter of the global market at the time of the deal. Pilkington had 19% and NSG around half that.

The acquisition was completed in June 2006, after the European Commission stated that it would not be opposed.

Chairmen
An incomplete list:
1914–1921: Arthur Richard Pilkington (1871–1921)
1921–1931: Richard Austin Pilkington (1871–1951)
1932–1949: Geoffrey Langton Pilkington (1885–1972)
1949–1973: Baron Pilkington (1905–1983)
1973–1980: Sir Alastair Pilkington (1920–1995)
1980–1995: Sir Antony Pilkington (1935–2000)
1995–2006: Sir Nigel Rudd (born 1946)

Operations
Pilkington has developed a self-cleaning coated float glass product, called Pilkington Activ. This self-cleaning glass has a coating which uses a method of photocatalysis to break down organic dirt with sunlight. The dirt is then washed away by the rain during a hydrophilic process.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Official UK site
Pilkington energiKare – Energy Efficient Glazing

Glassmaking companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in St Helens
Manufacturing companies established in 1826
1826 establishments in England
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
Sumitomo Group
British companies established in 1826
British subsidiaries of foreign companies
2006 mergers and acquisitions

Pilkington


A presentation software is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.

The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as LibreOffice Impress, Apple's Keynote, LaTeX Beamer and WPS Office (Free and complete office suite, includes writer, spreadsheet, presentations, enjoys the features of small-size, easy-to-use and compatible, covering multiple platforms including Windows, Linux, Android, iOS and Mac).

Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

Other websites
Screen Presentation Tools

Software

Presentation software


Hatch settled in Lehi, Utah, where he established himself as a merchant and innkeeper. He often traveled east to obtain merchandise and to help other Mormon pioneers come to Utah. He made a total of 11 trips between the Missouri River and Utah Territory before the transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869.

From 1864 to 1867, Hatch was a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the United Kingdom. During this time, he was the president of the Manchester and then Birmingham conferences of the LDS Church. Hatch returned home to Utah after touring western Europe in 1867.

Upon arriving in Utah, Hatch became the presiding bishop in Wasatch County. When the Wasatch Stake was organized in 1877, Hatch became its first president and would hold this position until 1901. In this capacity, Hatch helped to found many settlements in Wasatch County and elsewhere in Utah: today, along with his brother Jeremiah Hatch, he is recognized as the founder of Vernal, Utah.

Hatch served as probate judge of Wasatch County, the main judicial office in Territorial Utah, especially since it was the highest judicial office that the people and not the outsider federal appointment process chose.  Hatch was a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature for 23 years. Hatch was the first representative who proposed that women in Utah be given the vote; the territory granted the vote to women in 1870.  The voting rights of women in the territory were abolished by the federal Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887.

Hatch became a member of the Council of Fifty on June 29, 1883, and was a member until his death.

Hatch was married to Parmelia Jane Lott from 1852 until her death in 1880; the couple had seven children. In 1882, after his first wife's death, Hatch married Ruth Woolley, with whom he had six children, including Vermont Hatch.

Hatch died in Heber City, Utah at age 81. He was buried in Heber City Cemetery.

Legacy
In 1975, Hatch's house in Heber City was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Wasatch County, Utah. Hatch's older brother Jeremiah is a great-grandfather of U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch.

Notes

References
Wm. James Mortimer (1963). How Beautiful Upon the Mountains: A Centennial History of Wasatch County. (Heber, Utah:  Wasatch County Chapter of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers).
Richard S. Van Wagoner (1990). Lehi: Portraits of a Utah Town. (Lehi, Utah:  Lehi City Corporation).

External links
Jeffrey S. Hardy, "Abram C. Hatch", Mormon missionary diaries, byu.edu
State of Utah Death Certificate

Abram C. Hatch's diary from at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

1830 births
1911 deaths
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in England
Converts to Mormonism
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Mormon pioneers
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American city founders
People from Lehi, Utah
People from Heber City, Utah
Latter Day Saints from Vermont
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Utah
People from Vernal, Utah

Abram Hatch


The Juno Awards of 2008 were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada on the weekend ending 6 April 2008. These ceremonies honoured music industry achievements in Canada in the latter part of 2006 and in most of 2007.

Country performer and multiple Juno Award winner Paul Brandt received the 2008 Humanitarian Award which is now named after CHUM-FM Radio founder, Allan Waters. Moses Znaimer, who led the development of Citytv and MuchMusic, received the Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award. Nominations for all remaining categories were announced on 5 February 2008.

Notable among winners was Feist, winning all five awards in her nominated categories, three of which were presented in the televised gala.

Presentations

Saturday gala
The Saturday gala where most awards are presented occurred at the Telus Convention Centre on 5 April, while the major awards were presented at the Pengrowth Saddledome on Sunday (6 April).

Sunday televised ceremonies
Performers appearing on the program included Feist, Finger Eleven, Michael Bublé, Avril Lavigne, Anne Murray, Paul Brandt, Aaron Lines, Gord Bamford, Hedley, Johnny Reid, and Jully Black.

The televised event was broadcast on CTV and hosted by Russell Peters. Peters' monologue was described by Edmonton Sun columnist Bill Harris as "the funniest opening five minutes we've ever seen from an awards-show host." Peters was also cited by Toronto Star entertainment critic Ben Rayner as offering a break from recent years of "iffy emceeing" during the award broadcasts.

The 2008 broadcast attracted CTV's second-highest ratings since the network gained broadcast rights. 1.45 million viewers were measured in 2008 compared to 2.18 million for the 2003 ceremonies.

Jeff Healey, an internationally noted Canadian musician who died the month before the Juno ceremonies, was given a brief tribute mention by members of Blue Rodeo during the televised awards ceremony.

Nominees and winners

Nominees for the 2008 Juno Awards were announced on 5 February 2008. On 15 February 2008, CARAS indicated that it made a "logistical error" during its nominations voting process, announcing the addition of two new nominations and the replacement of one nomination as follows:

 Album of the Year: Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends, Anne Murray
 New Artist of the Year: Jill Barber
 Rap Recording of the Year: Memoirs of a Playbwoy, JDiggz; "Fall From Paradise" by Classified was disqualified because the song appeared on the album Hitch Hikin' Music which was previously nominated for the 2007 awards.

Artist of the Year
Winner: Feist

Other nominees:
Michael Bublé
Celine Dion
Avril Lavigne
Pascale Picard

Group of the Year
Winner: Blue Rodeo

Other nominees:
Arcade Fire
Finger Eleven
Hedley
Kaïn

New Artist of the Year
Winner: Serena Ryder

Other nominees:
Jill Barber (nomination added on 15 February 2008)
Belly
Jeremy Fisher
Justin Nozuka
Suzie McNeil

New Group of the Year
Winner: Wintersleep

Other nominees:
Dragonette
Faber Drive
illScarlett
State of Shock

Jack Richardson Producer of the Year
Winner: Joni Mitchell, "Hana" and "Bad Dreams"

Other nominees:
Kevin Churko, "I Don't Wanna Stop" and "God Bless the Almighty Dollar" (Ozzy Osbourne)
Rhys Fulber, "Weak in the Knees" and "Just Another Day" (Serena Ryder)
Bob Rock, "Everything" (Michael Bublé) and "Bomb" (Payola$)
Skratch Bastid, "Way Back When" and "The Outskirts" (Buck 65)

Recording Engineer of the Year
Winner: Kevin Churko, Black Rain (Ozzy Osbourne)

Other nominees:
John Bailey, Make Someone Happy (Sophie Milman)
Richard Chycki, Snakes & Arrows (Rush) and Are You Listening? (Dolores O'Riordan)
George Seara, Holly Cole (Holly Cole)
Jeff Wolpert, Onward! (Manteca)

Songwriter of the Year
Winner: Feist, "My Moon My Man", "1234", "I Feel It All"

Other nominees:
Daniel Bélanger, "La Fin de l'homme", "Television", "Sports et loisirs"
Avril Lavigne, "Girlfriend", "Keep Holding On", "When You're Gone"
Joel Plaskett, "Fashionable People", "Nothing More to Say", "Face of the Earth"
Rufus Wainwright, "Going to a Town", "Release the Stars", "Do I Disappoint You"

Fan Choice Award
Winner: Michael Bublé

Other nominees:
Celine Dion
Claude Dubois
Nelly Furtado
Avril Lavigne

Nominated albums

Album of the Year
Winner: The Reminder, Feist

Other nominees:
The Best Damn Thing, Avril Lavigne
Call Me Irresponsible, Michael Bublé
Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends, Anne Murray (nomination added on 15 February 2008)
D'elles, Celine Dion
Taking Chances, Celine Dion

Aboriginal Recording of the Year
Winner: The Dirty Looks, Derek Miller

Other nominees:
Home and Native Land, Little Hawk
Nikawiy Askiy, Sandy Scofield
Phoenix], Fara Palmer
What It Takes, Donny Parenteau

Adult Alternative Album of the Year
Winner: Small Miracles, Blue Rodeo

Other nominees:
Chrome Dreams II, Neil Young
Goodbye Blue Monday, Jeremy Fisher
No Stranger, Tom Cochrane
Release the Stars, Rufus Wainwright

Alternative Album of the Year
Winner: Neon Bible, Arcade Fire

Other nominees:
Close to Paradise, Patrick Watson
The Con, Tegan and Sara
LP, Holy Fuck
Welcome to the Night Sky, Wintersleep

Blues Album of the Year
Winner: Building Full of Blues, Fathead

Other nominees:
Blues Thing, Jack de Keyzer
High Country Blues, Harrison Kennedy
Junction City, Little Miss Higgins
A Lesson I've Learned, The Johnny Max Band

CD/DVD Artwork Design of the Year
Winner: Tracy Maurice and François Miron, Neon Bible (Arcade Fire)

Other nominees:
Felix Wittholz, Situation (album) (Buck 65)
Jeff Harrison and Clinton Hussey, Ornamental Eterworld (Vonnegut Dollhouse)
John Cook, Mark Burchner and Greg Bennet, Revue: The Best of Paul Reddick
Mathieu Houde, Simon Rivest, Catherine Lepage, Mathieu Doyon, 2×2 (Pierre LaPointe)

Children's Album of the Year
Winner: Music Soup, Jen Gould

Other nominees:
Gonna Keep Dancing, Eddie Douglas
This is Daniel Cook: Here We Are, This is Daniel Cook
Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf, Windsor Symphony Orchestra
Superstars, The Doodlebops

Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year
Winner:  Holy God, Brian Doerksen

Other nominees:
 Beautiful, Amanda Falk
 Five Score and Seven Years Ago, Relient K
 Roots Revolution, Newworldson
 The Flame in All of Us, Thousand Foot Krutch

Classical Album of the Year (large ensemble)
Winner: Korngold, Barber & Walton Violin Concertos, James Ehnes, Bramwell Tovey, Vancouver Symphony Orchestra

Other nominees:
 Elgar Violin Concertos, James Ehnes, Andrew Davis, Philharmonia Orchestra
 La Mer Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal
 Vivaldi: L'estro armonico, Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra
 Water Music, Les Violons du Roy

Classical Album of the Year (solo or chamber ensemble)
Winner: Alkan Concerto for Solo Piano, Marc-André Hamelin

Other nominees:
 After Reading Shakespeare, Matt Haimovitz
 Bach Cello Suites, Jean-Guihen Queyras
 Rameau Keyboard Suites, Angela Hewitt
 Shostakovich: Complete Works for Piano Trio/Silvestrov: Postlude DSCH, The Gryphon Trio

Classical Album of the Year (vocal or choral performance)
Winner:  Surprise, Measha Brueggergosman

Other nominees:
 Buxtehude – Membra Jesu Nostri, Les Voix Baroques
 Constantinople, The Gryphon Trio
 Samuel Barber Songs, Gerald Finley
 Schubert Among Friends, The Aldeburgh Connection

Francophone Album of the Year
Winner:  L'Échec du matériel, Daniel Bélanger

Other nominees:
 D'elles, Céline Dion
 L'homme qui me ressemble, Damien Robitaille
 De retour à la source, Isabelle Boulay
 Vers à soi, Jorane

Instrumental Album of the Year
Winner:  The Utmost, Jayme Stone

Other nominees:
 Foley Room, Amon Tobin
 Jalopy, Joey Wright
 Kensington Suite, Richard Underhill
 Snake Road, Bob Lanois

International Album of the Year
Winner: Good Girl Gone Bad, Rihanna

Other nominees:
The Dutchess, Fergie
Lost Highway, Bon Jovi
Noël, Josh Groban
Timbaland Presents Shock Value, Timbaland

Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year
Winner:  Almost Certainly Dreaming, The Chris Tarry Group

Other nominees:
 Chasing After Light, Michael Occhipinti and Creation Dream
 Forty Revolutions, David Occhipinti
 Metaphora, Altered Laws
 Onward!, Manteca

Traditional Jazz Album of the Year
Winner:  Debut, Brandi Disterheft

Other nominees:
 Brubeck Braid: twotet/deuxtet, David Braid, Matt Brubeck
 Code Breaking, Tara Davidson
 Foundations, Jodi Proznick Quartet
 Live Jazz Legends, Oliver Jones, PJ Perry, Ian MacDougall, Terry Clarke, Michel Donato

Vocal Jazz Album of the Year
Winner: Make Someone Happy, Sophie Milman

Other nominees:
The Very Thought of You, Emilie-Claire Barlow
Destination Moon, Deborah Cox
Holly Cole, Holly Cole
Days Like These, Michael Kaeshammer

Pop Album of the Year
Winner: The Reminder, Feist

Other nominees:
 Call Me Irresponsible, Michael Bublé
 Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends, Anne Murray
 Street Gospels, Bedouin Soundclash
 Taking Chances, Celine Dion

Rock Album of the Year
Winner: Them vs. You vs. Me, Finger Eleven

Other nominees:
 Hospital Music, Matthew Good
 The Lucky Ones, Pride Tiger
 The Saint Alvia Cartel, The Saint Alvia Cartel
 Underclass Hero, Sum 41

Roots and Traditional Album of the Year (Solo)
Winner: Right Of Passage, David Francey

Other nominees:
 The Devil on a Bench in Stanley Park, Justin Rutledge
 For All Time, Jill Barber
 Horse Soldier! Horse Soldier!, Corb Lund
 Short Stories, Oh Susanna

Roots and Traditional Album of the Year (Group)
Winner:  Key Principles, Nathan

Other nominees:
 ¿Buddy, Where You Been?, Compadres: James Keelaghan and Oscar Lopez
 In Good We Trust, Harry Manx and Kevin Breit
 New Seasons, The Sadies
 Stellar Jays, John Reischman and The Jaybirds

World Music Album of the Year
Winner:  Agua Del Pozo, Alex Cuba

Other nominees:
 Frontiers, Jesse Cook
 Jogo da Vida, Celso Machado
 So the Journey Goes, Autorickshaw
 Wanderlust, Kiran Ahluwalia

Nominated releases

Single of the Year
Winner:  "1234", Feist

Other nominees:
 "Everything", Michael Bublé
 "Girlfriend", Avril Lavigne
 "Paralyzer", Finger Eleven
 "Seven Day Fool", Jully Black

Classical Composition of the Year
Winner: "Constantinople", Christos Hatzis

Other nominees:
 "A Child's Cry From Izieu", Oskar Morawetz
 "Letters From Mignon", R. Murray Schafer
 "Quantum Mechanics", Jeffrey Ryan
 "This Isn't Silence", Brian Current

Country Recording of the Year
Winner:  Risk, Paul Brandt

Other nominees:
 Honkytonks and Heartaches, Gord Bamford
 Kicking Stones, Johnny Reid
 Life Is Calling My Name, Shane Yellowbird
 Moments That Matter, Aaron Lines

Dance Recording of the Year
Winner:  All U Ever Want, Billy Newton-Davis vs. Deadmau5

Other nominees:
 After Hours, Melleefresh vs. Deadmau5
 Every Time You Move, Nick Fiorucci
 Fancy Footwork, Chromeo
 Poppin' Beats, Hatiras

Music DVD of the Year
Winner:  666 Live, Billy Talent

Other nominees:
 Danny Michel and The Black Tornados, Danny Michel
 One Night at the Metropolis, Jesse Cook
 Nights from the Alhambra, Loreena McKennitt
 Trinity Revisited, Cowboy Junkies

R&B/Soul Recording of the Year
Winner:  Revival, Jully Black

Other nominees:
 The Birth of Cornelius, Corneille
 Goldrush, Ebrahim
 2U, Keshia Chanté
 We Can All Be Free, God Made Me Funky

Rap Recording of the Year
Winner: The Revolution, Belly

Other nominees:
 The Fewturistic, BrassMunk
 Memoirs of a Playbwoy, JDiggz
 Port Authority, Marco Polo
 The Old Prince, Shad

Reggae Recording of the Year
Winner:  "Don't Go Pretending", Mikey Dangerous

Other nominees:
 "Don't Go", Korexion
 "Final Road", Blessed
 "Music is my Life", Tanya Mullings
 "Two Chord Skankin'", Lyndon John X

Video of the Year
Winner:  Christopher Mills, "C'mon" (Blue Rodeo)

Other nominees:
 Kyle Davison, "Shake Tramp" (Marianas Trench)
 Vincent Morriset, "Neon Bible" (Arcade Fire)
 Marc Ricciardelli, "Walls Fall Down" (Bedouin Soundclash)
 Sean Wainsteim, "Cheer It On" (Tokyo Police Club)

Compilation CD
A compilation album was released in February 2008

1.My Moon My Man - Feist—2.For The Nights I Can't Remember - Hedley—3.Girlfriend (radio edit) - Avril Lavigne—4.Nothing Special - IllScarlett—5.I Get Around - Dragonette—6.Paralyzer (clean version) - Finger Eleven—7.Tongue Tied - Faber Drive—8.Gate 22 - Pascale Picard—9.Everything - Michael Bublé—10. After Tonight - Justin Nozuka—11. Weak In The Knees - Serena Ryder—12.Born Losers - Matthew Good—13. Weighty Ghost - Wintersleep—14. This Town - Blue Rodeo—15.Walls Fall Down - Bedouin Soundclash—16.Pressure (radio edit) - Belly feat. Ginuwine—17.Seven Day Fool - Jully Black—18.Day Dream Believer - Anne Murray & Nelly Furtado—19.Didn't Even See The Dust - Paul Brandt—20.Dirty Old Man - Neil Young—21.Le Bonheur Au Large - Kaïn

References

External links
 Juno Awards official site
 Juno Awards 2008 Nominees and Winners

2008
2008 in Canadian music
2008 music awards
2008 in Alberta
April 2008 events in Canada
Events in Calgary

Juno Awards of 2008


The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.

When Pakistan became an independent, self-governing nation in 1947, it, like post-independent India, provisionally continued to use the Government of India Act 1935, as its written constitution until a post-independence constitution could be drafted; by default this contemplated the continuation of the constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth realm Dominion.

The monarch appointed a Governor-General, upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan to serve as de facto Head of State.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, considered Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader"), informed Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma: "when I am Governor-General the Prime Minister will do what I tell him to" -- however Jinnah's rapidly declining health made the issue moot.

After Jinnah's death the Governor-General of Pakistan continued to serve a larger role than the India Act prescribed, dismissing multiple Prime Ministers and consolidating power.

The office of Governor-General was replaced by the office of President of Pakistan when Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The then Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president.

Governor-General of Pakistan


Aesop's Fables, or the Aesopica, is a collection of fables credited to Aesop, a slave and storyteller who lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 564 BCE. Of diverse origins, the stories associated with his name have descended to modern times through a number of sources and continue to be reinterpreted in different verbal registers and in popular as well as artistic media.

The fables originally belonged to oral tradition and were not collected for some three centuries after Aesop's death. By that time, a variety of other stories, jokes and proverbs were being ascribed to him, although some of that material was from sources earlier than him or came from beyond the Greek cultural sphere. The process of inclusion has continued until the present, with some of the fables unrecorded before the Late Middle Ages and others arriving from outside Europe. The process is continuous and new stories are still being added to the Aesop corpus, even when they are demonstrably more recent work and sometimes from known authors.

Manuscripts in Latin and Greek were important avenues of transmission, although poetical treatments in European vernaculars eventually formed another.  On the arrival of printing, collections of Aesop's fables were among the earliest books in a variety of languages. Through the means of later collections, and translations or adaptations of them, Aesop's reputation as a fabulist was transmitted throughout the world.

Initially the fables were addressed to adults and covered religious, social and political themes. They were also put to use as ethical guides and from the Renaissance onwards were particularly used for the education of children. Their ethical dimension was reinforced in the adult world through depiction in sculpture, painting and other illustrative means, as well as adaptation to drama and song. In addition, there have been reinterpretations of the meaning of fables and changes in emphasis over time.

Fictions that point to the truth

Fable as a genre
Apollonius of Tyana, a 1st-century CE philosopher, is recorded as having said about Aesop:

like those who dine well off the plainest dishes, he made use of humble incidents to teach great truths, and after serving up a story he adds to it the advice to do a thing or not to do it. Then, too, he was really more attached to truth than the poets are; for the latter do violence to their own stories in order to make them probable; but he by announcing a story which everyone knows not to be true, told the truth by the very fact that he did not claim to be relating real events.

Earlier still, the Greek historian Herodotus mentioned in passing that "Aesop the fable writer" (; ) was a slave who lived in Ancient Greece during the 5th century BCE. Among references in other writers, Aristophanes, in his comedy The Wasps, represented the protagonist Philocleon as having learnt the "absurdities" of Aesop from conversation at banquets; Plato wrote in Phaedo that Socrates whiled away his time in prison turning some of Aesop's fables "which he knew" into verses. Nonetheless, for two main reasons – because numerous morals within Aesop's attributed fables contradict each other, and because ancient accounts of Aesop's life contradict each other – the modern view is that Aesop was not the originator of all those fables attributed to him. Instead, any fable tended to be ascribed to the name of Aesop if there was no known alternative literary source.

In Classical times there were various theorists who tried to differentiate these fables from other kinds of narration. They had to be short and unaffected; in addition, they are fictitious, useful to life and true to nature. In them could be found talking animals and plants, although humans interacting only with humans figure in a few. Typically they might begin with a contextual introduction, followed by the story, often with the moral underlined at the end. Setting the context was often necessary as a guide to the story's interpretation, as in the case of the political meaning of The Frogs Who Desired a King and The Frogs and the Sun.

Sometimes the titles given later to the fables have become proverbial, as in the case of killing the Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs or the Town Mouse and the Country Mouse. In fact some fables, such as The Young Man and the Swallow, appear to have been invented as illustrations of already existing proverbs. One theorist, indeed, went so far as to define fables as extended proverbs. In this they have an aetiological function, the explaining of origins such as, in another context, why the ant is a mean, thieving creature or how the tortoise got its shell. Other fables, also verging on this function, are outright jokes, as in the case of The Old Woman and the Doctor, aimed at greedy practitioners of medicine.

Origins
The contradictions between fables already mentioned and alternative versions of much the same fable, as in the case of The Woodcutter and the Trees, are best explained by the ascription to Aesop of all examples of the genre. Some are demonstrably of West Asian origin, others have analogues further to the East. Modern scholarship reveals fables and proverbs of Aesopic form existing in both ancient Sumer and Akkad, as early as the third millennium BCE. Aesop's fables and the Indian tradition, as represented by the Buddhist Jataka tales and the Hindu Panchatantra, share about a dozen tales in common, although often widely differing in detail. There is some debate over whether the Greeks learned these fables from Indian storytellers or the other way, or if the influences were mutual.

Loeb editor Ben E. Perry took the extreme position in his book Babrius and Phaedrus (1965) that
in the entire Greek tradition there is not, so far as I can see, a single fable that can be said to come either directly or indirectly from an Indian source; but many fables or fable-motifs that first appear in Greek or Near Eastern literature are found later in the Panchatantra and other Indian story-books, including the Buddhist Jatakas.

Although Aesop and the Buddha were near contemporaries, the stories of neither were recorded in writing until some centuries after their death. Few disinterested scholars would now be prepared to make so absolute a stand as Perry about their origin in view of the conflicting and still emerging evidence.

Translation and transmission

Greek versions

When and how the fables arrived in and travelled from ancient Greece remains uncertain. Some cannot be dated any earlier than Babrius and Phaedrus, several centuries after Aesop, and yet others even later. The earliest mentioned collection was by Demetrius of Phalerum, an Athenian orator and statesman of the 4th century BCE, who compiled the fables into a set of ten books for the use of orators. A follower of Aristotle, he simply catalogued all the fables that earlier Greek writers had used in isolation as exempla, putting them into prose. At least it was evidence of what was attributed to Aesop by others; but this may have included any ascription to him from the oral tradition in the way of animal fables, fictitious anecdotes, etiological or satirical myths, possibly even any proverb or joke, that these writers transmitted. It is more a proof of the power of Aesop's name to attract such stories to it than evidence of his actual authorship. In any case, although the work of Demetrius was mentioned frequently for the next twelve centuries, and was considered the official Aesop, no copy now survives. Present-day collections evolved from the later Greek version of Babrius, of which there now exists an incomplete manuscript of some 160 fables in choliambic verse. Current opinion is that he lived in the 1st century CE. The version of 55 fables in choliambic tetrameters by the 9th-century Ignatius the Deacon is also worth mentioning for its early inclusion of tales from Oriental sources.

Further light is thrown on the entry of Oriental stories into the Aesopic canon by their appearance in Jewish sources such as the Talmud and in Midrashic literature. There is a comparative list of these on the Jewish Encyclopedia website of which twelve resemble those that are common to both Greek and Indian sources, six are parallel to those only in Indian sources, and six others in Greek only. Where similar fables exist in Greece, India, and in the Talmud, the Talmudic form approaches more nearly the Indian. Thus, the fable "The Wolf and the Crane" is told in India of a lion and another bird. When Joshua ben Hananiah told that fable to the Jews, to prevent their rebelling against Rome and once more putting their heads into the lion's jaws (Gen. R. lxiv.), he shows familiarity with some form derived from India.

Latin versions

The first extensive translation of Aesop into Latin iambic trimeters was performed by Phaedrus, a freedman of Augustus in the 1st century CE, although at least one fable had already been translated by the poet Ennius two centuries before, and others are referred to in the work of Horace. The rhetorician Aphthonius of Antioch wrote a technical treatise on, and converted into Latin prose, some forty of these fables in 315. It is notable as illustrating contemporary and later usage of fables in rhetorical practice. Teachers of philosophy and rhetoric often set the fables of Aesop as an exercise for their scholars, inviting them not only to discuss the moral of the tale, but also to practise style and the rules of grammar by making new versions of their own. A little later the poet Ausonius handed down some of these fables in verse, which the writer Julianus Titianus translated into prose, and in the early 5th century Avianus put 42 of these fables into Latin elegiacs.

The largest, oldest known and most influential of the prose versions of Phaedrus bears the name of an otherwise unknown fabulist named Romulus. It contains 83 fables, dates from the 10th century and seems to have been based on an earlier prose version which, under the name of "Aesop" and addressed to one Rufus, may have been written in the Carolingian period or even earlier. The collection became the source from which, during the second half of the Middle Ages, almost all the collections of Latin fables in prose and verse were wholly or partially drawn. A version of the first three books of Romulus in elegiac verse, possibly made around the 12th century, was one of the most highly influential texts in medieval Europe. Referred to variously (among other titles) as the verse Romulus or elegiac Romulus, and ascribed to Gualterus Anglicus, it was a common Latin teaching text and was popular well into the Renaissance. Another version of Romulus in Latin elegiacs was made by Alexander Neckam, born at St Albans in 1157.

Interpretive "translations" of the elegiac Romulus were very common in Europe in the Middle Ages. Among the earliest was one in the 11th century by Ademar of Chabannes, which includes some new material. This was followed by a prose collection of parables by the Cistercian preacher Odo of Cheriton around 1200 where the fables (many of which are not Aesopic) are given a strong medieval and clerical tinge. This interpretive tendency, and the inclusion of yet more non-Aesopic material, was to grow as versions in the various European vernaculars began to appear in the following centuries.

With the revival of literary Latin during the Renaissance, authors began compiling collections of fables in which those traditionally by Aesop and those from other sources appeared side by side. One of the earliest was by Lorenzo Bevilaqua, also known as Laurentius Abstemius, who wrote 197 fables, the first hundred of which were published as Hecatomythium in 1495. Little by Aesop was included. At the most, some traditional fables are adapted and reinterpreted: The Lion and the Mouse is continued and given a new ending (fable 52); The Oak and the Reed becomes "The Elm and the Willow" (53); The Ant and the Grasshopper is adapted as "The Gnat and the Bee" (94) with the difference that the gnat offers to teach music to the bee's children. There are also Mediaeval tales such as The Mice in Council (195) and stories created to support popular proverbs such as 'Still Waters Run Deep' (5) and 'A woman, an ass and a walnut tree' (65), where the latter refers back to Aesop's fable of The Walnut Tree. Most of the fables in Hecatomythium were later translated in the second half of Roger L'Estrange's Fables of Aesop and other eminent mythologists (1692); some also appeared among the 102 in H. Clarke's Latin reader, Select fables of Aesop: with an English translation (1787), of which there were both English and American editions.

There were later three notable collections of fables in verse, among which the most influential was Gabriele Faerno's Centum Fabulae (1564). The majority of the hundred fables there are Aesop's but there are also humorous tales such as The drowned woman and her husband (41) and The miller, his son and the donkey (100). In the same year that Faerno was published in Italy, Hieronymus Osius brought out a collection of 294 fables titled Fabulae Aesopi carmine elegiaco redditae in Germany. This too contained some from elsewhere, such as The Dog in the Manger (67). Then in 1604 the Austrian Pantaleon Weiss, known as Pantaleon Candidus, published Centum et Quinquaginta Fabulae. The 152 poems there were grouped by subject, with sometimes more than one devoted to the same fable, although presenting alternative versions of it, as in the case of The Hawk and the Nightingale (133–5). It also includes the earliest instance of The Lion, the Bear and the Fox (60) in a language other than Greek.

Another voluminous collection of fables in Latin verse was Anthony Alsop's Fabularum Aesopicarum Delectus (Oxford 1698). The bulk of the 237 fables there are prefaced by the text in Greek, while there are also a handful in Hebrew and in Arabic; the final fables, only attested from Latin sources, are without other versions. For the most part the poems are confined to a lean telling of the fable without drawing a moral.

Aesop in other languages

Europe
For many centuries the main transmission of Aesop's fables across Europe remained in Latin or else orally in various vernaculars, where they mixed with folk tales derived from other sources. This mixing is often apparent in early vernacular collections of fables in mediaeval times.
 Ysopet, an adaptation of some of the fables into Old French octosyllabic couplets, was written by Marie de France in the 12th century. The morals with which she closes each fable reflect the feudal situation of her time.
 In the 13th century the Jewish author Berechiah ha-Nakdan wrote Mishlei Shualim, a collection of 103 'Fox Fables' in Hebrew rhymed prose. This included many animal tales passing under the name of Aesop, as well as several more derived from Marie de France and others. Berechiah's work adds a layer of Biblical quotations and allusions to the tales, adapting them as a way to teach Jewish ethics.  The first printed edition appeared in Mantua in 1557.
 Äsop, an adaptation into Middle Low German verse of 125 Romulus fables, was written by Gerhard von Minden around 1370.
 Chwedlau Odo ("Odo's Tales") is a 14th-century Welsh version of the animal fables in Odo of Cheriton's Parabolae, not all of which are of Aesopic origin. Many show sympathy for the poor and oppressed, with often sharp criticisms of high-ranking church officials.
 Eustache Deschamps included several of Aesop's fables among his moral ballades, written in Mediaeval French towards the end of the 14th century, in one of which there is mention of what 'Aesop tells in his book' (Ysoppe dit en son livre et raconte).  In most, the telling of the fable precedes the drawing of a moral in terms of contemporary behaviour, but two comment on this with only contextual reference to fables not recounted in the text.
 Isopes Fabules was written in Middle English rhyme royal stanzas by the monk John Lydgate towards the start of the 15th century. Seven tales are included and heavy emphasis is laid on the moral lessons to be learned from them.
 The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian was written in Middle Scots iambic pentameters by Robert Henryson about 1480.  In the accepted text it consists of thirteen versions of fables, seven modelled on stories from "Aesop" expanded from the Latin Romulus manuscripts.

The main impetus behind the translation of large collections of fables attributed to Aesop and translated into European languages came from an early printed publication in Germany. There had been many small selections in various languages during the Middle Ages but the first attempt at an exhaustive edition was made by Heinrich Steinhőwel in his Esopus, published . This contained both Latin versions and German translations and also included a translation of Rinuccio da Castiglione (or d'Arezzo)'s version from the Greek of a life of Aesop (1448). Some 156 fables appear, collected from Romulus, Avianus and other sources, accompanied by a commentarial preface and moralising conclusion, and 205 woodcuts. Translations or versions based on Steinhöwel's book followed shortly in Italian (1479), French (1480), Czech (1480) and English (the Caxton edition of 1484) and were many times reprinted before the start of the 16th century. The Spanish version of 1489, La vida del Ysopet con sus fabulas hystoriadas was equally successful and often reprinted in both the Old and New World through three centuries.

Some fables were later treated creatively in collections of their own by authors in such a way that they became associated with their names rather than Aesop's. The most celebrated were La Fontaine's Fables, published in French during the later 17th century. Inspired by the brevity and simplicity of Aesop's, those in the first six books were heavily dependent on traditional Aesopic material; fables in the next six were more diffuse and diverse in origin.
At the start of the 19th century, some of the fables were adapted into Russian, and often reinterpreted, by the fabulist Ivan Krylov. In most cases, but not all, these were dependent on La Fontaine's versions.

Asia and America
Translations into Asian languages at a very early date derive originally from Greek sources. These include the so-called Fables of Syntipas, a compilation of Aesopic fables in Syriac, dating from the 9/11th centuries. Included there were several other tales of possibly West Asian origin. In Central Asia there was a 10th-century collection of the fables in Uighur.

After the Middle Ages, fables largely deriving from Latin sources were passed on by Europeans as part of their colonial or missionary enterprises. 47 fables were translated into the Nahuatl language in the late 16th century under the title In zazanilli in Esopo. The work of a native translator, it adapted the stories to fit the Mexican environment, incorporating Aztec concepts and rituals and making them rhetorically more subtle than their Latin source.

Portuguese missionaries arriving in Japan at the end of the 16th century introduced Japan to the fables when a Latin edition was translated into romanized Japanese. The title was Esopo no Fabulas and dates to 1593. It was soon followed by a fuller translation into a three-volume kanazōshi entitled . This was the sole Western work to survive in later publication after the expulsion of Westerners from Japan, since by that time the figure of Aesop had been acculturated and presented as if he were Japanese. Coloured woodblock editions of individual fables were made by Kawanabe Kyosai in the 19th century.

The first translations of Aesop's Fables into the Chinese languages were made at the start of the 17th century, the first substantial collection being of 38 conveyed orally by a Jesuit missionary named Nicolas Trigault and written down by a Chinese academic named Zhang Geng (Chinese: 張賡; pinyin: Zhāng Gēng) in 1625. This was followed two centuries later by Yishi Yuyan 《意拾喻言》 (Esop's Fables: written in Chinese by the Learned Mun Mooy Seen-Shang, and compiled in their present form with a free and a literal translation) in 1840 by Robert Thom and apparently based on the version by Roger L'Estrange. This work was initially very popular until someone realised the fables were anti-authoritarian and the book was banned for a while. A little later, however, in the foreign concession in Shanghai, A. B. Cabaniss brought out a transliterated translation in Shanghai dialect, Yisuopu yu yan (伊娑菩喻言, 1856). There have also been 20th century translations by Zhou Zuoren and others.

Translations into the languages of South Asia began at the very start of the 19th century. The Oriental Fabulist (1803) contained roman script versions in Bengali, Hindi and Urdu. Adaptations followed in Marathi (1806) and Bengali (1816), and then complete collections in Hindi (1837), Kannada (1840), Urdu (1850), Tamil (1853) and Sindhi (1854).

In Burma, which had its own ethical folk tradition based on the Buddhist Jataka Tales, the joint Pali and Burmese language translation of Aesop's fables was published in 1880 from Rangoon by the American Missionary Press. Outside the British Raj, Jagat Sundar Malla's translation into the Newar language of Nepal was published in 1915. Further to the west, the Afghani academic Hafiz Sahar's translation of some 250 of Aesop's Fables into Persian was first published in 1972 under the name Luqman Hakim.

Africa
The South African writer Professor C.L.S Nyembezi translated some of Aesop's fables into Zulu in a series of books he prepared for school students. Though he said, "'the uppermost aim of my life', namely the desire to preserve Zulu cultural heritage in order to preserve it for future generations", he still chose some of the fables to translate for Zulu students. He substituted some of the animals that are not known in the Zulu areas of South Africa.

Versions in regional languages

Minority expression
The 18th to 19th centuries saw a vast quantity of fables in verse being written in all European languages. Regional languages and dialects in the Romance area made use of versions adapted particularly from La Fontaine's recreations of ancient material. One of the earliest publications in France was the anonymous Fables Causides en Bers Gascouns (Selected fables in Gascon verse, Bayonne, 1776), which contained 106. Also in the vanguard was 's Quelques fables choisies de La Fontaine en patois limousin (109) in the Occitan Limousin dialect, originally with 39 fables, and Fables et contes en vers patois by , also published in the first decade of the 19th century in the neighbouring dialect of Montpellier. The last of these were very free recreations, with the occasional appeal directly to the original Maistre Ézôpa. A later commentator noted that while the author could sometimes embroider his theme, at others he concentrated the sense to an Aesopean brevity.

Many translations were made into languages contiguous to or within the French borders. Ipui onak (1805) was the first translation of 50 fables of Aesop by the writer Bizenta Mogel Elgezabal into the Basque language spoken on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees. It was followed in mid-century by two translations on the French side: 50 fables in J-B. Archu's Choix de Fables de La Fontaine, traduites en vers basques (1848) and 150 in Fableac edo aleguiac Lafontenetaric berechiz hartuac (Bayonne, 1852) by Abbé Martin Goyhetche (1791–1859). Versions in Breton were written by Pierre Désiré de Goësbriand (1784–1853) in 1836 and Yves Louis Marie Combeau (1799–1870) between 1836 and 1838. The turn of Provençal came in 1859 with Li Boutoun de guèto, poésies patoises by Antoine Bigot (1825–1897), followed by several other collections of fables in the Nîmes dialect between 1881 and 1891.  Alsatian dialect versions of La Fontaine appeared in 1879 after the region was ceded away following the Franco-Prussian War. At the end of the following century, Brother Denis-Joseph Sibler (1920–2002) published a collection of adaptations (first recorded in 1983) that has gone through several impressions since 1995. The use of Corsican came later. Natale Rochicchioli (1911–2002) was particularly well known for his very free adaptations of La Fontaine, of which he made recordings as well as publishing his Favule di Natale in the 1970s.

During the 19th century renaissance of Belgian dialect literature in Walloon, several authors adapted versions of the fables to the racy speech (and subject matter) of Liège. They included  (in 1842); Joseph Lamaye (1845); and the team of  and François Bailleux, who between them covered all of La Fontaine's books I–VI, (Fåves da Lafontaine mettowes è ligeois, 1850–56). Adaptations into other regional dialects were made by Charles Letellier (Mons, 1842) and Charles Wérotte (Namur, 1844); much later, Léon Bernus published some hundred imitations of La Fontaine in the dialect of Charleroi (1872); he was followed during the 1880s by , writing in the Borinage dialect under the pen-name Bosquètia. In the 20th century there has been a selection of fifty fables in the Condroz dialect by Joseph Houziaux (1946), to mention only the most prolific in an ongoing surge of adaptation.

The motive behind the later activity across these areas was to assert regional specificity against a growing centralism and the encroachment of the language of the capital on what had until then been predominantly monoglot areas. Surveying its literary manifestations, commentators have noted that the point of departure of the individual tales is not as important as what they become in the process. Even in the hands of less skilled dialect adaptations, La Fontaine's polished versions of the fables are returned to the folkloristic roots by which they often came to him in the first places. But many of the gifted regional authors were well aware of what they were doing in their work. In fitting the narration of the story to their local idiom, in appealing to the folk proverbs derived from such tales, and in adapting the story to local conditions and circumstances, the fables were so transposed as to go beyond bare equivalence, becoming independent works in their own right. Thus Emile Ruben claimed of the linguistic transmutations in Jean Foucaud's collection of fables that, "not content with translating, he has created a new work". In a similar way, the critic Maurice Piron described the Walloon versions of François Bailleux as "masterpieces of original imitation", and this is echoed in the claim that in Natale Rocchiccioli's free Corsican versions too there is "more creation than adaptation".

In the 20th century there were also translations into regional dialects of English. These include the few examples in Addison Hibbard's Aesop in Negro Dialect (American Speech, 1926) and the 26 in Robert Stephen's Fables of Aesop in Scots Verse (Peterhead, Scotland, 1987), translated into the Aberdeenshire dialect. Glasgow University has also been responsible for R.W. Smith's modernised dialect translation of Robert Henryson's The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian (1999, see above). The University of Illinois likewise included dialect translations by Norman Shapiro in its Creole echoes: the francophone poetry of nineteenth-century Louisiana (2004, see below).

Creole

Such adaptations to Caribbean French-based creole languages from the middle of the 19th century onward – initially as part of the colonialist project but later as an assertion of love for and pride in the dialect. A version of La Fontaine's fables in the dialect of Martinique was made by François-Achille Marbot (1817–1866) in Les Bambous, Fables de la Fontaine travesties en patois (Port Royal, 1846) which had lasting success. As well as two later editions in Martinique, there were two more published in France in 1870 and 1885 and others in the 20th century. Later dialect fables by Paul Baudot (1801–1870) from neighbouring Guadeloupe owed nothing to La Fontaine, but in 1869 some translated examples did appear in a grammar of Trinidadian French creole written by John Jacob Thomas. Then the start of the new century saw the publication of Georges Sylvain's Cric? Crac! Fables de la Fontaine racontées par un montagnard haïtien et transcrites en vers créoles (La Fontaine's fables told by a Haiti highlander and written in creole verse, 1901).

On the South American mainland, Alfred de Saint-Quentin published a selection of fables freely adapted from La Fontaine into Guyanese creole in 1872. This was among a collection of poems and stories (with facing translations) in a book that also included a short history of the territory and an essay on creole grammar. On the other side of the Caribbean, Jules Choppin (1830–1914) was adapting La Fontaine to the Louisiana slave creole at the end of the 19th century in versions that are still appreciated. The New Orleans author Edgar Grima (1847–1939) also adapted La Fontaine into both standard French and into dialect.

Versions in the French creole of the islands in the Indian Ocean began somewhat earlier than in the Caribbean.  (1801–1856) emigrated from Brittany to Réunion in 1820. Having become a schoolmaster, he adapted some of La Fontaine's fables into the local dialect in Fables créoles dédiées aux dames de l'île Bourbon (Creole fables for island women). This was published in 1829 and went through three editions. In addition 49 fables of La Fontaine were adapted to the Seychelles dialect around 1900 by Rodolphine Young (1860–1932) but these remained unpublished until 1983. Jean-Louis Robert's recent translation of Babrius into Réunion creole (2007) adds a further motive for such adaptation. Fables began as an expression of the slave culture and their background is in the simplicity of agrarian life. Creole transmits this experience with greater purity than the urbane language of the slave-owner.

Slang
Fables belong essentially to the oral tradition; they survive by being remembered and then retold in one's own words. When they are written down, particularly in the dominant language of instruction, they lose something of their essence. A strategy for reclaiming them is therefore to exploit the gap between the written and the spoken language. One of those who did this in English was Sir Roger L'Estrange, who translated the fables into the racy urban slang of his day and further underlined their purpose by including in his collection many of the subversive Latin fables of Laurentius Abstemius. In France the fable tradition had already been renewed in the 17th century by La Fontaine's influential reinterpretations of Aesop and others. In the centuries that followed there were further reinterpretations through the medium of regional languages, which to those at the centre were regarded as little better than slang. Eventually, however, the demotic tongue of the cities themselves began to be appreciated as a literary medium.

One of the earliest examples of these urban slang translations was the series of individual fables contained in a single folded sheet, appearing under the title of Les Fables de Gibbs in 1929. Others written during the period were eventually anthologised as Fables de La Fontaine en argot (Étoile sur Rhône 1989). This followed the genre's growth in popularity after World War II. Two short selections of fables by Bernard Gelval about 1945 were succeeded by two selections of 15 fables each by 'Marcus' (Paris 1947, reprinted in 1958 and 2006), Api Condret's Recueil des fables en argot (Paris, 1951) and Géo Sandry (1897–1975) and Jean Kolb's Fables en argot (Paris 1950/60). The majority of such printings were privately produced leaflets and pamphlets, often sold by entertainers at their performances, and are difficult to date. Some of these poems then entered the repertoire of noted performers such as Boby Forest and Yves Deniaud, of which recordings were made. In the south of France, Georges Goudon published numerous folded sheets of fables in the post-war period. Described as monologues, they use Lyon slang and the Mediterranean Lingua Franca known as Sabir.
Slang versions by others continue to be produced in various parts of France, both in printed and recorded form.

Children

The first printed version of Aesop's Fables in English was published on 26 March 1484, by William Caxton. Many others, in prose and verse, followed over the centuries. In the 20th century Ben E. Perry edited the Aesopic fables of Babrius and Phaedrus for the Loeb Classical Library and compiled a numbered index by type in 1952. Olivia and Robert Temple's Penguin edition is titled The Complete Fables by Aesop (1998) but in fact many from Babrius, Phaedrus and other major ancient sources have been omitted. More recently, in 2002 a translation by Laura Gibbs titled Aesop's Fables was published by Oxford World's Classics. This book includes 359 and has selections from all the major Greek and Latin sources.

Until the 18th century the fables were largely put to adult use by teachers, preachers, speech-makers and moralists. It was the philosopher John Locke who first seems to have advocated targeting children as a special audience in Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693). Aesop's fables in his opinion are

That young people are a special target for the fables was not a particularly new idea and a number of ingenious schemes for catering to that audience had already been put into practice in Europe. The Centum Fabulae of Gabriele Faerno was commissioned by Pope Pius IV in the 16th century 'so that children might learn, at the same time and from the same book, both moral and linguistic purity'. When King Louis XIV of France wanted to instruct his six-year-old son, he incorporated the series of hydraulic statues representing 38 chosen fables in the labyrinth of Versailles in the 1670s. In this he had been advised by Charles Perrault, who was later to translate Faerno's widely published Latin poems into French verse and so bring them to a wider audience. Then in the 1730s appeared the eight volumes of Nouvelles Poésies Spirituelles et Morales sur les plus beaux airs, the first six of which incorporated a section of fables specifically aimed at children. In this the fables of La Fontaine were rewritten to fit popular airs of the day and arranged for simple performance. The preface to this work comments that 'we consider ourselves happy if, in giving them an attraction to useful lessons which are suited to their age, we have given them an aversion to the profane songs which are often put into their mouths and which only serve to corrupt their innocence.' The work was popular and reprinted into the following century.

In Great Britain various authors began to develop this new market in the 18th century, giving a brief outline of the story and what was usually a longer commentary on its moral and practical meaning. The first of such works is Reverend Samuel Croxall's Fables of Aesop and Others, newly done into English with an Application to each Fable. First published in 1722, with engravings for each fable by Elisha Kirkall, it was continually reprinted into the second half of the 19th century. Another popular collection was John Newbery's Fables in Verse for the Improvement of the Young and the Old, facetiously attributed to Abraham Aesop Esquire, which was to see ten editions after its first publication in 1757. Robert Dodsley's three-volume Select Fables of Esop and other Fabulists is distinguished for several reasons. First that it was printed in Birmingham by John Baskerville in 1761; second that it appealed to children by having the animals speak in character, the Lion in regal style, the Owl with 'pomp of phrase'; thirdly because it gathers into three sections fables from ancient sources, those that are more recent (including some borrowed from Jean de la Fontaine), and new stories of his own invention.

Thomas Bewick's editions from Newcastle upon Tyne are equally distinguished for the quality of his woodcuts. The first of those under his name was the Select Fables in Three Parts published in 1784. This was followed in 1818 by The Fables of Aesop and Others. The work is divided into three sections: the first has some of Dodsley's fables prefaced by a short prose moral; the second has 'Fables with Reflections', in which each story is followed by a prose and a verse moral and then a lengthy prose reflection; the third, 'Fables in Verse', includes fables from other sources in poems by several unnamed authors; in these the moral is incorporated into the body of the poem.

In the early 19th century authors turned to writing verse specifically for children and included fables in their output. One of the most popular was the writer of nonsense verse, Richard Scrafton Sharpe (died 1852), whose Old Friends in a New Dress: familiar fables in verse first appeared in 1807 and went through five steadily augmented editions until 1837. Jefferys Taylor's Aesop in Rhyme, with some originals, first published in 1820, was as popular and also went through several editions. The versions are lively but Taylor takes considerable liberties with the story line. Both authors were alive to the over serious nature of the 18th century collections and tried to remedy this. Sharpe in particular discussed the dilemma they presented and recommended a way round it, tilting at the same time at the format in Croxall's fable collection:

Sharpe was also the originator of the limerick, but his versions of Aesop are in popular song measures and it was not until 1887 that the limerick form was ingeniously applied to the fables. This was in a magnificently hand-produced Arts and Crafts Movement edition, The Baby's Own Aesop: being the fables condensed in rhyme with portable morals pictorially pointed by Walter Crane.

Some later prose editions were particularly notable for their illustrations. Among these was Aesop's fables: a new version, chiefly from original sources (1848) by Thomas James, 'with more than one hundred illustrations designed by John Tenniel'. Tenniel himself did not think highly of his work there and took the opportunity to redraw some in the revised edition of 1884, which also used pictures by Ernest Griset and Harrison Weir. Once the technology was in place for coloured reproductions, illustrations became ever more attractive. Notable early 20th century editions include V.S. Vernon Jones' new translation of the fables accompanied by the pictures of Arthur Rackham (London, 1912) and in the US Aesop for Children (Chicago, 1919), illustrated by Milo Winter.

The illustrations from Croxall's editions were an early inspiration for other artefacts aimed at children. In the 18th century they appear on tableware from the Chelsea, Wedgwood and Fenton potteries, for example. 19th century examples with a definitely educational aim include the fable series used on the alphabet plates issued in great numbers from the Brownhills Pottery in Staffordshire. Fables were used equally early in the design of tiles to surround the nursery fireplace. The latter were even more popular in the 19th century when there were specially designed series from Mintons, Minton-Hollins and Maw & Co. In France too, well-known illustrations of La Fontaine's fables were often used on china.

Religious themes
In Classical times there was an overlap between fable and myth, especially where they had an aetiological function. Among those are two which deal with the difference between humans and animals. According to the first, humans are distinguished by their rationality. But in those cases where they have a bestial mentality, the explanation is that at creation animals were found to outnumber humans and some were therefore modified in shape but retained their animal souls.

Such early philosophical speculation was also extended to the ethical problems connected with divine justice. For example, it was perceived as disproportionate for an evil man to be punished by dying in a shipwreck when it involved many other innocent people. The god Hermes explained this to an objector by the human analogy of a man bitten by an ant and in consequence stamping on all those about his feet. Again, it was asked why the consequences of an evil deed did not follow immediately it was committed. Hermes was involved here too, since he records men's acts on potsherds and takes them to Zeus piled in a box. The god of justice, however, goes through them in reverse order and the penalty may therefore be delayed. However, where the fault is perceived as an act of defiance, as happens in the fable of Horkos, retribution arrives swiftly.

Some fables may express open scepticism, as in the story of the man marketing a statue of Hermes who boasted of its effectiveness. Asked why he was disposing of such an asset, the huckster explains that the god takes his time in granting favours while he himself needs immediate cash. In another example, a farmer whose mattock has been stolen goes to a temple to see if the culprit can be found by divination. On his arrival he hears an announcement asking for information about a robbery at the temple and concludes that a god who cannot look after his own must be useless. But the contrary position, against reliance on religious ritual, was taken in fables like Hercules and the Wagoner that illustrate the proverb "god helps those who help themselves". The story was also to become a favourite centuries later in Protestant England, where one commentator took the extreme position that to neglect the necessity of self-help is "blasphemy" and that it is "a great sin for a man to fail in his trade or occupation by running often to prayers".

As the fables moved out of the Greek-speaking world and were adapted to different times and religions, it is notable how radically some fables were reinterpreted. Thus one of the fables collected under the title of the Lion's share and originally directed against tyranny became in the hands of Rumi a parable of oneness with the God of Islam and obedience to divine authority. In the Jewish 'fox fables' of Berechiah ha-Nakdan, the humorous account of the hares and the frogs was made the occasion to recommend trust in God, while Christian reinterpretation of animal symbolism in Mediaeval times turned The Wolf and the Crane into a parable of the rescue of the sinner's soul from Hell.

In Mediaeval times too, fables were collected for use in sermons, of which Odo of Cheriton's Parobolae is just one example. At the start of the Reformation, Martin Luther followed his example in the work now known as the Coburg Fables. Another source of Christianized fables was in the emblem books of the 16th–17th centuries. In Georgette de Montenay's Emblemes ou devises chrestiennes (1571), for example, the fable of The Oak and the Reed was depicted in the context of the lines from the Magnificat, "He hath put down the mighty from their seats and exalted them of low degree" (Luke 1.52, AV).

Once the fables were perceived as primarily for the instruction of children, a new generation of Christian writers began putting their own construction on them, often at odds with their original interpretation. An extreme example occurs in a compilation called Christian Fables from the Victorian era, where The North Wind and the Sun is referred to Biblical passages in which religion is compared to a cloak. Therefore, says the author, one should beware of abandoning one's beliefs under the sun of prosperity. Demonstrably, the essence of fables is their adaptability. Beginning two and a half millennia ago with aetiological solutions to philosophical problems, fresh religious applications were continuing into the present.

Dramatised fables
The success of La Fontaine's fables in France started a European fashion for creating plays around them. The originator was Edmé Boursault, with his five-act verse drama Les Fables d'Esope (1690), later retitled Esope à la ville (Aesop in town). Such was its popularity that a rival theatre produced Eustache Le Noble's Arlaquin-Esope in the following year. Boursault then wrote a sequel, Esope à la cour (Aesop at court), a heroic comedy that was held up by the censors and not produced until after his death in 1701. Other 18th-century imitations included Jean-Antoine du Cerceau's Esope au collège (1715), where being put in charge of a school gives the fabulist ample opportunity to tell his stories, and Charles-Étienne Pesselier's Esope au Parnasse (1739), a one-act piece in verse.

Esope à la ville was written in French alexandrine couplets and depicted a physically ugly Aesop acting as adviser to Learchus, governor of Cyzicus under King Croesus, and using his fables as satirical comments on those seeking his favour or to solve romantic problems. One of the problems is personal to Aesop, since he is betrothed to the governor's daughter, who detests him and has a young admirer with whom she is in love. There is very little action, the play serving as a platform for the recitation of free verse fables at frequent intervals. These include The Fox and the Weasel, The Fox and the Mask, The Belly and the Other Members, the Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, the Fox and the Crow, the Crab and her Daughter, The Frog and the Ox, the Cook and the Swan, The Wolf and the Lamb, The Mountain in Labour, and The Man with two Mistresses. Two others – The Nightingale, The Lark and the Butterfly – appear original to the author, while a third, The Doves and the Vulture, is in fact an adapted version of The Frogs and the Sun.

Esope à la cour is more of a moral satire, most scenes being set pieces for the application of fables to moral problems, but to supply romantic interest Aesop's mistress Rhodope is introduced. Among the sixteen fables included, only four derive from La Fontaine – The Heron and the Fish, the Lion and the Mouse, the Dove and the Ant, the Sick Lion – while a fifth borrows a moral from another of his but alters the details, and a sixth has as apologue a maxim of Antoine de La Rochefoucauld. After a modest few performances, the piece later grew in popularity and remained in the repertory until 1817. Boursault's play was also influential in Italy and twice translated. It appeared from Bologna in 1719 under the title L'Esopo in Corte, translated by Antonio Zaniboni, and as Le Favole di Esopa alla Corte  from Venice in 1747, translated by Gasparo Gozzi. The same translator was responsible for a version of Esope à la ville (Esopo in città, Venice, 1748); then in 1798 there was an anonymous Venetian three-act adaptation, Le Favole di Esopa, ossia Esopo in città. In England the play was adapted under the title Aesop by John Vanbrugh and first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London in 1697, remaining popular for the next twenty years.

In the 20th century individual fables by Aesop began to be adapted to animated cartoons, most notably in France and the United States. Cartoonist Paul Terry began his own series, called Aesop's Film Fables, in 1921 but by the time this was taken over by Van Beuren Studios in 1928 the story lines had little connection with any fable of Aesop's. In the early 1960s, animator Jay Ward created a television series of short cartoons called Aesop and Son which were first aired as part of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. Actual fables were spoofed to result in a pun based on the original moral. Two fables are also featured in the 1971 TV movie Aesop's Fables in the US. Here Aesop is a black story teller who relates two turtle fables, The Tortoise and the Eagle and the Tortoise and the Hare to a couple of children who wander into an enchanted grove. The fables themselves are shown as cartoons.

Between 1989 and 1991, fifty Aesop-based fables were reinterpreted on French television as  and later issued on DVD. These featured a cartoon in which the characters appeared as an assembly of animated geometric shapes, accompanied by Pierre Perret's slang versions of La Fontaine's original poem. In 1983 there was an extended manga version of the fables made in Japan, Isoppu monogatari, and there has also been a Chinese television series for children based on the stories.

There have also been several dramatic productions for children based on elements of Aesop's life and including the telling of some fables, although most were written as purely local entertainments. Among these was Canadian writer Robertson Davies' A Masque of Aesop (1952), which was set at his trial in Delphi and allows the defendant to tell the fables The Belly and the Members, The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse and The Cock and the Jewel while challenging prevailing social attitudes.

Musical treatments
While musical settings of La Fontaine's Fables began appearing in France within a few decades of their publication, it was not until the 19th century that composers began to take their inspiration directly from Aesop. One of the earliest was Charles Valentin Alkan's Le festin d'Ésope ("Aesop's Feast", 1857), a set of piano variations in which each is said to depict a different animal or scene from Aesop's fables. In Victorian England there were several piano arrangements of fables versified (with no particular skill) by their composers. 1847 saw the anonymous Selection of Aesop's Fables Versified and Set to Music with Symphonies and Accompaniments for the Piano Forte, which contained 28 fables. It was followed in that same year by Olivia Buckley Dussek's selection, illustrated by Thomas Onwhyn. Twelve were also set by W. Langton Williams () in his Aesop's Fables, versified & arranged for the piano forte (London, 1870s), the jocular wording of which was strongly deprecated by The Musical Times.

More were to follow in the 20th century, with seven settings in Mabel Wood Hill's Aesop's Fables Interpreted Through Music (New York, 1920), with the fable's moral at the head of each piece. Many of these works were specifically aimed at young people. They also included Edward Hughes' Songs from Aesop's fables for children's voices and piano (1965) and Arwel Hughes's similarly titled work for unison voices. More recently, the American composer Robert J. Bradshaw (b.1970) dedicated his 3rd Symphony (2005) to the fables with a programme note explaining that the work's purpose "is to excite young musicians and audiences to take an interest in art music". Five more fables set for choir are featured in Bob Chilcott's Aesop's Fables (2008).

Werner Egk's early settings in Germany were aimed at children too. His Der Löwe und die Maus (The Lion and the Mouse 1931) was a singspiel drama for small orchestra and children's choir; aimed at 12- to 14-year-olds, it was built on an improvisation by the composer's own children. He followed this with Der Fuchs und der Rabe  (The Fox and the Crow) in 1932. Hans Poser's Die Fabeln des Äsop (Op. 28, 1956) was set for accompanied men's chorus and uses Martin Luther's translation of six. Others who have set German texts for choir include Herbert Callhoff (1963) and Andre Asriel (1972).

The commonest approach in building a musical bridge to children has involved using a narrator with musical backing. Following the example of Sergei Prokoviev in "Peter and the Wolf" (1936), Vincent Persichetti set six for narrator and orchestra in his Fables (Op. 23 1943).  Richard Maltz also composed his Aesop's Fables (1993) to introduce the instruments of the orchestra to elementary students and to teach them about the elements of music, and Daniel Dorff's widely performed 3 Fun Fables (1996) has contrasting instruments interpreting characters: in "The Fox and the Crow" it is trumpet and contrabass;  in "The Dog and Its Reflection" it is trombone and violin, harp and percussion; in "The Tortoise and the Hare" it is contrabassoon and clarinet. Others simply adapt the narrator's voice to a musical backing. They include Scott Watson's Aesop's Fables and Anthony Plog's set of five for narrator, horn and piano (1989).

A different strategy is to adapt the telling to popular musical genres. Australian musician David P Shortland chose ten fables for his recording Aesop Go HipHop (2012), where the stories are given a hip hop narration and the moral is underlined in a lyrical chorus. The American William Russo's approach to popularising his Aesop's Fables (1971) was to make of it a rock opera. This incorporates nine, each only introduced by the narrator before the music and characters take over. Instead of following the wording of one of the more standard fable collections, as other composers do, the performer speaks in character. Thus in "The Crow and the Fox" the bird introduces himself with, "Ahm not as pretty as mah friends and I can't sing so good, but, uh, I can steal food pretty goddam good!" Other composers who have created operas for children have been Martin Kalmanoff in Aesop the fabulous fabulist (1969), David Ahlstom in his one-act Aesop's Fables (1986), and David Edgar Walther with his set of four "short operatic dramas", some of which were performed in 2009 and 2010. There have also been local ballet treatments of the fables for children in the US by such companies as Berkshire Ballet and Nashville Ballet.

A musical, Aesop's Fables by British playwright Peter Terson, first produced in 1983, was  performed by the Isango Portobello company, directed by Mark Dornford-May at the Fugard Theatre in Cape Town, South Africa, in 2010. The play tells the story of the black slave Aesop, who learns that freedom is earned and kept through being responsible. His teachers are the animal characters he meets on his journeys. The fables they suggest include the Tortoise and the Hare, the Lion and the Goat, the Wolf and the Crane, the Frogs Who Desired a King and three others, brought to life through a musical score featuring mostly marimbas, vocals and percussion. A colourful treatment was Brian Seward's Aesop's Fabulous Fables (2009) in Singapore, which mixes a typical musical with Chinese dramatic techniques.

Use of other languages elsewhere in the world have included a setting of four Latin texts in the Czech composer Ilja Hurník's Ezop for mixed choir and orchestra (1964) and the setting of two as a Greek opera by Giorgos Sioras (b. 1952) in 1998. And in 2010 Lefteris Kordis launched his 'Aesop Project', a setting of seven fables which mixed traditional East Mediterranean and Western Classical musical textures, combined with elements of jazz. After an English recitation by male narrator, a female singer's rendition of the Greek wording was accompanied by an octet.

Select fables

Titles A–F

 Aesop and the Ferryman
 The Ant and the Grasshopper
 The Ape and the Fox
 The Ass and his Masters
 The Ass and the Pig
 The Ass Carrying an Image
 The Ass in the Lion's Skin
 The Astrologer who Fell into a Well
 The Bald Man and the Fly
 The Bear and the Travelers
 The Beaver
 The Belly and the Other Members
 The Bird-catcher and the Blackbird
 The Bird in Borrowed Feathers
 The Boy Who Cried Wolf
 The Bulls and the Lion
 The Cat and the Mice
 The Crab and the Fox
 The Cock and the Jewel
 The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
 The Crow and the Pitcher
 The Crow and the Sheep
 The Crow and the Snake
 The Deer without a Heart
 The Dog and a Sow
 The Dog and Its Reflection
 The Dog and the Sheep
 The Dog and the Wolf
 The Dogs and the Lion's Skin
 The Dove and the Ant
 The Eagle and the Beetle
 The Eagle and the Fox
 The Eagle Wounded by an Arrow
 The Farmer and his Sons
 The Farmer and the Sea
 The Farmer and the Stork
 The Farmer and the Viper
 The Fir and the Bramble
 The Fisherman and his Flute
 The Fisherman and the Little Fish
 The Fly and the Ant
 The Fly in the Soup
 The Fowler and the Snake
 The Fox and the Crow
 The Fox and the Grapes
 The Fox and the Lion
 The Fox and the Mask
 The Fox and the Sick Lion
 The Fox and the Stork
 The Fox and the Weasel
 The Fox and the Woodman
 The Fox, the Flies and the Hedgehog
 The Frightened Hares
 The Frog and the Fox
 The Frog and the Mouse
 The Frog and the Ox
 The Frogs and the Sun
 The Frogs Who Desired a King

Titles G–O

 The Goat and the Vine
 The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs
 The Hare in flight
 Hercules and the Wagoner
 The Honest Woodcutter
 Horkos, the god of oaths
 The Horse and the Donkey
 The Horse that Lost its Liberty
 The Impertinent Insect
 The Jar of Blessings
 The Kite and the Doves
 The Lion and the Mouse
 The Lion Grown Old
 The Lion in Love
 The Lion's Share
 The Lion, the Bear and the Fox
 The lion, the boar and the vultures
 The Man and the Lion
 The Man with two Mistresses
 The Mischievous Dog
 The Miser and his Gold
 Momus criticizes the creations of the gods
 The Moon and her Mother
 The Mountain in Labour
 The Mouse and the Oyster
 The North Wind and the Sun
 The Oak and the Reed
 The Old Man and Death
 The Old Man and his Sons
 The Old Man and the Ass
 The Old Woman and the Doctor
 The Old Woman and the Wine-jar
 The Oxen and the Creaking Cart

Titles R–Z

 The Rivers and the Sea
 The Rose and the Amaranth
 The Satyr and the Traveller
 The Shipwrecked Man and the Sea
 The Sick Kite
 The Snake and the Crab
 The Snake and the Farmer
 The Snake in the Thorn Bush
 The Statue of Hermes
 The Swan and the Goose
 The Tortoise and the Birds
 The Tortoise and the Hare
 The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse
 The Travellers and the Plane Tree
 The Trees and the Bramble
 The Trumpeter Taken Captive
 The Two Pots
 The Walnut Tree
 War and his Bride
 Washing the Ethiopian white
 The Weasel and Aphrodite
 The Wolf and the Crane
 The Wolf and the Lamb
 The Wolf and the Shepherds
 The Woodcutter and the Trees
 The Young Man and the Swallow
 Zeus and the Tortoise

Fables wrongly attributed to Aesop

 An ass eating thistles
 The Bear and the Bees
 The Bear and the Gardener
 Belling the cat (also known as The Mice in Council)
 The Blind Man and the Lame
 The Boy and the Filberts
 Chanticleer and the Fox
 The Dog in the Manger
 The drowned woman and her husband
 The Eel and the Snake
 The Elm and the Vine
 The Fox and the Cat
 The Gourd and the Palm-tree
 The Hawk and the Nightingale
 The Hare and many friends
 The Hedgehog and the Snake
 The Heron and the Fish
 Jumping from the frying pan into the fire
 The milkmaid and her pail
 The miller, his son and the donkey
 The Monkey and the Cat
 The Priest and the Wolf
 The Scorpion and the Frog
 The Shepherd and the Lion
 Still waters run deep
 The Vultures and the Pigeons
 The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing

References

Further reading
 Anthony, Mayvis, 2006. The Legendary Life and Fables of Aesop
 Caxton, William, 1484. The history and fables of Aesop, Westminster. Modern reprint edited by Robert T. Lenaghan (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1967)
 Clayton, Edward. "Aesop, Aristotle, and Animals: The Role of Fables in Human Life" . Humanitas, Volume XXI, Nos. 1 and 2, 2008, pp. 179–200. Bowie, Maryland: National Humanities Institute.
 Gibbs, Laura (translator), 2002, reissued 2008. Aesop's Fables. Oxford University Press
 Gibbs, Laura, "Aesop Illustrations: Telling the Story in Images"
 Rev. Thomas James M.A., Aesop's Fables: A New Version, Chiefly from Original Sources, 1848. John Murray (includes many pictures by John Tenniel)
  – online version
 Perry, Ben Edwin (editor), 1952, 2nd edition 2007. Aesopica: A Series of Texts Relating to Aesop or Ascribed to Him. Urbana: University of Illinois Press
 Perry, Ben E. (editor), 1965. Babrius and Phaedrus, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965. English translations of 143 Greek verse fables by Babrius, 126 Latin verse fables by Phaedrus, 328 Greek fables not extant in Babrius, and 128 Latin fables not extant in Phaedrus (including some medieval materials) for a total of 725 fables
 Ruben, Emile, Poésies en patois limousine, Paris 1866
 Temple, Olivia; Temple, Robert (translators), 1998. Aesop, The Complete Fables,  New York: Penguin Classics. ()

External links

 Aesopica: over 600 English fables, plus Caxton's Aesop, Latin and Greek texts, Content Index, and Site Search.
 Children's Library, a site with many reproductions of illustrated English editions of Aesop
 Fables of Aesop, English versions
 Carlson Fable Collection at Creighton University Includes online catalogue of fable-related objects
 Vita et Aesopus moralisatus [Aesop's Fables, Italian and Latin.] Naples: [Germani fidelissimi for] Francesco del Tuppo, 13 February 1485. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Esopus [Moralisatus]. Venice, Manfredus de Bonellis, de Monteferrato, 17 August 1493. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Fabulae. Naples, Cristannus Preller, . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Esopo con la uita sua historiale euulgare. Milan, Guillermi Le Signerre fratres, 15 September 1498. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Fabule et vita Esopi, cum fabulis Auiani, Alfonsij, Pogij Florentini, et aliorum, cum optimo commento, bene diligenterque correcte et emendate. Antwerp, Gerardus Leeu, 26 September 1486. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Esopus constructus moralicatus Uenetijs, Impressum per B. Benalium, 1517. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Esopus cõnstructus moralizat. Taurini, B. Sylva, 1534 From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Aesopi Fabvlae cvm vvlgari interpretatione: Brixiae, Apud Loduicum Britannicum, 1537. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Aesop's fables. Latin. Esopi Appologi siue Mythologi cum quibusdam carminum et fabularum additionibus 1501. From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Aesop's fables. Spanish Libro del sabio [et] clarissimo fabulador Ysopu hystoriado et annotado. Sevilla, J. Cronberger, 1521 From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
 Aesop's fables. German. Vita et Fabulae. Augsburg, Anton Sorg, . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

Ancient Greek literature
Fables
Linguistic minorities

th:นิทานอีสป

Aesop's Fables


Crazy Nights is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1987. "Crazy Crazy Nights" was the first song released from the album. It reached #4 in the UK.

Track listing
Crazy Crazy Nights
I'll Fight Hell To Hold You
Bang Bang You
No, No, No
Hell Or High Water
My Way
When Your Walls Come Down
Reason To Live
Good Girl Gone Bad
Turn On The Night
Thief In The Night

Kiss (band) albums
1987 albums

Crazy Nights


A haunted house or ghosthouse is a house where supernatural events are believed to take place. Many haunted houses are believed to contain ghosts. They can also contain the spirits of dead people. The rumour that a house is haunted often starts after something violent or tragic happens in the house, such as a murder or suicide. Haunted houses are common in gothic fiction, and are generally seen as old castles or creaky, old, abandoned houses. A haunted house can be a type of attraction in amusements parks too. One scientific explanation of haunted houses is that poisonous gasses such as carbon monoxide from defective gas-burning appliances are what causes the hallucinations that people experience. Another possible cause is infrasound.

Carbon monoxide theory
Many haunted houses have been investigated and found to contain high levels of carbon monoxide or other poisons, which can cause hallucinations. The carbon monoxide theory explains why haunted houses are mostly older houses which are more likely to contain aging and defective appliances, and why more hauntings are reported in the colder months. Carbon monoxide poisoning explains many of the occurrences in haunted houses, such as feelings of being watched, hearing footsteps or voices, seeing "ghosts", headaches, dizziness, and sudden death or illness of people or pets, and also strange behavior in pets such as excessive barking or meowing. The carbon monoxide theory also explains why some ghosts don't show up on photographs or videos (photographs that do show "ghosts" are usually caused by dust, insects, fingers or camera strap in front of the lens, and multiple exposures).

Other poisons and drugs
Pesticides can cause the same types of hallucinations as carbon monoxide. Recreational drugs such as LSD and methamphetamine can cause hallucinations. Unpleasant hallucinations are known in the recreational drug community as a "bad trip". Drug users are usually, but not always, aware that they are experiencing hallucinations related to the drug, at least after they become sober again. Toxic mould, which can produce hallucinogens, has also been linked to haunted houses.

Other causes
Sounds heard in a "haunted" house are often very normal sounds, for example footstep-like sounds can be caused by vermin such as squirrels or raccoons. Dead vermin can also cause unusual smells often associated with hauntings. Doors closing by themselves can be caused by wind. Moving shadow figures can be caused by the headlights of passing cars shining through a window. Many times normal sounds that come from outside can be mistaken for a sound inside the house. Sounds made by electronics, plumbing, refrigerators, and heating / air conditioning have also been mistaken for paranormal sounds.

Related pages
Spiritual séance

Notes

Occult
Houses

Haunted house