Ninian Winȝet or Winzet ( ; 1518–1592) was a Scottish Catholic priest and polemical writer. For more on the spelling of his name, see yogh.

Life
Winzet was born in Renfrew, Scotland, and was probably educated at the university of Glasgow.  He was ordained priest in 1540, and in 1552 was appointed master of the grammar school of Linlithgow, from which town he was later "expellit and schott out" by the partisans of Dean Patrick Kinlochy, "preacher" there. He had also enjoyed the office of Provost of the Collegiate Church of St Michael in that town. He retired to Edinburgh, where the return of Mary, Queen of Scots, from France had given heart to the Catholics.

There he took part in the pamphlet war which then raged, and entered into conflict with John Knox and other leading reformers. He appears to have acted for a time as confessor to the queen. In July 1562, when engaged in the printing of his Last Blast, he narrowly escaped the vengeance of his opponents, who had by that time gained the upper hand in the capital, and he fled, on 3 September, with the nuncio Gouda to Leuven.

He reached Paris in 1565 and became a member of the "German Nation" of the university. At Queen Mary's request he joined Bishop Leslie on his embassy to Queen Elizabeth I in 1571, and remained with the bishop after his removal by Elizabeth's orders to ward at Fenny Staunton, Huntingdonshire.

When further suspicion fell on Leslie and he was committed to the Tower, Winzet was permitted to return to Paris. There he continued his studies, and in 1574 left for Douai, where in the following year he became a licentiate. He was in residence at Rome from 1575 to 1577, and was then appointed by Pope Gregory XIII abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St James, Regensburg. There he died on 21 September 1592.

Winzet's works are almost entirely controversial. He justified his literary activity on the side of Catholicism on the double plea of conscience and the inability of the bishops and theologians to supply the necessary arguments (hies' Tractate, ed. STS, i. p. so). "We may nawayis langer contene vs," he writes, "hot expresse on al sydis as we think, referring Jur iugement to the haly Catholik Kirk."

In his first work, Certaine Tractates (three in number), printed in 1562, he rates his fellow clergy for negligence and sin, invites replies from Knox regarding his authority as minister and his share in the new ecclesiastical constitution, and protests against the interference with Catholic burgesses by the magistrates of Edinburgh. The Last Blast, which was interrupted in publication, is an onslaught on heretics and a falsely ordained clergy.

In his Bake of Four Scoir Thee Questions (1563), addressed to the "Calviniane Precheouris," in which he treats of church doctrine, sacraments, priesthood, obedience to rulers, free-will and other matters, he is dogmatic rather than polemical. He translated the Commonitorium of Vincentius Lirinensis (1563), and wrote, in Latin, a Flagellum sectarionum and a Velitatio in Georgium Buchananum (1582).

Works
Winzet's vernacular writings have been edited by J. Hewison for the Scottish Text Society (2 vols, 1888, 1890). The Tractates were printed, with a preface by David Laing, by the Maitland Club (1835).

References

Zeigelbauer, Historia rei literariae O.S.B. iii
Mackenzie, Lives, iii, and the Introduction to STS, edit. US.

1518 births
1592 deaths
16th-century Scottish writers
16th-century male writers
People from Renfrew
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Scottish schoolteachers

Ninian Winzet


Ballet d'action is an 18th-century ballet movement. It was started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760.  The movement focused on character and emotional expression through dancers' bodies and faces, instead of elaborate costumes and props. Noverre started the movement because he was unhappy with the attention focused on technical expertise. He expressed his views in his book Lettres sur la danse et les ballets. He stated there that the purpose of ballet is "to represent characters and express their feelings" through movement rather than costume.

Notes

Ballet

Ballet d'action


Nathan DeTracy (born 1978) is an IFBB professional bodybuilder.

Standing 5'5" and averaging in weight at 182 pounds, DeTracy placed 16th as a light heavyweight in the 2006 USA NPC Bodybuilding & Figure Championships. Also in 2006,he placed seventh in the same weight class at the Los Angeles Bodybuilding, Fitness & Figure Championships. In 2007, he was the light heavyweight and overall winner in the Emerald Cup Championships.

For 2008, DeTracy changed his training routine and slimmed down to compete in the middleweight category.  This strategy paid off when he took first place in that division in the 2008 NPC USA Championships.  DeTracy won his pro card at the 2009 NPC Nationals, placing first in the middleweight class.

Outside of competition, DeTracy owns Evolution Fitness in Bellevue, Washington. He has also made guest posing appearances at bodybuilding and fitness expos.

References

External links
MySpace page for Nathan DeTracy
USAMuscle.com profile
Video of Nathan DeTracy at the 2007 Emerald Cup

American bodybuilders
1978 births
Living people

Nathan DeTracy


Ken Schaphorst (born May 24, 1960 in Abington, Pennsylvania) is a composer, performer, and educator.

Career
Before moving to Boston in 2001, Schaphorst served as Director of Jazz Studies at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin for ten years. Schaphorst is also a founding member of the Jazz Composers Alliance, a Boston-based non-profit corporation promoting new music in the jazz idiom since 1985.

Schaphorst studied at Swarthmore College, New England Conservatory of Music, and Boston University, where he received the Doctor of Musical Arts in 1990. His composition teachers have included Thomas Oboe Lee, Gerald Levinson, William Thomas McKinley and Bernard Rands.

Schaphorst was awarded composition fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1988 and 1991, the Wisconsin Arts Board in 1997, Meet the Composer Grants in 1987 and 1997, and was a Music Composition finalist in the Massachusetts Fellowship Program in 1986.

Discography
 Making Lunch (1989)
 After Blue (1991)
 When the Moon Jumps (1994)
 Over the Rainbow (1997)
 Purple (Naxos, 1999)
 Premieres 2000 (Mark Masters, 2001)
 Indigenous Technology (2002)
 How to Say Goodbye (2016)

References

 Kernfeld, Barry (ed.) (2003) "Schaphorst, Kenneth William" The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz (2nd rev.) Oxford University Press, Oxford,

External links
Ken Schaphorst website
Ken Schaphorst page at NEC
Ken Schaphorst bio at allmusic.com
Ken Schaphorst page at allaboutjazz.com

New England Conservatory faculty
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
Living people
Lawrence University faculty
1960 births

Ken Schaphorst


Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in Bangladesh. The first edition of the tournament started on 10 February 2012 with six franchises consisting of players from around the world.

Dhaka Gladiators were the first champions of the BPL. The Bangladesh Premier League was shown on television internationally through ESPN Star Sports who made agreements to broadcast matches every day. The official channel for the BPL was Channel 9.

Cricket leagues
Cricket in Bangladesh
2012 establishments in Asia
21st-century establishments in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Premier League


Syclo, LLC (acquired and currently a part of SAP SE) was a mobile enterprise application platform (MEAP) and software provider based in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois,
offering mobile applications to extend enterprise systems, including packaged software for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Enterprise Asset Management (EAM), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM), to handhelds, smartphones, and mobile computers for technicians and staff performing work away from a central office.

The company's focus in the mobile middleware market is on business environments across industries, including utilities, oil and gas, and life sciences, that utilize field service management processes and typically have significantly valued hard assets to service and protect.

Syclo offers the Agentry mobile platform, an extensible framework based on fourth-generation programming language for developing, deploying, and managing a wireless business application architecture. Agentry also includes mobile device management capabilities embedded into its application platform. Syclo's SMART Mobile Suite of workflow-specific products, a software suite built on the Agentry platform, has been implemented by more than 750 customers in 35 countries and 20 different industries.

On 10 April 2012, SAP announced its plan to acquire 100% of Syclo equity in a deal whose Financial terms were not disclosed. The transaction is expected to be finalized in the second quarter of 2012.

History
After his consulting company, Competitive Advantage Systems, developed a computer-based wireless order system for Sprint Nextel field workers, Richard Padula started Syclo in 1995 in Barrington, Illinois. Syclo's flagship Agentry mobile development platform was introduced a year later, and in 1998 Rush University Medical Center, Chicago's largest healthcare facility, was the first organization to deploy Syclo's SMART Mobile Suite.

Acquisition by SAP
Syclo was acquired by SAP in 2012.

References

External links
 Official website
 Syclo LLC Private Company Information - BusinessWeek
 Swamy, Mini (2010-09-08). "Syclo's Smart Mobile Suite Overcomes Device Diversity." TMC.net.
 Volkel, Frank (2010-05-20). "SAP on iPad: It's All Going Mobile." SAP.info.
 Benedict, Kevin (2010-05-07). "Mobile Expert Interview Series: Syclo's Jeff Kleban." MobileEnterpriseStrategies.blogspot.com.
 Syclo Press Release (2012-04-10)

Product lifecycle management
Enterprise architecture
Mobile technology
Business software
SAP SE acquisitions

Syclo


The Seveso disaster was a chemical accident on 10 July 1976, at the small Italian town of Meda, 20 km from Milan in Lombardy. There was an leak at a chemical factory which released a lot of the toxic poison dioxin, TCDD, into the air. The cloud of poison gas covered an area 6 km long and 1 km wide. It was named after the municipality of Seveso.  It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations  There were many studies and new regulations after the accident. The European Union directive covering the protection against such accidents is known as Seveso-II-directive today.

The company where the accident happened was called Icmesa. It was owned by Givaudan, who is  owned by Roche. Icmesa produced Trichlorophenol, which is used to produce the disinfectant Hexachlorophene. The company was located in four communes; one of them Seveso.

None of the 20,000 people who lived in Seveso died, but the poison killed 3,000 farm animals and pets. Another 70,000 animals had to be killed to stop the dioxin from getting into the food chain.

Long term problems
Thirty years after the accident, scientists reported that babies born in the area affected by the dioxin were six times more likely to have thyroid problems. The affected people, now in their forties, are being studied to see if it stopped them growing properly, or reduced intellectual development (IQ).

References

1976 in Europe
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s in Italy

Disasters in Italy
July 1976 events
Province of Monza and Brianza

Seveso disaster


An Easter egg is an egg, eaten and used for decoration during the Easter holidays. The egg was a symbol of the earth to celebrate spring. The oldest tradition is to use painted chicken eggs, but today chocolate eggs wrapped in coloured foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate is used. It was used by early Christians as a sign of the resurrection (rising from the dead) of Jesus.

Use
The use of painted and decorated Easter eggs was first recorded in the 13th century. The church did not let people eat eggs during Holy Week, but chickens still laid eggs during that week. Because there was nothing else to do with the eggs, they were used for Easter decoration.

In modern times, chocolate eggs with a colorful wrapping are given to children to be eaten. In the United Kingdom, children receive on average 8.8 chocolate Easter eggs every year. It is unclear where this tradition comes from. Most likely, it comes from a pagan fertility ritual during spring. Sometimes on Easter, children go on egg hunts to look for Easter eggs. They can look for them indoors or outdoors.

An easter egg is also the name of something secret added in computer programs, such as a joke, a picture, or a message that can be uncovered.

History
Although there have been claims that Easter eggs came from the pagan symbols, there is no solid evidence for this. At the Passover, a hard-boiled egg dipped in salt water is a symbol of both new life and the Passover sacrifice offered at the Temple in Jerusalem. In Christian times, the egg was a symbol of new life just as a chick might hatch from the egg. The Easter egg tradition may have celebrated the end of the privations of Lent. In the Medieval Europe, people were not allowed to eat eggs on fast days. It was traditional to use up all of the eggs that they had before Lent began, and this also made the tradition of Pancake Day. Eggs were viewed as symbols of new life and fertility through the ages. It is believed that for this reason many ancient cultures, including the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Romans, used eggs during their spring festivals. In Eastern Christianity, both meat and dairy are still not allowed to be eaten during the fast, and eggs are seen as "dairy" too.

It was during Easter that everybody was trying to get rid of the eggs before the fast. Eggs were given as gifts for children and servants, and used for decoration. And this is probably the reason why eggs came to be associated with Easter.

Gallery

References

Easter traditions

Easter egg


Ben 10: Omniverse is a video game based on the American animated action-comedy series of the same name. The game was published by D3 Publisher in November 2012 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, and Wii U.

It is also available for digital download from the Nintendo eShop on the Wii U, the PlayStation Store for PS3 and Xbox Live Arcade for Xbox 360 in North America and Europe on December 11, 2012.

Plot
When a change in Ben's Omnitrix goes wrong, his new partner, Rook, is sent back in time, finding Ben from when he was eleven years old. Young Ben and Rook enter into a fight with the villain Malware who absorbs Rook's Prototool to get new, much stronger, abilities which leads to a terrible alternative future timeline.

Both young Ben and teen Ben need to work together with his new partner Rook to solve the crime, fix the past and present, and defeat the evil intentions of Malware on destroying the world.

Sequel

Omniverse also spawned a second video game, Ben 10: Omniverse 2 which was developed by High Voltage Studios for the Wii U, Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 and by 1st Playable Productions for the Nintendo 3DS. This game takes place during the events of Frogs of War, where Ben must fight the Incursions to get back to Earth and stop Emperor Milleous, Attea, Dr. Psychobos, and the Way Bads.

References

Other websites

2012 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 3 games
Wii games
Wii U games
Xbox 360 games

Ben 10: Omniverse (video game)


The Ford EcoSport is a mini SUV designed bi the Ford-US Truck Vehicle Center (program code BV226) an biggit in Brazil bi Ford. The EcoSport is ane o Ford's best-seller models in Brazil, Argentinae, Venezuela an Mexico. Its main competitors are the Fiat Palio Weekend Adventure, Volkswagen CrossFox.

The EcoSport is hivily based on the Cologne biggit European Fusion - but restyled wi sport features tae avoid the grey awner the European version is sae popular wi.

Versions
The EcoSport haes been available wi five I4 ingines:

 Zetec-Rocam 1.0 L petrol 8v superchairged, 95 PS (70 kW) (discontinued in 2006)
 Zetec-Rocam 1.6 8v petrol/ethanol, 111 PS (82 kW)
 Duratec 2.0 L petrol 16v 145 PS (107 kW)
 Duratorq 1.4 L TDCi Diesel, 68 PS (50 kW) (export anly)  (export anly)

Aw models hae front-wheel drive wi manual transmission as staundart. The 2.0 L model can an aa receive a fower-speed automatic transmission or fower-wheel drive. In the latter case, an electronically-controlled seestem lets the driver engage the rear axle frae the dashboard.

Syne the EcoSport went on sale, the caur haes sauld well, consistently appearin on the 10 best-sellin vehicles on Brazil leet.

In late 2007 a restylin wis introduced, which renewed the front tae bring it closer tae modren Ford pick-ups as well as the recent Brazilian Fiesta restylin, an updatit the rear lichts an interior materials.

Sales (Brazil)
2003 - 27,214 units
2004 - 38,695 units
2005 - 45,449 units
2006 - 44,777 units
2007 - 47,030 units
2008 - 44,179 units
2009 - 43,578 units
TOTAL: 290,922

Ford Ecosport in Mexico (2004-2010)
The Ford Ecosport arrived in late 2003 tae Mexico as a 2004 model.  The reception bi the public wis impressive an continued till 2006.  For the 2007 model year, sales o the sma SUV began slippin an stopt bein a het seller. Compared tae 15,000 units sauld in 2004, anerlie 10,000 units o the 2007 model year wur sauld.  This trend continued tae worsen for the refreshed 2008 model year due in pairt tae a price increase.  Anerlie 6,345 units o the 2008 model year wur sauld, an 2009 model year sales throu Julie 2009 wur a mere 2,135 units.  Due tae decreasing sales, an heightened competeetion frae the Ford Escape, Ford haes annoonced that a shortened 2010 model year will be the last sauld in Mexico.  Soorces inside Ford Mexico hae annoonced that the Ecosport will be phased oot early next year. The Nissan X-trail, Honda CR-V, an Toyota RAV4 are amongst the maist popular SUVs in Mexico presently.

External links

 Official Brazilian Ford EcoSport website
 Official Mexican Ford EcoSport website
 Detalle de presentacion (español)

EcoSport
Mini sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Aw-wheel-drive vehicles
Ford B3 platform

Ford EcoSport


La Schola Cantorum is a private music school in Paris. It was started in 1894 by Charles Bordes, Alexandre Guilmant and Vincent d'Indy. It was to make up for the Paris Conservatoire's emphasis on opera. Its past students are many significant figures in 20th century music.

Music schools

Schola Cantorum


An enemy is a person or group of people who is against another person or group. In war, the enemy is anyone fighting for the other side of the war.

In the Bible, Saint Peter states that: ' your enemy, the Devil, roams around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour' (1 Peter 5:8)

War

Enemy


The Pensacola Ice Pilots were a professional ice hockey team located in Pensacola, Florida. The team was previously affiliated with the Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Islanders (2006–07), and the Chicago Blackhawks.  They have also had a working agreement with the Houston Aeros of the AHL for the 04–05 season.  On June 23, 2008, the ECHL announced that it had terminated the Ice Pilots' membership, effective immediately.

The team's colors (navy blue and gold) and nickname were a tribute to the long history of Naval aviation in Pensacola (Naval Air Station Pensacola is home to the legendary Blue Angels and the National Museum of Naval Aviation).

The home of the Pensacola Ice Pilots was the Pensacola Civic Center, which was referred to as "The Hangar", and has a capacity of 8,150.

The Ice Pilots were formerly the Nashville Knights but moved to Pensacola following the 1995–96 season.

Notable achievements and players

Team
 The 1997–98 Ice Pilots finished the season with a record of 36-24-10 and won the ECHL Southern Conference championship. The Ice Pilots advanced to their only Kelly Cup appearance against the Hampton Roads Admirals. The Ice Pilots took a 2–1 lead in the best-of-seven Kelly Cup Final.  But a scheduling conflict at the Norfolk Scope, the Admirals' home arena, forced a delay of nine days between Games 3 and 4. The Ice Pilots elected to stay in Virginia, rather than return to Pensacola for the week.  The Admirals won Games 4 and 5 at home, then clinched the series in Game 6, in Pensacola.
 The 2004–2005 Pensacola Ice Pilots won the Brabham Cup for the most points overall in the league during the regular season.

Players
 Glen Metropolit played 54 games for Pensacola in 1996-97 and scored 82 points. He would later join the Washington Capitals (1999-2001; 2001–03), Tampa Bay Lightning (2001), Atlanta Thrashers (2006–07), St. Louis Blues (2007), Boston Bruins (2007–08), Philadelphia Flyers (2008–09), and Montreal Canadiens (2009-10). Metropolit's NHL career spanned eight seasons and 407 games.
 Raitis Ivanans played 59 games for Pensacola in 1999–2000, scoring ten points and accumulating 146 penalty minutes. He would later join the Montreal Canadiens, Los Angeles Kings, and Calgary Flames as an enforcer, playing 282 games in the NHL from 2005 to 2012.
 Kevin Colley played 23 games with Pensacola during the 2000–01 season.  He also played 16 games for the New York Islanders during the 2005–06 NHL season until a career ending neck injury forced Colley into retirement at the age of 27. In his lone season with the Islanders, Colley won the Bob Nystrom Award, an award given to the Islander "who best exemplifies leadership, hustle and dedication" as voted on by the fans. Colley was named assistant coach of the Utah Grizzlies for the 2007–08 season and later held the position of head coach with the team from 2008 to 2013.
 Ryan Craig played five games with the Ice Pilots during the 2003–04 season before going on to play for the Tampa Bay Lightning, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Columbus Blue Jackets. Craig retired as a player after the 2016-17 AHL season and later joined the Vegas Golden Knights as an assistant coach during their inaugural 2017-18 NHL season.
 Evgeny Artyukhin played six games for the Ice Pilots in 03–04 before playing 72 games for the Tampa Bay Lightning in 05–06, where he scored 17 points in 72 games. Artyukhin would later return the Lightning for the 2008-09 NHL season. He also split time between the Anaheim Ducks and Atlanta Thrashers for the 2009-10 NHL season.
 John Tripp played in 85 games for the Ice Pilots between 2000 and 2002. He appeared in 43 NHL games from 2002 to 2004; 9 games with the New York Rangers during the 2002-03 NHL season, and 34 games with the Los Angeles Kings during the 2003-04 NHL season. Tripp played the next ten seasons in the DEL from 2005 to 2015 and represented Team Germany in the 2010 Olympic Games.
 Evgeny Konstantinov had two separate stints with the Ice Pilots. He played 24 games with the team during the 2001-02 ECHL season and later rejoined the team in 2003-04 and played another 12 games. Konstantinov also had two very brief appearances in the NHL. On December 8, 2000, Konstantinov was played into a game vs the Colorado Avalanche for 24 seconds but did not record any saves. Konstantinov made his second appearance with the Lightning on November 21, 2002, a 6–1 loss to the New York Islanders. Konstantinov allowed a goal on six shots in 20 minutes of play.
 Brian Eklund played 81 games with the Ice Pilots from 2002 to 2004 and set league records during the 2003-04 ECHL season for minutes played (3,724), saves (2,194), saves in a single game (83, in a 2-1 double OT loss) and tied the league record for wins (38). Eklund played his only NHL game on November 5, 2005; a 3–2 loss versus the Montreal Canadiens. Eklund was also the #3 goalie with the 2003-04 Tampa Bay Lightning and received a Stanley Cup ring.
 Mike Brodeur played 26 games with the Ice Pilots during their final season (2007–08). He later appeared in seven NHL games with the Ottawa Senators from 2010 to 2012, going 3-1-0 with a shutout. Brodeur won his NHL debut on December 19, 2009, when the Ottawa Senators beat the Minnesota Wild 4–1.
 Patrick Bordeleau played 38 games with Pensacola during their final season. He later appeared in 129 games with the Colorado Avalanche from 2012 to 2015.

Staff
 John Marks broke the ECHL record for most career coaching wins during the 2007–08 season and completed his ECHL coaching career with 491 ECHL victories.

Playoffs

Nashville Knights
1989–90: Lost to Winston-Salem 4–1 in first round.
1990–91: Did not qualify.
1991–92: Did not qualify.
1992–93: Defeated Dayton 3–0 in quarterfinals; lost to Toledo 4–2 in semifinals.
1993–94: Lost to Wheeling 2–0 in first round.
1994–95: Defeated Toledo 3–1 in first round; defeated South Carolina 3–1 in quarterfinals; lost to Greensboro 3–2 in semifinals.
1995–96: Lost to Knoxville 3–2 in first round.

Pensacola Ice Pilots
1996–97: Defeated Tallahassee 3–0 in first round; defeated Richmond 3–1 in quarterfinals; lost to South Carolina 3–2 in semifinals.
1997–98: Defeated New Orleans 3–1 in first round; defeated Charlotte 3–0 in quarterfinals; defeated Louisiana 4–2 in semifinals; lost to Hampton Roads 4–2 in finals.
1998–99: Did not qualify.
1999–00: Lost to Mississippi 2–1 in first round.
2000–01: Did not qualify.
2001–02: Lost to Mississippi 3–0 in first round.
2002–03: Lost to Jackson 1–0 in qualifying round.
2003–04: Lost to Louisiana 3–2 in first round.
2004–05: Lost to Greenville 3–1 in first round.
2005–06: Did not qualify.
2006–07: Did not qualify.
2007–08: Did not qualify.

Future

Transfer to a new league
After the 2007–08 season, when the Ice Pilots had finished dead last for three consecutive years, team owner Mario Forgione announced he had no intention of fielding a team in Pensacola for the ECHL during the 2008–2009 season. Forgione announced plans to keep a team in Pensacola, but one in an unnamed, lower-level league.  The ECHL then stated that it would revoke the franchise if need be, and the ECHL made it official on Monday, June 23, 2008. On April 4, 2009, the SPHL announced discussions between potential investors, key government officials, local fans and business leaders in Pensacola, Florida relative to the award of a franchise for the 2009-10 SPHL season.  However, the press release stopped short of explicitly stating that this expansion team would not be the Ice Pilots franchise owned by Mario Forgione. Instead the league formed a new team, the Pensacola Ice Flyers, owned by former NHL player Tim Kerr.

Hockey returns to Nashville in 1998
Once the Nashville Knights had moved to their new location in 1996, Nashville was left with no ice hockey team to follow. However, this was changed in 1998 when the Knights' successors, the National Hockey League's Nashville Predators were founded in the 1998 NHL expansion. The Predators have stayed in Nashville since their inaugural season in 1998, spending 24 seasons in the city and league with their 25th season currently in progress. Despite being their successors, the Predators do not actually have any kind of affiliation or tribute to the Knights.

The Predators have yet to win a Stanley Cup title. They did, however, make an appearance in the 2017 Stanley Cup Finals, but ultimately lost to their opponent, the Pittsburgh Penguins in the span of six games. Despite having almost always first round exits since then, the Predators have had great consistency with making the playoffs, clinching eight times in a row as of the 2022-23 season. Out of their 24 seasons, 15 of them ended with playoff appearances.

Former Ice Pilots who have gone on to represent their country internationally

 Evgeny Artyukhin () - Artyukhin represented Russia on the U17, U18, and U20 teams but has only played sparingly for the Russian National Team due to his size and style of play not fitting the typical European style of hockey.
 Gregor Baumgartner () - Baumgartner returned to his native Austria and went on to be a star in the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga as well as make appearances for the Austrian National Team in World Championships and various tournaments.
 Greg Chambers (/) - Canadian-born Chambers first played in the United Kingdom during the 2005–2006 season after spending 2004–2005 in Italy.  He has played there ever since and acquired British citizenship and is now a member of the British National Team.
 John Hecimovic (/) - Hecimovic is Canadian by birth but his family still very much identified with their Croatian heritage. Hecimovic spent the 09-10 and 10–11 seasons with KHL Medveščak and was eligible to compete for the Croatian National Team at the 2012 IIHF World Championship Division II Group A tournament but a shoulder injury forced him to sit out. Hecimovic finally got his chance to skate for Croatia at the Olympic Preliminary Qualification tournament for the 2014 Sochi Games held in September 2012 in Zagreb.
 Roger Holeczy (/) - American-born to Hungarian parents, Holczy played most of his career in America before heading to his parents' native Hungary where he went on to play for the Hungarian National Team.
 Andreas Holmqvist () - Holmqvist has represented Sweden both before and after his time in Pensacola. He played on the Swedish U20 team in the World Junior Championship as well as playing for the Swedish National Team in many tournaments and exhibition games.
 Raitis Ivanans () - Ivanans represented Latvia in the Junior ranks before coming to the Ice Pilots. In 2008 (after his second full NHL season), he played for the Latvian National Team in the 2008 IIHF Elite Division World Championship despite being known widely as an enforcer.
 Aleksander Materukhin (/) - Materukhin played for the Ice Pilots in 2004-2005 and has played in the 2005 and 2006 Elite Division World Championships as well as the 2008 Division 1 World Championship for the Ukrainian National Team. In 2018, the IIHF approved a one-time nationality change for Materukhin after he requested to represent Belarus. He will make his IIHF debut for the Belarusian National Team at the 2018 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
 Glen Metropolit () - Metropolit played for the Ice Pilots in 1996-1997 before making it to the NHL 3 seasons later. Despite playing mostly a journeyman's career, Metropolit represented his home nation in the 2006 IIHF World Championship playing for the Canadian National Team.
 Corey Neilson (/) - Neilson is Canadian born and even represented Canada for two games in a non-IIHF event during the 1999–2000 season. He moved to the United Kingdom prior to the 2006–2007 season and has lived there ever since. He waited some time to get his British Citizenship but has done so and is now a member of the British National Team and will compete with them for the first time in the 2011 IIHF World Championship Division I Group B in Kiev, Ukraine.
 John Tripp (/) - Canadian-born Tripp started his professional career in North America before signing with Adler Mannheim of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.  He acquired German citizenship and represented the German National Team in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Coaches

 Allen Pedersen (1996–2000)
 Wayne Cashman (2000–2001)
 Todd Gordon (2001–2004)
 Dave Farrish (2004–2005)
 Rick Adduono (2005–2006)
 George Dupont (2006; over two seasons)
 Joe Clark (2006–2007)
 Dwayne Hay and Greg Schuh (2006) ^
 John Marks (2007–2008)

^ - They coached four games while Clark was away tending to his ailing mother.

See also
 Pensacola Ice Flyers

References

External links
 Pensacola Ice Pilots Booster Club
  Pilot Pride: An Unofficial Fan Site

Defunct ECHL teams
Sports in Pensacola, Florida
Ice hockey teams in Florida
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1989
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2008
Tampa Bay Lightning minor league affiliates
1989 establishments in Florida
2008 disestablishments in Florida

Pensacola Ice Pilots


The Bluff is the highest part of the Cayman Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. It stands at the eastern end of the island of Cayman Brac and has a maximum elevation of .

Description
The Bluff is a low plateau of karstic limestone, gently rising towards the eastern end of the island. Much of it supports a diverse dry forest dominated by Cedrela odorata, Sideroxylon salicifolium, Exothea paniculata, Chionanthus caymanensis and Bursera simaruba. The forest has a long history of logging and is a mosaic of old growth and second growth trees. Some 473 ha has been identified by BirdLife International as the Bluff Forest Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant populations of white-crowned pigeons, Cuban amazons, Caribbean elaenias, thick-billed vireos and vitelline warblers. The IBA encompasses the 82 ha National Trust's Brac Parrot Reserve which protects mature and standing dead trees as nesting habitat for the Cuban amazon parrots.

References

External links
  The Bluff - Cayman Islands, Geonames.com.

Cayman Brac
Landforms of the Cayman Islands
Important Bird Areas of the Cayman Islands

The Bluff (Cayman Islands)


Bilinga (also called Aloma in Germany and Opepe in England) is an African wood, from Nauclea diderrichii trees in the family Rubiaceae.

The wood, which grows across tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to Uganda, has about the same density as true hickory, but is not quite as strong.
The wood is extremely heavy.
Log diameter is from .
The heartwood is golden yellow to orange yellow, and slightly shimmering.
The sapwood has an interlocking grain.

In temperate climates, the wood is very durable against fungi, and durable against dry wood borers and termites.
It is suitable for use in a marine environment.
Bilinga may be used for railway sleepers, poles, hydraulic works, bridges and ship planking and flooring. It may also be used for heavy industrial flooring. The wood may also be used for veneer and cabinet work.

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

External links
Periodoakbeams.co.uk

Wood

Bilinga (wood)


Fisher's Exact Test nyaéta tes statistical significance dipaké dina analisa categorical data dina waktu ukuran sample leutik.  Istilah ieu dimimitian ku R. A. Fisher, tur mangrupa salah sahiji tina kelas tes pasti. Fisher ngarancang ieu tes dumasar kana pamanggihna Muriel Bristol, nu nyebutkeun yén mampu nangtukeun mana nu diasupekun ti heula kana gelasna naha téh atawa susu.

Tes dipaké keur nangtukeun siginifikan nu pakait antara dua variabel dina  a 2 x 2 contingency table. Nilai-p tina tes bisa diitung lamun wates tabel 2 x 2 geus dipastikeun, upamana dina conto tes rasa teh, Bristol nyaho jumlah gelas dina unggal percobaan (teh atawa susu nu mimiti diasupkeun) tur mampuh keur nebak kalayan bener jumlahna dina unggal katagori. Saperti nu dijelakeun ku Fisher, hal ieu aya dina null hipotesa bébas nu dipaké dina distribusi hipergeometri keur itungan nu geus ditangtukeun dina tabel.

Dina kaayaan sampel badag bisa digunakeun tes chi-kuadrat.  However, this test is not suitable when the "expected values" in any of the cells of the table is below 10 and there is only one tingkat kabebasan: the sampling distribution of the test statistic that is calculated is only approximately equal to the théoretical chi-squared distribution, and the approximation is inadequate in these conditions (which arise when sample sizes are small, or the data are very unequally distributed among the cells of the table).  The Fisher test is, as its name states, exact, and it can therefore be used regardless of the sample characteristics.  It becomes difficult to calculate with large samples or well-balanced tables, but fortunately these are exactly the conditions where the chi-square test is available.

The need for the Fisher test arises when we have data that are divided into two categories in two separate ways.  For example, a sample of teenagers might be divided into male and female on the one hand, and those that are and are not currently dieting on the other.  We hypothesise, perhaps, that the proportion of dieting individuals is higher among the women than among the men, and we want to test whether any difference of proportions that we observe is significant.  The data might look like this:

These data would not be suitable for analysis by a chi-squared test, because the expected values in the table are all below 10, and in a 2 x 2 contingency table, the number of degrees of freedom is always 1.

To proceed with the Fisher test, w have to introduce some notation.  We represent the cells by the letters a, b, c and d, call the totals across rows and columns marginal totals, and represent the grand total by n.  So the table now looks like this:

Fisher showed that the probability of obtaining any such set of values could be calculated from the multinomial distribution, and that it equalled:

where the symbol ! indicates the factorial, i.e. 1 multiplied by 2 multiplied by 3 etc, up to the number whose factorial is required.

This formula gives the exact probability of observing this particular arrangement of the data on the null hypothesis that the proportions of dieters and non-dieters among men and women are equal in the population from which our sample was drawn.  However, this is not the required significance of the difference of proportions in the table.  As usual in significance testing, we also have to consider possible results that are more extreme than the one we observed.  Fisher showed that we only have to consider cases where the marginal totals are the same as in the observed table.  In the example, there is only one such; it would look like this:

In order to calculate the significance of the observed data, i.e. the total probability of observing data as extreme or more extreme if the null hypothesis is true, we have to calculate the p values for both these tables, and add them together.  This gives a one-tailed test; for a two-tailed test we must also consider tables that are equally extreme but in the opposite direction.  Unlike most statistical tests, it is not always the case that the two-tailed significance level is exactly twice the one-tailed significance level.  In the example above, the one-tailed significance level is 0.0014; calculation of the two-tailed significance level is left as an exercise for the réader.

Calculating significance values for the Fisher exact test is slow and requires care even with the aid of a computer, because the factorial terms quickly become very large, and with larger samples, the number of possible tables more extreme than that observed quickly becomes substantial.  Even for small samples (which fortunately is where the test is usually needed), the calculations are tedious, but published tables are available; they are bulky, because the grand total and two of the four cell sizes have to be specified.  Given these data, the table then gives the criterial value of the third cell size for specified significance levels.  The observed table may have to be re-arranged (for example by réarranging the rows or the columns) to maké it compatible with the way the significance levels are tabulated.  Most modérn statistical packages will calculate the significance of Fisher tests, in some cases even where the chi-squared approximation would also be acceptable.

Statistika

Fisher's exact test


Fallout is the left over radiation hazard from a nuclear explosion. The name is because radioactive material "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion. These materials continue to undergo radioactive decay for minutes, days or centuries. "Fallout" commonly refers to the radioactive dust created when a nuclear weapon explodes. All nuclear explosions make fission products, which are the broken, radioactive atoms from a fission reaction. Neutrons from the explosion also make some nearby materials radioactive.

There was also radioactive fallout after a part of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl exploded. The fallout caused serious contamination over an area including Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Scandinavia and some parts of Europe. All people living in an area of 30 kilometres radius around the power plant were forced to move because of the fallout with villages and towns being abandoned.

References

Nuclear weapons
Nuclear energy

Nuclear fallout


Gil Weinberg (born 1967) is an Israeli-born American musician and inventor of experimental musical instruments and musical robots. Weinberg is a professor of musical technology at Georgia Tech and founding director of the Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology.

Biography
Gil Weinberg was born in Jerusalem and began to study the piano at the age of seven. His teachers were disciplinarians who insisted on proper posture and hand position, emphasizing technique and theory at the expense of creativity. When he began composing his own music, they claimed he had no right to do so before mastering the fundamentals. His rebellion against this approach led to much of what he does today. "I'm trying to get children to be creative and expressive long before they have technique and theory," Weinberg says. "They can express themselves by pushing, pulling and other motions. Music is something you can invent and improvise with. I'm sure that this is a much better way into this world than focusing on technique and theory in the beginning."

Weinberg did his undergraduate studies in an interdisciplinary program at Tel Aviv University with a focus on musicology. He received a master's degree and PhD from MIT Media Lab.

Robotics
Weinberg has developed a number of novel musical instruments for novices, such as the Beatbugs, and the Squeezables  before conceiving the field of Robotic Musicianship. In 2005, he created the world first improvising robot, Haile, which can listen to human musicians, improvise and play along using a variety of musical algorithms. His next inventions were Shimon an improvising robotic marimba player that can improvise like jazz masters,  and Travis (also known as Shimi), a  smart-phone enabled robotic musical companion that is designed to enhance listeners musical experiences. Shimi is currently being commercialized by Tovbot Inc.

Startups
In 1991, Weinberg and his partner Yigal Barkat founded a company called Sense Multimedia, which produced a CD-Rom edition of the Carta atlas, established The Third Ear website and developed one of the first karaoke software programs.

In 1994, Weinberg began working for Music Notes, where he established the multimedia division and developed products based on optic technology for reading music.

In 2007, Weinberg founded ZOOZ Mobile, a musical software company, maker of the iPhone music app ZOOZbeat. He currently serves as the CTO and chairman of the company, which produces a set of musical applications for cell phones that allow music to be created in an expressive and intuitive manner.

Music
Since 2000 Weinberg has been composing for and performing with his musical instruments and robots. A partial list of his compositions include:

 2012: The Shimi Band, (with Mason Bretan) for three robotic musical companions, premiered in Google IO, San Francisco, CA
 2012: N-400, for a robotic marimba player and orchestra, premiered at the Ferst Center, Atlanta, GA
 2011: Bafana, for a robotic marimba player and human marimba player, premiered at the Woodruff Arts Center, Atlanta, GA
 2009: Shimon and ZOOZbeat, for a robotic marimba player and an iPhone application, premiered at SIGGRAPH Asia, Yokohama, Japan
 2008: Playing With the Masters, (with Ryan Nikolaidis) for a robotic marimba player and human pianist, premiered at Digital Life Design conference, Munich, Germany
 2007: Svobod, for perceptual robotic xylophone player, saxophone, and piano, premiered at International Computer Music Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark
 2006: Jamaa, for perceptual robotic drum player and darbuka drums, premiered at Hamaabada, Jerusalem, Israel
 2005: PowWow, for perceptual robotic drum player and pow-wow drum, premiered at International Computer Music Conference, Barcelona Spain
 2004: iltur, three compositions for Beatbugs, drums, bass, brass, and piano, premiered at International Computer Music Conference, Miami, Florida
 2002: Nerve, for 8 interconnected Beatbugs, premiered at Freies Berlin Concert Hall, Berlin, Germany
 2001:  BrainWaves Sonification, interactive electro acoustic composition, premiered at Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria
 2000: Squeezables, an electronic composition for a squeezable instrument, premiered at Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria

Academic career

Weinberg is the founding Director of Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology, where he established the M.S and PhD programs in Music Technology.  He holds an associate professorship position in the School of Music and an adjunct professorship position in the School of Interactive Computing. Dr. Weinberg research aims at expanding musical expression, creativity, and learning through meaningful applications of technology. His research interests include robotic musicianship, New Interfaces for Musical Expression, mobile music, and sonification. During his tenure at Georgia Tech, he has published over 50 peer-reviewed papers, 2 utility patents, and 7 patent applications.  Weinberg's music has been featured in festivals and concerts such as Ars Electronica and SIGGRAPH, and with orchestras such as German Symphony Orchestra, Berlin, the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra, and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. His interactive musical installations have been presented in museums such as the Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Boston Children's Museum. With his improvising robotic musicians, Haile and Shimon, he has traveled worldwide, featuring dozens of concerts and presentations in festivals and conferences such as SIGGRAPH, DLD, and the World Economic Forum in Davos.

References

External links
CNN, 2006
CNN, 2009
NPR
Play it again, Shimon
Chronicle of Higher Education
Wired, 2008
Wired, 2009
New Scientist

1967 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli male musicians
21st-century Israeli inventors
Israeli academics
Georgia Tech faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Israeli roboticists
Jewish Israeli musicians
Tel Aviv University alumni

Gil Weinberg


Forrest Gump is a 1986 novel by Winston Groom. The novel tells the story of Forrest Gump, a man with an IQ of 75, and his epic journey through life, meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture and experiencing first-hand historic events while largely unaware of their significance, due to his lower than average intelligence. The movie adaptation differs substantially from the book on which it was based.

Film adaptation

Forrest Gump was made into a movie starring Tom Hanks. The movie, however, covers a slightly different version of the later chapters, which deal with Gump's shrimp business and his meeting of his son Forrest, Jr. Also, Gump marries Jenny in the movie. Gump and Forrest Jr. do not have the loving relationship that the end of the movie features - in the movie, they actively tell each other that they love one another in their last conversation.

In addition, the movie invented one of its most famous scenes, in which Forrest chooses to run across America repeatedly over a three year period, before his meeting of Forrest, Jr.

1986 books
20th-century American novels
Historical novels

Forrest Gump (novel)


Sugarcane (or sugar cane) is a Genus of  plants. There are between 6 and 37 types of sugarcane.Sugarcane grows in warm and tropical climates. It first grew in Asia, but after the year 700 people started planting it in Africa and southern Europe. Later it spread to the Americas and Australia. Today the biggest producer is Brazil in South America. India in Asia is second biggest producer after Brazil.

Sugarcane stalks grow to between 2 and 6 meters tall. These stalks contain sugar, which is used to sweeten food and drinks. After the sugar has been taken out the remains of the stalks can be burned to generate heat and electricity. It can also be made into paper, cardboard and cutlery. This crop requires high temperature and high rainfall. In areas of low rainfall this crop is cultivated with the help of irrigation. Black soil or alluvial soil is the best for this crop. Sugarcane requires a large amount of water. That is why holding deep soil is required. As this crop absorbs nutrient matter from the soil, compost manure and chemical fertilizers are used. It wants 75-100cm rainfall.

Sugarcane juice can be made by pressing the stalks in a machine.  It is often sold in the streets in some countries.  It can contain disease.

References

Poaceae

Sugarcane


1367 was a common year.

Events
 Pedro of Castile becomes King of Castile (now in Spain) again after defeating his half-brother, Henry II, at the Battle of Nájera (Navarette). Pedro was helped in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.
 Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
 Charles V creates the first royal library in France.
 Otto I becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.
 A stone wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by Lithuania.
 The University of Pécs is founded in Hungary.

Births
 January 6 – King Richard II of England (died 1400)
 April 3 – King Henry IV of England (died 1413)
 Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (d. 1446)
 Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (died 1415)

Deaths
 January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (born 1320)
 December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (born 1330)
 Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
 Sohier of Enghien, titular Duke of Athens
 Duke Ernst I of Göttingen

1367


Karin Branzell (24 September 189115 December 1974) was a Swedish operatic contralto (sometimes described as a mezzo-soprano), who had a prominent career at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, and in Europe.  Her very wide range enabled her to sing both contralto roles and the occasional soprano role. She was particularly noted for her singing of the music of Richard Wagner, in roles such as Ortrud (Lohengrin), Venus (Tannhäuser), Erda (Das Rheingold and Siegfried), Brangäne (Tristan und Isolde), and Brunnhilde (Die Walküre).  She was considered on a par with Margarete Klose and Kerstin Thorborg as a Wagnerian contralto. Amneris (Aida), Dalila (Samson et Dalila), Herodias (Salome), and Clytemnestra (Elektra) were among her other renowned roles.

Biography
Karin Maria Branzell was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 24 September 1891.  She initially trained as an organist, and was engaged as assistant organist at the Hjorthagen Church in Stockholm from 1910 to 1913.  She studied singing with Tekla Hofer and acting with Elisabeth Hjortberg in her native city.  Her debut was at the Royal Theatre in Stockholm as Prince Sarvilaka in Eugen d'Albert's Izeyl, in the 1912–13 season.  That year she also sang Nancy in Martha and Amneris in Aida.   Her other teachers were Anna Eugénie Schön-René (a pupil of Pauline Viardot), Louis Bachner in Berlin, and Enrico Rosati in New York.  She sang at the Royal Theatre 1913–18, and at the Berlin State Opera from 1920 to 1934, where she created the role of the Nurse in the Berlin première of Die Frau ohne Schatten under the composer, Richard Strauss, and was also heard as Azucena (Il trovatore), Laura (La Gioconda), Fides (Le prophète), Dalila (Samson et Dalila) and Carmen.  She also appeared at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden in 1935, 1937 and 1938.  She sang there alongside Charles Kullman, Alexander Kipnis and Elisabeth Rethberg, as Konchakovna in a German-language version of Alexander Borodin's Prince Igor, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham.

She first appeared at the Metropolitan Opera on 6 February 1924, singing Fricka in Die Walküre, and sang there every season until 1944.  She returned for a farewell season in 1951, singing Erda in Rudolf Bing's first Ring cycle  She sang a total of 412 performances of 21 roles with the Met. During one performance of Die Walküre (27 January 1925), Julia Claussen, the Brünnhilde (also a Contralto/Mezzo-Soprano), was unable to sing Act III, having come to "contralto grief" (i.e. strained her voice) on the high notes of the battle cry at the beginning of Act II. Branzell, who was singing Fricka in the performance (the character appears only in Act II), returned to the stage as Brünnhilde and finished the opera. Three of her students – Nell Rankin, Jean Madeira and Mignon Dunn – distinguished themselves at the Met.

Her other appearances included the Munich State Opera, the Colon Theatre, Buenos Aires, the Bayreuth Festival (1930–31), Florence, and San Francisco (1941).

In 1934–35, she sang the contralto role in the Philadelphia Orchestra's first performance of Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder, under Leopold Stokowski.

In 1936 she was appointed a singer to the Swedish Court (Hovsångerska), and was elected a member of the Swedish Academy of Music in 1937. On 17 February 1949, she and Ellen Faull sang in the first Chicago performance of Mahler's Symphony No. 2 Resurrection, under Fritz Busch.

Karin Branzell sang the contralto/mezzo parts in all of Wagner's operas, some of Verdi's, as well as Herodias and Clytemnestra in Richard Strauss's Salome and Elektra, the Kostelniczka in Leoš Janáček's Jenůfa and Wilhelm Peterson-Berger's Arnljot, and many other roles.  She often sang with Lauritz Melchior, who became her lifelong friend and who considered her an unmatched Brangäne in Tristan and Isolde and an unforgettable Fricka and Ortrud.  She sang Venus to Melchior's Tannhäuser at his Metropolitan Opera debut, and Brangäne with Melchior and Kirsten Flagstad in 1938.  Unlike Melchior, she defended Flagstad when she was accused of not speaking out about the Nazi occupation of Norway.

After retirement from the opera stage, Karin Branzell taught at the Juilliard School in New York, and gave a number of lieder recitals.

She died in Altadena, California, on 15 December 1974, aged 81. Her death was due to an embolism while recovering from a pelvic fracture.

Recordings
Karin Branzell made a number of recordings of opera, operetta and lieder, and she appears on The Record of Singing.  As part of her performances at the Metropolitan Opera, she was captured by those who recorded the broadcasts.  She appears in a complete Das Rheingold with Friedrich Schorr under Artur Bodanzky in 1937.  That same year she appeared in Lohengrin with René Maison and Kirsten Flagstad with the Met Orchestra under Maurice Abravanel. In 1939 she appeared Magdalena in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg with Schorr and Charles Kullman, with the Met Orchestra under Erich Leinsdorf (9 days after Bodanzky's death).  She also recorded a program of lieder with the baritone Mack Harrell, father of the cellist Lynn Harrell.

References

Sources

 Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed, 1954

Further reading

1891 births
1974 deaths
Singers from Stockholm
20th-century Swedish women opera singers
Operatic contraltos
Swedish operatic mezzo-sopranos

Karin Branzell


The Hon. Emily Lawless (17 June 184519 October 1913) was an Irish novelist, historian, entomologist, gardener, and poet from County Kildare. Her innovative approach to narrative and the psychological richness of her fiction have been identified as examples of early modernism.

Biography
She was born at Lyons House below Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare. She spent part of her childhood with the Kirwans of Castle Hackett, County Galway, her mother's family, and drew on West of Ireland themes for many of her works. Her grandfather was Valentine Lawless, a member of the United Irishmen and son of a convert from Catholicism to the Church of Ireland. Her father was Edward Lawless, 3rd Baron Cloncurry (d. 1896), thus giving her the title of "The Honourable". The death of her father when she was a girl plunged the family into financial difficulties which, compounded by her lack of access to family assets as a woman, meant that she relied on income from her books.

Emily had five brothers and three sisters. Her brother Edward Lawless, who inherited the family home, was a landowner with strong Unionist opinions, a policy of not employing Roman Catholics in any position in his household, and chairman of the Property Defence Association set up in 1880 to oppose the Land League and "uphold the rights of property against organised combination to defraud". Emily Lawless was not in good terms with her brother Edward. The prominent Anglo-Irish unionist and later nationalist, Home Rule politician Horace Plunkett was a cousin. Lord Castletown, Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown was also a cousin.

According to Betty Webb Brewer, writing in 1983 for the journal of the Irish American Cultural Institute, Éire/Ireland: "An unflagging unionist, she recognised the rich literary potential in the native tradition and wrote novels with peasant heroes and heroines, Lawless depicted with equal sympathy the Anglo-Irish landholders." This is the prevalent view of Lawless, yet she unequivocally referred to her Irish "patriotism", and her unshakeable love of Ireland, and several of her short stories denounce the inequalities brought about by colonialism and landlordism in Ireland. W.B.Yeats wrote scathingly about Lawless's supposed stereotyping of Irish peasants, and his views later contributed to the neglect of her work. Similarly, her initial opposition to female suffrage has been often read as an anti-feminist position (rather than a 'feminism of difference'), yet much of her work makes a strong case for female autonomy, in financial and creative terms, and Lawless was a noted and popular writer in the 'New Woman' movement which swept English fiction and journalism in the late nineteenth century. It has been speculated that she may have been lesbian and that Lady Sarah Spencer, dedicatee of A Garden Diary (1901) was her life-partner. She died at Gomshall, Surrey.

She occasionally wrote under the pen name "Edith Lytton".

Some archival material pertaining to Emily Lawless is held in Marsh's Library, Dublin.

Writings
Lawless wrote nineteen works of fiction, biography, history, nature studies and poetry, many of which were widely read at the time. She is increasingly considered a major fiction writer of the late nineteenth century, and an early modernist innovator. She is often remembered for her Wild Geese poems (1902). Her books were:

 A Chelsea Householder (1882)
 A Millionaire's cousin (1885)
 Ireland (1885)
 Hurrish (1886)
 Major Lawrence FLS (1887)
 With Essex in Ireland (1890)
 Grania (1892)
 Maelcho (1894)
 Plain Frances Mowbray and Other Tales (1889)
 A Colonel of the Empire (1895)
 Traits and Confidences (1898)
 Atlantic Rhymes & Rhythms (1898)
 A Garden Diary (1901)
 With The Wild Geese (1902)
 Maria Edgeworth (1904)
 Book of Gilly (1906)
 The Point of View (1909)
 The Race of Castlebar (1914) - co-authored with Shan Bullock
 The Inalienable Heritage (1914)

Hurrish

Some critics identify a theme of noble landlord and noble peasant in her fourth book, Hurrish, a Land War story set in the Burren County Clare which was read by William Ewart Gladstone and said to have influenced his policy. It deals with the theme of Irish hostility to English law. In the course of the book a landlord is assassinated, and Hurrish's mother, Bridget, refuses to identify the murderer, a dull-witted brutal neighbour.

It described the Burren Hills as "skeletons—rain-worn, time-worn, wind-worn—starvation made visible, and embodied in a landscape." The book was criticised by Irish-Ireland journals for its 'grossly exaggerated violence', its embarrassing dialect, staid characters. According to The Nation "she looked down on peasantry from the pinnacle of her three generation nobility".

Her reputation was damaged by William Butler Yeats who accused her in a critique of having "an imperfect sympathy with the Celtic nature" and for adopting "theory invented by political journalists and forensic historians". Despite this, Yeats included With Essex in Ireland and Maelcho in his list of the best Irish novels.

Essex and Grania
Her historical novel With Essex in Ireland was better received and was ahead of its time in developing the unreliable narrator as a technique.  Gladstone mistook it for an authentic Elizabethan document.

Her seventh book, Grania, about "a very queer girl leaping and dancing over the rocks of the sea" examined the misogyny of an Aran Island fishing society.

With the Wild Geese
Unusually for such a strong Unionist, her Wild Geese poems (1902) became very popular and were widely quoted in nationalist circles, especially the lines:
War-battered dogs are we,
Fighters in every clime;
Fillers of trench and of grave,
Mockers bemocked by time.
War-dogs hungry and grey,
Gnawing a naked bone,
Fighters in every clime
Every cause but our own

Two of the poems including "Clare Coast" (source of the above lines) and "After Aughrim" were included in The Oxford Book of Irish Verse (1958).

Legacy
Her papers are in Marsh's Library in Dublin.

Emily Lawless Court in Bayside, Dublin bears her name.

Further reading
 A book of criticism on Lawless—Emily Lawless (1845-1913): Writing the Interspace by Heidi Hansson—was published in 2007 by Cork University Press.
 Emily Lawless, Grania: The Story of an Island, edited by Michael O'Flynn (Victorian Secrets, 2013)

References

External links

1845 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Irish writers
19th-century Irish women writers
20th-century Irish writers
20th-century Irish women writers
Anglo-Irish women poets
Irish Anglicans
Irish historical novelists
Irish women novelists
Irish unionists
Irish women poets
Writers from County Kildare
Women historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period

Emily Lawless


Jacques Lecoq (15 December 1921 – 19 January 1999) was a French stage actor and acting movement coach. He was best known for his teaching methods in physical theatre, movement, and mime which he taught at the school he founded in Paris known as École internationale de théâtre Jacques Lecoq. He taught there from 1956 until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1999.

Jacques Lecoq was known as the only noteworthy movement instructor and theatre pedagogue with a professional background in sports and sports rehabilitation in the twentieth century.

Life
As a teenager, Lecoq participated in many sports such as running, swimming, and gymnastics. Lecoq was particularly drawn to gymnastics. He began learning gymnastics at the age of seventeen, and through work on the parallel bars and horizontal bar, he came to see and understand the geometry of movement. Lecoq described the movement of the body through space as required by gymnastics to be purely abstract. He came to understand the rhythms of athletics as a kind of physical poetry that affected him strongly. Following many of his exercise sessions, Lecoq found it important to think back on his period of exercise and the various routines that he had performed and felt that doing so bettered his mind and emotions. In 1937 Lecoq began to study sports and physical education at Bagatelle college just outside of Paris. He received teaching degrees in swimming and athletics. In 1941, Lecoq attended a physical theatre college where he met Jean Marie Conty, a basketball player of international caliber, who was in charge of physical education in all of France. Conty's interest in the link between sport and theatre had come out of a friendship with Antonin Artaud  and Jean-Louis Barrault, both well-known actors and directors and founders of Education par le Jeu Dramatique ("Education through the Dramatic Game"). While Lecoq still continued to teach physical education for several years, he soon found himself acting as a member of the Comediens de Grenoble. While Lecoq was a part of this company he learned a great deal about Jacques Copeau's techniques in training. One of these techniques that really influenced Lecoq's work was the concept of natural gymnastics. This company and his work with Commedia dell'arte in Italy (where he lived for eight years) introduced him to ideas surrounding mime, masks and the physicality of performance. During this time he also performed with the actor, playwright, and clown, Dario Fo.

He was first introduced to theatre and acting by Jacques Copeau's daughter Marie-Hélène and her husband, Jean Dasté.

In 1956, he returned to Paris to open his school, École Internationale de théâtre Jacques Lecoq, where he spent most of his time until his death, filling in as international speaker and master class giver for the Union of Theatres of Europe. The school was eventually relocated to Le Central in 1976. The building was previously a boxing center and was where Francisco Amoros, a huge proponent of physical education, developed his own gymnastic method. Lecoq chose this location because of the connections he had with his early career in sports. The school was also located on the same street that Jacques Copeau was born.

Teaching style/method
Lecoq aimed at training his actors in ways that encouraged them to investigate ways of performance that suited them best. His training was aimed at nurturing the creativity of the performer, as opposed to giving them a codified set of skills.  As students stayed with Lecoq's school longer, he accomplished this through teaching in the style of ''via negativa'', also known as the negative way. This teaching strategy basically consists of only focusing his critiques on the poorer or unacceptable aspects of a student's performance. Lecoq believed that this would allow students to discover on their own how to make their performances more acceptable. Lecoq did not want to ever tell a student how to do something "right." He believed that was supposed to be a part of the actor's own experience. The goal was to encourage the student to keep trying new avenues of creative expression.
Many actors sought Lecoq's training initially because Lecoq provided methods for people who wished to create their own work and did not want to only work out of a playwright's text.

His training involved an emphasis on masks, starting with the neutral mask. This neutral mask is symmetrical, the brows are soft, and the mouth is made to look ready to perform any action. Lecoq believed that this mask allowed his students to be open when performing and to fully let the world affect their bodies. This is because the mask is made to seem as if it has no past and no previous knowledge of how the world works. This is supposed to allow students to live in a state of unknowing in their performance. The aim was that the neutral mask can aid an awareness of physical mannerisms as they get greatly emphasized to an audience whilst wearing the mask.

Once Lecoq's students became comfortable with the neutral masks, he would move on to working with them with larval masks, expressive masks, the commedia masks, half masks, gradually working towards the smallest mask in his repertoire: the clown's red nose. The larval mask was used as a didactic tool for Lecoq's students to escape the confines of realism and inject free imagination into the performance. The mask is essentially a blank slate, amorphous shape, with no specific characterizations necessarily implied. The expressive masks are basically character masks that are depicting a very particular of character with a specific emotion or reaction. The mask is automatically associated with conflict.

The last mask in the series is the red clown nose which is the last step in the student's process. Because this nose acts as a tiny, neutral mask, this step is often the most challenging and personal for actors. Lecoq believed that every person would develop their own personal clown at this step. He believed that to study the clown is to study oneself, thus no two selves are alike. Three of the principal skills that he encouraged in his students were le jeu (playfulness), complicité (togetherness) and disponibilité (openness).

The French concept of 'efficace' suggesting at once efficiency and effectiveness of movement was highly emphasized by Lecoq. Lecoq viewed movement as a sort of zen art of making simple, direct, minimal movements that nonetheless carried significant communicative depth. Lecoq emphasizes that his students should respect the old, traditional form of commedia dell'arte. But Lecoq was no period purist. He believed commedia was a tool to combine physical movement with vocal expression. He emphasized the importance of finding the most fitting voice for each actor's mask, and he believed that there was room for reinvention and play in regards to traditional commedia dell'arte conventions.

One of the most essential aspects of Lecoq's teaching style involves the relationship of the performer to the audience. Lecoq thus placed paramount importance on insuring a thorough understanding of a performance's message on the part of its spectators. In this way Lecoq's instruction encouraged an intimate relationship between the audience and the performer. Lecoq's pedagogy has yielded diverse cohorts of students with a wide range of creative impulses and techniques.

In collaboration with the architect Krikor Belekian he also set up le Laboratoire d'Étude du Mouvement (Laboratory for the study of movement; L.E.M. for short) in 1977. This was a separate department within the school which looked at architecture, scenography and stage design and its links to movement.

Lecoq wrote on the art and philosophy of mimicry and miming. Therein he traces mime-like behavior to early childhood development stages, positing that mimicry is a vital behavioral process in which individuals come to know and grasp the world around them. Lecoq also wrote on the subject of gesture specifically and its philosophical relation to meaning, viewing the art of gesture as a linguistic system of sorts in and of itself. Lecoq classifies gestures into three major groups: gestures of action, expression, and demonstration.

In 1999, filmmakers Jean-Noël Roy and Jean-Gabriel Carasso released Les Deux Voyages de Jacques Lecoq, a film documenting two years of training at École internationale de théâtre Jacques Lecoq. The documentary includes footage of  Lecoq working with students at his Paris theatre school in addition to numerous interviews with some of his most well-known, former pupils.

Notable students
Annabel Arden, actress
Hilary J. Bader, screenwriter
René Bazinet, actor, mime, and clown act creator of Cirque du Soleil
Steven Berkoff, theatre director, actor and writer
Malachi Bogdanov, theater director and writer
Luc Bondy, theatre and opera director
Peter Bramley, actor, teacher, theatre director, founder of Pants on Fire
Julian Chagrin, British-Israeli actor and mime
Chris Channing, performer, designer, and theatre maker
Avner Eisenberg - performer ("Avner the Eccentric"), teacher
Isla Fisher, actress
Oliver Foot and Andrew Simon, co-founders of the Footsbarn Theatre
Philippe Gaulier, teacher, actor, pedagogue
Toby Jones, actor
Beejan Land, actor
Simon McBurney, actor, director, and founding artistic director of Théâtre de Complicité
Gates McFadden, actress, choreographer
Ariane Mnouchkine, theater director and founder of Théâtre du Soleil
Yasmina Reza, playwright and director
Geoffrey Rush, actor
Sylvaine Strike, writer, actress, theatre director, co-founder of Fortune Cookie Theatre Company
Julie Taymor, director, designer, and choreographer
Suzy Willson, director and founder of Clod Ensemble

Educational programs
l'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq - Paris

Publications
Le Theatre du Geste (1987)
Le Corps Poetique (1999)

References

External links

1921 births
1999 deaths
Male actors from Paris
French male stage actors
French entertainers
Academic staff of the University of Padua
French mimes
French acting theorists
Physical theatre
20th-century French male actors

Jacques Lecoq


The gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe across its head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin except the two giant penguins, the emperor penguin and the king penguin.

Appearance
The gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5 kg to 4.5 kg and 51 to 91 cm. They have very large male reproductive organs, and are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36 kilometers per hour.

Life
Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins.

These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.

Gentoo penguin pairs often stay together for a long period of time.

Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but genrally eat what is easiest to get. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.

Other websites

 Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation Web Site
 www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins
 Gentoo Penguin images
 Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality

References

Penguins
Animals of Antarctica

Gentoo penguin


Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands are the
native vegetable dyes used in Scottish Gaeldom.

The following are the principal dyestuffs with the colours they produce. Several of the tints are very bright, but have now been superseded for convenience of usage by various mineral dyes. The Latin names are given where known and also the Scottish Gaelic names for various ingredients.

Recipes

Many of the dyes are made from lichens, the useful ones for this purpose being known as crottle.

The process employed is to wash the thread thoroughly in urine long kept ("fual"), rinse and wash in pure water, then put into the boiling pot of dye which is kept boiling hot on the fire. The thread is lifted now and again on the end of a stick, and again plunged in until it is all thoroughly dyed. If blue, the thread is then washed in salt water, but any other colour uses fresh water.

Amateurs may wish to experiment with some of the suggestions, as urine (human or animal) is used in many recipes as a mordant. A number of the recipes used are for more than one colour, and this chart is only a guide.

Claret
 Claret – "corcar" – the cudbear lichen, Ochrolechia tartarea, scraped off rocks and steeped in urine for three months, then taken out, made into cakes, and hung in bags to dry. When used these cakes are reduced to powder, and the colour fixed with alum.

Black – Dubh

 Black (finest) –
 Common dock root with copperas.
 "Darach" – oak bark and copperas
 (also grey),  "seileastair", iris root
 "Sgìtheach", hawthorn bark with copperas
 Alder bark with copperas
 Blue-black
 Common sloe – Prunus spinosa – "preas nan àirneag"
 Red bearberry – Arbutus uva ursi, "grainnseag"

Blue – Gorm

 Blue
 Blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) with alum or copperas
 Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) with alum
 "Ailleann" elecampane

Brown – Donn

 Brown
 Common yellow wall lichen – Xanthoria parietina
 Dark "crotal" (type of lichen) – Parmelia cetarophilia
 "Duileasg" (dulse), a kind of seaweed.
 Currant with alum
 Dark chestnut-brown
 Roots of "rabhagach", the white waterlily
 Dark brown
 Blaeberry with nut-galls
 Reddish brown - Ruadh
 The dark purple lichen 'cen cerig cen du' (gun chéire gun dubh – i.e. neither crimson nor black) treated in the same way as the lichen for the claret dye.
 Philamot
 Yellowish "crotal" (type of lichen), the colour of dead leaves – Parmelia saxatilis
Drab or fawn
 Birch bark, Betula pubescens

Green – Uaine

 Green
 Ripe privet berries with salt (listed for crimson too)
 Wild Mignonette (Reseda), reseda luteola, "lus buidhe mòr", with indigo
 "Rùsg conaisg", whin bark
 Cow weed
 "Lively" green
 Common broom
 Dark green
 Heather, Erica cinerea, "fraoch-bhadain" with alum. The heather must be pulled before flowering and from a dark, shady place.
 Iris leaf ("Duilleag seileisteir")

Magenta

 Magenta
 Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, "beàrnan-Brìde"

Orange – Orains/Dearg-buidhe

 Orange
 Ragweed  ("Stinking Billy") – Senecio jacobaea, "buaghallan"
 Barberry root –Berberis vulgaris, "barbrag"
 Dark orange
 Bramble –Rubus fruticosus, "preas smeur"

Purple – Corcar/Purpaidh

 Purple
 Euonymus (Spindle tree), with sal-ammoniac
 Sundew – Drosera rotundifolia, "lus na feàrnaich"
 Blaeberry – Vaccinium myrtillus, with alum

Red – Dearg

 Red
 Tormentil – Potentilla tormentilla, "leanartach"
 Rock lichen – Ramalina scopulorum, "crotal"
 White crottle – Ochrolechia pallescens, "crotal-geal"
Fine red
 Rue – Galium verum, "ladies' bedstraw". A very fine red is obtained from this. Strip the bark off the roots, then boil them in water to extract the remainder of the virtue, then take the roots out and put the bark in, and boil that and the yarn together, adding alum to fix the colour.
 Galium boreale – treated in the same way as gallium virum above.
 Purple-red
 Blaeberry – Vaccinium myrtillus, lus nan dearc, with alum, verdigris and sal-ammoniac
 Crimson
 "Crotal-corcar" – Ochrolechia tartarea, white and ground with urine. This was once in favour for producing a bright crimson dye.
 Scarlet
 Limestone lichen – Urceolaria calcaria, "Crotal cloich-aoil" – used by the peasantry in limestone districts, such as Shetland.
 Ripe privet berries with salt. (Listed for green too!)

Violet

 Violet
 Wild cress – Nasturtium officinale "biolair"
 Bitter vetchling – Lathyrus linifolius — cairmeal
 Bilberries fixed with alum

Yellow – Buidhe

 Yellow
 Apple-tree, ash and buckthorn
 Poplar and elm
 Bog myrtle, Roid
 Ash roots
 Teazle – Dipsacus fullonum – lùs an fhùcadair/leadan
 Bracken roots – Raineach mhòr
 Cow weed
 Tops and flowers of heather, Erica, fraoch
 Wild mignonette, Reseda luteola, "lus-buidhe mòr", dried, reduced to powder and boiled.
 Leaves and twigs of dwarf birch, beithe-bheag
 Bright yellow
  Sundew – Drosera rotundifolia, "lus na feàrnaich" with ammonia
 Rich Yellow
 St John's Wort, achlasan Chalum cille, fixed with alum
 Dirty yellow
 Peat soot. Obviously this ingredient on its own will not produce yellow
 Rhubarb, (monk's) – Rumex alpinus – lus na purgaid

See also
Flora of Scotland

References

 (Dath), with additions and corrections. Also, Scottish Gaelic spelling is subject to variations.

External links
Scottish National Heritage site on Lichen dyes
Bibliographic references for Parmelia

Further reading

Fraser, Jean: Traditional Scottish Dyes, Canongate, 1983,

Natural dyes
Cultural history of Scotland
Textile arts of Scotland
Flora of Scotland


In systems engineering, the system usability scale (SUS) is a simple, ten-item attitude Likert scale giving a global view of subjective assessments of usability. It was developed by John Brooke at Digital Equipment Corporation in the UK in 1986 as a tool to be used in usability engineering of electronic office systems.

The usability of a system, as defined by the ISO standard ISO 9241 Part 11, can be measured only by taking into account the context of use of the system—i.e., who is using the system, what they are using it for, and the environment in which they are using it. Furthermore, measurements of usability have several different aspects:

 effectiveness (can users successfully achieve their objectives)
 efficiency (how much effort and resource is expended in achieving those objectives)
 satisfaction (was the experience satisfactory)

Measures of effectiveness and efficiency are also context specific. Effectiveness in using a system for controlling a continuous industrial process would generally be measured in very different terms to, say, effectiveness in using a text editor. Thus, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to answer the question "is system A more usable than system B", because the measures of effectiveness and efficiency may be very different. However, it can be argued that given a sufficiently high-level definition of subjective assessments of usability, comparisons can be made between systems.

SUS has generally been seen as providing this type of high-level subjective view of usability and is thus often used in carrying out comparisons of usability between systems. Because it yields a single score on a scale of 0–100, it can be used to compare even systems that are outwardly dissimilar. This one-dimensional aspect of the SUS is both a benefit and a drawback, because the questionnaire is necessarily quite general.

Recently, Lewis and Sauro suggested a two-factor orthogonal structure, which practitioners may use to score the SUS on independent Usability and Learnability dimensions. At the same time, Borsci, Federici and Lauriola by an independent analysis confirm the two factors structure of SUS, also showing that those factors (Usability and Learnability) are correlated.

The SUS has been widely used in the evaluation of a range of systems. Bangor, Kortum and Miller have used the scale extensively over a ten-year period and have produced normative data that allow SUS ratings to be positioned relative to other systems. They propose an extension to SUS to provide an adjective rating that correlates with a given score.  Based on a review of hundreds of usability studies, Sauro and Lewis proposed a curved grading scale for mean SUS scores.

References

Further reading

External links
 System Usability Scale (SUS) Analysis Toolkit
 System Usability Scale (SUS) Score Calculator

Computer-related introductions in 1986
User interfaces
Systems engineering
Human–computer interaction
Qualitative research
Survey methodology
Usability

System usability scale


Alphonse of Poitiers or Alfonso or Alphonse (11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alfonso II) from 1247.

Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile. He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.

The Treaty of Paris stipulated that a brother of King Louis was to marry Joan of Toulouse, daughter of Raymond VII of Toulouse, and so in 1237 Alphonse married her.

Rule

Honest and moderate, protecting the middle classes against exactions of the nobles, he exercised a happy influence upon the south, in spite of his naturally despotic character and his continual and pressing need of money. He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.

Aside from the crusades, Alfonso stayed primarily in Paris, governing his estates by officials, inspectors who reviewed the officials work, and a constant stream of messages.

When Louis IX again engaged in a crusade (the Eighth Crusade), Alphonse again raised a large sum of money and accompanied his brother. This time, however, he did not return to France, dying while on his way back, probably at Savona in Italy, on 21 August 1271.

References

French royalty
Crusaders
1220s births
1270s deaths

Alphonse of Poitiers


Dominion Bus Lines is a bus transportation company in the Philippines. It operates a 24/7 service for passengers and freight (known as "waybill") between Metro Manila and northwest Luzon (the Ilocos corridor).

History

The company was founded from its precursor, Times Transit Transportation Co., by Santiago Rondaris who inherited the earlier company from his parents Timoteo and Estelita Rondaris (hence, the name "TIMES"). Times was founded in the 1960s. The Rondarises also once operated the Shooting Star Freight Service alongside Times to answer the freight-moving needs of Ilocos Sur.

Times Transit mostly operated International Harvester Loadstar and some S-Series buses (and two Loadstar wreckers) with white, green and red livery with an illuminated logo on the roof, a few buses with a green and white paint scheme, with Superior Coach bodies built under license by Manila Motor Works. It was also known for its then-unique express buses, based on an International-Harvester bus platform and with Superior Coach bodies built under license by Manila Motor Works.  They later supplanted their fleet with new air-conditioned buses, including some Hino buses with the then-new "Grandtheater" configuration—making them one of four bus companies operating in the North to field them (St. Joseph, Dagupan Bus, and Victory Liner being the other three), retaining the livery of the buses they supplanted.  It had terminals along its route, from Laoag City in Ilocos Norte to Manila, and to Bangued, Abra and Baguio; its terminal at the southern end of Quezon Avenue in its northern headquarters in Vigan is particularly well known for its unique style and its flashy sign, which was the first and, because of its unique design, only of its kind in the city.

A labor dispute between management and its employees union finally brought the company down in the 1990s. About a year later, MENCORP bought some of the company's assets (including its new air-conditioned Hino, Mitsubishi Fuso and Mercedes-Benz buses—including their Hino "Grandtheater" buses) and formed Dominion Bus Lines.  As a result, its route to Baguio was terminated, while all other routes by Times Transit were maintained.  Its main terminal in Vigan is already half the size of its original dimensions, as part of the terminal is now leased to business establishments like a gasoline station and a private school; and, starting May 20, 2013, to Viron Transit.  Viron also currently occupies Times' former garage located behind Mira Hills in Vigan, a few steps away from the sub-office of a power utility cooperative.

Times' terminal, refueling stop, employees dormitory, and mini-garage in Bantay, Ilocos Sur, which is along the National Highway, formerly housed one of the most modern garages in the province. It now ceased operations, and is currently occupied by food establishments (after its gasoline station, also owned by Rondaris, ceased operations ten or so years after the company shut down). The refueling stop, garage entrance, and employees' dormitory were later demolished to make way for a pizza restaurant, with part of the gasoline station's service bays still standing. The site is located across the street from where GMW Transit formerly parked its buses in Vigan City before eventually opening their own garage in Bantay.

Also in Bantay is another of Times' garages, located just beside the Quirino Stadium.  It is still standing today (along with some quarters for drivers), rather well-preserved, as it is currently occupied by a soft drink distributor.

Recent Updates

Currently, Dominion Bus Lines utilizes Mercedes Benz, Mitsubishi Fuso, and Hino buses - some of which are repowered with a new engine, mostly by Cummins Power Engine (former assets of Times), with a supplanting of King Long buses.

The principal provincial terminals are at Vigan City (Ilocos Sur), Bangued (Abra), and San Fernando (La Union).

Recently, Dominion Bus Lines acquired Higer, Yutong, Golden Dragon and Daewoo Units (also to replace the five old buses won by the Times Employees' Union in a court case).  They also began fielding "VIP Class" buses, with champagne-gold-colored livery with white lettering.

List of passenger terminals

Metro Manila
Cubao, Quezon City
Sampaloc, Manila
Balingasa, Quezon City

Provincial destinations
Bangued, Abra via TPLEX*
Vigan, Ilocos Sur via TPLEX*
San Fernando, La Union via TPLEX*
Candon, Ilocos Sur via TPLEX*
Santo Domingo, Ilocos Sur via TPLEX*
Rosario, La Union* via TPLEX
Santa, Ilocos Sur* via TPLEX
*Note: All buses are passing through TPLEX Pozzorubio exit since 2019.

References

See also
 List of bus companies of the Philippines
 Viron Transit
 Partas

Bus companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Quezon City
Transport companies established in 1980
1980 establishments in the Philippines

Dominion Bus Lines


The National Geographic, formerly The National Geographic Magazine, is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published since the first issue in 1888. This was nine months after the Society itself was founded. It mostly contains articles about world culture, history and geography. Its famous trademark is the yellow rectangular border that goes around the cover of each issue.

The magazine is published monthly. Additional maps are also included with subscription copies. It is available in a traditional printed format. Special and online formats are also available.

As of 2015-2016 the magazine had a worldwide circulation of 6.8 million per month. Its U.S. circulation is around 3.5 per month.

In 2008 the magazine won three National Magazine Awards. This included an award for general excellence the second year in a row.

On 9 September 2015, the National Geographic Society announced a deal with the 20th Century Fox that would move the magazine to a new partnership, National Geographic Partners, controlled by 20th Century Fox.

The magazine has had various editors since it was founded.

References

1888 establishments in the United States
American monthly magazines

National Geographic (magazine)


In legislative debate, a probing amendment is an amendment tabled by a legislator without the intention of seeing the amendment carried. The purpose of proposing the amendment is to provide an opportunity for discussion of a specific point.

Britain's former sectoral regulator for the telecommunications industry, Oftel, explains that "MPs may put down a probing amendment, which means they want to know what the Government's thinking is on a particular clause, rather than necessarily wanting to change the clause."

In Parliamentary systems the purpose of a probing amendment on a government-sponsored Bill can be to seek assurances from Ministers about the purpose of the legislation, or how the government intends to use powers given to it under the legislation. An assurance commonly sought is that the government will create Codes of Practice, or other rules with less than full legal force, to provide clarity and restraint not present on the face of the Bill.

In some legal systems the courts will use statements made in the legislature to interpret legislative intent, provided the statements are sufficiently precise and the legislation legitimately open to multiple constructions. In such systems, legislators sometimes table probing amendments to provide an opportunity that such statements of intent can be made with the requisite precision.

References

Political terminology

Probing amendment


A sextant is an object used for navigation which measures angles. The user is able to measure the angle between the horizon and an object in the sky, such as the sun, a star, or a planet. It originally could measure angles up to 60°, which was one sixth of a circle. This is how it got its name from the Latin word sextus (six). It helps work out positions of latitude and longitude.

References

Navigation
Sailing

Sextant