Wilhelm von Kaulbach (15 October 18057 April 1874) was a German painter, noted mainly as a muralist, but also as a book illustrator.  His murals decorate buildings in Munich. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.

Biography

Education
He was born in Bad Arolsen, Waldeck. His father combined painting and engraving with the goldsmith's trade. The family was so poor that he and his sister were glad to accept even stale bread from the peasantry in exchange for the father's engravings. This is said to have suggested to him his earliest work, The Fall of Manna in the Wilderness. But means were found to place Wilhelm, a youth of seventeen, in the Düsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts, to which the sculptor Rauch had obtained him admission. The academy was then becoming renowned under the directorship of Peter von Cornelius, of whom he became a distinguished pupil. Young Kaulbach contended against hardships, even hunger. But his courage never failed and, uniting genius with industry, he was soon foremost among the young national party which sought to revive the arts of Germany.

Munich murals

The ambitious work by which Ludwig I of Bavaria sought to transform Munich into a German Athens afforded the young painter an appropriate sphere. Cornelius had been commissioned to execute the enormous frescoes in the Glyptothek, and his custom was in the winters, with the aid of Kaulbach and others, to complete the cartoons at Düsseldorf, and in the summers, accompanied by his best pupils, to carry out the designs in colour on the museum walls in Munich. In 1824 Cornelius became director of the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Kaulbach, not yet twenty, followed, took up his permanent residence in Munich, worked hard on the public works, executed independent commissions, and in 1849, when Cornelius left for Berlin, succeeded to the directorship of the academy, an office which he held till his death.

Kaulbach matured, after the example of the masters of the Middle Ages, the practice of mural or monumental decoration; he once more conjoined painting with architecture, and displayed a creative fertility and readiness of resource scarcely found since the era of Raphael and Michelangelo. Under the direction of Cornelius, he designed (1825–1828) many frescoes for the new buildings at Munich, including "Apollo and the Muses", for the ceiling of the Odeon; designs from Klopstock's Battle of Hermann", and from Goethe's and Wieland's poems, for the royal palace; purely classical illustrations of the story of Amor and Psyche, for the palace of Duke Max; and many allegorical figures for the arcades of the palace garden.

Early in the series of his multitudinous works came the famous Narrenhaus, the appalling memories of a certain madhouse near Düsseldorf; the composition all the more deserves mention for points of contact with Hogarth. Somewhat to the same category belong the illustrations to Reineke Fuchs. After Narrenhaus, his next great work, the Battle of the Huns, or Spectre Battle, representing the legend of the continued combat in mid-air between the spirits of the Huns and of Romans who had fallen before the walls of Rome, exhibited on the largest scale his talent for the symbolical and allegorical. Count Raczynski commissioned him to paint the work in sepia, and he finished it in 1837. The king of Saxony now offered him the direction of the academy of Dresden, with a salary of 2,000 thalers; but Kaulbach preferred to remain in Munich, although he received only 800 florins from the king of Bavaria.

These works, together with occasional figures or passages in complex pictorial dramas, show how dominant and irrepressible were the artists sense of satire and enjoyment of fun; character in its breadth and sharpness is depicted with keenest relish, and at times the sardonic smile bursts into the loudest laugh. Thus occasionally the grotesque degenerates into the vulgar, the grand into the ridiculous, as in the satire on "The Pigtail Age", a fresco outside the New Pinakothek. Yet these exceptional extravagances came not of weakness but from excess of power. Kaulbach tried hard to become Grecian and Italian; but he never reached Phidias or Raphael; in short the blood of Dürer, Holbein and Martin Schöngauer ran strong in his veins. The art products in Munich during the middle of the 19th century were of a quantity to preclude first-rate quality, and Kaulbach contracted a fatal facility in covering wall and canvas by the acre.

History of Mankind

Having hitherto worked almost exclusively in fresco, he spent some time in Venice and a year in Rome to prepare himself for painting the cartoon in oil for the new Pinakothek, completing it in 1846. About the same time he commenced his famous designs illustrative of the history of mankind for the Neues Museum at Berlin, which were executed by his pupils and completed in 1860. They consist of six frescoes, representing The Tower of Babel, Homer and the Greeks, The Destruction of Jerusalem, The Battle of the Huns (—a painting that inspired the 1857 symphonic poem Hunnenschlacht by Liszt), The Crusaders at the gates of Jerusalem, and The Age of the Reformation.  The Destruction of Jerusalem was a copy of an earlier oil painting, much admired by Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, which was by then already in the collection of Ludwig I of Bavaria.

These major tableaux, severally 30 feet long, and each comprising over one hundred figures above life-size, were surrounded by minor compositions making more than twenty in all. The idea was to congregate around the world's historic dramas the prime agents of civilization; thus here were assembled allegoric figures of Architecture and other arts, of Science and other kingdoms of knowledge, together with lawgivers from the time of Moses, not forgetting Frederick the Great. The chosen situation for this imposing didactic and theatric display was the Treppenhaus or grand staircase in the Neues Museum, Berlin; the surface was a granulated, absorbent wall, specially prepared; the technical method was that known as "water-glass," or "liquid flint," the infusion of silica securing permanence. The same medium was adopted in the later murals in the Palace of Westminster. The staircase was severely damaged during the Second World War, and only traces of Kaulbach's work remain.

His perspicuous and showy manner also gained him abundant occupation as a book illustrator. Among his engraved designs are the Shakespeare gallery, the Goethe gallery and a folio edition of the Gospels. With regard to these examples of the Munich school, it was asserted that Kaulbach had been unfortunate  alike in having found Cornelius for a master and King Ludwig for a patron, that he attempted subjects far beyond him, believing that his admiration for them was the same as inspiration; and supplied the lack of real imagination by a compound of intellect and fancy. Nevertheless, in such compositions as the Destruction of Jerusalem and the Battle of the Huns, Kaulbach shows creative imagination. As a dramatic poet he tells the story, depicts character, seizes on action and situation, and thus as it were takes the spectator by storm. The manner may be occasionally noisy and ranting, but the effect after its kind is tremendous. The cartoon, which, as usual in German art of the time, is superior to the ultimate picture, was executed in the artist's prime at the age of thirty. At this period, as here seen, the knowledge was little short of absolute; subtle is the sense of beauty; playful, delicate, firm the touch; the whole treatment artistic.

Late work

The painter's last period brings no new departure; his ultimate works stand conspicuous by exaggerations of early characteristics. The series of designs illustrative of Goethe, which had an immense success, were melodramatic and pandered to popular taste. The vast canvas, more than 30 ft. long, the Sea Fight at Salamis, painted for the
Maximilianeum, Munich, evinces wonted imagination and facility in composition; the handling also retains its largeness and vigour; but in this astounding scenic uproar moderation and the simplicity of nature are thrown to the winds, and the whole atmosphere is hot and feverish.

His fervent Protestantism – which alienated him in the latter part of his life from Cornelius, who was as decided a Catholic – is most strongly expressed in his Don Pedro de Arbuez, the Inquisitor, which, appearing at the time of the ecumenical council (1869-70), produced a great sensation, and gave rise to many
controversies. Shortly hefore his death he was at work upon a large cartoon of The Deluge; and he had finished his St. Michael, the Patron Saint of Germany, in the garb of a heavenly messenger with a radiant air of triumph, and with Napoleon III and his son and several Jesuits cowering at his feet.

A trace has shown that he lived at Obere Garten Gasse 16½ in Munich around 1850. Kaulbach was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1870. He died on 7 April 1874 in Munich and is buried there in the Alter Südfriedhof.  His son Hermann (1846–1909) also became a distinguished painter.

Style
Kaulbach's style was eclectic; in the Age of Homer the types and the treatment are derived from Greek marbles and vases; then in the Tower of Babel the severity of the antique gives place to the suavity of the Italian renaissance; while in the Crusades the composition is let loose into modern romanticism, and so the manner descends into the midst of the 20th century. And yet this scholastically compounded art is so nicely adjusted and smoothly blended that it casts off all incongruity and becomes homogeneous as the issue of one mind. But the public craved change; and so in later years Kaulbach's popularity declined, and he had to witness, not without inquietude, the rise of an opposing party of naturalism and realism. He is perhaps best known for his unusual representation of death, destruction and madness.

Notes

References

Further reading

1805 births
1874 deaths
People from Bad Arolsen
People from the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
German Protestants
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
German muralists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof
Von Kaulbach family
Düsseldorf school of painting

Wilhelm von Kaulbach


The Poll Dorset, a short-wool, meat-producing sheep, was developed in Australia between 1937 and 1954 with the aim of breeding a true Dorset type sheep without horns. The poll gene was introduced into Dorset Horn flocks from two other polled breeds and following a strict back-mating programme achieved close to 100% of Dorset Horn blood. Its main distinguishing features are its hornless appearance, long, lean square body set on short legs, pink skin and 'spongy' short-stapled wool. The Poll Dorset produces a fleece of white, dense downs type wool of 30 microns fibre diameter and it has a white wool-free face. The breed was developed at a property called Valmore in Whitemore, Tasmania, a noted centre for pedigree livestock stud farms. The Poll Dorset resulted from the introduction of Corriedale and Ryeland blood into the Dorset Horn.

Poll Dorset rams are the most commonly used sire for the production of prime lambs in Australia. Ewes are noted for their high fertility, mothering and milking ability. The characteristics of the breed such as rapid growth rate, superior fleshing and muscular development make them ideally suited for the meat trade. Lambs sired by Poll Dorsets can satisfy the lightweight Middle Eastern market, the local market or the export market to the US at 20 to 25 kg or heavier. Poll Dorset carcases have excelled in Australian carcase competitions having very good eye muscle and a good lean meat to fat ratio. Poll Dorset genes have also been a major contributor to the developing White Suffolk breed and almost all other prime lamb composite breeds in Australia.

Export sales have been made to Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America.

In 1992 a group of Poll Dorset breeders established Meat Elite Australia to share genetics and to progeny-test elite young sires to identify animals that will benefit the Australian sheep-meat industry. The Poll Dorset breed, though less elite in terms of thermotolerance  and in high-altitude sustainability  when compared to other breeds, has been consistently researched for improvement in hopes of mass breeding to aid in the sheep-meat and farming industry.

The Australian Poll Dorset is not to be confused with the Polled Dorset that was developed at North Carolina State University in the early 1950s.

Citations

References
"The Land Stock Types"

External links
 http://www.polldorset.org.au/
 http://www.meatelite.com.au/Main.asp?_=Meat%20Elite%20Australia%20-%20Poll%20Dorsets%20Leading%20the%20Way

Sheep breeds originating in Australia
Sheep breeds

Poll Dorset


A polytope is figure in geometry. It is a geometric object with flat sides, in any number of dimensions. A polygon is a polytope in two dimensions, a polyhedron in three dimensions, and so on. Sometimes the number of dimensions is shown as a number, as in a polyhedron being a 3-polytope or a tesseract a convex regular 4-polytope.

Related pages
 Regular polytope

Shapes

Polytope


'Talofa lava'. Talatalanoa mai i mea o lo'o tutupu i lo outou vaega o le kelope.

Hello. Talk about what is happening in your Sāmoan community wherever you are on the globe.
Share any news, interesting Sāmoans and their achievements, church youth groups, womens groups, fathers changing roles, etc.

'Aua e te fefe e fa'ata'ita'i lau gagana Samoa. 'Ou te fiafia e fesoasoani atu ia te 'oe. Dont be afraid to practise your Samoan language here. I am happy to help you learn Samoan on this page.

If you want to begin a list of words that assist your understanding of matai (chiefly) language, just help by writing down simple phrases that you want to learn. For example:

'O ā mai 'oe ?   - 'O fa'apēfea mai 'oe?     = How are you? [1 person]
'O ā mai 'oulua? - 'O fa'apēfea mai 'oulua?  = How are you?  [2 people]
'O ā mai 'outou? - 'O fa'apēfea mai 'outou?  = How are you? [3 + people]

Tala Fou


John Taverner should not be confused with the 20th-21st century British composer Sir John Tavener.

John Taverner (born about 1490 – died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist.

We cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born.  Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there.  People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk.

He got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because  King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church.  Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this.  In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was "only a musician".

In 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich.

Taverner composed eight masses.  The most famous one is called the Western Wynde. It was a "parody mass", which meant that it used a popular tune with that title.  Another mass was called Gloria tibi trinitas.  This work set a fashion for pieces which were called In Nomines, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words "in nomine domine" ("in the name of the Father").  "In nomine"s were compositions for instruments which used this tune.

Taverner also wrote magnificats and motets.

1490s births
1545 deaths
English composers
Renaissance composers

John Taverner


William I of Orange-Nassau (24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584) was an important leader of the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish in the Eighty Years' War. He was the first leader of the Netherlands. He held the title of Prince of Orange.

William of Orange is better known as William the Silent (in Dutch: Willem de Zwijger). It is not known how he got this name. One story says that when the kings of France and Spain proposed to William to kill all Protestants in his area, William did not reply.

William was born in Nassau in Germany. The king of Spain made him stadtholder (a sort of leader) of several Dutch provinces. But William converted to Protestantism, the religion of the Dutch people, and joined their struggle for independence. The king of Spain offered a reward for the person who would kill William. In 1584 William was shot by Balthasar Gerards in his house in Delft. William's  last words were in French: "Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, ayez pitié de moi et de ton pauvre peuple" (My Lord, My Lord, have pity on me and your poor people). Balthasar Gerards never received his reward, because he was killed by the angry Dutch.

In the Netherlands, people often call him "Father of the fatherland". The Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, is about William.

1533 births
1584 deaths
Dutch royalty

William the Silent


Henry Burghersh (1292 – 4 December 1340), was Bishop of Lincoln (1320-1340) and served as Lord Chancellor of England (1328–1330). He was a younger son of Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (died 1306), and a nephew of Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere. He was educated in France.

On 27 May 1320 owing to Badlesmere's influence Pope John XXII appointed Burghersh bishop of Lincoln in spite of the fact that the chapter had already made an election to the vacant bishopric, and he was consecrated bishop on 20 July 1320. After the execution of Badlesmere in 1322 Burghersh's lands were seized by King Edward II, and the pope was urged to deprive him; about 1326, however, his possessions were restored, a proceeding which did not prevent him from joining Edward's wife, Queen Isabella, and taking part in the movement which led to the deposition and murder of the king.

Enjoying the favour of the new king, Edward III, the bishop was Lord Treasurer from 1327 to 1328 and then became chancellor of England in 1328; but he failed to secure the archbishopric of Canterbury which became vacant about the same time, and was deprived of his office of chancellor and imprisoned when Isabella lost her power in 1330. But he was soon released and again in a position of influence. He was treasurer of England from 1334 to 1337, and high in the favour and often in the company of Edward III; he was sent on several important errands, and entrusted with important commissions. He died at Ghent on 4 December 1340.

Citations

References

Lord chancellors of England
Bishops of Lincoln
14th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
1292 births
1340 deaths
Lord High Treasurers of England

Henry Burghersh


A Sikh temple or Gurdwara (the door or the gateway to the Guru) is a place of worship in the Sikh religion. In the temple, the Sikh scriptures are recited or sung, and sermons are given.  Festivals are celebrated there. Sikh congregations also take part in birth, death, baptism, and marriage ceremonies in the temple. Guru Granth Sahib is usually placed at one end of the temple, high up under a canopy.

The Gurdwara serves many needs. It is a place where people can develop spiritual knowledge and wisdom. It is open to everyone, of every age, sex, caste, and creed. All men, women and children are treated as equals. The temple offers shelter and food to anyone in need. It offers care for the sick, elderly, and disabled. It is also a centre for promoting culture and health. In the temple, children are often taught about morality, Sikhism, and history. The Gurdwara is also a place where people can talk about problems facing the Sikh community. For example, they can talk about situations where the Sikh code of discipline was broken, and they can decide on what punishment is needed. The Gurdwara also plays a socio-economic role in the Sikh community. It is expected to be free from any sectional interests or party politics.

A free kitchen is attached to every Gurdwara. There, the food (Langar) is prepared and served. Other people and communities are allowed to visit a Gurdwara. This is one of the things that the Sikh community does to improve relations and understanding between Sikhs and other communities. These visits help satisfy others' curiosity about Sikhism. They also help visitors to better understand the Sikh religion, customs, and culture.

A Gurdwara is marked by the Nishan Sahib, the Sikh flag. The four doors of a Sikh temple represent the Door of Peace, the Door of Livelihood, the Door of Learning, and the Door of Grace. These doors must always remain open to everyone.

Temple protocol
If someone wants to visit a Gurdwara, a certain protocol (or set of rules and expectations) must be followed. In Sikhism, there are strict rules against using tobacco, liquor, or narcotics. These things are not allowed in or around the Gurdwara. Before entering the hall, people take off their shoes, wash their hands, cover their head, and think of the Guru. Even non-Sikhs must cover their head with a handkerchief or scarf. After entering the hall, where Guru Granth Sahib is kept, people must walk slowly, bow humbly, and touch their foreheads to the ground, out of respect and love for the Guru. As people bow, they must place an offering (or gift) respectfully before the Guru. The offering may be money, flowers, or words of thanks. Any sincere expression of thanks is equally acceptable to the Guru. After bowing and offering, a person should sit quietly in the Sangat (congregation), without disturbing others. Usually men sit on one side and women on the other. People sit in a cross-legged position. Talking or whispering is not allowed.

Usually, worship services in the Gurdwara follow common patterns. Kirtan is singing the holy hymns. Katha is reading, and then explaining, the hymns. Ardas is prayer. Six verses of Anand Sahib may be sung. There may also be Vak or Hukam, where one random hymn from Guru Granth Sahib is read. This is the Guru's message or 'Order' of the day to the Sangat. After the Hukam is done, Karah Parshad is distributed. Then Langar, food from the Guru's kitchen, is served.

Sikhism
Temples

Sikh temple


Arnold Petersen (April 16, 1885 – February 5, 1976) was the National Secretary of the Socialist Labor Party of America from 1914 to 1969. Petersen played a major role as spokesman for that party and as a promoter of the De Leonist version of Marxist theory in the 20th century.

Biography
Arnold Petersen was born in Odense, Denmark, the son of a tailor. After graduating college, he immigrated to the United States and worked in a paper box factory. In 1907, he joined the Socialist Labor Party.

Daniel De Leon nominated Petersen to be national secretary a few months before his death in May 1914. As national secretary, Petersen restructured the party and saved it from bankruptcy. He was also a prolific author, writing over fifty books, including a series of biographical monographs on De Leon, collected as Daniel De Leon: Social Architect.

When he retired as Socialist Labor Party of America leader in 1969, he had been the organizations leader for fifty five of the organization's ninety-four years of existence, and seventy-nine years as a "De Leonist" organization (which the party dates from 1890).

A longtime resident of Teaneck, New Jersey, he died on February 5, 1976, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Selected works
Unemployment and overproduction (1930)
The virus of anarchy: Bakuninism vs. Marxism (1932)
Manifesto on War. Decay and corruption of international capitalism (1937)
Constitution of the United States : Founding of the Bourgeois Republic New York : New York Labor News Company, 1937
Daniel De Leon: From Reform to Revolution 1886–1936 New York: New York Labor News Co., 1937
De Leon the uncompromising New York: New York Labor News Co., 1939
Daniel De Leon: social architect (1941)
From reform to bayonets (1941)
Inflation of Prices or Deflation of Labor? (1942)
Karl Marx and Marxian science (1943)
Daniel de Leon: Internationalist New York: New York Labor News Co., 1944
Daniel De Leon: Social scientist (1945)
Marxism vs. Soviet despotism (1959)
Socialism and human nature (1962)
Bourgeois Socialism: Its Rise and Collapse in America (1963)

References

Sources
 Biographical Dictionary of the American Left (Bernard K. Johnpoll and Harvey Klehr editors ( "Arnold Petersen" by John Gerber, pp. 314–5. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. 1986

Other sources
Girard, Frank and Ben Perry, Socialist Labor Party, 1876–1991: A Short History (Philadelphia, PA: Livra Books, 1991)
 Hass, Eric The Socialist Labor Party and the Internationals (New York Labor News Co. 1949)
Quint, Howard The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901 (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1953)

External links
 	Arnold Petersen	Selected quotes

People from Odense
1885 births
1976 deaths
American syndicalists
Danish emigrants to the United States
Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
American Marxists

Arnold Petersen


Hidayet "Hedo" Türkoğlu (born March 19, 1979 in Gaziosmanpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish basketball player. He was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 16th pick in the 1st round of the 2000 NBA Draft. He has also played with the Sacramento Kings from 2000 to 2003, San Antonio Spurs from 2003 to 2004, Orlando Magic from 2004 to 2009, Toronto Raptors from 2009 to 2010, Phoenix Suns in 2010 and currently the Orlando Magic since 2010 when he was traded to the Magic in 2010 along with Jason Richardson and Earl Clark for Vince Carter, Marcin Gortat, Mickaël Piétrus, a 2011 first-round draft pick and $3 million.

Other websites
 Hedo Türkoğlu's NBA player profile

Turkish basketball players
Orlando Magic players
Phoenix Suns players
Sacramento Kings players
San Antonio Spurs players
Toronto Raptors players
1979 births
Living people
Los Angeles Clippers players
Sportspeople from Istanbul

Hedo Türkoğlu


Giovanni de' Medici, in full Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, later known as il Popolano (the commoner) (21 October 1467 – 14 September 1498) was an Italian nobleman of the Medici House of Florence. He was the son of Pierfrancesco di Lorenzo de' Medici, and therefore a member of a secondary branch of the family.

Biography
Giovanni was born in Florence on 21 October 1467. After his father's death (1476), he and his elder brother Lorenzo (il Popolano) came under the tutelage of their cousins Giuliano and Lorenzo (il Magnifico), and were educated by humanists such as Marsilio Ficino and Angelo Poliziano. They conceived a passion for classical studies and books, and later created a large library of manuscripts and codexes.

Later their relationship with Lorenzo il Magnifico deteriorated, mostly for economic reasons (Lorenzo had kept for himself the Popolanos' inheritance, instead of simply administering it). After Lorenzo il Magnifico's death, they were among the opponents of Lorenzo's successor, Piero (il Fatuo), who exiled them in April 1494.

The following November, Lorenzo and Giovanni returned to Florence in the wake of Charles VIII of France's invasion of Italy, as Piero had been ousted by a Republican revolution in the city. Their support for Girolamo Savonarola gained them the Popolano ("commoner", "plebeian") nickname.

He was to marry Luisa de' Medici, but she died in 1488 at aged 11. In 1497 Giovanni married Caterina Sforza, Lady of Forlì and Imola. They had a son, baptized Ludovico. However, after Giovanni's death soon afterwards, Caterina renamed the baby Giovanni. He became known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere.

Giovanni il Popolano died on 14 September 1498 in Santa Maria in Bagno, Papal States, aged 30.

1467 births
1498 deaths
Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence
Giovanni il Popolano
Medieval Italian diplomats
15th-century people from the Republic of Florence
15th-century diplomats

Giovanni il Popolano


"Seinfeld" is the tenth and final episode of the seventh season of American situation comedy Curb Your Enthusiasm. The episode's story was written by Larry David and was directed by Jeff Schaffer. It originally aired on November 22, 2009 on HBO. The episode revolves around a fictional Seinfeld reunion show featuring the original cast.

Plot
Larry David is hopeful that his plan is working to win back his ex-wife Cheryl (Cheryl Hines). He previously cast her in the Seinfeld reunion show as Amanda, ex-wife of George, played by Jason Alexander. Meanwhile, Julia Louis-Dreyfus holds a party in honor of Jason's book release, Acting Without Acting, which Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld criticize for being too short. At the party, Julia Louis-Dreyfus accuses Larry of leaving a "ring stain" on an antique table in her house. Larry claims his innocence and refuses to pay for the damages, and thus decides to find the person responsible; the person who does not "respect wood."

While on the set of the show, Cheryl invites Larry to her house to review the script. Larry misses the date when he attempts to repair his friendly relationship with Mocha Joe (the studio lot's coffee guy whom Larry failed to tip), causing Cheryl to turn to Alexander for coaching. The two begin to develop a very friendly relationship, leaving Larry jealous. In retaliation, he rewrites the ending of the show, in which George and Amanda do not end up together. This causes Jason to leave the set; when the rest of the cast wants Jason to return, Larry unsuccessfully tries to play George himself, and quits the show shortly thereafter. In the parking lot, Larry talks to Jeff on the phone and mentions that the only reason he had put the show together to begin with was to have a chance to get back together with Cheryl, which she overhears from her car.

Upon watching the show's premiere, Larry is surprised to see that Virginia is in fact playing Amanda. Cheryl then knocks on his door, stating she quit the show after arguing over the small size of Jason's book, and also because "it wasn't the same" since Larry's resignation. Larry states that he prefers the original ending to the one he had written, which causes Cheryl to say "because [George and Amanda] belong together", much like Larry and Cheryl. The two kiss until Larry notices a ring stain caused by Cheryl's drink, subsequently accusing Cheryl of causing the ring stain on the antique table.

Reunion show
The Seinfeld reunion show centered on George Costanza, who married a woman named Amanda and made a fortune by devising an iPhone application called the iToilet, which directed the user to the nearest decent public toilet anywhere in the world (in "The Busboy", an actual Seinfeld episode, George brags about being able to find "the best public toilet [...] anywhere in the city"). His wife left him before he lost his fortune in the Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme, and George then moved in with Jerry. In the years since the original finale, Jerry donated sperm to have a daughter with Elaine; the child, unknowingly, calls him "Uncle Jerry", but learns the truth by the end of the episode and eventually calls him "daddy". Most of the reunion show revolves around George attempting to get back with Amanda, who received half of George's money and would want a prenuptial agreement to ensure he did not get together just for the money.

In the episode, Jerry says "we already screwed up one finale", a reference to the fact that "The Finale" was not well received by critics or fans.

Production
David previously refused to make a Seinfeld reunion, but he thought it would be funny to do it on Curb Your Enthusiasm. He stated that it "was a perfect way to do something like that but not to do it. Under the guise of doing the Curb show, it was very relaxed and loose and easy." The original sets were used to reconstruct Jerry's apartment and Monk's Café, with Jerry's apartment updated to reflect the 11 years that had elapsed since "The Finale".

Reception
Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 7.4 saying that "there were quite a few funny moments and scenes" but it "lacked a certain spark and energy and felt fairly low key for a season finale in general". Amelie Gilette of The A.V. Club praised the episode, writing that David "made the Curb universe and the Seinfeld universe merge and then fold in on itself—and it was nothing short of incredible to watch". She graded the episode A+. Jonathan Toomey of TV Squad also gave "Seinfeld" a positive review, saying that "fans finally got the Seinfeld ending they've always been hoping for", though he criticized the subplot with Mocha Joe.

The episode had about 2 million viewers, making it the highest-rated season finale of the show in more than five years.

References

External links
 "Seinfeld" at HBO

2009 American television episodes
Curb Your Enthusiasm episodes
Seinfeld
Television episodes directed by Jeff Schaffer
Television episodes written by Larry David

Seinfeld (Curb Your Enthusiasm)


Synesius of Cyrene (; ; c. 373 – c. 414), was a Greek bishop of Ptolemais in ancient Libya, a part of the Western Pentapolis of Cyrenaica after 410. He was born of wealthy parents at Balagrae (now Bayda, Libya) near Cyrene between 370 and 375.

Life
While still a youth (in 393), he went with his brother Euoptius to Alexandria, where he became an enthusiastic Neoplatonist and disciple of Hypatia. Between 395 and 399, he spent some time in Athens.

In 398 he was chosen as an envoy to the imperial court in Constantinople by Cyrene and the whole Pentapolis. He went to the capital on the occasion of the delivery of the aurum coronarium and his task was to obtain tax remissions for his country. In Constantinople he obtained the patronage of the powerful praetorian prefect Aurelianus. Synesius composed and addressed to Emperor Arcadius a speech entitled De regno, full of topical advice as to the studies of a wise ruler, but also containing a bold statement that the emperor's first priority must be a war on corruption and a war on the interpenetration of barbarians into the Roman army.

His three years' stay in Constantinople was wearisome and otherwise disagreeable; the leisure it forced upon him he devoted in part to literary composition. Aurelianus succeeded in granting him the tax remission for Cyrene and the Pentapolis and the exemption from curial obligations for him, but then he fell in disgrace and Synesius lost everything. Later Aurelian returned in power, restoring his own grants to Synesius. The poet, then, composed Aegyptus sive de providentia, an allegory in which the good Osiris and the evil Typhon, who represent Aurelian and the Goth Gainas (ministers under Arcadius), strive for mastery, and the question of the divine permission of evil is handled.

In 402, during an earthquake, Synesius left Constantinople to return to Cyrene. Along the road he passed through Alexandria, where he returned in 403; it was in the Egyptian city that he married and lived, before returning at Cyrene in 405. The following years were busy for Synesius. His major concern was the organisation of the defence of the Pentapolis from the yearly attacks of neighbouring tribes.

In 410 Synesius, whose Christianity had until then been by no means very pronounced, was popularly chosen to be bishop of Ptolemais, and, after long hesitation on personal and doctrinal grounds, he ultimately accepted the office thus thrust upon him, being consecrated by Theophilus at Alexandria. One personal difficulty at least was obviated by his being allowed to retain his wife, to whom he was much attached; but as regarded orthodoxy he expressly stipulated for personal freedom to dissent on the questions of the soul's creation, a literal resurrection, and the final destruction of the world, while at the same time he agreed to make some concession to popular views in his public teaching.

His tenure of the bishopric was troubled not only by domestic bereavements (his three sons died, the first two in 411 and the third in 413) but also by the Libyan invasions of the country who destroyed Cyrenaica and led him to exile, and by conflicts with the praeses Andronicus, whom he excommunicated for interfering with the Church's right of asylum. The date of his death is unknown, but it is most likely in 413, as he wrote a farewell letter to Hypatia that year from his death bed.

His many-sided activity, as shown especially in his letters, and his loosely mediating position between Neoplatonism and Christianity, make him a subject of fascinating interest. His scientific interests are attested by his letter to Hypatia, in which occurs the earliest known reference to a hydrometer, and by a work on alchemy in the form of a commentary on Pseudo-Democritus.

Works
His extant works are:
A speech before the emperor Arcadius, De regno (On Kingship)
Dio, sive de suo ipsius instituto, in which he signifies his purpose to devote himself to true philosophy
Encomium calvitii, a literary jeu d'esprit, suggested by Dio Chrysostom's Praise of Hair
Aegyptus sive de providentia, in two parts, also known as The Egyptian Tale, about the war against the Goth Gainas and the conflict between the two brothers Aurelianus and Caesarius
De insomniis, a treatise on dreams
Constitutio
Catastasis, a description of the end of Roman Cyrenaica
159 Epistolae (letters, including one text, Letter 57, that is in fact a speech)
9 Hymni, of a contemplative, Neoplatonic character
Two homilies
An essay on making an astrolabe

Lost works
A book on dog breeding
Poems, mentioned in Synesius' letters

Editions
 Editio princeps, Turnebus (Paris, 1553)
 Antonio Garzya, (ed.), Opere di Sinesio di Cirene, Classici greci, Torino: UTET, 1989 (with Italian translation)
 Lacombrade, Garzya, and Lamoureux (eds.), Synésios de Cyrène, Collection Budé, 6 vols., 1978–2008 (with French translation by Lacombrade, Roques, and Aujoulat)

Legacy
A number of traditional Christian hymns, including "Lord Jesus, Think On Me", are based on his writings.

References

Further reading
 T.D. Barnes, "Synesius in Constantinople," Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 27 (1986): 93–112.
 A.J. Bregman, Synesius of Cyrene, Philosopher-Bishop (Berkeley, 1982).
 A. Cameron and J. Long, Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius (Berkeley, 1993).
 A. de Francisco Heredero, "Bárbaros en la Cirenaica a través dela obra de Sinesio de Cirene" in: D. Álvarez Jiménez, R. Sanz Serrano and D. Hernández de la Fuente, El Espejismo del bárbaro : ciudadanos y extranjeros al final de la Antigüedad (Castellón, 2013)
 A. de Francisco Heredero, "Synesios of Cyrene and the Defence of Cyrenaica" in: A. de Francisco, D. Hernández y S. Torres (eds.), New Perspectives on Late Antiquity in the Eastern Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2014)
Chr. Lacombrade, Synesios de Cyrène. Hellène et Chrétien (1951)
J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford 1990).
J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, 'Why Did Synesius Become Bishop of Ptolemais?', Byzantion 56 (1986): 180–195.
Konstantinos D.S. Paidas, He thematike ton byzantinon "katoptron hegemonos" tes proimes kai meses byzantines periodoy (398-1085). Symbole sten politike theoria ton Byzantinon (Athens, 2005).
D. Roques, Etudes sur la correspondance de Synesios de Cyrene (Brussels, 1989).
T. Schmitt, Die Bekehrung des Synesios von Kyrene (2001).
 Hartwin Brandt, "Die Rede peri basileias des Synesios von Kyrene – ein ungewoehnlicher Fuerstenspiegel," in Francois Chausson et Etienne Wolff (edd.), Consuetudinis amor. Fragments d'histoire romaine (IIe-VIe siecles) offerts a Jean-Pierre Callu (Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2003) (Saggi di storia antica, 19), 57–70.
 Ilinca Tanaseanu-Doebler, Konversion zur Philosophie in der Spaetantike. Kaiser Julian und Synesios von Kyrene (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2005) (Potsdamer altertumswissenschaftliche Beitraege, 23).
 Dimitar Y. Dimitrov, "Sinesius of Cyrene and the Christian Neoplatonism: Patterns of Religious and Cultural Symbiosis", in Mostafa El-Abbadi and Omnia Fathallah (eds), What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria? (Leiden, Brill, 2008) (Library of the Written Word, 3).
 Synesius is portrayed in Ki Longfellow's Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria in a highly imaginative way.
 Heresy: the Life of Pelagius (2012) by David Lovejoy though fictional contains a portrait of Synesius based on his letters

External links

 Synesius of Cyrene at livius.org (introduction by Jona Lendering and translations of all epistles, all speeches, all hymns, both homilies, all treatises)
 D. Roques, Études sur la correspondance de Synésios de Cyrène reviewed by John Vanderspoel, University of Calgary, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 02.01.16
 Cameron and Long reviewed by R.W. Burgess in BMCR
 Catholic Encyclopedia

Ancient alchemists
Cyrenean Greeks
373 births
413 deaths
4th-century Romans
5th-century Byzantine bishops
Romans from Africa
Libyan Christians
Bayda, Libya
Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy
Greek alchemists
Christian clerical marriage
Church Fathers
Hypatia

Synesius


Frederick Richardson (1862 – 15 January 1937) was an American illustrator of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,  best remembered for his illustrations of works by L. Frank Baum.

Life and career
A native Chicagoan, Richardson studied at the St. Louis School of Fine Arts and at the Académie Julian in Paris. He taught at the Chicago Art Institute for seven years; Albert Henry Krehbiel and Dulah Evans Krehbiel were two of his students. He was "a slightly-built, gray-eyed man" whose work "was strongly influenced by the Art Nouveau movement...." From 1892 on, if not earlier, Richardson made a living as a newspaper illustrator, working for the Chicago Daily News; he produced many pictures of the famous World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. His employers valued his work highly enough to send Richardson back to Paris to cover the Exposition Universelle Internationale, the world's fair of 1900. A collection of his newspaper work from the Daily News was published in 1899.

In 1903 Richardson moved to New York City to pursue book illustration. His first book was Baum's Queen Zixi of Ix, which was published serially in St. Nicholas Magazine in 1904 and 1905 and in book form in the latter year. Richardson also drew pictures for Baum's "A Kidnapped Santa Claus", which first appeared in The Delineator in December 1904.  His artwork also appears in the California State Series "Third Reader".

Richardson followed that initial work with many other book-illustration projects, including editions of the works of Hans Christian Andersen, Aesop's Fables, Mother Goose, Pinocchio, and East of the Sun and West of the Moon, plus two volumes in the series of Andrew Lang's Fairy Books. Richardson did abundant work for the Chicago publisher P. F. Volland; in illustrating collections of tales by Georgene Faulkner he varied his usual artistic style, imitating Japanese art for her Little Peachling and Other Tales of Old Japan (1928), and Indian art for her The White Elephant and Other Tales from Old India (1929).

Richardson provided pictures for a series of schoolbooks called the Winston Readers. He illustrated Frank R. Stockton's The Queen's Museum (1906), Edith Ogden Harrison's The Enchanted House (1913), and Frances Jenkins Olcott's The Red Indian Fairy Book (1917), among other works.

According to youngest son, Allan, Richardson provided a variety of illustrations to the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression.

For John Heming Fry's "diatribe against modernism," The Revolt Against Beauty (1934), Richardson supplied pictures that parodied the work of Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh and characters from newspaper comic strips. After his death in 1937, Richardson was memorialized with a posthumous volume that matched traditional tales, like "Three Billy Goats Gruff" and "The Bremen Town Musicians", with brightly colored illustrations by the artist.

Richardson died of pneumonia in New York City and was survived by Allan Barbour, one of his two sons. Richardson's oldest son, David Welles, preceded his father in death by a few months, having died in September 1936.

See also
 Belle Silveira

References

External links

 1913 Illustrations from Norse Mythology

American children's book illustrators
1862 births
1937 deaths
Artists from Park Ridge, Illinois
Art Nouveau illustrators
American expatriates in France
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City

Frederick Richardson


In baseball, a pickoff is an act by a pitcher or catcher, throwing a live ball to a fielder so that the fielder can tag out a baserunner who is either leading off or about to begin stealing the next base.

A pickoff attempt occurs when this throw is made in an attempt to make such an out or, more commonly, to "keep the runner close" by making it clear that the pitcher is aware and concerned with the runner's actions. A catcher may also attempt to throw runners out who likewise "stray too far" from their bases after a pitch; this can also be called a pickoff attempt.  A runner who is picked off is said to have been caught napping, especially if he made no attempt to return to his base. A pickoff move is the motion the pitcher goes through in making this attempt; some pitchers have better pickoff moves than others.

Pitchers in professional baseball use the pickoff move often, perhaps several times per game or even per inning if speedy baserunners reach base. Pitchers with more confidence in their ability to eliminate batters directly via strikeouts or flyouts use fewer pickoff attempts. In lower-skilled amateur games, the pickoff move is less common due to the potential for an error if the pitcher throws wild or the fielder fails to make the catch. In youth leagues that do not allow leading off, such as Little League and Cal Ripken League, the need for a pickoff move is eliminated. A pickoff may result in a rundown.

Technique
A pitcher uses many tactics to attempt to disguise whether he is going to begin a pitch or a pickoff attempt.  However, some deceptive actions are illegal and may be called a balk.

When there is a baserunner, the pitcher will pitch from the stretch, one of the pitching positions.  For this example we will say the runner is on first base. From the set position a right-handed pitcher can still see the baserunner out of the corner of his eye. A left-handed pitcher has a clear view of the baserunner because of his position on the pitcher's mound. If it is a right-handed pitcher there is only one main method of this pickoff move. This involves a quick shuffle of the pitcher's feet to turn towards first base and throw the ball to the first baseman. The first baseman will then attempt to tag out the runner. The left-handed pitcher, due to their natural stance and the way they are facing, has multiple moves. The two main methods are called the "snap throw" and "spin move". The snap throw is when the pitcher quickly lifts his back foot behind the pitching rubber and slings the ball to the first baseman. A snap throw can also refer to the catcher throwing the ball to the base following a pitch. The spin move is when the pitcher lifts his leg like he is going to pitch the ball but then rotates his body toward first and throws the ball.  The pitcher will try to vary this move by doing this move while looking at the runner or at the batter, which can be deceiving to the baserunner. A former pickoff move in Major League Baseball used mostly by right-handed pitchers was called "third to first" and could only be done if there were baserunners on first and third. It was performed by the pitcher faking a pickoff at third, then stopping, spinning and throwing the ball to first base instead. This move was used to try to get the base-runner or the batter to disclose what action they were going to perform on the pitch.  Former Kansas City Royals right-hander, Steve Busby, is credited for popularizing the "third to first" move, and Jeff Nelson was also known for using it.  After the 2012 season, Major League Baseball instituted a rule change defining this move as a balk.

Purpose
There are a few reasons to use this tactic:
 To tag out the base-runner.  Sometimes the runner will run on the first move of the pitcher. If the pitcher successfully throws the ball to the base before the base-runner is able to return to it, then the defense will be able to tag out the runner.
 To prevent a stolen base.  If a fast base-runner is leading off the base by a large margin, the pitcher will throw over to the base a few times to try to get the base runner to shorten his lead, thus deterring him from stealing. After enough throws the runner will often either shorten his lead or tire from diving back, preventing him from stealing a base.
The runner will often take a few steps off the base in order to have a head start toward the next base. The runner will generally not go too far away from the base so if the pitcher does throw, he can return safely. But the pitcher will hope to catch the runner off-guard.
 To extract information from the offense.  For example, if the defense suspects a bunting situation, the pitcher may throw over to first in hopes that the batter will square around to bunt on the pitcher's first move, revealing his intention.
 To buy time for a relief pitcher to be prepared to come into the game.  This is seen quite often in the major leagues, as the pitcher in the game picks multiple times in a row in an effort to waste time so that his replacement can warm up adequately.

Holding baserunners

Along with having a good, quick pickoff move, a number of other techniques can be used to help cut down on base-runners getting good jumps at stealing bases. First off, changing look patterns keeps the runner off balance and keeps him from timing out the pitcher and guessing when he can take off. An experienced pitcher learns how to mix up his looks and never allow himself to get into a predictable pattern. The most common occurrence of a pitcher falling into a pattern occurs with a runner on second base. It is very easy for a pitcher to repeatedly look just once at the runner and then start the pitching motion as the head turns to pick up home plate again. This makes base-runners have a very easy time at getting a good start at stealing third base. A second method to cut down on giving up stolen bases is to have a quick delivery to the plate. This can be done with a slide step quite easily, however this is not necessary. A slide step tends to make the pitcher not get as much momentum going to the plate, therefore causing the pitch to lose velocity. To counteract this, a pitcher can do a quick leg kick to get momentum going while not taking a long time. The technique to do this is to lift the leg with the knee going up in an inward motion towards the push leg.  The entire pitching motion from the first movement until the ball hits the catcher's glove should take around 1.3–1.5 seconds.  By keeping the time under 1.3 seconds, very few runners should be able to steal on even an average-armed catcher. The most important rule to remember while pitching with base-runners on is to stay relaxed. Being tense makes a pitcher much more prone to committing a balk.

A baserunner with a reputation for stealing bases, can also take advantage of the pitcher's desire to hold them to their base, as a means to throw off the pitcher's concentration. By taking a large lead, the runner can hope to force the pitcher to make mistakes, therefore helping the batter, by improving their chances at the plate. Prolific base stealers can accomplish this without a true intention to steal any base at all. Pitchers should be aware of this, and take care not to attempt to pick-off a runner, to the point of fatigue or losing focus on the batter.

Notable examples
On July 11, 1964, Hal Stowe of the Charlotte Hornets was brought in to pitch in a tied game, with two outs and one runner on base. His first move was a successful pickoff throw, ending the inning. The Hornets scored the go-ahead run in their half of the inning, thus giving Stowe credit as the winning pitcher, despite not throwing a single pitch.

On August 24, 1983, Tippy Martinez of the Baltimore Orioles picked off three consecutive Toronto Blue Jays base runners in the first half of the 10th inning. The catcher for the Orioles, utility infielder Lenn Sakata, had replaced the backup catcher at the start of the inning. Sakata hadn't played as a catcher since Little League, and the Blue Jays thought it would be easy to steal off him. In the bottom half of the same inning, Sakata hit a walk-off home run.

On September 30, 1992, George Brett of the Kansas City Royals was picked off after getting his 3,000th hit.

Game 4 of the 2013 World Series ended with a pickoff, as Koji Uehara of the Boston Red Sox threw to first base, causing St. Louis Cardinals' runner Kolten Wong to be tagged out.

Records
Pickoff records are imprecise, as it is not an official MLB statistic, and historical box scores typically did not distinguish between a pickoff and a caught stealing.

Baseball-Reference
Records per Baseball-Reference.com

 Career: 146 by Steve Carlton
 Single season: 23 by Jerry Garvin of the 1977 Toronto Blue Jays
 Single game: 4, shared by Garvin of the 1977 Toronto Blue Jays (May 25, 1977, vs. Oakland Athletics) and Bill Wight of the 1956 Baltimore Orioles (July 3, 1956; vs. New York Yankees)

MLB
Records per MLB.com

 Career: 95 by Mark Buehrle
 Single season: 15 by Greg Smith of the 2008 Oakland Athletics

Note that each of the pitchers listed in this section is left-handed.

References

See also

Caught stealing
Stolen base
Mankading, the cricket equivalent

Baseball terminology
Baseball strategy
Baseball plays
Catching statistics
Pitching statistics

Pickoff


George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English peer, nobleman, politician, and poet. He was christened George Gordon Byron, but changed his name later in life. He adopted the surname Noel, so that he could inherit half his mother-in-law's estate.

Lord Byron was the son Captain John Byron and Catherine Gordon.

He was a leading figure in Romanticism. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and many people still read his works. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan.

Lord Byron is also famous for the way he lived his life. He was a dandy, living extravagantly, with many love affairs and debts. His fight against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence led to his death from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. He is buried in the family vault in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Hucknall Torkard, Nottinghamshire, England. A memorial was not raised to him in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey until 1969.

His daughter, Ada Lovelace, was famous because she collaborated with Charles Babbage on the "analytical engine," a predecessor to modern computers.

Bibliography

Major works

 Hours of Idleness (1806)
 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)
 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–1818)
 The Giaour (1813)
 The Bride of Abydos (1813)
 The Corsair (1814)
 Lara (1814)
 Hebrew Melodies (1815)
 The Siege of Corinth (poem) (1816)
 Parisina (1816)
 The Prisoner Of Chillon (1816) (text on Wikisource)
 The Dream (1816)
 Prometheus (1816)
 Darkness (1816)
 Manfred (1817) (text on Wikisource)
 The Lament of Tasso (1817)
 Beppo (1818)
 Mazeppa (1819)
 The Prophecy of Dante (1819)
 Marino Faliero (1820)
 Sardanapalus (1821)
 The Two Foscari (1821)
 Cain (1821)
 The Vision of Judgement (1821)
 Heaven and Earth (1821)
 Werner (1822)
 The Deformed Transformed (1822)
 The Age of Bronze (1823)
 The Island (1823)
 Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

Minor works
 So, we'll go no more a roving (text on Wikisource)
 The First Kiss of Love (1806) (text on Wikisource)
 Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination (1806) (text on Wikisource)
 To a Beautiful Quaker (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 The Cornelian (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 Lines Addressed to a Young Lady (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 Lachin y Garr (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 Epitaph to a Dog (1808) (text on Wikisource)
 She Walks in Beauty (1814) (text on Wikisource)
 When We Two Parted (text on Wikisource)

Further reading
 MacCarthy, Fiona: Byron: Life and Legend. John Murray, 2002. .
 McGann, Jerome: Byron and Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. .
 Rosen, Fred: Bentham, Byron and Greece. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992.
 Nicholson, Andrew, editor: The Letters of John Murray to Lord Byron. Liverpool University Press, 2007. .
 Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Carré d'Art : Barbey d'Aurevilly, lord Byron, Salvador Dalí, Jean-Edern Hallier, Anagramme éditions, 2008.

References

Other websites

 Pictures of Byron's Walk, Seaham, County Durham
 Poems by Lord Byron at PoetryFoundation.org
 Podcast—Listen Live or download Audio of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage by Lord Byron
 A Website of the Romantic Movement

 The Byron Society
 The Byron Society's Journal
 The International Byron Society
 Byron's Grave
 Detailed site on Newstead Abbey, Byron's ancestral home, and on Byron's life in general
 Hucknall Parish Church, Byron's final resting place
 Statue of Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge
 Complete list of Byron poetry
 The Byron Cronology
 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
 Discussion of Byron's homosexuality
 Byron's Poetical Works, Vol. 1
 Byron's Poetical Works, Vol. 6
 The Works Of Lord Byron, Letters and Journals, Vol. 1
 The Works of Lord Byron: Letters and Journals, Vol. 2
 Byron's 1816-1824 letters to Murray and Moore about Armenian studies and translations
 The biography Byron  by John Nichol
 Byron quotes
 Lord George Gordon Byron—Biography & Works
 Centre for Byron Studies, University of Nottingham
 The first Full English translation of Fantasmagoriana (Tales of The Dead)
 Byron page on The Literature Network
 Films based on Byron's life and works
 2003 television dramatization of Byron's life by the BBC
 Detailed account of Byron's love for animals
 Inscription on the monument to Boatswain, Byron's dog
 More on Byron's Newfoundland dogs
 Byron manuscripts at the Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas
 George Gordon, Lord Byron at Find-A-Grave

1788 births
1824 deaths
Bisexual people
English Barons
English LGBT writers
English poets
Writers from London

Lord Byron


The Brandywine Shoal Light is a lighthouse on the north side of the ship channel in Delaware Bay on the east coast of the United States, west of Cape May, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. It was the site of the first screw-pile lighthouse in the United States.

History
A lightship was stationed near the shoal starting in 1823; this ship, known as Lightship "N", lasted until 1859, despite an 1838 inspection report characterizing it as being in poor repair. It remained at this station until 1850, with one interruption. In 1827 the first attempt was made to place a fixed light on the shoal. A wood pile structure, it lasted barely a year before heavy seas tore it down. An abortive project, begun in 1835, to design a light on a stone pier at the site was cancelled when the cost proved prohibitive.

The construction of the Maplin Sands Lighthouse in 1838 attracted the attention of American lighthouse designers, who saw the screw-pile technology it introduced as means both to economy of construction and to the simplification of placing foundations in soft bottoms. Major Hartman Bache, who had devised the cancelled stone pier plan, was directed to try the new technique, and assisted by Lt. George Meade he initially constructed a conical iron structure resting on nine piles. This structure was first lit in 1850. It became evident that this was not adequate to resist moving ice, and more piles were sunk in a sort of fence around the light; over the next eight years, sixty-eight piles were placed around the light, and a wooden platform was laid across them. The lighthouse proper rose out of the center of the platform as a short tower.

This light was fitted with a third-order Fresnel lens in 1851, only the third American light to receive the innovation. It was used in a test by the then-nascent Lighthouse Board in which its light was compared with those of the Cape Henlopen and Cape May lights, both fitted with the reflector schemes typical of US lights of the day. The greater brightness of Brandywine Shoals beacon, even though it was much further away from the test point than the other two, was a nail in the coffin for the reflector system, and the board quickly went about installing Fresnel lenses in all lighthouses upon assuming authority in 1852.

The light survived into the next century, but its cramped facilities and concerns about corrosion of the piles led the Lighthouse Board to obtain an appropriation to construct a caisson light at the site. This light, completed in 1914, featured a reinforced concrete superstructure on a cast iron and concrete caisson, resting upon wooden and precast concrete piles. The superstructure of the old light was removed, but the platform remained into the 1950s, used by the Navy for various purposes. In support of this, a small artificial harbor was constructed using a partial circle of riprap; it remains in place, though the last traces of the old light have since been removed.

The Fresnel lens was moved from the old light to the new when the latter was completed, and has since been transferred to the Tuckerton Seaport museum, where it is on public display. The light was automated in 1974, by which time it was the last staffed station on Delaware Bay. It continues to serve as an active aid to navigation.  The lighthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (reference number 06000943).

In June 2011, the General Services Administration made the Brandywine Shoal Light (along with 11 others) available at no cost to public organizations willing to preserve them.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Cape May County, New Jersey

Notes

References

Lighthouses completed in 1914
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
1823 establishments in New Jersey
Transportation buildings and structures in Cape May County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Cape May County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places

Brandywine Shoal Light


Blackletter or Gothic script is an old way to write. Blackletter in writing or print was used in Western Europe from about 1150 to the 17th century. It was used for printing in Germany until the 20th century.

Letter shapes in printing were copied from letter shapes in a style of handwriting. So, the Gothic script of northern Europe and the Latin script used in Italy were both copied into print typography.

The name Gothic script
Some people call blackletter Old English. This is not right, because Old English is a language, not a script, and many centuries older. Also Gothic script has nothing to do with the Goths. They lived in central Europe from the 3rd to 6th century and wrote in runes. Blackletter must not be confused either with the ancient Gothic alphabet or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic.

The term Gothic was first used to describe this script in fifteenth century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance. Scholars thought it was a barbaric script: Gothic was a synonym for barbaric.

Not only were blackletter forms called Gothic script, but any other seemingly barbarian script was also labeled "Gothic". In contrast, the humanists preferred the Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script. They called it littera antiqua, "the ancient letter", believing that it was the script used by the Romans. But actually it was invented in the reign of Charlemagne.

Origins
Carolingian minuscule was the direct and linear ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter came from Carolingian when Europe in the twelfth century needed new books in many different subjects when more and more people learned to read. New universities were founded, each writing books for business, law, grammar, history, and other topics, not only religious books, where earlier scripts were used.

These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Carolingian, though legible, was time-consuming and labour-intensive to produce. It was large and wide and took up a lot of space on a manuscript in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the eleventh century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-twelfth century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.

Sources
Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Middle Ages
Typography
Writing

Blackletter


John Foster (1770–1843) was an English Baptist minister and essayist.

The son of a weaver, born in  Halifax, Yorkshire, and educated for the ministry at the Baptist college in Bristol, Foster served as a minister for a number of years. Becoming a full-time writer, he contributed nearly 200 articles to the Eclectic Review.  His works include  Essays, in a Series of Letters (1804), and Essay on the Evils of Popular Ignorance (1820), in which he urged the necessity of a national system of education.

Life
He was the eldest son of John Foster, a small farmer, weaver and Baptist, living at Wadsworth Lane in the parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, born 17 September 1770. From a young age he assisted his parents in spinning and weaving wool. At age 17 he became a member of the Baptist congregation at Hebden Bridge; and soon after was "set apart" as minister by a special religious service, and went to reside at Brearley Hall with John Fawcett, who was directing the studies of some Baptist students. After three years here he entered the Baptist College, Bristol, in September 1791, remaining there till May 1792, and then entering on the regular work of a preacher.

Foster first took charge of a small Baptist society at Newcastle-on-Tyne for three months in 1792. In the beginning of 1793 he went to Dublin to minister at a meeting-house in Swift's Alley. He lost his congregation, a recurring feature of his life. He went home, but returned to Dublin in 1795 to take charge of the classical and mathematical school of John Walker, which after eight or nine months he gave up as a failure. He was close to some of the extreme Dublin democrats, exposing him to the danger of imprisonment.

In February 1796, Foster returned once more to Wadsworth Lane, and remained there until early in 1797 he became minister of a general Baptist congregation at Chichester. In mid-1799 he moved to the house of an early friend, Joseph Hughes at Battersea, where he spent several months in preaching, and teaching twenty African boys whom Zachary Macaulay was training for mission work. In 1800 he took charge of a small congregation at Downend, near Bristol, and in February 1804 of one at Sheppard's Barton, Frome.

In summer 1806, Foster resigned the charge of the Sheppard's Barton congregation, troubled with a thyroid, and concentrated on writing.  In May 1808 he married and went to live at Bourton in Gloucestershire. About a year after that his throat so far recovered as to allow him to resume occasional preaching, and towards the end of 1817 he again took charge of the congregation at Downend. In 1821 he gave it up and went to live at Stapleton, Gloucestershire. In 1822 he began to lecture fortnightly in Broadmead Chapel, Bristol; at the end of two years poor health forced him to make the lectures monthly, and in 1825, when Robert Halls began his ministry in Bristol, he dropped them.

Foster became involved in a controversy between the Serampore missionaries, Carey, Marshman, and Ward, and the committee of the Baptist Missionary Society, strongly siding with the missionaries. In 1836, his health began to give way, and his lungs became diseased. On 24 September 1843 he took to his room, and on Sunday morning, 15 October, he was found dead in bed. He was buried in the burial-ground attached to the Downend Baptist chapel.

Publications
 Life and Correspondence, edited by Ryland (London, 1846; republished in Bohn's Library, 1852)

Foster's Essays were published in 1805. They originated in conversations with Maria Snooke, whom he had first met at Battersea, and who later became his wife, and were addressed to her. An introductory letter, dated "Near Bristol, 30 Aug. 1804", mentions reasons for writing them. The book contained four essays: "On a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself", "On Decision of Character", "On the Application of the Epithet Romantic", and "On Some of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion has been rendered less acceptable to Persons of Cultivated Taste". In about four months a second edition was called for, and a third was published in 1806.

Foster became a regular contributor to the Eclectic Review, his first article, a review of Sir John Carr's Stranger in Ireland, appearing in November 1806. He continued to write for it till 1839, his last piece being published in July of that year. Altogether he contributed 184 articles, a number of which were republished in his Contributions, Biographical, Literary, and Philosophical, to the "Eclectic Review" (2 vols. London, 1844).

In 1818, while at Downend, Foster published his Discourse on Missions. Two volumes of his Broadmead Chapel lectures were published. In 1820, he published his essay On the Evils of Popular Ignorance, based on a sermon preached on behalf of the British and Foreign School Society in 1818. It speedily went into a second edition, heavily revised. In 1825 he completed an introductory essay to Philip Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion for the series of Select Christian Authors published by William Collins of Glasgow. The period of the missionary controversy brought Introductory Observations to Dr. Marshman's Statement (London, 1828).

Family
Foster married Maria Snooke in 1808. His only son died, after a lingering illness, in 1826. His wife fell into consumption, and after years of declining health died in 1832.

Notes

Attribution

Further reading
 Peter Bayne, 1890, Men Worthy to Lead; Being Lives of John Howard, William Wilberforce, Thomas Chalmers, Thomas Arnold, Samuel Budgett, John Foster, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Ltd, Reprinted: Bibliolife, .

External links

 GoogleMap Location of his birthplace in Hebden Bridge.
His birthplace in Hebden Bridge, near Halifax, West Yorkshire is a listed building.

1770 births
1843 deaths
People from Hebden Bridge
19th-century English essayists
19th-century English Baptist ministers
English male non-fiction writers
British male essayists
Writers from Halifax, West Yorkshire

John Foster (essayist)


The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Michigan. The current Governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party.

Gubernatorial elections and term of office
From the time the state was created until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor took office the next January. Until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was created in 1850 and took effect in 1851. Because of this, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. After this, elections were held on even years.

The constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governor's term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, elections for governor have been two years before U.S. Presidential elections (for example, Presidential elections were in 2000 and 2004, elections for governor were in 1998 and 2002). The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year after the election.

In 1992, a change to the Michigan constitution said that a person could only be governor for two terms. Before this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve. John Engler, the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term took place before the change was made. Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002.

History of the office

Forty-eight people have been governor of the state. Before becoming a state, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigan's first governor, also served as a territorial governor. He was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history.

Jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1, 2003. She served for 8 years, until January 1, 2011.

List of governors

References

Governor of Michigan


Polar climate has temperatures below  for much of the year. According to the Köppen climate classification, a polar climate is one in which no monthly average goes above . If the temperature is between  and  in the warmest month, it is a tundra climate. If the average temperature is below  in the warmest month, it is an ice cap climate. These climates are found near the poles and on high mountains. There is usually little precipitation because the air is so dry. Ice cap climates are in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, Antarctica and at high altitude.

About 20% of the Earth has a polar climate.

References

Köppen climate classifications

Polar climate


The Ministry of Communications was set up in 1924 as a government ministry of the Kingdom of Italy, dealing with postal, telephone, telegraph and electronic communications, journalistic information and commercial advertising. Since the Berlusconi IV Cabinet of 2008 it has been incorporated into the Ministry of Economic Development.

History
The first Ministry of Communications was established on 30 April 1924, replacing the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs from the government of Mussolini. The first minister was Costanzo Ciano, founder of what was to become RAI (Radio-television Italia).

The ministry was divided into two distinct divisions on 12 December 1944, with a Ministry of Transport and a Ministry of Post and Telegraphs (later renamed the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications).

In 1992 Italy underwent a period of telecommunication reform in which the responsibility for running telecommunications passed from direct state control to private control (of state holdings). This resulted in the establishment of Telecom Italia S.p.A. in 1994, after the reorganisation of the ministry for the second time.

The period following resulted in large upheaval of the ministry, beginning in 1997 with the Autonomous Administration of Post and Telegraphs (an autonomous organ of the ministry) being incorporated into the Poste Italiane (the Italian Post Office) as well as simultaneously being made a public entity. In the same year, the ministry was renamed to its original title, Ministry of Communications. Two years later, the ministry was incorporated into the Ministry of Productive Activities. The actual incorporation was to take place in 2001, but was stopped by the government of Silvio Berlusconi.

The ministry reached its present-day configuration after the financial crisis of 2007–2008, when the Prodi Government decided to revert to the Bassanini Reform of 1999. This was finally implemented by Berlusconi, incorporating the Ministry of Communications into the Ministry of Economic Development (present day equivalent of Ministry of Productive Activities).

Organisation
The Ministry of Communications was organized as follows:

General Secretariat

 Directorate General for Human Resources Management
 Directorate General for Electronic Communication Services and Broadcasting
 Directorate General for Planning and Radio-electronic spectrum management
 Directorate General for Resource Management
 Directorate General for the Regulation of the Postal Sector
 Institute of Communications and Information Technology
 Territorial Inspectorates

Internal Organs

 Executive Committee for Broadband
 Council for Communications
 Commission for the Study and card processing postal stamps

See also
 Ministry of Economic Development
 Italian Government

References

Communications
Italy, Communications
1924 establishments in Italy
Ministries disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in Italy

Ministry of Communications (Italy)


Châteauroux is a commune in the Indre department in the center of France.

Aérocentre is in Châteauroux.

Sport
 Châteauroux is the end of the 7th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

Sister cities
Châteauroux is twinned with:
  Gütersloh, Germany since 1977
  Bittou Department, Burkina Faso since November 1985
  Olsztyn, Poland since 23 February 1991

Châteauroux


William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg (; ; 13 March 1560, Dillenburg, Hesse – 13 July 1620, Leeuwarden, Netherlands) was Count of Nassau-Dillenburg from 1606 to 1620, and stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe.

Life
William Louis was the eldest son of John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and his first wife, Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg.

He served as a cavalry officer under William the Silent. Together with his cousin (and brother-in-law) Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, he commanded the Dutch States Army and helped plan the military strategy of the Dutch Republic against Spain from 1588 to 1609.

William Louis played a significant part in the Military Revolution of the 16th–17th centuries. In a letter to his cousin Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange which he composed on 8 December 1594, he set out (from reading Aelianus Tacticus) an argument based on the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica. Aelian was discussing the use of the counter march in the context of the Roman sword gladius and spear pilium. William Louis in a 'crucial leap' realized that the same technique could work for men with firearms.

" I have discovered evolutionibus [a term that would eventually be translated as "drill"] a method of getting the musketeers and others with guns not only to practice firing but to keep on doing so in a very effective battle order (that is to say, they do not fire at will or from behind a  Just as soon as the first rank has fired, then by the drill [they have learned] they will march to the back.  The second rank either marching forward or standing still, will then fire just like the first. After that the third and following ranks will do the same. When the last rank has fired, the first will have reloaded, as the following diagram

On 25 November 1587, he married his cousin, Anna of Nassau, daughter of William the Silent and Anna of Saxony, and older sister of Maurice of Nassau.  Anna died less than six months later on 13 June 1588, and William Louis never remarried.

He was nicknamed "Us Heit" (West Frisian for "our father"). He died in his home, the Stadhouderlijk hof in Leeuwarden, the city which honored him with a statue on the government square. His body was laid to rest in the Grote of Jacobijnerkerk.

Ancestors

References

External links

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1560 births
1620 deaths
People from Dillenburg
Stadtholders of Frisia
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
House of Nassau
Counts of Nassau
17th-century Dutch military personnel
16th-century governors

William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg


The empty string is the unique string of no characters over some alphabet Σ. It is written as ε or λ. The length of this empty string is 0.

In simple words, given some characters of an alphabet, the empty string is the word that can be made if no letters are used. There is of course only one such word.

Under concatenation, the empty string is the identity element of the free monoid on Σ. That is, for any string s, sε = εs = s.

Representations
In many programming languages, the empty string is written with two double quotes: "". The empty string is also sometimes noted by the Greek letter λ.

Implementation
In C, the empty string is represented by a character array with a null character in the zeroeth position. Note that all strings in C are terminated by a null character.

Computer science
Mathematics

Empty string


Psychotherapy describes the way specially skilled people called psychotherapists help people who have problems and unhappiness in their lives or who want to improve the quality of their lives and relationships with others.

Psychotherapy means treatment of the mind. It aims to help the person feel better, be braver, happier and more in control of their lives. The main way they do this is by talking to the person who has the problems in a way that they begin to be able to understand themselves better. Some psychotherapists may work with a group of people such as a family who have problems and are unhappy.

Training
Psychotherapists usually complete their training at the doctoral level through doctor of philosophy programs or medical school, although, some are trained at the master's level. Psychotherapists do not use surgery, or give drugs or electric shocks to the people they help. These methods are used by special medical doctors called psychiatrists, who may also sometimes give psychotherapy.

How it started
Psychotherapy was started in the west in 1886 by Sigmund Freud, the first modern psychotherapist. Freud was a medical doctor who was trained in neurology. He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called the Unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people. He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children. His research of this theory -the idea he had- led him to create "talking therapy" , where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this. Freud thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient. Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes.

This is why modern psychologists have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients and modified their techniques through methods other than psychotherapy. Hans Eysenck has suggested psychotherapy is discredited.

Psychology
Therapy

Psychotherapy


Phoebe Davies (February 7, 1864 – December 4, 1912) was a Welsh-born American stage actress who starred in over 4,000 performances of the Lottie Blair Parker play, Way Down East.

Early life
Phoebe Davies was born in Cardigan, Wales, the daughter of David and Annie (née Griffiths) Davies. Her father, who was originally drawn to California by the Gold Rush of 1849, returned with his family in the early 1870s to work for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Her father later joined the Lighthouse Service where he would rise to captain the lighthouse tender Madroño.

While still in school Davies won an audition with David Belasco, then stage manager of the Baldwin Theatre Stock Company in San Francisco, that led to an offer to play a part in their next production. An illness prevented her from taking the role that only postponed her professional stage début a short while later as a member of the Oakland California Stock Company.

San Francisco
She first appeared in a play by a local California playwright (Cipricio or Ciprico) entitled Adolph Chalet in which her performance as Marie, a minor role, went largely unnoticed in a cast that included Jeffreys Lewis, Osmond Tearle and Gerard Eyre. Later in the season she won praise for her depiction of Nadia in a dramatization of the Jules Verne novel Michael Strogoff.

Around 1882 Davies joined the Baldwin Theatre Stock Company where she was given the opportunity to support the great Italian actor Ernesto Rossi as Regan and the Player Queen in productions of Shakespeare's King Lear and Hamlet and in the role Lady Angela in Charles Francis Coghlan's The Royal Box, his adaption of the Alexandre Dumas play Kean. That same season William Edward Sheridan, a well known actor of the day, cast her as Prince Arthur to his Baldwin in King John, Lady Ann in Richard III and the title role in Romeo and Juliet opposite his Mercutio. During the period she also appeared with the seventy-one-year-old veteran actor Charles R. Thorne as Maritana in an adaption of the Jules Massenet Opéra comique, Don César de Bazan and as Hortense to Jennie Lee's Little Jo in Dickens's Bleak House.

On June 7, 1882 Davies married in San Francisco Joseph R. Grismer, then a lead actor at the Baldwin Theatre. In September, 1883 the two joined a company of actors from the Baldwin in a tour that was timed to correspond with various county fairs throughout California. Under the direction of Sam O. Mott the troupe performed a series of plays including Chispa by the California playwright, Clay M. Greene. Davies portrayal of the title role garnered her an offer by one theatrical producer to make her a star on the New York stage, an opportunity the not yet twenty-year-old actress felt not prepared to accept.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1BpAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209 Browne, Walter, Koch E. De Roy - Grismer, Joseph R. - Who's who on the Stage; pg. 209, 1908] accessed August 24, 2012</ref>
Later that year the couple formed the Grismer-Davies Organization and began playing theaters throughout California and eventually on tours that encompassed the Western States and Provinces of North America.

During this time Davies played Mercedes in Monte Cristo from  the Alexandre Dumas story The Count of Monte Cristo and Pauline in Called Back from the book by Hugh Conway, both plays written for the stage by Grismer.  Other plays performed by the Grismer-Davies Organization would include Editha's Burglar by Frances Hodgson Burnett; The Midnight Bell, a play by Charles Hale Hoyt that would later help launch the career of Maude Adams; the Bartley Campbell play Fairfax; Lights and Shadows by Henry Leslie; the Frank Harvey, Sr. play, The World Against Her;The Athenaeum; April 4, 1903; pg. 444; col. 2 accessed July 4, 2012 The Tigress by Ramsey Morris; The Long Strike by Dion Boucicault;  Lester Wallack's Rosedale; another Boucicault play, The Streets of New York, with Grismer and Davies playing the principal roles, Tom Badger and Alida Bloodgood; Enoch Arden, from the poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson; The Wages of Sin, a morality story by Frank Harvey, Sr.;  and The Calthorpe Case, a melodrama by Arthur Goodrich.

On Sunday, September 12, 1892, their son Conrad Valentine Grismer became the first baby to be baptized in the baptismal font writer Clay M. Greene had donated to St. John's Episcopal Church (15th and Julian Avenue) in San Francisco.

New York
In 1893 Grismer and Davies began what would turn out to be a long tour of the major cities of the Eastern United States as Captain Harry Ford and Georgia Gwynne in his original play The New South, a melodrama written with Clay M. Greene about the American South a generation after the close of the Civil War.The New South in Drama - The New York Times; January 3, 1893 accessed July 4, 2012 The New South was adapted for film in 1916 with Carlyle Blackwell and Ethel Clayton taking the roles of Ford and Gwynne. The couple next appeared together in the Sutton Vane, Sr. play, Humanity, as Lt. Bevis Cranbourne and Alma Dunbar, which opened in New York at the Fourteenth Street Theatre on February 4, 1895.Brown, Thomas Alston - A History of the New York Stage; 1903; pg. 509

Soon afterwards her husband along with actor William A. Brady, a former member of their company in California, purchased the rights to Lottie Blair Parker's Way Down East, a pastoral play about country life in New England. With Grismer's elaborations and Davies in the lead role as Anna Moore opposite Howard Kyle as David Bartlett, Way Down East debuted on September 3, 1897 at Providence Rhode Island and the following month made its New York premier at the Manhattan Theatre. Way Down East, at first received a lukewarm reception, but slowly began to gain momentum as it was performed in cities across the country. Over a run the lasted nearly ten seasons with some 4,000 performances, it was estimated that the play netted around a million dollars, with her husband's share placed in the neighborhood of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Way Down East, which remained popular with the public for many years, was on four occasions between 1908 and 1935 produced as a motion picture.Joseph R. Grismer- Internet Movie Database  accessed July 5, 2012 Davies continued to tour with the Way Down East into 1909 and had planned later in the year to appear opposite Arnold Daly in Algernon Boyesen's adaptation of Paul Hervieu's's four-act play Know Thyself'', before falling seriously ill.

Phoebe Davies died after an extended illness on December 4, 1912, aged 48, at her residence in Larchmont, New York. She was survived by her husband and son.

References

1864 births
1912 deaths
People from Cardigan, Ceredigion
British emigrants to the United States
Actresses from San Francisco
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses

Phoebe Davies