A bruise, also called a contusion or an ecchymosis, is a visible bluish or purplish mark or patch appearing beneath the surface of the skin, resulting from blood that leaked out of the deeper layers of the tissues. Bruises are usually caused by a blow or pressure. In older people, bruises may also occur without a special reason.

Bruises often cause pain but are normally not dangerous. Sometimes bruises can be serious and lead to other more life-threatening forms of hematoma, or they can be associated with serious injuries such as fractures and internal bleeding.  Minor bruises may be easily recognized, in people with light skin color, by their characteristic blue or purple appearance (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.

How long do bruises last?

Bruises change color over time. That is because the body is fixing the bruise by breaking down and reabsorbing the blood, which makes the bruise to go through many colors before it later disappears. The age of a bruise can be guessed by looking at its color.

 At the start, it is red because of the blood that is appearing just under the skin.
 Within  the first five days  the hemoglobin inside the blood changes and the bruise turns into the color of a bluish-purple or even black.
 Between five and ten days, the bruise usually becomes slightly green or yellow.
 Then, after 10 or 14 days, it finally becomes a yellowish-brown or light brown.

Usually, a bruise takes about two weeks to  fade away. Some people bruise easily, but others do not. This is because they may have more tough skin tissue, certain diseases or conditions, or they take certain kinds of  medication.

Also, blood vessels tend to become fragile as people get older, which is why elderly people receive a bruise much more easily.

Speeding the healing process

Applying cold when the bruise is discovered helps make it smaller, because it stops the blood that's flowing to the area. It also keeps the swelling down. It is best to apply ice to the bruise for half an hour to an hour at a time for a day or two after the bruise first appears. However, it is not advisable to place ice right on the skin. Putting some icecubes in a plastic bag and wrapping a towel around the bag is a better idea to stop the bruise from getting worse.

Another way to help heal the bruise is to put the bruised area above the level of the heart. This helps to slow the flow of the blood because more of the blood in the bruise will flow back toward the rest of the body instead of leaking out into the tissues. If this is not done, more blood will flow into the bruise and make it grow.

If the bruise causes pain, painkillers, such as NSAIDs may be used against the pain. Certain creams exist to help with bruises. These creams usually combine a substance that helps skin growth with one that acts against the pain. Gently massaging the area of the bruise may also help recovery, and stop the pain, according to the gate theory of pain. If the massage is painful, it will not help the healing process. As for most injuries, these techniques should not be applied until at least three days after the initial damage to ensure all internal bleeding has stopped. Increasing blood flow will allow more healing factors into the area and encourage drainage, but if the injury is still bleeding this will also allow more blood to seep out of the wound and cause the bruise to become worse. In most cases, hematomas spontaneously revert. In cases of large hematomas or those localized in certain organs (''e.g.'', the brain), a physician may perform a puncture of the hematoma to allow the blood to exit.

Bruises as a sign of other conditions
Bruises that do not result from the application of force (blunt trauma) may be a symptom for other conditions: People with such bruises often have a problem with their blood. Platelet or coagulation disorders often lead to the increased bruising.  Unexplained bruising may be a warning sign of child abuse, domestic abuse, or serious medical problems such as leukemia or meningoccocal infection. Unexplained bruising can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer.

During an autopsy, bruises accompanying abrasions indicate the abrasions occurred while the person was alive, as opposed to damage that occurred after death

References

Other websites
   - Home Remedies For Bruise
 Firstaidweb on bruises
 What is a bruise? for kids
 Bruises in sports
 Fake bruises as fashion

Medical signs

Bruise


The banner o North Vietnam, kent as "Red flag wi Yellow star" an aw, wis adoptit as the Naitional banner o the Democratic Republic o Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It became the national banner o Vietnam follaein reunification wi Sooth Vietnam on Julie 2, 1976.

The flag wis designed bi Nguyễn Hữu Tiến, a communist revolutionary o the 1940 Cochinchina Uprising ("Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa") against French colonialism, when the banner wis seen on the first time. The uprising failed, and Tiến wis arrestit an executit alang wi ither leaders o the uprising.

The Western heraldric blazon is Gules, a mullet Or.

The banner o the Democratic Republic o Vietnam (the Viet Minh-controlled auries in Northren an Soothren Vietnam an later o juist North Vietnam) in the period of 1945–1955 wis similar tae the current banner o Vietnam but wi the points o the star set at a mair obtuse angle.

See also
 Banner o Vietnam
 Banner o Sooth Vietnam

Banners o Vietnam
Democratic Republic o Vietnam

Banner o North Vietnam


Eduard Tubin ( – 17 November 1982) was an Estonian composer, conductor, and choreographer.

Life
Tubin was born in Torila, Tartu County, Governorate of Livonia, then part of the Russian Empire. Both his parents were music lovers, and his father played trombone in the village band. His first taste of music came at school where he learned the flute. Later, his father swapped a cow for a piano, and the young Eduard soon became known in the village for his playing. Eduard also played flute in the village orchestra.

Tubin entered the Tartu Teacher's College in the newly independent Estonia in 1920. It was here he began to take an interest in composition. In 1924 he was admitted to the Tartu Higher Music School starting his studies under the guidance of the famous Estonian composer Heino Eller. He married a fellow student, Linda Pirn, in 1930 and their son Rein was born in 1932. Tubin took up work conducting in the Vanemuine theatre. During this time he also conducted one of the best-known male choirs and made several trips abroad. In 1938 he met Zoltán Kodály in Hungary, who encouraged his interest in folk songs. In 1941 he married the ballet dancer Elfriede Saarik. Their son Eino was born in 1942.

Following the Soviet re-occupation of Estonia in 1944, Tubin fled to Stockholm with his wife Erika and sons Rein and Eino. He remained in Sweden and became a Swedish citizen in 1961, although he did visit Estonia on occasions. He was offered work at the historical Drottningholm Palace Theatre restoring old operas. This left him time to devote himself to his own composition. Here he wrote most of his greatest works, including two operas, symphonies 5–10, a second concerto for violin, one concerto for double-bass and one for balalaika, a piano concertino, much piano and violin music, choir and solo songs etc. Towards the end of his life, Tubin slowly began to gain recognition, particularly after the conductor Neeme Järvi, also an Estonian, escaped to the United States in 1980. In the last year of his life his Tenth Symphony was performed on 5 concerts by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Tubin received several Swedish music awards and was elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. After a long illness he died on 17 November 1982 in Stockholm.

Style
Tubin often used Estonian folk music in his works, for instance in the Sinfonietta on Estonian motifs. His ballet Kratt is entirely based on folk tunes. In 1938 Tubin had visited the Estonian island of Hiiumaa to collect folk songs. Tubin was also a very good orchestrator, and this can be heard particularly in the Third and Fourth symphonies.

A change took place in Tubin's style at the end of the 1940s; the music became harmonically more astringent. The finale of the seventh symphony makes much use of a theme with all twelve notes, though it is tonal. The shift to a less nationalistic and more international style came after Tubin had fled Estonia to Sweden.

Tubin is perhaps not better known because of his displacement. Although Estonia claims him as one of their greatest composers, most of his composing was done in Sweden, which never gave him the attention he was due. Tubin is gaining recognition, however, particularly for his later symphonies and the Second Piano Sonata, which are recognised as masterpieces. Most of his works have been recorded (there are two complete recorded sets of his symphonies, conducted by Neeme Järvi and Arvo Volmer). In June 2005 the city of Tallinn observed the centennial of his birth with a festival where all of his symphonies and much of his piano and chamber music was performed. A statue of Tubin was erected in Tartu.

A Tubin Museum was opened at the Alatskivi Castle near to his birthplace in 2011. This has an exhibition about the composer and other members of the "Tartu school" of musicians who studied under Heino Eller including Alfred Karindi, Eduard Oja, Olav Roots and Karl Leichter.
The International Eduard Tubin Society was founded in Estonia in 2000. Its most important task is to produce an academically correct edition of his collected works, a work which is well in progress.

Selected works
Orchestra
Symphony No. 1 in C minor (1931–1934)
Symphony No. 2 in B minor "Legendary" (1937)
Symphony No. 3 in D minor "Heroic" (1940–1942, revised 1968)
Symphony No. 4 in A "Lyrical" (1943, revised 1978)
Symphony No. 5 in B minor (1946)
Symphony No. 6 (1953–1954, revised 1956) (first version premiered September 1955 by Tor Mann)
Symphony No. 7 (1955–1958)
Symphony No. 8 (1965–1966)
Symphony No. 9 "Sinfonia semplice" (1969)
Symphony No. 10 (1973)
Symphony No. 11 (incomplete)
Suite on Estonian Themes (1929–30)
Toccata (1937)
Prelude Solennel (1940)
Sinfonietta on Estonian Motifs (1940)
Music for Strings (1962–1963)

Concertante
Violin Concerto No. 1 in D major (1941–1942)
Concertino for Piano and Orchestra (1944–1945)
Violin Concerto No. 2 in G minor (1945)
Double Bass Concerto (1948)
Cello Concerto (unfinished - piano score, 1954–1955)
Balalaika Concerto (1963–1964)

Opera, ballet and choral works
Kratt, ballet in 4 acts (1938–1940, 2nd version 1940–1941, 3rd version 1959–1960); libretto Erika Saarik
Inauguration Cantata for baritone, reciter, chorus and orchestra (1958)
Barbara von Tisenhusen, opera in 3 acts (1967–1968); libretto Jaan Kross after a short story by Aino Kallas
The Parson of Reigi (Reigi õpetaja), opera (1970–1971); libretto Aino Kallas, completed by Jaan Kross
Requiem for Fallen Soldiers (1950, rev. 1979); text by Henrik Visnapuu and Marie Under

Chamber music
Piano Sonata No.1 (1928)
Piano Sonata No. 2 "Northern Lights" (1950)
Violin Sonata No.1 (1934–1936, revised 1968–1969)
Capriccio No.1 for Violin and Piano (1937, revised 1971)
Pastorale for Viola and Organ (1956)
Viola Sonata (1964–1965)
Alto Saxophone Sonata (1951)
Piano Quartet in C minor (ETW 59, 1929–30)
String Quartet (ETW 64, 1979)

References

External links
The Eduard Tubin Society
Eduard Tubin in MusicBrainz database

1905 births
1982 deaths
People from Peipsiääre Parish
People from the Governorate of Livonia
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Estonian composers
Estonian opera composers
Swedish opera composers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Male opera composers
Estonian World War II refugees
Estonian emigrants to Sweden
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians

Eduard Tubin


Scroll lock (or ScrLk) is the name of a key on a computer keyboard that was meant to lock all scrolling methods. The scroll lock key is rarely used and only came about because the original IBM PC keyboard had it. It was supposed to change how the arrow keys work. For example, when the scroll lock mode was turned on, the arrow keys would scroll the contents of a text window instead of moving the cursor. Today, the key doesn't do anything in most programs, and as a result, many keyboards today, especially those on laptops and mobile devices, do not have the scroll lock key.

Computer keyboard

Scroll lock


A blogger is a person who keeps a blog as a major activity in their life. This is a diary or journal on the web (also known as 'weblog'). Blogs are usually free to read, but nevertheless some have made fame and fortune for their writing. Tavi Gevinson's blog is an example. Many politicians and journalists are bloggers, perhaps realising that this is one good way to contact the younger voters. Michelle Malkin's blog is an example of this kind of use.

Twitter and Facebook are networking sites which offer some of the functions of a blog. What a blogger can do on sites like that is limited by the proprietary software. The really professional bloggers have their own sites, and also hold pages on social networking sites.

Writing occupations

Blogger


College Hockey America (CHA) is a group of American colleges and universities who play NCAA Division I women's ice hockey against one another every season. It was founded in 1999 as a men's hockey conference, with women's teams joining in 2002. The men's side of CHA folded after the 2009–10 season. As of the current 2013–14 season, CHA has six members, which is the minimum needed to earn an automatic place in the NCAA women's tournament. However, because three of these schools only joined in July 2012, CHA will not get an automatic tournament place until at least the 2014–15 season.

CHA has close ties with Atlantic Hockey, a men's hockey-only conference. Although the conferences do not share offices, they have the same commissioner, and three current CHA members are also in Atlantic Hockey.

Current members
 Lindenwood University
 Mercyhurst University
 Pennsylvania State University ("Penn State")
 Rochester Institute of Technology ("RIT")
 Robert Morris University
 Syracuse University

Of the current members, Mercyhurst, RIT, and Robert Morris have varsity men's teams in Atlantic Hockey. Penn State has a men's varsity team that plays in the school's all-sports conference, the Big Ten. Syracuse has a men's team, but it plays at club level, outside the NCAA structure.

Former members

Men's teams
 United States Air Force Academy ("Air Force") (1999–2006) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 University of Alabama in Huntsville ("Alabama–Huntsville" or "UAH") (1999–2010) — now in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA)
 United States Military Academy ("Army") (1999–2000) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 Bemidji State University (1999–2010) — now in the WCHA
 University of Findlay (1999–2004) — dropped men's and women's hockey
 Niagara University (1999–2010) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 Robert Morris University (2004–2010) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 Wayne State University (1999–2008) — dropped men's hockey

Women's teams
 University of Findlay (2002–2004) — dropped men's and women's hockey
 Niagara University (2002–2012) — dropped women's hockey
 Quinnipiac University (2004–2005) — now in ECAC Hockey
 Wayne State University (2002–2011) — dropped women's hockey

References

1999 establishments in the United States

College Hockey America


Daniel Chevilette Govan (July 4, 1829 – March 12, 1911) was an American miner, planter, and soldier. He served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War, prominent in campaigns and battles in the Western Theater.

Early life and career
Daniel C. Govan was born in Northampton County, North Carolina. His father was U.S. Representative Andrew R. Govan from South Carolina, who in 1832 relocated the family to Marshall County, Mississippi, where he was raised. Govan received his primary education from private tutoring and then attended South Carolina College (modern day University of South Carolina) graduating in 1848.

Govan participated in the 1849 California Gold Rush along with his cousin Benjamin McCulloch, who would also become a Confederate general. In 1850 Govan was elected deputy sheriff of Sacramento, and two years later he returned to Mississippi and took up work as a planter. In December 1853 Govan married Mary Fogg Otey, the daughter of prominent theologian James Hervey Otey, with whom he would have 14 children. In 1860 he moved to Helena, Arkansas, and again became a planter.

Civil War service
At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, Govan chose to follow his home state and the Confederate cause. He raised a company of men and in May he was appointed a captain in the Arkansas State forces. On June 5 he was elected lieutenant colonel in the 2nd Arkansas Infantry, and on January 28, 1862, was promoted to colonel and given command of the regiment.

Govan and his men participated in the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. Following Shiloh, Govan took part in Edmund Kirby Smith's Kentucky Campaign and fought at the Battle of Perryville in October. At one point during this battle Govan temporarily commanded a brigade. He then fought at the Battle of Stones River that winter and at the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863. Govan led a brigade in the Reserve Corps of the Army of Tennessee from August to November. During the Battle of Missionary Ridge Govan played a prominent role in the Battle of Ringgold Gap, receiving high praise from his commander, Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne.

On December 29, 1863, Govan was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. His command consisting of the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiments. Govan's brigade participated in the Atlanta Campaign, and he received particular mention for his conduct at the Battle of Pickett's Mill in May 1864. Govan was captured after a fierce battle at the Battle of Jonesborough on September 1, but was exchanged for George Stoneman on October 2.

Govan served the remainder of the war with the Army of Tennessee, participating in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign and then the Carolinas Campaign. He was seriously wounded in his throat on December 16 at Nashville. Govan surrendered in 1865 with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Greensboro, North Carolina. He was paroled from there on May 1 and was pardoned by the U.S. Government on December 12.

Postbellum career
Following the war, Govan returned home and resumed farming. He later served as the Indian agent at the Tulalip Agency in the state of Washington in 1894. Govan died in 1911 at the home of one of his children in Memphis, Tennessee. His body was brought to Holly Springs, Mississippi, and was buried at the city's Hillcrest Cemetery.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Wakelyn, Jon L., Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy, Greenwood Press, 1977, .
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Gray: The Lives of the Confederate Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1959, .
Wright, Marcus J., General Officers of the Confederate Army, J. M. Carroll & Co., 1983, .
 bonps.org Battle of Nashville Preservation Society site Conf. Order of Battle.

1829 births
1911 deaths
University of South Carolina alumni
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
American Civil War prisoners of war
People of Arkansas in the American Civil War
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
People of Mississippi in the American Civil War
American planters
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Burials at Hillcrest Cemetery

Daniel Govan


"Bart the Daredevil" is the eighth episode of The Simpsons second season and first started on December 6, 1990. It was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky and directed by Wes Archer.

Plot
In this episode, the Simpsons go to a Monster truck rally that has famous daredevil "Lance Murdock." Bart immediately becomes excited by this and decides that he wants to become a daredevil as well. Bart's first trick ends in injury, and although the family and "Dr. Hibbert's" best efforts, Bart continues to try tricks. Bart decides to jump the Springfield gorge, but Homer learns about Bart's plan and makes him promise not to jump it. However, Bart breaks his promise and goes to jump the gorge. Before the act, though, Homer stops him just in time and gets Bart to promise that he will stop being a daredevil homer then takes Bart's place in jump and very nearly dies.

Other websites

1990 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 2) episodes

Bart the Daredevil


David Lesley Schultz (June 6, 1959 – January 26, 1996) was an American Olympic and World champion freestyle wrestler, and a seven-time World and Olympic medalist. He coached individuals and teams at the college level and also privately.

Dave and his brother, wrestler Mark Schultz, both won gold at the same Olympics (1984). The Schultzes were one of three sets of brothers (the others are Buvaisar and Adam Saitiev, and Anatoli and Sergei Beloglazov) to win both World and Olympic championships. The Schultz brothers won more NCAA, U.S. Open, World, and Olympic titles than any other American brother combination in history.

Schultz was employed as a coach by John du Pont, a multimillionaire philanthropist who sponsored the private Foxcatcher wrestling team at an amateur sports center known as Foxcatcher Farm that he set up on his estate in Pennsylvania. In January 1996, the mentally ill du Pont murdered Schultz.

Early life
David Lesley Schultz was born in Palo Alto, California, to Dorothy Jean St. Germain (née Rich) and Phillip Gary Schultz. He was the brother of Mark Schultz, and two half-siblings – Michael and Seana. Schultz is of half Belarusian-Jewish and half British/Irish/French/German descent. His paternal grandparents were Estelle (Bernstein), the daughter of a prominent paper company executive, and Maxwell L. Schultz, a business consultant. His maternal grandparents were Dorothy (Starks), a radiologist who graduated from Stanford Medical School #1 in her class, and Willis Rich, a Stanford ichthyology professor, inventor of the salmon ladder and discoverer of the "home stream theory" that salmon return to the rivers where they were born in order to spawn before they die. He said in a video that he was a Christian by faith.

As a young child, Dave was overweight (nicknamed "Pudge"), and was often bullied at school by classmates for his weight and appearance. He also had dyslexia, which many of his teachers mistook for mental disabilities.

Schultz began wrestling in junior high school at David Starr Jordan Middle School in Palo Alto coached by Robert Hoskins. In 1977 as a senior at Palo Alto High School, he became state champion. That year he also won both his first national and international wrestling titles. As a high school senior he pinned 2-time NCAA champion and NCAA "Outstanding Wrestler" Chuck Yagla at the Great Plains Championships. His brother Mark started competing in sports in gymnastics, winning the Northern California All-Around Gymnastics Championships in his age group. In his junior year he switched to wrestling, and in his senior year won state.

Wrestling career

High school career
Schultz's high school wrestling records included winning first place in the prestigious Great Plains freestyle tournament, which qualified him to compete on his first U.S. international team in the Tbilisi Tournament in then-Soviet Georgia. The Tbilisi Tournament is considered by many experts in the wrestling community to be the "toughest tournament in the world." Schultz earned a silver medal and was the highest-placing American at the tournament. Due to the timing of Tbilisi, Schultz was not able to compete in the high school tournaments that were required to qualify for the California State Championships, but his coach Ed Hart successfully petitioned the state coaches association to allow him to compete. Wrestling two weight classes above his normal division, Schultz pinned all his opponents in the state championships but the last, whom he defeated 12–1 in the final match. Later that year he won his first national title by winning the U.S. National Open Greco-Roman Championships and won the award for most falls in the least amount of time. Schultz's senior year is considered by most experts as the most successful senior year in U.S. high school wrestling history.

College
In college, Schultz was a three-time NCAA All-American, first at Oklahoma State University and then twice at the University of Oklahoma. In 1982, he was the 167-pound weight class NCAA Champion defeating Mike Sheets from Oklahoma State University in the finals by criteria tie-breaker in overtime. His career collegiate record was 91–8: 30–4 at Oklahoma State University, 61–4 at the University of Oklahoma.

World and Olympics career
Schultz won ten Senior National titles (eight in Freestyle and two in Greco-Roman) over a 19-year span, at three weight divisions: 149.9 lb, 163 lb and 180.5 lb. In international competition, Schultz won a 1983 World Championship and a 1984 Olympic gold medal, competing with the United States team. Schultz won the gold medal at the 74 kg weight class over Martin Knosp from West Germany. He won four World Cup and two Pan American Games titles, and is the only American ever to twice win the tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. In all, he was a seven-time World and Olympic medalist. Together, Dave and his brother Mark Schultz, along with the Banach brothers, were the first American brothers to each win gold medals in the same Olympics, and likewise the only American brothers to win both World and Olympic championships.

Coaching and post professional career
At various times, Schultz also served as an assistant coach at the University of Oklahoma, Stanford University, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Among many other top U.S. wrestlers, Schultz trained 1996 Olympic Gold Medalist Kurt Angle, who later became a professional wrestler. In the 1990s, he worked as a coach for John du Pont's "Team Foxcatcher", which trained at a complex built on the du Pont family farm in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. In 1996, Schultz was murdered there by a mentally-ill du Pont.

Murder
Schultz trained at the Foxcatcher center while preparing for another Olympic bid, as well as coaching the wrestling team. On January 26, 1996, he was shot and killed by John du Pont, the owner of the center. Du Pont had exhibited bizarre and threatening behavior for an extended period preceding the murder.

Schultz was 36 at the time of his death. His body was cremated. Schultz's surviving family included his wife Nancy, his son Alexander, his daughter Danielle, his siblings, and both parents.

At the trial, neither the prosecution nor the defense suggested a motive for the crime. A jury rejected du Pont's plea of not guilty by reason of insanity; he was convicted as guilty but mentally ill. Du Pont was sentenced by Judge Patricia Jenkins to 13–30 years incarceration and died in prison on December 9, 2010. Schultz's father Philip told The New York Times that "the fact that he's officially gone is almost a moot point. I did forgive the man for what he did. I never forgave the act."

The story of the events leading to his death are portrayed in the 2014 film Foxcatcher, with Schultz portrayed by Mark Ruffalo.

Legacy
After Schultz's murder, 20 former Foxcatcher athletes were left without training or coaching resources six months before the 1996 Olympic Games. Schultz's widow founded the Dave Schultz Wrestling Club in March 1996 to sponsor the stranded wrestlers through the Olympics. The Club succeeded beyond the initial goal. It continued to train athletes in both men's and women's freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling until it closed in 2005. Among the wrestlers who competed under Dave Schultz WC sponsorship were Olympic gold medalists Kurt Angle (100 kg/220 lbs Men's Freestyle, 1996) and Brandon Slay (76 kg/167.5 lbs Men's Freestyle, 2000), Olympic bronze medalist Patricia Miranda (48 kg/105.5 lbs Women's Freestyle, 2004), and World Champion Stephen Neal (130 kg/286 lbs. Men's Freestyle, 1999).

 Since Schultz's death, USA Wrestling has hosted the annual Dave Schultz Memorial International wrestling meet at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
 In 1997, Schultz was posthumously inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.
 The singlet Kurt Angle wore in his early World Wrestling Federation career was a tribute to Schultz.

Representation in other media
 The 2014 film Foxcatcher, directed by Bennett Miller, with Mark Ruffalo playing Schultz, Steve Carell as du Pont and Channing Tatum as Mark, is based on Mark Schultz's relationship with du Pont. For his portrayal of Dave, Ruffalo was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
 Dave's brother Mark Schultz wrote a non-fiction book, Foxcatcher: The True Story of My Brother's Murder, John du Pont's Madness, and the Quest for Olympic Gold (2014).
 The story of John du Pont, David Schultz, and Team Foxcatcher is documented in The Prince of Pennsylvania, a documentary film directed by Jesse Vile for ESPN's 30 for 30 series.

Athletic achievements
 1982 NCAA Division I Champion, 167 lb class
 1983 Senior Freestyle world champion, 163 lb
 1984 Olympic gold medalist, 163.1 lb
 1986 Goodwill Games gold medalist
 1994 Goodwill Games silver medalist
 Seven-time USA Senior Freestyle champion (1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1995; all except 1988 (180.5 lb) at 163 lb)
 Five-time World Cup champion (1980, 1982, 1985, 1994, 1995)
 Two-time Pan American Games champion (1977 (Greco-Roman), 1987(Freestyle))
 Three-time AAU National Champion (1977 GR, 1981 FS, 1982 GR)
 Three-time NCAA Division I all-American (1978, 1981, 1982)
 Two-Time Tbilisi Champion (1984, 1991)
 Two-time Olympic Festival Champion (1985, 1987)
 Two-time Sunkist International Champion (1989, 1990)
 Three-time DeGlane Challenge Champion (1983, 1990, 1991)
 Three-time World silver medalist, 163 lb (1985, 1987, 1993)
 Two-time World Bronze medalist (1982, 1986)

See also
 List of World and Olympic Champions in men's freestyle wrestling
 United States results in men's freestyle wrestling
List of Jews in Sports

References

External links
 Dave Schultz at the National Wrestling Hall of Fame
 Palo Alto Weekly obituary, with recollections of Schultz as a youth – January 31, 1996
 Washington Post obituary
 Sports Illustrated article by Rick Reilly on the 1996 U.S. Olympic wrestling team drawing inspiration from the memory of Dave Schultz and the presence of his wife and children at the Atlanta Games

1959 births
1996 deaths
American people of British descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Deaths by firearm in Pennsylvania
Male murder victims
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in wrestling
Palo Alto High School alumni
Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
People murdered in Pennsylvania
Wrestlers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers
University of Oklahoma alumni
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Palo Alto, California
Oklahoma Sooners wrestlers
Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestlers
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Universiade medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1987 Pan American Games
Wrestlers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Goodwill Games medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Sportspeople with dyslexia

Dave Schultz (amateur wrestler)


Wedel is a town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, approximately  south of Elmshorn, and  west of Hamburg.

History

Foundation and Middle Ages
The first known mention of Wedel in a text is in a 1212 document naming the "brothers from Wedel" as witnesses. However, the mention is not definitive and it remains unclear whether a place of this name already existed elsewhere. Artifacts of pre- and early historical periods found here bear witness to early settlement at the site.

The name means "bank of water", identifying a place where a body of water must be crossed, in this case the "Wedeler Aue", a small brook which formed an obstacle on an important local trade route. The first clear and definitive reference to Wedel is in documents of the Count of Schauenburg, a member of the Lower Saxon aristocracy that ruled the area well into the 17th century. The castle of the Schauenburgs, built in 1311 and known as the Hatzburg, was located in Holm which is today a small village close to Wedel. That same year Adolf VI, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein-Pinneberg signed a peace treaty in which he promised the rulers of the city of Hamburg that there would be no harm coming from the Hatzburg. As the years went by the importance of the castle decreased and it fell into decay. The Schauenburgs moved later that century to the nearby city of Pinneberg. The castle itself stood until the beginning of the 18th century. Documents available from the first half of the 14th century make mention of a mill and church in Wedel.

Ox trade

The ox market in Wedel developed into one of the most important marketplaces for cattle in Northern Germany. Cattle dealers drove large trucks from all over Jutland to sell their livestock (especially oxen) here and their trade route became known as the Oxen Way. Early armies took advantage of the easy route carved by the merchants, and so it came to also be known as the Army Way.

The Roland statue of Wedel is a well known local monument which stands in the town marketplace. The figure of Roland became popular in many parts of Germany as a symbol of the growing independence of cities from the nobility. In Wedel, Roland symbolized justice in the market and it was traditional to hold sales negotiations or settle disputes under his watchful eye. The first Roland erected here around 1450 was probably a simple wooden statue. The Roland standing in the town today is believed to have been raised in 1558 after being commissioned by Count Otto IV of Schauenburg and Holstein-Pinneberg and is made of Bückeburg sandstone.

The principal trading area of the ox market was located just before the crossing of the River Elbe. The livestock were sold to buyers arriving from the west, as well as to dealers from Flanders. Up to 30,000 head of cattle would be traded in a springtime market that lasted several weeks. Wedel saw considerable conflict throughout the 17th century and the decline of the oxen trade began with the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The region was devastated by war and life was made difficult for the inhabitants of the region due to constant assault from outside. Detailed descriptions of the wartorn period are found in the writings of the poet, clergyman, and theologian Johann von Rist who was born in 1607 in Ottensen, today a suburb of Hamburg.

The well-educated theologian became pastor of the local church in 1635. In Wedel he found a place to resume his studies and to continue his contacts with prominent poets and scholars of the time. He wrote numerous works on common and religious themes, including poetry, plays, sermons, and essays about society and literature. Many of these were critical works that opposed the wars. Working with other prominent German poets of the time he helped create the , a group that worked to maintain the integrity of the German language. On his passing in 1667 he left a significant literary legacy.

From Danish rule to Germany
The last Schauenburger, Count Ernst, died in 1622 leaving rule of the region to the Danish King Christian IV. The 17th and 18th centuries here were marked by epidemics, devastating fires, and warfare. The plague struck the area several times and Wedel was razed by fire more than once.

In 1848, the large German population of Schleswig-Holstein, including Wedel, rebelled against Danish rule with the objective of joining the emerging German federation. In 1864, Prussian and Austrian troops invaded the region ending over two centuries of Danish rule.

The community flourished seeing the selection of a mayor, the establishment of schools, industrialization and the renewal of trade. The Johann Diedrich Moeller Company optics company (today Möller-Wedel International) was formed in 1864 and developed a specialization in ophthalmology and surgical microscopes. Trade in beer and Branntwein (distillates of wine) also flourished, and a tree nursery was established. In 1875, the town council requested the status of city for Wedel, which had a population of 1,669.

Industrialization continued in the region with the construction of a short-lived gunpowder factory in neighboring Schulau in 1877 that exploded and burned a year later. The construction of a rail link in 1883 contributed to the development of a sugar processing factory and the German Vacuum Company. The population grew steadily and a community of immigrant workers, primarily from Poland, developed. The young city grew culturally as well with the establishment of a public library and museum after the turn of the century.

Into the 20th century
By 1909 Wedel and Schulau had grown into one another and Schulau was amalgamated into Wedel. Development continued with the construction of a power plant and in 1930 a hospital was built. Like the rest of the country, the city was hard hit by the Depression. Several large firms collapsed: the sugar processor let go nearly 400 workers and overall unemployment was high with over 20 percent of the population living on public support.

This impacted the political life in Wedel. From 1929 the number of political meetings rose significantly. With public marches and mass meetings in particular the extreme parties determined the political scenery in the town. It came often to violent incidents.
Then the Nazis took power in Wedel as they did over the entire Germany. Important administrative posts were occupied by the Nazis. The labor parties SPD and the KPD in Wedel, quite strongly represented before the Nazis came, were forbidden and went temporarily into the resistance. Many of their members were arrested and spent years in concentration camps.

In the 1930s the most important structural change of the townscape was the new building of the city hall in the Bahnhofstrasse, the housing developments at the Vosshagen, the Nordschleswig settlement and the Milich Settlement.

In 1939 Wedel honored its third honorary citizen. After the first honorary citizen, a mayor of many years and the second one a publicly engaged physician for the poor this honor was given to Rudolf Hoeckner a painter well known even outside the realms of Wedel.

At the same time people of Wedel wanted to attach a plaque to the birth house of another famous Wedel Burger. But to honor Ernst Barlach was not desired at this time because of the Nazi regime.

World War II
In March 1943 a Royal Air Force bomber attack nearly reduced the town to ruins as nearly 70% of homes in Wedel were damaged or destroyed.

A subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp (No. 1541 Wedel) was located near the town. Between 13 September 1944 and 27 September 1944, five hundred Hungarian and Czech Jewish women were held there and forced to clear land and farm work. The women were later deported to the Hamburg-Eidelstedt camp. A few weeks later, on 17 October 1944, five hundred men were used to dig anti-tank obstacles. This group included men from the town of Putten, Netherlands. On 20 November 1944, the SS closed the camp and deported the men to the camp at Meppen-Versen. During 5 weeks in this camp, 27 men died, including 10 of those from Putten.

Post War
A severe housing shortage developed as refugees streamed west out of former German territories following the war, adding to the problem caused by the bombing. A 1947 census showed that Wedel had 7,902 native inhabitants and more than 6,500 refugees.

Large-scale housing construction programs were undertaken by the city, including the construction of barrack settlements, to help integrate the refugees and other homeless. Under the plan each person was allowed  of living space.

In 1954 the largest and most ambitious reconstruction project in the country was started. The building of the garden city of Elbhochufer on a  area. By 1962 almost 1,200 rental flats and apartmentst and over 500 row homes were created. The city grew quickly and began to attract new business.

The well known attraction in Wedel is the Wedel-Schulau Willkomm-Höft or Welcome Point, established in 1952 to greet incoming ships. The Hamburg Yachting Club was established in the city in 1960–61 .

In 1962 and again in 1976, large tidal bores reached Wedel. As protection, dikes were built in 1978 that turned the surrounding marshes into beautiful hiking paths.

Infrastructure
Today Wedel is a city with around 34,000 inhabitants and has a lively culture life.

Wedel has two museums, the Ernst Barlach birth house and the city museum. In addition a good amateur theatre and a theatre-ship to see art, shows, cabaret and concerts. Besides there are all school forms including the private University of Applied Sciences Wedel (FH Wedel) and the Physikalisch-Technische Lehranstalt Wedel (PTL Wedel) a private full-time vocational school. Besides these higher education institutions, there are 3 secondary schools: Johann-Rist-Gymnasium (JRG), Gebrüder-Humboldt-Schule (GHS), and Ernst-Barlach-Gemeinschaftsschule (EBG). There are also three primary schools: Altstadtschule, Moorwegschule, and Albert-Schweitzer-Schule.

It has a very well equipped public library, an excellent Adult Education Center and a school of music.

Wedel is one end of the historic Hærvejen which leads  northwards to Viborg (in Denmark). Today this international path is a well-known long-distance cycling route (a small part of Euro-Velo Route 3 and walking path.

Sport
Sport plays a very active role in Wedel. All different kinds of sport are played on the numerous outside sports fields and on the well maintained indoor gymnasiums. The beautiful dike and walkways in the marshlands along the Elbe are used by numerous inline skaters and cyclists. Wedel has multiple sports clubs, including Wedeler TSV and SC Cosmos Wedel for soccer, TC Wedel and TC Aue Wedel for Tennis, and SG Elbe Wedel for swimming.

Important runs and competitions in these disciplines started some years ago.

One of the town's main clubs is SC Rist Wedel. The men's basketball team plays in the ProB. The women's team plays in the 2. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga.

Transport
Wedel railway station connects the town with the rapid transit trains of the Hamburg S-Bahn toward Hamburg.

Utilities
 Wedel Power Station

Twin towns – sister cities

Wedel is twinned with:
 Caudry, France (1985)
 Makete District, Tanzania (1982)
 Wolgast, Germany (1989)

Population

Notable people
Johann Rist (1607–1667), pastor, writer and composer
Hermann Molkenbuhr (1851–1927), politician
Rudolf Höckner (1864–1942), painter
Ernst Barlach (1870–1938), painter, sculptor and writer
Hellmuth Walter (1900–1980), engineer and inventor
Fritz Sänger (1901–1984), journalist and editor
Eduard Schüller (1904–1976), engineer
Peter Frankenfeld (1913–1979), television moderator
Paul Edwin Roth (1918–1985), actor
Hansjörg Martin (1920–1999), novelist
Arnim Dahl (1922–1998), stuntman
Jörn Pfab (1925–1986), artist
Ole West (born 1953), painter
Thomas Seeliger (born 1966), footballer
Mathias Rust (born 1968), pilot who landed in Moscow on Red Square
Philip Albrecht (born 1979), footballer

References

External links

University of Applied Sciences (FH Wedel)
PTL Wedel
 Wedel Webcams

Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Neuengamme concentration camp
Pinneberg (district)
Populated riverside places in Germany
Populated places on the Elbe
Holocaust locations in Germany

Wedel


Saunt Peter, kent as Simon Peter (? - c.64 AD) an aw, wis ane o the twal disciples o Jesus, wha wis ane o the heidmaist leaders o the early Christian kirk. Gin unco auld tradeetion is richt, he wis the first Bishop o Roum, an it wis in Roum that he wis mairtyrt

(Aw Biblical quotes hae been taen frae W.L Lorimer's translate)

Name
It is probable that he wis first cried "Shimon Ben-Yonah", or aiblins "Shimion Bar-Yonah" (baith is Hebrew, meanin "Simon son o John"). Gaun bi The Gospel o John, Jesus gied him the name "Cephas", meanin "Rock" that in Greek is "Petros", Laitinised as "Peter". He cried him this syne he said that Peter wis the rock that he wad big his kirk o the Yird on.

Life
It isna kent whan Peter wis born, tho it seems he cam frae Bethsaida, no faur frae Capernaum, alang wi his brither Andra, Philip, an aiblins James an John. He wrocht as a fisherman wi his brither, until Jesus cawed thaim tae follae him - his first disciples. The Gospel o Matthew gies the follaein acoont:

Ae day he [viz. Jesus] wis travlin aside the Loch o Galilee, whan he saw twa brithirs, Símon, caa'd Peter, an Andra his brithir, castin a net intil the loch; for they war fishers tae tredd.
"Come efter me, " qo he til them, "an I s' mak ye men-fishers": an strecht they quat their nets an followt him. (Matt. 4: 18-20)

The fower Gospels aw gies Peter's name first in thair leets o disciples, an thay gie the impression that he wis ane o the heidmaist disciples e'en while Jesus wis aye wi thaim on the yird. He wis heidstrang, an commeetit tae Jesus' cause. Efter Jesus wis liftit, Peter follaed his captors intil Jerusalem (lik as no tae get mair wittins anent whit wad happent tae Jesus), but while thare, three times he threapit that he didna ken Jesus, as Jesus haed telt him he wad. The Gospels records that efter Jesus cam bak til the yird in life, he forgae Peter, an chairged him til leuk efter his hirsel (i.e. tae lead the kirk).

The beuk Acts o the Apostles records that efter Jesus wis taen back up til Heiven, Peter effectivley becam the leader o the kirk in Jerusalem, tho the ither Apostles, sic as Philip, an syne Paul wis unco important an aw, specially Paul. It wis Peter that gied the speech recordit in Acts 2 that is seen bi mony fowk as the stairtin pynt o the Christian Kirk. At some pynt he gaed til Roum, aiblins tae be wi Paul, tho this canna be pruiven. Early tradeetion hauds that thare he becam the first Bishop o Roum.

Daith
Whan Nero begoud his persecution o Christians, mony o the Kirk's leaders in Roum wis incarcerate or execute. It seems that Peter wis ane o them that wis execute, maist likely in 64AD, aiblins bi crucifiction, as wis Jesus. Auld-threaps hauds that he speired gin he coud be execute bi bein crucifee'd tapsalteerie, syne he felt he wisna wirthy tae dee efter the same cast as his Laird, an this wis grantit; tho mony scholars dinna jalouse that this is likely.

Misc.
Syne Jesus telt Peter he wad big his kirk on the yird on him, an syne he becam ane o the heidmaist leaders o the Kirk, Peter is aften seen as haudin the keys tae the Yetts o Heiven - as is aften pictured daen sae in warks o airt.

The Feast Day o Saunt Peter in the Roman Catholic Kirk is the 29t o Juin, alang wi Saunt Paul. Peter is patron saunt o fishermen amang ither treds.

Fremmit Airtins
 A wabpage wi a wheen o information anent Saunt Peter
 Catholic Encyclopaedia page anent Saunt Peter

60s daiths

1st-century bishops
1st-century Christian mairtyrs
1st-century Romans
Aungelic veesionars
Asie papes
Papal saunts
Patriarchs o Antioch
Fowk executit bi crucifixion
Fowk executit bi the Roman Empire
Papes
Roman-era Jews
Saunts frae the Haly Laund
Mairied Roman Catholic bishops
Year o birth unkent
1st-century papes
Christian saunts frae the New Testament
Fishers

Saunt Peter


James, Jim, or Jimmy Duncan may refer to:

Politicians
James Duncan (Pennsylvania politician) (1756–1844), American politician from Pennsylvania
James Duncan (MP for Barrow-in-Furness) (1858–1911), British lawyer and Liberal politician
James H. Duncan (1793–1869), American politician from Massachusetts
James Hastings Duncan (1855–1928), British Liberal Member of Parliament for Otley, 1900–1918
Jim Duncan (Alaska politician) (born 1942), former Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives, congressional candidate
Jimmy Duncan (politician) (born 1947), American politician from Tennessee
Sir James Duncan, 1st Baronet (1899–1974), British politician

Sportspeople
James Duncan (discus thrower) (1887–1955), American athlete
James Duncan (left back) (fl. 1878–1882), Scottish footballer (Alexandra Athletic, Rangers and Scotland)
James Duncan (outside left) (fl. 1890–1893), Scottish footballer (Sheffield United)
James Duncan (basketball) (born 1977), basketball coach
Jamie Duncan (born 1975), American football linebacker
Jim Duncan (baseball) (1871–1901), American catcher and first baseman in Major League Baseball
Jim Duncan (cornerback) (1946–1972), American football player
Jim Duncan (defensive end) (1924–2011), American football player and coach
Jim Duncan (footballer) (born 1938), English professional footballer
Jimmy Duncan (footballer, born 1930) (1930–2014), Scottish footballer
Jimmy Duncan (rugby union) (1869–1953), New Zealand rugby union footballer, coach and referee

Others
James Duncan (art collector) (1834–1905), Scottish sugar refiner and philanthropist
James Duncan (bishop) (1913–2000), Episcopal bishop in America
James Duncan (missionary) (1813–1907), New Zealand missionary and Presbyterian minister
James Duncan (musician) (born 1968), Canadian-born musician, improviser and house music producer
James Duncan (surgeon) (1810–1866), Scottish surgeon and main manufacturer of chloroform in 19th century Britain
James Duncan (union leader) (1857–1928), Scottish-American union leader
James Duncan (United States Army officer) (1811–1849), American artillery officer of the Mexican–American War
James Duncan (zoologist) (1804–1861), Scottish naturalist
Jimmy Duncan (songwriter) (1927–2011), American songwriter
James K. L. Duncan (1845–1913), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
James Matthews Duncan (1826–1890), Scottish physician
James Duncan (tailor), Scottish tailor and landowner

See also
Duncan James (born 1978), British singer with the band Blue
Duncan James (disambiguation)

James Duncan


Arlunydd o Sais oedd Laurence Stephen Lowry (1 Tachwedd 1887 – 23 Chwefror 1976). Fe'i ganwyd yn Stretford, ger Manceinion. Darluniodd Pendlebury droeon, sef maestref pedair milltir i'r gogledd o ganol Manceinion; yma y gweithiodd ac yma y treuliodd 40 mlynedd o'i fywyd. Roedd Manceinion yn fwrlwm o ddiwydiant yng nghanol yr 20g ac nid oedd gan Lowry ofn ei ddarlunio, a'r bobl roedd yn eu plith.

Datblygodd steil unigryw o beintio'r hyn a oedd o'i gwmpas: tirluniau yn llawn diwydiant a phobl a elwir gan eraill yn "bobl matsys" ("matchstick men"). Cyhoeddwyd y gweithiau "marionette" wedi ei farwolaeth.

Anwybyddai'r tywydd i raddau helaeth ac roedd ei bobl yn 'garactures' syml; ac oherwydd hyn galwyd ef gan rai yn naïf.
 "Sunday painter", er nad yw hyn yn farn y rhan fwyaf o galeriau mwya'r byd.

Arddangosir casgliad eitha swmpus o'i waith mewn galeri gyhoeddus o'i waith yn Salford Quays, galeri o'r enw "The Lowry".

Gwrthododd Lowry bum anrhydedd gan gynnwys ei wneud yn Farchog gan Frenhines Lloegr yn 1968; yn wir ef yw'r Prydeiniwr sydd wedi gwrthod y mwyaf o anrhydeddau.

Ar 26 Mehefin 2013 agorwyd arddangosfa fawr o'i waith yn Tate Britain yn Llundain, y tro cyntaf idynt arddangos casgliad o'i waith.

Dyfyniadau
Ar dirluniau diwydiannol:
"We went to Pendlebury in 1909 from a residential side of Manchester, and we didn't like it. My father wanted to go to get near a friend for business reasons. We lived next door, and for a long time my mother never got to like it, and at first I disliked it, and then after about a year or so I got used to it, and then I got absorbed in it, then I got infatuated with it. Then I began to wonder if anyone had ever done it. Seriously, not one or two, but seriously; and it seemed to me by that time that it was a very fine industrial subject matter. And I couldn't see anybody at that time who had done it - and nobody had done it, it seemed."
"Most of my land and townscape is composite. Made up; part real and part imaginary [...] bits and pieces of my home locality. I don't even know I'm putting them in. They just crop up on their own, like things do in dreams."

Ar ei steil:
"I wanted to paint myself into what absorbed me [...] Natural figures would have broken the spell of it, so I made my figures half unreal. Some critics have said that I turned my figures into puppets, as if my aim were to hint at the hard economic necessities that drove them. To say the truth, I was not thinking very much about the people. I did not care for them in the way a social reformer does. They are part of a private beauty that haunted me. I loved them and the houses in the same way: as part of a vision.
"I am a simple man, and I use simple materials: ivory black, vermilion, prussian blue, yellow ochre, flake white and no medium. That's all I've ever used in my paintings. I like oils [...] I like a medium you can work into over a period of time."

Ar ei baentiadau o lan y môr:
"It's the battle of life - the turbulence of the sea [...] I have been fond of the sea all my life, how wonderful it is, yet how terrible it is. But I often think [...] what if it suddenly changed its mind and didn't turn the tide? And came straight on? If it didn't stay and came on and on and on and on [...] That would be the end of it all."

Ar gelf:
"You don't need brains to be a painter, just feelings."
"I am not an artist. I am a man who paints."
"This art is a terrible business."

Cyfeiriadau

Arlunwyr Seisnig
Genedigaethau 1887
Marwolaethau 1976

L. S. Lowry


John Bunyan (Harrowden, near Bedford, 28 November 1628 – London, 31 August 1688) was an English tinker, preacher and writer. He wrote a book called The Pilgrim's Progress which has been translated into more languages than any other book except the Bible. The book is a story about a man who is trying to lead a good life as a Christian. It is allegory. The characters in the story represent good things or bad things. Bunyan lived at a time when there was no religious freedom: everybody had to believe what the Church of England told them. Bunyan did not agree with some of the things the Church of England said. He started to preach about his ideas. He was arrested and put into prison because of his beliefs. He wrote The Pilgrim's Progress while he was in gaol (prison).

Life

Early years

Bunyan's father was a tinker: a metal worker who mends pots and pans. The Bunyan family had been living in Bedfordshire at least since the 12th century. They had gradually lost more and more of their land and had become quite poor. John Bunyan's father had inherited a small cottage and 9 acres of land. He could not read or write.

John Bunyan only went to school for two, three or four years. He learned how to be a tinker from his father.

Youth: religious conversion

There was a lot of fighting in England at the time Bunyan was a child. Many people were against King Charles I so there was a Civil War and the king was executed. For several years England was a republic, ruled by Oliver Cromwell.

When Bunyan was 16 years old, he served in the parliamentary army at Newport Pagnell (1644 - 1647). After that, he started to work as a tinker, and in 1649, he married. His wife had two books, both of which were religious books. Bunyan started to be influenced by religion. He became very frightened because he realized he had done things which were wrong, and he wondered whether God would forgive him, so that he would go to heaven when he died, or whether he would be punished and go to hell. The kind of things he did which at that time were thought to be wrong (sins) were not things which would worry many people nowadays: ringing church bells, dancing, playing games on Sundays and, perhaps the worst of all, swearing. Other wrongs he had done in the past included disrespecting his parents, and very likely causing, or at least unremorsefully (unsorrowfully) helping along the early death of his mother and sister - which he did by refusing to take any of the burden or workload at home. It was only for lack of money that he did not spend his time with prostitutes, though he longed to join the gambling and "painted women" who attended fairs and other public events.  In his book Grace Abounding Bunyan describes himself as the "Chief of Sinners". He tells how one day he was walking along when he heard a group of women talking to one another about salvation. This made him think about these things.

In those days, people were supposed to worship God in the Church of England. There were, however, groups of people who wanted to worship God in different ways. These people were called "non-conformists". In 1653, a sect (religious group) of non-conformists had taken over St John's Church in Bedford. Their vicar was John Gifford. Bunyan discussed the Bible a lot with Gifford.

Bunyan lived in Elstow, near Bedford, until 1655, when his wife died. He moved to Bedford to be nearer to Gifford's church . He married again in 1659. In 1660, the Restoration of the Monarchy took place: England had a king once more: Charles II became king. It was bad for religious freedom, because all non-conformist meetings were forbidden. St John's Church had to become part of the Church of England again. Bunyan refused to go to church. He started to preach to groups of people anywhere they could meet: in barns or in the streets. Because he did not have permission to preach, he was arrested and put in gaol. At first, he was sentenced to 3 months, but because he refused to promise to stop preaching, he spent 12 years in gaol.

Years in gaol

Bunyan spent the years 1660-1672 in gaol, and again he was in gaol for a short time in 1677. The gaol was at the top of Silver Street in the centre of Bedford, only 5 minutes walk from his house in St Cuthbert Street, which was then on the edge of the town. The gaol had 6 cells and 2 dungeons. He could probably have been free at any time if he had promised to give up preaching, but he did what he firmly believed to be right. He made some money in gaol by making shoelaces. His eldest daughter Mary, who was blind, brought him soup every day and also gave him books to read. Sometimes, he seems to have been let out of gaol for short periods of time. This was not really allowed, but often, the guards might let a prisoner out if they promised to come back. Bunyan even travelled as far as London once, and he must have gone home sometimes because he had two more children by his second wife during that time.

It was during this time in gaol that he wrote his allegorical novel: Pilgrim's Progress. We do not know whether he wrote it all while he was in gaol. The book is in two parts. The first part finishes with the words: "So I awoke, and behold it was a dream". When the second part begins he says "..as I slept I dreamt again". This might mean that he wrote the second part in 1677 when he was in gaol again. This is only a guess, we do not know.

His release
Bunyan was released in January 1672, when Charles II issued the "Declaration of Religious Indulgence" which meant that people were free to worship God in the way they wanted. The king had done this mainly because he wanted the Catholics to have less power. Non-conformist sects could register and get a license. Bunyan became pastor (priest) of the Bedford church. In March 1675, he was again imprisoned for preaching (because Charles II withdrew the Declaration of Religious Indulgence). This time he seems to have been in the Bedford town gaol on the stone bridge over the river Ouse. After a few months, he was let out. He was a very popular preacher, so he was not arrested again. His book The Pilgrim's Progress was published in 1678. He also wrote several other books about religion, but The Pilgrim's Progress was the one that became extremely popular. Because Bunyan did not have a formal education he wrote in a very direct style which ordinary people could understand. A passage from Part Two of The Pilgrim's Progress beginning "Who would true Valour see" is sung regularly as a hymn.

On his way to London, in 1688, he caught a severe cold from rats and bats, and died a painful death. His grave is in the cemetery at Bunhill Fields in London.

1628 births
1688 deaths
Baptists
Christian ministers
English Christian writers
English Protestants
English theologians
Puritanism

John Bunyan


Vermosh (definite form Vermoshi) is the northernmost village of Albania, located in the former Kelmend municipality. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Malësi e Madhe. The village lies in a valley of the Albanian Alps, along a river with the same name.

Geography

Vermosh is part of the Bjeshkët e Namuna ("Accursed Mountains") or Albanian Alps, a mountain range in Northern Albania that extends to western Kosovo and Eastern Montenegro and the highest point of which, Maja Jezercë, lies 18.8 kilometers (12 miles) south of Vermosh, in the Theth and Valbona National Park.

Vermosh comprises the quarters of Pjetroja (also known as Qendra, "the center"), Velan, Bashkim ("junction", incl. the Lepushë valley), Velipojë, and Maliaj. When first explored it was called Bjeshkët e Seljanave.

Its mountain pastures are called Seferçe, Smutirogë, Lugu i Dolit, Përbicë, Greben, etc.

Vermosh is the place of the border crossing with Montenegro near Vjeternik  on the road from Shkodër ( away) and Koplik to Gusinje and Plav in Montenegro.

The Vermosh river
Vermosh extends around the 100 kilometers (62 miles) of the Vermosh river (Lumi i Vermoshit in Albanian) which belong to Albania. The Vermosh river appears under the Montenegrin name of Vrmoša below the Maglič peak in the Kuči area of eastern Montenegro, just before running into Albania. It re-enters Montenegro at Vjeternik under the name of Grnčar. Receiving the stream Vruje from the right in Gusinje, it continues as the Ljuča for a few more kilometers where it empties into the Lake Plav, creating a small delta. There it flows out of the lake to the north, next to the mountain Visitor, under the name Lim for the remaining 197 kilometers (122 miles) through Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it joins the Drina at the Višegrad reservoir.

History

According to folklore, the three brothers Seli, Vuli and Nili founded Vermosh, and they are eponymous to the villages of Selca, Vukli and Nikci.

The border was drawn in 1878 by the Berlin Congress which gave Plav, Gusinje, Tuzi and Ulcinj to the Principality of Montenegro at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.

Part of the Malësor highlanders, the local Kelmendi mountain tribe has been known for its warring tradition, mostly against foreign occupiers. It has been traditionally Catholic.

Monarchist rule

The Principality of Albania was established in 1914. In 1925, Albania was declared a republic.

On September 13, 1914, Montenegrin troops entered Kelmendi and fought for three hours, sacked and burnt Selcë, Vukël, Tamarë, and Nikç, only Vermosh managed to save itself. A total of 90 men were executed, and the Montenegrin troops took with them 10,000 sheep, goats, and cattle.

On May 23, 1923, Yugoslavia refused to evacuate Vermosh and the locality of the Monastery of Saint Naum, despite the decision of the Delimitation Commission. The Yugoslav minister renewed the protest regarding the issue.

On July 28, 1925, the areas of the Monastery of Saint Naum and Vermosh were ceded to Yugoslavia.  Zog I ceded the territories, as a friendly gesture and payment for the Yugoslav assistance to Zog's return to the throne, and in the agreement, Albania received Peshkopi and other minor concessions.

Communist rule

After Enver Hoxha died in 1985, many people from Vermosh tried to escape the country. Most were caught by the Communists and brought to Shkodër. A noted event was the murder of 17-year-old Pëllumb Pëllumbaj, who had tried to cross the Yugoslav border through Hani i Hotit, but was caught by the Albanian border police and dragged through Shkodër tied to a truck. The event sparked a riot, in which the local government was forced to contact Ramiz Alia, and Hoxha's wife Nexhmije Hoxha. In the same year, a group of people from Bajzë attempted to cross the border in Vermosh, but were caught by the Albanian border police, which once again dragged their corpses throughout the Kelmend municipality, then to Shkodër.

Tourism
Most tourists come to Vermosh for its mountain views.
There are also more than 30 kinds of medicinal and endemic plants.

Popular activities in Vermosh include hiking, fishing, horseback riding, and the "Miss Bjeshka" ("Miss Mountains") pageant.

Demographics

Vermosh started being settled in the mid-19th century, first for the 4–6 months of the Spring and Summer because of the harsh winters (up to 3 feet of snow regularly).

Most of the families living there originate from Selca, 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) south of Vermosh.
In the 19th century, some Muslim Albanian families had settled from Guci, and Peja.

The regional economy is based mainly on agriculture, immigrant remittances and tourism.

Families from Vermosh include: Vushaj, Beqi, Bujaj, Vukaj, Cali, Dukaj, Gjoni (Gjonaj), Hasanaj, Hysaj, Koçaj, Lekutanaj, Lelçaj, Lumaj, Maçaj, Mernaçaj, Mitaj, Nacaj, Pepaj, Peraj, Pllumaj, Preljocaj, Rexhaj, Selmanaj, Smajlaj, Shqutaj, Staka, Tinaj, Volaj, and Vuktilaj

Notable people
Prek Cali (fl. 1911–1930), Vermosh-born guerilla fighter, that fought in the Battle of Deçiq against the Ottoman Empire, and later against the Kingdom of Serbia and the communist forces under Enver Hoxha. Hoxha had him lured and killed him on Palm Sunday.
Gjeto Gjek Vushmaçaj, also commonly referred to as Gjeto Gjeku Vushaj was a highlander in Kelmendi mountain tribe located in Vermosh who fought against the Kingdom of Serbia and has been known for warring tradition against foreign occupiers.←
Llesh Marashi
Fran Llesh Tinaj
Mema Smajlaj
Martin Hasani
 Gjon Çuni Hysaj
Luc Mark Gjelosh Hysaj
Zek Çuni Hysaj
Gjelosh Çuni Hysaj
Pjeter Gjek Hysaj
Marash Vata Lumaj, fought the Communist regime
Gjon Prec Rexhaj
Dod Prek Nika Bujaj, fought the Communist regime
Gjergj Ndou
Ded Lulashi
Fran Mali
Nik Marku Rexhaj
Ded Macaj

References

Sources

External links
Kelmend Municipality Official Website

Kelmend (municipality)
Populated places in Malësi e Madhe
Albania–Montenegro border crossings
Villages in Shkodër County

Vermosh