Onat Kutlar (25 January 1936 – 11 January 1995) was a prominent Turkish writer and poet, founder of the Turkish Sinematek and cofounder of the Istanbul International Film Festival.

Biography
Onat Kutlar was born in Alanya, Turkey, on 25 January 1936. He was the grandson of Arif Pasha, an Ottoman governor of the Taif district and the son of Ali Riza Bey, a penal judge of the young Turkish Republic and later a farmer, and Meliha Hanim.

He was raised in Gaziantep. He studied law at Istanbul University and philosophy in Paris. His book, Ishak (1959), composed of nine short stories, most of which are written from the point of view of a child and are often surrealistic and mystical was the recipient of the 1960 "Turkish Language Association Short Story Award". According to the literary critic Fethi Naci, these short stories represent a very early example of magical realism genre. In 1985, he was a member of the jury at the 35th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1994, he was awarded with L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres and in 1975 Cultural Medal of Poland for his work in the Turkish Sinematek.

He died on 11 January 1995 in Istanbul resulting from injuries sustained in a bomb attack (claimed by İBDA-C, later revealed to be carried out by PKK) which occurred on 30 December 1994 at The Marmara Hotel's cafeteria in Taksim Square, Istanbul. He was laid to rest at the Aşiyan Asri Cemetery. He was married to Filiz Kutlar.

The International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI) Prize in the National Competition of the Istanbul International Film Festival is named after him to commemorate his contributions to the Turkish cinema.

Bibliography

Poetry
 Peralı Bir Aşk Için Divan (Divan for a Pera Love), 1981
 Unutulmuş Kent (Forgotten City), 1986, translated into French as La Ville Oubliée published by Royaumont

Essays and short stories
 Yeter ki Kararmasin (Just Let It Not Get Dark), 1984
 Sinema Bir Senliktir (The Cinema Is a Feast), 1985
 Bahar Isyancidir (Spring is Rebellious), 1986
 Gundemdeki Sanatci, 1995
 Gundemdeki Konu, 1995

Collection of short stories
 Ishak, 1959, translated into Persian,  Transl.: Çuka Çekad. Kalagh-e Sefid, Iran 2008,
(A story in Ishak called "Yunus" was published in English in the United States in Grand Street magazine (Winter, 1995)).

Screenplays
 Yer Çekimli Aşklar (1995) (screenplay)
 Hakkari'de Bir Mevsim (1983) based on the novel 'O' by Ferit Edgu, aka A Season in Hakkari (International: English title), aka Eine Saison in Hakkari (German) directed by Erden Kiral
 Hazal (1979) directed by Ali Özgentürk
 Yusuf ile Kenan (1979) directed by Ömer Kavur

Filmography

Producer
 Robert's Movie (1992) (producer)
 Kuyucakli Yusuf
 Menekse Koyu (1991) (executive producer), aka Violbukten
 Turkuaz (Documentary)
 Simurg (Documentary)

Actor
 Yilmaz Güney: Adana-Paris (1995)

Awards
Ishak (1959)

Turkish Language Association Short Story Award (1960)

Hakkari'de Bir Mevsim (1983)
 C.I.C.A.E. Award - Honorable Mention
 FIPRESCI Prize Competition
 Interfilm Award - Otto Dibelius Film Award Competition
 Silver Berlin Bear  Special Jury Prize Berlin Film Festival
 Nominated Golden Berlin Bear

Hazal (1980)
 San Sebastián International Film Festival—Best New Director Ali Özgentürk
 Prades Film Festival, First Prize
 Manheim Film Festival, Golden Ducat Award
 Mannheim Film Festival, Ecumenical Jury Award
 Mannheim Film Festival, Audience Award
Den Haag Film Festival, First Prize

Yusuf ile Kenan (1979)
Milano Film Festival

Medals
L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, (1994)
Cultural Medal of Poland, (1975)

See also
 List of assassinated people from Turkey

References

External links
 Ykykultur.com.tr - Biography of Onat Kutlar
 Bilgicenneti.com - Biographies: Biography of Onat Kutlar

 The New York Times - Movies
 Grand Street, Yunus

1936 births
1995 deaths
Murdered Cumhuriyet columnists
Turkish male screenwriters
Turkish male poets
Turkish film producers
Magic realism writers
Burials at Aşiyan Asri Cemetery
Turkish terrorism victims
Turkish Marxists
Terrorism deaths in Turkey
People murdered in Turkey
20th-century Turkish poets
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni
20th-century screenwriters
Assassinated Turkish people

Onat Kutlar


Slang are words that are  informal.  Usually each generation or social group has its own slang - for example, older people can have trouble understanding the slang of younger people.  On the other hand, younger people often understand, but find silly or old-fashioned, the slang of older people.

Over time, language tends to get more complex, since new words enter much faster than old words leave.  Over time, slang almost always becomes part of the language, and approved for use by all.

It has also happened that some words used in Anglo-Saxon for bodily functions became thought of as profanity or rude after they were replaced by Latinate words like "urinate", "defecate" and "copulate" - which polite people were supposed to use after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.  This was in part a way of making poor people (who spoke Anglo-Saxon) all appear to be rude, while more powerful people (who spoke Norman) appeared to be polite - one way that etiquette can develop, and reinforce power structure.  This is only one example from history of how racism can be a reason for defining one group's language as 'slang' and another as 'correct'.

Wanting to have rules of grammar that do not change and the same vocabulary used by everyone for better communication is another reason that is often given for defining one group's language as correct.

An "idiom" can be slang, but it can also be a metaphor that becomes part of the culture.

Two examples of slang are 'wassup' and 'dunnow'. 'Wassup' usually means 'What is up?' (as in, 'How are you?'), and 'dunnow' usually means 'I don't know'.

Related pages
Jargon
Political correctness

Slang


left|thumb|Standing stone at Spittal of Glenshee
The Spittal of Glenshee lies at the head of Glenshee in the highlands of eastern Perth and Kinross, Scotland where the confluence of many small streams flowing south out of the Grampians form the Shee Water. For centuries, there has been a hostel or inn at the site and, in modern times, the small village has become a centre for travel, tourism and winter sports in the region, sited at a bend on the A93 trunk road which leads from Blairgowrie north past the Spittal to the Glenshee Ski Centre and on to Braemar.

Inhabitation in the Neolithic period is indicated by a Megalithic standing stone behind the old kirk, and the Four Poster stone circle on a nearby mound.

When interest in ski mountaineering revived after the First World War and the Scottish Ski Club was resuscitated in 1929, they restarted weekly snow reports with reporters appointed at Lix Toll near Killin, Dalwhinnie, Braemar and the Spittal of Glenshee. The Dundee Ski Club used the Spittal Hotel as its meeting place, and pioneered improvements, setting up the first ski tows in Britain at Glenshee in December 1950. The hotel burnt down in 1959, but Spittal of Glenshee has continued to provide accommodation near to the slopes.

The village also provides a stopping place on the Cateran Trail waymarked long distance footpath which provides a 64-mile (103 km) circuit in the glens of Perthshire and Angus.

References

Villages in Scotland
Perth and Kinross

Spittal of Glenshee


The Sanhedrin was a group of judges who led the Jewish people of every city in the Land of Israel. Their name is Greek and means "council" or "assembly." There were between twenty-three and seventy-one judges in each Sanhedrin. According to the Hebrew Bible, God commanded Moses and the Israelites to make councils of judges and to do what they said.

The Great Sanhedrin in Jerusalem led the other councils. It met every day except on holidays and Shabbat. After the Romans destroyed the Second Temple, the Great Sanhedrin moved to Galilee. It made its last law in 358 CE when it abandoned the Hebrew calendar. It stopped meeting because of persecution. Some people have tried to bring it back, such as Napoleon Bonaparte. These attempts have not been successful so far.

Judaism in Israel

Sanhedrin


The Siege of Jerusalem took place from September 20 to October 2, 1187. It was part of the war called the Third Crusade.

Balian of Ibelin defended Jerusalem against the armies of Saladin. When he surrendered, the Muslims enslaved thousands of Christians but let many leave after they bought their freedom.

A fictionalized version of the siege (attack) is seen in the movie Kingdom of Heaven, directed by Ridley Scott.

Jerusalem (1187), Siege of
Crusades
1187

Siege of Jerusalem (1187)


A hit and run is a high risk, high reward offensive strategy used in baseball. It uses a stolen base attempt to try to place the defending infielders out of position for an attempted base hit.

The hit and run was introduced to baseball by Ned Hanlon, who was often referred to as "The Father of Modern Baseball", at the beginning of the 1894 season of the National League, as part of what came to be called "inside baseball". Hanlon was manager of the Baltimore Orioles at the time. His team developed the hit and run along with other tactics during spring training at Macon, Georgia. After its implementation in the season's series opener against the New York Giants, the opposing manager objected to its use; however, it was deemed acceptable.

Description

The hit and run relies on the positioning of the defensive players in the infield. The first and third basemen normally stand near the foul lines, generally near the inside of their bases, set slightly back to allow more time to react to sharply hit balls. However, if the runner is on first, the first baseman stands closer to the base to prevent steals by means of pickoff attempts by the pitcher; consequently, such positioning produces a bigger gap between second and first basemen. The second baseman and shortstop stand on opposite sides of second base, covering the areas between first and second, and second and third, respectively. Second base itself is not directly covered, as the pitcher can field batted balls in this direction.

In normal play, if the ball is hit into the infield, one of the infielders will run toward the ball while another runs toward the base that is no longer covered. For instance, if the ball is hit toward the second baseman, he will run toward the ball while the shortstop runs to cover second base. This allows the fielding player to throw the ball to the player covering the base to attempt a put out.

However, during a stolen base attempt, the normal gameplay and positioning is altered. In the typical case, a baserunner on first base will start running toward second, causing the middle infielders to move toward that base in order to tag the runner when the ball is thrown to them from the pitcher or catcher. This reaction places the infielders out of position for a hit ball, with gaps opening at midway points between first and second and second and third.

The hit and run takes advantage of this difference by having the baserunner attempt to steal as soon as the pitch is thrown; the batter then attempts to hit the ball into one of the resulting gaps in the infield defense.

The name "hit and run" is therefore a potential misnomer in that the chronological order of the offensive play is "run and hit," with the runner beginning the steal attempt before the batter makes contact, although in a logical sense it is accurate in that the batter's swing occurs while the runner's steal attempt is ongoing, such that any contact ("hit") will occur simultaneously with ("and") the steal attempt ("run").

Ideally, the ball will be hit into a gap and travel into the outfield, allowing the runners plenty of time to reach the bases.  Even if the ball is hit toward a fielder's initial position before the fielder has had time to move away from it, however, the fielder may have turned to run toward the base in order to cover the baserunner. In normal play the fielders would face the batter, allowing them to react in any direction, but after they have turned toward the base this becomes much more difficult. Their momentum in this direction adds to this problem.

The hit and run also has defensive qualities. In normal play the baserunner would start toward second base when the ball was hit. If the defensive players react fast enough, they may be able to throw the ball to second and first before either runner has reached their base, resulting in a double play. In the case of the hit and run, the baserunner has a head start, increasing the baserunner's probability of reaching second base before the ball. This may force the fielders to attempt the out only at first, thereby advancing the runner. It may also allow the runner to advance more bases on a hit than he might otherwise due to that running head start.  Although a line drive can easily turn into a double play, line drives are rare so the risk of being doubled off from a line drive is minimal.

The risk in the hit and run is that, if the batter fails to make contact with the ball, the runner is vulnerable to being thrown out at second base, which the official scorer will  record as a caught stealing. The defensive team can improve its odds in this case by using a pitchout, having the pitcher throw the ball far outside the strike zone so the catcher can easily catch it and attempt to pick off the runner.

The batter may choose to take a swing at a bad pitch to make it harder for the catcher to handle the incoming pitch, or so the ball goes foul (in which case the runner is allowed to return to first, so the attempt protects the runner from being caught stealing). Either way, this can cause the batter to fall behind in the count, making it harder for him to get a hit. And if he does hit a bad pitch he really can't handle, it could result in poor contact leading directly to the batter being put out, so he may end up giving his at-bat away with no advantage to the offense.

The hit and run has the best chance to be successful when the batter is someone who does not frequently swing and miss, at a time when the count won't disadvantage a hitter if he takes a bad swing, with a runner fast enough to take second base even if the batter does swing and miss.

Often the precise circumstance to call for a hit and run occurs with a two-balls, one-strike count on a hitter, as this situation may meet all of the above criteria, depending on who is at bat and who is on base, but it can occur at other times. An alert defense understands the probability that the offense will call the play at a specific moment, and thus it may choose to call for a pitchout at that moment to defend it. An alert offense, in turn, understands the probability of a forthcoming pitchout, and use the hit and run opportunity as a decoy, causing the pitchout to become another ball in the count in the hitter's favor, increasing his chances of reaching base by walk or hit.

The hit and run is a very old baseball strategy, dating back to the 19th-century game.

Notes

References

Baseball terminology
Baseball plays

Hit and run (baseball)


In music, an ostinato is a short pattern of notes which is repeated several times throughout a song or piece of music.  The word "ostinato" is related to the word obstinate.  It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away.  The plural can be either "ostinati" or "ostinatos".

An ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.

An ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm.  It is similar to a riff in jazz.  Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, boogie-woogie and African music.

A ground bass, or basso ostinato, is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes, which keeps playing while the melodies in the higher notes change.  This was often used in baroque musical works. An example is the famous Canon in D by Pachelbel.

An example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the Planets Suite by Gustav Holst.  This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars.  Boléro by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.

An example from popular music is Pink Floyd's  Money.

Related pages
Pedal point
Riff
Tubular bells

Ostinato

Ostinato


Giovanni Battista Mancini (1 January 1714 – 4 January 1800) was an Italian soprano castrato, voice teacher, and author of books on singing.

Mancini was born at Ascoli Piceno, Italy. He studied singing in  Naples with Leonardo Leo and in Bologna with Antonio Bernacchi. He also studied composition and counterpoint there with Giovanni Battista Martini.

He began his singing career when he was 16, appearing in both Italy and Germany. His even greater success as a teacher led to an invitation in 1757 by Empress Maria Theresia of Austria to become "k. k. Cammer-Musicus" and thereby teach her daughters singing. In 1774 in Vienna he published an important book on singing Pensieri, e riflessioni pratiche sopra il canto figurato. His views and publications brought him into conflict with another voice teacher, Vincenzo Manfredini. He remained in Vienna and died there as "Retired Singing Master", leaving behind a considerable fortune.

Publications
 Pensieri e riflessioni pratiche sopra il canto figurato. Vienna, 1774.
 Practical Reflections on the Figurative Art of Singing. Milan, 1776. Translated into English by Pietro Buzzi. Boston: The Gorham Press, 1912.
 Practical Reflections on Figured Singing. (1774). Translated into English by Edward Foreman. Champaign, IL: Pro Musica Press, 1967.
 Riflessioni pratiche sul Canto figurato. Third edition (revised, corrected and augmented). Includes musical examples. Milan: Galeazzi, 1777.

References
 Ortkemper, Hubert. Engel wider Willen: Die Welt der Kastraten. Berlin: Henschel Verlag, 1993.
 Reid, Cornelius L. Bel Canto: Principles and Practices. Boston: Coleman & Ross, 1950. Reprinted, New York: Joseph Patelson Music House, 1975.

External links

1714 births
1800 deaths
Castrati
Italian male singers

Giovanni Battista Mancini


Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is a 2008 American adventure movie directed by Steven Spielberg. The story of the movie was written by Spielberg and executive producer George Lucas. Set in 1957, this fourth movie in the Indiana Jones movie series is based around an older and wiser Indiana Jones (played by Harrison Ford) against agents of the Soviet Union–led by Spalko (Cate Blanchett)–for the crystal skull. Indy is helped by his former lover Marion Ravenwood (played by Karen Allen), Mutt (played by Shia LaBeouf) and friend Mac (played by Ray Winstone). John Hurt, Jim Broadbent, and Ian McDiarmid also play fellow academics.

The movie was in "development hell" since the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, because Spielberg and Ford did not agree over Lucas's choice of the skull as the center plot device. Screenwriters Jeb Stuart, Jeffrey Boam, M. Night Shyamalan, Frank Darabont and Jeff Nathanson wrote early versions, before David Koepp's script was chosen by all three men. Shooting finally started on June 18, 2007, and took place in New Mexico, New Haven, Connecticut, Hawaii, Fresno, California, and at soundstages in Los Angeles. This movie uses more stunts than CGI (computer generated images) so that the movie looks like the rest in the series. The music was created once again by John Williams.

Plot

At the beginning of the movie, the U.S Army is doing weapons testing in Nevada in 1957. It is then revealed that the Soviets have taken control of some of the army and shoot some security people dead. A group of Soviet men and agent Irina Spalko then pull Indiana Jones out of the car and make him get an object that he found ten years ago. He finds the box and tries to escape, but his friend Mac turns on him. After escaping, he finds himself in a fake town. The U.S Army then explodes an atomic bomb. Jones gets into a refrigerator and barely survives.

Because Jones was Mac's friend for a long time, the U.S government thinks that Jones might be a Communist. At Marshall College the next day (where Jones teaches), the head dean informs him that he is on a "leave of absence" and that the dean resigned in order to protect Jones. Jones packs his bags and leaves New York. Before he can leave, though, a young man named Mutt Williams comes to him and shows him a letter. Williams says that Harold Oxley, one of Jones's old friends, has been kidnapped. Later, these people kidnapped Williams' mother Mary and will kill them both if the crystal skull cannot be found.

Jones reads the letter and the puzzle and says that Oxley was referring to Cuzco, Peru. Jones and Williams fly down there, where Jones learns that Oxley was put in a jail a couple of months ago. In the prison, Oxley scratched out some drawings. Jones and Williams head to a grave site where they believe Francisco de Orellana lies buried; legend tells that he found the crystal skull but was never found. They find the skull and come up only to find Mac and some Soviets pointing weapons at them.

All of them fly to a new camp in the jungle. Spalko tells Jones that she believes that the skull was made by aliens and that it holds great power.  There, Jones finds that "Mary Williams" is actually Marion Ravenwood, his old lover. He also finds Oxley, who is out of his mind, rambling and unable to speak a full sentence. Jones finds out what Oxley is saying.  As the Soviets and Jones figure out where to go, Williams starts a fire and tries to get them to escape. Jones and Ravenwood fall in quicksand and start sinking. As they sink, Ravenwood tells Jones that Williams' real name is Henry Jones III and that he is Jones's son. Williams uses a snake to get them out of the sandpit. They are recaptured.

The next day, the Soviets begin destroying the forest as they seek to reach the Temple of Akator, the area Oxley pointed out. Jones gets his ropes loose and takes over one of the cars, starting a long jungle chase. In the end, they find the area, the location where the crystal skull should be returned. Mac rejoins the group as a good guy, but in reality he was still not good, and left little blinking red lights as a trail so the slower Soviets can find where Jones and his party were.

In a chamber tomb, Jones and his party find that 13 crystal skeletons, with one missing a skull. Spalko takes the skull away from Oxley and puts it back. The temple begins to crumble. Spalko wants to know everything in the world but she soon knows too much and explodes. Jones and his party start to escape. Jones stops to try to get Mac, but Mac says it is okay and lets himself be taken away. After Jones exits the temple, he sees the temple collapse and reveal itself to be a flying saucer. Back home, Jones becomes the associate dean of Marshall College. He and Ravenwood get married.

Cast
Harrison Ford as Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones Jr.
Shia LaBeouf as Mutt Williams, a motorcycle-riding "greaser" and Indiana's sidekick.
Cate Blanchett as Irina Spalko, a villainous Russian agent.
Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood.
Ray Winstone as "Mac" George McHale, both a friend of and competitor with Jones.
John Hurt as an unnamed friend of Jones who disappeared in 1937 while searching for the skulls
Jim Broadbent as Dean Charles Stanforth, another friend of Jones who works at Yale University.
Ian McDiarmid as Professor Levi.
Igor Jijikine as Colonel Dovchenko, a Russian henchman.

Release Dates

References

Other websites

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at TheRaider.net
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at Yahoo! Movies
Uncensored trailer  at The Sun

2008 action movies
2008 adventure movies
Kingdom
Jungle movies
Movies set in South America
Movies set in the 1950s
Cold War movies
Movies composed by John Williams


The third USS Tigress was a screw steamer of the United States Navy, chartered during 1873 to mount an Arctic rescue mission.

Service history

Whaler, 1871–1873
Constructed in Quebec, Canada,  by Harvey and Co. in 1871, she was originally a civilian whaler with a home port of Newfoundland. In May 1873 she was instrumental in the rescue of 19 members of the United States Navy Polaris expedition from an ice flow in Baffin Bay, and brought them into her home port, St. John's, Newfoundland, with the first reports of the loss of the expedition's ship, Polaris. She was so well-suited structurally for cruising icy Arctic waters that she was chartered by the United States Navy for service during the search for Polaris and the remainder of that ship's company. She was then manned by a Navy crew under the command of Comdr. James A. Greer.

Searching for Polaris, July–November 1873
Tigress orders were to make her way as near to Polaris last reported position and there to begin the main portion of the search. She cleared New York on 14 July, visited St. John's, and put in at Godhaven, Greenland, on 6 August for coal. Between the 8th and the 10th, she moved from Godhaven to Upernavik where she took on coal and provisions from the sloop . The next day, the steamer headed north, following the Greenland shore as closely as she dared. On her way, she searched North Star Bay, Northumberland Island, and Hartstene Bay without success. On 14 August, she discovered the camp on Littleton Island at which the people from Polaris had passed the previous winter. From the natives then in possession of the camp, the searchers learned that the Polaris crew had departed the previous June in boats constructed of materials salvaged from the ship and that Polaris herself sank soon thereafter. Tigress crew gathered what papers and instruments they found in the camp and reembarked.

On the 16th, the steamer shaped a course to the south and, following a stop at Melville Bay to communicate with the authorities at Tessuisak, reentered Godhaven on 25 August. After coaling from Juniata again Tigress resumed the search by crossing Baffin Bay and heading southward along the coast of Baffin Island to Cumberland Sound and back to the coast of Greenland. There, she searched the area between Ivigtut and Liskenaes. She searched the Davis Strait until 16 October when she had to put into St. Johns for coal. There, she learned that the rest of Polaris crew had been rescued and had arrived in Scotland. After a fortnight in port, Tigress cleared St. John's on 30 October and, on 9 November, returned to New York where she was returned to her civilian crew.

References

1871 ships
Polaris expedition
Steamships of the United States Navy

USS Tigress (1871)


Sir Anthony van Dyck (22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish Baroque artist.  He was the leading court painter in England in the early 17th century. He is most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court. His style of portrait painting was followed in England for the next 150 years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects.

1599 births
1641 deaths
Flemish painters
Knights Bachelor

Anthony van Dyck


Dual-tone multi-frequency or DTMF is the group of special sounds a telephone makes when you push the buttons.  Each number button makes a different sound.  Telephone company equipment hears each sound and turns it back into a number.  When all the numbers in a phone number are pushed the telephone company equipment will make the other person's telephone play a loud sound so they can answer their telephone and talk to you.

Telephones also have a star (*) button and a pound (#) button. These buttons also make different DTMF sounds.  These buttons can be used for other things like 'go' or 'do over'.  But they are not part of the phone number.

A few telephones have the letter buttons A B C and D. They also make different DTMF sounds.

Pushing the number buttons is called dialing the telephone. When a telephone makes a loud sound for you to answer, it is called ringing.

Telephone

Dual-tone multi-frequency


WordPad is a word processor application. It is made by Microsoft. WordPad is a basic word processor. It has simple formatting functions. The software comes free with Microsoft Windows operating systems. WordPad is similar to Notepad but lets the user format text, something users cannot do in Notepad. However, WordPad is very basic compared to normal word processors like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice Writer. Wordpad saves documents in Rich Text Format, unlike Notepad's use of simple text files, allowing users to change the alignment and color of the font, and add things like bullets and font effects.

Word processors

WordPad


Jacob Alan Cinninger (born December 16, 1975) is an American musician. He has risen to fame as one of two lead guitarists in the Chicago-based jam band Umphrey's McGee. He is influenced by a wide range of styles and guitar players such as Joe Pass, Tommy Emmanuel, Chris Poland, Randy Rhoads, George Benson, David Gilmour, Frank Zappa, and Roy Buchanan among others.

History
Cinninger was raised in Niles, Michigan, where he says his parents' extensive record collection influenced his eclectic tastes in music. Cinninger began playing in many bands by the age of 12, ranging in styles from jazz fusion to country music. After spending some time in the Berklee School of Music, he took classical guitar lessons from Gerry Zubko in Roseland, South Bend, Indiana. In 1997, he started his own band, Ali Baba's Tahini and regularly played shows alongside of another local band, Umphrey's McGee. Cinninger chose to learn his chops by playing with others rather than attend a college musical curriculum, as many of his friends did. Eventually, Ali Baba's Tahini disbanded in 2000 and Cinninger accepted an offer to join as a full-time member of Umphrey's McGee in 2000. His first show as a member of the band was on September 1, 2000.

Since joining the band, he has, along with founder Brendan Bayliss, become one of the group's main songwriters.

In 2001, Cinninger released a self-titled solo album released on the Monkey Fuzz Records label. Several of its tracks developed into Umphrey's McGee songs, such as "Blue Echo," "Utopian Sky" which became "Utopian Fir," and "Aster Heights" which contained parts of "Roulette" and "Last Man Swerving."

In 2004, five years after their initial split, Cinninger reformed Ali Baba's Tahini to record an album in the North Carolina mountains.

In 2020, Ali Baba's Tahini released a new record, "Bottom Feeders", which brought the South Bend based band back together for the first record in many years.

Guitars
Cinninger uses a G&L Comanche, G&L S500, G&L ASAT, a G&L S500 deluxe, G&L Legacy, a Fender Stratocaster, a Babicz Identity Series Jumbo Cutaway Acoustic, and various custom Becker guitars.  Jake's current touring rig consists mainly of an orange custom shop G&L Legacy, a red G&L commanche (used when power conditioning on stage requires noiseless pickups), and a custom made 7 string guitar. On tour these guitars are run into a custom schroeder amplification head for clean tones, and a custom OldField head for higher gain tones.  He also uses an early '80s Marshall JCM 800, endorses Marshall Vintage Modern amps, OldField amps, and also uses Fuchs Audio Technology, and with Umphrey's McGee endorses Moog synthesizers, Morley effects pedals, Source Audio effect pedals and BBE Sound effects.

Jake also incorporates an unusual type of tremolo arm on his G&L guitar. The arm itself is a small piece of metal which is conformed to a specific shape. It is used as a palm rest to actuate the vibrato. This device is called the "Jake Blade" and was custom made.

The "Jake Blade" is now available on the Umphrey's Mcgee website in the merchandise section.

Solo discography
Jake Cinninger (2001)
Sky Paper  [EP] (2014)

References

External links
Guitar.com interview and review of Cinninger's playing

1975 births
Living people
People from Niles, Michigan
Lead guitarists
Rhythm guitarists
Guitarists from Michigan
American male guitarists
Umphrey's McGee members
OHMphrey members

Jake Cinninger


Jackie Gleason (John Herbert Gleason; February 26, 1916 – June 24, 1987) was an American comedian, actor, and musician.

Career
He was known for his role as Ralph Kramden on The Honeymooners. Among his most noted movies roles were as Minnesota Fats in the drama movie The Hustler (1961) starring Paul Newman, and as Buford T. Justice in the Smokey and the Bandit movie series. Gleason's career would span for nearly 41 years until his retirement in 1986.

Personal life
Gleason was born on February 26, 1916 in Brooklyn, New York City.

Gleason was married three times; first to Genevieve Halford from 1936 until they divorced in 1970. Secondly he married Beverly McKittrick from 1970 until they divorced in 1975. Lastly he married 1975 until his death in 1987.

Gleason died on June 24, 1987 in his Lauderhill, Florida home from colon cancer, he was 71 years old.

References

Other websites

1916 births
1987 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Florida
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Musicians from New York City
Television personalities from New York City
Tony Award winning actors

Jackie Gleason


Abstraction is the process of leaving out certain details of an idea or a concept to make it more general.
The word abstract has the following connections:
Abstract art does not try to represent the physical world as it is.
 Abstract ideas such as "democracy" are concepts. Unlike houses and books (which are objects) they cannot be touched. Other examples of abstract ideas are speed, rarity and courage.
 In logic, if something is abstract, it is general.
 Abstract algebra compares different kinds of algebra.
 An abstract in writing is a short summary of a paper or essay that tells the reader the main points. Such summaries or abstracts are common in articles published in scientific journals.

Abstract


Peter Fehse (born 18 May 1983) is a German professional basketball player who is currently coaching for BG Bitterfeld-Sandersdorf-Wolfen in the German third league assisting former German national player Stephen Arigbabu.  He was drafted by the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics with the 49th overall pick in the second round of the 2002 NBA draft, but ended up never playing in an NBA game (making him 1 of 9 players from the 2002 NBA Draft to never play in the league).

Fehse, a 6 ft 11 in power forward, began playing professionally for SV Halle in 2000. He played two seasons for the team before being drafted by the SuperSonics. He opted to remain in Europe, however, and went on to play for the Deutsche Bank Skyliners in the 2002–03 and Mitteldeutscher BC for the 2003–04 season, where he won the FIBA Europe Cup. In 2004, he joined the New Yorker Phantoms Braunschweig for three seasons, but was unable to provide any impact due to injuries. In 2008, he joined the team of SG Braunschweig in the German second league to gain some playing experience. In summer 2009 he went back to Mitteldeutscher BC, but has not played in a game yet. Instead he is working as an assistant coach with the Under-19 team of Mitteldeutscher BC.

Fehse also has made appearances for the German national youth team in the 2000 qualifying tournament for the FIBA World Championship.

On 22 December 2009 Fehse's rights were traded by the Oklahoma City Thunder (formerly the Seattle SuperSonics) to the Utah Jazz for Eric Maynor and the contract of injured forward Matt Harpring. The trade was primarily a salary dump for the Jazz to decrease their luxury tax assessment.

References

External links
Team record through 2004
Player Profile
ESPN NBA Draft Profile

1983 births
Living people
Basketball Löwen Braunschweig players
German men's basketball players
Mitteldeutscher BC players
People from Bezirk Halle
Power forwards (basketball)
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Skyliners Frankfurt players
Sportspeople from Halle (Saale)

Peter Fehse


H. Morse Stephens (October 3, 1857 – April 16, 1919) was an American historian and professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley who helped to purchase the Bancroft Library, and who worked to build archives of California history, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and World War I.

Early life
Henry Morse Stephens was born on October 3, 1857, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was educated at Haileybury College, and attended Balliol College, Oxford University, where he was granted a B.A. in 1880 and an M.A. in 1892. He was a staff lecturer on the Oxford University Extension System from 1892 to 1894, and lecturer on Indian history at Cambridge, writing also for The Academy, The Daily Chronicle, The Speaker, and 'acting as London correspondent for The Statesman and the Calcutta Friend of India.'

Career
Stephens immigrated to the United States in 1894 and took the position of Professor at Cornell University in the Department of History, where he taught European History. At Cornell, Stephens took a particular interest in advising undergraduates, starting two traditions which endured at Cornell for the next two decades: Thursday nights for upper classmen, and career conferences and advice to seniors as to their future professional careers. He was also an avid fundraiser for Cornell's athletic teams.

In 1902, Stephens went to the University of California as Professor of History and Director of University Extension, a position he held from 1902 to 1909. He served as Dean of the University of California College of Arts and Sciences from the fall of 1918 until his death. During his time at Berkeley, he worked to build the Bancroft Library's collection of historical materials, with special success in the area of Spanish and Mexican History, now known as the Bolton Collection.

Stephens was involved with the Bohemian Club and wrote the script for St. Patrick at Tara, the main Grove Play performed in 1909 at the Bohemian Grove. The play depicted Saint Patrick and his interaction with druids, chieftains and kings of Ireland.

Stephens was an active member of the American Historical Association serving as its President in 1915. His most notable contribution in the AHA, however, was as a member of the Committee of Seven, which in 1899 produced the report The Study of History in Schools for the AHA, and which influenced the teaching of history in American schools for the next 40 years.

Stephens Hall on the U.C. Berkeley campus is named for him, as was the Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, chartered by the Grand Lodge of F. & A. Masons of California and Hawaii: Henry Morse Stephens #541, for which membership was open only to UC administrators, alumni, faculty and students. The lodge merged with other Berkeley Lodges and is now part of Bay Cities Lodge #337, now in Richmond.

History of the San Francisco earthquake, World War I archives
After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, at the suggestion University of California President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Morse joined the Committee of 50, and in consultation with Governor Pardee, moved to the Earthquake History and Statistics Committee. As a member of this committee, he worked until his death to gather as many accounts and as much historical material as he could that was related to the earthquake. Morse collected over 800 individual accounts of the earthquake and fire as well as numerous newspaper articles, photographs, and other archival material. Unfortunately, after his death, the archive was never incorporated into the Bancroft library collection, as he had intended, and was lost in the 1920s, perhaps in a 1923 Berkeley fire.

When World War I broke out, Stephens began actively soliciting materials from around the world to document and formed a "Great War History Committee", work that was cut short by his death on April 16, 1919.

Bibliography
A history of the French revolution, by H. Morse Stephens, In three volumes. Vol. I–II. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1886–91.
The principal speeches of the statesmen and orators of the French revolution, 1789–1795; ed. with introductions, notes, and indices, by H. Morse Stephens. 2 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1892.
The story of Portugal. New York, AMS Press 1971

Revolutionary Europe, 1789–1815, By H. Morse Stephens. London: Rivingtons, 1900, fifth edition
Sir Robert Peel, a memorial biography
Stephens, Henry Morse; Wallace Arthur Sabin, Charles Caldwell Dobie, Bohemian Club. St. Patrick at Tara, 1909 Grove play

Notes

External links

 AHA Reports: The Study of History in Schools(1898)_Committee of Seven: Table of Headings at www.historians.org Online index to The Committee of Seven Report.
 AHA Information: H. Morse Stephens Bibliography at www.historians.org Partial bibliography of H. Morse Stephens
  Essay by Stephens on History in "Counsel on the Reading of Books", edited by Henry van Dyke, American Society for the Extension of Teaching, 1900, as digitized by Google Books.
 The Directors at bancroft.berkeley.edu Online history of the Directors of the Bancroft library which describes Stephens' role in recruiting Herbert Eugene Bolton, the first Director.
 Selling the University a Library at bancroft.berkeley.edu Photo of Stephens and description of the importance of his role in purchasing the Bancroft Library.
 Guide to the H. Morse Stephens Papers at The Bancroft Library

1857 births
1919 deaths
Historians of the French Revolution
British emigrants to the United States
Cornell University Department of History faculty
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Historians from California

H. Morse Stephens


J.L. Brandeis & Sons, commonly referred to by Midwesterners as Brandeis, was a chain of department stores located in the Omaha, Nebraska area started by Jonas L. Brandeis in 1881. It was purchased by Younkers for $33.9 million (~$ in ) in 1987, when the stores were converted to the Younkers name.

History
Jonas Leopold Brandeis's first retail store, called The Fair, was located at 506 South 13th Street.   In 1888 he opened the Boston Store on the northwest corner of 16th and Douglas name="Building For The Ages" />   By 1905, work had begun on a grander Brandeis flagship store at 16th and Douglas Streets in Downtown Omaha.   The store was completed in 1906.  The eight-story building was designed by John Latenser, Sr., and contained retail space on the first three stories and the basement.  Two additional stories were added later.  The total cost of the original structure was $650,000.  By the 1950s Brandeis took up the whole facility. The store strove to carry every item possible, including furniture.

The Brandeis building is constructed on a steel frame and is faced with Bedford limestone, brick and terra cotta.  Design elements vary by floor to add architectural interest.   A balustrade and a projecting cornice decorate the upper stories.

Developing the mall
By the late 1950s, Brandeis was looking for a way to expand and to modernize. One way to do this was by creating malls, anchored by Brandeis. In 1959, Brandeis Investment Co. developed the Crossroads Shopping Center in Midtown Omaha. The mall was also anchored by Sears which closed in 2019. Crossroads was the 9th enclosed shopping mall in the United States and became the place to be in Omaha. The simple mall design, connecting the three story anchors by an "arcade level", soon proved to be successful when Brandeis opened Southroads Mall in southern Omaha in 1966. Southroads was designed after Crossroads, but was anchored by Brandeis and JCPenney.

Merge with Gold's
Brandeis acquired Gold and Company, a Lincoln-based department store, in 1964. The Gold's flagship store, in downtown Lincoln, was the only store in the company but took up a large portion of the Lincoln market. Gold's kept their name but operated as a division of J.L.Brandeis until it was phased out of the chain and closed in 1981.

Golden age of Brandeis
At the top of its game, Brandeis had around fifteen department stores in its chain. The flagship store downtown had become one of Omaha's most prized symbols of modern culture. Brandeis was Nebraska's department store. The chain had its peak in the early 1970s with 3,000 employees and $100 million in sales. The Crossroads Mall store opened in 1960 with mixed results but soon took off and proved to be one of the best stores in the chain, earning an average of $38 million (~$ in ). Crossroads proved to be extremely successful for Brandeis, despite the risk of opening the first new Brandeis in 50 years. Locations opened across the entire state, downtown (Columbus and Hastings) and in the malls (Conestoga in Grand Island, Southroads & Westroads in Omaha, and Gateway in Lincoln). Soon locations were developed in Iowa, at Midlands Mall in Council Bluffs and Valley West Mall in Des Moines.

Downfall and acquisition by Younkers
Brandeis lost its major store and much of its public approval when the flagship store closed in 1980. The downtown Lincoln (former Gold's) location followed soon after in 1981. It was the end of an era. The Crossroads anchor became the new flagship store, but had lost its power over the Omaha and Nebraska markets. When plans came for a new Dillard's at Crossroads Mall in the mid-1980s, Brandeis executives knew that there was no chance of competition. They made a deal with Younkers, another department store based out of Des Moines, and sold its chain to Younkers in 1987. Younkers kept 11 of the stores and converted them to the Younkers name.

See also
 Brandeis-Millard House
 J. L. Brandeis and Sons Store Building

Jingle
"Everything you want is at Brandeis."

"We Care About You" at Brandeis

References

Further reading
 "New life for a landmark: A developer will convert Omaha's Brandeis Building into condos," Omaha World-Herald, December 9, 2004.

External links
 Brandeis Building Luxury Condos

Defunct department stores based in Nebraska
Defunct companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
Retail companies established in 1881
History of Omaha, Nebraska
Retail companies disestablished in 1987
Retailing in Omaha, Nebraska
1881 establishments in Nebraska
History of Lincoln, Nebraska

J. L. Brandeis and Sons


Rice flour is made from either white rice or brown rice. To make the flour, the husk of rice or paddy is removed. The raw rice is then ground to flour.

Rice flour is a particularly good substitute for wheat flour, which some people believe irritates their digestive system. Rice flour is also used as a thickening agent in recipes that are refrigerated or frozen.

Many dishes are made from rice flour, including rice noodles and desserts like Japanese mochi and Filipino cascaron. Vietnamese banh canh uses rice flour and it is also used in making General Tso's chicken. In Chinese, it is called mifen (Chinese: 米粉; pinyin: mǐ fěn) Also it can be used in cooking, steamed, fried (fried rice noodlesChinese: 炒米粉; pinyin: chǎo mǐ fěn). Also it is used in other cuisine, such as galapong in Ilokano/Filipino, and pirinç unu in Turkish cuisine. It can also be used to make rice bread.

Brown rice flour can be combined with vermiculite for the cultivation of mushrooms. Hard cakes of colonised substrate can then be fruited in a humid container. This method is often (though not always) employed by growers of edible mushrooms. It is a very simple and low-cost method of growing mushrooms.

Related pages
 Kinako

Flour
Rice

Rice flour


Kicks Like a Mule is a British electronic music duo consisting of Richard Russell and Nick Halkes. Their first single, "The Bouncer", peaked at No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart when it was released in 1992. Although both Halkes and Russell worked at the XL Recordings label at the time of the single's release (XL being run by Russell to this day), it was released on Rebel MC's independent Tribal Bass label. It featured a repeated vocal sample of an archetypal club bouncer saying "Your name's not down, you're not coming in" and "Not tonight, you're not on the list."

Kicks Like a Mule were also responsible for the remix of Awesome 3's "Don't Go", and produced the song "Pass the Rizla" by London Posse which was featured on the London Underground EP on XL Records in 1993. This was also featured on the 2001 reissue of London Posse's album Gangster Chronicle. Their second single, "Number One" was also released on the Tribal Bass label.

As 'Lifelike', Russell and Halkes also recorded the song "Like Life", which was released on FFRR Records. Although this was meant to be the first fruits of an album project, the album never materialised.

In 2006, homage was paid to Kicks Like a Mule in the form of a cover of "The Bouncer" by Klaxons, with Kicks Like a Mule returning the favour by covering the Klaxon's "Gravity's Rainbow".

In 2008, live DJ sets at Epidemik, Bestival, Bangface and Break! followed with remixes of the likes of M.I.A. (featured on Kitsune Maison Vol. 5), Axwell, The Gossip, DJ Mehdi and more.

Most recently, under the revised artist name K.L.A.M., the act have both remixed and supported The Prodigy on part of their arena tour and also remixed Kid Sister for Fools Gold and DJed at Bestival in 2010.

Discography
1992: "The Bouncer" - UK #7
1992: "Number One" (featuring Longsy D)
2007: "Gravity's Rainbow"
2010: Funky 4 EP

References

External links
Myspace

English electronic music duos
Breakbeat hardcore music groups
Electronic dance music duos
Male musical duos
Musical groups from Sheffield
XL Recordings artists

Kicks Like a Mule


Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony is the seicont o the twa episodic expansion packs available tae the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 an PC versions o Grand Theft Auto IV, developit bi Rockstar North an released for the Xbox 360 on 29 October 2009. It wis then released for the PlayStation 3 an Microsoft Windows on 13 Aprile 2010. It is the fowert expansion pack in the Grand Theft Auto series, the 14t release on the series an is the feenal game o the Grand Theft Auto IV era. The Ballad of Gay Tony follaes the exploits o protagonist, Luis Fernando Lopez, a member o the Dominican drog dealers an the personal bodyguard o Anthony "Gay Tony" Prince. Prince is the awner o the twa lairgest nichtclubs in Liberty City an is a heich-status socialite.

Gameplay
The Ballad of Gay Tony includes the ability tae replay previously passed missions wi scorin, seemilar tae the Hitman an Manhunt series. This featur wis previously introducit tae the series in Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars. Additions tae the gemme's inventory include new wappens sic as the FN P90, the M249 SAW licht machine gun, the Atchisson Assault Shotgun, the .44 Auto Mag pistol, an the sniper rifle DSR-1. It includes the return o satchel chairges an aw. Additional vehicles include heich-end sports caurs, sedans, a new aircraft, a smaw attack helicopter cried the "Buzzard", a hivy-lift helicopter cried the "Skylift", an a shuttle helicopter namit the "Swift". In addition, the parachute which can be foond in San Andreas returns an aw, allouin players tae pairticipate in BASE jumpin an skydivin challenges. When flyin a helicopter the cairt nou functions as an altimeter (seemilar tae a featur in San Andreas).

The gemme introduces a new drivin range activity an aw, as well as the ability tae veesit Tony's twa nichtclubs; whaur thay can pairticipate in drinkin an dancin-based minigemmes. Thay can manage the club's security an aw. If players wish tae dae sae, thay are able tae enter an unnergrund fechtin tournament an aw, whaur thay can aither spectate or compete in fechts. In multiplayer, free mode, deathmatch, team deathmatch, race an GTA Race modes wur updatit, an a "BASE jumpin" (multiplayer competeetion) mode wis introducit, as a variation o free mode.

Plot

The Ballad of Gay Tony begins wi Luis Fernando Lopez bein held hostage at the Bank of Liberty in Algonquin, durin a robbery involvin Niko Bellic, Packie an Derrick McReary an Michael Keane. A local gun club member lyin next tae him, Eugene Reaper, shuits an kills Keane an is then killed bi Packie McReary in retaliation. The scene cuts tae the eftermath o the robbery; Luis is questioned bi the polis aboot the incident afore proceedin tae "Gay Tony"'s loft. On the wey thare, he is nearly run ower bi Niko Bellic (returnin frae the robbery) an Johnny Klebitz who drives past him. Rocco Pelosi, a senior Ancelotti mobster, an his accomplice, Vince, enter the loft tae collect Tony's club income for the week as interest repayment on an outstaundin loan. Tony then discusses wi Luis his dire financial situation wi his twa clubs, Maisonette 9 an Hercules. In an attempt tae curry favour wi Rocco, Tony an Luis go tae Chinatown tae negotiate a deal wi a senior Triad. Billy Grey, preses o The Lost Motorcycle Gang is seen arrangin an ambush on Johnny Klebitz an Jim Fitzgerald wi the Triad as Tony an Luis enter the room. The negotiations wi the Triad suin turn awry, an Luis protects Tony throu thair escape frae Chinatown.

Luis visits his mither, who haes financial issues an aw, an his childhuid friends Henrique Bardas and Armando Torres. Luis' mither daes no appruive o his lifestyle, an wad lik him tae attend college. Henrique an Armando are Luis' friends who are hivily involvit wi the narcotics distribution tred. Luis suin becomes acquaintit wi Yusuf Amir, (voicit bi Omid Djalili) a real estate developer in Liberty City. Luis helps Yusuf acquire several vehicles, includin an experimental military grade chopper cried the "Buzzard," which Luis steals frae Sooth African airms dealer Frickie van Hardenburg, an APC uised bi the Naitional Office Of Security Enforcement(NOoSE), an even a subwey carriage.

Meanwhile, Tony is heidit in a dounward spiral due tae substance abuis, suppleed bi his boyfriend Evan Moss. Luis, Tony an Evan heid tae the docks tae buy twa million dollars worth o diamonds frae a chef comin in on a tanker cried the "Platypus". In the Grand Theft Auto IV openin cutscene, the chef can be seen mixin thir diamonds intae cake batter on the Platypus as Niko walks bi. Durin the exchynge, members o The Lost (led bi Johnny Klebitz) attack an kill Evan tae acquire the diamonds. Tony promises Luis that he will quit the substance abuis an introduces Luis tae Mori Kibbutz, an his younger brither Brucie. Mori is heichlie egotistical an constantly chuises tae bully an belittle Brucie, a soorce o irritation tae Luis who repeatedly staunds up for the younger brither. Luis daes eventually manage tae effectively cancel Tony's debt tae Mori. Efter Luis finishes his last favor for Mori, Brucie staunds up tae his brither, punchin him in the neb. Brucie shows up in a cutscene at the Maisonette club tae thank Luis, makking a sexual advance on him an aw. Mori later calls Luis, revealing that he's taken a dictatorial poseetion in a commune.

Tony an Luis meet Ray Bulgarin an his associate Timur at Maisonette 9, who affer Luis some wirk in exchynge for financial help. Luis helps Bulgarin eliminate some corrupt federal agents an acquire the Liberty City Rampage hockey team. Gracie Ancelotti gets Tony back on the drugs an is later kidnapped bi unkent assailants (Revealed tae be Niko Bellic an Packie McReary frae GTA IV) . The Ancelottis establish that Gracie haes been kidnapped acause o the diamonds an are pointin the blame at Tony an Luis. Tony learns that the diamonds are bein exchyngit at the Libertonian, an sends Luis tae retrieve them. Luis ambushes the exchynge (involvin Niko Bellic an Johnny Klebitz) an escapes in the Buzzard, which haes syne been gowd platit.

Bulgarin phones Luis, telling him tae go tae the ruif o a biggin in midtoun Algonquin. As Luis uncovers the severed heid o the chef frae the "Platypus", Bulgarin explains that the diamonds belang tae him an accuses the chef, Luis an Tony o colludin tae steal them. It emerges that Bulgarin haes led Luis tae an ambush on the ruiftop, an he escapes alive. Luis an Tony are then ordered bi Gracie's faither, Giovanni Ancelotti, tae tred the diamonds wi the kidnappers in order tae get Gracie back. At the exchynge, Bulgarin shows up an orders his men tae attack the assailants, Packie McReary an Niko Bellic. Bulgarin flees the scene an amidst the chaos the diamonds faw intae a dump truck heidit the opposite direction. Luis, Tony an Gracie then successfully escapit in a speedboat.

As a result o bein preoccupeed wi recent events, Tony neglects tae pey his debts an the ceety closes doun aw o his clubs. Luis meets Rocco an Vince in the restrooms in Middle Pairk, an thay expleen tae him that he must kill Tony, afore baith the Ancelottis an Roushies decide tae team up an kill Tony, Luis an aw o thair friends an faimily. Luis shows up at Maisonette 9, an contemplates shuitin Tony afore pointin the gun at Vince an shuitin him in the heid. Tony warns Luis no tae shuit Rocco, as he is a "made man". Rocco escapes, an the Roushies show up ensuin in a huge gunfecht athin the club. Tony blames Luis for contemplatin tae kill him, he then flees tae his apairtment tae pack an muive tae the desert. Luis convinces Tony that he chuise no tae kill him acause it's them against the warld, an that thay need tae resolve thair situation. Luis venturs tae Firefly Island tae ambush a Roushie heroin exchynge, tellin Tony tae hide oot bi the Monoglobe structur in Meadows Pairk, Dukes.

In the fairgrund, Luis destroys the heroin an kills Timur, who mentions that Bulgarin is fleein the ceety bi plane athin twa oors. Efter an opportune phone conversation, Yusuf shows up in the Buzzard an eliminates the pursuin Roushies while Luis drives tae the airport. Luis manages tae buird the plane, an kill aw o the henchmen onbuird. A vengeful Bulgarin emerges frae the cockpit huldin a grenade, threatenin destruction tae baith o them if Luis kills him. Luis takes the risk an shuits Bulgarin, who drops the grenade causin it tae explode. Luis parachutes oot o the burnin wreckage o the plane tae safety, an heids tae Meadows Pairk whaur Tony is waitin. In the pairk, Luis accidentally knocks a hameless man intae a trash can, who fynds the missin diamonds amangst the trash an runs aff gleefully. Yusuf approaches Tony an Luis an the three celebrate thair victory an leuk toward the futur. At the end o the credits sequence, Mori an Brucie are seen in an unnergrund cage fecht an Packie McReary is seen leavin Liberty City on a plane wi the stolen money frae robbin a bank wi Niko Bellic. The hameless man who foond the diamonds is later shawn livin in a mansion surroondit bi weemen an aw o Tony's clubs are reopened. Efter this, the player can chuise tae replay past missions if thay sae chuise tae dae sae.

Cast an characters

Reception

The gemme receivit maistly positive reviews, wi a metascore o 89 on Metacritic. At the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards, Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony wis awairdit the Best DLC awaird.

References

Freemit airtins

 The Ballad of Gay Tony on Grand Theft Wiki

2009 video gemmes
Action-adventur gemmes
Episodic video gemmes
Euphoria Engine gemmes
Games for Windows certifeed gemmes
Grand Theft Auto IV
Open warld video gemmes
Organisit crime video gemmes
PlayStation 3 gemmes
Video gemme expansion packs
Video gemmes developit in the Unitit Kinrick
Video gemmes set in 2008
Windows gemmes
Xbox 360 gemmes


KNIL is the abbreviation for a Dutch army. This army was in what is now called Indonesia. The official name is Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (Royal Dutch-East Indies Army)

Indonesia was a Dutch colony from 1800 to 1949. It was then called Nederlandsch Indië (Dutch East Indies). The KNIL taskforce was sent there to maintain order.

When Indonesia declared itself independent in 1945 the Dutch fought a war to keep the colony. This war was won by the Indonesians. The Dutch government accepted Indonesia's independence in 1949, and the KNIL ceased to exist.

Army
History of the Netherlands

KNIL


Camping is a leisure activity, usually during summer when school children are on holiday, where people leave their homes and spend one or more nights outdoors. They may be tourists seeking nature, adventure, or a different environment. They may sleep in a campervan or trailer, a tent, or in the open air in good weather. Winter camping is less common but in some parts of the world, tents are people's homes year around. Rich people began camping for fun in the early 20th century. When more people could afford it, many more did it.

When camping, people usually prepare food to eat that is easy to make.  If they were hunting or fishing, they may cook the animal or fish they caught over a campfire.

Dangers can arise, such as wild animals or illness from drinking unclean water.

Tourism

Camping


Philip Dennis Hobsbaum (29 June 1932 – 28 June 2005) was a British teacher, poet and critic.

Life
Hobsbaum was born into a Polish Jewish family in London, and brought up in Bradford, Yorkshire, where he attended Belle Vue Boys' Grammar School. He read English at Downing College, Cambridge, where he was taught and heavily influenced by F. R. Leavis.  At Cambridge he took over the editing of the magazine delta from Peter Redgrove. After Cambridge, he worked as a school teacher in London from 1955 to 1959, when he moved to Sheffield to study for a PhD under William Empson. In 1962, he took up an academic position at Queen's University, Belfast, and moved again in 1966, to take up a post in the University of Glasgow. He was awarded a personal chair in 1985, and retired from the University in 1997; he remained in Glasgow until his death in 2005.

The Group(s)
Hobsbaum's most direct impact on literature was as the animating force behind The Group, a sequence of writing workshops in Cambridge, London, Belfast and Glasgow, in turn.  Although there was some slight overlap in personnel with The Movement, the various incarnations of the Group had a more concrete existence and a more practical focus.

The Cambridge Group was initially concerned with the oral performance of poetry, but soon turned into an exercise in practical criticism and mutual support for a network of poets.  This Group relocated to London when Hobsbaum moved there in 1955, becoming The Group, and continuing until 1965, chaired by Edward Lucie-Smith after Hobsbaum's departure for Sheffield.

On arriving in Sheffield (c.1959–1962), he immediately organized the "Writers' Group" for the university's undergraduates and started Poetry from Sheffield, a magazine for their poetry but which also had poems by George MacBeth, Peter Redgrove and Francis Berry. He wrote about the group in The Times Literary Supplement, published on 14 April 1961. Barry Fox took over the chair when Hobsbaum left to concentrate on his thesis.

In Belfast (1962–1966), Hobsbaum organised a new weekly discussion group, which became known as The Belfast Group and included the emerging authors John Bond, Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley, Derek Mahon, Stewart Parker and Bernard MacLaverty.

In Glasgow, Hobsbaum became once again the nucleus of a group of new and distinctive authors, including Alasdair Gray, Liz Lochhead, James Kelman, Tom Leonard, Aonghas MacNeacail and Jeff Torrington. This group continued to meet until 1975, and unlike the previous groups developed a more pronounced focus on prose than on poetry. As an encore, Hobsbaum was instrumental in setting up, in 1995, the successful MLitt in creative writing at the University of Glasgow.

Work
Though he was a poet as well, it was as a critic that Hobsbaum was best known. Although as one of his obituarists noted, "[h]e was famously not a man who felt a pressing need to endear himself to students", he was a charismatic teacher, and fiercely committed to those with a commitment to literature. The dedication of Alasdair Gray's The Book of Prefaces is "to Philip Hobsbaum poet, critic and servant of servants of art". Seamus Heaney also dedicated the poem "Blackberry-Picking" (from Death of a Naturalist, 1966) to Philip Hobsbaum.

Poetry
A Group Anthology (Oxford University Press, 1963), edited with Edward Lucie-Smith
The Place's Fault, and other poems (Macmillan, 1964)
Snapshots (Belfast: Festival Publications, 1967)
In Retreat and Other Poems (Macmillan, 1966)
Coming Out Fighting (Macmillan, 1969)
Women and Animals (Macmillan, 1972)
The Pattern of Poetry (1962)

Criticism and other academic writing
Ten Elizabethan Poets (Longmans, 1969), editor
A Theory of Communication (Macmillan, 1970), in US as Theory of Criticism (Indiana University Press, 1970)
A Reader's Guide To Charles Dickens (Thames and Hudson, 1972)
Tradition and Experiment in English Poetry (Macmillan, 1979)
A Reader's Guide to D H Lawrence (Thames and Hudson, 1981)
Essentials Of Literary Criticism (Thames and Hudson, 1983)
A Reader's Guide to Robert Lowell (Thames and Hudson, 1988)
William Wordsworth: Selected Poetry and Prose (Routledge, 1989), editor
Channels of Communication:  Papers from the Conference of Higher Education Teachers of English (Dept Eng Lit, University of Glasgow, 1992), edited by Hobsbaum, Paddy Lyons, and Jim McGhee
Metre, Rhythm And Verse Form (Routledge, 1996)
Entries in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for Peter Alexander, William Burnaby, Richard Thomas Church, Everard Guilpin, Alfred Noyes, (James) Stewart Parker, and William Stewart Rose (2004).

References

Further reading
In 2002, the Scottish-American poetry magazine The Dark Horse printed an interview with him, in which he discussed his biography and work.
Hobsbaum/Group correspondence archive at University of Texas at Austin
Belfast Creative Writing Group files at Queen's University Belfast

Obituaries
Obituaries appeared in a number of publications on both sides of the Atlantic, including: Saxon, Wolfgang (2 July 2005), "Philip Hobsbaum, 72, British Poet and Critic, Dies", The New York Times.
Other obituaries (not online) appeared in the Herald, Scotsman, Jewish Chronicle and The Independent.

External links
Philip Hobsbaum fonds at University of Victoria, Special Collections
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Philip Hobsbaum collection, 1962-1971

20th-century English male writers
20th-century English poets
1932 births
2005 deaths
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
British Jewish writers
British Jews
English literary critics
English male non-fiction writers
English male poets
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish poets
People educated at Belle Vue Boys' Grammar School, Bradford

Philip Hobsbaum


The Aanayoottu (feeding of elephants) is a festival held in the precincts of the Vadakkunnathan temple in City of Thrissur, in Kerala. The festival falls on the first day of the month of Karkkidakam (timed against the Malayalam calendar), which coincides with the month of July. It involves a number of unadorned elephants being positioned amid a multitude of people for being worshipped and fed. Crowds throng the temple to feed the elephants.

Every year of Aanayoottu, gaja pooja, is conducted. It is believed that offering poojas and delicious feed to the elephants is a way to satisfy Lord Ganesha—the god of wealth and of the fulfillment of wishes. The Vadakkunnathan temple, which is considered to be one of the oldest Shiva temples in southern India, has hosted the Aanayottoo event for the past few years.

Procedure

The special feed of the elephants includes sugar-cane leaves, coconut, jaggery and the sweet mix of Ganapthi pooja prasadam. The feeding session begins with an offering by the chief priest of the temple—usually to an elephant calf. The festival presently involves sixteen elephants; the number was previously higher (around fifty), but was reduced following under direction of the district administration. During the festival, the elephants are fed on rice, jaggery, ghee, pineapples, and other local produce.

Significance
The elephants are hailed as sacred animals (a fact which explains the presence of elephants in the South Indian temples). Elephants are an integral part of Kerala culture, and elephants are integral to all festivals, including the Aanayoottu. Many of the famous south Indian temples have a number of their own elephants; feeding these elephants are considered as auspicious. Looking in to these devotes feeling the temple authorities started these rejuvenation therapy as a public event named as 'The Aanayoottoo Festival'.

References

Culture of Thrissur
Festivals in Thrissur district
Elephant festivals in Kerala
July observances
Hindu festivals in Kerala

Aanayoottu


Quantum mechanics explains how the universe works at a scale smaller than atoms. It is also called  quantum physics or quantum theory. Mechanics is the part of physics that explains how things move and quantum is the Latin word for 'how much'. A quantum of energy is the least amount possible (or the least extra amount), and quantum mechanics describes how that energy moves or interacts.

Atoms were long considered the smallest pieces of matter, but modern science has shown that there are even smaller subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons and electrons.  Quantum mechanics describes how the particles that make up atoms work.

Quantum physics also tells us how electromagnetic waves (like light) work. Wave–particle duality means that particles behave like waves and waves behave like particles. (They are not two kinds of things, they are something like both: this is their duality.) Much of modern physics and chemistry can be described and understood using the mathematical rules of quantum mechanics.

The mathematics used to study subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves is very complex because they act in very strange ways.

Waves and photons
Photons are particles that are point-sized, tinier than atoms. Photons are like "packets" or packages of energy. Light sources such as candles or lasers produce light in bits called photons.

The more photons a lamp produces, the brighter the light. Light is a form of energy that behaves like the waves in water or radio waves. The distance between the top of one wave and the top of the next wave is called a 'wavelength'. Each photon carries a certain amount, or 'quantum', of energy depending on its wavelength.

A light's color depends on its wavelength. The color violet (the bottom or innermost color of the rainbow) has a wavelength of about 400 nm ("nanometers") which is 0.00004 centimeters or 0.000016 inches. Photons with wavelengths of 10-400 nm are called ultraviolet (or UV) light. Such light cannot be seen by the human eye. On the other end of the visual spectrum, red light is about 700 nm. Infrared light is about 700 nm to 300,000 nm. Human eyes are not sensitive to infrared light either.

Wavelengths are not always so small. Radio waves have longer wavelengths.  The wavelengths for an FM radio can be several meters in length (for example, stations transmitting on 99.5 FM are emitting radio energy with a wavelength of about 3 meters, which is about 10 feet). Each photon has a certain amount of energy related to its wavelength. The shorter the wavelength of a photon, the greater its energy. For example, an ultraviolet photon has more energy than an infrared photon.

Wavelength and frequency (the number of times the wave crests per second) are inversely proportional, which means a longer wavelength will have a lower frequency, and vice versa. If the color of the light is infrared (lower in frequency than red light), each photon can heat up what it hits. So, if a strong infrared lamp (a heat lamp) is pointed at a person, that person will feel warm, or even hot, because of the energy stored in the many photons. The surface of the infrared lamp may even get hot enough to burn someone who may touch it.
Humans cannot see infrared light, but we can feel the radiation in the form of heat.  For example, a person walking by a brick building that has been heated by the sun will feel heat from the building without having to touch it.

The mathematical equations of quantum mechanics are abstract, which means it is impossible to know the exact physical properties of a particle (like its position or momentum) for sure. Instead, a mathematical function called the wavefunction provides information about the probability with which a particle has a given property. For example, the wavefunction can tell you what the probability is that a particle can be found in a certain location, but it can't tell you where it is for sure. Because of this uncertainty and other factors, you cannot use classical mechanics (the physics that describe how large objects move) to predict the motion of quantum particles.

Ultraviolet light is higher in frequency than violet light, such that it is not even in the visible light range. Each photon in the ultraviolet range has a lot of energy, enough to hurt skin cells and cause a sunburn. In fact, most forms of sunburn are not caused by heat; they are caused by the high energy of the sun's UV rays damaging your skin cells. Even higher frequencies of light (or electromagnetic radiation) can penetrate deeper into the body and cause even more damage. X-rays have so much energy that they can go deep into the human body and kill cells. Humans cannot see or feel ultraviolet light or x-rays. They may only know they have been under such high frequency light when they get a radiation burn. Areas where it is important to kill germs often use ultraviolet lamps to destroy bacteria, fungi, etc. X-rays are sometimes used to kill cancer cells.

Quantum mechanics started when it was discovered that if a particle has a certain frequency, it must also have a certain amount of energy. Energy is proportional to frequency (E ∝ f). The higher the frequency, the more energy a photon has, and the more damage it can do. Quantum mechanics later grew to explain the internal structure of atoms. Quantum mechanics also explains the way that a photon can interfere with itself, and many other things never imagined in classical physics.

Quantization
Max Planck discovered the relationship between frequency and energy. Nobody before had ever guessed that frequency is directly proportional to energy (this means that as one of them doubles, the other does, too). Under what are called natural units, then the number representing the frequency of a photon would also represent its energy. The equation would then be:

meaning energy equals frequency.

But the way physics grew, there was no natural connection between the units that were used to measure energy and the units commonly used to measure time (and therefore frequency). So the formula that Planck worked out to make the numbers all come out right was:

or, energy equals h times frequency. This h is a number called Planck's constant after its discoverer.

Quantum mechanics is based on the knowledge that a photon of a certain frequency means a photon of a certain amount of energy. Besides that relationship, a specific kind of atom can only give off certain frequencies of radiation, so it can also only give off photons that have certain amounts of energy.

History

Isaac Newton thought that light was made of very small things that we would now call particles (he referred to them as "Corpuscles"). Christiaan Huygens thought that light was made of waves. Scientists thought that a thing cannot be a particle and a wave at the same time.

Scientists did experiments to find out whether light was made of particles or waves. They found out that both ideas were right — light was somehow both waves and particles. The Double-slit experiment performed by Thomas Young showed that light must act like a wave. The Photoelectric effect discovered by Albert Einstein proved that light had to act like particles that carried specific amounts of energy, and that the energies were linked to their frequencies. This experimental result is called the "wave-particle duality" in quantum mechanics. Later, physicists found out that everything behaves both like a wave and like a particle, not just light. However, this effect is much smaller in large objects.

Here are some of the people who discovered the basic parts of quantum mechanics: Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Satyendra Nath Bose, Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Erwin Schrödinger, John von Neumann, and Richard Feynman. They did their work in the first half of the 20th century.

Beyond Planck

Quantum mechanics formulae and ideas were made to explain the light that comes from glowing hydrogen. The quantum theory of the atom also had to explain why the electron stays in its orbit, which other ideas were not able to explain. It followed from the older ideas that the electron would have to fall in to the center of the atom because it starts out being kept in orbit by its own energy, but it would quickly lose its energy as it revolves in its orbit. (This is because electrons and other charged particles were known to emit light and lose energy when they changed speed or turned.)

Hydrogen lamps work like neon lamps, but neon lamps have their own unique group of colors (and frequencies) of light. Scientists learned that they could identify all elements by the light colors they produce. They just could not figure out how the frequencies were determined.

Then, a Swiss mathematician named Johann Balmer figured out an equation that told what λ (lambda, for wave length) would be:

where B is a number that Balmer determined to be equal to 364.56 nm.

This equation only worked for the visible light from a hydrogen lamp. But later, the equation was made more general:

where R is the Rydberg constant, equal to 0.0110 nm−1, and n must be greater than m.

Putting in different numbers for m and n, it is easy to predict frequencies for many types of light (ultraviolet, visible, and infared). To see how this works, go to Hyperphysics and go down past the middle of the page. (Use H = 1 for hydrogen.)

In 1908, Walter Ritz made the Ritz combination principle that shows how certain gaps between frequencies keep repeating themselves. This turned out to be important to Werner Heisenberg several years later.

In 1905, Albert Einstein used Planck's idea to show that a beam of light is made up of a stream of particles called photons. The energy of each photon depends on its frequency. Einstein's idea is the beginning of the idea in quantum mechanics that all subatomic particles like electrons, protons, neutrons, and others are both waves and particles at the same time. (See picture of atom with the electron as waves at atom.) This led to a theory about subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves called wave-particle duality. This is where particles and waves were neither one nor the other, but had certain properties of both.

In 1913, Niels Bohr came up with the idea that electrons could only take up certain orbits around the nucleus of an atom. Under Bohr's theory, the numbers called m and n in the equation above could represent orbits. Bohr's theory said electrons could begin in some orbit m and end up in some orbit n, or an electron could begin in some orbit n and end up in some orbit m so if a photon hits an electron, its energy will be absorbed, and the electron will move to a higher orbit because of that extra energy. Under Bohr's theory, if an electron falls from a higher orbit to a lower orbit, then it will have to give up energy in the form of a photon. The energy of the photon will equal the energy difference between the two orbits, and the energy of a photon makes it have a certain frequency and color. Bohr's theory provided a good explanation of many aspects of subatomic phenomena, but failed to answer why each of the colors of light produced by glowing hydrogen (and by glowing neon or any other element) has a brightness of its own, and the brightness differences are always the same for each element.

By the time Niels Bohr came out with his theory, most things about the light produced by a hydrogen lamp were known, but scientists still could not explain the brightness of each of the lines produced by glowing hydrogen.

Werner Heisenberg took on the job of explaining the brightness or "intensity" of each line. He could not use any simple rule like the one Balmer had come up with. He had to use the very difficult math of classical physics that figures everything out in terms of things like the mass (weight) of an electron, the charge (static electric strength) of an electron, and other tiny quantities. Classical physics already had answers for the brightness of the bands of color that a hydrogen lamp produces, but the classical theory said that there should be a continuous rainbow, and not four separate color bands. Heisenberg's explanation is:

There is some law that says what frequencies of light glowing hydrogen will produce. It has to predict spaced-out frequencies when the electrons involved are moving between orbits close to the nucleus (center) of the atom, but it also has to predict that the frequencies will get closer and closer together as we look at what the electron does in moving between orbits farther and farther out. It will also predict that the intensity differences between frequencies get closer and closer together as we go out. Where classical physics already gives the right answers by one set of equations the new physics has to give the same answers but by different equations.

Classical physics uses the mathematical methods of Joseph Fourier to make a math picture of the physical world,  It uses collections of smooth curves that go together to make one smooth curve that gives, in this case, intensities for light of all frequencies from some light. But it is not right because that smooth curve only appears at higher frequencies. At lower frequencies, there are always isolated points and nothing connects the dots. So, to make a map of the real world, Heisenberg had to make a big change. He had to do something to pick out only the numbers that would match what was seen in nature. Sometimes people say he "guessed" these equations, but he was not making blind guesses. He found what he needed. The numbers that he calculated would put dots on a graph, but there would be no line drawn between the dots. And making one "graph" just of dots for every set of calculations would have wasted lots of paper and not have gotten anything done. Heisenberg found a way to efficiently predict the intensities for different frequencies and to organize that information in a helpful way.

Just using the empirical rule given above, the one that Balmer got started and Rydberg improved, we can see how to get one set of numbers that would help Heisenberg get the kind of picture that he wanted:

The rule says that when the electron moves from one orbit to another it either gains or loses energy, depending on whether it is getting farther from the center or nearer to it. So we can put these orbits or energy levels in as headings along the top and the side of a grid. For historical reasons the lowest orbit is called n, and the next orbit out is called n - a, then comes n - b, and so forth. It is confusing that they used negative numbers when the electrons were actually gaining energy, but that is just the way it is.

Since the Rydberg rule gives us frequencies, we can use that rule to put in numbers depending on where the electron goes. If the electron starts at n and ends up at n, then it has not really gone anywhere, so it did not gain energy and it did not lose energy. So the frequency is 0.  If the electron starts at n-a and ends up at n, then it has fallen from a higher orbit to a lower orbit. If it does so then it loses energy, and the energy it loses shows up as a photon. The photon has a certain amount of energy, e, and that is related to a certain frequency f by the equation e = h f. So we know that a certain change of orbit is going to produce a certain frequency of light, f.  If the electron starts at n and ends up at n - a, that means it has gone from a lower orbit to a higher orbit. That only happens when a photon of a certain frequency and energy comes in from the outside, is absorbed by the electron and gives it its energy, and that is what makes the electron go out to a higher orbit. So, to keep everything making sense, we write that frequency as a negative number. There was a photon with a certain frequency and now it has been taken away.

So we can make a grid like this, where f(a←b) means the frequency involved when an electron goes from energy state (orbit) b to energy state a (Again, sequences look backwards, but that is the way they were originally written.):

Grid of f

Heisenberg did not make the grids like this. He just did the math that would let him get the intensities he was looking for. But to do that he had to multiply two amplitudes (how high a wave measures) to work out the intensity. (In classical physics, intensity equals amplitude squared.) He made an odd-looking equation to handle this problem, wrote out the rest of his paper, handed it to his boss, and went on vacation. Dr. Born looked at his funny equation and it seemed a little crazy. He must have wondered, "Why did Heisenberg give me this strange thing? Why does he have to do it this way?" Then he realized that he was looking at a blueprint for something he already knew very well. He was used to calling the grid or table that we could write by doing, for instance, all the math for frequencies, a matrix. And Heisenberg's weird equation was a rule for multiplying two of them together. Max Born was a very, very good mathematician. He knew that since the two matrices (grids) being multiplied represented different things (like position (x,y,z) and momentum (mv), for instance), then when you multiply the first matrix by the second you get one answer and when you multiply the second matrix by the first matrix you get another answer. Even though he did not know about matrix math, Heisenberg already saw this "different answers" problem and it had bothered him. But Dr. Born was such a good mathematician that he saw that the difference between the first matrix multiplication and the second matrix multiplication was always going to involve Planck's constant, h, multiplied by the square root of negative one, i. So within a few days of Heisenberg's discovery they already had the basic math for what Heisenberg liked to call the "indeterminacy principle." By "indeterminate" Heisenberg meant that something like an electron is just not pinned down until it gets pinned down. It is a little like a jellyfish that is always squishing around and cannot be "in one place" unless you kill it. Later, people got in the habit of calling it "Heisenberg's uncertainty principle," which made many people make the mistake of thinking that electrons and things like that are really "somewhere" but we are just uncertain about it in our own minds. That idea is wrong. It is not what Heisenberg was talking about. Having trouble measuring something is a problem, but it is not the problem Heisenberg was talking about.

Heisenberg's idea is very hard to grasp, but we can make it clearer with an example. First, we will start calling these grids "matrices," because we will soon need to talk about matrix multiplication.

Suppose that we start with two kinds of measurements, position (q) and momentum (p). In 1925, Heisenberg wrote an equation like this one:

 (Equation for the conjugate variables momentum and position)

He did not know it, but this equation gives a blueprint for writing out two matrices (grids) and for multiplying them. The rules for multiplying one matrix by another are a little messy, but here are the two matrices according to the blueprint, and then their product:

Matrix of p

Matrix of q

The matrix for the product of the above two matrices as specified by the relevant equation in Heisenberg's 1925 paper is:

Where:

A=p(n←n-a)*q(n-a←n-b)+p(n←n-b)*q(n-b←n-b)+p(n←n-c)*q(n-c←n-b)+.....

B=p(n-a←n-a)*q(n-a←n-c)+p(n-a←n-b)*q(n-b←n-c)+p(n-a←n-c)*q(n-c←n-c)+.....

C=p(n-b←n-a)*q(n-a←n-d)+p(n-b←n-b)*q(n-b←n-d)+p(n-b←n-c)*q(n-d←n-d)+.....

and so forth.

If the matrices were reversed, the following values would result:

A=q(n←n-a)*p(n-a←n-b)+q(n←n-b)*p(n-b←n-b)+q(n←n-c)*p(n-c←n-b)+.....
B=q(n-a←n-a)*p(n-a←n-c)+q(n-a←n-b)*p(n-b←n-c)+q(n-a←n-c)*p(n-c←n-c)+.....
C=q(n-b←n-a)*p(n-a←n-d)+q(n-b←n-b)*p(n-b←n-d)+q(n-b←n-c)*p(n-d←n-d)+.....

and so forth.

Note how changing the order of multiplication changes the numbers, step by step, that are actually multiplied.

Beyond Heisenberg
The work of Werner Heisenberg seemed to break a log jam. Very soon, many different other ways of explaining things came from people such as Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, and Erwin Schrödinger.

The math used by Heisenberg and earlier people is not very hard to understand, but the equations quickly grew very complicated as physicists looked more deeply into the atomic world.

Further mysteries
In the early days of quantum mechanics, Albert Einstein suggested that if it were right then quantum mechanics would mean that there would be "spooky action at a distance." It turned out that quantum mechanics was right, and that what Einstein had used as a reason to reject quantum mechanics actually happened. This kind of "spooky connection" between certain quantum events is now called "quantum entanglement".

When an experiment brings two things (photons, electrons, etc.) together, they must then share a common description in quantum mechanics. When they are later separated, they keep the same quantum mechanical description or "state." In the diagram, one characteristic (e.g., "up" spin) is drawn in red, and its mate (e.g., "down" spin) is drawn in blue. The purple band means that when, e.g., two electrons are put together the pair shares both characteristics. So both electrons could show either up spin or down spin. When they are later separated, one remaining on Earth and one going to some planet of the star Alpha Centauri, they still each have both spins. In other words, each one of them can "decide" to show itself as a spin-up electron or a spin-down electron. But if later on someone measures the other one, it must "decide" to show itself as having the opposite spin.

Einstein argued that over such a great distance it was crazy to think that forcing one electron to show its spin would then somehow make the other electron show an opposite characteristic. He said that the two electrons must have been spin-up or spin-down all along, but that quantum mechanics could not predict which characteristic each electron had. Being unable to predict, only being able to look at one of them with the right experiment, meant that quantum mechanics could not account for something important. Therefore, Einstein said, quantum mechanics had a big hole in it. Quantum mechanics was incomplete.

Later, it turned out that experiments showed that it was Einstein who was wrong.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle
In 1925, Werner Heisenberg described the Uncertainty principle, which says that the more we know about where a particle is, the less we can know about how fast it is going and in which direction. In other words, the more we know about the speed and direction of something small, the less we can know about its position. Physicists usually talk about the momentum in such discussions instead of talking about speed. Momentum is just the speed of something in a certain direction times its mass.

The reason behind Heisenberg's uncertainty principle says that we can never know both the location and the momentum of a particle. Because light is an abundant particle, it is used for measuring other particles. The only way to measure it is to bounce the light wave off of the particle and record the results. If a high energy, or high frequency, light beam is used, we can tell precisely where it is, but cannot tell how fast it was going. This is because the high energy photon transfers energy to the particle and changes the particle's speed. If we use a low energy photon, we can tell how fast it is going, but not where it is. This is because we are using light with a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength means the particle could be anywhere along the stretch of the wave.

The principle also says that there are many pairs of measurements for which we cannot know both of them about any particle (a very small thing), no matter how hard we try. The more we learn about one of such a pair, the less we can know about the other.

Even Albert Einstein had trouble accepting such a bizarre concept, and in a well-known debate said, "God does not play dice".
To this, Danish physicist Niels Bohr famously responded, "Einstein, don't tell God what to do".

Uses of quantum mechanics
Electrons surround every atom's nucleus. Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules. A chemical bond links two atoms when electrons are shared between those atoms. Thus quantum mechanics is the physics of the chemical bond and of chemistry. Quantum mechanics helps us understand how molecules are made, and what their properties are.

Quantum mechanics can also help us understand big things, such as stars and even the whole universe. Quantum mechanics is a very important part of the theory of how the universe began called the Big Bang.

Everything made of matter is attracted to other matter because of a fundamental force called gravity. Einstein's theory that explains gravity is called the theory of general relativity. A problem in modern physics is that some conclusions of quantum mechanics do not seem to agree with the theory of general relativity.

Quantum mechanics is the part of physics that can explain why all electronic technology works as it does. Thus quantum mechanics explains how computers work, because computers are electronic machines. But the designers of the early computer hardware of around 1950 or 1960 did not need to think about quantum mechanics. The designers of radios and televisions at that time did not think about quantum mechanics either. However, the design of the more powerful integrated circuits and computer memory technologies of recent years does require quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics has also made possible technologies such as:
 Spectroscopy
 Lasers
 MRIs
 CDs and DVDs

Why quantum mechanics is hard to learn
Quantum mechanics is a challenging subject for several reasons:
 Quantum mechanics explains things in very different ways from what we learn about the world when we are children.
 Understanding quantum mechanics requires more mathematics than algebra and simple calculus. It also requires matrix algebra, complex numbers, probability theory, and partial differential equations.
 Physicists are not sure what some of the equations of quantum mechanics tell us about the real world.
 Quantum mechanics suggests that atoms and subatomic particles behave in strange ways, completely unlike anything we see in our everyday lives.
 Quantum mechanics describes things that are extremely  small, so we cannot see some of them without special equipment, and we cannot see many of them at all.

Quantum mechanics describes nature in a way that is different from how we usually think about science. It tells us how likely to happen some things are, rather than telling us that they certainly will happen.

One example is Young's double-slit experiment. If we shoot single photons (single units of light) from a laser at a sheet of photographic film, we will see a single spot of light on the developed film. If we put a sheet of metal in between, and make two very narrow slits in the sheet, when we fire many photons at the metal sheet, and they have to go through the slits, then we will see something remarkable. All the way across the sheet of developed film we will see a series of bright and dark bands. We can use mathematics to tell exactly where the bright bands will be and how bright the light was that made them, that is, we can tell ahead of time how many photons will fall on each band. But if we slow the process down and see where each photon lands on the screen we can never tell ahead of time where the next one will show up. We can know for sure that it is most likely that a photon will hit the center bright band, and that it gets less and less likely that a photon will show up at bands farther and farther from the center. So we know for sure that the bands will be brightest at the center and get dimmer and dimmer farther away. But we never know for sure which photon will go into which band.

One of the strange conclusions of quantum mechanics theory is the "Schrödinger's cat" effect. Certain properties of a particle, such as their position, speed of motion, direction of motion, and "spin", cannot be talked about until something measures them (a photon bouncing off of an electron would count as a measurement of its position, for example). Before the measurement, the particle is in a "superposition of states," in which its properties have many values at the same time. Schrödinger said that quantum mechanics seemed to say that if something (such as the life or death of a cat) was determined by a quantum event, then its state would be determined by the state that resulted from the quantum event, but only at the time that somebody looked at the state of the quantum event. In the time before the state of the quantum event is looked at, perhaps "the living and dead cat (pardon
the expression) [are] mixed or smeared out in equal parts."

Reduced Planck's constant
People often use the symbol , which is called "h-bar."  . H-bar is a unit of angular momentum. When this new unit is used to describe the orbits of electrons in atoms, the angular momentum of any electron in orbit is always a whole number.

Example
The particle in a 1-dimensional well is the most simple example showing that the energy of a particle can only have specific values. The energy is said to be "quantized."
The well has zero potential energy inside a range and has infinite potential energy everywhere outside that range. For the 1-dimensional case in the  direction, the time-independent Schrödinger equation can be written as:

Using differential equations, we can figure out that  can be written as

or as
  (by Euler's formula).

The walls of the box mean that the wavefunction must have a special form. The wavefunction of the particle must be zero anytime the walls are infinitely tall.  At each wall:

Consider x = 0
 sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1. To satisfy  the cos term has to be removed. Hence D = 0

Now consider:
 at ,
 If  then  for all x. This solution is not useful.
 therefore  must be true, giving us

We can see that  must be an integer.  This means that the particle can only have special energy values and cannot have the energy values in between.  This is an example of energy "quantization."

Related pages
 Electromagnetic wave
 Electron
 Photon
 Quantum entanglement
 Quantum computer
 Quantum state
 Schrödinger equation

References
 Feynman, Richard, 1985. The Strange Theory of Light and Matter . Princeton University Press.
 McEvoy, J.P. and Oscar Zarate, 1996. Introducing Quantum Theory.  Icon Books.

Notes

More reading

Other websites

 A history of quantum mechanics
 Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki
 Quantum mechanics - Citizendium

Basic physics ideas
Nuclear physics
Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics