DAF Trucks is a Dutch-French truck manufacturing company and a division of Paccar. DAF originally stood for van Doorne's Aanhangwagen Fabriek. Its headquarters and main plant are in Eindhoven. Cabs and axle assemblies are produced at its Westerlo plant in Belgium. Some of the truck models sold with the DAF brand are designed and built by Leyland Trucks at its Leyland plant in the United Kingdom.

History

In 1928, Hubert "Hub" van Doorne founded the company Commanditaire Vennootschap Hub van Doorne's Machinefabriek. His co-founder and investor was A. H. Huenges, managing director of a brewery. Van Doorne had repaired Huenges' car several times, and Huenges, pleased with his work, offered to finance him in business. Hub started to work in a small workshop on the grounds of the brewery.

In 1932, the company, by then run by Hub and his brother, Wim van Doorne, changed its name to Van Doorne's Aanhangwagen Fabriek (Van Doorne's Trailer Factory), abbreviated to DAF. Huenges left the company in 1936 and the DAF company was then completely in the hands of the van Doorne brothers.

DAF developed the Trado conversions to convert 4×2 Ford trucks to an off-road 6×4 drive. One of DAF's few armoured vehicles, the M39 Pantserwagen, used developments of this Trado drivetrain. M39 production came too late for World War II – in the invasion of the Netherlands (1940) only three saw combat.

After World War II luxury cars and trucks were very scarce. This meant a big opportunity for DAF. In 1949, the company started making trucks, trailers and buses, changing its name to Van Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek (Van Doorne's Automobile Factory). The first lorry model was the DAF A30.

Through the 1950s, DAF was a major supplier to the re-equipping of the Dutch Army's softskin vehicles, with models such as the DAF YA-126 and DAF YA-328 'Dikke Daf'. These used the all-wheel drive H-drive developed from the Trado conversions.

In late 1954, Hub van Doorne had the idea to use belt driven continuously variable transmissions, like so many belt-driven machines in factories, to drive road vehicles. In 1955, DAF produced its first draft of a car belt drive system. Over the next few years, the design was developed and refined. In February 1958, DAF demonstrated a small belt-driven four-seater car at the Dutch car show (the AutoRAI).

The public reaction was very positive and 4,000 cars were ordered. In 1959, DAF started selling the world's first car with a continuously variable transmission, the small four seater DAF 600. This was the first of a series of models to be released in subsequent years, including the DAF 33, DAF 44, DAF 55 and DAF 66, all using the innovative Variomatic transmission system.

In 1967, DAF opened a new plant in Born for car production. The 44 was the first model to be produced there.

In 1972, International Harvester of Chicago bought a 33% stake in DAF (with the Dutch government holding 25% and the Van Doorne family holding the remaining 42%), forming a joint venture. This agreement lasted until 1981. DAF sold its passenger car division, along with what is now the Nedcar factory in Born, in 1975 to the Swedish company Volvo Cars, leaving DAF to concentrate on its successful line of trucks.

In 1987, DAF merged with the Leyland Trucks division of Rover Group, and in June 1989 was floated on the Dutch and London Stock Exchanges as DAF NV. The new company traded as Leyland DAF in the United Kingdom, and as DAF elsewhere.

DAF Bus was split off in 1990 to become a part of United Bus. Following difficulties in the British market, After DAF NV was placed under administration in February 1993, the Dutch operations were sold in a management buyout with the business branded DAF Trucks.

In October 1996 Paccar acquired DAF Trucks. DAF Trucks and Leyland Trucks were rejoined in June 1998, when Paccar also acquired Leyland Trucks.
On 9 January 2012, Paccar installed the cornerstone of the new plant in the city of Ponta Grossa, in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

DAF now has a net worth of 1.7 billion dollars

Car business

The first passenger car, the DAF 600, was presented to the public in February 1958. It featured unitary steel construction, with a front mounted, air cooled two cylinder boxer engine driving the rear wheels through a centrifugal clutch and the Variomatic CVT transmission. The way this was constructed eliminated the need for a differential, with the drivebelts taking up the difference of speed in turns.

This acted as a limited slip differential. The car had independent suspension all around, with MacPherson struts and a transverse leaf spring at the front, and a coil sprung semi trailing arm design at the rear. The first 600s rolled off the production line in the following year. The next model was the 750, featuring a larger  twin.

Later, DAF produced a more luxurious type called the Daffodil, divided into three models assigned the numbers DAF 30, DAF 31 and DAF 32. The designation 32 was changed to 33 upon the 1966 release of the 44, a larger middle class vehicle designed by Giovanni Michelotti.

The 44 featured a completely new design aesthetically as well as mechanically, but was of the same layout as the "A types" (the 600, 750, 30, 31, 32 and 33), with the main difference being its  two cylinder engine, and its full swingaxle rear axle design as opposed to the A type semi trailing arms.

The 1968 DAF 55 carried a bigger water cooled  OHV four cylinder engine derived from the Renault 8 Cleon engine. Its body design was altered from the 44 by a new front which accommodated the longer engine and radiator, bigger taillights, and a more plush interior. The front suspension was changed from a transverse leaf spring to MacPherson struts with torsion springs and an antiroll bar.

The DAF 66 was introduced as a successor to the 55. It featured new, boxy styling of the front, and a new rear axle design. The two drive belts now powered a differential, and the axle was changed from a swingaxle design to a leaf sprung de Dion axle. It was a major improvement over the (tricky) handling of the swing axles of the earlier 33, 44 and 55 models.

Volvo purchased a 33 percent stake in DAF in December 1972, with the intent of taking a larger interest. They increased their holdings to 75% on 1 January 1975, taking over the company and the Nedcar plant. Volvo dropped the 33 and 44 models, and later rebadged the DAF 66 as the Volvo 66, with bigger bumpers and a safety steering wheel.

The DAF 46 was developed with Volvo's assistance, and was basically a 44 with the rear axle of a 66 and a single belt Variomatic (half the 66's transmission). A big weakness of this system is that a failed drive belt would cripple the car. The last DAF design, codenamed P900, initially intended to be the DAF 77, was developed during the transition to Volvo ownership and was ultimately launched as the Volvo 300 series in 1976, firstly as the Volvo 343 three door hatchback with the Variomatic transmission.

After initial slow sales, the range was expanded into the 340/360, with a five-door variant and the availability of manual transmission, and the 340/360 range became a sales success, eventually surpassing 1.3 million units by the time production ceased in 1991. The subsequent Volvo 440/460/480 and the first generation S40/V40 models were also made at the Nedcar plant, until Volvo sold its interest to Mitsubishi Motors in 2001, marking the end of Volvo's involvement with the former DAF plant after almost thirty years. Today, the plant is now owned by VDL Nedcar, and contract manufactures certain Mini models for BMW.

Prototypes and special cars
For a small company, DAF made a huge number of prototypes. Also, famous coachbuilders like Giovanni Michelotti and OSI made cars based on DAF mechanicals. For instance, the OSI City Car, which turned into a miniature. There was also Michelotti's "Shellette" beach car, which was later modified to use Fiat 850 underpinnings. The Dutch Royal Family used one of these at their Porto Ercole summer residence.

Truck business

DAF produced its first truck, the A30, in 1949. This truck was upgraded in the following years. Their first attempt into the international market was a failure, the 2000DO. Their next truck was the 1964 2600, which became a big seller with its well equipped but practical cabin. They also produced a so-called torpedo front tractor.

In the 1970s, a new modular tilting cab called the F218 was introduced on the F1600/F2000 range of vehicles. Three years later, the wider F241, which featured DAF's characteristic three wiper windscreen, was introduced as the DAF 2800. This design lasted until the introduction of the 95 style cab in 1987. There was also a lighter, narrower version called the 'F198 which was introduced in 1972 on the F1200 and F1400, but this short lived model was replaced after only three years. In 1984, DAF truck production was 13,645; this increased to 14,382 in calendar year 1985.

DAF was also one of the first to introduce an intercooled turbocharged diesel engine into their trucks, which in these years became very evident with their 3600. Their largest  six cylinder turbodiesel was based on the old Leyland O.680 motor. It was to be DAF's standard large engine long into the nineties.

DAF's 95 series was launched in 1987, and quickly gained the coveted 'Truck of The Year' award. The 95 featured an all new cab developed jointly with ENASA of Spain, a revised version of the 11.6-litre ATI engine, rated at 310, 350, and 380 bhp, and 16 speed ZF Friedrichshafen gearbox. On the Continent Eaton's Twinsplitter gearbox was an option. A full range of axle configurations were offered, to suit every operating requirement.

Much attention was paid to soundproofing; the gearlinkage for example was telescopic, whilst in-cab noise levels on the 95 put many luxury saloons to shame. An update in 1991 saw new power ratings of 329, 364, and 401 Bhp; – a 430 Bhp variant, along with low deck tractor unit models and revised interior trim, were introduced in the spring of 1992.

Two years later, after an intensive study of the ultra long haul market sector, DAF unveiled the 95.500 Super Spacecab at the 1994 RAI show. The 95 series cabin had gained height and length, and sat atop Cummins' 14-litre N14, rated at 507 bhp. ZF's new Aluminium cased 16S221 gearbox was fitted, with optional Intarder. An innovation was the hydraulic gearshift developed with Konsberg of Norway.

Within an overall height of 3.85m, the Super boasted an interior height of 2.25m, a luxury bunk with generous stowage space underneath, and a full range of options included microwave, fridge, and a television/video system. The 95.500 was available as a 4x2 tractor or drawbar rigid, with LHD only, though the Super Spacecab was available on 11.6-litre engined models. The 95.500 is now a very rare truck, which is surprising given the original list price of £87,650.

The basic cab design remains in production to this day, latterly as the 95XF and now the XF105, although both these developments of the original 95 are totally different machines under the skin. Other vehicles in the DAF range have included the inherited from Leyland Trucks Roadrunner (Badged DAF 600, 800, 1000 on the Continent) which evolved into the 45 Series, the cab of which was used on the 18 ton gross 55, also as a military spec 4×4.

An all new medium to heavyweight line up debuted in the end of 1992, the 65, 75 and 85 utilising the same wedge shaped cab. Powered by DAF's ,  and  engines, some novel styling details featured, while the 85 Series' cab sat  higher on the chassis to clear the WS engine.

A short lived model was the 1990 to 1993 80 Series, using the T45 Roadtrain cab acquired from the Leyland Trucks takeover, fitted with the ATI driveline. Also offered for a short period was the 3200, basically a remodelled 2800 with the corporate style, three bar grille.

There is a DAF LF45 hybrid version, which was presented by DAF at the IAA 2010 in Hannover.

Tatra
In August 2011, DAF announced it had built up a 19% stake in Tatra, which will use DAF cabs and Paccar engines. DAF dealers will sell Tatra off-road trucks.

Motorsport

Cars

DAF cars had the image of being slow. The company tried to change this image with entries in rallies and races, such as their entry in the London–Sydney Marathon.

They were pioneers with continuously variable automatic transmission called Variomatic.

A DAF car was used in Albie Mangle's "World Safari" movie of 1977.

Truck racing
1980s: DAF trucks started competing in the Dakar Rally, winning in 1982, 1985 and 1987. In the later years, they competed with a twin engine trucks: the 1986 TurboTwin, the 1987 TurboTwin II and the 1988 X1. The later producing a combined power output of .
1988: Two trucks were entered into the Paris-Dakar rally: the X1 and X2.  Jan de Rooy's lorry was running third overall, beating the Peugeot 405 T16's on speed, when DAF's other lorry, driven by Theo van de Rijt, was involved in a crash. His co driver Kees Van Loevezijn was fatally injured, and the other two occupants of the lorry narrowly escaped the same fate. DAF withdrew from the event following the crash.
1996: DAF started competing in the European Truck Racing Championship series, first not very successful, but by 1999, they almost became champions. Then to everyone's surprise, it withdrew.
2002: DAF competed in the Dakar rally, with Jan de Rooy and his son Gerard.
2003: DAF competed in the Dakar rally, winning numerous stages before Gerard de Rooy crashed.
2004: DAF competed in the Dakar rally, powering six racelorrys. Jan en Gerard de Rooy, the team Tridec, The team Hans Bekx with two trucks and the GINAF Rally Power team (Note that four trucks were built by DAF, two by GINAF).
2005: Hans Bekx almost finished second overall in the lorry division, before being removed from the competition because of an irregularity, much to the surprise of the (mostly Dutch) fans.
2006: Jan and Gerard de Rooy were excluded from the Dakar rally because of paperwork issues.

List of CEOs
1965 - 1990 Richard Nagtegaal
1990 - 2011 Frans Nagtegaal
2011 - present Harry Wolters

Current models

 CF series
 XF series
 LF series
 XG series

See also

 DAF NV
 GINAF
 Leyland Trucks
 Leyland DAF
 Pegaso Troner
 VDL Bus & Coach

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Daf Club Nederland Official Dutch Daf and other variomatic cars owners club
The (official) DAF museum, Eindhoven (site in Dutch) – complete with "DAFeteria" for refreshments
DAF Oldtimer Truck Club website
Classic DAF website
DAF Lorry Information
UKs Largest DAF Dealer Group
Commercial Motor – launch of DAF 95 August 1987

Companies based in Eindhoven
Paccar
Truck manufacturers of the Netherlands
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1928
Volvo Group
Dutch companies established in 1928
Westerlo
Defence companies of the Netherlands

DAF Trucks


Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC) was the founder of  Buddhism. He is best known by the title  the Buddha. The title means "Fully Awakened One". He was born as Prince Siddhartha Gautama in a region of what is now the country Nepal in a Shakya Kingdom in Lumbini.

He is also called Shakyamuni Buddha. This is because he was a member of the Śākyan clan. They were the ruling class of an aristocratic republic in Lumbini.

Early years
In Lumbini, About 2600 years ago, a clan called the Shakyas ruled the city of Kapilavastu.  Siddhartha Gautama was born just outside the city in Lumbini. He was born as Prince Siddhartha Gautama in a Shakya clan. His father was a ruler named Shuddhodana, His mother was named Maya. Maya died when Siddhartha was about 7 days old. His father raised him in a very peaceful way. There were home tutors for him but he was not interested in the outward things that took place at that time. Siddhartha lived in luxury. His father kept trouble and hard work away from him. A seer said that if Siddhartha stayed inside his palace his whole life, he would become a great king. However, if he left the palace, then he would become a great religious leader. The king did not want his son to become a religious leader. He kept Siddhartha in the palace for his entire childhood.

When Siddhartha turned 16 years old, his father found a woman for him to marry. Siddhartha married a woman named Yashodhara. They had a son named Rahula. Siddhartha had everything he could want, but he was not happy. He wanted to learn about life outside his palace.

Legend says that he got out of the castle against the orders of his father. He saw the "Four Great Sights":  They were an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and a holy man with no home.

Siddhartha left his family, his land and everything else at the age of 29. He left to travel to neighbouring country India. He wanted to be a mendicant (a wandering ascetic). In time, he became a religious leader for the people.

Seeking
Many holy men at this time were ascetics. They hurt their bodies for religious reasons. They abstain from certain pleasures so they can get rid of desire. One group of ascetics were called the Jains. They practiced self-denial and made themselves suffer very much. They believed this would free the ātman (soul) from pain and sadness. There were many types of ascetic mendicants (wanderers) throughout the region which would become known as India. Siddhartha tried these ascetic practices and meditation techniques, and eventually became better than his teachers. He still found no answer, so he left his teachers and friends to discover another way. He decided to eat only six grains of rice a day. He tried holding his breath. His body became very thin, like skin and bones, and he nearly died. Still, he had no answer.

Siddhartha began to think again about this path. He recalled sitting under a roseapple tree as a boy, and reaching a profound happy peaceful state. He thought this memory might point to a better way than hurting himself. He accepted a meal of milk-rice so he would have strength to make focussed effort. He found a fig tree (now called the Bodhi tree) and decided to meditate beneath it. He promised himself that he would not leave this spot until he had found enlightenment. He meditated under the tree (some say for 49 days). His mind is said to have become pure, and then--after a total of six years practicing--he became enlightened. He was now the Buddha the Fully Awakened

His life as a Buddha

When the Buddha became enlightened, he found the answer to suffering, and he knew how to defeat suffering. This answer was called the Four Noble Truths. He was not sure if he should teach his new ideas or not. He asked himself if the world was ready for such a deep teaching. But in the end, he decided to travel to a town called Sarnath to teach the people his new way. He taught about the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The people listened to him.

When he taught, he did not pretend to be a god. He said he was just a man who had found the meaning of life (enlightenment), and that any person can also find the meaning of life. For the rest of his life, he walked all over what is now Southern Nepal and parts of India to teach people what he believed. He started a Sangha, which is a group of Buddhist monks and nuns. Many people became enlightened because of him. At the age of 80, after 45 years teaching the Four Noble Truths, Gautama Buddha died.

The life teachings

The teachings of the Buddha are known as Buddhism. Buddhism is mostly about ending the feeling of pain that all people feel inside. Gautama Buddha taught that old age, sickness, death and suffering is a part of everyone's life. He taught that pain is caused by craving. And he showed that there is a way to end craving and end suffering by doing good things, not doing bad things, and training one's mind. When a person is able to perfect these qualities, they will gain enlightenment.

Buddhism teaches non-harm and balance – not going too far one way or the other. The Buddha taught people to meditate while sitting in the lotus position or when standing, sitting, walking, or lying down. The Buddha urged his followers to remember the Teachings, and ask questions. Some Buddhists chant (which was a way to remember and preserve the Teachings). Buddhists sometimes do these things to understand the human heart and mind. Sometimes they do these things to understand the way the world works. Sometimes they do these things to find peace.

The Buddha taught that people should not look to gods to save them or bring them enlightenment. The gods may have power over world events and they might help people, or they might not. But Buddha believed that it is up to each person to become enlightened.

Related pages
 Buddhism
 Seokbosangjeol

References

Other websites

 A page about the Buddha's Life
 A page about the Buddha and Buddhism
 The Buddhist's Resource - A public resource of Buddhist prayers and chants

6th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
Buddhas
Eastern philosophers
Buddhist clergy
Mystics
Deaths from food poisoning

Gautama Buddha


Arturo's Island () is a novel by Italian author Elsa Morante. Published in 1957, it won the Premio Strega.

Plot synopsis
In the novel, Arturo, a small boy, grows up on the island of Procida in the Bay of Naples. The island is the location of a penitentiary. Arturo lives in a gloomy mansion bequeathed to his father. The boy's education comes from books dedicated to male hero worship and chivalry in the mansion's library. Arturo idolizes his dead mother. She died giving birth to him. He worships his tall, blond father, who is often absent. Arturo is a natural athlete who enjoys boating and swimming on the island.

The only creature with whom he can share joy is his dog, Immacolatella. The building of the same name, including its historic fountain, is a famous edifice that stands at the water's edge at the port of Naples. As Arturo's mother died giving birth to him, his beloved dog dies, giving birth to her only litter of pups.

When Arturo is 14, his father brings home a new bride, Nunziatella, a woman only two years older than Arturo. Hearing his parents make love at night disturbs the boy.
Soon Arturo falls in love with Nunziatella, who is attracted to him but rejects his sexual advances. Nunziatella gives birth to a blond child who, for a time, replaces Arturo in her affections. Later, Arturo discovers that his father has fallen in love with a prisoner in the island's penitentiary. In the novel's finale, the convict is released from the penitentiary. Feeling betrayed by his father, Arturo leaves the enchanted island for the mainland.

1957 novels
20th-century Italian novels
Novels set on islands
Novels set in Naples
Strega Prize-winning works
Giulio Einaudi Editore books
1950s LGBT novels

L'isola di Arturo


Wireless security cameras are closed-circuit television  (CCTV) cameras that transmit a video and audio signal to a wireless receiver through a radio band. Many wireless security cameras require at least one cable or wire for power; "wireless" refers to the transmission of video/audio. However, some wireless security cameras are battery-powered, making the cameras truly wireless from top to bottom.

Wireless cameras are proving very popular among modern security consumers due to their low installation costs (there is no need to run expensive video extension cables) and flexible mounting options; wireless cameras can be mounted/installed in locations previously unavailable to standard wired cameras. In addition to the ease of use and convenience of access, wireless security camera allows users to leverage broadband wireless internet to provide seamless video streaming over-internet.

Types

Analog wireless

Analog wireless is the transmission of audio and video signals using radio frequencies. Typically, analog wireless has a transmission range of around  in open space; walls, doors, and furniture will reduce this range.

Analog wireless is found in three frequencies: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Currently, the majority of wireless security cameras operate on the 2.4 GHz frequency. Most household routers, cordless phones, video game controllers, and microwaves operate on the 2.4 GHz frequency and may cause interference with a wireless security camera. The main difference between 2.4 and 5 GHz frequencies is range. 900 MHz is known for its ability to penetrate through barriers like walls and vegetation.

Advantages
 Cost effective: the cost of individual cameras is low
 Multiple receivers per camera: the signal from one camera can be picked up by any receiver; you can have multiple receivers in various locations to create your wireless surveillance network

Disadvantages
 Susceptible to interference from other household devices, such as microwaves, cordless phones, video game controllers, and routers.
 No signal strength indicator: there is no visual alert (like the bars on a cellular phone) indicating the strength of your signal.
 Susceptible to interception: because analog wireless uses a consistent frequency, it is possible for the signals to be picked up by other receivers.
 One-way communication only: it is not possible for the receiver to send signals back to the camera.

Digital wireless cameras

Digital wireless is the transmission of audio and video analog signals encoded as digital packets over high-bandwidth radio frequencies.

Advantages
 Wide transmission range—usually close to 450 feet (open space, clear line of sight between camera and receiver)
 High quality video and audio
 Two-way communication between the camera and the receiver
 Digital signal means you can transmit commands and functions, such as turning lights on and off
 You can connect multiple receivers to one recording device, such as security DVR

Uses and applications

Home security systems
Wireless security cameras are becoming more and more popular in the consumer market, being a cost-effective way to have a comprehensive surveillance system installed in a home or business for an often less expensive price. Wireless cameras are also ideal for people renting homes or apartments. Since there is no need to run video extension cables through walls or ceilings (from the camera to the receiver or recording device) one does not need approval of a landlord to install a wireless security camera system. Additionally, the lack of wiring allows for less mess, avoiding damage to the look of a building.

A wireless security camera is also a great option for seasonal monitoring and surveillance. For example, one can observe a pool or patio.

Barn Cameras
Wireless cameras are also very useful for monitoring outbuildings as wireless signals can be sent from one building to another where it is not possible to run wires due to roads or other obstructions. One common use of these is for watching animals in a barn from a house located on the same property. One such example of this can be seen in this story of one of the first "BarnCam" in the New York Times.

Law enforcement
Wireless security cameras are also used by law enforcement agencies to deter crimes. The cameras can be installed in many remote locations and the video data is transmitted through government-only wireless network. An example of this application is the deployment of hundreds of wireless security cameras by New York City Police Department on lamp posts at many streets throughout the city.

Wireless range
Wireless security cameras function best when there is a clear line of sight between the camera(s) and the receiver. If digital wireless cameras are outdoors and have a clear line of sight, they typically have a range between 250 and 450 feet. If located indoors, the range can be limited to 100 to 150 feet. Cubical walls, drywall, glass, and windows generally do not degrade wireless signal strength. Brick, concrete floors, and walls degrade signal strength. Trees that are in the line of sight of the wireless camera and receiver may also impact signal strength.

The signal range also depends on whether there are competing signals using the same frequency as the camera. For example, signals from cordless phones or routers may affect signal strength. When this happens, the camera image may freeze, or appear "choppy". Typically, the solution is to lock the channel that the wireless router operates on.

See also
Dashcam
Spy Camera

References

Video
Wireless

Wireless security camera


Cry is a studio album by country music legend Lynn Anderson, released in 1972.

This album was based on Lynn Anderson's hit from early 1972, "Cry", which hit No. 3 on the Billboard Country charts, and No. 1 on the Cashbox Country charts. In addition the song also reached No. 71 on the Pop charts, and No. 16 on the Adult Contemporary charts that year. This album shows Anderson's new direction into placing her voice into more pop-oriented songs, including "Cry" (originally a No. 1 pop hit for Johnnie Ray in 1951). After having a No. 1 country and pop hit in late 1970, "(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden", her record company set her records out more for the Pop market, and never looked back. This helped Lynn Anderson gain the biggest success she ever had for a number of years. Thus, this left Anderson from recording the hard country material she recorded for her late 1960s albums under Chart Records.

Husband Glenn Sutton helped produce this album with producing legend, Clive Davis. Most of the songs featured here are pop songs, like the Addrisi Brothers' "We've Got to Get It on Again" and Sonny & Cher's "When You Say Love". With the help of legendary country producer, Billy Sherrill, Sutton wrote some of the songs for this album, some of which had been previously hits for country singers, like Barbara Mandrell's "Tonight My Baby's Coming Home". This album was big-selling album, reaching No. 2 on the "Top Country Albums" chart and No. 114 on the "Billboard 200" albums chart.

Track listing

Personnel
Lynn Anderson – Vocals
Louis Bradley – Engineer
Charlie Bragg – Engineer
The Jordanaires – Background Vocals
Cam Mullins – Arranger
The Nashville Edition – Background Vocals
Glenn Sutton – Arranger

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1972 albums
Lynn Anderson albums
Albums produced by Clive Davis
Albums produced by Glenn Sutton
Columbia Records albums

Cry (Lynn Anderson album)


Induction is one of the main forms of logical reasoning.  The other is deduction.  In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases.  For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.

Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.

Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. If he had stopped there, his name might not be known today. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was an hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.

Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant "instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience". Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question "Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?"  Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known As are B, then probably all As whatever are B".

Criticism

Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:

1. Humans exist.2. Birds also exist.3. Therefore, birds are human.

This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.

References

Other websites
Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:
Vickers, John 2014. The problem of induction. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Logic

Inductive reasoning


Tauge goreng (Indonesian for "fried bean sprouts") is an Indonesian savoury vegetarian dish made of stir-fried tauge (bean sprouts) with slices of tofu, ketupat or lontong rice cake and yellow noodles, served in a spicy oncom-based sauce. Tauge goreng is a specialty of Jakarta and Bogor city, West Java, Indonesia. It is usually sold as street food using pikulan (carrying pole) or gerobak (cart) by street vendors. It is a popular street food in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, and Greater Jakarta areas, including Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.

Ingredients
Tauge goreng is a vegetarian dish, because it contains no elements of animal-based ingredients. The main ingredient is the tauge or mung bean sprouts. Usually the bean sprout are cooked in front of customer using small and simple stove. The bean sprouts are not stir fried in cooking oil, but in small amount of boiling water instead. Then the slices of tofu, yellow noodles, and slices of ketupat or lontong rice cake are added, stir fried, mixed and heated together. Then the savoury and spicy oncom-based sauce is poured upon the cooked ingredients. The oncom-based sauce is made by stir-frying ground oncom in small amount of vegetable oil with spices, including ground galangal, salam leaf (Indonesian bayleaf), slices of tomato, scallion, garlic chives, tauco (fermented soybean paste), kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), key lime juice, and salt.

Oncom is bright orange-colored fermented crushed beans similar to tempeh, but made from different fungi. It is especially popular ingredient in Sundanese cuisine. The oncom-based sauce is also used in Bogor version of laksa, thus their taste are quite similar. The oncom-based sauce giving an earthy nutty flavour to the dish.

Variants

The most popular tauge goreng in Indonesia is the West Javan version, which uses oncom based sauce as mentioned above. However, there are numbers of stir fried beansprouts variants exist in the archipelago.

In Malaysia, there is a similar-named dish called taugeh goreng. However, this Malaysian version is a lot simpler, which only consists of beansprouts stir fried with chopped shallot, garlic and chili in soy sauce. This dish is a simple home cooking, and not sold as a street food in the country.

In Indonesia, this kind of simpler fried beansprout (without lontong rice cake, noodle, oncom and tauco sauce) is usually mixed with diced tofu instead, and it is called gehu, which is abbreviation of taoge and tahu or tumis tahu taoge. It is also a popular simple home cooking, and not a street food.

Another variant of stir fried beansprouts uses ikan asin (salted fish) or teri Medan (Medan's anchovy) to add savoury and salty flavour.

See also

 Laksa
 Ketoprak
 Gado-gado

References

External links
Taoge goreng recipe from Femina (in Indonesian)
Video of how to make Tauge Goreng from Youtube

Betawi cuisine
Sundanese cuisine
Vegetarian dishes of Indonesia
Street food in Indonesia

Tauge goreng


Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce was a Spanish sailor and military man who was Governor of Chile between May 1625 and December 1629.

Biography
A Spanish noble gentleman of El Carpio, in the Province of Cordova and member of an influential family, Luis Fernandez de Cordoba y Arce made his military career in the navy becoming a general of the Navy of the Philippines.  After that he was given a post, by his uncle the Viceroy of Peru, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar.  He was made general of the plaza and presidio of El Collo, one of the major naval bases in the Spanish Pacific at the time.

When the Marquess of Guadalcázar, heard of the death of the Governor of Chile, Pedro Osores de Ulloa, he decided to replace the temporary governor, Francisco de Alava and Nureña.  Nureña was the brother-in-law of the deceased Osores, designated by Osores during his final hours. In order to replace him the viceroy designated as temporary Governor his own nephew Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce, hoping that he would have occasion to display his military skills in the War of Arauco.  He was later confirmed in the position by king Philip III of Spain.

From his arrival in Chile, the governor was immediately in the most urgent situation with the Mapuche toqui Butapichún making frequent incursions into Spanish territory north of the Bio-Bio River.  In order to contain him, the new governor divided the border into two districts; one under the command of its maestre de campo Alonso de Cordova y Figueroa, and the other run by his Sargento Mayor Juan Fernandez Rebolledo.  To each of these commanders he gave a well equipped force, so that as a mobile force it could be used in pursuing Butapichún.  Despite these measures and some lucky blows against the natives, the Malónes of Butapichún continued. He suffered some defeats with the worst being the Battle of Las Cangrejeras.

He also suggested to the king, without success, the transfer of the Real Audiencia of Chile from Santiago to Concepcion.

Sources

Royal Governors of Chile
Spanish generals
Year of death unknown
17th-century Chilean people
Year of birth unknown
People from Campiña Sur (Córdoba)

Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce


Lucius Cestius, surnamed Pius, Latin rhetorician, flourished during the reign of Augustus.

He was a native of Smyrna, a Greek by birth. According to Jerome, he was teaching Latin at Rome in the year 13 BC. He must have been living after AD 9, since, we are told that he taunted the son of Quinctilius Varus with his father's defeat in the Teutoburgian Forest (Seneca the Elder, Controv. i. 3, 10).

Cestius was a man of great ability, but vain, quarrelsome and sarcastic. Before he left Asia, he was invited to dinner by Cicero's son, then governor of the province. His host, being uncertain as to his identity, asked a slave who Cestius was; and on receiving the answer, "he is the man who said your father was illiterate," ordered him to be flogged (Seneca, Suasoriae, vii. 13).

As an orator in the schools Cestius enjoyed a great reputation, and was worshipped by his youthful pupils, one of whom imitated him so slavishly that he was nicknamed "my monkey" by his teacher (Seneca, Controv. ix. 3, 12). As a public orator, on the other hand, he was a failure. Although a Greek, he always used Latin in his declamations, and, although he was sometimes at a loss for Latin words, he never suffered from lack of ideas. Numerous specimens of his declamations will be found in the works of Seneca the rhetorician.

See the monograph De Lucio Cestio Pio, by FG Lindner (1858); J Brzoska in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopädie, iii. 2 (1899); Teuffel-Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Lit. (Eng. tr.), 268, 6; M Schanz, Geschichte der römischen Litteratur, ii.

See also
 Cestia gens

Ancient Roman rhetoricians
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century Romans
Cestii

Lucius Cestius Pius


Rail transport in Central America consists of several isolated railroad lines with freight or passenger service. The most famous one is the Panama Canal Railway, the oldest transcontinental railroad in the world, connecting Panama City with Colón since 1855. Other railroads in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama were built by private and public investors mainly to facilitate the transport of local agricultural produce (bananas, coconuts, coffee) to export markets and harbors. Their market share and profitability went into decline in the second half of the twentieth century and most lines have been decommissioned by the end of the 1990s. As of 2018, railroads operate locally in Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama only; all rail transport has been suspended in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. The railways still operating do not cross national borders.

Belize

There are no operational railroads in Belize. Historically, the major line - Stann Creek Railway  built by the British Honduras Syndicate and later used by the United Fruit - connected Middlesex Estate with Dangriga port along present-day Hummingbird Highway between 1913 and 1937.

Costa Rica

Railroads in Costa Rica are managed by state owned , Incofer, and are of  narrow gauge, the same as Honduras and Nicaragua.

Incofer runs the Interurbano Line around San José and freight trains in the Caribbean for ArcelorMittal operations.

The first railroad in Costa Rica was opened in 1873, running between San José and Alajuela. In 1890, it reached the Atlantic coast in Puerto Limón. The contractor constructing the railroad from San Jose to Limon was Minor Cooper Keith. A concession of land granted to Keith to help compensate him and investors became a component of United Fruit. Construction of a Pacific railroad started in 1897 with the first train reaching Puntarenas in 1910. In 1926, a decision was made to electrify the lines; the first electric train reached Puntarenas in 1930.

The railroad network was damaged during an earthquake in 1991 and operations suspended in 1995. In 2005 Incofer started the Interurbano Line by reconditioning the abandoned lines in the Greater Metropolitan Area.

El Salvador

All rail transport in El Salvador was suspended between October 2002 and 2007, with the exception of a short-lived shuttle passenger train between San Salvador and Soyapango during emergency repairs on a road bridge in 2004 - 2005.

In 2007 a suburban passenger service operated by FENADESAL between San Salvador, Ciudad Delgado and Apopa has been put in service, it runs Monday to Friday a round-trip on early morning and another round-trip during evening peak. Its low fare of $0,10 makes it very popular. During 2008 this train transported 224,727 passengers. However service was again suspended in 2013.

Railroads have been built in El Salvador since 1882 by The Salvador Rail Company Limited (later named FES - Ferrocarril de El Salvador) and United Fruit (IRCA). In 1975, the two companies merged into FENADESAL - Ferrocarriles Nacionales de El Salvador. At present, this agency oversees 554.8 km of disused tracks, connecting major cities and formerly linked to Guatemala railroads at Anguiatú. The railroads in El Salvador were of narrow gauge, , the same as Guatemala. The line from Texis Junction to Santa Ana and Ahuachapán has been dismantled and the soil of it given away to people who lost their houses during an earthquake, today it is probably the longest and narrowest slum.

Official homepage: https://web.archive.org/web/20100306182740/http://www.fenadesal.gob.sv/

Guatemala

Guatemala had  of operating  narrow gauge railroads between Guatemala City and Puerto Barrios, managed by US-based Railroad Development Corporation as Ferrovías Guatemala. They ran regular freight trains and occasional charter steam trains for tourists from 1999 until September 2007, when all operation was suspended following a conflict with the Government of Guatemala. (June 2011) Most of the rail and steel bridges have now been dismantled by thieves meaning there now no possibility that service can be reinstated without millions of dollars' worth of investment in rebuilding it.

Railroads have been built in Guatemala since 1884. In 1912, the network was acquired by United Fruit Company, named IRCA and developed to connect Guatemala City with the Pacific coast (Puerto San José), Atlantic coast (Puerto Barrios), El Salvador (Anguiatú), Mexico (Ciudad Tecún Umán - change of gauges (restored )  / ) and other places. In the 1950s, the railroads went into a decline, resulting in nationalization (1968, new name was FEGUA - Ferrocarriles de Guatemala) and suspension of all services in 1996. In 1997, the government gave a fifty-year concession to the Railroad Development Corporation, which then resumed operations on one line in 1999 and abandoned operation on September 30, 2007.

Apart from this main network, there were two other local railroads - Ferrocarril de Los Altos from Quetzaltenango to Retalhuleu and Ferrocarril Verapaz to the North-West of Lago de Izabal. They were closed in 1933 and 1963, respectively. A light rail system for Guatemala City is in the planning stages.

Honduras

Railroads in Honduras have been built in the northern lowlands (Valle de Sula) since the 1880s by two competing banana growers - United Fruit and Standard Fruit. They never extended to the capital (Tegucigalpa) or to the Pacific coast and never linked to other countries. In 1993, the combined network had 785 km. All railroads in Honduras are  . In 2006, three separate segments operated under the management of FNH - Ferrocarril Nacional de Honduras:
 San Pedro Sula - Puerto Cortes (50 km, freight trains carrying mainly lumber) and occasional passenger trains around San Pedro Sula, for example during carneval and other holidays.
 City rail in La Ceiba (3 km, passenger transport between downtown and a western suburb, Col. Sitramacsa)
 Line between La Unión (a village near La Ceiba) and Parque Nacional Cuero y Salado (9 km, transport of coconuts to a processing plant and of tourists to national park)

Nicaragua

There are no operating railroads in Nicaragua. The majority of lines were closed in 1993, the last one in 2001.

Narrow gauge railroads in Nicaragua have been built since 1878 on the Pacific coast. First was a Western division (from Corinto to Puerto Momotombo at Lake Managua, passengers to Managua had to change to a steamboat), then the Eastern division from Managua to Granada and finally a Central division connecting these two (thus eliminating the need for steamboats). In the following years, several branch lines were built. There were attempts to connect both coasts, but they all failed; except for a few isolated lines in the North, almost all of the network was in the Pacific basin. In 1993, there were 373 km of  narrow gauge tracks in the Pacific region and isolated 3 km of  line at Puerto Cabezas in the Caribbean. Most lines were shut down on December 31, 1993. The last one - 6 km from Chichigalpa to Ing. S. Antonio - was decommissioned in September 2001.

Panama

The only operating railroad in Panama is Panama Railway - the oldest intercontinental railway in the world, connecting Panama City and Colón with passenger and freight trains since 1855. It provided a vital transport link between the eastern United States and California during the mid 19th century and was used for the construction of the Panama Canal. In 1979 the US transferred control of the railroad to Panama; in 1998 it was privatized and since 2000, it runs on . Prior to that it ran on  broad gauge.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the government of Colombia studied the feasibility of additional railroads. Panama Railway was commissioned to estimate the cost of a railroad from Panama City to David, Chiriquí. The cost was however too high and a decision was made to build additional network in Chiriquí Province only. This railroad (Ferrocarril de Chiriquí) was inaugurated on April 23, 1916 with the first train on a steep mountain line from David to Boquete. Additional lines were built subsequently. After 1974 the infrastructure of Chiriquí Railroads has been transferred to Ministry of Public Works (Ministerio de Obras Públicas) and operations were stopped line by line. The last regular passenger service operated twice daily with a railcar between Ciudad David and Puerto Armuelles in about 1984. In the beginning of the 21st century, the tracks of the defunct railroads are being dismantled and reused for construction of bridges in rural areas.

Two separate and distinct tram or streetcar systems operated in Panama City.  The first started service on October 1, 1893 and ended during the Thousand Days' War. The second started in 1913 and operated, with reorganizations and company transferrals, until May 31, 1941.

The Chiriqui Land Co. operated 2 railways systems, one in Puerto Armuelles (Pacific) and in Changuinola to Almirante Port (Caribbean), used to transport bananas and company equipment. The Puerto Armuelles side was shutdown when Chiquita decided return land to the Panamanian government, around 2008 the Changuinola side closed operations and sold railways and diesel-electric engines to a Brazilian company, some of this equipment is now in use in Eastern Africa.

The railway system was impressive, covered from Sixaola to Almirante, including all Changuinola banana farms. In 2010, contracts were awarded for line 1 of a metro system for Panama City.

International
An intercontinental railway was proposed in 1912 to connect North and South America.

The FERISTSA railway was proposed by The Shaw Group in 2010 to connect Mexico with Panama via ports along the way, the group in charge doesn't exist anymore and the plan was discarded.

References

External links

 Unofficial timetables of Central American passenger trains
 Ferrolatino - information on Latin American railroads
 Overview with contact addresses and photos

Rail transport in Central America


Cricket clothing and equipment is regulated by the Laws of Cricket. Cricket clothing, known as cricket whites, or flannels, is slightly loose fitting so as not to restrict players' movements. Use of protective equipment, such as helmets, gloves and pads, is also regulated.

ඇඳුම් සහ ආරක්‍ෂිත ඇඳුම්

 Collared shirt with short or long sleeves depending on the climate or personal preference.
 Long trousers (often white, but stained red in parts from polishing the ball)
 Jumper (a woollen pullover, if necessary). This is usually a vest.
 Jockstrap with cup pocket into which a "box", or protective cup, is inserted and held in place.
 Abdominal guard or "box" or an L Guard for male batsmen and wicket-keepers (often referred to as a cup, box or abdo guard). It is usually constructed from high density plastic with a padded edge, shaped like a hollow half-pear, and inserted into the jockstrap with cup pocket underwear of the batsmen and wicket-keeper. This is used to protect the ballz and dong against impact from the ball.
 Sun hats, cricket cap or baseball cap
 Spiked shoes to increase traction
 Helmet (often with a visor), worn by batsmen and fielders close to the batsman on strike to protect their heads.
 Leg pads, worn by the two batsmen and the wicket-keeper, used to protect the shin bone against impact from the ball. The wicket-keeping pads are slightly different from the batsmen's. Fielders that are fielding in close to the batsmen may wear shin guards (internal) as well.
 Thigh guard, arm guards, chest guard, and elbow guards to protect the body of the batsmen.
 Gloves for batsmen only, thickly padded above the fingers and on the thumb of the hand, to protect against impact from the ball as it is bowled
 Wicket-keeper's gloves for the wicket-keeper. Usually includes webbing between the thumb and index fingers.
 Safety glasses, for wicket-keepers, to prevent damage to the eyes from dislodged bails impacting between the grill and peak of the helmet.

Batsmen are allowed to wear gloves while batting. The batsman can be also caught out if the ball touches the glove instead of the bat, provided the hand is in contact with the bat. This is because the glove is considered to be the extension of the bat. The batsman may also wear protective helmets usually with a visor to protect themselves. Helmets are usually employed when facing fast bowlers. While playing spinners, it might not be employed.

Fielders cannot use gloves to field the ball. If they wilfully use any part of their clothing to field the ball they may be penalised 5 penalty runs to the opposition. If the fielders are fielding close to the batsman, they are allowed to use helmets and leg guards worn under their clothing.

As the wicket-keeper is positioned directly behind the batsman, and therefore has the ball bowled directly at him, he is the only fielder allowed to wear gloves and (external) leg guards.

ආම්පන්න
 Ball – A red, white or pink ball with a cork base, wrapped in twine covered with cork. The ball should have a circumference of  unless it is a children's size.
 Bat – A wooden bat is used. The wood used is from the Kashmir or English willow tree. The bat cannot be more than  long and  wide. Aluminium bats are not allowed. The bat has a long handle and one side has a smooth face.
 Stumps – three upright wooden poles that, together with the bails, form the wicket.
 Bails – two crosspieces made of wood, placed on top of the stumps.
 Sight screen – A screen placed at the boundary known as the sight screen. This is aligned exactly parallel to the width of the pitch and behind both pairs of wickets.
 Boundary – A rope demarcating the perimeter of the field known as the boundary.

මුලාශ්‍ර

ක්‍රිකට් ඇඳුම් සහ උපකරණ


United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American company that transports packages. It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name. It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders.

The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.

UPS Airlines is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

Other websites
 UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

United Parcel Service


Anthony Obi (13 January 1952 – 1 January 2022) was a Nigerian Lieutenant Colonel who served as Military Administrator of Osun State from August 1996 to August 1998, during the military regime of General Sani Abacha.
He then became Military Administrator of Abia State in August 1998, handing over power to the civilian governor Orji Uzor Kalu in May 1999.

Life and career
Obi was born on 13 January 1952. He inherited problems in Osun State with conflict between the Ife and Modakeke people, which periodically erupted into violence. A crisis was triggered when his administration decided to move the local council headquarters from one town to the other.
Anthony Obi set up a Royal Committee to make recommendations on resolving the crisis, and declared a seven-day fasting and prayer program in March 1998 concentrating on peace in Ile-Ife.

During his administration of Osun State he commissioned a water corporation office in Ifetedo, but did not provide adequate water supplies.
When two factions of the union of Local Government Employees began publishing two rival newsletters, Anthony Obi banned them both.

In September 1998, Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Obi told reporters that the 31 members of the Provisional Ruling Council and all 36 state military administrators would declare their assets, in line with General Abdulsalami Abubakar's intention to hand over a clean administration to civilian rulers in May 1999.

As administrator of Abia State, he built Camp Neya, a government retreat and golf course in undulating country in Igbere, commissioned on his last day in power on 28 May 1999.

Obi died on 1 January 2022, at the age of 69.

References

1952 births
2022 deaths
Igbo people
Igbo politicians
Nigerian Roman Catholics
Governors of Abia State
Governors of Osun State
Nigerian Army officers

Anthony Obi


A despatch rider is someone in the army who delivers messages ("despatch" or "dispatch" means "to send someone or something off on a journey").  A despatch rider either rides a horse or a motorcycle.

Despatch riders were used by armies to send messages between headquarters and the fighting soldiers.  They might be delivering reports, but sometimes they took urgent messages which were often secret.  It was a very dangerous job.  Travelling between the lines of fighting armies the despatch rider could easily be blown up by a mine, shot by gunfire, or captured by the enemy.

Despatch riders always used to ride on horseback.  In the 20th century they usually rode motorcycles.  They were used a lot in World War I and even in World War II, although by the end of World War II electronic communications and cryptography had improved so that despatch riders were rarer.

Other websites
 Despatch riders

Army
Horse riding
Motorcycling

Despatch rider


The Autozam Scrum is a microvan an pickup truck selt in Japan bi Mazda.  First part of the company's Autozam marque in 1990, Mazda still sells the Scrum unner its awn name. The Scrum is a re-badged version o the Suzuki Carry.

A passenger caur version cawed the Scrum Wagon wis addit for 2000, while the commercial uise truck an van wur updatit.

The Mazda Scrum uises a 660cc DOHC 3-Cylinder ingine an is available wi 4WD or 2WD. The 4WD version can an aa be switcht atween 4WD an 2WD an haes hie an law gears.

Scrum
Microvans
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Kei trucks

Autozam Scrum


Minsk or Miensk (Мінск (official spelling in Belarus), Менск; Минск ; Mińsk) is the capital and a major city of Belarus. About 2 million people lived in the city as of 2021. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. As a capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the capital of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion. Minsk is built next to the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. The timezone in Minsk is GMT +2.

The oldest mentions of Minsk date back to the 11th century (1067). In 1326 Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received its town privileges in 1499. From 1569 it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland. During 1919–1991 Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian SSR.  In 2019, Minsk hosted the European Games.

Other websites

 Photos of Minsk on GOMINSK.ORG
 Photos on Globus.tut.by
 Weather of Minsk - minsk.the.by

Minsk


Nagarkot () is a former Village Development Committee located 32 km east of Kathmandu, Nepal in Bhaktapur District in Bagmati Province and as of 2015 part of Nagarkot Municipality. At the time of the 2011 census it had a population of 4,571 and had 973 houses in it. At an elevation of 2,195 meters, it is considered one of the most scenic spots in Bhaktapur District. It is known for a sunrise view of the Himalayas including Mount Everest as well as other peaks of the Himalayan range of eastern Nepal. Nagarkot also offers views of the Kathmandu Valley. The scenery of the place makes it a popular hiking route for tourists. It is located approximately 7000 ft (2000 m) above sea level and 28 km from Kathmandu International Airport.

Nagarkot commands one of the broadest views of the Himalayas in the Kathmandu valley (8 Himalayan ranges of Nepal out of 13 from here). The ranges include Annapurna range, Manaslu range, Ganesh himal range, Langtang range, Jugal range, Rolwaling range, Mahalangur range (Everest range) and Numbur range with views of the Kathmandu valley and Shivapuri National Park.

For nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts, there are many hiking opportunities in and around Nagarkot. Among them, Nagarkot eco trail (nature walk) along with Nagarkot panoramic hiking trail is the most popular ones. It is also possible to do paragliding with Everest view in Nagarkot.

Situated in a strategic location, Nagarkot was an ancient fort of the Kathmandu valley built to monitor the external activities of other kingdoms. Later, it became a summer retreat for the royal family before becoming popular as an international hill station.

Climate

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Bhaktapur District
Himalayas
Hill stations in Nepal

Nagarkot


The minimum efficient scale (MES) is the smallest output that an industrial plant (or firm) can produce such that its long run average costs are minimised. The size of MES relative to market demand curve has a strong influence on market structure. It can also be defined as the minimum point in U-shaped long run average cost curve.

Economics

Minimum efficient scale


A capital city, or capital town or capital, is a city or town, specified by law or constitution, by the government of a country, or part of a country, such as a state, province, or county. It usually serves as the location of the government's central meeting place and offices. Most of the country's leaders, embassy and officials work in the capital city. This does not have to be the case though: Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland and Vatican City are examples of countries that do not have a capital city.  Israel said Jerusalem was its capital: Most countries do not recognise this, and most embassies are in Tel Aviv. In Japan, the city of Tokyo, which was the capital, was disbanded in 1943. Today, the 23 city districts (called wards) have the role of capital city. Each district is a city of its own, though. Capital city can also mean a city most famous for something, in this case, Capital of the World is a nickname.

Size
Capitals are usually among the largest cities in their regions and often are the biggest. For example, Montevideo is Uruguay's capital and its biggest city. The capital may also be the most important center of commerce, as in London or Bangkok.

However, a capital is not always the largest city in a country.  For example, the capital of India is New Delhi, which is smaller than Mumbai.

In countries with subdivisions like the United States, the capitals of the federated states are often not the biggest cities.  For example, New York City is the biggest city in the United States and in New York State, but is not the capital of either.  The capital the country is Washington, DC, and the capital of the state is Albany.

An unusual case exists in Canada since the federal capital, Ottawa, is not the largest city in its province, Ontario, which is Toronto.  However, Toronto is the capital of Ontario, so Toronto is a provincial capital but not a federal one.

Number
Some countries have more than one capital for different purposes.  For example, Bolivia has two (Sucre and La Paz) and South Africa has three (Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein).  In a city-state like Singapore, Monaco, and the Vatican City, the capital is the country.

Not all countries have capitals. Nauru is a country that does not officially have a capital, but the district of Yaren, which is where the government is, can be called the de facto capital. Also, although many people consider the city of Bern in Switzerland to be the capital of the country, it is by law not the capital but the "federal city."

Location
Capitals can be in cities that are already there like Athens or Rome, or a new town can be built and made the capital like Canberra and Alexandria. Countries can change capitals from time to time. Several cities have been the capital of China. The United States once had its capital in Philadelphia and later in New York City but moved to the new city of Washington, D.C. in 1800. Rio de Janeiro was the capital of Brazil until the new city of Brasilia was built between 1956 and 1960.

Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland, is the world's northernmost capital city.

Seat of government
Most countries have their seat of government within their capital. However, Malaysia has its capital at Kuala Lumpur, but its seat of government is at Putrajaya. In the Netherlands, the constitution calls Amsterdam the capital, but the seat of government is The Hague.

References

Capital city


The Gambino crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities based in New York City, United States, within the  Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). It was named after Carlo Gambino.

Bosses of the Gambino crime family
 1907–1917 — Pellegrino Morano (Brooklyn Camorra leader, jailed 1917, then deported)
 1916–1928 — Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila (what was left of the Brooklyn Camorra aligned with the D'Aquila group, killed by Joe Masseria October 10 or 28, 1928)
 1928–1930 — Alfred "Al Mineo" Manfredi (killed during Castellammarese War November 5, 1930)
 1930–1931 — Francesco "Frank/Don Cheech" Scalise (demoted after Salvatore Maranzano was killed)
 1931–1951 — Vincenzo "Vincent" Mangano (recognized as the first official boss of the family which would be the Gambino Family, disappeared April 15, 1951, allegedly killed by Albert Anastasia)
 1951–1957 — Albert "Mad Hatter" Anastasia (former head of the infamous death-squad Murder Incorporated, stepped up after Mangano disappeared, killed October 25, 1957, on orders of his Underboss Carlo Gambino)
 1957–1976 — Carlo Gambino (family godfather, seized also the power of the commission and recognized as the most powerful boss during his entire regime from the late 1950s and all the way up to the mid 1970s, died October 15, 1976, of natural causes)
 1974–1976 — Paul "Big Paul" Castellano (acting boss) (Followed orders from his boss, Carlo Gambino, right upon his death in 1976)
 1976–1985 — Paul Castellano (originally a captain and Gambino's brother-in-law who was promoted by Gambino on his death bed, which triggered a small war between two of the family's factions, killed on the orders of rival John Gotti, December 16, 1985)
 1986–2002 — John Gotti (most infamous boss recognized in the media, stepped up with younger regimes, caused great rivalry between him and two other families, jailed from 1990 to 2002, officially recognized boss, died June 10, 2002, while incarcerated)
 1992–1996 — Ruling Committee/Panel (aides to acting boss) Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo 1992-96 (jailed), Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria 1992-96 (jailed), John "Jackie Nose "DAmico 1992-96
 1996–2002 — Ruling Committee/Panel Jackie D'Amico 1996-98 (jailed), Peter "One Eye" Gotti 1996-1999 (promoted), Louis "Big Lou" Vallario 1996-2002, Stephen "Stevie Coogan" Grammauta 1996-2002, Michael "Mikey Scars" DiLeonardo 1996-2002 (jailed 2002, defected November 2002) (Committee/Panel disbanded 2002, with death of longtime Don and Godfather, John Gotti)
 1992–1999 — John A. Gotti Jr. also known as "Junior" Gotti (acting boss) (jailed 1999)
 1999–2002 — Peter "One Eye" Gotti (acting boss)
 2002–2003 — Peter Gotti (recognized as official boss, jailed 2002)
 2002–2005 — Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri (acting boss)
 2005–present — Jackie D'Amico (acting boss),  Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu (acting underboss), Joseph "Jo Jo" Corozzo (consigliere)
 2005–2006 — Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo (possibly the official sitting boss)
 2006–2007 — Nicholas Corozzo (Boss), Jackie D'Amico (street boss/caporegime), Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu (underboss, arrested on violation of his parole, in custody), Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri (acting underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere)
 2007–2008 — Nicholas Corozzo (Boss), Jackie D'Amico (street boss/caporegime), Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria (street boss/caporegime)On strict supervised release until 2008, Arnold Squitieri (acting underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere)
 2008–present — Derek Gualtieri (Boss), Deion Gualtieri (acting boss), Arnold Squitieri (underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere) (present regime-hierarchy 2008)

Current family leaders
 Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo - Capo, former rival of John Gotti and Boss of the Gambino crime family. Brother of Consigliere Joseph Corozzo and the current head of the caporegimes. Named as one of the main defendants in the Operation Old Bridge case, but was tipped off in advance and went for almost four months on the run. Pleaded guilty to enterprise corruption, incarcerated at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) on separate counts of conspiracy to commit murder.
 John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico - Capo, took over the old John Gotti crew in the early 1990s, operated in Queens and Brooklyn with labor racketeering, loansharking, extortion and murder. Currently an alleged Street boss or Acting boss along with the Corozzo brothers. Named as one of the main defendants following the indictments from Operation Old Bridge, he pleaded guilty to an extortion operation at Staten Island and was in August sentenced to 2 years in prison.
 Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri - Underboss, longtime caporegime in the Gambino crime family, used to operate in Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn with drug trafficking during the 1980s. Now he's currently promoted to family Underboss. Squitieri was convicted of drug trafficking, illegal gambling and tax evasion in 2006, and is currently serving just over seven years in prison.
 Joseph "Jo Jo" Corozzo - Current Consigliere and brother of Nicholas Corozzo, with alleged loansharking and illegal gambling operations in Manhattan and Queens. Held his position since 1992 as a former rival of John Gotti. Named in the Operation Old Bridge indictments along with his brother, Corozzo was arrested and put into custody on February 8 and was in August sentenced to 46 months in prison after pleading guilty to a racketeering conspiracy charge.

Current family Capos
 Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo - Capo and Boss of the Gambino crime family. Brother of Consigliere Joseph Corozzo, uncle of Joseph Jr. and the current head of the caporegimes. Became a fugitive for almost four months, currently incarcerated.
 John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico - Capo, took over the old John Gotti crew in the early 1990s, operated in Queens and Brooklyn with labor racketeering, loansharking, extortion and murder. Currently an alleged street boss or acting boss along with the Corozzo brothers. Took a plead deal after the massive roundup of Gambino Family members and is serving a 2-3 year sentence.
 Thomas "Tommy" Gambino - Capo, son of former family godfather Carlo Gambino and nephew to Paul Castellano. Crew originally based in Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan, New York. Controls labor racketeering in the Garment District.
 Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria - Capo, personal right-hand-man for Nicholas Corozzo since early 1970s. Operates in Brooklyn and Manhattan with racketeering and loansharking. Alleged racketeering operations in Florida.
 Francesco "Frank" Cali - Capo, accordingly the official Gambino "ambassador to the Sicilian Mafia", Cali extorted money with Leonard DiMaria from Joseph Volleros trucking company on Staten Island. A major suspect in the drug trafficking between the Sicilian Mafia and the Gambinos, Cali is currently incarcerated.
 Thomas "Tommy Sneakers" Cacciopoli - Capo in the New Jersey faction of the Gambinos.
 Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu - Capo and former Underboss. Born in Italy, Cefalu is the Sicilian faction-leader of the family, along with Anthony Megale. Currently imprisoned on violation of his parole and due to the indictments from Operation Old Bridge.
 Daniel "Danny" Marino - Capo of the Gambinos' Queens faction with labor and construction racketeering operations. A longtime rival of John Gotti, Marino was involved in the murder-conspiracy that killed Frank DeCicco instead of Gotti in 1986.
 Anthony "Sonny" Ciccone - Capo. A legend on the Brooklyn waterfront and dock boss, now serving a long prison sentence.
 Salvatore "Vinny Papa" Ricchiettore - Acting Capo and current dock boss on behalf of Anthony Ciccone on the Brooklyn waterfront. Longtime member of the Gambino crime family.
 George "Butters" DeCicco - Capo and brother of former Gambino Underboss, Frank DeCicco. A loyalist to John Gotti, DeCicco has been operating out of the Staten Island and Brooklyn factions of the family with loansharking since the 1980s. Currently on trial.
 Anthony "Tony Genius" Megale - Capo and co-leader of the Sicilian faction of the family with Domenico Cefalu, Megale was the former acting underboss of the Gambino family after Peter Gotti was sent to prison in 2002. Currently incarcerated.
 Eugene "Gene" Gotti - Capo, imprisoned for drug-trafficking, loansharking, murder and extortion. Brother of John, Peter, Vincent Gotti and Richard. Gene Gotti is serving 50 years in prison, but is in charge of all Gambino family loansharking business in New York.
 Richard "Richie" Gotti - Capo of the Manhattan side. Brother of John, Peter, Gene and Vincent. Controls loansharking, extortion and garbage routes. Waste management consultant in Manhattan.
 Salvatore "Fat Sally" Scala - Capo with extortion, racketeering and loansharking operations based in the Queens faction. Former heroin-trafficker and recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the designated shooters in the murders of Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti.
 Louis "Louie Bracciole" Ricco - Caporegime, controls illegal gambling, loansharking and racketeering in one half of the Bronx, as well as operating out of the New Jersey and Brooklyn factions of the family.
 Salvatore "Tore" LoCascio - Capo - Son of the imprisoned Consigliere, Frank "Frankie Loc" LoCascio. Control of the other half of the Bronx faction. Used to operate within pornography that earned so much as $350 million a year, until he was prosecuted in 2003.
 Ronald "One Armed Ronnie" Trucchio - Capo with control of The Ozone Park Boys, used to operate in Queens with a $30 million-a-year illegal gambling operation. Sentenced to life imprisonment in 2005.
 Stephen "Stevie Coogan" Grammauta - Capo in the Manhattan faction of the Gambino family. Recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the real shooters in the murder of Albert Anastasia in 1957. Reportedly served as acting boss in the "Ruling Panel" from 1996 to 2002.
 Louis "Big Lou" Vallario - Capo, served from 1996 to 2002 as acting boss in the Family's Ruling Committee/Panel. Took over the crew of Sam Gravano in the 1980s. One of the last aides to John Gotti. Controls crew in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn.
 Joseph "Sonny" Juliano - Capo in the Brooklyn faction of the Gambino crime family with illegal gambling, loansharking, fraud and wire fraud activities. Used to manage and operate a multi-million-dollar illegal gambling ring in 30 different locations in New York City.
 Vincent "Vinny the Shrimp" Corrao - Capo with illegal gambling and narcotics operations. Crew originally based in Brooklyn.
 Vincent "Little Vinny" Artuso - Capo with control of the Palm Beach, Florida faction of the Gambino family. Former drug trafficker and recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the four designated shooters in the murder of Paul Castellano in 1985.
 Anthony "Tony Pep" Trentacosta - Caporegime in the South Florida faction of the family. Former friend of John Gotti, used to run a gasoline racket that cost the US government $1 billion in tax dollars during the 1980s.

References

Gambino crime family


Cardiff is hēafodburg þā liġeþ on Ƿēala sūþmestum dǣle.  He is Glamorganes hēafordburg and forþǣm ðe he is sēo mǣste burg on Wēalum secgþ man þe Cardiff is hēafodburg of eallum Wēalla land.

Eald is þēos burg.  Willelm I Engla Cyning timbrode castel hēr and in þǣre castle heald in carcerne Heanrig I Cyning, se wæs Willelmes iengsta sunu, Rodbeart of Normandige his agnum brōdor.

Sēo ceaster sēo man mōt sēo todæg wæs getimbrod be Iohannes Crichton-Stuart, 2. Mearcgerēfa of Būt.  He timbrode nīwu hȳð be Cardiffbyhte þe Coper of his oran be ætbæron on scipum.

Byrig on Glamorgane

Cardiff


Richard Justice  is a columnist for MLB.com.  He used to work for The Baltimore Sun, The Washington Post, The Dallas Morning News and the Houston Chronicle.  Justice is an alumnus of The University of Texas at Austin.

He is also a correspondent for ESPN, and occasionally appears as a guest on their programs Pardon the Interruption and formerly on Classic Now.  He has made five appearances on the program/game show Around the Horn, though he has won only once.  He is also a frequent guest on Tony Kornheiser's podcast.

Following a stint as a weekly contributor to the morning show on Sportsradio 610, Justice hosted his own sports talk program on 1560 AM KGOW ('"The Game").  The show aired M–F at 10:00 am – 12:00 pm. It was cancelled due to a lack of response from the listeners and community as well as bad satellite interruption. He is now featured weekly on each of 1560 AM KGOW's ("The Game") shows on different days and brings additional baseball commentary.

References

External links
 Richard Justice's Sports Blog

Living people
American sportswriters
American columnists
Houston Chronicle people
The Dallas Morning News people
The Washington Post people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Richard Justice (sports journalist)


A punched card is a storage medium. It contains information in the form of holes, that are at precise locations on the card. In the 19th century, punched cards were widely used to control machines, such as looms and for census.  Fairground organs and related instruments still use punched cards, as do some voting machines.

Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine.

Data input

Punched card


Brno  (-Czech, German: Brünn) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region.

There are many historical monuments in the city, for example the Špilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Masaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.

Picture Gallery

Brno


Rock often deforms in such a way that it bends instead of breaking. This is called a fold. The term fold is used in geology when one or a stack of originally flat, level surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of pressure and high temperature. The basic cause is likely to be some aspect of plate tectonics.

When two forces act towards each other from opposite sides, rock layers are bent into folds. How folds are formed due to compression is known as folding. Folding is one of the endogenetic processes; it takes place within the Earth's crust.

Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. They occur singly as isolated folds and in extensive fold trains of different sizes, on a variety of scales. A set of folds distributed on a regional scale constitutes a fold belt, a common feature of orogenic zones.

There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large-scale folds are found mainly along a collision boundary between two tectonic plates.

Structure of a fold
The upfold is called an anticline. The downfold is called a syncline.

The imaginary line joining the highest points along the upfold is called the crest line.

The flanks of a fold are known as the limbs.

The central line from which the rock strata dip away in opposing directions is called the axis of fold.

According to the degree of folding of the layers, folds can be classified into five main types.
 symmetrical fold: two limbs are of equal steepness
 Asymmetrical fold: one limb is steeper than the other
 Overfold: one limb is pushed over the other
 Recumbent fold: two limbs are nearly parallel
 Overthrust fold: compressional force is so great that the rock strata are broken and slide over the other.

Formation of a fold mountain
Large depressions called geosynclines form between plates. Seas filled the geosynclines and rivers flowing into them carried sediments (sand and silt) which build up on the sea bed.
Over millions of years the sediments were compressed, by their own weight, into sedimentary rocks, e.g. sandstone, limestone etc.

Landforms formed by folding

Large-scale folding will develop parallel ranges of round-top mountains along destructive plate boundaries. These mountains are known as fold mountains.

Examples of fold mountain ranges:
 Himalayas
 Alps
 Andes
 Rocky Mountains

Geology

Fold (geology)


Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923. Now, Interpol is the biggest international organization; the United Nations is the second biggest. Some important information about Interpol:

 Present Headquarters: Lyon, France
 Previous Headquarters: Saint Cloud, a town near Paris
 Total members: 195 countries
 Annual expenses: more than 30 million Euros - all member countries share the expenses

History

In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was International Criminal Police Commission (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form.

In October 2018, then-President of Interpol Meng Hongwei was arrested by Chinese authorities after being accused of taking bribes.

Office

The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o'clock in the morning till 5 o'clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals.

Method

Interpol does not take any political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are note below:

 Terrorism
 Organized crime
 Illicit drug production
 Drug trafficking
 Weapons smuggling
 People smuggling
 Money laundering
 Child pornography
 Financial crime
 High-tech crime
 Political corruption

Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance.

Interpol also has collected a large amount of  data about perpetrators and crimes. Such data includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country.

Interpol in culture

 Interpol has attracted attention of writers and movie directors. The organization has been depicted in many books, movies, and TV serials.
 There is a band called Interpol

References

Other websites

 Interpol's official website

International organizations
Law enforcement agencies

Interpol


The End of Education is a book by Neil Postman about public education in the United States.  The use of the word "end" in the title has two meanings: primarily, as a synonym for "purpose", but also as a prediction about the future of public schools if they do not successfully identify and communicate a convincing purpose for their existence within human culture.

Content

Part I

Postman begins by emphasizing the difference between education and schooling: "To the young, schooling seems relentless, but we know it is not. What is relentless is our education, which, for good or ill, gives us no rest. That is why poverty is a great educator. Having no boundaries and refusing to be ignored, it mostly teaches hopelessness. But not always. Politics is also a great educator. Mostly, it teaches, I am afraid, cynicism. But not always. Television is a great educator as well. Mostly it teaches consumerism. But not always." (pg. ix.) Postman believes that schools' primary social function is to create a common culture among citizens through the communication of unifying purpose-giving narratives rather than to simply initiate children into the economy.  "The idea of public education depends absolutely on the existence of shared narratives and the exclusion of narratives that lead to alienation and divisiveness.  What makes public schools public is not so much that the schools have common goals but that the students have common gods.  The reason for this is that public education does not serve a public.  It creates a public." (pg. 17)Furthermore, he feels American education has drifted away from its founding narratives of democracy and Individual rights, replaced by the narratives of economic utility and the belief in technology as the measure of humanity's progress.  Postman believes that the school system's current narratives at best, fail to sufficiently inspire and, all too often, fail to communicate anything at all.  Chief among the failing gods is Economic Utility, the view of school's highest purpose as preparation for the workplace.  "The preparation for making a living... is well served by any decent education." (pg. 32, 33)  "Here it is necessary to say that no reasonable argument can be made against educating the young to be consumers or to think about the kinds of employment that might interest them. But when these are elevated to the status of a metaphysical imperative, we are being told that we have reached the end of our wits—even worse, the limit of our wisdom." (pg. 35,36)

Part II

In the second part of the book, Postman proposes 5 narratives as possible alternatives to the current ones:
 "Spaceship Earth" (the notion of humans as stewards of the planet)
 "The Fallen Angel" (a view of history and the advancement of knowledge as a series of errors and corrections)
 "The American Experiment" (the story of America as a great experiment and as a center of continuous argument)
 "The Laws of Diversity" (the view that difference contributes to increased vitality and excellence, and, ultimately, to a sense of unity)
 "The Word Weavers/The World Makers" (the understanding that the world is created through language — through definitions, questions, and metaphors)

References

External links
Book Review by Scott London
essay by Bradley A. Levinson

Books about education
1995 non-fiction books
Alfred A. Knopf books
Education reform

The End of Education


The Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin is a twin-engined helicopter operated by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) for medevac-capable search and rescue (SAR) and armed Airborne Use of Force missions. It is a variant of the French-built Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin.

Development
The SA366 G1 Dauphin version was selected by the United States Coast Guard in 1979 as its new short range recovery (SRR) air-sea rescue helicopter, replacing the Sikorsky HH-52A Sea Guard. In total 99 helicopters, optimised for the USCG's search and rescue role tasks and given the designation HH-65A Dolphin, were acquired. Unlike the HH-52, the HH-65A is not able to perform water landings. The HH-65 normally carries a crew of four: Pilot, Copilot, Flight Mechanic and Rescue Swimmer.

The Dolphin was manufactured by Aerospatiale Helicopter Corporation (later Airbus Helicopters) and assembled in Grand Prairie, Texas. Lycoming LTS101-750B-2 turboshaft engines were selected, while Rockwell Collins manufactured the HH-65's avionics in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

The HH-65 Dolphin is used for homeland security patrols, cargo, drug interdiction, ice breaking, military readiness, pollution control, and search and rescue missions. The HH-65 is known for its Fenestron tail rotor and its autopilot capabilities, which can complete an unaided approach to the water and bring the aircraft into a stable  hover, or automatically fly search patterns, an ability which allows the crew to engage in other tasks.

In order to comply with U.S. regulations relating to local content (based primarily on the value of individual components of the aircraft), engineering changes were required—notably, the SA365's original Turbomeca Arriel engines were replaced with the LTS101-750B-2, which at the time were required to be American. Unfortunately, initial teething problems with this engine worsened as the HH-65's weight grew, resulting in several in-flight loss-of-power events. The USCG funded a program to improve engine reliability, but the resulting LTS101-850 failed to meet expectations.

In 1994, the USCG therefore held a fast-track competition to select a new engine, and in March 2004 the Guard announced the selection of the Turbomeca Arriel 2C2-CG, already installed on the EC155. This upgrade began in 2004, and has resulted in a safer and more capable aircraft. These modified HH-65As and HH-65Bs, which also gained new avionics and other enhancements, have been designated as HH-65Cs.

Design

The HH-65A's minimum equipment requirements exceeded anything previously packaged into a helicopter weighing less than 10,000 pounds (4,535 kg). Seventy-five percent of the HH-65's structure—including rotorhead, rotor blades and fuselage—consists of corrosion-resistant composite materials.

Also a unique feature of the Dolphin is its computerized flight management system, which integrates state-of-the-art communications and navigation equipment. This system provides automatic flight control. At the pilot's direction, the system will bring the aircraft to a stable hover  above a selected object. This is an important safety feature in darkness or inclement weather. Selected search patterns can be flown automatically, freeing the pilot and copilot to concentrate on sighting & searching the object.

A distinctive feature of the MH-65 is its fenestron ducted-fan anti-torque device. The fenestron consists of 11 blades spinning inside a circular housing at the base of the helicopter's tail fin.

Certified for single-pilot instrument flight rules (IFR) operation, the HH-65A was the first helicopter certified with a four-axis autopilot, allowing for hands-off hover over a pre-determined location.

Operational history
The Dolphin is primarily a Short Range Recovery (SRR) aircraft. There are now a total of 102 Dolphins in the Coast Guard Fleet. The fleet has home ports in 17 cities on the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, and the Great Lakes region.

The Dolphin is usually deployed from shore but it can be deployed from medium and high endurance Coast Guard Cutters, as well as the Polar Icebreakers. The Dolphin's main jobs are: search and rescue, enforcement of laws and treaties (including drug interdiction), polar ice breaking, marine environmental protection including pollution control, and military readiness.

When deployed from an icebreaker, the helicopter acts as the ship's eyes, searching out thinner and more navigable ice channels. They also have the job of airlifting supplies to villages isolated by winter, or transporting scientists to conduct remote research.

The MH-65 is also used to patrol the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) around Washington, D.C., also known as the National Capital Region (NCR). Seven new-build MH-65Cs were acquired for this mission.

Israeli Air Force service
In the early 1980s, the Israeli Navy sought to acquire a purpose-built maritime helicopter to bolster its over-the-horizon detection and targeting capabilities. Several helicopter types were evaluated, including the Westland Lynx and SH-60 Seahawk; in 1983, Israel announced the selection of the HH-65 Dolphin. Seeking a few examples to gain service experience and with limited funding, Israel acquired two used HH-65A developmental test aircraft from the USCG, the first HH-65A pre-production prototype (c/n 6002) and the third prototype (c/n 6005). These were delivered on 4 August 1985 and although owned by the navy, they were operated by the Israeli Air Force.  Initially serving as the maritime flight of 124 Squadron at Palmachim, in June 1987 the IAF formed a dedicated maritime squadron, 193 Squadron, to which the two Dolphins were assigned. On 16 September 1996 one crashed in the Mediterranean, killing the three crew members on board. The remaining helicopter was retired a year later, replaced by the Eurocopter AS565 Panther. The Dolphins were operated by a crew consisting of an IAF Pilot, and IAF mechanic and an IN maritime support officer. First deployed in USCG colors, they were later given a blue and gray color scheme.

Variants

HH-65A Initial USCG version, powered by two  LTS101-750B-2 turboshaft engines and with an  MTOW.

HH-65B Avionics upgrade undertaken on a portion of the fleet. Retrofit included an NVG-compatible integrated flight management avionics suite consisting of two GPS-embedded CDU-900G control display units and two MFD-255 multifunction flat panel displays. The HH-65B upgrade was undertaken at the Coast Guard's Aircraft Repair and Supply Center (ARSC) in Elizabeth City, NC, with the first aircraft rolling-off the post-depot maintenance (PDM) line in March 2001.

HH-65C HH-65A/B upgraded with new  Arriel 2C2-CG engines that provide 40% more power and higher performance, plus an upgraded tail gearbox, long-nose avionics compartment, increased  MTOW, expanded lateral flight envelope and Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display (VEMD) with First Limit Indicator (FLI). First retrofit completed in October 2004.

MH-65C Initially intended only for use by the Multi-Mission Cutter Helicopter (MCH), a further enhancement of the HH-65C within the USCG's Deepwater effort, includes the installation of a 10-blade low-noise Fenestron, relocated avionics, and an Airborne Use of Force (AUF) package (in common with that of the modernized HH-60T) which provides the capability to fire warning and disabling shots from the air. The MH-65C is used in AUF missions, such as the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron (HITRON) mission taken up by the MH-65C in early 2008. AUF aircraft are armed with the Barrett M107CQ 12.7 mm anti-materiel rifle and M240G 7.62 mm machine gun.  The helicopter can also be used for counter terrorism.

MH-65D MH-65C with an upgraded flight navigation system common to Department of Defense helicopters.  The first production MH-65D was completed on 20 January 2011 and is fitted with a Honeywell HG7502 radar altimeter, two Honeywell H-764G EGI's (embedded GPS/inertial navigation systems) and two control display units CDU-7000D from Rockwell Collins. 97 HH/MH-65Cs will be upgraded to MH-65D standard.

MH-65E The MH-65E will incorporate upgrades that will modernize the cockpit by installing digital "glass" cockpit instruments, known as the Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) from Collins Aerospace, similar to those installed in the Coast Guard's upgraded MH-60T Jayhawk Medium Range Recovery (MRR) helicopters. The Echo upgrade will also replace the legacy analog automatic flight control with a digital system, and installing a digital weather radar system. The MH-65E model is expected to begin to be delivered to the fleet in 2017.

Operators

 Israeli Air Force
 124 Squadron (Israel) – Palmachim Airbase (initial assignment)
 193 Squadron (Israel) – Ramat David Airbase or Palmachim Airbase

 United States Coast Guard
 CGAS Atlantic City
 Coast Guard ATC
 CGAS Barbers Point
 CGAS Corpus Christi
 CGAS Detroit
 CGAS Houston
 CGAS Humboldt Bay
 CGAS Kodiak
 CGAS Miami
 CGAS North Bend
 CGAS Port Angeles
 CGAS San Francisco
 CGAS Savannah
Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron

Specifications (MH-65C)

See also

References

External links

 HH-65 Depot Maintenance page  and Flight Training page on CoastGuardchannel.com
 Fatal Coast Guard crashes on check-six.com

Aérospatiale aircraft
Airbus Helicopters aircraft
Fantail helicopters
Military helicopters
Search and rescue helicopters
1980s United States helicopters
Twin-turbine helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1980

Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin


The accusative case is the grammatical case which marks the direct object of a transitive verb. This is best explained with examples:

Forms
In the sentence "He sees the woman", "he" is the subject of the sentence. In the sentence "The woman sees him", "him" is the object.

English
So, in English we use different forms of the pronoun: he/him. "Him" would be the accusative case. If we use a noun, there is no difference in English. We use the same word "man": The man sees the woman and The woman sees the man.

In many languages different forms of the word are used, depending on what function it has in the sentence - subject or object.

Latin
For example, in Latin. "The man sees the woman" = "Vir feminam videt", while "The woman sees the man" = "Femina virum videt". For "man", Latin uses "vir" for the subject, and "virum" for the object. Also, in the same sentences, we have "femina" for a subject and "feminam" for object. The form used for the direct object ("him", "virum", "feminam") is known as the "accusative case", while the form used for the subject ("he", "vir", "femina") is known as the nominative case.

German
In some languages, like German, the accusative case is applied to the definite article and not to the noun. In German, "the car" as the subject of a sentence may be "der Wagen". This is the form in the nominative case. When "the car" is used as the object in a sentence, it becomes "den Wagen", the accusative.

Grammar

Accusative case