Leonard Pennario (July 9, 1924 – June 27, 2008) was an American classical pianist and composer.

He was born in Buffalo, New York, and grew up in Los Angeles, attending Los Angeles High School remaining in L.A. for his entire career.  He first came to notice when he performed Edvard Grieg's Piano Concerto at age 12, with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra.  The scheduled performer had fallen ill, and Pennario's piano playing had come to the attention of the conductor Eugene Goossens, who recommended him as the soloist after being assured by Pennario that he knew the work.  In fact, he had never seen the music or even heard it, but he learned it in a week.

He studied with Guy Maier, Olga Steeb, and Isabelle Vengerova and attended the University of Southern California, where he studied composition with Ernst Toch. World War II interrupted his career, and he served in the U.S. Army Air Forces in the China Burma India Theater, where his piano skills were soon realized and served well entertaining troops of the Air Transport Command operation known as "The Hump".  He occasionally had to play around keys missing from the keyboards of the pianos at a couple of the more remote bases. He was discharged in 1946 as a staff sergeant and was awarded three Battle Stars.  He had, however, made his debut, in uniform, with the New York Philharmonic at Carnegie Hall on November 17, 1943, with Artur Rodziński, playing Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 1.

Shortly after Sergei Rachmaninoff's death, the conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos invited Leonard Pennario to be the soloist at a memorial concert, playing the Second Piano Concerto with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra.  Pennario became the first pianist after the composer himself to record all four Rachmaninoff piano concertos and the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.  His recording of the Rachmaninoff 2nd Concerto was used for the film September Affair (1950), in which Joan Fontaine plays a concert pianist preparing to play the concerto.

Beginning in the 1960s, he played in a renowned trio with the violinist Jascha Heifetz and the cellist Gregor Piatigorsky. Miklós Rózsa wrote a piano concerto for Pennario, and he was the soloist in the first performance, with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Zubin Mehta.

Pennario recorded over 60 LPs, most of them of composers dating from Chopin and later. He is perhaps best known for championing certain modern composers such as George Gershwin, Rachmaninoff, Rózsa, Louis Moreau Gottschalk, and Sergei Prokofiev.  In 1958, he was tied with Walter Gieseking in terms of best-selling classical records involving the piano.

Pennario retired from active performance and recording in the 1990s.  He wrote some pieces of his own, such as Midnight on the Cliffs, March of the Lunatics, and a 4-hand arrangement of Chopin's Minute Waltz.

He was inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in October 2007.

As well as being well represented in music encyclopedias, he was a Life Master in tournament bridge, and is listed in The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge, most notably winning an Open Pairs event in China in 1991.  He was once part of a celebrity foursome with Don Adams, Les Brown and Jack Benny's daughter Joan Benny.

He died of complications from Parkinson's disease on June 27, 2008 at the age of 83, in La Jolla, California.

An authorized biography of Leonard Pennario is currently being written by Buffalo News music critic Mary Kunz Goldman.

Sources
see Leonard Pennario home page for additional information including complete discography

References

External links

1924 births
2008 deaths
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
American male composers
American contract bridge players
Grammy Award winners
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
Musicians from Los Angeles
USC Thornton School of Music alumni
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American expatriates in India

Leonard Pennario


Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (24 August 1753 – 24 March 1824) was a deputy to the National Convention during the French Revolution.  He later served as a prominent leader of the French Directory.

Life
He was born at Montaigu (Vendée), the son of J. B. de la Révellière. He adopted the name Lépeaux from a small property belonging to his family, and he was known locally as M. de Lépeaux. He studied law at Angers and Paris, being called to the bar in 1775. A deputy to the Estates-General of 1789, he returned at the close of the session to Angers, where with his school-friends J. B. Leclerc and Urbain-René Pilastre he sat on the council of Maine-et-Loire, and had to deal with the first Vendéen outbreaks. In 1792 he was returned by the département to the Convention, and on 19 November he proposed the famous decree by which France offered protection to foreign nations in their struggle for liberty.

Although La Révellière-Lépeaux voted for the death of Louis XVI, he was not in general agreement with the extremists. He was proscribed with the Girondins in 1793, and remained in hiding until the revolt of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794). After serving on the commission to prepare the initiation of the new constitution he became in July 1795 president of the Assembly, and shortly afterwards a member of the Committee of Public Safety. His name stood first on the list of directors elected, and he became president of the Directory.

Of his colleagues he was in alliance with Jean-François Rewbell and to a lesser degree with Barras, but the greatest of his fellow-directors, Lazare Carnot, was the object of his undying hatred. His policy was marked by a bitter hostility to the Christian religion, which he proposed to supplant as a civilizing agent by theophilanthropy, a new religion invented by the English deist David Williams. The credit of the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797), by which the allied directors made themselves supreme, La Révellière-Lépeaux arrogated to himself in his Mémoires, which in this as in other matters must be read with caution.

Compelled to resign by the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII (18 June 1799), he lived in retirement in the country, and took no further part in public affairs even after his return to Paris ten years later.

Notes

References

 The Mémoires of La Révellière-Lépeaux were edited by R. D. D'Angers (Paris, 3 vols., 1895). See also E. Charavay, La Révellière-Lépeaux et ses mémoires (1895) and Albert Meynier, Un Représentant de la bourgeoisie angevine (1905).

External links

 Louis-Marie de La Revellière-Lépeaux papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

1753 births
1824 deaths
18th-century French lawyers
People from Vendée
Directeurs of the First French Republic
Members of the Council of Five Hundred
People on the Committee of Public Safety
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French deists

Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux


Demography studies the statistics of human populations. Demography is usually  used to study dynamic (constantly changing) populations. It covers the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations and the changes in these populations due to births, deaths, migration and emigration.
Demography can also be applied to entire groups defined by nationality, religion and ethnicity.

Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of populations processes, while the more broad field of social demography population studies also analyze the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population.

Related pages
 Sociology
 Demographics

Demography


A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich liquids leak out of the Earth's crust, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold seeps form a biome supporting several native species.

Cold seeps change the shape of the ocean floor over time, where reactions between methane and seawater create carbonate rock formations and reefs. These reactions may change when bacteria are present.

Types

Cold seeps at different depths have different names. Other kinds of cold seeps are:
 oil/gas seeps
 gas seeps: methane seeps
 gas hydrate seeps
 brine seeps are forming brine pools
 pockmarks
 mud volcanos

Formation and ecological succession
Cold seeps occur over cracks in the seafloor caused by the movement of the Earth's crust. Oil and methane "seep" out of those cracks, get dissolved by tiny bits of rock, and emerge over an area several hundred meters wide.

Methane () is the main part of what we commonly refer to as natural gas. But in addition to being an important energy source for humans, methane also forms the basis of a cold seep ecosystem.
Biological oceanography
Biomes

Cold seep


Iodine is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 53, and its atomic mass (the number of protons plus neutrons) is 127. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements and its electronic configuration is 2,8,8,18,17. It is a nonmetal.

Properties

Physical properties

Iodine is a dark purple-black solid. It is also a nonmetal and a halogen. It sublimes when heated to make a bright purple vapor. This vapor is very irritating, although colorful. Iodine does not dissolve in water, but it does dissolve in a solution of an iodide in water. It dissolves easily in organic solvents.

Chemical properties
Iodine is at the bottom of the halogens and is the least reactive of the halogens. Iodine is an oxidizing agent, though not as strong as bromine or chlorine. It can become the colorless iodide ion if another atom or molecule gives an iodine atom one of its electrons. This is called reduction. Iodine reacts with hydrogen sulfide or hydrazine to make hydriodic acid. Iodine dissolves in oleum to make a bright blue solution of I2+ and sulfur dioxide. This cation is also made when iodine reacts with antimony pentafluoride.

Iodine reacts with bases to make hypoiodite and iodide. The hypoiodite disproportionates to iodate and iodide. Iodine reacts with nitric acid and chlorates to make iodates, too. Iodine reacts violently with some metals like aluminium to make large amounts of heat and toxic vapors.

Chemical compounds

Iodine forms chemical compounds in several oxidation states: -1, +1, +3, +5, and +7. This is typical of the halogens except for fluorine. -1 compounds as iodides are the most common. Most organic iodine compounds are in the -1 oxidation state. Most iodides are colorless or reddish-yellow and are weak reducing agents. +1 and +3 compounds are quite rare. They are both oxidizing agents. +1 compounds are found as iodine monochloride and hypoiodites. +3 compounds are found as iodine trichloride or iodine trifluoride. +5 compounds are found as iodates and iodic acid. Iodine pentafluoride and iodine pentoxide are iodine compounds in the +5 state. +5 and +7 compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. +7 compounds are normally found as periodates and periodic acid. Iodine heptafluoride is also in the +7 oxidation state.

Potassium iodide is one of the most common iodides. Iodides are normally colorless but turn yellow after being in air because the iodide is oxidized to iodine. Iodides react with acidified manganese dioxide or chlorine to make iodine. Iodine monochloride is a red or brown liquid. Iodine trichloride, as well as iodine trifluoride, are yellow solids. Iodates like potassium iodate are colorless solids similar to chlorates. Iodic acid is the only stable oxidizing halogen acid. Chloric acid, by comparison, is very unstable and dangerous. Iodine pentoxide is a white solid, and iodine pentafluoride is a yellowish liquid. Periodates, like sodium periodate, are colorless solids similar to perchlorates, although weaker oxidizing agents. They decompose to iodates when they are heated. Periodic acid is not as stable as iodic acid. Iodine heptafluoride is the only iodine(VII) compound.

History
It was discovered by Barnard Courtois in 1811. He burned seaweed to get sodium carbonate and reacted the residue with sulfuric acid. One time, he poured too much sulfuric acid on the seaweed and purple vapor came out which made dark blue-black crystals on a cold surface. He did not have enough money to see whether it was a new element or not. He gave samples to several chemists, who identified it as an element in 1813.

Occurrence
Iodine is too reactive to be in nature as an element. Iodine compounds are not common in the ground. There is a mineral called caliche that is found in dry deserts. It has iodate in it. Iodide is found in seawater. Kelp has quite large amounts of iodine in it. Iodine is one of the heaviest elements needed by living things. If people do not get enough of it, they get a disease known as goitre. Most salt has iodine in it, in the form of iodide or iodate. People can also take iodine pills to make sure they get enough.

Preparation
Kelp was burned and the iodine extracted from the ashes in the 18th and 19th century, but now it is not good enough for common use. Most iodine now is extracted from seawater. Chlorine is reacted with seawater to change the iodide to iodine. Air is blown over the water to evaporate the iodine. Then the iodine is reduced with sulfur dioxide to hydriodic acid. Then the hydriodic acid is oxidized with chlorine again to make iodine.  This process is repeated until the iodine is pure.

A very pure form of iodine is made by reacting copper sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which is not stable. It breaks down into copper(I) iodide and iodine, which is pure.

Uses
Iodine is used as a catalyst for making acetic acid. Animal feed also has iodine in it for nutrition. Iodine is used for a disinfectant. Tincture of iodine is a common iodine disinfectant. Iodine can be used to prevent thyroid cancer after a nuclear explosion. After a nuclear explosion, radioactive iodine fills the air. The radioactive iodine easily goes into the thyroid and causes cancer. When people take iodine tablets, it fills up the thyroid with non-radioactive iodine which prevents any radioactive iodine from coming in.

Iodine compounds can be used in X-rays because X-rays cannot go through them easily. Some metals are purified using their iodides. Silver iodide is used in photographic film and cloud seeding. Erythrosine is a food coloring that has iodine in it. Iodine can be used to make illegal drugs so it is restricted in some areas. Iodine can be used as a test for reducing agents. Iodine turns colorless when mixed with a reducing agent. Iodine also turns black when mixed with starch. Iodides become colored when mixed with oxidizing agents.

Safety
Iodine can irritate skin. Its vapors are irritating to the lungs. It is less toxic than the other halogens, though. 2-3 grams of iodine can kill. Iodides are only toxic in large amounts.

References

Halogens

Iodine


The IBM 7950, also known as Harvest, was a one-of-a-kind adjunct to the Stretch computer which was installed at the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Built by IBM, it was delivered in 1962 and operated until 1976, when it was decommissioned. Harvest was designed to be used for cryptanalysis.

Development
In April 1958, the final design for the NSA-customized version of IBM's Stretch computer had been approved, and the machine was installed in February 1962. The design engineer was James H. Pomerene, and it was built by IBM in Poughkeepsie, New York. Its electronics (fabricated of the same kind of discrete transistors used for Stretch) were physically about twice as big as the Stretch to which it was attached.  Harvest added a small number of instructions to Stretch, and could not operate independently.

An NSA-conducted evaluation found that Harvest was more powerful than the best commercially available machine by a factor of 50 to 200, depending on the task.

Architecture

The equipment added to the Stretch computer consisted of the following special peripherals:
 IBM 7951 — Stream coprocessor
 IBM 7952 — High performance core storage
 IBM 7955 — Magnetic tape system, also known as TRACTOR
 IBM 7959 — High speed I/O exchange

With the stream processing unit, Harvest was able to process 3 million characters a second.

The TRACTOR tape system, part of the HARVEST system, was unique for its time. It included six tape drives, which handled  tape in cartridges, along with a library mechanism that could fetch a cartridge from a library, mount it on a drive, and return it to the library.  The transfer rates and library mechanism were balanced in performance such that the system could read two streams of data from tape, and write a third, for the entire capacity of the library, without any time wasted for tape handling.

Programming
Harvest's most important mode of operation was called "setup" mode, in which the processor was configured with several hundred bits of information and the processor then operated by streaming data from memory — possibly taking two streams from memory — and writing a separate stream back to memory.  The two byte streams could be combined, used to find data in tables, or counted to determine the frequency of various values. A value could be anything from 1 to 16 contiguous bits, without regard to alignment, and the streams could be as simple as data laid out in memory, or data read repeatedly, under the control of multiply-nested "do"-loop descriptors, which were interpreted by the hardware.

Two programming languages, Alpha and Beta (not be confused with Simula-inspired BETA programming language) were designed for programming it, and IBM provided a compiler for the former around the time the machine was delivered.

Usage
One purpose of the machine was to search text for key words from a watchlist. From a single foreign cipher system, Harvest was able to scan over seven million decrypts for any occurrences of over 7,000 key words in under four hours.

The computer was also used for codebreaking, and this was enhanced by an early distributed networking system codenamed Rye, which allowed remote access to Harvest. According to a 1965 NSA report, "RYE has made it possible for the agency to locate many more potentially exploitable cryptographic systems and 'bust' situations. Many messages that would have taken hours or days to read by hand methods, if indeed the process were feasible at all, can now be 'set' and machine decrypted in a matter of minutes". Harvest was also used for decipherment of solved systems; the report goes on to say that, "Decrypting a large batch of messages in a solved system [is] also being routinely handled by this system".  The Harvest-RYE system became an influential example for computer security; a 1972 review identified NSA's RYE as one of two "examples of early attempts at achieving 'multi-level' security."

Harvest remained in use until 1976, having been in operation at the NSA for fourteen years.  Part of the reason for its retirement was that some of the mechanical components of TRACTOR had worn beyond use, and there was no practical way to replace them.  IBM declined to re-implement the architecture in a more modern technology.

See also
 Cryptanalytic computer

References

Sources
 James Bamford, Body of Secrets, 2001, .
 S.G. Campbell, P.S. Herwitz and J.H. Pomerene A Nonarithmetical System Extension, pp 254–271 in W.Buchholz, Planning a Computer System: Project Stretch, McGraw-Hill, 1962. A scanned PDF version is on-line at  (10.4MB)
 Douglas Hogan General and Special-Purpose Computers: a Historical Look and Some Lessons Learned, National Security Agency, 1986. A scanned PDF version is on-line at  (1.1MB)
 Samuel Simon Snyder History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers, pp 39–64, National Security Agency, 1964. A scanned PDF version is on-line at  (3.3MB)

External links
 Eric Smith, IBM Stretch (aka IBM 7030 Data Processing System)
 Warren Alva Hunt, Early History of Harvest Computer
 Timeline of the IBM Stretch/Harvest Era (1956-1961)
 TRACTOR (IBM history page)

7950
7 7950
7950
One-of-a-kind computers
Cryptanalytic devices
Computer-related introductions in 1962

IBM 7950 Harvest


The rectum is a part of the large intestine which forms a part of the gastrointestinal system. The rectum ends in the anus which is the end of the gastrointestinal system. It is where feces or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the anus.

Body temperature can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25 mm (1 inch) into the rectum via the anus. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38 °C (97.6 to 100.4 °F) and is about 0.5 °C (1 °F) above oral (mouth) temperature and about 1 °C (2 °F) above axilla (armpit) temperature and 3 degrees warmer than vaginal temperatures.

The rectum was featured in film series, 'The Human Centipede,' a horror movie about the face of loss in a world of deep connection and interesting cuisine. Within the film it is stated that, "Humans have a profound desire for other rectums." Often this is due to the G-stop for men being located between the Anus and the testicles, giving men a desire to be anally penetrated in the rectum, this form of rectal pleasure first ever documented in the journal of Henry IV.

References

Anatomy of the digestive system

Rectum


Pretoria (; ) is a ceety locatit in the northren pairt o Gauteng Province, Sooth Africae. It is ane o the kintra's three caipital ceeties, servin as the executive (admeenistrative) an de facto naitional caipital; the ithers are Cape Toun, the legislative caipital, an Bloemfontein, the judicial caipital.

Pretoria is contained athin the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as ane o several constituent umwhile admeenistrations (amang which an aa Centurion an Soshanguve). Pretoria itsel is whiles incorrectly referred tae as "Tshwane" in a controversial proposed name chynge, the status o which is still bein decidit an aw.

The ceety's oreeginal name wis Pretoria Philadelphia ("Pretoria o britherly love"). It gae its name tae the Pax Praetoriana, referrin tae the kintra's relative stability.

History
The Soothren Transvaal Ndebele occupee'd the river valley, which wis tae acome the location o the ceety o Pretoria, bi aroond 1600.

Durin the difaqane in Natal, anither baund o refugees arrived in this aurie unner the leadership o Mzilikazi. Houesomeivver, thay wur forced tae abandon thair veelages in thair flicht frae a regiment o Zulu raiders in 1832.

Pretoria itsel wis foondit in 1855 bi Marthinus Pretorius, a leader o the Voortrekkers, who named it efter his faither Andries Pretorius. The elder Pretorius haed acome a naitional hero o the Voortrekkers efter his victory ower the Zulus in the Battle o Blood River. Andries Pretorius an aa negotiatit the Sand River Convention (1852), in which Breetain acknowledged the unthirldom o the Transvaal. It became the caipital o the Sooth African Republic (ZAR) on 1 Mey 1860.
The foondin o Pretoria as the caipital o the Sooth African Republic can be seen as markin the end o the Boers' dounset movements o the Great Trek.

Boer Wars

Durin the First Boer War, the ceety wis besieged bi Republican forces in December 1880 an Mairch 1881. The peace treaty which endit the war wis signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention.

The Seicont Boer War (1899 tae 1902) resultit in the end o the Republic o Transvaal an stairt o Breetish hegemony in Sooth Africae. Durin the war, Winston Churchill wis imprisoned in the Staats Model School in Pretoria but escaped tae Mozambique. The ceety surrendered tae Breetish forces unner Frederick Roberts on 5 Juin 1900 an the conflict wis endit in Pretorie wi the signin o the Peace o Vereeniging on 31 Mey 1902.

A nummer o forts wur biggit for the defence o the ceety juist prior tae the Seicont Boer War, tho some are the day in ruins, a nummer o them hae been preserved as naitional monuments.

Admeeministrative caipital o Sooth Africae

The Transvaal Colony an Orange Free State wi Cape Colony an Natal Colony merged in 1910 tae form Union o Sooth Africae, wi Pretoria as its admeenistrative caipital (while Cape Toun became parliamentary an legislative caipital). In the period atween 1860 an 1994, Pretoria wis an aa the caipital o the provincial govrenment o Transvaal Province.

On 14 October 1931, Pretoria wis offeecially received ceety status. Wi the establishment o academic an scienteefic institutions, Pretoria an aa serves as the academic caipital o Sooth Africae. It is hame tae a nummer o varsities an research institutions, includin the Varsity o Pretoria, Varsity o Sooth Africae an the CSIR.

Pretoria's Church Street wis ane o the targets o the ANC's terror attacks in Sooth Africae in the years 1982 tae 1984. The bomb explosion in the street on Mey 20, 1983 aichteen fowk wur killed an 217 injured.

On 24 November 1995, Pretoria first black mayor, Slo Ramokhoase, wis electit.

The day, Pretoria is pairt o the Ceety o Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, ane o the three Sooth Africa's five laigest metropolitan auries in the province o Gauteng tae be foond.

Demographics
Dependin on the definition o the ceey leemits, the population ranges frae 600,000 tae 1.2 million. The main leids spoken in the Tshwane municipality are Pedi, Afrikaans, Tswana, Tsonga, Zulu an Inglis. Ndebele an Sotho are an aa widely spoken. The whole Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality haed a population o 1,985,997 at the 2001 census. The ceety o Pretoria haes the lairgest white population o onywhere on the African continent. Syne its foondin it haes been a major Afrikaner population centre, an currently thare are roughly 400,000 Afrikaners livin in or aroond the ceety.

Even syne the end o Apartheid, Pretoria itsel still haes a white majority, albeit an iver increasin black middle-class. Housomeivver in the tounships o Soshanguve an Atteridgeville non-whites mak up close tae aw o the population. The lairgest white ethnic group are the Afrikaners an the lairgest black ethnic group are the Northren Sothos.

If ane considers the lawer estimate for the population ofPretoria, this includes lairgely umwhile-white designatit auries an thare is therefore a white majority. Housomeivver if ane includes the geographically separate tounships, this increases Pretoria's population ayont a million an maks whites a minority.

Pretoria's Asians maistly live in the Indian tounship o Laudium or alangside whites in the suburbs.

Internaitional relations

Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Pretoria is twinned wi:

Shoppin Malls
 Atterbury Boulevard
 Atterbury Value Mart
 Brooklyn Mall*
 Brooklyn Design Square
 Centurion Mall (upon Hennops River)*
 Hatfield Plaza*
 Irene Village Mall*
 Kolonnade Centre*
 Mall @ Reds*
 Menlyn Retail Park
 Menlyn Park*
 Parkview Centre
 Sammy Marks Shopping Centre
 Sancardia Shopping Centre
 Sterland Mall*
 Sunny Park
 The Grove Shopping Centre*
 Woodlands Boulevard*
 Wonderboom Junction Shopping Centre
 Wonderpark Shopping Centre*

Please note: The malls wi an asterix are malls wi at least a 4-screen cinema complex. Menlyn Park is currently the anerlie shoppin mall wi an "Imax Theatre" an Kolonnade Centre is the anerlie mall in the ceety wi a public ice-skatin rink.

Places o interest
 Pretoria National Botanical Garden
 The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa
 Church Square
 Union Buildings
 Marabastad
 Menlyn Park
 Voortrekker Monument

Nature Reserves
 Groenkloof Nature Reserve
 Rietvlei Nature Reserve
 Moreletaspruit Nature Reserve
 Faerie Glen Nature Reserve
 Wonderboom Nature Reserve

References

1855 in Sooth Africae
Caipitals in Africae
Ceeties in Sooth Africae
Populatit places established in 1855
Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
Pretoria

Pretoria


Muroidea is a large superfamily of rodents.  It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives.  They live on almost every continent except Antarctica.  Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae.  Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another.

The muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species.

Taxonomy
 Family Platacanthomyidae - incertae sedis - (spiny dormouse and pygmy dormice)
 Family Spalacidae fossorial muroids
 Subfamily Myospalacinae (zokors)
 Subfamily Rhizomyinae (bamboo rats and root rats)
 Subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole rats)
 Clade Eumuroida - typical muroids
 Family Calomyscidae
 Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
 Family Nesomyidae
 Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
 Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
 Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
 Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
 Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
 Family Cricetidae
 Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
 Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
 Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
 Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
 Subfamily Tylomyinae
 Family Muridae
 Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
 Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
 Subfamily Leimacomyinae (Togo Mouse)
 Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
 Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

References
 Primary Taxonomic Reference
 Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
 Other Taxonomic References
 Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
 Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
 Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae.  Pp. 501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
 Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

Rodents

Muroidea


Cuauhtinchan Archeological Zone or Malinalco Archeological Zone, located just west of the town center on a hill called Cerro de los Idolos, which rises 215 meters above the town. On its sides are a number of pre-Hispanic structures built on terraces built into the hill. The main structures are at the top. This is one of the most important Aztec sites and was discovered in 1933, and explored by José García Payón in 1935. The visible complex dates from the Aztec Empire but the site's use as a ceremonial center appears to be much older. The sanctuary complex was built from the mid 15th century to the beginnings of the 16th. To get to the Cerro de los Idolos one must climb 426 stairs up 125 meters. Along the stairway leading to the site, there are signs with area's history written in Spanish, English and Nahuatl. The site contains six buildings. The Cuauhcalli or House of the Eagles, which dates from 1501, is the main building, which is significant in that it is carved out of the hill itself. The building is in the shape of a truncated pyramid, built this way due to the lack of space on the hill. The monolithic Cuauhcalli has been compared to the Ellora in India, Petra on the shores of the Dead Sea and Abu Simbel in Egypt. This was a sanctuary for the Eagle Warriors for rites such as initiation. A thirteen-step staircase leading into this temple is flanked by side struts. and two feline sculptures that face the plaza in front. The Cuauhcalli consists of two rooms, one rectangular and the other circular, with an opening in the wall between the two. After being carved out of the rock, the walls and ceiling were covered in stucco and painted with murals, most of which are almost completely gone. In the upper part, the entrance is symbolized by the open jaws of a serpent, complete with fangs, eyes and a forked tongue, which was painted red. This upper portion is covered by a thatched roof of the grass the area is named for.

Architecture
Just inside of the entrance, on the east side, there is a sculpture of a serpent's head on which rests the remains of a statue of an Eagle Warrior. To the west, there is another sculpture in the shape of a large pedestal, symbolizing a tlapanhuéhuetl (war drum). Above this is a sculpture of a cipactli, which is a primeval being, occasionally called a "monster of the earth." The cipactli is holding up a person, of which only the sandals remain. It is thought the two statues functioned as standards. Further inside is a bench that surrounds a space similar to a hemicycle. The horseshoe bench has four sculptures, the most outstanding one being an eagle that faces the entrance. Two others are also of eagles while the fourth is a jaguar. The jaguar statue has its skin spread out as if it were a mounted trophy. Behind the eagles there is a cuauhxicalli or sacred vessel in which to put the hearts of sacrifice victims, who then turn into messengers of the sun. The orientation of the building relates to the movement of the stars. Before it was covered with a thatched roof to preserve it, openings in the walls provoked light phenomena at certain times such as at the summer solstice.

From here was found a large wooden huéhuetl or ceremonial war drum, which is now in the Museum of Anthropology and History in the Mexiquense Cultural Center in Toluca. At the spring and fall equinoxes some 5,000 to 7,000 people visit the site. The conical thatched roof that covers the main building is a reproduction of the kind of roof it probably had in antiquity, but the shed-like porch is less faithful to the original. Despite acts of vandalism, the interior of this building is still in good condition.

Cuauhtinchan

See also
 Teotenango
 Xochicalco

References

External links

 Archaeological Site Map

Aztec sites
1933 archaeological discoveries
Malinalco
Archaeological sites in the State of Mexico

Malinalco (archeological site)


Henry Wright (1878 – July 9, 1936), was a planner, architect, and major proponent of the garden city, an idea characterized by green belts and created by Sir Ebenezer Howard.

Early life
Henry Wright was born in Lawrence, Kansas in 1878. His family was Quaker and he based many of the ideas for his communities on Quaker ideas. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1901.

Career

Early career
In 1902 Wright helped architect George Kessler design the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, when he was only 23 years old. By the early 1920s Wright became one of the core members of the Regional Planning Association of America, along with Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, and Benton MacKaye, and it was this association that led to Wright's most well-known work.

Brentmoor Park, Brentmoor, and Forest Ridge
Early in his career, Wright designed Brentmoor Park, Brentmoor, and Forest Ridge, three private subdivisions in the city of Clayton, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, that were platted in 1910, 1911 and 1913, respectively. Wright later said that the origins of his planning concepts lay in his St. Louis developments. Wright designed all three of his projects to face inward toward their common grounds and away from the noise and congestion of Wydown Boulevard and the trolley line which ran along it (now gone). The subdivisions share common characteristics such as limited access from surrounding thoroughfares, curving interior drives, one to almost  lot sizes, and large traditionally designed houses. Brentmoor Park is designed around a draw, or small valley, which has its lowest point near the intersection of Big Bend and Wydown. This natural land formation forms the common ground of a rectangular  tract. The  tract encompassing Forest Ridge has only 6 homes, and rises to a central plateau with the lots planned around a large circular private park. Brentmoor has a simple oval plan due to the evenness of its . The three subdivisions in this district contain forty-seven houses, twenty-one of which were built in the first decade after the sites were opened, with an additional sixteen built before 1930. The fashionable period-style houses which fill all three subdivisions were designed by the best local architects as well as some out of town ones, the most notable being Howard Doren Shaw of Chicago and Raymond Maritz. The large, carefully designed houses are about evenly divided between medieval and Georgian styles. Among the civic leaders who have lived here are J. Lionberger Davis, Stratford Lee Morton, and Morton D. May. In 1982, the National Park Service listed the Brentmoor Park, Brentmoor and Forest Ridge District (see: Historic district (United States)) on the National Register of Historic Places.

Hi-Pointe DeMun
Also in St. Louis, The Hi-Pointe DeMun Historic district straddles the border of St. Louis (Independent City) and the suburb of Clayton, St. Louis County, Missouri. Platted in 1917 and 1923 respectively, Wright prepared the plat for the Hi-Pointe subdivision and was a trustee, and likely had input in the later design of the DeMun Park plat by his close associates Julius and Fredrick Pitzman. The two subdivisions include 484 residential and commercial buildings and detached residential garages. Most of the construction of the subdivisions was completed by 1930 and the district retains a high degree of integrity from that period with 455 contributing resources. The area was designed to include four small parks to provide open and recreational space for residents. In the early years a streetcar line located on DeMun avenue in the middle of the district provided transportation and today the former streetcar bed provides additional green space.

Sunnyside Gardens
Wright and Clarence Stein designed Sunnyside Gardens, in the Sunnyside neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens, was one of the first developments to incorporate the "superblock" model in the United States. The complex was constructed from 1924 to 1929.

The residential area has brick row houses of two and a half stories, with front and rear gardens and a landscaped central court shared by all. This model allowed for denser residential development, while also providing ample open/green-space amenities. Stein and Wright served as the architects and planners for this development, and the landscape architect was Marjorie Sewell Cautley. These well-planned garden homes are listed as a historical district in the National Register of Historic Places, and are also home to one of the only two private parks in New York City.

Radburn
Wright and Stein later collaborated on the design of the Radburn community in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. Radburn, founded in 1929, was intended to be the "town in which people could live peacefully with the automobile-or rather in spite of it". Radburn was designed in such a way that thoroughfares had a specialized use; main roads linking traffic at various sections, service lanes to allow direct access to buildings, and express highways. The desire was also to have as complete a separation of automobile and pedestrian as possible. Pedestrian crossways were designed at differing levels than that of autos, and were directed differing places than autos. These largely residential areas were termed "superblocks".

Radburn was also intended to become a garden city characterized by surrounding greenbelts, and the careful design of residential, industrial and agricultural land. Residential areas were designed to face inwards towards gardens and nature rather than out towards traffic. Unfortunately, the Great Depression proved the end of the "Radburn idea". Only a minute section was completed before the operation was forced to stop. The originally-planned manufacturing area never materialized, so the town became a commuter city, despite the planners' best hopes. The other main problem to appear were extremely high costs of developments of this type, as well as the large amount of land that it consumed. However, the city did achieve a very high level of pedestrian walkability.

Chatham Village

From 1929 through 1936, Wright and Stein designed the first two phases of the Chatham Village community, which was constructed in three phases in 1932, 1936 and 1956 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Chatham Village's distinctive design was based on the ideals of the Garden City movement, including single ownership and the protective greenbelt of undeveloped land, but drew heavily on elements of the "Radburn Idea," particularly the use of superblocks with interior parks, and the complete separation of automobile and pedestrian. Designed as a high-density community for moderate-income workers, the Georgian Revival houses were constructed in attached groups. Cost savings were realized through the use of the superblock design with its reduced infrastructure investment, and high-density attached dwellings to lower construction costs. The successful use of attached grouped dwellings in a garden environment, demonstrated at Chatham Village, influenced the growth of the garden apartment-style subdivision in American urban and suburban planning. Built during a time of rapid technological change, the 'reverse-front' orientation of house groups, facing the open courtyards in the superblocks' center, evoked the comfort of the traditional English village. The meticulously designed and maintained landscaping of the terraced greens and courtyards dramatically enhanced the village atmosphere and provided the healthy environment thought to be necessary for modern living. Wright's innovative 'reversefront' design of the houses, in which service rooms face the street and living rooms face the interior park, turned the focus of the community inward, away from the noise and activity of surrounding development. In 1998, the National Park Service listed Chatham Village on the National Register of Historic Places.

Buckingham

During the mid-1930s, Wright designed a residential apartment community (Buckingham Community) that was constructed in six phases between 1937 and 1953 on former farm land in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. Wright designed the first of these phases in the Colonial Revival style; the later phases also incorporated this style. Intended to be a middle-income neighborhood, the complex was funded by the Federal Housing Administration. The garden apartment complex applied pioneering principles of garden city planning to a large-scale planned residential community. These principles include low-density superblocks, curving streets, separation of automobiles and pedestrians, shallow two-to-three story building plans allowing improved light and ventilation and landscaped common spaces designed around apartments to form a continuous park. The buildings are arranged in U-shaped complexes enclosing grassy lawns planted with oak and elm trees. Wright located a shopping center at the intersection of two major streets in the middle of the community, evoking the idea of a traditional village center.

The Arlington County government has protected some of Buckingham's buildings by designating them as components of a local historic district. Demolition has occurred, however, resulting in the loss of thirty buildings since 1953. The National Park Service listed parts of the Buckingham Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999, 2004 and 2010.

Other career
Wright helped plan the campus for Western Kentucky University (then named Western Teachers College). Wright also worked as a consultant for the housing division of the Public Works Administration in 1933 and 1934. He was an associate professor of architecture and head of the School of Architecture at Columbia University. In December 1935, he was appointed to the committee of architects to draft a general plan for the World's fair.

Wright wrote the book Rehousing Urban America in 1935. He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and chairman of the City Planning Association of St. Louis, Missouri and the founder of Housing Study Guild.

Personal life
Wright was married to Eleanor Niccols. Together, they had four children: Elliott, Henry N., Marion and Eleanor.

Death
Wright died on July 9, 1936, at Newton Memorial Hospital in Newton, New Jersey.

Legacy
The Henry Wright Park in the Buckingham Historic District in Arlington, Virginia is named in his honor.

References

External links
Guide to the Henry Wright Papers

1878 births
1936 deaths
Date of birth missing
People from Lawrence, Kansas
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American landscape architects
American urban planners
Columbia University faculty

Henry Wright (planner)


This is a list of banking crises. A banking crisis is a financial crisis that affects banking activity. Banking crises include bank runs, which affect single banks; banking panics, which affect many banks; and systemic banking crises, in which a country experiences many defaults and financial institutions and corporations face great difficulties repaying contracts. A banking crisis is marked by bank runs that lead to the demise of financial institutions, or by the demise of a financial institution that starts a string of similar demises.

Bank runs

A bank run occurs when many bank customers withdraw their deposits because they believe the bank might fail. There have been many runs on individual banks throughout history; for example, some of the 2008–2009 bank failures in the United States were associated with bank runs.

Banking panics and systemic banking crises

18th century
Crisis of 1763, started in Amsterdam, begun by the collapse of Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky and Leendert Pieter de Neufville's bank, spread to Germany and Scandinavia
British credit crisis of 1772-1773 in London and Amsterdam, begun by the collapse of the bankers Neal, James, Fordyce and Down.
Panic of 1792, New York
Panic of 1796–1797, Britain and United States

19th century
Panic of 1819, a U.S. recession with bank failures; culmination of U.S.'s first boom-to-bust economic cycle
Panic of 1825, a pervasive British recession in which many banks failed, nearly including the Bank of England
Panic of 1837, a U.S. recession with bank failures, followed by a 5-year depression
Panic of 1847, United Kingdom
Panic of 1857, a U.S. recession with bank failures
Panic of 1866, Europe
Panic of 1873, a U.S. recession with bank failures, followed by a 4-year depression
Panic of 1884, United States and Europe
Panic of 1890, mainly affecting the United Kingdom and Argentina
Panic of 1893, a U.S. recession with bank failures
Australian banking crisis of 1893
Panic of 1896, acute U.S. recession

20th century
Panic of 1901, a U.S. economic recession that started a fight for financial control of the Northern Pacific Railway
Panic of 1907, a U.S. economic recession with bank failures
Shōwa Financial Crisis, a 1927 Japanese financial panic that resulted in mass bank failures across the Empire of Japan.
Great Depression, the worst systemic banking crisis of the 20th century
Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 in the UK
Japanese asset price bubble (1986–2003)
Savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.
1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
Finnish banking crisis of 1990s
Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994
Rhode Island banking crisis
Peruvian banking crisis of 1992
Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1997 Asian financial crisis
 Enping financial crisis
1998 collapse of Long-Term Capital Management
1998 Russian financial crisis
1998–2002 Argentine great depression
1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis

21st century
2002 Uruguay banking crisis
2003 Myanmar banking crisis
Financial crisis of 2007–2008, including:
Subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S. starting in 2007
2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package
2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
Great Recession in Russia
2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
Ghana banking crisis of 2017–2018
2023 global banking crisis

See also
List of economic crises
List of bank runs

References

Taylor, Alan M. The great leveraging. NBER 18290

Notes

Finance lists

crises

List of banking crises


Oregon Route 214 is an Oregon state highway which runs from the city of  Woodburn, southeast into Silver Falls State Park in the Cascade foothills, and then loops back west towards Salem.  The northern segment of the highway (between Silverton and Woodburn) is known as the Hillsboro-Silverton Highway No. 140 (see Oregon highways and routes), a designation which continues north on OR 219, and the southern segment (southeast of Silverton) is known as the Silver Creek Falls Highway No. 163.

Route description

OR 214's northern terminus is at the junction with Interstate 5 and OR 219 in the city of Woodburn.  (A single diamond interchange serves both OR 219 and OR 214 from the freeway; OR 219 leads west of the interchange and OR 214 heads east).  The roadway heads due east into the city of Woodburn for about , skirting the northern edge of town (though passing through a very busy shopping district). It then intersects with both OR 99E and OR 211; OR 214 continues south from this intersection, sharing an alignment with OR 99E for , officially along the Pacific Highway East No. 1E. OR 214 then departs from OR 99E and heads southeast.

Outside of Woodburn, OR 214 is a two-lane country road.  The next town of note heading south is Mount Angel, followed by Silverton.  In Silverton, OR 214 intersects with OR 213, which heads north to Molalla and south (southwest) to Salem.

OR 214 continues southeast from Silverton, now as the Silver Falls Highway.  The highway, almost immediately upon leaving the Silverton city limits, starts climbing into the Cascade foothills, until it enters Silver Falls State Park.  Upon entering the park, the highway turns south, and provides several points of access to various park facilities and attractions. Upon leaving the park, the highway heads west towards the Salem area. It terminates near Aumsville at an interchange with OR 22.

One significant alignment change occurred during the 90's.  It used to be the case that OR 214, rather than having its northern terminus in  Woodburn, instead continued west towards St. Paul, where it terminated at an intersection with OR 219 (which continued south to Salem on River Road).  However, that section of OR 219 is no longer signed as a state route, and the section of OR 214 between St. Paul and Woodburn was renumbered as OR 219.   Many maps (including Yahoo Maps) still show the old alignments of OR 219 and OR 214.

Major intersections

References

214
Transportation in Marion County, Oregon

Oregon Route 214


The Battle of Arelate was fought in 458 near Arelate (Arles) between Western Roman Emperor Majorian and Visigothic king Theodoric II. After the assassination of Flavius Aetius in 454, the Visigoths began to expand their kingdom at the expense of the crumbling Roman administration in Gaul and Hispania. When Majorian became emperor in 457, the Visigoths under king Theodoric II had just recently defeated the Suebic Kingdom in north-west Hispania and were consolidating their hold on the rest of the peninsula.

Majorian, a young, capable general in his late thirties, inherited a collapsing empire consisting of only Italy, Dalmatia, and some fractured territories in northern Gaul. He decided the first step towards consolidating the empire would be to confront the Visigoths in Septimania. Traveling with his generals Aegidius and Nepotianus, Majorian encountered the Visigothic king and his army at Arelate, at the mouth of the Rhodanus River (Rhone). The ensuing battle was an overwhelming Gothic defeat. Theodoric II was forced to flee Arelate, abandon Septimania, and conclude a hasty peace treaty. The treaty returned all Visigothic territory in Hispania to the Romans, and the Visigoths were reduced to federate status.

The battle allowed Majorian to campaign deeper in Gaul against the Burgundian Kingdom, and later in Hispania against the Suebic Kingdom.

References

458
450s in the Roman Empire
Arelate
5th century in sub-Roman Gaul
Arelate
Arelate
Arelate
History of Arles

Battle of Arelate


Norman René Del Mar CBE (31 July 19196 February 1994) was a British conductor, horn player, and biographer. As a conductor, he specialised in the music of late romantic composers; including Edward Elgar, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss. He left a great legacy of recordings of British music, in particular Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frederick Delius, and Benjamin Britten. He notably conducted the premiere recording of Britten's children's opera Noye's Fludde.

Life and career
Born in Hampstead, London, Del Mar began his career as a horn player. He was one of the original members of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO), which was established by Sir Thomas Beecham in 1946. Within the first few months of the RPO's existence, Beecham appointed Del Mar as his assistant conductor. Del Mar made his professional debut as a conductor with the RPO in 1947.

In 1949 Del Mar was appointed principal conductor of the English Opera Group, in which post he remained until 1954. In 1952 he conducted the BBC Symphony Orchestra in the world premiere of Franz Reizenstein's radio opera Anna Kraus. He then held chief conducting posts with the Yorkshire Symphony Orchestra (1954) the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra (1960–1965), and the Aarhus Symphony Orchestra (1985–1988). A regular at the BBC Proms concerts, he conducted the famous Last Night on three occasions: 1973, 1975, and 1983. He was also 'permanent guest conductor' with the Göteborg Symphony Orchestra from 1969–1973.

In 1953 Del Mar joined the faculty of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where he conducted the school's orchestra and taught conducting until 1960. In 1972 he began to teach conducting at the Royal College of Music, serving until 1990. He also conducted the Royal Academy of Music's orchestra from 1974–1977.

In 1976 he conducted the world premiere of Thomas Wilson's opera The Confessions of a Justified Sinner, based on the novel by James Hogg. The cast was led by Philip Langridge, Thomas Hemsley and John Shirley-Quirk.

He was an authority on Richard Strauss and wrote a three-volume work on Strauss's life and music. In addition, his books include the following titles:
 Anatomy of the Orchestra ()
 Conducting Beethoven (, Volume 1; , Volume 2)
 Conducting Berlioz ()
 Conducting Brahms ()
 Conducting Elgar (, compiled and edited by his son Jonathan Del Mar)
 Conducting Favourite Concert Pieces ()
 Mahler's sixth symphony : a study ()
 Orchestral variations : confusion and error in the orchestral repertoire ()

As well as making approximately 70 recordings of his own, Del Mar was a lifelong record collector, and his extensive collection of rare 78s is held by the University of Southampton.

He died in 1994, aged 74.  He had two sons. The elder is the Beethoven editor Jonathan Del Mar, and the younger is Robin Del Mar who is a viola player.

References

External links
 Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra website contains some photographs and articles about Norman Del Mar.
  Norman Del Mar rehearsing the audience in the "Night Song", in the original 1949 production of Let's Make an Opera
  Norman Del Mar was a regular conductor of the LSSO both at home and abroad.
 Norman Del Mar sound archive at Southampton University

1919 births
1994 deaths
Academics of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Academics of the Royal College of Music
British male conductors (music)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Hampstead
English biographers
20th-century British biographers
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century British male musicians

Norman Del Mar


Gamophobia (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their  would change to hate.

Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to  be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.

References

Phobias

Gamophobia


A clinical thermometer is a thermometer used to measure human body temperature. Most made in the 20th century are mercury-in-glass thermometers. They are accurate and sensitive, having a narrow place where the mercury level rises very fast. A kink in the tube stops the mercury level from falling on its own.

These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors,  it is a clinical thermometers they are also called a doctor's thermometers or medical thermometers.  Most show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales, and run from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius.

Medical thermometers are cleaned before and after each use, with alcohol.

For centuries medical thermometers were large, and took many minutes to register a temperature.  Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented a quicker mercury thermometer in 1714, and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.  In the 1860s smaller, better ones were made, and thus thermometers were more often used.  An ear thermometer was invented in the 1960s, which works quickly and easily.  Digital thermometers became widespread in the late 20th century.

Medical equipment
Thermometers

Clinical thermometer


The city of Jeonju was the political, economic and cultural center in the Honam Plain, Korea's most fertile farmland that encompasses today's South and North Jeolla Provinces. The first historic records about the city come from the Unified Silla Period. Back then, the city was called Wansanju. After the Unified Silla was divided, Jeonju served as the capital of the late Baekje, one of the kingdoms set up after the breakup of the Unified Silla. Coming to the Joseon period, Jeonju became even more important as the city was the birthplace of the first ancestor of Lee Sung-gae, the first king of the Joseon Dynasty.

Known as a city with 1000-year history, Jeonju is also promoted as a gateway to traditional Korean culture and gastronomy. The Hanok Village in Jeonju is one of the most famous tourist attractions that many Koreans and foreigners visit every year. The Hanok Village, where traditional Korean houses from the Joseon Period are preserved, offers traditional Korean cuisine, hanji, or traditional Korean paper, and oriental medicine. Tourists can get a hands-on experience at various tourist facilities and historic sites in the city.

UNESCO has officially designated Jeonju as a City of Gastronomy. The flavorful foods Jeonju offers are widely known among Koreans as well, and there are many restaurants in Korea that claim that they have originated from Jeonju. Two most famous foods from Jeonju are bibimbap and a bean sprout soup called kongnamulgukbap. Bibimbap is a dish that mixes rice with sautéed vegetables, meat, eggs, and hot red-pepper paste and offered in a bowl. Different ingredients blend in well to create a harmonious taste. Kongnamulgukbap is a bean sprout soup offered with rice in it. It seems a simple dish to make. But it has a very special taste that also comes from a mix of different ingredients put it to make the soup broth.

Climate

References

Cities in South Korea

Jeonju


In mathematics, the word sign refers to the property of being positive or negative.  Every real number that is non-zero is either positive or negative, and therefore has a sign.  Zero itself is without a sign, or signless.  In addition to putting signs into real numbers, the word sign is used throughout mathematics to indicate parts of mathematical objects that mean positivity and negativity. Usually, if numbers are seen without a sign, they are seen as a positive number. Otherwise, a minus sign "" is appended before the number to indicate that the number is a negative of another number.

The word sign is also sometimes used to refer to various mathematical signs, such as the plus and minus signs and the multiplication sign.

Sign of a number
A real number is said to be positive if it is greater than zero, and negative if it is less than zero.  The attribute of being positive or negative is called the sign of the number.  Zero itself is not considered to have a sign.

In arithmetic, the sign of a number is often denoted by placing a plus or minus sign before the number.  For example, +3 would denote a positive 3, and −3 would denote a negative 3.  When no plus or minus sign is given, the main way of seeing it is that a number is positive.

The sign of any number that is not zero can be changed to positive using the absolute value function.  For example, the absolute value of −3 and the absolute value of 3 are both equal to 3.  In symbols, this would be written as |−3| = 3 and |3| = 3.

Sign of zero
The number zero is neither positive nor negative, and therefore has no sign.  In arithmetic, +0 and −0 both mean the same number 0.

Meanings of signs
Because zero is neither positive nor negative, the following are sometimes used to refer to the sign of an unknown number:
 A number is positive if it is greater than zero.
 A number is negative if it is less than zero.
 A number is non-negative if it is greater than or equal to zero.
 A number is non-positive if it is less than or equal to zero.
Thus a non-negative number is either positive or zero, while a non-positive number is either negative or zero.  For example, the absolute value of a real number is always non-negative, but is not necessarily positive.

The same definition is sometimes used for functions that take real or integer values.  For example, a function would be called positive if all of its values are positive, or non-negative if all of its values are non-negative.

Sign of an angle

In many texts, it is common to see a sign together with the measure of an angle, particularly a located angle or an angle of rotation.  In such a situation, the sign says whether the angle is in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction.  Though different conventions can be used, it is common in mathematics to have counterclockwise angles count as positive, and clockwise angles count as negative.

It is also possible to put a sign to an angle of rotation in three dimensions, assuming the axis of rotation has been oriented.  Specifically, a right-handed turn around an axis usually counts as positive, while a left-handed rotation counts as negative.

Sign of a direction
In arithmetic and physics, it is common to label certain directions as positive or negative.  For a basic example, the number line is usually drawn with positive numbers to the right, and negative numbers to the left:

On the Cartesian plane, the rightward and upward directions are usually thought of as positive, with rightward being the positive x-direction, and upward being the positive y-direction.

Other meanings

In addition to the sign of a real number, the word sign is also used in various related ways throughout mathematics and other sciences:
 In graph theory, a signed graph is a graph in which each edge has been marked with a positive or negative sign.
 In physics, any electric charge comes with a sign, either positive or negative.  By general rules, a positive charge is a charge with the same sign as that of a proton, and a negative charge is a charge with the same sign as that of an electron.

Related pages

 List of mathematical symbols

References

Numbers

Sign (mathematics)


A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron. The radiation can be artificially produced for scientific and technical purposes by specialized particle accelerators, typically by accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free-electron lasers.
These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert the high-energy electron energy into light or some other form of electronmagnetic radiation.

Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance in particle physics experiments, or on purpose for many laboratory uses.
Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that can be in the GeV range.  In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), proton bunches also produce the radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate in the vacuum field, making photoelectrons. The photoelectrons then make secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x1010.  Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. So, both electron synchrotrons and proton synchrotrons can be a light source.

The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. Many experiments using synchrotron light probe the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level. This is important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding (LIGA) process.

References

Other websites
 Imaging ancient insects with synchrotron light source -- BBC
 Synchrotron light at IOP

Nuclear physics
Light
Electromagnetic radiation

Synchrotron light source


A coaster, drink coaster  or beermat is an item used to rest drinks on. Coasters protect the surface where the glass or mug is put. Coasters put on top of a glass can show  a drink is not finished prevent contamination (usually from insects).

Restaurants and bars usually will have coasters out on their tables. They are used to protect the surface of the table. If they are made of cardboard, they will absorb liquid that may drip along the glass. Beermats usually have trademarks or alcohol advertising. Bar mats have a similar function. They are rectangular pieces of rubber or absorbent material used to protect the countertop of a bar.

Drinks

Drink coaster


Vhadau Vhavenḓa vha khethekanywa na u fhambanywa nga Mitupo, Thavha, Vhubvo, Zwikhodo, Muano, Tshiilwa na Mavhulungele. Mitupo yeneyo i katela VhaDzanani, VhaDau, Masingo, Dzindou, Vhambedzi, Makwinda, Vhaluvhu, Vhakwevho na vhaṅwe vhanzhi uya ngau fhambana havho.

Sa tsumbo huna Vhakwevho vho fhambananaho
. vhakwevho  vha luvhola
• Vhakwevho vha Luonde (Matidze)
• Vhakwevho vha Tshiendeulu
• Vhakwevho vha Ngwenani ya ha
Lambani vhane vha vha Vhangona.

Vhanyai-vhakalanga vha ha nya mutsa nga davhi(ndi vha lembetu)nga- Azwifarwi Nkhumeleni(ndi gandamipfe la ha manenzhe ndi tshikwashila tsha ha manenzhe tshi sa dali nga mvula una tshi no dala nga mavhilivhili)

VhaVenda/Vhangona oral history states that the capital of Vhangona was Mapungubwe with the Raphulu Royal House as the most senior royal house of the Vhangona. According to this version the Vhangona Kingdom had approximately 145 chiefdoms and a King (Thovhele). It is said that the Kingdom was divided into seven districts:
 Dzanani;
 Mbilwi;
 Tswime;
 Tshiendeulu;
 Tshakhuma;
 Tshamanyatsha; and
 Thulamela.
These districts were ruled by District Paramount Chiefs (Mahosi Mahulu), as follows:
 MuDzanani/Nesongozwi (Dzanani);
 Nembilwi (Mbilwi);
 Netswime (Tswime);
 Netshiendeulu (Tshiendeulu);
 Netshakhuma (Tshakhuma);
 Netshamanyatsha (Tshamanyantsha); and
 Makhahani (Thulamela).Each district had several Chiefs ( dzi Khosi) who paid tribute to Mahosi Mahulu (Paramount Chiefs), then there were Headmen (VhaMusanda) and then Petty Headmen (Vhakoma). This tradition states that one of the Vhangona kings was King or Thovhele Shiriyadenga whose royal kraal was at Mapungubwe. The Paramount Chiefs who were ruling the districts were, in fact, the children of the king and they were reporting to the king himself.

Here are some of the VheVenda clan names or mitupo.

Songozwi

The VhaDzanani are the Paramount Chiefs of Dzanani, who were displaced from their land by the apartheid government. The capital of Dzanani district is Songozwi. After forceful removal by the apartheid government they relocated to Nzhelele valley, the currently Dzanani area. They scattered afterwards since Nzhelele was not as fertile as their original Dzanani/Songozwi. They have their sacred site in mount Songozwi. There are currently several sub surnames that are all part of MuDzanani, surnames like Nyadzhiwa, Netshipale, Malala, NeLuvhada, NeTshilite, NeMuungadi, Mapasa, Mukambako, and many more. But no matter what the sub-surname is, but all these people know or relate to each other by their mutupo (MuDzanani), mountain (which is Songozwi) and what they forbid (gwanda/gumbo la kholomo/Mbidi). Here is VhaDzanani's praise:

Dzulani zwanu MuDzanani, muila furi, wa vhulungu vhutete, vhu no lunzhedzwa nga a na nzhele, a sina nzhele a fhaladza. Vha ha tshidudu tsho bika vowa, matshelo tshi do bika mphapha. Vhataulu vhaila Mbidi, vha ha-Rambidi pandalalani; ahe muila gumbo, mukhwagovha. Vha tshisima tshi no bva nga fhasi ha thavha, tsha madi a u fhisa. Vha thavha ya Songozwi ine vha thelemusa. Vho Nemashango, mabuka mahulu ndi a Dzanani.

'Dzulani zwanu MuDzanani, mukhwa vhusuto, mukhwa mulavhu, mukhwa govha, mutaulu muila gumbo. Songozwi thavha ya Dzanani.

l

Miṱupo


RPM may refer to:
 Revolutions per minute
 Revenue per mille, related to cost per mille, in advertising
 Rassemblement pour le Mali, a political party in Mali
 RPM International Inc, a chemical sealant company
 RPM Package Manager, a software package manager, originally Red Hat Package Manager.
 Les Mills International fitness program (RPM)
 Raised pavement marker, on U.S. roads
 Randle Patrick McMurphy, the protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
 Raven's Progressive Matrices, a cognitive test
 Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, performed by a space shuttle
 Resale price maintenance, in economics
 Respiration, pulse (or perfusion), and mental status, a mnemonic used in simple triage and rapid treatment
 Revenue passenger mile, a measure of passenger traffic
 Rounds per minute, used to quantify a weapon's rate of fire

 Power Rangers: R.P.M., the upcoming seventeenth season of the popular television series.
 RPM (Cars), a character in the movie Cars
 RPM (TV series), a long-running Australian motorsport show on Network Ten

In music:

 RPM (Brazilian band)
 RPM (magazine), a defunct Canadian music and radio industry magazine
 RPM Records, USA
 Revolutions Per Minute (album), by Rise Against
 Rock Productions Music, a Christian rock band
 RPM Records UK, subsidiary of Cherry Red

RPM (disambiguation)


Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game (usually just called Fallout) is a role-playing game for the computer. It was made by Interplay Productions. It was first sold in 1997. It is sometimes called Fallout 1 because it is the first game in the Fallout series. It takes place 84 years after nuclear bombs have turned the Earth into a desert, and destroyed all the governments.

Gameplay
The player controls the character by using the mouse to make the character go places. When the character gets there, the player can make the character do other things. Some things the character can do are fighting, stealing, and talking. When the player is done playing in one town or place, he or she can use a map to get to a new place.

Because life is hard in the game, there are people who need help in every town. The player can choose to help the good guys or the bad guys (or both). Helping the good guys gives "karma points."  Helping the bad guys costs karma points. A very evil character will have negative karma. No matter who the player helps, the character gets "experience points," which help the character get better at doing things.

The world is full of danger. There are people who will try to kill the character and take his or her stuff, and there are dangerous mutant animals that will try to eat the character. When this happens, the player must fight.

Combat
Combat in Fallout is like chess, because every character gets a turn. If the player attacks a character, then that character cannot act until the player is done with that attack. Then the character gets a turn to attack the player. This goes on, back and forth, until one of them dies or runs away. Some characters can do more actions per turn, depending on how long it takes to do the action, and how much agility the character has. More agile characters can do more actions per turn.

The player and other characters in Fallout can attack with their fists, with hand-held weapons like sledgehammers, with thrown weapons like grenades and with guns. Guns can be as small as pistols, or as large as gatling guns. There are even energy weapons, such as lasers.

Plot
In 2077, nuclear war erupted between the United States and China. Most of the people on Earth died, and the world became a desert. Fortunately, the United States government had already built underground fallout shelters called "Vaults," where some of the people went to survive.  The player character was born in Vault 13, in what had been California. The people living in the vault were too scared to ever come out of the Vault, so they stayed inside it for 84 years.

Then, the computer chip that makes their water safe to drink breaks down. The Vault does not have any extra "water chips," so they send the player character into the desert to find a new one. He or she has 150 days to do, or else the people in the Vault will die.

Although the search for a new water chip is what starts the game, the player can do many other things while he or she is looking for the chip, and even afterward.

After the player finds the water chip, he or she are told to kill the source of monsters called Super Mutants, who look like big green humans. The player does so, but is exiled from his or her vault after.

Style
One interesting thing about Fallout is its "retrofuturistic" style. Retrofuturism means that, although the game is set in the future ("-futurism"), it looks like the past ("retro-"). Another way of explaining retrofuturism would be to say that the game shows the kind of future that people in the past would have imagined.

Specifically, Fallout is the future as 1955 America might have seen it. This can be seen in the themes of the game -- fear of nuclear war and a need for fallout shelters for safety -- and in the artistic style, or "looks" of the game. For example, all computers in Fallout contain either vacuum tubes or magnetic tape reels. Of course no one at Interplay in 1997 thought that there would be vacuum tubes in the future, but they put them in the game for style.

Development
Many famous actors voiced some of the characters in Fallout. These include Richard Dean Anderson from MacGyver, David Warner from Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Tony Shalhoub from Monk, Brad Garrett from Everybody Loves Raymond, Keith David from There's Something About Mary, Richard Moll from Night Court, and Tony Jay from ReBoot. Also, Ron Perlman from Hellboy was the narrator in the opening credits.

A lot of the people who worked on the game later joined Black Isle Studios, a smaller company inside Interplay that just made role-playing games. One of the games Black Isle Studios made was Fallout 2. After Interplay shut Black Isle Studios down, many of those game-makers went on to start Obsidian Entertainment, the game company that made Fallout: New Vegas in 2010.

Reception
Fallout was very popular when it came out, and continues to be remembered as a great game. It was ranked #4 on PC Gamer's list of top games of all time in 2001. It was named #5 on the IGN list of the top 25 PC games of all time in 2007, and #19 in 2009. The year it came out it was awarded "RPG of the Year" by GameSpot, and is now on their "Greatest Games of All Time" list. Fallout was ranked #55 on IGN's 2005 top 100 games of all time, and #33 in 2007.

References

Other websites
 The Fallout Wiki

Role-playing video games
Windows games
MacOS games
Fallout series

Fallout (video game)


Ladislas Starevich (, ; August 8, 1882 – February 26, 1965) was a Polish-Russian stop-motion animator notable as the author of the first puppet-animated film The Beautiful Leukanida (1912). He also used dead insects and other animals as protagonists of his films. Following the Russian Revolution, Starevich settled in France.

Early career

Władysław Starewicz was born in Moscow to ethnic Polish parents from present-day Lithuania. His father, Aleksander Starewicz, was from Surviliškis near Kėdainiai and his mother, Antonina Legęcka, from Kaunas. Both belonged to lesser nobility and were in hiding after the failed January Uprising against the Tsarist Russian domination. Due to his mother's death, he was raised by his grandmother in Kaunas, then the capital of Kaunas Governorate within the Russian Empire. He attended Gymnasium in Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia), where he worked painting postcards and illustrations for local magazines. Starewicz pursued an artistic career despite the protest of his family, and enrolled in a painting school.

Starewicz had interests in a number of different areas; by 1910 he was named Director of the Museum of Natural History in Kaunas, Lithuania. There he made four short live-action documentaries for the museum. For the fifth film, Starewicz wished to record the battle of two stag beetles, but was stymied by the fact that the nocturnal creatures stopped moving or died due to the heat whenever the stage lighting was turned on. Inspired by a viewing of Les allumettes animées [Animated Matches] (1908) by Arthur Melbourne Cooper, Starewicz decided to re-create the fight through stop-motion animation: by replacing the beetles' legs with wire, attached with sealing wax to their thorax, he is able to create articulated insect puppets. The result was the short film Lucanus Cervus (1910), apparently the first animated puppet film  and the natal hour of Russian animation.

In 1911, Starewicz moved to Moscow and began work with the film company of Aleksandr Khanzhonkov. There he made two dozen films, most of them puppet animations using dead animals. Of these, The Beautiful Leukanida (premiere – 1912), first puppet film with a plot inspired in the story of Agamemnon and Menelaus, earned international acclaim (one British reviewer thought the stars were live trained insects), while The Grasshopper and the Ant (1913) got Starewicz decorated by the czar. But the best-known film of this period was The Cameraman's Revenge (1912), a cynical work about infidelity and jealousy among the insects. Some of the films made for Khanzhonkov feature live-action/animation interaction. In some cases, the live action consisted of footage of Starewicz's daughter Irina. Particularly worthy of note is Starevich's 41-minute 1913 film The Night Before Christmas, an adaptation of the Nikolai Gogol story of the same name. The 1913 film Terrible Vengeance won the Gold Medal at an international festival in Milan in 1914, being just one of five films which won awards among 1005 contestants.

During World War I, Starewicz worked for several film companies, directing 60 live-action features, some of which were fairly successful. After the October Revolution of 1917, the film community largely sided with the White Army and moved from Moscow to Yalta on the Black Sea. After a brief stay, Starewicz and his family fled before the Red Army could capture the Crimea, stopping in Italy for a while before joining the Russian émigrés in Paris.

After World War I

At this time, Władysław Starewicz changed his name to Ladislas Starevich, as it was easier to pronounce in French. He first established his family in Joinville-le-Pont, while he worked as a cameraman there. He rapidly returned to make puppet films. He made Le mariage de Babylas (Midnight Wedding), L'épouvantail (The Scarecrow, 1921 ), Les grenouilles qui demandent un roi (alternately called Frogland and The Frogs Who Wanted a King, 1922), Amour noir et blanc (Love in Black and White, 1923), La voix du rossignol (The Voice of the Nightingale, 1923) and La petite chateuse des rues (The Little Street Singer, 1924).  His family worked with him to produce these films. These were his daughter Irina (who had changed her name to Irène) who collaborated in all his films and defended his rights, his wife Anna Zimermann, who made the costumes for the puppets and Jeanne Starewitch (aka Nina Star) who acted in some of the films (The Little Street Singer, The Queen of the Butterflies, The Voice of the Nightingale, The Magical clock, and others)

In 1924, Starevich moved to Fontenay-sous-Bois, where he lived until his death in 1965. There he made the rest of his films. Among the most notable are The Eyes of the Dragon (1925), a Chinese tale with complex and wonderful sets and character design, in which Starevich shows his talent as an artist and in set decoration as well as ingenious trick photography, The Town Rat and the Country Rat (1927), a parody of American slapstick films, The Magical Clock (1928), a fairy tale with amazing middle-age puppets and sets, starring Nina Star with music by Paul Dessau, The Little Parade, from H.C. Andersen's tale The Steadfast Tin Soldier. Six weeks after the premiere of The Little Parade, sound was added by Louis Nalpas' company. Starevich started a collaboration with him, wishing to make a feature full-length film: Le Roman de Renard. All his 1920s films are available on DVD.

"Le Roman de Renard"

Often mentioned as being among his best work, The Tale of the Fox (, ) was also his first animated feature. It was entirely made by Starevich and his daughter, Irène. Production took place in Fontenay-sous-Bois from 1929–1930. When the film was ready, the producer, Louis Nalpas, decided to add sound using disc support but this system failed and the film was not released. The German film studio UFA became interest in showing the film in two parts. Sound was added in German and it premiered in Berlin in 1937. Later, in 1941, Roger Richebé (Paris Cinéma Location) produced a French sound version, which premiered in April 1941. It was the third animated feature film to have sound, after Quirino Cristiani's Peludópolis (1931) and The New Gulliver (1935) from the Soviet Union.

The "Fétiche" series (Mascot)

In 1933 Ladislas and Irene Starevich produced and directed a film of about 1000 meters, initially titled LS 18. Under pressure from distributors, the length was greatly reduced. It became the film Fétiche Mascotte (The Mascot), about 600 meters, distributed in 1934. Starevich had a contract with Marc Gelbart (Gelma Films) to make a series with this character.  Twelve episodes were planned, but for economic reasons, only five were made between 1934 and 1937 and distributed worldwide. These are Fétiche prestidigitateur (The Ringmaster, 1934), Fétiche se marie (The Mascot's Wedding, 1935), Fétiche en voyage de noces (The Navigator, 1936) and Fétiche et les sirènes (The Mascot and the Mermaids, 1937) which was not released because sound could not be added. There is an unfinished film, Fétiche père de famille (The Mascot and His Family, 1938). In 1954, L. Starevich conceived The Hangover, using images not included in The Mascot. A reconstruction of the original LS 18 was produced by 2012.

During World War II

During this period (1937–1946), Starevich ceased producing films. He had expressed some intent to make commercial films, but none are known to have been produced during the war.

After World War II

In 1946 he tried to make A Midsummer Night's Dream but abandoned the project due to financial problems. The following year, he made Zanzabelle a Paris adapted from a story by Sonika Bo. The script and direction of this film are credited to Irène. In 1949, he met Alexandre Kamenka (Alkam Films), an old Russian friend, who produced Starevich's first colour film Fleur de fougère (Fern Flower). It was based on an Eastern European story, in which a child goes to the forest to collect a fern flower, which grows during the night of Saint-Jean, and makes wishes come true. In 1950, Fern Flower won the first prize as an animated film in the 11th International Children Film Festival in Venice Biennale. Then he started a collaboration with Sonika Bo to adapt another of her stories, Gazouilly petit oiseau, followed by Un dimanche de Gazouillis (Gazouillis's Sunday picnic).

Again produced by Alkam films, Starevich made Nose to Wind, which tells the adventures of Patapouf, a bear who escapes from school to play with his friends the rabbit and the fox. The same year, 1958, his wife Anna died. Due to the success of the previous film, Winter Carousel was made, starring the bear Patapouf and the rabbit going through seasons. This was his last completed film. All his family co-labored on it, as remembers his granddaughter Martin-Starewitch, whose hands can be seen in animation tests from Like Dog and Cat, Starevich's unfinished film.

Ladislas Starevich died on 26 February 1965, while working on Comme chien et chat (Like Dog and Cat). He was one of the few European animators to be known by name in the United States before the 1960s, largely on account of La Voix du rossignol and Fétiche Mascotte (The Tale of the Fox was not widely distributed in the US). His Russian films were known for their dark humor. He kept every puppet he made, so stars in one film tended to turn up as supporting characters in later works (the frogs from The Frogs Who Wanted a King are the oldest of these). For example, in Fétiche mascotte (1933) the viewer can see puppets from The Scarecrow, The Little Parade, and The Magical Clock. The films have shown incredible imagination and also development of techniques including motion blur, replacement animation, multiple frame exposure, and reverse shooting.

Posterity

Since 1991, Leona Beatrice Martin-Starewitch, Ladislas Starevich's granddaughter and her husband, François Martin, have restored and distributed her grandfather's films.

Filmmaker Terry Gilliam ranked The Mascot among the ten best animated movies of all time.

In 2005, Xavier Kawa-Topor and Jean Rubak joined three Starevich short films together to make a feature film, with music by Jean-Marie Senia. The film, entitled Tales of the Magical Clock, contributed to recognition by the press and the public of Starewitch Engineering.

In 2009, Wes Anderson paid homage to Le Roman de Renard in Fantastic Mr. Fox.

In 2012 a full reconstruction of LS18 to the original length and content of 1933 had been reconstructed, called Fetish 33-12. This was done by Léona Béatrice Martin-Starewitch, his granddaughter, and her husband, François Martin, owners of the rights to the films made by Starevich and his family. The reconstruction used multiple original copies of "The Mascot" (distributed in the United Kingdom and the United States of America), a negative of The Hangover and material from the archives of Ladislas Starevich.

In 2014, the town of Fontenay-sous-Bois and service Documentation Archive with the family Martin-Starewich organized projections of Ladislas Starewich films in municipal Kosmos cinema with the release of all the preserved films, more than 7 hours on two projection days.

Filmography

Films directed in Kaunas (1909–1910)
(with original titles in Polish)
 Nad Niemnem (1909) – Beyond the River Nemunas
 Życie ważek (1909) – The Life of the Dragonflies
 Walka żuków (1909)  – The Battle of the Stag Beetles
 Piękna Lukanida (1910) – The Beautiful Leukanida
These films except for The Beautiful Leukanida are currently considered lost.

Films directed in Russia (1911–1918)
(with original titles in Russian)
 Lucanus Cervus (1910) – Lucanus Cervus
 Rozhdyestvo Obitatelei Lyesa (1911) – The Insects' Christmas
 Aviacionnaya Nedelya Nasekomykh (1912) – Insects' Aviation Week
 Strashnaia Myest (1912) – The Terrible Vengeance
 Noch' Pered Rozhdestvom (1912) – The Night Before Christmas
 Veselye Scenki Iz Zhizni Zhivotnykh (1912) – Amusing Scenes from the Life of Insects
 Miest Kinomatograficheskovo Operatora (1912) – The Cameraman's Revenge
 Puteshestvie Na Lunu (1912) – A Journey to the Moon
 Ruslan I Ludmilla. (1913) – Ruslan and Ludmilla
 Strekoza I Muravei (1913) – The Grasshopper and the Ant
 Snegurochka (1914) – The Snow Maiden
 Pasynok Marsa (1914) – Mars's Stepson
 Kayser-Gogiel-Mogiel (1914) – Gogel-Mogel General
 Troika (1914) – Troika
 Fleurs Fanees 1914 – Faded Flowers
 Le Chant Du Bagnard (1915) – The Convict's Song
 Portret (1915) (May Be Produced By The Skobeliew Committee) – The Portrait
 Liliya Bel'gii (1915) – The Lily of Belgium
 Eto Tyebye Prinadlezhit (1915) – It's Fine for You
 Eros I Psyche (1915) – Eros and Psyche
 Dvye Vstryechi (1916) – Two Meetings
 Le Faune En Laisse (1916) – The Chained Faun
 O Chom Shumielo Morie (1916) – The Murmuring Sea
 Taman (1916) – Taman
 Na Varshavskom Trakte (1916) – On the Warsaw Highway
 Pan Twardowski (1917) – Mister Twardowski
 Sashka-Naezdnik (1917) – Sashka the Horseman
 K Narodnoi Vlasti (1917) – Towards People's Power
 Kaliostro (1918) – Cagliostro
 Yola (1918) – Iola
 Wij (1918) – Vij
 Sorotchinskaia Yarmaka (1918) – The Sorotchninsk Fair
 Maiskaya Noch (1918) – May Night
 Stella Maris (1918) – Starfish

Films directed in France (1920–1965)
(with original titles in French)
 Dans les Griffes de L'araignée (1920) – In The Claws of the Spider
 Le Mariage de Babylas (1921) – Babylas's Marriage
 L'épouvantail (1921) – The Scarecrow
 Les Grenouilles qui Demandent un Roi (1922) – Frogland
 La Voix du Rossignol (1923) – The Voice of the Nightingale
 Amour Noir et Blanc (1923) – Love In Black and White
 La Petite Chanteuse des Rues (1924) – The Little Street Singer
 Les Yeux du Dragon (1925) – The Eyes of the Dragon
 Le Rat de Ville et le Rat Des Champs  (1926) – The Town Rat and the Country Rat
 La Cigale et la Fourmi (1927) – The Ant and the Grasshopper
 La Reine des Papillons (1927) – The Queen of the Butterflies
 L'horloge Magique (1928) – The Magic Clock
 La Petite Parade (1928) – The Little Parade
 Le Lion et le Moucheron (1932) – The Lion and the Fly
 Le Lion Devenu Vieux (1932) – The Old Lion
 Fétiche Mascotte (1933) – The Mascot
 Fétiche Prestidigitateur (1934) – The Ringmaster
 Fétiche se Marie (1935) – The Mascot's Marriage
 Fétiche en Voyage De Noces (1936) – The Navigator
 Fétiche Chez les Sirènes (1937) – The Mascot and the Mermaids
 Le Roman de Renard (1930–1939) – The Tale of the Fox
 Zanzabelle a Paris (1947) – Zanzabelle in Paris
 Fleur de Fougère (1949) – Fern Flowers
 Gazouilly Petit Oiseau (1953) – Little Bird Gazouilly
 Gueule de Bois (1954) – Hangover
 Un Dimanche de Gazouilly (1955) – Gazouilly's Sunday Picnic
 Nez au Vent (1956) – Nose to the Wind
 Carrousel Boréal (1958) – Winter Carousel
 Comme Chien et Chat (1965) – Like Dog and Cat

A documentary about Starevich called The Bug Trainer was made in 2008.

DVD Editions
 Le monde magique de Ladislas Starewitch, Doriane Films, 2000.
Content: The Old Lion, The Town Rat and the Country Rat (1932 sound version) The mascot and Fern Flowers.

Bonus: The Town Rat and the Country Rat (1926 silent version)
 Le Roman de Renard (The Tale of the Fox), Doriane Films, 2005.

Bonus: The Navigator
 Les Contes de l'horloge magique, Éditions Montparnasse, 2005.
Content: The Little Street Singer, The Little Parade and The Magic Clock.
 The Cameraman's Revenge and Other Fantastic Tales, Milestone, Image Entertainment, 2005
Content: The Cameraman's Revenge, The Insect's Christmas, The Frogs who Wanted a King (short version), The Voice of the Nightingale, The Mascot and Winter Carrousel.
 Les Fables de Starewitch d'aprés la Fontaine, Doriane Films, 2011.
Content: The Lion and the Fly, The Town Rat and the Country Rat (1926), The Frogs who Wanted a King (original version), The Ant and the Grasshopper (1927 version), The Old Lion and Comment naît et s'anime une ciné-marionnette (How Cinema-Marionnettes Are Born and Brought to Life).

Bonus: The Old Lion (French narrated version) and The Town Rat and the Country Rat (1932 version)
 Nina Star, Doriane Films, 2013.
Content: The Scarecrow, The Babylas's Wedding, The Voice of the Nightingale, The Queen of the Butterflies.

Bonus: The Babylas's Wedding (tinted colours), The Queen of the Butterflies (United Kingdom version), Comment naît et s'anime une ciné-marionnette.
 L'homme des confins, Doriane Films, 2013.
Content: In the Spider's Claws, The Eyes of the Dragon, Love Black and White

Bonus: The Eyes of the Dragon (1932 sound version), Love Black and White (1932 sound version), Comment naît et s'anime une ciné-marionnette
 Fétiche 33-12, Doriane Films, 2013
Bonus: The Mascot, Gueule de bois, Comment naît et s'anime une ciné marionnette.

Notes

References
 Donald Crafton; Before Mickey: The Animated Film, 1898–1928; University of Chicago Press;  (2nd edition, paperback, 1993)
 Giannalberto Bendazzi (Anna Taraboletti-Segre, translator); Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation; Indiana University Press;  (reprint, paperback, 2001)
 Liner notes to the DVD The Cameraman's Revenge and Other Fantastic Tales

External links

 Starewitch official homepage – made by his granddaughter
 The Cameraman's Revenge can be viewed at the Internet Archive
 Fétiche Mascotte (1934) at the Internet Archive
 Ladislas Starewich Biography – part of "Animation Heaven and Hell", by Tim Fitzpatrick. Website also includes a few video clips.

 Entomology and Animation: A Portrait of an Early Master Ladislaw Starewicz (May 2000 6-page article from Animation World Magazine)
 Starevich at UbuWeb (view some of his early films)
  Biography (with many pictures)
 creative documentary "The Bug Trainer" about L. Starewitch

 El entrenador de insectos, Abril de 2014.

1882 births
1965 deaths
Mass media people from Moscow
French animators
French people of Polish descent
History of animation
Russian animated film directors
Russian animated film producers
Russian male artists
People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
People who emigrated to escape Bolshevism
Stop motion animators
Russian film directors
Articles containing video clips
White Russian emigrants to Italy
White Russian emigrants to France
20th-century French inventors

Ladislas Starevich


Shemariah ben Elhanan was head of the yeshivah of Cairo, Egypt, about the end of the 10th century. Abraham ibn Daud relates that Ibn Rumais (or Ibn Demahin), an Arab admiral, had captured four scholars who were voyaging from Bari to Sebaste to collect money for the maintenance of the great school in Babylonia ("haknasat kallah"), and that one of the four was called Shemariah b. Elhanan. Shemariah was sold by his captor at Alexandria, where he was afterward ransomed by rich Jews.

Shemariah then went to Cairo, where he founded a flourishing school. As to the native place of the captured scholars, the general opinion, more particularly with regard to Shemariah, is that the four were Babylonians, I.H. Weiss being the only authority who assigns them to Italy. David Kaufmann thinks they came from Pumbedita. This opinion, at least with regard to Shemariah b. Elhanan, is confirmed by a fragment of a responsum apparently addressed by Sherira Gaon to Jacob ben Nissim at Kairwan, in which Shemariah is spoken of as the head of the yeshivah of Nehardea and as a high authority in rabbinics.

Later, also, when Shemariah was the head of the yeshivah of Cairo, he was consulted by many rabbis from distant countries, and S. Schechter has published a long letter addressed to Shemariah by Ḥushiel of Kairwan, who, according to Abraham ibn Daud, was captured with Shemariah, and another letter, by an unknown rabbi, also addressed to Shemariah.

References

 Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography: Besides the sources mentioned, Grätz, Gesch. v., note 21, ii.; Harkavy, Teshubot ha-Ge'onim, p. 2.

10th-century Egyptian rabbis
Rabbis from Cairo
Rosh yeshivas

Shemariah ben Elhanan