Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (17 August 1473), was the sixth child and second son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville, born in Shrewsbury. Richard and his older brother, who briefly reigned as King Edward V of England, mysteriously disappeared shortly after their uncle Richard III became king in 1483.

Dukedoms

Prince Richard was created Duke of York in May 1474 and made a Knight of the Garter the following year. From this time on, it became a tradition for the second son of the English sovereign to be Duke of York. He was created Earl of Nottingham on 12 June 1476. On 15 January 1478, in St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, when he was 4 years old, he married the 5-year-old Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk, who had inherited the vast Mowbray estates in 1476.

As York's father-in-law's dukedom had become extinct when Anne could not inherit it, he was created Duke of Norfolk and Earl Warenne on 7 February 1477. When Anne de Mowbray died in November 1481 her estates should have passed to William, Viscount Berkeley and to John, Lord Howard.

In January 1483, Parliament passed an act that gave the Mowbray estates to Richard, Duke of York and Norfolk, for his lifetime, and at his death to his heirs, if he had any. The rights of the two co-heirs at law were extinguished; Viscount Berkeley had financial difficulties and King Edward IV paid off and forgave those debts. Berkeley then renounced his claims to the Mowbray estate before parliament in 1483. Nothing was done for Lord Howard.

Heir presumptive

His father died on 9 April 1483. Thus his brother Edward, Prince of Wales, became King of England and was acclaimed as such, and Richard his Heir Presumptive. This was not to last. A priest, now generally believed to have been Robert Stillington, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, testified that Edward IV had agreed to marry Lady Eleanor Talbot in 1461. Lady Eleanor was still alive when Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464. The Regency Council under the late King's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, concluded that this was a case of bigamy, invalidating the second marriage and the legitimacy of all children of Edward IV by this marriage. Under Gloucester's influence, both Edward and Richard were declared illegitimate and removed from the line of succession on 25 June 1483. The Duke of Gloucester, as the only surviving brother of Edward IV, became King Richard III.

Possible fate

The Duke of York was sent to the Tower of London, then a royal residence, by King Richard III in mid-1483, where he was held with his brother. They were sometimes seen in the garden of the Tower, but there are no known sightings of them after the summer of 1483. What happened to the two of them—the Princes in the Tower—after their disappearance remains unknown. Tudor History was quick to blame his uncle, Richard.

Thomas More wrote that the princes were smothered to death with their pillows, and his account forms the basis of William Shakespeare's play Richard III, in which Tyrrell suborns Forrest and Dighton to murder the princes on Richard's orders. Subsequent re-evaluations of Richard III have questioned his guilt, beginning with William Cornwallis early in the 17th century.

In the period before the boys' disappearance, Edward was regularly being visited by a doctor; historian David Baldwin extrapolates that contemporaries may have believed Edward had died either of an illness or as the result of attempts to cure him.

In the absence of hard evidence a number of other theories have been put forward, of which the most widely discussed are that they were murdered on the orders of the Duke of Buckingham or by Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond (later King Henry VII). Bones reportedly belonging to two children were discovered in 1674 by workmen rebuilding a stairway in the Tower. On the orders of King Charles II, these were subsequently placed in Westminster Abbey, in an urn bearing the names of Edward and Richard.

The bones were re-examined in 1933 at which time it was discovered the skeletons were incomplete and had been interred with animal bones. It has never been proven that the bones belonged to the princes.

In 1789, workmen carrying out repairs in St George's Chapel, Windsor, rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. Adjoining this was another vault, which was found to contain the coffins of two children. This tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IV's children: George, Duke of Bedford, who had died at the age of two; and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14. Both had predeceased the King. However, the remains of these two children were later found elsewhere in the chapel, leaving the occupants of the children's coffins within the tomb unknown.

In 1486, Richard of Shrewsbury's eldest sister Elizabeth married Henry VII, thereby uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster.

Perkin Warbeck

In 1491, in Cork, Perkin Warbeck, a young man of Flemish origin was proclaimed by a variety of Yorkist supporters led by the Irish city's former Mayor John Atwater to be Richard. He claimed to have escaped from the Tower and spent the intervening years on the run. Over the next six years, Warbeck travelled across Europe, receiving recognition from a number of monarchs including Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and James IV of Scotland as "Richard IV" of England. This support included Margaret of York, the aunt of the real Richard. Following his capture after a failed invasion of England in 1497, Warbeck was held in the Tower of London. He confessed to being an impostor, and was later executed following an attempt to escape.

Arms

As son of the king, Richard was granted use of the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent, on the first point a canton gules.

See also

List of people who disappeared

Ancestry

References

 page 218

 page 248

1473 births
1480s missing person cases
15th-century English nobility
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Children of Edward IV of England
Disappeared princes
201
Dukes of York
Earls Marshal
1st Earl of Norfolk
301
Edward V of England
Heirs to the English throne
Richard of Shrewsbury
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Missing person cases in England
Knights of the Bath
Knights of the Garter
People from Shrewsbury
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Royalty who died as children
Sons of kings

Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York


Alder is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the Alnus genus. They are a part of the birch family (Betulaceae). Most of them are smaller in size. Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.

Alder trees are found in all parts of the northern hemisphere and they are often found on poor and/or wet soil. Alders have alternate simple leaves with a toothed edge. The male flowers are in the form of hanging catkins and the female flowers are much smaller catkin-like structures (see image). The pollen is transferred from the male to the female flower by the wind. The female flower parts develop into little, green, rounded cone-like fruits which turn brown in autumn and open to release the seeds.

The best known species are the Black Alder, which can be seen throughout Europe. The largest is probably the Red Alder, native to North America. It reaches about 32–35 metres in height. The widespread Green Alder is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high. The commonest alder in the UK is the Black Alder, also called the Common Alder or European Alder.

Alder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring. It is also used to make charcoal.

Trees
Betulaceae

Alder


A Network interface card (also known as a NIC, network card, or network interface controller) is an electronic device that connects a computer to a computer network , usually a LAN. It is considered a piece of computer hardware. Most modern computers support an internal network interface controller embedded in the motherboard directly rather than provided as an external component.

Network cards let a computer exchange data with a network. To achieve the connection, network cards use a suitable protocol, for example CSMA/CD. Network cards usually implement the first two layers of the OSI model, that is the physical layer, and the data link layer. There are older network protocols such as ARCNET, introduced in 1977, LocalTalk or Token Ring, but today, most network cards use Ethernet.Ethernet cards are available in several different standard packages called form factors that have evolved over the last several generations of PC hardware:

 In the 1990s and early 2000s, large Industry Standard Architecture cards were the first standard for PCs. Computer owners had to open the computer's case to install the card.
 Newer Ethernet cards installed inside desktop computers use the Peripheral Component Interconnect standard and are usually installed by the manufacturer. These cards are still common in desktop PCs, for computers whose motherboards do not contain an onboard Ethernet port.
 Smaller Personal Computer Memory Card International Association Ethernet cards that resemble credit cards are readily available for laptop and other mobile computers. These insert conveniently into slots on the side or front of the device. The PC Card is a common PCMCIA device, although only certain PC Card and PCMCIA products support Ethernet. By the early 2010s, however, fewer laptops supported the PCMCIA standard.
 Though they look more like small boxes than cards, external USB Ethernet adapters also fill a market niche. These devices are a convenient alternative to PCI cards for desktop computers and they're also commonly used with video game consoles and other consumer devices lacking PCMCIA slots and devices.

Networking speed
Ethernet cards operate at different network speeds depending on the protocol standard they support.

Old Ethernet cards were capable only of the 10 Mbps maximum speed originally offered by the Ethernet standard. Modern Ethernet adapters support the 100 Mbps fast Ethernet standard and an increasing number now also offer gigabit Ethernet support at 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).

An Ethernet card does not directly support Wi-Fi wireless networking, but home network broadband routers contain the necessary technology to allow Ethernet devices to connect using cables and communicate with Wi-Fi devices by means of the router.

The future of ethernet cards
Computer networking
Computer hardware
Ethernet cards ruled when cables remained the primary form of network access. Although Ethernet offers more reliable connections than wireless networking and therefore remains popular as a built-in option for desktop PCs and other relatively immobile computers, mobile devices including laptops and tablets have shifted away from Ethernet and toward Wi-Fi. The expansion of Wi-Fi services in workplaces, coffee shops, libraries and other public places has reduced the need for Ethernet cards.

Network card


The Constitution of 1956 was the fundamental law of Pakistan from March 1956 until the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état. It was the first constitution adopted by independent Pakistan.  There were 234 articles 13 parts and 6 schedules.

Origins

Pakistan became independent of the United Kingdom in 1947, but remained a British Dominion, like Canada and Australia, until 1956. Under Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the Government of India Act 1935 - with certain adaptations - served as the working constitution of Pakistan; still, the need of a full independence and a constitution to be framed by the elected representatives of the people was all the more necessary for the free citizens of a sovereign state. Therefore, the first Constituent Assembly was formed under the Independence Act and was entrusted with two separate functions:

 To frame a Constitution for the country, and
 To set as a Federal Legislative Assembly or Parliament until that Constitution came into effect.

The powers and functions of the central legislature under the Government of India Act were conferred on the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly could, however, amend the Indian Independence Act (1947) or the Government of India Act (1935) and no Act of the British Parliament could be extended to Pakistan without legislation by the Constituent Assembly. The first Constituent Assembly originally consisted of 69 members; subsequently the number of members was increased to 79.

The first major step in the framing of a constitution for Pakistan was taken by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March 1949, when it passed a resolution on the 'Aims and Objectives of the Constitution', popularly known as the Objectives Resolution. It laid the foundation of the constitution and indicated the broad outline of its structure. The resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. While moving the Resolution, he said:

The resolution was debated for five days. The leading members of the government and a large number of non-Muslim members, especially from East Bengal, took a prominent part. Non-Muslim members expressed grave apprehensions about their position and role in the new policy. Hindu members of the Constitutional Assembly argued that the Objectives Resolution differed with Muhammad Ali Jinnah's (Quaid-e-Azam) view in all the basic points. Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya said:

Birat Chandra Mandal declared that Jinnah had "unequivocally said that Pakistan will be a secular state." Bhupendra Kumar Datta went a step further: "...were this resolution to come before this house within the life-time of the Great Creator of Pakistan, the Quaid-i-Azam, it would not have come in its present shape...."

However, Muslim scholars and a large portion of the people of Pakistan were of the view that this was exactly what the Quaid-a-Azam wanted and that it was a good step forward in the constitutional history of Pakistan. They also argued that objective resolution provided the minorities with equal rights and that they had no compulsion, whatsoever, in adopting or converting into Islam.

After nine years of efforts, Pakistan was successful in framing a constitution. The Constituent Assembly adopted it on 29 February 1956, and it was enforced on 23 March 1956, proclaiming Pakistan to be an Islamic republic.

Provisions

The Constitution of 1956 was lengthy and detailed; it contained 234 articles divided into thirteen parts and six schedules. The Constitution of 1956 provided for federal system with the principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The Federal Legislature was to perform like the British Parliament. The Centre was invested with such powers as to take unilateral action in emergency and it could influence the provincial autonomy.

The Constitution of 1956 provided for the parliamentary form of government, where real executive authority was vested in a cabinet, collectively responsible to the legislature. The cabinet was presided over by the Prime Minister. The Constitution declared that there would be only one house of parliament known as the National Assembly and equality between the two Wings (i.e. East Pakistan and West Pakistan) was maintained in it. The Queen of Pakistan was replaced by a President, who was to be elected by the Electoral College of Pakistan composed of members of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly.

Familiar democratic rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, of assembly and association, of movement and of profession were all provided in the Constitution, with the usual qualifications. With regards to civil rights, familiar rights such as rights of life, liberty and property were granted, again with the usual qualifications and safeguards. The executive was given power to enforce the fundamental rights and the courts were to decide if a law was repugnant to any provisions of the fundamental rights.

As per the Constitution, Urdu and Bengali were made national languages.

Salient features
Written Constitution - This is a written and lengthy document. It consists of 234 Articles divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules.
Flexible Constitution - The constitution could be modified or amended through a process requiring the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the parliament. However the president had the right to veto the draft, which then could be overridden by simple parliamentary majority.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan - The name of the country was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Objectives Resolution - The objective resolution was included as a preamble of the constitution.
Federal System - The constitution provides for a federal system in the country. Powers was divided between the center and the provinces. The subjects were divided into three lists; The Federal List, The Provincial List, and the Concurrent List.
Unicameral Legislature - The legislature would consist of a single house. Both the wings of the country were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were drawn from each wing.
Parliamentary System - Parliamentary system was adopted, according to it the President was the head of state and the Prime Minister the head of government.
The President - Required to be a Muslim of at least forty years of age. The tenure of his office was five years. In case of internal or external danger he could declare a state of emergency in the country.  He was authorized to appoint the Governors, the Judges of the Supreme Court, Auditor General and the Advocate General.
The Prime Minister - He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was thus indirectly elected by the people. He could choose his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly.
Provincial Autonomy - Curtailed in the constitution to a great extent.
Islamic Law - No law would be passed against the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
Free Judiciary - An independent judiciary in the country. A Supreme Court interpreted the constitution, advised the state whenever required, and decided the issues whenever required.
Fundamental Rights - Included freedom of movement, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to choose profession and freedom to profess religion. Right to life, liberty, and property.
Language - Urdu & Bengali

Issues
Despite the province of East Pakistan accounting for a clear majority of the total population of Pakistan, the representation in the National Assembly was set at half of the total membership. This meant that East Pakistan was underrepresented in the Assembly under this Constitution.

Demise
On 7 October 1958, President Iskander Mirza staged a coup d'état. He abrogated the constitution, imposed martial law and appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, three weeks later General Ayub—who had been openly questioning the authority of the government prior to the imposition of martial law—deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency, which practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan. Four years later a new document, Constitution of 1962 was adopted. This was eventually succeeded by the Constitution of 1973.

See also
History of Pakistan
Politics of Pakistan
Constitution of Pakistan of 1962
Constitution of Pakistan

References

External links
Full text

1956 in law

Republicanism in Pakistan
Pakistani philosophical literature
1956 documents

Constitution of Pakistan of 1956


The BCS National Championship is a game of American football, played each year by the best two college football teams in the United States. It is the final game of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). The game happens in the beginning of January each year and the stadium changes each time. The winning team receives a trophy that looks like a glass football.

College football

BCS National Championship Game


Neoptolemos (or Latin Neoptolemus) is a person in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War.

Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and Deidamea. He was needed to win the Trojan War. He killed King Priam and Astyanax, sacrificed Polyxena to his dead father Achilles, and took Helenus and Andromache with him as slaves.

He was later killed by Orestes because he was going to marry Hermione, who Orestes wanted for himself.

People in Greek mythology

Neoptolemus


Camille Pissarro (10 July 1830 – 12 November 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. He was born on Saint Tomas in the Virgin Islands. Pissarro died in Paris.

He was the only artist to exhibit in both Impressionism and Post-impressionism forms. Pissarro learnt from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54.

In 1873 he helped establish a society of fifteen aspiring artists, holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Art historian John Rewald called Pissarro the "dean of the Impressionist painters", not only because he was the oldest of the group, but also "by virtue of his wisdom and his balanced, kind, and warmhearted personality". Cézanne said "he was a father for me. A man to consult and a little like the good Lord". He was also one of Gauguin's mentors. Renoir referred to his work as "revolutionary", through his artistic portrayals of the common man. Pissarro insisted on painting individuals in natural settings without "artifice or grandeur".

Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886. He acted as a father figure to the Impressionists and, in varying degress, to all four of the major Post-impressionists including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

The London years
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 compelled Pissarro to flee his home in September 1870; he returned in June 1871 to find that the house, and along with it many of his early paintings, had been destroyed by Prussian soldiers. By December 1870 he and his family had taken refuge in London and settled in Crystal Palace, southwest London.

Through the paintings Pissarro completed at this time, he records Sydenham and Norwood at a time when they were just recently connected by railways. One of the largest of these paintings is a view of St. Bartholomew's Church at Lawrie Park Avenue, commonly known as The Avenue, Sydenham, in the collection of the  National Gallery, London.

Whilst in Upper Norwood Pissarro was introduced to the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, who bought two of his 'London' paintings.  Durand-Ruel subsequently became the most important art dealer of the new school of French Impressionism.

Returning to France, in 1890 Pissarro again visited England and painted some ten scenes of central London. He came back again in 1892, painting in Kew Gardens and Kew Green, and also in 1897, when he produced several oils of Bedford Park, Chiswick.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of French painters
List of Danish painters

References

French painters
1830 births
1903 deaths

Camille Pissarro


Ecological health is a term that has been used in relation to both human health and the condition of the environment.
 In medicine, ecological health has been used to refer to multiple chemical sensitivity, which results from exposure to synthetic chemicals (pesticides, smoke, etc.) in the environment, hence the term ecological.
 The term has also been used in medicine with respect to management of environmental factors (taxes, health insurance surcharges) that may reduce the risk of unhealthy behavior such as smoking.
 As an urban planning term, ecological health refers to the "greenness" of cities, meaning composting, recycling, and energy efficiency.
 With respect to broader environmental issues, ecological health has been defined as "the goal for the condition at a site that is cultivated for crops, managed for tree harvest, stocked for fish, urbanized, or otherwise intensively used."

Ecological health differs from ecosystem health, the condition of ecosystems, which have particular structural and functional properties, and it differs from ecological integrity, which refers to environments with minimal human impact, although the term ecological health has also been used loosely in reference to a range of environmental issues.  Human health, in its broadest sense, is recognized as having ecological foundations.

The term health is intended to evoke human environmental health concerns, which are often closely related (but as a part of medicine not ecology). As with ecocide, that term assumes that ecosystems can be said to be alive (see also Gaia philosophy on this issue).  While the term integrity or damage seems to take no position on this, it does assume that there is a definition of integrity that can be said to apply to ecosystems.  The more political term ecological wisdom refers not only to recognition of a level of health, integrity or potential damage, but also, to a decision to do nothing (more) to harm that ecosystem or its dependents. An ecosystem has a good health if it is capable of self-restoration after suffering external disturbances. This is termed resilience.

Measures of broad ecological health, like measures of the more specific principle of biodiversity, tend to be specific to an ecoregion or even to an ecosystem.  Measures that depend on biodiversity are valid indicators of ecological health as stability and productivity (good indicators of ecological health) are two ecological effects of biodiversity.  Dependencies between species vary so much as to be difficult to express abstractly.  However, there are a few universal symptoms of poor health or damage to system integrity:
 The buildup of waste material and the proliferation of simpler life forms (bacteria, insects) that thrive on it - but no consequent population growth in those species that normally prey on them;
 The loss of keystone species, often a top predator, causing smaller carnivores to proliferate, very often overstressing herbivore populations;
 A higher rate of species mortality due to disease rather than predation, climate, or food scarcity;
 The migration of whole species into or out of a region, contrary to established or historical patterns;
 The proliferation of a bioinvader or even a monoculture where previously a more biodiverse species range existed.

Some practices such as organic farming, sustainable forestry, natural landscaping, wild gardening or precision agriculture, sometimes combined into sustainable agriculture, are thought to improve or at least not to degrade ecological health, while still keeping land usable for human purposes.  This is difficult to investigate as part of ecology, but is increasingly part of discourse on agricultural economics and conservation.

Ecotage is another tactic thought to be effective by some in protecting the health of ecosystems, but this is hotly disputed.  In general, low confrontation and much attention to political virtues is thought to be important to maintaining ecological health, as it is far faster and simpler to destroy an ecosystem than protect it—thus wars on behalf of ecosystem integrity may simply lead to more rapid despoliation and loss due to competition.

Deforestation and the habitat destruction of deep-sea coral reef are two issues that prompt deep investigation of what makes for ecological health, and fuels a great many debates.  The role of clearcuts, plantations, and trawler nets is often portrayed as negative in the extreme, held akin to the role of weapons on human life.  (See Human impact on the environment.)

See also
 Ecosystem health
 EcoHealth
 Natural capital
 Normative science
 Overconsumption
 Overexploitation
 Resilience (ecology)
 Scorched earth

References

 Costanza R, Norton BG and Haskell BD  (1992) Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management, Island Press, .
 Center for Ecological Health Research University of California, Davis. It is one of four environmental research centers established in 1991 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R819658 & R825433)

Environmental health

Ecological health


The kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard happened June 10, 1991 near South Lake Tahoe, California, United States. Dugard (born May 3, 1980) was 11 years old at that time and was abducted from a street while walking home from a school bus stop. She remained missing for over eighteen years. She was held prisoner by a married couple. She was rescued in August 2009. The kidnappers pleaded guilty to kidnapping and other charges and were sentenced to many years in prison.

1991 in California
2009 in California
1990s crimes in California
June events
Kidnapped American people

Kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard


The terpsitone was an electronic musical instrument invented by Léon Theremin. It consisted of a platform fitted with antennas, through and around which a dancer would control the musical performance. By most accounts, the instrument was nearly impossible to play.

Theremin only built three of these instruments. Only the last one, made by Theremin in 1978 for Lydia Kavina, still exists today.

Related pages
Theremin

References
Mason, C. P. (1936). Theremin "Terpsitone" A New Electronic Novelty in Radio Craft, Dec. 1936, p. 365
Saggini, Valerio (2004). The Last Terpsitone on Earth

Electronic musical instruments

Terpsitone


Shilong (Cheenese: 石龙 (simplifee'd) 石龍 (tradeetional); Hanyu Pinyin: Shī Lōng) is a historical an ecological toun in Dongguan prefectur-level ceety, Guangdong province, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.

Shilong is locatit at the lawer reaches o the bonnie Dongjiang River at the convergence o the northren stem an soothren branch o the Dongjiang River formin ane river wi three wharfs. The toun covers a total laund aurie o 13.83 square kilometres, wi the registered permanent residents o up to 67,900, an the population frae ither places totalin 77,500.

Location
Shilong is locatit athin the north pairt o Dongguan prefectur-level ceety. It is situatit at the central point o the Pearl River Delta, in conjunction wi Zengcheng an Boluo Coonty, 69 km tae Guangzhou ceety an 78 km tae Shenzhen ceety. The toun lees on the beach o the Dongjiang River an the Guangshen railwey (Chinese: 广深铁路)passes bi.

Transport

Its convenience in railwey an watter transportation makes Shilong a regional industrial an commercial centre. Thare are 20 buses for ivery 10 thoosan fowk in the toun, an thare are 27 bus lines open tae traffec tae peripheral ceeties, an thare are 83 pairs o electrifee'd express intercity passenger buses atween Guangzhou an Shenzhen each day, so the residents share comparatively a lairge space for activities an the intercity effect haes been utilisit tae the greatest extent.

Economy
In 2004, Shilong's GDP amoontit tae 3.66 billion RMB   an the scale export income boostit tae $1.14 billion. Shilong is vera strang in the IT industrie. For instance, 2.4 million cameras, 3 million computers an 750 thoosan photocopiers an 1.8 million digital laser printers wur manufactured in Shilong bi 2004 an maist o thaim wur exportit.

Ecologie
In 2008, Shilong wis chosen bi the State as a "famous historical an cultural toun in Cheenae". Thare are 27 remainin auncient trees, includin 1 tree at the age o mair nor 300 years an 16 trees at the ages o mair nor 100 years. The govrenment o the toun establishes electronic airchives for auncient an famous trees bi biggin their name cairds so that it can manage those auncient trees scientifically an effectively; an thare are 28 places o historical an cultural interests, includin 5 places as the key cultural relic protective units at the municipal level.

Cultur
In order tae protect intangible cultural heritage, the govrenment o the toun haes set up the development fund for Cantonese Opera. Nou, thare are 5 fowk ballad sangsters associations, who hauld free performances in Yat-sen Park in turn ivery Seturday fore-nicht. Furthermore, different kynds o museums an exhibition centres hae been built as cultural an educational bases.

In 2005, it wis leetit as the Dragon Boat Champion Center in Cheenae bi the State General Admeenistration o Sports. Each year, thare are mair nor 90 cultural an airtistic fore-nicht pairties o aw kynds an mair nor 30 airt shows.

History
Durin the Song dynasty (800 years ago), its first inhabitants settled doun in Shilong toun. Due tae the convenient watterwey o Dongjian river, Shilong haed become a major hub for fuid supplee an firths in the soothren Cheenae syne the late Ming Dynasty tae the early Qing Dynasty. Efter the openin o the Kowloon-Canton railwey (KCR) at 1910, which passed throu Shilong, its status as a traffec an commercial centre haed been strenthened an its economic boomit. Shilong made its name in history as ane o the 'Fower Big Toun in Canton' (Cheenese: 广东四大历史名镇). Thanks tae its famous wichtliftin warld record breaker - Chen Jin-Kai (Cheenese: 陈镜开), Shilong haes wan its reputation as the 'Hame Toun o Wicht Liftin' (Cheenese: 举重之乡) an aw.

See an aw
 Shilong Railwey Station
 Shilong Offeecial Wabsteid

Dongguan

Shilong


Castile or Castilia can mean:

Kingdom of Castile, the historical kingdom from the 9th to the 13th century
Crown of Castile, the historical Kingdom formed in 1230 from the union of the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León
Castile-La Mancha, an autonomous community of Spain formed in 1982, composed of five provinces: Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo
Castile and León, an autonomous community of Spain formed on February 25, 1983, composed of 9 provinces, six Castilian and three Leonese: León, Zamora, Salamanca, Ávila, Burgos, Palencia, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid
Old Castile, the political name of the region formed by Santander, Burgos, Logroño, Soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid and Palencia. It had some territorial changes in its History, and had this name from 18th century to 1983. It no longer exists
New Castile, the political name of the region formed by  Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, Toledo and part of Albacete. It took this name in the 18th century and disappeared with democracy. It no longer exists

Other
Real Madrid Castilla, a Spanish football team. It is the reserve team of Real Madrid
Castile soap, a name used in English-speaking countries for soap made exclusively from vegetable oil
Castilia (butterfly), a butterfly genus
Castella, a kind of sponge cake popular in Japan. The name comes from the Portuguese phrase pão de Castella, meaning "bread from Castile"

Castile


Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) is a technology that allows to send multiple read and write requests to a hard drive simultaneously.  ATA TCQ is not identical in function to the more efficient Native Command Queuing (NCQ) used by SATA drives. SCSI TCQ does not suffer from the same limitations as ATA TCQ.

Before TCQ, an operating system was only able to send one request at a time.  In order to boost performance, it had to decide the order of the requests based on its own, possibly incorrect, idea of what the hard drive was doing. With TCQ, the drive can make its own decisions about how to order the requests (and in turn relieve the operating system from having to do so). The result is that TCQ can improve the overall performance of a hard drive if it is implemented correctly.

Overview
For efficiency the sectors should be serviced in order of proximity to the current head position, rather than in the order received. The queue is constantly receiving new requests and fulfilling and removing existing requests, and re-ordering the queue according to the current pending read/write requests and the changing position of the head. The exact reordering algorithm may depend upon the controller and the drive itself, but the host computer simply makes requests as needed, leaving the controller to handle the details.

This queuing mechanism is sometimes referred to as "elevator seeking", as the image of a modern elevator in a building servicing multiple calls and processing them to minimise travel illustrates the idea well.

If the buttons for floors 5, 2, and 4 are pressed in that order with the elevator starting on floor 1, an old elevator would go to the floors in the order requested. A modern elevator processes the requests to stop at floors in the logical order 2, 4, and 5, without unnecessary travel. Non-queueing disk drives service the requests in the order received, like an old elevator; queueing drives service requests in the most efficient order. This may improve performance slightly in a system used by a single user, but really comes into its own in a system with many users, making requests all over the disk surface.

References

Computer science

Tagged Command Queuing


"The Baumoff Explosive", also known as "Eloi, Eloi, Lama Sabachthani" is a horror story by William Hope Hodgson, first published in 1919.

Plot
The story is told using a framework or "story within a story", a method used by Hodgson in many of his stories.  It is learned in the framework story that a strange new explosive has been developed. Invented by a man named Baumoff, this substance has the effect of creating a temporary area of darkness, into which light does not readily pass.

The main body of the story describes the narrator's meeting with Baumoff, who is described as a scientist who is also profoundly Christian and obsessed with the crucifixion. Baumoff believes that events following Christ's death (the darkening of the sky, the rending of the temple curtain, and shaking of the ground, as described in the gospels) have a rational, scientific basis. This basis is the ability of the human psyche to affect the aether and impede the transmission of light. Baumoff displays a tiny quantity of a chemical compound which, when crushed and burned, creates a region of temporary darkness.

Baumoff then goes on to demonstrate what happens when the substance is "burned" (metabolized) within his own body. While the narrator watches in horror, Baumoff's heart rate and respiration increase dangerously, and he begins driving metal spikes into his hands and feet to simulate the pain of Christ's crucifixion. The narrator begs him to stop his demonstration, but Baumoff insists that the narrator only observe and take careful note. The flickering darkness returns, and the house begins to shake. Baumoff begins to imagine that he is reliving Christ's final hours, which by putting himself in the place of Christ, verges on blasphemy; as he describes what he is imagining, the narrator himself sees a vision of Christ carrying the cross. Baumoff screams some of Christ's last words on the cross, "Eloi, Eloi, Lama Sabachthani?" ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?")

As the pain of his self-inflicted torture reaches its maximum, a gasping Baumoff cries out Christ's words again. The cry is repeated a second time, but this time by a mocking, demonic voice. In the darkness, the building shakes, and the narrator is knocked unconscious. When he awakens, he finds Baumoff dead, his face distorted. The rational explanation is heart failure, but the narrator cannot help believing that Baumoff's blasphemy may have invited in a demonic force. We are left to ponder the implications of this strange weapon, wondering if other (willing, or unwitting) "soldiers of Christ" are being readied for torture and death.

External links

1919 short stories
Short stories by William Hope Hodgson

The Baumoff Explosive


Harry Thompson Hays (April 14, 1820 – August 21, 1876) was an American military officer serving in the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War and a general who served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

Known as the "Louisiana Tigers", his brigade played a major role at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where they ascended Cemetery Hill in the darkness and overran several artillery batteries before finally being driven off for lack of support.

Early life and career
Harry Thompson Hays was born in Wilson County, Tennessee. His relatives had lived in a home known as the Hermitage, which was sold to Andrew Jackson in 1804 by Robert Hays, husband of Rachel Jackson's sister Jane Donelson.

Following the deaths of Hays's parents in 1833, he was reared by an uncle in Wilkinson County, Mississippi. He attended St. Mary's College in Baltimore and studied law. Hays soon established a prominent law practice in New Orleans.

Hays saw his first military service during the Mexican–American War, serving in the 5th Louisiana Cavalry. Returning to Louisiana, Hays became active in politics as a Whig and served as a Presidential Elector supporting Winfield Scott in 1852. His brother was the Texas Ranger John Coffee Hays. Author Shelby Foote described him as a "Tennessee-born, Mississippi-raised, lawyer from New Orleans."

Civil War
In 1861, Hays entered the Confederate Army as colonel of the 7th Louisiana Infantry. Showing his attitude toward Northerners, Hays made the rogue's march of his regiment "Yankee Doodle," stating that "More rascals have marched to that tune in one day than to any other." After fighting at the First Battle of Bull Run and Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, he was shot in the shoulder and knocked unconscious by a shell burst at Port Republic.

Hays was promoted to brigadier general on July 25, 1862 and assigned command of the First Louisiana Brigade, replacing Richard Taylor who had been promoted to major general and sent to the Western Theater. This brigade was known as the "Louisiana Tigers," having taken the name from the original battalion commanded by Roberdeau Wheat. However, Hays had not fully recovered from his wounds, so he missed the Northern Virginia Campaign. He lost half of his unit at the Battle of Antietam. Despite reduced numbers, he continued to lead his brigade at Fredericksburg in December 1862 and Chancellorsville in May 1863.

At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, after he had garrisoned the town, he directed his troops in a twilight assault on Cemetery Hill. The brigade stubbornly fought their way up the steep slope, and for a brief period of time held several Union guns there. However, as General Hays looked rearward, he was dismayed to see that no additional troops had been sent to his support. Reluctantly, and with casualties mounting, he ordered the remnant of his brigade to retire in the gathering darkness just as Federal reinforcements arrived to secure the heights. His brigade brought back several battle flags captured during the attack.

Hays was briefly captured in November 1863, at Rappahannock Station, but escaped. In fierce fighting at the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5, 1864, he lost a third of his remaining men. Five days later, he was badly wounded by a shell fragment at Spotsylvania Court House. He never again served in the Army of Northern Virginia. Upon his recovery, he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi, then was assigned command in Louisiana.

On May 10, 1865, Hays was promoted to major general by his superior, General Edmund Kirby Smith, but with the demise of the Confederacy, this promotion never was formally approved by Confederate President Jefferson Davis or the Confederate Congress.

Postbellum career
After the war, Hays went back to New Orleans, where, after receiving a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, he served as Sheriff of Orleans Parish for a year. He played a prominent role in the July 1866 New Orleans Riot, at one time deputizing nearly two hundred of his former soldiers who were now members/beneficiaries of the "Hays Brigade Relief Society." Hays was removed from office in November by Federal government officials, at the insistence of influential former Union general Philip H. Sheridan. He returned to his law practice until his death at age 56 of Bright's disease. Hays was interred at Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 in New Orleans.

Hays was a Freemason, receiving his degrees in Louisiana Lodge #102 in New Orleans.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Jeffers, H. Paul. The Freemasons in America: Inside the Secret Society. New York: Citadel Press, 2006. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Files of the Gettysburg National Military Park, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

External links

1820 births
1876 deaths
Confederate States Army generals
People from Wilson County, Tennessee
Military personnel from New Orleans
People of Louisiana in the American Civil War
Louisiana Tigers
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Southern Historical Society

Harry T. Hays


The Digibox is a device marketed by Sky UK in the UK and Ireland to enable home users to receive digital satellite television broadcasts (satellite receiver) from the Astra satellites at 28.2° east. An Internet service was also available through the device, similar in some ways to the American MSN TV, before being discontinued in 2015. The first Digiboxes shipped to consumers in October 1998 when Sky Digital was launched, and the hardware reference design has been relatively unchanged since then. Compared to other satellite receivers, they are severely restricted. As of 2020, Sky Digiboxes have become largely outmoded, superseded by Sky's latest-generation Sky Q boxes and Sky Glass televisions; the previous generation Sky+HD boxes are still in use, however.

Base technical details
The Digibox's internal hardware specifications are not publicly disclosed, however some details are clearly visible on the system. All early boxes except the Pace Javelin feature dual SCART outputs, an RS-232 serial port, a dual-output RF modulator with passthrough, and RCA socketed audio outputs, as well as a 33.6 modem and an LNB cable socket. A VideoGuard card slot, as well as a second smart-card reader are fitted to the front (these are for the Sky viewing card and other interactive cards). All share an identical user interface and EPG, with the exception of Sky+ HD boxes which have used the new Sky+ HD Guide since early 2009. The DRX595 dropped the RF modulator outputs. A PC type interface was fitted internally to some early standard boxes but was never utilised by Sky. The latest HD boxes only have a single SCART socket but have a RCA/phono socket for composite video output. All Sky+ and HD boxes have an optical sound output.

The serial port outputs data used for the Sky Gnome and Sky Talker. The Sky Gamepad sends data to the box via the serial port.

Uniquely, the second RF port outputs a 9 V power signal which is used to power 'tvLINK' devices that can be attached to the RF cable next to a TV in a remote room. The tvLINK has an IR detector and sends commands from the remote control back to the Digibox on a 6 MHz carrier on the RF cable. This allows the Sky box to be viewed and controlled from another room by running a single RF cable.

All Digiboxes run on OpenTV (the latest HD boxes now use what is known internally as Project Darwin software) with Sky's EPG software and NDS VideoGuard conditional access. The Digibox receives software updates over the air, even when in standby mode should an update be available. The software features Sky-controlled channel numbering, the ability to view OpenTV or WapTV applications provided as "interactive" or "teletext" content on channels (with the full-Internet style service available at first via Open... and later Sky Active), parental controls, the ability to order PPV events and some basic control over lists of favorite channels and show reminders.

Early decoders seemingly support only 700 channels approximately in their channel listing, as Sky has announced it is halting SD channels' launch applications, with over 100 awaiting launch, over 600 existing channels, and an average closure rate of 1 per week.

Digibox remote control
The Digibox remote control comes in four physical designs - blue with new Sky logo, blue with old Sky logo (this version was being issued from around the first year of the Sky service, although that logo fell out of use before it launched), black with new Sky logo (Sony boxes only) and silver with new Sky logo. However, all have multiple variations at present with a new version of Sky remote control being produced every year, to support the addition of new televisions to its universal remote control capabilities.

Use outside Sky's system
The units are DVB-S compatible, and usually carry the DVB logo on the front. However, their use as a DVB-S receiver for anything other than Sky services is seriously limited by their reduced choice of symbol rates (22,000 and 27,500; additionally 28,250 and 29,000 on Sky+ HD), and their inability to store more than 50 (fewer still on some models) non-EPG channels without losing them. Following a software "upgrade" the Digibox will not display programmes from non 28.2 East Satellites. Additionally, once any form of parental controls are enabled, the "Other Channels" menu requires PIN entry on every use.

The box also refuses to let users view channels which are free-to-air but displaying flags claiming encryption, which locks out some channels even on the satellites Sky use themselves, such as Free to View channels and the "EPG Background Audio" channel.

Manufacturers and non-common features
Digiboxes have been made by Amstrad, Sony, Thomson, Panasonic, Grundig, and most commonly, Pace. Although the reference designs were identical, a number of digibox lines have specific faults or traits, such as failing modems on Grundig units, and unstable tuners on older model Pace boxes. Some units add features not found on other models, such as S-Video sockets on some Grundig units, and TOSLINK output on Sony's.

For a long period of time in 2004 and 2005, only one Digibox was in production, the Pace DS430N, but Amstrad and Thomson have resumed production with the DRX500 and DSi4212 boxes respectively. Digiboxes for new customers are assigned randomly, and cannot be chosen, creating an after market for specific boxes due to their individual features. Sky bought out Amstrad satellite production in 2007 and now only distribute boxes which initially appeared as Amstrad models but are now badged merely as Sky.

Standardized design
In late 2005, it was announced that all future Digiboxes would have a standardized cosmetic design, although retain the three current makers, and have a slightly redesigned remote control, which would be recoloured white with some blue keys.

Thomson and Amstrad began supplying these boxes in late 2005 (with the DSI4214 and DRX550, respectively), with Pace following in late 2006 (with the DS445NB). The standardized design is known as the "Flow" design.

Other Digiboxes

A second generation of Digibox exists, marketed as Sky+. These PVR units have three versions: the 40 GB PVR1, the 40 GB PVR2, and the PVR3 which is fitted with a 160 GB HDD with 80GB available for user recordings, and the remaining 80 GB reserved for use by Sky Anytime. All have dual LNB inputs and an optical digital audio output, as well as all other features of the Sky box. These units are manufactured by Amstrad, Pace and Thomson only, and use a different remote control. USB ports are fitted to the PVR3. When Sky+ was launched, there was an additional £10 monthly charge to access the Sky+ functionality if two or more premium packages were not subscribed to. Sky have now removed this charge, effective 1 July 2007. Without a Sky+ Subscription, the Sky+ box reverts to the functionality of a normal Digibox, albeit without Autoview modes.

The Sky+2TB box has 2 TB to record to and is manufactured solely by Thomson. This unit is also fitted with USB ports. (this unit has been discontinued)

A third generation of Digibox also exists, with the additional ability to receive DVB-S2 HDTV signals in the MPEG-4 format. The initial sole manufacturer of these Sky+ HD boxes was Thomson, and made their debut on 22 May 2006 with the launch of HDTV channels on Sky. Although around 17,000 digiboxes were initially produced, they could not meet demand and some had to wait for longer for their SkyHD Digibox. Past manufacturers are Thomson, Pace, Amstrad and Samsung.

These boxes have all the features of a Sky+ box, as well as a HDMI output, and the early Thomson DSI8215 model has component video output. Both SATA and Ethernet ports are also supplied, currently used for the Sky Anytime+ service. As well as requiring a Sky+ subscription or any subscription, HD versions of the subscription channels require the payment of an additional £10.25 (or €15) per month, although HD channels can be viewed on free-to-air services such as BBC One HD, BBC Two HD, BBC Four HD, CBBC HD, ITV HD, ITVBe HD, Channel 4 HD, NHK World HD and with a Freesat from Sky card, Channel 5 HD.

On 16 March 2011, Sky launched the Sky HD box, primarily targeted at multiroom subscribers. and also used for Freesat from Sky installations. The Sky HD box is not a personal video recorder, meaning it has no hard disk and cannot support the Sky+ functionality. These were later replaced with Sky+HD boxes, which had both sets of functionality.

Card pairing
All Sky boxes, whether Digiboxes, Sky+ or SkyHD incorporate card pairing. This involves the 'marrying' or 'pairing' of a viewing card to one particular STB, thus preventing one card (and indeed subscription) being used on multiple digiboxes. During installation the engineer will initiate a 'callback' from the STB to Sky via modem and telephone line, transmitting details of the viewing card number and the box in which it is installed. Once this step has been completed it is no longer possible to view premium channels such as Movies or Sports on any other box besides that which the card was paired with. The card can still be used to view non-premium channels such as Sky1 but will display an error message when attempting to watch a movie channel or sports channel with an unpaired box and card combination. A card can be 're-paired' in some instances such as STB replacement or multiroom relocation, however this must be initiated by Sky and cannot be completed by an end-user.

Power consumption
Standard Digiboxes use almost as much power in standby as when active; the "standby" setting merely mutes the sound and cuts off the picture, but internal signal processing continues at the same rate. Sky+ boxes are believed to reduce their power consumption more significantly in standby because they can spin down hard disks. Power consumption for the standard box varies from around 10 to 18 Watts. Most Sky+HD boxes consume up to 60W when active, falling to ~30W when the disc is powered down. To some degree, this has been addressed with the latest DRX890/895 HD boxes. These have a power consumption of 45W max but now have a "deep sleep" mode consuming around 1/2 W.

See also
 Digital television adapter
 Set-top box
 British Sky Broadcasting
 Sky (UK & Ireland)
 Astra 28.2°E

References

External links
Sky information Free information at satcure.co.uk
official SES website
SES fleet information and map
SES guide to channels broadcasting on Astra satellites
 http://www.heyrick.co.uk/ricksworld/digibox/index.html (last updated June 2009)

Products introduced in 1998
Audiovisual introductions in 1998
Television technology
Consumer electronics
Broadband
Satellite television
Amstrad
Sky Group

Digibox


Florence Mabel Harding (born Florence Mabel Kling; August 15, 1860 – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.

Early life
Her birthplace is Marion, Ohio. Her birth name was Florence Mabel Kling. Her father's name was Amos Kling. He was a rich and successful businessman. She was of German descent and French Huguenot ancestry. She did a course in music.

When she was 19 years old, she ran away from her home along with her childhood friend named Henry De Wolfe. No document is available to prove their legal marriage. But, the "common law" of Ohio covered such marriages. De Wolfe turned out to be a heavy drinker and he spent a lot of money. Florence bore a son to him. The son's name was Marshall Eugene De Wolfe, also known as Marshall Eugene Kling. Soon after the birth of her son, she divorced De Wolfe in 1886. She returned to Marion, and started living there. She also started using her maiden name, that is, the name before her marriage. De Wolfe died when he was 35 years old.

She started to give piano lessons and started earning. However, her father did not like her daughter working and earning in this way. It was difficult for her to watch her son, and to give piano lessons. So she agreed to a proposal of his father. He gave her son to her parents to raise him. But, she continued to give piano lessons.

Charity (Chat) Harding was one of her students. She was the eldest sister of Warren G. Harding. Harding was the young publisher of the town's only newspaper named Marion Daily Star. Now, this paper's name is the Marion Star. Florence became closer to Warren G. Harding. The two married in 1891. The couple did not get any children of their own. But, Florence's son Marshall Eugene De Wolfe sometimes lived with them.

Florence started to help her husband and his newspaper. Once she told: "I have only one real hobby - my husband." The newspaper's circulation grew. Harding was also rising in politics of Ohio. He became a senator of the United States. In 1920, he won the US presidential elections.

The First Lady
When the Harding couple moved into the White House, she opened the grounds to the public. Earlier, due to the illness of President Woodrow Wilson the grounds and the mansion had been closed. In 1920, she suffered kidney problems. But, still she continued as an active First lady.

In the summer of 1923, the Harding couple started on their nationwide "Voyage of Understanding". During this journey, the President died in San Francisco, California in August 1923.

The later years
After the death of her husband, she tried to make a new life for her. She wanted to live in Washington for some time. However, her kidney problems increased. She returned to Marion for treatment and recovery. The treatment continued for months but could not save her life. She died on 21st November 1924.

She lies buried alongside her husband in the Harding Memorial in Marion, Ohio. Many historians think this be the most beautiful of Presidential Tombs in the United States.

References
 Original text based on White House biography

Other websites
 Florence Harding - National First Ladies' Library

Warren G. Harding
First Ladies of the United States
1860 births
1924 deaths

Florence Harding


The West Edmonton Mall (WEM) is the second-largest shopping centre in North America. It is in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Alberta. The mall is also the fourth largest in the world. WEM first opened on September 15, 1981.

Attractions

In addition to the over 500 shops in the West Edmonton Mall, there are many other things which people go to the mall for.
 Galaxyland: The world's largest indoor Amusement park. The park has 24 rides. These rides include a triple loop rollercoaster.
 World Waterpark: world's largest indoor waterpark. The park includes the world's largest indoor wavepool. The wavepool can create waves up to 5–6 feet in height. It also has ten water slides. Its tallest water slide is 83 feet high.
 Deep Sea Adventure: An indoor salt water lake with performing sea lions. The lake also has a structure built to look like Christopher Columbus' Santa María.

The mall also has an Ice skating rink, miniature golf course, casino, skate park, hotel, petting zoo, three movie theaters and many other things to see.

Other websites

 Official site
 A map of the mall
 The list of shops in the mall
 Hours of Operation

Malls
Alberta

West Edmonton Mall


The Palawan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron napoleonis) is a medium-sized (up to 50 cm long) bird in the family Phasianidae.

It is featured prominently in the culture of the indigenous people of Palawan. The bird is also depicted in the official seal of the city of Puerto Princesa.

Description
The adult male is the most peacock-like member of the genus Polyplectron in appearance. It has an erectile crest and highly iridescent electric blue-violet, metallic green-turquoise dorsal plumage.  Its breast and ventral regions are dark black. The rectrices are wide, flat, and rigid. Their terminal edges are squared. Each tail plume and upper-tail covert is marked with highly iridescent, light reflective, ocelli. The tail is erected and expanded laterally together with the bodies of the birds. The males also raise one wing and lower the other, laterally compressing the body during pair-bonding, courtship displays as well and may also be antipredator adaptation.

The female is slightly smaller than the male. Its contour plumage is cloudy silt in colouration. The mantle and breast are a dark sepia in coloration. The rectrices are essentially similar to those of the male, exhibiting marked adumbrations and stunning ocelli. Throughout, their plumage is earthen and difficult to distinguish from the substrate and branches. While it has similar proportions of the tail to the male, its markings are not as visually arresting. Like the male, the female has a short crest and is whitish on the throat, cheeks and eyebrows.

Chicks are vivid ginger and cinnamon hued with prominent yellow markings. Juveniles of both sexes in the first year closely resemble their mothers. Subadult males in their second year more closely resemble their fathers but the mantle and wing coverts are marked with adumbrations analogous with the ocelli in the contour plumage of other peacock-pheasant species.

Like other peacock-pheasants, Palawan males and some females exhibit multiple spurs on the metatarsus. These are used in anti-predator defense, foraging in leaf litter and contests with other males. The male Palawan excavates slight depressions in which it orients its body during postural display behaviors. The bird vibrates loudly via stridulation of rectrice quills. This communicative signal is both audible and as a form of seismic communication.

Palawan peacock-pheasants are strong fliers. Their flight is swift, direct and sustained.

Distribution and habitat
Endemic to the Philippines, the Palawan peacock-pheasant is found in the humid forests of Palawan Island in the southern part of the Philippine archipelago.

Taxonomy
The Palawan peacock-pheasant, with its unique male plumage and distant range, represents a basal (Early? Pliocene, c.5-4 mya) offshoot of the genus Polyplectron (Kimball et al. 2001). The species is widely accepted to be monotypic, but while some males have white supercillia, giving a "double-barred" or masked appearance, others lack this trait, exhibiting dark faces, taller, denser crests and prominent white cheek spots. The birds with white supercillia are sometimes classified as a distinct subspecies, nehrkornae. The white-cheeked form may inhabit deep forest habitat with low ambient light in rolling terrain whilst the masked form appears to inhabit taller, more open forest on flatter terrain with higher ambient light. This masked form exhibits an abbreviated, more tightly compacted and highly iridescent crest.  Females of the two respective forms exhibit analogous differentiation. The female of the masked form is more prominently patterned and densely crested with paler contour plumage.

It was long known as Polyplectron emphanum, but the name Polyplectron napoleonis was given one year before and takes priority over the newer name (Dickinson 2001).

Behavior and ecology
Peacock-pheasants are highly invertivorous, taking isopods, earwigs, insect larvae, mollusks, centipedes and termites as well as small frogs, drupes, seeds and berries.

They are strictly monogamous, renesting yearly. The female usually lays up to two eggs. Both parents rearing chicks for up to two years. Males act as sentinels of nest sites and are highly pugnacious during the reproductive cycle.

Status and conservation
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range as well as hunting and capture for trade, the Palawan peacock-pheasant is classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES.

Gallery

References

Footnotes

Works cited
Dickinson, E. C. (2001): The correct scientific name of the Palawan Peacock-Pheasant is Polyplectron napoleonis (Lesson, 1831). Bull. B. O. C. 121(4): 266–272.
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: Polyplectron spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviour. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 73(2): 187–198. HTML abstract
Lesson, René-Primevère (1831): Traite d'Ornithologie 7:487; 8: 650.
Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (1832): Nouveau Recueil de Planches coloriées d'Oiseaux 88 plate 540.

External links

 ARKive - images and movies of the Palawan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron napoleonis)
 BirdLife Species Factsheet
 Red Data Book

Palawan peacock-pheasant
Birds of Palawan
Birds described in 1831
Taxa named by René Lesson

Palawan peacock-pheasant


Emptiness is a sense of general boredom, feeling socially separated from other people, and feeling that you do not care any more. Feelings of emptiness often accompany depression, loneliness, or despair. A sense of emptiness is also part of a natural process of grief, caused by separation from or the death of somebody you love.

While Christianity and Western sociologists and psychologists consider a state of emptiness as a negative, bad condition, in some Eastern philosophies such as Buddhist philosophy and Taoism, emptiness is seen as a real achievement.

Emotions

Emptiness


Alexandre Théodore Dézamy (4 March 1808 – 24 July 1850) was a French socialist, a representative of the Neo-Babouvist tendency in early French communism, along with Albert Laponneraye, Richard Lahautière, Jacques Pillot and others. He was also an early associate of Louis-Auguste Blanqui. He and his colleagues formed a link between the extreme left wing of the French Revolution (Babeuf) and Marxism.

Life

Alexandre Théodore Dézamy was born in Luçon (Vendée). He worked as a schoolteacher in Luçon before moving to Paris in the 1830s, where he became superintendent of a rooming house. Dézamy had already been developing ideas for a reorganisation of society on republican, communalistic and collectivist principles. He admired Gracchus Babeuf and Philippe Buonarroti and was influenced by the writing of the utopian communist Étienne Cabet. In Paris he joined Cabet's association and for a time worked as his secretary. He also contributed to Cabet's journal Le Populaire. Dézamy also made contact with several revolutionary secret societies. In particular, he joined the 'Society of the Season' of Auguste Blanqui and Armand Barbès, which carried out an unsuccessful insurrection in 1839. Blanqui and Barbès went to prison, where they became enemies. Dézamy was arrested but in 1840, he was free and collaborated with Jacques Pillot and others in organising the first communist banquet at Belleville. (Banquets were a common way of circumventing prohibitions against political demonstrations, with oppositional speeches disguised as toasts; in the 1840s, republican opponents of the Orléanist monarchy organised a nationwide campaign of banquets, but most were liberal in orientation.)

Dézamy subsequently broke with Cabet, whom he considered too opportunistic and reformist; instead of appealing to the bourgeoisie for sympathy with the proletariat, as Cabet was doing, Dézamy thought the workers should organise themselves and achieve their own liberation. Instead of hoping for reforms from a benevolent monarch, workers should support a revolution and the establishment of a unitary, centralised, egalitarian republic. Dézamy also deplored Cabet's religiosity, seeing the Church as an enemy of the people. He envisaged a republic of federated communes, each comprising about 10,000 people and combining industrial, agricultural and cultural work. Private property was to be abolished; work was to be assigned on the basis of ability; goods were to be distributed on the basis of need. Dézamy combined this social system with militant anti-clericalism, atheism and a materialist metaphysics derived from d'Holbach. Dézamy called his system 'unitary communism' and propagated it in his own journal, L'Égalitaire. In 1842 he published his best-known book, Code de la Communauté. In The Holy Family (1844), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote that 'the more scientific French Communists, Dézamy, Gay and others, developed the teaching of materialism as the teaching of real humanism and the logical basis of communism.'

In 1846, Dézamy founded his own association, the 'Egalitarian Communists'. They devoted themselves to revolutionary propaganda and education among workers, in preparation for a revolution and the establishment of a communitarian society. They also tried to combat the influence of religious and reformist communists like Cabet and Lamennais. When the Revolution of 1848 occurred, Dézamy joined the newly liberated Blanqui in founding the 'Central Republican Society', one of the most radical republican socialist clubs of the period. Dézamy also launched a new journal, Les Droits de l'Homme, with the slogan: 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Association, Alliance of Peoples'. He also stood for elections to the National Assembly.

Louis Bonaparte became President in 1849 and the Second Republic took an increasingly conservative turn, with the Second Empire looming on the horizon. Dézamy returned to Luçon, where he died, aged 42. Besides Babeuf and Cabet, his ideas were also influenced by the eighteenth-century utopians Morelly and Mably and by Charles Fourier.

Works

Dézamy's works are not generally available in English. His French works include:

 Question proposée par l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques : les nations avancent plus en connaissances, en lumières qu'en morale pratique... Paris, L.-E. Herhan et Bimont, 1839.

 Conséquences de l'embastillement et de la paix à tout prix, dépopulation de la capitale, trahison du pouvoir. Paris, 1840.

 M. Lamennais réfuté par lui-même, ou Examen critique du livre intitulé "Du passé et de l'avenir du peuple". Paris, 1841.

 Code de la communauté. Paris, Prévost, Rouannet, 1842.

 Calomnies et politique de M. Cabet. Réfutation par des faits et par sa biographie. Paris, Prévost, 1842.

 Dialogue sur la réforme électorale entre un communiste, un réformiste, un doctrinaire, un légitimiste. Paris, Prévot, 1842.

 Le Jésuitisme vaincu et anéanti par le socialisme, ou les Constitutions des Jésuites et leurs instructions secrètes en parallèle avec un projet d'organisation du travail. Paris, 1845.

 Examen critique des huit discours sur le catholicisme et la philosophie, prononcés à Notre-Dame, en décembre 1844 et en janvier 1845, par M. l'abbé Lacordaire ; précédé d'une notice historique sur l'ordre des Dominicains et de la biographie de M. l'abbé Lacordaire, Paris, les libraires, 1845, 35 pages Organisation de la liberté et du bien-être universel... Paris, Guarin, 1846.

Sources

 Billington, J.H., Fire in the minds of men: origins of the revolutionary faith. New Jersey, 2009.

 The great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow, 1979.

 Bravo, G.M., Les Socialistes avant Marx. Paris, Éditions Maspero, Petite collection Maspero, 1979.

 Tumminelli, R., Dézamy e l'utopia sociale. Milan, A. Giuffrè, 1984.

 Maillard, A., La communauté des Égaux. Le communisme néo-babouviste dans la France des années 1840. Paris, Kimé, 1999.

 Angenot, C., Les Grands récits militants du XIXe et XXe siècles. Religions de l'humanité et sciences de l'histoire. Paris, L'Harmattan, 2000.

 Garaudy, R., Les Sources françaises du Socialisme scientifique. Paris, 1948.

Notes

1808 births
1850 deaths
19th-century French journalists
19th-century male writers
French socialists
French communists
French male journalists
Neo-Babouvism
People from Luçon

Théodore Dézamy


Vermouth is a sweet wine, that has been converted to a spirit. It usually has between 15 and 18 percent of alcohol. Also, certain herbs are added to flavour the wine. Its name is derived from a plant called Artemisia absinthium, which makes it taste slightly bitter. It is often used for cocktails. In its current form, Vermouth was first made in Turin, in 1757. In the 19th century, it was also produced in France. Vermouth is also popular in parts of Spain. Vermouth is sometimes used as a substitute for white wine in cooking.

Vermouth is not the same as the spirit called Absinthe. Absinthe is also based on Artemisia absinthium, but it has 45-50 percent alcohol per volume.

Alcoholic spirits

Vermouth


Gund Snuffles is a plush bear developed and produced by the GUND toy company and was the recipient of 1996 Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award.

History of Snuffles
Snuffles was designed in 1980 by Rita Raiffe who, at the time, led the company with her husband Herbert. She was inspired by the shape of the beautiful crescent moon in the sky, and designed a happy bear looking up at the Moon. Snuffles debuted in 1981 and is now the oldest bear in Gund's product line. The initial sizes offered were 12-inch tall models available in brown or white.

Since then, Snuffles has been produced in a number of sizes and colors, mostly between four inches and three feet tall. Available colors have included dark and light brown, white, tan, blue, pink, as well as rare green and yellow versions. In addition to the traditional teddy bear, Gund has made Snuffles into rattles, puppets and slippers. Some seasonal versions have been released. Most of the colored bears have a white snout, ears, and a white patch on their belly. There has been a variety of fur types made over the years including fur, velour, and terry cloth.

Most Snuffles styles have a limited production run and are difficult to locate once they have been discontinued. A number of limited edition bears have been made including ones with mohair fur (tan version and cream version - cream version is numbered). A two-foot 25th anniversary blush colored edition was released in 2006, sold exclusively at FAO Schwarz stores. FAO Schwarz has been the exclusive retailer of a number of other Snuffles varieties including silver millennium editions and  versions (tan and white versions). The standard size blush colored 12" Snuffles shown in the photo above was produced for Gund's 25th anniversary but was sold through many national retailers. Other editions have been made for Macy's, Pottery Barn, and Barnes & Noble.

Sizes

Gund Snuffles come in many different sizes.  These sizes range from 4" tall to 3 ft tall. There are over 120 styles of Gund Snuffles made, but most are only produced for a season or a year.

Colors
Gund Snuffles are available in a variety of different colors and materials.  The colors include: Bloo (light blue), Marshmallow (white), Snowflake (white), Pink Bubblegum (pink), Chocolate Truffle (dark brown), light brown, tan, mint green (extremely rare), yellow and blue. Several Mohair versions (light brown with mohair fur - limited to only 1000 made; a cream mohair version limited to 400 made and a brown mohair bear limited to 200 made).  Recently, a 25th anniversary blush colored edition was released in 2006 (available in 10"/25.5 cm size and a 2 ft tall version sold exclusively at FAO Schwarz, which is now sold out).  Other limited edition versions were made exclusively for Macy's, Pottery Barn and Barnes & Noble.

The majority of colored Snuffles bears feature a small white patch on their belly and snout. The white patch on their belly is coincidentally similar to the spots that sun bears have on their bellies.

Notes
Recipient of 1996 Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award
25th Anniversary edition has a medallion commemorating the anniversary of his release
30th Anniversary edition introduced 4 new snuffles bears in two different sizes.  Snuffles carries a leather medallion commemorating the anniversary of his birthday.
There is a limited edition black snuffles with white collar limited to 1500 pieces worldwide.

External links
Gund
The most comprehensive source with pictures of Snuffles
The Snuffles blog: news, videos, pictures and thoughts on Snuffles
Official Snuffles Facebook group by Gund

1980s toys
Teddy bears

Gund Snuffles


An Act to regulate the Time and Manner of administering certain Oaths was the first law passed by the United States Congress after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. It was signed by President George Washington on June 1, 1789, and parts of it remain in effect to this day.

The House of Representatives reached its first quorum on April 1, 1789. Five days later, it appointed a committee to draft a bill on the manner of administration of the oath for members of Congress required under Article VI of the Constitution. The House also voted that day to instruct the committee to include the following wording for the oath:

"I, A B a Representative of the United States in the Congress thereof, do solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States."

On April 25, the committee reported its bill to the whole House, which approved it two days later. The Senate committee charged with the bill added a section requiring state officials and legislators to take the same oath as members of Congress. The Senate approved the bill with the change on May 5. The House did not object to the Senate's change, and representatives of each body took the bill to Washington for his signature.

The oath in the final bill differed from the original proposal by excluding the two clauses mentioning God, as well as the phrase "a Representative of the United States in Congress thereof." The act stipulated that any senator was to administer the oath to the President of the Senate (that is, the Vice President of the United States). The Vice President then administers the oath to the Senators. In the House, a Representative administers the oath to the Speaker, who then does the same to the other members. State and other federal officials were to take the same oath, administered by someone to be authorized by a later law.

Parts of the statute remain in Title 2, Sections , , and , and Title 4,  and , of the United States Code.

References

Legal history of the United States
1789 in American politics
Acts of the 1st United States Congress

An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths


The littoral zone refers to that part of a sea, lake or river which is close to the shore. In coastal environments the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely under water, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged. It always includes this intertidal zone and is often used to mean the same as the intertidal zone. However, the meaning of "littoral zone" can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.

In oceanography and marine biology, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the continental shelf.

Oceanography
Habitats

Littoral zone


A consulate is a small diplomatic office of one country in another country. If the first country has an ambassador in the other country, the main diplomatic office, located in the capital city is called an Embassy and in this situation, any consulates would be located in other large towns and cities. However if there is no embassy, the consulate could be in the capital city. Consulates usually do not perform all of the functions of an embassy.

Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.

Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General.  These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.

People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers.  The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general.  An honorary consul does not work full-time for the government.  They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade.  An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country they work for, have another link such as parents or grandparents, or they may have married someone from there.  They usually work in an office, which is considered an honorary consulate.

Consular officers have limited diplomatic immunity.

Government buildings

Consulate


Mikhail Leonidovich Lozinsky (; 20 July 1886 – 31 January 1955) is deemed to be the most accomplished Russian translator of the 20th century. "In the difficult and noble art of translation," said Anna Akhmatova, "Lozinsky was for the twentieth century what Zhukovsky was for the nineteenth."

Lozinsky was born in Gatchina and spent his life in St. Petersburg. His uncle was married to an aunt of Alexander Blok, who was one of the first to appreciate Lozinsky's highly polished verse. During the Silver Age of Russian Poetry he was close to the Acmeist circle of Nikolay Gumilyov; he was briefly arrested and interrogated following the latter's execution.

Despite his impeccable craftsmanship, Lozinsky's poetry failed to attract public attention owing to its lack of substance and originality. Lozinsky therefore began applying his literary skills to the translation of works by notable non-Russian literary figures such as Benvenuto Cellini, Lope de Vega, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and others. In his diary, Blok noted that some of Lozinsky's translations were superior to those of Zhukovsky, who had been regarded as a model for Russian verse translators for generations.

Lozinsky's greatest feat was his translation of Dante's The Divine Comedy which he completed between 1939 and 1945 in spite of poor health. This accomplishment won him the Stalin Prize in 1946.

Lozinsky's copious translations of Shakespeare have been somewhat less popular than contemporary translations by Boris Pasternak and Samuil Marshak. Unlike them, Lozinsky did not strive to modernise Shakespeare by stripping him of obscure details and puns. Soviet critics tended to dismiss his Shakespeare translations as "obscure, heavy, and unintelligible"; Akhmatova, however, felt that Lozinsky brilliantly achieved his aim of "conveying the age of Shakespeare's language and the complexity about which even the English complain".

Lozinsky's granddaughters include writers Tatyana Tolstaya and Natalia Tolstaya.

References

External links

1886 births
1955 deaths
People from Gatchina
People from Tsarskoselsky Uyezd
Russian male poets
Translators from Italian
Translators of Dante Alighieri
Translators of William Shakespeare
20th-century Russian translators
Soviet poets
Soviet translators

Mikhail Lozinsky


My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic is a Canadian-American cartoon that was shown on The Hub/Discovery Family. It was made by Lauren Faust, who also worked on other cartoon shows which are The Powerpuff Girls and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. It was put on TV on October 10, 2010. The show's idea comes from the My Little Pony toys, which are made by the big toy company Hasbro.

Characters

Main Characters
 Twilight Sparkle (voiced by Tara Strong, singing voice by Rebecca Shoichet) — A violet unicorn pony with an indigo, purple, and pink mane. She has a six-pointed star surrounded by 5 smaller stars as her cutie mark on her flank. She represents the Element of Magic. She became an alicorn princess in the third season finale, when she finished writing a spell that was started by Star Swirl the Bearded.
 Applejack (voiced by Ashleigh Ball) — An orange earth pony with a lemon yellow mane. She has three red apples as her cutie Mark. She represents the Element of Honesty. She lives on Sweet Apple Acres with the rest of the Apple family.
 Rainbow Dash (voiced by Ashleigh Ball) — A sky blue pegasus pony with a rainbow mane. She has a rainbow-colored lightning bolt for her cutie mark. She represents the Element of Loyalty. She loves to fly fast, and is a newer member of the Wonderbolts.
 Pinkie Pie (voiced by Andrea Libman, singing voice by Shannon Chan-Kent) — A pink pony with a magenta mane and tail. She has yellow and blue balloons as her cutie mark. She represents the Element of Laughter. She is very energetic and loves to throw parties.
 Fluttershy (voiced by Andrea Libman) — A lemon yellow pegasus pony with a pink mane and tail. She has three butterflies for her cutie mark. She represents the Element of Kindness. She loves spending time with animals and is very quiet.
 Rarity (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain, singing voice by Kazumi Evans) — A white unicorn pony with a purple mane and tail. She has three blue diamonds as a cutie mark. She represents the Element of Generousity. She loves making dresses at her shop, the carousel boutique.
 Spike (voiced by Cathy Weseluck) — A male purple and green baby dragon and Twilight Sparkle's best friend and number one assistant. He has been with Twilight since the very beginning.
 Sweetie Belle (voiced by Claire Corlett, singing voice by Michelle Creber only from seasons 1-3) - A white unicorn pony with a grayish raspberry mane and tail and a member of the Cutie Mark Crusaders. She is Rarity's younger sister.
 Apple Bloom (voiced by Michelle Creber) — A pale yellow earth pony with a brilliant amaranth mane and tail and is the leader of the Cutie Mark Crusaders. She is Applejack's younger sister.
 Scootaloo (voiced by Madeleine Peters) — A light brilliant amber Pegasus pony with moderate cerise mane and tail and one of the Cutie Mark Crusaders. She also looks up to Rainbow Dash.
 Princess Celestia (voiced by Nicole Oliver) - A white alicorn pony, a co-ruler of Equestria alongside her sister Princess Luna, and the adoptive aunt of Princess Cadence. She is also been a teacher/mentor of Twilight Sparkle at different periods of time.
 Discord (voiced by John de Lancie) - A draconequus (a dragon-like animal with body parts from different animals) and one of Fluttershy's best friends. He represents the Spirit of Chaos and Disharmony. He has been close friends with Fluttershy since she helped him learn to behave himself.

Popularity on the internet

Though the show was only going to be for young girls, My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic has become popular on the Internet with many fans of the show being males aged 15 to 35.

4chan
The My Little Pony fans from the Internet are from the cartoon and animation fans on the Internet board 4chan.

In October 2010, shortly after the show started, Web blog Cartoon Brew wrote a blog called "The End of the Creator-Driven Era in TV Animation", which had attacked the show for being supported by a big brand name, saying that "today networks clearly prefer established properties over original ideas, and dislike dealing with individual artists who have a clear creative vision". That means that the writer did not like that the people who put TV shows on TV would put shows on that had a brand name and told older boring stories instead of TV shows that had new or original stories. The people in "/co/", the place in 4chan for cartoons and animations, who hadn't seen the show yet, were interested by the alarmist words in the blog and began watching the show, and liked the show for the story, characters, and animation style. Their reaction soon spread to the general board, "/b/", of 4chan. The reaction from 4chan created many My Little Pony recurring jokes and memes on the site.

Fans
Fans of the shows call themselves a "brony", a combination of the words "bro" and "pony". At first it was only meant to be used by male fans but the word is now used to describe any older fan of the show without it describing only one gender. A parody of Katy Perry's "California Gurls" called Equestria Girls was used for an ad by The Hub for the show, which has lyrics that also say the word "brony". Its title was later made into a movie which has human versions of the ponies in the show. Websites like "Equestria Daily" and "Ponychan" have been created to share stories, artwork, and news about the show. The websites get more than 100,000 visits a day. A video made by a high school student named Stephen who was using science to dissect some of the physical impossibilities on My Little Pony as part of a class presentation appeared on many news stations and also appeared on Tosh.0. During a phone interview on NPR's comedy radio show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! in June 2011, past President Bill Clinton correctly answered three questions about the show which led one journalist to jokingly refer to him as a brony.

Creator's response
The creator and executive producer for the show, Lauren Faust, has shown that she likes the older fans of the show through her DeviantArt page. In the first episode, a pegasus pony in the background at one time had crossed eyes, which was a mistake by an animator. The boards on 4chan called the character "Derpy Hooves". Faust listened to the fans, having wanted the character to be named "Ditzy", but let the pony's name stay as Derpy, and the people working on the show have kept the Derpy character with the cross-eyed look, putting her in episodes as a silly background character.

To help people who were in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Faust sold some original drawings from the show along with a new picture of Derpy Hooves. The Derpy Hooves picture sold for more than $2000 on eBay.

After season 1
At the end of Season 1, one of the show's animators said that Derpy would say some lines in Season 2. In the episode "The Last Roundup", which shows Applejack competing for the Equestria Rodeo, Derpy Hooves talked a few times. Rainbow Dash says Derpy's name and Derpy speaks with a young boy's voice. At first, people thought that her voice was done by Brian Drummond, but it was Tabitha St. Germain, who didn't know at first that Derpy was female. Parent groups complained that this was insensitive to people with disabilities, and Hasbro changed the episode by making the pony's voice more girly and making Rainbow Dash not say her name. Another pony character with neon colors in her hair, wearing sunglasses and using a DJ set in one episode, was given the stage name of "DJ P0N-3" in a poll with the other choices being "DJ Clip Clop", "Scratch", "Deadhor5" and "DJ Raverider". DJ P0N-3 was later in the Equestria Girls ad and has been a background character in some other episodes. Derpy and DJ-PON 3 eventually starred in the show's 100th episode, Slice of Life, which focused on the show's background characters as a tribute to the fans.

All episodes are 22 minutes long and the season comprises of 26 episodes, with the exception of the third season, which contains 13 episodes.

Episodes

Season one
The first season and overall series has premiered on October 10, 2010 and last aired on May 15, 2011 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV. It's also the first season of the series to air on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV.
 Friendship is Magic (Part 1)
 Friendship is Magic (Part 2)
 The Ticket Master
 Applebuck Season
 Griffon the Brush-off
 Boast Busters
 Dragonshy
 Look Before You Sleep
 Bridle Gossip
 Swarm of the Century
 Winter Wrap Up
 Call of the Cutie
 Fall Weather Friends
 Suited for Success
 Feeling Pinkie Keen
 Sonic Rainboom
 Stare Master
 Show Stoppers
 A Dog and Pony Show
 Green Isn't Your Color
 Over a Barrel
 A Bird in the Hoof
 The Cutie Mark Chronicles
 Owl's Well That Ends Well
 Party of One
 The Best Night Ever

Season two
The second season has premiered on September 12, 2011 and last aired on April 16, 2012 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV.
 The Return of Harmony (Part 1)
 The Return of Harmony (Part 2)
 Lesson Zero
 Luna Eclipsed
 Sisterhooves Social
 The Cutie Pox
 May the Best Pet Win!
 The Mysterious Mare Do Well
 Sweet and Elite
 Secret of My Excess
 Hearth's Warming Eve
 Family Appreciation Day
 Baby Cakes
 The Last Roundup
 The Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000
 Read It and Weep
 Hearts and Hooves Day
 A Friend in Deed
 Putting Your Hoof Down
 It's About Time
 Dragon Quest
 Hurricane Fluttershy
 Ponyville Confidential
 MMMystery on the Friendship Express
 A Canterlot Wedding (Part 1)
 A Canterlot Wedding (Part 2)

Season three
The third season has premiered on November 5, 2012 and last aired on February 11, 2013 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV.
 The Crystal Empire (Part 1)
 The Crystal Empire (Part 2)
 Too Many Pinkie Pies
 One Bad Apple
 Magic Duel
 Sleepless in Ponyville
 Wonderbolts Academy
 Apple Family Reunion
 Spike at Your Service
 Keep Calm and Flutter On
 Just for Sidekicks
 Games Ponies Play
 Magical Mystery Cure

Season four
The fourth season has premiered on November 18, 2013 and last aired on May 5, 2014 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV. It's also the last season of the series to air on the Hub/Hub Network.
 Princess Twilight Sparkle (Part 1)
 Princess Twilight Sparkle (Part 2)
 Castle-Mania
 Daring Don't
 Flight to the Finish
 Power Ponies
 Bats!
 Rarity Takes Manehattan
 Pinkie Apple Pie
 Rainbow Falls
 Three's a Crowd
 Pinkie Pride
 Simple Ways
 Filli Vanilli
 Twilight Time
 It Ain't Easy Being Breezies
 Somepony to Watch Over Me
 Maud Pie
 For Whom the Sweetie Belle Toils
 Leap of Faith
 Testing, Testing, 1, 2, 3
 Trade Ya
 Inspiration Manifestation
 Equestria Games
 Twilight's Kingdom (Part 1)
 Twilight's Kingdom (Part 2)

Season five
The fifth season has premiered on March 30, 2015 and last aired on November 23, 2015 on Discovery Family/Treehouse TV. It is also the first season of the series to air on Discovery Family. This includes the 100th episode overall in the series.
 The Cutie Map (Part 1)
 The Cutie Map (Part 2)
 Castle Sweet Castle
 Bloom and Gloom
 Tanks for the Memories
 Appleoosa's Most Wanted
 Make New Friends but Keep Discord
 The Lost Treasure of Griffonstone
 Slice of Life (100th episode overall)
 Princess Spike
 Party Pooped
 Amending Fences
 Do Princesses Dream of Magic Sheep?
 Canterlot Boutique
 Rarity Investigates!
 Made in Manehattan
 Brotherhooves Social
 Crusaders of the Lost Mark
 The One Where Pinkie Pie Knows
 Hearthbreakers
 Scare Master
 What About Discord?
 The Hooffields and McColts
 The Mane Attraction
 The Cutie Re-Mark (Part 1)
 The Cutie Re-Mark (Part 2)

Season six
The sixth season has premiered on March 21, 2016 and last aired on October 17, 2016 on Discovery Family/Treehouse TV.
 The Crystalling (Part 1)
 The Crystalling (Part 2)
 The Gift of the Maud Pie
 On Your Marks
 Gauntlet of Fire
 No Second Prances
 Newbie Dash
 A Hearth's Warming Tail
 The Saddle Row Review
 Applejack's "Day" Off
 Flutter Brutter
 Spice Up Your Life
 Stranger Than Fan Fiction
 The Cart Before the Ponies
 28 Pranks Later
 The Times They Are a Changeling
 Dungeons and Discords
 Buckball Season
 The Fault in Our Cutie Marks
 Viva Las Pegasus
 Every Little Thing She Does
 P.P.O.V. (Pony Point of View)
 Where the Apple Lies
 Top Bolt
 To Where and Back Again (Part 1)
 To Where and Back Again (Part 2)

Season seven
The seventh season has premiered on April 10, 2017 and last aired on October 23, 2017 on Discovery Family/Treehouse TV. This is the first season in the series with the first two episodes that is not a 2-part premiere.
 Celestial Advice
 All Bottled Up
 A Flurry of Emotions
 Rock Solid Friendship
 Fluttershy Leans In
 Forever Filly
 Parental Glideance
 Hard to Say Anything
 Honest Apple
 A Royal Problem
 Not Asking for Trouble
 Discordant Harmony
 The Perfect Pear
 Fame and Misfortune
 Triple Threat
 Campfire Tales
 To Change a Changeling
 Daring Done?
 It Isn't the Mane Thing About You
 A Health of Information
 Marks and Recreation
 Once Upon a Zeppelin
 Secrets and Pies
 Uncommon Bond
 Shadow Play (Part 1)
 Shadow Play (Part 2)

Season eight
The eighth season has premiered on March 19, 2018 and last aired on October 13, 2018 on Discovery Family.
 School Daze (Part 1)
 School Daze (Part 2)
 The Maud Couple
 Fake It Til You Make It
 Grannies Gone Wild
 Surf and/or Turf
 Horse Play
 The Parent Map
 Non-Complete Clause
 The Break Up Break Down
 Molt Down
 Marks for Effort
 The Mean 6
 A Matter of Principals
 The Hearth's Warming Club
 Friendship University
 The End in Friend
 Yakity-Sax
 Road to Friendship
 The Washouts
 A Rockhoof and a Hard Place
 What Lies Beneath
 Sounds of Silence
 Father Knows Beast
 School Raze (Part 1)
 School Raze (Part 2)

Holiday Special (2018)
Best Gift Ever counted as an episode throughout the series from their confirmation, the 196th episode overall.
 My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever

Season nine
The ninth season was announced on February 17, 2018 at Hasbro's Entertainment Brand Preview Media Event at the New York Toy Fair. It premiered on April 6, 2019. This includes the 200th episode overall in the series. This is the final season in the series.
 The Beginning of the End (Part 1)
 The Beginning of the End (Part 2)
 Uprooted
 Sparkle's Seven (200th episode overall)
 The Point of No Return
 Common Ground
 She's All Yak
 Frenemies
 Sweet and Smoky
 Going to Seed
 Student Counsel
 The Last Crusade
 Between Dark and Dawn
 The Last Laugh
 2, 4, 6, Greaaat
 A Trivial Pursuit
 The Summer Sun Setback
 She Talks to Angel
 Dragon Dropped
 A Horse Shoe-In
 Daring Doubt
 Growing Up is Hard to Do
 The Big Mac Question
 The Ending of the End (Part 1)
 The Ending of the End (Part 2)
 The Last Problem

References

Notes

Other websites
 Official website
 Equestria Daily
 Ponychan

Channel Links

2010 American television series debuts
2019 American television series endings
2010s Canadian television series debuts
2010s American animated television series
American children's television series
Canadian animated television series
Canadian children's television series
Internet memes
English-language television programs

My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic