The Co-operative Party is a small centre-left political party in the United Kingdom that supports cooperative ideas and values. Its candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well, and stand as "Labour and Co-operative Party" candidates.

The party today
It is the political part of the wider British co-operative movement, and all members of the party must be members of a co-operative business. Those who want to stand for election must also be members of the Labour Party.

Most of the party's money is from grants made by the retail co-operative societies, and from the fee charged for managing the political affairs of Co-operatives UK, formerly known as the Co-operative Union. Local parties are not based on constituencies, but around a major local retail society, which gives most of the money a local Party Council has. The Party council organises local  branches to organise local activity and liaise with Constituency Labour Parties.  Some Parties exist without Society support, known as voluntary parties.

At first the Co-operative Party was mostly concerned with the problems of the co-op movement. Since the 1930s it has become a more mainstream political, but it still wants better recognition and protection for co-operative business, the social economy, and to advance support for co-operatives and co-operation across Europe and the developing world. The party also stands for a sustainable economy and society.

In 2005 there were 29 MPs in the Co-operative Parliamentary Group, who are also members of the Parliamentary Labour Party in the British House of Commons, 8 Members of the Scottish Parliament, 4 Members of the Welsh Assembly and 11 Members of the House of Lords, as well as over 700 local councillors. There is also an informal Co-operative Party group in the European Parliament.

The election agreement between the Co-operative and Labour Parties means that 30 candidates can stand as  "Labour Co-operative" candidates, and get money for election expenses from the Co-operative Party.  There are many other Labour MPs who are Co-operative Party members but are not sponsored. One of these was Gareth Thomas MP, chair of the Co-operative Party since 2001 and of the Co-operative Congress in 2003, who was invited to join the parliamentary group in 2003. The Party has not registered a logo with the electoral commission for use on ballot papers, as candidates use the Labour Party "Rose" logo.  Under UK law a party and a logo must be registered if either are to be used on a ballot paper in an election

The Party holds an annual conference. The 2006 conference was held in Sheffield in September 2006.

The current General Secretary is Michael Stephenson.

History

Joint Parliamentary Committee
The Joint Parliamentary Committee was set up in 1881 by The Co-operative Union.  It was not set up to get MPs elected, but to watch over what was happening in parliament, and to lobby sympathetic MPs. The Co-operative Union Annual Congress tried to get a regular party set up but the retail societies would not give any money.

The Great War
At the start of the war, the many retail societies in the Co-op movement grew, partly because they were  very public about "anti-profiteering".  Making a large profit in war time was seen as not being patriotic or helping the country.  When conscription (men were ordered into the army) was started and food and fuel supplies restricted, the co-op societies began to suffer.  The co-ops were started by ordinary workers, but the government distribution committees and draft tribunals were usually run by members of the upper classes and gentry.  Co-ops smaller amounts of food to sell, and coop managers were often drafted, whereas business opponents were able to have even clerks declared vital for the war effort.  Co-op Societies were also made to pay "excess profits tax" even though as co-operatives they made no profits.

The 1917 Congress in Swansea decided to set up a Co-operative Party, the decision was passed by 1979 votes to 201.

Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee
An Emergency Political Conference was held on 18 October 1917.  As a result, the Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee was formed in 1917, with the objective of putting co-operators into the House of Commons.  This was soon renamed the Co-operative Party.

At first the party put forward its own candidates. The first was H J May, later Secretary of the International Co-operative Alliance.  He was unsuccessful at the 1918 Prestwich by-election.

Ten people stood in the 1918 general election. One candidate was elected: Alfred Waterson who became a Member of Parliament for the Kettering seat. Waterson took the Labour whip in Parliament. In 1919, 151 Co-operative Party local councillors. Waterson retired from Parliament in 1922, but four new Co-operative MPs were elected that same year, including A.V. Alexander.  All of them took the Labour whip. Six were elected in 1923 and five in 1924.

However, since the 1927 Cheltenham Agreement, the party has had an electoral agreement with the Labour Party, which allows for a limited number of Labour Co-operative candidates. This means that the parties do not waste resources by opposing each other.  The agreement has been changed several times, most recently in 2003.  The 2003 agreement was the first between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party, instead of the Co-operative Societies. After the first formal agreement, nine Labour Co-op MPs were elected at the 1929 general election, and Alexander was made a cabinet minister. However, only one was returned at the 1931 election against the backdrop of a massive defeat for Labour.

The rise of the sister party
The Labour party recovered from the bad election of 1931 and was in government during World War II.  This helped the Co-operative Party through the formal election links.. In 1945, 23 Labour Co-op MPs were elected and two had high office in the Labour government - Alexander and Alfred Barnes, who had been chair of the Party.

After the war the co-operative movement declined  and so did the influence of the Party. By 1983 only eight Labour Co-op MPs were elected. However, in 1997, all 23 candidates won seats in Parliament and, in 2001, only one was defeated, Faye Tinnion who had stood against the Leader of the Conservative Party, William Hague. Gordon Brown is very interested in the co-operative principles of self-help, and this support allowed the co-operative movement to make representations, and sponsor important bills on updating company law, employee share ownership and micro-generation of energy.

Chairs of the Co-operative Party
1918-1924  Mr W. H. Watkins
1924-1945  Alfred Barnes MP
1945-1955  William Coldrick MP
1955-1957  Mr A. Ballard
1957-1965  James, later Lord, Peddie
1965-1972  Mr H. Kemp CSD, JP
1972-1978  Mr A. J. Parkinson
1978-1982  Mr T. Turvey JP
1982-1989  Mr B. Hellowell
1989-1995  Mrs J. Carnegie
1995-1996  Mr P. Nurse
1996-2001  Jim Lee
2001-present  Gareth Thomas MP

Noted co-op politicians
 Alfred Waterson - first Co-op MP
 Albert Victor "AV" Alexander (1885 - 1965)
 Alun Michael
 Stan Newens
 Ted Graham, Lord Graham of Edmondton
 Pauline Green - former Labour Co-op MEP, leader of the Party of European Socialists
 Ed Balls - Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, former economic adviser to Gordon Brown and MP for Normanton in West Yorkshire since May 2005

See UK Co-operative Party politicians and List of Labour Co-operative Members of Parliament for wider lists.

Nicholas Russell, the 6th Earl Russell (and grandson of the philosopher, 3rd Earl Bertrand Russell) is a strong supporter of the Co-operative Party and secretary of its Waltham Forest branch; he is vocal in his call for the abolition of the House of Lords.

References
The Co-operative Party - At a Glance (2003), John Blizzard & Richard Tomlinson, The Co-operative Party.

Other websites
Co-operative Party Website

Political parties in the United Kingdom
Co-operative movement

Co-operative Party


Gus Edson (September 20, 1901 - September 26, 1966) was an American cartoonist known for two popular, long running comic strips, The Gumps and Dondi.

Born to Max and Emma Edson in Cincinnati, Ohio, Gus Edson dropped out of school at age 17 to join the Army, serving in Australia in 1918. After his discharge, he studied briefly at Pratt Institute and the Art Students League. Edson was a sports cartoonist with the New York Evening Graphic from 1925 to 1928, followed by a year with the Paul Block Chain of Newspapers and a year at the New York Evening Post.

Along with his freelance work, he was a standby ghost for King Features Syndicate, eventually arriving at the Daily News as a sports cartoonist (1931–35). In 1933, while at the Daily News, he created his first daily comic strip, Streaky, which he wrote until 1935.

When Sidney Smith, creator of The Gumps, died suddenly in 1935, Edson took over Smith's strip. Two years later, there was a continuity problem, as noted in Editor & Publisher:
Gus Edson, who has been carrying on the Andy Gump assignment, reported to his office at the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate and found a mail stack of more than 100 letters waiting for him, all containing reminders, in one form or another, that the two principals in the current chapter of the Gump strip, who are planning marriage, have been wed before. When the artist contemplated marrying off Tom Carr and the Widow Zander, after the former had been released from prison, his staff reminded him that the couple had been married previously in the story of the strip some eight years ago and then had drifted apart when the Widow Zander's husband, believed to be dead, had returned. Edson's firm conviction that no one would remember the previous situation was rocked when he was faced with the mail-bag full of reminders.

Edson wrote and drew The Gumps for 24 years. His assistant on The Gumps in the early 1950s was the actor Martin Landau. Cousin Juniper was a topper strip which Edson also drew for his Sunday page. Edson helped sell war bonds during World War II, and he traveled around the world entertaining troops with his amusing chalk talks.

Radio
In March 1948, Edson was heard on ABC's America's Town Meeting of the Air. During the discussion "What's Wrong with Comics?", Edson questioned panelist John Mason Brown, challenging Brown's negative notions about comic strips.

Dondi
In the early 1950s, Edson was one of several National Cartoonists Society members who participated in European USO Tours. After a visit to Germany, he created Dondi in 1955 with Irwin Hasen. In 1957, Edson recalled the origin of the strip:
My search for the perfect collaborator came to a sudden and successful conclusion on a lovely May morning in 1954, in storybook Heidelberg. How clearly its details pierce the dimming mists of time! I was at breakfast with a diminutive artist, name of Hasen. Casually I remarked on the excellence of our Spiegel Eier. He wept. My interest was piqued. "Why do you weep?" I inquired. "Because the Spiegel Eier tastes so good," he simpered. That was all. But it was everything! Here indeed was the understanding heart for which I would have combed the world!... One more date in the saga of our collaboration fell on September 26, 1955. An important executive named Moe Reilly gave Dondi a job. "How's he doing?" you ask. Modesty forces me to admit that the kid is getting along so well that Hasen and I are now living the life of Reilly. In case you care, this is how we collaborate. I lock myself in a small-type room (you know where). Two days later, I stagger out with a whole roll— er, ream of scribbling. These brain squeezings I then boil down into the written material for six daily strips and a Sunday page. Since I can't typewrite, I prepare two clean longhand copies, one of which I relay to Hasen. He takes it from there (and beautifully!). The other copy goes to editor Moe Reilly. Once a month, Hasen, Moe Reilly and I have food and beverages together to discuss Dondi's future plights. We enjoy these bacchanalian revels very much because the Syndicate pays for them.

In 1961, Edson scripted the Dondi film adaptation, and he also wrote a proposed sequel, The Carnival Kid.

Edson was a member of the Society of Illustrators, the National Cartoonists Society and the Writers Guild of America.

Books
Edson's strips were collected in several books, including Andy Gump in Radioland (1937) and The Gumps (1952). Whitman Publishing collected his Streaky strips in the 158-page book, Streaky and the Football Signals.

Awards
In addition to his savings bond drives, Edson volunteered for various causes and fundraising campaigns. The Treasury Department recognized his efforts by awarding him a Distinguished Service Award in 1954.

During the 1940s, Edson lived on Brookside Road in Darien, Connecticut. He later moved to 149 Weed Avenue in Stamford, Connecticut, home to several cartoonists, including Ernie Bushmiller, Alex Raymond and Mort Walker. In Stamford, Edson helped raise money for community groups.

He died of heart failure September 27, 1966 in Stamford.

Gus Edson Park
Gus Edson Park is located between Weed Avenue and Holly Pond in Stamford, Connecticut. In recent years, Sharon Slocum and the Cove Neighborhood Association launched a beautification and refurbishing of this park. Edson was honored by a plaque in the park, a reminder of his close ties with the group of poker pals in the Stamford Police department. The plaque reads:
Gus Edson Lookout dedicated to "friend of the cop" Stamford Police Assn.

Etched into the surface of the plaque is a portrait of Edson with Dondi and Andy Gump. In 1997, Edson's home at 149 Weed Ave. was torn down to make space for a small housing development.

Edson's son is the poet-novelist Russell Edson.

References

External links
Department of Environmental Protection: Gus Edson Park
"Milestones", Time, October 7. 1966.

1901 births
1966 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
Chicago Tribune people
20th-century American writers
Artists from Cincinnati

Gus Edson


Virginia's warbler (Leiothlypis virginiae) is a species of New World warbler.

Despite what its name may suggest, Virginia's warbler is not actually named after the American State of Virginia, which makes sense as the birds' typical range only reaches as far east as the state of Texas. The bird's common eastern range is central and southern mountains of Colorado, central Wyoming, and central and western New Mexico. The bird was named for Virginia Anderson, the wife of an army surgeon who discovered the bird at Fort Burgwin, New Mexico, in 1858. When Spencer Fullerton Baird of the Smithsonian Institution fully described the bird for science in 1860 he honored the wishes of the warbler's discoverer and designated Virginia to be both the bird's common and scientific name.

Description
Virginia's warbler is a small bird, only  in length. It is mainly gray in color, with a lighter colored under-belly and a white eye ring. The rump and undertail coverts are yellow. They also have a yellow patch on their breast and a partially hidden dark reddish crest. Females are slightly duller, with less yellow on breast. Virginia's warbler can be easily mistaken for the rare Colima warbler, but it is smaller, has a more yellow rump, and is more widespread. Colima Warbler also lacks yellow breast patch.

Life history
Virginia's warbler is common in dense oak and pinyon woodlands and brushy streamside hills at altitudes ranging from . It summers in the south-western United States and will migrate as far south as Belize during the winter, as well as stopping in several Caribbean islands such as the Bahamas, Cuba, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Nests are built on the ground, hidden amongst dead leaves and tufts of grass at the base of a shrub or young tree. The nest is cup-shaped and constructed from moss, grass, strips of bark, and roots. The female will lay between three and five eggs, which are white in color and dotted with fine brown speckles. Young are attended to by both sexes, but incubation period and other nesting habits are mostly unknown.

References

 Vermivora virginiae, ITIS Report

Further reading

Books
 Olson, C. R., and T. E. Martin. 1999. Virginia's Warbler (Vermivora virginiae). In The Birds of North America, No. 477 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Thesis
 Conway, Courtney Joseph, Ph.D., (1998) Ecological and physiological constraints on avian incubation behavior and nest-site selection. University of Montana, 149 pages.

Articles
 Berry ME & Bock CE. (1998). Effects of habitat and landscape characteristics on avian breeding distributions in Colorado foothills shrub. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 43, no 4. p. 453-461.
 Howard P. (1999). Virginia's Warbler at Kennesaw Mountain, Cobb County, Georgia. Oriole. vol 64, no 1–2. p. 5-6.
 Martin PR & Martin TE. (2001). Behavioral interactions between coexisting species: Song playback experiments with wood warblers. Ecology. vol 82, no 1. p. 207-218.
 Martin PR & Martin TE. (2001). Ecological and fitness consequences of species coexistence: A removal experiment with wood warblers. Ecology. vol 82, no 1. p. 189-206.
 Sedgwick JA. (1987). Avian Habitat Relationships in Pinyon-Juniper Woodland. Wilson Bulletin. vol 99, no 3. p. 413-431.
 Swanson DL, Palmer JS, Liknes ET & Dean KL. (2000). A breeding population of Virginia's warblers in the southwestern Black Hills of South Dakota. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 45, no 1. p. 39-44.
 Voelker, Gary and Sara L McFarland. (2002) Molt patterns and molting grounds of Lucy's and Virginia's Warblers: Similar yet different. The Wilson Bulletin. Vol 114, no 2. p. 255 (9 pages).

External links

 Virginia's warbler photo gallery VIREO
Vermivora virginiae, Discover Life
Vermivora virginiae, Birds of North America
Vermivora virginiae, Audubon
Vermivora virginiae, Audubon

Leiothlypis
Native birds of the Southwestern United States
Birds of the Great Basin
Virginia's warbler
Virginia's warbler

Virginia's warbler


Calculus Made Easy is a book on infinitesimal calculus originally published in 1910 by Silvanus P. Thompson, considered a classic and elegant introduction to the subject. The original text continues to be available as of 2008 from Macmillan and Co., but a 1998 update by Martin Gardner is available from St. Martin's Press which provides an introduction; three preliminary chapters explaining functions, limits, and derivatives; an appendix of recreational calculus problems; and notes for modern readers. Gardner changes "fifth form boys" to the more American sounding (and gender neutral) "high school students," updates many now obsolescent mathematical notations or terms, and uses American decimal dollars and cents in currency examples.

Calculus Made Easy ignores the use of limits with its epsilon-delta definition, replacing it with a method of approximating (to arbitrary precision) directly to the correct answer in the infinitesimal spirit of Leibniz, now formally justified in modern nonstandard analysis and smooth infinitesimal analysis.

The original text is now in the public domain under US copyright law (although Macmillan's copyright under UK law is reproduced in the 2008 edition from St. Martin's Press). It can be freely accessed on Project Gutenberg.

Further reading
 Nature, Vol. 86, No. 2158 (March 9, 1911), p. 41. . A review of the first edition. Internet Archive; Google Books.
 Carl Linderholm, College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1 (January, 2000), pp. 77-79. A review of Silvanus P. Thompson, revised by Martin Gardner, Calculus Made Easy (St. Martin's Press, 1998).

External links

 Silvanus P. Thompson, Calculus Made Easy: Being a Very-Simplest Introduction to Those Beautiful Methods of Reckoning which Are Generally Called by the Terrifying Names of the Differential Calculus and the Integral Calculus (New York: MacMillan Company, 2nd Ed., 1914). Also available as the (London: MacMillan and Co., Limited, 2nd Ed., 1914) printing, which isn't published under Thompson's name, but instead has the byline of "by F.R.S." (i.e., Fellow of the Royal Society).
  (Re-typeset in LaTeX)

 Calculus Made Easy online

 Calculus Made Easy on YouTube

1910 non-fiction books
Works by Martin Gardner
Mathematics textbooks

Calculus Made Easy


The Queen of Spades (, pronounced Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma) is an opera by Tchaikovsky.  It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin.  Sometimes it is known by its German title Pique Dame.

When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet's opera Carmen.  He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate.  The idea of fate is important to the opera Carmen and also to Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades.  Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera.  Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart.  In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.

The story of the opera

Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though  he does not know her.  His friend tells him that the girl's name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young.  He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.

Hermann can only think of one thing:  he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money.  Then he will be able to marry Lisa.  He hides himself in the grandmother's bedroom.  When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards.  She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.

Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace.  Hermann's mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win.  Lisa drowns herself in  a river.  Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death".  The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades.  The old grandmother's ghost comes again to Hermann.  Hermann kills himself.

The writing of the opera

Tchaikovsky's brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera.  They changed some of Pushkin's story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music.  They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table.  This is different to what happens in Pushkin's story.

Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly.  It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas).  Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.

Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character.  At other times it can sound very Russian.  In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.

The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1890s operas

The Queen of Spades (opera)


Happy Days is a musical with a book by Garry Marshall and music and lyrics by Paul Williams, based on the ABC television series of the same name. The story is set in approximately during Season 4 of the original sitcom. The story concerns the kids' plans to save Arnold's from demolition by hosting a dance contest and wrestling match.

Synopsis

Act One
It is 1959 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Richie Cunningham and his best friends Potsie Weber and Ralph Malph are about to graduate high school and go off to college. His friends and family meet at Arnold's malt shop, and, together, bid the audience welcome ("Welcome to Wisconsin"). Arnold breaks the bad news that a construction company has plans to turn his restaurant into a mall. Arthur Fonzerelli (Fonzie) vows to save the day.

The next morning, Lori Beth tells how all the other girls are getting engaged before going to college, and she wants to know why she is not. This is interrupted when Ralph, Potsie, and Chachi drop by. Chachi then informs everyone that Fonzie's former flame, Pinky Tuscadero, is coming to Milwaukee to host the dance contest. After Fonzie leaves, the boys start their "Dial Tones" rehearsal. They talk about how much they do not know about girls ("The Thing About Girls"), but rehearse anyway ("Romeo Midnight").

Across town at the Leopard Lodge meeting ("Leopards Are We"), Howard suggests a wrestling match between the tough Malachi brothers, Fonzie's nemesis, and Fonzie. The Leopards promise Howard a plaque if he is able to talk Fonzie into the scheme, expecting it to bring a great deal of media coverage ("The Plaque").

Back at Arnold's, the Dial Tones welcome Pinky Tuscadero and she makes her grand entrance ("The Pink's in Town"). As Arnold takes Pinky and her Pinkettes into the kitchen to go over their schedule, the Malachis make their entrance ("Malachis"), only to have their bike crashed into by Fonzie. Arnold closes up before trouble ensues. At this moment, Fonzie and Pinky see each other for the first time in years, rekindling some old feelings. As Chachi and Fonzie talk about girls, we hear about Fonzie's and Pinky's history, and Chachi asked Fonzie how to know when something is over and how to get to know a girl. Fonzie says "you've just gotta learn to listen with your heart" ("Heartbeat").

At the Cunningham home, Marion, after being rebuffed by Howard, ponders the plight of the 1950s housewife. She is joined by Joanie who laments the curse of being a lovelorn 1950s teen, for Joanie is in love with Chachi ("What I Dreamed Last Night").

Fonzie enters and is greeted by Richie. Richie tries to talk Fonzie out of wrestling at the match due to his bad knee, but Fonzie will have none of it. He reenters Arnold's, where Pinky is giving Joanie boy advice and tells her that all she has to do to dance with Chachi is listen to the music ("Message in the Music"). Pinky then asks Fonzie to slow it down on the jukebox and asks him to compete in the wrestling match. Everyone rejoices when he says yes.

After Richie finds out that Fonzie promised Pinky he would wrestle anyway, he promises the Fonz that he will tell everyone about his weakness. Fonzie laments about how he is torn between being embarrassed or risking serious injury ("Maybe it's Time to Move On").

Act Two
A week later, Fonzie is still missing and everyone realizes how much he means to them. With Fonzie gone, there can be no media frenzy surrounding a nonexistent wrestling match, and Arnold's is doomed. Richie tells the gang that he will wrestle the Malachis in Fonzie's place, with Ralph in his corner. However, Ralph wants no part of it, but the guys insist they cannot run, but must face the challenge and get the job done ("Run").

At Arnold's, Pinky tells everyone of Fonzie's nomadic nature and that he may never return, which makes Joanie wonder if Chachi could do the same. Pinky, missing her guy advises Joanie to remain strong ("Legend in Leather"). Fonzie is on the outskirts of town, his efforts to leave unsuccessful. Joined by several carhop, Fonzie admits that his reign of cool could be over and that he is feeling lost ("Aaay'mless").

Back at Arnold's, the Malachi brothers discover that they will not be wrestling Fonzie so they humiliate Richie and Ralph by giving them wedgies just in time for pictures for the local paper. After this they believe with Fonzie gone the "fun" will begin and they will be tearing Richie and Ralph, who have opted to wrestle in Fonzie's place, apart ("Malachi's reprise").

In the Cunningham kitchen, Marion and Joanie are preparing for the picnic when Pinky stops in to give Marion a shotglass from Cincinnati. Pinky is in awe of the domestic lifestyle of Marion, while Marion is envious of the adventurous lifestyle of Pinky, while Joanie sits at home wondering how Chachi is going to feel at prom ("What I Dreamed Last Night" [reprise]).

Later, Marion finds Fonzie hiding under the stairs. She reminds him that true cool, like James Dean and Elvis Presley, means not caring what others think. She leaves him in thought, and Fonzie's two heroes appear, convincing Fonzie that guys like them change direction for a worthy cause and the higher road is the only road ("Guys Like Us").

At Pfister Park, the wrestling match is getting underway. Everyone gets in the ring, and Ralph runs away, yet again, when suddenly, Fonzie rolls in on his motorcycle. He offers to fight for Arnold's if the brothers promise not to touch his bad knee. The Malachis cheat, but with Richie's help, the good guys prevail.

Everyone celebrates while Fonzie and Pinky resolve to forget old issues and go Dancing ("Dancing on the Moon"). The Leopards present their plaque to Fonzie, but he focuses everyone's attention to the truly cool businessman—Howard Cunningham ("Ordinary Hero"). Everyone goes into a Plunger Dance, where they all dance with their plungers they are buying from the hardware store, decorated with bright colors and fantastic designs. This is all thanks to Marion and a few jars of Mayonnaise and food coloring. Fonzie announces to a joyous crowd that enough money has been raised to save Arnold's.

The Class of 1959 Graduation Dance begins. Ralph is accompanied by two of the Pinkettes, Potsie by his mother, and Joanie and Chachi sneak in together. Marion and Howard are called in as chaperones, and Pinky and Fonzie come together. Everyone celebrates the happy days they have spent together as the 50s draw to a close and the gang gets ready for the 60s ("Happy Days").

Musical numbers

Act 1
"Welcome to Wisconsin" – Richie, Fonzie, Company
"Snap" – Fonzie and Car Hops
"The Thing About Girls" – Richie, Ralph, Potsie, and Chachi
"Romeo Midnight" – The Dial Tones
"Ooooooh Bop" – Fonzie and The Dial Tones
"Leopards Are We" – The Leopards
"The Plaque" – The Leopards
"The Pink's in Town" – Pinky and The Pinkettes
"Malachis" – The Malachi Brothers
"Heartbeat" – Fonzie, Chachi, and Calendar Girls
"The Plaque Reprise" – Howard
"What I Dreamed Last Night" – Marion and Joanie
"Message in the Music" – Pinky, Company
"Maybe It's Time to Move On" – Fonzie, Dial-Tones, and Company

Act 2
"Run" – Ralph, Richie, Potsie, and Chachi
"Legend in Leather" – Pinky and Pinkettes
"Aaay'mless" – Fonzie, Pinky, Car Hops
"Malachis (Reprise)" – The Malachi Brothers
"What I Dreamed Last Night (Reprise)" – Pinky, Marion, and Joanie
"Guys Like Us" – Fonzie, Elvis, James Dean, and guys
"Hot Love" – The Dial-Tones
"Dancing on the Moon" – Fonzie and Pinky
"Ordinary Hero" – Fonzie, Company
"Happy Days" – Fonzie, Pinky, Company

Productions
The musical debuted at the Falcon Theatre in Burbank, California, directed by Marshall, and was produced by Marshall, his sister Ronny Hallin, and his daughter, Kathleen Marshall. The production was choreographed by Randy Skinner.

Happy Days was produced at the Goodspeed Opera House, East Haddam, Connecticut, where the musical ran
from August 9, 2007 to September 2, 2007 at the Norma Terris Theatre in Chester, Connecticut. After being  "expanded and refined" the musical then ran from April 11, 2008 to July 4, 2008 at the Goodspeed Opera House, directed by Gordon Greenberg and choreographed by Michele Lynch. It also played at the Paper Mill Playhouse, Millburn, New Jersey from September 26, 2007 to October 28, 2007, directed by Gordon Greenberg, and choreographed by Michele Lynch.

The musical bypassed Broadway and went directly into a First National Tour, starring Joey Sorge (Saturday Night) as The Fonz, Felicia Finley as Pinky Tuscadero (The Wedding Singer), Steven Booth as Richie Cunningham, and Cynthia Ferrer as Marion Cunningham. In 2011, Happy Days was produced by Compagnia della Rancia the Italian version, directed by Saverio Marconi starring Riccardo Simone Berdini as The Fonz (Grease, Les Miserables, Pinocchio), Floriana Monici as Pinky Tuscadero (Grease), Luca Giacomelli as Richie Cunningham (Cats), Jacopo Pelliccia as Alfred Delvecchio (Peter Pan) and Sabrina Marciano as Marion Cunningham (Vacanze Romane).

From January 2014, the musical will make its European and UK premier as it embarks on a UK National Tour. The cast for the touring production include Ben Freeman as The Fonz, Heidi Range as Pinky Tuscadero and Cheryl Baker as Mrs Cunningham.

Reception
The New York Times reviewer wrote of the Goodspeed Opera production of 2008: "If you're going to make a stage musical out of a television show, 'Happy Days' is not a bad choice. All that cheerful white-bread 1950s innocence. All those instant audience associations with beloved characters and the actors who played them. The show won't ever win a Pulitzer Prize (or the musical-comedy equivalent), but the Goodspeed Opera House's bouncy new production delivers a pleasant if not transporting evening, and – most important – the Fonz (Joey Sorge) is cool"  and "Michele Lynch's choreography is one of the show's real assets".

According to the show's official site, the "NY Daily News" wrote: "If you like GREASE you will LOVE Happy Days" – A powerhouse rock and roll trip down memory lane".  However, TheatreMania.com panned the musical in 2007, calling it bland.

References

External links
 Happy Days Musical UK

2009 musicals
Happy Days
Musicals based on television series
Musicals by Paul Williams (songwriter)
Musicals set in Wisconsin

Happy Days (musical)


A nocturne is a piece of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night ("nocturnal" means "of the night").  The Irish composer John Field was the first person to make nocturnes popular.  He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century).  His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over.

Related pages
Nocturnes (Debussy)
Serenade

Musical terminology

Nocturne


Pengendalian modal adalah suatu ukuran seperti pajak transaksi dan batasan lainnya atau larangan langsung, di mana pemerintah suatu dapat menggunakan suatu regulasi untuk mengatur arus masuk dan keluar dari rekening modal suatu negara.

Bacaan lebih lanjut
 States and the Reemergence of Global Finance (1994) by Eric Helleiner - Chapter 2 is excellent for the pre WWII history of capital controls and their stenghening with Bretton Woods. Remaining chapters cover their decline from the 60s through to early 90s. Helleiner offers extensive additional reading for those with a deep interest in the history of capital controls.

Pranala luar
 Christopher J. Neely, An introduction to capital controls (PDF), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, November/December 1999, pp. 13–30
 James Oliver, What are Capital Controls? , University of Iowa Center for International Finance & Development
 Ethan Kaplan, Dani Rodrik (2001) Did the Malaysian capital controls work? NBER Working Paper No. 8142
 Bryan Balin, India's New Capital Restrictions: What Are They, Why Were They Created, and Have They Been Effective? The Johns Hopkins University, 2008
 José Antonio Cordero and Juan Antonio Montecino, Capital Controls and Monetary Policy in Developing Countries, Center for Economic and Policy Research, April 2010
 Financial Times (2011) Global summary showing most of the worlds population are subject to capital controls as of 2011
 Kevin Gallagher, Regaining control - detailed paper on the use of capital controls post WWII, with emphases on the increased use after the 2008 crises , UMass, 2011
 Anton Korinek (2011), The New Economics of Prudential Capital Controls  (PDF), IMF Economic Review 59(3), 2011

Ekonomi

Pengendalian modal


Arturo Toscanini (25 March 1867 – 16 January 1957) was an Italian conductor. Most musicians think he was the greatest conductor of his time.  His fame was legendary: he was probably the first conductor to become a world superstar.  He had an incredibly good memory and could remember every single note of the large number of works he conducted.  He had a photographic memory so that he could remember what the pages looked like.  Sometimes he found little mistakes in the scores which no one else had ever noticed.  He had a very keen sense of hearing and knew exactly what each instrument was doing.  He also had a fiery temperament and there are movies of him shouting angrily at his orchestra in rehearsals.  In the early days of gramophone recordings he made some of the first recordings of famous orchestral works.

Life

Early years
Toscanini was born in Parma in Italy. He won a scholarship to the local music conservatory, where he learned to play the cello.  He joined the orchestra of an opera company and he toured South America with them in 1886. While performing Verdi's opera  Aida in Rio de Janeiro the audience did not like the conductor and they booed him so that he had to leave the stage.  No one knew what to do at first, but then they persuaded Toscanini, who was only 19 years old, to put down his cello and conduct the orchestra.  He did this brilliantly from memory (without looking at the music) and that night he became famous.

When he got back to Italy Toscanini returned to his chair in the cello section, and took part as cellist in the first performance of Verdi's Otello (La Scala, 1887).  Verdi was there and was very impressed when Toscanini asked him about a mistake he noticed in the score.

Soon the young musician's reputation as a brilliant conductor of opera grew.  He conducted the first performances of Puccini's La Bohème and Leoncavallo's Pagliacci. In 1896 he conducted his first symphonic concert (works by Schubert, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, and Wagner), in Turin.  By 1898 he was conductor at La Scala, Milan and he stayed there until 1908, but returned during the 1920s.  He took the Scala Orchestra to the United States on a concert tour in 1920-21; it was during that tour that Toscanini made his first recordings (for the Victor Talking Machine Company).

International fame
Toscanini started conducting outside Europe: at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (1908–1915) as well as the New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1926–1936).  He toured Europe with the New York Philharmonic in 1930 and always had great success. Toscanini was the first non-German conductor to conduct at Bayreuth (1930–1931).  In the 1930s he conducted at the Salzburg Festival (1934–1937) and the first concert in 1936 of the newly formed Palestine Symphony Orchestra (now the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra) in Tel Aviv, and later performed with them in Jerusalem, Haifa, Cairo and Alexandria.

The NBC symphony orchestra

At first Toscanini agreed with Fascism but later, when the dictator Mussolini came to power, he became against it.  He refused to perform an opera at La Scala and was beaten up, so he left Italy and went to the United States.

There was no orchestra for him in the USA so they made a new orchestra for him to conduct.  This was the NBC Symphony Orchestra, created for him in 1937. He conducted the first broadcast concert on December 25, 1937, in NBC Studio 8-H in New York City's Rockefeller Center.

Toscanini was often criticized for not performing much American music and contemporary music (music by living composers).  However, in 1938, he conducted the world premieres of two orchestral works by Samuel Barber, Adagio for Strings and Essay for Orchestra (Barber)|Essay for Orchestra.  In 1945, he led the orchestra in Carnegie Hall recording sessions of American music including An American in Paris by George Gershwin.  He also conducted broadcast performances of Copland's El Salon Mexico and Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue with soloists Earl Wild and Benny Goodman and Concerto in F with pianist Oscar Levant, as well as music by other American composers, including two marches of John Philip Sousa.

In 1940, Toscanini had a disagreement with the NBC and he threatened to move to CBS.  Although they agreed in the end it was this time that Leopold Stokowski began conducting some of the concerts and continued to appear sometimes as a guest conductor of the orchestra.

In July 1942 Toscanini conducted the American premiere of Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony no 7.  Due to World War II, the score was microfilmed in the Soviet Union and brought by courier to the United States. At first Stokowski wanted to conduct it but then he agreed that Toscanini would.  Unfortunately for New York listeners, a big thunderstorm made it difficult to hear the music on the radio.  Later the performance was reissued.

The orchestra went all over the world with Toscanini.  In 1950 the NBC concerts moved to Carnegie Hall.  In a programme of music by Richard Wagner in 1954 Toscanini was not well and forgot how the music went.  He never conducted in public again after that.

Personal life
Toscanini married Carla De Martini on June 21, 1897, when she was not yet 20 years old.   They had four children although one died.  He worked with many great singers and musicians, including the pianist Vladimir Horowitz who was a great friend.  Horowitz married one of Toscanini's daughters.

When he died of a stroke in New York City at the age of 89, his body was returned to Italy and was interred in the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan.

Many years after his death, in 1987, Toscanini was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Other websites
 Official website

1867 births
1957 deaths
Italian conductors
Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
People from Parma

Arturo Toscanini


The Mask: The Animated Series is a television animated series based on the comic book superhero, The Mask, but with most of its inspiration from the 1994 movie adaptation. The show ran for three seasons, from 1995 to 1997, and spawned its own short-run comic book series, Adventures of The Mask.

Overview
Tina Carlyle (Cameron Diaz's character in the movie) was absent, but reporter Peggy Brandt had become the main female character. Unlike in the movie, Ipkiss was able to use the mask in daytime as well as at night.

Much as with the Beetlejuice cartoon before it, The Mask TAS took many elements from the source movie but dropped characters and changed certain other characters. Peggy's inclusion also officially discounts the cut scene in the movie where she is killed. Tina is never even alluded to. However, the events of the movie are alluded to, as Charlie knew that Stanley was the Mask (though did not know Stanley kept it), and Stanley was still upset over Peggy selling him out to the mob (given that Stanley and Peggy were never treated as a potential couple, there may have remained some bad feelings over that though The Mask himself sometimes tries to woo her). A gypsy at one point claims that the Mask is the most powerful artifact in the world when she remarks "The most powerful artifact in the world and this idiot keeps it with his laundry".

The cartoon, despite having a "realistic" setting in the fictional town of Edge City, would often rely more on Tex Avery-style humor and on occasion, broke any meaningful laws of reality - one episode featured the Goofalotatots, parodies of the Animaniacs, treating them as if they were naturally alive. Another featured the Mask becoming a personal assistant to the President of the US, with the job merely handed to him (the president was a caricature of no real president - it should also be noted that former Mask comic writer John Arcudi wrote both example episodes, a stark departure from his usual writing). Police officers were portrayed as idiots who could not see even obvious clues.

Also continued from the movie was the consistent visiting by The Mask of the Coco Bongo - a fictional, glamorous night club frequented by the Edge City well-to-do, which was most likely based on the Copacabana in New York City. In the episode "A Comedy of Eras", in which Dr. Chronos manipulates time so that the future Edge City becomes a corrupted, Nineteen Eighty-Four-like dictatorial society ruled by the villainess, features a Coco Bongo which has been destroyed - a development that horrifies and enrages The Mask and provides him with the motivation to ultimately defeat Dr. Chronos.

Characters
 Stanley Ipkiss/The Mask (voiced by Rob Paulsen) the main protagonist. Instead of getting rid of the mask as in the movie, he kept it. And whenever he tries gets rid of "The Mask", he gets into trouble and is often forced to use the Mask to overcome these problems, sometimes even relying on the Mask to fight supernatural enemies (even facing Satan at one point). Stanley Ipkiss is portrayed as a push over good guy, while The Mask, unlike his violent comic book counter part, is more of a mischievous superhero who as Stanley had put it, "Would rather go to water polo night at the Coco Bongo then fight crime". The Mask is also apparently even aware of the surroundings when he is not being worn as during one episode Stanley attempts to control the Mask with the Sister Mask which seems to work at first only for the mask to go back to normal and state the sister mask doesn't work at all (though this may actually be due to The Mask and Stanley sharing knowledge). The Mask also works when broken (when the Mask was split in two each half still works but only does half the transformation, finally allowing Stanley and the Mask to converse). To date the only thing that truly affects The Mask is the Common Cold which throws his powers out of whack and will result in the death of both The Mask and the wearer. Due to the different personalities The Mask and Stanley have, they often refer to each other as separate people (such as The Mask remarking "Oh Stanley is going to hate me in the morning"). In Split Personalities it is revealed that the Mask always wanted to give Stanley a wedgy.

 Milo (voiced by Frank Welker) Stanley's dog. He is a frequent wearer of the mask as well.

 Lt. Mitch Kellaway (voiced by Neil Ross) a lieutenant constantly trying to prove Ipkiss is the Mask. A running gag of the show is that he receives atomic wedgies from the Mask.

 Peggy Brandt (voiced by Heidi Shannon) Stanley's reporter friend. She sold out Stanley to mobsters in the movie, causing their strained relationship, though their friendship was repaired when Peggy rescues him (several times later). She constantly tries to up her career in the tabloids biz usually leaving her in sticky situations. She is one of the many women that The Mask has made advances on.

 Doyle (voiced by Jim Cummings) Lieutenant Kellaway's dimwitted partner. He is usually the comic relief and is occasionally seen eating a donut.

 Charlie Schumacher (voiced by Mark L. Taylor) Stanley's friend in the movie turned into bank manager. He usually looks out for himself, tries to score women, has Stanley do his work for him, etc.

Other characters

Villains
The main villain, Dr. Pretorius (voiced by Tim Curry), was a madman who had his own head removed from his body and placed on tiny, spider-like robotic legs, which could attach to a larger android body. His plans always revolved around either obtaining or controlling the Mask (Pretorius is one of the few characters in the series aware of The Mask's true identity), or as part of some increasingly insane "science experiments" which, if carried out, would result in the death of thousands or even the end of mankind. He mostly pronounces Ipkiss' last name as "Ipp-kiss". Pretorius was also likely a parody of drug dealer/mob boss Eugene Rapaz from the original comics (both share the same face. Rapaz wore small, rounded-lens dark glasses and Pretorius had round optic implants that looked similar, as well).

In the episode, "Sister Mask", Dr. Pretorius did eventually gain the mask, and as with Tyrell, retained his own personality while wearing it (While the mask is said to release one's own inhibitions, those who have no inhibitions seem to retain full conscious control while wearing the Mask, such as the Joker in the DC crossover).

Coming from the comics was Walter, Pretorius's goon, still silent and indestructible but not as murderous and cruel. Walter chased the Mask for several episodes, but when he obtained the wooden mask and it failed to work for him, he simply dropped it. Walter remained a recurring character throughout the series. He is strong enough to actually break the Mask in two (an impressive feat as only seconds before the Mask withstood being hit by cars and run over by a steamroller without a scratch).

Ben Stein reprised his role as Dr. Neuman, from the movie. In one episode, the mask falls into Neuman's hands, and he becomes a super-villain. Dr. Neuman rampaged throughout the city, claming everyone suffered from a disease he calledIpkissiamascosus. He was determined to kill Stanley and even goes as far as to spring Pretorius from prison to aid him (a running gag, however, was that Dr. Neuman refused to believe the mask worked, even when he had it on).

A third villain who made it to the TV series for a few times was the mad Dr. Amelia Chronos, who, with her ambitions of gaining power and dominance through the manipulation of time, often caused quite a lot of chaos through inventions like a machine that kept looping time every half hour for everyone but herself (so that even the Mask could never foil her plans, since by the time he got to her, everything would be reset to a half hour prior), a gun that reversed/fast forwarded time for whoever it was aimed at (so that the person would keep getting younger and younger until he/she became nothing, or became older and older until he/she was dead), a large time portal through which she could summon anything to defeat the Mask (such as prehistoric creatures, robots from the future, etc.) though none of them worked and an actual time machine through which she could travel into the past or future to manipulate events so that she would ultimately be victorious in her quest for world dominance.

For villains as for the Mask's transformation, there was often DC Comics parodies, as Supermask and Super Salad Man (a parody of Superman). Some Marvel references were made too, like The Mask becoming Biclops (a parody of Cyclops), Spiderhyny (alias Spiderman), Green Surfer (alias Silver Surfer) and Toolverine (a parody of Wolverine), and a villain that turned into a dinosaur like Sauron. Notable were Skillit (parody of Mr. Mxyzptlk and Peter Pan, albeit much more malevolent in nature) and Putty Thing (parody of the Batman: The Animated Series version of Clayface, portrayed as a dumb teenager rather than an angry, jaded actor).

The Mask also had a few more villainous enemies in his rogues gallery such as:

Gorgonzola, the Cheese Witch, whose powers include the Cheese-Eye (an eye laser that turns anything into cheese) and the Shot-Cheddar (a razor-sharp cheddar cheese arrow, that would be fired from Gorgonzola's palm). (This character was created as it was the winner of a contest held by Disney Adventures to create a new villain for the series).

The Tempest: (real name: French Drizzle) A fired weatherman who was struck by lightning which rebounded from a satellite dish onto him and he was mutated into a freak with the ability to control the weather. He put Edge City into a hailstorm and flood. He resembles Robin from Batman: The Animated Series and has powers similar to that of the X-Men Storm. The Mask was able to stop him by opening a manhole which sucked him down, along with the flood waters he created (not to be confused with the Action Man villain with a similar name, origin and powers).

Kablamus (voiced by Jim Cummings): (real name: Joe Blow) A green-haired explosive man who could cause destruction by blowing himself up like a balloon, without dying, but returning to normal size. He has a special pouch in his costume where he puts different grenades that explode with him.

Channel Surfer: A madman who glides using his surfboard and travels by teleporting through televisions. He had all of Edge City watch the TV shows he liked and he was able to trap Stanley (wearing the mask) inside the television. Was once a man named Raymond Neilsen who went insane after his favorite TV show "Pointy Peaks" (a parody of Twin Peaks) was cancelled due to complaints from viewers. He is obviously a parody of Silver Surfer.

Dragon Lady, War Machine & Rip Tide (a.k.a. The Dark Star Trio): A trio of villains who came out of Doyle's favorite comic book set out to kill Lt. Kellaway after mistaking him as their superhero enemy. The Dragon Lady (Kath Soucie)can transform into a dragon, fly and breathe fire. War Machine (Jim Cummings) is a robot armed with deadly weapons and ammunition. RipTide (Frank Welker) is a punky villain with the ability to transform into water. Stanley/the Mask defeated the trio by ripping the comic book from whence they came. A parody of the Galaxy Trio from the Hanna-Barbera shorts. War Machine appears to be a parody of the Marvel superhero of the same name (although he's a robot instead of a man in a suit), while RipTide is a parody of Hydro-Man.

Skillit (voiced by Jason Marsden): A mischievous imp who hails from the Shadowland, and can use his own living shadow to suck the shadows out of other people, turning them old fast (only the Mask is immune to this) and allowing him to remain forever young (though he is powerless without his shadow). He is over 4000 years old but, in his own words, doesn't look a day over 12 (because of this, when he is captured he is often forced to do homework). He has known everyone who has ever possessed the mask, such as Atilla the Hun, Gengis Khan, and Blackbeard the Pirate.

Chet Bozzack (voiced by Dan Castellaneta): The high school bully of Stanley who accidentally wore half of the mask when it was cut into two. It is later shown that their Mask sides have something akin to a rivalry. Stanley and Chet along with their half mask personalities battle ended only when Chet stopped his mask personality from killing Stanley.

Putty Thing & Fish Guy (a.k.a. The Terrible Two) (voiced by Cam Clarke and Jeff Bennett): (real names: Doc and Eddie) Two comic book-obsessed teenage boys who wanted to be superheroes. Driven by this desire, they went into a nuclear power plant in hopes of obtaining radioactivity. They believed that this state would eventually turn them into comic book superheroes when coming on contact with a bug. They succeeded, but forgot to bring a bug, both became ill and were sent to a hospital. On the way, the ambulance they were on accidentally released them and they crashed into two different stores; Doc in a putty shop and Eddie in an aquarium. This transformed them into Putty Thing and Fish Guy, in the episode "the Terrible Two". Fish Guy envied Putty Thing because he had "the great scorcher super powers" and he didn't. Technically, he was a harmless fish sidekick. Even worse, despite being a fish, he can't swim or breathe underwater. In the episode, "The Good The Bad and Fish Guy", he managed to take The Mask from Stanley and wear it, thus transforming him into Shark Dude, a much more dangerous villain that was much stronger and faster than his previous form, likewise, after Putty thing landed in a tub of radioactive waste he gained the power to shoot explosive laser beams from his mouth, Putty Thing later learns how to shapeshift. The two are likely a parody/homage to Mike Myers' titular Wayne's World character, while Fish Guy resembles Wayne's sidekick Garth Algar (played by Dana Carvey).

Cybermite (voiced by Jim Cummings): A living yet obnoxious computer virus (in a form of a fat termite wearing a leather jacket) who manages to invade and infect Milo's body in Fantashtick Voyage. He grows bigger when ever he eats brain cells and occasionally says some pretty bad jokes.

Lonnie The Shark (voiced by Glenn Shadix): A mobster who has sharp teeth and a hairdo that resembles to a shark's fin. Along with his sidekick Pete (Charlie Adler), Lonnie has his own biker gang that cause chaos within Edge City. They tried to steal the XAW battleship in The Green Marine and attempted to rob a bank in Malled. Lonnie once disguised himself as a "Barney The Dinosaur"-style kids TV host in Baby's Wild Ride.

Vicky Prat/Davida Steelmine: An illusionist criminal and an old schoolmate of Stanley were she was his crush, unknown to him she harbours a similar infatuation towards him (not enough to give up her life of crime though). She uses illusions as diversion while she robs th eactual places while using an illusion of herself during her magic show to throw off suspiscion, though she is capable of creating fireballs to attack with, she commonly escapes through her top hat. She originally appeared to steal valuables from Edge City but met her old crush Stanley and makes him an offer to leave with her, he refuses and dons The Mask to stop her. After several failed attempts to woo her, The Mask stops her with his own magic tricks but she ultimately escapes in the end only for the Mask to take her Top Hat escape route.

 Satan: The Devil, here represented in a human form with vampire-like teeth and a demon shadow, appeared as a villain. The first time, he convinced Stanley to sign a contract to make him become a winner without using the Mask. The contract worked, Stanley gaining prices twice and becoming the Bank vice-president, but the Devil then tried to take him (including as the Mask) in Hell as a payment. However, The Mask was able to discard the contract by challenging and defeating Satan in a dance competition at the Coco Bongo.

Other Secondary characters
 Baby Forthwright (voiced by Frank Welker): Stanley's neighbor's baby. Wore the mask on three occasions: part one of "The Mask is Always Greener on the Other Side", "Baby's Wild Ride", and "Mutiny of the Bounty Hunter".

 Mayor Mortimer Tilton (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson): the egotistical mayor of Edge City. Though not evident in season one, season two reveals that Mayor Tilton is corrupt (often using the city's budget for elaborate celebrations). In "Goin' for the Green," Mayor Tilton has a nerdy, white assistant (whose name is revealed to be Smedley in the next episode, "Flight as a Feather"). In "Flight as a Feather," it's revealed that Mayor Tilton once dated an exotic dancer named Cookie BaBoom, who crashes his Bavariaville ceremony and threatens to blow herself and the Mayor (to whom she refers as "Mortimer") with two megatons worth of dynamite strapped to her body (which The Mask strips off and makes into a cocktail).

 Dr. Arthur Newman (voiced by Ben Stein): Stanley's therapist; doesn't believe that Stanley is The Mask (even after Dr. Newman wore the mask and became a supervillain) and thinks "The Mask" is the side of Stanley who wants to be outrageous and impulsive.

 Mrs. Peenman (voiced by Tress MacNeille): Stanley's loud-mouth landlord; often the butt of The Mask's many practical jokes. In "Mask au Gratin," it's revealed that Mrs. Peenman has a niece who works as an archaeologist.

Other Mask wearers
Stanley Ipkiss is the owner and wearer of The Mask, but there have been others who have worn the Mask (either accidentally or intenionally). Some episodes focus on this aspect; someone gets his/hers hands (or face) on the Mask and Stanley usually tries get it back with difficulty. The other wearers are:

Milo: Stanley's dog and one of the main characters. He occasionally wears the mask when Stanley (or someone else) is in trouble. Milo wore the mask in eight episodes (The Mask is Always Greener on the Other Side (Part 2), How Much Is That Dog in the Tin Can?, A Comedy of Eras, Malled, Jurassic Mask, All Hail The Mask, They Came from Within and Up the Creek).

Peggy Brandt: Stanley's journalist friend. Peggy wears the mask in Counterfeit Mask. When wearing the mask, she sought to give herself an elaborate and feminine makeover.

Baby Forthwright: Stanley's friend's child and a recurring character. When wearing the mask he sometimes does destruction just to get some ice cream. While wearing the mask, baby very briefly teams up with Lonnie the Shark and his goons, but in the end turns against the mobster. He uses a variation of the mask's wedgie antic: putting diapers on everyone who annoys him. Baby wore the mask in three episodes (The Mask Is Always Greener on the Other Side (Part 1), Baby's Wild Ride and Mutiny of the Bounty Hunters).

Dr. Pretorius: The main villain (See Villains section). Pretorius is a unique Mask wearer as he completely managed to retain his personality and consciousness in control, possibly due to him having no inhibitions which the mask releases in the wearer. He tries to kill Stanley and Peggy by eating them, but is defeated after his invention Sister Mask is used against him. Pretorius wore the mask in Sister Mask.

Chet Bozzack: See Villains section. Chet wore the mask (or half of it) in Split Personality which was also his only appearance.

Fish Guy: See Villains section. When the Fish Guy wears the mask, he becomes Shark Dude, and is more dangerous than his previous form. As Shark Dude, he has super-strength, sprouts wings to fly, and turns his arms into 6 tentacles. He wears the mask in The Good, The Bad, and Fish Guy.

Dr. Neumann: Stanley's cynical psychiatrist and a recurring character. Stanley typically goes to see him to talk about his problems and The Mask. Dr. Neumann doesn't believe in The Mask, which he thinks is Stanley's "imaginary friend". However, he later gains the mask from Stanley, who wanted to get rid of it. Neumann tries the mask on and with it on, becomes crazy and psychotic. He also wears a yellow coat and blue pants with sneakers as well as a huge bow tie with the same color scheme as the Mask's tie. While wearing The Mask, Neumann puts Stanley and other people in straitjackets (using their underwear), believing they suffer from an illness called Ipkissia maskosis. He also teams with Pretorius, but is ultimately defeated and separated from the mask after trying to kill Stanley. Neumann wore the mask in Shrink Rap.

Evelyn: A shy, quiet woman and Stanley's one-time date. She owns a dog called Esmeralda who is just as shy as she is. Stanley meets her in Edge City Bank and after some encouraging from Charlie he asks her to come to his apartment. Initially unsure, she goes to Stanley's apartment, but the date doesn't go as planned. Evelyn accidentally puts the mask on and becomes Eve, the first female Mask of the show. Unlike Evelyn, Eve is more loud and wears a dress. Eve is also madly in love with Stanley. Evelyn wore the mask in Bride of Pretorius, which was also her only appearance.

Government Guy: The tyrannical ruler of Edge City in the future. He wore the mask of the 23rd century, while a time-traveling Stanley wore the mask he brought with him from the 20th century, thus allowing two people to wear the mask at the same time without the Mask being split in two. He is a parody of Ross Perot. Government Guy wore the mask in Future Mask, which was also his only appearance (note the Mask in the future is green due to radiation exposure). Despite wearing the mask he is defeated quite easily by The Mask due to his lack of understanding of the powers it grants.

Ace Ventura: Near the end of the two-part crossover "The Aceman Cometh"/"Have Mask, Will Travel". In fact, the mask hits Ace's rear end, turning it into a head of its own (exactly like Ace's, but colored in a green hue) - possibly ironizing his gag of making his butt "talk" (as in the "ass a few questions" joke from the original movie).

Episode list

Season one
1 & 2. The Mask Is Always Greener on the Other Side (Parts 1 & 2): After causing him nothing but trouble, Stanley Ipkiss gets rid of his mask by burying it in quick-drying cement, but must retrieve it to save Peggy and Milo after Pretorius tricks Stanley's friend and coworker, Charlie, into building a "house of tomorrow" and kidnaps them.
3. The Terrible Twos: When Kellaway tries to prove that Stanley is the Mask by handcuffing the two together, Stanley must go to elaborate lengths to get away from the detective when two mutants Putty Thing and Fish Guy (formerly two teenage slackers named Dak and Eddie who irradiated themselves so they can become superheroes) go on the rampage.
4. Baby's Wild Ride: A baby-sitting job turns difficult when the infant acquires the Mask and joins a biker gang with their chief Lonnie The Shark (who is posing as children's show host Barnaby the Dinosaur).
5. Shadow of a Skillit: The youth-stealing Skillit has come to Edge City to steal the souls of Charlie, Peggy, and Milo, and only the Mask can stop him.
6. Sister Mask: Pretorius creates a sister Mask that turns the real Mask into a living puppet in order to use him to steal meteorite fragments with unusual properties.
7. Bride of Pretorius: Stanley dates a shy, quiet girl who works at her bank—and becomes a loud, man-hungry woman when she stumbles upon The Mask. Meanwhile, Pretorious looks for a female companion.
8. Double Reverse: A reverse therapy treatment helps Stanley deprive the Mask of its power by acting like the Mask in his normal state, but when a criminal called Kablamus, capable of exploding and surviving, arrives in the city, Stanley must get the powerless Mask to work once again.
9. Shrink Rap: Stanley rids himself of the mask by giving it to his therapist, Dr. Neuman, who puts it on and starts going on a rampage and joins up with Pretorius, who's planning to nuke the city so he can use the flash of the explosion to photograph an alien race's planet.
10. Martian Mask: FBI agents mistakenly believe The Mask is actually an alien bent on world domination and do everything to capture him, whilst Putty Thing and Fish Guy go on a road trip.
11. Mayor Mask: Frustrated by Edge City's mismanagement, Stanley puts on the Mask hoping he will teach Mayor Tilton a lesson. Instead, The Mask announces his candidacy against Mayor Tilton as the new mayor of Edge City. Though Stanley naturally objects, he is then forced to make sure his alter ego wins the election when he discovers the real Mayor Tilton was captured and that Dr. Pretorius is masquerading as him so he can turn all of Edge City into subjects for toxic waste experiments.
12. How Much Is That Dog in the Tin Can?: Milo puts on The Mask to battle an insane dogcatcher capturing dogs for a (somewhat) sinister purpose. Meanwhile, Walter starts stalking Stanley.
13. All Hallow's Eve: On Halloween night, Skillit escapes from reform school, determined to get revenge on the Mask for making him do homework.
14. Santa Mask: All the villains in Edge City begin disguising themselves as Santa Claus and committing crimes. The Mask must save Christmas by proving Santa's innocence.
15. Split Personality: The Mask breaks in half, resulting in both Stanley and the Mask existing at the same time; unfortunately, with Walter after the Mask and an old high school acquaintance of Stanley's after revenge on Stanley for getting him expelled, the two personalities must work together to piece the mask together.

Season two
16. A Comedy of Eras: The Mask battles a mad female scientist named Chronos who sends The Mask to the future and to the era of the Salem Witch Trials.
17. Goin' for the Green: After being humiliated by the Mask during an unveiling of his latest statue, Mayor Tilton recruits Colonel Beauregard Klaxon, a Southern businessman to create The Edge City Games as a distraction from The Mask's antics, but Colonel Klaxon uses this opportunity to store nuclear waste underneath the stadium where the Edge Games are played.
18. Flight as a Feather: Hours before a Swedish karaoke contest at the Coco Bongo, The Mask loses his lucky fedora feather and races through Edge City to get it—all the while trying to avoid Kellaway and Doyle and a string of eccentric characters, including Mayor Tilton's vengeful ex-girlfriend, a performance artist, an eagle, and Pretorious's goon, Walter.
19. The Good, the Bad and the Fish Guy: Putty Thing and Fish Guy return, but with Fish Guy having acquired the Mask, Stanley must convince Putty Thing to work with him before the whole city is destroyed.
20. Malled: When Lonnie the Shark and his men rob a bank at the mega-mall with Stanley caught in the crossfire, Milo must bring the Mask to Stanley.
21. Channel Surfin': The Mask ends up shifting through various television channels after being trapped inside the TV by a supervillain named Channel Surfer.
22. Mask au Gratin: Stanley is hired to show Mrs. Peenman's niece around Edge City during her visit there—and discovers that Mrs. Peenman's niece has an old amulet which transforms her by the moonlight turning into a monster named Gorgonzola who turns anything and everything into cheese.
23. Jurassic Mask: A machine at the Edge City Museum brings to life three dinosaurs who wreak havoc on the city.
24. You Oughta Be in Pictures: Sly Eastenegger, a famous action movie star, and his director choose Edge City to movie his latest movie, and challenges The Mask into a competition over who will be the next action movie star. Meanwhile, Peggy discovers a nuclear bomb stolen from the U.S. government that Eastenegger is plotting to use in his latest movie.
25. For All Mask-Kind: Stanley is chosen to be the first average man to be sent into space—and The Mask comes along for the ride.
26. Up the Creek: After The Mask steals The Eiffel Tower and Mrs. Peenman uses the apartment as a tourist attraction, Stanley's friend and co-worker, Charlie, invites him to a river rafting trip, where the two become the unwilling grooms to two hillbilly brides.
27. Boogie with the Man: Stanley wishes he was as lucky as The Mask, and meets The Devil (disguised as a man named Bob), who gives Stanley his lucky break—in exchange for his soul.
28. What Goes Around Comes Around: Chronos from "A Comedy of Eras" returns and puts Stanley (and the Mask) in a time loop where Stanley—and the Mask—are doomed to repeat the same half-hour.
29. All Hail the Mask: During a trip to a Pacific island, the Mask encounters a tribe who worship him as a god—and plot to sacrifice him (Stanley Ipkiss) after loosing the mask by a spell the witch doctor casts on him.
30. Power of Suggestion: Stanley gets hypnotized by a magician during Edge City's Fluff Ball, but Kablamus crashes the party just before the hypnotist can reverse the spell, giving Kablamus the perfect opportunity to use Stanley (and the Mask) as his personal slave during the Fluff Parade to get back at Mayor Tilton for not choosing him as the grand marshall.
31. Mr. Mask Goes to Washington: The Mask becomes a Presidential bodyguard after saving The President from getting crushed by a falling chunk of building.
32. Rain of Terror: A disrespected weatherman becomes a supervillain named The Tempest, who attacks the city with the elements—and interrupts the Mask's night out.
33. The Mother of All Hoods: After being humiliated by The Mask on a police reality show, Lieutenant Kellaway tries to prove to the Edge City police force (and his visiting mother) that he is a competent police detective by going on a stakeout to uncover plans to have Mayor Tilton kidnapped.
34. To Bee or Not to Bee: A beekeeper gets transformed into a half-bee/half-human creature who hypnotizes the town into working in his beehive.
35. Love Potion No. 8 ½: Stanley buys a love potion from a gypsy (who wants the Mask after learning that it was a part of her family's magic) and accidentally spills it on his curmudgeonly landlady, Mrs. Peenman—resulting in Stanley (and the Mask) falling in love with her.
36. Cool Hand Mask: The Mask is framed by Pretorious for stealing fund raising money from a Little League team and gets sent to prison. With The Mask incarcerated, Pretorious finally puts his evil plans to rule Edge City to use.
37. Broadway Malady: Andrew Bedwetter, a famous Broadway musical director, creates a musical based on the "Mad Monkey" line of action movies, enraging The Mask. Ipkiss reducing the show's budget and the Mask making a crash appearance at the opening night (which proves to be a success) drives the director to insanity, who uses past enemies of The Mask as stars and goes on a rampage on a giant animatronic monkey.
38. Enquiring Masks Want to Know: Skillit unleashes his "toys" (a gang of mythical creatures) on Edge City, and Peggy Brandt (Stanley's tabloid-writing friend) sees this as an opportunity to further her career.
39. Future Mask: The Mask travels into the future to find the robot who ripped his pants, but soon becomes involved in a war between a megalomaniacal future mayor and a team of rebels over the Mask.
40. Sealed Fate: Stanley is forced to sell Tupperware to pay off a bill (run up by his alter ego, The Mask), but Peggy learns that the company producing the Tupperware is bringing the disgusting leftovers to life.
41. (The Angels Wanna Wear My) Green Mask: Lieutenant Kellaway and The Mask die in an explosion caused by a bomb made by The Phony Frenchman (who first appeared in "Up The Creek") and now face a counsel of angels who go over past events to see which one of them will get into Heaven. But when Kellaway unmasked The Mask and reveals once and for all that The Mask is Stanley Ipkiss, the angel counsel also has reveals a horrible secret about themselves as well.
42. Mutiny of the Bounty Hunters: Stanley is once again called upon to babysit his neighbor's baby boy, who runs away in pursuit of the neighbor's pet bird. Meanwhile, Pretorious hires two bounty hunters to help him capture The Mask.
43. Convention of Evil: In this clip show episode, villains from several past episodes (Pretorious, Gorgonzola from "Mask Au Gratin", Lonnie the Shark and his biker gang, "Bob" from "Boogie With The Man", The Tempest, and The Stinger from "To Bee or Not To Bee") hold a convention and discuss the many times The Mask has thwarted their heinous plans.
44. The Green Marine: The Mask is put on trial for his unorthodox actions while serving in the Marines.
45. Counterfeit Mask: Stanley is accused of counterfeiting money after picking up a strange woman's luggage at the airport. Meanwhile, Peggy wears The Mask and fulfills her dream of being glamorous.

Season three
46. Magic: Stanley reunites with his high school crush, Davida Steelmine, who is now working as a magician who uses her powers for criminal activity.
47. Little Big Mask: The Mask creates an anti-aging cream, which makes him (and Stanley) younger by the minute.
48. Fantashtick Voyage: A computer virus infects Milo and Stanley thinks The Mask did it.
49. They Came from Within: The Mask gets sucked into a comic book world, where the characters mistake Lieutenant Kellaway for their archenemy.
50. To Have and Have Snot: Pretorious uses Peggy's phlegm from her cold to create a giant mucus monster that infects the people of Edge City. Unfortunately, Stanley learns that having a cold while wearing the Mask has unpredictable (and ultimately fatal) consequences.
51. Mystery Cruise: Stanley and all of his friends (and enemies) are tricked into boarding a cruise by The Mask in order to celebrate The Mask's birthday. Unfortunately, Pretorius plans to use the ship to test his latest weapon.
52. The Goofalotatots: Stanley meets his favorite cartoon characters, The Goofalotatots (a parody of the Warner Brothers and the Warner Sister from Animaniacs), but discovers that they're evil robot duplicates built by Pretorious.
53. When Pigs Ruled the Earth: Peggy and The Mask get sent to a future where pigs rule over man.
54. The Aceman Cometh: Stanley's dog, Milo, is kidnapped by Pretorious and Stanley summons the help of Ace Ventura, Pet Detective (from the movie and animated series of the same name) to find him.

Voice cast

Principal cast

Supporting cast

Recurring cast

Home releases

VHS
Six VHS volumes of the series were gradually released from 1995 to 1996, all of which are now out of print.

DVD
Upon the initial DVD release of Son of the Mask, Wal-Mart stores sold an exclusive 2-pack of the movie with two episodes of the animated series. As of 2009, this is the only DVD release of the series and no plans for a full release have been announced.

1990s animated television series
1995 television series debuts
CBS network shows
1997 television series endings
The Mask

The Mask: The Animated Series


Majuro is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7°7'30" North, 171°4' East (7.125, 171.0667).

The atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi² (9.7 km²), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi² (295 km²). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan).

Marshall Islands
National capitals in Oceania

Majuro


Division could mean:

Processes:
Division (mathematics), a binary operation that serves as the inverse of multiplication
Division (electronics), digital implementation of mathematical division
Division (vote), a manner by which the votes of legislators are recorded
Division (horticulture), a method of vegetative plant propagation, or the plants created by using this method
Division (music) a specific type of ornamentation, most common in 17th century English music
Cell division, the process in which biological cells multiply
Continental divide, the geographical term for separation between catchment areas of a continent
North-South divide, the geopolitical term for the division between rich nations and poor nations
Segmentation

Units/ Entities:
Division (organisation), a subsidiary of a larger organisation
Division (business), a separate named business operated as a part of an organization
Division (military), a unit typically consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 troops
Police division, a large unit (often a Basic Command Unit) of the British police
Division (sport), a group of teams in sport
Division (botany), a classification of plants (the botanical counterpart to zoology's phylum)
Administrative division, part of a country
A county constituency or Parliamentary seat in the UK Parliament
A subpart of a hundred (division), former administrative unit in England and Wales
Census division

Music:
A grouping of pipe ranks in a pipe organ, often with its own case, windchest, and keyboard
Divisions, a type of variation form used in the baroque.
Division viol, an English Renaissance instrument

Miscellaneous:
In nautical navigation the compass is called dividers

Basic English 850 words

Division


Conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences which occur in DNA, and cause sequences in RNA, proteins and carbohydrates.

These sequences occur across species. This shows that the sequences has been maintained in evolution despite speciation. The further back up the phylogenetic tree a particular conserved sequence occurs, the more highly conserved it is. Since sequence information is normally transmitted from parents to progeny by genes, a conserved sequence implies that there is a conserved gene.

Conservation of a sequence happens when mutations in a highly conserved region lead to non-viable life forms, that is, a form which is eliminated through natural selection. In other words, the product of the gene is vital to life, and its function is destroyed by almost all changes (mutations) to the sequence.

Conserved nucleic acid sequences
The basic theory, widely agreed, is that highly conserved DNA sequences must have functional value, though the role for many of these highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences is not known. One recent study that eliminated four highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences in mice yielded viable mice with no significant phenotypic differences; the authors described their findings as "unexpected". So there is clearly something here which is not understood.

Many regions of the DNA, including highly conserved DNA sequences, consist of repeated sequence elements. If only one of a set of a repeated sequences was removed, and the repetitions were not needed, then no difference would be seen in the mice. The paper did not report whether the eliminated sequences were repeated sequences.

Conserved protein sequences and structures
Highly conserved proteins are often required for cells to work or divide.  Conservation of protein sequences is shown by the presence of identical amino acid residues at analogous parts of proteins.  Conservation of protein structures is indicated by the presence of functionally equivalent, though not necessarily identical, amino acid residues and structures between analogous parts of proteins.

Shown below is an amino acid sequence alignment between two human zinc finger proteins. Conserved amino acid sequences are marked by strings of  on the third line of the sequence alignment. As can be seen from this alignment, these two proteins contain a number of conserved amino acid sequences (represented by identical letters aligned between the two sequences).

Comparative genomics
The research field which studies the evolution and function of multigene families is called comparative genomics.

References

Genetics

Conserved sequence


Tuscarora State Forest is a Pennsylvania state forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #3. The main office is located in Blain in Perry County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

Tuscarora State Forest contains  in several tracts and is located in Cumberland, Franklin, Huntingdon, Juniata, Mifflin, and Perry counties.

History
Tuscarora State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies, and these companies were more than willing to sell their land since they had already depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.

The forest is named for Tuscarora Mountain, which is within the state forest boundaries. The mountain was named for the Tuscarora, a tribe that joined  the Iroquois Nation around 1714 following the Tuscarora War in North Carolina.

Tuscarora State Forest was originally part of the Rothrock Forest Reserve. It was merged with the Pennypacker and McClure reserves to form what is now Tuscarora State Forest. Much of the land was acquired from lumber and iron companies who had used the old-growth forest of hemlock, chestnut and oak to produce lumber and charcoal to fire the many iron furnaces that dotted the Pennsylvania landscape. Dr. Joseph Rothrock was an early pioneer in Pennsylvania forestry. In his position as commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, he led the statewide effort to acquire lands that had been clear cut and left barren. Land was purchased from the lumber companies at minimal cost to the state, just a few dollars per acre.

The newly purchased land was largely barren. This was due to the widespread wildfires that swept over the hills and through the valleys when the sparks cast off by passing steam trains would ignite fires in the dried tree tops that were left behind by the lumbermen. The founding of the Civilian Conservation Corps by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression was vital in creating the thriving second growth forests that make up Tuscarora State Forest today. The young men of the CCC cleared the forests and streams of dried brush. They lived in one of six camps spread throughout Tuscarora State Forest. In addition to clearing brush they also built roads, bridges and trails in the forests and constructed many of the recreational facilities still in use today at several state parks in the Tuscarora State Forest area.

Natural areas
Hemlocks Natural Area:  of old-growth Eastern Hemlock forest in a narrow ravine.
Hoverter and Sholl Box Huckleberry Natural Area: ; contains a Box Huckleberry over 1,300 years old.
Frank E. Masland Jr. Natural Area:  of old secondary forest.
Tuscarora Wild Area:  of old secondary forest.

Nearby state parks
Four Pennsylvania State Parks are contained within Tuscarora State Forest:
 Big Spring State Forest Picnic Area
 Colonel Denning State Park
 Fowlers Hollow State Park
 Little Buffalo State Park

Neighboring state forest districts
Bald Eagle State Forest (north)
Weiser State Forest (east)
Michaux State Forest (southeast)
Buchanan State Forest (southwest)
Rothrock State Forest (west)

References

 Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
 Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment

Pennsylvania state forests
Old-growth forests
Protected areas established in 1902
Protected areas of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Juniata County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Perry County, Pennsylvania
1902 establishments in Pennsylvania

Tuscarora State Forest


The Help is a 2011 American drama movie based on Kathryn Stockett's novel and directed by Tate Taylor. It stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard and Jessica Chastain.

Plot
The young Skeeter (Emma Stone) returns to her hometown. She has finished her study at the University of Mississippi and now she wants to be a novelist. She begins to interview African-American women who are housemaids working for white people. She writes a book about the lives of the housemaids. First of all, the housemaids are against an interview. However, after an incident, many housemaids tell about their lives. Each shift begins with a whisper, but the voices get louder and many people have many things to tell.

Awards

The Help won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Octavia Spencer in the category best actress in a supporting role. Viola Davis was nominated for an Oscar in the category best actress in a leading role.

2011 movies
American drama movies
United Arab Emirates movies
Movies about racism
Movies based on books
Movies set in Mississippi
Academy Award winning movies
English-language movies
2010s feminist movies
Movies directed by Tate Taylor

The Help (movie)


The revolution o 1910 wis a republican coup d'état that occurred in Portugal on 5 October 1910, whilk deposed Keeng Manuel II an establisht the Portuguese First Republic.

Prior tae the coup, Prime Meenister João Franco stepped doun an gaed intae exile. New elections war hudden, but factionalism preventit the formation o a stable govrenment. On 1 October 1910, a veesit bi preses Hermes da Fonseca o Brazil providit a pretext for extensive republican demonstrations. On 3 October the Airmy refused tae pit doun a mutiny on Portuguese warships anchored in the estuary o the Tagus River, an insteid teuk up poseetions aroond Lisbon. On 4 October, twa o the warships began tae shell the ryal palace, causin Manuel II an the ryal faimily tae flee tae Breetain. On 5 October, a provisional republican govrenment wis organised wi the writer Teófilo Braga as Preses.

The revolution an the republic that it spawned war anticlerical an haed a "hostile" approach tae the issue o kirk an state separation, lik that o the French Revolution, the Spainyie Constitution o 1931 an the Mexican Constitution o 1917. As pairt o the anticlerical revolution, the bishops war driven frae thair dioceses, the property o clerics wis seized bi the state, weirin o the cassock wis banned, aw minor seminaries war closed an aw but five major seminaries. A law o 22 Februar 1918 permittit ae twa seminaries in the kintra, but thay haed no been gien thair property back.  Releegious orders war expelled frae the kintra, includin 31 orders comprisin members in 164 hooses (in 1917 some orders war permittit tae form again).  Releegious eddication wis prohibitit in baith primary an seicontar schuil.

The involvement o mutinous warships in the revolution prefigured a seemilar involvement in baith the October Revolution in 1917 Roushie an the faw o the German Monarchy in 1918.

See an aa
History of Portugal (1834–1910)
Lisbon Regicide
Portuguese First Republic
Timeline o Portuguese history (Fowert Dynasty)
Timeline o Portuguese history (First Republic)
Line o succession tae the Portuguese throne 1910

References

Freemit airtins
OnWar.com, Armed Conflict Events Data Naval Mutiny in Portugal 1910

20t century in Portugal
1910 in Portugal
Anti-Catholicism in Portugal
Anticlericalism
History o Portugal
20t-century revolutions
Militar coups in Portugal

5 October 1910 revolution


The Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) was one of the largest deer that ever lived. Its range extended across Eurasia, from Ireland to east of Lake Baikal and China.

The last known remains of the species have been carbon dated to about 7,700 years ago. Most skeletons have been found in Irish bogs. It was not closely related to either of the living species currently called elk  Alces alces (the European elk, or moose) or Cervus canadensis (the North American elk or wapiti). For this reason, the name "Giant Deer" is sometimes used.

Description
Megaloceros giganteus first appeared about 400,000 years ago. It stood about  tall at the shoulders, and had the largest antlers of any known deer (a maximum of  from tip to tip and weighing up to ).

In body size, the Irish Elk matched the living moose subspecies (Alces alces gigas) as the largest known deer. The Irish Elk got to a mass of  about , with large specimens having weighed  or more, roughly similar to the Alaskan Moose. A significant collection of M. giganteus skeletons can be found at the Natural History Museum in Dublin.

Evolution of antler size
The size of Irish Elk antlers is distinctive, and several theories have arisen as to their evolution. One theory was that their antlers, under constant and strong sexual selection, increased in size because males were using them in combat for access to females. It was also suggested that they eventually became so unwieldy that the Irish Elk could not carry on the normal business of life and so became extinct. This is simply nonsense, because no species survives that long if it is not effective in its habitat. Also, many other Pleistocene megafauna went extinct within a few thousand years of the end of the ice age. The Irish Elk is no different in that respect.

Larger deer species have antlers that are more than proportionately larger. This is due to allometry, or differential growth rate of body size and antler size during development. This suggests that the antlers of the species' ancestors were already large to begin with. Gould concluded that the large antler size and their position on the skull was very much maintained by sexual selection. Although they were ill-suited for combat between males, they were ideal to intimidate rivals or impress females. Unlike other deer, M. giganteus did not even have to turn its head to present the antlers to best effect, but could do this by simply looking straight ahead.

Extinction
Theories about the extinction of ice age megafauna are of two kinds. One is that climate change was primary; the other claims that hunting by man was primary. Probably both causes contributed.

High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are needed to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The males (and male deer in general) met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers (as has been observed in extant deer). Thus, in the antler growth phase, Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis.

When the climate changed at the end of the last glacial period, the vegetation in the animal's habitat also changed. However, the most recent specimen of M. giganteus in northern Siberia, dated to 8,000 years ago – well after the end of the last glacial period – shows no sign of nutrient stress. They come from a region with a continental climate where the proposed vegetation changes had not (yet) occurred.

The disappearance of the local populations of Irish Elk is not surprising, because as climate warmed they would be separated from each other by water. The situation is less clear for the Irish Elk in continental Eurasia east of the Urals. A combination of human presence along rivers and slow decrease in habitat quality in upland areas presented the last Irish Elk with the choice of either good habitat but considerable hunting pressure, or general absence of humans in a suboptimal habitat.

References

Other websites

Deer
Fossils
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Megafauna

Irish elk


Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal after Lisbon and one of the major urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula.

The urban area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, has a population of 2.4 million (2011) in an area of 389 km2(150 sq mi), making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal. It is recognized as a gamma level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group, the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city.

Location
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.

Attractions
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.

Gallery

References

Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean

Ports and harbours of Europe

Porto