Applied science is about using the findings of science to do something. In the natural sciences, this is done by engineering. In sciences such as psychology, this can mean using theoretical findings to improve a test method, for example.

Applied research is generally done to solve a problem. Applied chemists invented refrigerants long ago to cool things. Some refigerants escape into the atmosphere and damage the ozone layer, so chemists have developed new refrigerants in another example of applied research. This work not driven by a desire to know, but by a desire to solve a specific problem.

Related pages

Technology

Science
Technology
Engineering disciplines

Applied science


West Point is a 1928 silent movie. The story and screenplay were written by Raymond L. Schrock. Titles were written by Joseph Farnham. The movie was directed by Edward Sedgwick. It was produced by Maj. Raymond G. Moses. The movie was shot on location at West Point and vicinity. Photoplay gave the movie a nice review, commenting: "Bill Haines' starring vehicle ... treats everything in a humorous vein in the beginning, getting many laughs." The same story was used for Dress Parade in 1927 starring William Boyd and Bessie Love. The 1928 movie has been released to DVD.

Story
Brice Wayne (played by Billy Haines) is an arrogant, impudent, and flippant West Point cadet. He realizes that he does not have the proper school spirit. He plays football, but is dismissed from the team shortly before the Army-Navy match. Brice resigns from the Military Academy. He retracts when his friends Tex McNeil (played by William Bakewell) and Betty Channing (played by Joan Crawford) encourage him to stay. Restored to the team, Brice scores the big goal in the game against Navy.

1928 drama movies
American silent movies
1920s American drama movies
Movies directed by Edward Sedgwick

West Point (1928 movie)


A mercury-vapor lamp is a kind of gas discharge lamp.  It makes light from mercury.  The mercury atoms release ultraviolet and visible light.  In some bulbs, the ultraviolet light shines on phosphors which make white light from it, although not all mercury-vapor lamps use phosphors. The EU wants to ban them because they contain large amounts of mercury and are not efficient like fluorescent bulbs. They last much longer though.

They are the bluish streetlights. Depending on the quality of the bulb, age of the bulb, phosphor used, and other chemicals added to the mercury, the color of the light can vary from blue-white to green-white, to almost pure white. A green tint usually indicates an older bulb, although it doesn't necessarily mean that the bulb is about to burn out. The metal halide lamp is an improved version of the mercury vapor lamp that contains a metal halide (usually sodium iodide) in addition to the mercury. The metal halide produces orange light, which combines with the blue-white light from the mercury to produce a very pure white light.

Related pages
Sodium vapor lamp
Incandescent bulb

Lamps

Mercury-vapor lamp


Hair is a rock musical. The book and lyrics were written by James Rado and Gerome Ragni. The music was written by Galt MacDermot. It opened Off-Broadway in 1967, was revised, and premiered on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre in April 1968. It ran for 1,750 performances.  The musical is about youth rebellion, love, the Vietnam War, race, and other hot topics of the 1960s.

Broadway musicals
Rock musicals
1960s musicals
1968 works

Hair (musical)


Kenneth Royce Gandley (1920–1997) was an English thriller writer who also wrote under name Ken Royce, and the pseudonym Oliver Jacks.

Early life
Royce was born in Croydon, UK in 1920, and began writing at school. He would buy cheap exercise books and sell them fully illustrated for twice the price. During the Second World War he served with "various regiments" and reached the rank of captain. He ran his own travel business, and made full use of it to gather background for his books.

Career
Royce wrote 36 thriller novels between 1959 and 1997 under his own name (including The Third Arm, The Stalin Account, Fall-Out, 10,000 Days and Channel Assault), and three as Jacks. His best-known works were his novels featuring semi-reformed cat burglar William 'Spider' Scott, an XYY man, whose extra 'Y' chromosome (in the erroneous-but-conventional wisdom of the time) gave him a pre-disposition towards criminality. After attempting to 'go straight', he finds his talents are in demand not only from the criminal underworld, but also the secret service, and he is co-opted into dangerous undercover work (usually through blackmail, the temptations of money, or through his interest being piqued).

A television series of The XYY Man in 1976-7 (adapting the early books) created a popular appetite for the character, and also that of his nemesis, Detective Sergeant George Bulman, a relatively minor character in the original books, but brought to life on the screen by the memorable performance of Don Henderson. After the run of Spider Scott programmes ended, the character of Bulman had many television adventures not based on Royce's work (the series Strangers, 1978–82, and Bulman, 1985-7). The popularity of these probably contributed to Royce choosing to make Scott and Bulman unlikely allies and joint leads from The Crypto Man through No Way Back, while he wrote more Bulman novels towards the end of his life, including The Judas Trail (1996) and Shadows (1996).

Royce was married and lived in Buckinghamshire, UK. He died in 1997.

Bibliography

William "Spider" Scott/George Bulman novels
The XYY Man (1970)
Concrete Boot (1971)
The Miniatures Frame (1972)
Spider Underground (The Masterpiece Affair) (1973)
Trap Spider (1974)
The Crypto Man (1984)
The Mosley Receipt (1985).
No Way Back, a.k.a. Hashimi's Revenge (1986 - a direct sequel to The Mosley Receipt).
The Judas Trail (1996)
Shadows (1996)

TV adaptations
The XYY Man (1976-1977)
Strangers (1978-1982)
Bulman (1985-1987)

1920 births
1997 deaths
English writers

Kenneth Royce


Piero Cappuccilli (November 9, 1926 – July 11, 2005) was an Italian operatic baritone. Best known for his interpretations of Verdi roles, he was widely regarded as one of the finest Italian baritones of the second half of the 20th century. He was enormously admired within the field of opera for his rich and abundant voice, fine vocal technique and exceptional breath control. In the great Italian tradition he fused words and music into elegant phrases. He focused on Italian repertory, particularly the operas of Verdi, singing 17 major roles.

Early life
Born in Trieste, Cappuccilli originally intended to become an architect. He auditioned at a local opera house in 1949, where Luciano Donaggio (a retired singer beginning a second career as a teacher) heard him and urged him to study. Cappuccilli was still reluctant, believing he had a better potential career as an architect, and even briefly discontinued his lessons, until Donnaggio's urging and the offer of free lessons persuaded him to resume studies in 1950. He studied with Luciano Donaggio in his native city. After encouragement from relatives he decided to pursue a career in opera and made his stage debut there in 1951, singing small parts.

Career
In 1955, Cappuccilli auditioned for La Scala in Milan, where the auditioners, deeply impressed, encouraged him to enter the Viotti competition. After his first place award, he made his official operatic debut in 1957 at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan, singing Tonio in Pagliacci. In 1960, he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera, singing Giorgio Germont in La traviata, which was to be his only performance at the Met.

Cappuccilli spent most of his career singing in Europe, with only infrequent travels to North and South America. He made his debut at the  Teatro alla Scala in 1964, as Enrico, at the Royal Opera House in London as Germont in 1967, and his Opéra de Paris debut took place in 1978, as Amonasro. He also appeared at the Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival. He worked with the greatest European conductors of his time (Karajan, Gavazzeni, Abbado, Kleiber) and became one of the finest interpreters of the Italian repertoire.

Cappuccilli was highly respected as a "Verdi baritone", where his beautiful voice, fine vocal technique, musical elegance and dignified stage presence were shown to their best advantage.

He left an impressive discography, he recorded Lucia di Lammermoor three times, first with Maria Callas in 1959, then with Margherita Guglielmi and finally with Beverly Sills in 1970. Other notable recordings include; Rigoletto, opposite Ileana Cotrubas and Plácido Domingo, under Carlo Maria Giulini, Macbeth, opposite Shirley Verrett, and Simon Boccanegra, opposite Mirella Freni and Nicolai Ghiaurov, both under Claudio Abbado. He had previously recorded Simon Boccanegra under Gavazzeni, opposite Katia Ricciarelli. He also recorded Don Carlo, Il trovatore and Aida under Herbert von Karajan

Cappuccilli sang until his mid-sixties; an automobile accident in 1992 ended his stage career. He died in his native Trieste, at the age of 78.

Personal life
He is survived by his wife, Graziella; three children, Patrizia, Giovanni and Pier Paolo; and two grandchildren, according to the Trieste newspaper.

Repertoire
Salvatore Allegra
Romulus (Romolo)
Vincenzo Bellini
Il pirata (Ernesto)
Beatrice di Tenda (Filippo Visconti)
I puritani (Riccardo)
Georges Bizet
Les pêcheurs de perles (Zurga)
Carmen (Morales; Escamillo)
Alfredo Catalani
Loreley (Hermann)
La Wally (Vincenzo Gellner)
Gaetano Donizetti
Lucia di Lammermoor (Enrico Ashton)
Roberto Devereux (Duca di Nottingham)
La Favorite (Alfonso XI)
Umberto Giordano
Andrea Chénier (Fourquier Tinville; Carlo Gerard)
Fedora (De Siriex)
Antônio Carlos Gomes
Il Guarany (Gonzales)
Charles Gounod
Faust (Valentino)
Ruggero Leoncavallo
Pagliacci (Silvio; Tonio)
Pietro Mascagni
Cavalleria rusticana (Compar Alfio)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Le nozze di Figaro (Antonio)
Don Giovanni (Masetto)
Lorenzo Perosi
La resurrezione di Lazzaro (Solista)
Ildebrando PizzettiLa figlia di Iorio (Un Mietitore)
Amilcare Ponchielli
La Gioconda (Un cantore; Barnaba)
Giacomo Puccini
La bohème (Marcello)
Tosca (Carceriere; Barone Scarpia)
Madama Butterfly (Commissario Imperiale; Sharpless)
Il tabarro (Michele)
Gioacchino Rossini
Il barbiere di Siviglia (Figaro)
Guglielmo Tell (Guglielmo)
Richard Strauss
Der Rosenkavalier (Uno stallino)
Giuseppe Verdi
Nabucco (Nabucco)
Ernani (Don Carlo)
I due Foscari (Francesco Foscari)
Attila (Ezio)
I masnadieri (Francesco Moor)
Macbeth (Macbeth)
Luisa Miller (Miller)
Rigoletto (Conte di Ceprano; Rigoletto)
Il trovatore (Conte di Luna)
La traviata (Giorgio Germont)
Un ballo in maschera (Silvano; Renato)
La forza del destino (Un chirurgo; Don Carlo di Vargas)
I vespri siciliani (Guido di Monforte)
Simon Boccanegra (Boccanegra)
Don Carlo (Rodrigo di Posa)
Aida (Amonasro)
Otello (Jago)
Falstaff (Ford)

Discography

 La Gioconda, with Maria Callas, Fiorenza Cossotto, Pier Miranda Ferraro, Ivo Vinco, conducted by Antonino Votto, Columbia/EMI 1959.
 Lucia di Lammermoor, with Maria Callas, Ferruccio Tagliavini, conducted by Tullio Serafin, Columbia/EMI 1959.
 Il trovatore (film-TV), with Antonietta Stella, Carlo Bergonzi, Adriana Lazzarini, conducted by Arturo Basile, RAI 1966
 La Wally, with Renata Tebaldi, Mario Del Monaco, Justino Díaz, conducted by Fausto Cleva, Decca 1968.
 Il barbiere di Siviglia, with Margherita Guglielmi, Antonio Cucuccio, Giuseppe Valdengo, Silvano Pagliuca, Supraphon 1969.
 La forza del destino, with Martina Arroyo, Carlo Bergonzi, Ruggero Raimondi, conducted by Lamberto Gardelli, EMI 1969.
 Lucia di Lammermoor, with Beverly Sills, Carlo Bergonzi, Justino Díaz, conducted by Thomas Schippers, EMI 1970.
 Il pirata, with Montserrat Caballé, Bernabé Martí, Ruggero Raimondi, conducted by Gianandrea Gavazzeni, EMI 1970.
 Carmen, with Anna Moffo, Franco Corelli, Helen Donath, conducted by Lorin Maazel, Eurodisc/Cetra 1970.
 Andrea Chénier (film-TV), with Franco Corelli, Celestina Casapietra, conducted by Bruno Bartoletti, RAI-Milano 1973.
 Simon Boccanegra, with Katia Ricciarelli, Ruggero Raimondi, Plácido Domingo, conducted by Gianandrea Gavazzeni, RCA 1973.
 Aida, with Montserrat Caballé, Plácido Domingo, Fiorenza Cossotto, Nicolai Ghiaurov, conducted by Riccardo Muti, EMI 1974.
 Un ballo in maschera, with Martina Arroyo, Plácido Domingo, Fiorenza Cossotto, conducted by Riccardo Muti, EMI 1975.
 I masnadieri, with Montserrat Caballé, Carlo Bergonzi, Ruggero Raimondi, conducted by Lamberto Gardelli, Philips 1975.
 I puritani, with Joan Sutherland, Luciano Pavarotti, Nicolai Ghiaurov, conducted by Richard Bonynge, Decca 1975.
 Macbeth, with Shirley Verrett, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Plácido Domingo, conducted by Claudio Abbado, DG 1976.
 Il trovatore, with Franco Bonisolli, Leontyne Price, Elena Obraztsova, Ruggero Raimondi, conducted by Herbert von Karajan, EMI 1977.
 I due Foscari, with José Carreras, Katia Ricciarelli, Samuel Ramey, conducted by Lamberto Gardelli, Philips 1977.
 Cavalleria Rusticana, with Júlia Várady, Luciano Pavarotti, conducted by Gianandrea Gavazzeni, Decca 1977.
 Simon Boccanegra, with Mirella Freni, José Carreras, Nicolai Ghiaurov, conducted by Claudio Abbado, DG 1977.
 Don Carlo, with José Carreras, Mirella Freni, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Agnes Baltsa, conducted by Herbert von Karajan, EMI 1978.
 Aida, with Mirella Freni, José Carreras, Agnes Baltsa, Ruggero Raimondi, conducted by Herbert von Karajan, EMI 1979.
 Rigoletto, with Ileana Cotrubaş, Plácido Domingo, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Elena Obraztsova, conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini, DG 1979.
 Nabucco, with Ghena Dimitrova, Evgeny Nesterenko, Plácido Domingo, conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli, DG 1982.
 Beatrice di Tenda, with Mariana Nicolesco, Stefania Troczyska, Vincenzo La Scola, conducted by Alberto Zedda, Rizzoli Records 1986.

References

Sources

 Rino Alessi, Piero Cappuccilli: Un baritono da leggenda / The Baritone become a Legend, Comunicarte Edizioni, Trieste 2009.
 Grove Music Online, J.B. Steane, Oxford University Press, 2008.
 Opera News, Obituaries, October 2005.

External links
 Piero Cappuccilli, Baritone
 The Baritone Become a Legend

 cappuccilli's death news and short biography
 Interview with Piero Cappuccilli by Bruce Duffie, November, 1981

Italian operatic baritones
1926 births
2005 deaths
Musicians from Trieste
20th-century Italian male opera singers

Piero Cappuccilli


Education in the United States is provided by the public sector. The federal, state and local governments control and give funds to help local schools. Public education is available everywhere in the United States. School's curriculum, funds, teaching, employment and other policies are created by the elected school boards. There are also private schools, which cost money to attend.

Schools

School districts are sometimes different from other local jurisdictions. They have their own officials and budgets. Education standards and state tests are created by the state governments. Since child education is required by law, ages to start school are different from each state. Children usually start school between the ages of five to six. They usually end their education when they are between the ages of seventeen and eighteen. Education requirements can be done by educating children in public schools, private schools (who is known by the government to be trusted) or a home school program. In most public schools, education is divided into three levels. The first level is elementary school. Grades in elementary school are different in each state. The second level is middle school. Grades in middle school are different in each state as well. The last level is high school. In some states, middle school is called "junior high school". Grades in high school are also different in each state. After a child has completed their senior year (12th grade), they will earn a high school diploma.

Colleges

If a child would like to continue on with their education or want to start a career, they can apply for college. After four years at a university or college, they will earn a bachelor's degree in one subject. Students can also choose to attend a two-year community college. Some two-year community colleges are called "Junior colleges". Colleges are not required and are not forced by local laws. Students must pay to attend college, but the price is lowered if they get a scholarship. After college, the now adult can earn a number of certificates for a career. Graduate school is another option after college. A student can earn a master's degree or Ph.D. in any subject. They may go to medical school to earn an M.D. and become a physician, law school to earn a J.D. and become a lawyer, or business school to earn an MBA.

References

Other websites

 EducationUSA: Your Guide to US Higher Education
Search Training Providers in the US | Coursetakers.com
U.S. Department of Education
 National Center for Education Statistics
 National Assessment of Educational Progress

Education in the United States


In a Hierarchical database model is a data model where the data is organised like a tree. The structure allows repeating information using parent/child relationships: each parent can have many children but each child only has one parent. All attributes of a specific record are listed under an entity type.

In a database, an entity type is the equivalent of a table; each individual record is represented as a row and an attribute as a column. Entity types are related to each other using 1: N mapping, also known as one-to-many relationships.

The most recognized and used hierarchical databases are IMS developed by IBM and Windows Registry by Microsoft.

Database modeling

Hierarchical database model


The Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) are in Canberra. They are under the control of the Australian Government's Department of the Environment and Heritage.

The botanic gardens are the largest living collection of native Australian plants. The garen was set up to study and promote Australia's plants. The garden keeps a wide variety of resources for researchers and grows native plants threatened in the wild.

History of the Gardens
The Advisory Council of Federal Capital Territory recommended the setting up of a National Botanic Garden in 1933. A large site for the gardens was set aside on Black Mountain. In September 1949, the first trees were planted by Prime Minister Ben Chifley and Director of Kew Gardens, Sir Edward Salisbury. The Gardens were officially opened in October 1970 by Prime Minister John Gorton.

The Gardens has over  on Black Mountain. About  have been used for the Botanic Gardens. Plans for the development of the remaining land are on hold until money is available.

The collection
The gardens is organised in sections; plants are grouped by shared taxonomy or are presented in groupings that exist in nature. More than 5,500 species are cultivated. Displays include:
Rainforest Gully, featuring plants for the rainforests of Eastern Australia.
Rock Garden, a display of plants which occur in habitats from the desert to alpine areas.
Sydney Region Flora, a display of plants found in the sandstone formations of the Sydney basin.
Mallee Plants, the mallees is the name given to multi-stemmed eucalypts and the shrubs and grasses associated with them.
Banksias, waratahs and grevilleas (family Proteaceae)
Callistemon, Leptospermum and Melaleuca (family Myrtaceae)
The Eucalypt Lawn, features about 20% of Australian eucalypt species.
Wattles (Genus Acacia)

Research at the Gardens
The Australian National Herbarium is at the National Botanic Gardens. The Herbarium houses the largest collection of pressed, dried plant specimens in Australia. The Herbarium is operated jointly with the CSIRO as part of a joint research facility, the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. It is not open to the public. The Australian National Herbarium is participating in the creation of Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), a web based record of botanical information. This includes six million specimen records displaying geographic distribution, images, descriptive text and identification tools.

The Gardens manages several large plant databases, including What's its Name? This is a simple point of access to the more complex 'Australian Plant Name Index' APNI listing all the scientific names ever used for Australia's plants. A large collection of photographs is also available.

The Gardens' library has important collections of botanical books, journals, CD-ROMs and maps. The library is open to students and the public by appointment.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites
Australian National Botanic Gardens
What's its name? A searchable database for the Australian Plant Name Index

Botanical gardens
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1970 establishments in Oceania
1970s establishments in Australia

Australian National Botanic Gardens


In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is a prediction based on the idea that the universe is about the same in all places when viewed on a large scale.

Forces are expected to act uniformly throughout the universe. There should, therefore, be no observable irregularities in the large scale structure. The structure is the result of the evolution of the matter field after the Big Bang.

Astronomer William Keel explains:

The cosmological principle is usually stated formally as 'Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers.' This amounts to the strongly philosophical statement that the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample, and that the same physical laws apply throughout.

The two testable consequences of the cosmological principle are homogeneity and isotropy. Homogeneity means that the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the universe ("the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample"). Isotropy means that the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the universe ("the same physical laws apply throughout"). The principles are closely related, because a universe that appears isotropic from any two (for a spherical geometry, three) locations must also be homogeneous.

References

Cosmology

Cosmological principle


A Dowództwo Okręgu Korpusu (DOK, English: Corps District Command) was a military district of the Ministry of Military Affairs of the Second Polish Republic. It served as an organizational, mobilisational, and administrative body of the Polish Army and all local military units of the country were subject to the Corps commands. Also, the DOKs ran all Military Draft Offices of Poland. The system of DOKs was modeled after the French Army, and according to Polish planners, each district located along either Soviet or German border was supposed to field one army. It meant that all districts except for District X, were subject to this rule. The borders of the DOKs did not reflect the Administrative division of Second Polish Republic.

The districts

The interbellum Poland was since 1921 divided into ten Corps District Commands:

 Corps District Command number I (Warsaw, in 1939 under General Mieczysław Ryś-Trojanowski),
 Corps District Command number II (Lublin, General Mieczysław Smorawiński),
 Corps District Command number III (Grodno, General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński),
 Corps District Command number IV (Łódź, General Wiktor Thommée),
 Corps District Command number V (Kraków, General Aleksander Narbutt-Łuczyński),
 Corps District Command number VI (Lwów, General Władysław Langner),
 Corps District Command number VII (Poznań, General Edmund Knoll-Kownacki),
 Corps District Command number VIII (Toruń, General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski),
 Corps District Command number IX (Brześć nad Bugiem, General Franciszek Kleeberg),
 Corps District Command number X (Przemyśl, General Wacław Wieczorkiewicz).

Furthermore, for military purposes, one special area was created, and it was not governed by the local Corps District Commands. It was Coastal Area of Gdynia (Obszar Nadmorski Gdynia), which, apart from the city of Gdynia itself, covered whole Polish Baltic Sea coastline, together with Puck, Władysławowo, Hel, Kartuzy, and Wejherowo. The Coastal Area of Gdynia was created in July 1937.

Military units in districts

Each DOK consisted of three Infantry Divisions, one Cavalry Brigade (with the exception of District IV), a regiment of heavy artillery, a regiment of military engineers as well as additional units. Therefore:

 Corps District Command number I consisted of the 8th Infantry Division from Modlin, the 18th Infantry Division from Łomża, the 28th Infantry Division from Warsaw, Warsaw Armoured Motorized Brigade, and Mazowiecka Cavalry Brigade from Warsaw,
 Corps District Command number II consisted of the 3rd Legions Infantry Division from Zamość, the 13th Infantry Division from Rowne, the 27th Infantry Division from Kowel, and Wolynska Cavalry Brigade from Rowne,
 Corps District Command number III consisted of the 1st Legions Infantry Division from Wilno, the 19th Infantry Division from Wilno, the 29th Infantry Division from Grodno, Podlaska Cavalry Brigade from Białystok, Suwalska Cavalry Brigade from Suwałki, and Wilenska Cavalry Brigade from Wilno,
 Corps District Command number IV consisted of the 7th Infantry Division from Częstochowa, the 10th Infantry Division from Łódź, and the 26th Infantry Division from Skierniewice,
 Corps District Command number V consisted of the 6th Infantry Division from Kraków, the 21st Mountain Infantry Division from Nowy Sącz, the 23rd Infantry Division from Tarnowskie Góry, and Kraków Cavalry Brigade from Kraków,
 Corps District Command number VI consisted of the 5th Infantry Division from Lwów, the 11th Infantry Division from Stanisławów, the 12th Infantry Division from Tarnopol, Kresowa Cavalry Brigade from Brody, and Podolska Cavalry Brigade from Stanisławów,
 Corps District Command number VII consisted of the 14th Infantry Division from Poznań, the 17th Infantry Division from Gniezno, the 25th Infantry Division from Kalisz, and Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade from Poznań,
 Corps District Command number VIII consisted of the 4th Infantry Division from Toruń, the 15th Infantry Division from Bydgoszcz, the 16th Infantry Division from Grudziądz, and Pomorska Cavalry Brigade from Bydgoszcz,
 Corps District Command number IX consisted of the 9th Infantry Division from Siedlce, the 20th Infantry Division from Baranowicze, the 30th Infantry Division from Kobryn, and Nowogródzka Cavalry Brigade from Baranowicze,
 Corps District Command number X consisted of the 2nd Legions Infantry Division from Kielce, the 22nd Mountain Infantry Division from Przemyśl, the 24th Infantry Division from Jarosław, and the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade from Rzeszów.

Borders of the districts
 District I (Warsaw) covered Mazovia, and the area of Radom, with such cities, as Łomża, Mława, Działdowo, Płock, Sierpc, Wyszków, Ciechanów, Sokolow Podlaski, Garwolin, Dęblin, Radom, and Warsaw,
 District II (Lublin) covered the area of Lublin, and Volhynia, with such cities, as Lublin, Kraśnik, Janów Lubelski, Zamość, Chełm, Hrubieszów, Kowel, Wlodzimierz Wolynski, Lutsk, Dubno, Krzemieniec, Rowne, and Sarny,
 District III (Grodno) covered northern Białystok Voivodeship, and northeastern Poland, with such cites, as Grodno, Białystok, Suwałki, Grajewo, Lida, Molodeczno, Wilno, Dzisna, and Głębokie,
 District IV (Łódź) covered central Poland, with such cities, as Łódź, Kutno, Łowicz, Skierniewice, Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Końskie, Sieradz, Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko, and Częstochowa,
 District V (Kraków) covered southern Poland together with Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, and Upper Silesia, with such cites, as Kraków, Sosnowiec, Katowice, Lubliniec, Tarnowskie Góry, Chorzów, Cieszyn, Bogumin, Wadowice, Bielsko-Biała, Nowy Sącz, and Tarnów,
 District VI (Lwów), covered southeastern Poland, with such cities, as Lwów, Grodek Jagiellonski, Brody, Tarnopol, Stryj, Stanisławów, Kolomyja, Buczacz, and Czortków,
 District VII (Poznań) covered Greater Poland, with such cities, as Poznań, Leszno, Gniezno, Września, Krotoszyn, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Kalisz, and Koło,
 District VIII (Toruń) covered Polish Pomerania, and Kujavia, with such cites, as Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Inowrocław, Włocławek, Brodnica, Chojnica, Tuchola, Grudziądz, and Tczew,
 District IX (Brzesc nad Bugiem) covered southern Białystok Voivodeship, and Polesie, and the area of Nowogrodek, with such cites, as Brzesc, Siedlce, Biała Podlaska, Hajnówka, Kobryn, Pruzana, Slonim, Baranowicze, Luniniec, Stolin, Nowogrodek, and Stolpce,
 District X (Przemyśl) covered large part of Lesser Poland, with such cities, as Przemyśl, Rzeszów, Jarosław, Tarnobrzeg, Sandomierz, Kielce, and Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski.

References

See also
 Polish army order of battle in 1939
 Polish contribution to World War II
 Military district

Military districts of Poland
Second Polish Republic

Dowództwo Okręgu Korpusu


Romeo is the son of Lord and Lady Montague in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. He is one of the two protagonists of the story.

Romeo falls in love with Juliet Capulet, and secretly marries her. Juliet fakes her death to rid herself of a parental marriage arrangement with Count Paris. Romeo is not aware of the fake death. He believes Juliet is truly dead and kills himself.

Leonardo DiCaprio, Leonard Whiting, Leslie Howard and Douglas Booth have played Romeo in movie adaptations of the play. Romeo is also a character in opera and ballet adaptions of the play.

Other websites
 Complete listing of all of Romeo's lines

Characters in Shakespeare's plays

Romeo (Shakespeare)


The Young American Award is an award of the Boy Scouts of America for outstanding college students ages 19 through 25 who have achieved excellence in the fields of art, athletics, business, community service, education, government, humanities, literature, music, religion, and science; and have given service to their community, state, and/or country.

The award was presented at both the national and the local council levels, but the national program was discontinued in 2009 due to funding. A maximum of five national awards had been presented annually while local awards continue to be unlimited. Each local council made the determination for nominating its candidates for national competition.  Recipients of the national award also received a $7,500 cash award that was primarily funded by Learning for Life.  Membership in any of the BSA or Learning for life programs is not obligatory.

Award
The national award consisted of a silver medallion suspended from a red, white and blue ribbon worn around the neck.  The medallion bears the images of young man and a young woman above a wreath.  Local recipients receive a gold version of the medallion affixed to a wooden plaque.  Recipients may wear the corresponding square knot insignia, with a silver knot on a red, white and blue background, on the BSA uniform.

History
The award was first presented in 1954 by the United States Department of Justice as the Young American Award for Service and the Young American Award for Bravery.  Each of these awards were to be presented to two young people from each state and territory annually.  The Justice Department had trouble promoting the award and approached the BSA for assistance in 1966.

With the launch of coeducational Exploring in 1968, the BSA took on the role of soliciting and receiving nominations, and assumed the program in 1971.  The awards were originally available to youth ages 15 through 25; in 2005, it was changed to college students ages 19 through 25.

The original medals were suspended from neck ribbons, but the BSA soon changed them to a table medal, with the medallion placed in a block of acrylic glass.  The ribbon version of the medal was restored for the national award after the introduction of Venturing.

The square knot insignia is the same as was used for three former Exploring awards: the Explorer Silver Award, Exploring Achievement Award and the Exploring G.O.L.D. Award.  This knot may also be worn by those Scouting and Venturing leaders who have earned the predecessor awards.

National Recipients
From 1968 through 2008, there have been 188 recipients of the national award.

1968
 Greg Bamford, Colorado
 Anthony Watson, Illinois
 William Cobb, Nevada
 Ann Marie Kaminski, Nebraska
 Rick Sowash, Ohio

1969
 Michael Shearn, Texas
 Debra George, Wyoming
 Joseph Lundy, California
 Staff Sgt. Dwight H. Johnson, Michigan
 George Begay, Arizona

1970
 Rodney Earl Donaldson, Texas
 Paul Douglas Ring, Arizona
 John Parker Stewart, Colorado
 Rex Kern, Ohio
 Madeline Manning Jackson, Ohio
 Jennifer Sue Inskeep, Kansas

1971
 David Powell, Utah
 Craig R. Rudlin, Virginia
 Clayton Taylor, Oklahoma
 James Heath, New York
 Claudia Turner, South Carolina
 Virginia A. Stroud, Wyoming

1972
 Charles Ealey, Jr. Ohio
 Janet Lynne Nowicki, Illinois
 Suzonne Elizabeth Quave, Louisiana
 Larry Lee Shaw, Utah
 Larry Simpson, Tennessee

1973
 Rufus Washington, Jr., North Carolina
 Stephen Brady, Hawaii
 Robert Meldrum, Utah
 Larry Eisenberg, Illinois
 Judy Bochenski, Oregon
 Robert Charles Howe, Illinois

1974
 Roger Henry Brown, Jr., Georgia
 Kenneth Beale, Jr., Pennsylvania
 Aaron J. Jorgensen, Minnesota
 Darrel Owen Pace, Ohio

1975
 Graciela Trilla, New York
 Garth Cox, Ohio
 Ashby Boyle II, Utah
 Thomas Camp, Nebraska
 Stanley Roach, Oklahoma
 Stan Tenenbaum, New York

1976
 Fredrick McClure, Texas
 Nancy Ann Kraemer, New York
 Terri Sue Hannon, Kansas
 John L. Dardenne, Jr., Louisiana
 Mary Van Lear Wright, Massachusetts
 Bradley Haddock, Kansas
 Angela Lea Garner, Tennessee
 Eileen Devine, California
 John E. Hayashi, Missouri
 Gerald R. Castellianos, Florida
 Dorothy Hamill, Connecticut

1977
 Lee Zachary Maxey, Texas
 Mark Daniel Worrell, Pennsylvania
 David Gene McKenney, United States Air Force Academy
 Allen Matheson Hughes, Utah
 Douglas Leighton Bandow, California
 Richard David Thomas, Idaho
 Beth Susan Dochinger, Ohio
 Ruth Lydia Bonaparte, Oregon
 Robert Hoke Perkins, Jr.

1978
 Kathy Howard, Oklahoma
 William Grau, New Jersey
 Joseph Rabatin, Minnesota
 Kenneth Allen, Nebraska
 Mary Beth Caruso, Massachusetts
 Larry Kwak, Kansas

1979
 Steve Cauthen, Kentucky
 Catherine Lazaro, Texas
 Richard Preister, Nebraska
 Jill Sterkel, California
 Scott Trotter, Utah
 David Tulanian, California

1980
 Peggy Ann Hall, Iowa
 Robert J. Hayashi, Missouri
 Mark W. Leinmiller, Georgia
 Nancy Lieberman, New York
 Steadman Shealy, Alabama
 Kerry L. Sorenson, Utah

1981
 Karen L. Middleton, Wisconsin
 Jeffrie A. Herrmann, New York
 Jennifer L. Shaw, Connecticut
 Roger W. Slead, Missouri
 Davalu D. Smith, Texas
 Sherri L. Dalphonse, New Hampshire

1982
 John Ashley Null, Kansas
 Timothy Michael Delorey, Florida
 Vincent Arnold Lazaro, Texas
 Cynthia Ann Reeves, Oklahoma
 Karl Julius Edelmann, Michigan
 Anthony Deh-Chuen So, Delaware

1988
 Douglas C. Barnhart, Pennsylvania
 Ron Brooks, New Jersey
 Paul Gonzales, California
 Laura Hengehold, Ohio
 Anne V. Ingram, North Carolina

1990
 Peter Boyer, Rhode Island
 John M. Garrison, Texas
 Hugh Herr, Pennsylvania
 Vick Huber, Delaware
 Talia Melanie McCray, Colorado

1992
 Frank Bradish, Idaho
 Derek Y. Kunimoto, Hawaii
 Arthur J. Ochoa, Delaware
 Mark Smith, Oregon
 Trina R. Williams, Indiana

1993
 Tracy L. Collett, Georgia
 Marlon Harmon, Wisconsin
 Hung Pham, Colorado
 Michael E. Plochocki, New York
 Joseph E. Ponzo, Massachusetts

1994
 Harold Richard Davis, Jr., South Carolina
 Javier David Margo, Jr., Texas
 Lethuy Thi Nguyen, Oklahoma
 Jamel Oeser-Sweat, New York
 Roderick D. Tranum, Georgia

1995
 Kevin Michael Crozier, Colorado
 Renee Kylene Hamel, Oklahoma
 Preston Hopson, III, Michigan
 Robert Lester Murry, Massachusetts
 Phillip Charles Rodriguez III, California

1996
 David Quinn Gacioch, New York
 Joel Morales, Jr., Texas
 Nan-Phong Duy Phan, California
 Randolph Walker, Jr., Mississippi
 Julie Anne Waller, North Carolina

1997
 Robert Edward Hugh Ferguson, Jr., Utah
 Christopher Todd Fullerton, Georgia
 Yukitoshi Murasaki, Florida
 Matthew John Spence, California
 Sabrina Martinique Thompson, North Carolina

1998
 Amanda Gayle Cox, Georgia
 Kirk Cristman Fistick, Maryland
 G. Christopher Jones, Oklahoma
 Denise Yvette Margo, Texas
 Hayata Kristy Poonyagariyagorn, Oregon

1999
 Justin Daniel Guerra, Missouri
 Erica Camille Quick, North Carolina
 Sylvester George Tan, Georgia
 Michelle Irene Towle, Minnesota
 John J. van Velthuyzen, Washington

2000
 Julius Demarcus Jackson, Texas
 Carl Frederick Regelmann, New York
 Svati Singla, North Carolina
 Alison L. Smith, Minnesota
 Christopher Kirill Sokolov, California

2001
 James W. Johnson, Pennsylvania
 Jason Wayne Kemp, North Carolina
 Hong-Ly Thi La, Maryland
 Cyrus Jerrerson Lawayer IV, Maryland
 Evan Michael Todd, Colorado

2002
 Michael John Beckel, Minnesota
 Lindsey D. Cameron, Texas
 Christina Hsiung Chen, Texas
 Mark Alan Mallak, Florida
 Edward J. Walneck, Arizona

2003
 Kyle James Cline, Illinois
 Brett Michael Patrick Klukan, Pennsylvania
 Katherine Ann Knuth, Minnesota
 Akeem Rasheed Samuels, New Jersey
 Jonathan P. Wilkerson, Texas

2004
 Aaron Azur Allen, California
 Elizabeth Anne Beckel, Minnesota
 Evan Eugene Hunsberger, California
 James Steven Kleckner, Wisconsin
 Kevin Koo, New Hampshire

2005
 Robert Kyle Alderson, Oklahoma
 Aubyn Cathleen Burnside, South Carolina
 Christopher Alan Kerzich, Illinois
 Melanie Alise Perry, Missouri
 Michael David Sekora, Pennsylvania

2006
 Benjamin Jacob Ulrich Banwart, Minnesota
 Mark Christopher Bicket, Oklahoma
 Richard B. Birrer, New York
 Shreyans C. Parekh, California
 Phillip D. Stewart, Nevada

2007
 Fernando S. Arán Jr., Florida
 Daniel Cayce, Arkansas
 Michael Alexander Hayoun, New Jersey
 Michael Quang Nguyen, California
 Logan Mark Skelley,  Missouri

2008
 Paul Jacob Parker Banwart, Minnesota
 Gary Conard Bosshardt, Utah
 Welland Dane Burnside, South Carolina
 Sameer Gupta, Georgia
 Evan Jameson Spencer, Arizona

Per the national office national awards will no longer be given.

See also
 Awards and decorations of the United States government

References

Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of America
Student awards
Awards and decorations of the United States Department of Justice

Young American Award


Dial-up internet access, usually just called Dial-up, is a slow way of connecting to the Internet by using a telephone line. A modem is connected between a computer and a telephone line and then the modem is instructed to dial the phone number of an Internet service provider (ISP) to connect to the Internet. The ISP must be a dial-up service provider with several dial-up modems waiting to accept dial-up calls. This kind of internet is slower than DSL.

In most parts of the world, dial-up service was the most common way of connecting to the internet in the late 20th century.  Since the middle of the 2000s it has become uncommon, being largely replaced by DSL and cable modem where those are not too expensive.

Internet
Telecommunications

Dial-up


The Bretons are a distinct ethnic group in the region of Brittany in France.  They trace much of their heritage to groups of ancient Britons who settled the area from south western Great Britain in the 4th–6th centuries. The region of Brittany is named after them and many speak Brezhoneg, a Brythonic language closely related to Cornish and a bit more distantly to Welsh. The Breton language as such is part of the Insular Celtic language group. In eastern Brittany, a regional langue d'oïl named Gallo developed; it shares certain points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton.

Celtic peoples

Bretons


Le Grand-Bornand là một xã trong tỉnh Haute-Savoie thuộc vùng Rhône-Alpes in south-eastern France.

The commune là một ski resort and owes its name to the river which runs through it. The inhabitants of Le Grand-Bornand are called Bornandins.

Geography
Located on the western slope of the Aravis mountain range not far from Mount Blanc, Annecy Lake and Switzerland, Le Grand-Bornand is a summer and winter resort which developed around an old village. Le Grand-Bornand is in a wide part of the valley which has allowed it to develop - the village of Petit-Bornand, located downstream, is in a narrower part of the valley. The commune of Le Grand-Bornand is made-up of three areas: the Bouchet valley, the Chinaillon valley and the village of Le Grand-Bornand located at the junction of the two valleys. The valley of Bouchet is located upstream of the village along the course of the river Borne.

Nearby
Nearby villages include Manigod, Thônes, La Clusaz, Saint-Jean-de-Sixt and the larger Chamonix và Annecy.

History
 1569: Church fire
 1715: Opening of a school
 1755: End of the dispute with neighbouring village La Clusaz on the delimitation between the territories of the two villages
 ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 1817: Violent earthquake causes property damage
 ngày 28 tháng 10 năm 1923: Creation of a ski club, the "société des skieurs bornandins".
 ngày 24 tháng 8 năm 1944: 76 troops from the Vichy government's militia, condemned to death on 23 August by a court martial of the French Forces of the Interior and after a parody of a trial, are publicly shot close to the Peseretaz wood. 44 were buried in a cemetery created on the spot in the Bouchet valley. Several were younger than 18 and at least one had never been part of the militia.
 ngày 14 tháng 7 năm 1987: A brutal and unforeseeable flood of the Borne river, following a violent storm over the mountain, submerges the valley and devastates in particular the campsite of Le Grand-Bornand. There 21 fatalities and two missing persons. The commune and the State were forced to compensate the families of the victims as the campsite had been located on the river floodplain.
 ngày 11 tháng 4 năm 2003: property developer, Xavier Flactif, and his family are killed in their country cottage in Chinaillon by a neighbour.
 ngày 22 tháng 7 năm 2004: The village is the finish for a stage of the 2004 Tour de France. Lance Armstrong wins after a stage of  from Bourg d'Oisans
 ngày 22 tháng 2 năm 2006: Roddy Darragon wins a silver medal in a ski sprint at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and the following day, Sylvie Becaert takes the bronze medal in the biathlon.

Twinning
Since 1997, Le Grand Bornand kết nghĩa với Quiberon.

Place names
Researcher toponymist and Ph.D. graduate of the Sorbonne, Jérémie Delorme, has listed, photographed and described, about 3 000 place names in the commune. 90% come from Latin, 8% come from Gaulish, 1% from Germanic and 1% from pre-Latin languages. A third of the names refer to former occupants. Names ending in "ière" are pre 16th-century and names ending in "lhon" are pre 5th-century.

Administration

List of mayors
Jean Bastard Rosset - March 1971 to March 1977
Pierre Pochat Cottilloux - March 1983 to March 1989
Andre Perrillat Amédé - March 1989 to March 2008
Gérard Perrissin-Fabert - March 2008 to present

Presidential election 2007
Le Grand-Bornand voting in the 2nd round of the 2007 French presidential election
Nicolas Sarkozy: 84% Royal Ségolène: 17%

Places and monuments
 Church of the Virgin Mary of the Assumption: it has been confirmed this church dates from 1346. It was partially destroyed by a fire in 1569 and the bell-tower completely rebuilt in 1661. It was completely rebuilt in 1877. The bell-tower, finished in 1845, is remarkable for its Baroque outer shell.
 Chinaillon chapel
 Bouchet chapel
 Nant-Robert chapel
 Gramusset refuge
 Maroly virtual lake
 Militiamen cemetery

People
 Roddy Darragon: silver medalist in cross-country skiing individual sprint event in the 2006 Winter Olympics
 Sylvie Becaert: bronze medalist in the biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics and 2005 world champion
 Christophe Perrillat: French cross-country skiing team member at the 2006 Winter Olympics
 Steve Missillier: member of the 2007 French Alpine skiing team
 Sebastien Baker-Bidoz: former member of the French Alpine skiing team
 Tessa Worley: - member of the French Alpine skiing team

Economy
 Tourism: ski resort. Le Grand-Bornand holds the award "Station verte de vacances" (Green holiday resort).
 Winter sports: The station is highly rated for beginner skiers and family holidays. However, although there are a few good restaurants, there is minimal nightlife. Le Grand Bornand skiable domain has recently been linked to the skiable domain of La Clusaz
 Agriculture: Le Grand-Bornand is one of the birthplaces of reblochon, a cheese produced from abondancière, tarine and montbéliarde cows raised on Crau hay.
 Companies:
 Aravis Boissons has manufactured Forclaz lemonade since 1870 according to the same, original recipe (water + sugar + bubbles)

Facilities
 Village hall
 Social housing
 Swimming pool
 Mini golf
 Golf
 Tennis
 Trampoline

Outdoor activities
 Skiing
 Snowboarding
 Cross-country skiing
 Hiking
 Mountain-biking
 Excursions
 Dodes forest
 Mushroom collecting
 Via Ferrata

Events
 "To happiness of the kids", children's festival
 "To each their turn" (June 2007) Publicity in schools by the organisers of the Tour de France, to develop the image of "the outer loop" for future generations of consumers.
 July 15–16, 2007: Arrival of 7th stage of the Tour de France 2007 (Bourg-en-Bresse - Le Grand-Bornand) and departure of 8th stage of the Tour de France 2007, 165 kilometres between Le Grand-Bornand and Tignes.
 Alps Mountain festival (at the beginning of August)
 Ball of the conscripts, organized in May each year
 Week of the mountain, discovering local fauna and flora. One evening is organized by the mountain security and the Office of mountain Guides. In 2007 it is from 21–27 July.

Tour de France
Le Grand-Bornand has been the start town for three stages of the Tour de France, one each in 1995, 1999 và 2007. It was the finish of a stage in 2004, 2007, and one in 2009.

Finishes

Departures

Xem thêm
Xã của tỉnh Haute-Savoie

Tham khảo
INSEE
http://mrambaul.club.fr/villes_etapes/villes_l/le_grand_bornand.htm

Liên kết ngoài
Le Grand-Bornand on the Quid website
Location of Le Grand-Bornand on a chart of France and communes bordering
Le Grand-Bornand Ski Chalet
Le Grand-Bornand Chinaillon accommodation provider
Map of Le Grand-Bornand on Mapquest
Le Grand-Bornand official website
Le Grand-Bornand English website
ViaFerrata.org Le Grand Bornand Via Ferrata: Tour de Jalouvre

Savoie
Xã của Haute-Savoie

Le Grand-Bornand


Negentropy is reverse entropy. It means things becoming more in order. By 'order' is meant organisation, structure and function: the opposite of randomness or chaos. One example of negentropy is a star system such as the Solar System. Another example is life.

As a general rule, everything in the universe tends towards entropy. Star systems eventually become dead. All energy has gone, and everything in the system is at the temperature of the surrounding space. The opposite of entropy is negentropy. It is a temporary condition in which certain things are hotter and more highly organised than the surrounding space. This is the second law of thermodynamics:
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

Life is considered to be negentropic because it converts things which have some order, such as food, into things with more order, such as cells in the body, tissues, and organs. In doing so, it gives off heat.  Another example of negentropic things are societies, or social systems, because they take disorderly things such as communications, and make them more orderly and useful.

Notes

Thermodynamics

Negentropy


Humboldt's Gift is a 1975 novel by Canadian-American author Saul Bellow. It won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and contributed to Bellow's winning the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year.

Plot
The novel, which Bellow initially intended to be a short story, is a roman à clef about Bellow's friendship with the poet Delmore Schwartz. It explores the changing relationship of art and power in a materialist America. This theme is addressed through the contrasting careers of two writers, Von Humboldt Fleisher (to some degree a version of Schwartz) and his protégé Charlie Citrine (to some degree a version of Bellow himself). Fleisher yearns to lift American society through art, but dies a failure. By contrast, Charlie Citrine makes a lot of money through his writing, especially from a Broadway play and a movie about a character named Von Trenck – a character modeled after Fleisher.

Another notable character in the book is Rinaldo Cantabile, a wannabe Chicago gangster, who tries to bully Citrine into being friends. Because his career advice to Citrine is commercially fixated, it is directly opposed to advice from Citrine's former mentor, Humboldt Fleisher, who prioritizes artistic integrity.

Reception
Humboldt's Gift won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Bellow's first after three previous works were recommended for the award by various juries. (Pulitzer finalists were not formally designated until 1980.) In the novel Humboldt says, and Citrine agrees, that the prize is "a dummy newspaper publicity award given by crooks and illiterates". When asked about the description after winning the prize, Bellow laughed and said that he would accept the award "in dignified silence".

Some critics, including Malcolm Bradbury, see the novel as a commentary on the increasing commodification of culture in mid-century America. Throughout much of the book, Bellow also analyzes, through the voice of Citrine, his thoughts on spirituality, poetry, and success in America.

Alvin Kernan, in his 1982 book The Imaginary Library, included a chapter on Humboldt's Gift, arguing that the novel is representative of the declining relevance of the Romantic conception of literature to contemporary life.

References

Bradbury, Malcolm.  Saul Bellow.  New York: Methuen (1982)

1975 American novels
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction-winning works
Novels by Saul Bellow
Roman à clef novels
Viking Press books

Humboldt's Gift


The Terri Schiavo case was a legal battle. It involved prolonged life support in United States. The case began in 1998 and lasted to 2005. Teresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo was in Persistent Vegetative State and there was a controversy about stopping life support.

She had collapsed in her St. Petersburg, Florida home because of cardiac arrest on February 25, 1990. This had caused a large amount of damage to her brain. This damage caused her to be in a Persistent Vegetative State. Her feeding tube was disconnected on March 18, 2005. She died thirteen days later.

References

2005 in Florida
Death
Ethics
Trials in the United States

Terri Schiavo case


Hardstyle is a kind of electronic dance music (EDM). It mixes Hard trance and hardcore styles of EDM. Hardstyle started in the late 1990s to early 2000s in the Netherlands. It has developed new kinds of hardstyle over the years. "Euphoric hardstyle" contains melodies and often vocals tell stories. Famous hardstyle artists include The Prophet, Headhunterz, Brennan Heart and D-Block & S-te-Fan.

There are many hardstyle festivals around the world. Defqon.1 is held every year in the Netherlands and Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Qlimax is also held in the Netherlands yearly.

References

Dutch music
Electronic dance music

Hardstyle


MCST () is a microprocessor company that was set up in the 1992s. Different types of processors made by MCST were used in personal computers, servers and computing systems.

MCST develops microprocessors based on 2 different  instruction set architecture (ISA): Elbrus and SPARC

 Elbrus 1 (1973) was the fourth generation Soviet computer, developed by Vsevolod Burtsev. Implements tag-based architecture and ALGOL as system language like the Burroughs large systems. A side development was an update of the 1965 BESM-6 as Elbrus-1K2.
 Elbrus 2 (1977) was a 10-processor computer, considered the first Soviet supercomputer, with superscalar RISC processors. Re-implementation of the Elbrus 1 architecture with faster ECL chips.
 Elbrus 3 (1986) was a 16-processor computer developed by Boris Babaian. Differing completely from the architecture of both Elbrus 1 and Elbrus 2, it employed a VLIW architecture.
 Elbrus-90micro (1998-2010) is a computer line based on SPARC instruction set architecture (ISA) microprocessors:  MCST R80, R150, R500, R500S and MCST-4R working at 80, 150, 500 and 1000 MHz.
 Elbrus-3M1 (2005) is a 2-processor computer based on Elbrus 2000 microprocessor employing VLIW architecture working at 300 MHz. It is a further development of the Elbrus 3 (1986).
 Elbrus МВ3S1/C (2009) is a ccNUMA 4-processor computer based on Elbrus-S microprocessor working at 500 MHz.

Other websites
 Elbrus website in Russian
 Elbrus E2K
 "Elbrus" processor info (russian)
 "Elbrus-S" processor info (russian)
 МВ3S1/C  "Elbrus-S" based processor module(russian)
 "Elbrus-3M1" computer info (russian)
 (I) Power Point document "Elbrus-3M1"
 (II) Power Point document "Elbrus-3M1"
 Russian microprocessors: An overview (Spanish - Espacial.org)
 Video of booting Windows 2000 on Elbrus microprocessor

Companies based in Moscow
Technology companies of Russia

Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies (MCST)


The Hauraki Destrict Cooncil is a municipality in the Waikato Region o New Zealand. The seat o the cooncil is at Paeroa.

The aurie covered bi the destrict extends frae the soothwast corner o the Firth of Thames sootheast towards Te Aroha, although that toun lees ayont its boondaries. It extends eastwairds tae the Bay of Plenty coast, taking in the soothmaist pairt o the Coromandel Peninsulae. The rest o the peninsulae is pairt o the Thames-Coromandel destrict.

Featurs o the district include the Karangahake Gorge, Whiritoa, the Hauraki Plains, an the gowd minin toun o Waihi. The toun o Ngatea is in the destrict an aw.

The destrict covers 1144 km², an haes a population o 17,193 (2006 census), o whom 3975 live in Paeroa an 4500 live in Waihi.

The current Mayor is John Tregidga an Deputy Mayor is Bruce Gordon.

Freemit airtins
The cooncil's site
The cooncil's public library's steid

Hauraki Destrict


An ice tool is a specialized elaboration of the modern ice axe (and often described broadly as an ice axe or technical axe), used in ice climbing, mostly for the more difficult configurations.  Ice tools are used two to a person for the duration of a pitch, and thus in some circumstances such as top-rope-anchored climbs, a pair may be shared among two or more people, where only one of them at a time is climbing.  In contrast a classical "ice axe" is used one to a person for the hours or days a party is traveling across snow or glacier.  In communities where it is common to refer to an "ice tool" simply as an "ice axe", classic "ice axes" are often referred to as "traveling axes", "walking axes", or "general mountaineering axes" to distinguish them from "tools".

In climbing of vertical ice, two tools are needed in order for the climber (supported by cramponed feet) to use each tool in turn in maintaining balance with the body's center of mass nearly straight above the toes, while repositioning the other tool to a higher level, before raising the body weight with the legs and thereby setting the stage for repeating the process.

Types

Traditional ice tools
Historically the most common type of Ice tool uses a specialized leash that snugly grips the climbers wrist.  The length of the leash is adjusted so that when a climber hangs on a leash their hand remains at the tool's handle portion of the axe shaft.  This allows the climber to rest on the axe placement by applying minimal grip to the axe shaft.  The greatest disadvantage to a leashed tool is the potential to become stuck on the tool in the rest position without the ability to reach the grip and control the tool

Leashless ice tools

More recently leashless ice tools have emerged.  Most modern ice tools are curved in such a way that the shaft of the ice axe is not vertical when actively placed.  Gripping a shaft slightly canted from vertical is usually much less tiring than gripping a vertical shaft. Leashless ice tools further adjust the cant and its position relative to the main shaft to maximize the comfort and control of the axe.  These changes as well as the introduction of finger rest rendered it much easier to grip and hold the axe handle negating much of the "rest" value of leashes.

The disadvantages of leashless tools are the climber's inability to "rest" on their wrists and the potential for dropping a tool en route.  Advantages of leashless tools while climbing include the ability to swap tools between hands (or cross and match) plus a climber's ability to move their hands to any part of the tool unrestricted by the leash.  A safety advantage is that a climber can not become stuck on their leashes without the ability to reach the tools.  This safety feature as well as an effort to make the routes more difficult motivated UIAA to ban leashes during competition.  This ban spurred the development of commercial manufactured leashless tools.

Leashless tools are now often used in conjunction with a 'springer leash' system. This gives some protection against dropping the tools on a long trad route but still gives the most of the flexibility of going leashless. Each tool is clipped to a bungee cord that terminates on the climbers waist usually clipping to their harness. Wrists are not supported and freedom of movement is still maintained. The springer leash is not designed to arrest a fall should the ice axe remain in place, however this is often what can happen in real-life usage.

Modified traditional tools
Many traditional tools are now sold with finger rests or are designed for the easy addition of finger rests.  These tools are intended to function with or without leashes.

Design

The physical designs of ice tools differ more widely than those of other ice axes.
 Modular: Ice tools are extremely modular; most have the ability to change picks and adze/hammer.  Many ice tools are designed to accommodate shaft modifications to change the position of a hand while hanging. This is distinct from mountaineering ice axes which are usually produced as a single axe, adze, and shaft component with limited variation in leashes.
 Pick variations: Most ice-tool picks are flat, with a (shaftward) "drooping" direction and a serrated lower edge, but some of these are straight or concave on their upper edges, instead of convex  as other ice axes are. With the same kind of design, picks may vary in degree, as to number of teeth, depth of teeth, or thickness, and some are field replaceable, to deal with point damage or to accommodate more than one pick design on the same tool. There are also ice tools with round tubular-nosed, instead of flat, picks.
 Adze-end variations: As with non-ice-tool adzes, those of ice tools vary in several aspects; other ice tools have a hammer head in place of the adze, or are modular, permitting switching styles of adze or hammer, and/or between adze and hammer.
 Shaft variations: Shafts may be straight, as with shafts of non-ice-tool axes, or have one or two bends or curved sections. Ice tools generally range from  in length, with  being by far the most common length.
 Spike variations: Non-ice-tool spikes are generally flat and symmetrical, with straight or convex edges meeting at a point. Ice-tool spikes vary widely, including also asymmetrical flat shapes with teeth on one side or two points of different lengths, conical or oval tubular ends, or slightly hooked ends.  Many "leashless" ice tools have abandoned the spike altogether and end with a smooth handle.
 Indoor Ice tool: Ice tools are now available for training indoors at the local climbing wall. They follow the leashless design principle with dual position grip but have a rubber strap instead of a steel spike at the end of the shaft. This design allows them to be used on the existing climbing wall alongside other climbers without causing any damage and without any changes having to be made.

See also

Ice axe
Ice climbing
Dry-tooling

References

External links

Mountaineering equipment
Climbing equipment
Ice climbing

Ice tool


Independent Catholic Churches is the name for a few Christian churches which say that they have the traditions of the Catholic Church, but who are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them say that their bishops have apostolic succession, that is that their legitimacy comes from an apostle. The first of these churches was the Old Catholic Church, who did not agree that the pope was infallible, in religious matters. This was agreed at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Most of the independent Catholic churches split  from the Old Catholic church. A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests, founded in the 1970s.

Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, or the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Roman Catholic Church.  Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870.

Catholicism
Old Catholicism

Independent Catholic churches


Gilbert Balibaseka Bukenya is a Ugandan politician and physician who was the seventh vice president of Uganda from 23 May 2003 until 23 May 2011. He has represented the constituency of Busiro County North in the Ugandan Parliament since 1996. His autobiography, Intricate Corridors to Power, was published in 2008.

Background
Gilbert Bukenya was born on 5 August 1949, in the village of Lwantama in Kakiri sub-county, in Busiro County, in present-day Wakiso District, about , by road, northwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.

Education
He was educated by the Brothers of Christian Instruction order in Uganda. He had his early education at St. Savio Primary School, Kisubi, St. Mary's College Kisubi, St. Edward Secondary School, Bukuumi and Old Kampala Secondary School.

Later, he joined Makerere University School of Medicine in 1971, graduating in 1976 with the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB). He worked as a Medical Officer at Mbale Hospital up to 1982 when he left Uganda for Papua New Guinea.

While outside Uganda, he obtained a Diploma in Public Health from the Royal Institute of Public Health, in London, in 1982. He also attained the degrees of Master of Science (MSc) from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine UK, and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from the University of Queensland, with a thesis topic of The Epidemiology of Under-Five Childhood Diarrhoeas in a Peri-Urban Population of Papua New Guinea.

Work experience
Gilbert Bukenya returned to Uganda as a Professor of Medicine and was appointed dean of Makerere University School of Medicine, a position he held from 1994 until 1996. In 1996 he entered politics and was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Busiro North constituency. He also served as chairman of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) parliamentary caucus. During this period he is credited for having managed to defuse the tension that was boiling up between President Yoweri Museveni and other historical leaders of the ruling NRM. He was chairman of the NRM in the Buganda region. Bukenya subsequently became Minister of State for Trade and Industry before being elevated to the post of Minister of the Presidency. He became Vice President in 2003 replacing Specioza Kazibwe, who at the time was grappling with a failed marriage. He later stood for the post of Secretary General of the NRM and lost to Amama Mbabazi. In May 2011, he was replaced as Vice President of Uganda by Edward Ssekandi.

Personal details
He is married to Dr. Margaret Bukenya, a classmate at Makerere Medical School in the early 1970s. He is a member of the Catholic Church. In 2005 Dr. Bukenya surprised political watchers when he alleged that the government was being controlled by a mafia clique. In an interview with the Daily Monitor, he said that the mafia was plotting his downfall. This was attributed to his ever-increasing popularity and his closeness to the powerful Catholic Church in Uganda. He is reported to enjoy swimming and farming. He is credited with the introduction of the cultivation of upland rice, also known as NERICA in Uganda.

Published works

See also

References

External links
 Website of the Parliament of Uganda
 Gilbert Bukenya Has Announced his Retirement From Politics

1949 births
Living people
Ganda people
People from Wakiso District
Vice presidents of Uganda
Members of the Parliament of Uganda
Makerere University alumni
Ugandan public health doctors
National Resistance Movement politicians
Academic staff of Makerere University
Ugandan Roman Catholics
People educated at St. Mary's College Kisubi
Fellows of Uganda National Academy of Sciences
21st-century Ugandan politicians

Gilbert Bukenya


Worf is a Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine character. He is played by Michael Dorn. He serves on the starship Enterprise as Lieutenant Junior Grade. Worf is the first Klingon main character to appear in Star Trek, and has appeared in more Star Trek episodes than any other character.

Character story
Worf is the son of Mogh. When Worf was a child, his parents and family were killed by the Romulan attack on the Khitomer outpost. Worf, his nanny Kahlest, and his brother Kurn survived the attack. Worf was then adopted by a human couple, Sergey and Helena Rozhenko while his brother was raised in the Klingon homeworld; this was not revealed until they were both adults. Although Worf never took the Rozhenko's last name, for he preferred to be addressed as "Worf, son of Mogh". It was during his time on gault that the 13-year-old Worf, captain of his school's soccer team accidentally killed another boy during a championship by throwing himself at him as the two children ran after the ball which flew in the air. This was something Worf would never forget.

Star Trek: The Next Generation characters

Worf


John Ray (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705) was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. Ray was the son of a village blacksmith who got to Cambridge University on a scholarship. This was in 1644, when the Puritans were making war against Charles I. When he got his bachelor's degree in 1648, he continued as a Fellow of Trinity College.

Ray was a Protestant dissenter who had accepted the return of Charles II. He was ordained as a priest of the Church of England, in London in 1660. By then, Charles II insisted that all priests sign an affadavit against the Puritan party. The Act of Uniformity of 1662 made the Book of Common Prayer compulsory in religious services, which was opposed by those of Puritan beliefs. Ray would not sign the affidavit, so he was forced to resign his Fellowship, and could not work as a priest.

Ray returned to his native village of Black Notley, near Braintree in Essex. After Ray joined up with a former student, Francis Willughby, the pair spent three years in continental Europe, discovering what the latest scientific ideas were. When he returned to England in Spring 1666, he joined the new Royal Society, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. His most important scientific works were supported financially by the Royal Society, whose President at a critical time in the 1680s was Samuel Pepys.

Ray published important works on plants, animals, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system by which species were classified according to an either/or type system. Instead he classified plants by observation according to similarities and differences. Thus he advanced scientific empiricism against the deductive rationalism of the scholastics. He was the first person to give a biological definition of the term species.

"Ray sweeps away the litter of mythology and fable... and always insists upon accuracy of observation and description and the testing of every new discovery".p10

Ray's works
Ray published about 23 works, depending on how one counts them. The biological works were usually in Latin, the rest in English. For ease of reading, the titles below are in English.

1660: Catalogue of Cambridge plants.
1668: Tables of plants
1668: Catalogue of English plants plus Fasiculus (an *appendix)
1670: Catalogue of English proverbs.
1673: Observations in the Low Countries and Catalogue of plants not native to England.
1674: Collection of English words not generally used.
1675: Trilingual dictionary, or nomenclator classicus.
1676: Willughby's Ornithologia. "In fact, the book was Ray's, based on preliminary notes by Francis Willughby".p52 Chapter 12 "Willughby and Ray laid the foundation of scientific ornithology".
1682: New method of plants.
1686: History of fishes +frontis & 187 engraved plates. Plates subscribed by Fellows of the Royal Society. Samuel Pepys, the President, subscribed for 79 of the plates.
1686–1704: History of plants. 3 vols, vol 1 1686, vol 2 1688, vol 3 1704. The third volume lacked plates, so his assistant James Petiver published Petiver's Catalogue in parts, 1715–1764, with plates. The work on the first two volumes was supported by subscriptions from the President and Fellows of the Royal Society.
1690: Synopsis of British plants.
1691: The wisdom of God. 2nd ed 1692, 3rd ed 1701, 4th ed 1704 (each enlarged from the previous edition). This was his most popular work. It was in the vein later called natural theology, explaining the adaptation of living creatures as the work of God. It was heavily plagiarised (copied) by William Paley in his Natural theology of 1802.p92 p452
1692: Miscellaneous discourses concerning the dissolution and changes of the world. This includes some important discussion of fossils. Ray insisted that fossils had once been alive, in opposition to his friends Martin Lister and Edward Llwyd. "These [fossils] were originally the shells and bones of living fishes and other animals bred in the sea". Raven commented that this was "The fullest and most enlightened treatment by an Englishman" of that time.p426
1713 Three Physico-theological discourses. This is the 3rd edition of Miscellaneous discourses, the last by Ray before his death, and delayed in publication. Its main importance is that Ray recanted his former acceptance of fossils, apparently because he was theologically troubled by the implications of extinction.p37 Robert Hooke, like Nicolas Steno, was in no doubt about the biological origin of fossils. Hooke made the point that some fossils were no longer living, for example Ammonites: this was the source of Ray's concern.p327
1693: Synopsis of animals and reptiles.
1693: Collection of travels.
1694: Collection of European plants.
1695: Plants of each county (Camden's Brittania).
1696: Brief dissertation.
1700: A persuasive to a holy life.
1705. Method and history of insects. (Post-mortem and unedited)
1713: Synopsis of birds and fishes.

Libraries holding Ray's works
Including the various editions, there are 172 works of Ray, of which most are rare. The only libraries with substantial holdings are all in England.p153 The list in order of holdings is:
The British Library, Euston, London. Holds over 80 of the editions.
The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.
The University of Cambridge Library.
Trinity College Library, University of Cambridge.
The Natural History Museum Library, South Kensington, London.

References

1627 births
1705 deaths

English naturalists
English botanists
English science writers

John Ray


Harvey Bullock is a fictional Batman character  who is a detective who is loyal to Commissioner James Gordon, but does not trust Batman. He is a corrupt detective in one case while in another case he is a good cop.

He was voiced by Robert Costanzo in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Harvey Bullock (comics)


Nabatieh (Arabic: النبطية, al-Nabatiya), or Nabatiye, is the caipital o the Nabatieh Govrenorate, in soothren Lebanon. Nabatieh haes approximately 120,000 indwallers, is the caipital o the Jabal Amel aurie an the chief centre for baith the mohafazat, or govrenorate, an the caza, or canton. Nabatieh is an important toun baith economically an culturally.

Demographics

The indwallers o Nabatieh are predominantly Shi'a Muslims, wi a significant minority o Greek Catholics. The Nabatieh destrict haes three representatives in the Lebanese govrenment, aw belangin tae the Shi'a releegion.

Education
The Christian College Notre Dame des Soeurs Antonines is ane o the auldest institutions in the ceety.

Recreation
A mercat is held ivery Monday an traders an visitors frae neighborin veelages gather in the centre o the toun tae exchange thair goods in an aurie kent in Arabic as the Souq Al Tanen. Thare are an aa branches o several banks, hospitals, restaurants an cultural centers o interest tae tourists. Ivery year, the ceety commemorates the Battle o Karbala tae remember the martyrdom o Imam al Husayn. Durin this time o year the toun receives tens o thoosans o visitors, mainly belangin tae the Shiite community, who come tae pairticipate in this releegious festival.

Historic structures

Beaufort Castle
On the tap o a hill owerleukin the soothren Beqaa Valley towards Damascus stands Belfort or Beaufort castle, kent tae Arab travellers as Shqiuf Arnun, the wird shqif bein a Siriac term meanin heich rock. The castle, awtho leukin inaccessible, can be reached wi little difficulty frae the veelage o Arnun, which lies 7 km sootheast o Nabatieh. In front o this fortress is a lairge watter cistern an the ruins o an auncient veelage o a seemilar antiquity tae the castle. Thare is nae conclusive evidence for the age o this castle or for who biggit it. Accordin tae William o Tyre, it wis erectit bi the Crusaders, but some scholars are o the opinion that it is probably aulder than this. It haes been suggestit that the fortress wis staundin when the Crusaders arrived, that it haed been biggit in the late Roman or Byzantine period an later restored an enlairged bi the Arabs afore becomin a Crusader castle.

The Crusaders repaired an fortifee'd Beaufort Castle durin the twalth century an it became the maist important fortress in Lebanon. The Crusader keeng, Foulques d'Anjou, captured it frae the ruler o Damascus an gae it tae the Crusader rulers o Sidon in 1138. Saladin besieged it for twa years an wis able tae storm it in 1140. The Crusaders regained control o the citadel in 1190 efter thay haed signed a greement wi Al Salih Ismail, the ruler o Damascus. In 1260 it wis bought bi the Knights Templar an it remained thair property till its conquest in 1268 bi the Mamluk Sultan, Al Zahir Baybars.  The Templers biggit a sma fort thare cried Chateau Neuf. Fakhreddin unnerteuk restoration wirk an re-fortifee'd the castle at the beginnin o the 17t century, but a govrenor o Damascus, Hafez Pasha, besieged the biggin an pairtly destroyed it wi his airtillery.

The castle is amaist completely ruined an anerlie the eastren wall, entrance an staircase o a big touer in the middle o the wastren side survive. On the eastren side is a 13t-century vaultit biggin, aither a kirk or an assembly haw. Tae the north are the remains o twa touers an o a lairge cistern which occupees pairt o the moat surroondin the castle.

Mosques
Nabatieh haes twa historic mosques. Ane wis biggit in the 16t century an lies in the centre o the toun. Anither, kent as the "the Mosque o the Prophet," dates tae the Mamluk period an is locatit in Nabatieh al Fawqa.

Notable fowk
Nabatieh can boast o bein the birthplace o several learned men: the theologian Sheikh Aref al Zein, the scientist Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah an his uncle Sheikh Ahmad Reda.

References

Populatit places in the Nabatieh Govrenorate

Nabatieh


A chassis (, ; plural chassis  from French châssis ) (plural chassis) consists of a framework that supports an inanimate (non-living) object. This is much like an animal's skeleton, for example in a car.

Examples of use
In a car, the term chassis means the frame (the metal "skeleton") plus the engine, transmission (gear shift), driveshaft, differential (gears which keep the back wheels moving correctly), and suspension (springs which keep the car above the ground). A body, which is usually not necessary to keep the car together, is built on top of the chassis to complete the car.

A tank (war machine)'s chassis (hull) comprises the bottom part of the tank, which includes the tracks, power plant, driver's seat, and crew compartment.

A chassis in a television, radio, or other electronic device consists of the metal frame on which the circuit boards and other electronics are mounted. Sometimes the chassis refers to the parts themselves.

In computers, the chassis refers to the rigid framework onto which the motherboard, memory, disk drives, and other equipment are mounted. It also supports the shell-like case: the housing that protects all of the vital internal equipment from dust, moisture, and tampering. The term "case modding" refers to the artistic styling of otherwise rather functional and plain computer encasings. Main article: computer case for personal machines or rack mount for commercial grade servers.

References

Auto parts
Electronics
Computer hardware

Chassis


Blade Runner is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dystopian science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. Blade Runner's main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.

Plot
The movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.

Response
Some movie critics did not like Blade Runner because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. Blade Runner looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. Blade Runner is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures. Blade Runner made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.

Versions
Seven versions of Blade Runner exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effect.

Other websites
 BRMovie.com — alt.fan.blade-runner website
 Special Edition News Page
 Encyclopedia Blade Runner
 BR-Insight — Thoughts of the movie

References

1982 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Hong Kong movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Movies set in Los Angeles

Movies set in the future
Movies about genetic engineering
Robot movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Warner Bros. movies
Dystopian movies
Cult movies

Blade Runner


South Norwood is an area in south-east London in the London Borough of Croydon, England. It is one of four places in London called Norwood, Norwood New Town, West Norwood and Upper Norwood are the others. There are around 14,590 people living in South Norwood alone. SE25 is the postcode for the area.

Norwood Junction train station is the station which serves most of South Norwood, to Central London. There are two secondary schools in South Norwood called, Harris Academy South Norwood (was Stanley Technical High School) and the other being Harris Academy Crystal Palace. There are also a lot of primary schools in the area.

The writer of the Sherlock Holmes stories lived in South Norwood on Tennison Road from 1891 to 1894. One of his stories was about the area. In 1966, a dog called Pickles discovered the World Cup Jules Rimet Trophy under a bush farther up in Beulah Hill.

South Norwood Country Park is a large green space and nature reserve in South Norwood, it was the site of a former sewage farm which was made for the growing population of London. Croydon Sports Arena which holds games for Kent League team Croydon Football Club (Croydon F.C.). Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in Norwood. The team, for the 2007-08 season are in the Championship.

London Borough of Croydon

South Norwood


Andrus Ansip (; born 1 October 1956) is an Estonian politician, a member of the European Parliament, the former European Commissioner for Digital Single Market and Vice President of the European Commission, in office from 2014 until 2019. Previously, he was Prime Minister of Estonia from 2005 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal Estonian Reform Party () from 2004 to 2014.

Before his entry into politics Ansip trained as a chemist, before working in banking and business. He entered Parliament in 2004, quickly becoming Minister of Economic Affairs, and subsequently Prime Minister in April 2005. On 1 November 2014, he was appointed to the European Commission.

Early life and business career
Born in Tartu, Ansip graduated from the University of Tartu with a degree in Chemistry in 1979. He worked as an engineer at the university from 1979 to 1983 (with a two-year break for mandatory military service). He was an instructor in the Industry Department and Head of the Organisational Department of the Tartu District Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party Estonian branch Estonian Communist Party from 1986 to 1988. Ansip has been involved in several banking and investment ventures. He has served as a Member of the Board of Directors of the People's Bank of Tartu (), Chairman of the Board of Livonia Privatisation IF, and CEO of Investment Fund Broker Ltd (). He also has served as Chairman of the board for Radio Tartu.

From 1989 to 1993 Andrus Ansip also managed a Tartu branch of AS Estkompexim.

Political career

Mayor of Tartu
In 1998, Ansip was elected as Mayor of Tartu as a candidate of the centrist-right Reformierakond (Reform Party), a position which he held until 2004, to great popular acclaim and very high ratings in the opinion polls. He had run in previous elections for the Riigikogu, the Estonian Parliament, but had always given up his seat in order to remain Mayor. He was succeeded by fellow Reform Party member Laine Jänes.

Chairman of Reform Party and Minister of Economics
On 21 November 2004, Ansip became Chairman of Estonian Reform Party because the party's founder and hitherto chairman, former Prime Minister Siim Kallas, had become EU Commissioner and vice president and thus had to move to Brussels. It was obvious that Ansip would have to move to Tallinn, and a chance opened up when the Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications in the coalition government of Juhan Parts, Meelis Atonen, a party colleague, had to resign. Ansip became his successor on 13 September. His track record as Minister is more difficult to evaluate because of the short duration of his service.

Prime Minister

On 31 March 2005, Ansip was charged by President Arnold Rüütel to form a government, following 24 March 2005 resignation by Prime Minister Juhan Parts. Ansip was able to form a coalition with the Centre Party and the People's Union of Estonia, which was approved by the Riigikogu on 12 April 2005. Ansip thus became Prime Minister of Estonia. He was backed by 53 out of 101 members of the Riigikogu, 40 deputies voting against. He and the ministers were inaugurated in office the next day, on 13 April.

On 4 March 2007, Ansip's Reform Party won 27 percent of the vote in the Estonian parliamentary elections, raising its mandate in the Riigikogu to 31 seats from 19. Ansip personally received over 22,500 votes. He was charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government. This time the Reform Party formed a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (IRL) and the Social Democratic Party. His second term as Prime Minister began on 5 April 2007. In May 2009, the Social Democrats left the government, and as coalition talks with the People's Union of Estonia failed, it was decided to continue with a minority government of the Reform Party and IRL.

In March 2011, the Reform Party won 33 seats in the Riigikogu, remaining the largest party even after the country's economic output had fallen by 14 percent in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and the collapse of a real estate price bubble fueled by cheap and easy credit from Nordic banks. Ansip was once again charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government. The Reform Party continued in a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. Ansip's third term as Prime Minister began on 6 April 2011, when Riigikogu approved his third cabinet.

But Ansip's center-right coalition soon struggled in polls amid signs of voter fatigue at years of a government focused on fiscal austerity as well as several high-profile party funding scandals. The center-left opposition also gained popularity.

On 4 March 2014, Ansip announced his resignation to enable a successor to lead his party into 2015 elections. From 4 December 2013 to 26 March 2014 he was the longest-serving prime minister in the European Union.

Vice President of the European Commission
In the 2014 European elections, Ansip was elected as an MEP received the largest number of preferential votes in Estonia. Shortly after, Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas nominated him as the country's next European Commissioner.

On 10 September 2014 President-Elect Juncker of the European Commission announced that he proposed Andrus Ansip as Vice-President of the European Commission and the European Commissioner for the Digital Single Market. He was formally appointed by the European Council as vice president with the consent of the European Parliament.

Member of the European Parliament, 2019-present
Ansip was re-elected in 2019. Shortly after, he handed in his resignation from the European Commission to take up the European Parliament seat he won. In Parliament, he has since been serving on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. In 2020, he also joined the Committee on Petitions and the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age.

In addition to his committee assignments, Ansip is part of the Parliament's delegation for relations with the Pan-African Parliament. He is also a member of the European Internet Forum, the European Parliament Intergroup on Artificial Intelligence and Digital and the European Parliament Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas.

Relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn

One of the most controversial actions of Ansip's government was relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn from a prominent location in the center of Tallinn to the Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn adjacent to the city center. The removal of the monument, as well as war graves, from its location on 27 April 2007 led to mass protests and two nights of the worst rioting Estonia has seen since regaining independence.

Personal life
Andrus Ansip is married to gynecologist Anu Ansip (b. 1956) and they have three daughters Reet (b. 1977), who is a stomatologist; Tiina (b. 1981) who is a journalist and Liisa (b. 1997).

Andrus Ansip is a member of the Estonian voluntary home guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League) since 10 November 2009.

Awards
 On 31 July 2007 Ansip was recognized for "his service in fight for Estonian freedom and Estonian national idea" by Estonian Central Council in Canada.
 Estonian Newspaper Association named Ansip Press Enemy of 2007.
 : On 5 April 2010 Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania.

References

External links

Official biography for Andrus Ansip
Estonian Reform Party

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1956 births
21st-century Estonian politicians
Estonian businesspeople
Estonian European Commissioners
Estonian Reform Party MEPs
Estonian Reform Party politicians
Estonian University of Life Sciences alumni
European Commissioners 2014–2019
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Leaders of political parties in Estonia
Living people
Mayors of Tartu
Members of the Riigikogu, 1999–2003
Members of the Riigikogu, 2003–2007
Members of the Riigikogu, 2007–2011
Members of the Riigikogu, 2011–2015
MEPs for Estonia 2014–2019
MEPs for Estonia 2019–2024
Politicians from Tartu
Prime Ministers of Estonia
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 2nd Class
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 3rd Class
Soviet politicians
University of Tartu alumni

Andrus Ansip


Genghis Khan, original full title , is a 1987 turn-based strategy game developed by Koei, originally released for the NEC PC-9801, MSX and Sharp X68000 in 1988, the DOS and NES in 1990, and the Amiga in 1990. It is actually the second game in the series, after a 1985 Aoki Ōkami to Shiroki Mejika, also for PC-88, PC-98, and MSX.

Plot
The game takes the player inside the virtual life of either Genghis Khan or one of his archrivals. The player must arrange marriages, father children, appoint family members to governmental positions, and fight in order to conquer the Old World. Armies must be drafted and soldiers must be trained if the player is to rule the lands from England to Japan.

Gameplay
The game has two different ways to play. The first is Mongol Conquest, which begins in the year 1175 A.D, which is a one player mode. Players assume control of Lord Temujin and they must conquer the land by keeping their economy stable, having their army ready to fight, and by attacking other lands. The second is World Conquest, where the goal is to conquer every opposing country.

World Conquest, which begins in the year 1206 A.D, is started by choosing the number of players and difficulty. It supports 1-4 players. Players must choose who they want to be; Genghis Khan (Mongols), Alexios I (Byzantine), Richard (England), or Yoritomo (Japan). Then each player must randomly select the stats of their leader and successors. The player must stop a random number to choose the certain stat. This is done until all stats are chosen for the certain character, but they can be redone. After everyone is ready to go, the game begins. The countries of Eurasia cycle through; when it goes through a country, it means they have used their turn. When it comes to a player's country, they get to make three choices. These choices include training the troops, buying a certain product/quantity from a merchant, drafting soldiers, sending a treaty, or going to war. Each act takes one choice away until the three choices are used; then the cycle continues. Once every country has used their turns, the season changes and the cycle goes through again, but in a different order. Seasons determine when you must pay your troops, when the farmers harvest the crop, when food must be distributed, etc.

Reception
In 1989, Computer Gaming World called Genghis Khan "the toughest, most satisfying, and richest historical simulation, yet!". In a 1990 survey of pre-20th century wargames the magazine gave it four out of five stars, and in 1993 three stars. Orson Scott Card viewed it unfavorably, writing in Compute! that compared to Romance "the tedium is back" regarding gameplay, but another reviewer for the magazine stated that "Genghis Khan is an excellent prerequisite to a real leadership experience because it forces you to gauge your resources before making decisions". In 2008, Armağan Yavuz, the co-founder of Turkish developer TaleWorlds cited Koei's Genghis Khan as an influence on their Mount & Blade series.

See also

List of Famicom Games

References

External links

Genghis Khan at GameFAQs

1987 video games
Amiga games
Video games set in the Mongol Empire
DOS games
Genghis Khan video games
FM-7 games
Koei games
MSX games
MSX2 games
NEC PC-8801 games
NEC PC-9801 games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Sharp MZ games
Sharp X1 games
X68000 games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games scored by Yoko Kanno
Video games set in feudal Japan
War video games set in Asia
War video games set in Europe
Windows games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in the Byzantine Empire
Video games set in medieval England
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Genghis Khan (video game)