The Farallon Plate was an ancient oceanic plate. It formed one of the three main plates of Panthalassa, alongside the Phoenix Plate and Izanagi Plate, which were connected by a triple junction. The Farallon Plate began subducting under the west coast of the North American Plate—then located in modern Utah—as Pangaea broke apart and after the formation of the Pacific Plate at the centre of the triple junction during the Early Jurassic. It is named for the Farallon Islands, which are located just west of San Francisco, California.

Over time, the central part of the Farallon Plate was completely subducted under the southwestern part of the North American Plate. The remains of the Farallon Plate are the Juan de Fuca, Explorer and Gorda Plates, subducting under the northern part of the North American Plate; the Cocos Plate subducting under Central America; and the Nazca Plate subducting under the South American Plate.

The Farallon Plate is also responsible for transporting old island arcs and various fragments of continental crustal material rifted off from other distant plates and accreting them to the North American Plate.

These fragments from elsewhere are called terranes (sometimes, "exotic" terranes). Much of western North America is composed of these accreted terranes.

Current state

The understanding of the Farallon Plate is rapidly evolving as details from seismic tomography provide improved details of the submerged remnants. Since the North American west coast shows a convoluted structure, significant work has been required to resolve the complexity.  In 2013 a new and more nuanced explanation emerged, proposing two additional now-subducted plates which would account for some of the complexity.

Historic view
As data accumulated, a common view developed that one large oceanic plate, the Farallon plate, acted as a conveyor belt, conveying terranes to North America's west coast, where they accreted. As the continent overran the subducting Farallon plate, the denser plate became subducted into the mantle below the continent. When the plates converged, the dense oceanic plate sank into the mantle to form a slab below the lighter continent.

Farallon Plate subduction forms North American Cordillera

, it is generally accepted that the western quarter of North America consists of accreted terrane accumulated over the past 200 million years as a result of the oceanic Farallon plate moving  terranes onto the continental margin as it subducts under the continent. However this simple model was unable to explain many terrane complexities, and is inconsistent with seismic tomographic images of subducting slabs penetrating the lower-mantle. In April 2013 Sigloch and Mihalynuk noted that under North America these subducting slabs formed massive, essentially vertical walls of 800 km to 2,000 km deep and 400–600 km wide, forming "slab walls". One such large "slab wall" runs from north-west Canada to the eastern U.S. and extends to Central America; this "slab wall" had traditionally been associated with the subducting Farallon plate. Sigloch and Mihalynuk proposed that the Farallon should be partitioned into Northern Farallon, Angayucham, Mezcalera and Southern Farallon segments based on recent tomographic models. Under this model, the North American continent overrides a series of subduction trenches and incorporates microcontinents (similar to those in the modern-day Indonesian Archipelago) as it moves west in the following sequence:
 165–155 Myr ago the Mezcalera promontory (the leading terrane to strike North America) strikes land and begins to be overridden. The overridden segment is replaced by an incipient South Farallon trench.
 160–155 Myr ago the Rocky Mountain deformation begins, recorded by a synorogenic (formed contemporaneously with the orogen) clastic wedge. The Franciscan subduction complex on the South Farallon plate begins.
 125 Myr ago the collision of the North America margin with an archipelago of terranes (Mezcalera / Angayucham /Southern Farallon island arcs) begins. This broad expanse causes strong deformations and  creates the Sevier Mountains and the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
 124–90 Myr ago  the Omineca magmatic belts are formed in the Pacific Northwest along with a gradual override of the Mezcalera promontory by the Pacific Northwest.
 85 Myr ago the South Farallon trench moves westward after accretion of the Shatsky Rise Conjugate plateau. Sonora volcanism results from the slab sinking. The Tarahumara ignimbrite province is formed.
 85–55 Myr ago Strong transpressive coupling of Farallon plate to terranes produces the buoyant Shatsky Rise. The Laramide orogeny results from basement uplift more than 1,000 km inland.
 72–69 Myr ago the Angayucham arc, is overridden by North America and Carmacks volcanic episode results.
  85–55 Myr ago Conjugate subducts. Northward shuffle of Insular terrane, Intermontane terrane, and Angayucham terranes along margin.
   55–50 Myr ago saw the override of the Cascadia Root arc by the Pacific Northwest along with accretion of the Siletzia and Pacific Rim terranes.
  55–50 Myr ago Final override of westernmost Angayucham occurred, with an explosive end of Coast Mountain arc volcanism

When the final archipelago, the Siletzia archipelago, lodged as a terrane, the associated trench stepped west as the terrane accreted, converting an intra-oceanic subduction trench into the current Cascadia subduction zone and creating a slab window.

See also

 Izanagi Plate
 Kula Plate
 Kula–Farallon Ridge
 Pacific-Farallon Ridge
 San Andreas Fault

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 USGS Professional Paper 1515: images of Farallon Plate
 Demise of the Farallon Plate Beneath North America – California Institute of Technology
 The Farallon Plate  – Goddard Space Flight Center

Tectonic plates
Geology of North America
Geology of the Pacific Ocean
Historical tectonic plates
Historical geology
Cenozoic geology
Mesozoic geology
Cenozoic North America
Mesozoic North America
Cenozoic California
Mesozoic California
Geology of Marin County, California
Geology of Mendocino County, California
Geology of Sonoma County, California

Farallon Plate


Emer, in modern Irish Éimhear, or, Eimhear or Éimear, is the wife of the hero Cú Chulainn in Irish mythology. She is the daughter of Forgall Monach.

Emer was a very common name for girls around the Midlands of Ireland. The name means that she has the "Six Gifts of Womanhood" – "beauty, a gentle voice, sweet words, wisdom, needlework and chastity".

As a child, She was to one day be married to the warrior Cuchulainn. They loved each other very much. But Cuchulainn was attracted to many women. Emer accepted this. She believed that "everything new is fair." But, when he made love to Fand, wife of the sea god Manannan, Emer had to say something. After seeing how much Fand love him, Emer said she would leave him and let them be together. Fand felt this showed that Emer thought more of others than she did of herself. Fand left Cuchulainn to be with Emer and went back to the sea. When Cuchulainn died, Emer spoke lovingly at his graveside.

Irish culture
Mythology

Eimear


Tarekat Mevlevi atau Mevleviye adalah suatu golongan Sufi didirikan oleh para pengikut Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi, seorang penyair, qadi dan agamawan Parsi abad ke-13 di Konya (kinin Turki). Golongan tarekat ini dikenali kerana bentuk kegiatan mereka yang menari berpusing yang diamalkan sebagai suatu bentuk zikir mendekatkan diri kepada Allah.

Prinsip-prinsip

Mevleviye, salah satu order Sufi yang terkenal, didirikan pada 1273 oleh para pengikut Rumi selepas kematiannya, khususnya oleh penggantinya Hüsamettin Çelebi yang berkeputusan untuk membina sebuah mausoleum untuk Mevlâna, dan kemudian anak lelaki Mevlâna, Sultan Veled Celebi (atau Çelebi, Chelebi, yang bermakna "berpengalan secara penuh"). Dia adalah seorang mistik Sufi yang bercapai dengan kemahiran berperaturan yang hebat. Usaha keperibadiannya telah disambung oleh penggantinya Ulu Arif Çelebi.

Mevlevi, atau "Dervish Pusaran", mempercayai amalan dhikr mereka dalam bentuk suatu upacara "tarian" dan muzik digelar sema.

Sema mewakili suatu pengembaraan mistik man's spiritual ascent through mind and love to "Perfect." Turning towards the truth, the follower grows through love, deserts his ego, finds the truth and arrives at the "Perfect." He then returns from this spiritual journey as a man who has reached maturity and a greater perfection, so as to love and to be of service to the whole of creation.

The sema was practised in the semahane (ritual hall) according to a precisely prescribed symbolic ritual with the dervished whirling in a circle around their sheikh, who is the only one circling around his axis. The dervishes wear a white gown (symbol of death), a wide black cloak (hirka) (symbol of the grave) and a high brown cap (kûlah), symbol of the tombstone.

Sejarah

The Mevlevi became a well-established Sufi order in the Ottoman Empire by realizing a blood relationship with the Ottoman sultans when Devlet Hatun, a descendant of Sultan Veled, married the sultan Bayezid I. Their son Mehmed I Çelebi became the next sultan, endowing the order, as did his successors, with many gifts.

Many of the members of the order served in various official positions of the Caliphate. The centre for the Mevlevi order was in Konya, where their 13th century guiding spirit, Mevlana (Jelaleddin al-Rumi) is buried. There is also a Mevlevi monastery or dergah in Istanbul, near the Galata Tower, where the sema (whirling ceremony) is performed and accessible to the public.

During the Ottoman Empire era, the Mevlevi order produced a number of famous poets and musicians such as Sheikh Ghalib, Ismail Ankaravi (both buried at the Galata Mevlevi-Hane) and Abdullah Sari). Vocal and instrumental music, especially the ney, plays an important role in the Mevlevi ceremony and famous composers such as Dede Efendi wrote music for the ayin (cycle of Mevlevi ceremonial music). The ayin text is normally a selection from the poetry of Mevlana. If one buys a CD of Turkish Sufi music, chances are it will be a Mevlevi ayin.

During the Ottoman period, the Mevlevi order spread into the Balkans, Syria, and Egypt (and is still practiced in both countries where they are known as the Mawlawi order). The Bosnian writer Meša Selimović wrote the book "The Dervish and Death" about a Mevlevi dergah in Sarajevo.

The Mevlevi Order has some similarities to other Dervish orders such as the Qadiri (founded in 1165), the Rifa'i (founded in 1182), and the Kalenderis.

The Mevlevi Order was outlawed in Turkey at the dawn of the secular revolution and the dervish lodge was converted to Mevlana Museum in Konya by Kemal Atatürk. In the 1950s, the Turkish government legalized the Mevlevi order as an association and began allowing the Whirling Dervishes, who are chosen among the members of this authentic Mevlevi sect, to perform annually in Konya on the Urs of Mevlana, December 17, the anniversary of Rumi's death. In 1971, they performed in London with Kani Karaca as lead singer. In 1972, they toured North America for the first time with Kani Karaca, Ulvi Erguner, and Akagündüz Kutbay among the musicians.  They performed in France, for Pope Paul VI, and at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and other venues in the United States and Canada - under the direction of the late Mevlevi Shaikh Suleyman Hayati Dede. In April 2007 the order initiated another tour of the U.S. where they performed to sold-out crowds, in places such as Denver and San Francisco.

The order is still active in Turkey, currently led by the 20th great-grandson (22nd generation descendant) of Rumî, Faruk Hemdem Çelebi.

Lihat pula
 Sastera Turki
 Mystikisme
 Sastera Parsi
 Pusaran Sufi
 François Pétis de la Croix

Nota

Pautan luar

 Some information about Mevlena and some other Persian poets
 Galata Mevlevi Ensemble
 Mevlevi Order of America
 DankPhotos.com: Whirling Dervishes: The Search for Spirituality
 The Threshold Society
 Lehigh Dialogue Center will host whirling dervishes at Symphony Hall
  Qasim Ul Khairat AlShaikh AlSyed Feroz Shah Qasmi Buneri Qadri NakshBandi

Penubuhan 1273
Tarekat Maulawi

Mevlevi


Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply. Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black, numbness, swelling, pain, skin breakdown, and coolness. The feet and hands are most commonly affected. If the gangrene is caused by an infectious agent, it may present with a fever or sepsis.

Risk factors include diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, major trauma, alcoholism, HIV/AIDS, frostbite, influenza, dengue fever, malaria, chickenpox, plague, hypernatremia, radiation injuries, meningococcal disease, Group B streptococcal infection and Raynaud's syndrome. It can be classified as dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene, internal gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. The diagnosis of gangrene is based on symptoms and supported by tests such as medical imaging.

Treatment may involve surgery to remove the dead tissue, antibiotics to treat any infection, and efforts to address the underlying cause. Surgical efforts may include debridement, amputation, or the use of maggot therapy. Efforts to treat the underlying cause may include bypass surgery or angioplasty. In certain cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be useful. How commonly the condition occurs is unknown.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black, numbness, pain, skin breakdown, and coolness. The feet and hands are most commonly involved.

Causes
Gangrene is caused by a critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) or infection. It is associated with diabetes and long-term tobacco smoking.

Dry gangrene
Dry gangrene is a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, where the blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable. It is not a disease itself, but a symptom of other diseases. The term dry is used only when referring to a limb or to the gut (in other locations, this same type of necrosis is called an infarction, such as myocardial infarction). Dry gangrene is often due to peripheral artery disease, but can be due to acute limb ischemia. As a result, people with atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, diabetes and smokers commonly have dry gangrene. The limited oxygen in the ischemic limb limits putrefaction and bacteria fail to survive. The affected part is dry, shrunken, and dark reddish-black. The line of separation usually brings about complete separation, with eventual falling off of the gangrenous tissue if it is not removed surgically, a process called autoamputation.

Dry gangrene is the result of chronic ischemia without infection. If ischemia is detected early, when ischemic wounds rather than gangrene are present, the process can be treated by revascularization (via vascular bypass or angioplasty). However, once gangrene has developed, the affected tissues are not salvageable. Because dry gangrene is not accompanied by infection, it is not as emergent as gas gangrene or wet gangrene, both of which have a risk of sepsis. Over time, dry gangrene may develop into wet gangrene if an infection develops in the dead tissues.

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease, thus for dry gangrene, but also a risk factor for wet gangrene, particularly in patients with poorly controlled blood sugar levels, as elevated serum glucose creates a favorable environment for bacterial infection.

Wet gangrene

Wet, or infected, gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and has a poor prognosis (compared to dry gangrene) due to sepsis resulting from the free communication between infected fluid and circulatory fluid. In wet gangrene, the tissue is infected by saprogenic microorganisms (Clostridium perfringens or Bacillus fusiformis, for example), which cause tissue to swell and emit a foul odor. Wet gangrene usually develops rapidly due to blockage of venous (mainly) or arterial blood flow. The affected part is saturated with stagnant blood, which promotes the rapid growth of bacteria. The toxic products formed by bacteria are absorbed, causing systemic manifestation of sepsis and finally death. The affected part is edematous, soft, putrid, rotten, and dark.

Because of the high mortality associated with infected gangrene (about 80% without treatment and 20% with treatment), an emergency salvage amputation, such as a guillotine amputation, is often needed to limit systemic effects of the infection. Such an amputation can be converted to a formal amputation, such as a below- or above-knee amputation.

Gas gangrene

Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. It can be caused by Clostridium, most commonly alpha toxin-producing C. perfringens, or various nonclostridial species. Infection spreads rapidly as the gases produced by the bacteria expand and infiltrate healthy tissue in the vicinity. Because of its ability to quickly spread to surrounding tissues, gas gangrene should be treated as a medical emergency.

Gas gangrene is caused by bacterial exotoxin-producing clostridial species, which are mostly found in soil, and other anaerobes such as Bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci. These environmental bacteria may enter the muscle through a wound and subsequently proliferate in necrotic tissue and secrete powerful toxins that destroy nearby tissue, generating gas at the same time. A gas composition of 5.9% hydrogen, 3.4% carbon dioxide, 74.5% nitrogen, and 16.1% oxygen was reported in one clinical case.

Gas gangrene can cause necrosis, gas production, and sepsis. Progression to toxemia and shock is often very rapid.

Other types
 Necrotizing fasciitis, also known as hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, is a very rare infection that spreads deep into the body along tissue planes. It is characterized by infection with S. pyogenes, a gram-positive cocci bacteria.
 Noma is a gangrene of the face most often found in Africa, Southeast Asia and South America.
 Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis that usually affects the genitals and groin.
 Venous limb gangrene may be caused by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis.
 Severe mesenteric ischemia may result in gangrene of the small intestine.
 Severe ischemic colitis may result in gangrene of the large intestine.

Treatment
Treatment varies based on the severity and type of gangrene.

Lifestyle
Exercises such as walking and massage therapy may be tried.

Medication

Medications may include pain management, medications that promote circulation in the circulatory system and antibiotics. Since gangrene is associated with periodic pain caused by too little blood flow, pain management is important so patients can continue doing exercises that promote circulation. Pain management medications can include opioids and opioid-like analgesics. Since gangrene is a result of ischemia, circulatory system management is important. These medications can include antiplatelet drug, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytics. As infection is often associated with gangrene, antibiotics are often a critical component of its treatment. The life-threatening nature of gangrene requires treatment with intravenous antibiotics in an inpatient setting. Antibiotics alone are not effective because they may not penetrate infected tissues sufficiently.

Surgery

Surgical removal of all dead tissue, however, is the mainstay of treatment for gangrene. Often, gangrene is associated with underlying infection, thus the gangrenous tissue must be debrided to hinder the spread of the associated infection. The extent of surgical debridement needed depends on the extent of the gangrene and may be limited to the removal of a finger, toe, or ear, but in severe cases may involve a limb amputation.

Dead tissue alone does not require debridement, and in some cases, such as dry gangrene, the affected part falls off (autoamputates), making surgical removal unnecessary. Waiting for autoamputation, however, may cause health complications as well as decreased quality of life.

After the gangrene is treated with debridement and antibiotics, the underlying cause can be treated. In the case of gangrene due to critical limb ischemia, revascularization can be performed to treat the underlying peripheral underlateral artery disease.

Ischemic disease of the legs is the most common reason for amputations. In about a quarter of these cases, the other side requires amputation in the next three years.

Angioplasty should be considered if severe blockage in lower leg vessels (tibial and peroneal artery) leads to gangrene.

Other
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy treatment is used to treat gas gangrene. It increases pressure and oxygen content to allow blood to carry more oxygen to inhibit anaerobic organism growth and reproduction.

Regenerative medical treatments and stem-cell therapies have successfully altered gangrene and ulcer prognosis.

History

As early as 1028, flies and maggots were commonly used to treat chronic wounds or ulcers to prevent or arrest necrotic spread, as some species of maggots consume only dead flesh, leaving nearby living tissue unaffected. This practice largely died out after the introduction of antibiotics to the range of treatments for wounds. In recent times, however, maggot therapy has regained some credibility and is sometimes employed with great efficacy in cases of chronic tissue necrosis.

The French Baroque composer Jean-Baptiste Lully contracted gangrene in January 1687 when, while conducting a performance of his Te Deum, he stabbed his own toe with his pointed staff (which was used as a baton). The disease spread to his leg, but the composer refused to have his toe amputated, which eventually led to his death in March of that year.

French King Louis XIV died of gangrene in his leg on 1 September 1715, four days prior to his 77th birthday.

Sebald Justinus Brugmans, Professor at Leyden University, from 1795 on Director of the Medical Bureau of the Batavian Republic, and inspector-general of the French Imperial Military Health-Service in 1811, became a leading expert in the fight against hospital-gangrene and its prevention. He wrote a treatise on gangrene in 1814 in which he meticulously analyzed and explained the causes of this dreadful disease, which he was convinced was contagious. He completed his entry with a thorough evaluation of all possible and well experienced sanitary regulations. His work was very well received and was instrumental in convincing most later authors that gangrene was a contagious disease.

John M. Trombold wrote: "Middleton Goldsmith, a surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War, meticulously studied hospital gangrene and developed a revolutionary treatment regimen. The cumulative Civil War hospital gangrene mortality was 45%. Goldsmith's method, which he applied to over 330 cases, yielded a mortality under 3%." Goldsmith advocated the use of debridement and topical and injected bromide solutions on infected wounds to reduce the incidence and virulence of "poisoned miasma".  Copies of his book were issued to Union surgeons to  encourage the use of his methods.

Etymology
The etymology of gangrene derives from the Latin word  and from the Greek  (γάγγραινα), which means "putrefaction of tissues".

References

External links

Health effects of tobacco
Symptoms and signs: Vascular
Necrosis
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Gangrene


Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé  (; April 26, 1922 – January 26, 1993) was a Canadian politician and journalist who served as the first and to date only female Speaker of the House (19801984) and as the first female Governor General of Canada (19841990).

Sauvé was born in Prud'homme, Saskatchewan, and educated in Ottawa and Paris, prior to working as a journalist for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). She was then elected to the House of Commons in 1972, whereafter she served as a minister of the Crown until 1980, when she became the Speaker. She was in 1984 appointed by Queen Elizabeth II as the 23rd governor general since Canadian Confederation, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau, to replace Edward Schreyer as vicereine, and she occupied the post until succeeded by Ray Hnatyshyn in 1990. She was the first woman to serve as Canada's governor general and, while her appointment as the Queen's representative was initially and generally welcomed, Sauvé caused some controversy during her time as vicereine, mostly due to increased security around the office, as well as an anti-monarchist attitude towards the position.

On November 27, 1972, Sauvé was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. She subsequently founded and worked with the Sauvé Foundation until her death, caused by Hodgkin's lymphoma, on January 26, 1993.

The highest trophy for the Canadian Ringette Championships, the major national competition for the sport of ringette, is named in her honour. Initially called the Jeanne Sauvé Cup, it was post-humously renamed the Jeanne Sauvé Memorial Cup.

Early life, youth, and first career
Sauvé was born in the Fransaskois community of Prud'homme, Saskatchewan, to Charles Albert Benoît and Anna Vaillant, and three years later moved with them to Ottawa, where her family had previously lived. In Ottawa, her father would take her to see the bronze bust on Parliament Hill of Canada's first female Member of Parliament (MP), Agnes Macphail. Sauvé studied at Notre Dame du Rosaire Convent in Ottawa, becoming head of her class in her first year, and continued her education at the University of Ottawa, working for the government of Canada as a translator in order to pay her tuition. At the same time, Sauvé actively involved herself in student and political affairs; at the age of 20, she became the national president of the Young Catholic Students Group, which employed her in 1942, necessitating her move to Montreal.

It was there that Sauvé met Maurice Sauvé, and the two married on September 24, 1948, the same year the couple moved to London; Maurice had obtained a scholarship to the London School of Economics, and Sauvé worked as a teacher and tutor. Two years later, they moved to Paris, where Sauvé was employed as the assistant to the director of the Youth Secretariat at UNESCO, and in 1951, she enrolled for one year at the Sorbonne, graduating with a degree in French civilization. Sauvé and her husband returned to Canada near the end of 1952, where the couple settled in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, and in 1959 had one child, Jean-François. Sauvé then became a founding member of the Institute of Political Research and was hired as a journalist and broadcaster with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's French-language broadcaster, Radio-Canada.

After success on her first radio programme, Fémina, Sauvé was moved to CBC television and focused her efforts on covering political topics on both radio and television, in both English and French. She soon drew attention to herself and was frequently invited by her friend Gérard Pelletier as a panellist on the controversial show Les Idées en Marche, there revealing her left-wing political ideologies. This absorption of a woman into the traditionally male world of political journalism and commentary was unusual, yet Sauvé managed to be taken seriously, even being given her own television show, Opinions, which covered "such taboo subjects as teenage sex, parental authority, and student discipline". On air from 1956 to 1963, "it was the show that made Jeanne famous". However, Sauvé also attracted negative attention due to her husband's eventual elevation as a Crown minister; in a piece in The Globe and Mail, Progressive Conservative MP Louis-Joseph Pigeon expressed concern over the wife of a minister being paid "fabulous sums by the CBC", calling the circumstances a "shame and a scandal".

Parliamentary career

It was the Liberal Party that wooed Sauvé into politics, asking her to run as a candidate in the Montreal riding of Ahuntsic during the 1972 federal election. Though she found campaigning arduous, saying: "I felt uneasy for the first time in my life when I was campaigning ... I must say I had qualms about it myself", Sauvé won, becoming one of five female MPs. She was subsequently both sworn into the Queen's Privy Council and appointed as Minister of State for Science and Technology in the Cabinet chaired by Pierre Trudeau, thus becoming the first woman from Quebec to become a minister of the Crown and the sole female in that Cabinet. Sauvé ran again in the election two years later, re-winning Ahuntsic, and was given the environment portfolio until 1975, when she was appointed Minister of Communications.

In the 1979 election, Sauvé won the riding of Laval-des-Rapides, but the Liberals lost their majority in the commons to the Progressive Conservative Party; she thus lost her Cabinet position. She remained MP for her riding after the federal election of 1980, which saw both the Liberals returned to majority position.

Speaker of the House of Commons
Trudeau returned to position of prime minister of the 32nd Canadian Parliament, and selected Sauvé as his choice for the Speaker of the House of Commons. Because she strongly desired to campaign for the "No" forces in the weeks leading up to Quebec's 1980 referendum on separation from Canada, Sauvé initially refused the offer to run for the non-partisan position. But she eventually acquiesced after Trudeau convinced her that she was the right person for the job and she received permission from the leaders of all the parties in the House of Commons to engage in the federalist campaign in Quebec. She became the first female Speaker of the House.

In her early days as speaker, Sauvé often made mistakes with the names of MPs or the ridings they represented—once calling on the Prime Minister as the "leader of the opposition"—and occasionally miscarried procedural rulings, which led to MPs addressing her with increasing curtness. Further, all 32 of the New Democratic Party MPs in the house walked out in protest of what they viewed as a bias on Sauvé's part; they felt she allowed Liberal MPs to ask more questions than those from any other party. In a CBC interview, Sauvé conceded that the NDP members may have been right that the Liberals may have been allowed more questions over two or three days, but, on the whole, each party received an equal number of opportunities. It was also speculated that MPs had taken to showboating for the television cameras that had recently been installed in the chamber.

Sauvé did, however, find success in implementing reforms that professionalised the speaker's tasks of managing expenses and staff for the House of Commons, cutting back on the excess bureaucracy, personnel, overtime waste, and costs she discovered upon her installation. Once the changes were made, Sauvé had reduced the commons' support personnel by 300 and saved $18 million out of the annual expenses, all of which, to some, actually improved overall service. Sauvé was lauded, by MPs and the media alike, for her courage in challenging the establishment. Other MPs, though, stated that she had gone too far and balked at the resulting inconveniences, such as having to clear their own plates in the commons cafeteria. At the same time, Sauvé also established the first daycare for Parliament Hill staff, MPs, and senators.

She also presided over debates on the constitution, dealing with filibusters and numerous points of order, as well as discussions over the proposed Energy Security Act, against which the loyal opposition mounted a counter-campaign that culminated in a two-week bell-ringing episode when the Conservatives' Whip refused to appear in the Commons to indicate that the opposition was ready for a vote. Despite pressure from the government that she intervene to break the deadlock, Sauvé maintained that it was up to the parties to resolve it themselves through negotiation.

Governor General of Canada
Sauvé was the first female governor general in Canada's history, and only the second woman amongst all the Commonwealth realms—both previous and contemporary to the time—to assume the equivalent office, after Elmira Minita Gordon, who was in 1981 appointed Governor-General of Belize.

As governor general-designate
It was in December 1983 announced from the Office of the Prime Minister of Canada that Trudeau had put forward Sauvé's name to Queen Elizabeth II as his recommendation on who should succeed Edward Schreyer as the Queen's representative. In the national media, the reception was generally positive, with Sauvé's elegance, refined nature, and bilingualism viewed as an asset to such a posting, despite speculation regarding her ability to remain non-partisan, as would be expected of the vicereine. However, by January 15, of the following year Sauvé resigned as an MP, and thus as speaker, and two days later she was hospitalised; rumours circulated that it was due to cancer, but the official story was that she had contracted a respiratory virus, which was further complicated by an allergy to antibiotics.

Still, Queen Elizabeth II, by commission under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada, appointed on January 28, 1984, Trudeau's recommendation that she appoint Sauvé as her representative. However, the latter remained in hospital, and her illness only worsened, leading colleagues to believe that she would die, and the Canadian Press and CBC to draft preliminary obituaries. Sauvé did recover, and was released from care on March 3, though the illness had delayed her installation ceremony, which had been scheduled to take place that month. Sauvé remained secretive about the exact nature of the illness, and did not pay attention to rumours that she had developed Hodgkin's lymphoma, stating in interviews that it was a private matter, and that she was well enough to uphold her responsibilities.

In office

Sauvé was on May 14, 1984, sworn in as governor general in a ceremony in the Senate chamber, during which Trudeau said: "It is right and proper that Her Majesty should finally have a woman representative here", though stressing that the Queen had not appointed Sauvé simply because she was a woman. Almost immediately, Sauvé made it clear that she would use her time as vicereine to promote issues surrounding youth and world peace, as well as that of national unity.

The Governor General kept up to date with Cabinet papers and met every two weeks with her successive prime ministers. She would not speak openly about her relationship with these individuals, but there was reported friction between Sauvé and Brian Mulroney, whom she had appointed as her chief minister in 1984. It was speculated Sauvé disapproved of the way Mulroney elevated the stature of his office with more presidential trappings and aura, as exemplified by his insistence that he alone greet American President Ronald Reagan upon his arrival at Quebec City for the colloquially dubbed "Shamrock Summit". This was taken by the media as a snub against Sauvé who, as the head of state's direct representative, would otherwise have welcomed another head of state to Canada.

She did, however, greet members of the royal family, including the Queen and her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother; and the Duke and Duchess of York. Prince Edward met with Sauvé at Rideau Hall on June 4, 1988, to present the Governor General with royal Letters Patent permitting the federal viceroy to exercise the Queen's powers in respect of the granting of heraldic arms in Canada, leading to the eventual creation of the Canadian Heraldic Authority, of which Sauvé was the first head. Among foreign visitors welcomed by Sauvé were King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, King Hussein of Jordan, Pope John Paul II, Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, President François Mitterrand of France, Chinese President Li Xiannian, Romanian President Nicolae Ceauşescu, Mother Teresa, and, eventually, President Reagan. A number of these state visits were reciprocated when Sauvé travelled to represent the Queen in Italy, the Vatican, the People's Republic of China, Thailand, France, Uruguay, and Brazil.

Also in her capacity as vicereine, in 1986 Sauvé accepted, on behalf of the "People of Canada", the Nansen Medal and, two years later, opened the XV Olympic Winter Games in Calgary, Alberta. But, one of her favourite events that she hosted was the annual Christmas party for the Ottawa Boys & Girls Club and its French-language counterpart, the Patro d'Ottawa; the children came to Rideau Hall to visit with Santa Claus and attended a lunch in the Tent Room. Sauvé personally hosted and wore a paper party hat to celebrate the special occasion.

Ironically, as with the speculations about Sauvé's standing in protocol vis-a-vis Mulroney, the Governor General herself was accused of elevating her position above its traditional place; she was criticised for her own presidentialisation of the viceregal post, with pundits at the time saying she occupied "Republican Hall". For instance, it was revealed that Sauvé's staff had meddled in Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan Frederick Johnson's plans to host a dinner at Government House in Regina, at which the Governor General was to be a guest. Further, municipal event organisers were told that singing of the Royal Anthem was not allowed and the loyal toast to the Queen was to be replaced with a toast to Sauvé, all of which not only disregarded precedent but also grated on prairie sensitivities.

In her final address as vicereine, at Christmas, 1989, some of Sauvé's words were perceived as veiled warning about the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and she was criticised for this suspected breach of neutrality. The Premier of Newfoundland at the time, Clyde Wells, said it was "inappropriate for the Crown to be intruding in political affairs that way" and Bill Dawson, a law professor at the University of Western Ontario, described Sauvé's use of the word pact as "injudicious". This was a subject on which Sauvé and the Queen agreed; Elizabeth II had also publicly expressed on October 22 and 23, 1987 her personal support for the accord and received criticism from its opponents. Sauvé, though, always held that she had been speaking about Canadian unity in general and not the Meech Lake Accord in particular, or any side of the debate around it.

Legacy
During her time as vicereine, Sauvé established in commemoration of her state visit to Brazil the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship, awarded each year to a Brazilian graduate student in Canadian studies. She also created two awards for students entering the field of special education and subsequently created the Sauvé Foundation in 2003 "to develop the leadership potential of promising youth from around the world", which was dedicated to the cause of youth excellence in Canada and is today headed by Jean-François. The Sauvé Scholars Program has brought groups of up to fourteen young people with demonstrated leadership potential each year to Montreal, where they attend classes at McGill University, work on individual projects and "enlarge their understanding of the world". The Sauvé Scholars, who have come from 44 countries around the world, enjoy a unique residential program at Maison Jeanne Sauvé, which constitutes a key part of their experience.

For sporting endeavours, Sauvé formed the Jeanne Sauvé Trophy, for the world cup championship in women's field hockey, and the Jeanne Sauvé Fair Play Award, to recognise national amateur athletes who best demonstrate fair play and non-violence in sport. Further, Sauvé encouraged a safer society in Canada by establishing the Governor General's Award for Safety in the Workplace.

In 1983, then President of the national organization for the sport of ringette in Canada, Ringette Canada, Betty Shields, had the trophy for the Canadian Ringette Championships named in her honour. The trophy was initiated in December 1984 and was first presented at the 1985 Canadian Ringette Championships in Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Québec. While Sauvé was alive the trophy was called the Jeanne Sauvé Cup. Post-humously it was renamed the Jeanne Sauvé Memorial Cup, which remains the trophy's namesake today.

Though there was some criticism in the final evaluations of her performance as governor general, mostly for a perceived aloofness and sense of self-importance—which her closing of the Rideau Hall estate to the public came to symbolise—Sauvé was also described as having been elegant, charming, and a person who could mingle well with common Canadians—especially children—while also maintaining a sense of the dignity of state. She was said to have enjoyed both entertaining and ceremony, two necessary parts of the role of the Queen's representative. However, she was pointed out unfavourably by Canadian monarchists for her republican attitudes, as illustrated in her stated opinion that the monarchy should be abolished.

Retirement and death
After departing Rideau Hall for the last time as governor general in 1990, Sauvé and her husband returned to Montreal, where she continued to work with the Sauvé Foundation. Only two years later, however, Maurice died, and Sauvé followed him on January 26, 1993, after a long battle with Hodgkin's lymphoma. The couple were both interred in Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal, and, one year following her death, Canada Post issued a postage stamp bearing an image of Sauvé.

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Titles

 November 27, 1972 – May 14, 1984: The Honourable Jeanne Sauvé
 May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Her Excellency the Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada
 January 28, 1990 – January 26, 1993: The Right Honourable Jeanne Sauvé

Honours
Sauvé's personal awards and decorations include:
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Appointments
  January 4, 1973 – January 15, 1984: Member of Parliament (MP)
  November 27, 1972 – January 26, 1993: Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (PC)
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)
 January 28, 1990 – January 26, 1993: Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)
 January 28, 1990 – January 26, 1993: Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Dame of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (DStJ)
 January 28, 1990 – January 26, 1993: Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (DStJ)
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Chief Scout of Canada
  1984 – January 26, 1993: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club

Medals
  1967: Canadian Centennial Medal
  1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
  May 14, 1984: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)
  1992: Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada

Foreign honours
  1989: Médaille de la Chancellerie des universités de Paris

Honorary military appointments
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Colonel of the Governor General's Horse Guards
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Colonel of the Governor General's Foot Guards
  May 14, 1984 – January 28, 1990: Colonel of the Canadian Grenadier Guards

Honorary degrees
  1986: Queen's University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
  1987: Chulalongkorn University, Doctor of Political Science (DPSci)
  1991: University of Regina, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

Honorific eponyms
Awards
 : Jeanne Sauvé Undergraduate Scholarship, University of Alberta, Edmonton
 : Jeanne Sauvé Fair Play Award
 : Governor General Jeanne Sauvé Fellowship
 : Jeanne Sauvé Memorial Cup
 : Jeanne Sauvé Trophy

Geographic locations
 : Jeanne-Sauvé Park, Montreal
 : Jeanne-Sauvé District, Outremont

Buildings
 : Fort Sauvé, Kingston

Schools
 : Collège Jeanne-Sauvé, Winnipeg
 : École publique Jeanne-Sauvé, Sudbury
 : Ecole Jeanne-Sauvé, Orléans
 : Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School, Stratford
 : Jeanne Sauvé French Immersion Public School, London
 : Jeanne Sauvé French Immersion Public School, St. Catharines
 : Jeanne Sauvé French Immersion Public School,  Oshawa

Organisations
 : Jeanne Sauvé Family Service
 : Sauvé Foundation
 : Jeanne Sauvé House

Events
 : Jeanne Sauvé Lecture Series

Arms

Archives
There is a Jeanne Sauvé fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

See also

 Women in Canadian politics
 List of elected or appointed female heads of state

Notes

References

External links
 Web site of the Governor General of Canada entry for Jeanne Sauvé
 Jeanne Sauvé Foundation

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1922 births
1993 deaths
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Jeanne Sauvé


Space Stories was a pulp magazine which published five issues from October 1952 to June 1953.  It was published by Standard Magazines, and edited by Samuel Mines.  Mines' editorial policy for Space Stories was to publish straightforward science fiction adventure stories.  Among the better-known contributors were Jack Vance, Gordon R. Dickson and Leigh Brackett, whose novel The Big Jump appeared in the February 1953 issue.

Publication history and contents
The early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the world of U.S. science fiction (sf) publishing. At the start of 1949, all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format; by the end of 1955, almost all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format.  Despite the rapid decline of the pulp market, several new science fiction magazines were launched in pulp format during these years.  Space Stories was one of the last of these; it was launched in October 1952 by Standard Magazines, which already published three other sf magazines: Startling Stories, Thrilling Wonder Stories, and Fantastic Story Magazine.  Samuel Mines, the editor, had worked for Standard Magazines since 1942, though not on the science fiction pulps; he had taken over the editorship of the sf titles when Sam Merwin left Standard in 1951.

In the first issue, Mines declared that Space Stories' editorial policy would be focused on entertainment: it would be aimed at readers "who want action and thrills, strange and exotic backgrounds, weird and wonderful adventure", instead of the "coldly mental story, the complex parable, the tale of social significance".  The response in the letters column of the magazine was positive, with several fans quoting Mines' editorial approvingly.  Mines was able to obtain stories from well-known writers, including Gordon R. Dickson, Leigh Brackett, Jack Vance, and William Morrison, though few of the stories were memorable. The best-known story published in the magazine was Brackett's The Big Jump, which appeared in the February 1953 issue.  Sf historian Wendy Bousfield regards most of the lesser-known stories in the magazine as uninteresting, but praises Robert Zack's "Expedition to Earth", which is set in a "science fiction restaurant" where the alien staff are assumed to be merely wearing costumes, as a witty variation on the stereotypical hostile alien story.  Bousfield also singles out Charles Foster's "The Satyr Stratagem" as an example of an old-fashioned sexist science fiction plot.  In the story, a planet inhabited only by women welcomes a team of earth miners who will provide husbands for them.  Bousfield comments that Joanna Russ and James Tiptree, Jr. would later "expose the absurdities of this stock science fictional situation".  In addition to the letter column, Mines included articles and essays on science.  A book review column appeared in the April 1953 issue; it did not appear in the next and final issue, which instead included some science-fictional cartoons.

The interior art was of generally good quality; the artists included Paul Orban, Virgil Finlay, Emsh, and Alex Schomburg.  The cover art, by Emsh, Earle K. Bergey, and Walter Popp, was stereotypical, with Emsh's cover for the February 1953 issue including what sf historian Wendy Bousfield describes as the three stereotypes of sf art: "the spaceman, the voluptuous blonde, and the threatening bug-eyed monster".  Only the final issue's cover, also by Emsh, was painted to illustrate one of the stories inside the magazine.  Bergey died in 1952, and his cover for the December 1952 issue was the last cover he painted for Standard.

Bibliographic details

Space Stories had one volume of three numbers, and a second volume of two numbers.  It appeared on a regular bimonthly schedule.  All five were published by Standard Magazines of Kokomo, Indiana, and edited by Samuel Mines.  Each issue was in pulp format, priced at 25 cents, and 128 pages long.

References

Sources

Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States
Fantasy fiction magazines
Pulp magazines
Magazines established in 1952
Magazines disestablished in 1953
Science fiction magazines established in the 1950s
Magazines published in Indiana

Space Stories


A mountain man was an explorer, trailblazer, and animal trapper in western North America. They thrived between 1810 and 1880. They were well known throughout the Rocky Mountains region. Famous mountain men include Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. By the mid 1800s the fur trade was no longer profitable. Furs were no longer popular in European fashion. Many of the mountain men settled into jobs as Army Scouts, wagon train guides and settlers through the lands which they had helped open up. Others, like William Sublette, opened up fort-trading posts along the Oregon Trail for the remaining fur traders and settlers heading west.

References

North American people
Occupations
American explorers

Mountain man


William Giles Harding Carter (November 19, 1851 – May 24, 1925) was a US Cavalry officer who served during the American Civil War, Spanish–American War and World War I. He also took part in the Indian Wars seeing extensive service against the Apache and Comanche in Arizona being awarded the Medal of Honor against the Apache during the Comanche Campaign on August 30, 1881.

A strong advocate of reform in the United States Army during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Carter and Secretary of War Elihu Root are credited with the creation of the U.S. Army War College and helped pass the General Staff Act of 1903 through the United States Congress, replacing the office of commanding general with a chief of staff and a more efficient reorganization of military staff structure. He was also an active supporter of the Militia Act of 1903 which proposed to replace the obsolete state militia system with the National Guard Bureau.

A later historian and military biographer, Carter wrote several books including From Yorktown to Santiago with the 6th Cavalry (1900), Old Army Sketches (1906) and The Life of Lieutenant General Chaffee (1917) as well as a number articles and academic papers for professional and learned journals.

Biography
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, he received both public and private schooling as a child and later attended the Kentucky Military Institute in Frankfort, Kentucky, later acting, at the age of 13, as a Union mounted messenger for the Army of the Cumberland during the American Civil War. His siblings included Laura Carter Holloway and Vaulx Carter. Accepted into West Point, Carter graduated with a commission as a second lieutenant on June 13, 1873. He was assigned to the 8th U.S. Infantry at Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming and was later on escort duty at Fort Fetterman and Fort Laramie. In February 1874, he participated in expeditions against the Cheyenne, Brulé and Oglala Sioux.

During the summer, he followed his company passing through California to the Arizona Territory and stationed at Fort McDowell. While there, he transferred to the 6th U.S. Cavalry on November 28 and later reassigned to the 5th U.S. Cavalry at Fort Verde where he remained until May 1875. Carter served in various posts throughout the territory as an army scout and was occasionally involved in a number of minor skirmishes with local tribes. From April to July 1876, he was involved in the removal of the Chiricahua Apache from their reservation in southeastern Arizona to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. He also oversaw the construction of the first telegraph line from Fort Grant to Fort Apache later that year.

After a year of scouting in the Arizona and New Mexico territories as well as the Mexican state of Sonora during early 1878, Carter won promotion to first lieutenant on April 14, 1879, and took part in the final stages of the campaign against Victorio from June to October 1880. The following summer, he took part in the Comanche Campaign as an adjutant general to Colonel Eugene Asa Carr and was awarded the Medal of Honor "for distinguished bravery in action against the Apache Indians" when he and two others rescued wounded soldiers under heavy fire during the Battle of Cibecue Creek on August 30, 1881.

During the next several years, he would rise to high position, being promoted to captain on November 20, 1889; major on January 29, 1897; lieutenant colonel on May 8, 1898; colonel on April 15, 1902; brigadier general on July 15, 1902, and finally to major general in 1909. In the years prior to the First World War, Carter was extensively involved in the technical details of organization of the US Army. He organized and commanded the Maneuver Division in early 1911, the first modern self-sustaining division composed of tactical and support components. In 1913, he commanded the one of the four divisions of the "Stimson Plan," the 2nd Division (Central Department). Carter became commanding general of the Hawaiian Department before his retirement on November 19, 1915.

Following the United States entry into the war, he was recalled to duty at the age of 65 and appointed commander of the Central Department of Chicago from August 1917 to February 1918 and was later awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

Suffering from serious respiratory problems in his later years, likely related to heart disease, he died at his home in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1925, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

His son William Vaulx Carter (1883–1973) became a brigadier general in the army during World War II.

Decorations

Medal of Honor citation
The official U.S. Army citation for Carters's Medal of Honor reads:

General Orders: Date of Issue: October 17, 1891
Action Date: August 30, 1881
Name: William Harding Carter
Service: Army
Rank: First Lieutenant
Division: 6th U.S. Cavalry
Citation: The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to First Lieutenant (Cavalry) William Harding Carter, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on August 30, 1881, while serving with 6th U.S. Cavalry, in action at Cibicu Creek, Arizona Territory. First Lieutenant Carter rescued, with the voluntary assistance of two soldiers, the wounded from under a heavy fire.

Ribbon bar

Bibliography
 From Yorktown to Santiago With the 6th Cavalry (1900)
 Old Army Sketches (1906)
 Giles Carter of Virginia (1909)
 The American Army (1915)
 Life and Services of General Chaffee (1917)
 Horses, Saddles, and Bridles (1918)

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

References

 Thrapp, Dan L. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: In Three Volumes, Volume I (A–F). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988.

Further reading
 Machoian, Ronald G. William Harding Carter and the American Army, A Soldier's Story. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
 Thrapp, Dan L. General Crook and the Sierra Madre Adventures. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972.

External links

1851 births
1925 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Military personnel from Nashville, Tennessee
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United States Army generals
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Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
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William Harding Carter


Francis Preston Venable (November 17, 1856 – March 17, 1934) was a chemist, educator, and president of the University of North Carolina (UNC).

Biography
Born "near Farmville", Prince Edward County, Virginia  to Charles Scott Venable, aide-de-camp to Gen. Robert E. Lee from 1862 to 1865 and professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia from 1865 to 1896, and Margaret Cantey (McDowell) Venable.

In 1879, Venable earned a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Virginia. He was offered the chair in the chemistry department at UNC in 1880. A year later, he earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Göttingen, and was elected fellow of the Chemical Society of London.

In 1893, Venable occupied the first endowed chair at UNC, the Mary Ann Smith Professorship. In collaboration with undergraduate students William R. Kenan, Jr. and Thomas Clarke and former student John Motley Morehead III, he identified calcium carbide, a discovery of great commercial importance that led to the development of acetylene and the founding of Union Carbide. In 1899, he was elected vice president of the chemistry section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Venable served as president of UNC from 1900 to 1914.  He took a one-year leave of absence due to illness in 1914, during which time Edward Kidder Graham served as acting president. In 1905, he was elected president of the American Chemical Society, and he served as president of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Venable resigned as president of UNC in 1914, was appointed Kenan Professor in 1918, and retired from teaching in 1930.

Venable was married to Sallie Charlton Manning in 1884, with whom he had 5 children. He died from pneumonia in Richmond, Virginia on March 17, 1934, and was buried in the Old Chapel Hill Cemetery.

Published works
A Course in Qualitative Chemical Analysis (1883)
A Short History of Chemistry (1894)
The Development of the Periodic Law (1896)
Inorganic Chemistry (1898)
A Brief Account of Radio-Activity (1917)
Zirconium and Its Compounds (1922)

References

External links

1856 births
1934 deaths
20th-century American chemists
University of Virginia alumni
Leaders of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Presidents of the American Chemical Society
19th-century American chemists

Francis Preston Venable


One More Night is a song performed by American pop rock group Maroon 5 from their fourth studio album Overexposed. The single was released for digital download and contemporary radio on June 26, 2012. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, producer Shellback, executive Max Martin and Savan Kotecha and was produced by Ryan Tedder. The song debuted live at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on the evening of May 18, 2012 and was viraly uploaded by several other people on YouTube the next day. The pop-reggae fused song was announced on May 22nd on the band's official site that it would serve as the second single for their fourth album.

Development

The song was recorded live in Los Angeles, California earlier in 2012. The band said in an interview with Rolling Stone that it the band's first attempt at trying a reggae song and fusing it with a simple pop melody.

Release

The song was released on the same day as their fourth studio album Overexposed on June 26, 2012.

Maroon 5 songs
2012 songs

One More Night


Fausto de Elhuyar (11 October 1755 – 6 February 1833) was a Spanish chemist, and the first to isolate tungsten with his brother Juan José Elhuyar in 1783. He was in charge, under a King of Spain commission, of organizing the School of Mines in México City and so was responsible for building an architectural jewel known as the "Palacio de Minería".  Elhuyar left Mexico after the Mexican War of Independence, when most of the Spanish residents in Mexico were expelled.

Life
He was born in Logroño, La Rioja, Spain son of Basque-French parents from  Hasparren, France.

Between 1773 and 1777, Elhúyar studied medicine, surgery and chemistry, as well as mathematics, physics and natural history with his brother Juan José Elhuyar in Paris. After graduating, he returned to Spain, where he exercised himself in the study of mineralogy, specially that of the Basque Country and Navarre, where he resided. In 1781, he was appointed a member of the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País (Royal Basque Society of Friends to the Country), an enlightened institution thanks to which he started teaching as professor of mineralogy and metallurgy in Bergara, the seat of both the Vascongada Society and the University of Vergara (nowadays merged with the University of the Basque Country). During those years, he published numerous articles and dossiers about minerals, ways to extract and purify them, etc., which made him famous throughout Europe as one of the top experts on the subject. In 1780, he started working in the Laboratorium Chemicum of Vergara along with François Chavaneau, with whom he was the first to purify platinum. After several months, he was the first person to discover and isolate tungsten, of which he's credited, along with his brother Juan José, as its discoverer.  He also collaborated with Joseph-Louis Proust, the famous French chemist at the service of king Charles IV of Spain, who directed the National Laboratory in Segovia.

In 1783, he visited several European universities, such as the School of Mines of Freiberg, at which he lectured on metallurgy and mine machinery; the University of Uppsala, where he collaborated with Torbern Olof Bergman; and Köping, where he visited Carl Wilhelm Scheele, the one who announced Elhúyar's discovery of tungsten, and for some reason is credited for having made the discovery himself.

After his return to Spain, in 1785 he renounced his professorship and, in July 1786, was appointed General Director of Mines in Mexico. Before departing to his new office, he toured Europe again from 1786 to 1788 in order to study Born's method on refining silver. During this trip, he married Joan Raab in Vienna, in 1787. For the next thirty three years, he resided in Mexico City, where the crown founded the capital's School of Mines (January 1, 1792), with Elhuyar as its first director. During his tenure, he commissioned and directed the construction of that institution's seat, the Palacio de Minería, which was finished in 1813 and is considered one of the jewels of the Spanish American neoclassicism. He also visited and improved several of the existing Royal Mines of Mexico, dramatically increasing their productivity due to the introduction of new methods of exploitation. He aided Alexander von Humboldt during his time in New Spain, along with other mining experts then in Mexico, allowing Humboldt's section on mining in his Political essay on the Kingdom of New Spain to be replete with statistics and insights.

After Mexican Independence, he returned to Spain, where, due to his wide experience in modern minery methods, he was appointed Minister of Minery in 1822, and supervised the modern mining of the mines in Almadén, Guadalcanal, and Río Tinto. After falling from his ministry, he was appointed yet again General Director of Mines, and resumed his research activities in chemistry from this quieter office till his death in Madrid on January 6, 1833.

Further reading
Eyles, Joan M. "Fausto de Elhuyar (1755–1833), a Spanish mining geologist". Geological Magazine 93(2)1956, pp. 175–80. http://geolmag.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/2/175. doi =10.1017/S0016756800066486
Howe, Walter. The Mining Guild of New Spain and Its Tribunal General, 1770–1821. 1949.
Whitaker, Arthur P. "The Elhuyar Mining Missions and the Enlightenment," Hispanic American Historical Review 31, no. 4(1951):557–585.

References

External links

 Fausto de Elhuyar at the Catholic Encyclopedia

 Fausto Delhuyar. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi

1755 births
1833 deaths
Discoverers of chemical elements
People from Logroño
Academic staff of the University of the Basque Country
18th-century Spanish chemists
19th-century Spanish chemists
Spanish people of Basque descent
Spanish scientists

Fausto Elhuyar


Chalk is a type of limestone. It was made by calcareous (CaCO3) skeletons of tiny planktonic algae called coccoliths. They live in the sea in huge numbers. They make chalk (CO2) as a by-product of their photosynthesis. The chalk cliffs of Dover and elsewhere were made when England was below the equator in a tropical sea. It was in the Upper Cretaceous, when the Earth was even warmer than now. There are coccoliths today, but not the same species as formed the white cliffs.

Air and water do not wear chalk away easily, so when chalk is next to the sea, it often makes a large cliff. The "White Cliffs of Dover" in Kent, England are a good example of this. Chalk holds water, so these chalk hills may have a lot of water in them. When the weather is very dry, water comes slowly from the chalk.

Blackboard chalk is not real chalk. It is really gypsum (calcium sulfate), but people call it "chalk". People use it for drawing on hard things, because it is soft. If this chalk is rubbed on something hard or rough, it will leave a mark. People often write with chalk on a chalkboard or blackboard. A chalk eraser or water can be used to clean the chalk marks away so the board is clean again. Shops usually sell blackboard chalk in sticks that are about 5 cm long.

There are also big pieces of soft chalk for children to write on the ground with, for example on concrete (such as a sidewalk) or on asphalt. It is usually okay to write on the ground with this kind of chalk, because the rain will wash the chalk away.

Tailors' chalk is not real chalk either. It is talc (magnesium silicate). Tailors use it to draw on material when they are making clothes.

Basic English 850 words
Carbonate rocks
Writing tools
Cretaceous

Chalk


Höðr (also written Hodhr, Hothr, Hothur, Hoder, Hodur, Hodor, Hodr) is the blind twin brother of Baldr and son of Odin and Frigg in Norse mythology.

He is shown as having his eyes closed or covering them completely. Höðr is associated as the god of winter and the cold as well as being the god of darkness, unlike his brother Baldr, who is god of light. The only source of information of him thus far is when he is seen as being manipulated and tricked by Loki, and therefore accidentally killing his brother Baldr by throwing a shaft of mistletoe and piercing him in the heart. Höðr's sworn enemy is Váli, who is born to avenge his brother's death by killing Höðr. It was said that after Ragnarök, Höðr and Baldr shall survive to rule alongside each other.

Norse gods and goddesses

Höðr


Special Branch is the British police force which works mostly for the security services, especially MI5. It has had various changes of name, while its function has stayed much the same.

It was formed in London in 1883. Branches were formed in Ireland (before the Republic of Ireland was founded) and later Northern Ireland. The Metropolitan Police had their own Special Branch, until it was merged with the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO13) to form Counter Terrorism Command or SO15 in 2006.

The main function for all these branches was to collect evidence and arrest the enemies of the United Kingdom who lived on home territory. Historically, these have been the IRA (and its splinter braches), Soviet and Russian intelligence agents, and Islamic extremists and terrorists.

Special Branch has contact with the Security Service and the Home Office. They use the prefix "Detective" in front of their ranks, and are governed by the same laws as the general police. Under British law, MI5 officers are not permitted actually to lay hands on members of the public. Observations, wire taps ("lawful interception"), arrests, interrogations and preparing cases for prosecution are usually done by the Special Branch.

Special Branch have responsibility for the personal protection of (non-royal) VIPs, and are examining officers at designated ports and airports, as prescribed by the Terrorism Act 2000.

The intelligence work of Special Branch sits somewhere between that of the Security Service and that of the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO13). It was announced, in September 2005, that the Metropolitan Police Special Branch would be merging with the Anti-Terrorism Branch of the Metropolitan Police to form a new department called Counter Terrorism Command. The new department came into being on 2 October 2006.

Most, if not all UK police services still maintain a Special Branch. Strathclyde Police had a Special Branch until it was renamed the Counter Terrorist Intelligence Section.

References

Police in the United Kingdom

Special Branch


George Azar (born February 3, 1959) is a Lebanese-American photojournalist and documentary filmmaker. His photographs have appeared on the front pages of The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, The Economist, Saudi Aramco World and other leading publications. Since 2006 he and Mariam Shahin, have produced over 50 films for the international satellite news network, Al Jazeera. Azar has also produced several documentaries for the internet news channel Vice News, including "Crime and Punishment in Gaza", "Renegade Jewish Settlers" and 'The Islamic State vs Lebanon".
Azar has covered the Middle East and Arab/Islamic culture since 1981 and is the subject of the CBS Emmy Award-winning news feature, Beirut Photographer. He was also profiled in the BBC's Firing Line. He was nominated for the 2007 Rory Peck Award for his film Gaza Fixer. His and fellow filmmaker Tom Evans' film Two Schools in Nablus also received great acclaim, winning the Japan Prize in Education in 2008, and the British Royal Television Society Education Award in 2009. In addition, Azar is the author and photographer of the critically acclaimed book Palestine: A Photographic Journey, and the photographer of Palestine: A Guide, written by Mariam Shahin.

In addition to his work as a photojournalist and filmmaker, Azar is a historian and curator. His writing, photography and photo curation is on permanent display on the first three floors of San Francisco's historic U.S. Customhouse, and New York's International Center of Photography hosted Azar's 2002 curation of Bill Biggart's "Twin Towers", which marked the one-year anniversary of the tragedy. Azar commands unique insight into both the Arab world and the western perceptions and misperceptions of it, and has lectured on the subject at major universities including the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Chicago, Stanford, Vanderbilt, Pepperdine and Harvard. Azar is currently a Photojournalist in Residence and a full-time instructor in Journalism and Digital Media at the American University of Beirut since Fall 2018–19.

Early life
Azar was born in Philadelphia on February 3, 1959, the middle child of George Azar, Jr. and Gladys Saddic, both the children of Lebanese immigrants. He has three siblings, an older sister, Madelynn, and two younger brothers, Michael and Habib. When he was eight years old, the family relocated to San Diego, California, where he spent the remainder of his childhood.

Between 1977 and 1981, Azar attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of California, Berkeley, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in political science, history. He graduated magna cum laude.

Having grown up in a Lebanese American household, and visiting Lebanon several times throughout his youth, Azar was always extremely interested in the Middle East.  In the introduction to his book, Palestine: A Photographic Journey, Azar writes:

"My grandfather, 'Jiddu' Haleem, often spoke of a place where by custom, a hungry traveler could pick fruit from orchards, where snowy mountaintops overlooked the Mediterranean, and where villages with red-tiled roofs nestled in forests of cedar and pine. He called that country biladi, my homeland...the Arab world came alive for me through those stories."

Then in July 1981, the Israeli Air Force bombed a neighborhood in Beirut called Fakhani, sending stacks of 700 pound bombs slamming into densely packed apartment buildings. Some 400 civilians were killed by the explosions or crushed by the weight of the fallen buildings. Azar read about it in a newspaper, clipped the short article, and taped it onto the refrigerator door so his friends could see it. Throughout the summer he would look at this article and become overwhelmed. This Israeli bombing campaign in West Beirut was part of the early stages of what would eventually transform into the 1982 Lebanon War. Azar writes, "I could imagine the press coverage that would have followed if 400 Jewish civilians been killed in a Palestinian attack. Yet, in 1981, the killing of 400 Arab civilians by Israel hardly caused a ripple in the American public mind."

By the end of the summer, shocked and troubled, Azar decided to see, first-hand, the conflict he had read about in newspapers. So, in September 1981, he departed for Beirut with his friend and college roommate, Michael Nelson.  They hitchhiked across Europe to Lebanon, with the goal of pursuing careers in photojournalism.  They finally arrived in Beirut in November 1981. And it was there and then that Azar's career began.

Career
Once in Beirut, Azar became a news photographer, covering the Lebanese War as a stringer for the Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI) and later for the French photo agency, Gamma. From 1981 to 1989 Azar chronicled the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the destruction of the U.S. Marine compound, the civil insurrection in West Beirut, the vicious inter-factional war among the Palestinians in North Lebanon, The Druze-Maronite war in the Chouf mountains and the Syrian siege of Mount Lebanon.

During the early days of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982, Azar was trapped under an intense bombardment, abandoned by his driver in a small town on the Lebanese coast, called Jieh. He was covering the war for Newsweek. When the Israelis overran the town there was a brief, but intense fight. Jieh was left in ruins.

Azar was taken by the Israeli army, and marched to the outskirts of Damour. Because he held press credentials and U.S. citizenship he was not blindfolded, handcuffed and beaten, as were the other Arab men he saw. He was kept with a group of paratroopers in a large house overlooking the ocean, which, unknown to them, was owned by former Lebanese president Camille Chamoun.

After three days he was taken to the local Israeli command center where he was interrogated. His cameras and pockets were emptied and his film destroyed. Upon the insistence of an Israeli photographer, Shalomo Arad, who was serving in the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) he was put on a military helicopter and flown out of the war zone to Israel.  Azar wrote about the experience:

"Peering from the helicopter window, I felt, in a strange way like Elijah in his flaming chariot, flying among the clouds above the Holy Land. Looking down I could see funnel clouds of black smoke billowing from a hundred different points along the Lebanese countryside. Houses lay smashed by artillery fire. Burned out cars and taxis, strafed by fighter-bombers were strewn upside down, or lying in bomb craters along the coast highway. Lebanon burned below. Armored columns of tanks snaked northward from Israel, laying waste to the land."

Azar was taken to the Newsweek office in Jerusalem, where he handed over two rolls of color film he had taken of the Israeli assault on Jieh, and hidden from the Israelis in his underwear. On the rolls were photographs of terrified Palestinian refugees trapped in a building as it was being shelled, and Israeli battle-tanks leveling Lebanese houses at point-blank range. When the magazine appeared the following week it carried two of Azar's photographs. One was of two Lebanese militiamen firing a machine-gun at Israeli jets, and the other of a PLO guerrilla walking past a destroyed building. The photographs of the Israeli assault on Jieh were never seen again. Newsweek claims they were lost.

After delivering his film to Newsweek, Azar was free to go on his way. But before returning to Beirut, he traveled to the Palestinian Occupied Territories.  Azar was horrified by the devastation he saw.  And so began a fascination with Palestine and a desire to document and report the plight of the Palestinian people; a desire that would shape and dominate his career in the following years.

When the First Intifada erupted in Palestine in the winter of 1987, Azar was living in the United States, working as a photographer for The Philadelphia Inquirer.  He had left the horror of Beirut, Damour and Tripoli behind almost two years before and resisted the thought of ever going back. But as he watched images on the news of the people of the villages, refugee camps and towns of Palestine taking to the streets, protected by nothing save the cloth of their keffiyehs, and armed with stones, he finally decided to return to Palestine. The photos he took during that stay in Palestine would become his first book, the critically acclaimed Palestine: A Photographic Journey, published in 1991.

In December 2012, Al Jazeera English flagship documentary series "Witness" aired "Beirut Photographer" Directed by George Azar and Mariam Shahin. The film is about Azar's return to Beirut 30 years after his first visit and documents his journey to the past and how he finds and reconnects to many of the people he photographed in 1982.

Production

Documentaries for Al Jazeera

2012
Beirut Photographer (48 min documentary)
Fall Out In The Mediterranean (44 min documentary)

2011
 (25 min documentary)

2010
 (47 min documentary)

2009
 (22 min documentary)
 (22 min documentary)
 (22 min documentary)
 (22 min documentary)

2008
 (22 min documentary)
 (22 min documentary)
Lost Manuscripts of Timbuktu (22 min documentary)
Abduallah Goes to Essekane (22 min documentary)
On War with Josh Rushing (22 min documentary)

2007
Crossroads Europe: Islam in  Berlin (22 min documentary)
Iraq: The Way Out? (22 min film)
Hostages of Gaza  (22 min documentary)
Seen But Not Heard (6 min documentary)
Samaritan Brides (6 min documentary)
The Get (6 min documentary)
 (44 min documentary)
Cheating to Live (22 min documentary)
Hope on Hold (3 x 22 min documentary series)
Two Schools in Nablus (3 x 22 min documentary series made with filmmaker Tom Evans) - Winner of 2008  Japan Prize in Education & 2009 Royal Television Society Education Award

2006
In Exile Next Door (22 min documentary)
No One Left Behind (22 min documentary)
Hollywood: Casting the Enemy (22 min documentary)
Bargaining Chips (22 min documentary)
 (22 min documentary) - Winner of 2007 Rory Peck Award

Published photographs

2000s
2007 - Gaza Strip & West Bank, New York Times, Boston Globe
2006 - Gaza Strip & West Bank, New York Times, Boston Globe
2005 - Palestinian Presidential Elections, New York Times
2005 - Palestine: A Guide, Interlink books
2004 - 'This Is Palestine', Educational CD-Rom, United Nations Development Programme
2004 - Death of Arafat, The Guardian
2003 - Palestine Photographic Survey, United Nations Development Programme
2002 - World Trade Center Martyr Bill Biggart, International Center for Photography

1990s
1998-2001 - World Featherweight Boxing Champion, Prince Naseem
1997 - Dick Dale, King of the Surf Guitar, Aramco World Magazine
1996 - Nader Khalili's Earth Architecture, Fine Homebuilding
1995 - Syrian Archeology, Aramco World Magazine
1994 - Hardwood Craftsman Sam Maloof, Aramco World Magazine
1994 - Naturalist Gary Paul Nabhan, Aramco World Magazine
1993 - Beirut, Up From the Ashes, Aramco World Magazine
1993 - Lebanese Archeology, Aramco World Magazine
1992 - Master Dancer Elie Chaib, Aramco World Magazine
1992 - Hanan Ashrawi & The Washington Peace Talks, Mother Ines
1992 - Iraq After Desert Storm, San Francisco Bay Guardian
1991 - Iraq War, San Jose Mercury News

1980s
1989 - The Syrian Siege of Mt. Lebanon, Philadelphia Inquirer
1988 - The Palestinian Uprising, University of California Press
1987 - The Grateful Dead, Philadelphia Inquirer
1987 - Philadelphia Prizefighters, Philadelphia Magazine
1985 - The Iran-Iraq War, Battle of Basra, U.S. News & World Report
1985 - East Beirut & Mt. Lebanon, Philadelphia Inquirer
1984 - Insurrection in West Beirut, Newsweek
1984 - A Sniper's Story, Beirut,  Philadelphia Inquirer
1983 - Bombing of the U.S. Marine Compound Beirut, UPI
1983 - War of the Camps, Northern Lebanon, Newsweek
1982 - The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon, Newsweek
1981 - The Lebanese Civil War, AP

Books
Azar, George, Palestine, A Photographic Journey, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
Mariam Shahin & George Azar, Palestine, A Guide, Northampton, MA: Interlink Books, 2005.  - finalist for the Independent Publisher Book Award 2006, received an Honorable Mention for ForeWord Magazine's Book of the Year Awards, and was The Independents "Pick of the Picture Books Award".

References

External links
George Azar: Middle East Photographer Retrieved 2012-12-12
George Azar's Middle Eastern Journeys: 16 years of photojournalism from the Arab world Retrieved 2012-12-12
Jadaliyya, November 29, 2012: Beirut Photographer: Interview with George Azar Retrieved 2012-12-12
New York Times article by George Azar, June 12, 2006: Errant Shell Turns Girl Into Palestinian Icon Retrieved 2012-12-12

1959 births
Living people
American documentary filmmakers
American people of Lebanese descent
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
American photojournalists
Photographers from Philadelphia
The New York Times visual journalists

George Azar


Slavoljub "Slavko" Vorkapić (; March 17, 1894 – October 20, 1976), known in English as Slavko Vorkapich, was a Serbian-born Hollywood montagist, an independent cinematic artist, chair of USC School of Cinematic Arts, chair of the Belgrade Film and Theatre Academy, painter, and illustrator. He was a prominent figure of modern cinematography and motion picture film art during the early and mid-20th century and was a cinema theorist and lecturer.

Early life

Slavoljub Vorkapić was born on March 17, 1894, in the small village of Dobrinci, near Ruma in the Srem region, at the time part of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Vojvodina, Serbia).

His father, Petar, the town clerk, insisted that young Slavko be well-educated. After finishing his primary education, he became a student in a well-known regional high-school in the nearby town of Sremska Mitrovica, where he made his first steps in art and drawing. (Mileva Marić-Einstein, the first wife and work associate of Albert Einstein attended the same high school.)

He continued his high-school education in Zemun and later in the famous Art School in Belgrade. With a scholarship received from Matica srpska, Serbia's highest cultural and scientific institution at the time, Vorkapić went to Budapest, Hungary, where he studied art. At the beginning of World War I, he immediately returned to his homeland where, with the country besieged on all sides, he survived the tragic Serbian retreat across Albania in order to reach Allied positions in Greece.

From there he sailed to Italy, from where he reached France. He managed to enter Art Academy in Paris but soon after moved to Montparnasse among other Avant-garde artists. He took part in the 1917 and 1919 collective painter exhibits.

Career

Slavko Vorkapich's dream to go to the United States was fulfilled in 1920. For a short time, he lived in New York City. Then, for almost a year, he roamed the country nearly homeless, until his arrival in Hollywood in July 1921.

Although he started his motion picture career as a painter and an actor, he became best known as a montagist, special effects expert, cinematic artist, cinema teacher, editor, and became one of the most respected cinematic filmmakers in the period between the two World Wars. Vorkapić made a great number of cinematic documentaries and lyrical purely cinematic short-length movies. He co-wrote the screenplay for Johann the Coffinmaker (1927), a 27-minute experimental film directed by Robert Florey that involved a lot of trick photographic effects.

Vorkapić co-directed the experimental black and white short motion-picture The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1928) with Robert Florey, and 2 beautiful and exciting visual tone poems, Moods of the Sea (1941) and Forest Murmurs (1947) with his Hollywood colleague, the Hungarian-born montagist and cinematic filmmaker John Hoffman (1904–1980).

His one-minute montage sequence for the otherwise lost movie Manhattan Cocktail (1928), directed by Dorothy Arzner, was released in the October 2005 DVD collection Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant Garde Film 1894-1941.

He is best known for his montage work (see montage sequence) on Hollywood movies such as Crime Without Passion (1934), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941), Viva Villa! (1934), David Copperfield (1935), The Good Earth (1937), and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). Vorkapich used kinetic editing, lap dissolves, tracking shots, creative graphics and optical effects for his montage sequences for such features as Manhattan Melodrama (1934), Maytime, The Firefly (both 1937), and Meet John Doe (1941). He created, shot, and edited these kinesthetic montages for features at Universal Pictures, MGM, RKO, and Paramount. He directed a short documentary movie for RKO, Private Smith of the U.S.A., that was nominated for an Academy Award.

Vorkapich is credited for editing and montage on Moscow Strikes Back (1942), one of four winners at the 15th Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature.

He was appointed chair of the Department of Film of the University of Southern California from 1949 to 1951.
During the 1950s, he was in Yugoslavia and worked as a professor at the Belgrade Film and Theatre Academy. In Yugoslavia in 1955, Vorkapić directed a full-length motion picture, Hanka.

Personal life
In 1938, Vorkapich commissioned modern architect Gregory Ain to build a garden house for his residence in Beverly Hills. It was a minor landmark in prefabricated architecture. It has since been destroyed.

Two of his many master drawings, his gift during a visit to Yugoslavia, are kept in the Srem Museum in Sremska Mitrovica.

Death

Slavko Vorkapić died of a heart attack in Mijas, Spain on the estate of his son Edvard who was a cinematographer on October 20, 1976, aged 82.

Influence and legacy
The now-common montage sequence often appeared as a notation in Hollywood screenplays of the 1930s and 40s as the "Vorkapich" because of his mastery of the dynamic visual montage sequence wherein time and space are compressed using a variety of cinematic techniques, such as kinetic montage, camera tricks, optical printer effects, dolly shots, & stylized graphics. Sometimes moviemakers will simply refer to the technique as "a Vorkapich".

Vorkapich's protege Art Clokey learned kinescope animation techniques under him at USC Film School and went on to use them to create the Gumby animated series.

Better Call Saul creator Peter Gould has cited Vorkapich as a major influence for the two and a half minute montage sequence seen from 27:33–30:00 in the Season 1 finale, "Marco".

See also

 Pure cinema
 Montage (filmmaking)
 Cinematic techniques
 Experimental film
 Abstract film

References

Sources
The Most Typical Avant-Garde. James, David – 2005
On True Cinema. Babac, Marko – 1998
Slavko Vorkapich: Reminiscences.  Davis, Ronald – 1978

External links

 Recreation of the life and death of 9413 at the Internet Archive
 Slavko Vorkapić at FilmReference.com
 Slavko Vorkapić picture circa 1950
 http://purecinema-celluloid.webs.com/slavkovorkapich.htm
 "The Furies," opening montage sequence of Crime Without Passion (1934)

1894 births
1976 deaths
People from Ruma
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty
American film directors
American cinematographers
Serbian film directors
American university and college faculty deans
American film editors
20th-century American academics

Slavko Vorkapich


Winchester is a city in the county of Hampshire, England. It was the capital of Saxon England. It is the home of Winchester College, the oldest continually living public school in England. Winchester was made the capital city of Wessex by King Egbert in 827, and later made the capital of England. It is around 10 miles from neighbouring city, Southampton.

County towns in England

Winchester


xxencode is a binary-to-text encoding similar to uuencode which uses only the alphanumeric characters, and the plus and minus signs. It was invented as a means to transfer files in a format which would survive character set translation, particularly that between ASCII and the EBCDIC encoding used on IBM mainframes.

The encoding process
xxencoded data starts with a line of the form:

  begin <mode> <file>

Where  is the file's read/write/execute permissions as three octal digits, and  is the name to be used when recreating the binary data.

xxencode repeatedly takes in groups of three bytes, adding trailing zeroes if there are fewer than three bytes left. These 24 bits are split into four 6-bit numbers, each of which is then translated to the th character in the following table:

            1         2         3         4         5         6
  0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  +-0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Each group of sixty output characters (corresponding to 45 input bytes) is output as a separate line preceded by an encoded character giving the number of encoded bytes on that line. For all lines except the last, this will be the character 'h' (the character mapping to the value 45). If the input is not evenly divisible by 45, the last line will contain the remaining N output characters, preceded by the number of remaining input bytes encoded as above. Finally, a line containing just a single space (or plus character) is output, followed by one line containing the string "end".

xxencoded data is generally distinguishable from Uuencoded data by the first character of the line ('h' for Xxencode, 'M' for Uuencode).  This assumes at least one full-length line (45 encoded bytes/60 characters) in the output.

Example
The following is an example of xxencoding a one-line text file.  In this example,  is the byte representation for carriage return (CR), and  is the byte representation for line feed (LF).

file

  File Name = wikipedia-url.txt
  File Contents = http://www.wikipedia.org%0D%0A

xxencoding

  begin 644 wikipedia-url.txt
  OO5FoQ1cj9rRrRmtrOKhdQ4JYOK2iPr7b1Ec+
  end

See also
 Binary-to-text encoding for a comparison of various encoding algorithms

External links
 XXENCODE-XXDECODE - Free on-line XXEncoder and XXDecoder

References

Unix software
Binary-to-text encoding formats

Xxencoding


Michael Jackson's Ghosts is a 52-minute short movie by Michael Jackson. It was written by Stephen King and Mick Garris. Stan Winston directed it. Jackson plays three roles in it. There are four songs in the movie. These are "Ghost", "Addam's Groove", "2 Bad", and "Is It Scary". Mos Def plays Seth in the movie. Ghosts was shown at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.

The movie tells the story of a scary maestro who is being invited to a party by its mayor at his mansion. The mayor looks like Thomas W. Sneddon, the main prosecutor in Jackson's child sexual abuse case twenty-three years before the movie will be made. Jackson will play both the maestro and the mayor.

2016 movies
1993 movies
English-language movies
Michael Jackson
Stephen King
American independent movies

Michael Jackson's Ghosts


Haji Amir Bux Junejo (24 December 1916 – 7 October 2011) was a Pakistani politician who was elected four times member in Provisional Assembly, Sindh. He was famously known as "Otaqi Wadero" of Sindh whose guest house was open to all and sundry where they were fed round the clock.

Early life
Junejowas the only son of Imam Bux Khan Junejo, Born on 24 December 1916 in Khanpur, 1916 in Khanpur, Junejo passed primary education in 1927 in Khanpur primary School, He passed Sindhi Final in 1939 in Govt. High School Boriri. He recruited to Police in 1941 as Sobedar (Inspector). He resigned in 1946 and joined independence struggle by the Muslim League.

Political career
In the 1970s he joined PPP and was elected MPA on the party ticket three times in 1970, 1988 and 1990. Junejo took part in the Movement for Restoration of Democracy in 1983 and was sent to jail for six months.

In the General Election of 1970 He was the highest vote achiever in numbers on MPA seat in East & West Pakistan, BBC broadcast that news.
He was considered to be the closed companion of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto.

He left PPP and joined PML in 1993 and was again elected MPA in 1997. After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, he stopped running for MPA and later rejoined PPP.

Social work
He was famous in the area for his generosity and it was known to everybody that his guest house was the ultimate place where all weary travelers and the destitute and the hungry could have food and shelter and a lot of kindness.

Haji Amir Bux Junejo provided a three-time meal to hundreds of people daily. He was very kind to the poor and he used to provide grain to the poor for the entire family during wheat harvest season.

Late Junejo had allocated income from 500 acres of his farmland to feed the hungry and his guests. Hundreds of people used to visit his Otaq daily to have food.

Death
He died on 7 October 2011 at his Hyderabad residence in Qasimabad.
He is survived by three sons and seven daughters.

Funeral and burial
Late Junejo was laid to rest at Jamia Masjid Ali Bux Junejo in Kakar town and his funeral prayer was held in Ali Bux Junejo village. Funeral Pryer was performed by Syed Hussain Shah of Qamber Shareef, Awami Ittehad Party chairman Liaquat Ali Jatoi, former MPA Sadaqat Ali Jatoi and Pir of Ranipur Roshan Ali Shah were also among those who attended his funeral prayer.

Publications on Amir Bux Junejo
 Insaniyat Jo Khidmatgaar (Servant of Humanity) By: Pavel Junejo & Najam Junejo
 Article by Daily Ibrat
 Article in Sunday Magazine of Awami Awaz
 News by Daily Sindh
 Article by Mukhtiar Chandio

See also
 Junejo
 Dadu District
 Mohammad Khan Junejo
 Jam Sadiq Ali
 Liaquat Ali Jatoi

References

External links

 History of Junejo's

1916 births
2011 deaths
Sindhi people
People from Dadu District

Haji Amir Bux Junejo