SAW JAROM

Cieng daih'it

Nephites hah le fap Moses,muengh Christ dauqma,caeuq diegnamh gij fanzyungz—haujlai sienhcih yunghrengz hah sinyangj doiq caenleix.Coengz 420 daengz 361 B.C.

1 Seizneix yawj ba,Gou,Jarom, sij geij coenz yah gvanhyih gaiqdiuz bez gou,Enos,coengcug gyoengqgou gojyij hah.

2 Caiqlij aenvih banj neix dwg iq,sij doxgaiq neix dwg vih mizik Lamanites beixnuengx gyoengqgou,vihneix,gou sij le di,dandwg gou mbouj hoih sij doxgaiq gvenhyih sienvah gou,cixnaeuz gou byoengq gij dauhloh .Vih gijmaz?gou aeu bij boh gou sij lai?Gou geqnaeuz goengqmwngz,neix dwg cukgaeuq.

3 Yawj,youq vunz neix haujlai doxgaiq aeu bae guh,aenvih sim gyoengqde dwg genq,rwz gyoengqde dwg nuk,swhsiengj gyoengqde dwg laepda,hoz gyoengqde dwg genq;mboujgyvaq,Baed doiq gyoengde cibfean sim'unq
,youh mbouj miz gyiengh goengde boenq ok.

4 Caiqlij miz haujlai vunz youq goenggou ndaej daez,goengde mbouj cungj dwg gaengj.Caiqlij aenvih gyoengde mbouj cungj dwg gaengj hix miz sinyangj,caeuq Seng Lingz miz gyauhliuz,neix youq lwgsai vunz cungh hau mingzyienj,gaengawq sinyangj gyoengde.

5 Sojyij seizneix,yawj,song baek bi gvaq bae le,vunz Neoghi ciemhciemh hung'ak.Gyoengde yenzgiu
ciep fap Moses caiqlij ngoenz anhsih.gyoengde mbouj miz uq sien caeuq hut.Fap dieg neix dwg fanhdien yiemz.

6 Caiqlij gyoengqde dwg youq dieg mienh sang faensanq, Lamanites hix dwg. Caiqlij gyoengde beij Neghites engqgya gvaqfean; goyengde ngah gaj caiqlix gwn lwed duzlwngq.

7 Caiqlij de dwg neixyiengq, goengqde-Nephites, ciengzciengz caeuq geongqgou guh can. Dandwg gtoengqgou gij lingjdauj cibfean cangq, caiqlij sinyangj siengqdaeq, gyoengqde son vunz loh siengdaeq, sojyij goengqgou ciep Lamanites  daqlix ciengh goengqde caenh ok hae, daqlix gyagiengz cwngzciengz, caeuq sojmiz dieg gyoengqgou youq.

8 And we multiplied exceedingly, and spread upon the face of the land, and became exceedingly rich in gold, and in silver, and in precious things, and in fine workmanship of wood, in buildings, and in machinery, and also in iron and copper, and brass and steel, making all manner of tools of every kind to till the ground, and weapons of war—yea, the sharp pointed arrow, and the quiver, and the dart, and the javelin, and all preparations for war.

9 And thus being prepared to meet the Lamanites, they did not prosper against us. But the word of the Lord was verified, which he spake unto our fathers, saying that: Inasmuch as ye will keep my commandments ye shall prosper in the land.

10 And it came to pass that the prophets of the Lord did threaten the people of Nephi, according to the word of God, that if they did not keep the commandments, but should fall into transgression, they should be destroyed from off the face of the land.

11 Wherefore, the prophets, and the priests, and the teachers, did labor diligently, exhorting with all long-suffering the people to diligence; teaching the law of Moses, and the intent for which it was given; persuading them to look forward unto the Messiah, and believe in him to come as though he already was. And after this manner did they teach them.

12 And it came to pass that by so doing they kept them from being destroyed upon the face of the land; for they did prick their hearts with the word, continually stirring them up unto repentance.

13 And it came to pass that *two hundred and thirty and eight years had passed away—after the manner of wars, and contentions, and dissensions, for the space of much of the time.

14 And I, Jarom, do not write more, for the plates are small. But behold, my brethren, ye can go to the other plates of Nephi; for behold, upon them the records of our wars are engraven, according to the writings of the kings, or those which they caused to be written.

15 And I deliver these plates into the hands of my son Omni, that they may be kept according to the commandments of my fathers.
coenggauq

Saw Jarom


The Iowa Air National Guard (IA ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of Iowa, United States of America. It is, along with the Iowa Army National Guard, an element of the Iowa National Guard.

As state militia units, the units in the Iowa Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command.  They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Iowa through the office of the Iowa Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.  The Iowa Air National Guard is headquartered at Camp Dodge, Johnston, and its commander is  Brigadier General Shawn Ford.

Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, Iowa Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF).  Iowa ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized.  In addition, the Iowa Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.

Along with their federal reserve obligations, as state militia units the elements of the Iowa ANG are subject to being activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

Components
The Iowa Air National Guard consists of the following major units:
 132nd Wing
 Established 25 February 1941 (as: 124th Observation Squadron); operates: MQ-9 Reaper
 Stationed at: Des Moines Air National Guard Base
 Gained by: Air Combat Command
 The 132d Wing's operational mission is to deploy worldwide and execute directed tactical fighter sorties to destroy enemy forces, supplies, equipment, communications systems and installations with conventional weapons.

 185th Air Refueling Wing
 Established 23 August 1946 (as: 174th Fighter Squadron); operates: KC-135R Stratotanker
 Stationed at: Sioux City Air National Guard Base, Sergeant Bluff
 Gained by: Air Mobility Command
 The mission of the 185 ARW is to provide mid-air refueling and mobility sustainment in direct support of the global mission of the Air Force.

Support Unit Functions and Capabilities:
 133d Test Squadron
 Stationed at Fort Dodge, the 133d provides an effective and sustainable war fighting Command and Control (C2) capability through the professional test and evaluation of the Control and Reporting Center to include the development of future system upgrades and modernization.

History
On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.

The Iowa Air National Guard origins date to the formation of the 132d Fighter Group at Des Moines Municipal Airport, Des Moines, receiving federal recognition on 23 August 1946. It was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state.  In addition, the 174th Fighter Squadron was formed at Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, receiving federal recognition on 23 August 1946. 18 September 1947, however, is considered the Iowa Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act.

On 1 October 1962 the 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron was expanded to a Group level, and the 185th Tactical Fighter Group received federal recognition and was activated.

Today, the 132d Fighter Wing  deploys worldwide and executes directed tactical fighter sorties to destroy enemy forces, supplies, equipment, communications systems and installations with conventional weapons. The 185th Air Refueling Wing provides mid-air refueling and mobility sustainment in direct support of the global mission of the Air Force.

After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in Iowa has been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities.  Also, Iowa ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.

See also

Iowa State Guard
Iowa Wing Civil Air Patrol

References

 Gross, Charles J (1996), The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition, United States Dept. of Defense,
 Iowa Air National Guard website

External links

 Iowa Air National Guard
 132nd Fighter Wing
 185th Air Refueling Wing

United States Air National Guard
Military in Iowa

Iowa Air National Guard


William A. Marra (February 20, 1928 – December 12, 1998) was a third-party Right to Life Party candidate for President of the United States in the 1988 presidential election; his running mate was Joan Andrews.  They received 20,504 votes.  Marra had also been a candidate in the Republican and  Democratic parties' United States presidential primary in New Hampshire.  In the former he received six write-in votes and in the latter received 142 votes.

Biography
William A. Marra was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on February 20, 1928 of Italian immigrant parents. He grew up in Jersey City, but attended the Jesuit Regis High School in New York City.

He was a graduate of the University of Detroit Mercy School of Engineering and Fordham University, serving as a professor of philosophy at the latter for nearly four decades.  Marra was an active lecturer, opposing topics such as abortion, atheism and sex education.

For 17 years, Marra hosted a radio program called "Where Catholics Meet" on 710 WOR-AM in New York City. On the show, he addressed issues facing orthodox Catholics in the post-Vatican II world. He often had guests. In the early 1990s, Marra hosted a TV program on the EWTN Global Catholic Network called "The Roman Forum." This program ran for two seasons and addressed many of the same issues as "Where Catholics Meet", but involved fewer guest hosts.

Marra founded Catholic Media Apostolate, an organization dedicated to the propagation of the Roman Catholic faith through the media. He was also heavily involved in Keep the Faith, an organization similar to CMA.

In 2003 his daughter Lorretta Marra Malvasi was convicted of assisting James Charles Kopp subsequent to Kopp's killing of Barnett Slepian, a physician who legally performed abortions in New York State.

Bibliography
 von Hildebrand, Dietrich (1973). Satan at Work: in Biblical exegesis...in Catechetics & Religious Education...in Desacralized Worship...in Ostpolitik (foreword)
 Marra, William A. (1979) Happiness and Christian Hope: A Phenomenological Analysis
 Marra, William A. (with Dietrich von Hildebrand). Sex Education: The Basic Issues
 Marra, William A. "Von Hildebrand on Love, Happiness, and Sex." In The Catholic Writer: The Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute 2 (Ignatius Press, 1989): 119-127.

References

1928 births
1998 deaths
Roman Catholic activists
Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
Fordham University alumni

William A. Marra


Cân werin Wyddelig Saesneg yw "The Irish Rover". Mae teitl y gân yn cyfeirio at long fawr sydd yn teithio o Iwerddon i Efrog Newydd ond nad yw'n cyrraedd. Mae wedi'i chanu gan nifer o wahanol gerddorion a bandiau.

Geiriau gwreiddiol
In the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and six,
We set sail from the Coal Quay of Cork
We were sailing away with a cargo of bricks
For the grand City Hall in New York
We'd an elegant craft, it was rigged 'fore and aft
And how the trade winds drove her
She had twenty-three masts and she stood several blasts
And they called her the Irish Rover

There was Barney McGee from the banks of the Lee
There was Hogan from County Tyrone
There was Johnny McGurk who was scared stiff of work
And a man from Westmeath called Malone
There was Slugger O'Toole who was drunk as a rule
And fighting Bill Tracy from Dover
And your man Mick McCann, from the banks of the Bann
Was the skipper on the Irish Rover

We had one million bags of the best Sligo rags
We had two million barrels of stones
We had three million sides of old blind horses' hides
We had four million barrels of bones
We had five million hogs and six million dogs
And seven million barrels of porter
We had eight million bales of old nanny goats' tails
In the hold of the Irish Rover

We had sailed seven years when the measles broke out
And our ship lost her way in the fog
And the whole of the crew was reduced down to two
 'Twas meself and the captain's old dog
Then the ship struck a rock; oh Lord what a shock
The bulkhead was turned right over
We turned nine times around - then the poor old dog was drowned
Now I'm the last of the Irish Rover

Amrywiadau
Yn y fersiwn a ganwyd gan The Irish Rovers, y pennill olaf yw:

...And the crew left alive were reduced down to five
Just ourselves and the captain's old dog
Then the ship struck a rock; oh, Lord, what a shock
We nearly tumbled over
Turned nine times around, and the poor old dog was drowned
We're the last of the Irish Rover

Mae trydydd linell y pennill cyntaf hefyd yn wahanol:

Down below in the hold was a cargo of bricks

Dyma'r pennill cyntaf yn fersiwn Bounding Main:

In the year of our Lord fifteen hundred and six
We set sail from the cold bay of Cork
We were sailing away with a cargo of bricks
For that grand city hall down in York
An elegant craft she was rigged fore and aft
And how the trade winds drove her
She had twenty-three masts and she stood several blasts
And they called her the Irish Rover

Yn y fersiwn a ganwyd gan The Pogues a The Dubliners, mae dau bennill ychwanegol:

There was awl Mickey Coote
Who played hard on his flute
When the ladies lined up for a set
He was tootin' with skill
For each sparkling quadrille
Though the dancers were fluther'd and bet
With his smart witty talk
He was cock of the walk
And he rolled the dames under and over
They all knew at a glance
When he took up his stance
That he sailed in The Irish Rover

For a sailor it's always a bother in life
It's so lonesome by night and day
That he longs for the shore
And a charming young whoreWho will melt all his troubles awayOh, the noise and the routSwillin' poitin and stoutFor him soon the torment's overOf the love of a maidHe is never afraidAn old salt from the Irish RoverMae yna hefyd amrywiad yn y llinell olaf ond un ym mhennill cyntaf y fersiwn hwn:She stood several blasts, she had twenty-seven mastsac hefyd yn y llinell gyntaf:On the Fourth of July, Eighteen Hundred and Six''

Irish Rover, The

The Irish Rover


Athirapilly Falls is situated in Athirapilly  Panchayat in Chalakudy Taluk of Thrissur District in Kerala, India on the Chalakudy River, which originates from the upper reaches of the Western Ghats at the entrance to the Sholayar ranges. It is the largest waterfall in Kerala, which stands tall at 81.5 feet. Just a short drive from Athirapilly to the Vazhachal Falls, which is close to dense green forests that are home to many endangered and endemic species of flora and fauna.

There is another waterfall on the way from Athirapilly to Vazhachal Falls, in close proximity to the road, which is locally called "Charpa Falls". Athirappilly Falls is the largest waterfall in Kerala and is nicknamed "The Niagara of South India".

Controversy about a state-proposed hydroelectric dam on the Chalakudy River above the waterfalls began in the 1990s and continued through 2017.

River

The  long Chalakudy River, originates in the Anaimalai mountains of the Western Ghats and flows through the Vazhachal Forest toward the Arabian Sea. The river starts off smooth but becomes more turbulent as it nears Athirapilly. At Athirappilly Falls, the water surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate plumes. Below the falls, the river remains turbulent for about  until it reaches Kannamkuzhi, from where it calms and flows smoothly until reaching the dam at Thumpoormuzhi.

Wildlife
Forest wildlife in the area includes the Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, gaur, sambar, and lion-tailed macaque. The unique  elevation riparian forest in the Athirappilly-Vazhachal area is the only location where all four South Indian species of hornbills — the great hornbill (the state bird of Kerala), Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar grey hornbill, and the Indian grey hornbill are found living together.

Plantations in the area contain teak, bamboo, and eucalyptus. Environmentalists claim that Athirappilly is a one-of-its-kind riparian ecosystem in Kerala. V.S. Vijayan, Chairman of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board and former Director of the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, has been quoted in Down to Earth magazine as affirming that the Vazhachal forest division is the second most biodiverse area in the State. The International Bird Association has declared it an 'Important Bird Area' and the Asian Nature Conservation Foundation has recommended that the area should be declared a sanctuary or a national park, he points out. The Wildlife Trust of India says it represents one of India's best elephant conservation efforts. "Any disruption to this fragile ecosystem will spell disaster," says Vijayan. The river provides a habitat for 85 species of freshwater fishes. Among these, 35 are endemic species.

Tourism

The railway station nearest Athirappilly Falls is 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the west in Chalakkudy Railway Station, and the nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, about 55 kilometres (34 mi) southwest of the waterfall and 58 kilometres (36 mi) south of City of Thrissur. Athirappilly is easily reachable from Chalakkudy by taxi or by bus from the Chalakkudy bus terminal. Athirappilly is situated on a state highway connecting Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in a thick forest and so night travel is not permitted. The checkpoints at either end close by 6:30 pm IST prior to which all vehicles have to exit through either checkpoint.

The journey from Chalakkudy to the Athirappilly Falls passes through a landscape of winding roads, small villages and lush green trees. Visitors can reach the top of the waterfall via a paved path that leads through thick bamboo clusters. From Angamaly, the route is in the midst of an Oil Palm Reserve at Ezhattumugham tourism village. A steep narrow path or a wide staired path can be taken to the bottom of the falls. The falls attract visitors from across India, especially during the monsoon months (June–September). About 7 million tourists visit the falls and the Vazhachal picnic spot each year.

Jungle safari

Daily jungle safari trips are organized by Thrissur District Tourism Promotion Council with Athirappilly Destination Management Council from Chalakudy to Malakkappara.

Movies
Athirappilly falls has been used as a location for several Malayalam films as well as in other regional language films in India

 The fall is featured in old Malayalam movie Ponnapuram Kotta  (1973), specially the song "Valliyoor Kaavile", starring Prem Nasir, Vijayasree.
 Scenes from the Malayalam movie Vanadevatha (1976) starring Prem Nazir, Madhushala
 Scenes from the Malayalam movie Anuragi (1988) starring Mohanlal, Urvashi
 A major portion of the 1986 Tamil movie Punnagai Mannan was shot near the falls, the falls itself playing a role in it. It made the falls so popular in Tamil Nadu that it got the nickname "Punnagai Mannan Falls".
 The song "Koyaliya Gati Hai Payaliya Chhankati Hai" from the film "Jungle Love" in 1990
 The falls were featured in Mani Ratnam's film Dil Se starring Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta, and featuring the song "Jiya Jale/Nenjinile".
 The falls are also famous as a site location for "Narumugaye Narumugaye", a song from the Tamil film Iruvar, acted by Mohanlal and actress Aishwarya Rai.
 This waterfall is also a major location for songs like "Behne De" and most scenes in the Hindi film Raavan and Tamil film Raavanan.
 The song "Adada Mazhaida" from Paiyaa featuring Karthi and Tamannaah was shot in this location.
 The song from Kannathil Muthamittal of the same name was shot here.
 The song "Kurukku Siruthavale" from Mudhalvan starring Arjun Sarja and Manisha Koirala, and "Chalo Chalain Mitwa" from its 2001 remake Nayak, starring Anil Kapoor and Rani Mukerji
 The song "Sunta Hai Tera Khuda" from Pukar, starring Anil Kapoor
 The song "Achi lagti ho" from Kuch Naa Kaho
 The song "Kudamullakkadavil" from the malayalam film Vellithira starring Prithviraj Sukumaran, Navya Nair
 Climax scenes from Lajja starring "Ajay Devgn" and "Manisha Koirala"
 Sirf Tum, starring Sanjay Kapoor and Sushmita Sen
 A song in tamil movie Samurai starring Vikram
 Songs from Saaya (2003), starring John Abraham
 A scene from Madras Cafe starring John Abraham
 The song from tamil movie Maanasthan starring R. Sarathkumar and Sakshi Shivanand
 Scenes from Anandabhadram starring Manoj K Jayan and Prithviraj Sukumaran
 Song from 4 the People starring Bharath and Gopika
 A scene from the Hindi movie Mela
 The opening scene of the tamil movie Kandukondain Kandukondain
 A few scenes in the Hindi movie Agyaat
 A scene from the Tamil movie Villu
 Few scenes from the Malayalam movie Manjeeradhwani (1998) starring Vineeth and Sakshi Sivanand
 The song "Bambara Kannu" from Tamil movie Madhurey
 A scene from the Tamil movie Vettaikaaran
 The song "Rosappoo Chinna Rosappoo" from Suryavamsam
 "Arjuna Arjuna", a song featuring R. Sarathkumar and Namitha in the movie Aei
 "Evo Evevo", a song from telugu film Lovely
 The song "Baarish" and climax scenes from Yaariyan (2014)
 The song "Oru Kannil vegam" from Samar (2013)
 The song "Oh Kamini" and a scene from Rang Rasiya; Randeep Hooda and Rashaana Shah
 The Telugu movie Brindavanam (2010)
 The song "Egire Mabbullona" from Happy (2006), Telugu and Malayalam
 The song "Ayyo Ayyo Dhanayya" from Ready (2008)
 Scenes from the Tamil movie Alex Pandian
 The song "Aaayi re aayi re khushi" from Khushi (2003, Hindi), starring Kareena Kapoor
 The title song of the Hindi movie Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne
 The song "Sha La La" from the movie Ghilli (2004) starring Trisha and Vijay
 The song "Vaana Chinukulu" from the Telugu movie Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu
 The English movie Before the Rains (2007)
 The English movie Pirate's Blood (2008)
 The song "Thuppakki Penne" from the movie Peranmai (2009) starring Jayam Ravi and Sai Dhanshika
 Scenes from the Malayalam movie Cousins
 Scenes and a song from Baahubali, India's biggest motion picture, a 2015 Tamil/Telugu bilingual movie
 The Tamil movie Puli (2015)
 "Rock On Bro", a song from Janatha Garage (2016, Telugu)
 A song "Unnavitta Yaarum Yenakilla" from the film Seemaraja starring Sivakarthikeyan and Samantha Ruth Prabhu
 A scene from Malayalam movie Odiyan (2018) starring Mohanlal
 A song from Telugu movie Husharu (2018) starring Tejus Kancherla and Priya Vadlamani
 "He's So Cute", a song from Sarileru Neekevvaru (2020, Telugu) starring Mahesh Babu, Rashmika Mandanna
 A scene from Telugu movie Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy starring Chiranjeevi
 Scenes from the Telugu movie Pushpa: The Rise
 Climax scene from the Tamil movie Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal (2022) starring Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara and Samantha Ruth Prabhu
 Climax scene from the Tamil movie Jailer (film) (2023) starring Rajinikanth and Vasanth Ravi

Hydroelectric project

In 1994, the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) proposed a 163-megawatt Athirappilly Hydro Electric Project. It was to include a dam 23 metres (75 ft) high and 311 metres (1,020 ft) wide on the Chalakudy River in the Vazhachal Forest Division about 5 kilometres (3 mi) upstream of Athirappilly Falls and 400 metres (1,312 ft) upstream of Vazhachal Rapids (Vazhachal Falls). However, environmental groups and people's collectives opposed the project on grounds that it would damage the environment, infringe on human rights, and threaten tourism. Though it was not their main concern, critics also noted that if the entire course of the river were diverted to make electricity, the Athirappilly-Vazhachal waterfalls could dry up. To avoid damaging the falls, the KSEB proposed adjusting the water releases to maintain the falls. The debate continued in 2007. Environmentalists also expressed concern over whether the proposed hydroelectric project at Athirappilly waterfalls would lead to displacement and eventual extinction of the primitive tribal group, 'Kadars,' in the area.

In 2005, the Kerala Ministry of Environment and Forests approved the project on the basis of a report by Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Ltd. (WAPCOS), an environmental impact assessment (EIA) agency. In 2006, the Kerala High Court quashed the clearance and ordered another public hearing. The debate continued for the following years.

On 29 January 2011, the chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) Madhav Gadgil opined that the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Athirappilly hydel power project was not properly carried out and 70% of it is bogus. The panel, appointed by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests, was asked to look into and give recommendations on various projects in the Western Ghats such as the hydroelectric projects in Gundiya in Karnataka and Athirappilly in Kerala and the overall development projects in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra. Gadgil said that the proposed Athirappilly hydro-electric project cannot be approved until the Forest Rights Act is implemented in its true spirit for the Kadar tribal community of the area and also no comprehensive study had been carried out so far on the natural riparian forest vegetation along the Western Ghats. On 14 June 2011, Union Minister for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh said his ministry would not approve the Athirappilly hydroelectric project. The minister also stated, "When states are denied such projects on larger and long-term environmental considerations, they are entitled to some sort of green bonus." The first part of the WGEEP report was submitted to the Ministry on August 31. The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), on Sep 6th 2011 recommended to the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests against granting permission to carry out any construction activities at the sensitive Athirappilly-Vazhachal region. The panel, which submitted its report to Union Environment Minister Jayanti Natarajan in the capital, named Athirappilly as one of the 18 eco-sensitive localities (ESL) in the state. But K. Radhakrishnan, a former member (generation), of KSEB, has opined that this panel report was highly biased with vested interests and the project was eco-friendly doing minimum damage to the environment and forests because KSEB itself has its own vested interests if the Dam Project takes life. While there are reports from renowned experts from the Kerala State Biodiversity Board that the power project would adversely affect the ecology of the area and the estimated power output would be dependable upon the rainfall and dry summer seasons, which is undependable in its own way. M. Sivasankar, a KSEB chairman and MD states the need of more environment-friendly power projects with lower operating costs and higher output like supercritical boiler plants.

See also
 Vazhachal Falls
 Charpa Falls
 List of waterfalls in India
 List of waterfalls in India by height
 State Highway 21 (Kerala)

Notes and references

External links

 Prince Charles, celebrated his 65th birthday in Athirappilly
 Visiting Athirapilly Waterfalls - What to Know
 Chalakudy River Protection Forum (CPF)
 Athirappilly - Vazhachal - Thumboormuzhi - Destination Management Council
 Official Site: www.thrissur.nic.in
 Athirappilly Projects
 Vanishing falls
 Protests mark hearing on Athirappilly project
 Salim Ali Foundation

Waterfalls of Thrissur district
Tourism in Kerala

Athirappilly Falls


Death of a Doxy is a Nero Wolfe detective novel by Rex Stout, first published by Viking Press in 1966.

Plot introduction

Orrie Cather, one of Wolfe's operatives, has been secretly seeing a wealthy man's kept mistress at her secret lovenest. He is arrested when she turns up dead.

Orrie is the only one of Wolfe's operatives to have the plot of two Stout books turn on his actions: Death of a Doxy and Stout's final work, A Family Affair.

Plot summary

Orrie is finally going to tie the knot. He is engaged to marry Jill Hardy, a stewardess. But for months, Orrie's also been keeping company with Isabel Kerr, an ex-showgirl. Orrie has some time available, because Jill works international flights. Isabel also has time available, because she no longer performs: rather, she occupies a plush apartment that is paid for by another gentleman friend who visits her just two or three times a week.

Isabel objects to Orrie's marriage plans. She has taken some of his personal and professional belongings and stashed them in her apartment. Isabel threatens to show them to Jill and thus quash the marriage. So, Orrie asks Archie to get into Isabel's apartment, find his possessions, and get them back. When Archie does enter the apartment, he finds not Orrie's belongings but Isabel's body. Archie withdraws to meet with Orrie, but otherwise keeps the news to himself.

Isabel's sister Stella later discovers the body. The police find Orrie's possessions in the apartment and arrest him on suspicion of murder. In a meeting to consider whether Orrie is guilty, Wolfe, Archie, and Fred are all unsure, but Saul—via some convoluted reasoning—concludes that he is innocent, and Wolfe undertakes to demonstrate it.

Wolfe must determine who knew about Isabel's apartment. Orrie has given Archie some names—Avery Ballou, who pays the bills, Stella Fleming and her husband Barry, and a nightclub singer named Julie Jaquette. Archie visits Stella and Barry, and learns that Stella is frantic to keep a lid on the nature of her sister's living arrangements. Stella's concern for Isabel's reputation is such that she tries to claw Archie's face when he refers to Isabel as a "doxy" (prostitute).

Archie corrals a reluctant Ballou, and Wolfe coerces his cooperation by threatening disclosure of his relationship with Isabel. It turns out that Ballou has already been subjected to blackmail, by someone named Milton Thales. Ballou thinks that Thales is really Orrie, but Wolfe deduces Thales' true identity and assumes that he is Isabel's murderer.

Wolfe sends Saul to bring Julie Jaquette. When she dances into Wolfe's office, Miss Jaquette puts on a performance, first singing and then demanding to see Wolfe's orchids. She displays a cynicism regarding human behavior that Wolfe regards as similar to his own. Julie agrees to act as bait for the murderer and is nearly killed herself. For her protection, she is moved into the brownstone, where she helps Wolfe and Archie force Thales' hand after Wolfe offers $50,000 cash for her assistance.

The unfamiliar word
"Like all of us, Wolfe has his favorite words, phrases, and sayings," wrote William S. Baring-Gould. "Among the words, many are unusual and some are abstruse."

Nero Wolfe's erudite vocabulary is one of the hallmarks of the character. Examples of unfamiliar words—or unfamiliar uses of words that some would otherwise consider familiar—are found throughout the corpus. Death of a Doxy contains several examples, including the following:

 "Incumbency". Chapter 7; perhaps unfamiliar in the sense that Wolfe uses it: "Mr. Cather has worked for me, on occasion, for years, and I am under an incumbency."
 "Strephon". Chapter 7. "Strephon is the lover of Urania in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia," wrote Rev. Frederick G. Gotwald in The Nero Wolfe Companion. "It became the conventional name for a lover in literature." Dating to 1580, the character later appears in Jonathan Swift's "Strephon and Chloe" (1731); Happy Arcadia (1872), a one-act musical play with libretto by W. S. Gilbert; and Gilbert and Sullivan's Iolanthe (1882).
 "Juridically". Chapter 13. (This word also appears in adjectival form in The League of Frightened Men and Prisoner's Base.)
 "Chaldean". Chapter 16.

Cast of characters
 Nero Wolfe: The private investigator
 Archie Goodwin: Wolfe's assistant (and the narrator of all Wolfe stories)
 Orrie Cather: An operative frequently in Wolfe's employ, along with Saul Panzer and Fred Durkin. Orrie's activities in this book are very limited, but the plot centers on his dalliance with Isabel Kerr.
 Jill Hardy: An airline attendant, then termed "stewardess", and Orrie's fiancée
 Isabel Kerr: The murder victim, occupant of a plush apartment, of whom a newspaper wrote, "It does not appear that Miss Kerr was employed anywhere or engaged in any regular activity."
 Stella Fleming: Isabel's sister, whose greatest fear is that Isabel's lifestyle will be publicized
 Barry Fleming: Stella's husband, a mathematics professor
 Avery Ballou: A CEO, a devotee of the works of Rudyard Kipling, and the source of Miss Kerr's rent and other living expenses
 Julie Jaquette (stage name of Amy Jackson): A successful nightclub singer and Isabel Kerr's best friend
 Inspector Cramer: Representing Manhattan Homicide

Reviews and commentary
 Jacques Barzun and Wendell Hertig Taylor, A Catalogue of Crime—First-rate Stout done at the age of 80. The tightness of the plot, the wit, and the people are done with sureness and speed, so that the book, though short, gives one the sense of having lived through a long stretch of tense expectation.  New roles, too, for Orrie Cather, Cramer, and Wolfe in relation to a murder which they are not asked to investigate. Wolfe gets his $50,000 fee, which one hopes he splits with the author.
 Terry Teachout, About Last Night, "Forty years with Nero Wolfe" (January 12, 2009)—Rex Stout's witty, fast-moving prose hasn't dated a day, while Wolfe himself is one of the enduringly great eccentrics of popular fiction. I've spent the past four decades reading and re-reading Stout's novels for pleasure, and they have yet to lose their savor  ... It is to revel in such writing that I return time and again to Stout's books, and in particular to The League of Frightened Men, Some Buried Caesar, The Silent Speaker, Too Many Women, Murder by the Book, Before Midnight, Plot It Yourself, Too Many Clients, The Doorbell Rang, and Death of a Doxy, which are for me the best of all the full-length Wolfe novels.

Adaptations

A Nero Wolfe Mystery (A&E Network)
An adaptation of Death of a Doxy opened the second season of the A&E TV series A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001–2002). Directed by Timothy Hutton from a teleplay by Sharon Elizabeth Doyle, "Death of a Doxy" aired April 14, 2002, on A&E.

Timothy Hutton is Archie Goodwin; Maury Chaykin is Nero Wolfe. Other members of the cast (in credits order) include Colin Fox (Fritz Brenner), Bill Smitrovich (Inspector Cramer), Conrad Dunn (Saul Panzer), Trent McMullen (Orrie Cather), Fulvio Cecere (Fred Durkin), Kari Matchett (Julie Jaquette/Lily Rowan), James Tolkan (Avery Ballou), Christine Brubaker (Stella Fleming), Carlo Rota (Barry Fleming), Nicky Guadagni (Mrs. Ballou), Hayley Verlyn (Isabel Kerr), Janine Theriault (Jill Hardy), George Plimpton (Nathaniel Parker) and Julian Richings (Poet).

In addition to original music by Nero Wolfe composer Michael Small, the soundtrack includes music by Rick Cassman and Vyv Hope-Scott, Graham de Wilde, Antonín Dvořák, Ken Miller and David Steinberg.

In North America, A Nero Wolfe Mystery is available on Region 1 DVD from A&E Home Video (). The DVD release presents the 4:3 pan and scan version of "Death of a Doxy" rather than A&E's 16:9 letterboxed version.

"Death of a Doxy" is one of the Nero Wolfe episodes released on Region 2 DVD in the Netherlands by Just Entertainment, under license from FremantleMedia Enterprises. A Nero Wolfe Mystery—Serie 2 (2010) was the first DVD release of the international version of the episode, which includes a brief closing scene in which Orrie visits the brownstone. The Netherlands release has optional Dutch subtitles and, like the A&E DVD release, presents the episode in 4:3 pan and scan rather than its 16:9 aspect ratio for widescreen viewing.

Nero Wolfe (Paramount Television)
Death of a Doxy was adapted as "What Happened to April", the ninth episode of Nero Wolfe (1981), an NBC TV series starring William Conrad as Nero Wolfe and Lee Horsley as Archie Goodwin. Other members of the regular cast include George Voskovec (Fritz Brenner), Robert Coote (Theodore Horstmann), George Wyner (Saul Panzer) and Allan Miller (Inspector Cramer). Guest stars include Richard Anderson (Chester Winslow [Avery Ballou]), Deborah Fallender (Julie Keen [Jaquette]) and Laurie Heineman (Donna MacKenzie [Stella Fleming]). Directed by Edward M. Abroms from a teleplay by Stephen Downing, "What Happened to April" aired March 20, 1981.

Publication history
 1966, New York: The Viking Press, August 19, 1966, hardcover
 In his limited-edition pamphlet, Collecting Mystery Fiction #10, Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe Part II, Otto Penzler describes the first edition of Death of a Doxy: "Yellow boards, gray cloth spine; front cover printed with a blue design; spine printed with blue lettering; rear cover blank. Issued in a red, black, and white dust photographic wrapper which has been die cut to reveal the blue printed design on the front cover. … The dust wrapper is noteworthy for its ugliness and the singularly misconceived design element of the pointess die cut."
 In April 2006, Firsts: The Book Collector's Magazine estimated that the first edition of Death of a Doxy had a value of between $100 and $200. The estimate is for a copy in very good to fine condition in a like dustjacket.
 1966, New York: Viking (Mystery Guild), October 1966, hardcover
 The far less valuable Viking book club edition may be distinguished from the first edition in three ways:
 The dust jacket has "Book Club Edition" printed on the inside front flap, and the price is absent (first editions may be price clipped if they were given as gifts).
 Book club editions are sometimes thinner and always taller (usually a quarter of an inch) than first editions.
 Book club editions are bound in cardboard, and first editions are bound in cloth (or have at least a cloth spine).
 1966, Toronto Star Weekly, abridged, October 1966
 1966, Toronto: Macmillan, 1966, hardcover
 1967, London: Collins Crime Club, June 5, 1967, hardcover
 1967, Argosy, June 1967 (abridged)
 1967, New York: Bantam #F3476, August 1967, paperback
 1969, London: Fontana, 1969, paperback
 1995, New York: Bantam Crime Line  October 1995, paperback, Rex Stout Library edition with introduction by Sandra West Prowell
 2002, Auburn, California: The Audio Partners Publishing Corp., Mystery Masters  July 2002, audio cassette (unabridged, read by Michael Prichard)
 2010, New York: Bantam Crimeline  July 21, 2010, e-book

References

External links

1966 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Nero Wolfe novels by Rex Stout
American novels adapted into television shows
Viking Press books
Novels about murder

Death of a Doxy


The Saab JAS 39 Gripen is a fourth-generation fighter aircraft.

History
It was created by Saab, a Swedish aerospace company, for use in the Swedish Air Force. The decision for a new aircraft system was made by the Minister of Defence, Torsten Gustafsson. It was approved by Parliament in 1982.

Usage
The Gripen is one of the first multi-role combat aircraft that can be used for fighter, attack and reconnaissance missions as well as switching between them during flight, hence the name of the JAS 39.  'J' stands for the initial of the Swedish language word for "Hunting", meaning attack against air targets, "attack" to attack ground and sea targets, and 'S' stands for the Swedish word for "reconnaissance", to take photos and films.  The name Gripen is the result of a contest held in the early 1980s, and means 'griffin'.

The Gripen aircraft fighter system has for years been the backbone in the Swedish air force. Recently the Swedish government decided to acquire the latest version of the system, Gripen E, and Saab signed an agreement with the Swedish Defence Material Administration about development and modification of Gripen E.

Military aircraft
Sweden

Saab JAS 39 Gripen


Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous cartoonist. He was the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters. He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.

Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family. At the age of 10, he became interested in art for the first time. When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm. In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studio's artists. Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.

In 1942 he went to "Western Publishing". There he started drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters - most of them he created by himself. He held this job until 1966, when he retired.

By the early 1990s, Carl Barks had become a comic legend. In 1994, at the age of 93, for the first time in his long life, he traveled to Europe and visited around a dozen countries. Some months earlier, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, had died at the age of 75.

In 1999, leukemia began to destroy Barks' body. The Duck Man died, aged 99, on August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.

1901 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
People from Grants Pass, Oregon
American animators
Disney animators
Writers from Oregon
American comics artists

Carl Barks


Andrew Feenberg (born 1943) is an American philosopher. He holds the Canada Research Chair in the Philosophy of Technology in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver.  His main interests are philosophy of technology, continental philosophy, critique of technology and science and technology studies.

Education
Feenberg studied philosophy under Herbert Marcuse at the University of California, San Diego and was awarded his PhD in 1972.  During this time Feenberg was active in the New Left, founding a journal entitled Alternatives and participating in the May '68 events in Paris.

Feenberg's philosophy of technology
Compared to his predecessors in philosophy of technology, such as Martin Heidegger and Jacques Ellul who have a dystopian view of technology, Feenberg's view is positive even though critical. For Heidegger and Ellul technology affects people's life but is for the most part beyond their control. For Feenberg technology and society influence each other. He separates himself from the instrumentalists who view technology merely as instruments which are within human's full control.

Feenberg's primary contribution to the philosophy of technology is his argument for the democratic transformation of technology.  From his book Transforming Technology,
"What human beings are and will become is decided in the shape of our tools no less than in the action of statesmen and political movements.  The design of technology is thus an ontological decision fraught with political consequences.  The exclusion of the vast majority from participation in this decision is profoundly undemocratic" (p.3).
Feenberg provides the theoretical foundation for this idea through the Critical Theory of Technology which he develops over three books: The Critical Theory of Technology (1991) (re-published as Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory Revisited  [2002]), Alternative Modernity: The Technical Turn in Philosophy and Social Theory (1995), and Questioning Technology (1999). The basis of Feenberg's critical theory of technology is a concept of dialectical technological rationality he terms instrumentalization theory.  Instrumentalization theory combines the social critique of technology familiar from the philosophy of technology (Karl Marx, Herbert Marcuse, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Ellul) with insights taken from the empirical case studies of science and technology studies.  Applications of his theory include studies of online education, the Minitel, the Internet, and digital games.

Feenberg has also published books and articles on the philosophy of Herbert Marcuse, Martin Heidegger, Jürgen Habermas, Karl Marx, Georg Lukacs, and Kitarō Nishida.

Selected works

Books
Author
 Lukacs, Marx and the Sources of Critical Theory (Rowman and Littlefield, 1981; Oxford University Press, 1986)
 Critical Theory of Technology (Oxford University Press, 1991), later republished as Transforming Technology (Oxford University Press, 2002), see below.
 Alternative Modernity (University of California Press, 1995)
 Questioning Technology (Routledge, 1999).
 Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory Revisited (Oxford University Press, 2002).
 Heidegger and Marcuse: The Catastrophe and Redemption of History (Routledge 2005).
 Between Reason and Experience: Essays in Technology and Modernity (MIT Press, 2010).
 The Philosophy of Praxis: Marx, Lukács and the Frankfurt School (Verso Press, 2014).
 Technosystem: The Social Life of Reason (Harvard University Press, 2017).
 The Ruthless Critique of Everything Existing: Nature and Revolution in Marcuse's Philosophy of Praxis (Verso Press, 2023).

Editor
 w/ R. Pippen & C.Webel, Marcuse: Critical Theory and the Promise of Utopia (Bergin and Garvey Press, 1988)
 w/ A. Hannay, Technology and the Politics of Knowledge (Indiana University Press, 1995)
 w/ T. Misa & P. Brey, Modernity and Technology (MIT Press, 2003)
 w/ D. Barney, Community in the Digital Age (Rowman and Littlefield, 2004).
 w/ W. Leiss, The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse (Beacon Press, 2007).

References
Zachry, Mark (2007). "An Interview with Andrew Feenberg", Technical Communication Quarterly, 16(4).

Further reading
 Tyler Veak (ed). "Democratizing Technology: Andrew Feenberg's Critical Theory of Technology. SUNY Press (State University of New York Press), 2006.
 Ricardo Neder (ed).  "A teoría crítica de Andrew Neder: racionalizacao democrática, poder e tecnología". Brasília: Observatório do Movimento pela Tecnologia Social na América Latina / CDS / UnB / Capes, 2010 .
 Darrell P. Arnold y Andreas Michel (eds). "Critical Theory and the Thought of Andrew Feenberg". Palgrave MacMillan, 2017.

External links
Andrew Feenberg's homepage
From Essentialism to Constructivism: Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads online article by Andrew Feenberg discussing Heidegger, Habermas and Borgmann.
Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology Vol 9 No 3 Special Review Section Devoted to Andrew Feenberg's book Heidegger and Marcuse: The Catastrophe and Redemption of History.
Review of Community in the Digital Age by Arun Kumar Tripathi (ACM Ubiquity, Volume 5, Issue 28, Sept. 8 - Sept. 14, 2004).
 From Information to Communication: The French Experience with Videotex online article by Andrew Feenberg discussing Minitel.
 at Simon Fraser University
The bursting boiler of digital education: critical pedagogy and philosophy of technology interview with Petar Jandrić (Knowledge Cultures, 3(5), 132-148, 2015).
 Andrew Feenberg in conversation with Laureano Ralón. Figure/Ground. August 18th, 2010

Philosophers of technology
Canada Research Chairs
Living people
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
1943 births

Andrew Feenberg


Sinbad the Sailor is a fictional character in the One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights). He is a sailor. His stories take place in the days of Haroun al-Rashid. It is possible that Sinbad is of Persian origin. He has many adventures. He meets monsters such as The Old Man of the Sea and the Roc. There are seven stories about Sinbad's journeys. They are sometimes a part of the Scheherazade stories. The Sinbad stories have been made into movies and animated cartoons.

Other websites
 Story of Sindbad The Sailor
 21 Illustrations by the German cartoon pioneer Stefan Mart, from Tales of the Nations (1933)
 Sindbad's Middle-European reincarnation

Persian literature
Arabic literature
English children's books

Sinbad the Sailor


Rhea Silvia is a woman from Roman mythology.  In the legend about the founding of Rome, is the mother of the twin brothers Romulus and Remus. She was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of the city Alba Longa.

According to Plutarch, there are many versions of Rhea Silvia's story, and it is not clear which one is real.  But this is one of the best known and most widely accepted: When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia become a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced Rhea Silvia and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. For Vestals, the punishment for having sex was death.  So when people found out she was pregnant, Rhea Silvia was buried alive, which was the punishment for a Vestal Virgin who did not remain a virgin. Her sons were thrown into the Tiber by a servant, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and later married her.

The Tiber River that flows through Rome gets its name from Tiberinus.  He married Rhea Silvia while the twins, Romulus and Remus, were raised by a she-wolf. When the babies were a few months old, a cowherd found them and raised them. When they were adults, they decided to build a city together.  But they realized only one of them could be its king.  The two men waited on opposite hills for an omen while their followers watched.  At first, six vultures landed on the hill where Remus was waiting.  The followers believed this would mean the city would last for six hundred years.   But then twelve vultures landed on Romulus' hill and they named the city after him instead.  Shortly afterword, Remus made fun of the city wall Romulus was building.  Either one of Romulus' friends or Romulus himself hit Remus, and he died. The city was named after Romulus, Rome.

Related pages
87 Sylvia

References

Roman mythology

Rhea Silvia


A battering ram is a siege engine used in the past. It was used to break open the stone walls of castles or splinter their wooden gates.

In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and banged against an obstacle. The ram  damages the target if the big log hit the target again and again. Later rams were covered in the log with an arrow-proof, fire-resistant canopy mounted on wheels. Inside the canopy, the log was swung from chains or ropes.

Rams were great weapons of war against old fashioned wall-building materials such as stone and brick. These walls were weak in tension: they cracked when struck with sufficient force. With many blows, the cracks would grow steadily until a hole was created. Eventually, a breach would appear in the fabric of the wall. It would cause armed attackers to force their way through the gap.

The introduction in the later Middle Ages of siege cannons causes the end of battering rams and other traditional siege weapons. Much smaller, hand-held versions of battering rams are still used today, however, by law enforcement officers and military personnel to bash open locked doors.

Weapons

Battering ram


An assemmly leid is a low-level programmin leid uised for a computer, or ither programmable machine, whaur there is a muckle strang (aften ane-tae-ane) correspondence atween the leid an the machine code an the computer airchitectur  instructions. It is sometimes cried symbolic machine code an aw.

In computer programmin, an assembly leid, is any low-level programmin leid whaur there is a muckle strang correspondence (aften ane-tae-ane) atween the instructions in the leid and the instructions o the machine code for that airchitectur. Assembly depends on the machine code instructions, sae aw assemblers hae thair ain assembly language that is designed for exactly ane specific computer architectur.

Assemmly leid
Assemmler
Programmin leid implementation

Assemmly leid


The Venturi effect is a case where fluid flows through a tube that is narrow. The velocity of the fluid increases as it flows through the narrower tube while the pressure decreases, due to conservation of energy. The effect is an example of Bernoulli's principle.

With the B.E. a simple flow of either A. Fluids, or B. Air, will cause pressure. Within an amount of time, this will cause a decrease in pressure and have the potential of creating energy.
Fluid mechanics

Venturi effect


Simon Andrew Thomas Standage (born 8 November 1941 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire) is an English violinist and conductor best known for playing and conducting music of the baroque and classical eras on original instruments.

Biography and career

He studied music at King's College, Cambridge, following which he spent four years in the Netherlands Chamber Orchestra under Szymon Goldberg. He won a Harkness Fellowship to study with Ivan Galamian in New York City from 1967 to 1969.

After a 1972 Wigmore Hall debut, he became a founding member of Trevor Pinnock's period-instrument ensemble The English Concert. He was first violinist of The English Concert from 1972 to 1991. In this time, he performed and recorded violin concertos by Bach (the single and double concertos, and the Brandenburg Concertos), Vivaldi (The complete op.3 l'estro armonico, op.4 la stravaganza and op.8 il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, and Le quattro stagioni a celebrated second time), Haydn and others. He was also the first concertino violin in the concerti grossi of Corelli, Handel and others. During this time, he was sub-leader of the English Chamber Orchestra from 1974 to 1978 and led the City of London Sinfonia (the successor of the Richard Hickox Orchestra) from 1980 to 1989.

In 1981 he was a founder of the Salomon Quartet (with Micaela Comberti, violin II, Trevor Jones, viola, and Jennifer Ward Clarke, cello), a period-performance string quartet specialising in the classical repertory, performing and recording works by Mozart, Haydn, and lesser known composers.

He played regularly with The Academy of Ancient Music throughout the 1980s, often as first violin, and recorded Vivaldi's op.9 la cetra, and the complete violin concertos of Mozart. He later became associate director of the AAM from 1991 to 1995. In 1990, he and Richard Hickox founded the group Collegium Musicum 90, a period-performance group varying in size from two musicians to full orchestra and chorus with which he has made many recordings as both conductor and violin soloist, of works by Telemann, Vivaldi, Leclair, Marcello, Albinoni, Arne, Boyce, and others. He has also made regular collaboration with Collegium Musicum Telemann in Osaka and Haydn Sinfonietta in Vienna. He plays in period-instrument chamber group The Music Collection with Susan Alexander-Max (fortepiano) and Jennifer Ward Clarke (cello).

Appointments

Standage has been a professor of baroque violin at the Royal Academy of Music since 1983, and taught baroque violin and conducting at the Akademie für Alte Musik Oberlausitz in Görlitz since 1993. He is also president of the Early music society, Music by the Commons, based in Wimbledon, South West London.

References

1941 births
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
English classical violinists
British male violinists
Concertmasters
People from High Wycombe
Baroque-violin players
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
British performers of early music
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical violinists

Simon Standage


Excellency is an honorific style that is given to members of a certain organization or state, usually a president or governor. Once a person gets the title of "Excellency" it is usually held by that person for the rest of their life though this is not always the case. For example some countries presidents get the title of "Excellency" but only hold it for their time in that office.

Styles (manners of address)

Excellency


The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini), also known as the bronze hammerhead, the kidney-headed hammerhead, or the southern hammerhead, is a species of hammerhead shark. It was first known as zygaena lewini, but is now known as Sphyrna lewini. The word Sphyrna is a Greek word meaning "hammer", which refers to the "hammer" or "cephalofoil" on its head.

It is . It is found in warm temperate and tropical coastal waters all around the world, between latitudes 46° N and 36° S. It is the most common Hammerhead shark.

Description
Like all other hammerhead sharks, the scalloped hammerhead has a "hammer", which is known as the "cephalofoil", on its head. The shark's eyes and nostrils are placed on the ends of the cephalofoil. Scalloped hammerheads  usually grow to the length of 1.5 to 2.7 meters long, but the longest found was 4.3 meters long. The heaviest ever found weighed 150 kilograms. They are usually olive, bronze, light brown, grey-brown or even silver-grey in colour with a white belly. The edges of the fins are usually darker on the young, but as they grow older they become more lighter.

Taxonomy
The scalloped hammerhead was first known as Zygaena lewini. It was renamed Sphyrna lewini in 1834. It has also been known as Cestracion leeuwenii in 1865, Zygaena erythraea in 1871, Cestracion oceanica in 1913, and Sphyrna diplana in 1941. The word Sphyrna is a Greek word meaning "hammer". It refers to the shape of the shark's head.

Where they live
The scalloped hammerhead is a coastal pelagic species. It is found in continental and insular shelves, and in nearby deeper water. It is found in warm temperate and tropical coastal waters all around the world, between latitudes 46° north and 36° south. It can be found down to depths of over 500 metres (1,600 ft) but is mostly found above 25 metres (82 ft).

Behaviour
 thumb|left | 200px | A group of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks
During the daytime, they are usually found close to shore. At night, they hunt further from the shore. Adults are usually found alone, in pairs or in small groups, The young are found in larger groups of up to one hundred or even more members. Although scalloped hammerheads are said to be harmless towards humans, there has been reports of attacks from this shark. These attacks could be caused from the great hammerhead shark.

Feeding
Scalloped hammerheads feed on fish such as sardines, mackerel, and herring. They sometimes eat cephalopods like octopuses and squids. They have also been known to eat other smaller species of sharks like the Blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus, and the Atlantic sharpnose shark, (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae).

Reproduction
Scalloped hammerheads are viviparous. Females are pregnant for 9 to 10 months before giving birth to 15 to 30 pups. Young ones grow slowly compared to other sharks. They also have darker fins than adults.

Endangered status
In 2008, the scalloped hammerhead was placed on the "globally endangered" list. Research has shown that in some parts of the Atlantic Ocean, populations have decreased by 95% in the last 30 years. The reason for this is because of over-fishing for shark fins. Their fins are made into shark fin soup. Researchers are calling for a ban on Shark finning, which is when the fin's of sharks are cut off and the rest of the animal is thrown back into the water to die. Hammerhead sharks are the most commonly caught sharks for finning.

References

Other websites
  Scalloped hammerhead shark
  Fact Sheet: Scalloped Hammerhead Shark
  Galapagos Hammerheads, Scalloped Hammerhead Shark Facts

Sharks

Scalloped hammerhead


Leibulf, Leybulf, or Letibulf was the Count of Provence in the early ninth century. Along with Gaucelm, who ruled Septimania, and Bera, who ruled Catalonia, he was one of the three most important magnates in the south during the early reign of Louis the Pious, during which the emperor reorganised that territory's government.

Leibulf's origins are unknown, though the probability is high that he was a native of Provence where he held ex rebus proprietas (allodial land) in Arles. His rise to power occurred in the last years of the reign of Charlemagne (768 – 814), who may have granted him many of the honores he held. Along with Bera's Goths and Duke Sancho I's Gascons, he led a contingent of Provençals on Louis the Pious' expedition against Barcelona in 801 – 802.

Leibulf was a patron of the monastery of Lérins. He exchanged some estates with Noton, Archbishop of Arles. He died in 829 (after 16 March, date of his last donation to Lérins) and Bernard of Septimania was given his honores. He was probably succeeded in Provence by the dux Guerin. He left a wife named Oda who had likewise patronised Lérins.

Notes

Sources
Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.
Février, P. "La donation faite à Lérins par le comte Leibulfe." Provence Historique, Vol. VI. 1956.

829 deaths
Occitan people
Counts of Provence
9th-century counts in Europe
Year of birth unknown

Leibulf of Provence


The profession is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called "learned professions". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer are often called "learned".

Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.

Profession


The Traveling Salesman Problem (often called TSP) is a classic algorithmic problem in the field of computer science and operations research. It is focused on optimization. In this context, better solution often means a solution that is cheaper, shorter, or faster. TSP is a mathematical problem. It is most easily expressed as a graph describing the locations of a set of nodes.

The traveling salesman problem was defined in the 1800s by the Irish mathematician W. R. Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman. Hamilton's Icosian Game was a recreational puzzle based on finding a Hamiltonian cycle. The general form of the TSP appears to have been first studied by mathematicians during the 1930s in Vienna and at Harvard, notably by Karl Menger. Menger defines the problem, considers the obvious brute-force algorithm, and observes the non-optimality of the nearest neighbour heuristic:We denote by messenger problem (since in practice this question should be solved by each postman, anyway also by many travelers) the task to find, for finitely many points whose pairwise distances are known, the shortest route connecting the points. Of course, this problem is solvable by finitely many trials. Rules which would push the number of trials below the number of permutations of the given points, are not known. The rule that one first should go from the starting point to the closest point, then to the point closest to this, etc., in general does not yield the shortest route.Hassler Whitney at Princeton University introduced the name traveling salesman problem soon after.

Stating the problem
The Travelling Salesman Problem describes a salesman who must travel between N cities. The order in which he does so is something he does not care about, as long as he visits each once during his trip, and finishes where he was at first. Each city is connected to other close by cities, or nodes, by airplanes, or by road or railway. Each of those links between the cities has one or more weights (or the cost) attached. The cost describes how "difficult" it is to traverse this edge on the graph, and may be given, for example, by the cost of an airplane ticket or train ticket, or perhaps by the length of the edge, or time required to complete the traversal. The salesman wants to keep both the travel costs, as well as the distance he travels as low as possible.

The Traveling Salesman Problem is typical of a large class of "hard" optimization problems that have intrigued mathematicians and computer scientists for years. Most important, it has applications in science and engineering. For example, in the manufacture of a circuit board, it is important to determine the best order in which a laser will drill thousands of holes. An efficient solution to this problem reduces production costs for the manufacturer.

Difficulty
In general, the traveling salesman problem is hard to solve. If there is a way to break this problem into smaller component problems, the components will be at least as complex as the original one. This is what computer scientists call NP-hard problems.

Many people have studied this problem. The easiest (and most expensive solution) is to simply try all possibilities. The problem with this is that for N cities you have (N-1) factorial possibilities. This means that for only 10 cities there are over 180 thousand combinations to try (since the start city is defined, there can be permutations on the remaining nine). We only count half since each route has an equal route in reverse with the same length or cost.
9! / 2 = 181 440
 Exact solutions to the problem can be found, using branch and bound algorithms. This is currently possible for up to 85,900 cities.
 Heuristics approaches use a set of guiding rules for selection of the next node. But since heuristics result in approximations, they will not always give the optimal solution, although high quality admissible heuristics can find a useful solution in a fraction of the time required for a full brute force of the problem. An example of a heuristic for a node would be a summation of how many unvisited nodes are "close by" a connected node. This could encourage the salesman to visit a group of close by nodes clustered together before moving onto another natural cluster in the graph. See Monte Carlo algorithms and Las Vegas algorithms

Other websites
 TSPLIB

References

Theoretical computer science
Combinatorial optimization

Travelling salesman problem


Austin was a British car manufacturing company that began production in 1905. The company merged with Morris in 1952, becoming the lead partner in British Motor Corporation. This became British Leyland and then Rover Group. They began phasing the brand out in 1987; by 1989 all Rover Group cars had been cleared of Austin branding. The name has now passed into the ownership of Nanjing Motor Corporation, who have stated an interest in reviving it.

History

Independent Austin 1905-1952

The company was started in 1905 by Herbert Austin, originally making cars at a factory in Rotherham, Yorkshire before moving to Longbridge, Birmingham. In the First World War Austin made aircraft for the Army and Navy, it was this work which led to the rapid expansion of the company; following the war the company stopped making aircraft. The company became Britain's biggest car maker.

British Motor Corporation 1952-1968
In 1952 Austin merged with its biggest rival Morris (founded by William Morris, afterwards Lord Nuffield), with Austin being the lead partner. This company was known as the British Motor Corporation (BMC). Following the merger with Morris, the model line up for Austin changed considerably. The most notable car to come from this era was the Austin Mini, this was also sold as a Morris Mini and was made up until 2000 (though not as an Austin after 1987). Austin enjoyed a favourable market share during the 1950s and 1960s.

British Leyland 1968-1986
In 1968 BMC merged with Leyland (Leyland, Standard and Triumph) to become British Leyland even though Leyland had been a much smaller firm. It was the British Leyland years that were perhaps the most difficult and in 1975 British Leyland was nationalised. Austin's market share fell, as did other marques within the company, leading to the phasing out of the Morris name plate in 1981. There were many strikes at British Leyland's factories, making British Leyland and other companies with the same problem, such as the Ford Motor Company unproductive compared to Japanese and European companied like Volkswagen. Many of the models in this era failed to sell well, either because they were old fashioned or deemed unreliable; the Austin Princess and the Austin Allegro were the only modern cars of this era, while the 1300, 1800 and Austin Maxi were all dated. The Princess and Allegro sold well, but both were saloons, and the only hatchback the company had was the Maxi, which wasn't a popular car.

Rover 1986-1987
British Leyland became the Rover Group in 1986. Despite the huge success of the Austin Metro, launched in 1980, there was trouble in the company. In the 1980s Austin sold the most cars in the British Leyland group, however when the company became Rover Group, a greater emphasis was placed on the more upmarket Rover name. In 1987 the company began phasing the name out and by 1989 it had been removed from all products.

Revival
The name now belongs to Nanjing Motor Corporation who have expressed an interest in reviving it. They currently make cars as MGs (the MG marque came from Morris and consisted of three sports cards MGA, MGB and MGC), however it intends to use this brand name for luxury cars and sports cars. Nanjing does not own the Rover name, so the Austin name is the most recent it has to use for its mainstream mass market cars.

Models
The company's most famous models were the Austin Seven (1922-39), the Austin A30 (1951-56), the Austin A35 (1956-59), the Austin A55 Cambridge (1954-71), the Austin Mini (1959-2000 but only as an Austin until 1969), the Austin 1800 (1964-75), the Austin 1300 (1967-74), Austin Maxi (1969-81), Austin Allegro (1973-83), Austin Princess/Ambassador (1975-84), Austin Metro (1980-1998 but only as an Austin until 1987), Austin Maestro (1983-94), Austin Montego (1984-94).

1905 establishments in the United Kingdom
British automobile companies

Austin Motor Company


The United States Military Academy Preparatory School (USMAPS), sometimes referred to as West Point Prep, is a preparatory school for the United States Military Academy (USMA). Located in West Point, New York, its official mission is "to provide academic, military and physical instruction in a moral-ethical military environment to prepare and motivate candidates for success at the United States Military Academy."

History
In 1916, the rules for admission to the U.S. service academies changed to include a formal admission process to ensure the appointees' success and excellence.

Between the two World Wars, the U.S. was divided into nine corps areas, and each of these maintained its own West Point Preparatory School, all being supervised by the USMA staff.

Admissions

As with the prep schools of the other United States service academies, there is no separate application for USMAPS, only the West Point application.  Admission officers will offer USMAPS to potential West Point cadets who have received or yet to receive their Congressional appointments yet may lack the grades or skills necessary for West Point. During the middle of the prep school year, Cadet Candidates must submit new applications to West Point, including the Congressional nomination. By June, Cadet Candidates will receive word of their application status and West Point acceptance. Most of those who attend the prep school will go on to West Point, contingent on their application, academics and grades, physical training, and military instruction. Some candidates may transfer to other service academies, or be sent back to the United States Army as a regular enlisted soldier. Invitational reservists have other options at the completion of the USMAPS year. Invitational reservists who entered USMAPS with no existing contract to the military and are denied admission to West Point or who decline their appointment can return to civilian life with no further obligation.

Cadet candidates and USMAPS instruction
Students at USMAPS are known as cadet candidates (often abbreviated to "CCs"); board and tuition are free and they are paid a small stipend as they are active members of the U.S. Army. The course extends over a ten-month scholastic year and aims at training the "CCs" to cope with the academic and military rigors of an army education before attending West Point the following academic year.

Cadet candidates arrive at the prep school in mid-July for Cadet Candidate Basic Training, or CCBT, a three-week program to put them in shape and provide the foundation for West Point and military instruction.

Academics
Immediately following CCBT, academic classes start in August and end in mid-May. USMAPS provides instruction in English, general mathematics, student development, military science, physical and natural sciences, and physical and military training. USMAPS offers Calculus AB classes for advanced cadets. Cadets who are weak in English or mathematics have the opportunity to catch up with fundamental courses.

Athletics

USMAPS has an extensive athletic program including football, cross-country, track, men's and women's basketball, soccer, lacrosse, and wrestling.

Known as the Black Knights, with black and gold colors, USMAPS primarily participates with the other United States military academy prep schools, especially their rival the Naval Academy Preparatory School. Potential athletes are the most notable group of those sent to USMAPS to upgrade their scholastic abilities.

Types of cadet candidates

There are two categories of prep school students: Prior Service (PSs) and Invitational Reservists (IRs).

Prior Service
Prior Service CCs are aged 17 to 22 and have already served in the Army as enlisted soldiers. Prior Service CCs can go direct admit (straight into West Point), but many choose to take an extra year to review high school academic skills. The Prep school offers introductory chemistry, biology, and physics as well as full year courses in English and Math.

Invitational Reservists

Invitational Reservists, or IRs, are recruited high school athletes who typically need to improve their academic grades. In addition, there are also non-athletes straight from high school or junior college who, for many reasons, applied to West Point but were not accepted. The athletes compete against other local colleges, high schools, local leagues, and against the USMA Junior Varsity teams. This also gives the USMA coaches a chance to size up and observe the next year's potentials. Non-recruits may join teams as "walk-ons," and are encouraged to do so to keep fit and in shape for West Point. While not at the top of the list for direct admission, these are the applicants who the Admissions Department has deemed "potential" and so are granted a year at the Prep School to improve the needed areas for admission into West Point of the next year. Usually this is due to a slight deficiency in grades, physical fitness or extracurricular activities.

Location change
West Point was not USMAPS's first location. In June 1946, USMAPS was founded at Stewart Army Air Field in Newburgh, New York, approximately 16 miles northwest of West Point. The school was moved to Fort Belvoir, Virginia, in 1957 and to Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1975. USMAPS moved to West Point 18 July 2011, when the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Act closed Fort Monmouth.

References

External links

USMAPS Parent Listserver A website for parents of CCs.
West-Point.org Website with various information pertaining to USMAPS.

Military academies of the United States
United States Military Academy
Military education and training in the United States
High schools in New York (state)
Defunct schools in New Jersey
Defunct schools in Virginia


A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ, was a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom. The last GNVQs were awarded in 2007.

The qualifications related to occupational areas in general, rather than any specific job. They could be taken in a wide range of subjects. There were different levels of GNVQ, namely the Intermediate level (equivalent to four General Certificates of Secondary Education) and Advanced level (equivalent to two Advanced-level General Certificates of Education).

GNVQs were available to people of all ages. Many schools and colleges offered these courses and they could be studied alongside GCSEs or A levels. The GNVQ generally involved much coursework (6-8 large assignments), which allowed holders to show their skills when applying for jobs.

GNVQs were used in many schools in Wales in three main subjects: Engineering, Health and Social Care, and Leisure and Tourism. They were commonly used between early 2000 and 2005 as one-year courses for post-GCSE students who wished to further their education within the sixth-form but not at an A-Level standard. The course was generally undertaken in Wales at Intermediate level with day-release at an appropriate work placement during school hours for the duration of the year. Subsequent to 2005 many schools stopped using GNVQ courses in the sixth form and after 2004 incorporated Intermediate or Foundation level GNVQs into the syllabus in years 10 and 11 along with GCSEs. This was to encourage more students to undertake vocational areas of study as part of their compulsory education. The majority of one-year courses for sixth formers were then replaced with BTEC First Diplomas and Certificates.

GNVQs ceased to be offered in late 2007. Pupils in England and Wales are able to undertake BTEC and OCR national certificates and diplomas instead. Alternatives to GNVQ qualifications include vocational GCSEs, BTEC diplomas and certificates, OCR Nationals and City and Guild progression awards. The Diploma in Digital Applications, launched in 2005, was seen as a successor to GNVQ ICT.

References

External links
Directgov: NVQs and GNVQs

Educational qualifications in England
Educational qualifications in Wales
Secondary school qualifications
Vocational education in the United Kingdom


A gland is a group of cells in the body which make substances such as hormones. They are in humans and other animals, and in plants.
If the substance is put directly into the bloodstream, the gland is called endocrine gland.
If the substance is carried by a duct, the gland is called an exocrine gland. Exocrine  ducts empty outside the body, or into cavities inside the body.

Examples of glands in humans are:
Sweat glands that produce sweat for perspiration.
The pineal gland in the brain, which produces the hormone melatonin at night.

Gland


The English Pronouncing Dictionary (EPD) was created by the British phonetician Daniel Jones and was first published in 1917. It originally comprised over 50,000 headwords listed in their spelling form, each of which was given one or more pronunciations transcribed using a set of phonemic symbols based on a standard accent. The dictionary is now in its 18th edition. John C. Wells has written of it "EPD has set the standard against which other dictionaries must inevitably be judged".

History
The precursor to the English Pronouncing Dictionary was A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language by Hermann Michaelis and Daniel Jones, published in Germany in 1913. In this work, the headwords of the dictionary were listed in phonemic transcription, followed by their spelling form, so the user needed to be aware of the phonemic composition of a word, in order to discover its spelling. A typical entry, given as an example in the preface, was  'explanation'. The user therefore had to have recognized the phoneme sequence , before they could discover the spelling form of the word. This format did not find favour and a German-British work was in any case not likely to do well at the time of the First World War.

 Editions 1 to 13: Jones published the EPD in 1917 with the publishing house Dent. Dent continued to produce the EPD until 1989. Some editions appeared under the title Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary.
 Edition 14: Jones died in 1967, and the work of editing the EPD was taken up by his pupil Alfred C. Gimson. Since the dictionary was produced by traditional typesetting until the 15th edition, any substantial revision involved considerable work and expense, but Gimson introduced a new style of phonemic transcription for the 14th edition, published in 1977. When the cost of producing a completely new edition was judged prohibitive, a revised version of the 14th with a supplementary annexe adding about 1000 words was published in 1988; Gimson's colleague Susan Ramsaran was his assistant editor for this work and completed it after Gimson's death in 1985. Subsequently, the rights to the EPD were acquired by Cambridge University Press. According to his autobiography, John C. Wells was approached by Dent to succeed Gimson as the editor, only to decline the offer because Dent was "not prepared to make the major changes that [Wells] considered necessary" and compile an entirely new pronunciation dictionary to be published by Longman.
 Editions 15 to 18 (the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary): Peter Roach became principal editor for the 15th edition. It was decided to add American pronunciations throughout, and James Hartman was appointed the American editor. The publishers moved to computer-based production, using optical scanning and character recognition of the preceding edition to compile a digital database ready for editing. The revision began in 1992, initially with Karen Stromberg as editorial assistant and subsequently with Jane Setter. More than 18,000 words were added and the new (15th) edition was published in 1997. The 16th edition was published in 2003, the 17th in 2006 and the 18th (current) edition in 2011. For the 17th and 18th editions, Jane Setter was one of the editors. For the 18th, John Esling replaced James Hartman as the American editor.

In 2015 an electronic version of the 18th edition appeared: this is an app available for use on Apple's iPhone and iPad, sold through the Apple iStore. An Android version appeared in 2017.

Model accent
All editions have been based on a single accent (or a single American and a single British accent in the case of the 15th to 18th editions). The American accent is named GA (General American), but the British standard accent has been given different names at different times.
SSE ('Standard Southern English', in Michaelis and Jones): "The pronunciation represented is that generally used by persons of culture in the South of England. This form of pronunciation is chosen not because it is intrinsically superior to any other, but because it is that generally found most useful by those studying the English language" (p vii)
PSP ('Public School Pronunciation', EPD editions 1 and 2): the pronunciation is "that most usually heard in everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose menfolk have been educated at the great public boarding schools".
RP ('Received Pronunciation', EPD editions 3 to 14)
BBC ('BBC Pronunciation', EPD editions 15 to 18)

Transcription conventions
In all editions the transcription used is essentially phonemic, but the symbols and the conventions for their use have varied from time to time.
Symbols in editions 1-13, edited by Jones: this form of transcription is characterized especially by the use of the length mark ("ː") as the sole differentiation between pairs of long and short vowels such as feet and fit, Luke and look (thus ).
The Gimson symbols (14th edition): in this system, there is some redundancy but a clearer demonstration of the phonetic quality of vowels as the long/short vowel pair are distinguished both by symbol shape and by the use of the length mark. Thus feet  and Luke  are distinguished from fit  and look .
Symbols used in 15th to 18th editions: these are essentially the same symbols as those devised by Gimson, but with the addition of the symbol  for the "happY" vowel and the corresponding  symbol for an unstressed close back rounded vowel (these symbols are not strictly phonemic). For the representation of American pronunciation the editors devised a transcription that retained a close similarity to the English symbols. However, the GOAT vowel is transcribed  for GA; "rhotic" symbols are used for the vowel in the first syllable of survive  and for the vowel in bird . For the benefit of non-American users, the convention of the diacritic  is used to indicate probable 'tapping' or 'flapping' of , thus 'better'  (again, this is not a strictly phonemic transcription).

Audio material
At the time of the publication of the 16th edition, a CD-ROM disk (compatible with Windows but not with Apple computers) was produced which contains the full contents of the dictionary together with a recording of each headword, in British and American pronunciation. The recorded pronunciations can be played by clicking on a loudspeaker icon. A "sound search" facility is included to enable users to search for a particular phoneme or sequence of phonemes. Most of the recordings were made by actors or editorial staff. The recordings were completely revised for the 18th edition.

See also
A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English
CMU Pronouncing Dictionary

References

External links
An English Pronouncing Dictionary, 6th ed. (1944) on Internet Archive
A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language (1913) on Internet Archive

English pronouncing dictionaries
Cambridge University Press books

English Pronouncing Dictionary


Koko the Clown is an animated cartoon character created by Max Fleischer. He first appeared as the main protagonist in Out of the Inkwell (1918–1929), a major animated series of the silent era. Throughout the series, he goes on many adventures with his canine companion "Fitz the Dog", who would later evolve into Bimbo in the Betty Boop cartoons.

History
The character originated when Max Fleischer invented the rotoscope, a device that allowed for animation to be more lifelike by tracing motion picture footage of human movement. The use of the clown character came after two previous tests and a search for an original character. Fleischer filmed his brother Dave in a clown costume. After tracing the film footage amounting to some 2,500 drawings and a year's work, the character that would eventually become Koko the Clown was born, although he did not have a name until 1924. "The Clown"'s appearance owes much to The Yama Yama Man. Dave's clown costume was clearly inspired by one worn by Bessie McCoy, with the additions of a black ruffled collar replacing the big white bow, three pom-pom front buttons, and a prominent cone-shaped cap also with three pom-poms. The white face with slit eyes was a design common among German circus clowns. Both costumes have white gloves with long fingers, white foot coverings, and a hat with the same white pom-pom as in front. A 1922 sheet music drawing makes the connection more explicit, saying "Out of the Inkwell, the New Yama Yama Clown", with a picture of Koko.

Because of the realistic effects displayed in his sample films, the result of Fleischer's Rotoscope, and a past relationship with John R. Bray, he was hired as production manager for John R. Bray Studios, and in 1918 they began Out of the Inkwell as an entry in the Bray Pictograph Screen Magazine released through Paramount (1918), and later Goldwyn (1919-1921). Aside from the novelty of the Rotoscoped animation, this series combined live-action and animation centered on Max Fleischer as the creative cartoonist and "Master" of "The Clown". "The Clown" would often slip from Max's eye and go on an adventure, pull a prank on his creator. Fleischer wrote, and animated the early shorts along with Roland Crandall, with Dave directing the live action filming, performing on camera as "The Clown" for Rotoscoping, and assisted with the animation and Roto tracings.

The series was very popular, and in 1921 Max and Dave Fleischer formed their own studio, Out of the Inkwell Films, Inc. Their films were distributed through the States Rights method through Warner Brothers, Winkler Pictures, Standard, and finally The Red Seal Pictures Corporation. The "Clown" was named Ko-Ko in 1924 when Dick Huemer came to the studio as their animation supervisor, having animated on the Mutt and Jeff series for eight years. He redesigned the "Clown" for more efficient animation production and moved the Fleischers away from their dependency upon the Rotoscope for fluid animation. Huemer created Ko-Ko's canine companion, Fitz. Most importantly, Huemer set the drawing style that gave the series its distinctive look. The illustration at the heading is an example by Huemer.

In the films produced from 1924 to 1927, the clown's name was hyphenated, "Ko-Ko". The hyphen was dropped due to legal issues associated with the bankruptcy of the Fleischer's partnership company, The Red Seal Pictures Corporation. Alfred Weiss presented the Fleischers with a new Paramount contract beginning in mid-1927, and "Out of the Inkwell" was retitled as "The Inkwell Imps". The series continued for two years until July 1929, ending with "Chemical Koko". Due to alleged mismanagement under Alfred Weiss, the Inkwell Studios filed bankruptcy in January 1929, and Koko was put into retirement for two years. In 1931, the legal entanglements regarding Koko were resolved, and he returned to the screen beginning with "The Herring Murder Case" (1931) and became a regular in the new Fleischer Talkartoons series with costars, Betty Boop and Bimbo. Koko's last theatrical appearance was in the "Betty Boop" cartoon, "Ha! Ha! Ha!" (1934), a remake of an "Out of the Inkwell" silent film, "The Cure" (1924).

Koko in "Kolor"
Koko's first color appearance was a cameo in the cartoon "Toys Will Be Toys" (1949), one of the revived Screen Songs series produced by Famous Studios. In 1958, Max Fleischer set out to revive Out of the Inkwell for television, and a series of 100 color episodes were produced in 1960–1961 by Hal Seeger using the voice talents of Larry Storch. Only two episodes have surfaced.

See also
 Song Car-Tunes
 Animation in the United States during the silent era
 Golden age of American animation

References

Further reading
 Crafton, Donald (1993): Before Mickey: The Animated Film, 1898–1928. University of Chicago Press.
 Maltin, Leonard (1987): Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. Penguin Books.
 Pointer, Ray (2000/2002): Max Fleischer's Famous Out of the Inkwell DVD. Inkwell Images.
 Pointer, Ray (2014) "The Search for Ko-Ko" http://www.traditionalanimation.com/2014/the-search-for-koko-the-clown/
 Pointer, Ray (2016): The Art and Invention of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer. McFarland & Co. Publishers.

History of animation
Fleischer Studios series and characters
Fictional clowns
Television series by U.M. & M. TV Corporation
Film characters introduced in 1919
Animated film series
Comedy films about clowns
Television shows about clowns
Animated human characters
Male characters in animation
Comedy film characters
Comedy franchises
Animated characters introduced in 1919

Koko the Clown


The Water Margin, also known Outlaws of the Marsh and Seven Blows Of The Dragon, is a 1972 Hong Kong film adapted from the Chinese classical 14th-century novel Water Margin. It was produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio and directed by Chang Cheh. Godfrey Ho was assistant director (as Chih Chiang Ho).

Plot
The plot is based on the story of how "Jade Unicorn" Lu Junyi came to join the outlaw band at Liangshan Marsh and the outlaws' battle with the Zeng Family Fortress.

Liangshan's chief Chao Gai was ambushed and killed by Shi Wengong. His fellows vow to avenge him. The current de facto leaders of Liangshan, Song Jiang and Wu Yong, decide that given Shi Wengong's skill, Lu Junyi (Shi's former fellow student) will be the best person to assist them in taking revenge. The outlaws also note that if they succeed in recruiting Lu Junyi, they will also win over Lu's servant, Yan Qing, who is also a formidable martial artist.

Wu Yong disguises himself as fortune teller and infiltrates the northern capital, where Lu Junyi stays, together with Li Kui, who is disguised as his idiotic assistant. They visit Lu Junyi and lie to him that a great calamity will befall him if he does not travel 1,000 miles to the southeast. Lu Junyi is skeptical of the advice and asks Yan Qing for his opinion. By then, Yan Qing has recognized Li Kui and provokes the hot-tempered Li into a fight. Li Kui is defeated and confined together with Wu Yong. Wu Yong uses reverse psychology on Lu Junyi and manages to persuade Lu to release them. Just then, Lu Junyi's steward Li Gu, who is in a secret affair with Lu's wife, reports the outlaws' presence to the authorities so as to seize his master's fortune. When soldiers arrive to capture the outlaws, Lu Junyi orders Yan Qing to escort Wu Yong and Li Kui safely out while he confronts the soldiers and is arrested. Yan Qing attempts to free Lu Junyi from prison but Lu is captured again when Yan leaves him for a short while.

Yan Qing travels to Liangshan to seek help and he attempts to rob two men for his travel expenses. The two men turn out to be actually outlaws from Liangshan, one of them being Shi Xiu. Shi Xiu goes to find Lu Junyi while his companion brings Yan Qing back to Liangshan. While in the city, Shi Xiu sees that Lu Junyi is about to be executed in the market square so he storms the area alone in an attempt to free Lu. Both Lu Junyi and Shi Xiu are eventually overwhelmed by soldiers and taken into captive.

Meanwhile, Yan Qing meets the Liangshan outlaws and they plan to infiltrate the northern capital to save Lu Junyi and Shi Xiu. They take strategic positions around the execution ground and attack the soldiers when the prisoners are about to be beheaded. This time, the outlaws overpower the guards and swiftly take control of the area. Accompanied by the outlaws, Lu Junyi marches home and kills his disloyal steward Li Gu while his adulterous wife is slain by Yan Qing.

As the outlaws leave the city, they run into Shi Wengong and his men, resulting in both sides clashing in an immense battle. Shi Wengong's forces are routed so he challenges the outlaws to engage him and his five students in man-on-man duels. The five students fight with Lin Chong, Li Kui, Hu Sanniang, Wu Song and Shi Xiu, while Lu Junyi faces Shi Wengong. By the time the five heroes had defeated Shi Wengong's students, Lu Junyi was still locked his duel with Shi. Yan Qing and Li Kui join in the fray and Shi Wengong is injured gravely but still remains alive. After declaring that Lu Junyi is now the new leader of Liangshan, Shi Wengong stops everyone from approaching and commits suicide. The outlaws, seeing that their quest for vengeance is now complete, ride back to their stronghold and the film ends.

Cast

David Chiang as Yan Qing
Tetsurō Tamba as Lu Junyi
Toshio Kurosawa as Shi Wengong
Tung Lam as Chao Gai
Ku Feng as Song Jiang
Chin Feng as Wu Yong
Elliot Ngok as Lin Chong
Wong Chung as Shi Xiu
Ti Lung as Wu Song
Lily Ho as Hu Sanniang
Fan Mei-sheng as Li Kui
Wu Ma as Shi Qian
Cheng Lui as Wang Ying
Paul Chun as Hua Rong
Chen Kuan-tai as Shi Jin
Danny Lee as Zhang Shun
Wu Chi-chin as Yang Xiong
Lee Hang as Dai Zong
Lau Dan as Lei Heng
Lei Lung as Qin Ming
Pang Pang as Lu Zhishen
Zhang Yang as Chai Jin
Leung Seung-wan as Liu Tang
Lo Wai as Zhu Tong
Ho Hon-chau as Zhang Heng
Tin Ching as Li Gu
Ling Ling as Madam Jia (Lu Junyi's wife)
Ruby Siu Siu as Xu Hong
Woo Wai as Cai Fu
Yeung Chak-lam as Cai Qing
Liu Wai as Dong Chao
Lee Man-tai as Xue Ba
Lee Wan-chung as Grand Secretary Liang Shijie
Shum Lo as chief clerk
Wong Ching-ho as court clerk
Nam Seok-hun as Wen Da
Lau Gong as Li Cheng
Cheng Miu as Zeng Nong
Tong Yim-chan as Zeng Sheng
Wang Kuang-yu as Zeng Mi
Wong Pau-gei as Zeng Suo
Chan Chuen as Zeng Kui
Cheung Ban as Zeng Tu
Nam Wai-lit as chief wrestler
Gai Yuen as wrestler
Wong Ching as wrestler
Cheung Hei as old man
Tsang Choh-lam as innkeeper
Chin Chun as Lu Junyi's servant
Ko Fei as Lu Junyi's servant
Sai Gwa-pau as Lu Junyi's servant
Fuk Yan-cheng as Lu Junyi's servant
Ko Hung as Lu Junyi's servant / bandit
Huang Ha as Lu Junyi's servant / Zeng militiaman
Yeung Pak-chan as Lu Junyi's servant / Zeng militiaman
Yuen Shun-yee as Zeng militiaman
Law Keung as Zeng militiaman
Ho Bo-sing as Zeng militiaman
Fung Hap-so as Zeng militiaman
Yee Kwan as constable
Yi Fung as constable
Chui Fat as constable
Chow Kong as constable
Chow Yun-gin as constable
Chan Dik-hak as constable
Tam Bo as constable
Kong Chuen as constable
Cheung Chi-ping as constable
Ling Hon as constable carrying execution placard
Tung Choi-bo as constable / Zeng militiaman
Lau Jun-fai as soldier
San Kuai as  bandit
Lee Wan-miu as wrestling spectator
To Wing-leung as wrestling spectator
Chai Lam as wrestling spectator
Gam Tin-chue as wrestling spectator
Bak Yu as mamasan
Yen Shi-kwan
Yuen Cheung-yan
Wong Cheung
Fung Hak-on
Ho Kei-cheong
Fung Ming

Release
The film was bought for release in the US by New World Pictures. Roger Corman cut out a third of the film, had the Shaw brothers shoot an additional sex scene and added a new narration.

See also
The Water Margin (1973 TV series)
Outlaws of the Marsh (TV series)
The Water Margin (1998 TV series)
All Men Are Brothers (TV series)

References

External links

1972 films
1970s action films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Taiwanese epic films
1970s Mandarin-language films
Wuxia films
Films directed by Chang Cheh
Shaw Brothers Studio films
Films based on Water Margin
New World Pictures films
1970s Hong Kong films

The Water Margin (film)


Carbon paper is a special kind of paper that can be used for copying. On one side, the paper is coated with dry ink, which is usually bound with a kind of wax. It is usually put between two sheets of paper. When pressure is applied from the first sheet, some ink is transferred to the second one.The copy that is produced that way is called carbon copy. Because it relies on pressure, the technique is limited to only four or five copies.

Paper

Carbon paper


The Renault FR1 is a bus produced by Renault from 1987 to 1997.

The FR1 has a 9.8 litre 6-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 223 kW/303 hp or 250 kW/340 hp respectively.

In 1997, the FR1 received a facelift and were renamed Renault Iliade.

FR1
Buses

Renault FR1