James Edward Rice (born March 8, 1953) is an American former professional baseball left fielder and designated hitter who played in Major League Baseball (MLB). Rice played his entire 16-year MLB career for the Boston Red Sox. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009.

Rice was an eight-time American League (AL) All-Star and was named the AL's Most Valuable Player in  after becoming the first major league player in 19 years to hit for 400 total bases. He went on to become the ninth player to lead the major leagues in total bases in consecutive seasons. He joined Ty Cobb as one of two players to lead the AL in total bases three years in a row. He batted above .300 seven times, collected 100+ runs batted in (RBI) eight times, had 200 hits four times and 20+ home runs 11 times. He also led the league in home runs three times, RBIs and slugging percentage twice each, and averaged more than 117 hits for every 100 regular season MLB games he had played in during his career. Between 1975 and 1986, Rice led all major league players in hits, RBIs and total bases, as well as all AL players in home runs and runs scored.

From 1975 through 1980 he was part of one of the sport's great outfields along with Fred Lynn and Dwight Evans (who was his teammate for his entire career); Rice continued the tradition of his predecessors Ted Williams and Carl Yastrzemski as a power-hitting left fielder who played his entire career for the Red Sox. He ended his career with a .502 slugging percentage, and then ranked tenth in AL history with 382 home runs; his career marks in homers, hits (2,452), RBI (1,451) and total bases (4,129) remain Red Sox records for a right-handed hitter, with Evans eventually surpassing his Boston records for career runs scored, at bats and extra base hits by a right-handed hitter. When Rice retired, his 1,503 career games in left field ranked seventh in AL history.

Notable seasons
In the minor leagues, Rice's three-run home run was the key blow in helping the Pawtucket Red Sox (International League) defeat the Tulsa Oilers (American Association) in a 5–2 win in the 1973 Junior World Series. After he was AAA's International League Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player and Triple Crown winner in 1974, he and fellow rookie teammate Fred Lynn were brought up to the Red Sox at the same time, and were known as the "Gold Dust Twins".

Rice was promoted in the Red Sox organization to be a full-time player in 1975, and finished in second place for the American League's Rookie of the Year honors, and third in the Most Valuable Player voting, after he finished the season with 174 base hits, 102 runs batted in, a .309 batting average and 22 home runs; Lynn won both awards. The Red Sox won the AL's East Division, but Rice did not play in either the League Championship Series or World Series because of a wrist injury sustained during the last week of the regular season when he was hit by a pitch. The Red Sox went on to lose the World Series 4 games to 3 to the Cincinnati Reds of the National League (NL).

When the 1977 season came to an end Jim Rice found himself leading the AL in three different offensive categories. His 39 Home Runs was tops in the league, and it was the first time he had led the league in this stat. He also had a .593 Slugging Average and was the league leader in this area as well. The last of being the best in the league stat for the '77 season was in total bases. Rice's 382 total bases not only led the league that year but it was the most hit into,by an AL player, over the previous 39 years.

In 1978, Rice won the American League's Most Valuable Player award in a campaign where he hit .315 (third in the league) and led the league in home runs (46), RBI (139), hits (213), triples (15), total bases (406, and slugging percentage (.600). Altogether he led the AL in 11 different categories that year. He is one of only two AL players ever to lead his league in both triples and home runs in the same season, and he remains the only player ever to lead the major leagues in triples, home runs and RBIs in the same season. His 406 total bases at that year is still a Red Sox record, and the most in the AL since Joe DiMaggio had 418 in 1937. it made Rice the first major leaguer with 400 or more total bases since Hank Aaron's 400 in 1959. This feat was not repeated until 1997, when Larry Walker had 409 in the NL. No AL player has done it since Rice in 1978, and his total remains the third highest by an AL right-handed hitter, behind DiMaggio and Jimmie Foxx (438 in ).

Rice had another superb season in 1979. Beside it being his third season that he had more than 200 hits he had also finished in the top 3 in eight AL batting categories. He finished 3rd in Runs Scored and 2nd in Home Rans.  He also was 2nd when it came to RBIs, Hits, Slugging average, Runs created, and Extra base hits. He did lead the league in Total Bases for the 3rd time, and he also had the fourth highest batting average for the season. Because of amassing these stats, he is only player in MLB history to have 3 consecutive seasons of having at least 200 hits, 39 or more HRs, while batting no less than .315 in each of those three seasons.

At the end of the 1983 season Rice led the AL in 4 different categories which included home runs, RBI's, total bases, and grounding into double plays (GDPs). In that year he had tied the Milwaukee Brewers George Scott's (1975) record and became the second player to              ever lead the AL in HRs, RBI's and GDPs in the same season. In 2012 Miguel Cabrera, as a member of the Detroit Tigers became the third AL player to reach this mark. At the present time no NL player had led the that league in these 3 categories at the same time.

In 1986, Rice had 200 hits, batted .324, and had 110 RBIs. The Red Sox made it to the World Series for the second time during his career. This time, Rice played in all 14 postseason games, where he collected 14 hits, including two home runs. He also scored 14 runs and drove in six. The 14 runs Rice scored is the fifth most recorded by an individual during a single year's postseason play. The Red Sox went on to lose the World Series to the New York Mets, 4 games to 3, the fourth consecutive Series appearance by Boston which they lost in seven games.

Career accomplishments

Rice led the AL in home runs three times (1977, 1978, 1983), in RBI twice (1978, 1983), in slugging percentage twice (1977, 1978), and in total bases four times (1977–1979, 1983). In fact, his 1157 Total Bases over 3 consecutive seasons that he led the league places tied in seventh place with Rogers Hornsby and 5 bases shy of Babe Ruth's total of 1162. He also picked up Silver Slugger Awards in 1983 and 1984 (the award was created in 1980). Rice hit at least 39 home runs in a season four times, had eight 100-RBI seasons and four seasons with 200+ hits, and batted over .300 seven times. He finished his 16-year career with a .298 batting average, 373 doubles, 79 triples, 382 home runs, 1,451 RBIs, 1,249 runs scored, 2,452 hits, 670 walks and 4,129 total bases. He was an American League All-Star eight times (1977–1980, 1983–1986). In addition to winning the American League MVP award in 1978, he finished in the top five in MVP voting five other times (1975, 1977, 1979, 1983, 1986).

Rice is the only player in history to lead the league in home runs, RBIs, and triples in the same year. He is also the only player in major league history to record over 200 hits while hitting 39 or more home runs for three consecutive years. He is tied the AL record of leading the league in total bases for three straight seasons, and was one of three AL players to have three straight seasons of hitting at least 39 home runs while batting .315 or higher.

During his most productive 12 season span, from 1975 to 1986, Rice had collectively led all American League players in total games played, at bats, runs scored, hits, homers, RBIs, slugging percentage, total bases, extra base hits, go-ahead RBIs, multi-hit games, and outfield assists. Among all other MLB players, including the ones from the National League, Rice was the leader in five of the above listed 12 categories (Mike Schmidt is next on the leader board, having led in four).

In 1984 Rice set a major league single-season record by hitting into 36 double plays. On the backside of a 1964  Topps baseball card of Earl Wilson #503, Goose Goslin who got his start in 1921, was credited with Grounding into 48 Double plays in a season during his career. Rice's 315 career double plays grounded into ranks him tied in eighth place on the career leaders list with Eddie Murray. However, this mark was not followed closely until the mid to late 1930's. Rice did break Brooks Robinson's AL record for a right-handed hitter (297) in 1988. Cal Ripken Jr. eventually surpassed this mark in 1999. Rice had led the league for four seasons (1982–1985), which tied the major league record that had been established by Ernie Lombardi. In 2009 Miguel Tejada recorded his fifth season leading his league in this category and now holds this record. During the time Rice was the annual GDP leader he also had averaged 112 RBI's per season which is ten RBI's better than second place Albert Pujols  RBI average of 102 following his four-year GDP leadership. The on-base prowess of Rice's teammates placed him in a double play situation over 2,000 times during his career.  Rice posted a batting average of .310 and slugging percentage of .515 in those situations which is better than his overall career marks in those categories.

During his career Rice played in 35 games where he hit 2 or more HRs, and had driven in 4 or more runs 48 times. He could hit for both power and average, and currently only 12 other retired players rank ahead of him in both career home runs and batting average: Hank Aaron, Jimmie Foxx, Lou Gehrig, Willie Mays, Stan Musial, Mel Ott, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Chipper Jones, Vladimir Guerrero, Mike Piazza, and Larry Walker. In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time.

Rice was an accomplished left fielder, finishing his career with a fielding percentage of .980 and had 137 outfield assists (comparable to Ted Williams' figures of .974 and 140). Although never possessing great speed, he had a strong throwing arm and was able to master the various caroms that balls took from the Green Monster (in left field) in Fenway Park. His 21 assists in 1983 remains the most by a Red Sox outfielder since 1944, when Bob Johnson had 23. Aside from playing 1543 games as an outfielder during his career, Rice also appeared as a designated hitter in 530 games.

Rice's number 14 was retired by the Red Sox in a pre-game ceremony on July 28, 2009.

Community activities
Rice was associated with a variety of charitable organizations during his career, primarily on behalf of children, some of which have carried on into his retirement. He was named an honorary chairman of The Jimmy Fund, the fundraising arm of the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, in 1979, and in 1992 was awarded that organization's "Jimmy Award", which honors individuals who have demonstrated their dedication to cancer research. Rice is also active in his support of the Neurofibromatosis Foundation of New England. Rice's involvement with Major League Baseball's RBI program (Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities) resulted in the naming of a new youth baseball facility in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in his honor in 1999. A youth recreation center in Rice's hometown of Anderson, South Carolina, is also named in his honor.

During a nationally televised game on August 7, 1982, Rice rushed into the stands to help a young boy who had been struck in the head by a line drive off the bat of Dave Stapleton. Rice left the dugout and entered the stands to help four-year-old Jonathan Keane, who was bleeding heavily. Rice carried the boy onto the field, through the Red Sox dugout and into the clubhouse, where the young boy was immediately treated by the team's medical staff. Rice's swift response likely saved Keane's life, as paramedics would likely not have arrived in time. Rice also paid the hospital bill, and Keane made a full recovery from the injury.

Retirement activities
In 1990, Rice agreed to play with the St. Petersburg Pelicans of the short-lived Senior Professional Baseball Association. Afterwards, Rice has served as a roving batting coach (1992–1994) and hitting instructor (1995–2000), and remains an instructional batting coach (2001–present) with the Red Sox organization. While the Red Sox hitting coach, the team led the league in hitting in 1997 and players won two batting titles. Rice was the hitting coach for the American League in the 1997 and 1999 Major League Baseball All-Star Games, both under the same manager, the New York Yankees' Joe Torre.  Since 2003, he's also been employed as a commentator for the New England Sports Network (NESN), where he contributes to the Red Sox pre-game and post-game shows. He had a cameo appearance in the NESN movie Wait Till This Year and in the film Fever Pitch. The former slugger has been known to pass his wisdom on to the current Sox players and stars from time to time. Rice was elected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame when it first opened in 1995, and he is the 40th member of Ted Williams' Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame, having been inducted along with Paul Molitor, Dave Winfield and Robin Yount in 2001. On November 29, 2008, the Boston chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) announced that Rice would be the recipient of the Emil Fuchs Award for long and meritorious service to baseball.

During his Hall of Fame acceptance speech Rice revealed that he is a devoted fan of The Young and the Restless, noting that he was watching the show when he was informed of his acceptance.

Hall of Fame

While Rice was generally regarded as one of the better hitters of his era based upon the statistics traditionally used by the BBWAA to evaluate players' Hall of Fame qualifications, he was not elected until his 15th and final year of eligibility, netting 76.4% of the votes, in 2009. Over the years he was on the BBWAA ballot, he received 3,974 total votes, the most ever collected by any player that was voted on for baseball's highest honor. In 2006 and 2007, he received over 63% of votes cast. Rice just missed being elected in 2008 when the count found him on 72.2% of the ballots, only 2.8% short of the required 75%. Rice became the ninth enshrinee to be inducted into the Hall of Fame on his last chance on the BBWWAA ballot, and it was the first since Ralph Kiner (1975). Larry Walker, Edgar Martinez, and Tim Raines were since enshrined after they had appeared on the ballot for their final time.

Rice's delay in being elected to the Hall of Fame stemmed in part from more current statistical analysis of player performance. This analysis suggested that Rice's HOF credentials might have been more questionable than they were considered during his career. The delay may also have been related to his often difficult relationship with the media during his playing career, many of whom are still voting members of the BBWAA, and his career fading relatively early – he last played in the major leagues at the age of 36. Some writers, such as the Boston Herald's Sean McAdam, said that Rice's chances improved with the exposure of the "Steroids Era" in baseball. In the same article, McAdam expanded this subject by adding: "In an era when power numbers are properly viewed with a healthy dose of suspicion, Rice's production over the course of his 16 years gains additional stature." As such, he has received increasingly more votes each year since the 2003 ballot, improving his vote totals by 133 votes over the last five years on the ballot. However, from several sabermetric standpoints it can be argued that Rice falls short of his peers in the Hall of Fame. Nevertheless, several commentators have noted that the continued criticism of Rice's statistics not meeting sabermetric standards is unfair given that several other Hall of Fame players, notably Andre Dawson and Tony Pérez, fare even worse against such standards.

During the 2007 season, the Pawtucket Red Sox started a campaign to get Rice inducted which included having fans sign "the World's Largest Jim Rice Jersey."

Although other players have compiled career statistics more similar to Rice's, most notably 1999 Hall inductee Orlando Cepeda, perhaps the most similar player to Rice was 1968 inductee Joe Medwick. Both were power-hitting left fielders who batted right-handed and played their home games in stadiums which favored hitters, and both had a period of a few years in which they enjoyed a remarkable burst of offense, each winning an MVP award at age 25 – Rice after collecting 400 total bases, and Medwick after becoming the last NL player to win the Triple Crown. Both retired at age 36 due to the cumulative effect of various minor injuries. Their career totals in games, at bats, runs, hits, RBI, steals, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, extra base hits and total bases are all fairly similar, with notable differences only in batting average and home runs; Medwick's higher average (.324 to .298) can be partially attributed to the higher emphasis on batting average in the 1930s, while Rice's advantage in home runs (382 to 205) is largely the result of a dramatic increase in homers over the 40 years between their careers (Rice ranked 10th in AL history upon his retirement, while Medwick ranked 11th in NL history upon his). Medwick was elected to the Hall in his final season of eligibility in 1968, which Rice also duplicated.

See also

List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
Major League Baseball titles leaders

References

   Official Website of the Boston Red Sox

 Ted Williams Museum Hitters Hall of Fame
 Cooperstown Calls For Henderson, Rice

External links

, or Retrosheet
SABR BioProject biography
Jim Rice - Baseballbiography.com
Jim Rice for Hall of Fame
Baseball Almanac
Jim Rice mentioned on Red Sox Radio WEEI
Jim Rice Batting Fundamentals
THE CULLING by D. Allan Kerr -- "One More Time At Bat For Jim Rice"
Pura Pelota  1973–74 Venezuelan Professional Baseball League season

1953 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
American League All-Stars
American League home run champions
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League RBI champions
American sportsmen
Baseball players from Anderson County, South Carolina
Boston Red Sox announcers
Boston Red Sox coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Bristol Red Sox players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Anderson, South Carolina
Silver Slugger Award winners
St. Petersburg Pelicans players
Williamsport Red Sox players
Winter Haven Red Sox players
International League MVP award winners
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Jim Rice


Lubrication is a physical process which allows surfaces to move smoothly against each other. A thin film of lubricant put between the surfaces reduces friction and wear on the surfaces, and keeps temperatures from rising too far. The lubricant film can be a solid/liquid dispersion, a liquid, a liquid-liquid dispersion (a grease) or, exceptionally, a solid or gas.

Examples are the use of oil in machinery, the function of tears in eyes and synovial fluid in joints.

Related pages
Lubricant

Mechanics

Lubrication


Podolia or Podilia (, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ) is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-central and south-western parts of Ukraine and in northeastern Moldova (i.e. northern Transnistria).

Podolia is bordered by the Dniester River and the Eastern Bug River. Covering an area of , it features an elongated plateau and fertile agricultural land. Its main rivers are the Dniester and the Southern Bug, which serve as important trade channels. Podolia is known for its cherries, mulberries, melons, gourds, and cucumbers.

The region has a rich history, dating back to the Neolithic period, with various tribes and civilizations occupying it over time. It became part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Polish Crown, the Ottoman Empire, the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire. In the 20th century, Podolia underwent various political changes, with both Poland and the Soviet Union controlling parts of it at different times.

Podolian culture is renowned for its folk icon-painting tradition, with red, green, and yellow colors dominating the art. Collections of these iconic works can be found in the Vinnytsya Art Museum and the Museum of Ukrainian Home Icons in Radomysl Castle.

Etymology
The name derives from Old Slavic po, meaning "by/next to/along" and dol, "valley" (see dale).

Geography

The area is part of the vast East European Plain, confined by the Dniester River and the Carpathian arc in the southwest. It comprises an area of about , extending for  from northwest to southeast on the left bank of the Dniester. In the same direction run two ranges of relatively low hills, separated by the Southern Bug. The Podolian Upland, an elongated, up to  high plateau stretches from the Western and Southern Bug rivers to the Dniester, and includes mountainous regions with canyon-like fluvial valleys.

Podolia lies east of historic Red Ruthenia, i.e. the eastern half of Galicia, beyond the Seret River, a tributary of the Dniester. In the northwest, it borders on Volhynia. It is largely made up of the present-day Ukrainian Vinnytsia Oblast and southern and central Khmelnytskyi Oblast. The Podolian lands also include parts of the adjacent Ternopil Oblast in the west and Kyiv Oblast in the northeast. In the east it consists of the neighbouring parts of Cherkasy, Kirovohrad and Odesa Oblasts, as well as the northern half of Transnistria.

Two large rivers, with numerous tributaries, drain the region: the Dniester, which forms its boundary with Moldova and is navigable throughout its length, and the Southern Bug, which flows almost parallel to the former in a higher, sometimes swampy, valley, interrupted in several places by rapids. The Dniester forms an important channel for trade in the areas of Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Zhvanets, and other Podolian river ports.

In Podolia, 'black earth' (chernozem) soil predominates, making it a very fertile agricultural area. Marshes occur only beside the Bug. A moderate climate predominates, with average temperatures at Kamianets-Podilskyi of  ( in January,  in July).

Russian-ruled Podolia in 1906 had an estimated population of 3,543,700, consisting chiefly of Ukrainians. Significant minorities included Poles and Jews, as well as 50,000 Romanians, some Germans, and some Armenians.

The chief settlements include Kamianets-Podilskyi, the traditional capital, Vinnytsia, Khmelnytskyi, Rîbnița, Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Haisyn, Balta, Bar, Camenca, Yampil, Bratslav, and Letychiv.

Podolia is known for its cherries, mulberries, melons, gourds, and cucumbers.

History
The country has had human inhabitants since at least the beginning of the Neolithic period. Herodotus mentions it as the seat of the Graeco-Scythian Alazones and possibly the Neuri. Subsequently, the Dacians and the Getae arrived. The Romans left traces of their rule in Trajan's Wall, which stretches through the modern districts of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Nova Ushytsia, and Khmelnytskyi.

During the Great Migration Period, many nationalities passed through this territory or settled within it for some time, leaving numerous traces in archaeological remains. Nestor in the Primary Chronicle mentions four apparently Slavic tribes: the Buzhans and Dulebes along the Southern Bug River, and the Tivertsi and Ulichs along the Dniester. The Avars invaded in the 7th century. Later the Bolokhoveni occupied the same territory in the 13th century.

Kingdom of Ruthenia
Prince Oleg of Novgorod extended his rule over this territory known as the Ponizie, or "lowlands." These lowlands later became a part of the Rus' principalities of Volhynia, Kyiv, and Galicia. In the 13th century, Bakota served as its political and administrative centre.

Foreign rule by Lithuanians, Poles and Ottomans
During the 13th century, the Mongols plundered Ponizie; Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, freed it from their rule following his victory against the Golden Horde in the Battle of Blue Waters of 1362, annexing it to Lithuania under the name of Podolia, which has the same meaning as Ponizie. Polish colonisation began in the 14th century.

After the death of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas in 1430, Podolia was incorporated into Podolian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown, with the exception of its eastern part, the Province of Bratslav, which remained with Lithuania until its union with Poland in the Union of Lublin of 1569.

From 1672, Podolia became part of the Ottoman Empire, when and where it was known as Podolia Eyalet. During this time, it was a province, with its center being Kamaniçe, and was divided into the sanjaks of Kamaniçe, Bar, Mejibuji and Yazlovets (Yazlofça).

It returned to Polish overlordship in 1699 with the Treaty of Karlowitz. Podolia remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until its partitions in 1772 and 1793, when the Austrian and Russian Empires annexed the western and eastern parts respectively.

Russian Empire

From 1793 to 1917, part of the region was the Podolia Governorate (Russian: Подольская губерния [Podol'skaja gubernija]; Ukrainian: Подільська губернія [Podil's'ka hubernija]) in southwestern Russia bordering with Austria across the Zbruch River and with Bessarabia across the Dniester. Its area was .

In 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Austrian Habsburgs had taken control of a small part of Podolia west of the Zbruch River (sometimes also called "Southern Podolia") around Borschiv, in what is today Ternopil Oblast. At this time, Emperor Joseph II toured the area, was impressed by the fertility of the soil, and was optimistic about its future prospects. Poland disappeared as a state in a third partition in 1795 but the Polish gentry continued to maintain local control in both eastern and western Podolia over a peasant population which was primarily ethnically Ukrainian whose similarity to the other East Slavs already subject to the Habsburg monarchy was showcased in a 1772 book by Adam F. Kollár and was used as an argument in favor of annexation by the Habsburgs. The Ternopil (Tarnopol) region of western Podolia was briefly taken by Russia in 1809 but reverted to Austrian rule in 1815. Within the Austrian Empire, western Podolia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria which, in 1867 with the formation of Austria-Hungary, became an ethnic Pole-administered autonomous unit under the Austrian crown. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Austrian Podolia witnessed a large-scale emigration of its peasant population to western Canada.

As to the Jewish community in Podolia, the Haskalah or Jewish Englightenment reached it in the 19th century, introduced by Jews from Western Europe. Says I A. Bar-Levy (Weissman), author of the "Yizkor Book" for Podolia: "It brought an end to the cultural separation of Jews from the surrounding world. Jews began to learn modern sciences and languages, read world literature and participate in the cultural life of the nations among whom they lived." Just as was the case in other areas of former Poland, Jews started to learn the language of the country they lived in and to write about secular subjects. The writers of the Haskalah in Podolia included: the forerunner Isaac Satanow (1733–1805), Menachim Mendel Lapin, author and translator, Ben-Ami (Mordecai Rabinowitz), who wrote in Russian, and many others.

Between Poland and the Soviet Union
With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, western Podolia was included in the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but came under Polish control in 1919 which was confirmed in the Poland–Ukrainian People's Republic agreement in April 1920. Podolia was briefly occupied in 1920 by Soviets during the course of the Polish–Soviet War. At same war, Poland briefly occupied eastern Podolia in 1919 and again in 1920. After the Peace of Riga the Polish control of western Podolia was recognized by the USSR. USSR retained eastern Podalia. There were pogroms during this period.

In Poland from 1921 to 1939, western Podolia was part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship. Eastern Podolia remained in the Ukrainian SSR and between 1922 and 1940, in the southwestern part, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created.

In 1927 there was a massive uprising of peasants and factory workers in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tiraspol and other cities of southern Ukrainian SSR against Soviet authorities. Troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing around 4000 deaths, according to US correspondents sent to report about the insurrection, which was at the time completely denied by the Kremlin official press.

In 1939 after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the area became part of Soviet Ukraine. Many local inhabitants were deported to labour camps. Following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, most of Podolia was occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The area of Podolia between the Southern Bug below Vinnytsia and the Dniester was occupied by Axis Romania as part of Transnistria.

Starting in July 1941, the Jewish inhabitants were subjected to mass extermination by shooting in a German campaign carried out by four Einsatzgruppen ("operational groups") specially organized for the purpose. Reliable estimates including German, Soviet, and local records indicate that upwards of 1.6 million, perhaps as many as 2 million, Jews were murdered in this fashion. Most were buried in mass graves, but there were also instances of communities being forced en masse into community buildings or synagogues that were then burnt, or herded into local mines that were subsequently dynamited.

In 1944 the Soviets regained Podolia and in 1945, when Poland's eastern border was formally realigned along the Curzon line, the whole of Podolia remained in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Most remaining Poles and Jews fled or were expelled to the People's Republic of Poland.

Culture
The Podillia's folk icon-painting tradition is well known in Ukraine. Its manifestation is long home iconostases painted on canvas at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Red, green and yellow colours prevail, the faces of the saints are a little bit longer, their eyes almond-like. On these iconostases, the most venerated family saints were painted. The collections of Podillya's folk iconostases are possessed by Vinnytsya Art Museum and The Museum of Ukrainian Home Icons in the Radomysl Castle.

Notable people

 Wawrzyniec Dayczak (1882–1968), architect and activist

Gallery

References

The Road From Letichev, Chapin & Weinstock, Writers' Showcase 2000

External links
 Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ihor Stebelsky, Mykhailo Zhdan, Podilia in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 4 (1993). It was slightly updated in 2010.
Map of Podolia (1882)
 The Official Site of the Radomysl Castle
 Petrov N. (1891) Podolia. A Historical Description (Подолия. Историческое описание) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats

Historical regions
Historical regions in Ukraine
Geography of Vinnytsia Oblast
Geography of Khmelnytskyi Oblast
History of Vinnytsia Oblast
History of Khmelnytskyi Oblast
Holocaust locations in Ukraine

Podolia


"Thumbelina" () is a fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.
The tale was first printed by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen, Denmark. "Thumbelina" is about a tiny girl. She has several adventures with a toad, a mole, a field  mouse, and other creatures of field and forest. At the end, she meets and falls in love with a flower-fairy prince just her size.

"Thumbelina" was one of nine fairy tales Andersen printed between 1835 and 1837 in a series of three booklets. These booklets were called Fairy Tales Told for Children. "Thumbelina" appeared in the second booklet with "The Naughty Boy" and "The Traveling Companion". The first booklet included "The Tinderbox", "Great Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The third booklet was printed in 1837. Only two tales, "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes", appeared in the third and final booklet.

"Thumbelina" is completely Andersen's invention. He did however know tales about tiny people such as "Tom Thumb" and the six-inch tall Lilliputians in Gulliver's Travels. He may have taken some inspiration from these tales. Andersen's tales were not liked by the Danish critics. They did not like their casual style and their lack of morals. One critic liked "Thumbelina". He called it "delightful". The tale has been adapted to an animated movie and a live-action television programme.

Plot

A woman wants a baby. She asks a witch to help her. The witch gives the woman a barleycorn. She tells the woman to plant it, and wait for what will happen. The barleycorn is planted, and a flower grows. When the woman kisses the flower, it pops open to reveal tiny Thumbelina.

One night, Thumbelina is asleep in her walnut-shell cradle. She is carried off by a toad who hops through an open window. The toad wants the tiny girl as a bride for her son. She puts Thumbelina on a lily pad for safekeeping. Thumbelina escapes the toad with the help of friendly fish and a white butterfly. She floats away on the lily pad.

She is suddenly snatched and carried away by a cockchafer (beetle). The beetle's friends are proud and arrogant. Thumbelina is not of their social class. They take a dislike to her at once. The beetle drops her without a second thought, and flies away.

Thumbelina lives alone as best she can in the fields. When winter comes, she needs to find a place to live. She is finally given a home by an old field mouse. Thumbelina thanks the mouse by taking care of her little house.

The mouse thinks Thumbelina should marry her neighbor, a smart and well-to-do mole. Thumbelina finds the idea of being married to such a creature hateful. After all, he spends all of his days underground and never sees the sun or sky.

The field mouse does not listen to Thumbelina's protests. She continues to urge the marriage. At the last minute, Thumbelina flies away with a swallow to a far, sunny land. Thumbelina brought the swallow back to health during the winter. They have been friends ever since.

The swallow carries Thumbelina to a sunny land. In a field of flowers, Thumbelina meets a tiny flower-fairy prince just her size and to her liking. They wed. Her husband gives her a pair of wings so she can fly with him on his travels from flower to flower. She is given a new name, Maia.

In the last page of the story, the swallow has flown to a poet's window, and tells him the complete story of Thumbelina.

Note: Mary Howitt was the first to translate the story into English. She disliked the encounter with the witch. In her translation, she starts the tale with a beggar woman giving a peasant's wife a barleycorn in exchange for food. Once the barleycorn is planted, tiny Thumbelina (Tommelise) emerges from its flower.

Background

Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark on 2 April 1805. His father was Hans Andersen, a shoemaker. His mother was Anne Marie Andersdatter, a laundress.  Andersen was an only and a spoiled child. He shared a love of books with his father. His father read him The Arabian Nights and the fables of Jean de la Fontaine.  Together, they built panoramas, pop-up pictures, and toy theatres. Father and son took long walks into the countryside.

Andersen's father died in 1816. From then on, Andersen was on his own. Andersen was a tall, thin boy who was bullied by other boys. He wanted to escape them, and his poor, illiterate mother. He advertised his artistic talents to the middle class of Odense. He sang and danced in their homes.  On 4 September 1819, the fourteen-year-old Andersen left Odense for Copenhagen with gifts of money he had received from his neighbors. He carried a letter of reference to the ballerina Madame Schall, and had dreams of becoming a poet, a ballet dancer, or an actor.

After three years in Copenhagen without someone to support him, Andersen finally found an interested gentleman in Jonas Collin, the director of the Royal Theatre. Collin believed in the boy's talents. He managed to have the king send Andersen to a grammar school in Slagelse, a country town in west Zealand. He thought Andersen would continue his education at Copenhagen University at the right time.

At Slagelse, Andersen was taught by the short, fat, balding thirty-five-year-old Simon Meisling. This man was interested in Ancient Greece and Rome, and had translated Virgil's Aeneid. Andersen was not the brightest student in his class, and Meisling gave Andersen his sharp disapproval. "You're a stupid boy who will never make it," Meisling told him.  Meisling is believed to be the model for the learned mole in "Thumbelina".

Fairy tale and folklore researchers Iona and Peter Opie believe that "Thumbelina" is a "distant tribute" to Andersen's friend, Henriette Wulff, the small, delicate, handicapped daughter of the Danish translator of Shakespeare. She loved Andersen as Thumbelina loves the swallow; however, there is no written evidence to support the "distant tribute" theory.

Sources

"Thumbelina" is completely Andersen's invention. He knew other tales of little people such as the old English fairy tale of "Tom Thumb" and Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels with its tiny, six-inch Lilliputians. He may have found inspiration in these tales for "Thumbelina". He knew Voltaire's short story, "Micromégas" (with its cast of huge and tiny peoples), and E. T. A. Hoffmann's hallucinatory, erotic tale "Meister Floh". In Hoffmann's tale, a tiny lady torments the hero. A tiny girl also appears in Andersen's prose fantasy, "A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Point of Amager" (1828). Another image from literature similar to Andersen's tiny being inside a flower is found in E. T. A. Hoffmann's "Princess Brambilla" (1821).

First printing and critical reception

Andersen printed two booklets of Fairy Tales Told for Children in 1835. The first booklet was printed in May, and the second in December. "Thumbelina" was first printed in the December booklet by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen. "Thumbelina" was the first tale in the booklet. The booklet included two other tales: "The Naughty Boy" and "The Traveling Companion". "Thumbelina" was printed again in collections of Andersen's works in 1850 and 1862.

The second booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children featured "The Tinderbox", "Great Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The third booklet, printed in 1837, included "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes".

The first reviews of the seven tales of 1835 did not appear until 1836. The Danish critics did not like them. They thought the informal, chatty style of the tales and their lack of morals were not appropriate for children's stories. One critic however thought that "Thumbelina" was "the most delightful fairy tale you could wish for."

The critics did not believe Andersen should write other fairy tales. One journal never mentioned the first seven tales at all. Another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing fairy tales. One critic stated that Andersen "lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry [...] and would not study models". Andersen felt he was working against their ideas of what a fairy tale should be. He returned to writing novels, believing that this was his true calling. The critical reaction to the 1835 tales was so rough that Andersen waited a year before printing "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes". These two tales appeared in the third and final booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children in 1837.

English translations

Mary Howitt was the first to translate "Tommelise" into English. She printed  it in 1846 as "Thumbelina" in Wonderful Stories for Children. However, she did not approve of the opening scene with the witch. Instead, she had the childless woman provide bread and milk to a hungry beggar woman. The childless woman was then rewarded with a barleycorn.

Charles Boner also translated the tale in 1846 as "Little Ellie". Madame de Chatelain called the tiny child 'Little Totty' in her 1852 translation. The editor of The Child's Own Book (1853) called the child throughout, 'Little Maja'. H. W. Dulcken's widely printed volumes of Andersen's tales appeared in 1864 and 1866. Mrs. H. B. Paulli translated the name as 'Little Tiny' in the late-nineteenth century.

In the twentieth century, Erik Christian Haugaard translated the name as 'Inchelina' in 1974. Jeffrey and Diane Crone Frank translated the name as 'Thumbelisa' in 2005. Modern English translations of "Thumbelina" are found in the six-volume complete edition of Andersen's tales from the 1940s by Jean Hersholt. Erik Christian Haugaard's translation of the complete tales was published in 1974.

Commentaries

Fairy tale and folklore researchers Iona and Peter Opie have written that "Thumbelina" is an adventure story from the female point of view. They believe the story teaches the reader that people are happiest with their own kind. Thumbelina is a passive character and the victim of circumstances, they point out. Her male counterpart Tom Thumb (one of the tale's inspirations) is an active character. He makes himself felt, and exerts himself.

Folklorist Maria Tatar sees "Thumbelina" as a runaway bride story. She notes that it has been viewed as an allegory about arranged marriages. She points out that "Thumbelina" is a fable about being true to one's heart. "Thumbelina" upholds the notion that the love of a prince is to be valued above all else.

Tatar points out that in Hindu belief, a thumb-sized being known as the innermost self or soul dwells in the heart of all beings, human or animal.  This concept may have absorbed by European folklore, then taken form as Tom Thumb and Thumbelina. Both characters seek transfiguration and redemption. She sees parallels between Andersen's tale and the Greek myth of Demeter and her daughter, Persephone. Despite the pagan references in the tale, she notes that "Thumbelina" refers to Christ's suffering and resurrection, and the Christian concept of salvation.

Andersen biographer Jackie Wullschlager writes that "Thumbelina" was the first of Andersen's tales to dramatize the sufferings and hardships of one who is different. As a result of being different, Thumbelina becomes the object of mockery. It was also the first of Andersen's tales to use the swallow as the symbol of the poetic soul. Andersen identified with the swallow as a migratory bird whose pattern of life his own traveling days were beginning to resemble.

Roger Sale believes Andersen's feelings of social and sexual inferiority were expressed in the tale by creating characters that are inferior to their beloveds. The Little Mermaid, for example, has no soul while her human beloved has a soul as his birthright. In "Thumbelina", Andersen suggests the toad, the beetle, and the mole are Thumbelina's inferiors. They should remain in their places rather than wanting their superior. Sale indicates they are not inferior to Thumbelina but simply different. He suggests that Andersen may have done some damage to the animal world when he colored his animal characters with his own feelings of inferiority.

Jacqueline Banerjee views the tale as a story about failure. "Not surprisingly," she writes, ""Thumbelina" is now often read as a story of specifically female empowerment." Susie Stephens believes Thumbelina herself is a grotesque. She observes that "the grotesque in children's literature is [...] a necessary and beneficial component that enhances the psychological welfare of the young reader". Children are attracted to the cathartic qualities of the grotesque, she suggests.

Sidney Rosenblatt in his essay, "Thumbelina and the Development of Female Sexuality" believes the tale may be analyzed from the perspective of Freudian psychosexual development. He believes the story is one of female masturbation.  Thumbelina herself, he posits, could symbolize the clitoris, her rose petal coverlet the labia, the white butterfly "the budding genitals", and the mole and the prince the anal and vaginal openings respectively.

Adaptations

Thumbelina has been adapted to different media. The earliest animated version of the tale is a silent, black-and-white release by director Herbert M. Dawley in 1924. Lotte Reiniger released a 10-minute movie adaptation in 1954 featuring her "silhouette" puppets.

Don Bluth's full-length animated movie, Thumblina may be one of the best known versions. The story was also adapted to the live-action television program, Faerie Tale Theatre. This production starred Carrie Fisher. The direct-to-DVD animated movie, Barbie Presents Thumbelina was released in 2009. Russia and Japan have also released animated productions.

Footnotes

References

Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Fairy tales

Thumbelina


A busbar (or bus bar) is a strip of metal used to conduct electricity within an electrical substation, distribution board, electric switchboard or other electrical equipment. A busbar is usually a flat or hollow piece of copper, brass or aluminium. It allows heat to be released quickly because of its relatively large surface area.

Electricity

Busbar


Humberto Maturana (September 14, 1928 – May 6, 2021) was a Chilean biologist and philosopher. He was one of the second-wave systems scientists and cyberneticians. Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile.

Maturana, with Francisco Varela, was known for creating the term autopoiesis about the nature of life. His work has been influential in many fields, mainly the field of systems thinking and cybernetics. Overall, his work is concerned with the biology of cognition.

Maturana died on May 6, 2021 in Santiago from pneumonia at the age of 92.

Publications
Books, a selection:
 1980. Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living, with Francisco Varela. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science.
 1984. The tree of knowledge: biological basis of human understanding, with Francisco Varela. Revised edition 1992.
 1990. Biology of cognition and epistemology. Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
 1992 Conversations with Humberto Maturana: questions to biologist psychotherapist, with K. Ludewig.  Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
 1994. Reflections and conversations, with Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Institute. FUPALI Ed. Cordova.
 1994. Democracy is a work of art. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Ed Bogota Bolivar y Cia.
 1997 Objectivity: an argument to force. Santiago de Chile: Dolmen.
 1997 Machines and living things: autopoiese to do organização vivo. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Medical Arts.
 2004. From being to doing: the origins of the biology of cognition, with Bernhard Poerksen.
 2009. The Origins of humanness in the biology of love, with Gerda Verden-Zoller and Pille Brunnel.
 2004. From biology to psychology.
 2009. Sense of humanity.

References

1928 births
Chilean biologists
Systems scientists
2021 deaths
Scientists from Santiago
Philosophers
Writers from Santiago

Humberto Maturana


The Populist Movement, also known as the People's Party was a movement in late-19th century America.  It grew out of groups such as the Grange Movement.  It was largely a movement of farmers, who were poor and felt big businesses, such as railroads, were to blame.  Its leaders included Thomas Watson and William Jennings Bryan.  The populists had a series of demands known as the Omaha Platform.  Here are some of the things the Omaha Platform wanted:

 An income tax
 Direct election of United States Senators
 Free coinage of silver (at a rate of 16 ozs. of silver to one ounce of gold) to encourage inflation
 Government ownership of railroads and other large businesses

Though the Populists never and only controlled a few state governments for a few years, many of the demands of the Omaha Platform, such as the income tax and direct election of Senators, were later done as part of the Progressive Movement

19th century in the United States

Populist Movement


Mikhail Nikolaevitch Baryshnikov (, born 27 January 1948) is a Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor. Born in Latvia to Russian parents during the time of the Soviet Union, he later became an American citizen. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre, Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in western dance.

He has been called the world's greatest living male ballet dancer. Critic Clive Barnes once called him, "The most perfect dancer I have ever seen".

While on a tour in Canada with the Kirov Ballet in 1974, Baryshnikov asked for political asylum in Toronto. He became an American citizen in 1986. He has won three Emmy Awards.

Part of his significance is that he danced both classical ballet and modern dance. From 1978 he worked full-time in the New York City Ballet under the direction of George Balanchine. In 1980 he became artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre. Later he founded his own company and moved towards modern dance. He has danced many times on television in North America.

References

Other websites

 Kennedy Center Honors biography as of 2000
 Baryshnikov Dance Foundation
 Backstage with Baryshnikov  by Michael Dare

1948 births
Living people
American movie actors
Ballet dancers
Emmy Award winners
People from Riga
Russian dancers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Latvian movie actors
Latvian television actors

Mikhail Baryshnikov


Bhaskar Ramchandra Tambe (Devanagari: भास्कर रामचंद्र तांबे) (1873–1941) was a Marathi poet from Bombay Presidency, British India.

Tambe was born on October 27, 1873, in the town of Mugawali near Gwalior.

In 1893, he passed his high school matriculation examination conducted by Allahabad University. He then started his college education in Agra; however, he terminated it without graduating in order to support his brother's education by accepting a position as a teacher in the princely state of Dewas. Subsequently, he acquired the position of the tutor for the young prince of Dewas. This appointment fortuitously provided him easy access to the ruler's personal library.

A few years later, he became the personal secretary for the Dewas ruler. Still later, he served for some years as a judge in a small town. In 1926, he settled in the princely state of Gwalior until his death on December 7, 1941.

In 1932, Tambe presided over the "poetry" section of Marathi Sahitya Sammelan which was held that year in Kolhapur. Tambe retired from active duty in 1937. The same year the rule of Gwalior honored him by naming him as the state's Princely Poet (राजकवि).

During 1890-1941, Tambe wrote about 225 poems. Poet Vasudeo Govind Maydeo (वासुदेव गोविंद मायदेव) compiled in 1920 a collection of Tambe's 75 poems under the title "भास्कर रामचंद्र तांबे यांची कविता".  In 1935, Dr. Madhavrao Patwardhan published a more complete anthology, "तांबे यांची समग्र कविता". This has undergone several important revisions and remains in print, a tribute to the continued popularity of his poetry, many of whose poems have been made into still-popular songs sung by Bollywood playback singers Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle.

A majority of Tambe's poetry is about love, including conjugal love, though love of Nature is a close second.  But among all Marathi poets of his generation, Tambe stands alone in displaying through his poetry enormous empathy toward women, especially toward child widows.  These poems implicitly disparaged the social mores of his time whereby old men married teenaged girls who were sometimes left widowed and were essentially left to spend their entire adult lives without a partner.

References

External links
 http://www.dainikgomantak.com/Gomantak/04132009/NT00089D22.htm

Marathi-language writers
1941 deaths
1873 births
Poets from Bombay Presidency

Bhaskar Ramchandra Tambe


The Good Doctor is a comedy with music written by Neil Simon. It consists of a series of short plays, based on short stories and other works of Russian writer Anton Chekhov, framed by a writer making comments on them.

Productions
The Good Doctor opened on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on November 27, 1973, and closed on May 25, 1974, after 208 performances and eight previews. Produced by Emanuel Azenberg and directed by A.J. Antoon, it starred René Auberjonois, Barnard Hughes, Marsha Mason, Christopher Plummer, and Frances Sternhagen.

Frances Sternhagen won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play, and the play received three additional Tony Award nominations: Best Original Score (Peter Link and Neil Simon), Best Featured Actor in a Play (René Auberjonois), and Best Lighting Design (Tharon Musser). Clive Barnes wrote in The New York Times that "There is much fun here-or at least here and there. It is, however, too anecdotal, with most stories closing with the dramatic ring of a punch-line. Mr. Simon's comic fancy is admirable."

Simon met his second wife, Marsha Mason during auditions for this play.

A revival was produced by The Melting Pot Theater, at the Theater of the Riverside Church, New York City, from February 1998 through March 1, 1998, with Andre De Shields, Jane Connell, and Gordon Connell.

A television movie was made based on the play, with Edward Asner, Richard Chamberlain, and Marsha Mason. It premiered on PBS' Great Performances on November 8, 1978. Reviewer John O'Connor wrote, "Mr. Simon also includes a special piece for his wife, Marsha Mason, in which the appealing actress gets to play each of The Three Sisters ... . A press release notes that it is difficult to tell where Chekov stops and Simon begins. That's part of the problem ... . The result falls awkwardly between gentle Chekhovian satire and clever Simon wisecracks. Neither writer is served to advantage."

Plot overview
An unnamed writer (obviously meant to represent Chekhov himself) suffers from writer's block and his own artistic temperament as he narrates to the audience several of his stories:
 "The Sneeze" (based on "The Death of a Government Clerk") - A government clerk over-apologizes and has a nervous breakdown after accidentally sneezing on a general during a night out at the opera.
 "The Governess" (based on "The Nincompoop") - A mother attempts to cheat her children's governess out of her pay by making up offenses and damages for which the governess must "compensate" but then tells her it was a test to see if she would stand up for herself, she didn't.
 "Surgery" (based on the eponymous title) - A sexton visits the dentist complaining of a toothache, but the dentist's zeal for his profession begins to frighten his patient.
 "Too Late for Happiness" - An older man and woman contemplate making time for each other in song.
 "The Seduction" - A renowned seducer of married women sets his sights on his best friend's wife, using his friend as an unwitting accomplice in the ploy.
 "The Drowned Man" - An entrepreneurial tramp pretends to drown himself to make money, calling what he does "maritime entertainment".
 "The Audition" - An actress who walked four days from Odessa to Moscow to audition for the Writer's next play uses most of her audition time to gush over the Writer.
 "A Defenseless Creature" - A woman with a nervous disorder harasses an ill banker to extort money for her injured husband.
 "The Arrangement" - In flashback, the Writer's father takes his shy 19-year-old son to a brothel to make him a man.
 "A Quiet War" (optional scene) - Two retired military commanders meet in the park to debate what makes the perfect five-course lunch.

References

Synopsis from Samuel French

External links
Internet Broadway Database listing

Plays by Neil Simon
1973 plays
Broadway plays
Plays based on works by Anton Chekhov

The Good Doctor (play)


Insulin resistance is a serious condition in which insulin becomes less able to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.  Usually, insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into the body's cells.  In the cells, the body can use sugar to make energy.  If this does not happen correctly, too much sugar stays in the blood.  This is called hyperglycemia.  If the blood glucose level is above normal for a long time, this can lead to major health problems.

Insulin resistance often causes certain types of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. A condition called 'metabolic syndrome' is strongly tied to insulin resistance.

Signs and symptoms
 High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
 Fatigue, and sleepiness, especially after meals.
 Brain fogginess and inability to focus (can't think clearly).
 Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight.
 High blood pressure (hypertension)
 Increased thirst (called polydipsia) and hunger (called polyphagia)

Treatment

Self-care
 Eat less carbohydrates, and very much less direct sugar.
 Take more exercise, long walks, activity.

Standard medical test
Blood sugar level test after 12 hours starvation.

Endocrine system
Diabetes mellitus

Insulin resistance


The Steelyard was a place in London for trading. It was commonly used by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages. Many of the buildings were damaged during the Great Fire of London in 1666.

It is on the North bank of the River Thames and is now used as a railway station.

Areas of London

Steelyard


Abercrombie may refer to:

In places:
 Abercrombie, Fife, a village in Fife, Scotland
 Abercrombie, Alabama, a place in the state of Alabama in the United States
 Abercrombie, North Dakota, a city in Richland County, North Dakota in the United States
 Abercrombie Township, Richland County, North Dakota
 Abercrombie, Texas, a place in the state of Texas in the United States
 Abercrombie River, a river in New South Wales, Australia

In business:
 Abercrombie & Fitch, an American apparel company
 abercrombie kids, (marketed simply as "abercrombie"), a children's subsidiary of Abercrombie & Fitch

Other:
 Abercrombie (horse) (1975–2000), a bay harness racing horse, won the 1978 E. Roland Harriman Award for harness horse of the year
 Abercrombie class monitor, a class of monitors that served in the Royal Navy during the First World War
 HMS Abercrombie, the name of three ships of the Royal Navy
 USS Abercrombie (DE-343), a US Navy John C. Butler-class destroyer escort of World War II
 Abercrombie (surname)

Abercrombie


Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder in which a person habitually, deliberately violates the rights of others. They are typically aggressive and threaten to hit people. Habitual stealing is common; some people with CD are sex offenders. They do not feel bad or guilty about hurting people, and often enjoy doing so. Many people with CD go on to develop antisocial personality disorder. Everyone who has ASPD previously had CD. The CD affected person finds that acting out gives them attention (even though it is negative attention they are receiving) and in turn they feel it gives them a sense of importance. Some risk factors are heredity, child neglect and the loss of family member and or parent. Anti-psychotic therapy is recommended in cases where the offender is psychotic. A high proportion of people who have CD also have other mental disorders, most commonly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which makes the affects of CD worse.

Mental illnesses

Conduct disorder


The Miser is a play by Molière. It was first performed on September 9, 1668, in the theatre of the Palais-Royal in Paris. The play is based on the Latin comedy Aulularia by Plautus. It is also based on Italian comedies of Molière's times. The play is about the silly situations in the home of a penny-pinching old man.

Plays by Molière
1660s plays

The Miser


Ransomware is a type of malware. It restricts access to the computer system that it infects all the data that it stores (often using encryption techniques), and demands a ransom be paid to the creator(s) of the malware. This is in order for the restriction to be removed. Some forms of ransomware encrypt files on the system's hard disk. Others may simply lock the system and display messages intended to persuade the user to pay.

Ransomware first became popular in Russia. Now the use of ransomware scams has grown internationally. In June 2013, McAfee said it had collected over 250,000 unique samples of ransomware in the first three months of 2013. This is more than double the number of the previous year. CryptoLocker, a ransomware worm that surfaced in late-2013, had collected an estimated $3 million USD before it was taken down by authorities.

In May 2017, a piece of ransomware called WannaCry spread around the world. It lasted four days and affected over 200,000 computers in 150 countries. Only about $130,000 (USD) was ever paid in ransom, but the attack affected a lot of large companies and organizations. The United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) was hit hard by WannaCry. Hospitals could not access their files, and so many surgeries were cancelled and patients had to be turned away. The NHS was especially at risk because it was using a version of the Windows operating system called Windows XP that Microsoft no longer supported. This meant that Microsoft had not been sending out security updates for this version of Windows, leaving it open to the WannaCry virus. Other systems were affected even though they were running newer versions of Windows, because their users had not yet installed the most recent security updates. Even though it was not designed to actually damage computers or their files, WannaCry led to a lot of wasted time and money, showing how vulnerable the world still is to ransomware attacks.

References

Malware

Ransomware


Vena amoris is a Latin name meaning, literally, "vein of love".  Traditional belief established that this vein ran directly from the  fourth finger of the left hand to the heart. This theory has been cited in Western cultures as one of the reasons the engagement ring and/or wedding ring was placed on the fourth finger, or "ring finger".

Background
The earliest use of jewelry to signify a bonding was often chains and bracelets.  This evolved to the use of the symbolic ring. In ancient Egypt, the Sun and the Moon gods were feared and worshipped.  A ring was a symbol of these spirits, both of whom were also related to the home and hearth.  The endless circle showed the eternal nature of the bond, while the open centre was meant to be a doorway to things unknown.

This tradition was later assimilated by the Greeks, after Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BC. Up to this time betrothal rings were generally made out of hemp, leather, bone, or ivory.  In early Rome the use of metal rings gradually began to take over from these materials, and the metal of choice back then was iron.  Gold and silver rings were given on rare occasions, to prove that a man trusted his wife with his valuable property.

Origin of the phrase
The earliest known occurrence of the phrase vena amoris was from Henry Swinburne, an English ecclesiastical lawyer whose work covering marriage, the puritanical "A Treatise of Espousal or Matrimonial Contracts", was published posthumously in 1686.  He cites unidentified ancient sources and purports an Egyptian connection; but no earlier mention of the vein can be found. Macrobius, in Saturnalia VII, 13 (a notably fictional work) refers to the connection between the ring finger and the heart, but implies in the one phrase a nerve rather than a vein, and in another implies more of a magical than physical significance to the choice of finger. The hand is not specified.  Of note, the circulatory system was unknown at the time. Another early reference, again not specifying the hand, was by Isidore of Seville in his 7th century work De ecclesiasticis officiis XX, 8, which refers to the Roman story of a vein connected to the heart.

Choice of finger
The choice of finger is also less than settled until recent times; during the 17th century in England it was not unusual to wear the wedding ring on the thumb. Gauls and Britons wore their rings on the middle finger, and the choice of right or left hand appears relatively dependent on culture; though cultures that use either the right or left ring finger both claim a historical connection to the vena amoris.  The use of wedding and betrothal rings was not commonplace in the Roman Empire until the 2nd century; which also contradicts versions of the story which claim that this tradition was brought to Rome in the 4th century BC.

Analysis
The strong possibility exists, based on the lack of concrete sources, that this story is a combination of ancient beliefs in the mystical properties of the ring finger, smatterings of legend, and shrewd marketing by the jewellery industry, which has in the past demonstrated a willingness to exploit myths and legends to increase ring sales.

Notes

Marriage
Veins of the upper limb
Latin medical words and phrases
Wedding
Heart
Love

Vena amoris


A general store, (also called a general merchandise store, general dealer or village shop) is a rural or small town store that carries a very general selection of merchandise. The store is often a small space. It is where people from the town and surrounding rural areas come to purchase staple food items such as milk and bread. Also the various other goods, dry goods and hardware homes and farms might need. It sometimes served as a village or town meeting place where neighbors exchanged news and gossip. The concept of the general store is very old, and although some still exist, there are far fewer than there once were, due to urbanization, urban sprawl, and the relatively recent phenomenon of big-box stores.

References

General store


Cracking joints consist of the action of moving joints to the point of producing popping or cracking sounds. This commonly occurs during deliberate knuckle cracking. This usually happens in the fingers. However, it can also happen in hips, wrists, elbows, ankles, knees and toes, particularly if they are moved into unusual positions. Cracking or popping usually happens due to cavitation within the joints, in particular cavitation related to synovial fluid.

Joints

Cracking joints


The 38th parallel (north) is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.

It's best known as the line that splits North and South Korea.

Lines of latitude

38th parallel north


In geometry, a stereographic projection is a function that maps the points of a sphere onto a plane. The projection is defined on the entire sphere, except for one point, called the projection point.

Intuitively, the stereographic projection is a way of picturing a sphere as a plane, with some inevitable compromises. Because the sphere and the plane appear in many areas of mathematics and its applications, so does the stereographic projection; it finds use in diverse fields including complex analysis, cartography, geology, and photography. In practice, the projection is carried out by computer or by hand using a special kind of graph paper called a stereonet or Wulff net.

A simple example of such a projection, encountered in everyday life is the sun casting a shadow of a globe onto the ground.

Map projections
Geometry

Stereographic projection


The Sun Belt is a term for the states in the southwestern and southeastern United States.  Many people moved to these states from northern states in the years since World War II. A lot of older and retired people live there; these people are called "snowbirds" because they retired to a place with better weather than where they lived before.  These places have large suburbs such as Sun City, Arizona, Lakewood, California, and Hialeah, Florida. States that are the best examples of the Sun Belt are Arizona,  California, Florida, and  Texas

There is a college sports conference called the Sun Belt.

Regions of the United States

Sun Belt


The history of Vietnam begins around 2,700 years ago. Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 207 BC until 938, when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled invasions by the Chinese as well as three invasions by the Mongols between 1255 and 1285. Emperor Trần Nhân Tông later diplomatically submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to avoid further conflicts. The independent period temporarily ended in the middle to late 19th century, when the country was colonized by France (see French Indochina). During World War II, Imperial Japan expelled the French to occupy Vietnam, though they retained French administrators during their occupation. After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but ultimately failed in the First Indochina War. The Geneva Accords partitioned the country in two with a promise of democratic election to reunite the country.

However, rather than peaceful reunification, partition led to the Vietnam War. During this time, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union supported the North while the United States supported the South. After millions of Vietnamese deaths, the war ended with the fall of Saigon to the North in April 1975. The reunified Vietnam suffered further internal repression and was isolated internationally due to the continuing Cold War and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam changed its economic policy and began reforms of the private sector similar to those in China. Since the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth and some reduction in political repression, though reports of corruption have also risen.

Early kingdoms
Evidence of the earliest established society other than the prehistoric Iron Age Đông Sơn culture in Northern Vietnam was found in Cổ Loa, an ancient city situated near present-day Hà Nội.

According to myth, the first Vietnamese people were descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Fairy Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before deciding to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of early Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or the Hồng Bàng Dynasty). The Hùng kings called their country, located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam, Văn Lang. The people of Văn Lang were known as the Lạc Việt.

References

Other websites

Ancient Vietnam
Vietnam: History, Geography, Government, and Culture
Viet Nam - Early History & Legends
Các sách sử
Lịch sử Việt Nam
Cội nguồn Việt tộc của Phạm Trần Anh
Đồ đồng cổ Đông Sơn
Tiếng trống đồng Mê Linh và Thử viết lại cổ sử Việt Nam
Lời cáo chung cho thuyết Aurousseau về nguồn gốc người Việt
 Thiền sư Lê Mạnh Thát và những phát hiện lịch sử chấn động

History of Vietnam


Escher (named for M. C. Escher, "a master of endless loops") is a declarative programming language that supports both functional programming and logic programming models, developed by J.W. Lloyd in the mid-1990s. It was designed mostly as a research and teaching vehicle. The basic view of programming exhibited by Escher and related languages is that a program is a representation of a theory in some logic framework, and the program's execution (computation) is a deduction from the theory. The logic framework for Escher is Alonzo Church's simple theory of types.

Escher, notably, supports I/O through a monadic type representing the 'outside world', in the style of Haskell.
One of the goals of Escher's designers was to support meta-programming, and so the language has comprehensive support for generating and transforming programs.

Examples
MODULE      Lambda.
CONSTRUCT   Person/0.
FUNCTION    Jane, Mary, John: One -> Person.

FUNCTION    Mother : Person * Person -> Boolean.
Mother(x,y) =>
    x=Jane & y=Mary.

FUNCTION    Wife : Person * Person -> Boolean.
Wife(x,y) =>
    x=John & y=Jane.

FUNCTION    PrimitiveRel : (Person * Person -> Boolean) -> Boolean.
PrimitiveRel(r) =>
    r=Mother \/ r=Wife.

FUNCTION    Rel : (Person * Person -> Boolean) -> Boolean.
Rel(r) =>
    PrimitiveRel(r) \/
    (SOME [r1,r2]
        (r = LAMBDA [u] (SOME [z] (r1(Fst(u),z) & r2(z,Snd(u)))) &
            PrimitiveRel(r1) & PrimitiveRel(r2))).

References
 Declarative programming in Escher, JW Lloyd, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, 1995
 An implementation of Escher (Some dead links can be reached from the archived page (or by substituting the new domain in the link in question).)

Functional languages

Escher (programming language)


For other uses, see Roquefort (disambiguation)

Roquefort cheese  is a kind of blue cheese. It comes from the south of France. It is made from sheep's milk. French laws about AOC say that only cheese from the region of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon (close to Millau) may be called Roquefort cheese.

Overview
The cheese breaks into little pieces easily. It is a little moist. Blue mould is added to Roquefort cheese. This gives it a particular taste. Roquefort is made in big wheels. They weigh around 2.5 kilograms. They are about 10 cm thick. Roquefort needs to ripen for around 5 months. It is best eaten April to October, but of course it is available all year round.

In the year 2003, there were seven Roquefort producers. The largest by far is Roquefort Société. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers are Carles, Gabriel Coulet, Fromageries occitanes, Vernières and Le Vieux Berger.

Other websites
 http://www.roquefort.fr/

French cheeses

Roquefort cheese


Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad. It was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine in 1899-1900. It is about the sinking of a ship and its abandonment by the crew. One of the crew, "Lord Jim", must come to terms with his cowardice. The book was made into two movies, one starring Peter O'Toole.

Works by Joseph Conrad
1900 books
English novels

Lord Jim


Abderrahmane Hammad Zaheer (born May 27, 1977 in Dellys) is a former Algerian track and field athlete.  He was in the high jump. He won the bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics.  He was also in the 2004 Athens Olympics. His personal best of 2.34 m is the Algerian record for the event. He retired from the sport in 2010.

Hammad began his international career as a junior in 1994.  He won the high jump silver medals at the African Junior Athletics Championships and Pan Arab Junior Championships. He went on to win the African Junior gold medal the following year.  Then he won the Arab Junior title in 1996. He was at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics but did not make it into the final round.

Hammad had his first international success at senior level in 1997.  He won the silver at both the Pan Arab Championships and the 1997 Pan Arab Games.

The 2000 season was the top of his career.  He kept his title at the 2000 African Championships in Athletics in Algiers.  He made his areer best jump of 2.34 m. He then was in his first Olympicss at the 2000 Sydney Games. He won the bronze medal. He won the high jump at the 2001 Mediterranean Games.  He was ninth at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. He won his third high jump title in a row at the 2002 African Championships in Athletics.  He took bronze at the 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final.  He placed fourth for Africa at the 2002 IAAF World Cup.

He represented Algeria for a second time at the Olympics at the 2004 Games in Athens.  He failed to reach the final. He was at the 2004 Pan Arab Games and took the high jump title.

Achievements
2004 Pan Arab Games - gold medal
2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final - third place
2002 African Championships - gold medal
2001 Mediterranean Games - gold medal
2000 Summer Olympics - bronze medal
2000 African Championships - gold medal
1999 All-Africa Games - silver medal
1998 African Championships - gold medal
1997 Arab Championships - silver medal
1997 Pan Arab Games - silver medal

References

1977 births
Living people
Algerian Olympic bronze medalists

Abderrahmane Hammad


Patriot Day is a day of remembrance in the United States. It happens on September 11 of each year. It remembers the 2,977 killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks. Most Americans call this day "Nine-Eleven (9/11)," "September Eleventh," or something similar.

The day was officially created on October 25, 2001. The U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 71 was approved by a vote of 407–0. The Resolution asked that the President would designate September 11 of each year as "Patriot Day."  President George W. Bush signed the resolution into law on December 18, 2001 (as Public Law 107-89). On September 4, 2002, President Bush proclaimed September 11, 2002 as Patriot Day.

On this day, the American flag is to be flown at half-staff at individual American homes, at the White House, and on all U.S. government buildings, home and abroad. The President also asks Americans to observe a moment of silence beginning at 8:46 A.M. (Eastern Daylight Time). This is the time the first plane struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

Other websites
 Text of the statute
 Public Law 107-89
 Archived version of 2001 proclamation
 2002 proclamation, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 , 2010
 The September 11 Digital Archive
Detailed information on the bill from THOMAS

Holidays of the United States

Patriot Day


Kainuu () is a region (maakunta / landskap) of Finland. It borders the regions o Northren Ostrobothnie, North Karelie an Northren Savonie. In the east it an aa borders Roushie. Kainuu is kent in the auncient Norse sagas as Kvenland.

The administrative caipital is Kajaani. Kainuu haes aroond 85,000 inhabitants (2006) an the population is in decline. The natur o Kainuu features forestit hills, lakes an vast expanses o uninhabitit woods at its maist typical — 95% o the land aurie is forest. The climate is continental.

Oreeginal inhabitants o Kainuu wur Sami hunter-fisherers. In the 17t century, the Govrenor General o Finland Per Brahe fostered the population growth o Kainuu bi givin a ten year tax exemption tae settlers. It wis necessary tae populate Kainuu wi Finnish fermers acause the aurie wis threatened frae the east bi the Roushies. The immigrants tae Kainuu wur mainly frae Savo an acause o that the Kainuu dialect is vera close tae the Savo dialect.

Currently the population is in decline mainly acause the traditional livelihuid is agricultur which is no vera profitable ony mair in that region.

The economy o Kainuu is an aa driven bi the lumber industry, which employs 8% o the wirkforce in the region. In addition, Kainuu Brigade, a base o the Finnish Defence Forces, is locatit near Kajaani.

Historical province
For history, geography an cultur see: Ostrobothnie

For oreegin o the name Kainuu see: Oreegin o the name Kainuu

Municipalities

Kainuu haes nine municipalities. A new, democratically electit organ, the regional cooncil (maakuntavaltuusto), is being testit in Kainuu. The municipalities are independent, but this independence haes been questioned as health care, amang ither responsibilities o the municipalities, is difficult tae govren on such a sma scale. The municipalities in Kainuu are testin a model, whaur health care an some ither services are produced on the regional level.

See an aw
Nälkämaan laulu
Vuolijoki

References

Freemit airtins

Kainuu - Offeecial steid (in Inglis)
 - Portal

Regions o Finland

Kainuu


One Day International is a form of limited overs cricket. It is played between 2 teams who has one-day status. It was played first in 1971. The teams were Australia and England. In this format of cricket 50 overs played in each innings. But earlier it was 60 overs.

Cricket

One Day International


To be, or not to be係沙士比亞齣戲哈姆雷特第三幕第一場,哈姆雷特王子一段獨白嘅第一句;好多人會用呢句來指成段獨白。佢係世界文學中好常被引用嘅一句。

原文
To be or not to be, that is the question;
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing, end them. To die, to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to — 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there's the rub,
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. There's the respect
That makes calamity of so long life,
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
Th'oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office, and the spurns
That patient merit of th'unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscovered country from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pith and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action.</i>

翻譯
繼續生存,定係就咁死咗佢?呢個係一個問題;
究竟邊樣心高尚啲?忍受命運呢啲橫蠻無理嘅石頭同毒箭?定係執起武器反抗,抵擋呢啲災難?定係本迤,死咗佢就算數?死咗就乜都唔使擔心,唔使忍受呢啲心痛嘅感覺,仲有呢啲肉體一定要承受嘅嘅痛苦。依家都唔使理。

死就好似瞓覺咁,訓訓下可能會發夢,呢個係令一個問題,究竟我可唔可以控制到個夢會發生咩事?會唔會同現實世界差唔多?會唔會都係有嗰啲災難?

我哋眼白白睇住自己身處係呢啲災難入面,但係一直都愛莫能助,試問邊個忍得到呢種恥辱?獨裁者嘅逼迫,沙塵友嘅寸嘴,愛情畀人輕視嘅劇痛,法紀嘅延遲,揸拂人嘅傲慢,有耐性嘅能者畀無料到嘅人踩,同嗰啲唔值得自己煩嘅人打泥漿摔角,當佢可以用支釘幫自己造平靜?邊個會頂住支擔,又哦又汗好攰過一世?唔係怕咗死後一啲嘢,呢個未知嘅國度,由佢啲河,冇一個行者返到來,迷惑住意志,令我哋寧願呑咗我哋而家忍住嗰啲衰嘢都唔飛去第啲我哋唔知嘅?

正因為咁,良心搞到我哋變晒做懦夫,而決心嘅本色畀思想嘅淡謬謬嘅陰影影衰曬,而關鍵緊急嘅承擔,就咁佢哋啲潮流乾曬,失咗行動個名。

哈姆雷特講呢句嘢時無揸住Yorick嘅頭骨,而且一反獨白嘅慣例,臺上唔係得佢一個:Ophelia 都喺度,但喺哈姆雷特睇唔到到佢(睇場戲嘅製作)而 Polonius 同 Claudius 都匿喺張氈(arras)後面。

解譯
德國哲學家叔本華話:

咁樣,"whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer/the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune" 即係揀去「做」( to be), 而 "to take arms against a sea of troubles/and by opposing end them" 至係揀「唔做」(not to be)。呢度有個可能矛矛地盾嘅觀念:納起架生反抗等同於「唔做」;呢個問題通常會解做:納起架生返抗難敵嘅海量嘅麻煩(an irresistible sea of troubles)即係自殺-如果反抗而唔忍住(resisted rather than borne),我哋啲麻煩會滅咗我哋。 另一種睇法就係,面對呢啲 ungovernable tide,惟一反抗就係「積極自殺」("constructive act of suicide")。 兩種睇法, 都認為, 納起架生會引致身亡.

儘管"令變晒我地做懦夫"嘅"良心(conscience)" 經常被 linked to the excerpt that follows and interpreted as an odd use of the word to mean "consciousness of the possibly bad unknown that awaits", it can be also understood as the sense of right and wrong. Indeed, E. Prosser said that "This soliloquy is a meditation on the central theme of the duties and temptations of a noble mind in an evil world". By that interpretation, it's the moral injunction against suicide that would be ultimately decisive, rather than the "dread of something after death", which only symbolizes the usual fires of Hell.

但係,之後五行 (starting with "and thus the native hue of resolution...") do not refer any longer to moral judgements, but are saying that in a similar way anything (not just suicide) can become problematical from too much thinking about it.

This (along with Hamlet's indecisiveness and uncertainty of knowledge being major themes throughout the play) inspired many commentators to read the choice between the life of action ("to be") and life of silent acceptance ("not to be") as a primary focus of Hamlet's dilemma. According to that interpretation, "whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer/the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune" would get associated with  not to be alternative, while "to take arms against a sea of troubles/and by opposing end them" with the to be.

In this take, the Prince's further pondering the nature of death can be seen in yet a different light (in addition to the aforementioned two proposals, ie. the inevitable failure to win the fight against the "sea of troubles" or the only way to actually defeat it). Namely, death could be considered as a third option - the route which allows to avoid choosing between to be and not to be altogether.

Regardless of whether the focus is placed on "life vs. death" or "action vs. no action", the themes tackled by the soliloquy (and by Shakespeare's play in general) led to the character of Danish Prince often getting compared to existentialists after the term was introduced in the twentieth century.

影響
It is often thought that Shakespeare was influenced by his contemporary, albeit late, fellow playwright Christopher Marlowe when he wrote this soliloquy; even partly paraphrasing a line from Marlowe's final play, Edward II:

 後來 fiction 同埋音樂作品嘅引用

叫「To Be or Not to Be」嘅電影有幾齣。Other films taking their titles from this speech include Outrageous Fortune, What Dreams May Come and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country which has a number of references to the works of Shakespeare. As Hamlet has been translated into "original" Klingon, the Klingon translation of the term is taH pagh taHbe. Additionally, the original title for the classic sci-fi/horror film Invasion of the Body Snatchers was "Sleep No More." A Boston-based band, Stray Bullets, had a CD titled The Slings and Arrows of Outrageous Fortune.

In the 減料莎士比亞劇團's production The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (abridged), the speech is omitted from the Hamlet portion of the production, not for time constraints, or because the speech is so well known, but because the group states that they dislike the speech for momentum and motivation reasons. The What a piece of work is a man speech is delivered in its stead.

On The Transformed Man, released in 1968, William Shatner recites the soliloquy in its entirety on track 3 "Hamlet/It Was A Very Good Year."
In Billy Madison, Billy Madison mockingly recites part of the "To Be or Not To Be" speech in the drama competition with Eric, and the audience applauds him.
In the Hamlet musical from the Gilligan's Island episode, "The Producer", Gilligan, as Hamlet, sings a variation of the "To Be or Not To Be" soliloquy to the tune of Habanera from Bizet's Carmen.
The 1969 film The Magic Christian includes a scene where Guy Grand (Peter Sellers) has bribed a famous actor to perform "To be or not to be ..." as a strip-tease.
René (Robert Lepage) quotes part of the "To Be or Not to Be" soliloquy during his portion of The Passion Play in the 1989 film Jésus de Montréal.  The film also refers to Hamlet in its trailer.
 In Asterix and the Great Crossing Hamlet is referenced in two quotes by Danish Vikings. One says: "There is something rotten in my kingdom", while holding a skull in his hand. Another one wonders whether he is a discoverer or not and thus says: "To be or not to be; that's the question."
A King in New York (1957), directed by Charlie Chaplin, includes a scene in which Chaplin recites the "to be or not to be" speech, and is arguably on a par with other famous renditions.
In the Pebbles song Girlfriend, the line"to be or not to be, that is the question," is the opening line of the chorus.
In Eternal Darkness, one of the horrors includes the character's head falling off. When it is picked up, it recites "to be or not to be ...."
In Marathon 2: Durandal, "Slings and Arrows of Outrageous Fortune" is the name of the game's 2nd stage.
In an episode of the American TV series ER titled "Secrets and Lies," Dr. Kovac mentions that he played Hamlet while attending college in Croatia. When he was asked if he performed it in English or Croatian, he replied, "Croatian. Why would I perform it in English?" Dr. Carter then says he played Horatio and starts reciting the "To Be or Not To Be" soliloquy. When he starts to get the lines wrong, Kovac corrects him, first in English and then continues reciting the lines in Croatian.
The "To Be Or Not To Be" soliloquy is used in the RTS game Age of Empires III, created by Ensemble Studios.
In a Sunday strip of Bill Watterson's Calvin and Hobbes, Calvin is having a disgusting looking (at least to him) dinner, that suddenly springs to life before his very eyes and recites the "To Be or Not To Be" soliloquy. Then it turns lifeless for a second, and then springs back to life again singing "Feelings".
Gogo Dodo recited the "To Be or Not To Be" soliloquy in a humorous manner as his audition for Tiny Toon Adventures in its pilot, The Looney Beginning: "Two bees or not 2-B (Apt. 2-B)...
The band This Mortal Coil got its name from the end of the "To be or not to be" speech.
Beyoncé Knowles uses "To be, or Not to Be," as the first line in her song Freakum Dress on her 2006 album 'B'day'
In Last Action Hero (1993) Arnold Schwarzenegger as Hamlet quotes "To be or not to be....not to be" before setting off a series of explosions.
In What Dreams May Come, released in 1998.  The title and some of the plot refers to the line "For in that sleep of death what dreams may come."
In The Fairly Oddparents (2004), The fictional actor Arnold Schwarzeneggerman states, "To be, or not to be... annihilated!" during a parodied version of Shakespeare's 'Hamlet'. Schwarzeneggerman also says, "I'll be back... with weapons," referring to the real actor in Terminator.
Toward the end of the Bugs Bunny cartoon, A Witch's Tangled Hare, Sam Crubish tells Witch Hazel he would have liked to meet her but had the wrong apartment number: Apartment 2-B. They have a bit of banter over who made the mistake of saying Apartment 2-B, to which Bugs comments, in a pun on the first line of the soliloquy: "2-B orrrrr not 2-B; that is the question."
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World(1932), the protagonist, John is faced with the decision of suicide, in what he sees as a meaningless, cold futuristic society.
"In one of the Bard's best-thought-of tragedies, our insistent hero, Hamlet, queries on two fronts about how life turns rotten" is a relevant anagram of the first three lines, discovered in 1996 by Cory Calhoun.
In Chain, Season 8's Episode is called 'To be, or not to be' in which Taurus commits suicide, not knowing that his power reserve is still in hand.
Patrick Stewart performed a spoof of the soliloquy called "A B...or not a B?" on Sesame Street.
Kurt Vonnegut wrote a short story titled 2BR02B, the title of which is a play on the famous phrase.
In the 6th stanza of Wislawa Szymborska's poem, "Children of Our Age," an allusion is made to the first line of the soliloquy.
In the Doctor Who episode City of Death, the Doctor comes across an original manuscript of Hamlet and recognizes the handwriting as his own—as Shakespeare had sprained his own wrist writing sonnets.  The Doctor decries "to take arms against a sea of troubles" as a mixed metaphor.
In The Interpretation of Murder Dr. Stratham Younger is a Psychoanalyst who is like Hamlet. He mentions this dialogue and associates "to be" with "pretending" and "not to be"' with "being himself and acting".
Japanese pop singer Ayumi Hamasaki's 1999 single "TO BE" is believed to be inspired by the soliloquy. The quote is as popular in Japan as it is in the west. In the song she writes that man who discovered her, Max Matsuura, sealed her fate. Making her career the 'BE' in 'To be or not to be'.

Translating the key phrase into Danish, Hamlet's language, it becomes at være, eller ikke at være. 註

 參攷 Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Philip Edwards, ed., updated edition 2003. (New Cambridge Shakespeare)Hamlet. Harold Jenkins, ed., 1982. (The Arden Shakespeare)
Lewis, C.S., Studies in Words. Cambridge UP, 1960 (reprinted 2002).
Schopenhauer, Arthur, The World as Will and Representation, Volume I''.  E.F.J. Payne, tr. Falcon Wing's Press, 1958. Reprinted by Dover, 1969.

連出
Wordsmith.org, Article from the Sydney Morning Hearld, 1999.

莎士比亞

To be, or not to be


Bonn () is a city near Cologne. It is in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bonn was founded on an old Roman settlement. Today about 327,000 people live there.

Following World War II Bonn was in the British occupation zone. In 1949 Bonn was chosen as the provisional capital of West Germany.

Bonn was the choice of Konrad Adenauer, a former Cologne Mayor and the first Chancellor of West Germany after World War II, who came from that area. Frankfurt am Main had most of the needed facilities already, so using Bonn meant spending about 95 Million DM to building new roads and building. However, Frankfurt am Main had been an important city during the war, and choosing Bonn was to symbolise a new start for the new Germany.

Because of its relatively small size for a capital city, Bonn was sometimes jokingly called the Bundesdorf (Federal Village).

Bonn was the capital of West Germany from 1949 until 1990 it. The Bundestag voted to move to Berlin on 20 June 1991, after a heated debate. The Federal President had already decided to make Schloß Bellevue in Berlin his main official residence. The extra building work needed meant it was 1999 before the government's move was completed.

Main sights

Beethoven's birthplace is located at Bonngasse. Next to the market place is the Old Town Hall, built in 1737 in Rococo style, under the rule of Clemens August of Bavaria. It's used for receptions of guests of the town, and as a bureau for the mayor. Close by is the Kurfürstliches Schloss, which has been built as a residence of the prince-elector, and nowadays is the main building of the University of Bonn.

The Poppelsdorfer Allee, an alley flanked by chestnut trees, connects the Kurfürstliches Schloss with the Poppelsdorfer Schloss, a palace that was built as a resort to prince-electors in the first half of the 18th century. This axis is interrupted by a railway line and Bonn Central Station, a building erected in 1883/84.

The three highest buildings in the city are the radio mast of WDR in Bonn-Venusberg (180 m), the headquarters of the Deutsche Post called Post Tower (162.5 m) and the former building for the German members of parliament Langer Eugen (114.7 m) which nowadays is the new location of the UN-Campus.

Churches
 Bonn Minster
 Doppelkirche (Double Church) Schwarzrheindorf built in 1151
 Old Cemetery Bonn, one of the best known ones in Germany

Castles and residences
 Godesburg fortress ruins

Modern buildings
 Bundesviertel (federal quarter) with lots of government structures including
 Post Tower, the tallest building in the state North Rhine-Westphalia, housing the headquarters of the Deutsche Post AG
 Deutsche Telekom headquarters
 T-Mobile headquarters
 Maritim Bonn, 5 star hotel and convention centre
 Schürmann-Bau, headquarters of Deutsche Welle
 Langer Eugen, since 2006 the centre of the United Nations Campus, formerly housing the offices of the members of the German parliament

Museums
 Museum Mile with
 Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany) showing the Guggenheim Collection in 2006-2007
 Kunstmuseum Bonn (Bonn Museum of Modern Art)
 Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Museum of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany)
 Museum Koenig where the Parlamentarischer Rat first met
 Beethoven House, birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven
 Ägyptisches Museum (Egyptian Museum)
 Akademisches Kunstmuseum (Academic Museum of Art)
 Arithmeum, research institute for discrete mathematics including a museum
 Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn (Rhinish Regional Museum Bonn)

Universities
 The Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (University of Bonn) is one of the largest universities in Germany
 Bonn Universities are located mainly in downtown Bonn, but some buildings are spread throughout the city. As such Bonn is known as the city of Universities.

Schools
 Aloisiuskolleg, a Jesuit private school in Bad Godesberg

Nature
 Botanischer Garten (Botanical Garden), where Titan arum reached a world record
 Rheinaue (Bonn), a leisure park on the banks of the Rhine
 Rhine promenade and the Alter Zoll (Old Toll Station)
 In the very south of the city on the border to Wachtberg and Rhineland-Palatinate is the extinct volcano Rodderberg

Twin towns
 Bonn
  Oxford, since 1947
  Tel Aviv-Jaffa, since 1983
  Potsdam, since 1988
  Budafok, District XII of Budapest since 1991
  Opole, (officially since 1997; contacts were established 1954)
  Belfast, Northern Ireland
 district of Bad Godesberg
  Saint-Cloud,
  Frascati,
  Windsor and Maidenhead
  Kortrijk
  Yalova
 district of Beuel
  Mirecourt
 district of Hardtberg
  Villemomble
  Islamabad-Rawalpindi
  Toronto
  Bhubaneswar

References

Other websites

 Official Website
 Official timeline
 Tourist information
 "The Museum Mile"
 Germany's Museum of Art in Bonn

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia

Bonn