Arnold Henry Guyot ( ) (September 28, 1807February 8, 1884) was a Swiss-American geologist and geographer. The guyot was named after him.

Early life
Guyot was born on September 28, 1807 at Boudevilliers, near Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He schooled at the college of Neuchâtel, Chaux-de-Fonds. In 1825, he traveled to Germany and lived in Karlsruhe where he met Louis Agassiz. From Karlsruhe he moved to Stuttgart, where he studied at the gymnasium. He returned to Neuchâtel in 1827. He determined to enter the ministry and started at the University of Berlin to attend lectures. While in college, he also attended lectures on philosophy and natural science. His leisure time was spent in collecting shells and plants, and he received an entrée to the Berlin Botanical Garden from Humboldt. In 1835, he received the degree of PhD from Berlin.

Works
In 1838, his friend, Agassiz, suggested that he visited the Swiss glaciers. He visited the Swiss glaciers and communicated the results of his six-week investigation to the Geological Society of France. He was the first to point out certain important observations relating to glacial motion and structure. He also noted the more rapid flow of the center than of the sides, and the more rapid flow of the top than of the bottom of glaciers; described the laminated or ribboned structure of the glacial ice; and ascribed the movement of glaciers to a gradual molecular displacement rather than to a sliding of the ice mass as held by de Saussure. He also went on to collect important data concerning erratic boulders.

In 1839, he became the colleague of Agassiz as professor of history and physical geography at the College of Neuchâtel (a.k.a. Neuchâtel Academy). When the institution got suspended in 1848, Guyot travelled to the United States, where he settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He delivered lectures for a course at the Lowell Institute which were later published as Earth and Man (Boston 1849). For several years the Massachusetts Board of Education employed him as a lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers' institutes.

He was occupied with this work until in 1854, when he was appointed professor of physical geography and geology at Princeton University. This was his office until his death. He was also for several years lecturer on physical geography in the State Normal School in Trenton, New Jersey, and from 1861 to 1866 lecturer in the Princeton Theological Seminary. He also gave courses in the Union Theological Seminary, New York, and at Columbia College. He founded the museum at Princeton, many of the specimens of which are from his own collections.

His scientific work in the United States included the perfection of plans for a national system of meteorological observations. Most of these were conducted under the Smithsonian Institution. His extensive meteorological observations led to the establishment of the United States Weather Bureau, and his Meteorological and Physical Tables (1852, revised ed. 1884) were long standard.

A guyot, also known as a tablemount, is an isolated underwater volcanic  mountain (seamount), with a flat top over 200 metres (660 feet) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can be more than . The term "guyot" was coined by Harry Hammond Hess and named after Arnold Guyot.

Guyot rejected Darwin's theory of human evolution and, at the same time, he accepted Hugh Miller's views on the book of Genesis, thinking that the days described there might have taken a longer period of time. Scientist James Dwight Dana described Guyot as "a fervently religious man, living as if ever in communion with his Heavenly Parent; a Christian, following closely in the footsteps of his Master."

Related pages
 Guyot — a flat-topped seamount

References

1807 births
1884 deaths
American geologists
American geographers
People from Neuchâtel

Arnold Henry Guyot


A dam is a barrier that impoonds watter or unnergrund streams. Reservoirs creatit bi dams nae anly suppress fluids but an aa provide watter for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial uise, aquacultur, an navigability. Hydropouer is eften uised in conjunction wi dams tae generate electricity. A dam can an aa be used tae collect watter or for storage o watter which can be evenly distributit atween locations. Dams generally serve the primar purpose o reteenin water, while ither structurs such as fluidgates or levees are uised tae manage or prevent watter flowe intae speceefic laund regions.

Barrages (dam)

Hydraulic structurs

Dam


Technocracy is a government by scientific method and controlled by technical people. These people include engineers, (who make, build, and maintain engines, machines, public works, and other technologies). "Technocrats" want to improve social and political problems based on technical and "scientific" (technological) solutions. They promise to help solve these problems concerning industries (big business), trade, and how to create and distribute wealth using scientific management. A method of study that uses time and motion to work out the most efficient ways to do something, mainly repeated, routine motions. The man that made the theory of Scientific Management was named Frederick W. Taylor.

However, Scientific Management was still trying to fix social and political problems with technical solutions. Many of the technological solutions may have solved one problem, while creating many more. Technocrats believed that management could replace politics. Administration is based on the application of rules that make certain outcomes, there are too many different points of view for the management approach to work.

Related pages
Meritocracy

Forms of government

Technocracy


Barghest, Bargtjest or Bargest is the name gien in the north o Ingland, speicially in Yorkshire, tae a meethical monstrous boodie-dug wi great muckle teeth an cleuks.

The ghaist-hoond unner sindry names is weel-kent in fowklair:

 The Wirricowe o Tedworth, the Black Dug o Winchester an the Padfuit o Wakefield aw shared the chairactereestics o the Barghest o York.

In Wales its coonterpairt wis Gwyllgi, the Dug o Mirk, a frichtsome wraith o a mastiff wi balefu braith an bleizin reid een. A Welsh variant is the Cwn Annwn, or dugs o hell.

In Lancashire the ghaist-hoond is cried Trash or Striker.

In Cambridgeshire an on the Norfolk coast it's kent as Black Shuck or Shock.

In the Inch o Man it is stylt Mauthe Dug. Fowk believes that onybody that sees the dug clearly will dee eenou efter the encoonter. It is mentiont bi Sir Walter Scott in The Lay o the Last Minstrel--
"For he wis speechless, ghastly, wan
Like him o whom the Storie ran
Who spoke the spectre hoond in Man."

In Jersey fowklair, the Black Dug o Dth is cried the Tchico, but a sib belief in the Tchian d'Bouôlé (Black Dug o Bouley) tells o a phanton dug that's kythin presages storms. The story is believed tae hae been fordert bi smugglers that socht tae discourage muinlicht flittins bi fowk that micht witness the flittin o contraband.

The barghest wis foremaist a nicht ghaist, an its kythin wis regairdit as a portent o daith. Its Welsh furm is nithert tae the sea-coast pairishes, an on the Norfolk coast the craitur is jaloused tae be ampheebious, comin oot the sea bi nicht an traivellin aboot the lanely loanins.

The derivation o the wird barghest is threapit ower. Ghaist in the north o Ingland is pronounced guest, an the name is thocht tae be burh-ghest, toun-ghaist. ihers expone it as German Berg-geisl, muntain wirricowe, or Bar-geist, beir-wirricowe, in allusion tae its leged appearance at times as a beir. The barghest haes a kinsman in the Rongeur d'Os o Norman fowklair.

References
Wirt Sikes, Breetish Goblins (1880); Notes and Queries, foremaist series, ii. 51;
Joseph Ritson, Fairy Tales (Lond. 1831), p. 58;
Lancashire Fowklair (1867);
Joseph Lucas, Studies in Nidderdale (Pateley Bridge, 1882).

Northumbrian fowklair beins
Northumbrian fowklair
Inglis leegendar craiturs
Meethological dugs
Elfs
Inglis ghaists

Barghest


George Irving Shirley (born April 18, 1934) is an American operatic tenor, and was the first African-American tenor to perform a leading role at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.

Early life
Shirley was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He earned a bachelor's degree in music education from Wayne State University in 1955 and then was drafted into the Army, where he became the first Black member of the United States Army Chorus. He was also the first African American hired to teach music in Detroit high schools.

Career
After continuing voice studies with Therny Georgi, he moved to New York and began his professional career as a singer. His debut was with a small opera group in Woodstock as Eisenstein in Strauss's Die Fledermaus in 1959, and his European debut in Italy as Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème. In 1960, at 26, he won a National Arts Club scholarship competition, and the following April he was the first Black singer to win the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions scholarship competition. Shirley is the first Black tenor and the second Black male to sing leading roles for the Metropolitan Opera. He sang there for 11 seasons.

Shirley has also appeared at The Royal Opera, London; the Deutsche Oper Berlin; the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires; the Dutch National Opera in Amsterdam; Opéra de Monte-Carlo; the New York City Opera; the Scottish Opera; the Lyric Opera of Chicago; the Washington National Opera; the Michigan Opera Theatre; the San Francisco Opera; and the Santa Fe Opera and Glyndebourne Festival summer seasons, as well as with numerous orchestras in the United States and Europe. He has sung more than 80 roles.

He was on the faculty of the University of Maryland from 1980 to 1987, when he moved to the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, where he was Director of the Vocal Arts Division. He currently serves as the Joseph Edgar Maddy Distinguished University Professor of Music, and still maintains a studio at the school.

Awards and recognition
In 1968, Shirley won a Grammy Award for his performance in the role Ferrando in the RCA recording of Mozart's Così fan tutte. He has three times been a master teacher in the National Association of Teachers of Singing Intern Program for Young NATS Teachers, and taught dozens of up-and-coming vocalists for ten years at the Aspen Music Festival and School. Shirley produced a series of programs for WQXR-FM radio in New York on Classical Music and the Afro-American and hosted a four-program series on WETA-FM radio in Washington, D.C. called Unheard, Unsung. Shirley has been awarded honorary degrees by Wilberforce University, Montclair State College, Lake Forest College, and the University of Northern Iowa. He is a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. In 2013, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, of which he is a member, named him a Signature Sinfonian, an award recognizing exceptional accomplishment in the fraternity member's chosen field. One his highest honors came in 2015 when Mr. Shirley received the National Medal of Arts, bestowed upon him by US President Barack Obama. The following year in 2016, he was a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award during the National Opera Association's annual convention. Shirley was presented with the William Warfield Legacy Award in  2019 for his dedication to the advancement of African  American classical vocalists and the legacy of William Warfield.

Discography

[Composer: work (other singers; ensembles; conductor), label, recording or publication date.]

 Cherubini: Mass in D minor (Patricia Wells, Maureen Forrester, Justino Díaz; chorus and orchestra of the Clarion Concerts; Newell Jenkins), Vanguard, 1971
Debussy: Pélléas et Mélisande (Elisabeth Söderström, Yvonne Minton, Donald McIntyre, David Ward; chorus and orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden; Pierre Boulez), Columbia Records (CBS), December 1969 and January 1970
 Handel: Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (Gwendolyn Bradley; Boys Choir of Harlem, Orchestra of St. Luke's; Walter Turnbull),  127th Street Records, June 1986
 Haydn: Orlando paladino (Arleen Auger, Elly Ameling, Gwendolyn Killebrew, Claes Ahnsjö, Benjamin Luxon, Domenico Trimarchi; Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne; Antal Doráti), Philips Records, June 1976
 Mozart: Così fan tutte (Leontyne Price, Tatiana Troyanos, Judith Raskin, Sherrill Milnes, Ezio Flagello; Ambrosian Opera Chorus; New Philharmonia Orchestra; Erich Leinsdorf) RCA, 1967
 Mozart: Idomeneo (Margherita Rinaldii, Pauline Tinsley, Ryland Davies, Robert Tear; BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus; Colin Davis) Philips, 1968
 Mozart: Requiem (Edith Mathis, Grace Bumbry, Marius Rintzler; New Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus; Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos) HMV & other labels, (P) 1968
 Rachmaninov: The Bells (Phyllis Curtin, Michael Devlin; Temple University Concert Choir; Philadelphia Orchestra; Eugene Ormandy) RCA, March 24, 1973
 R. Strauss: Friedenstag (Alessandra Marc, Roger Roloff, William Wilderman; New York City Gay Men's Chorus; Collegiate Chorale and Orchestra; Robert Bass) Koch, live, Carnegie Hall, November 19, 1989
 Stravinsky: Oedipus rex (Shirley Verrett, Loren Driscoll, Donald Gramm, John Reardon, Chester Watson; John Westbrook, narrator; chorus and orchestra of the Washington Opera Society; Igor Stravinsky), Columbia Records (CBS), January 20, 1961
 Stravinsky: Pulcinella (Irene Jordan, Donald Gramm; Columbia Symphony Orchestra; Igor Stravinsky), Columbia Records (CBS), August 23, 1965
 Stravinsky: Renard (Loren Driscoll, Donald Gramm, William Murphy; Columbia Chamber Ensemble, Igor Stravinsky) Columbia Records (CBS), January 26, 1962

References

External links
 Klaus Ulrich Spiegel: "Bin ich ein Gott?" – George Shirley. Der wissende Sänger
George Shirley interview by Bruce Duffie
George Shirley WQXR Radio program Classical Music and the Afro-American at the WNYC Archives

1934 births
20th-century African-American male singers
20th-century American male opera singers
African-American male opera singers
American operatic tenors
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Musicians from Indianapolis
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Wayne State University alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
Singers from Detroit
Singers from Indiana
Classical musicians from Michigan

George Shirley


Henry Horatio Wells (September 17, 1823February 12, 1900), a Michigan lawyer and Union Army officer in the American Civil War, succeeded Francis Harrison Pierpont as the appointed provisional governor of Virginia from 1868 to 1869 during Reconstruction. A Radical Republican labeled a carpetbagger, Wells was defeated for election in 1869 by Gilbert C. Walker, who also became his appointed successor. Wells then served as U.S. Attorney for Virginia and later for the District of Columbia.

Early and family life

Henry Wells was born in Rochester, New York and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He attended Romeo Academy, then read law with Theodore Romeyn.

In 1848 Wells married Millicent Hunt of Detroit, with whom he had a son and a daughter before she died after giving birth to that short-lived daughter in 1852. In 1854, Wells married Phoebe Higby, and they had a daughter.

Michigan legal and political career

Wells was admitted to the Michigan bar circa 1846. In his private legal practice, Wells defended men accused of assisting fugitive slaves.

Wells joined the new Republican Party and ran for office. Voters later elected Wells to the Michigan House of Representatives. He served one term (1854–1856) and advocated temperance, free public schools, abolition of slavery, and extending civil and political rights to African Americans.

Military career

During the American Civil War, Wells received a commission as a major in the 26th Michigan Infantry and was soon promoted to lieutenant colonel. His unit was assigned to Alexandria, Virginia to occupy that city in the controlled part of the Union Army of Virginia. As provost marshal since February 1863 (and full colonel as of March 30, 1864), Wells led military police in Alexandria, and soon supervised law enforcement in all Union-controlled territory south of the Potomac River.

Francis Harrison Pierpont (who had helped establish West Virginia in 1861) was appointed governor of Union-controlled portions of Virginia during the war and made Alexandria his headquarters. Fellow abolitionist John Curtiss Underwood became the U.S. District Judge stationed in Alexandria.

After President Abraham Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, Wells played an important role in pursuing and apprehending the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, in a barn in Caroline County, Virginia. Wells had interrogated Dr. Samuel Mudd, which had led to the crucial tip. He was also associated with the proceedings before Judge Underwood in which the captured Jefferson Davis was charged with treason (although that prosecution was later quashed). Wells received a promotion to brevet brigadier general in May 1865.

On May 9, 1865, Virginia's Confederate Governor General William Smith was arrested, and President Andrew Johnson appointed Pierpont as Virginia's provisional governor. Pierpont moved the state government's seat back to Richmond but became unpopular. In 1864, Pierpont called a constitutional convention in Alexandria that abolished slavery. That constitution was thus temporarily extended to the entire state until a new constitution (without the slavery provisions in Virginia's Constitution of 1850) could be drafted and adopted.

Political career

After ending his military service on September 21, 1865, Wells resumed private legal practice. He remained in Alexandria and was active in the Alexandria Canal Company, and then the Alexandria Canal, Railroad, and Bridge Company, which constructed a canal in what became Arlington, Virginia and bridge to Georgetown (Washington, D.C.). He associated with Judge Underwood and local Alexandria attorney S. Ferguson Beach, who held Radical Republican views. Wells firmly supported recognizing the civil rights of African Americans.

In 1866, the Radical Republicans in Congress won large majorities and soon took charge. They closed down the state's civilian government and put Virginia (and nine other former Confederate states) under military rule. Virginia was administered as the "First Military District" in 1867–69 under General John Schofield. Schofield oversaw the transition to civilian rule after Virginia's voters (including freedmen) selected delegates to write a constitution to succeed the 1864 document (and the 1850 Virginia Constitution, which explicitly recognized and permitted slavery). The convention (which included 20 African American delegates) began meeting on December 3, 1867. Delegates elected Judge Underwood their president, and Rev. James W. Hunnicutt to head the committee on suffrage. Wells and Hunnicutt wanted to protect Black voting rights and disenfranchise Confederate veterans and sympathizers.

Other Virginians, who had previously been politically active and supported the Confederate government, met in December 1867. Led by Alexander H.H. Stuart of Staunton, they established the Conservative Party of Virginia to oppose whatever the Underwood Convention proposed. Another opposition leader was William Mahone (1826–1895), a railroad president and former Confederate general who said it was time for a New Departure for the state's Conservative Party (it merged with the Democratic party in 1883). Nonetheless, whites had to accept the results of the war, including civil rights and the vote for freedmen.

Governor Pierpont had become unpopular with all sides. On April 4, 1868, General Schofield removed him and appointed his friend Wells in his place. On May 6 and 7, 1868, Virginia's Republican convention nominated Wells for governor on a ticket with James H. Clements for lieutenant governor and Thomas R. Bowden for attorney general. The Conservatives nominated Robert E. Withers. However, the new constitution needed to be ratified before such an election could be held, and the provisions disenfranchising former Confederates were controversial. General Schofield postponed the scheduled June 2, 1868 ratification vote.

On Christmas Day, 1868, both Richmond newspapers published a letter from Stuart advocating "universal amnesty". General Ulysses S. Grant and influential Republican Congressmen had met with Virginia's Conservative leaders (including the Committee of Nine formed about a week after Stuart's letter), as well as Wells and his allies, and Gilbert C. Walker (another former Northerner turned Norfolk businessman) and Franklin Stearns of Richmond). Grant intervened and supported Schofield in protecting the voting rights of Confederate veterans. The multiple federally supervised Virginia elections in 1869 thus included a vote on the new state constitution, a separate one on its disfranchisement clause that would have stripped the vote from most former Confederates, and a separate vote for state officials.

Republicans again nominated Wells for Virginia's governor in March 1869 on a ticket with Black physician J.D. Harris for lieutenant governor. However, in the 1869 on July 6, 1869, voters selected Gilbert C. Walker, who had support from both Mahone's "True Republicans" and the Conservatives, by a vote of 119,535 to 101,204. Voters also resoundingly rejected the Confederate disfranchisement clause. Thus, Virginia became the only Southern state not to have a civilian Radical government during Reconstruction.

Wells gave up his office on September 21, 1869, and Schofield appointed Walker his successor until the newly elected governor's swearing-in on January 1, 1870.

Later career
Wells sought a federal judgeship but was unsuccessful. As an attorney with former governor Henry A. Wise (who had opposed Negro suffrage) in the April 1870 trial to decide whether George Chahoon or Henry K. Ellyson had become Richmond's mayor, Wells was among 300 people in attendance at the Court of Appeals session in Richmond on April 27, 1870. An overcrowded balcony collapsed, as did the courtroom's floor, which both fell into the hall of the Virginia House of Delegates. About 60 people died, and over a hundred people sustained serious injuries. Wells suffered several broken ribs.

President Grant nominated Wells as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. On May 28, 1870, the Senate approved Wells' nomination, and he served until 1872.

Wells then moved to Washington, D.C., and resumed private legal practice. He served as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from September 1875 until January 1880. He then continued a private legal practice with his son Henry Hunt Wells, who had been his deputy U.S. Attorney, but who died in early 1894. Meanwhile, Wells had helped found the American Bar Association in 1878.

Death and legacy
Wells finally retired in 1895, after his wife Phoebe Higby Wells had died on July 20, 1893, and his health was failing. At some point, he traveled to what later became known as Hawaii and may have accompanied a friend on an around-the-world trip.

On February 12, 1900, Wells died in his daughter's home in Palmyra, New York. He was buried beside his wife in the Rock Creek Cemetery, located in Washington, D.C. The Library of Virginia has many of his papers.

See also
Lowe, Richard. Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1865–70 (1991)
 Maddex Jr., Jack P. The Virginia Conservatives, 1867–1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics (1970).
 Robert Sobel and John Raimo (ed.): Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978. Volume 4, Meckler Books, Westport, 1978. 4 volumes.

References

1823 births
1900 deaths
Governors of Virginia
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Virginia Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Republican Party governors of Virginia
Politicians from Rochester, New York
Politicians from Richmond, Virginia
People from Palmyra, New York
19th-century American politicians
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Virginia
United States Attorneys for the District of Columbia
Lawyers from Richmond, Virginia
Lawyers from Rochester, New York
19th-century American lawyers
Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery

Henry H. Wells


A Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) is a standard undergraduate degree for students for pursuing a professional education in the visual, fine or performing arts. It is also called Bachelor of Visual Arts (BVA) in some cases.

Background
The Bachelor of Fine Arts degree differs from a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in that the majority of the program consists of a practical studio component, as contrasted with lecture and discussion classes.

A Bachelor of Fine Arts degree will often require an area of specialty such as acting, architecture, musical theatre, game design, animation, ceramics, computer animation, creative writing, dance, dramatic writing, drawing, fashion design, fiber, film production, graphic design, illustration, industrial design, interior design, metalworking, music, new media, painting, photography, printmaking, sculpture, stage management, technical arts, television production, visual arts, or visual effects. Some schools instead give their students a broad education in many disciplines of the arts.

Although a Bachelor of Fine Arts is traditionally considered a four-year degree, a BFA program may take shorter or longer to complete because of the amount of studio course work required. After completing this degree, the learner may acquire postgraduate degree; Master of Fine Arts.

BFA in countries

United States
A typical BFA program in the United States consists of two-thirds study in the arts, with one-third in more general liberal arts studies. For a BA in Art, the ratio might be reversed. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), which accredits Bachelor's of Fine Arts programs in visual art and design in the United States, states that "the professional degree (BFA) focuses on intensive work in the visual arts supported by a program of general studies," whereas "the liberal arts degree (BA) focuses on art and design in the context of a broad program of general studies."

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, BA Fine Arts is equivalent to BFA. Specific degrees such as the Bachelor of Dance or Bachelor of Drama are used by some performing arts institutions in Australia, the US, and much of Europe.

India
In India, a Fine Arts undergraduate degree may also be known as BVA (Bachelor of Visual Arts). It is usually a four-year program in which the first year is preparatory session. By the second year, learners have a specialization such as Painting, Photography and more. However, some institutions have 3 year curriculum in which students are already opted for their specialization. Specializations such as Acting, Dancing, Singing, etc. would come under Bachelor of Performing Arts (BPA).

In some countries such a degree (BFA) is called a Bachelor of Creative Arts (BCA).

See also
 Fine art
 Master of Fine Arts
 Undergraduate Degree
 Photography
 Visual Arts
 Performing Arts

References

External links
 NASAD official website

Fine Arts, Bachelor
Performing arts education
Visual arts education

Bachelor of Fine Arts


Events
 Sigismund, the future Holy Roman Emperor and husband of Queen Mary of Hungary, orders the murder of his mother-in-law, Elizabeta Kotromanic, and declares himself joint ruler of Hungary.
 Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia and appoints three puppet rulers.
 Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire but has to soon after withdraw due to heavy snow.
 August 23 – Death of Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark and claimant to the throne of Sweden. The vacant thrones come under the regency of his mother Margaret I of Denmark who would soon become Queen in her own right.
 December 19 – Battle of Radcot Bridge: forces loyal to Richard II of England defeated by a group of rebellious barons known as the Lords Appellant. Richard II is imprisoned until he agrees replace all the councillors in his court.
 Geoffrey Chaucer begins writing The Canterbury Tales.
 Battle of Castagnaro between the Italian cities of Verona and Padua. Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi led Verona.
 Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre after the death of his father, Charles II.
 John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castille.
 Magha II succeeds his brother, Musa II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire.
 June 2 – John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon.

Births
 August 9 – King Henry V of England (died 1422)
 Henriette of Mömpelgard, countess of Mömpelgard and regent of Württemberg (died 1444)
 Isabella of Valois, Princess of France (died 1410)

Deaths
 July 20 – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (poisoned) (b. 1356)
 July 22 – Franz Ackerman, Flemish statesman (born 1330)
 August 23 – King Olaf IV of Norway/Olaf III of Denmark (born 1370)
 Peter IV of Aragon (born 1319)
 Richard Og Burke, second Clanricarde
 Peter de la Mare, English politician
 King Charles II of Navarre (born 1332)
 Elizabeta Kotromanic, regent of Hungary

1387


The Kuiper belt is an area of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to 50 AU from the Sun.

The objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the scattered disk beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.

Many objects such as dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are much bigger than the ones in the asteroid belt and are round. At least some Kuiper belt objects are icebound.

The first objects in the Kuiper belt to be found were Pluto and Charon (moon) but the belt was only identified and named in 1992 when more Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were found. A few thousand have since been discovered and more than 70,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist.

Solar System
Minor planets

Kuiper belt


King of New York is a 1990 crime-thriller movie. The movie is about drug trafficking in New York City. Laurence Fishburne plays Jimmy Jump. Wesley Snipes plays Thomas Flanigan. David Caruso plays Dennis Gilley. The movie was directed by Abel Ferrara. The movie was released in September 1990.

Cast
Christopher Walken - Frank White
Larry Fishburne - Jimmy Jump
David Caruso - Dennis Gilley
Victor Argo - Roy Bishop
Janet Julian - Jennifer
Wesley Snipes - Thomas Flanigan
Steve Buscemi - Test Tube
Paul Calderón - Joey Dalesio
Giancarlo Esposito - Lance
John Turturro - Eddie
Theresa Randle - Raye
Frank Adonis - Paul Calgari
Harold Perrineau - Subway Mugger

Reception
The movie premiered at the New York Film Festival. Many members of the audience, including Abel Ferrara's wife, walked from the movie theater. At a second showing of the movie the following day, Larry Fishburne and Nicholas St. John were booed from the stage.

Mark Caro, writing for the Chicago Tribune gave the movie only 1/2 star. He said  "``King of New York,`` [is] a film more interested in leaving impressions than spinning a smooth narrative". He also said that both the star, Christopher Walken, and the movie "remains just out of grasp".

Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie a rating of 71%. Roger Ebert gave the movie two stars. Janet Maslin from New York Times said the movie was "a chillingly ambiguous portrait of its title character."

References

Other websites

1990 crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
Italian crime movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Abel Ferrara

King of New York


A butter pie is a traditional English savoury pie consisting mainly of onions and potatoes. It is also sometimes served on a savoury barm cake. The pie is stocked by chip shops, sandwich shops, local corner shops and some supermarkets within Lancashire. It is also known as Catholic pie, Friday pie, air pie or a special.

History

The pie is known to have been created for workers from Lancashire's Catholic community, to consume on days (mainly Friday) when meat could not be eaten.

From 2006, the butter pie was included in the annual World Pie Eating Championship in Wigan, in the vegetarian category.

Butter pies were served on match days at Deepdale, the stadium of Preston North End F.C. until 2007 when the providers, Ashworth Foods Ltd, ceased trading. With the new providers, Holland's Pies not offering a butter pie, two Preston North End fans started a campaign on Facebook calling for the return of butter pies to the matchday menu. In 2010 the butter pie made a return to Preston North End's Deepdale stadium after the huge demand for the pie.

This dish is also mentioned in the Paul and Linda McCartney song "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey", which contains the lyrics, "I had another look and I had a cup of tea and butter pie".

Areas served

The butter pie is served in most areas of the historic boundaries of Lancashire, including Blackburn, Blackpool, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Lancaster, Preston, St Helens and Wigan (whose residents are sometimes known by the nickname pie-eaters).

See also

 Pâté aux pommes de terre
 List of pies, tarts and flans

References

Further reading
 Divided by pie. The Guardian.

British pies
English cuisine
Foods featuring butter
Lancashire cuisine
Preston, Lancashire
Savoury pies

Butter pie


Elisabeth of France or Isabella of Bourbon (22 November 1602 – 6 October 1644) was Queen of Spain from 1621 to her death and Queen of Portugal from 1621 to 1640, as the first spouse of King Philip IV & III.  She served as regent of Spain during the Catalan Revolt in 1640–42 and 1643–44.

Life

Childhood

Elisabeth was born at Château de Fontainebleau on 22 November 1602, the eldest daughter of King Henry IV of France and his second wife, Marie de' Medici. According to the court, her mother showed a cruel indifference to her, because she had believed the prophecy of a nun who assured her that she would give birth to three consecutive sons.

Shortly after her birth, she was betrothed to Philip Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, son and heir of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, by Catherine Michaela, daughter of King Philip II of Spain. However, Philip Emmanuel died of smallpox in 1605.

As a daughter of the King of France, she was born a Fille de France. As the eldest daughter of the king, she was known at court by the traditional honorific of Madame Royale. The early years of Madame Royale were spent under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a quiet place away from the Parisian court, in which she shared education and games with her legitimate siblings, as well as illegitimate half-siblings; children who were the result of her father's constant love affairs. Besides the Dauphin, the other Enfants de France (Henry IV's legitimate children) were Christine Marie, later Duchess of Savoy; Nicholas Henri, Duke of Orléans, who died in infancy; Gaston, Duke of Orléans; and Henrietta Maria, later Queen of England. When King Henry IV was assassinated outside the Palais du Louvre in Paris on 14 May 1610, her brother the Dauphin (with whom Elisabeth had a very close relationship) succeeded him to the throne as King Louis XIII of France under the regency of their mother Marie de' Medici.

In 1612, when Elisabeth was ten years old, negotiations were begun for a double marriage between the royal families of France and Spain; Elisabeth would marry the Prince of Asturias (the future Philip IV of Spain) and her brother Louis, the Spanish Infanta Anne.

Marriage

After her proxy marriage to the Prince of Asturias and Louis's proxy marriage to the Infanta Anne, Elisabeth and her brother met their respective spouses for the first time on 25 November 1615 on Pheasant Island, a small island in the river Bidassoa that divides France and Spain between the French city of Hendaye and the Spanish city of Fuenterrabía.  This was the last time Louis would see his sister. In Spain, Elisabeth's French name took on the Spanish form of Isabel. The religious ceremony took place in the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Burgos. At the time of her marriage, the thirteen-year-old Isabel became the new Princess of Asturias.

This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to 1559 with the marriage of King Philip II of Spain with the French princess Elisabeth of Valois, the daughter of King Henry II of France, as part of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. The Exchange of the Princesses at the Spanish Border was painted by Peter Paul Rubens as part of his Marie de' Medici cycle.

Queen
 Elisabeth was renowned for her beauty, intelligence and noble personality, which made her very popular in Spain.

In 1621, the couple had ascended to the throne of Spain upon the death of Philip III of Spain. The new queen of Spain was aware that her husband had mistresses.

Elisabeth herself was the subject of rumors about her relations with the noted poet Peralta (Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana), who was her gentleman-in-waiting. On 14 May 1622, a fire broke out while the Peralta masque La Gloria de Niquea was being acted before the court. Peralta carried the queen to a place of safety, which caused suspicion about their relationship to deepen. Peralta neglected a significant warning that his life was in peril, and "he was murdered as he stepped out of his coach. The responsibility for his death was divided between Philip IV and Olivares" (at the time, prime minister and king's favorite).

She was regent of Spain during the Catalan Revolt and supported the Duke of Nochera against the Count-Duke of Olivares in favor of an honorable withdrawal from the Catalan Revolt.

Prior to 1640, the queen does not appear to have had much influence over state affairs, which was largely entrusted to Olivares. Elisabeth did not get along with Olivares, who reportedly assisted Philip IV in his adultery, and prevented her from achieving any political influence and once famously remarked, when she presented a political view to the king, that priests existed to pray as well as queens existed to give birth.

Between 1640 and 1642, Elisabeth served as regent for the king in his absence during the Catalan revolt and was given very good marks for her efforts. She was reputed to have influenced the fall of Olivares as a part of a "women's conspiracy" alongside the duchess of Mantua, Ana de Guevara, María de Ágreda and her chief lady-in-waiting Luisa Manrique de Lara, Countess Paredes de Nava.

The fall of Olivares made the king consider her his only political partner, and when the king left again for the front in 1643, Elisabeth was again appointed regent assisted by Juan Chumacero Carrillo y Sotomayor.  Her second regency was also given good reviews, and she was credited by the king for her efforts to provide vital supplies for the troops as well as for her negotiations with the banks to provide finances for the army, offering her own jewelry as security.   It was rumored that she was intending to follow the example of queen Isabella the Catholic and lead her own army to retake Badajoz.

The Queen died in Madrid on 6 October 1644 at the age of forty-one, leaving two children: Balthasar Charles and Maria Theresa. After her death, her husband married his niece Mariana of Austria.  Elisabeth's last child, Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain, would later become queen of France as the wife of her nephew, the future Louis XIV. Unlike her husband and sister-in-law, she would not see the wedding that cemented the peace between her homeland and adopted country, Spain; the countries would be at war until 1659. One of her great-grandsons, Philip, Duke of Anjou, became King Philip V of Spain, and through him, Elisabeth is an ancestor of the subsequent Spanish monarchs.

Issue
 Maria Margaret of Austria, Infanta of Spain (14 August 162115 August 1621), died in infancy
 Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria, Infanta of Spain (25 November 162322 December 1623), died in infancy
 Maria Eugenia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (21 November 162521 August 1627), died in infancy
 Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain (31 October 16271 November 1627), died in infancy
 Balthasar Charles of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias (17 October 16299 October 1646), Prince of Asturias.
 Maria Anna Antonia Dominica Jacinta of Austria, Infanta of Spain (17 January 16365 December 1636), died in infancy
 Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain (10 September 163830 July 1683), married Louis XIV of France and had issue.

Elisabeth also suffered at least three miscarriages:
 A miscarried daughter (16 November 1626)
 A miscarried daughter (1640)
 A miscarried son (1644)

Gallery

Ancestors

External links
 Diccionario Biográfico. Real Academia de la Historia Isabel de Borbón

References

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1602 births
1644 deaths
17th-century French people
17th-century French women
17th-century regents
17th-century women rulers
People from Fontainebleau
Princesses of France (Bourbon)
Queens consort of Portugal
Spanish royal consorts
Royal consorts of Naples
Royal consorts of Sicily
Princesses of Portugal
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
Regents of Spain
Deaths in childbirth
Children of Henry IV of France
Daughters of kings
Women who experienced pregnancy loss
French people of British descent
French people of English descent
French people of German descent
French people of Italian descent

Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain


A gamemaster is a person who plans, referees, solves arguments in and otherwise runs a role-playing game with more than one player. They are almost always seen in games where all the players are on the same side, and less often seen in games where the players are against each other. Acting as a gamemaster is sometimes called "Gamemastering" or "GMing" for short.

A gamemaster's job in a traditional role-playing game (where all the players are together in person) is to bring the other players' characters' stories together, control the other characters and monsters, put together places and scenes for the player characters to act in, and solve arguments between players. This basic rule is the same in almost all role-playing games, but some rule sets may need the gamemaster to do other jobs unique to that system.

The role of a gamemaster in an online game is to make sure everyone follows the game's rules and give general customer service. Gamemasters for online games may be players who choose the role like in traditional role-playing games, or they might be workers paid by the company that makes the game.

History and variants of the term
The term gamemaster and the job itself it could be found in the postal gaming hobby.
In the sense of a role-playing game, it was first used by Chivalry & Sorcery, and in wargaming it has been used in Guidon Games' 1973 ruleset, Ironclad. In most play-by-mail games, players control armies or countries and mail the actions they want to do to the GM. The GM then regularly mails the newest game state to all players.

Each gaming system has its own name for the gamemaster, such as "judge", "narrator", "referee", "director", or "storyteller", and these names not only describe the role of the gamemaster in general but also help explain how the game is meant to be run. For example, the Storyteller System used in White Wolf Game Studio's storytelling games calls its gamemaster the "storyteller", while the rules- and setting-focused Marvel Super Heroes role-playing game calls its gamemaster the "judge". The cartoon-based role-playing game Toon calls its gamemaster the "animator". A few games use system- or setting-specific flavourful (closely related to the game's setting or "flavour") names for the gamemaster, such as the Hollyhock God in Nobilis, where the hollyhock means vanity, or the most well known of such names, "Dungeon Master" (or "DM") in Dungeons & Dragons.

Gamemasters in traditional role-playing games

The gamemaster prepares the game session for the players and the characters they play (known as player characters or PCs), describes the events taking place and decides on the results of players' actions. The gamemaster also keeps track of non-player characters (NPCs) and random encounters, as well as of the general state of the game world. The game session (or "adventure") could be described as a play, in which the players are the lead actors, and the GM brings the stage, the scenery, the basic plot on which the improvisational (unplanned) script is built, as well as all the bit parts and supporting characters. Gamemasters can also be in charge of RPG board games, making the events and setting up challenges.

The four major "hats"
A gamemaster can be said to wear four "hats" in their role, meaning the four main jobs they do as part of the overall job of GMing.
 Writer: The GM plans out (in a very loose way) the plot of the story of which the Player Characters will become heroes (or bad guys, or rich, or whatever they want); making (or choosing) the setting, filling that setting with bad guys and other NPCs, and giving them any backgrounds, motivations, plans and/or resources (items, wealth or similar things they own) that they need.
 Director: During the game, while each of the other players usually controls the actions of one of the Player Characters, the GM decides the actions of all the NPCs as they are needed. The GM may also control one or more NPCs that travel with the party (commonly known as a GMPC, GameMaster Player Character), but this may be open to abuse as the Game Master having a "pet" NPC may make them biased towards them or the group as a whole.
 Referee: In most Tabletop RPGs, the rules are supplied to sort out arguments (avoiding the "Bang! you're dead!"/"No, you missed!" problem of playing without any rules). The GM is expected to make a decision when the rules are unclear in or do not cover a certain event. The GM may also allow or make "House Rules" to cover such events or to make the game play differently than with just the normal rules. As the gamemaster is often seen as being in charge of their gaming group, they might also be expected to solve arguments that are not to do with the game's rules.
 Manager: The least official job of the GM (and sometimes most surprising) is bringing the game together in the first place. They are often expected to be the one to pick players, choose dates and times to play, find a place to play, and balance the needs of all the other players.

Gamemasters in online games
In early virtual worlds gamemasters worked as a moderator or administrator; in MUD gamemasters were called "wizards". Gamemastering in the form found in traditional role-playing games has also been used in virtual worlds that mostly run by themselves. However, human moderation was sometimes thought of as unfair or wrong in a world that is otherwise run by computer programs.
As online games got bigger and more popular, gamemasters' jobs grew to include giving customer service for an online community. A gamemaster in such a game is either a volunteer player that has been there a long time, or someone who works for the game's publisher. They make everyone follow the game's rules by getting rid of spammers, player killers, cheaters, and hackers and by solving players' problems by giving general customer service. For their jobs they use special tools and characters that allow them to do things like teleport to players, make items, and look at logs that record players' actions. Often, players who aren't happy with the game will blame the GMs for any problems. However, this blame is not fair as most GMs are not developers and cannot fix those types of problems.

America Online Online Gaming Forum (which is no longer in use) used to use volunteers chosen from applications from its users. These people were called OGFs by other members, and their screennames showed their role (i.e., OGF Moose, etc.). While users only needed to be members of AOL to use the Online Gaming Forum, OGFs were given powers like AOL "Guides" and could use them at will when they thought it was right.

World of Warcraft has employees of Blizzard Entertainment that serve as gamemasters to help users with many problems in gameplay, chat, and other things like account and payment issues. A gamemaster in this game can talk to players through chat with blue text, and they will also have a special "GM" tag and Blizzard logo in front of their name.

RuneScape has more than 500 moderators working for Jagex Games Studio to help players and do administrative work in-game and on the site forums. These Jagex Moderators, as they are called, usually have the word "Mod" and a gold crown preceding their account names which normal players are not allowed to use. The game also has Player Moderators and Forum Moderators who are player volunteers helping with moderation, having the power to mute (block from chatting) other players who break rules.

Note that a few games, such as Neverwinter Nights and Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption, are video game adaptations of tabletop role-playing games that are played online with one player acting as a gamemaster in the same way as they would in real life.

Gamemasters in pervasive games
Gamemastering, sometimes called Orchestration is used in pervasive games to guide players along a path that the game's writer wants.
 To make sure good gamemastering can happen, four things are needed: some kind of  way for the game masters to know current events and game information; this allows them to make good decisions; decisions need to be put into effect in the game, either through the game system or in person; and finally a way to send messages is needed for both diegetic (sounds you would expect to hear in the game world) or non-diegetic (sounds that are obviously not part of the game world)  communication.

Good gamemastering in this type of game sometimes needs special user interfaces that are unique to a certain game.

Gamemasters in online chat environments
Sometimes, tabletop GMs can not find players that want to play in either the same setting, product line, or play style in their local area.  The networked personal computer gave an answer with online chat programs.  Gamemasters with the right equipment can find players online and a group can meet using chat rooms, forums, or other electronic means.

Compared to standard tabletop games (and to games meant to be played online), this online chat format changes the balance of duties for a gamemaster quite a lot. Descriptions require more preparation, even when using cut-and-paste; acting and voice skills can not be used to get the personality of NPCs and monsters across, making background music as a playing aid more useful. The GM is likely to need copies of player-character records, not being able to look at the originals as in a normal face-to-face game.  The format also forces the issue (particularly when players do not all know each other) of whether to leave all rolling of dice to the GM, or to trust all players to honestly give the results of their rolls (the honor system may be strained when rolling well is a very good thing).

However, over time there have been answers to these problems.  The use of Wiki software helps GMs and players keep track of game data, sometimes turning into a home-made gaming aid.  Scripting software allows difficult parts of gameplay (e.g. a complicated formula or lots of die-rolling) to be done at the push of a button.  Teleconferencing lets groups use voice, video, and a shared whiteboard to interact.  The use of technology to allow online play is growing, as seen in products like the D&D Insider.

Related pages
 Dungeon Master

References

Other websites

Role-playing games

Gamemaster


A turbojet is a kind of jet engine that works by squeezing air into a small space, mixing it with fuel, and setting it on fire. The mixture of fuel and air goes out the back of the engine and pushes it forward. As it leaves the engine it spins a turbine which turns a gas compressor at the front which sucks in more air and compresses it.

Turbofan engines are more complex. They are more common today because they can make more power, for the same amount of fuel, than a turbojet. They also make less noise. Supersonic aircraft still use the simpler kind.

Parts

 The air intake is the part at the front of the engine. The intake is where the air is brought into the engine.
 The air compressor squeezes the air, in order to make it smaller. This makes the pressure and temperature higher. The air compressor is made out of spinning blades called rotors, and blades that do not move, called stators.
 The combustion chamber is where the air is burnt. Fuel is injected by several tubes, and the fire heats up the air.
 After passing the combustion chamber, the air pushes a turbine fan. This turbine fan is connected to the compressor. The air pushing on it makes the rotors of the compressor turn.
 The nozzle is where the air comes out of the engine. The speed of the air is bigger than the speed at the air intake. This bigger force makes the vehicle move towards the front.
 Some planes have an afterburner. The afterburner is like a combustion chamber, but is attached behind the nozzle. It has tubes which inject fuel and burns the air again. The afterburner is used in order to increase speed of the vehicle, but the use of fuel is very high. This makes it used rarely, for example on supersonic airplanes.

Related pages
 Gas turbine

References

External links

Aircraft engines

Turbojet


The King Power Stadium is a football stadium in Leicester, England, where Leicester City Football Club play their home football matches. Built to replace the aging filbert street ground, it can have up to 32,500 people inside it, more than 10,000 more than the ground it replaced. Originally called  the Walkers Stadium, it was renamed to the King Power Stadium in 2011 following the end of the sponsorship deal, and re-branded the King Power Stadium following a take over by the current club owners and consultation with fans.

Football stadiums in England
Buildings and structures in Leicester

King Power Stadium


Imagine may mean:

 Imagination

Music

Albums

 Imagine (John Lennon album) (1971)
 Imagine: John Lennon (soundtrack) (1988)
 Imagine (Armin van Buuren album) (2008)
 Imagine (Eva Cassidy album) (2002)
 Imagine (Mort Shuman album) (1976)
 Imagine (Janice Vidal album) (2012)
 Imagine, a 1989 album by Sébastien El Chato
 Imagine, a 1993 album by Gonzalo Rubalcaba
 Imagine, a 1995 album by Keiko Lee
 Imagine, a 1996 album by Ofra Harnoy
 Imagine, a 1997 album by 14 Karat Soul
 Imagine, a 2000 album by Aaron Benward
 Imagine, a 2004 album by Minmi
 Imagine, a 2005 album by Stride
 Imagine, a 2008 album by Vox Angeli

Songs
 "Imagine" (John Lennon song) (1971)
 "Imagine" (Snoop Dogg song) (2006)
 "Imagine" (Tone Damli song) (2012)
 "Imagine" (Ariana Grande song) (2018)
 "I Can Only Imagine" (MercyMe song) or "Imagine"
 "Imagine", a song from the film Athena
 "Imagine", a song by Christ Crosby from the film Flipper's New Adventure
 "Imagine", a song from the film The Bobo
 "Imagine", a 1969 song by Argosy from the Roger Hodgson discography
 "Imagine", a song by Sébastien El Chato
 "Imagine", a songy by Daniël Sahuleka
 "Imagine", a song by Armin van Buuren from Imagine
 "Imagine", a song by Salt-n-Pepa on the 1997 album Brand New

Movies and television
 Imagine: John Lennon, a 1988 documentary movie
 Imagine (1972 movie), a movie by John Lennon and Yoko Ono
 Imagine (1986 movie), a short movie by Zbigniew Rybczyński
 Imagine (2012 movie), a Polish movie
 Imagine Entertainment, a production company founded by Brian Grazer and Ron Howard
 Imagine (TV series), a BBC arts show
 Imagine TV, an Indian Hindi TV Channel that was closed in May 2012

Games
 Imagine (video game series), a series of Nintendo DS and Wii games
 Shin Megami Tensei: Imagine, a MMORPG
 Imagine Software, a UK video game company

Books and magazines
Imagine (book), a book by Alan McCombes and Tommy Sheridan
 Imagine: How Creativity Works, a 2012 book by Jonah Lehrer
 Imagine (game magazine), an adventure games magazine
 Imagine (educational magazine), an educational periodical for 7th-12th graders
 Imagine Publishing, a UK-based magazine publisher
 Imagine!, an American book publisher
 Imagine, a 1970s comics magazine published by Star Reach
 Imagine, a journal by the Socialist Party of Canada

Other uses
 Imagine (horse), an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse
 Imagine (3D modeling software), a 3D modeling and ray tracing program
 Imagine Communications, an Irish ISP and telephone operator
 Imagine Communications Corporation, a television technology company
 imagine (Brunei telecommunications company), a Bruneian ISP and telephone operator

Related pages
 Ikarus Imagine, a German hang glider design
 Imagen, a Puerto Rican fashion magazine
 Imaginary (disambiguation)
 Imagine... A Fantasy in the Sky, a fireworks show at the Disneyland Resort in California, U.S.
 Imago (disambiguation)
 Imajin, American contemporary R&B band
 Imajin (album), eponymous album from the band

Imagine


Liberal conservatism is a political ideology that combines elements of conservatism and economic liberalism. Liberal conservatives believe in the free market and laissez-faire economic policies combined with traditional conservative values, such as the belief in natural inequality, the importance of religion, and the value of traditional morality. In a way, liberal conservatism is the opposite of classical liberalism, a belief that supports both economic and individual freedom.

This term should not be confused for conservative liberalism, which is an offshoot of liberalism, not conservatism.

Political philosophy
Conservatism

Liberal conservatism


Ronciglione (locally ) is a city and comune in the province of Viterbo, Lazio (central Italy), about  from Viterbo.  The city is located in the Cimini mountains, over two tuff scarps, on the SE slope of the former volcano crater now housing the Lake Vico.

It is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association. The city's economy is based largely on agriculture, with production of nuts, chestnuts and wine.

History

The most ancient document mentioning Ronciglione dates to 1103. A historian from the 16th century Orvieto set its foundation around 1045, due to the Prefetti of Vico.  Later it was a possession of the Anguillara, a Guelph family of Rome.  Pope Paul II conquered it to the Papal States in 1465.

In 1526 Ronciglione became a possession of the Farnese, and lived its period of greatest splendour: its industries included manufacturing of copper, iron, paper, weapons and others.  Ended in 1649 the Farnese seignory and bought back by Pope Innocent X, in 1728 it received the status of city by Pope Benedict XIII.

The Ronciglionesi took active part in the Roman Republic of 1798–99: the French troops, however, crushed the revolt and burnt the city on July 20, 1799.

Main sights

The town's sights include:
 The Castle, originally built in the High Middle Ages, with the characteristic angle rounded towers.
 The Cathedral, a Baroque edifice designed by Pietro da Cortona, rebuilt by Carlo Rainaldi between 1671 and 1695. The bell tower is from 1734. It houses a Tryptych of Christ by the Viterbese painter Gabriele di Francesco (15th century).
 The church of Santa Maria della Provvidenza (11th century), restored in Baroque style, although still retaining a three-floors Romanesque belfry. The interior, with a single nave, houses some frescoes from the 15th century.
 The ruins of the church of St. Andrew (12th-13th centuries), with a belfry from 1436.
 Church of Santa Maria della Pace, began in 1581 and variously attributed to Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola or Rainaldi. It houses paintings by Sebastiano Conca, Cavalier D'Arpino and a tabernacle by Sansovino.
 The suggestive basilica church of Sant'Eusebio, along the Via Cassia, 3 km in direction of Rome.  Located on a wide alture, it was built by monks escaped from Palestine in the 7th and 8th centuries.  Traces of the ancient coenoby and the belfry can still be seen. The interior of the current edifice has a nave with aisles of irregular dimensions, with 12th-13th centuries frescoes and a Madonna with Child from the 15th century. It is dedicated to St. Eusebius, bishop of Sutri which is nearby.
 Villa Lina. A villa with extensive botanical gardens, built by Ulisse Igliori for his wife Lina in 1928 and currently owned and operated as a luxury bed and breakfast.

Culture

Ronciglione is known for its Carnival. Established as a derivative of the Renaissance Carnival of Rome, it has typical "empty races" in which the horses are left to run without riders.  The cities are divided into 9 contrades which contend for the "Palio of the Manna". The garden scenes of the 2007 film Silk featuring Keira Knightley were filmed on the grounds of Villa Lina.

Transportation
Ronciglione is served by the SP1 Cimina provincial road, connecting it to SS2 Cassia national road which starts from Rome, and to Viterbo. SP35 provincial road connects the town to Caprarola and Capranica.

There is a station on the Orte-Civitavecchia railroad, which has been abandoned in 1995.

References

External links
 A Page on DiscoverSoriano with information obout Ronciglione's Carnival
 Carnival of Ronciglione
 Ronciglione Studies Centre

Cities and towns in Lazio
Castles in Italy
Borghi più belli d'Italia

Ronciglione


The Gulf Coast Native is a breed of sheep native to the U.S. states bordering the Gulf Coast. Also occasionally known as the Louisiana Scrub, Pineywoods Native or simply Gulf Coast sheep, the breed is a mix of many of the sheep varieties which populated the Southern United States during the European colonization of the region. It is now an exceedingly rare breed, but one valuable for its ability to adapt to the hot humid climate of the Gulf Coast.

History
The bloodlines of Gulf Coast Native sheep can be traced back to the original proliferation of Churra sheep in the New World during the 15th century by the Spanish. Later, these Criollo-type sheep mixed intermittently with British and French breeds. Some strains may also show Tunis influence.

Thousands of Gulf Coast sheep roamed free range over pastures in the South, except for regular roundups. In an age before modern husbandry methods, these sheep adapted to the climate of the South or perished, breeding in decades of resistance to the conditions of the region.  Eventually special strains the breed appeared based on the area, such as for Louisiana, Texas, or Florida.

By the mid 20th century, Gulf Coast Native sheep supplied nearly all the raw wool for the Southern United States and hundreds of thousands of them were in existence. However, post-World War II, deworming medications and other advances were widely introduced to the sheep industry in the United States, meaning more modern breeds with greater production capacity could be introduced to the South. This led to a precipitous decline in the numbers of Gulf Coast Native sheep. Since 1994, there has been a breed association for Gulf Coast Native sheep.

Gulf Coast Native sheep are listed "critical" on the conservation priority list of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, and are included in Slow Food USA's Ark of Taste. Research flocks have been kept by the University of Florida, Louisiana State University, and by the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Arkansas. Zoo Atlanta has also acquired a flock.

Characteristics

Gulf Coast Natives are small fine-boned sheep, with ewes weighing no more than 180 pounds and rams 200. They are often much smaller, especially on poor grazing land. They may be polled or horned in both sexes. Though primarily a meat breed, Gulf Coast Natives carry a light wool that may have some hair in it, with a staple of 2.5-4 inches long. It is usually white, but may be brown, black, or spotted occasionally. Gulf Coast sheep do not have wool on their faces, bellies or legs, which is an adaptation to the heat of the South.

The most notable characteristic of Gulf Coast Native sheep is its resistance to parasites and diseases that flourish among sheep in hot humid climates. Compared to other breeds, they are especially known for their ability to resist foot rot (Fusobacterium) and the dreaded Haemonchus contortus which are both more common in warmer climates.

References

External links

 Gulf Coast Sheep Breeders Association

Sheep breeds originating in the United States
Sheep breeds
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
Sheep landraces

Gulf Coast Native sheep


Kilkenny () is a ceity an is the admeenistrative centre o Coonty Kilkenny in Ireland. It is situated on baith banks o the meandering River Nore, at the centre o County Kilkenny in the province o Leinster in the sooth-east o Ireland. Kilkenny is describit as Kilkenny Ceity or the Ceity o Kilkenny an is administered as a borough, wi a twal-person Borough Council an a Mayor. The borough haes a population o 8,661, houiver the majority o the population live ootside the borough boundary, the 2006 Erse Census gies the tot population o the Borough & Environs as 22,179.

Kilkenny is a popular tourist destination in Ireland. In 2009 the City o Kilkenny celebrated its 400t year syne the granting o ceity status in 1609. Kilkenny's heritage is evident in the ceity an environs includin the heestoric buildings sic as Kilkenny Castle, St. Canice's Cathedral an roond tower, Rothe House, Shee Alms House, Black Abbey, St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny Town Hall, St. Francis Abbey, Grace's Castle, an St. John's Priory. Kilkenny is regarded for its cultur wi craft an design workshops, the Watergate Theatre, public gardens an museums. Annual events include Kilkenny Arts Week, the Cat Laughs comedy festival an muisic at the Rhythm an Roots festival an the Source concert. It is a popular base tae explore the surroondin touns, villages an kintraside.

Kilkenny began wi an early saxt century ecclesiastical foundation. Follaein Norman invasion o Ireland, Kilkenny Castle an a series of walls war biggit tae pertect the burghers. William Marshall, Lord o Leinster, gae Kilkenny a charter as a toun in 1207. Bi the late thirteent century Kilkenny wis unner Norman-Erse control. The Statutes o Kilkenny passed at Kilkenny in 1367, aimed tae curb the decline o the Hiberno-Norman Lordship o Ireland. In 1609 Keeng James I o England granted Kilkenny a Royal Charter giein it the status o a ceity. Follaein the Rebellion o 1641, the Erse Catholic Confederation, kent as the "Confederation o Kilkenny" an aw, an wis based in Kilkenny an lasted until the Cromwellian conquest o Ireland in 1649. Kilkenny wis a Norman merchant toun in the Middle Ages. Kilkenny wis a famous brewing centre frae the late seiventeent century. In the late twentiet century Kilkenny is a tourist an creative centre.

The Heritage Council offices ar locatit at Church Lane. The seat o the Roman Catholic Bishop o Ossory is at St. Mary's Cathedral an the Church o Ireland Bishop o Cashel an Ossory is at St. Canice's Cathedral. Nearby muckler ceities include Waterford 45 km (28 miles) sooth-southeast, Limerick 93 km (58 miles) wast an Dublin 101 km (63 miles) northeast.

Toponymy

Kilkenny is the anglicised version of the Erse Cill Chainnigh, meanin Cell/Church o Cainneach or Canice. This relates tae a kirk biggit in honour o St. Canice on the hill nou containing St. Canice's Cathedral an the roond tower. This seems tae be the first major dounset. The early Christian origin o the roond tower suggests an early ecclesiastical foundation at Kilkenny.

{{cquote|Ceall-Cainnigh wis for the maist part burned.
|20px|20px|- Fower Masters , Annals o the Fower Masters, 1085.

The Annals o the Fower Masters recorded Kilkenny in 1085. Prior tae this time the early 6t century territory wis kent as Osraighe, referring tae the whole destrict or the caipital. The Fower Masters entry wis the first instance whaur the caipital wis cried Ceall-Cainnigh (modernized Kilkenny). Cill Chainnigh wis a major monastic centre frae at least the aicht century. Thare is no mention o Cill Chainnigh in the lives o Cainnech o Aghaboe, Ciarán o Saighir or ony o the early annals o Ireland suggestin that Cill Chainnigh wis nae o auncient civil importance.

Kilkenny is describit as a ceity in the Local Government Act 2001- {{cquote|"the continued uise o the description ceity in relation to Kilkenny, to the extent that that description wis uised before the establishment day".|20px|20px|- Local Government Act 2001

Ceities in the Republic o Ireland

Kilkenny


Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus (, c. 26 – c. 101 AD) was a Roman senator, orator and epic poet of the Silver Age of Latin literature. His only surviving work is the 17-book Punica, an epic poem about the Second Punic War and the longest surviving poem in Classical Latin at over 12,000 lines.

Life

Sources and birthplace

The sources for the life of Silius Italicus are primarily Letter 3.7 of Pliny the Younger, which is a description of the poet's life written on the occasion of his suicide, some inscriptions, and several epigrams by the poet Martial. Silius is believed to have been born between AD 23 and 35, but his birthplace has not been securely identified. Italica, in the Roman province of Hispania, (modern Spain), was once considered the prime candidate, based on his cognomen Italicus, but, if that were the case, Latin usage would have demanded the form Italicensis, and it is highly improbable that Martial would have failed to name him among the literary celebrities of Spain in the latter half of the 1st century. The city of Patavium, Padua in northern Italy, has been suggested by J. D. Campbell based on a seeming bias in favor of the region in the Punica and the prevalence of the name Asconius in inscriptions from the region.

Political career
In early life Silius was a renowned forensic orator, later a safe and cautious politician. Silius was generally believed to have voluntarily and enthusiastically become an informer under Nero, prosecuting in court persons whom the emperor wished condemned. He was consul in the year of Nero's death (AD 68), and afterward became a close friend and ally of the emperor Vitellius, whom he served, according to Pliny sapienter et comiter, wisely and amicably. He is mentioned by Tacitus as having been one of two witnesses who were present at the conferences between Vitellius and Flavius Sabinus, the elder brother of Vespasian, when the legions from the East were marching rapidly on the capital. Silius became proconsul of Asia AD 77-78 as attested in an inscription from Aphrodisias which describes his activities in maintaining the institutions of the city. According to Pliny (Ep. 3.7), he performed his duties well and earned himself a place of importance in the empire.

Campanian retirement and suicide
Despite his wealth and importance in the state, Silius eventually left politics in favor of a leisurely life; after his proconsulship in Asia he seems to have exercised little power and avoided offence. Thus, he outlived the Flavian dynasty without incident.

Pliny depicts him spending time in learned conversation at his villas, writing, passionately collecting books and sculpture, and giving recitations of his works. Silius was evidently writing poems as early as AD 88. It is firmly believed that the Punica was written during this retirement period of Silius' life. Martial 7.63 indicates that some of the Punica had been published by AD 92 and that Silius was no longer making speeches in court. His poem contains several passages relating to the Flavians, and Book 14 has been dated tentatively to after AD 96 based on the poet's treatment of Domitian, who is eulogized both as a warrior and as a singer whose lyre is sweeter than that of Orpheus himself. The poet's attitude to Domitian tends to be laudatory and friendly, employing the full spectrum of Virgilian panegyrical language and imagery. Certain passages towards the end of the poem can be read as referring either to Domitian or to his successor Nerva.

Silius was considered highly educated by contemporaries. The philosopher Epictetus judged him to be the most philosophic spirit among the Romans of his time, and Cornutus, the Stoic, rhetorician and grammarian, dedicated to Silius a commentary upon Virgil. He had two sons, one of whom, Severus, died young. The other, Decianus, went on to become consul. As he aged, he moved permanently to his villas in Campania, not even leaving to attend the accession ceremony of Trajan. Silius idealized and almost worshipped two great Romans of the past, Cicero and Virgil. He purchased Cicero's estate at Tusculum and the tomb of Virgil in Naples, which he restored. Pliny records that Silius especially revered Virgil, celebrating Virgil's birthday more lavishly than his own and treating the poet's tomb as a shrine. His dual interests in composing epic poetry and discussing philosophical questions have been compared to the intellectual efforts of his heroes, Virgil and Cicero, respectively.

Silius was one of the numerous Romans of the early empire who had the courage of their opinions, and carried into perfect practice the theory of suicide developed in Stoicism; Punica 11.186-88 contains a praise of suicide. Stricken by an incurable tumour after the age of 75, he starved himself to death around 101 AD, keeping a cheerful countenance to the end. Pliny remarks that Silius was the last person to die who was consul under Nero.

Works
Whether Silius committed his philosophic dialogues and speeches to writing or not, we cannot say. His only preserved work is his epic poem entitled Punica, about the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) in seventeen books, comprising some twelve thousand lines, making it the longest preserved poem in Latin literature.

The Punica

The dating of the Punica has been a difficult issue for classical scholars, but two passages, 3.594 and 14.680ff., along with several poems of Martial cited above, indicate that it was composed sometime between 83 and 101, with Book 3 being dated to AD 84 and Book 14 around AD 96. Other books cannot be dated with any precision. The poem is divided into 17 books and is composed in dactylic hexameter. It has been thought that the poem was initially planned in hexads and that the original intent was to round off the composition in 18 books.

The poem takes Virgil as its primary stylistic and dramatic inspiration throughout; from its opening, the Punica is configured as the continuation of Juno's grudge against Rome developed in the Aeneid. Livy and Ennius are important sources for historical and poetic information, and Homer specifically is declared an important model by Silius who remarks of him at 12.788-9, "his [Homer's] poetry embraced the earth, sea, stars, and shades and he rivalled the Muses in song and Phoebus in glory." Lucan is also an important model for the writing of historical epic, geographical excursus, and Stoic tone, although Silius' approach toward the gods is much more traditional.

The poem opens with a discussion of Juno's wrath against Rome on account of Aeneas' treatment of Dido and of Hannibal's character and upbringing. Hannibal attacks Saguntum and receives a Roman embassy. In Book 2, the Roman legation is heard at Carthage, but Hannibal takes the city after the defenders heroically commit suicide. The Carthaginians are catalogued, Hannibal crosses the Alps, and Jupiter reveals that the Punic War is a test of Roman manliness in Book 3. In 4 and 5 the Romans suffer defeat at Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimene. Book 6 looks back to the exploits of Marcus Atilius Regulus in the First Punic War, while Book 7 describes Fabius Verrucosus's delaying strategy. Books 8-10 describe in vivid detail the battle of Cannae; Juno prevents Hannibal from marching on Rome. In Book 11, Hannibal's army winters in Capua, where Venus enfeebles them with luxury. Hannibal is defeated at Nola in 12, emboldening the Romans. He makes an attempt on the city, but Juno stops him, revealing that the gods are against him. Book 13 reports the Romans' invasion of Capua and the death of two Scipios, which leads to Scipio Africanus' journey to the underworld (nekyia), his meeting with famous dead heroes, and a prophecy by the Sibyl of Hannibal's defeat. In 14 the Marcellus' successful Sicilian campaign and the siege-craft of Archimedes are described. In 15, Scipio, choosing Virtue over Vice, has a successful campaign in Spain, while at the Battle of the Metaurus, Hannibal's brother is killed. 16 describes the alliance between Rome and Masinissa and Scipio's crossing into Africa, while 17 describes the bringing of the statue of Cybele to Rome, Hannibal's stormy crossing into Africa, Juno's appeal to Jupiter for the life of Hannibal, and the Battle of Zama. The poem ends with Scipio's triumphal return to Rome.

Silius' style is unlike Virgil in that he does not focus on a few central characters but divides his action up between many significant heroes. This encourages him to present important events from the Roman past as a reflection on the characters and their actions in the poem's present, echoing the Roman tradition of using exempla. While many important set pieces of epic are included, such as elaborated similes, ekphrases of objects, such as Hannibal's shield in 2.391-456, a nekyia, and divine participation in and prophecy of events, there are also important elements of historiography such as paired contrasting speeches and detailed geographical description. Allegory is particularly important in Silius, and he includes such figures as Fides, faith, in Book 2, Italia in 15, and Virtus and Voluptas also in Book 15, continuing a trend towards allegory which was significant in Statius, Silius' contemporary. Silius' metrics and language can be closely compared to Virgilian usage, especially his use of spondees. Stoicism and stoic ethical thought are significant themes in the Punica. The war is configured as a trial of Roman virtus which must be overcome with hard work, akin to the Stoic ideal of overcoming adversity with inner courage and trial. The "choice of Hercules", a favorite Stoic parable, is given to Scipio in Book 15, and everywhere the war brings out moral lessons and discussions of Stoic concepts like emotion, reason, and destiny.

Influence
The only ancient authors to refer to Silius are Martial, Pliny, and Sidonius Apollinaris. Pliny's judgment that Silius wrote poetry maiore cura quam ingenio (with more eagerness than genius) has encouraged the view that Silius is a talented but mediocre and uninspired poet. The poem seems to have been mostly unknown in the Middle Ages. Petrarch's Africa was composed independently of the Punica, as the manuscript was discovered by Poggio Bracciolini in 1417 at the Abbey of Saint Gall during the Council of Constance. Julius Caesar Scaliger's harsh opinion of Silius damaged his reputation. Many authors were familiar with Silius' work, such as Montaigne, Milton, Dryden (who considered him better than Lucan), Gibbon, and Alexander Pope. Joseph Addison particularly includes many quotations of Silius in his Dialogue on Medals as does Thomas Macaulay in his works.

Interest in Silius mostly vanished in the 19th century. As for visual arts, Raphael's Vision of the Knight is a treatment of Silius' choice of Scipio.

References

Further reading
 Augoustakis, Antony. 2010. Motherhood and the Other: Fashioning Female Power in Flavian Epic. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
 Augoustakis, Antony. 2008. "The Other as Same: Non-Roman Mothers in Silius Italicus' Punica," Classical Philology 103.1:55–76.

 Dominik, William J. 2010. The Reception of Silius Italicus in Modern Scholarship. In Brill's Companion to Silius Italicus. Edited by Antony Augoustakis, 425–447. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
 Keith, Alison M. 2010. "Engendering Orientalism in Silius' Punica." In Brill's Companion to Silius Italicus. Edited by Antony Augoustakis, 355–373. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
 Marks, Raymond. 2005. From Republic to Empire. Scipio Africanus in the Punica of Silius Italicus.   Frankfurt am Main:  Peter Lang.
 Marks, Raymond. 2010. "The Song and the Sword: Silius' Punica and the Crisis of Early Imperial Epic." In Epic and History. Edited by David Kostan and Kurt Raaflaub, 185–211. Malden, MA: Wiley.
 Santini, Carlo. 1991. Silius Italicus and his View of the Past. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.
 Stocks, Claire. 2014. The Roman Hannibal: Remembering the Enemy in Silius Italicus' 'Punica'.   Liverpool:  Liverpool University Press.
 Tipping, Benjamin. 2010. Exemplary Epic: Silius Italicus' Punica. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

External links

 Works by Silius Italicus at Perseus Digital Library
Punicorum Libri Septemdecim
Entry by von Albrecht on Silius Italicus
Links to translation of Silius Italicus by J.D.Duff
Duff's English translation of Punica as clean html with tagged, geolocated place names, in ToposText

20s births
100s deaths
1st-century Roman poets
1st-century writers in Latin
Catii
Imperial Roman consuls
Latin historians
Ancient Roman poets
Roman governors of Asia
Silver Age Latin writers
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Ancient Roman politicians who died by suicide
Suicides by starvation

Silius Italicus


A mahasiddha (Sanskrit: maha - great, siddha - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment.  They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve buddhahood.

The Mahasiddhas are actual people who acquired magical powers from their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is a bodhisattva, someone who can enter nirvana whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in samsara to help others.

In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are 85 Mahasiddhas. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a thanka.

Important Mahasiddhas
Each Mahasiddha has come to be known for certain things.  One of the most loved Mahasiddhas is Virupa, who is a saint of the Sakyapa sect.  He lived in 9th century India and was known for his great attainments. Other important Mahasiddhas include:

Marpa, the great translator and first native-born guru in Tibet who brought Buddhist teachings from India.
Milarepa, Marpa's student . In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings (dharma).
Karmapa, the first consciously incarnating lama of Tibet.
Gorakhnath
Matsyendranath
Nagarjuna
Naropa
Saraha
Shantideva
Tilopa

Complete list of Mahasiddhas
In Buddhism there are 89 Mahasiddhas:
Acinta,
Ajogi,
Anangapa,
Aryadeva,
Babhaha,
Bhadrapa,
Bhandepa,
Bhiksanapa,
Bhusuku,
Camaripa,
Campaka,
Carbaripa,
Catrapa,
Caurangipa,
Celukapa,
Dan,
Darikapa,
Dengipa,
Dhahulipa,
Dharmapa,
Dhilipa,
Dhobipa,
Dhokaripa
Dombipa,
Dukhandi,
Ghantapa,
Gharbari,
Godhuripa,
Goraksa,
Indrabhuti,
Jalandhara,
Jayananda,
Jogipa,
Kalapa,
Kamparipa,
Kambala,
Kanakhala,
Kanhapa,
Kankana,
Kankaripa,
Kantalipa,
Kapalapa,
Khadgapa,
Kilakilapa,
Kirapalapa,
Kokilipa,
Kotalipa,
Kucipa,
Kukkuripa,
Kumbharipa,
Laksminkara,
Lilapa,
Lucikapa,
Luipa,
Mahipa,
Manibhadra,
Medhini,
Mekhala,
Mekopa,
Minapa,
Nagabodhi,
Nagarjuna,
Nalinapa,
Naropa,
Nirgunapa,
Pacaripa,
Pankajapa,
Putalipa,
Rahula,
Saraha,
Sakara,
Samudra,
Santipa,
Sarvabhaksa,
Savaripa,
Syalipa,
Tantepa,
Tantipa,
Thaganapa,
Tilopa,
Udhilipa,
Upanaha,
Vinapa,
Virupa,
Vyalipa,
Lokesh

References
Dowman, Keith (1986). Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Other websites
Murals of mahasiddhas in the Lukhang hidden temple
Names of the 84 Mahasiddha (with brief explanation of their meaning).
The Mahasiddha Linedrawings of H.R.Downs (in Dowman (1986)).
MahaSiddha Dharma website

Buddhism
Hinduism

Mahasiddha


Bourbon is a whiskey that is distilled from grain mash containing at least 51% corn and aged a minimum of two years.  It gets its name from Bourbon, Kentucky where most bourbon is produced.  Many bourbons are made using a method called "sour mash" where fermentation of each new batch contains a little of the batch before to achieve a consistent quality.

Drinks made from bourbon include Lynchburg Lemonade, Manhattan, and Old Fashioned.

Whisky

Bourbon whiskey