Johann Pachelbel  (born in Nuremberg, baptized 1 September, 1653; died in Nürnberg, buried 9 March, 1706) was a German composer and organist.  He is very famous for his organ music.  He also wrote other keyboard music and music for the Protestant church.  His Canon in D has become a very popular piece of music and is very often played today at church weddings and other events.

He was brought up in Nürnberg and had his first music lessons there.  In 1669 he went to study at the university of Altdorf, but after a year he had to leave because his father could not afford to keep him.  About a year later he went to study at the Gymnasium Poeticum in Regensburg.  The directors of that school must have realized that he was an extremely talented musician, because they made an extra scholarship for him and allowed him to have special music lessons outside the school.

In 1673 he went to Vienna where he was deputy organist at  St Stephen's Church.  He heard a lot more music there, especially the music of the catholic composers of  South Germany and Italy.  After a short while at Eisenach he got the job of organist at the Predigerkirche in Erfurt.

In 1681 he married, but his wife and their baby boy died in the plague.  In 1684 he married again and the couple had five sons and two daughters. Pachelbel taught Johann Christoph Bach who later taught Johann Sebastian Bach.

Pachelbel became a very famous organist.  He stayed in Erfurt until 1690.  After another five years he became organist at St Sebald, Nürnberg where he stayed for the rest of his life.

His music
Pachelbel is best known for his organ music.  He wrote many organ pieces based on chorales while he was in Erfurt.  In Nürnberg he wrote many pieces called Magnificat fugues. These were preludes which were played before the singers sang the Magnificat. His organ music also includes toccatas, ricercares, fantasias and ciacconas.  He wrote many suites for harpsichord and chamber music and vocal music.

Audio
Canon in D played on a piano:

1653 births
1706 deaths
Baroque composers
Entertainers from Bavaria
17th-century German composers
German organists
People from Nuremberg
18th-century German composers

Johann Pachelbel


is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. It follows an orphaned ninja who dreams to become "Hokage". The Hokage is the strongest ninja and the leader for the village, called Konoha (meaning "leaf" in Japanese). As the series progresses, Naruto and his friends begin to solve the ancient history of the ninja world. His friends including Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. Their teacher is Kakashi Hatake. The manga was first published in 1999 in a Japanese magazine called Shonen Jump. It was also translated into English. The anime series premiered in Japan in October 2002. In the United States, it started in September 2005.

Plot
Twelve years ago, a spiritual Nine-Tail fox attacked the Hidden Leaf Village, Minato Namikaze and Kushina Uzumaki sacrificed themselves to seal the monster within a boy named Naruto.  Nobody told Naruto that the fox was sealed inside him. The villagers treated him badly because of the monster. When Naruto found out the truth, it made him want to become the next Hokage and earn everyone's respect. After graduating from being a genin, Naruto joined Team 7.  The members of Team 7 were Naruto, Sasuke Uchiha, Sakura Haruno and their teacher Kakashi Hatake. They defeated Zabuza and Haku in the Land of Waves. Orochimaru interrupted the Chunin Exam, killing the Third Hokage and Fourth Kazekage. Orochimaru tricked the army of the Hidden Sand into opposing the Leaf. Jiraiya trained Naruto, while Tsunade became the Fifth Hokage. Sasuke left the village and looked for revenge against Itachi. Naruto defeated five enemies from the Land of Sound through the forest, but he failed to stop Sasuke from joining up with Orochimaru.

Two and a half years later, Naruto recruited Sai and Yamato. The Akatsuki organization started kidnapping ninja hosts. Sasuke formed a tracking party and defeated Itachi. Then he became stronger and joined Akatsuki.  Naruto learned Sage Mode. He defeated Nagato for killing Jiraiya and devastating the village, even though he became good. Tobi interrupted the meeting and declared the Fourth Great Ninja War. He had a plan to reform the legendary Ten Tails from the nine tailed beasts. That would control humanity and achieve world peace. After learning Chakra Mode with the fox spirit, Naruto helped the Allied Shinobi Forces defeat the army of White Zetsu.  Tobi was revealed to be Obito, who kept the power of the eyes containing the Rinnegan and Sharingan.

When Madara came back to life and stole Obito's half of the power, he turned into the Sage of Six Paths. He used the power of the forbidden art to trap everyone in the Ninja World (except Naruto, Sasuke, Sakura, Kakashi, Obito and other dead ninjas). Black Zetsu fused with Madara to complete the reincarnation. That freed Kaguya Otsutsuki to take his place. In the past, Kaguya's son, Hagoromo, had trained Ashura and Indra. Ashura and Indra were the first incarnations who came before Naruto and Sasuke. After Kaguya killed Obito, Kakashi sacrificed his power.  Naruto and Sasuke worked together to seal Kaguya and Zetsu, and Madara died again. When Sasuke used the forbidden genjutsu, Naruto defeated and spared him. The world was peaceful and all the spiritual beasts were freed from Kaguya.  Kakashi became Sixth Hokage. Sasuke realized his mistake, disabled the genjutsu, and forgave everyone.

Years later, Naruto became the Seventh Hokage. He married Hinata Hyuga. They had two children. Their daughter was named Himawari, and their son was named Boruto. Boruto has a special eye and body mark. Boruto makes a new Team 7 with Konohamaru Sarutobi, Sasuke and Sakura's daughter Sarada, and Orochimaru's artificial son Mitsuki. Boruto helped Naruto and Sasuke defeat the two clansmen.  Boruto learned that the new enemy group called "Kara" are using their own marks. Kawaki was taken to the Leaf Village and adopted by Naruto's family. Soon after, Isshiki Otsutsuki attacked the hidden leaf village to take Kawaki back but Naruto and Sasuke stopped with the sacrifice of Kurama ( Nine Tails.)

Ninja Ranks

Ninja Student
This is where a beginner learns to be a ninja.

Genin
Basically meaning lower ninja. Rank of missions they are sent to: D and C.

Chunin
Basically meaning middle ninja. Rank of missions they were sent to: C and B.

Jonin
Basically meaning high ninja. Rank of missions they were sent to: B, A, and S rank.

Sannin
Sannin is the highest ninja Rank there are only three Sannins in Naruto Manga.

ANBU
They are like ninja black ops and are assassins. They serve the village's Kage.

Characters

Naruto Uzumaki

The main character of the series. He is a member of Team 7 and the Jinchuriki of Kurama the Nine Tails. He wants to become Hokage to gain the villagers' respect and protect everyone. Over the course of the series, readers find out he is descended from Asura Otsutsuki. He got his chakra and stamina from Asura Otsutsuki. Naruto befriends many foreign and Konoha people and helps them so much that he becomes famous. Naruto eventually completes his dream of becoming Hokage. He starts a family with Hinata Hyuga and has two children, Boruto and Himawari.

Sasuke Uchiha

The second main character of the series. He is a Team 7 member and a surviving member of the Uchiha clan, a powerful ninja clan descended from Indra Otsutsuki known for their Sharingan eyes. Sasuke's only wish is to avenge his clan. That made him turn on the Hidden Leaf once he learned the truth until the Fourth Great Ninja War. By the events of the Boruto, he lost his arm. Sasuke started investigating the Otsutsuki clan's influence on the world while helping Konohagakure.

Sakura Haruno

One of Naruto's friends and a female member of Team 7, serving as the group's medic ninja after being trained by Tsunade. Sakura was initially infatuated with Sasuke while resentful to Naruto, gradually seeing the latter as a friend while eventually marrying Sasuke and raising their daughter Sarada.

Kakashi Hatake
The leader and sensei of Team 7/Team Kakashi. Kakashi was a student of Naruto's father's Minato. He got a sharigan from his teammate Obito Uchiha. After the Fourth Great Ninja War, Kakashi became the Sixth Hokage and ruled Konoha for many years. Then he retired so Naruto could be Hokage.

Sai
A ninja who takes Sasuke's place in Team Kakashi in Part II. Sai can bring his drawings to life. The Foundatin's overseer, Danzo Shimura, raised him to have no emotions. Sai begins becoming more social as he, Naruto and Sakura become friends. At the end of the series, Sai marries into the Yamanaka and raises his son Inojin with his wife Ino.

Yamato
A ANBU member who becomes a secondary leader in Team Kakashi.  Yamato lost his original identity when Orochimaru experimented on him as a child to recreate Hashirama's wood style. Because he has Hashirama's cells, Yamato helps to stop the Nine Tails whenever Naruto is about to be consumed.

Hidden Leaf Village

Iruka Umino
A teacher at the Ninja Academy. He lost his parents to Kurama as a child. That made him feel awkward about being Naruto's teacher. Iruka is the first person to acknowledge Naruto. He becomes a father-figure to the boy.

Konohamaru Sarutobi
The grandson of Third Hokage who looks to Naruto as a mentor in this quest to become Hokage, emulating his work ethic, determination, and signature jutsu such as the Rasengan and the Sexy Jutsu among a variety of other techniques. Konohamaru insists, however, that he will only become Hokage after Naruto has been Hokage first. By the events of the series epilogue, Konohamaru has ascended to the rank of jonin and become a mentor to Naruto's son Boruto.

Hinata Hyuga
One of Naruto's friends and a member of the Hyuga clan. She is a powerful ninja clan descended from Hamura Otsutsuki. The Otsutsuki are known for their Byakugan eyes. Hinata was the first daughter of the main house, but because she was shy and couldn't stand up for herself, her father Hiashi disowned her. She was replaced by her younger sister Hanabi. Afterwards, Kurenai Yuhi cared for Hinata.  She became Yuhi's gennin student with Kiba Inuzaka and Shino Abarame. They became members of Team 8. Hinata started to like Naruto. His determination made her feel more confident. In the last episode, she told him she loved him.  Hinata and Naruto got married and had two children.

Team Asuma
They were known as Team 10.  The members are Third Hokage's son Asama Sarutobi and his three students, Shikamaru Nara, Sakura's rival Ino Yamanaka, and Choji Akimichi. Shikamaru and his friends are also called  "Ino-Shika-Cho." Their clans being close allies. During Part II, Asuma was killed by the Akatsuki member Hidan. Shikamaru avenged his mentor and became the group's leader. At the end of the series, Shikamaru kept his promise to take care of Asuma's daughter Mirai Sarutobi. Shikamaru and his friends each got married. They raised their children Shikadai Nara, Chocho Akimichi, and Inojin Yamanaka to be the next "Ino-Shika-Cho" group.

Team Guy
A ninja team made of Kakashi's rival Might Guy and his three students Rock Lee, Hinata's cousin Neja Hyuga, and Tenten. They are a year older than the other Hidden Leaf gennin. Guy wanted to wait a year before they could take the test to advance in ninja rank and become Chunin.  Neji sacrificed himself to save Naruto and Hinata. Guy was hurt during his ultimate attack and had to retire early.

Jiraiya
Naruto's mentor and one of the Three Legendary Sannin.  The Three Legendary Sannin were the students of the Third Hokage who survived the Hidden Rain's Hanzo of the Salamander in battle. Jiraiya is also known as the "Toad Sage" for having learned Sage jutsu from the Roads of Mt. Myobu.  He was told by the elder that his student will become a savior of the world. Naruto calls him "pervy sage"  because he wrote romance novels. He also wrote the epic "Tale of the Gutsy Ninja" with Naruto. During Part I, took Naruto as his student. In Part II, he left to investigate the Akatsuki. He found out it was led by his former student Nagato. Jiraiya died fighting to give the Hidden Leaf a chance against Nagato. He believed Naruto is the child of the Elder Toad's prophecy.

Hokage
The term Hokage refers to the title of the leader of Konohagakure. There are seven in total through the series. Their pictures are carved into the rock formation over Konohagakure.

 Hashirama Senju, the First Hokage, was the co-founder of Konohagakure. He was the leader of Senju Clan. He was a child during the Warring States period. Hashirama wanted to end the conflict. He made friends with Madara Uchiha. Then, Madara Uchiha decided they were enemies. Later, Hashirama and Madara made peace between their clans.  Hashirama died, but he was brought back to life twice by Orochimaru.
 Tobirama Senju, the Second Hokage, was Hashirama's younger brother. He was the teacher of Hiruzen Sarutobi.  Heo created the Hidden Leaf'sbuildingseand ways. He also invented many  jutsuliket include the Shadow Clone Jutsu and the Reanimation Jusu. Orochimaru used the Reanimation Jutsu on him..
 Hiruzen Sarutobi, the Third Hokage, is the first Hokage shown in the series. He acts as a source of wisdom to younger generations. He is one of the few characters to always treat Naruto as a person. He is also the mentor of the Legendary Sannin. He wa killed by his wayward student while using the Reaper Death Seal. His soul, the Hokages' souls, and Orochimaru's souls were sealed into the reaper's stomach. During the Fourth Great Ninja War, Orochimaru released Hiruzen's soul from the Death Seal. He reanimated him so Sasuke could learn the events behind the Uchiha Clan Massacre. Sarutobi and the other three Hokage fought against Obito and Madara. They were put to rest following after Kaguya was defeated.
 Minato Namikaze, the Fourth Hokage, is Naruto Uzumaki's father. He was also Kakashi's teacher and Jiraiya's student. He perfected Tobirama's Flying Thunder God teleportation Jutsu. Before the start of the series, Minato siphoned Kurama's Yin chakra. That weakened the beast. Namikaze sealed Kurama into Naruto's body. That meant only Naruto could use the Nine-Tails' yang chakra.  Later, Orochimaru raised him from the dead as a Nine Tails Jinchuriki.  Minato met Naruto again. He gave the Nine Tails' yin chakra to Naruto. Then he returned to the afterlife.
 Tsunade, the Fifth Hokage, is the Hokage for most of the series. She was a student of the Third Hokage. She was a member of the Senju clan. Her grandfather Hashirama had superhuman strength. Tsunade uses a transformation technique to look young. At first, Tsunade did not want to be Hokage because her younger brother Nawaki and her boyfriend Dan Kato both died trying to be Hokage. Tsunade regained her faith after meeting Naruto Uzumaki. She became Hokage and taught Sakura and Ino. By the end of the series, Tsunade retired. She bestowed the Hokage title to Kakashi.

Danzo Shimura
A Hidden Leaf resident. He is the leader of the Foundation. The Foundation is a secret organization that takes care of security.  His goal is to become Hokage.  He thought Hiruzen and his followers were weak. Danzo caused many bad things like the Uchiha Massacre. He had Orochimaru add Sharingan eyes and Hashirama's cells to him. When Tsunade was in a coma, Danzo was Acting Candidate Sixth Hokage.  Sasuke killed him.  After he died, the Foundation fell apart at the end of the Fourth Great Ninja War.

Zabuza Momochi
One of Naruto's first opponents. He was a member of Hidden Mist's Seven Swordsmen of the Mist, a group of ninja that use particularly large swords in battle. He killed his whole class as part of a graduation ritual. Zabuza has a large sword called the Executioner's Blade. The Executioner's Blade can repair itself by absorbing the iron from blood. Zabuza had an apprentice named Haku. Haku could use the Ice-Style Kekkei Genkai.  Zabuza and Haku became rogue ninja after trying to take over the Fourth Mizukage. They worked for a crime boss named Gato to get money to try again. Zabuza died after he was betrayed by Gato.  Kabu brought Zabuza and Haku back to life.

Orochimaru
A criminal who served as the principal villain of Part I. He was Hiruzen's student. Orochimaru joined the Akatsuki and worked with Danzo. Orochimaru wanted to live forever so he could learn every jutsu. He did experiments on other ninja. Then he made his own ninja village, the Hidden Sound Village. He used the village to experiment on people and make an army.  He wanted to use the army to destroy Konoha.  To live forever, he changes his mind to different bodies every few years.  He wanted to use Sasuke's body to live in. After the end of part II, Orochimaru stopped fighting Konoha. He made Mitsuki instead. Yamato watched him.

Kabuto Yakushi
Orochimaru's right hand and spy.  He is good at medical ninjutsu and can manipulate cells. Kabuto was initially a Foundation spy.  He had no memory of his past. Orochimaru helped Kabuto when Danzo did not trust him. Kabuto used his skills to spy on people for Orochimaru. After Orochimaru was defeated, Kabuto decided to master Snake Sage jutsu.  He put some of Orochimaru's remains into his body. He also added DNA samples of Sound Five, Jugo, Suigetsu, and Karin.  Kabuto perfected the Reanimation Jutsu. He made Tobi work with him as payment for his surfaces. Kabuto was defeated, but he saved Sasuke. After the war Kabuto returned to run the orphanage he was raised in with his adopted brother Urushi.

Itachi Uchiha
A rogue Hidden Leaf ninja. He joined the Akatsuki after slaughtering his clan. He was shown as a villain. After he died, Itachi was shown to be loyal to the Hidden Leaf. He only killed his family because they tried to take over when Danzo and Tobi told them to. Itachi joined Akatsuki after they agreed to keep Sasuke alive.  He planned to have Sasuke kill him. Itachi secretly stayed loyal to the Hidden Leaf by secretly spying on the Akatsuki. He was Kisame's partner..

Akatsuki
The main enemy of the second part of the series.  It was founded by Jiraiya's students Yahiko, Nagato and Konan as a peacekeeping group in the Hidden Rain.  Danzo and Tobi made it change to paid fighters made of rogue ninja.  Nagato became a leader.  The Akatsuki's new goal was to make everyone understand suffering so that there would be peace. They acted on Madara's Project Moon's Eye to feed the tailed beasts to the Gedo Statue. They used an Infinite Tsukiyomi to control all people.

 Nagato, called Pain.  He had Madara's eyes put in him when he was a child. He is the Akatsuki's leader and partner of Konan.  Nagato uses the dead body of his dead friend Yahiko in the Deva Path to be the "Pain."  Yahiko had helped start the Akatsuki with Nagato and Konan.  They learned ninjutsu from Jiraiya. Nagato was hurt after Yahiko's died. Then, he used six bodies known as the Six Paths of Pain. Each body used a sixth of his power. After he killed Jiraiya, Nagato led an attack on the Hidden Leaf. Naruto beat his Paths and restored Nagato's faith in Jiraiya's teachings.  Tobi later stole the Rinnegan from Nagato's resting place.  Madara took it back later. Kabuto brought Nagato back to life in the Fourth Great Ninja War. Then he was sealed by Itachi.
 Konan, the Akatsuki's only female member and Nagato's childhood friend. As Jiraiya's student, Konan learned to take advantage of her skill with origami. She used it as an important part of her fighting style. After Nagato's death, Konan left the Akatsuki. She fought Tobi when he came to get the Rinnegan eyes. She was killed in the fight.
 Kisame Hoshigaki, a rogue ninja from the Hidden Mist Village. He is Itachi Uchiha's partner. He is one of the Seven Swordsmen of the Mist. Kisame uses a living scaled sword called Sharkskin. Sharkskin absorbs his enemy's chakra and gives it to Kisame. This gives him more stamina.  He joined the Akatsuki to see a world without lies.  He attacked Killer Bee. He became a spy.  He was captured sending the jinchuriki's location to Tobi, then killed himself.
 Sasori, a rogue Hidden Sand puppet ninja. He was called "Sasori of the Red Sand" because he was good at making poison. He was raised by his grandmother Chiyo after his parents were killed by Kakashi's father.  Sasori's really wanted to make things that last forever. That let him make dead bodies into puppets that he could use. Sasori left his village. He abducted the Third Kazekage and made him into his most important weapon by poisoning his iron sand. Sasori made himself into a puppet. He hid himself in his armored body puppet. That let him control hundreds of puppets at the same time.  When he joined the Akatsuki, Sasori was Orochimaru's partner. Then he was Deidara's partner.  They captured Gaara and took the One Tail from him.  Sasori was killed. His puppet body was used by Kankuro.
 Deidara, a rogue Hidden Stone ninja. He made money bombing things with clay bombs. Then Itachi Uchiha forced him to join the Akatsuki.  Deidara did not like the Uchihas because of what Itachi did to him. He also thought their Sharingan eyes looked down on his art.  After he helped capture Gaara and the Three Tails, Deidara fought Sasuke. He blew himself up trying to kill Sasuke.  Deidara was brought back to life by Kabuto in the Fourth Great Ninja War. He was defeated by Kankuro.
 Hidan, a rogue ninja from the Hidden Boiling Water Village.  He was armed with a scythe. He was Kakuzu's partner. As member of a death cult called the Way of Jashin, Hidan became immortal. He made techniques that let him defeat opponents by hurting himself. Hidan became an enemy of Shikamaru after murdering Asama. His body was cut up and he was buried in the Nara's family forest.
 Kakuzu, a rogue ninja from the Hidden Waterfall Village and Hidan's partner. He first lived during the First Hokage's time. Kakuzu mastered a forbidden jutsu that causes his body to be held together by black threads.  He could have up to five hearts to prolong his life for a long time. He was Akatsuki's treasurer and bounty hunter.  He killed a majority of his partners. Then he was paired up with the immortal Hidan. Kakuzu's hearts were destroyed during his fight against the Hidden Leaf ninja. Kakashi killed him after Naruto hurt his last heart. Kakuzu was brought back to life during the Fourth Great Ninja War. Then he was sealed again.

Obito Uchiha
Also known as Tobi. He is Akatsuki's true leader. He is the main enemy for most of Part II. He was a child during the Third Great Ninja War. He gave his left eye to his teammate Kakashi when he looked like he was about to die. When he looked like he was going to die, Obito was saved by Madara. Madara replaced the damaged parts of his body with Zetsu prosthetics. Obito became Madara's student. Madara made Obitsu watch Kakashi kill Rin Noharu. Obito decided he would use the Tailed Beasts to destroy reality. He wanted to create a perfect world. Obito took Madara's name. He controlled things that led to the creation of the Akatsuki. He also controlled things that led to the Nine Tails' attack on the Hidden Leaf Village. He was angry at his former mentor, Minato.  With his Sharingan, Obito can make it seem like he cannot be touched. He can teleport a long way.  He can also use Wood Style attacks because he has Hashirama's cells.  After Obito is defeated, he gets back the sharingan he gave Kakashi.  Then he died to protect team 7 from Kaguya.  He helped Kakashi in spirit.

Madara Uchiha
One of two people who started Hidden Leaf Village. The other was Madara's childhood friend Hashirama Senju. Madara and Hashirama are reincarnations of the founding ancestors, Indra and Asura. Sasuke and Naruto are also reincarnations of Indra and Asura.  Madara does not like the Senju because they killed his brothers during the Warring States Period.  He makes peace with Hashirama, but then turns against him again.  Madara tried to destroy the Hidden Leaf Village with the Nine Tails jutsu.  Hashirama stopped him, and Madara faked his death.  Madara used Hashirama's blood for his Rinnegan. He summoned the Gedo statue to keep himself alive.   He finally died after getting Obito Uchiha to work for him.  He gave his Rinnegan to Nagato so that he could be brought back from the dead later.  After some time, Madara came back from the dead and turned himself into the Ten Tails jinchuriki. He tried to finish his plan, but Black Zetsu betrayed him. Madara became a vessel for Kaguya.  When Kaguya was resealed, Madara was close to dying. He finally made peace with Hashirama and then died for good.

Kaguya Otsutsuki
The main enemy of the Naruto series.  Kaguya was a member of the main family of the Otsutsuki clan. The Otsutsuki clan were a race of alien ninja whose branch family's descendants include the Senju, the Uchiha, and the Hyuga. Kaguya decided to protect the world rather than feed off it like her kin. She became part of the world's Divine Tree as she worked on her ideal of world peace. Kaguya lost faith in humanity. She turned some humans into an army called trust White Zetsu. They were to defend her against other Otsutsuki. She fought with her half-human twin sons, Hagoromo and Hamura, upon learning they inherited her chakra. Kaguya became part of the Divine Tree and turned it into the Ten-Tails. When Hagoromo captured her, she was sealed in the moon. She turned into the Gedo Statue. Her chakra turned into the Nine Tailed Beasts. Before she was sealed, Kaguya made Black Zetsu.  Black Zetsu would help her to come back. They would use Indra and the Uchiha Clan.  Madara Uchiha would be her new vessel.  Naruto and Sasuke defeated her with their team.  They took out the spiritual beasts and Madara.  Then they sealed Kaguya again.

 Zetsu, an Akatsuki who is not human. He spies for the Akatsuki.  He can get rid of dead or secret Akatsuki members.  Therea re two parts of Zetsu.  Black Zetsu is like a shadow. He was created by Kaguya to control Indra.  Black Zetsu pretended to be controlled by Madara.  White Zetsu is one of many former humans that became part of the Gedo Statue.  Sasuke killed White Zetsu during the Fourth Great Ninja War. After that, Black Zetsu went to Obito. Then he went to Madara. Finally, he was sealed with Kaguya.
 Tobi, also known as "Gurguru", is a White Zetsu. He was Obito's exoskeleton while coping with his new body.  Obito based his Tobi form on him. Tobi fought in the Fourth Great Ninja war by taking Yamato's Wood Style. Then he left him once Madara cast Infinite Tsukuyomi. Finally, he crumbled after the jutsu was cancelled. Only Yamato saw him die.

Comics
The manga series has 72 volumes. There are 26 light novels and 13 novels in Japan. In the United States, there are 16 chapter books. They use pictures from the manga.

Growth and popularity
The manga series ran up to 72 volumes. It became one of the most popular manga and anime. Since it began, a lot of Naruto fansites (websites made by people who like it a lot) were made with detailed information, guides, forums and card games.

Anime
The first part aired from 2002 to 2007 with 220 episodes. The second part Naruto Shippuden aired from 2007 to 2017 with 500 episodes. Some episodes and anime movies for the series are not based on the manga.

Original video animations
Twelve Naruto original video animations (OVAs) have been released.
 Find the Crimson Four-Leaf Clover!  (2002). Follows Team 7 as they help Konohamaru with his mission to retrieve a four leaf clover that makes a wish come true.
 Mission: Protect the Waterfall Village! (2003). Team 7 are on a mission to escort a shinobi to his hometown. This and the previous OVA were later released on DVD in Australia under the title Naruto Jump Festa Collection. The English localization of Mission: Protect the Waterfall Village! was released on DVD by Viz on May 22, 2007, in the US under the title Naruto  The Lost Story.
 Konoha Annual Sports Festival. (2004) Multiple groups of shinobi, including Team 7, participate in a sports competition where the award is a week break from missions. A short video released with the first Naruto movie; in North America, this was included on the Deluxe Edition DVD of the first film.
 Finally a clash! Jonin VS Genin!! Indiscriminate grand melee tournament meeting!! (2005) Fifth Hokage Tsunade creates a competition between Jonin (high level ninja) and Genin (low level ninja). Released on a bonus disk with the Japanese edition of the Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 3 video game for the PlayStation 2.
 Shippū! "Konoha Gakuen" Den (2008). This OVA follows Naruto Uzumaki and his peers as they live their lives in high school.
 Naruto: The Cross Roads (2010). Focuses on Team 7 after their encounter with Zabuza and Haku.
 Naruto, The Genie, and The Three Wishes!! (2010). While Team 7 are at the beach, Naruto finds a bottle and opens it to find a genie who grants three wishes.
 Naruto x UT (2011). Naruto is defeated by Sasuke and is pronounced dead; the events leading to the combat are shown in flashback.
 Chūnin Exam on Fire! Naruto vs. Konohamaru! (2011). Naruto and Konohamaru are participants in the Chunin Exams, and are matched with each other; they fight with no limits.
 Hashirama Senju vs. Madara Uchiha (2012). Tobi narrates the origin of Konoha. At the beginning ninja fought for their own clans. The most powerful among them are two clans: the Senju led by Hashirama, and the Uchiha led by Madara. This was distributed as part of the Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations video game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
 Naruto Shippūden: Sunny Side Battle!!! (2014). In his sleep, Sasuke dreams of his brother Itachi making him breakfast repeatedly until it is perfect.
 The Day Naruto Became Hokage (2016). Naruto Uzumaki is officially the Seventh Hokage, but does not make it to the ceremony.

Movies
There are 11 movies following the plot of the anime and manga.

There is a plan to make a live action Naruto movie.

Video games
There are more than 50 games.  Many of them are fighting games based on the anime or manga. The first Naruto game was Naruto: Clash of Ninja, which was originally released in Japan on December 19, 2002, and later in North America on November 17, 2005 as the first Naruto game in North America.

Online games
Websites for the game included Ninja Classic and Naruto-Arena.

Notes

References

Other websites

 VIZ Media's Naruto site (USA).
 Naruto Collectible card game site (USA) .
 Shonen Jump's Naruto page (USA) .
 Cartoon Network's Naruto page (USA) .
 YTV's Naruto page (Canada) .
 Manga Entertainment's Naruto microsite (UK)
 Naruto Planet (Italian)

2003 anime OVAs
Naruto

Naruto (manga)


Hemp for Victory is a black-and-white United States government film made during World War II and released in 1942, explaining the uses of hemp, encouraging farmers to grow as much as possible. During World War II, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was lifted briefly to allow for hemp fiber production to create ropes for the U.S. Navy but after the war hemp reverted to its de facto illegal status.

History
The film was made to encourage farmers to grow hemp for the war effort because other industrial fibers, often imported from overseas, were in short supply. The film shows a history of hemp and hemp products, how hemp is grown, and how hemp is processed into rope, cloth, cordage and other products.

Before 1989, the film was relatively unknown. The United States government denied ever having made such a film. The United States Department of Agriculture library and the Library of Congress told all interested parties that no such movie was made by the USDA or any branch of the U.S. government. Two VHS copies were recovered and donated to the Library of Congress on 19 May 1989 by Maria Farrow, Carl Packard, and Jack Herer.

The only known copy in 1976 was a 3/4" broadcast quality copy of the film that was originally obtained by William Conde in 1976 from a reporter for the Miami Herald and the Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church of Jamaica. It was given in trust that it would be made available to as many as possible. It was put into the hands of Jack Herer by William Conde during the 1984 Oregon Marijuana Initiative. The film is now available in numerous locations on the Internet.

In July 1989, Jack Herer together with Chris Wright, of the Grassroots Party, attempted to obtain a copy from the National Archives where it was listed, but the curators were unable to locate the film.  Subsequently, in May 1990, the founder of The Institute for Hemp, John Birrenbach, recovered a copy of the film from the National Archives.
  The film was a two part film the first section being 6:46 the second being 7:16 long.  Together the approx 15 minute film detailed the cultivation of cannabis for fiber.  This was the first recovery of the film from a government source.  This film can now be downloaded from the National Archives.

Hemp for Victory was produced by the US Department of Agriculture, and contained scenes from the 1926 silent film Old Ironsides. It is public domain and is freely available for download from the Internet Archive.

The film, as well as clips shown, was referenced to in an episode of 10 Things You Don't Know About on marijuana and its history.

Book
Hemp for Victory is also the title of a book about hemp, published 2006 in London by Whitaker Press (). It is the work of several authors active in the hemp world, including Kenyon Gibson, Nick and Cindy Mackintosh, Woody Harrelson, Mina Hegaard and Sam Heslop.

Sequel
In 2006, efforts were made to make a sequel of the film, Hemp For Victory II: The Sequel by the UK-based production house Necessary Productions. Starring David Hayman, Howard Marks and Jack Herer, the funds for post production were not raised and the project was shelved.

It was then developed as a three film series of 60 minutes each.  The second part released at the 2009 Seattle HempFest had Steve Levine and Andrea Hermann on the speaker panel. The movie did not have a full official release. It was released as a 2012 remake at select locations. The conceptualisation of the film was based on inputs from Smithsonian Institution, Greenpeace, MardiGrass, Robert West, Dr Tapan Kumar Pradhan, Howard Marks, Vote Hemp, John Hobson (Hemcore), Hilary Benn, Marc Deeley and other research institutes.

Gallery

See also
 Cannabis College
 The Emperor Wears No Clothes
 Legal history of cannabis in the United States
 List of films in the public domain in the United States
 Reefer Madness, 1936 film
 United States home front during World War II

References

External links

 Transcript of Hemp for Victory
 Hemp For Victory II - the sequel
 Hemp For Victory - Coverup by Jack Herer (archive)

1942 films
1942 in cannabis
American black-and-white films
American World War II propaganda shorts
Articles containing video clips
Cannabis and the United States military
Cannabis in the United States
American documentary films about cannabis
Hemp
Hemp agriculture
United States Department of Agriculture
United States government films
1940s American films

Hemp for Victory


William Knight (1475/76 – 1547) was the Secretary of State to Henry VIII of England, and Bishop of Bath and Wells.

Knight was sent to Rome in 1527 to try to get Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled.  He rebuilt Horton Court in Gloucestershire using ideas from Italian architecture.

Life
Born in London, he entered Winchester School as a scholar in 1487, and proceeded in 1491 to New College, Oxford, where he became Fellow in 1493. He afterwards proceeded D.C.L. 12 October 1531. In 1495 Knight went to court, where Henry VII made him one of his secretaries. He was frequently employed as an ambassador in the reign of Henry VIII. On 3 June 1512 he went with Sir Edward Howard to Spain, and, after storms and sickness, reached Valladolid 18 February 1513. He had received a commission authorising him and John Stile to treat with Ferdinand II of Aragon about the defence of the church. Knight remained at Valladolid till June 1513.

On 3 April 1514 he was at Mechlin on the first of a long series of embassies to the Low Countries. Richard Wingfield and Spinelly were with him (18 April), and on 12 June he was at The Hague with Sir Edward Poynings. In July he seems to have visited Switzerland. He received, on 14 July 1514, a grant of arms; in the grant he is described as prothonotary.

In May 1515 Knight is styled chaplain to the king; in the same year he became dean of the collegiate church of Newark, Leicestershire. On 7 May he was appointed ambassador with Sir Edward Poynings to Prince Charles, to renew the league of 9 February 1505. They had a conference with Cuthbert Tunstall, 23 May, at Bruges, and an audience with Charles at Bergen-op-Zoom on 29 May. He remained in Flanders during the rest of 1515, and found himself short of money. In February 1516 the treaty had been concluded.

He probably came to England in 1516, as he was in that year collated to the prebend of Farrendon-cum-Balderton in Lincoln Cathedral. On 30 December 1516 he was, in company with Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, again appointed ambassador to the Emperor, and he had an interview with Charles, 22 January 1517. Throughout 1518 he was English representative to Margaret of Austria in the Low Countries, and sailed home from Calais 15 February 1519. As one of Henry's chaplains and clerk of the closet he was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520; and seems to have been made prebendary of Llanvair in Bangor Cathedral in the same year.

On 10 June 1520 he was commissioned, with Sir Thomas More, John Hussee, and Hewester, to settle the disputes between the English merchants and the Teutonic Hanse, and went again to the Netherlands. Sir Richard Wingfield, writing from Oudenarde, 28 October 1521, reported that Knight was to take his place as ambassador to the emperor, but it seems that the emperor objected to his low birth, and expressed a preference for Sir Robert Wingfield. Knight made a journey on diplomatic business into Switzerland in 1522; went on an embassy to the empire respecting the wool staple, and was (11 November) admitted archdeacon of Chester. In 1523 he concluded with Charles III, Duke of Bourbon a treaty against France, but was back at Brussels in August. On 11 September 1523 he was appointed archdeacon of Huntingdon. About August 1526 he became secretary to the king.

In 1527, though he complained that he was old and losing his sight, Henry decided to send him to Rome to promote his divorce; Thomas Wolsey thought Jerome de Ghinucci, bishop of Worcester, would have been better suited to the work. On 10 September Knight saw Wolsey at Compiègne, and at his directions went on to Venice to watch for an opportunity to get access to the captive Pope Clement VII. He managed to get a safe-conduct through Gambara the prothonotary, but was nearly murdered at Monterotundo (4 December 1527), and when he entered Rome all he could do was to send in his letters of credence with a note of what the king wished. On 19 December 1527 Knight, while still in Italy, was made canon of Westminster. By the end of December, Henry Jerningham wrote that the secret of Knight's negotiation had not been well kept, and that the Emperor had written to the pope accordingly. Full instructions were then sent to Knight, with a commission to Wolsey and another, which, if signed by the pope, would have empowered them to settle the divorce. On 1 January 1528 the Pope had been set free, and Knight visited him at Orvieto. Cardinal St. Quatuor (to whom two thousand crowns were given) had made some alterations in the commission, and the pope signed it. Knight arrived in London in February 1528 and admitted the failure of this embassy.

He went (13 December 1528) on another mission with William Benet to Anne de Montmorency, to confer about Italian affairs, and was instructed to proceed on again to Rome. On 31 January 1529, however, Stephen Gardiner joined Knight and Benet at Lyon and brought new instructions; Knight went back to Paris and acted through March and April with Sir John Taylor as ambassador; in June Suffolk and Fitzwilliam were with him. On 30 June 1529, Knight, with Tunstall, More, and Hacket, arranged the Treaty of Cambray. He was at the convocation of Canterbury of 1529 and was admitted archdeacon of Richmond on 7 December until 1541.

In February 1532 Hacket and Knight were appointed to treat with the emperor's commissioners about commerce; the embassy did not bear much fruit. Knight held at this time the rectory of Romald Kirk, Yorkshire. On 30 January 1535 Knight was a commissioner for collecting the ecclesiastical tenths, and on 15 October 1537 was present at the christening of Edward VI.

On 29 May 1541 he was consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells, in succession to John Clerk, and he resigned all his other preferments. At Wells Thomas Fuller relates that he built a market cross with the assistance of Dean Woolman. He died in 1547 at Wiveliscombe, Somerset, and was buried in Wells Cathedral next to Sugar's Chapel, where a pulpit which he had erected and which bears his arms served as a monument. He was a patron of Henry Cole. When in London Knight lived in a house in Cannon Row, Westminster, afterwards (1536) assigned, in accordance with an act of 27 Henry VIII, to the bishops of Norwich. By his will he left money to Winchester and New Colleges.

References

Attribution

Secretaries of State of the Kingdom of England
Bishops of Bath and Wells
1475 births
1547 deaths
Archdeacons of Chester
Archdeacons of Huntingdon
Archdeacons of Richmond
16th-century English Roman Catholic bishops

William Knight (bishop)


Chloric acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HClO3. It contains chlorate and hydrogen ions.

Properties
Chloric acid is a colorless solution. It cannot be made pure. It only can be mixed with water. It is very reactive. Chloric acid can decompose when warmed to make perchloric acid, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It can make things like sugar burn when it is mixed with them. Sulfur can make explosive mixtures with potassium chlorate because chloric acid can be made.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting barium chlorate with sulfuric acid. The insoluble barium sulfate is filtered out. It can also be made by heating hypochlorous acid.

Uses
Chloric acid can be used as a reagent in chemical analysis and to make other chemicals

Related pages
Chlorous acid
Perchloric acid

Acids
Chlorine compounds

Chloric acid


Sunnyside is a house in Tarrytown, New York. It was once the home of American writer Washington Irving. He wrote many books, but he is best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". Irving bought the property on June 7, 1835 for $1,800. He described it to his brother as "a beautiful spot, capable of being made a little paradise ... I have had an architect up there, and shall build upon the old mansion this summer. My idea is to make a little nookery somewhat in the Dutch style, quaint, but unpretending. It will be of stone." In its day, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. said that Sunnyside stood "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land." The public interest in the home drew several gawkers hoping to catch a glimpse of Irving working. Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859. Irving's descendants lived in the house until 1945. In that year, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. bought it. He opened the house to tourists in 1947. Sunnyside is now a museum. An admission fee is charged. The house contains furniture that once belonged to Irving. Sunnyside became a National Historic Landmark in 1962.

Buildings and structures in New York (state)
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Houses in the United States

Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)


LaToya Renee London (born December 29, 1978) is an American R&B and soul singer and stage actress who was fourth-place finalist on the third season of American Idol. Her debut album, Love & Life, was released in September 2005 and spawned a number of moderate R&B chart hits. She has concentrated on stage work, including originating and performing the role of Nettie in the national tour of the Broadway musical The Color Purple from 2007 to 2010, for which she won an Ovation Award. She was the lead in the U.S. regional debut of The Bodyguard, a musical based on the 1992 film.

Early life
London was born in San Francisco, California and raised in Oakland, California, where she had her first public musical performance when, at the age of 7, she sang in her mother's wedding.  Her interest in singing began when she was just 4 years old, when she frequently sang when attending Allen Temple Baptist church. As a teenager, she sang with the Oakland Youth Chorus from 1993 to 1996. In 1996, she graduated from Skyline High School (the same school actor Tom Hanks and basketball player Gary Payton attended). She also worked as a waitress and a bartender and sang in a Christian rock group. She was also a backup vocalist and did frequent guest vocals for several Bay Area artists. When she began American Idol, she was the lead vocalist in a band, All-Star Jukebox, which usually performed at weddings.

American Idol

London auditioned for the third season of American Idol in Los Angeles, California. Although she moved on through each round, she had not been featured prominently in any aired footage and was written off by many fans before the first studio performances. However, as a member of the third group of eight semifinalists, she sang Eric Carmen's "All by Myself," and received a standing ovation from celebrity judges Donna Summer, Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul. Jackson labeled her performance as "brilliant" and "what the search for a superstar is all about," Abdul called her "unbelievable" and praised her "quiet confidence," and Simon Cowell said she was "the best of the group" and that it was a "superb, outstanding performance." She was voted through to the final 12 contestants with 32.3 percent of audience votes, the largest percentage for every week of the semifinals.

In the following nine weeks, London had several high points on American Idol. Cowell called her performance of Chaka Khan's "Ain't Nobody" "amazing" and "awesome."  Abdul said that she reminded her of "a young Gladys Knight" after she performed the Garth Brooks song "Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)," Nickolas Ashford of famed soul duo Ashford & Simpson called her performance of "Ooo Baby Baby" by Smokey Robinson as "beautiful" and full of "sex appeal," Film director Quentin Tarantino called her a "powerhouse" after her performance of "Somewhere" from the musical West Side Story, and Cowell announced her as "the best singer in the competition" after she sang "All the Time" by Barry Manilow and gave her "a ten out of ten" for her performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade," which also garnered standing ovations from Abdul and Jackson.

London was central to one of the first controversies of the show. On April 21, 2004, the night after the final seven contestants performed Barry Manilow songs, London, Jennifer Hudson, and eventual winner Fantasia Barrino ended up in the bottom three with the least viewer votes. Together, these three had been dubbed "The Three Divas" for their critically acclaimed performances. London had the highest vote totals out of the three, and Hudson was ultimately eliminated. Because all three of the singers were African American and the frontrunners of the competition, music icon Elton John deemed the voting as "racist," igniting a flurry of news and speculation over the validity of the voting system. John complained at a promotional news conference that, "The three people I was really impressed with, and they just happened to be black, young female singers, and they all seem to be landing in the bottom three."

London's second controversy occurred on May 11, 2004, when the final four contestants each performed two disco songs. Simon Cowell, who previously endorsed her as the best singer in the competition, suggested that his only complaint with London was that after ten weeks he still did not know anything at all about her. Cowell also suggested that contestant Jasmine Trias would almost certainly be voted off the next day. However, on May 12, London became the ninth of the 12 finalists to be eliminated, finishing in fourth place, with Barrino also landing in the bottom two. London's farewell song was "Don't Rain on My Parade."

Performances
The songs London sang on the show follow:

Post-Idol

Immediately after being eliminated from the series, London was featured in the Norman Lear-helmed Declare Yourself voting campaign by famed photographer David LaChapelle, alongside music stars like Christina Aguilera and André 3000. Her appearance on Idol host Ryan Seacrest's daily television talk show was one of its highest-rated episodes, and Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown officially declared May 4 to be LaToya London Day; one month later, she officially received the key to the city. Her rendition of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes "If You Don't Know Me by Now" on the top-selling compilation disc, American Idol Season 3: Greatest Soul Classics, was praised as one of the album's best. She was also heavily featured on the group track, "Ain't No Mountain High Enough."

In the summer of 2004, London performed with the other top 10 finalists in American Idol season three international tour, which crossed the United States and also visited China and Singapore. She had a guest co-hosting gig on the national entertainment news show, Access Hollywood, and she has performed for such events and galas as the Richmond/Ermet AIDS Foundation, 100 Black Men of America, and the Clear Channel holiday party. London has also performed the national anthem for numerous National Football League games, including the 2005 Super Bowl NFL Commissioner pre-game party. She has shared the stage with such icons and superstars as Elton John, Whoopi Goldberg, Barry Manilow, Gladys Knight, Nancy Wilson, Chaka Khan, Rachelle Ferrell, Goapele, and Burt Bacharach.

In November 2004, it was announced that London had been signed to jazz recording label Peak Records, an imprint of Concord Records, the final label of jazz legend Ray Charles before his death. Her first single, "Appreciate," which featured a guest rap from Black Thought of the Hip-Hop group The Roots, hit the airwaves in July, and a music video of that song followed. The CD single, "Appreciate/Every Part of Me/All By Myself" reached number eight on the Billboard Singles Sales Chart. The single sold 8,500 units.

2005–2006: Love & Life
Her debut studio album, Love & Life, was released on September 20, 2005. A mix of R&B, soul, jazz, and hip-hop, Love & Life featured songwriting by London, along with songs by well-known producers such as David Foster and Narada Michael Walden. The San Francisco Chronicle called her "impassioned and polished" with "sumptuous, wondrously elastic mezzo pipes," People magazine called it one of the best post-American Idol albums, and Apple Computer's iTunes named it one of the best albums of 2005, and her song "Non A What'cha Do" as one of the best individual recordings of the year. Love & Life sold 12,546 albums in its first week, landing at number 82 on Billboard Top 200 Albums chart and at number 27 on Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. To date, it has sold approximately 58,000 copies. Additionally, London has sold over 15,000 digital downloads.

London released two follow-up singles, "Every Part of Me" and "State of My Heart" in 2006, the latter of which hit number 40 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and number five on the radio industry periodical Friday Morning Quarterbacks Adult Contemporary spin chart.

London was also nominated for an award in the R&B category of the 2006 Bay Area Rap Scene (BARS) Awards; however, violence and disruption ended the show early before the award winners were announced. Latoya was competing against R&B star Goapele, among others.

London announced that despite having an initial three-album deal, she had parted ways from Peak Records and Concord Records.  She is currently writing songs for her second album and is shopping for a new recording label.

In February 2006, she landed a lead role in Laterras R. Whitfield's touring dramatic comedy play Issues: We All Have 'Em. She sang a jazz-tinged version of "Hark! Hear the Bells" on the VH1 Soul Train Christmas television special, and sang the same song on a special edition of the 40th Anniversary A Charlie Brown Christmas album.

In late summer 2006, London made her Los Angeles professional stage debut with a starring role in the retro musical, Beehive, at the El Portal Theater in North Hollywood. London and the show earned rave reviews. That same year, the cast was nominated by the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle for Best Ensemble Performance in their annual awards.

London was featured as a guest vocalist on Paul Taylor's new album, Ladies' Choice, released in May 2007.

London played Nettie in The Color Purple, which debuted at the Cadillac Palace Theatre for an extended run in Chicago, Illinois. London ended her run in 2010 and received a nomination for a NAACP Theatre Award in 2008 in the best supporting actress in an equity production category.

2010–present: Urban Punk
London joined with hip-hop artist H2O in 2010 to form the group Urban Punk,Interview with former 'Idol' contestant La Toya London, now of 'Urban Punk'  producing music that combines Europop melodies with hip-hop rhythms. They have released two tracks, "Around the World" and "Twisted".

In June 2013, London joined the cast of the Carolina Opry in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

London has starred in a number of national tours, including Redemption of a Dogg, and Tyler Perry's Madea on the Run, as well as regional productions, including Silence! The Musical and as Shug Avery in Celebration Theatre's production of The Color Purple. She was the lead in the U.S. regional debut of The Bodyguard, a musical based on the 1992 film.

Personal life
London suffered a setback when she had to pull out of the VH1 Soul Tour with Jaguar Wright and Kindred due to a "family emergency." Additionally, when Ebony magazine named her one of the hottest African American bachelorettes in America in its July 2005 issue, speculation about the state of her marriage sparked off.  While she was on American Idol, she proudly stated that she was married and had stepchildren. She later confirmed that she and her husband had divorced.

Politics and endorsements
London posed for a political print advertising campaign by Declare Yourself, encouraging voter registration among youth for the 2008 United States presidential election. In the ads by photographer David LaChapelle, London has a nail through her upper and lower lips, pinning her mouth shut in a symbolic function. The ads drew national attention.

London also performed "Ain't Nobody" in Oakland on Election Day 2008 celebrating Barack Obama's historic victory.

Discography
Albums

Singles
 Appreciate/Every Part of Me/All By Myself (August 2005)
 Every Part of Me
 State Of My Heart Number 40 Hot AC Tracks

Guest contributions

 "If U Buyin'" (with C-Bo) (1999)
 "I Know You Want Me" (with H2O from "The Mixtape Vol. 1") (2004)
 "I Want to Show You" (with H2O from "The Mixtape Vol. 1") (2004)
 "Konfessions" (with H2O from "The Mixtape Vol. 1") (2004)
 With Okolo on "The "Real" Diamond N Tha Rough") (2005)
 "Keeps Me Movin'" (with Golden Sol), from The Golden Sol EP) (August 2005)
 "Keeps Me Movin'" (with Golden Sol from Keeps Me Movin' (Featuring Latoya London) EP) (August 2006)
 "Keeps Me Movin' (DJ Solomon's Baltimore House Mix)" (with Golden Sol from Keeps Me Movin' (Featuring Latoya London) EP) (August 2006)
 "Keeps Me Movin' (Ean's Disco Re-Rub)" (with Golden Sol from Keeps Me Movin' (Featuring Latoya London) EP) (August 2006)
 "Hold Up (Wait a Minute)" (with John Payne from The Journey) (October 2006)
 "Send My Baby Back" (with Donnie Williams and Park Place from [[Just Like Magic (Donnie Williams album}|Just Like Magic]]) (March 2007)
 "Funky Times" (with Donnie Williams and Park Place from [[Just Like Magic (Donnie Williams album}|Just Like Magic]]) (March 2007)
 "Just Like Magic" (with Donnie Williams and Park Place from [[Just Like Magic (Donnie Williams album}|Just Like Magic]]) (March 2007)
 "I Want To Be Loved (By You)" (with Paul Taylor from "Ladies' Choice (Paul Taylor album)") (March 2007)
 "ahh means ahh" (with aj from Worldwide) (March 2007)

Awards and nominationsOvation Awards'
2012: Won the award for Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Shug Avery in the Celebration Theatre production of "The Color Purple: The Musical"

References

External links
 The Official Homepage at Peak Records

 Interview at britishhiphop.co.uk, June 2008

1978 births
21st-century American singers
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
American dance musicians
American Idol participants
American contemporary R&B singers
Baptists from California
Actresses from San Francisco
Actresses from Oakland, California
Concord Records artists
Musicians from Oakland, California
African-American actresses
American musical theatre actresses
Musicians Institute alumni
Skyline High School (Oakland, California) alumni
21st-century American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers

LaToya London


PL Kyodan or the Church of Perfect Liberty is an international religion that developed from the Zen Buddhist culture of Japan early in the 20th century. PL teaches that "Life is art." Humans have been born to express their own unique individuality in everything they do - "creating true art".

To assist them in improving their lives and overcoming hardships believers are taught why they have these problems and are guided in solving them by the Patriarch (Oshieoya-sama) and ministers.

PL does not have a holy book (like a Bible), however, they have PL 21 Precepts and the PL 21 Principles which were revealed by the Founders of the Church.

Nowadays the group claims having more than 3 million followers worldwide. Most of the parishes are in Japan, however, due to the active missionary work in the 1960s PL was established in South-America and USA as well. Today they are present also in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Peru. Oceaninan headquarters was founded in the 1990s in Brisbane, Australia. Small communities exist in Europe as well, especially in France, Portugal and Hungary.

PL presents each year in the Japanese headquarters the world' biggest firework. The baseball group of PL High School is very famous in Japan, often they win the national championship.

History
The movement was founded by the Rev. Tokuharu Miki (1871-1938), who was a Zen Buddhist priest of the Obaku Sect. He is referred to as the First Founder by adherents.

In 1912 he met the Rev. Tokumitsu Kanada, who instantly cured his chronic asthma by a sacred ritual. He asked Kanada to teach him this ritual so he could cure disease, and became his disciple.

Before his death, Kanada told Tokuharu that his Tokumitsu Church had 18 Precepts, but there were three more which were to be revealed to complete the teachings. Five years later, the three precepts were revealed, and he established the new Tokumitsu Church in 1924 and became the First Kyoso (Oshieoya, Founder). In 1931, the name was changed to the Hitonomichi Church, meaning "the way of humans."

The Church spread rapidly throughout Japan, Korea, China and to other Southeast Asia countries and its members numbered one million in a short period of time. In 1936 however, the Church was suppressed by the military government and ordered to disband. On July 6, 1938, the Rev. Tokuharu Miki died.

The Second Founder, the Rev. Tokuchika Miki (1900-1983), succeeded his father. He was also imprisoned, but was released in 1945. At Tosu City in Saga Prefecture, on September 29, 1946, Tokuchika Miki reestablished the Hitonomichi Church, but under the new name of the Church of Perfect Liberty, declaring the truth, "Life is Art."

On September 29, 1947, he revealed the PL 21 Precepts, the basic teachings of PL. The Church expanded rapidly all over Japan and in 1953, construction began on the present Headquarters in Tondabayashi, on the edge of Osaka. Tokuchika Miki organized the "Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan" and chaired it for many years. He visited Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II to discuss world peace. He died in 1983.

The Third Founder, the Rev. Takahito Miki (b. 1957), the adopted son of the Second Founder, succeeded to the divine position of Oshieoya in 1983. He has since visited over 700 PL churches throughout the world. Miki is also the vice president of Shinshuren, Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan.

The 21 PL Precepts
 1. Life is art.
 2. To live is to express one's self.
 3. God appears through one's self.
 4. Being annoyed limits your expression.
 5. One's self is lost by being emotional.
 6. Efface your self-conceptions.
 7. Everything exists in relativity.
 8. Live as the sun.
 9. Human beings are all equal.
 10. Love yourself and others.
 11. Always be with God.
 12. Everything has a way according to its name.
 13. There is a way for men and a way for women.
 14. World peace is everything.
 15. All is a mirror.
 16. All things progress and develop.
 17. Grasp what is most essential.
 18. Each moment is a turning point.
 19. Begin once you perceive.
 20. Live maintaining equilibrium between mind and matter.
 21. Live in perfect liberty.

Other websites
 PL Kyodan International: official website
 PL USA
 PL Canada
 PL in Adherents

New religious movements
Religious organizations based in Japan

PL Kyodan


A sonata is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying.  The word comes from the Italian "sonare" which means "to sound".

A composer could call any solo instrumental piece "sonata" if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements.  A sonatina is a simple and short sonata.

History
The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.

In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements.  There were two types: "sonata da camera" ("room sonata" i.e. "chamber sonata") which were for playing in people's homes, and "sonata da chiesa" ("church sonata") which were for being played in churches.  The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment.  There would also be a cello playing the bass line.  The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.

At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord.  These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).

By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements.  They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end.  If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement.  The first movement would be in sonata form.  The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.

In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.

Related pages
Piano sonata
Sonata form

Classical music
Musical forms

Sonata


A "Fifty-Niner" is the term used for the gold seekers who streamed into the Pike's Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory in 1859. The discovery of placer gold deposits along the South Platte River at the foot of the Rocky Mountains in northwestern Kansas Territory by a party of miners led by William Greeneberry "Green" Russell in July 1858 precipitated the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.

Many Fifty-Niners took the "Smoky Hill Trail" west through Kansas Territory up the Kansas River valley. The last significant civilian settlement along this route was Manhattan, Kansas, several hundred miles east of the mountains. Between there and the mountains the Fifty-Niners had to cross the unmarked plains, often getting lost, and sometimes confronting Plains Indians. There is no record of how many prospective miners died en route to Pikes Peak.

The northern, or Platte River, route followed the Platte River through Nebraska along the Oregon Trail, then angled down along the South Platte River to the gold region.

The southern route followed the Santa Fe Trail along the Arkansas River to the vicinity of present-day Pueblo, Colorado, then north up Fountain Creek to the gold fields.

Among the most famous of the Fifty-Niners were Buffalo Bill Cody and millionaire miner Horace A. W. Tabor (although Tabor didn't make his fortune until the subsequent "Colorado Silver Boom").

No gold was found near Pikes Peak until after the gold rush, but it was the first visible landmark for those traveling west across the High Plains. This gave rise to the slogan, "Pike's Peak or Bust."

See also
Pike's Peak Gold Rush
Forty-niners

References
Larson, Robert W. "Populism in the Mountain West: A Mainstream Movement." The Western Historical Quarterly 13.2 (1982): 143-164.
Zamonski, Stan, and Teddy Keller. The Fifty-Niners. Sage Books, 1961.

External links
Kansas Historical Quarterly: Smoky Hill Route

1859 in the United States
Colorado Mining Boom
Pre-statehood history of Colorado
Kansas Territory
Pikes Peak

Fifty-Niner


The Anglesey flag () is the flag of the County of Anglesey. It was  registered by the Flag Institute in March 2014.

History
The design is a banner form of the coat of the arms ascribed by later medieval heralds, to the earlier, locally celebrated Welsh Lord Hwfa ap Cynddelw of Llifon and a steward to Owain Gwynedd Prince of the Welsh. The earliest reference to the arms seems to be in the work of the bard Lewys Glyn Cothi from the period of 1447 to 1486 although there is no evident explanation for the choice of colours or charges used. A late c. 15th-century stained-glass window with the arms referring to Hwfa are apparently depicted in the east window of Llangadwaladr church on the island. According to the heraldic historian Wilfrid Scott-Giles, Anglesey County Council used the Hwfa arms informally before they were incorporated into the design granted to them officially. Between 1857 and 1950 the arms were used by Anglesey Constabulary. An association between the Hwfa arms and the island county of Anglesey is thus long established.

References

External links
"A flag for Anglesey on Anglesey Hidden Gem''
Anglesey at Flags of the World

Anglesey
Anglesey
Anglesey

Flag of Anglesey


Richard "Dick" Witts (born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is an English musicologist, music historian, and ex leader of 1980s band the Passage. He attended Clee Grammar School for Boys.

He studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music and briefly at Manchester University. During this time he was a member of the Hallé Orchestra as a percussionist. During the mid-1970s he wrote for the contemporary classical music magazine Contact.

At that time, he was also involved in starting a Manchester Musicians Collective (on the model of the recently established London Musicians Collective). This led into contact with the growing punk scene and he formed the Passage, producing their recordings and singing on many of their releases.

He presented television programme Oxford Road Show in the early 1980s for the BBC from Oxford Road Studios, Manchester and was also a reporter for BBC Radio 3.

Thirty of his radio interviews and contributions are housed in the British Library Sound Archive. In 2003 he gave the Saul Seminar there on the history of music presentation in radio.

During the late 1980s, he became involved in arts administration roles. He subsequently wrote a critical history of the Arts Council of Great Britain: Artist Unknown: An Alternative History of the Arts Council.

His first book, Nico – the Lives and Lies of an Icon, was a biographical study of the German singer and songwriter (Virgin Books, 1993).

Witts now lives in Liverpool and is a writer who has lectured at the University of Edinburgh, Goldsmiths College, London, the University of Surrey in Guildford and the University of Sussex. He was appointed Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh where he made a simple catalogue of the archive of Sir Donald Francis Tovey (1875–1940). In 2010, he was invited by Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, to design an Honours course in music.

His third book, a study of the music and history of The Velvet Underground, was published by Equinox (UK) and the Indiana University Press (USA) in September 2006. He has also written chapters for the following academic books: Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop(Continuum, 2011), Mark E. Smith and the Fall: Art, Music and Politics, (Ashgate, 2010), and the Cambridge Companion To Recorded Music (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Witts is mentioned in the book Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. He is credited with sending a package containing some of Aphex Twin's music to Karlheinz Stockhausen. He is currently researching a book on the history of British music from 1941 to 2000.

Witts is consultant to the ensemble Icebreaker.

References

External links
Official Site

Musicians from Manchester
People from Cleethorpes
Living people
English television presenters
English writers about music
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Surrey
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)
British post-punk musicians
Place of birth missing (living people)

Richard Witts


() is the technique and the social event of having or attending a barbecue in various South American countries, especially Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay where it is also a traditional event. An asado usually consists of beef, pork, chicken, , and , all of which are cooked using an open fire or a grill, called a parrilla. Usually, red wine and side dishes such as salads accompany the main meats, which are prepared by a designated cook called the asador or parrillero.

History
Large herds of wild cattle roamed much of the pampa region of Argentina until the mid-nineteenth century. Inhabitants of the Río de la Plata, especially the equestrian gaucho, developed a fondness for beef, especially asado, which is roasted beef (or lamb or goat). The meat, often a side of ribs, is skewered on a metal frame called an asador and is roasted by placing it next to a slow-burning fire. Gauchos favored cooking asado with the wood of the quebracho tree because it smokes very little. Asado, accompanied by mate, formed the basis of the gaucho diet.

Coal and fire

Usually the asador begins by igniting the charcoal, which is often made of native trees, avoiding pines and eucalyptus as they have strong-smelling resins. In more sophisticated asados the charcoal is of a specific tree or made on the coal of recently burned wood, which is also commonplace when having an asado in a campfire. In Uruguay, charcoal is not used, but instead direct embers or hot coals.

Cooking can be done al asador or a la parrilla. In the first case, a fire is lit on the ground or in a fire pit and surrounded by metal crosses (asadores) that hold the entire carcass of an animal splayed open to receive the heat from the fire. In the second case, a fire is made and after the charcoal has formed, a grill with the meat is placed over it.

Embutidos and achuras
In many asados, chorizos, morcillas (black pudding), chinchulines (cow chitterlings), mollejas (sweetbreads), and other organs, often accompanied by provoleta, would be served first while the cuts that require longer preparations are still on the grill. Sometimes these are served on a charcoal brasero. Chorizos may be served with pan felipe or baguette bread, often called choripán.

Meats

After appetizers, costillas or asado de tira (ribs) can be served. Next comes vacío (flank steak), matambre and possibly chicken and  (goatling). Dishes such as pamplona, pork, and Patagonian lamb are becoming more frequent, particularly in restaurants. An asado also includes bread, a simple mixed salad of, for instance, lettuce, tomato, and onions, or it could be accompanied with verdurajo (grilled vegetables), a mixture made of potatoes, corn, onion, and eggplant cooked on the grill and seasoned with olive oil and salt. Beer, wine, soft drink, and other beverages are common. Dessert is usually fresh fruit.

Another traditional form to mainly roast the meat, used in Patagonia, is with the whole animal (especially lamb and pork) in a wood stick nailed in the ground and exposed to the heat of live coals, called asado al palo.

The meat for an asado is not marinated, the only preparation being the application of salt before or during the cooking period. Also, the heat and distance from the coals are controlled to provide a slow cooking; it usually takes around two hours to cook asado. Further, grease from the meat is not encouraged to fall on the coals and create smoke which would adversely flavour the meat. In some asados the area directly under the meat is kept clear of coals.

The asado is usually placed in a tray to be immediately served, but it can also be placed on a brasero right on the table to keep the meat warm. Chimichurri, a sauce of chopped parsley, dried oregano, garlic, salt, black pepper, onion, and paprika with olive oil, or salsa criolla, a sauce of tomato and onion in vinegar, are common accompaniments to an asado, where they are traditionally used on the offal, but not the steaks.

Salad
Food is often accompanied by salads, which in asado gatherings are traditionally made by women on site or brought to the asado from their homes while the men focus on the meats. Salad Olivier (ensalada rusa) is one of the most common salads served at asados. In Paraguay chipa guasu, sopa paraguaya and boiled manioc as a side dish are also served.

Variations

In Chile, the normal version cordero al palo (whole roast lamb) is usually accompanied with pebre, a local condiment made from pureed herbs, garlic, and hot peppers, in many ways similar to chimichurri. The dish is typical of southern Chile and is served hot accompanied by salads. A whole lamb is tied to a spit and is then roasted perpendicular on a wood fire. The preparation lasts around 5 hours since cooking must be constant and on a low heat.

In Brazil, asado is called , although the cooking is usually faster. Grilled and salted meat in Brazil is generally called "carne assada" and is often cut into small strips and served on a plate or cutting board in the middle of the table for all to partake. Various grilled meats, pork, sausages and occasionally chicken are also passed around from table to table on a spit and a slice is offered to each person. This is called "rodizio" because each person partakes in turn. Charcoal is predominantly used instead of embers of wood, and Brazilians tend to cook the meat on skewers or grills. The meat of Rozidio is usually seasoned with salt alone.

In Mexico, there is similar tradition of as parrilladas or carne asadas, which incorporates various marinated cuts of meat, including steaks, chicken, and sausages (chorizo, longaniza, and moronga being especially popular). These are all grilled over wood charcoal. Vegetables are also placed over the grill, especially green onions (cebollitas), nopales, and corn (elote).

Again, in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, some alternatives are the asado al disco and asado al horno de barro, especially in the countryside. The recipe does not change, only the way of cooking. In the asado al disco (the worn-out disc of a plough) is used. Being metallic and concave, three or four metallic legs are welded and with hot coal or lumber below it is easily transformed into an effective grill. Food is put in a spiral, in such a way that the fat naturally slips to the center, preserving the meat for being fried. Bell peppers and onions are usually put next to the edge, so that they gradually release their juices on the meat. The asado al horno de barro differs from tradition, as an adobe horno (oven, called tatakua in Paraguay) is used. These ovens are a common view in Argentine and Paraguayan estancias; their primary function is to bake bread, chipa guasu and sopa paraguaya, but they are well suited for roasting meat. Pork suckling and, less commonly, lamb are served, as they are more unlikely to become dry.
Another way of cooking the asado is inside a chulengo, an oil barrel (or similar) cut in half, inside which the grill is placed to protect both the meat and fire from heavy winds. This makes the chulengo especially useful in the Patagonia, although it is also used in other areas for practicality and the ability to move it around.

Similar terms in other cuisines
South American asado should not be confused with asado in the Philippines, which refers to two different braised dishes: asado de carajay, which is braised meat with vegetables in a savory stew; and pork asado, which is a sweet braised version of char siu. The equivalent of Latin American asado barbecues in Philippine cuisine would be the various inihaw dishes (also known as sinugba or inasal).

In Portugal, a roasted fish dish served with sausages and bacon is also known as assado.

In Goa, roast beef is called assad, from Portuguese assado.

In South Africa, a whole meat carcass cooked with the al asador method is called asado spit braai or spit roast.

See also

 List of barbecue dishes
 Argentine cuisine
 Argentine beef
 Chilean cuisine
 Paraguayan cuisine
 Uruguayan cuisine
 Cuisine of Montevideo

References

External links

 The Art of Cordero al Palo

Barbecue
National symbols of Argentina
Eating parties
Food and drink in South America
Latin American pork dishes

Asado


On April 28, 1905, the American astronomer William H. Pickering said that he had found a tenth moon of the planet Saturn. Pickering named the moon Themis. No other astronomer has ever seen the moon that Pickering said he saw. Because of this, astronomers do not count Themis as an official moon of Saturn.

Pickering tried to figure out an orbit for Themis. He thought that Themis had an inclination of 39.1° to the ecliptic, with 0.23 eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis distance of 1,457,000 km. This meant that Themis had an orbit like the moons Titan and Hyperion. Pickering believed that it took Themis 20.85 days to orbit Saturn, in a prograde motion.

Pickering thought that the diameter of Themis was about 38 miles (61 km). Pickering had also discovered the moon Phoebe, but modern astronomers know that Pickering made a mistake when he gave 42 miles (68 km) as the diameter of Phoebe. Because astronomers know how Pickering made his mistake, they can say that if Themis existed, it would have a diameter of 200 km.

In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt also thought he discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion. Goldschmidt called this moon Chiron. The moon Chiron also does not exist, but the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.

In 1906, the French Academy of Sciences gave Pickering the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his "discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of Saturn".

The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980. Its orbit is far from the supposed orbit of Themis.

There is also an asteroid named 24 Themis.

Themis in fiction
John Varley's science fiction novel Titan takes place on an expedition to Saturn. As they approach the planet and prepare to enter orbit, the astronomer onboard discovers a new moon. At first she believes she has recovered Pickering's lost moon, so she names it Themis.
Robert Anton Wilson's novel Schrödinger's Cat trilogy makes frequent reference to Pickering's Moon as a satellite that revolves the "wrong way" around its primary.

References
 Harvard College Observatory Bulletin No. 189, p.1 (April 1905)
 Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 173-185 (1905)
 AnHar 53 (1905) 173
 AnHar 61 (1908) 86
 Obs 28 (1905) 12:433
 PASP 18 (1906) 96
 Obs 31 (1908) 8:295
 MNRAS 69 (1909) 215
 Obs 32 (1909) 3:79

Saturn's moons

Themis (hypothetical moon)


The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher.  It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.  The symbolism is more complex.

At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple.  The island is famous for this fruit.  Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant.  The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands.

The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill.

The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving".

Antigua and Barbuda
National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda

Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda


Nadsat is a slang language. It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called A Clockwork Orange. The book is about a teenager called Alex. Alex speaks Nadsat in the book. Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called A Clockwork Orange.

The name of the slang language Nadsat comes from Russian. So do many words in the language itself. In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -nadsat. This is like the way the same numbers end with -teen in English. So Nadsat means 'teen'.

Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too. However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English. One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.

Examples
viddy: to see (from Russian slang)
appy polly logy: apology (rhyming slang)

Slang

Nadsat


Valentin de Boulogne (baptised 3 January 1591 – died 19 August 1632) was a French painter. He is also known as Le Valentin, his real name was Jean Valentin. Later in life, Valentin went to Rome to study. In Rome, he was under the influence of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and Bartolomeo Manfredi. Valentin's teacher was Simon Vouet.

1590 births
1632 deaths
French painters

Valentin de Boulogne


A nightmare is a very powerful dream that the sleeper finds disturbing or frightening. Nightmares usually have either physiological causes, like a high fever, or psychological ones, like trauma or stress in the sleeper's life.  Nightmares are common, but nightmares that happen very often can cause problems with sleep. They may cause people to get medical help.

Nightmares usually happen during REM sleep.

In earlier times
In earlier times, people thought that such nightmares were really the work of demons. They thought people were having nightmares because an Incubus was sitting on the chest of the sleeper. This can also be seen on the image. Sometimes people also thought magic and demonic possession were involved.

In the 19th century, people thought their diet was responsible. When Ebenezer Scrooge sees a ghost in A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, he thinks "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." is responsible. Similarly, the Household Cyclopedia (1881) offers this advice about nightmares:

"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."

References

Psychology
Sleep

Nightmare


Khan Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, Khan Sahib, OBE (1877–1939) was a prominent magistrate, judge and later MLA, of the NWFP assembly, in British India.

Background
He was the son of a tribal Tarin (or Tareen) chieftain and cavalry officer, Sardar Habib Khan (1829–1888), Nawab-Bahadur, Risaldar; and was born in Talokar village, near Haripur,  in what was later to be the Hazara area of the NWFP, in British India. After his father's death he was educated by English tutors and then sent to Aitchison College, Lahore for studies. Later, he was sent to England and became a Barrister.

Career
Abdul Majid Khan Tarin was a Magistrate and Judge in the Punjab service from 1902 to 1934 and then, after his retirement, he joined the All India Muslim League. In 1937 he was elected an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of the North-West Frontier Province but could not complete his tenure there as he died in September 1939, after a short illness.

Legacy
His son Khan Abdus Salim Khan was a Pakistani diplomat who was ambassador in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Japan, USA and the UK and his daughter-in-law Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan was later Pakistan's first woman minister during the regime of General Ayub Khan. One of his great-grandsons is the Pakistani poet and scholar, Omer Tarin.

Majid Khan Tarin was also a very active early philanthropist of his area and opened many educational institutions and set up a medical ward for Tuberculosis patients at the Haripur government hospital. His family has continued this charitable tradition.

References

1877 births
1939 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Indian judges
Leaders of All India Muslim League

Abdul Majid Khan Tarin


Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure is a 2003 American animatit direct-tae-video adventur film, an the sequel to the 1973 animatit film Charlotte's Web, which wis based on the 1952 bairns' novel o the same name bi E. B. White. It wis produced bi Paramount Pictures (as the logo is seen on warldwide releases), Universal Cartoon Studios (as the logo is seen on international releases), an Nickelodeon; an distributed bi Paramount Home Entertainment in North Americae an Universal Studios Home Entertainment overseas.

The film centers aroond Wilbur, a pig that lifes on Mr. Zuckerman's farm an is takin care o Nellie, Aranea, an Joy, Charlotte's three daughters. He an aa must save his new freend, a freendly black lamb named Cardigan, frae bein eaten bi an evil tod named Farley. Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure wis released on Mairch 18, 2003, tae generally unfavorable reviews, wi critics pannin its animation an plot.

Cast
 David Berón as Wilbur
 Harrison Chad as Cardigan
 Amanda Bynes as Nellie
 Maria Bamford as Aranea
 Anndi McAfee as Joy
 Charlie Adler as Templeton
 Rob Paulsen as Farley
 Debi Derryberry as Fern Arable
 Laraine Newman as Gwen
 Dawnn Lewis as Bessie
 Danny Mann as Mr. Hirsch
 Brenda Vaccaro as Mrs. Hirsch
 Jerry Houser as Mr. Zuckerman
 Valery Pappas as High Strung Chicken
 Nika Futterman as Baby Rats
 Julia Duffy as Charlotte A. Cavatica
 Bridget Sienna as Flo
 Bobby Block as Snotty Lamb
 Ashley Edner as Bully Lamb
 Pat Fraley as Donkey
 Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects

Freemit airtins

2003 animatit films
2003 films
2000s adventur films
2000s American animatit films
2000s comedy-drama films
2000s fantasie films
2000s muisical films
American bairns' animatit films
American bairns' fantasie films
American films
American muisical fantasie films
American sequel films
Animatit films aboot daith
Animatit films aboot freendship
Direct-tae-video sequel films
Inglis-leid films
Films aboot pigs
Films aboot speeders
Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters
Nickelodeon animatit films
Paramount Pictures direct-tae-video films
Paramount Pictures animatit films
Road movies
Universal Animation Studios animatit films
Universal Pictures direct-tae-video animatit films


Klein-Brabant is a Flemish region in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

The region got a lot of attention during and after the broadcasting of the Eén series Stille Waters. Also the yearly Dodentocht and the Schelde Internationale Muziekstroom-route contribute to the image of the region.

The region includes the municipalities of Sint-Amands, Bornem and Puurs. There is also a police zone which is named Politiezone Klein-Brabant.

Antwerp (province)

Klein-Brabant


Emanuel Feuermann (born Kolomyia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, 22 November 1902; died New York City, 25 May 1942) was a famous Austrian cellist who became a naturalized American.

Life

Feuermann's parents were amateur musicians. His father started to teach him the violin, but the young boy wanted to hold it between his legs like a cello, so his father bought him a small cello. In 1909 the family moved to Vienna so that he could learn the cello from the famous Friedrich Buxbaum, the cellist of the Rosé Quartet and principal cellist of the Vienna Philharmonic. Then he studied with Anton Walter at the Music Academy in Vienna. In February 1914, aged twelve, he played in his first concert, performing Joseph Haydn's Cello Concerto in D with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Felix Weingartner.

In 1917, Feuermann went to Leipzig where he studied with Julius Klengel. Klengel thought his young pupil was incredibly talented, but that he did not know much great cello music. Feuermann worked very hard. Klengel was a good teacher for him

In 1919 Friedrich Grützmacher died and Klengel recommended Feuermann should take his job at the Gürzenich Conservatory in Cologne. Although he was very young he got the job which had a very good salary, but he was not given the title of "professor".

During the 1920s he gave many concerts all over the world. In 1929 he became professor at the Musikhochschule in Berlin.He played with famous people such as the violinists Carl Flesch, Szymon Goldberg, Joseph Wolfsthal and Jascha Heifetz, the composer and viola player Paul Hindemith and the pianist Artur Rubinstein.

On April 3, 1933, with the rise of Nazism, he lost his job at the Berlin Conservatory because he was Jewish. He moved to London. He toured Japan and the United States where he played the Haydn concerto with the New York Philharmonic conducted by Bruno Walter. Some music critics were not very impressed with his playing. However, a few days later he gave a recital. Nearly all the professional cellists in New York were there because they had heard that Feuermann was an exceptional player. The audience were extremely enthusiastic and even the music critics changed their minds.

In 1935 he married. He moved to Zürich with his wife, but happened to be in Vienna at the time of the Anschluss while his wife and young daughter were still in Zürich. Bronislaw Huberman helped Feuermann and his family escape to Israel in September 1938. At the end of the year they went to the United States and applied for American citizenship.

He taught at the Curtis Institute of Music and gave concerts and made recordings with other great musicians including Artur Schnabel, Bronislaw Huberman and, especially, with the pianist Franz Rupp.

Feuermann died in 1942 of an infection after a small operation for haemorrhoids.

His reputation
Feuermann was one of the greatest cellists who ever lived. The cello was not often heard as a solo instrument in those days, but Feuermann and Pablo Casals made people change their minds. Feuermann did not actually practise very much on his own, but when he was making music with other people he worked very hard at all the detail. He loved teaching. He also loved fast cars. His family were very important indeed to him.

Many believe that Feuermann's interpretation of Antonín Dvořák's Cello Concerto and his performance of Johannes Brahms's Double Concerto with Jascha Heifetz are among the best ever.

References
 "The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 "The Great Cellists" – Margaret Campbell, London 2004; ISBN 1-86105-654-0

1902 births
1942 deaths
Cellists
Naturalized citizens of the United States

Emanuel Feuermann


A U-boat is a military submarine used by Germany. German submarines were most active in the First Battle of the Atlantic in World War I and the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. Although they could be very effective as weapons against enemy warships, they were most effective in economic warfare (commerce raiding) and enforcing naval blockades against enemy shipping.

The name is an abbreviation of the German  ("undersea boat"). In English, U-boat refers exclusively to the German vessels used during the World Wars. In German, however, the term U-Boat refers to any submarine, including military and civilian ones and modern and foreign ones.  Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines were also known as U-boats.

References

Warships
World War I
World War II
Military of Germany

U-boat


Jim Kelly is an American sportscaster who has worked for ESPN and CBS Sports.

Early career
A native of Toledo, Ohio, Kelly attended the University of Toledo, where he played ice hockey and was named Rookie of the Year in 1965. That same year he began calling hockey games for WMHE-FM. He worked at various stations throughout Ohio from 1965 to 1970 and from 1970 to 1974 he covered golf tournaments for Golf Network, Inc., which was heard on the Mutual and the NBC Radio networks.

CBS
Kelly worked for CBS and CBS Radio from 1974 to 1985. His assignments included calling golf for the PGA Tour on CBS and PGA Tour on CBS Radio, football for the NFL on CBS and NFL on CBS Radio, and basketball for the NBA on CBS, as well as golf, track and field, bowling, and horse racing. He hosted the Sports World Roundup on CBS Radio, CBS Sports Saturday and CBS Sports Sunday on CBS Television, served as sports anchor for the CBS Morning News.

From 1978 to 1982 Kelly also worked as a sports anchor for WCAU, where he won an Eclipse Award in 1980 for local horse racing coverage. In July 1983, he became a sports anchor at WNEV-TV in Boston. He left the station that October in a "mutual decision" between him and WNEV management.

ESPN
From 1985 to 2002, Kelly worked at ESPN. Here he covered golf, college football, Thoroughbred racing, the NHL, college basketball, the America's Cup, tennis, and bowling. He won a CableAce Award for his coverage of the 1987 America's Cup.

Later career
After leaving ESPN, Kelly moved to CNBC, where he called the Senior PGA Tour.

References

American horse racing announcers
American television sports anchors
American television sports announcers
Bowling broadcasters
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Golf writers and broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
New England Patriots announcers
People from Toledo, Ohio
Tampa Bay Buccaneers announcers
Tennis commentators
University of Toledo alumni
Track and field broadcasters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jim Kelly (sportscaster)


Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano is an Italian choir of children. It was created in Bologna in 1963 by Mariele Ventre. The children had to help singing children at Zecchino d'Oro festival. In 1995, Mariele Ventre died and the choir has a new director - Sabrina Simoni - and a new name - Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano.

Choirs
Italian musical groups
1963 establishments in Europe
People from Bologna
1960s establishments in Italy

Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano


The Yankee motorcycle is a motorcycle which  was produced in Schenectady, New York by the Yankee Motor Company in the 1970s. This company was started by John Taylor, a long-time resident of that area.

The motorcycle used an air-cooled two-stroke engine, designed by Eduard Giró that was produced by the Ossa firm in Barcelona, Spain. The engine was a unique combination of two Ossa cylinders, that produced a twin-cylinder engine of near 500 cc capacity. The Yankee frame, designed with help from Dick Mann, and running gear were produced in the US, and the entire motorcycle was assembled in the Yankee plant on Campbell Avenue in Schenectady.

External links
History of the Yankee

Defunct motorcycle manufacturers of the United States
Motorcycles introduced in the 1970s
Manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
Schenectady, New York

Yankee (motorcycle)