This is a list of Dutch cabinets after World War II.

Cabinets

Political parties
 ARP - Anti-Revolutionary Party (Dutch: Anti-Revolutionaire Partij), a predecessor of the CDA.
 CDA - Christian Democratic Appeal (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch Appèl), a Christian democratic party.
 CHU - Christian Historical Union  (Dutch: Christelijk-Historische Unie), a predecessor of the CDA.
 CU - ChristianUnion (Dutch: ChristenUnie), an orthodox Christian democratic party.
 D66 - Democrats 66 (Dutch: Democraten 66), a social liberal party, founded in 1966.
 DS'70 - Democratic Socialists 1970 (Dutch: Democratisch-Socialisten 1970 ), a split from the PvdA.
 KVP - Catholic People's Party (Dutch: Katholieke Volkspartij), a predecessor of the CDA.
 LPF - Pim Fortuyn List (Dutch: Lijst Pim Fortuyn), a former populist party established by the in 2002 murdered politician Pim Fortuyn.
 PPR - Political Party of Radicals (Dutch: Politieke Partij Radicalen), a predecessor of GreenLeft (GL).
 PvdA - Labour Party (Dutch: Partij van de Arbeid), a social democratic party.
 PVV - Party for Freedom (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid), a populist party, established by Geert Wilders.
 SDAP - Social Democratic Workers' Party (Dutch: Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiderspartij), a predecessor of the PvdA.
 VDB - Free-thinking Democratic League (Dutch: Vrijzinnig-Democratische Bond), a predecessor of D66.
 VVD - People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Dutch: Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie), a conservative liberal party.

Related pages
 Politics of the Netherlands

References
 www.parlement.com

cabinet

List of cabinets of the Netherlands


A. J. Hammer (born Andrew Goldberg on October 31, 1966) is an American television and radio personality who most recently hosted the HLN channel's former evening entertainment show, Showbiz Tonight.

Biography
From 2001 to 2005, Hammer hosted Court TV's Hollywood Heat, a program focusing on crime and justice in the entertainment business. He also hosted several programs on Sirius Satellite Radio.

Hammer also was a correspondent for several programs including: the daily morning program Good Day New York, the entertainment news program Extra and E! channel's News Live.

During most of the 1990s, he was a host of VH1's Top 10 Countdown.

Hammer is a 1984 graduate of White Plains High School, White Plains, New York.  He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the University of Hartford in 1988.  He was involved with the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity.
Hammer began his broadcasting career at the age of 15, at WNBC radio in New York City. While in college he worked at WTIC-FM (Hartford, Connecticut). He later worked for WPLJ radio and Z-100 (WHTZ) radio, both in New York City.

Hammer appears as a model in the book Heartthrob: A Hundred Years of Beautiful Men (in which he is described as possessing "almost-too-good-looking-for-words attractiveness") and the October 1999 issue of Gym magazine. He also appears in The Mane Thing, a book by stylist Kevin Mancuso.

Hammer also was the spokesperson for Milton Bradley's promotional tour of the Planet Hollywood board game.

Hammer was also a model in the Debbie Gibson's "What You Want" music video (2001) which involved a bathtub scene. The two were wearing clothes and the tub was filled with cold water 1/4 of the way up (no hot water available) and bubbles to the top.

References

External links
Official website
A.J. Hammer profile at CNN.com

1966 births
Jewish American journalists
American television personalities
American male journalists
21st-century American journalists
University of Hartford alumni
Living people
People from White Plains, New York
CNN people
21st-century American Jews

A. J. Hammer


Dr Marek Henryk Migalski (born 14 January 1969 in Racibórz) is a Polish politician, Member of the European Parliament, political scientist, and columnist. A member of Poland Comes First (PjN), Migalski was elected to the European Parliament at the 2009 election for Law and Justice (PiS). He never joined the party, and his open criticism of PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński led to his expulsion from the party's group and the creation of the more moderate PjN in late 2010.

Professional career
Migalski taught Polish before studying political science at the University of Silesia, graduating in 1999. In that year, he was appointed deputy director of Euroregion Cieszyn Silesia, while earning his doctorate from the University of Silesia, which he was granted in 2001 for his thesis A Bridge Between East and West: Edvard Beneš – An Attempt to Preserve the Independence of Czechoslovakia in 1945-1948. He taught at the University of Silesia in Katowice, as well as the Humanitas Academy in Sosnowiec.

As a political scientist, Migalski has well known for his conservative views, as well as the accuracy of his predictions.  In 2009, he ran for the European Parliament for Law and Justice, in the Silesian constituency. He was elected, winning 112,881 votes. However, he did not become a member of the party, and was seen as a moderate within the group.

Member of the European Parliament
In September 2009, he strongly condemned Roman Polanski, whose charge for statutory rape in the United States divided Poland.  With Civic Platform MEP Sławomir Nitras, in January 2010, Migalski co-authored a resolution that would name the Katyn massacre a 'genocide'.  In July 2010, he led a boycott of the beer Lech, after the brand was advertised with an allusion to Lech Kaczyński's death.

In August 2010, he came out in criticism of Jarosław Kaczyński, blaming Kaczyński for Law and Justice's poor poll ratings in a five-page open letter.  The open letter divided the party, with more moderate, younger figures in the PiS, including Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska and Paweł Poncyljusz, both of whom Migalski mentioned in his letter, siding with Migalski.  Migalski was ejected from the party's European Parliament delegation the following week, in a resolution written by Ryszard Legutko and Tomasz Poręba.

The split led to three members of the Sejm – Kluzik-Rostkowska, Poncyljusz, and Elżbieta Jakubiak – being ejected from the party.  Together with them and fellow MEPs Michał Kamiński, Adam Bielan, and Paweł Kowal, Migalski formed the more centrist Poland Comes First, which was joined by a total of 17 MPs. He remains a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group, to which both Law and Justice and Poland Come First belongs.

He is a member of the Reconciliation of European Histories Group.

Footnotes

External links
  Marek Migalski's official website
 European Parliament profile

MEPs for Poland 2009–2014
Poland Comes First politicians
Law and Justice MEPs
1969 births
Living people
People from Racibórz
Poland Together MEPs

Marek Migalski


The miracles of Jesus are things the Bible and Qur'an say that Jesus did, that a person normally cannot do. Followers of those religions say, that Jesus did those things by the power of God.
The Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke record many of these stories. The most common ones are healing people who are sick, blind, lame or deaf. In many cases, the sicknesses or other problems are said to be caused by demons. Jesus said, that he had power over the demons, and so He could stop their evil work. The enemies of Jesus told him to do miracles to show, that He had supernatural power, but He refused. However, for his followers, he did several miracles that showed His power. These included stopping a storm in the sea, walking on water and making a tree die.
In Islam, Jesus is said to have spoken from his cradle, made a clay bird come alive, and brought down from heaven a table full of food. Both the Qur'an and the Christian New Testament say, that Jesus brought some dead people back to life.

In the Gospel of John, only seven miracles are mentioned. John calls them "signs". Their purpose was to teach something about the power of Jesus, not just to help people. Two of the greatest miracles recorded are the Virgin birth of Jesus and the resurrection. The Qur'an also mentions the Virgin birth, but not the resurrection.

Throughout history, many Christians have said that they have been healed by Jesus. Roman Catholic believers have many such stories. Some places, such as Lourdes, are places where sick people go to be healed by Jesus. Other Christians say that Jesus has healed them or done other miracles at large Christian meetings. Other Christians think that Jesus only did such things when he was on Earth. They do not believe that such miracles happen today.

References

Gospels
Jesus

Miracles of Jesus


Fred McLeod is a sportscaster for Fox Sports Ohio calling games for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association. He performed the same role for the Detroit Pistons. He also called high school football and high school basketball for Fox Sports Detroit. He was a weekend sports anchor on WDIV-TV as well as a host of Sports Final Edition. He called games for the Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians,, and Oakland Athletics. He was sports anchor for KQTV-TV, WSTV-TV, KQTV-TV, and KPIX-TV.

National Basketball Association broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Year of birth missing (living people)

Fred McLeod


1q21.1 duplication syndrome or 1q21.1 (recurrent) microduplication is a rare aberration of chromosome 1.

On chromosome 1, a human cell typically has one pair of identical chromosomes. One of the pair of chromosomes in the 1q21.1 duplication syndrome is overcomplete because a portion of its sequence has been duplicated twice or more. The letters 1q21.1 stand for chromosome 1, q for the long arm of the chromosome, and 21.1 for the portion of the long arm that contains the duplication.

Next to the duplication syndrome, there is also a 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. While there are two or three copies of a similar part of the DNA on a particular spot with the duplication syndrome, there is a part of the DNA missing with the deletion syndrome on the same spot. Literature refers to both the deletion and the duplication as the 1q21.1 copy-number variations (CNV).

The CNV leads to a very variable phenotype and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of developmental delays and various physical anomalies.

Symptoms and signs
Currently recognized symptoms include:
 Autism or autistic behaviors
 ADHD
 Learning disability
 Large head
 Dysmorphic facial appearance - mild
 Prominent forehead
 Wide-set eyes (hypertelorism)
 Loose joints
 GERD
 Sleep disturbances
 Sleep Apnea
 Underdeveloped parts of brain - corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis
 Speech & developmental delays
 Chiari malformation of the brain
 Congenital heart defects
 Hypotonia

It is not clear whether the list of symptoms is complete. Very little information is known about the syndrome. The symptomology may be different among individuals, even in the same family.

Cause
Meiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs splits and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process. In this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0.4% variation in the DNA. It explains why even identical twins are not genetically 100% identical.

The second random process can give rise to genetic mistakes. In the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a copy number variation. Due to the copy number variation chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, there is the first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 duplication syndrome.

Based on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.
 1. a spontaneous deviation (a 'de novo' situation): two chromosomes come together, of which one has a copy number variation as a result of the meiosis process.
 2. a parent is unknowingly carrier of a chromosome with a copy number variation and passes it through at conception to the child, with different consequences for the child.

Due to this genetic misprint the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.

Structure of 1q21.1

The structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where a duplication or deletion can be found: the TAR-area for the TAR syndrome and the distal area for other anomalies. The 1q21.1 duplication syndrome will commonly be found in the distal area, but an overlap with the TAR-area is possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure (areas with the same color in the picture have equal structures) Only 25% of the structure is unique. There are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up until now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. Because the gaps are still a topic of research, it is hard to find the exact start and end markers of a deletion. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.

Related genes
Genes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the TAR area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89A
Genes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the distal area are HYDIN2, PRKAB2, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, and GPR89B.

Diagnostics
A 'de novo'-situation appears in about 75% of the cases. In 25% of the cases, one of the parents is carrier of the syndrome, without any effect on the parent. Sometimes adults have mild problems with the syndrome. To find out whether either of the parents carries the syndrome, both parents have to be tested. In several cases, the syndrome was identified with the child, because of an autism disorder or another problem, and later it appeared that the parent was affected as well. The parent never knew about it until the moment that the DNA-test proved the parent to be a carrier.

In families where both parents have been tested negative on the syndrome, chances on a second child with the syndrome are extremely low. If the syndrome was found in the family, chances on a second child with the syndrome are 50%, because the syndrome is autosomal dominant. The effect of the syndrome on the child cannot be predicted.

The syndrome can be detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization and Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software.For parents with a child with the syndrome, it is advisable to consult a physician before a next pregnancy and to do prenatal screening.

Management

Research
Several researchers around the world are studying on the subject of 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. The syndrome was identified for the first time in people with heart abnormalities. The syndrome was later observed in patients who had autism or schizophrenia.

It appears that there is a relation between autism and schizophrenia. Literature shows that nine locations have been found on the DNA where the syndromes related to autism or schizophrenia can be found, the so-called "hotspots": 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 16p13.1, 16q21, 17p12, 21q11.2 and 21q13.3. With a number of hotspots, either autism and schizophrenia were observed depending on the copy-number variation (CNV) at that location.

Statistical research showed that schizophrenia is significantly more common in combination with 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. On the other side, autism is significantly more common with 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. Similar observations were done for chromosome 16 on 16p11.2 (deletion: autism/duplication: schizophrenia), chromosome 22 on 22q11.21 (deletion (Velo-cardio-facial syndrome): schizophrenia/duplication: autism) and 22q13.3 (deletion (Phelan-McDermid syndrome): schizophrenia/duplication: autism). Further research confirmed that the odds on a relation between schizophrenia and deletions at 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 22q11.21 en Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) and duplications at 16p11.2 are at 7.5% or higher.

Common variations in the BCL9 gene, which is in the distal area, confer risk of schizophrenia and may also be associated with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Research is done on 10-12 genes on 1q21.1 that produce DUF1220-locations. DUF1220 is an unknown protein, which is active in the neurons of the brain near the neocortex. Based on research on apes and other mammals, it is assumed that DUF1220 is related to cognitive development (man: 212 locations; chimpanzee: 37 locations; monkey: 30 locations; mouse: 1 location). It appears that the DUF1220-locations on 1q21.1 are in areas that are related to the size and the development of the brain. The aspect of the size and development of the brain is related to autism (macrocephaly) and schizophrenia (microcephaly). It is assumed that a deletion or a duplication of a gene that produces DUF1220-areas might cause growth and development disorders in the brain

Another relation between macrocephaly with duplications and microcephaly with deletions has been seen in research on the HYDIN Paralog or HYDIN2. This part of 1q21.1 is involved in the development of the brain. It is assumed to be a dosage-sensitive gene. When this gene is not available in the 1q21.1 area it leads to microcephaly. HYDIN2 is a recent duplication (found only in humans) of the HYDIN gene found on 16q22.2.

GJA5 has been identified as the gene that is responsible for the phenotypes observed with congenital heart diseases on the 1q21.1 location. In case of a duplication of GJA5 tetralogy of Fallot is more common. In case of a deletion other congenital heart diseases than tetralogy of Fallot are more common.

References

Further reading

External links

 1q21.1 microduplications

Rare genetic syndromes
Autosomal duplications
Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes with macrocephaly

1q21.1 duplication syndrome


Go Fish is a game with playing cards.  2 to 10 people can play.

Every player gets five cards.  The rest of the cards (the deck) are put face down where all the players can get them.  Cards that are the same number are called pairs.  If a player has a pair, they put it face up in front of them so everybody can see it.  The player to the left of the player who gave everybody their cards goes first.  When it is a player's turn, they ask another player for a card that is the same color and number as one they already have.  They can ask any player.  If the other player has the card, they give it to the one that asked, and the one that asked puts the pair in front of them and gets to go again.

If the other player does not have the card, then they say "Go Fish", and the player that asked takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If a player has no cards when it is time for him to go, then he just takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If there are no cards in the deck and the player has no cards, then that player does not get to go.  The game ends when all the cards are face up in pairs.  The winner is the player with the most pairs.

Card games

Go Fish


Artists and Models is a 1955 American musical romantic comedy film in VistaVision directed by Frank Tashlin, marking Martin and Lewis's 14th feature together as a team. The film co-stars Shirley MacLaine and Dorothy Malone, with Eva Gabor and Anita Ekberg appearing in brief roles.

Plot
Rick Todd is a struggling painter and smooth-talking ladies' man. His goofy young roommate Eugene Fullstack is an aspiring children's author who has a passion for comic books, especially those of the mysterious and sexy "Bat Lady".

Each night, Eugene has horrific screaming nightmares inspired by those ultra-violent comics, which he describes aloud in his sleep. They are about the bizarre bird-like superhero "Vincent the Vulture" who is, according to Eugene's nocturnal babblings, the "defender of truth and liberty and a member of the Audubon Society" and is "half-boy, half-man, half-bird with feathers growing out of every pore" and a "tail full of jet propulsion". Also known as "Vultureman" or more simply "The Vulture", the golden helmeted hero soars through space from his "homogenized space station" orbiting the Milky Way to battle his shapely but sadistic purple-eyed archenemy "Zuba the Magnificent", who hates Vincent because "she's allergic to his feathers" and who enjoys blasting big "oooozing" holes into his highly resilient flying form ("It'll take more than that to stop me!") with her "atomic pivot gun".

A neighbor in their apartment building, Abigail Parker, is a professional artist who works for a New York comic book company called Murdock Publishing and is the creator of the "Bat Lady". Her energetic horoscope-obsessed roommate is Bessie Sparrowbush, who is secretary to her publisher Mr. Murdock and Abigail's model for the flying bat-masked superheroine. Bessie develops a crush on Eugene, who is unaware that she is his beloved "Bat Lady" in the flesh.

Abigail becomes frustrated at work at the increasingly lurid and bloodthirsty stories the money-hungry Murdock demands. She quits to become an anti-comics activist, dragging Eugene into her crusade as an example of how trashy comic books can warp impressionable minds at the same time that Rick gets a job with the company after pitching the adventures of "Vincent the Vulture" from Eugene's dreams. Rick attains success at his new job, but after falling for Abigail he keeps his work a secret from both her and Eugene.

Unbeknownst to all, Eugene's dreams also contain the real top-secret rocket formula "X34 minus 5R1 plus 6-X36" that Rick publishes in his stories. With spies all around them, they manage to entertain at the annual "Artists and Models Ball" and capture the enemy, preserving national security.

Cast

Production
Martin and Lewis' 14th feature, Artists and Models, was filmed from February 28 to May 3, 1955, at Paramount Studios. The film was released on November 7, 1955, by Paramount Pictures, and was one of the team's highest-budgeted pictures at $1.5 million ($12,589,869.40 in 2011 dollars). The film was shot in VistaVision and Eastmancolor, with prints by Technicolor, and stereophonic sound by Perspecta. Costumes were by Paramount wardrobe designer Edith Head.

Artists and Models marked the first time Lewis worked with former Looney Tunes director Frank Tashlin, whom he admired greatly. Martin and Lewis would reunite with him on their last film, Hollywood or Bust, and Lewis would then work with Tashlin on six of his solo films.

Producer Hal B. Wallis chose Tashlin for Artists and Models on the basis of his background as a cartoonist, and the film contains many gags influenced by the director's animation work. When MacLaine kisses Lewis in front of a water cooler, the water steams up; in another scene, a massage therapist bends Lewis's leg all the way towards his head. Artists and Models is considered a milestone in movie satire for its mockery of mid-1950s pop culture. One scene satirizes the Kefauver hearings on violent comic books, and other targets in the film include the Cold War, the space race and the publishing business. In the final production number, Rick and Eugene are seen painting on the backs of several chorus girls. This is a sly nod to the film Ugetsu, a breakthrough hit from Japanese cinema, which opened in the U.S. six months before filming began on Artists and Models.

Tashlin brought a lot of sexual innuendo to Artists and Models, making it more adult in content than most previous Martin and Lewis movies and indulging his own fetishistic fascination with female characters in revealing costumes. Some of his most suggestive ideas were disallowed by the Production Code; in Tashlin's original script, Lewis's character was named "Fullstick", but the censors ordered the removal of this phallic joke. The censors also asked Paramount to cut a scene where Dorothy Malone is seen wearing only a strategically placed towel, but the studio did not remove it. The finished film contains many jokes that push the boundaries of what was acceptable in the mid-1950s, including many about women's breasts and a number of double entendres.

Longtime Martin and Lewis writer Herbert Baker worked on the script, which had the original title Rock-A-Bye Baby; the title later being used for a 1958 Jerry Lewis film.

Songs featured were by music legends Harry Warren and Jack Brooks, and included "When You Pretend", "You Look So Familiar", "Innamorata (Sweetheart)", "The Lucky Song", and "Artists and Models". A sixth number, sung by Shirley MacLaine during the party, entitled "The Bat Lady", was cut from the final edit.

MacLaine did not make another film with Lewis, but did go on to appear in six more films with Martin, Some Came Running, Ocean's Eleven, Career, All in a Night's Work, What a Way to Go! and Cannonball Run II.

According to a 1955 column by Sheilah Graham, the part of Abby was originally offered to Lizabeth Scott, who had played opposite the team in Scared Stiff. When she turned the part down, Martin asked for Dorothy Malone, his other love interest from Scared Stiff.

The cast is filled with cameos by many Martin and Lewis regulars. Eddie Mayehoff made his cinematic debut in That's My Boy and co-starred in The Stooge. Kathleen Freeman also appeared in 3 Ring Circus, along with a number of Lewis' solo films. Jack Elam was in the team's second-to-last picture, Pardners. Anita Ekberg would appear in Martin and Lewis' final film, Hollywood or Bust.

The "Vincent the Vulture" comic books made as a prop for this picture briefly appear in the unaired pilot for the television series Get Smart.

Home media
The film was included on the five-film DVD set the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis Collection: Volume Two, released on June 5, 2007. It was released on its own on March 13, 2020.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 78% rating from 9 reviews, with an average score of 5.75/10.

See also
 List of American films of 1955

References

External links

 My Favourite Comic Book Movie, or How To Keep the Tarnish Off Brass Knuckles
 Artists and Models And Its Mysterious Missing Plot Points

1955 films
1955 musical comedy films
1955 romantic comedy films
1950s English-language films
1950s romantic musical films
1950s spy comedy films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
American spy comedy films
Cold War spy films
Films about comics
Films about dreams
Films about fictional painters
Films directed by Frank Tashlin
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Films scored by Walter Scharf
Films set in apartment buildings
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Frank Tashlin
Paramount Pictures films
1950s American films

Artists and Models


Tteok is a Korean traditional rice cake which is made of rice by kneading it with water. It tastes chewy and sticky. Tteok is usually only eaten on holidays or birthdays.

Koreans eat Tteok depending on the season. On the first day of the year, they make Garaetteok which is shaped like a long white cylinder because it looks like a white thin thread that represents a long life generally in Asian culture. Sliced Garaetteok is used for making a soup named Tteokguk. In March, women make small sweet Korean pancakes called Hwajeon with flowers. They use flowers such as azaleas and chrysanthemums. On Chuseok holiday, Korean Thanksgiving Day, Koreans make Songpyeon. They dough rice flour and stuff sesame, or chestnut into each. After they put it in, they shape it into a half moon.

References

Korean food
Rice dishes

Tteok


The Romantic ballet is a genre of ballet that evolved in the early 19th century as a reaction against the classicism that dominated 18th century art and literature. Balletomanes of the early nineteenth century were bored with stories about ancient gods and goddesses, plots based on myths, and ancient costumes. They wanted ballets about real people and real places. Pointe work became artistic expression rather than  stunt work, and the long, white, ballet skirt of tulle was introduced. Both produced the illusion of ethereal weightlessness. Gas lighting made it possible to create special dimming effects and wires enabled ballerinas to "fly".

The romantic era in ballet began with The Ballet of the Nuns in 1831 and was followed by La Sylphide in 1832. The genre began a slow decline. Coppélia of 1870 is said to mark the end of the romantic ballet, although the three ballets composed by Tchaikovsky are romantic ballets. Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake of 1876 is considered a romantic ballet. Even his The Nutcracker of 1892 is a romantic ballet. Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides of 1906 is considered a tribute to the romantic ballet in its atmosphere and tone.

Romantic ballets have four things in common: they are not about mythological gods and goddesses; they show local or national color in costumes, settings, and dances such as mazurkas and waltzes; a supernatural, fantastic, exotic, or spiritual element is usually prominent; and ballet technique is a focus, especially pointe work for the ballerina.

Sources
 Kant, Marion (Ed.) (2007). The Cambridge Companion to the Ballet. Cambridge UP.

Ballets

Romantic ballet


Sodium bisulfate, also known as sodium hydrogen sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaHSO4. It is made of sodium and bisulfate ions. It is a white crystalline solid. It is an acid, though not as strong as sulfuric acid. It can be made by reacting smaller amounts of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. If too much sodium hydroxide is used, sodium sulfate is made instead. It is also made by reacting sodium chloride and sulfuric acid when heated. This reaction also makes hydrogen chloride. It is used to lower pH (made things more acidic).

Related pages
Sulfite
Sodium sulfite
Sulfate

Sodium compounds
Sulfur compounds

Sodium bisulfate


The Lakes Region of New Hampshire is located in the east-central part of the state, south of the White Mountains Region and extending to the Maine border.  It is named for the numerous lakes in the region, the largest of which are Lake Winnipesaukee, Lake Winnisquam, Squam Lake, and Newfound Lake. The area comprises all of Belknap County, the southern portion of Carroll County, the eastern portion of Grafton County, and the northern portions of Strafford County and Merrimack County. The largest municipality is the city of Laconia.

Besides the lakes, there are also two small mountain ranges, the Belknap Mountains which lie to the southwest, and the Ossipee Mountains to the northeast.

The area is a popular tourist destination in the summer time, with the activity peaking during the annual Motorcycle Week and races at Loudon's New Hampshire Motor Speedway. Other tourist destinations include Funspot in Weirs Beach, the Squam Lakes Natural Science Center in Holderness, the children's museum of Center Harbor, Gunstock ski resort and Bank of New Hampshire Pavilion at Meadowbrook, both in Gilford, Castle in the Clouds in Moultonborough, and the town of Wolfeboro, which claims to be the nation's oldest resort town. Lake Winnipesaukee is the largest lake in the state, and is home to numerous vacation homes. Several motion pictures have either been filmed or set in the region, including the 1981 classic, On Golden Pond (filmed on Squam Lake in the town of Holderness) and the 1991 comedy What About Bob?, which was filmed in Virginia but (fictitiously) took place in Wolfeboro.

Lakes

Below is a partial list of the largest lakes found in the Lakes Region:

Balch Pond
Broad Bay
Crystal Lake
Dan Hole Pond
Great East Lake
Halfmoon Lake
Lake Kanasatka
Little Squam Lake
Lovell Lake
Merrymeeting Lake
Mirror Lake
Newfound Lake
Opechee Bay
Ossipee Lake
Paugus Bay
Pemigewasset Lake
Pine River Pond
Province Lake
Silver Lake
Squam Lake
Sunset Lake
Lake Waukewan
Lake Wentworth
White Oak Pond
Wicwas Lake
Lake Winnipesaukee
Lake Winnisquam

References

External links
Lakes Region at NH Division of Travel and Tourism Development
Satellite view of the Lakes Region on Google Maps
New Hampshire Lakes Association

Regions of New Hampshire
Tourism regions of New Hampshire

Lakes Region (New Hampshire)


Shinto () is a form of Japanese animism. It has many kami, translated as gods or nature spirits. Some "kami" are just spirits of certain places, and some are the overall "kami" (like "Amaterasu", the Sun goddess). The word "Shinto" comes from the Japanese words "", shin—the word for spirit or god, and "", tō—the word for "the way" or "path". So, Shinto means "the way of the gods."

State Shinto was the main religion of Japan before World War II. During the period 1868 to 1945 the Japanese government used Shinto for propaganda. All Japanese were forced to register with their local shrine. All Shinto priests worked for the government. War was seen as a sacred duty. The Emperor of Japan was seen as a god. Japanese Buddhism was also involved with the war effort (See Zen at War).

Shinto has many rituals and customs, and some are done every day. Festivals are frequent. Some people mix Shinto and Buddhist rituals and beliefs.

 Although Jinja-Honcho manages almost all shrines, some, such as Yasukuni, are run separately.

 Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, is seen as the holiest of all Shinto kami. Her shrine is in Ise, Japan.

Related pages
Shinto shrine

Other websites
 Kokugakuin University Encylopedia of Shinto

Shinto


Line 6, coloured navy blue, (currently known as Plaça Catalunya - Sarrià (?)) is the name of a metro-like commuter train service in Barcelona operated by FGC, and part of the ATM fare-integrated transport system. It links Plaça Catalunya, the city centre, with Sarrià-Sant Gervasi. This Barcelona Metro and Metro del Vallès line shares three stations with FGC L7.

Overview

Prior to the integration with the TMB network, L6 covered as an underground commuter train line the distance from downtown Barcelona to Sarrià, pretty much the same as nowadays. It has its origins in 1876, with the Barcelona-Sarrià train. It's going to be extended towards Sant Boi, through Hospital Sant Joan de Déu.

Technical details
 Colour on map:
 Number of stations: 9
 Type: Conventional metro (mixed traffic with suburban commuter train lines)
 Length:
 Rolling stock: 111 and 112 series
 Journey time: 30 minutes
 Track gauge:
 Traction: Electricity
 Power supply: Standard overhead wire
 Open-air sections: No
 Mobile phone coverage: All lines
 Depots: Rubí
 Operator: FGC

Current stations
 Plaça Catalunya (L1, L3, L7, RENFE)
 Provença (L7; Diagonal: L3, L5)
 Gràcia (L7)
 Sant Gervasi
 Muntaner
 La Bonanova
 Les Tres Torres
 Sarrià (L9, L10)
 Reina Elisenda

Other websites

 Line 6 at Trenscat.com

6

Barcelona Metro line 6


Fulanito is an American musical group based in Washington Heights in New York City. The group combines traditional merengue with elements of other genres such as house, hip hop, and bachata among others. With over five million albums sold throughout the world, they were at one time the top selling act in Colombia, and were placed on other charts including those of Japan, Switzerland, United States, and Chile. Their name means "Little John Doe" (i.e. unknown) in Spanish (see Fulano + -ito). Members of Fulanito had previously been in popular groups such as 740 Boyz and 2 in a Room.

Discography

History
Fulanito was formed in 1996 by Dominican-American lead singer / producer Rafael 'Dose' Vargas and producer Winston 'Win' Rosa with the idea of exploiting their blended talents into the Latin market.  Vargas grew up in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan, New York, and Winston grew up in the South Bronx.  They met in 1992 during a studio session where Winston was working as a recording engineer on one of Rafael's earlier projects.  Their first album, "El Hombre Mas Famoso De La Tierra" gained international fame with the hit singles "Guallando", "El Cepillo" and "La Novela,. The album sold over 500,000 units worldwide.   They further gained international notoriety with their second album, "El Padrino" which garnered them their first Grammy nomination.  Their third album, "Americanizao" (2001) would be the last production both Vargas and Rosa would work on together.

Influences
Fulanito's influences trace back to the early days of Tropical Latin music in New York. "Growing up in New York City during the late 70's, and 80's, our generation has been influenced by the sounds of classic dance music and Hip-hop, all while the classic tropical sounds waved through our ears" states Vargas.  From their Latin roots, Vargas and Rosa were driven by the likes of Hector Lavoe, Willie Colón, Johnny Pacheco, Johnny Ventura, and Fernandito Villalona.  Their more youthful roots go as far back as Run DMC, T La Rock, and LL Cool J, among others.

2 in a Room
Vargas began his quest in the music business when he first collaborated on a compilation project headed by Aldo Marin and his record label Cutting Records.  The compilation was to consist of various producers bring in their very own sounds in dance music.  Vargas and then partner, Roger Pauletta submitted a House/Hip-hop fused track "Do What you Wanna Do", the song gain notoriety in the underground House Music industry for its unique flow of Rap mixed in with a dance-friendly House beat. The song's popularity prompted Marin to suggest that Vargas collaborate his rap style on another single from the album.  Vargas would team up with DJ/producer George Morel on the international hit "Wiggle It".  With the immediate success of "Wiggle It", Vargas was eventually stapled as the frontman to the group 2 in a Room, releasing the album "Wiggle It" (Cutting/Charisma, 1990).

In 1992, Vargas met Winston Rosa while Rosa was engineering one of his featured singles.  Having similar music styles and influences in common, they hit it off very well, eventually teaming up and forming their production company, WinDose International.  Following the success of "Wiggle It", Vargas was looking to bring in something new. With the help of Rosa, he released the album "World Party" (Cutting Records, 1994), which added the Latin element to his already popular House/Hip-Hop blend.  Vargas recruited his classmate Elvin Ovalles as his lyrical partner.  The first single on "World Party" was the Latin Urban club hit "El Trago", produced by the dance music DJ duo of Victor and Danny Vargas (No relation to Rafael)

740 Boyz
The sound and popularity from "World Party" was the motivation that both Vargas and Rosa needed to build on a new sound in the ever changing Dance music circuit.  With the addition of Jose "Pickles" Fuentes, their friend and local club promoter and DJ from Vargas' neighborhood, they went on to form the 740 Boyz.  Their self-titled album was released in 1995, gaining a worldwide following with the international hit "Shimmy Shake".  The group gained greater popularity in Europe, specifically in France. 740 Boyz was the precursor to what defined the legacy of Fulanito, where Vargas first utilized his signature high-pitched chanted choruses and rap style.

El Hombre Más Famoso de la Tierra (1997–1999)
As the popularity of the 740 Boyz began to wind down, Vargas was once again in search of a new sound and market to exploit his talents.  With the growing success of many young urban Latin groups such as Proyect Uno, Ilegales and Sandy y Papo surging in South America, Vargas and Rosa were eager to tap in.  Vargas was well aware of the rising success of the grassroots traditional merengue genre known as Perico Ripiao (Spanish for "shredded parrot"). Vargas found a way to keep his previous projects together by bringing Ovalles, Fuentes and adding Marino Paredes to the mix.  Rosa, being very close to the genre, enlisted the talents of his father, Arcenio De La Rosa, an accomplished well-known traditional merengue artist in his own right, to add to the authenticity of the sound.  They merged their hip hop styles with the sounds of merengue, as well as samba and cumbia, and released "El Hombre Mas Famoso De La Tierra" in 1997.  The album gained immediate worldwide recognition selling over 500,000 units.  The first single off the album, "Guallando," became a household chant, gaining song of the year honors in Colombia in 1998.

El Padrino (1999–2001)
Fulanito's second studio album, "El Padrino" (Cutting, 1999) used many of the same elements that garnered them international fame, with only minor changes to the sound and the frontline.  Rosa decided to step down as one of the frontmen to concentrate on the production end.  Vargas would add Welington Belen to replace Rosa.  Belen, born and raised in the Dominican Republic and a student of merengue genre, was very instrumental in the production of "El Padrino". Vargas and Rosa were able to incorporate more of the authentic merengue sound while adding their American urban element with ease.  The album received a Grammy nomination in 1999, and had several songs featured in John Singelton's modern day film release of Shaft.

Americanizao (2001–2004)
The release of "Americanizao" (Cutting, 2001) saw the group becoming a quartet.  Belen left the group and Vargas would focus on a more urban dance feel for the album.  With its hit single "Callate", hip-hop tracks "Otra Vez" and "Eight Million Ways", the sound that Fulanito producing was making waves for a change, while still staying grounded in its merengue roots with "Pecho A Pechuga", "La Tiembladera" and "El Generalissimo", a song that created slight controversy in the Dominican Republic.  "El Generalissimo" was eventually prohibited from the nations airwaves just days after the album's release.  Officials cited the use of the title "Generalissimo" as a certain glorification to the country's last dictator, Rafael Trujillo.

La Verdad (2004–2007)
In 2004, Fulanito had a slight change in its front staff. Vargas would replace Ovalles and Paredes, and add Jesus Martinez and Daniel Fernandez to fill in.

Vacanería! (2007–2009)
The release of "Vacanería!" saw the emergence of Rafael Vargas as he was solidifying his staple as a solo artist. Other artists and producers were invited to participate in the construction of the album to insure variety, depth and a breath of fresh air for Latin hip hop listeners everywhere. Music producers and brothers, Cristian Mendez and Cleyton Mendez, a.k.a. Guary & Cleyton, were among the contributors to the new album. The duo produced a salsa hip-hop track titled "Pa Que Sepa", properly utilizing a piece of the Roberto Ruena composition "Que Se Sepa", and also the track "Mataron El Negro", cleverly embodying a portion of the composition "El Negron Bembon", performed by legendary salsero Ismael Rivera. The first single release from the album was "Mira", which features vocals from Rhingo 'Truko' Fernandez. Truko is also featured alongside Magic Juan (former vocalist of the group Proyecto Uno) in the song "Ajena". "No Hay Otro Como Yo" features salsero Kevin Ceballo singing the hook in Spanglish. "Sabado en La Noche", a merengue-influenced reggaeton track, was produced by and features Tonny Tun Tun. Two other reggaeton songs on the album are the tracks "Contigo" and "Sigue (Oh Oh)". The Arabian-flavored club track "Culebrita" was produced by Rahdeekhal. In 2007, the album garnered Rafael his second Grammy Nomination in the best Latin Urban Urban Album category

References

Merengue music groups
American rappers of Dominican Republic descent
Hispanic and Latino American rappers

Fulanito


Cyrillus Gustave Emile "Cyriel" Buysse (; 20 September 1859 – 25 July 1932) was a Flemish naturalist author and playwright. He also wrote under the following pseudonyms: Louis Bonheyden, Prosper Van Hove and Robert Palmer.

Biography

Buysse was born on 20 September 1859 in Nevele, Belgium in a well-to-do family. Before he could complete his studies at the Atheneum in Ghent, he joined the family's chicory factory at the request of his father.

At the suggestion of his aunt Virginie Loveling, herself an author, he started writing when he was twenty-six. When his father found out that he was dating a girl he had met in a local bar, he was told to leave the ancestral home. Between 1886 and 1896 he emigrated to the United States several times, but he returned more disillusioned each time. The written account of his travels is known as Twee Herinneringen uit Amerika (Two memories from America), written in 1888.

Buysse became known as a naturalist writer in the tradition of Stijn Streuvels, Émile Zola and Guy de Maupassant. Although he had been educated in French, which was common for sons of wealthy Flemish families in that era, most of his work would be in Dutch. His writing is characterised by a deep sympathy for the common man, whose life he vividly and realistically describes.

In 1893 he co-edited the literary periodical Van Nu en Straks (On Now and Soon) together with Prosper Van Langendonck, August Vermeylen en Emmanuel De Bom, but left soon afterwards following an argument. In the same year, he wrote his first novel Het recht van den sterkste (The Law of the Jungle).

Buysse married the Dutch widow Nelly Dyserinck in 1896 and spent winters in The Hague in the Netherlands, where his son René Cyriel was born in 1897, while staying at his rural estate in Afsnee in Belgium during summer.

In 1903, he co-founded another literary magazine, Groot Nederland together with Louis Couperus en Willem Gerard van Nouhuys which he continued to edit until his death.

During the German occupation of Belgium in the first World War, Buysse remained in the Netherlands. He became an active contributor to the newspaper De Vlaamsche Stem (The Flemish Voice). In 1918, after the Armistice, he returned to Belgium where his talent was now widely recognized: he received the state prize for literature in 1921, and became a member of the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde (Royal Flemish Academy of Language and Literature) in 1930. In 1932 he was ennobled by King Albert I to the rank of baron, which was then a rare honour for a writer, and ironic given the tone and subject of his books; since he died four days later he was not able to receive the appropriate letters patent and so was unable to use the title. In October 1934 his widow Nelly Dyserinck was ennobled and styled a baroness.

His naturalist play The van Paemel Family (1902) is still being performed regularly. It has also been turned into a movie in 1986.

Buysse died on 25 July 1932 in Afsnee, Belgium.

Bibliography

Books

 Guusje en Zieneken (1887)
 Twee herinneringen uit Amerika (1888)
 Beter laat dan nooit (1891)
 Het huwelijk van neef Perseyn (1893)
 Het recht van den sterkste (novel 1893)
 De biezenstekker (1894)
 Sursum corda! (1894)
 Wroeging (1895)
 Mea culpa (1896)
 Op 't Blauwhuis (novel 1897)
 De zwarte kost (1898)
 Schoppenboer (novel 1898)
 Uit Vlaanderen (essays 1899)
 Te lande (bundel 1900)
 Een Leeuw van Vlaanderen (1900)
 Van arme menschen (1901)
 Daarna (1903)
 Aan 't strand (1903)
 Tusschen Leie en Schelde (essays 1904)
 In de natuur (bundel 1905)
 Het Verdriet van meneer Ongena (1906)
 Het leven van Rozeke van Daelen (novel 1906)
 Het Bolleken (novel 1906)
 Lente (essays 1907)
 Het volle leven (novel 1908)
 Ik Herinner mij (essays 1909)
 De eenzame (1909)
 Het "ezelken", wat niet vergeten was (novel 1910)
 De vroolijke tocht (travel essay 1911)
 Stemmingen (essays 1911)
 Levensleer (novel co-authored with Virginie Loveling 1911)
 De nachtelijke aanranding (novel 1912)
 Le Sou de mutilé (Voor de verminkten) (1910's)
 Per auto (travel essay 1913)
 Van hoog en laag (essays 1913)
 Oorlogsvizioenen (essays 1915)
 Zomerleven (1915)
 Een vroolijk drietal (essays 1916)
 Van een verloren zomer (1917)
 De roman van den schaatsenrijder (1918)
 De strijd (1918)
 De twee pony's (essays 1919)
 Plus-que-parfait (novel 1919)
 Zooals het was... (novel 1921)
 Uit de bron (bundel 1922)
 De Laatste Ronde (travel essay 1923)
 Tantes (novel 1924) (translated by David McKay as The Aunts, 2020, )
 Typen (1925)
 Uleken (novel 1926)
 Kerels (essays 1927)
 Dierenliefde (essays 1928)
 De schandpaal (essays 1928)
 Wat wij in Spanje en Marokko zagen (essays 1929)
 Uit het leven (short stories 1930)
 Twee werelden (1931)
 Rivièra-impressies (travel essays 1932)
 Verzameld werk (7 volumes) (1974–1982)

Plays

 De plaatsvervangende vrederechter (1895)
 Driekoningenavond (1899)
 Maria (1900)
  (1903)
 De landverhuizers (1904)
 De sociale misdaad (1904)
 Se non é vero... (1905)
 Het recht (1908)
 Sususususut (1921)
 Jan Bron (1921)

Movies

 Het gezin van Paemel was filmed for television in 1986 (director: Paul Cammermans, script: Hugo Claus en Jan Blokker)

See also
 Flemish literature

References

Sources
 Elslander, A. van. 1974. 'Inleiding'. In: Cyriel Buysse. Verzameld Werk. Brussel: A. Manteau
 Marc Galle. 1966. Cyriel Buysse. Brugge: Desclée de Brouwer.

External links

 Cyriel Buysse (Dutch)

1859 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
Flemish writers
Barons of Belgium
People from Nevele
19th-century Belgian male writers
20th-century Belgian male writers
Belgian male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers

Cyriel Buysse


Mammalogy is the study of the mammals. Mammalogy has also been known as "mastology," "theriology," and "therology."

Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals. There are about 4,200 different species of animals which are considered mammals. The major branches to study in the mammalogy career include:
natural history
taxonomy and systematics
anatomy and physiology
ethology
ecology
management and control

The approximate salary of a mammalogist varies from $20,000 to $60,000 a year, depending on their experience.  Mammalogists are typically involved in activities such as conducting research, managing personnel, and writing proposals.

mammals
Branches of zoology

Mammalogy


The Scottish Labour Party is a political party in Scotland. It is part of the British Labour Party. The party's policies usually promote social democracy and democratic socialism. It also supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, it is the third party. It controls 22 out of 129 seats. The party also control 1 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (having previously held 41)

Following a heavy defeat in Scotland in the United Kingdom general election, 2015, Jim Murphy announced his resignation as party leader on 16 May 2015. On 15 August 2015 Kezia Dugdale was elected leader of the party, with Alex Rowley as her deputy. In 2017 Dugdale resigned and Rowley became acting leader. Richard Leonard was elected as the party's leader on 18 November 2017.

List of leaders since 1999
 Donald Dewar (1999–2000), 1st First Minister of Scotland, died in office
 Henry McLeish (2000–2001), 2nd First Minister of Scotland, resigned
 Jack McConnell (2001–2007), 3rd First Minister of Scotland, lost Scottish Parliament election
 Wendy Alexander (2007–2008), resigned
 Iain Gray (2008–2011), lost Scottish Parliament election
 Johann Lamont (2011–2014), resigned
 Jim Murphy (2014–2015), resigned following the United Kingdom general election, 2015
 Kezia Dugdale (2015–2017), resigned
 Richard Leonard (2017–2021), resigned
 Anas Sarwar (2021–present)

Representation
 House of Commons - 1 out of 59 Scottish MPs
 Scottish Parliament - 22 out of 129 seats

Other websites
Official website

1900s establishments in Scotland
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political parties in Scotland
Social democratic parties
Labour Party (UK)

Scottish Labour


The term Radio frequency refers to electromagnetic radiation in the range of frequencies lower than microwaves. Radio waves at these frequencies have been found useful for long-range communications. Among these frequencies, shortwave radio communications operate at frequencies that can be reflected by the ionosphere and therefore can bounce around the earth. Longwave frequencies are used for relatively short range communications such as the most ordinary of the commercial amplitude modulation (AM) radio stations. Their transmissions ordinarily do not get long bounces.

Different short-wave frequencies (with wavelengths shorter than 120 meters) can be reflected well and transmitted by long bounces around the world during times when different conditions prevail in the ionosphere. So transmitters for such organizations as VOA (Voice of America) and BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) will change operating frequencies from month to month and also from time to time during a 24 hour period.

Electromagnetic radiation
Radio technology

Radio frequency


Judah Benzion "Ben" Segal, FBA (21 June 1912 – 23 October 2003, Edgware, Middlesex) was Professor of Semitic Languages at the School of Oriental and African Studies.

His father was Professor Moshe Zvi Segal and his brother was the doctor and Labour Party politician Samuel Segal.  He had two daughters; one is Prof. Naomi Segal.

Education
 Magdalen College School, Oxford
 St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. Jarrett Scholar, 1932; John Stewart of Rannoch Scholar in Hebrew, 1933; 1st Class Oriental Langs Tripos, 1935; Tyrwhitt Scholar and Mason Prizeman, 1936. BA (Cambridge), 1935, MA 1938; DPhil (Oxford) 1939.
 Colours, Cambridge University Boxing Club, 1935, 1936.

Career
 Mansel Research Exhibitioner, St. John's College, Oxford, 1936–39; James Mew Scholar, 1937.
 Deputy Assistant Director, Public Security, Sudan Government, 1939–41
 Served in World War II, GHQ, MEF, 1942–44, Captain; Education Officer, British Military Administration, Tripolitania, 1945–46.  He was awarded a Military Cross in 1942.
 School of Oriental and African Studies from 1946; Head of Department of Near and Middle East, 1961–68; Professor 1961–79, then Emeritus Professor; Honorary Fellow 1983.
 Visiting Lecturer, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 1979
 Research Fellow, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1980
 Leverhulme Emeritus Fellowship, South India, 1981

Involvement in Jewish community
 Principal, Leo Baeck College, 1982–85; President, 1985-2003
 Member, Council of Christians and Jews
 President: North Western Reform Synagogue
 President: British Association for Jewish Studies, 1980
 Vice-president, Reform Synagogues of Great Britain, 1985–91

Honours
 Fellow of the British Academy, 1968
 Freedom, City of Urfa, Turkey, 1973

Publications
 The Diacritical Point and the Accents in Syriac, 1953
 The Hebrew Passover, 1963
 The Sabian Mysteries. The planet cult of ancient Harran, Vanished Civilizations, 1963
 Edessa, 'the blessed city''', 1970
 Aramaic Texts From North Saqqara, 1983
 A History of the Jews of Cochin, 1993
 Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls in the British Museum, 2000
 Whisper Awhile'', 2000
 Articles in learned periodicals.

1912 births
2003 deaths
People educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of World War II
Linguists from the United Kingdom
British Jews
Fellows of the British Academy
Recipients of the Military Cross
Syriacists
People associated with Leo Baeck College
Burials at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery
20th-century linguists

Judah Segal


Fear of mice and rats is one of the  most common specific phobias. It is sometimes referred to as musophobia (from Greek μῦς "mouse") or murophobia (a coinage from the taxonomic adjective "murine" for the family Muridae that encompasses mice and rats, and also Latin mure "mouse/rat"), or as suriphobia, from French souris, "mouse".

The phobia, as an unreasonable and disproportionate fear, is distinct from reasonable concern about rats and mice contaminating food supplies, which may potentially be universal to all times, places, and cultures where stored grain attracts rodents, which then consume or contaminate the food supply.

Cause
In many cases a phobic fear of mice is a socially induced conditioned response, combined with (and originated in) the startle response (a response to an unexpected stimulus) common in many animals, including humans, rather than a real disorder. At the same time, as is common with specific phobias, an occasional fright may give rise to abnormal anxiety that requires treatment.

Treatment
Fear of mice may be treated by any standard treatment for specific phobias. The standard treatment of animal phobia is systematic desensitization, and this can be done in the consulting room, or in hypnosis. Some clinicians use a combination of both approaches to desensitization during treatment. It can be helpful to encourage patients to experience some positive associations with mice: the feared stimulus is paired with the positive rather than being continuously reinforced by the negative.

Elephants and mice
There is a common folklore belief that elephants are afraid of mice. The earliest reference to this claim is probably by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, book VIII. As translated by Philemon Holland (1601), "Of all other living creatures, they [elephants] cannot abide a mouse or a rat." Numerous zoos and zoologists have shown that elephants can be conditioned not to react. MythBusters performed an experiment in which, indeed, multiple elephants did attempt to avoid a mouse, showing there may be some basis for this belief. Regardless, elephantine murophobia remains the basis of various jokes and metaphors. The classical board game Dou Shou Qi has the Rat kill an Elephant, and multiple editions of the rule book mentions that the Rat would crawl into the Elephant's ears to gnaw into its brain. This is considered to be a folk tale.

Patron saint
Gertrude of Nivelles is the patron saint of murophobia, and is also invoked against rats and mice in general.

In popular culture

An exaggerated, phobic fear of mice and rats has traditionally been depicted as a stereotypical trait of women, with numerous books, cartoons, television shows, and films portraying women screaming and jumping onto chairs or tables at the sight of a mouse. Despite this portrayal, murophobia has always been experienced by individuals of both sexes. However, women are twice as likely as men to suffer from specific phobias, such as musophobia.

In George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four the protagonist Winston Smith has an intense fear of rats.  Strapping a cage of hungry rats to his face is a technique used to get him to implicate his lover in thoughtcrimes.
In the TV Series Seinfeld, Frank Costanza has a profound fear of mice. In the episode 'The Raincoats, Part 2', Frank threatens to move houses after George suggests there could be mice in their house. Kramer also appears to be afraid of mice in that same episode.
In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Doctor Jones, Sr. is described as being "scared to death" of rats.
The titular character in the Doraemon series is scared of mice, due to having had his robotic ears bitten off by mice due to a mistaken order by Sewashi, as decipted in 1995 short film 2112: The Birth of Doraemon.
The incarnation of Princess Zelda from The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks will freeze in fear if she is met by rats.
Madame Medusa, the main antagonist of Disney's The Rescuers (1977), an adaptation of Margery Sharp's children's novels, suffers from extreme musophobia, becoming hysterical upon encountering the film's protagonists, a pair of friendly mice, while aiming to protect herself by jumping onto a chair and firing her shotgun. Ironically, her far more threatening pet crocodiles hardly make her uneasy.
Tin Top from Roary the Racing Car exhibited musophobia in the episode "Tin Top Gets Scared".
Injun Joe is afraid of mice and rats in the 1995 anime movie, Huck and Tom's Mississippi Adventure.
In the video game Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! the rideable/transformable elephant Ellie is afraid of rats and must throw a barrel at them. Additionally, there is a level called Stampede Sprint that centralizes on her fear of rats; at the beginning of the level you transform into Ellie only to be spooked by a few rats which causes Ellie to continuously barrage her way through the level.
Bloodsport, as portrayed in "The Suicide Squad (film)" is afraid of rats, which is used many times for comedic effect.
Lofty, a large blue anthropomorphic mobile crane from the Bob the Builder franchise, is known for being afraid of mice. This fear is great enough that he raced all the way back to the yard while in a faraway field. However, subsequent productions remove this fear entirely.
In Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!, Bentley is afraid of mice including Jerry Mouse and Tuffy.

See also
List of phobias

References

Zoophobias

Fear of mice and rats


The Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge Complex was established for the protection of migratory birds including waterfowl, shorebirds, and songbirds. It is located along the Mississippi Flyway, one of the major routes for migrating waterfowl. Refuge units also provide important habitat for big-river fish and a variety of other native wildlife such as deer, fox, beaver, frogs, turtles, and snakes. Key goals are to conserve and enhance the quality and diversity of fish and wildlife and their habitats, to restore floodplain functions in the river corridor, and to provide wildlife-related recreational experiences for the public.

Several units within the Complex were established in the 1940s following construction of the lock and dam system. Those units were consolidated into Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge in 1958. Since then, other areas have been added to Mark Twain, which now includes  scattered along  of the Mississippi River and short distances up the Illinois and Iowa rivers.

In 2000, Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge was split into five separate National Wildlife Refuges - Port Louisa National Wildlife Refuge, Great River National Wildlife Refuge, Clarence Cannon National Wildlife Refuge, Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge, and Middle Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge. The Refuge Complex administration office, located in Quincy, Illinois, has retained the Mark Twain name.

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is an agency of the Department of the Interior.

External links
 Official home page
 Map

National Wildlife Refuges in Illinois
Protected areas on the Mississippi River
Protected areas established in 1958
1958 establishments in Illinois


The British Rail Class 47 (Originally Brush Type 4) is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive.

They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C  twelve-cylinder diesel engine producing  (later derated to 2580 bhp to improve reliability), and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways.  As of December 2008, 103 locomotives still exist, with 29 working on the mainline.

47

British Rail Class 47


The Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Battle of Second Manassas) was a battle during the American Civil War. It was fought from August 28 to August 30, 1862. It ended in a Confederate victory.

Background
Union president Abraham Lincoln formed the Army of Virginia near Washington, D.C. in July 1862. He put Major General John Pope in command of the army. Lincoln wanted Pope to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

Confederate General Robert E. Lee commanded the Army of Northern Virginia. He was trying to protect Richmond from another Union army on the Peninsula. The Union Army of the Potomac had just tried to capture Richmond a few weeks before but failed. Lee would be outnumbered if the two Union armies united. He moved his army north to fight Pope.

The battle
Lee planned to send Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps to the rear of Pope's army. He wanted to surround Pope. Jackson camped near the Bull Run on August 28, where the First Battle of Bull Run was fought in 1861. Jackson attacked part of Pope's army on August 28 but was defeated.

Pope then tried to attack Jackson on August 29 and destroy his corps. All of the Union attacks failed. Lee arrived during the evening with James Longstreet's corps.

Pope tried to attack Jackson again on August 30 but again was defeated. Lee then attacked Pope and routed the Union army.

Aftermath
There were 13,826 Union casualties in the battle. Pope retreated back to Washington. His army was combined with the Army of the Potomac. Pope was sent to Minnesota after the battle.

There were 8,353 Confederate casualties in the battle. Lee decided to invade Maryland after the battle.

Notes

References

Bull Run 2
1862 in Virginia
August events

Second Battle of Bull Run


In Search of the Castaways is a 1962 Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars Hayley Mills, George Sanders, and Maurice Chevalier. The movie was directed by Robert Stevenson.  It was based on Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel Captain Grant's Children. The movie was Mills's third of six movies for the Disney Studios. The movie was a box office hit.

The Sherman brothers (Robert B. and Richard M. Sherman) wrote the songs "Castaway", "Merci Beaucoup", "Let's Climb", and "Enjoy It". Movie critic Hal Erickson wrote, "[The movie] is a roller-coaster of a Disney film, making up in excitement what it lacks in credibility or coherence...the film was ideal Saturday-matinee fodder for the kiddie trade in 1963."

Cast
 Hayley Mills as Mary Grant, Captain Grant's daughter
 Keith Hamshere as Robert Grant, Captain Grant's son
 Jack Gwillim as Captain Grant, a castaway
 Maurice Chevalier as Jacques Paganel, friend to Mary and Robert
 Wilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Glenarvan
 Michael Anderson, Jr. as John Glenarvan, his son
 George Sanders as Thomas Ayerton
 Wilfrid Brambell as Bill Gaye, a castaway
 Antonio Cifariello as Thalcave, Indian Chief
 Inia Te Wiata as Maori Chief

Story
Teenager Mary Grant, her brother Robert, and their friend Professor Paganel, persuade Lord Glenarvan to rescue shipwrecked Captain Grant. They sail halfway around the world on Lord Glenarvan's yacht. The friends survive an earthquake, a flood, a fire, an attack by a giant condor, and a volcanic eruption before rescuing Captain Grant from fierce Maoris.

A subplot involves a criminal named Thomas Ayerton, a former crew-member of Captain Grant's ship. He was responsible for Captain Grant's disappearance. Another subplot involves a romance between Mary and Lord Glenarvan's son John.

References

American adventure movies
American musical movies
Disney movies
American fantasy movies
American family movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
1962 adventure movies
1960s musical movies
1962 fantasy movies
1960s family movies
English-language movies

In Search of the Castaways


Jennifer Jones (born Phylis Lee Isley, March 2, 1919 – December 17, 2009) was an American actress. She was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Jones won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role as Bernadette Soubirous in The Song of Bernadette. She was also nominated for Academy Awards for her roles in: Since You Went Away, Love Letters, Duel in the Sun and Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing.

Jones married actor Robert Walker (1918–1951) in 1939. They had two sons, actor Robert Walker, Jr. (1940–2019) and Michael Walker (1941–2007). The couple divorced in 1945. She was married to movie producer David O. Selznick (1902–1965) from 1949 until his death. The couple had a daughter, Mary Jennifer Selznick (1954–1976). Jones was married to businessman Norton Simon (1907–1993) from 1971 until his death.

She died in Malibu, California on December 17, 2009 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

1919 births
2009 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Oklahoma
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors

Jennifer Jones


Small Town Gay Bar is a 2006 documentary film directed by Malcolm Ingram that focuses on two gay bars in the rural deep Southeast United States, one in Shannon, Mississippi, and one in Meridian, Mississippi. The documentary was produced by View Askew Productions with Kevin Smith serving as executive producer.

Synopsis
The story of community in the Deep South that is forced to deal with the struggles of ignorance, hypocrisy and oppression, Malcolm Ingram's Small Town Gay Bar visits two Mississippi communities and bases those visits around two small gay bars, Rumors in Shannon, Mississippi, and Different Seasons/Crossroads in Meridian, Mississippi.

Additionally the film visits Bay Minette, Alabama, to look at the brutal hate crime murder of Scotty Joe Weaver. The film focuses on a group of folks who are less concerned with the national debate over gay marriage than they are with the life risks they take being openly gay in small Southern towns.

Cast
Jim Bishop as himself
Bill Curtis as himself
Rick Gladish as himself
Fred Phelps as himself
Charles Smith as himself
Justin Williams as himself

Quotes
Kevin Smith, executive producer of Small Town Gay Bar and also of "Silent Bob" fame: "It's a film that is a portrait of small-town gay bars in rural Mississippi," Smith said, straightening up. "Which is probably the hardest place in the world to be gay. It's a portrait of how people will create their own community, even in the middle of a community that ostracizes them and wants nothing to do with them. They can still collectively come together and create an oasis for themselves to just chill out and be themselves and be who they can't be in this particular buckle of the Bible Belt."
David Rooney of Daily Variety Magazine: "Ingram illustrates how gay bars function as oases of acceptance and alternative families for his good-humored, enduring subjects."
Philip Martin of Arkansas Democrat-Gazette: "Ingram's movie not only makes it clear that people can be brave and resourceful in the face of intolerance, they can also throw a great party."

Soundtrack
 "Rollin' and Tumblin'" by R. L. Burnside
 "Tired Hands" by K.C. Accidental
 "'Cause Cheap Is How I Feel" by Cowboy Junkies
 "Mosquito" by Jake Fairley
 "Anthems for a 17-Year-Old Girl" by Broken Social Scene
 "Love Is a Place" by Metric
 "A Million Dead End Jobs" by FemBots
 "The Rainbow" by Ween
 "The Transit Song" by FemBots
 "What Comes After One" by FemBots
 "Animals of Prey" by The Hidden Cameras
 "At Night" by Jake Fairley
 "We Oh We" by The Hidden Cameras
 "Gay Bar" by Electric Six
 "The Fear Is On" by The Hidden Cameras
 "Small Town Murder Scene" by FemBots
 "Broken and Blue" by FemBots
 "I'm Still Your Fag" by Broken Social Scene
 "Ban Marriage" by The Hidden Cameras

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes lists five total reviews, and all of them are positive, giving the film a 100% fresh rating.

Awards
2006 Grand Jury Award winner at the Outfest: The Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Film Festival for Best Documentary
2006 Grand Jury Award winner at the Miami Gay and Lesbian Film Festival for Best Documentary
2006 Nominated for Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival
2006 Official Selection at the Sundance Film Festival
2006 Official Selection at the SXSW Film Festival
2008 GLAAD Media Award nomination for Best Documentary

References

External links
Small Town Gay Bar on Myspace
Different Seasons official web site, archived 2009 February 25 by Internet Archive's Wayback Machine

2006 films
View Askew Productions films
Films shot in Mississippi
Films directed by Malcolm Ingram
LGBT in Alabama
LGBT in Mississippi
Documentary films about Mississippi
Documentary films about Alabama

2000s English-language films
2000s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films

Small Town Gay Bar


Thomas Starling Sullivant (November 4, 1854 – August 7, 1926) was an American cartoonist who signed his work T. S. Sullivant.  His work appeared most frequently in the pages of the humorous Life magazine.  Best known for his animal and ethnic caricatures, he also drew political cartoons and comic strip toppers, and illustrated children's books.  He drew in a heavily cross-hatched pen-and-ink style, with humans and animals depicted with greatly exaggerated features that are nevertheless firmly rooted in his understanding of correct anatomy.

Personal history

Thomas Starling Sullivant was born in Columbus, Ohio, where his father, William Starling Sullivant, was a leading bryologist.   He was raised in Germany, where he may have studied art.  At the age of 18, Sullivant left Columbus and lived in Europe for several years, eventually returning to live in Philadelphia. In 1885, he studied under Thomas Eakins at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Seeking the opinion of artist A. B. Frost, Sullivant was told to send his art around to the top publications of the period. In 1886, when Sullivant was 32, his first published cartoons appeared in the minor humor magazine Truth. The following year, he surfaced in the leading humor publication Puck, and his work was also in other periodicals, including Harper's Weekly and Texas Siftings. Soon he was seen in the pages of Life with his "Aesop to Date" series and other cartoons.

He studied with the Philadelphia painter Edward Moran, and he became an apprentice to illustrator E. B. Bensell, noted for his pen-and-ink drawings and wood engravings. Godey's Lady's Book described Bensell as  "an illustrator of the old school, who drew on the wooden block".

Sullivant was a member of the Philadelphia Sketch Club from 1888 to 1904. By the turn of the century, Sullivant switched from Life to Judge. In 1904, he signed on to draw political cartoons for William Randolph Hearst, continuing in that position until 1907.  Leaving Hearst, he studied in Europe, returning to the pages of Life in 1911. He continued to contribute to Life until his death in 1926.

Style
Sullivant was a pen-and-ink artist, working during a time when penwork with meticulously cross-hatched shading, like that of Charles Dana Gibson, was particularly flourishing.  While working technically within the rerstaints of such classical drawing, Sullivant and others like A. B. Frost and E. W. Kemble, sought out new, playful means of expression.  Sullivant played with distorting anatomy, perspective and animation.  A striking feature was the greatly enlarged heads on hs figures, which, throughout the 1890s, became more and more exaggerated, an innovation pioneered by Frost that was widely imitated by his peers.

Sullivant was noted largely for his animal caricatures and his character types—ethnic types like Irishmen, Jews and Negroes familiar in the American melting pot, as well as farmers, tramps and the suburban families which were emerging at the time.  His "grotesque yet believable" animals were remarkably detailed and anatomically accurate, despite their gross exaggeration, and expressive in the moods, emotions and attitudes they displayed.  The anatomical accuracy of his work was greatly helped by Eadweard Muybridge's photographic studies of human and animal movement.  It was the visuals and the action in his cartoons that were most often the "gag"—frequently the caption added little to the enjoyment of the cartoon.

Sullivant had a penchant for using razor blades in his quest for perfection in his work, but not for the shading effects a razor can produced that many other cartoonists used it for.  He used it to erase by scratching out work he was dissatisfied with, so he could draw on the paper again, saving only the parts of the drawing he could not part with.  Happy Hooligan'''s Frederick Burr Opper commented on Sullivant's frequent razor blade use saying, "If Tom Sullivant scratched his head as much as his paper, he'd draw better cartoons!"

His work became looser, more simplified and more exaggerated as Sullivant got older.  According to animator Nancy Beiman, his later work, in his sixties, was the best of his career.

Legacy
Sullivant influenced numerous cartoonists, notably Walt Kelly, who hung a Sullivant original, "The Naming of the Animals", over his studio door; and Jim Woodring, who wrote a scholarly article on him for The Comics Journal.  He had an enormous influence on the early history of American animation, second perhaps after Winsor McCay.  He was especially influential in the Disney studios after T. Hee brought in a collection of Sullivant clippings to use as inspiration for the "Dance of the Hours" sequence in Fantasia.  His influence is also apparent in the Walrus in Alice in Wonderland and the elephants in Dumbo.  Hee continued to use these clippings as a teacher at the California Institute of the Arts well into the 1980s.  Other animators who bore Sullivant's influence were John Randolph Bray and Nancy Beiman.

Books
 Fables for the Times (R.H. Russel & Son, 1896) reprinted the series "Aesop to Date" from Life Sullivant's ABC Zoo (The Old Wine Press, New York, 1946), collection of animal cartoons

See also

Gallery

References

Sources cited
 Marschall, Rick. "Penmen of the Past: T. S. Sullivant". Nemo, the Classic Comics Library #1, pages 70–74. Fantagraphics Books, (June 1983). ISSN 0746-9438
 Beiman, Nancy. "The Comic Zoo of T. S. Sullivant". Nemo, the Classic Comics Library'' #26, pages 12–40. Fantagraphics Books, (September 1987).  ISSN 0746-9438

External links

 T. S. Sullivant

 T. S. Sullivant's ABC Zoo''

American caricaturists
American cartoonists
American children's book illustrators
1854 births
1926 deaths
Students of Thomas Eakins
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni

T. S. Sullivant


Jacques Gabriel (1934–1988) was a Haitian painter. A Port-au-Prince native, Gabriel studied at The New School for Social Research in New York City and received a scholarship to study in Paris, France. His works have been exhibited in the United States, Italy, Jamaica, and at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris.

References

1934 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Haitian painters
20th-century male artists
Haitian male painters

Jacques Gabriel (painter)


An autovía is one of two classes of major highway in the Spanish road system similar to a British motorway or an American freeway. It is akin to the autopista, the other major highway class, but has fewer features and is never a toll road. Some distinguishing features of an autovía are that it must be divided by a median, it must have restricted access, and it cannot be crossed by other roads.  While autopistas are generally new routes, autovías are normally improvements to existing roads, so they may have tighter curves and less safe accesses, often with shorter acceleration lanes. However, both have nominal speed limits of . Rest areas are usually  or 2 hours apart.  There is usually a safety lane along the median.

Although generally state-owned and financed, there are some autovías which are actually built and maintained by private companies, such as Pamplona-Logroño A-12. The company assumes the building costs and the Autonomous Community where they are located (in the given example, Navarre) pays a yearly per-vehicle fee to the company based upon usage statistics.  This fee is called a shadow toll (). The system can be regarded as a way for the Government to finance the construction of new roads without any initial outlay of money. Also, since payment starts after the road is finished, there are fewer construction delays in comparison with regular state-owned construction.

Restricted Access

Most autovías are restricted to car, motorcycle, and lorry use only. Restricted forms of transport include the horse, mopeds and tractors. Because autovías often exist as an improvement to an existing road, users of these restricted forms of transport may often find themselves having to take long diversions in order to reach their intended destination. It is very rare that alternative routes will be provided for these users.

Bicycles may travel on the shoulders of some autovías, but not autopistas.

List of Autovías
A-1
A-12 - Pamplona to Logroño
A-62
A-73 - Burgos to Aguilar de Campoo
A-231 - Autovía del Camino de Santiago, León to Burgos

Other uses
Autovía was also the name of a 2 car DMU train of the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México that operated between Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua, Mexico.

Autovías is the name of the first-class service of the Herradura de Plata Mexican bus company operating in the vicinity of the Mexican state of Michoacán.

See also
Autopista
Controlled-access highway

References

Controlled-access highways
Road transport in Spain
Types of roads
es:Autovía

Autovía


Infrasound is a type of sound with a frequency lower than humans can hear. This frequency is lower than 16 hertz. When the frequency is lower but the volume is loud enough, humans can feel the vibrations but cannot hear the infrasound. Younger people have the ability to hear lower and higher frequencies. Some animals including whales and elephants can communicate long distances by infrasound.

Related pages
Ultrasound

Sound

Infrasound


The Beat Generation was a movement of writers, poets, and artists during the 1950s and 1960s, who liked the beat of jazz and bebop music, which became a kind of soundtrack to much of their lives and work. People associated with the movement were called "Beats", or sometimes "Beatniks", a reference to Communism. (A few Beats supported Communism, but most did not.) The term came from novelist Jack Kerouac, who was sometimes called "The King of the Beats". Other Beat writers were William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg.

Beat Generation


East Antarctica, also called Greater Antarctica, constitutes the majority (two-thirds) of the Antarctic continent, lying primarily in the Eastern Hemisphere south of the Indian Ocean, and separated from West Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains. It is generally greater in elevation than West Antarctica, and includes the Gamburtsev Mountain Range in the center. The geographic South Pole is located within East Antarctica.

Apart from small areas of the coast, East Antarctica is permanently covered by ice and it has relatively low biodiversity, with only a small number of species of terrestrial plants, animals, algae, and lichens. The coasts are the breeding ground for various seabirds and penguins, and the leopard seal, Weddell seal, elephant seal, crabeater seal and Ross seal breed on the surrounding pack ice in summer.

Location and description

Almost completely covered in thick, permanent ice, East Antarctica comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Kemp Land, Mac. Robertson Land, Princess Elizabeth Land, Wilhelm II Land, Queen Mary Land, Wilkes Land, Adélie Land, George V Land, Oates Land and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of this region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere, a fact that has suggested the name. The name has been in existence for more than 110 years (Balch, 1902; Nordenskjöld, 1904), but its greatest use followed the International Geophysical Year (1957–58) and explorations disclosing that the Transantarctic Mountains provide a useful regional separation of East Antarctica and West Antarctica. The name was approved in the United States by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1962. East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.

The subglacial Gamburtsev Mountain Range, about the size of the European Alps, in the center of East Antarctica, are believed to have been the nucleation site for the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, just underneath Dome A.

Flora and fauna
Very little of East Antarctica is not covered with ice. The small areas that remain free of ice (Antarctic oasis), including the McMurdo Dry Valleys inland, constitute a tundra-type biodiversity region known as Maudlandia Antarctic desert, after Queen Maud Land. There are no trees or shrubs, as only very limited plant life can survive here; the flora consists of lichens, moss, and algae that are adapted to the cold and wind, and cling to rocks.

The coasts are home to seabirds, penguins, and seals, which feed in the surrounding ocean, including the emperor penguin, which famously breeds in the cold, dark Antarctic winter.

Seabirds of the coast include southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides), the scavenging southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus), Cape petrel (Daption capense), snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea), the small Wilson's storm-petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), the large south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki), and Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica antarctica).

The seals of the Antarctic Ocean include leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the huge southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) and Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii).

There are no large land animals but bacteria, nematodes, springtails, mites, and midges live on the mosses and lichens.

Threats and preservation
The remote and extremely cold bulk of Antarctica remains almost entirely untouched by human intervention. The area is protected by the Antarctic Treaty System which bans industrial development, waste disposal and nuclear testing, while the Barwick Valley, one of the Dry Valleys, Mount Rittmann, and Cryptogam Ridge on Mount Melbourne are specially protected areas for their undisturbed plant life.

See also
 East Antarctic craton
 Polar plateau

References

External links

 World Wildlife Fund, C. M. Hogan, S. Draggan. (2011) Marielandia Antarctic tundra. in C. J. Cleveland, ed., Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, DC

.
Antarctic ecoregions
Tundra
Geography of Antarctica

East Antarctica


1376 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 March – The peace treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377.
 April 28 – The start of Good Parliament in England, so called because its members attempted to reform the corrupt Royal Council.
 June 7 – The dying Prince Edward summons his father Edward III and brother John of Gaunt and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard.
 June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince dies, becoming the first English Prince of Wales to not rule as king.
 July 10 – The Good Parliament is dissolved. At that time, it was the longest Parliament to have sat in England.
 August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor. John V Palaeologus is taken prisoner.
 September – John of Gaunt summons religious reformer John Wycliffe to appear before the Royal Council to defend Gaunt from bishops who have become his enemies.
 Fall – John of Gaunt, through the Royal Council, proceeds to undo the work of the Good Parliament.
 December 25 – John of Gaunt presents his nephew, Prince Richard of Bordeaux, to the feudatories of the realm and swears to uphold Richard's right to succeed Edward III.
 Khan Qamar al-din of Mongolistan unsuccessfully invades Timur's eastern province of Farghana.
 Timur leads his army against troops of the White Horde which have arrived at Sighnaq. However, winter sets in, preventing an immediate battle.
 Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Mongol ruled Volga Bulgaria (now in Russia).
 Acamapichtli is elected Tlatoani of the Aztec empire after the death of Tenoch, the first Aztec ruler.
 Catherine of Siena visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence and move the Papacy back to Rome.
 Olaf III becomes King of Denmark after the death of his grandfather, Valdemar IV, in 1375.
 The city of Sredets in Bulgaria is renamed Sofia after the Church of St Sophia
 Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Shaban II is succeeded by Alah-ad-Din Ali.
 Qutbuddin succeeds his brother, Shahabuddin, as Sultan of Kashmir.

Arts and Literature
 December 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer goes abroad on secret state business in the company of Sir John Burley.

 22nd July – Fabled date of the appearance of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

Births
 November 9 – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (died 1409)
 Gihwa, Scholar in Korean Buddhism

Deaths
 January 24 – Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, English military leader
 June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince, son of King Edward III of England (born 1330)
 Simon Langham, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Tenoch, Aztec ruler

1376


Anthropology of religion is the study of religion in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.

History
Al-Biruni (973–1048), wrote detailed comparative studies on the anthropology of religions and cultures across the Mediterranean Basin (including the so-called  "Middle East") and the Indian subcontinent. He discussed the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

In the 19th century cultural anthropology was dominated by an interest in cultural evolution; most anthropologists assumed a simple distinction between "primitive" and "modern" religion and tried to provide accounts of how the former evolved into the latter. In the 20th century most anthropologists rejected this approach.  Today the anthropology of religion reflects the influence of, or an engagement with, such theorists as Karl Marx (1818-1883), Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Émile Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920). Anthropologists of religion are especially concerned with how religious beliefs and practices may reflect political or economic forces; or the social functions of religious beliefs and practices.

In 1912 Émile Durkheim, building on the work of Feuerbach, considered religion "a projection of the social values of society", "a means of making symbolic statements about society", "a symbolic language that makes statements about the social order"; in short, "religion is society worshiping itself".

Anthropologists circa 1940 assumed that religion was in complete continuity with magical thinking,
and that it is a cultural product. The complete continuity between magic and religion has been a postulate of modern anthropology at least since early 1930s. The perspective of modern anthropology towards religion is the projection idea, a methodological approach which assumes that every religion is created by the human community that worships it, that "creative activity ascribed to God is projected from man". In 1841, Ludwig Feuerbach was the first to employ this concept as the basis for a systematic critique of religion. A prominent precursor in the formulation of this projection principle was Giambattista Vico (1668-1744), and an early formulation of it appears in the ancient Greek writer Xenophanes  570 –  475 BCE), who observed that "the gods of Ethiopians were inevitably black with flat noses while those of the Thracians were blond with blue eyes."

Definition of religion

One major problem in the anthropology of religion is the definition of religion itself. At one time anthropologists believed that certain religious practices and beliefs were more or less universal to all cultures at some point in their development, such as a belief in spirits or ghosts, the use of magic as a means of controlling the supernatural, the use of divination as a means of discovering occult knowledge, and the performance of rituals such as prayer and sacrifice as a means of influencing the outcome of various events through a supernatural agency, sometimes taking the form of shamanism or ancestor worship. According to Clifford Geertz, religion is

Today, religious anthropologists debate, and reject, the cross-cultural validity of these categories (often viewing them as examples of European primitivism).  Anthropologists have considered various criteria for defining religion – such as a belief in the supernatural or the reliance on ritual – but few claim that these criteria are universally valid.

Anthony F. C. Wallace proposes four categories of religion, each subsequent category subsuming the previous. These are, however, synthetic categories and do not necessarily encompass all religions.

 Individualistic: most basic; simplest. Example: vision quest.
 Shamanistic: part-time religious practitioner, uses religion to heal, to divine, usually on the behalf of a client. The Tillamook have four categories of shaman. Examples of shamans: spiritualists, faith healers, palm readers. Religious authority acquired through one's own means.
 Communal: elaborate set of beliefs and practices; group of people arranged in clans by lineage, age group, or some religious societies; people take on roles based on knowledge, and ancestral worship.
 Ecclesiastical: dominant in agricultural societies and states; are centrally organized and hierarchical in structure, paralleling the organization of states. Typically deprecates competing individualistic and shamanistic cults.

Specific religious practices and beliefs

 Principle of contagion

See also

 Anthropological Perspectives on Religion

Notes

References

Sources

External links
 Homepage of The Society for the Anthropology of Religion within American Anthropological Association
Anthropology of Religion Page  M.D. Murphy, University of Alabama
 Andrew Lang, Anthropology and Religion, The Making of Religion, (Chapter II), Longmans, Green, and Co, London, New York and Bombay, 1900, pp. 39–64.

Religious studies

Anthropology of religion


A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.

An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts. Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted. This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons. This process can generate 106 to 107 electrons for each individual photon. These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured.

Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times. The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise. Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components.

Photomultiplier tubes are commonly used for analysis techniques as well as medical and research purposes.

References

Light

Photomultiplier tubes