American poet and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe has had significant influence in television and film. Many are adaptations of Poe's work, others merely reference it.

Film

Adaptations
 Perhaps most well known are the films directed by Roger Corman and starring Vincent Price such as House of Usher, the first in the series. The following movie, The Premature Burial, starred Ray Milland and Hazel Court, with Price notably absent. The Haunted Palace (1963) adopts the title of Poe's poem, but is more closely derived from the works of H. P. Lovecraft, in particular The Case of Charles Dexter Ward. Corman hoped to remove himself from Poe adaptations and turned The Raven into a comedic effort. Likewise, the middle segment in Tales of Terror, based on "The Black Cat" and "The Cask of Amontillado", is intended to be humorous.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Universal Studios adapted several Poe stories—and used others as inspirational jump-off points—primarily starring Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff. These films are usually treated as forming part of the early Universal Monster films, alongside Karloff's Frankenstein and Lugosi's Dracula et al.
 In 1973, Mexican director Juan López Moctezuma made The Mansion of Madness, also known as "La Mansión de la Locura", or "Dr. Tarr's Torture Dungeon".
 In 1981, Italian filmmaker Lucio Fulci directed The Black Cat, starring Patrick Magee and Mimsy Farmer.
 The educational film The Strange Case of the Cosmic Rays, directed by Frank Capra in 1957, contains a brief scene in which Poe, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Charles Dickens appear as marionettes.
 In 2005, Lurker Films released an Edgar Allan Poe film collection on DVD, including short film adaptations of "Annabel Lee" by director George Higham, "The Raven" by director Peter Bradley, and "The Tell-Tale Heart" by director Alfonso S. Suarez.
 "The Black Cat" was translated to giallo film as Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key (also known as Eye of the Black Cat).
The 2004 release of Hellboy on DVD contained a special 10-minute adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart" in the special features.
Since 2004 New York animation producer Michael Sporn has been working on Poe, an animated feature about Poe's life and works.
Czech Surrealist director and animator Jan Švankmajer has directed several Poe-related adaptations: The Fall of the House of Usher (1983), a short film based on the story of the same name, The Pit, the Pendulum and Hope (1983), another short film based on "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Poe and "A Torture by Hope" by Villiers de l'Isle Adam, and Lunacy (2005), a feature-length film based partially on motifs from "The Premature Burial" and "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether," as well as the life and writings of the Marquis de Sade.
2011 – Edgar Allan Poe's The Cask of Amontillado starring David JM Bielewicz and Frank Tirio, Jr., directed by Thad Ciechanowski, and produced by Joe Serkoch. Production Company DijitMedia, LLC/Orionvega. Winner of a 2013 Emmy Award.
2013 – Contos do Edgar (Edgar Tales) – A five-episode miniseries produced for FOX Brasil
2014 – "Terroir", starring Keith Carradine, is based on Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado".
2015 – Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven starring David JM Bielewicz, Dave Pettitt and Nicole Beattie. Directed by Thad Ciechanowski, produced by Joe Serkoch. Production Company DijitMedia, LLC/Orionvega. Winner of a 2015 Emmy Award.
 Extraordinary Tales, an animated anthology of five stories adapted from Poe ("The Fall of the House of Usher", "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar", "The Pit and the Pendulum", and "The Masque of the Red Death"), released in October 2015. Each story is narrated by a different actor; the voice cast includes Christopher Lee ("Usher"), Bela Lugosi ("Tell-Tale Heart"), Julian Sands ("Valdemar"), Guillermo del Toro ("Pendulum"), and Roger Corman ("Masque"). Directed by Raul Garcia.
 Huayi Brothers Media and CKF Pictures in China announced in 2017 plans to produce a film of Akira Kurosawa's posthumous screenplay of "The Mask of the Red Death" for 2020.
 "Edgar Allan Poe: Buried Alive" is a 90-minute PBS documentary that premiered on October 30, 2017. The film seeks to dispel myths about Poe and describes his actual life and writings, including his Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848), which anticipated the Big Bang theory of the universe.

Inspiration and allusions
In the 1909 novel The Phantom of the Opera, as well as subsequent film and stage adaptations, the title character appears disguised as  The Red Death at a ball.
In Chapter 4 of the 1940 movie serial Drums of Fu Manchu, "The Pendulum of Doom", the hero Allan Parker is trapped in a "Pit and the Pendulum" peril (Fu Manchu actually states that the Poe story inspired this torture device).
In 1994 film The Crow, Eric Draven (Brandon Lee) quotes an excerpt from "The Raven" while breaking into Gideon's Pawn Shop.
 In the 1966 Batman movie, Bruce Wayne (Adam West) quotes the last stanza from the poem, "To One in Paradise", but mistakes it as the first one.
In François Truffaut's 1966 film Fahrenheit 451, based on Ray Bradbury's dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, former fireman Guy Montag is shown choosing to save and memorize a collection titled Tales of Mystery & Imagination.
Poe's poem "A Dream Within a Dream" is frequently alluded to in the film Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), directed by Peter Weir.
In the 1983 film The Dead Zone, the character Chris Stuart reads excerpts from the second and sixteenth stanzas of "The Raven".
In the 1989 horror film, I, Madman, insane novelist Malcolm Brand is the author of a novel called Much of Madness, More of Sin, a quote from Poe's poem "The Conqueror Worm".
In the 1990 film The Krays, the schoolyard dominance of Ronnie and Reggie Kray as children is demonstrated in a scene featuring a reading of the poem "Alone".
In the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys, the two kid vampire hunters Edgar and Alan Frog, played by Corey Feldman and Jamison Newlander, respectively, have names that are inspired by Edgar Allan Poe.
The 1993 film The Mummy Lives, starring Tony Curtis with a screenplay by Nelson Gidding, was suggested by Poe's "Some Words with a Mummy" (1845).
The concept of sealing someone alive behind a brick wall, "a la Poe" in "The Cask of Amontillado", was used in the September 22, 1971, episode of Rod Serling's TV series Night Gallery, titled "The Merciful".  The episode included a short segment in which an old woman (Imogene Coca) is apparently sealing her husband (King Donavan), passively seated in an old chair, in the basement behind a brick wall she is building. She assures him it is "really much better this way," that she is "doing this for your own good." When she finishes the wall, the old man gets up and walks upstairs to the main floor of the house. His wife has sealed herself in.
In the 2004 remake of The Ladykillers, the chief protagonist is a great admirer of Poe and frequently quotes from his poetry; a raven is also featured.
In the 2008 horror film Saw V, Seth Baxter is placed in a trap which references The Pit and the Pendulum.
 Tell-Tale (2009) is inspired by "The Tell-Tale Heart". Directed by Michael Cuesta and stars Josh Lucas, Lena Headey, and Brian Cox.
In the animated feature "The Scapegoats" (2013) by Tor E. Steiro, on the wall of Snakebite Dana's bathroom, there is an Edgar Allan Poe poster, with a raven and a quote from the poem, as well as Poe's signature.
The 2022 supernatural horror film Raven's Hollow, a Shudder original, tells a fictional tale of five West Point cadets, one of them Edgar Allan Poe, who embark on a training exercise in upstate New York where they encounter a gruesome situation in a forgotten community.
The 2022 thriller film The Pale Blue Eye features a fictionalized version of Edgar Allan Poe helping to solve a murder mystery.

Selected Poe-related films

Edgar Allen Poe  (1909), directed by D. W. Griffith
The Gold Bug (France, 1910)
The Pit and the Pendulum (Italy, 1910)
The Bells (1912)
The Avenging Conscience or: 'Thou Shalt Not Kill' (1914)
The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1914)
The Raven (1915) – this film is more of a Poe biography; however, a brief segment of the film is indeed an abbreviated performance of the namesake poem.
The Tell Tale Heart (1928)
The Fall of the House of Usher (US, 1928)
La Chute de la maison Usher (France, 1928)
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932)
The Black Cat (1934)
Maniac (1934) – also adapts "The Black Cat"
The Crime of Dr. Crespi (1935) from "The Premature Burial"
The Raven (1935)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1941)
The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe (1942) (a movie biography of Poe)
The Mystery of Marie Roget (1942)
The Raven (1942) - Animated cartoon produced by Fleischer studio.
The Tell-Tale Heart (1953), Animated cartoon produced by UPA
Phantom of the Rue Morgue (1953)
House of Usher (1960)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1960)
Pit and the Pendulum (1961)
Premature Burial (1962)
Tales of Terror (1962) – adapts "Morella", "The Black Cat", "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar"
The Raven (1963)
The Masque of the Red Death (1964)
Castle of Blood (1964)
The Pit and the Pendulum (1964)
The Tomb of Ligeia (1965)
The Black Cat (1966)
The Blood Demon (1967)
Spirits of the Dead (Histoires extraordinaires), three segments: Metzengerstein by Roger Vadim, William Wilson by Louis Malle and Toby Dammit by Federico Fellini (France/Italy, 1968)
Web of the Spider (1971)
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1971)
The Spectre of Edgar Allan Poe (1974) – Directed by Mohy Quandour. With Robert Walker Jr., Cesar Romero, Tom Drake.
 The Gold Bug (1980) – an episode of the TV series ABC Weekend Special, directed by Robert Fuest. With Roberts Blossom, Geoffrey Holder and Anthony Michael Hall.
Vincent (1982) – a short film by Tim Burton about a boy who is obsessed with Poe and Vincent Price
Masque of the Red Death (1989) – Directed by Larry Brand and produced by Roger Corman. With Adrian Paul and Patrick Macnee.
Fool's Fire (1992) – a short film written and directed by Julie Taymor and starring Michael J. Anderson, an adaptation of "Hop-Frog"
The Raven...Nevermore (1999)
The Raven (short film – 2003)
The Death of Poe (2006)
Nightmares from the Mind of Poe (2006)
The Light-house (2008)
Eureka: The Mind Of Edgar Allan Poe (2008)
Edgar Allan Poe's Ligeia (2008)
House of Usher (2008), a queer pastiche directed by David DeCoteau
The Pit and the Pendulum (2009), a contemporary riff directed by David DeCoteau
William Wilson (2011) – a short film directed by Michael Van Devere
Stonehearst Asylum (2014) is loosely based on "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether".
The Raven (2012) is a fictionalized account of the last days of Poe's life.
Extraordinary Tales (2015) - An animated anthology film consisting of five segments: "Fall of the House of Usher" narrated by Christopher Lee, "The Telltale Heart" narrated by Bela Lugosi, "The Facts in the Case of M. Valedar" narrated by Julian Sands, "The Pit and the Pendulum" narrated by Guillermo del Toro, and "Masque of the Red Death" featuring Roger Corman as Prince Prospero.

Other
 Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado" has been animated as a brickfilm by Canadian animator Logan Wright. It can be found online here
 "The Cask of Amontillado" was also made into a live action film, directed by British director and animator, Mario Cavalli and starring Anton Blake as Montresor and Patrick Monckton as Fortunato, in 1998 and can be seen online
 Toby Keith's music video to "A Little Too Late"  produced by Show Dog National is a modern adaptation of Poe's "Cask of Amontillado" with a twist ending.
 North Hollywood sketch comedy group Dynamite Kablammo visited Edgar Allan Poe's work with an elaborate spoof of "The Cask of Amontillado" where Montressor unwittingly buries Fortunato in the confines of an adjacent dance club. The footage of the short has unfortunately been lost because of a fire in mid-2008.

Television

The unaired 1995 TV series Edgar Allan Poe's Tales of Mystery & Imagination (based largely on the stories collected under the same name) adapted 11 tales in 12 episodes. Produced by Dark Sky Productions and adapted for the screen by Hugh Whysall, the series was notably introduced by Hammer Horror legend Sir Christopher Lee.
 An episode of Mr. Peabody & Sherman had the time-travelers visiting Poe. They were shocked to find Poe writing Winnie the Pooh, and Sherman insisted he should write horror stories. "I've tried," Poe tells them. "But all my stories have happy endings!" Sherman suggests taking Poe to a haunted house for inspiration.
Gothic soap opera Dark Shadows (1966-1971), incorporated four of Poe's stories into its narrative over the course of its five-year run. These were: "The Premature Burial", "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Pit and the Pendulum".
 In the Beetleborgs Metallix episode "Poe and the Pendulum", the ghost of Edgar Allan Poe arrives at Hillhust Mansion seeking inspiration for a new book. Throughout the episode he tortures the tenants by subjecting them to the same gruesome fates as the characters in his past stories such as "The Black Cat", "The Pit and the Pendulum", and "The Premature Burial".
 In "Poe Pourri", an episode of the cartoon Beetlejuice, the ghost of Edgar Allan Poe mourns for his lost Lenore, tossing money everywhere as it proves worthless without her; Beetlejuice takes advantage of the situation by offering the writer lodgings at his roadhouse until he finds Lenore, in the process collecting the discarded cash for himself. But as Poe stays with him, Beetlejuice suffers from nightmares based on some of Poe's stories, including "The Raven", "The Masque of the Red Death", "The Pit and the Pendulum", and "The Murders in the Rue Morgue".
 In Boy Meets World, in the season one episode "The Fugitive" Cory hides Shawn in his bedroom because he threw a cherry bomb in a mailbox. In class, Mr. Feeney reads "The Tell-Tale Heart", causing Cory to shout, "I did it!"
 In the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode "Up in Smoke" the case is referred to as a Poe story, combining both "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado".
 In the special episode of Futurama, "Bender's Game", while Bender is in the robot asylum, his relaxation therapy is to be strapped to a table, gagged, while rats chew through his bonds, and a pendulum swings, descending upon him.
 In the Gilmore Girls third-season episode "A Tale of Poes and Fire", the Poe Society comes to Stars Hollow, and stays at the Independence Inn. They do readings, and Poe's famous poem "The Raven" is read by two different "Poes". The Poe Society also presents Lorelai with a stuffed raven.
 The Histeria! episode "Super Writers" featured a caricature of Poe modeled and voiced like Peter Lorre in two different sketches. The first one has Poe pitching "The Raven" to Sammy Melman, becoming frustrated with Melman's suggestions that the narrator be in a happy mood and that the raven be replaced with a bunny; this eventually causes Poe to storm out and publish his poem independently. The other sketch depicts Poe as a villain who, along with the aforementioned raven as his sidekick and Sappho and Basho as his minions, vandalizes all the literature in the Library of Congress; their plans are foiled, however, when Loud Kiddington alerts the Super Writers, who then arrive to stop them.
 The television show Homicide: Life on the Street, set in Baltimore, made reference to Poe and his works in several episodes. Poe figured most prominently in the 1996 episode "Heartbeat", in which a Poe-obsessed killer walls up his victim in the basement of a house to imitate the grisly murder of Fortunato by Montresor in "The Cask of Amontillado". In a disturbing scene near the end of the episode, the killer reads from the works of Poe as a dramatic effect to increase the tension.
 In the Masters of Horror season two episode, "The Black Cat", directed by Stuart Gordon and written by Dennis Paoli & Stuart Gordon, has Poe as played by Jeffrey Combs, out of ideas and short on cash, tormented by a black cat that will either destroy his life or inspire him to write one of his most famous stories.
 Warner Bros. TV, Lin Pictures, and ABC were developing a pilot TV show called Poe, a crime procedural following Edgar Allan Poe (played by Chris Egan), the world's very first detective, as he uses unconventional methods to investigate dark mysteries in 1840s Boston. Poe's girlfriend and muse Sarah is played by Tabrett Bethell. The pilot was filmed in Toronto in March 2011 (March 14 to March 31). The project ultimately did not move forward.
 In the TV series Ruby Gloom, the character Poe, a poet crow, and his brothers Edgar & Allan; if their names are unite, form the name of Edgar Allan Poe; In some occasions, Poe is also fond of claiming, he says be a descendant of Paco, Edgar Allan Poe's pet budgie.
 In the season 4 Sabrina The Teenage Witch episode "The Phantom Menace" (1999), Hilda and Zelda and invite Edgar Allan Poe (played by Edgar Allan Poe IV) to celebrate Halloween with them.

 The Simpsons has made several references to Poe's works. The original "Treehouse of Horror" episode contains a segment in which James Earl Jones reads Poe's poem "The Raven", with Homer playing the narrator, Marge making a brief cameo appearance as Lenore, and Bart as the raven. The poem is presented verbatim, though a few lines are cut, and Poe was actually credited as a co-writer of the segment (alongside Sam Simon). "Lisa's Rival" features Lisa competing against a girl who recreates a scene from "The Tell-Tale Heart". In the episode "Saturdays of Thunder", a TV advert shows Poe's tombstone being cleaned by Dr. Nick Riviera. In the episode "Lisa the Simpson", the House of Usher is shown exploding in the fictional Fox show When Buildings Collapse. In the episode "Homer's Triple Bypass", Homer rams Hans Moleman driving a truck with a house on the back. The sign on the house reads "birthplace of Edgar Allan Poe".
 In "The Telltale Moozadell" episode of The Sopranos, Meadow Soprano writes Jackie Jr.'s college English assignment, a paper on Edgar Allan Poe, and he receives an "A". Later, Jackie discusses Poe's strangeness with Tony Soprano, noting that Poe "smoked opium and married his cousin".
 In the "Commendatori" episode of The Sopranos, Corrado Soprano—who is at the orthopaedic office for his hip—tells Tony that wiping himself hurts like "The Pit and the Pendulum".
 In the short-lived TV series Stark Raving Mad, Tony Shalhoub plays Ian Stark, a struggling horror writer who has a dog named Edgar. Also, some references to Poe are made, such as the episode named "The Pigeon".
 Edgar Allan Poe was featured on the show Time Squad in the episode "Every Poe Has a Silver Lining," first aired on September 21, 2001. The episode shows Poe as a happy, optimistic, and care-free man. This causes his poetry to be extremely joyful, something the main characters find disgusting. The characters attempt to depress Poe by showing him grim images of humanity's struggle for survival. Poe responds to all of these attempts with uplifting comments and jubilant decoration. This frustrates the characters into giving up. Poe bakes them a cake to cheer them up, which the characters Tuddrussell and Larry 3000 criticize very harshly. This causes Poe an immense amount of sorrow and anger, and transforms him into a depressed individual. As he leaves, a raven flies in out of nowhere and perches on his shoulder.
 In the episode "Fallen Arches" of The Venture Bros. television series, the Monarch recites a stanza from "The Pit and the Pendulum" as a prostitute is making her way beneath a row of swinging axes. Poe appears in several scenes in episode 17 "Escape to the House of Mummies Part II". Brock Samson puts Edgar Allan Poe in a headlock, apparently out of amusement over Poe's large head. Just as abruptly, Poe travels to the present day with Hank Venture, Dean Venture, and Brock.
 In the Castle episode "Vampire Weekend", Richard Castle hosts a Halloween party dressed as Poe, with a raven doll on his shoulder. After Kate Beckett plays a trick on him to avenge an earlier insult by Castle (rather than performing the avenging actions described in "The Cask of Amontillado"), Castle hands her the raven, saying, "I'm giving you the bird." In later episode "He's Dead, She's Dead", Castle reveals that his middle name, Edgar, is a reference to Poe (Castle having changed his name from 'Richard Alexander Rodgers' to 'Richard Edgar Castle' when he began his writing career).
 In Witches of East End episode "Box to the Future" Poe is seen as a past-life lover of Freya. Wendy claims "The Black Cat" was inspired by her.
In The Following, an American television series that tells the story of a cult of serial killers, the murders committed reflect the life and works of Poe, due to the cult's obsession with his literature.
 In the South Park episode "Goth Kids 3: Dawn of the Posers", the Goth and Vampire kids summoned the ghost of Edgar Allan Poe (who is portrayed as a Goth in the episode) to help stop the Emo invasion.
 In the third episode of Gravity Falls, the wax figures of various historical personalities and fictional characters, including Poe, come to life every time the moon is waxing. They attempt to kill Stan Pines for locking them in a room for years after his wax museum ran out of funds.
 The Warehouse 13 season 1 episode 11, "Nevermore", innocent people are endangered thanks to stolen artifacts from a Poe exhibit at a private high school, which were imbued with the power to come to life emulating Poe's work.
 In the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Squeaky Boots", SpongeBob receives a pair of annoying squeaky boots but Mr. Krabs plots to get rid of them. He steals the boots and hides them under the floorboards in the Krusty Krab. The episode references Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart".
 In the 2018 Netflix science fiction show Altered Carbon, an AI "Poe" (after Edgar Allan Poe) runs a Victorian-themed hotel called the Ravenwood.
 In season 2 of the anime series Bungo Stray Dogs, a series composed of characters based on famous authors, Poe appears as a member of "The Guild". In this show, Poe's power is called "Black Cat in the Rue Morgue", which can transport readers into the setting of any novel that they are currently reading.
 On October 6, 2021 it was announced that Intrepid Pictures will create an eight episode limited series titled The Fall of the House of Usher for Netflix that will be based on the works of Edgar Allan Poe. Mike Flanagan and Michael Fimognari will each direct four episodes and executive produce the series.
 The 2022 Netflix series Wednesday centers on the fantastical Nevermore Academy, a boarding school for outcasts, where campus activities pay tribute to Poe (supposedly Nevermore's most famous alumni), and a prominent Poe statue offers secret passage.

See also
For his influence on other media:
Edgar Allan Poe and music

For his appearances as a fictional character:
Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture

References

Television

Poe, Edgar Allan in television and film
Poe, Edgar Allan

Edgar Allan Poe in television and film


Lotus Cars is a British builder of sports and racing cars. It is based at the old site of RAF Hethel, a World War II airfield in Norfolk. The company designs and builds race and production cars. The cars are built to have a low weight. The cars handle well (they can turn, start and stop quickly.)

Lotus Cars was founded and owned for many years by Colin Chapman. After his death and a period of financial instability, it was bought by General Motors, then by businessman Romano Artioli and DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton. It is currently owned by Chinese multinational Geely.

History
The company was started as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by engineer Colin Chapman in 1952 but had roots in 1948 when Chapman first started building racing cars in a garage.  The first factory was in old stables in Hornsey, North London. Team Lotus was started in 1954. It was split off from the Lotus Engineering company. Team Lotus was active and competitive in Formula One racing from 1958 to 1994.

The Lotus Group of Companies was formed in 1959. One company was Lotus Cars Limited which made road cars. The other company was Lotus Components Limited which worked on customer race cars. Lotus Components Limited became Lotus Racing Limited in 1971 but stopped building cars in the same year.

In 1959, the company moved to Cheshunt, Hertfordshire into a factory built to make cars. Since 1966 the company has been in a modern factory and road test facility at Hethel, near Wymondham. This site is the former RAF Hethel base. The test track uses parts of the old runway.

In its early days, Lotus sold cars aimed at privateer racers and trialists. Its early road cars could be bought as kits, in order to save on purchase tax. The kit car era ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the introduction of the Elan, the first car manufactured by the company.

In early 1982, Chapman came to an agreement with Toyota to exchange intellectual property and applied expertise. This resulted in Lotus collaborating in the design and development of Toyota sports cars and Toyota supplying parts to Lotus, making development and production of their new models, such as the Excel, cost effective.

Chapman died of a heart attack in 1982 at the age of 54. The car maker built tens of thousands of successful racing and road cars. They won the Formula One World Championship seven times. At the time of his death he was linked with the DeLorean scandal over the use of government subsidies for the production of DeLorean DMC-12 for which Lotus had designed the chassis.

In 1986, the company was bought by General Motors. On 27 August 1993, GM sold the company to Bugatti Automobili SpA owned by businessman Romano Artioli. In 1996, a majority share in Lotus was sold to Proton, a Malaysian car company. On 24 May 2017, Chinese multinational Geely announced that was taking a 51% controlling stake in Lotus. The remaining 49% was acquired by Etika Automotive.

The company is organized as Group Lotus. Group Lotus is divided into Lotus Cars and Lotus Engineering. Lotus Engineering builds suspension for other car builders. They also worked with General Motors to develop the 4-cylinder Ecotec engine.

The four letters in the middle of the logo stand for the initials of Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman.

Formula One

The Lotus Cars helped its customers to race its cars. They entered Formula One through its sister company Team Lotus in 1958. In 1960, Lotus got its first win in F1. A Lotus 18 driven by Stirling Moss won at Monaco. The car was entered by privateer Rob Walker.

They had big success in 1963 with the Lotus 25. With Jim Clark driving, Lotus its first F1 World Constructors Championship. Clark was killed in a crash in a Formula Two Lotus 48 in April 1968. It was a severe blow to the team and to Formula One. Clark was the dominant driver with the best car at the time. He is an important part of Lotus' early years. The 1963 championship was won by Clark's teammate, Graham Hill.

Team Lotus made the mid-engine layout popular for IndyCars. They developed the first monocoque Formula One chassis. They also made the engine and transaxle a part of the chassis. A transaxle is a combination of the transmission and rear axle. Lotus was also among the first in Formula One to add wings and shaping the bottom of the car. This created aerodynamic downforce. They were the first to move radiators to the sides of the car. This improved the aerodynamic performance of the car. Team Lotus is also considered as the pioneer of the active suspension.

After Chapman's death, until the late 1980s, Lotus was still to be a major player in Formula One. Ayrton Senna drove for the team from 1985 to 1987. Senna won twice in each year and earned 17 pole positions. By the company's last Formula One race in 1994, the cars were not competitive. At the end of the 1994 season, Lotus left Formula One racing. Team Lotus won a total of 79 Grand Prix races. Team Lotus was the first team to achieve 50 Grand Prix victories.

Formula One Constructors' Championships (Drivers' Championship winner for Lotus)
 1963 (Jim Clark)
 1965 (Jim Clark)
 1968 (Graham Hill)
 1970 (Jochen Rindt)
 1972 (Emerson Fittipaldi)
 1973
 1978 (Mario Andretti)

In 1992, Team Lotus started Classic Team Lotus for the Works historic motorsport activity. Classic Team Lotus repairs and keeps Lotus F1 cars in running condition. They race them in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. It keeps the Team Lotus archive and the Works Collection of cars. It is managed by Clive Chapman, son of company founder Colin Chapman.

The Lotus name returned to Formula One for the 2010 season. A new team in Malaysia was started called Lotus Racing. They used the Lotus name with license from Group Lotus. The new team was unrelated to the old Team Lotus. The new team was funded by a Malaysian Consortium (group of companies) including Proton, the former owner of Lotus.

After the 2010 season, Proton ended the license for Lotus Racing to use the Lotus name. Proton believed the team broke the license rules. Lotus Racing then bought Team Lotus Ventures Ltd. This company owned the rights to use the name Team Lotus. The Lotus Racing team announced they would be known as Team Lotus starting in 2011.

In December 2010 Group Lotus (Proton) purchased part of the Renault F1 team. They announced the team would be now be known as Lotus Renault GP. Lotus Renault GP will compete in Formula One starting in 2011.

Lotus also unsuccessfully participated in the 24 Hours of LeMans and in the Indianapolis 500 in 2011 and 2012.

Lotus car models

Concept cars

At the 2010 Paris Motorshow, Lotus announced five new models. These were to be introduced over the next five years.
 New Lotus Esprit. Due to be released in 2013. The Esprit was to be powered by a 5.0 litre Lexus V8 pressure charged engine rated at up to , capable of 0 to  in about 3.4 seconds.
 New Lotus Elan. Due to be introduced during the second half of 2013. The Elan was to be powered by a 4.0 litre V6 pressure charged engine rated at up to  with a weight of .
 New Lotus Elite. A 2+2 GT. It was to be offered with a front-mid positioned 5.0 litre V8 engine producing up to , capable of 0 to  in about 3.7 seconds. Due for release in spring 2014.
 New Lotus Elise. The replacement for the Lotus Elise S2. It was to be due in 2015. It will have a 2.0 litre inline 4 pressure charged engine producing up to , the Elise 2015 is stated to be capable of 0 to  in less than 4.5 seconds.
 New Lotus Eterne.  A four-door, four seater sports GT. It was to be powered by a 5.0 litre pressure charged V8. It was designed to compete with the Porsche Panamera and the Aston Martin Rapide.

Out of the five models introduced, only the Elise reached the production stage with Lotus cancelling the rest of the models to focus on making lightweight sports cars.

Current car models

Current Lotus models include:
 Lotus Evija: The Lotus Evija is a limited production electric sports car, it is the first electric vehicle to be introduced and manufactured by the company. Codenamed "Type 130", production of the Evija will be limited to 130 units. Production is set to begin early-mid 2021 with delivery in early 2023. The Evija is powered by a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering, with electric motors supplied by Integral Powertrain. The four individual motors are placed at the wheels and each is rated at , for a combined total output of 1,500 kW (2,039 PS; 2,011 hp)  and  of torque. Lotus claims that the Evija will be able to accelerate from 0 to  in under 3 seconds, from 0 to  in 9.1 seconds, and achieve a limited top speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).
Lotus Emira: Unveiled July 2021, production began March 2022 - this will be the firm's final vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine.
Lotus Eletre: The first high-performance electric SUV from Lotus.

Previous

 Lotus Mark I (1948): Austin 7 based car
 Lotus Mark II (1949–1950): Ford-powered trials car
 Lotus Mark III (1951): 750 cc formula car
 Lotus Mark IV (1952): Trials car
 Lotus Mark V (1952 2): 750 cc formula car, never built
 Lotus Mark VI (1953–1955): The first "production" race, about 100 built
 Lotus Seven (1957–1970): Classic open sports car, without any unnecessary equipment. Designed to handle a racing circuit and nothing else. The rights to the Seven were sold in 1973 to Caterham Cars, who continue to produce it today. Updated versions of this 1957 design are also produced by other firms, including Westfield Sportscars and Donkervoort.
 Lotus Mark VIII (1954): Sports racer
 Lotus Mark IX (1955): Sports racer, based on the Mark VIII
 Lotus Mark X (1955): Sports racer, a more powerful Mark VIII
 Lotus Eleven (1956–1957): Sports racer
 Lotus 12 (1956–1957): Formula Two and Formula One race car
 Lotus 13: Never used
 Lotus Elite (Lotus 14) (1957–1963): First production street car, the Elite
 Lotus 15 (1958): Sports racer—successor to the Eleven
 Lotus 16 (1958–1959): Formula One/Formula Two car based on the 12
 Lotus 17 (1959): Sports racer update of the 15, was not successful
 Lotus 18 (1960–1961): First mid-engined Lotus single seater, Formula Junior/Formula Two/Formula One
 Lotus 19 (1960–1962): Mid-engine sports racer, known as the "Monte Carlo"
 Lotus 20 (1961): Formula Junior
 Lotus 21 (1961): Formula One
 Lotus 22 (1962–1965): Formula Junior/Formula Three
 Lotus 23 (1962–1966): Small displacement mid-engined sports racer
 Lotus 24 (1962): Formula One
 Lotus 25 (1962–1964): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus 26 (1962–1971): Production street sports car, the original Elan.
 Lotus 27 (1963): Formula Junior
 Lotus Cortina (Lotus 28) (1963–1966): Lotus version of the Ford Cortina street car/race car
 Lotus 29 (1963): Indy car Ford stock block
 Lotus 30 (1964): Large displacement sports racer (Ford V8)
 Lotus 31 (1964–1966): Formula Three space frame racer
 Lotus 32 (1964–1965): Monocoque F2 and Tasman Cup racer
 Lotus 33 (1964–1965): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus 34 (1964): Indy car, DOHC Ford
 Lotus 35 (1965): Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula B
 Lotus Elan (Lotus 36) (1965–1968): Fixed Head Coupe version of the original Elan, different from the Type 26 Elan which could be fitted with a removable hard top
 Lotus 38 (1965): Indy winning mid-engine car
 Lotus 39 (1965–1966): Tasman Cup formula car
 Lotus 40 (1965): Version of the 30
 Lotus 41 (1965–1968): Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula B
 Lotus 42 (1967): Indy car—raced with Ford V8
 Lotus 43 (1966): Formula One
 Lotus 44 (1967): Formula Two
 Lotus Elan (Lotus 45) (1966–1974): Convertible (Drop Head Coupe), a version of the original Elan with a revised body style. This version had permanent side window frames.
 Lotus 46 (1966–1968): Original Renault-engined Europa
 Lotus Europa (Lotus 47) (1966–1970): Racing version of Europa
 Lotus 48 (1967): Formula Two
 Lotus 49 (1967–1969): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus Elan (Lotus 50) (1967–1974): Four-seat "Elan +2" production car
 Lotus 51 (1967–1969): Formula Ford
 Lotus 52 (1968): Prototype "Europa" twincam
 Lotus 53 (1968): Small displacement sports racer, never built
 Lotus Europa (Lotus 54) (1968–1970): Series 2 "Europa" production car.
 Lotus 55 (1968): Formula Three
 Lotus 56 (1968–1971): Indy turbine wedge/Formula One turbine (56B)
 Lotus 57 (1968): Formula Two design study
 Lotus 58 (1968): Formula One design study
 Lotus 59 (1969–1970): Formula Three/Formula Two/Formula Ford
 Lotus Seven (Lotus 60) (1970–1973): Greatly modified version of the Seven—AKA Seven S4
 Lotus 61 (1969): Formula Ford wedge
 Lotus 62 (1969): Prototype Europa racer
 Lotus 63 (1969): 4-wheel drive Formula One
 Lotus 64 (1969): 4-wheel drive Indy cars, did not compete
 Lotus 65 (1969–1971): "Federalized" Europa S2
 Lotus 66: Never used
 Lotus 67 (1970): Proposed Tasman Cup car, never built
 Lotus 68 (1969): F5000 prototype
 Lotus 69 (1970): Formula Three/Formula Two/Formula Ford
 Lotus 70 (1970): F5000/Formula A
 Lotus 71: Undisclosed design study
 Lotus 72 (1970–1972): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus 73 (1972–1973): Formula Three
 Lotus Europa (Lotus 74) (1971–1975): Europa Twin Cam production cars
 Lotus Elite (Lotus 75) (1974–1982): Luxury 4 seat GT, "Elite II"
 Lotus 76 (1975–1982): Fastback version of Elite II, "Éclat S1"—also 1974 F1
 Lotus 77 (1976): Formula One
 Lotus 78 (1977–1978): Formula One ground effects car
 Lotus 79 (1978–1979): Formula One World Champion, also used for a street GT "Esprit" (1975–1980)
 Lotus 80 (1979): Formula One
 Lotus 81 (1980–1981): Formula One, also used for a Sunbeam Talbot rally car
 Lotus Esprit (Lotus 82) (1982–1987): Turbo Esprit street GT car
 Lotus Elite (Lotus 83) (1980): Elite series 2
 Lotus Eclat (Lotus 84) (1980–1982): Éclat series 2
 Lotus Esprit (Lotus 85) (1980–1987): Esprit series 3
 Lotus 86 (1980–1983): Formula One dual chassis, never raced
 Lotus 87 (1980–1982): Formula One
 Lotus 88 (1981): Formula One dual chassis car, banned
 Lotus Excel (Lotus 89) (1982–1992): Lotus Excel Grand Tourer, basically a re-engineered Éclat
 Lotus 90: Unrealised project in collaboration with Toyota
 Lotus 91 (1982): Formula One
 Lotus 92 (1983): Formula One
 Lotus 93T (1983): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 94T (1983): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 95T (1984): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 96T (1984): Indy car project, abandoned
 Lotus 97T (1985–1986): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 98T (1986–1987): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 99T (1987): Formula One Turbo, last Lotus F1 winner
 Lotus 100T (1988): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus Elan M100 (Lotus Elan (Type M100)) (1989–1995): Front-drive convertible Elan.
 Lotus 101 (1989): Formula One
 Lotus 102 (1990–1991): Formula One
 Lotus 103 (1990): Formula One, not produced
 Lotus Carlton (Lotus 104) (1990–1992): Lotus Carlton: Tuned version of the Vauxhall Carlton.
 Lotus 105 (1990): Racing X180R IMSA Supercars Drivers Champ Doc Bundy
 Lotus 106 (1991): Esprit X180R roadgoing homologation special
 Lotus 107 (1992–1994): Formula One
 Lotus 108 (1992): A bicycle ridden by Chris Boardman to win a gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, also known as the "LotusSport Pursuit Bicycle".
 Lotus 109 (1994): Formula One, Last Lotus F1 car.
 Lotus 110: Production version of type 108 bicycle
 Lotus 111: The Lotus Elise
 Lotus 112: Final partial Formula One design
 Lotus 113: Never used
 Lotus 114 (1996): Lotus Esprit GT1
 Lotus Elise GT1 (Lotus 115) (1997–1998): Lotus GT Race Car, also known as the Lotus Elise GT1
 Vauxhall VX220 (Lotus 116): The Elise S2 based Vauxhall VX220/Opel Speedster, built in collaboration with GM
 Lotus Elise (Lotus 117): Lotus Elise S2
 Lotus 118: Lotus M250. Two-seater concept car. Unveiled in Autumn of 1999 as a mid-range sports car. The project was canceled in 2001.
 Lotus 119: Soapbox derby car Light vehicle made of carbon and aluminum. It had disc brakes, and no engine. It was built for a race at the Goodwood Festival of Speed
 Lotus Elise (Lotus 120) (1998): Elise V6 code named M120, never produced
 Lotus Europa S (Lotus 121) (2006): Europa S
 Lotus 122: Lotus Evora
 Lotus 123: Lotus 2-Eleven
 Lotus 124: Evora Race Car
 Lotus 125: Exos—Ultimate track Car
 Lotus Excel (1985–1992): Updated Eclat with Toyota running gear. 2,159 Excels were made.
 Lotus Eclat (1975–1982): Fastback version of the Elite. The rear roof line of the Elite was sloped down into a sporty fastback.
 Lotus Elite: Describes two cars, one an ultra-light two-seater coupé produced from 1957 to 1962, one an angular 3-door hatch with a back bone chassis produced from 1974 to 1982.
 Lotus Europa (1966–1975): Mid-engine sports car.
 Lotus Esprit: A mid-engine sports car, launched in the early 1970s. It was styled by Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. The Esprit started with a light, 4-cylinder design. It had several version with turbo-charging and electronic upgrades. Final version had an advanced V8. The last Lotus Esprit rolled off the production line on 20 February 2004, after 28 years in production. A total of 10,675 Esprits were built since production began in 1976.
 Lotus M250 (2000): Concept car, never reached production
 Lotus Europa S: A 2-seater grand tourer. Based on the same chassis as the Elise and Exige. Powered by a Lotus-tuned variant of the turbocharged four-cylinder engine which powers the VX220.

Lotus engines

 Lotus-Ford Twin Cam
 Lotus 900 series
 Lotus 907
 Lotus 910
 Lotus 911
 Lotus 912
 Lotus 918 V8
 Range Extender Engine, an all aluminum, 1.2 litre, four-stroke, engine. It is designed to only turn an alternator. The alternator is connected directly to the crankshaft. This will generate electricity for series-hybrid cars.

Lotus Engineering
Lotus Engineering Limited, is an offshoot of Lotus Cars. They consult with other companies that build cars and car equipment. In addition to the United Kingdom, Lotus Engineering has offices in China, Malaysia and United States.

APX and VVA
The APX (also known as the "Aluminum Performance Crossover") is a concept car made from aluminum presented at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. It is built on Lotus Engineering's Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA).

The VVA design was to be used on a mid-engine sports car. The APX is a high performance 7 seat Multi Purpose Vehicle. It is four-wheel drive and has a front mounted V6 engine.

Cars produced using VVA:
 Lotus APX

Projects worked on by Lotus Engineering

Examples of work done by Lotus Engineering include:
 Lotus Talbot Sunbeam – Talbot's hot-hatch rally car of the early '80s.
 DeLorean DMC-12 – Redesigned the original concept car. Used many of the material and manufacturing techniques used by Lotus in the Lotus Esprit.
 Vauxhall Lotus Carlton (also Opel Lotus Omega) – At the time (early 1990s) this was the fastest saloon car available. Top speed was over 170 mph (274 km/h).
 The 1991 Dodge Spirit R/T – Used an engine with a 16-valve double overhead camshaft head designed by Lotus. Its engine was rated at over .
 Vauxhall VX220 (also Opel Speedster) – Built by Lotus and based upon the aluminum chassis design of the Lotus Elise.
 Lotus styled and assisted with the engineering of the Tesla Roadster, an electric sports car based on the Elise, as well as licensing some technologies to Tesla Motors and constructing the Roadster at their plant in Hethel.
 Lotus was responsible for most of the design, development, and testing, of the LT5 DOHC V8 powerplant for the 1990 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1.
 Lotus designed, developed and tested the GM Ecotec engine and its variants.
 Lotus was responsible for various aspects of the Sinclair C5 electric tricycle.
 Lotus was responsible for the suspension calibration of the Toyota MR2 Mk. I, the Toyota Supra Mk. II and Mk. III, the Isuzu Piazza, the Isuzu Impulse as well as newer Proton models.
 Lotus was responsible for the development of the Campro engine together with Proton, as well as its variable valve timing system, the Cam Profile Switching (CPS). Currently available in the 1.6-litre and 1.3-litre variants, the Campro engine now powers most of Proton's newer models.
 Lotus has worked on the suspension of the Mahindra Scorpio to make it more stable at high speeds.
 Lotus produced the revised Chassis of the Isuzu Piazza
 The Dodge EV concept electric vehicle from Chrysler is based on a Lotus Europa S.
 Lotus has worked on the suspension and handling of the Nissan GT-R
 2009: Range Extender engine. This all aluminium, monoblock, 1,200cc, four-stroke engine is specifically designed to turn an alternator for series-hybrid cars. The engine is small and light having three cylinders and no detachable cylinder head.
 2010: Limo-Green project with Jaguar Cars. Lotus provided the Range Extender engine for a prototype XJ series-hybrid car. The car returned 58 mpg (imperial) running off the range extender alone.
 The Aston Martin DB9's chassis was developed with the help of Lotus Engineering.
 The 2006 Volkswagen GX3 features a chassis developed by Lotus.
 The Rinspeed sQuba amphibious roadster is based on an Elise.
 Lotus partnered with Jaguar for developing chassis system and engine management of the Jaguar C-X75. The engine is a supercharged 1.6 turbo petrol engine rated at  coupled with a
 The 2015 Spyker B6 Venator is powered by a Lotus-built engine originating from a Toyota-sourced block.

Electric vehicles
Lotus Engineering has established a group dedicated to hybrid and electric vehicles.

Lotus joined Jaguar Cars, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid executive sedan project called "Limo-Green"—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle was a series plug-in hybrid.

Lotus unveiled their first series production electric sports car called the Evija in July 2019. The car is undergoing development under the codename Type 130. Production would be limited to 130 units and is scheduled to begin in Summer 2020. The Evija makes use of a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering. There are 4 electric motors placed on each wheel supported by an Integral powertrain. The powertrain is rated at a total output of  and  of torque. The Evija has a range of .

Queen's Award for Enterprise
Lotus Cars were awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise for contribution to International Trade, one of 85 companies receiving the recognition in that category in 2002. Lotus cars wore the badge of the award for a number of years.

In popular culture

Lotus cars have appeared in several movies and TV shows. The most popular appearance of Lotus cars was in two James Bond movies namely The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and For Your Eyes Only (1981). The amphibious Lotus Esprit appearing in the 1977 movie was more popular of the two appearances.

Notes

Further reading
 Gérard ('Jabby') Crombac, Colin Chapman: The Man and His Cars (Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1986)
 Mike Lawrence, Colin Chapman: The Wayward Genius (Breedon Books, Derby, 2002)
 Ian H. Smith, The Story of Lotus: 1947-1960 Birth of a Legend (republished Motor Racing Publications, Chiswick, 1972)
 Doug Nye, The Story of Lotus: 1961-1971 Growth of a Legend (Motor Racing Publications, Chiswick, 1972)
 Robin Read, Colin Chapman's Lotus: The early years, the Elite and the origins of the Elan (Haynes, Sparkford, 1989)
 Anthony Pritchard, Lotus: All The Cars (Aston Publications, Bourne End, 1990)
 Doug Nye, Theme Lotus: 1956-1986 (Motor Racing Publications, Croydon, 1986)
 William Taylor The Lotus Book (Coterie Press, Luton, 1998, 1999, 2005)
 William Taylor The Lotus Book Collectibles (Coterie Press, Luton, 2000)
 Peter Ross, Lotus - The Early Years 1951-54 (Coterie Press, Luton, 2004)
 Rémy Solnon, Lotus Esprit - le grand tourisme à l'anglaise  (Editions Les Presses Littéraires, 2007)
 Andrew Ferguson, Team Lotus: The Indianapolis Years (Haynes Publishing 1996) no longer available

Other websites

British automobile companies
Formula One constructors
1952 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in the United Kingdom
1952 establishments
Automobile brands
Norfolk
Sports cars

Lotus Cars


In sociology or anthropology, social status is the honor or rank of one's position in society.  People earn social status by their own work. This is call achieved status. Or, people can have a place in a social system by birth. This  inherited position is called ascribed status.

Further reading
 Michael Marmot (2004), The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity, Times Books
 Botton, Alain De (2004), Status Anxiety, Hamish Hamilton
 Social status. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October  17,  2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

Gould, Roger (2002). The Origin of Status Hierarchy. American Journal of Sociology, 107, Retrieved Oct. 26, 2007, from http://www.library.ohiou.edu:5334/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=108&sid=f177ce9d-24b5-4e01-819e-b243bd3768e1%40sessionmgr107
Mcpherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. BIRDS OF A FEATHER. American Journal of Sociology, 27, Retrieved Sept 27, 2007, from http://www.library.ohiou.edu:5334/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=c920800d-7008-402f-a473-219b2545f452%40sessionmgr102.
Bolender, Ronald Keith (2006). "Max Weber 1864-1920". Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/Weber,%20Max/weber,_max.htm .
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Related pages
 social capital
 social class
 discrimination

Social classes

Social status


Cavaliers was a nickname for the people who fought for King Charles I of England during the English Civil War. They fought against the Roundheads and Parliament. At first the name applied only to the royalist cavalry; the words are similar because they were originally the same word.

17th century in England

Cavaliers


Penny Baker (born October 5, 1965) is an American model and actress. After being interviewed in Chicago, she was chosen as Playboys Playmate of the Month for January 1984, the 30th Anniversary Playmate. Her photos were shot by Arny Freytag in New York City, Buffalo, and Los Angeles when she was 17, with written permission from her parents. Her pictorial was titled "Lucky Penny" and it reported her age as 18.

In 1985, she had a cameo in the movie Real Genius, appearing in the pool slide scene. In 1986, she had a role as a high-priced prostitute in The Men's Club.

Baker was once interviewed by the author Martin Amis. According to him, "within a minute I had run out of questions."

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Actresses from Buffalo, New York
1980s Playboy Playmates
21st-century American women

Penny Baker


Xuanzang (; ; about 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist scholar, traveller and translator. He described the relations between China and India in the early Tang Dynasty.

Early life
Xuanzang was born in what is now Henan province in 602. He was the youngest of four sons. One of his older brothers, Changjie, was a Buddhist monk. Changjie was impressed by Xuanzang's scholarly nature and brought him to a monastery in Luoyang. He began the process to become a monk at the age of thirteen. He studied Mahayana Buddhism at the monastery.

In 618, the Sui Dynasty fell. To escape the conflict, Xuanzang and his brother went to Chang'an, the new capital of the Tang Dynasty. He was not satisfied there so he travelled on to Chengdu in Sichuan. There, he joined the monastery and was made a monk at the age of 20. He returned Chang'an after a few years.

He later travelled all around China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. He wanted to learn from the roots of Buddhist practice. He became famous for his seventeen-year journey to India. His journey is recorded in the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions. This in turn provided the inspiration for the novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming Dynasty, around 900 years after Xuanzang's death.

Journey

Xuanzang traveled to Liang-chou, where he was a "guest lecturer". The governor refused to let him go, but Xuanzang ignored the governor. He slipped out of town with the aid of two monks. Some guards told him about a detour he took that lead him to the Gobi Desert. Xuanzang made it to the town Hami and a Caravan. The king of Turfan wanted Xuanzang to be in his court.

When he refused, the king sent him on his way with everything Xuanzang could possibly need. Xuanzang crossed the Tien Shan Mountains and descended to the Issyk-Kul lake in what is now the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. He traveled  capital of Tashkent and the city of Samarkand and then through the Iron Gates to Bactria (modern Afghanistan). He visited the city of Balkh, where there were many famous relics of the Buddha. Xuanzang arrived in Bamian. He traveled down the Kabul River through the city of Peshawar to Taxila (now ruins near the Pakistani capital of Islamabad).  Xuanzang then went to Srinigar, the capital of Kashmir.

He stayed in Srinigar and studied Buddhist texts with nine monks, each expert in a different field, until early 633. In eastern Punjab, Xuanzang and his party were assaulted by 50 bandits, and only escaped because Xuanzang was able to slip away to get help. He traveled on to the headwaters of the Ganges, the sacred river of India. Stopping at Kannauj, he stayed there for three months studying with a famous Buddhist master.  Sailing down the Ganges to Kanpur, his boat was captured by pirates who wanted to sacrifice Xuanzang to their god.

As he was preparing to die, the pirate boats were hit by a cyclone and destroyed, and they released him before even worse things happened. Xuanzang visited the sacred sites where the historical Buddha had lived in what had once been the Kingdom of Magadha. At the village of Kasia, he saw the place where the Buddha had entered Nirvana (a kind of heaven). At the great monastery of Nalanda, Xuanzang stayed for five years from 633 to 637 studying the sacred texts. Xuanzang continued down the Ganges to the port of Tamralipti.

From there he sailed down the east coast of India and visited south India and Maharashtra. He returned north and stopped at Nalanda again and then spent some time nearby studying non-religious subjects, such as mathematics and geography, with a famous teacher.  Xuanzang was sent to Gauhati, the capital of Assam, to convert the King to Buddhism. Back in Nalanda he took leave of the monks and headed back to his native country in 643.

He crossed the Thar Desert to reach the Indus River. Crossing the Indus, he made it across safely on the back of an elephant into central Asia. Xuanzang faced many hazards, though. He survived blizzards and storms and the death of his elephant, who drowned while fleeing an attack of bandits.

Xuanzang reached Kashgar in what is now the westernmost part of China and Hetien, the capital of the Buddhist kingdom of Khotan. The King of Khotan came out to greet him, and he spent seven or eight months there lecturing on what he had learned during his pilgrimage. He finally arrived back in Sian in the spring of 645. Xuanzang arrived back in China with 150 Buddhist relics, six statues and more than 650 religious texts after a journey of 40,000 miles. The Emperor ordered him to write about his experiences. He had completed this book, Ta-T'ang Si-Yu-Ki (Memoirs on Western Countries) by the time he died in 649.

References

600s births
664 deaths
Chinese scholars
Asian explorers
Buddhist monks
Chinese translators
People from Henan

Xuanzang


The Kassite dynasty was ruled by the Kassites. They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 BC following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia.

The Kassites
The Kassites (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).

In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.

The Kassite dynasty dominated Mesopotamia from the 16th to the 12th century BC.

Importance of this empire
By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power. They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.

Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites. The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities. Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.

The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors. Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned. It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.

The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died. However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.

References

Other websites
Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum"

Eurasian nomads
History of Iran
History of Iraq
Mesopotamia
Royal dynasties
2nd millennium BC

Kassite dynasty


Preference regression is a statistical technique used by marketers to determine consumers' preferred core benefits. It usually supplements  product positioning techniques like multi dimensional scaling or factor analysis and is used to create ideal vectors on perceptual maps.

Application
Starting with raw data from surveys, researchers apply positioning techniques to determine important dimensions and plot the position of competing products on these dimensions. Next they regress the survey data against the dimensions. The independent variables are the data collected in the survey. The dependent variable is the preference datum. Like all regression methods, the computer fits weights to best predict data. The resultant regression line is referred to as an ideal vector because the slope of the vector is the ratio of the preferences for the two dimensions.

If all the data is used in the regression, the program will derive a single equation and hence a single ideal vector. This tends to be a blunt instrument so researchers refine the process with cluster analysis. This creates clusters that reflect market segments. Separate preference regressions are then done on the data within each segment. This provides an ideal vector for each segment.

Alternative methods
Self-stated importance method is an alternative method in which direct survey data is used to determine the weightings rather than statistical imputations. A third method is conjoint analysis in which an additive method is used.

See also
 Marketing
 Product management
 Positioning (marketing)
 Marketing research
 Perceptual mapping
 Multidimensional scaling
 Factor analysis
 Linear discriminant analysis#Marketing
 Preference-rank translation

References

Jarboe, G.R.; McDaniel, C.D.; Gates, R.H. (1992). "Preference regression modeling of multiple option healthcare delivery systems". Journal of Ambulatory Care Marketing, 5(1), p.71-82.

Choice modelling
Quantitative marketing research
Product management
Dimension reduction
Marketing analytics

Preference regression


Lollipops, pops, or lollies are sweet candies you can lick or suck on. There are many flavours of lollipops, including fruits to soft drinks. In Europe, especially the Nordic countries, Germany and the Netherlands, salty-liquorice or salmiak () flavoured lollipops are also available, but these are largely unknown in other parts of the world. With a lot of companies making lollipops, the candy now comes in dozens of flavors and many different shapes. They range from small ones which can be bought by the hundred and are often given away for free at banks, barbershops, etc., to very large ones made out of candy canes twisted into a circle. There are also bacon flavored lollipops.

Some lollipops contain fillings, such as bubble gum or soft candy.

Some lollipops have been marketed for use as diet aids, although their effectiveness is untested, and anecdotal cases of weight loss may be due to the power of suggestion.

Candy

Lollipop


Celebration may refer to:
 Party, a social gathering or celebration
 Festival, a community gathering to celebrate something in particular
The observance of a feast day or holiday
The celebration of the Eucharist
A Southeast Alaska Native cultural event

Celebration may also be:

In Music:
"Celebration" (Kool & the Gang song), a song by Kool & The Gang, notably covered by Kylie Minogue
"Celebration" (Voices With Soul song), the debut single from girl band, Voices With Soul
"Celebration", a song by Krokus from Hardware
"Celebration", a song by Hafdis Huld from "Dirty Paper Cup"
Celebration (Simple Minds album), a 1982 album by Simple Minds
Celebration (Julian Lloyd Webber album), a 2001 album by Julian Lloyd Webber
Celebration (Madonna album), a 2009 greatest hits album by Madonna
Celebration (Madonna song), same-titled single by Madonna
"Celebration", a piece by Paul McCartney from Standing Stone
Celebration (Uriah Heep album), a 2009 album by Uriah Heep
Celebration (band), a Baltimore-based band
Celebration (Celebration album), a 2006 album by Celebration
Celebration (musical), a 1969 avante-garde musical theater work by Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones
Celebration, alternate title for the 1971 concert film Celebration at Big Sur
"Celebration Day", a 1970 song from the album Led Zeppelin III
"A Celebration", a 1982 single by U2
Celebration (Smokie album), an album by Smokie
Celebration (Tyga song), a 2012 song by Tyga featuring T-Pain
Celebration! The Fullerton College Jazz Festival 25th Anniversary, a 1997 album by the Fullerton College Jazz Bands and Jazz Singers

Other:
Celebration (play), by Harold Pinter
Celebration (painting), by Tyeb Mehta
Celebration, Florida, a community in the United States, originally developed by The Walt Disney Company.
Celebrations, a chocolate collection made by Mars, Inc.
Star Wars Celebration, an official Star Wars convention
Celebration (ship), a Holiday Class cruise ship operated by Carnival Cruise Lines
The Celebration, 1998 Danish film
The Celebration Theatre, a gay and lesbian theatre company in Los Angeles, CA
The term used in the Bop It game instructions to notify that the player has reached the maximum score.

Celebration


The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), commonly called the Shanghai ranking, is a list of the world's best universities made by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The rankings have been made since 2003 and they are updated each year. As of 2012, Harvard University remains top. The ranking is used by the Chinese to compare other colleges and universities to their own universities.

The ranking uses a special formula to determine how to rank universities. It uses such things as how many Nobel Prizes university people have won and how many papers university scientists have published in the journals Science and Nature. Over 1,200 universities are ranked.

Notes

Colleges and universities

Academic Ranking of World Universities


Andrew Simmons is a broadcast journalist, currently working with Al Jazeera English. In recent years, he has specialised in covering the conflicts of the Arab Spring.

Career
Simmons joined Al Jazeera English in 2005, in the run-up to its launch. His original brief was to help set up the East Africa bureau and, immediately following the launch in 2006, he remained at the Nairobi bureau as Bureau Chief and senior correspondent.

Following his next appointment, as a senior correspondent based in the London broadcast-centre,  in 2011 he covered the downfalls of Gaddafi in Libya and Mubarak in Egypt.

In 2013, he moved to the main broadcast-centre, in Doha in Qatar, still as a roving correspondent and presenter. The main purpose of this move was to cover the war in Syria from inside the country, reporting on the conflict first-hand. However, when the Westgate mall attack took place in Kenya, he returned briefly to Nairobi, to cover events in the city which had once been his home and for which he had a particular expertise in the local places, politics and peoples. Later, he returned to the Near East, to cover the strain on Lebanon's
small population and economy, of hosting the huge new wave of refugees from Syria, in addition to the older wave from Palestine.

Before joining Al Jazeera English, Simmons was West Africa Correspondent for BBC TV News. He had previously been a presenter in the United Kingdom, for the BBC News channel.

When Simmons was with Sky News, he worked as a correspondent in an investigative unit.

For more than 15 years, Simmons served as a correspondent with ITN, the much-respected UK news channel. His experience in covering conflict included Northern Ireland, where he spent four years based in Belfast, plus extensive assignments in: Chechnya, Bosnia, Iraq, Iran and Sri Lanka. At the end of the first Gulf War, he covered the 1991 uprising in Iraq by the Shia population of Basra and was captured by the Iraqi Republican Guard. He was released ten days later, in Baghdad.

Awards
In 1991, Simmons received a UK Royal Television Society award for his coverage of the exodus of the Kurdish people during the conflict in Iraq.

References

British reporters and correspondents
Living people
BBC people
ITN newsreaders and journalists
Sky News newsreaders and journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andrew Simmons (journalist)


A basque is an item of women's clothing. The term, of French origin, originally referred to types of bodice or jacket with long tails, and in later usage a long corset, characterized by a close, contoured fit and extending past the waistline over the hips. It is so called because the original French fashion for long women's jackets was adopted from Basque traditional dress.  In contemporary usage it refers only to a long item of lingerie, in effect a brassiere that continues down, stopping around the waist or the top of the hips, the lower part essentially decorative rather than providing support or indeed warmth.

In Victorian fashion, basque refers to a closely fitted bodice or jacket extending past the waistline over the hips; depending on era, it may be worn over a hoopskirt (earlier Victorian era) or bustle (later Victorian era). A basque bodice (i.e., when considered as a dress component, to be worn with a specific skirt) could also be referred to as a "corset waist", because of its close fit.

The modern French-language usage is completely different, much closer to the historic original, and usually used in the plural.

Torsolette
In 20th century and contemporary attire, the term is used to refer to certain articles of lingerie, particularly a type of corset known as a torsolette, or alternately a torso-hugging camisole that resembles a corset (typically featuring decorative front or back lace-up detail), but of more delicate construction and offering little or no figure-moulding compression. Instead the modern basque usually emphasizes allure, with details such as frilly lace and cutout, "peekaboo" designs, and sometimes garters (suspenders in British English) to join to stockings.

The undergarment is similar to a Victorian-era corset, but with less compression of the ribs. The modern-day torsolette features lace-up or hook-and-eye fastening, as well as boning or vertical seams for structure and support. It usually, though not always, has brassiere cups and is distinguished from the bustier by its length. In American English, it is sometimes known as a "merry widow" (or "merrywidow").

Variations and relatives
A soft torsolette is like an elongated bandeau
A long torsolette is a corselette

References

External links

History of clothing (Western fashion)
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
Lingerie
Jackets
Corsetry
Fetish clothing
Women's clothing

Basque (clothing)


Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (born St Petersburg, September 25 1906; died Moscow August 9 1975) was a Russian-Soviet composer.

Shostakovich's life

Early years
Shostakovich's parents came from Siberia. His father was a biologist and engineer, and his mother was a pianist. They lived comfortably, although this was to change after the Revolution (1917). Shostakovich studied the piano and composition at the Petrograd Conservatory (St. Petersburg was called Petrograd between 1914 and 1924, after which it became Leningrad until 1991 when it became St. Petersburg again). After his mother died, the family were short of money, so young Dmitri had to earn money by playing the piano in cinemas for silent movies. He worked extremely hard and with a lot of concentration. He was very successful both as a pianist and a composer. His Symphony No. 1 was very popular. His music sounded very modern with lots of dissonant chords. His first dramatic works include an opera called The Nose and a ballet called The Golden Age.

Maturity
In 1930 he wrote an important opera called Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District. It was a huge success, and the critics said that "it could only have been written by a Soviet composer brought up in the best traditions of Soviet culture". One night in 1936 Stalin came to watch it. He left before the end. Two days later there was an article in the official government paper Pravda. The title was "Chaos instead of Music". It said that this opera was primitive and vulgar, full of screaming and noise. The politicians were criticizing not just Shostakovich but all modern Soviet music. Shostakovich was denounced, and his friends were too frightened to defend him in case they were denounced as well. Shostakovich suffered quietly and wrote his Fifth Symphony. The politicians liked this symphony. He was once more thought of as the leading Soviet composer. He was supposed to have said that his new symphony was the "creative reply of a Soviet artist to justified criticism", but it was actually a critic who said this. Shortly afterward, he received the Stalin Prize for his Piano Quintet.

During World War II Shostakovich was evacuated with his wife and two children. His next two symphonies, nos.7 "Leningrad" and 8, describe the war. They were hugely popular in the West. In the United States, the Seventh Symphony became the symbol of resistance against Nazism.

After World War II

After the war, Soviet politicians again began to control and criticize artistic life very hard. In 1948, there was a big meeting at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and several other composers were criticized. Their music was called "formalist", "anti-democratic", and lots of other things which had nothing to do with music. There was nothing the composers could do except to say how sorry they were. For the next five years, Shostakovich was careful not to write anything the politiciones would not like. He wrote songs such as "The Sun Shines on our Motherland". Some of his other compositions in which he expressed his real feelings were kept in a drawer so that no one could see them.

In 1953, Stalin died and things became easier again. Shostakovich wrote his Tenth Symphony. The whole world now saw Shostakovich as the greatest Soviet composer. He suffered less from official repression. Surprisingly, articles criticizing the music of modern young composers carried his name, but a lot of these articles he had not written. He was persuaded to sign them so that the politicians would leave him in peace. He wrote more symphonies and quartets as well as concertos. His opera Lady Macbeth was revised and given a different title: Katerina Izmaylova. It was performed in many countries and was made into a movie. Yet in 1962, he wrote his very serious Symphony No. 13 using poems including one of the Babi Yar massacre, so he suffered from repression again.

In his later years, Shostakovich suffered from ill-health. He had poliomyelitis (also known as polio), which made it difficult for him to use his hands and legs. He suffered several heart attacks, and started to lose his sight. He died of lung cancer in 1975.

Shostakovich's music
Shostakovich is best known for his fifteen symphonies and fifteen string quartets. His most important opera is Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District. He also wrote a lot of film music and music for plays including Hamlet. Shostakovich read a lot of Russian literature. His songs had words by famous Russian writers such as Alexander Pushkin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Alexander Blok. He wrote twenty-four Preludes and Fugues for piano, a piano trio, two piano concertos, a piano quintet, a sonata for cello and piano, and a sonata for viola and piano (his last work).

He had lots of friends who regularly gave the first performances of his works. Most of his symphonies were first performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic conducted by Eugeny Mravinsky. His string quartets were first performed by the Beethoven String Quartet. The violinist David Oistrakh, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovitch, and the pianist Sviatoslav Richter were all close friends who played his music.

Shostakovich the pianist
Shostakovich had an amazing musical memory and could play almost anything he knew by ear. When he was young he spent hours improvising, composing, and playing. Although he had small hands, he was a very gifted pianist. He had no difficulty in playing any of his works on the piano, even music written for an orchestra. He often played his music too fast and without much expression.

Shostakovich's personality
Shostakovich was a very nervous person. He was shy and very self-critical. He hated having to talk to people he did not know. He did not sit still, always fidgeting and twitching his face nervously. He was, however, always very polite and very kind to everyone he met. He was very careful not to criticize musicians who asked him for advice. He said very little, but what he said was carefully thought out. He wrote lots of letters to the authorities to try to help his friends. He was very reliable, and always tried to arrive on time. In his last years, he found it very difficult to use his hands because of his illness, but he always insisted on writing down his music himself.

References
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians edited by Stanley Sadie (1980)
 Shostakovich: A life Remembered by Elizabeth Wilson (1994)

20th-century Russian composers
Deaths from lung cancer
Disease-related deaths in the Soviet Union
People from Saint Petersburg
Soviet musicians
1906 births
1975 deaths

Dmitri Shostakovich


"There's No Disgrace Like Home" is the fourth episode of the first season of The Simpsons . It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 28, 1990. In this episode, Homer becomes ashamed of his family after a bad company picnic and decides to enter them in therapy. The therapist has a hard time trying to solve their problems and eventually gives up and gives their money back. It was an early episode, showing early designs for a few recurring characters. The episode is made off of the comedy of Laurel and Hardy and features cultural references to films such as Citizen Kane and Freaks as well as the Batman television series. People noted that the characters acted differently from the way they would in later seasons.

Other websites

"There's No Disgrace Like Home" at The Simpsons.com

1990 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 1) episodes

There's No Disgrace Like Home


The Open Championship - often known as the British Open outside the United Kingdom and Ireland - is the oldest of the four major championships in men's golf. The event is hosted annually by one of several prestigious golf clubs in the United Kingdom and is administered by The R&A regardless of its location. The next tournament, in 2013, will take place at Muirfield in Scotland.

Winners

Golf tournaments
Sport in the United Kingdom
1860 establishments in the United Kingdom

The Open Championship


The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden is a zoo in the American city of Cincinnati, Ohio. It claims to be the second oldest zoo in the United States because it opened 14 months after the Philadelphia Zoo.

The zoo has over  of land and about 2,800 animals. It has over  30 indoor and outdoor attractions. The Cincinnati Zoo also breeds  rare animals. For example, it was the first zoo to breed the California sea lion and one of the first to breed the American bison both in 1878. It is the only place in the Western Hemisphere where one, two, and three Sumatran Rhinoceroses have been born.

History
The Cincinnati Zoo started in 1875. It covered 66 acres and was owned by some of the richest men in Cincinnati. There are currently around 500 species at the zoo with a total of around 1900 animals. There are also over 6,000 plant species shown at the zoo. The zoo is home to Indian blue peafowls that are free to roam in the aviary.

Ecofriendly
In the late 2000s, the Cincinnati Zoo was named the Greenest Zoo in America for their "go green" practices. The zoo currently has ten special garden exhibits and has over 5,000 other plant species spread throughout the zoo. In early 2010, the zoo completed their construction of over 6,000 solar canopies in the main parking lot. This is the largest display of solar panels in the world. The zoo also displays plants in the animal exhibit in which they are the correct biome for that species. For example, there are many Florida native marsh plants and shrubs in Manatee Springs; bamboo gardens in the red panda exhibits; and bushes from California in the sea lion exhibit.

Outdoors

Wildlife canyon and Sumatran rhinos

Since 1989, Wildlife Canyon has been showcasing rare and exotic hoofstock species that are native to many parts of the world. It currently consists of six different paddocks along the bottom of a steep canyon that was built in 1942. Visitors may walk among emus, camels, Asian wild horses, Sichuan takins, river hogs and the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros. Every Sumatran rhino that lives in the U.S. was born at the Cincinnati Zoo.

Eagle eyrie
At this attraction that opened in 1970, guests can walk into large flight cages that are home to two of some of the largest flying birds on the planet, Andean condors and California condors, and sea eagles. When visitors enter the two flight cages while being in an elevated observation deck, there is nothing that comes between the visitors and the birds. The Cincinnati Zoo is currently the only institution in North America to breed the Steller's sea eagle. Efforts to set these species free have been successful multiple times. Two eagle chicks can be seen nesting in the sea eagle flight.

Monkey island
This island is a man-made rock surrounded by a moat and exotic landscaping and provides a home for to a large troop of snow monkeys or Japanese macaques. It is over 80 years old and was one of the first bar-less monkey exhibits in North America.

Gorilla world
Gorilla World attempts to simulate the rainforest of central Africa. It opened in 1978 as one of the first, natural gorilla exhibits in the country. The main enclosure is about a 30,000 square foot, forest habitat with many tropical plants, waterfalls, meadows, logs and vines for zoo's famous western lowland gorillas to encounter.  The zoo also holds the record for having the most gorilla births in one year; six, in 1996. There are also exhibits for colobus monkeys and crowned guenons.

Rhino reserve
This whole area are is a series of eight enclosures housing a variety of African species of the Savannah, and Asian species of the forest. The rhino reserve opened in 1997.

Jungle trails

Jungle Trails takes visitors through a 2.5 acre naturalized rain forest habitat, teeming with rare and exotic wildlife and hundreds of plant species from Asia and Africa. Each region in the exhibit is divided by outdoor and indoor habitats with enjoyable viewing of the Zoo's collection of rare primates such as Bornean Orangutans, bonobos, Müeller's and lar gibbons, bamboo, ruffed, and sifaka lemurs, Angolan colobus monkeys, aye-ayes, Francois langurs, lion-tailed macaques, pottos, pygmy slow lorises, and greater galagos that brachiate, crawl, and jump from branch to branch. In addition, Jungle Trails houses some of the zoo's birds, reptiles, insects, and other rare mammals that include lesser adjutant and saddle-billed storks, pelicans, white-naped ravens, yellow-billed hornbills, starlings, shelducks, hammerkops, cloud rats, sugar gliders, large-spotted genets, emperor scorpions, and ground boas. The attraction received the AZA prestigious exhibit award in 1994, a year after it opened. Two baby galagos and three baby large-spotted genets can be seen in the African Building.

Arctic animals
The main animals in the area are the zoo's two polar bears, a male named Little One, and a female, Berit. Visitors can watch the bears swim in their one large 70,000 gallon pool that stretches between the two enclosures. There are many observation areas available for the guests, including underwater viewing, across from a moat, and even of the bears on land only with 3 inches of glass separating them from the visitors. Next to the bears is an aviary that houses a bald eagle.

Bear Hill
The Bear Hill grottoes were built in 1937 featuring two bear species from North and South America, black bears and Andean bears. The exhibits were built on a hillside to complete their natural mountainous habitats to also keep the sun from shining light into their exhibits.

Lorikeets
In Lorikeet Landing, a flight cage built in 1962 and renovated in 2006, is a mesh enclosed aviary filled with hundreds of birds native to Australia and New Guinea.

Wolves

Guests can hike through the Wolf Woods to see animals native to North America. The area opened in 2005 after a renovation of Otter Creek.

Children's zoo
Opened in the 1950s and renovated in 1985, and 2008, the Children's Zoo is an attraction for children and young animals. The zoo's nursery features baby animals that come and go from different zoos. The young animals have the opportunity to come out of their exhibit, and walk around the zoo while being guided by keepers. The play area designed for children contains small habitats for threes species of armadillos (three-banded, six-banded, screaming hairy), and three species of tortoises (gopher, red-footed, radiated).

Children may enter the Petting Zoo and feed and interact with dwarf goats and doll sheep. Blakely's Barn, that was added in 1997, has both indoor and outdoor paddocks with close viewings of four-horned sheep, cattle, llamas, dwarf goats, miniature cows, miniature donkeys, and alpacas. At the entrance of the attraction is Penguin Walkabout that opened in 1985. Little and black-footed penguins live here.

Gibbon islands
This attraction features rare and endangered apes that can be viewed brachiating on two large jungle gyms built on two circular islands that were constructed in 1972. Guests can walk on a wooden platform that is on the surface of the lake to get an even closer look of the zoo's loudest animals, siamangs and buff-cheeked gibbons, as they can be heard from every part of the park.

Red Panda habitat
Some of the zoo's current red pandas were given to the zoo in 1985 from the Beijing Zoo. They live in two exhibits at the zoo that teems with natural plants of China. The Zoo has bred over 70 red pandas, the last one being in the early 2000s.

Elephant reserve
The exhibit Elephant Reserve, opened in 2008 after the renovation of Vanishing Giants, in an area that has been exhibiting elephants and other pachyderms since the zoo's opening in 1875. The main feature of the exhibit is a 1.5 acre female habitat showcasing the zoo's stars, Schottzie, Mai-Thai, and Jati. The exhibit includes a 60,000 gallon pool that is next to one of the many viewing areas. Sabu, the bull, has his own habitat that was added in the year 2006.

Swan lake
Swan Lake is the largest body of water at the zoo, giving a home to native waterfowl of Cincinnati. Many species like mallards, pintails, and swans are free to inhabit the lake as they please as the historic train also circles around them. Along the end of the lake is Crane Island, home to a Japanese species called red-crowned cranes. Wetland Trails is an area, giving an all natural, naturally enclosed habitat to a sandhill crane.

Indoors

Reptiles
The Reptile House is America's oldest existing zoo building. Visitors can see  a variety of monitors, pythons, mambas, tortoises, and even frogs and salamanders behind glass. There is an open-topped exhibit in the center of the building where alligators and sliders co-exist.

 Snakes: Dumeril's ground boas, green tree pythons, Nelson's milksnakes, black rat snakes, eyelash vipers, Brazilian lanceheads, tercipeloes, Yucatán neotropical rattlesnakes, Thai red mountain snakes, gaboon vipers, puff adders, California king snakes, Brazilian rainbow boas, king cobras, Mexican west coast rattlesnakes, eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, Angolan pythons, Aruba Island rattlesnakes, Caatinga lanceheads, and Jameson' mambas.
 Lizards: Solomon Islands skinks, Madagascar giant day geckos, reticulated Gila monsters. blue tree monitors, African fat-tailed geckos, Razo Island skinks, Desert grassland whiptail lizards, and an ornate monitor.
 Tortoises: Pancake tortoises, and Galapagos tortoises.
 Amphibians: Texas blind salamanders, spring salamanders, Amazon milk frogs.

Night-time animals

This includes an eagle owl, vampire bats, and giant fruit bats. There are cat species like endangered Pallas' cats, clouded leopards,  Brazilian ocelots, black-footed cats, sand cats, a caracal, fishing cats, and bobcats. There are dog and cat like species like fossas, aardwolves, palm civets, bearcats, tayras, bat-eared, and fennec foxes. Here also lives rare primates like pottos, and greater bushbabies. Aardvarks and a Burmese python are also displayed

Insects
World of the Insect, or the Insectarium has the widest collection of six-legged species:
 Ants: Bullet Ant, Leaf-cutting ant, Big-headed Ant, Velvet Ant.
 Beetles: American Burying Beetle, Blue Death Feigning Beetle, Red-lined Darkling Beetle, Emerald beetle, Flamboyant flower beetle, Hercules beetle, Magnificent Flower Beetle, Jade-Headed Buffalo Beetle, Sunburst diving beetle, Taxi-Cab Beetle, Tin-Foil Beetle, Yellow-bellied beetle.
 Cockroaches: Bat Cave cockroach, Green-Leaf Cockroach, Madagascar hissing cockroach, Zebra Bug.
 Grasshoppers: Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Grey Bird Grasshopper.
 Scorpions: East African Whipscorpion, Emperor scorpion, Giant desert hairy scorpion, Vinegaroon, Water Scorpion.
 Spiders: Brazilian Salmon Pink Birdeater, Brown recluse spider, Cave Whip Spider, Chilean Rose Hair Tarantula, Goliath bird-eater Tarantula, Golden Silk-spider, Mexican Red-knee Tarantula, Togo Starburst Tarantula
 Walking Sticks: Australian Walking Stick, Giant Jumping Stick, Giant Walking Stick, Giant Spiny Stick Insect.
 Other Various Invertebrates: Giant African Millipede, Giant Water Bug, Giant Spiny leaf insect, Honeybee, Malayan leaf Katydid, Red-Eyed Assassin Bug, Tri-Colored Backswimmer, White-eyed assassin bug, Water Strider.

Monitor lizards
Monitor lizards from the smallest to the longest, and the largest in the world. Guests may observe dwarf, green, quince, and crocodile monitors. In the largest enclosure of the complex lives the star of the attraction Hudo, a Komodo dragon. Each indoor exhibit is glass-enclosed and are full of real plant life and branches. Outdoor viewing for the Komodo dragon is available near the exit of the building.

Tropical swamp life
Built in 1999, based on the Everglades, Manatee Springs houses many different species of wildlife from the swamps of Florida. The first section of the building is a greenhouse that simulates the sights and sounds of a freshwater swamp, tropical hammock and coastal wetland mangrove wetlands.  American alligators, American crocodiles, and Florida cooter turtles can be observed in a series of water/land exhibits all with an underwater viewing. This includes a bridge constructed over a deep pool where zoo visitors may walk on as an alligator snapping turtle lies directly beneath it.
 The River of Grass are glass-cased displays containing species that hide within the tall swampy grass.
 Knight anoles, and golden silk spiders.
 The Florida Biodiversity section features glass, wall exhibits that show guests the importance of almost unknown species.
 timber rattlesnakes, green anoles, basslet fish, Florida decorated crabs, margarita snails, peppermint shrimp, turbo snails, royal coral shrimp, scarlet hermit crabs, southern copperheads, mangrove water snakes, loggerhead musk turtles, western mosquitofish, and eastern water dogs.
 The Manatee exhibit is a 120,000 gallon tank that gives visitors a dramatic close-up viewing with Wooten, and Betsy, the rare Florida manatees.
 Other species include:  Alligator gars, chain pickerels, channel catfish, crass carp, Florida gars, Florida softshell turtles, longnose, and spotted gars.
 The Infamous Alien Invaders tank provides an above and underwater look of plant and animal life that were introduced into Florida ecosystems.
 Azureus cichlids, Banded dwarf cichlids, green severums, oscar fish, Mozambique tilapia red devil cichlids, and red-eyed piranhas.
 In the Discovery Area, visitors are encouraged to investigate the skeletal features of the Florida manatee and to see a sampling of species that contribute to Florida's diversity.
 Palmetto Scrub is one large co-existing snake exhibit that provides warm surfaces areas that encourages the animals to stay out in the open for viewing.
 Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, corn, yellow rat, and Everglades rat snakes.

Birds
Over 50 species of birds, and displays that provide habitats as natural as the outdoors. Birds from the Amazon all the way to the Antarctic Coast are displayed. Guests can see owls, macaws, bird-of-paradises, hornbills, parakeets, auklets, puffins and even three species of penguins. Seeing opportunities for zoo visitors as such include two walk-though aviaries, open-fronted habitats, and species behind glass with underwater viewings.
 The Outdoor Habitats include an open-topped island and a mesh wired covered aviary connected to building, greeting the visitors as they enter.

Barred owl, crested screamers, blue-and-gold and blue-throated macaws.
 The Amazon is a large, natural greenhouse with an obstructed scenery home to free-flying species native to South America. Guests can walk-through the aviary and view the animals from a tall boardwalk looking over a foggy setting.
 Elegant crested tinamous, golden conures, guira cuckoos, matamata turtles, northern helmeted curassows, northern lapwings, opal-rumped tanagers, paradise tanagers, red-capped cardinals, red-rumped caciques, red shovelers, saffron finches, scarlet ibises, southern screamers, sunbitterns, and yellow-rumped caciques.
 Australasia is a to birds of New Guinea and Australia. Before entering the aviary, guests will notice a separate display for the beautiful Raggiana bird-of-paradise. Awaiting the visitors are giant fruit bats that hang from the ceiling, and a rhinoceros hornbill that lives in its own habitat.
 Other species include Asian fairy bluebirds, Bali mynahs, black-collored fruit pigeons, blue-crowned laughing thrushes, jambu fruit doves, Nicobar pigeons, ornate fruit doves, Victoria crowned pigeons, white-throated ground doves, and white-naped pheasant pigeons.
 The Montane display is an open-fronted habitat that is surrounded by a rocky environment representing species who dwell in highland areas.
 Masked bobwhite quails and thick-billed parrots live here.
 The Grasslands exhibit resembles the natural life-style of birds that roam in the African Savannah.
 Black-winged red bishops, blue-breasted kingfishers, blue-naped mousebirds, buff-crested bustards, golden-breasted starling, northern carmine bee-eaters, and violet-backed starlings live here.
 The Wetlands represents a simulated subset of a marsh swamp native with North American species including Double-crested cormorants, tri-colored herons, ruddy ducks, red-bellied, and peninsula cooters.
 The Song Bird Exhibits are two darkened displays with the animals behind glass featuring species home to New Guinea and Australian species.
 Bourke's parakeets, red-flanked lorikeets, scarlet-chested parrots, and gouldian finches.
 The Arctic Islands is a display that simulates the natural, rocky shores of the Arctic lands. The exhibit also features an automatic wave machine to simulate the waters that constantly crash into the rocks.
 Crested auklets, harlequin ducks, least auklets, smews, spectacled eiders, and whiskered auklets.
 The Arctic Sea Cliff display is a well obstructed display surrounding Arctic birds with a large vertical cliff with nests for breeding, and even a deep pool with underwater viewing for guests.

The Peacock Exhibit display is where Indian blue peafowl and green peafowl roam with a rainforest. Guests can walk-through the aviary and view the peacocks in a rainforest setting.

 The Vulture Encounter display is where all the species of vultures roam in a rainforest, savannah, and a desert with a river enclosure.
 Common murres, harlequin ducks, horned puffins, pigeon guillemots, and spectacled eiders.
 The Sub-antarctic Coast is a long, cold-weathered display home to birds native to the southern most parts of South America and the coasts of Antarctica.
 Black-faced ibis, Chiloe wigeons, blue-eyed cormorants, Inca terns, king penguins, Magellanic penguins and southern rockhopper penguins.

Rainforest
Discovery Forest is a 4,500-square-foot tropical rainforest in a unique, two-story circular atrium. The setting is a tropical Latin American rainforest, incorporating interpretive elements from throughout Central and South America. In 2008, several neotropical animals like a two-toed sloth, a blue-and-gold macaw, and boa constrictors were added to emphasize the relationship between plants and animals.

The future

'Africa'
Africa will be the largest animal exhibit in the Zoo's history, planned to be nearly 8-acres big and at a cost of $32,000,000. In Phase IV, the zoo will add the largest part of the future attraction, a wide Savannah teeming with some of Africa's most spectacular hoofstock such as zebras, gazelles, and elands. Along with some of the world's largest birds like ostriches, Marabou storks and grey-crowned cranes. This phase will be open in 2014.

The final phase will bring Nile hippos and crocodiles. The hippo area will give visitors a view above and below-water. In addition, this phase will include Nile crocodiles and possibly African wild dogs. This last area will open in 2015.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens

References

Zoos in the United States
Cincinnati
Botanical gardens in the United States

Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden


Sigfrid Karg-Elert (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer.  He wrote in a late Romantic style.  He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument.  He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called Nun danket alle Gott (Now thank we all our God).

1877 births
1933 deaths
People from Saxony-Anhalt
20th-century German composers

Sigfrid Karg-Elert