Development  has meaning in several contexts:

Engineering
 Land improvement and/or construction involving land, buildings or infrastructure (see project, public housing and real estate development); excessive development of this kind may lead to overdevelopment
 Urban development is the process of developing populated settlements (see urban planning and urban renewal)
 New product development
 Software development (disambiguation)
 The development branch of a piece of software
 Sustainable development seeks a holistic notion of development encompassing environmental and social as well as economic aspects
 Technology development, improving or researching changes in technology (e.g. involving biotechnology, nanotechnology, or software)

Natural science
 Biological development or morphogenesis of embryos in the context of developmental biology
 Development (journal) published twice monthly by the Company of Biologists.
 Child development, in the context of physical development, or post-natal human development (pediatrics, etc.).

Social science and politics

Psychology

 Developmental psychology is the study of human psychological development.
 Human development

Social development

 Social development, processes of change in societies
 Economic development, the economic aspect of social change
 Sociocultural evolution or cultural development
 Sustainable development
 Community development
 Development studies, the multidisciplinary social scientific study of development

International and regional development

 International development, the process of economic and social development in developing countries
 Development aid, the provision of aid and other forms of assistance to communities or countries
 Development aid agencies
 Development charities
 Regional development, provision of aid and assistance to the less economically developed regions

Personal and professional improvement
 Career development
 Leadership development
 Personal development, the development of the self (see also self-help)
 Professional development

Business
 Business development, a process of growing a business
 Corporate development, a position in a business
 Employee development (see also human resources)
 New product development (above)
 Organization development (see also training and development)

Arts and popular culture
 Arrested Development (TV series), a television show based upon a company and a family
 Arrested Development (hip hop group), a hip hop group popular in the early 1990s.
 Development (album), a nu-metal album by musical group Nonpoint
 Musical development, the transformation and restatement of initial material, often contrasted with musical variation
 Photographic developer, or more generally photographic processing, the chemicals and methods of revealing the latent image in photographic material
 Script development, the development process in movie making, aimed at getting a project greenlighted

Mathematics
 Net (polyhedron) in geometry, the development of a polyhedral solid
 Development (differential geometry), the process of rolling one surface over another, and generalizations of this idea, including:
 Parallel transport, the development of geometric data along curves
 Developable surfaces, surfaces which are developments of (i.e., isometric to) the plane
 Development (topology), a refinable net of open coverings.

Other
 develop, Apple Computer's programming magazine
 a synonym for fundraising

Related pages
Developer
Development geography

Development


The word denomination is used for a large group of Christian people right across the world who use the same name, the same sort of organisation and have the same (or very similar) beliefs.  Christianity is divided into ten main groups. These groups all branched out at different dates from the early Christianity founded by the followers of Jesus. The splits generally happened because they could not agree on certain beliefs or practices. The groups then divided into smaller groups. Each group that has its own separate name is a "denomination". The word "denomination" means "Being given a name"

Denominations
Worldwide Christianity is divided into 10 major groups :
 Catholic
 Eastern Orthodox
 Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
Church of the East (Nestorian)
 Anglican
Lutheran
Reformed
Anabaptist
Evangelical
Nontrinitarian

Each of these ten has important subdivisions. There are also other (smaller) groups that are not mentioned here.

The Evangelical and Nontrinitarian branches of Christianity are much more divided up than any of the others. Each separate Evangelical church is often called a "denomination". While the Roman Catholic Church looks to a single earthly leader, the Pope, and has similar beliefs right across the world, the several Protestant denominations do not look to a single leader and sometimes have beliefs that are very different from each other.

Many Christian denomination see themselves as part of the worldwide Church which includes other denominations as well. Some denominations, such as the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches and some Protestant Churches, believe that they are the only true Christian church.

Some denominations have beliefs which almost all the other denominations would disagree with, very strongly. These beliefs are called "heresy" by the other churches.

There were some movements considered heresies by the early church which do not exist today and are not generally referred to as denominations. Examples include the Gnostics (who had believed in an esoteric dualism), the Ebionites (who venerated Christ's blood relatives), and the Arians. The greatest divisions in Christianity today, however, are between Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and various denominations formed during and after the Protestant Reformation. There also exists in Protestantism and Orthodoxy various degrees of unity and division.

Comparisons between denominations must be approached with caution. For example, some churches are part of a larger church organization or diocese, while in other groups, each congregation is an independent organization. This issue is further complicated by the existence of groups of congregations with a common heritage that are officially nondenominational and have no centralized authority or records, but which are identified as denominations by non-adherents. Study of such churches in denominational terms is therefore a more complex proposition.

Numerical comparisons are also problematic. Some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. Others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. In addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception.

Related pages
 Ecumenism
 Religious denomination
 List of Christian denominations by number of members

Other websites

 Christian Denominations History, profiles and comparison charts of major Christian denominations.
 Denominational links from the Ecumenism in Canada site
 The Christian Post
 Canadian Church Headquarters
 The Eastern Christian Churches – A Brief Survey
 Denominations at WikiChristian
 Map Gallery of Religion in the United States

Christian denomination


Hilary Erhard Duff (born September 28, 1987) is an American actress an sangster. Duff began her actin career at a young age, an quickly acame labeled a teen idol as the teetle chairacter o the Disney Channel comedy series Lizzie McGuire (2001–2004). The series proved tae be a hit, leadin tae a film adaptation o the series tae be released. Duff began wirkin on numerous projects wi the Disney Channel, includin the film Cadet Kelly (2002). She later began wirk on an album, releasin the Christmas themed Santa Claus Lane (2002) throu Walt Disney Records. Upon signin wi Hollywood Records, Duff began wirkin on her seicont studio album, Metamorphosis (2003). The album achieved creetical an commercial success, toppin the Billboard 200 an sellin over three million copies in the Unitit States alone. The album an aa foond success in baith Canadae an Japan. Duff's success in baith actin an muisic led tae her acomin a hoosehauld name, wi merchandise such as dolls, cleidin, an fragrances bein released.

Albums
 Santa Claus Lane (2002)
 Metamorphosis (2003)
 Hilary Duff (2004)
 Dignity (2007)
 Breathe In. Breathe Out. (2015)

1987 births
Livin fowk
20t-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American businessfowk
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American sangsters
21st-century weemen writers
Actresses frae Houston
American businessfowk in retailin
American bairn actresses
American bairn businessfowk
American child sangsters
American cosmetics businessfowk
American dance muisickers
American fashion businessfowk
American fashion designers
American female pop sangsters
American female sangster-sangwriters
American film actresses
American film producers
American jewelry designers
American philanthropists
American pop rock sangsters
American record producers
American romantic feection novelists
American televeesion actresses
American televeesion personalities
American vyce actresses
American weemen in business
American weemen novelists
American young adult novelists
Ainimal richts advocates
Bubblegum pop
Businessfowk frae Houston, Texas
Bairn pop muisickers
Hollywood Records airtists
Muisickers frae Houston, Texas
RCA Records airtists
Sangwriters frae Texas
Soubrettes
Walt Disney Records airtists

Hilary Duff


The Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas is a building in Madrid, Spain used mainly for bullfighting. Sometimes it is just called Las Ventas.  It is made of red brick and ceramic tiles.  It was built in 1929 by José Espelious and Muñoz Monasterio.  The first bullfight was June 17, 1931. It is also used for concerts.

Most fights start at 7 p.m. when the sun is not too hot.  Tickets are sold for 'sol' or 'sombra'.  The 'sombra' tickets for seats not in the sunlight cost more.

Sports buildings
Buildings and structures in Madrid
1929 establishments in Spain

Las Ventas


Cedric Antonio Kyles (born April 24, 1964) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, entertainer, and comedian who is known for his roles in The Original Kings of Comedy, The Steve Harvey Show, Larry Crowne, Barbershop, Johnson Family Vacation, Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, Planes, Planes: Fire & Rescue, and in Why Him?.

Cedric was born on April 24, 1964 in Jefferson City, Missouri. He has been married to Lorna Wells since 1999. He has two children and a step-daughter.

In September 2013, Cedric became the new host of the syndicated game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He took over for Meredith Vieira, who has hosted the show since 2002. He left the show after one season of hosting due to his busy schedule, he was replaced by Terry Crews in September 2014.

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Comedians from Missouri
Actors from Missouri

Cedric the Entertainer


Rangamati'''(Bengali:রাঙ্গামাটি পার্বত্য জেলা) is a destrict in sootheastren Bangladesh. It is a pairt o the Chittagong Hill Tracts an the toun o Rangamati serves as the heidquarters o the destrict. Aurie-wise, Rangamati is the lairgest destrict in the kintra.

 Geography
Rangamati is locatit in the Chittagong Diveesion. The total aurie o the destrict is 6116.13 sq km. It is bundit bi the Tripura state o Indie on the north, Bandarban Destrict on the sooth, Mizoram State o Indie an Chin State o Myanmar on the east, an Khagrachari an Chittagong Destricts on the west.

It's a combination o Hill-Lake-Plain land. The area of the district is 6116.13 sq. km o which 1291.5 sq. km is riverine an 4824.63 sq.km. is unner forest vegetation an the lake aurie is aboot 650 sq. km.

 Demography
The total population is 5,08,182 accordin tae 2005 census o which tribal 52% an non-tribal 48%. The number o males is 2,87,060 an the females are 2,38,043 (Census 2001). The density o population is 83 per square kilometer (Census 2001). The number o hoosehauld is 1,03,974 haein the hoosehauld size 4.8 (Census 2001). The total population is dividit intae Bangalees an eleiven tribes (ethnic minorities): Chakma, Marma, Tanchangya, Tripura, Pankua, Lushi, Khiang, Murang, Rakhine, Chak, Bowm,Khumi.

Tribal population : (as per census of 2005 ):

Chakma-1,86,395, Marma-44,727, Tanchanga-18,607, Tripura-6,697, Pankho- 2,118, Bowm-1,053, khyang- 791, Lusai- 217, Chak- 177, Rakhain-70, Khumi-50,Gurkha-03,Etc-174

As per 1991 census, the religious break up of the population of the district were: Buddhist 53.83%,Muslim 39.28%, Hindu 5.62% and Christian 1.12%. Religious institutions Pagoda 1230, Mosque 1059, Temple 65, Church 16. Genderwise, male constituted 53.59% and female constituted 46.41% of the population.

 Rangamati Toun
Rangamati Toun is mainly dividit intae 13 auries. Namely Vedvedi, Collegegate, Rajbari, Newmarket, Banarupa, Kathaltoli, Fishery Ghath, Reserve Bazar, Launch Ghath, Pathor Ghata, Tabalchori, Mazher Basti, Asam Basti.For the Toun, see Rangamati. Subdiveesions
The destrict o Rangamati consists o 10 upazilas, 1 municipality, 9 wards, 35 mahallas'', 50 union parishads, 162 mouzas an 1347 veelages. The upazilas are Baghaichhari, Barkal, Kawkhali, Belaichhari, Kaptai, Juraichhari, Langadu, Nannerchar, RajasthaliRangapani an Rangamati sadar.

Leet o Unions in Rangamati Destrict

 Rangamati Sadar Upazila
 Balukhali
 Bandukbhanga
 Jibtoli
 Kutukchari
 Mogban
 Shapchari

 Belaichhari Upazila
 Bilaichari Sadar
 Farua
 Kengrachari

 Bagaichhari Upazila
 Baghaichari
 Bangaltali
 Khedar Mara
 Marishya
 Rupakari
 Sajek
 Sarbotali

 Barkal Upazila
 Aimachara
 Baraharina
 Barkal
 Bhushonchara
 Subalong

 Juraichhari Upazila
 Bonjugichara
 Dumdumia
 Jurachari
 Moydong

 Rajasthali Upazila
 Bangalhalia
 Gainda
 Ghilachari

 Kaptai Upazila
 Chandraghona
 Chithmorong
 Kaptai
 Raikhali
 Wagga

 Langadu Upazila
 Betbunia
 Fatikchari
 Ghagra
 Kolompati
 Adarakchara
 Bhasonna Adam
 Boghachatar
 Gulshyakhali
 Kalapagazya
 Langadu
 Myanimukh

 Nannerchar Upazila
 Burighat
 Ghilachari
 Naniarchar
 Sabekkhong

Places o interest
 Kaptai haes Bangladesh's anerlie hydro-electric project. The Kaptai Dam on the Karnaphuli River creatit for this purpose resultit in the Kaptai Lake.

See an aw
 Chittagong Hill Tracts
 Banglapedia airticle on Rangamati destrict

Destricts o Bangladesh

Rangamati Hill Destrict


The American Dream is the hope that in the United States of America, anyone can become successful if they work hard and try their very best.

Immigration
Many migrants, people who come to America from other countries, come to America because they hope for a better life. America is attractive to migrants, because often there is more freedom to become rich or famous than the country that they leave. The standard icon of the American Dream is the Statue of Liberty.

To Live Freely
American Dream also meant to live freely and equally with all other people in the United States.

The American Dream is also a main theme in the book by John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men. The two friends George and Lennie dream of their own piece of land with a ranch, so they can "live off the fatta the lan'" and just enjoy a better life.

But the symbolism shows this is futile due to the fact that it will never happen, and Lennie ends up being shot in the back of the head as a mercy killing, like Candy's dog. This shows that not everyone can achieve the American dream, thus proving by contradiction it is not possible.

The Great Gatsby
Although it is possible to achieve the American dream for few. A lot of people follow the American dream to achieve a greater chance of becoming rich. This was easier in the 1900s and now it is really hard to achieve the American dream because of all the competition and hard work required to achieve this dream. This is also shown in The Great Gatsby.

References

Dream

American Dream


"A Prayer for my Daughter" is a poem by William Butler Yeats written in 1919 and published in 1921 as part of Yeats' collection Michael Robartes and the Dancer. It is written to Anne, his daughter with Georgie Hyde Lees, whom Yeats married after his last marriage proposal to Maud Gonne was rejected in 1916. Yeats composed the poem while staying in a tower at Thoor Ballylee during the Anglo-Irish War, two days after Anne's birth on 26 February 1919. The poem reflects Yeats's complicated views on Irish Nationalism, sexuality, and is considered an important work of Modernist poetry.

Background
The poem begins by describing  "storm" which is a "howling", and his newborn daughter, sleeping "half hid" in her cradle, and protected somewhat from the storm. The storm, which can in part be read as symbolizing the Irish War of Independence, overshadows the birth of Yeats' daughter and creates the political frame that sets the text into historical context. In stanza two, the setting for the poem is revealed as being "the tower", a setting for many of Yeats's poems, including the book of poems entitled The Tower (1928). This is Thoor Ballylee, an ancient Norman tower in Galway, which Yeats had bought in 1917 and where he intended making a home.

Conflicts between Ireland and the United Kingdom were common subjects of Yeats' poetry, including his notable poems about the Dublin Lockout ("September 1913") and the Easter Rising ("Easter 1916"). David Holdeman suggests that this poem "carries over from 'The Second Coming'" in the tone it uses to describe the political situation facing Ireland at the end of World War One and with the formation of the Irish Republican Army.

Structure
The poem contains ten stanzas of eight lines each: two rhymed couplets followed by a quatrain of enclosed rhyme. Many of the rhyme pairs use slant rhyme. The stanza may be seen as a variation on ottava rima, an eight-lined stanza used in other Yeats poems, such as Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium.

Metrical analysis of the poem, according to Robert Einarsson, proves difficult because he believes Yeats adheres to "rhythmical motifs" rather than traditional use of syllables in his meter. In stanza two, Einarsson points out instances where the meter of the poem contains examples of amphibrachic, pyrrhicretic, and spondaic feet. He argues that the complexity of Yeats's verse follows patterns of its "metremes", or rhymical motifs, rather than common metrical devices.

The poem also may be read to consist of straightforward iambic verse that relies on common metrical devices such as elision, acephalous lines, promotion, and metrical inversion. Lines 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 of each stanza are iambic pentameter; lines 4, 6, and 7 are iambic tetrameter. For instance, using traditional principles of scansion, stanza two may be scanned as shown below, where syllables in all caps represent metrical beats, lower-case syllables represent metrical off-beats, the vertical bar represents the termination of a metrical foot, and apostrophes represent elisions.  The number of metrical feet per line is marked in parentheses at the end of each line:

I'ave WALKED | and PRAYED | for THIS | young CHILD | an HOUR (5)
and HEARD | the SEA- | wind SCREAM | upON | the TOWER, (5)
and UND- | er th'ARCH- | es OF | the BRIDGE, | and SCREAM (5)
in th'ELMS | aBOVE | the FLOOD- | ed STREAM; (4)
imAG- | 'ning IN | exCIT- | ed REV- | erIE (5)
THAT | the FUT- | ure YEARS | had COME, (4)
DANC- | ing TO | a FRENZ- | ied DRUM, (4)
OUT of | the MURD- | 'rous INN- | ocence OF | the SEA. (5)

Critical reception
As the poem reflects Yeats's expectations for his young daughter, feminist critiques of the poem have questioned the poet's general approach to women through the text's portrayal of women in society. In Yeats's Ghosts, Brenda Maddox suggests that the poem is "designed deliberately to offend women" and labels it as "offensive". Maddox argues that Yeats, in the poem, condemns his daughter to adhere to 19th-century ideals of womanhood, as he focuses on her need for a husband and a "Big House" with a private income.

Joyce Carol Oates suggests that Yeats used the poem to deprive his daughter of sensuality as he envisions a "crushingly conventional" view of womanhood, wishing her to become a "flourishing hidden tree" instead of allowing her the freedoms given to male children. This was after Yeats was rejected in marriage by Maud Gonne. In Oates' opinion, Yeats wishes his daughter to become like a "vegetable:immobile, unthinking, and placid."

Majorie Elizabeth Howes, in Yeats's Nations, suggests that the crisis facing the Anglo-Irish community in "A Prayer for My Daughter" is that of female sexual choice. But, she also argues that to read the poem without the political context surrounding the Irish Revolution robs  the text of a deeper meaning that goes beyond the relationship between Yeats and the female sex.

See also
 1921 in poetry

Notes

References
Maddox, Brenda. Yeats's Ghosts. HarperCollins, (2000)
 Oates, Joyce Carol. "At Least I have Made a Woman of Her: Images of women in Twentieth-Century Literature", The Georgia Review#37 (1983) pp. 7–30
Einarsson, Robert. Conference Paper, Graduate Research Symposium. Edmonton, Graduate Students Association. University of Alberta. p. 26
Holderman, David. The Cambridge Introduction to W.B. Yeats, Cambridge University Press (2006)
Ferrall, Charles. Modernist Writing and Reactionary Politics, Cambridge University Press (2001)
Howes, Marjorie Elizabeth. Yeats's Nations, Cambridge University Press (1998)

External links

Poetry by W. B. Yeats
British poems
Irish poems
1919 poems

A Prayer for My Daughter


The Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) or fourth Austro-Turkish War was a short war between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman aim was to resume the advance in central Europe, conquer Vienna and subdue Austria. The Ottomans managed to capture key strongholds, however, the Habsburg army under Raimondo Montecuccoli succeeded in halting the Ottoman army in the Battle of Saint Gotthard.

Prelude
The cause of this war was the invasion of Poland in 1657 by Prince George Rákóczy II of Transylvania, without the permission of the Porte. Transylvania had after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 recognized Ottoman suzerainty and paid a tribute to the Porte and were given political and religious autonomy in return. On hearing about Rákóczy's unauthorized war, the Ottomans declared war on their vassal. It was not long before Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (Vizier 1656–1661) defeated Rákóczy and conquered Transylvania. The new Transylvanian prince, János Kemény, fled to Vienna seeking Austrian support.

Emperor Leopold I, not wishing to see Transylvania fall under direct Ottoman control, sent Montecuccoli into Hungary with 10,000 men. Montecuccoli's advance into Transylvania was met with contempt by the local populace and his army was ineffective due to disease and privation.

Meanwhile, in order to liberate Croatia and Hungary, Nikola Zrinski, the Ban of Croatia, had since 1661 been doing his best to start a new Austro-Ottoman conflict by organizing raids into Ottoman territory from his stronghold, Novi Zrin (Hungarian: Zrínyiújvár). These raids and the presence of Montecuccoli's army made the Ottomans end the status-quo with Vienna, which had existed between them since 1606.

1663 campaign

In the summer of 1663, an Ottoman army of more than 100,000 strong under Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed entered Habsburg Hungary and in September conquered the town of Érsekújvár (Nové Zámky).

The Habsburg commander Montecuccoli had only his 12,000 men and the 15,000 Hungarian-Croatian troops of Nikola Zrinski to oppose the Turks.

Emperor Leopold I summoned the Imperial Diet in January 1663, to ask the German and European Kings for help, with success. An army of 30,000  Bavarian, Brandenburg and Saxon troops was raised. Even arch-enemy Louis XIV of France sent an army corps of 6,000 under Jean de Coligny-Saligny in support.

After capturing Nové Zámky in 1663, Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia. The invasion devastated eastern and southern Moravia, and the towns of Vsetín, Uherský Brod, Uherské Hradiště, Hodonín, Břeclav and Hustopeče were pillaged. Thousands of Moravians were killed and the Turks and Tatars took 40,000 captives to be sold as slaves.

1664 campaign
At the beginning of 1664, the Imperial Army was divided into three corps: In the south, 17,000 Hungarian-Croatian troops under the command of Nikola Zrinski. In the center, the main army of Montecuccoli, which was 28,500 men strong, and in the north some 8,500 men under General Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches. There were some 12,500 men in reserve to defend the fortresses.

This army of 66,500 men was not united, as the differences of opinion between the commanders were very strong, especially with Zrinski.

As a preparation for campaigns planned for 1664, Zrinski set out to destroy the strongly fortified Ottoman bridge (the Osijek (Hung.:Eszék) bridge) which, since 1566, had linked Darda (Hung.:Dárda) to Osijek across the Drava and the marshes of Baranya. Destruction of the bridge would cut off the retreat of the Ottoman Army and make any Turkish reinforcement impossible for several months. Re-capturing strong fortresses (Berzence, Babócsa, the town of Pécs, etc.) on his way, Zrinski advanced 240 kilometers on enemy territory and destroyed the bridge on February 1, 1664. He didn't succeed in conquering Nagykanizsa, the main objective. The siege had to be lifted when in June the main army of Köprülü approached.

The Turks besieged and conquered Zrinski's stronghold Novi Zrin, which had to be abandoned when Montecuccoli refused to come to its rescue. Zrinski would never forgive this, which would eventually lead to the Magnate conspiracy ("Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy" () in Croatia, and "Wesselényi conspiracy" () in Hungary).

Battle of Saint Gotthard

After the conquest of Novi Zrin, the Ottoman main army marched towards Vienna. As the Ottoman army advanced into Hungary, it was stopped at the Rába river between Mogersdorf and the Szentgotthárd Abbey by Montecuccoli's army, where the Ottomans were charged and defeated by the Imperial forces.

In the north of Hungary the army of de Souches had also won some smaller victories against Küçük Mehmed Pasha. Most importantly, he reconquered Nitra and Léva.

Peace of Vasvár

Nine days later, on August 10, 1664, the Peace of Vasvár was signed. The Habsburgs recognized Ottoman control of Transylvania, Nagyvarad (Grosswardein) and Ersekujvar (Neuhausel), Habsburg troops were to be removed from Transylvania and had to turn over numerous border fortresses, and they agreed to pay an annual 200,000 florins to the Ottoman Empire. In contrast, the Ottomans agreed to send annual "gifts" to the Habsburg Emperor of the same worth, allow the construction of a Habsburg fort along the Waag river, and granted a twenty-year truce.

The major factor in the Habsburgs' decision for a peace treaty was the French threat to the much more valuable estates in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. Moreover, the Imperial war effort lost some of its momentum after the victory of Saint Gotthard, as the French withdrew from the coalition while other German princes were reluctant to advance further east. Hence, the Austrians did not believe they could liberate the whole of Hungary and were unwilling to leave the French advance unchecked for a few Hungarian fortresses.

Consequences
The Croats and Hungarians were outraged at the loss of the conquered territories and felt the initiative and momentum after the victory of Saint Gotthard should have been maintained. The discontent from the Vasvar treaty led to the Magnate conspiracy.

The peace in fact held for 20 years until the Ottomans attacked Vienna for the second time in 1683 and were pushed back from Hungary in the following Great Turkish War (1683–1699).

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading
Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
"The Imminent Danger of the Turks": Ottoman Expansion, Hungarian Revolt, and Habsburg Fear of War (1670–1672)

Conflicts in 1663
Conflicts in 1664
Wars involving Bavaria
Wars involving Brandenburg-Prussia
Wars involving Croatia
Wars involving France
Wars involving Hungary
Wars involving Saxony
Wars involving Slovenia
Military history of Slovenia

Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)


The  is the name for all the shows produced by Tsuburaya Productions featuring Ultraman, his many Kyodai (Brothers), and the countless number of ultra beings and the Ultra Monsters. The Ultra Series is one of the tokusatsu superhero productions from Japan, along with Kamen Rider, Super Sentai, and the Metal Hero Series.

Introduction Of Ultraman
Ultraman is a Seijin from the Land of Light M-78. Many Ultramen are usually red and silver (although several different colored ultra's have been seen in recent years, most of them are blue colored) and have glowing yellow eyes (except for red warriors) and they have many abilities, most of them are to fire energy beams from many positions of crossed hands. The Ultra beings' main weakness is that they can only stay on Earth in giant form for a small time, usually not longer than three minutes, because of the small amount of energy supply (Earth's atmosphere decreases the solar energy). This is marked by a blue light on the character's body usually called the Color Timer (but Ultraseven, 21, Nexus Anphans, and Next did not have a color timer) or "warning light," which begins to blink red with increase in blinking as his energy supply goes down (and turns from grey to red) but Red warriors like Ultraseven had an orb on his head instead of a Color Timer. During this time the Ultra beings must either find a way to recharge or finish the fight as soon as possible, or forced to turn to human form, or worse, certain death. Sometimes some Ultra Warriors take them back to their home planet or when reflected sun rays by the mirrors on his color timer might charge them up. Some say another reason for Ultraman to recharge is because the Earth is badly polluted by humans, so Ultraman only has three minutes on Earth, but can survive long enough in outer space. The time limit only happens inside the Earth's atmosphere but they have none of those problems in outer space. In this case, Ultramen are almost always merged with a human host or create a human form for themselves in order to survive on Earth, more often than not reviving a recently dead person with their own lifeforce (Hikari did not revive the dead person but he controlled him). Ultra beings' also appear to be nearly immpossible to be permanently killed, as several times an Ultra being has been killed only to be revived by another member of their species. In other cases a large enough amount of energy can be provided to bring them back to life, usually provided by their human allies, even after being completely destroyed, as was the case with Mebius, death at the hands of Empera Seijin, only to be revived shortly thereafter by the life energy of his allies.

The Ultramen always try to avoid battles in a place where there are innocent people near them and try to cause the least amount of destruction as possible, from the side effects of their fights when fighting in the city, when and if they can not; a city like Tokyo would be destroyed.

The History
Ultra Q was originally the first Ultra Series but it featured any of the Ultras without monsters and came Ultraman. It was followed by many other series. Productions after the original series are: Ultraseven (1967, TBS), Return of Ultraman (1971, TBS), Ultraman Ace (1972, TBS), Ultraman Taro (1973, TBS), Ultraman Leo (1974, TBS), Ultraman 80 (1980, TBS), Ultraman Tiga (1996, MBS), Ultraman Dyna (1997, MBS), Ultraman Gaia (1998, MBS), and Ultraman Cosmos (2001, MBS). Recently the studio tried bringing back the stories of the hero through the "Ultra N Project," which involved three heroes: Ultraman Noa (the "mascot" of the Ultra N Project, who appears in stage shows as well as the final episode of Ultraman Nexus) in 2003, Ultraman Nexus (2004, CBC), and ULTRAMAN (2004, Shochiku Productions). This was followed by a return to past-style series in the form of Ultraman Max (2005, CBC). In the course of Max series, another new hero known as Ultraman Xenon was also introduced. April 2006 saw the 40th anniversary series, Ultraman Mebius, a rookie who will defeat the emperor of all Ultra Monsters, the Empera Seijin which will create a connection between the Ultra Kyodai. Another hero was also introduced: Ultraman Hikari, formerly known as Hunter Knight Tsurugi. Some series like Tiga, Dyna, Gaia, and Mebius had Gaidens (Side Stories). Tiga, Dyna, and Gaia had only one Gaiden for each but Mebius had 3 Gaidens. First featured during the story of Hikari before and after coming and leaving the earth. The second series featured the story after the final episode of Ultraman Mebius. The third featured about the events that happened before the events of the movie Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legend.

The series has also been in the movie theaters, starting with Ultraman Zearth and Ultraman Zearth 2, Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey, released in 2000, as well as ULTRAMAN, a movie that opened in December 2004. The direct to video (releasing in market than in theaters) market also saw the release of Ultraman Neos in 2000, as well as special features for Ultraman Tiga, Dyna, and Gaia, who have teamed up in theatrical features (Tiga and Dyna once, as well as the three of them all together). The Ultraman Mebius and Ultra Brothers movie opened in September 2006.

Foreign productions include the 1987 Hanna-Barbera co-production Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (in Japanese, Ultraman USA), an animated movie; Ultraman: Towards The Future (in Japanese, Ultraman Great), an Australian 1991 production and Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (in Japanese, Ultraman Powered), produced in the United States in 1993. Ultraman series have also been dubbed into many languages, including English, Spanish (only Ultra Q, the original Ultraman, Ultra Seven, Return of Ultraman, Ultraman Great & Ultraman Tiga were known to be translated into Spanish), Portuguese  (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Return of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga [in Brazil]), Korean, Malay, Mandarin and Cantonese. Also of note is the American English dubbed version of Ultraman Tiga by 4Kids Entertainment that aired in 2002. The dubbed version considerably removed the nature of the character and general mood of the series, and possibly as a result it achieved only little success. An episode of the Hoshi no Kirby anime series ("Kirby: Right Back at Ya" in America) contains an Ultraman reference, leading to the possibility that "Tiga" may have only been licensed in order to explain the reference (both shows debuted on the same day).

In 1993, Tsuburaya Productions and Toei Company co-produced Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider, a connection with the original Ultraman and Toei's Kamen Rider Ichigo. This direct to video feature is co-copyrighted by both Toei (and its members, Toei Video and Ishimori Productions) and Tsuburaya Productions.

At present, Tsuburaya Prod. accepts 36 Ultramen as official (counting Ultraman Legend, the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice, as a separate Ultra Warrior). This does not connect with Thai produced Ultramen. (The figure is 38 if Next, Noa, and Nexus are counted as separate Ultras- it has been revealed in Nexus that all three are a single being with many modes used by different hosts.) In 2001, the Ultra Series was added in the Guinness Book of World Records as the record holder for the most number of spin-off shows.

Basic shows
An asterisk * denotes shows (or movies) that has no Ultramen.

 Ultra Q * (1966)
 Ultraman (1966–1967)
 Ultra Seven (1967–1968)
 Return of Ultraman (Kaettekita Ultraman, AKA: Ultraman Jack) (1971–1972)
 Ultraman Ace (1972–1973)
 Ultraman Taro (1973–1974)
 Ultraman Leo (1974–1975)
 Ultraman 80 (1980–1981)
 Ultraman: Towards the Future (AKA: Ultraman Great) (1990) Co-production with Australia
 Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (AKA: Ultraman Powered) (1993) Co-production with USA
 Ultraman Tiga (1996–1997)
 Ultraman Dyna (1997–1998)
 Ultraman Gaia (1998–1999)
 Ultraseven'98 (1998) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultraseven'99 (1999) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultraman Neos (2000–2001) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultraman Cosmos (2001–2002)
 Ultraseven Evolution (2002) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy * (2004)
 Ultraman Nexus (2004–2005)
 Ultraman Max (2005–2006)
 Ultraman Mebius (2006–2007)
 Ultraseven X (2007)
 Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle (2007–2008)
 Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey (2008-2009)

Ultraman Kids' shows
 The Ultraman (AKA: Ultraman Jonias) (1979–1980) anime series
 Ultraman Kids' Proverb Stories (1989)
 Ultraman Kids: 30 Million Light Years Looking for Mama (1991–1992)

Movies
 Ultraman (1967) Compilation Film
 Ultraman, Ultraseven: Great Violent Monster Fight (1969) Special event movie filmed in Cinerama.
 The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army (1974) Thai Coproduction
 Ultraman (1979) Compilation Film
 Ultraman: Great Monster Decisive Battle (1979) Compilation Film
 Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (AKA: Ultraman USA) (1987) US/Japan Animated TV Movies, Specials and OVAs
 Ultraman Zoffy: Ultra Warriors vs. the Giant Monster Army (1984)
 Ultraman Story (1984)
 Ultra Q The Movie: Legend of the Stars (1990)*
 Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider (1993)
 Ultraman Wonderful World (30th Anniversary Anthology)
 Revive! Ultraman (1996) Compilation
 Ultraman Company: This is the Ultraman (Wacky) Investigation Team (1996) (Anime)
 Ultraman Zearth (1996)
 Ultra Nyan: Extraordinary Cat who Descended from the Starry Sky (1997) (Anime)
 Ultra Nyan 2: The Great Happy Operation (1998) (Anime)
 Ultraman Zearth 2 (1997)
 Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998)
 Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna & Ultraman Gaia: Battle in Hyperspace (1999)
 Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000)
 Ultraman Cosmos: The First Contact (2001)
 Ultraman Cosmos 2: The Blue Planet (2002)
 Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice: The Final Battle (2003)
 ULTRAMAN (AKA: Ultraman The Next) (2004)
 Ultraman Mebius & Ultraman Brothers (2006)
 Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers (2008)
 Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legend The Movie (2009)

Specials

TV
 Ultra Seven - Operation: Solar Energy
 Ultra Seven - The Ground of the Earthlings

OVA (Original Video Animation)
 Ultraman: Super Fighter Legend (1996)

OVT (Original Video Tokusatsu)
1999 Ultra Seven Series

 Ultra Seven - Lost Memory
 Ultra Seven - From Earth Forever
 Ultra Seven - Betrayal of the Sun
 Ultra Seven - Glory and Legend
 Ultra Seven - The Sky-Flying Colossus
 Ultra Seven - The Day the Fruit Ripens
 Ultra Seven - Consequences of a Promise
 Ultra Seven - The Imitated Man
 Ultra Seven - I Am an Earthling

2001 Heisei Ultraman Side Stories

 Ultraman Tiga Side Story: The Giant Resurrected In The Ancient Past (2001)
 Ultraman Dyna: Return of Hanejiro (2001)
 Ultraman Gaia: Gaia Again (2001)

2002 Ultra Seven Series

 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Dark Side
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Perfect World
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Neverland
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Innocent
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Akashic Record

Mini-Shows
 Ultra Fight (1970)
 Ultra Super Legend: Andromelos (1984)
 Ultraman Nice (2001)

"Digital Ultra" Japanese DVD Release

In Japan, there have been several box sets that were released which would each contain a particular Ultra series. As of now, there are only four such box sets. The sets were released as part of the Digital Ultra movement where the shows would be re released with digital remastering.

The following are the series which have been released as such:
Ultra Q
Ultraman
Ultraseven
Ultraman Jack

The "Digital Ultra" re-release order of the series may not match the time order in which they were originally aired in Japan.

Licensing rights dispute
Ultraman's licensing rights outside of Japan have been the subject of a long legal dispute between Tsuburaya Productions and Chaiyo Productions (also called Tsuburaya Chaiyo Co Ltd) based in Thailand. Tsuburaya had previously worked together with Chaiyo on the production of two movies, The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army and Jumborg Ace & Giant—the latter of which featured another Tsuburaya superhero, Jumborg Ace—in 1974. Sompote Saengduenchai, founder/president of Chaiyo Productions, claimed and maintained that in 1976, the late Noboru Tsuburaya, Eiji's son, who had died in 1995, had given him and his company a contract which had given him rights to everything Ultraman outside Japanese territories in exchange for a monetary loan.

In anger of the reason that the document failed to state clearly and exactly what had been given to Tsuburaya in exchange for these rights, Japanese and Thai courts accepted this contract as real and bonding, because of the supposed hanko of the late Noboru Tsuburaya in the document. Tsuburaya Productions insisted and maintained that the contract was a fraud (due to some errors, including the some titles of the series in the document, such as Ultra Q being called "Ultraman 1: Ultra Q," Ultra Seven being called "Ultraman 3: Ultraman Seven," and Tsuburaya Productions being called "Tsuburaya Prod. and Enterprises," a name the company never did business under), and repeatedly opposed the issue.

In the course of the legal battle, Sompote presented photos of himself sharing his photos of Thai Buddhist  stating that Eiji had based Ultraman's face on the said structure, a claim which he has continued to hold since the dispute began. No other proof supporting this claim was known to exist.

After an 8-year battle in the courts of both countries, Sompote Saengduenchai was awarded a favorable decision on April 27, 2004. The exact ruling fell into some dispute: Some said it only gave him selling rights for the first six Ultra Series (Ultra Q through Ultraman Taro) and Jumborg Ace outside Japan, and broadcasting rights of said shows within Thailand. Other accounts, usually reported in the Thai/Asian media, said that Chaiyo had got the rights to those six shows everywhere outside Japan. The dispute could be taken as Chaiyo's side of the story, as Tsuburaya was reported in the Japanese media to continue taking more action against them.

Tsuburaya decided not to market any of the disputed six Ultra Series outside Japan until it had completely settled the rights cases with Chaiyo, although the company continued to sell all of the Ultraman programs created after Ultraman Taro, including the theatrical feature Ultraman the Next, throughout the world. Because of the copyright dispute, sending literature on Ultraman into Singapore and Malaysia was stopped. It also resulted in a slow coming down against Thai Ultraman fans, who were assumed to be outright Chaiyo supporters.

In 2005 the American company BCI Eclipse announced they had acquired the DVD rights to the original Ultraman from Chaiyo. A 3-disc box set containing the first 20 episodes of the series was released on July 18, 2006, and a second 3-disc box set containing the remaining 19 episodes was released on November 7, 2006. Both sets feature the original Japanese dialogue track as well as the English dubbed version produced by United Artists for North American people. At certain times, the English dialogue track changed to the Japanese dialogue for small time. This was because BCI had used audio from older recordings in which many scenes had to be cut or shortened for the American broadcast in order to fit running time.  Tsuburaya Productions still held on to the complete original English dubbing materials, which they had obtained from a warehouse in 1997, and refused to provide them for BCI. (Contrary to BCI's statements, the original English dubs were complete and uncut, except for a small cut in the conclusion of Episode 36, "Gift From The Sky.")

During the time of the legal battle, Chaiyo created three of their own Ultras: Ultraman Millennium, Dark Ultraman (an evil Ultra), and Ultraman Elite. These were not used for other reasons than stage shows and for selling. Chaiyo also created a TV series he called "Project Ultraman," un-aired as of late March 2008, a joint project in China featuring his own Ultraman and attaching Hong Kong star, Ekin Cheng to the project.

On August 23, 2006, Tsuburaya Productions created a new law for ultraman's right against Chaiyo for copyright (concerning their three original Ultraman characters), and the court case was taken to China. The Chinese courts in Beijing opened "The Ultraman Copyright Study Group" in response to the law for ultraman's right. In April 2007, the Thailand Intellectual Property Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions, ordering Chaiyo to stop making commercial profits from Chaiyo produced Ultraman characters such as Millennium, Dark, and Elite. The supporters (except for fans) were also fined THB 15,000,000 (approx. JPY 50,904,959 or USD 428,673.50 c. April 2007) plus interest and attorneys' fees. "Project Ultraman" went on a break as a result of the ruling, which said that even if Chaiyo owned the right to some of the Ultraman series, it did not own the right to Ultraman and his brothers, including the design. Chaiyo gained permission to sell the original series, but lost the right to create and market its own Ultraman, or even use the original, without Tsuburaya permission.

On February 5, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions of Japan after they made an appeal to the initial ruling. The ruling ended the long legal battle by finding Sompote Saengduenchai was not a co creator of Ultraman. The decision ended Sompote's bid to continue his enterprise, and the court gave Sompote 30 days to stop gaining money from Ultraman. The final ruling saw Tsuburaya Productions as the main copyright owner. Sompote was also required to pay THB 10,700,000 plus interest at the rate of 7.5 per cent a year starting from December 16, 1997, when the original law for ultraman's right was filed.

References

Other websites
Henshin! Online: Official statement by Masahiro Tsuburaya (2003)
Henshin! Online: Chaiyo vs. Tsuburaya (2004)
"Ultraman . . . forever", The Japan Times, November 12, 2006.  An overview of the franchise.

Ultra Series


Jovan Belcher (July 24, 1987 – December 1, 2012) was an American football player. He was a line backer in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a student at the University of Maine. He played in the NFL from 2009 until his death.

Belcher was born in West Babylon, New York.

On the evening of December 1, 2012 in Kansas City, Missouri, he shot his partner dead and committed suicide by shooting himself.

References

Other websites
Pro-Football Reference

1987 births
2012 deaths
African American players of American football
American murderers
Criminals from New York (state)
Kansas City Chiefs players
Murderers who committed suicide
Murder-suicides in the United States
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in the United States

Jovan Belcher


This article deals with the concept of an integral in mathematical calculus. For other meanings of "integral" see integration.

Dina kalkulus, fungsi integral mangrupa generalisasi area, massa, volume, sum, sarta total.  Teu siga di prosés differentiation, aya sababaraha harti nu béda ngeunaan integral, gumantung kana béda téhnikna.  Sanajan kitu, dua cara nu béda dina fungsi integrasi bakal méré hasil nu sarua lamun duanana digawekeun.

Integral kontinyu, fungsi nilai-riil positip f tina variable riil x antara sisi kénca a sarta sisi katuhu b nembongkeun batas wewengkeun ku garis x=a, x=b, sumbu-x, sarta kurva dihartikeun ku grapik f.  Leuwih resmi, lamun anggap S={(x,y):a≤x≤b,0≤y≤f(x)}, mangka integral f antara a jeung b mangrupa measure S.

Leibniz ngawanohkeun notasi baku long s keur integral.  Integral dina paragrap samemegna bisa ditulis .  Tanda ∫ ngalambakeun integral, a jeung b mangrupa titik tungtung interval, f(x) nyaéta fungsi nu di-integralkeun, sarta dx notasi keur variabel integrasi.  Sajarahna, dx ngagambarkeun wilangan nu takhingga, sarta s panjang singkatan keur "jumlah".  Sanajan kitu, téori integral modérn diwangun ku dasar nu béda sarta simbol tradisional ngan sakadar notation.

As an example, if f is the constant function f(x)=3, then the integral of f between 0 and 10 is the aréa of the rectangle bounded by the lines x=0, x=10, y=0, and y=3.  The aréa is 10c, so the value of the integral is 30.

Integrals can be taken over regions other than intervals.  In general, the integral over a set E of a function f is written ∫Ef(x)dx.  Here x need not be a réal number, but, for instance, a vector in R3.  Fubini's theorem shows that such integrals can be rewritten as an iterated integral.  In other words, the integral can be calculated by integrating one coordinate at a time.

If a function has an integral, it is said to be integrable.
The function for which the integral is calculated is called the integrand.
Integrals are sometimes called definite integrals to emphasize that they result in a number, not another function.  This is to distinguish them from indefinite integrals, which are another name for an antiderivative.
If the domain of the function is the real numbers, and if the region of integration is an interval, then
the greatest lower bound of the interval is called the lower limit of integration, and the least upper bound is called the upper limit of integration.

Ngitung integrals

The most basic technique for computing integrals of one réal variable is based on the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.  It proceeds like this:

Choose a function f(x) and an interval [a,b].
Find an antiderivative of f, that is, a function F such that F' =f.
By the Fundamental Théorem of Calculus, .
Therefore the value of the integral is F(b)-F(a).

Note that the integral is not actually the antiderivative (it is a number), but the fundamental théorem allows us to use antiderivatives to evaluate integrals.

The difficult step is finding an antiderivative of f.  It is rarely possible to glance at a function and write down its antiderivative.  More often, it is necessary to use one of the many techniques that have been developed to evaluate integrals.  Most of these techniques rewrite one integral as a different one which is hopefully more tractable.  Techniques include:

Integration by substitution
Integration by parts
Integration by trigonometric substitution
Integration by partial fractions

Even if these techniques fail, it may still be possible to evaluate the integral.  The next most common technique is residue calculus.  There are also many less common ways of calculating definite integrals; for instance, Parseval's identity can be used to transform the integral of a square into an infinite sum.  Occasionally an integral can be evaluated by a trick; for an example of this, see Gaussian integral.

Computation of volumes of solids of revolution can usually be done with disk integration or shell integration.

Specific results which have been worked out by various techniques are collected in the list of integrals.

Approximation of definite integrals

Definite integrals may be approximated using several methods. One popular method, called the rectangle method or the trapezoidal rule, relies on dividing the function into a series of rectangles and finding the sum.  Another well-known method is Simpson's rule.

Some integrals cannot be found exactly, and others are so complex that finding the exact answer would be extremely time-consuming or computationally-intensive. Approximation, however, is a process which relies only on variable substitution, multiplication, addition, and division. It can be done éasily and quickly by modérn graphing calculators and computers. Many réal-world applications of calculus rely on integral approximation because of the complexity of formulas and unnecessary nature of an exact answer.

Integrals and computerized algebra systems

Many professionals, educators, and students now use computerized algebra systems to maké difficult (or simply tedious) algebra and calculus problems éasier. The design of such a computer algebra system is nontrivial as systematic methods of antidifferentiation are difficult to formulate.

One difficulty is that it is not always possible to find "nice formulae" for antiderivatives. For instance, there is a (nontrivial) proof that there is no nice function (e.g., involving sin, cos, exp, polynomials, roots and so on) whose derivative is exp(-x2). As such, computerized algebra systems have no hope of being able to find an antiderivative for this particular function. Unfortunately, functions that have nice antiderivatives are the exception. If one writes a large random expression involving exponentials and polynomials, the odds are almost nil that it will have an antiderivative. (This statement can be made formal, but it is difficult to do so.)

One of the difficulties is to decide what set of functions to use as building blocks for antiderivatives. Usually, we need a set of antiderivatives closed under, say, multiplication and composition. This set of antiderivatives should also include polynomials, perhaps quotients, exponentials, logarithms, sines and cosines. The Risch-Norman algorithm is able to compute any integral of such a shape; that is, if the antiderivative involves polynomials, sines, cosines, etc..., the Risch-Norman algorithm will be able to compute it. Extended versions of this algorithm are implemented in Mathematica and Maple computer algebra system.

Some special integrands occur often enough to warrant special study. In particular, it may be useful to have, in the set of antiderivatives, the special functions of physics (like the Legendre functions, the Hypergeometric function, fungsi gamma jeung saterusna.) Extending the Risch-Norman algorithm so that it includes these functions is possible but challenging.

Most humans are not able to integrate such general formulae, so in a sense computers are more skilled at integrating highly complicated formulae. On the other hand, very complex formulae are unlikely to have closed-form antiderivatives, so this advantage is dubious.

Improper integrals

Not all integrals can be evaluated using a single limit process.  An integral which can only be evaluated by considering it as the limit of integrals on successively larger and larger integrals is called an improper integral.  Improper integrals usually turn up when the range of the function is infinite or, in the case of the Riemann integral, when the domain is infinite.  One common example of an improper integral is the Cauchy principal value.

Definitions of the integral

The most important integrals are the Riemann integral and the Lebesgue integral.  The Riemann integral was créated by Bernhard Riemann and was the first rigorous definition of the integral.  The Lebesgue integral was créated by Henri Lebesgue to integrate a wider class of functions and to prove very strong theorems about interchanging limits and integrals.

Although the Riemann and Lebesgue integrals are the most important ones, a number of others exist, including but not limited to:

 the Daniell integral
 the Darboux integral, a variation of the Riemann integral
 the Denjoy integral, an extension of both the Riemann and Lebesgue integrals
 the Haar integral
 the Henstock-Kurzweil integral, an extension of both the Riemann and Lebesgue integrals (also called HK-integral)
 the Henstock-Kurzweil-Stieltjes integral (also called HK-Stieltjes integral)
 the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral (also called Lebesgue-Radon integral)
 the Perron integral, which is equivalent to the restricted Denjoy integral
 the Riemann-Stieltjes integral, an extension of the Riemann integral

Tempo oge
 calculus
 list of integrals
 derivatives
 limits.
 fungsi
 algebra

Tumbu kaluar
 The Integrator by Wolfram Research
 Function Calculator from WIMS

Kalkulus
Matematika

Integral


Anthony Boucher (21 Augist, 1911 - 29 Aprile, 1968)  wis a science feection & meesterie scriever, editor, an reviewer wi a Scots Forebeir (his grandfaither).

Boucher wis born William Anthony Parker White in Oakland, California, an gaed tae college at the Varsity o Soothren California. He later gat a Maisters degree fae the Varsity o California at Berkeley. He wis admired for his meesterie writins descrieved as "specimens o the grand deductive tradeetion, fou o lockit-room riddles an orra clues an intellectual rackets, kittelt bi the owthor's loue o leids an leeteratur an theatre an oprea an Sherlock Holmes an science feection an bawdy eemir an the tole , socially concernt weeng o the Catholic Kirk", but wis best kent for his editin, his science feection anthologies, an his meesterie reviews for monie years in The New York Times. He wis the first Inglis trunchman  o Jorge Luis Borges, turnin "El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan" for Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. He helpit foond the 'Mystery Writers o Americae' in 1946. Forby thon he wis editor o the Magazine o Fantasy an Science Fiction for several years efter its inception an wis seminal in ettlin tae mak leiterarie quality a gey important aspect o science feection. Anthony Boucher dee'd o lung cancer on 29 Aprile, 1968 at the 'Kaiser Foundation Hospital' in Oakland.

Fremmit Airtins
 A. Boucher page

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Anthony Boucher


Terence Michael Joseph "Geezer" Butler (born 17 July 1949) is an English musician and songwriter. Butler is best known as the bassist and primary lyricist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He has also recorded and performed with Heaven and Hell, GZR, and Ozzy Osbourne. He was the bassist of Deadland Ritual from 2017-2021.

Biography

Early life
Butler received the nickname "Geezer" when he was about eight years old. This was because he "used to call everybody Geezer" at school. "It was just a slang term for a man."

Butler grew up in a working-class Irish Catholic family in Birmingham. Butler was one of seven children. The family were poor.

As a teenager, Butler was heavily influenced by the writing of Aleister Crowley. By his late teens, he had stopped attending Mass. He feels that everyone should sooner or later decide for themselves what to believe in. "I was going to Mass every Sunday just to take a look at all the nice girls that were going there".

Black Sabbath

In autumn 1967, Butler formed his first band, Rare Breed. John "Ozzy" Osbourne joined as lead vocalist. Butler was dating a girl who lived near Tony Iommi. Iommi's earliest memories of Butler was of seeing him walking past his house every day to visit her. Iommi and Butler became acquainted when their bands played at a nearby nightclub. Butler and Osbourne joined guitarist Iommi and drummer Bill Ward in the band Polka Tulk. They renamed their new band Earth, but a band already existed with that name, so they were forced to change the name again. In early 1969, inspired by the Boris Karloff horror film of the same name, Butler suggested the name Black Sabbath.

In his pre-Sabbath days, inspired by John Lennon, Butler played rhythm guitar. When Sabbath was formed, Iommi made it clear that he did not want to play with another guitarist, so Butler moved to bass. According to Butler, "I'd never played bass until I was on stage at the first gig that we played. Borrowed the bass guitar off one of my friends and it only had three strings on it."
Butler lists Jack Bruce of Cream as his biggest influence as a bassist. Iommi described Butler as being "from another planet" in the band's early days; he took LSD, wore Indian hippie dresses, and was very peaceful. At the time Black Sabbath was formed, Butler was studying to become an accountant, and this training resulted in him managing the band's finances in the early days.

After Black Sabbath fired vocalist Ozzy Osbourne in 1979, Butler also briefly left the band to deal with the divorce from his first wife. The 1980 album Heaven and Hell was recorded with bassist Craig Gruber but Butler returned to the band at the last minute and re-recorded the bass parts prior to release.

In 1984, he left the band after touring in support of their 1983 album, Born Again. He returned months later as the band attempted a comeback with vocalist David Donato.

In 1988, Butler joined the backing band of his former Sabbath bandmate, Osbourne, to take part in the No Rest for the Wicked World Tour.

In 1991, he rejoined Black Sabbath for the reunion of the Mob Rules line-up.

In 1994, he left again after the Cross Purposes tour.

In 1995 Butler again joined Osbourne's band to perform on the Ozzmosis album. After recording Ozzmosis, he formed G/Z/R, issuing Plastic Planet the same year.

In 1997, he released his next solo album, Black Science,.

Butler returned to Sabbath for the 1997 edition of Ozzfest. He has remained with the band since.

In 2005 he released Ohmwork, his third solo album.

In October 2006 it was announced that Butler, along with Tony Iommi, would be reforming the Dehumanizer-era Black Sabbath line-up with Vinny Appice and Ronnie James Dio, under the name Heaven & Hell to differentiate between the reunited touring band fronted by Osbourne, and the current Sabbath line-up.

In 2013, he recorded on the Black Sabbath album "13" and was on the supporting album tour.

In 2017, toured on the final Black Sabbath tour, The End Tour.

Personal life
Butler is married to Gloria Butler, who managed Heaven & Hell. He was divorced from his first wife in 1980. He also shares his Los Angeles home with several cats, of whom he has posted pictures on his website. His oldest son, Biff Butler, was the frontman in the nu metal band Apartment 26. Butler's younger son James has a degree in social sciences from Oxford University.

Butler is a lifelong supporter of Aston Villa Football Club. During Black Sabbath's induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Butler is heard shouting "Up the Villa" as the members of the band left the stage. He has referred to soccer as his "religion" and has stated that Villa legend Peter McParland is his "all-time hero".

According to Osbourne, Butler "never uses foul language". He was raised on a vegetarian diet, largely due to his family being too poor to buy meat on a regular basis, and is now a vegan since about 1994. His mother was also a vegetarian.

In 2009, Butler appeared in a promotional ad for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.  He later urged fans to boycott Fortnum & Mason until they remove foie gras from their shelves. Butler said, "I've seen some outrageous things in my time, but watching those poor birds suffer simply so that their diseased livers can be sold on your shop floor is horrific!"

Over the years, Butler has become disillusioned with politics, saying "For me, it's almost pointless voting anymore because it seems to be the same no matter what party or politics you stand for. It all seems corrupted to me. It's all the same old people that rule the world." He has also expressed concern over the increasing level of control government has in people's lives. "Every time I go back to England, there are things that totally surprise me that you never think would happen in England, just all the CCTV everywhere. There seems to be so much control over people these days", he said in 2014.

In January 2015, Butler was briefly detained after a bar brawl in Death Valley, California and charged with misdemeanor assault, public intoxication and vandalism. He was released following detoxification and a citation. In 2016 he opened up about the event: "This guy started mouthing off about something. He was, like, some drunken Nazi bloke. He [...] started going on about Jews and everything - Jews this, Jews that. My missus is Jewish and I'd just had enough, and me hand sort of met his chin. I whacked him one."

Style and legacy

Butler is noted as being one of the first bassists to use a wah pedal and to down-tune his instrument (from the standard E-A-D-G to the lower C#-F#-B-E), as on Black Sabbath's Master of Reality album. This was to match Iommi who had started tuning his guitar to C# (a minor third down). During the band's Ozzy Osbourne era, Butler wrote almost all of the band's lyrics, drawing heavily upon his fascination with religion, science-fiction, fantasy and horror, and musings on the darker side of human nature that posed a constant threat of global annihilation.

Butler is regarded as one of the most influential bassists in heavy metal. Billy Sheehan of Mr. Big said: "He's a founding father of a whole genre of music and a man who really set the bar early on to be such an integral part of the sound and song structure of Sabbath".
In Mick Wall's biography of Iron Maiden entitled Run to the Hills, founder Steve Harris recalls: "I distinctly remember trying to play along to Black Sabbath's "Paranoid" – at first I just could not get it. I threw the guitar on my bed and walked out in a huff, but the next day I came back, picked it up and played it all the way through note-for-note! Once I got going, I started getting into bass-lines with a bit more subtlety to them...".

Former Metallica bassist Jason Newsted, who defined him his "number 1 influence", stated: "All true metal bassists look up to Geezer as a pioneer and Godfather of our chosen instrument. The best, ever".
Rex Brown of Pantera and Kill Devil Hill asserted: "He's a legend. He's everything. Geezer is so much of an influence on me.
Other bassists such as Cliff Burton,
Les Claypool, Steve DiGiorgio,
Alex Webster,
John Myung,
Johnny Lee Middleton,
Greg Smith cited Butler as a significant influence on their style.

Equipment
Butler currently endorses Lakland basses and has his own signature model. For amplification, Butler is endorsed by Hartke bass amplification, Kilo bass head and 4X10 HyDrive cabinet. In the past, he has been known to use Ampeg SVT & B-15 bass amps and Fender, Dan Armstrong Plexi, Rickenbacker, Yamaha BB, Vigier and B.C. Rich Basses.

According to the Geezer Butler Bass Rig Rundown, he used the following over the years.
 Pre-CBS Fender Precision (x2)
 Dan Armstrong Plexiglass (Made by Ampeg)
 John Birch (JB1 body style) In white  (customised with a sticker in the style of a Coca Cola label but says "enjoy cocaine")
 John Birch (JB1 body style) In black
 John Birch (JB1 body style) 8 string
 Jaydee Roadie 2 (Created by John Diggins)
 BC Rich Eagle Deluxe
 BC Rich Iron Bird
 Spector NS-2 (in white)
 Vigier Passion 5
 Vigier Arpege
 Vigier Excess
 Bill Nash custom precision (recording "13")

Lakland basses

From early 2000's
 Joe Osborn 44-60 (now called a Vintage Jazz)
 In Seafoam green
 In Black with tortoise pickguard
 In Black with grey pickguard (Virgin Mary and Henry sticker)
 Joe Osborn 55-60 (5 string Jazz bass)
 Bob Glaub 44-62 Precision Jazz
 In black with tortoise pickguard
 In black with grey pickguard
 In shoreline gold with grey pickguard (Seen on Classic Albums: Black Sabbath)
 44-51 Precision with (Vintage Single Coil pickup) Black with White pick guard as well as 3 small "Henry" stickers.
 44-51M Precision with a Split Coil, White with Black pick guard and a GZR sticker in the bridge
 44-64 Duck Dunn (Vintage P with J style Neck) Singe Precision (Gold sparkle with white pick guard. Jazz bass neck with pearloid block inlays.
 Custom Lakland 51 style Precision in with the emblem of Aston Villa (Seen during Paranoid on "The End of The End" DVD)

Signature Lakland basses

Released in 2013
 Signature #1 Black with black and grey  aluminum striped pickguard. Custom fret board inlays
 Signature #2 Black with black and grey  aluminum striped pickguard. Plain headstock, Henry sticker on 5th fret, rose gold inlays
 Signature #3 Black with white pickguard, rose gold inlays. All black head stock.

Discography

Solo
 1995 – Plastic Planet (as "g//z/r")
 1997 – Black Science (as "geezer")
 2005 – Ohmwork (as "GZR")

Black Sabbath
 1970 – Black Sabbath
 1970 – Paranoid
 1971 – Master of Reality
 1972 – Vol. 4
 1973 – Sabbath Bloody Sabbath
 1975 – Sabotage
 1976 – Technical Ecstasy
 1978 – Never Say Die!
 1980 – Heaven and Hell
 1981 – Mob Rules
 1982 – Live Evil
 1983 – Born Again
 1992 – Dehumanizer
 1994 – Cross Purposes
 2013 – 13

Ozzy Osbourne
 1990 – Just Say Ozzy
 1993 – Live & Loud ("Black Sabbath")
 1995 – Ozzmosis

Heaven & Hell
 2007 – Live from Radio City Music Hall
 2009 – The Devil You Know
 2010 – Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven & Hell

Non-album compilations
 1989 – Stairway To Heaven/Highway To Hell (with Ozzy Osbourne)
 1994 – Nativity in Black (with Bullring Brummies)
 2013 – Device ("Out of Line")

References

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
English Roman Catholics

Geezer Butler


John Gibson (May 23, 1740 – April 10, 1822) was a veteran of the French and Indian War, Lord Dunmore's War, the American Revolutionary War, Tecumseh's War, and the War of 1812. A delegate to the first Pennsylvania constitutional convention in 1790, and a merchant, he earned a reputation as a frontier leader and had good relations with many Native American in the region. At age sixty he was appointed the Secretary of the Indiana Territory where he was responsible for organising the territorial government. He served twice as acting governor of the territory, including a one-year period during the War of 1812 in which he mobilized and led the territorial militia to relieve besieged Fort Harrison.

Early life
John Gibson was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on May 23, 1740, the son of George and Elizabeth de Vinez Gibson.  Gibson's father was born in Antrim, Ireland and came to Pennsylvania in 1730.  The elder Gibson was a trader, who exchanged goods with the Conestogas who often met near his tavern in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.  John Gibson's mother Elizabeth was born in France and left that country because she was a Huguenot

Most of Gibson's early life was spent along the Allegheny frontier where he was a merchant trader. He held local office in several counties as a judge, clerk, and sheriff. Although there is no record of his schooling, he was reputed to be well educated for his times.

In 1758, at age seventeen, he participated in the Forbes Expedition under General John Forbes against the French at Fort Duquesne as part of the French and Indian War. He remained at Fort Pitt after the war to engage in trade with Native Americans. He was captured by Lenape during Pontiac's Rebellion while trading in the west and was condemned to be burnt, but escaped death when he was adopted by an old Indian woman whose son had died in battle. He remained with the Lenape tribe for some time.  Later Gibson was freed as a result of the Boquet Expedition.  After this Gibson returned to being an Indian trader.  He built a house at Logstown which in 1772 was described as the "only house there" by the Reverend David McClure. Gibson married a relative of Mingo leader Logan and also learned to speak the Mingo language. Gibson's wife and several other Mingo were murdered by a group of settlers in May 1774. Gibson's daughter survived this incident, and was put into his care and he saw to her education.  In 1774, he participated in Dunmore's War and produced a written translation of Logan's famous speech suing for peace: "I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry and he gave him not meat."

Revolutionary War
In 1775, Gibson was made the Indian agent at Pittsburgh to represent the interests of Virginia, acting for John Connolly who in turn acted under Lord Dunmore.  With war between the Colonists and England likely to start soon, Dunmore sent a letter to Connolly to contact White Eyes to convince him to join the British cause and fight the colonists.  Connolly gave the letter to Gibson to take to White Eyes.  However Gibson decided that the local committee of correspondence ought to see the letter, and with their receiving the letter processes were put in place that led to Connolly's arrest on November 13, 1775, close to Hagerstown, Maryland.  Gibson was also appointed a magistrate for Fincastle County, Virginia, which was at that time considered to include Pittsburgh by Connolly in 1775.

On May 16, 1775, Gibson was elected the colonel over the 6th Virginia.

In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Gibson was active in Indian negotiations.  In early negotiations, Netawatwees requested that traders be sent to his village for him and his fellow Lenape to sell furs to.  He specifically requested that Gibson be included among these men, describing Gibson as a "good man".  From October 1778 until January 1779 Gibson served as the agent to the tribes in what is today Ohio for the Continental Congress government.

Gibson commanded a regiment during the battles in New York and stayed in the theater until after the retreat through the Jerseys.  He was then reassigned to command the army on the western front and left in command of forces at Fort Laurens during the harsh winter of 1778–1779, during which the fort was subjected to a siege by British and native forces.  In the summer of 1779, Gibson was made the second in command to Daniel Brodhead.  For a few months after Broadhead was removed in May 1781 Gibson was the commanding officer at Fort Pitt.  Gibson had intended to send troops to support George Rogers Clark but the negative effects of Broadhead's actions prevented Gibson from doing so.

In August 1781, Broadhead returned to claim control at Fort Pitt.  He arrested Gibson accusing him of having usurped his authority.  George Washington sent orders to Broadhead to step down from his command, and so he released Gibson and let him take over command again.  Civilian authorities in the area then arrested Broadhead.  In November 1781, David Williamson brought in some Moravian Lenapes captured in Salem, Schoenbrunn and Gnadenhutten, Ohio, to Fort Pitt.  It is unclear if Gibson or William Irvine was in command when these Lenapes were released, but it seems that Gibson was at least blamed for this release.  The problem was that after the release there were attacks on western Pennsylvania settlements.  The fact that these were probably done by Half-King and his fellow Wyandots and not by the released Lenape was not factored into account by those who felt to denounce Gibson for this occurrence.

In January 1782, Irvine went to Philadelphia to meet with congress and left Gibson in charge.  The enlisted men at Fort Pitt then threatened to mutiny, which may have contributed to the conditions that led to the Gnadenhutten Massacre, although it was only one of many factors involved in the situation.  Irvine wrote "a thousand lies are propagated against [Gibson] … occasioned by his unhappy connection with a certain trube, which leads people to imagine that he has an attachment to Indians in general."

Life in Pennsylvania
After the war Gibson returned to being a merchant but he went bankrupt, partly due to debts he had incurred in supporting the campaign of George Rogers Clark.

Gibson was a judge in Allegheny County from 1791 to 1800.  He was also major-general and commanding officer of the militia for Allegheny County, and a member of Pennsylvania's constitutional convention in 1790.  Gibson was also involved with the purchase of the area of the Erie Triangle from the Iroquois for the state of Pennsylvania.

Indiana Territory
U.S. President John Adams appointed Gibson to be secretary of the Indiana Territory in 1800, despite him being sixty years old. Gibson arrived in the territory in July of that year and took up his duties. For nearly a year he was the only government official in the territory and began organizing the government by appointing officers for the territorial militia. Governor William Henry Harrison did not arrive in the territory until January 1801 in which time Gibson served as acting-governor. One of his first acts as secretary was to conduct a census of the territory. It took him a full year of investigation to find that the population was slightly less than five thousand. After Harrison arrived in the territory, Gibson took on several more positions after being appointed justice of the peace, Knox County recorder, and a judge of the low court that tried misdemeanors and petty crimes. Gibson's relationship with the local tribes proved invaluable to Harrison during the numerous treaty negotiations in the early part of his term. Gibson, who spoke several of the native languages, was the first to become aware of Tecumseh's attempt to massacre the citizens of Vincennes in 1810 and was able to quickly and secretly gather together soldiers to prevent the situation from escalating.

He became acting-governor again in the summer of 1811, while Harrison was out of the territory. The American Indian Confederacy led by Tecumseh began to make aggressive movements and attacked Fort Harrison. Gibson called up the territorial militia and the Indiana Rangers, and organized several regiments to go to its aid. He was also instrumental in negotiating treaties with the Lenape and other tribes and preventing them from entering the war against the United States. Gibson remained acting governor once war was officially declared  while Harrison led the army against the British and their native allies in the War of 1812. His final act as acting-governor was to oversee the move of the territorial capitol from Vincennes to Corydon following the reorganization of the territory by Congress. He returned to his secretary's position in May 1813 when Thomas Posey arrived in the territory to assume the governorship. Gibson continued in the office of secretary until Indiana achieved statehood in 1816.

After completing his term in government, at age seventy-six Gibson and his wife Ann returned to private life, briefly remaining in Vincennes. He returned to live with his daughter and son-in-law, George Wallace, in Braddock's Field near Pittsburg, where he died on April 10, 1822, at age eighty-two, having suffered two years from an "incurable cataract". Gibson County, Indiana, was named his honor.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
John Gibson at FindAGrave

1740 births
1822 deaths
American militia generals
Continental Army officers from Virginia
Pennsylvania state court judges
Governors of Indiana Territory
Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
People of Virginia of Pontiac's War
People of Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War
People from Indiana in the War of 1812
Gibson County, Indiana
Burials at Allegheny Cemetery
19th-century American politicians

John Gibson (American soldier)


Joe Costello (born 13 July 1945) is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the Labour Pairty. He represents the Central Dublin consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1945 births
Livin fowk
Alumni o St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Alumni o University College Dublin
Erse schuilteachers
Labour Pairty (Ireland) TDs
Local cooncillors in Dublin (ceety)
Members o the 19t Seanad
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 21st Seanad
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Members o the 31st Dáil
Meenisters o State o the 31st Dáil
Fowk eddicatit at Summerhill College
Politeecians frae Coonty Sligo
Labour Pairty (Ireland) senators

Joe Costello


Windows Live Mesh (formerly known as Windows Live FolderShare, Live Mesh, and Windows Live Sync) is a discontinued free-to-use Internet-based file synchronization application by Microsoft designed to allow files and folders between two or more computers to be in sync with each other on Windows (Vista and later) and Mac OS X (v. 10.5 Leopard and later, Intel processors only) computers or the Web via SkyDrive. Windows Live Mesh also enabled remote desktop access via the Internet.

Windows Live Mesh was part of the Windows Live Essentials 2011 suite of software. However this application was replaced by SkyDrive for Windows application in Windows Essentials 2012 and later OneDrive in Windows 8/8.1/10. Microsoft announced on December 13, 2012, that Windows Live Mesh would be discontinued on February 13, 2013.

Features
Features of Windows Live Mesh include:
Ability to sync up to 200 folders with 100,000 files each (each file up to 40 GB) for PC-to-PC synchronization
Ability to sync up to 5 GB of files to "SkyDrive synced storage" in the cloud
Remote Desktop access via Windows Live Mesh and the Windows Live Devices web service
PC-to-PC synchronisation of application settings for applications such as:
Windows Internet Explorer - synchronisation of favorites and recently typed URLs between computers
Microsoft Office - synchronisation of dictionaries, Outlook email signatures, styles and templates between computers

History

FolderShare and Windows Live Sync

Microsoft bought FolderShare from ByteTaxi Inc. on November 3, 2005, and subsequently made it a part of their Windows Live range of services.

On March 10, 2008, Microsoft released its first user visible update to the then Windows Live FolderShare. This comprised a rewrite of the FolderShare website and an updated Windows Live FolderShare client. Support for discussion groups and Remote Desktop Search was also removed in the update. The new client had some user interface and branding updates and contained several bug fixes - including official support for Windows Vista and discontinued support for Windows 2000.

Since its rebrand as Windows Live FolderShare, the client and service had undergone extensive platform changes, switching from the original LAMP which it was originally built on when acquired, to the Windows Server platform. In the Windows Live Essentials "Wave 3" release, Windows Live FolderShare was again rebranded as Windows Live Sync. New UI improvements were also announced to be part of the "Wave 3" release, integrating it with other Windows Live services. New features of the then Windows Live Sync "Wave 3" compared to FolderShare included increased limit of sync folders, integration with Windows Live ID, integration with Recycle Bin, unicode support, support for Mac OS X, and integration with Windows Live Photo Gallery and Windows Live Toolbar  to sync photo albums and favorites between PCs. Windows Live Sync Wave 3 was released on December 11, 2008, and an update of Windows Live Sync for Mac was released on November 2, 2009, to add support for Mac OS X 10.6.

Live Mesh Beta

Microsoft released the Live Mesh technology preview on April 23, 2008, a data synchronization system that allowed files, folders and other data to be shared and synchronized across multiple personal devices and up to 5 GB on the web. Live Mesh was based on FeedSync technologies to convey the changes made in each device so that the changes can be synchronized across all devices and the cloud. The information about devices and folders participating in a synchronization relationship was not stored locally but at the service-end.

The Live Mesh software, called Mesh Operating Environment (MOE), was available for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS X, as well as Windows Mobile 6. It could be used to create and manage the synchronization relationships between devices and data. Live Mesh also included a cloud storage component, called Live Desktop, which was an online storage service that allows synchronized folders to be accessible via a website. Live Mesh also provided a remote desktop software called Live Mesh Remote Desktop that could be used to remotely connect to and manage any of the devices in a synchronization relationship.  Live Mesh Remote Desktop allowed users to control their devices from the Live Mesh application, as well as from any other internet connected PC.

Live Mesh also included a developer component, which consisted of a set of protocols and Application Programming Interfaces (API) known as Live Framework (which was also briefly known as MeshFX). It was a REST-based API for accessing the Live Mesh services over HTTP. Microsoft had also provided APIs for managed code (including .NET Framework and Microsoft Silverlight) as well as for Win32 and JavaScript via a developer Software Development Kit (SDK). Unlike the Mesh Operating Environment (MOE), which was limited to sharing folders, the Live Framework APIs could be used to share any data item between devices that recognize the data. The API encapsulated the data into a Mesh Object—the native synchronization unit of Live Mesh—which was then tracked for changes and synchronized. A Mesh Object consisted of a collection of Data Feeds, which could be represented in Atom, RSS, JSON or Plain Old XML formats. The data entries within these feeds were synchronized via the FeedSync protocol. The MOE software also created Mesh Objects for each Live Mesh folder in order for them to be synchronized. However, the Live Framework APIs were discontinued on September 8, 2010, with the aim of being integrated into Windows Live Messenger Connect in the "Wave 4" release. Live Mesh beta was officially discontinued on March 31, 2011.

Windows Live Mesh 2011
A beta version Windows Live Sync "Wave 4" was released on June 24, 2010. This new version, while initially branded Windows Live Sync, was the first version which was built using both FolderShare and Live Mesh technologies. Compared to the "Wave 3" version of Windows Live Sync, the new version featured increased limit of sync folders and files, ability to sync up to 2 GB of files to the cloud on Windows Live SkyDrive synced storage, addition of Live Mesh's remote desktop access via Windows Live Devices, and ability to sync application settings for Internet Explorer and Microsoft Office. This new version of Windows Live Sync was also designed to be completely separate from both the previous versions of Windows Live Sync and Live Mesh, and as such any previous synchronisation relationships were not retained when being upgraded from Windows Live Sync "Wave 3" and Live Mesh. The previous Windows Live Sync "Wave 3" website, and the Live Mesh Desktop, was also replaced by the new Windows Live Devices service in the "Wave 4" release.

The beta was subsequently updated on August 17, 2010, and on August 29, 2010, the service was officially rebranded as Windows Live Mesh, and its cloud-based SkyDrive synced storage was increased to 5 GB, as was the case for the previous Live Mesh service. The new version also allows users to sync hidden files, view a list of missing files that are awaiting to be synchronised, and various performance improvements. The final version of Windows Live Mesh 2011 (Wave 4) was released on September 30, 2010, as part of Windows Live Essentials 2011.

SkyDrive
Microsoft announced on February 20, 2012, that Windows Live Mesh is set to be superseded by a new SkyDrive desktop application, where the cloud storage portion for the application will utilize the full 7 GB SkyDrive storage (or more if the user has purchased additional storage), rather than the limited 5 GB "SkyDrive synced storage" in the current version of Windows Live Mesh. However, the new SkyDrive desktop application will not support direct PC-to-PC synchronization, and must utilize the SkyDrive cloud storage for synchronization between two or more devices. On August 7, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Essentials 2012, where it was announced that Windows Live Mesh would be removed and replaced by the SkyDrive for Windows desktop application if a user upgrades from Windows Live Essentials 2011.

The Remote Desktop feature from Live Mesh, which allowed users to access the remote computer from the web browser, is not transferred to Skydrive. Users are directed to use Remote Desktop from a Windows computer instead.

Windows Live Mesh was discontinued on February 13, 2013, and some of the functionality is replaced by SkyDrive.

On January 27, 2014, Microsoft announced the rebranding of SkyDrive to "OneDrive".

References

External links
 Official website (Archive)

Mesh
Data synchronization
Cloud storage
File hosting for macOS
File hosting for Windows
File sharing software

Windows Live Mesh


Charles Candy (August 7, 1832 – October 28, 1910) was a career soldier in the United States Army who served as an officer in the volunteer Union Army during the American Civil War. He commanded an Ohio regiment and, frequently, a brigade, during the war, and played a role in the defense of Culp's Hill during the July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg.

Early life and career
Candy was born in Lexington, Kentucky. He joined the United States Army on May 14, 1850, as an enlisted man with the rank of private and subsequently served in a wide variety of garrisons and outposts. He served under Richard S. Ewell in the 1st Dragoons. He was promoted to corporal in March 1853. Candy was honorably discharged in May 1855.

Candy resumed his military career in January 1856 as a private in the 1st U.S. Infantry. In May 1856, he was promoted to sergeant. By the eve of the Civil War, he was a sergeant major. Discharged from the regular army on January 1, 1861, Candy became a volunteer clerk in the Department of the Ohio.

Civil War service
Following the outbreak of the Civil War and the firing on the Union garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, Candy was appointed on September 21, 1861, as a captain and assistant adjutant general of volunteers. He served on the staff of Charles Pomeroy Stone at the time of the Battle of Ball's Bluff. Candy resigned his staff position on December 3, 1861. He was commissioned colonel of the 66th Ohio Infantry on December 17 of that year.

Candy led his regiment under Nathaniel Banks in what became II Corps of John Pope's Army of Virginia, serving in John W. Geary's brigade of Christopher C. Augur's division. When Geary was wounded in the Battle of Cedar Mountain, Candy succeeded to brigade command. Banks's corps missed the Second Battle of Bull Run, and Candy was absent when the corps—newly dubbed XII Corps, Army of the Potomac—fought in the Battle of Antietam. XII Corps was in reserve during the Battle of Fredericksburg, but it participated in Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's Mud March.

Candy next saw action leading the First Brigade of Geary's Second Division, XII Corps, at the Battle of Chancellorsville. He commanded the same brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg, arriving on the Baltimore Pike, behind the Union right, late on the first day of the fight (July 1, 1863). Late in the day, Geary led the brigades of George S. Greene and Candy to Little Round Top to protect the Union left flank. The brigade returned to the right early the next day and took part in the defense of Culp's Hill. Candy's brigade was in reserve, except when Geary—trying to go to the relief of the left flank of the army—got lost and took it and the brigade of George A. Cobham, Jr., down the Baltimore Pike in the wrong direction.

When XII Corps was transferred west under the command of Major General Joseph Hooker later in 1863 to relieve the Army of the Cumberland besieged at Chattanooga, Candy was transferred with his brigade. It fought at the Battle of Wauhatchie. Candy was injured early in the Battle of Lookout Mountain, and he also missed the Battle of Ringgold Gap. When XII Corps and XI Corps were combined into Hooker's XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland, Candy became commander of a brigade in Geary's second division. He led it in Major General William T. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign until August 4, 1864. Candy was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 14, 1865, and he received a brevet appointment as a brigadier general on March 13, 1865.

Postbellum career
After the war, Candy served as chief clerk in the Quartermaster General's office of the War Department. From 1888 to 1906, he was commissary of subsistence for the Southern Branch of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers.

Candy died in Dayton, Ohio. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

See also
List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

Notes

References
"Death Closes Career of Gen. Charles Candy." Dayton Daily News, October 29, 1910.
Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged From Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies, Reports of the Adjutant Generals of the Several States, The Army Registers and Other Reliable Documents and Sources. Dayton, OH: Morningside Books, 1978. . First published 1908 by Dyer Publishing.
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Greene, A. Wilson. "'A Step All-Important and Essential to Victory': Henry W. Slocum and the Twelfth Corps on July 1–2, 1863." In Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership, edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. .
 Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. .

Further reading
Gottfried, Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. .

1832 births
1910 deaths
Union Army colonels
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Lexington, Kentucky
Military personnel from Dayton, Ohio

Charles Candy


David James Von Drehle (born February 6, 1961) is an American author and journalist.

Early life and education
Von Drehle was born in Denver, Colorado, and raised in Aurora, Colorado. He earned his B.A. in 1983 from the University of Denver, where he was also a Boettcher Foundation Scholar and editor of the Denver Clarion, the student newspaper. In 1985 Von Drehle graduated from the University of Oxford with a Master of Letters as a Marshall Scholar in English literature.

In 1995 he married Karen Ball, the White House correspondent for the New York Daily News. They moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where they currently reside with their four children.

Career
Von Drehle started his career in journalism at 17 years old, working with The Denver Post as a sports writer from 1978 to 1983, where he was the youngest sports writer that the paper has had. From there he moved on to the Miami Herald in 1985 and stayed on with the paper until 1991 as a staff writer and New York Correspondent. In 1988 while writing for the Miami Herald Von Drehle was awarded a Livingston Award, which recognizes excellence in young journalism and is given annually to journalist younger than 35 years of age. Von Drehle was honored for a series titled "The Death Penalty: A Failure of Execution". He was 27 at the time of the award, the youngest of the three journalists recognized that year. The piece also garnered Von Drehle the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel Award for excellence in Media and the Arts in 1989. During his tenure with the Miami Herald, von Drehle also received an American Society of News Editors Distinguished Writing Award, and has subsequently been featured in ASNE's collections of America's Best Newspaper Writing.

In 1991, Von Drehle became the New York bureau chief for The Washington Post. Within months, he was sent to New Hampshire to cover the 1992 presidential primary, thus beginning his career as a political writer. He went on to be the editor of the Arts section, and the Assistant Managing Editor in charge of the Style section. By his own admission in an article in National Journal, Von Drehle says, "I like to change gears every four or five years."
David Von Drehle left The Washington Post in 2006 to become Editor-at-Large for Time. He went on to write more than 60 cover stories while at Time. Notable examples include the 2008 Person of the Year (Barack Obama); a cover piece on controversial commentator Glenn Beck titled "Mad Man" that appeared in the September 17, 2009 issue; coverage of the deaths of Michael Jackson and Osama bin Laden; the 2014 Person of the Year (Ebola Fighters); and a magazine-length essay on forgiveness after the murders at Emanuel A.M.E. Church in Charleston, S.C. That article won the Deadline Award for Best Magazine Feature of 2015.

Von Drehle returned to The Washington Post in 2017 as a twice-weekly opinion columnist. He has also been a recurring contributor to NPR's Morning Edition, including a discussion of Bob Woodward in light of Von Drehle's  front-page article confirming the identity of the FBI's Mark Felt as "Deep Throat. He is also the author of several award-winning and bestselling books.

Awards and honors
 1996: American Bar Association Silver Gavel honorable mention for Among the Lowest of the Dead, a narrative history and analysis of the modern death penalty system in Florida; "perhaps the finest book ever written about capital punishment —Chicago Tribune.
 Sidney Hillman Foundation book prize for Triangle
 New York Society Library book of the year for Triangle
 New York Times Notable Book of the Year for Triangle
 Christopher Award for Triangle
 New York Public Library Book to Remember for Triangle
 Abraham Lincoln Group of New York Award of Achievement for Rise to Greatness
 Society of Midland Authors Biography award for Rise to Greatness

Works and publications

Books

 Deadlock: The Inside Story of America's Closest Election, 2001 (an account of the 2000 presidential recount in Florida, written with reporting by The Washington Post political staff; was a source book for the Emmy-winning HBO movie "Recount").
 Triangle: The Fire That Changed America, 2003 (Sidney Hillman Foundation book prize, New York Society Library book of the year, New York Times bestseller and Notable Book of the Year, Christopher Award winner, New York Public Library Book to Remember).
 Rise to Greatness: Abraham Lincoln and America's Most Perilous Year released by Henry Holt and Co. in October 2012.

 Adapted excerpt:
Essays and reporting

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
American male journalists
Writers from Denver
The Denver Post people
Marshall Scholars
Time (magazine) people

David Von Drehle


The ruble or rouble is (or was) a currency unit of some countries in Eastern Europe. Originally, the ruble was the currency unit of Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble).

It is currently the currency unit of Russia (as the Russian ruble and Byelorussia (as the Byelorussian ruble). The Russian ruble is also used in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named rubles. One ruble is divided into 100 kopeks, and 100 rubles make a palochka.

Currency of Europe

Ruble