Floris Radewyns (or Latinized Florentius Radwyn) (c. 1350 – 24 March 1400) was the co-founder of the Brethren of the Common Life.

Life
Floris was born at Leerdam, near Utrecht, about 1350. He passed a brilliant university course and took his M.A. degree at Prague. Returning home, he was installed canon of St. Peter's, Utrecht. For some little time he led a life of pleasure, until converted by a sermon of Gerard Groote.

Thereupon he resigned his canonry, placed himself unreservedly under Groote's direction, at his instance was ordained a priest, and accepted a poor benefice at Deventer, where Groote resided. There he powerfully seconded his friend's apostolate, especially among the poor clerical scholars of Deventer, and at his suggestion and in his house the first community of the Brethren of the Common Life was formed. They lived on the income of their book copying, permitting them to teach young men of humbler circumstances who demonstrated a potential for full-time religious life.

It was also from his house that the six brethren who established the Congregation of Windesheim went forth in 1386, and among them John, the elder brother of Thomas à Kempis. Thomas himself was under the immediate care and guidance of Radewyns from his thirteenth to his twenty-first year. He wrote a loving and edifying sketch of his master, wherein he describes Florens as a man learned in the Scriptures and all sacred science, exceedingly devout, humble, simple, zealous, charitable and excessively mortified. His austerities enfeebled his health, possibly hastened his end; he died at Deventer on 24 March 1400.

He was commonly regarded among the brethren as a saint. His skull, with that of Groote, is still preserved in the Catholic Church (Broedern Kerk) of Deventer.

Of his correspondence remains only one letter, preserved by à Kempis, who also gives us a collection of his notable sayings.

References

External links
 Thomas a Kempis. "The Life of the Reverend Florentius", The Founders of the New Devotion, (translated by J.P. Arthur), Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., London, 1905

1350 births
1400 deaths
Dutch Christian clergy
Dutch Renaissance humanists
People from Deventer

Florens Radewyns


SS Nenana is a five-deck (main or cargo, saloon, boat or hurricane, Texas, and pilothouse), western river, sternwheel paddleship. Two-hundred and thirty-seven feet in overall length, with a 42-foot beam, she was rated at 1,000 gross tons register. Nenana was built at Nenana, Alaska, and launched in May 1933. Marine architect W.C. Nickum of Seattle designed the sternwheeler, which was prefabricated in Seattle and put together at Nenana, Alaska, by Berg Shipbuilding Company. Nenana was built to serve as a packet. She could carry both passengers and freight. Nenana had accommodations for 48 passengers on her saloon deck. Up to 300 tons of freight, including two tons in cold storage, could be carried on her main deck. A Texas, topped by a pilothouse mounted forward in poolboat style, provided staterooms for a portion of the crew of 32. Nenana could push five or six barges on the Yukon River; but, because of sharp bends, only one on the Tanana River.

Fully laden, she drew three feet, six inches of water.  World War II brought a military buildup in Alaska and kept Nenana busy. She supplied Galena Air Base from which fighter aircraft were supplied to the Soviet Union as well as transporting supplies to a number of military establishments in the advance defense system in Alaska. After the war ended, the decline in passenger revenues that had been arrested by the war continued. Alaska Railroad suspended all river passenger services after the 1949 season. At the close of the 1952 navigation season, Nenana was reconditioned at Whitehorse at a cost of $164,409.20. She only made one more trip north for the Alaska Railroad before being laid up until a newly formed company, Yutana Barge Lines, leased the entire Alaska Railroad fleet in 1954. Yutana Barge Lines operated Nenana to haul freight on rivers for one season but discontinued her lease at that time as unprofitable.

The General Services Administration called for bids on Nenana on December 10, 1955. All bids were rejected as too low until a group with associations to the Chamber of Commerce formed to bring Nenana to Fairbanks. This group, Greater Fairbanks Opportunities, Inc., purchased the steamboat, steamed her up the Tanana and Chena rivers to Fairbanks and opened her as a museum ship in 1957. For a time during a severe shortage of rooms, Nenana also operated as a hotel.

Weather, neglect, and souvenir hunters damaged Nenana at her berth on the river, and to protect, preserve, and interpret her the vessel was moved to a permanent protected dry berth in 1965. Nenana became the centerpiece of "Alaskaland", a historical park in Fairbanks. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. An extensive restoration program was begun to return her to her former glory. The latest phase of this work has rebuilt the bow and renewed her decks. She is the only surviving wooden ship of this type, and was for this reason declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.  Approximately 70 to 90 percent of her original materials remained at that time. From the exterior, the boat appears much as she did during her operating life. Although the interior, particularly the forward main deckhouse, saloon deckhouse, and Texas deckhouse, has been substantially altered, important features such as the engineroom remain intact.  The ship was originally commissioned by the Alaska Railroad and provided freight transfer from the railroad yards at Nenana to villages along the Yukon and Tanana Rivers. This history is reflected within the park's current interpretative programs. She is currently preserved and displayed at Pioneer Park in Fairbanks, Alaska.

See also
 Steamboats of the Yukon River
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska

References

1933 ships
Museums in Fairbanks, Alaska
National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
Paddle steamers of the United States
Relocated buildings and structures in Alaska
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Steamboats of the Yukon River
National Register of Historic Places in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
Museum ships in Alaska

Nenana (steamer)


The John I. Crawford Farm, also Hopewell Farm, is located on NY 302 in the Thompson Ridge section of the Town of Crawford in Orange County, New York, United States. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1998.

Crawford, whose family lends its name to the town, settled the region and began building the farm around 1780. The property's main house was built not long afterwards, in the Federal style. A century later, in 1890, the bright yellow outbuildings of the property were updated in a Victorian style. The Crawford family cemetery lies to the southwest.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Houses completed in 1780
Buildings and structures completed in 1890
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Victorian architecture in New York (state)

John I. Crawford Farm


A vase is a container, often used for flowers. They can be made from a number of materials, including glass and ceramics. Many vases are decorated or painted but some are left plain. It sometimes is used for decorations in American and Chinese homes. It can be a big part of culture in many countries.

Containers

Vase


Angry White Pyjamas is a book written by Robert Twigger about his time in a one-year intensive program of studying Yoshinkan aikido.

Summary
The book is set in Tokyo in the mid-1990s. Twigger is living with two friends in a tiny apartment near central Tokyo. They all decide to enrol at the Yoshinkan Hombu Dojo in order to get fit and break out of their sedentary life-style.

Soon after beginning regular training, Twigger decides that the only way to truly experience aikido is to do the Yoshinkan Senshusei course, a gruelling 11-month program to train up instructors of Yoshinkan aikido. The course consists of four hours of training, five days a week, in addition to dojo-cleaning duties, special training weekends and demonstrations.

Twigger spends most of his time describing the rigor and sometimes agony of the very intensive course.  He refers to doing kneeling techniques, or suwari-waza, until his knees bled, only to practice the next day and in so doing tear open the scabs.  He describes techniques being performed with such vigor and intensity that smashing one's head into the mat was a frequent occurrence.

Other experiences on the course include "hajime" sessions where one technique is performed repeatedly, without a break, sometimes for up to half-an-hour or more. During these sessions, trainees sometimes pass out or vomit, especially in the summer months. Instructors sometimes dish out punishments to trainees if they feel they are not pushing themselves enough, including rounds of push-ups, sit-ups and bunny hops.

Other people featured in the book include several top Yoshinkan instructors, including Chida, Shioda and Chino, as well as Robert Mustard, the chief foreign instructor, David Rubens from England and Darren Friend from Australia. Teachers are sometimes portrayed as being quite cold and occasionally brutal and unsympathetic to the students, whom they are trying to push to greater and greater efforts in order to build their technique and "spirit".

In addition, Twigger describes other aspects of Tokyo and his life there, including his relationship with his girlfriend and her family, his work at a Japanese high-school as an English teacher, and stories of living with his two flatmates. He also gives thoughts and observations about Japan and Japanese culture.

The book was awarded the William Hill Sports Book of the Year in 1998.

See also
Uchi-deshi

References

1997 books
Aikido books

Angry White Pyjamas


Britta Persson is a Swedish indie pop musician from Uppsala, Sweden, who in September 2010 is releasing her third album entitled "Current Affair Medium Rare."  She has gone from making modest and very simple recordings to working with complex arrangements but always with the same straight to the point lyrics and a feeling in the melodies as if they were just meant to be. Britta Persson had her breakthrough in her native Sweden in 2006 with the album "Top Quality Bones and a Little Terrorist". The single Winter Tour got high rotation on radio in Scandinavia and a couple of years later also got great recognition in Europe thanks to a TV advertising campaign.
2008 the follow-up album "Kill Hollywood Me" was released. It clearly showed a tendency and followed the direction towards a bigger sound and a greater production. Since the start Britta Persson has worked with artists such as Kristofer Åström and Camera Obscura.

In 2012 Persson helped co-write the song So Young So High by Swedish Duo Dada Life.

Discography

Studio albums

|}

EPs
2004: Demo 1
2004: Demo 2
2005: Found At Home

References

External links
Official webpage

Swedish women singers
Swedish women songwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Britta Persson


Thomas William LaSorda, (born July 24, 1954 in Windsor, Ontario) is a Canadian-American automobile industry executive who served as CEO and President of the Chrysler Group. In December 2011, he joined the board of Fisker Automotive and assumed the role of CEO until his resignation in August 2012.

Personal life
Tom LaSorda is the third generation of his family to work for Chrysler, being the son of a CAW union local president. He graduated from the University of Windsor in 1977 with a dual degree (Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Commerce), and earned an MBA in 1980. He is married with two daughters, and lives in Birmingham, Michigan.

Career
In 1977, he joined General Motors, working chiefly in manufacturing. He helped to launch the GM-Suzuki joint venture plant, CAMI Automotive, in Ingersoll, Ontario, and he also served as president of Opel's Eisenach plant in eastern Germany.

Chrysler

In 2000, he joined the Chrysler Group as a senior vice president. He was first appointed to the board of Daimler in 2004 when he became chief operating officer. He was the architect of Chrysler's Toledo Supplier Park in Ohio, which integrated suppliers in a close relationship with Chrysler to produce the Jeep Wrangler.

On January 1, 2006, LaSorda succeeded Dieter Zetsche, a German from the parent company DaimlerChrysler (now Daimler AG), as Chrysler's CEO, as Zetsche was promoted to chief executive of DaimlerChrysler Group as a reward for the turnaround of Chrysler.  That same year, LaSorda became a U.S. citizen, while retaining his Canadian citizenship.

On August 5, 2007, the demerger of Daimler and Chrysler occurred, with the latter being 80% purchased by Cerberus Capital Management. In the resulting management shuffle, LaSorda agreed to assume the position as president and vice chairman of Chrysler LLC, with Bob Nardelli succeeding him as chairman and chief executive officer. Despite the appointment of a second vice chairman, Jim Press, LaSorda stayed on.

His titles at Chrysler LLC officially stated that he was in charge of manufacturing, procurement, and supply, employee relations, global business development, and alliances since August 2007. Despite his expertise in manufacturing, however, LaSorda's new role in the company was largely to find a new partner or buyer for Chrysler, leading to speculation that Cerberus Capital was less interested in rebuilding the auto manufacturer than it was to turning profit though a leveraged buyout.

Of the many auto companies that LaSorda contacted, only Fiat agreed to a partnership. LaSorda counts the late Fiat/Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne, also Canadian-raised and -educated, as a close friend.

While Fiat asked LaSorda to stay on, he instead opted to step down as president and vice chairman and retired effective May 1, 2009, as Chrysler LLC filed for bankruptcy.

LaSorda and Manoj Bhargava launched Stage 2 Innovations in May 2011 . Chris Brower, Kevin O'Connell, and Rick Manner were later named Managing Directors of the Fund.  Stage 2 Innovations is a venture capital firm located in Farmington Hills, Michigan.

References

External links
LaSorda's challenge: Keep up momentum - Detroit News
President Bush Participates in Demonstration of Alternative Fuel Vehicles with CEOs of Ford, General Motors and DaimlerChrysler
WindsorWired.org profile

1954 births
Living people
Chrysler executives
People from Windsor, Ontario
Businesspeople from Ontario
Canadian people of Italian descent
American chief operating officers

Thomas W. LaSorda


The Italian Anarchist Federation () is an Italian anarchist federation of autonomous anarchist groups all over Italy. The Italian Anarchist Federation was founded in 1945 in Carrara. It adopted an "Associative Pact" and the "Anarchist Program" of Errico Malatesta. It decided to publish the weekly Umanità Nova, retaking the name of the journal published by Errico Malatesta.

Inside the FAI a tendency grouped as (GAAP - Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action) led by Pier Carlo Masini was founded which "proposed a Libertarian Party with an anarchist theory and practice adapted to the new economic, political and social reality of post-war Italy, with an internationalist outlook and effective presence in the workplaces...The GAAP allied themselves with a similar development within the French Anarchist movement, the Federation Communiste Libertaire, whose leading light was Georges Fontenis."

In the IX Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in Carrara, 1965 a group decided to split off from this organization and creates the Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica which was mostly composed of individualist anarchists who disagreed with important aspects of the "Associative Pact" and was critical of anarcho-syndicalism. The GIA published the bi-weekly L'Internazionale. Another group split off from the Anarchist Federation and regrouped as Gruppi Anarchici Federati. The GAF later starts publishing Interrogations and A Rivista Anarchica.
In 1968 in Carrara the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international Anarchist conference by the three existing European federations of France, the Italian FAI and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile.

In the early seventies a platformist tendency emerged within the Italian Anarchist Federation which argued for more strategic coherence and social insertion in the workers movement while rejecting the synthesist "Associative Pact" of Malatesta which the FAI adhered to. These groups started organizing themselves outside the FAI in organizations such as O.R.A. from Liguria which organized a Congress attended by 250 delegates of groups from 60 locations. In 1986, the Congress of ORA/UCAT adopted the name Federation of Anarchist Communists.

In December 2010, several news sources erroneously reported that the FAI had claimed responsibility for a series of mail bombs delivered to foreign embassies in Rome. Other media outlets attributed the bombs to another group, the insurrectionist Informal Anarchist Federation.

See also
Anarchism in Italy
Anarchist Federation (France)
Iberian Anarchist Federation
Argentinian Libertarian Federation

References

External links
Official website of the Italian FAI
website of Umanità Nova

Anarchist organisations in Italy
Anarchist Federations
Far-left politics in Italy
International of Anarchist Federations

Italian Anarchist Federation


The Group 14 elements, also known as the carbon group and the Group IV elements, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Each element has 4 valence electrons. Only carbon makes anions. Silicon and germanium are semimetals. Tin and lead are poor metals. Ununquadium, a radioactive element, is not stable enough to see its properties. All of them can form +4 oxidation state compounds. Tin and lead can form +2 compounds, too.

14

Group 14 element


Komárno is a town in the southwest of Slovakia. It is an important, historical town which is famous for having a historical fortification.

The river Vah flows into the Danube at Komárno. The Danube at this point forms the border between the countries Slovakia and Hungary.  The Hungarian name for the town is Komárom.

History
At first there was just one town, with the Danube flowing through the middle of the town. Since the end of World War I, when Czechoslovakia became a separate country from Hungary, the town has been split into two: Komárno is on the left (north) bank of the river, now in Slovakia, and Komárom is on the right (south) bank of the river, in Hungary.  Komárno has a population of 37.000 and Komárom has a population of 19.600.  The two towns are joined by a bridge.

People have lived in the area of Komárno for thousands of years. The first castle was built in the 10th century.  In 1244 a law was made which said that every merchant who sailed a boat down the Danube past Komárno had to stop for several days in Komárno and unload all the cargo so that people could buy it if they wanted. If the merchant did not want to do this he had to pay a large duty (amount of money) to continue his journey. This law was stopped in 1751.

In the 15th century Komárno had become very important.  The rulers and the court of the kingdom of Hungary often stayed there.  The fortress was very powerful and they managed to fight off Turkish invaders after the Turks had already captured Esztergom and Buda.  The fort was badly damaged in 1783 in an earthquake, but it was built up again because of the Napoleonic wars.

Today Komárno is a nice town to visit. There are many tourist attractions, especially the fort which is on the Hungarian side of the town (Komárom).  There are also spa health centres where people can swim or bathe gently in the waters which help to make people who are ill healthy again.

Notable people
Famous people who were born in Komárno are:

 Mór Jókai, (1825-1904), a famous Hungarian writer
 Franz Lehár (1870-1948) – the Hungarian-born Austrian composer who wrote popular operettas such as "The Merry Widow"
 Slovak-born Canadian Hollywood movie director Ivan Reitman (1946- )

References

Settlements in Slovakia
Towns in Europe

Komárno


The Old Post Office and Court House is a historic former federal government building at 295 Water Street in downtown Augusta, Maine. Built in 1886-1890, it is one of Maine's finest surviving examples of Romanesque Revival architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Design and construction
The former Post Office and Court House stands on the east side of Water Street, Augusta's principal commercial downtown thoroughfare, at the southeast corner with Winthrop and Front Streets.  It is a symmetrical 2-1/2 story granite structure with a central tower, flanked on either side by a wall and smaller tower. It was designed by Mifflin E. Bell (1846-1904), the Supervising Architect for the U.S. Treasury. Bell's term ended July 1887, and his successor William Alfred Freret finished the job, and the building opened in January 1890. The cost of construction was $178,281.20. It contained 427,600 cubic feet, was heated by steam, and contained a hydraulic freight elevator for post office use.

The building was enlarged sometime during the tenure of treasury architect James Knox Taylor (1897 to mid-1912).

History
The building was used as a courthouse and post office until the 1960s, when a new, larger federal building was constructed for these uses. The Old Post Office was sold as surplus property to a private owner.  It was adaptively repurposed to house a bank, restaurant, and office, while largely preserving the exterior.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Augusta, Maine
Romanesque Revival architecture in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Augusta, Maine

Old Post Office (Augusta, Maine)


The Warner & Swasey Company was an American manufacturer of machine tools, instruments, and special machinery. It operated as an independent business firm, based in Cleveland, from its founding in 1880 until its acquisition in 1980.  It was founded as a partnership in 1880 by Worcester Reed Warner (1846–1929) and Ambrose Swasey (1846–1937). The company was best known for two general types of products: astronomical telescopes and turret lathes. It also did a large amount of instrument work, such as equipment for astronomical observatories and military instruments (rangefinders, optical gunsights, etc.) The themes that united these various lines of business were the crafts of toolmaking and instrument-making, which have often overlapped technologically. In the decades after World War II, it also entered the heavy equipment industry with its acquisition of the Gradall brand.

History

In 1866, Swasey and Warner met as fellow apprentices at the Exeter Machine Works in Exeter, New Hampshire. Within a few years they went together to Pratt & Whitney in Hartford, Connecticut, which was one of the leading machine tool builders of the era. There they both rose through the ranks, with Warner rising to be in charge of an assembly floor and Swasey rising to be foreman of the gear-cutting department. There Swasey invented the epicycloidal milling machine for cutting true theoretical curves for the milling cutters used for cutting gears.

In 1880, Swasey and Warner resigned from Pratt & Whitney in order to start a machine-tool-building business together. They investigated Chicago as a place to build their works, but they perceived the Chicago of 1880 as too far west and lacking a sufficient labor pool of skilled machinists. So they went to Cleveland, Ohio, where their company would stay for the next century. They worked together for 20 years without a formal corporate agreement, during which time their partnership's principal products were various models of lathes and milling machines. From the beginning, the partners built both machine tools and telescopes, which reflected their interests in toolmaking, instrument-making, and astronomy.

After nearly 20 years of successful growth, the partners realized that their business was growing enough that it should be given a formal corporate structure, so in 1900 they reorganized it under the official name of The Warner & Swasey Company.

During the early- to mid-20th century, the company was well known in American industry. Its products, both turret lathes and instruments, played very prominent roles in the war efforts for both world wars. Warner & Swasey took part in the transition to numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools during the 1950s through 1970s, but like many other machine tool builders during those decades, it ultimately was affected by the prevailing winds of merger and acquisition in the industry. It was acquired by Bendix Corporation in 1980.

In 2019, the Warner & Swasey Company Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Products

Telescopes

The first Warner & Swasey telescope, built in 1881, was sold to Beloit College for its new Smith Observatory and had a 9.5-inch lens made by Alvan Clark & Sons. Among the notable instruments the company built were the telescopes for Lick Observatory (1888, 36-inch, refracting); the United States Naval Observatory (1893); Yerkes Observatory (according to the 50th-anniversary book, this was a 40-inch refracting telescope completed in time for display at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, although its installation at Yerkes was apparently in 1897); and Canada's Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (1916, 72-inch, reflecting). In 1919, the company's founders donated their private observatory in East Cleveland, Ohio to Case Western Reserve University.  Today's Warner and Swasey Observatory grew from that facility.

The company's 50th-anniversary book describes the firm's giant-telescope-building work as unprofitable overall but a labor of technological love.

List of observatories with Warner & Swasey telescopes

Bosque Alegre Observatory, National University of Cordoba, ARG
Burrell Memorial Observatory, Baldwin Wallace University, USA
Crane Observatory, Washburn University, USA
Chabot Space & Science Center, Oakland, California, USA
Drake Municipal Observatory, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, NRC, Canada
Dudley Observatory, miSci, Schenectady, NY, USA
Durfee High School, Fall River, Massachusetts, USA
Fuertes Observatory (Irving Porter Church Memorial Telescope), Cornell University, USA
Hildene Astronomy Club (Robert Todd Lincoln Telescope), Manchester, Vermont, USA
James Observatory, Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi,  USA
Kirkwood Observatory, Indiana University, USA
Lee Observatory, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Lick Observatory, University of California, USA
McDonald Observatory (Otto Struve Telescope), University of Texas at Austin, USA
Moraine Farm Observatory (Col. Deeds 7" Refractor), Col. Deeds Homestead, currently owned by Kettering health Network, Dayton OH, USA
Painter Hall Observatory, University of Texas at Austin, USA
Perkins Telescope, Lowell Observatory, USA
McKim Observatory, DePauw University, USA
Mueller Observatory, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, USA
Ritter Observatory, University of Toledo, USA
Spacewatch 0.9-meter Telescope, Kitt Peak, University of Arizona, USA
Stephens Memorial Observatory (Cooley Telescope - 9-inch Refractor), Hiram College, USA
Swasey Observatory, Denison University, USA
Tate Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, USA
United States Naval Observatory (USNO), United States Navy, USA
University of Illinois Observatory, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Theodor Jacobsen Observatory, University of Washington, USA
Warner and Swasey Observatory, Case Western Reserve University, USA
Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wisconsin, USA

Turret lathes

Warner & Swasey was one of the premier brands in heavy turret lathes between the 1910s and 1960s. Its chief competitors in this market segment included Jones & Lamson (Springfield, VT, USA), Gisholt (Madison, WI, USA), and Alfred Herbert Ltd (Coventry, UK).

Military instruments

Military instrument contracts were an important line of work for the company. The U.S. government referred many problems concerning such instruments to the company during the Spanish–American War (1898). Instruments produced included "range finders of several types, gun-sight telescopes, battery commanders' telescopes, telescopic musket sights, and prism binoculars". Presumably, the range finders included the company's depression position finder. During World War I, three important kinds of instrument were produced: "musket sights, naval gun sights, and panoramic sights".

Construction equipment

In 1946, Warner & Swasey Company acquired the patent rights to manufacture the Gradall telescopic boom excavator from the brothers Ray and Koop Ferwerda with their manufacturing company, the FWF Corporation, of Beachwood, Ohio.  The Gradall, a type of hydraulic machinery,  became a business of the new owner as the Gradall Division with operations in Cleveland. In the year 1946, the Gradall was the first production hydraulic excavator that was designed and manufactured in the United States. In July 1950, Gradall manufacturing operations were moved to New Philadelphia, Ohio, where it continues, in 2017, as Gradall Industries, Inc., a global manufacturer of telescopic boom excavators and industrial maintenance machinery. Gradall Industries, Inc. is a business unit of the Alamo Group of Seguin, Texas.

The foundation of the Warner & Swasey Construction Equipment Division with five product lines was started in 1946 with the development of the first production hydraulic excavator; the GRADALL®. This machine was new technology for the industry and was highly versatile and productive for a variety of work. The DUPLEX TRUCK® Company of Lansing, Michigan, a heavy duty and specialized truck manufacturer was acquired in 1955 to supply truck chassis for the GRADALL and future Warner & Swasey backhoe excavator and crane products. In 1957 the Company sought a broader market penetration into the hydraulic excavator market. It acquired the Badger Machine Company of Winona, Minnesota, with its six HOPTO® hydraulic excavator models which complimented the Gradall models. The Company acquired in 1967, the Sargent Engineering Corporation of Fort Dodge, Iowa, a manufacturer of hydraulic cranes. Their six SARGENT HYDRA-TOWER® CRANE models enabled the company to move into another large segment of the construction industry using hydraulic machinery. That same year the Company partnered with a Canadian paper industry association in the manufacture of the ARBOMATIK® a line of hydraulic tree harvesting equipment. Through corporate diversity into hydraulic construction equipment, the growing popularity and productivity of this type of hydraulic machinery yielded strong business growth for the Warner & Swasey company of Cleveland, Ohio during the years of 1946 through 1977.

See also
James Hartness, president of competitor Jones & Lamson Machine Company, a contemporary of Worcester Reed Warner and Ambrose Swasey who shared their avocations of developing better telescopes and better turret lathes.

References

Bibliography

 Grant, James H. (2012), LOAD HANDLER Gradall LOED Materials Handler, New Philadelphia, Ohio, USA: JHG Partners, LLC, .

Further reading

External links

26-inch USNO Refracting Telescope
The Beautiful Early Telescopes of Warner & Swasey, Including the J.A. Brashear and C.S. Hastings Optical Collaboration, abstract of lecture by John W. Briggs, Yerkes Observatory, at the 112th annual meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Pasadena, CA, July 15, 2000
International Catalog of Sources: Warner & Swasey Company records to 1919
1900-1985
The story of Warner & Swasey telescopes by Ernest N. Jennison
Smith Observatory History
Warner & Swasey Company at Abandoned

Companies established in 1880
Instrument-making corporations
Machine tool builders
Defunct technology companies of the United States
Telescope manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
1880 establishments in Ohio
Bendix Corporation

Warner & Swasey Company


Tempera (sometimes known as egg tempera) is a type of artist's paint. It was the main medium used for panel painting and illuminated manuscripts in the Byzantine world and the Middle Ages in Europe, until it was replaced by oil painting as the most popular medium for large paintings. It is still used for Orthodox icons. Some modern painters use tempera.

In modern times, some manufacturers call ordinary poster paint by the name of "tempera". Poster paint is not really tempera. It is a different type of paint called gouache.

Painting with tempera

Egg yolk (the yellow part of the egg) dries and sticks very firmly. It is used to mix and set the paints in a tempera painting. The colours are ground up into dry powders that must be mixed by the artist. In earlier times, some of the paints were very poisonous and the artist had to be careful not to breathe in the powdered paint. The paints are generally mixed with equal parts of egg yolk and water. If there is too much egg, the paint is gooey. If there is too much water, it is runny. Neither of these things are good. Some artists like to mix some of the egg white as well, for a different effect. Sometimes some oil is added. In ancient times other things were added which might include honey, milk and plant gums.

The painting must be done over a "ground" that has already been prepared. The "ground" is smooth flat paint on a strong board that does not bend. The paint must be put on in thin layers with tiny brush strokes that dry very quickly. Because the paint is transparent the artists use a special technique. They often paint the shadows on the figure before they paint the skin colour and colour of the clothing over the top.

When the painting is finished, it is not very brightly coloured, until it has been varnished. This makes the colours bright and shiny. The good thing about tempera painting is that the colours do not change over the years, whereas oil paintings change, get darker and go more yellow. Tempera paintings can last well for at least two thousand years. Because tempera paintings take a long time to do, many of them are small. Sometimes artists painted large altarpieces in tempera. One of the biggest tempera paintings is Duccio's picture of the Madonna and Child in the Uffizi Gallery. It is about 15 feet high. Another very famous large tempera painting is Botticelli's Birth of Venus which is also in the Uffizi. (see picture above)

History
Some of the oldest paintings in tempera are funeral portraits of dead people done is Egypt during the time of Ancient Rome. Tempera continued to be used for Christian religious paintings. It was the medium for Greek icons and was used in Italy and many other countries until oil painting came into use, in about 1500. Most of the famous Italian Renaissance painters used tempera. This includes Duccio, Giotto, Fra Angelico, Botticelli and Michelangelo. In Northern Europe they used oil paint. This started to become popular in Italy in the 1570s. Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa in oil paint. Nowadays, although oil paint and vinyl paint are much more common, some artists paint in tempera. One of the most famous tempera painters of the 20th century is Andrew Wyeth.

Gallery of small tempera paintings

Paints

Tempera


Presbyterianism is a kind of Protestant Christianity.  It was started in Scotland by John Knox during the 16th century.  It became powerful in England during the Civil War.  Today there are Presbyterian churches across the world.

Presbyterians (followers of Presbyterianism) believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church because it was given to humans by God and has no errors in it. They believe that God has control over everything and has chosen to make some people follow Jesus Christ but not others, and that only followers of Jesus may get into heaven. (See Calvinism)

Presbyterian churches may be led by men called Ministers, Rectors or Elders. Some Presbyterian churches have women as elders. "Presbyter" means "elder" and they rule in committees.

There is no overall leader and there are no bishops in the Presbyterian tradition. On Sunday, the Bible, which they consider the 'Word of God', is read and a sermon preached by the minister is at the heart of a morning worship service, which also includes group singings of some worship songs.

Around the world
There are Presbyterian churches on every continent except Antarctica, but they do not always agree with each other. There have been many splits ("schisms") caused by various disagreements: some about what they believe, some about how they should be organised. In some cases these splits have been healed but many have not.

In Scotland, where Presbyterianism started, there are at least seven different groups ("denominations"); there are three main groups in England, one in Wales and five in Northern Ireland.

There are dozens of different groups in North America, almost all in the USA.  They arrived during the 17th century, mostly from Scotland and already disagreeing with each other.  Most countries in South America have had Presbyterian churches since the 19th century.

At least 23 countries in Africa have Presbyterian churches, also since the 19th century.

In Asia, the Korea Presbyterian Church was started through the mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA).  After Korean independence, the division was formed afresh as 'Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa)' advocating the views of Dutch Reformed churches.  In 2012 a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea declared authentic historical succession of John Knox.

Related pages
 Wee Frees
 Ian Paisley

Presbyterianism


Rhodesie (), offeecially the Republic o Rhodesie frae 1970, wis an unrecognised state locatit in soothren Africae that existit atween 1965 an 1979 follaein its Unilateral Declaration o Independence frae the Unitit Kinrick on 11 November 1965. Wi its government based at the umwhile colonial caipital o Salisbury, its territory consistit o the umwhile Breetish colony o Soothren Rhodesie. The state wis named efter Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the 19t century.

The landlockt kintra bordered Sooth Africae tae the sooth, Botswana (post-1966) tae the soothwast, Zambie tae the northwast an Mozambique (a Portuguese territory till 1975) tae the east. The state wis governed bi a predominantly white minority government till 1979, initially as a self-governin colony then, efter the Unilateral Declaration o Independence as a self-proclaimed sovereign Dominion an latterly a Republic.

Throughoot its history, Rhodesie continued tae be referred to by the British, who did no recognize the state, as "Soothren Rhodesie". Afore 1964, the name "Rhodesie" haed referred tae the territory consistin o Soothren Rhodesie an Northren Rhodesie which formed the Federation o Rhodesia an Nyasaland. It consistit o modern Zambie, Zimbabwe, an Malawi; housomeivver, when the umwhile colony o Northren Rhodesie renamed itself Zambie on independence in 1964, Nyasaland renamed itself Malawi in 1964, an the colony o Soothren Rhodesie chynged its name tae simply "Rhodesie". Housomivver, the chynge haed no yet been offeecially ratified when Rhodesie declared itself independent, an as a result, the Breetish Government continued tae refer tae the breakaway colony as "Soothren Rhodesie" throughoot its existence, a stance it maintained regardin the Juin–December 1979 successor state o Zimbabwe Rhodesie. Therefore, when Zimbabwe Rhodesia returned tae colonial status frae December 1979 tae Aprile 1980, it wis as "Soothren Rhodesie", which, accordin tae Breetain, it haed niver ceased tae be cawed. Soothren Rhodesie subsequently gained internaitional recognition o its independence in Aprile 1980, when it became the independent Republic o Zimbabwe.

Breetish Empire
Umwhile place names
States an territories established in 1965
States an territories disestablished in 1979

es:Rodesia

Rhodesie


The British Rail Class EF1 (Electric Freight 1) was a class of electrically powered locomotives used by British Rail in England. They were used during  the pre-TOPS period. They were also classified as British Rail Class EB1 for a short period of time, although only a single locomotive was completely modified to EB1 condition.

EB1
1500V DC locomotives

British Rail Class EF1


Franklin Bruno (born December 29, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter, academic and writer originally from Upland, California. He has been a member of Nothing Painted Blue since its inception in 1986.

Bruno has written music criticism for online and print publications such as The Village Voice. In 2004, he received a doctorate in philosophy from UCLA. , he is a lecturer at SUNY Purchase. Previously he has been a faculty member at Pomona College, Northwestern University, and Bard College.

In addition to his own recordings, Bruno worked on The Mountain Goats albums Tallahassee and The Sunset Tree.  He also records with The Mountain Goats frontman John Darnielle as The Extra Lens. Jenny Toomey and Calexico released Tempting, a collection of Bruno's songs, on Misra Records in December 2002.

Civics, the first album by Bruno's new band, The Human Hearts, was released by Tight Ship Records in 2007.

Discography

Albums
 Suggestion Box (Shrimper, 1991) [cassette-only]
 Etudes for Voice and Snackmaster  (Shrimper, 1993) [cassette-only]
 A Bedroom Community (Simple Machines, 1995)
 Kiss Without Makeup (Absolutely Kosher, 2000)
 A Cat May Look at a Queen (Absolutely Kosher, 2002)
 Martial Arts Weekend (recorded with John Darnielle, as The Extra Glenns) (Absolutely Kosher, 2002)
 Civics (Tight Ship Records, 2007) (as The Human Hearts)
 Local Currency (Fayettenam Records, May 2009)
 Undercard Recorded with John Darnielle as The Extra Lens (Merge Records, November 2010)
 Another (Shrimper Records, 2012) (as The Human Hearts)

EPs
 Hermetic Geometry (Baby Huey, 1992) [7-inch]
 The Irony Engine (Walt Records, 1993) [7-inch]
 A Sand Dollar Relief Map (Shrimper, 1995) [7-inch]
 La Radia (Little Teddy, 1997) [Germany] [7-inch]
 Participant (Dark Beloved Cloud, 1997) [lathe-pressed 7-inch]
 Set of Pipes (Dark Beloved Cloud, 2003) [3-inch CD]

Compilation appearances
 "Clean Needle", from Winky Dog cassette (Shrimper, 1990)
[Also included on Shrimper's Abridged Perversion (A Shrimper Compilation of Shrimper Compilations). It was re-recorded for Kiss Without Makeup.]
 "Love Tap", from Capgun cassette (Shrimper, 1991)
 "Hey Jude", from Back to the Egg, Asshole cassette (Shrimper, 1991)
[NOT a Beatles cover. Credited to 'Nubber' on cassette cover.]
 "Lifetime Seance", from the Ghost of A Rollercoaster 7" (Shrimper, 1991)
[This song was later recorded with a different arrangement and released as "Masonic Eye" on the Nothing Painted Blue album Placeholders.]
 "Rhythm Buddy", from Pawnshop Reverb cassette (Shrimper, 1992)
 "The Irony Engine", from I Like Walt! 7" (Walt Records, 1994)
 "Sleeping Through The Jane Pratt Show" (live), from Working Holiday! bonus disc (Simple Machines, 1994)
[The original version of this song appeared the year before on "The Irony Engine" EP.]
 "What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" (written by Frank Loesser), from The Wedding Record 7" (Walt Records, 1995)
 "Cat Scratch Fever", from Our Salvation Is in Hand (Theme Park, 1995)
[NOT a Ted Nugent cover.]
 "Pony Song" (written by Salem 66), from Chutes and Ladders cassette (Cactus Gum, 1996)
 "Purity Test", from Green Light Go! (BottleCap, 1995)
 "Chiliagon", from Childhood Friends cassette (Brassland, circa 1995)
 "Winter's Just A Word", from the Songs From A Room 7" (Sing, Eunuchs!, 1996)
 "Missed The Point", (demo version) from Go cassette (Papsicle, 1996)
[Demo version of a Nothing Painted Blue song, recorded solo in 1989.]
 "The Rice King", from The Basement Tapes vol. 2 (KSPC, 1997)
 "MGM" (written by The Triffids), from the Exhibit B cassette (Circumstantial Evidence, 1997)
 "Invisible Mistletoe", from The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza (Tarquin, 1997)
 "Linoleum" (written by Paste), from From The Bullpen (Hey Buddy, 1997)
 "Bronze Me", from We Can Still Be Friends (Magic Marker, 1998)
 "Your Inarticulate Boyfriend" (radio session), from IPS (WNYU, 1998)
[Originally appeared on the album Etudes For Voice and Snackmaster. It was also recorded by Jenny Toomey on Tempted.]
 "Shooting Past Me", from I Stayed Up All Night Listening To Records (Anyway, 1998)
 "Nickname Stuck" (Absolutely Kosher, 2002)
 "A Cat May Look at a Queen" (Absolutely Kosher, 2002)

Bibliography
 Elvis Costello's Armed Forces (Continuum Books' 33⅓ series, 2005)
 The Role of Intentional Action in Artifactual Representation (PhD dissertation, The University of California, Los Angeles, 2005)

References

External links

Franklin Bruno, official website
nervous unto thirst, Bruno's blog
konvolut m, Bruno's old blog
A Cat May Look at a Queen – PopMatters review

Singer-songwriters from California
American male singer-songwriters
Bard College faculty
People from Upland, California
Living people
American music critics
1968 births
Journalists from California
Pomona College faculty
Shrimper Records artists
Merge Records artists

Franklin Bruno


A blood vessel is a tube that carries blood in the circulatory system. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood.

The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system. Blood is moved by the pumping of the heart and carries oxygen to the tissues.

The expansion of blood vessels is called vasodilation, it helps the body to get rid of heat energy (vas- in Latin means "container" or "vessel").
The constriction of blood vessels is called vasoconstriction, it prevents the body from losing warmth.

There are 100,000 km (60,000 miles) of blood vessels in an adult human body.

Growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.

Structure
Different parts of the body have different kinds of blood vessels for different parts of their work.  The vessel wall consists of three shells:

 inner - represented by the endothelium (single-layer squamous epithelium), which is built of elongated endothelial cells located on the basement membrane, and the subendothelial layer, which is based on loose fibrous connective tissue;
 middle - consists of circular bundles of smooth muscle cells with layers of elastic fibers;
 external - is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains a lot of blood vessels and nerve fibers.
The structure of the vessel wall depends on hemodynamic conditions: blood flow velocity, volume and blood pressure. Arteries located close to the heart are characterized by a predominance of elastic elements that are able to counteract high hemodynamic parameters. As you move away from the heart, hemodynamic values decrease, the caliber of blood vessels decreases and the number of muscle elements in their walls increases, which are able to create additional force to push blood into the network of the smallest vessels.

References

Blood vessel


John Robert "Johnny Hammond" Smith (December 16, 1933 – June 4, 1997) was an American soul jazz and hard bop organist. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, he was a renowned player of the Hammond B-3 organ so earning "Hammond" as a nickname, which also avoided his being confused with jazz guitarist Johnny Smith though this could lead to him being confused with Jimmy Smith (musician), another Hammond great.

Biography
Smith played with Paul Williams and Chris Columbo before forming his own group. His bands featured singers Etta Jones, Byrdie Green, saxophonists Houston Person, Earl Edwards, guitarists Eddie McFadden, Floyd Smith, James Clark, vibist Freddie McCoy. His career took off as he was serving as accompanist to singer Nancy Wilson. One of his last accomplishments also included Nancy Wilson. He wrote the song "Quiet Fire" for her Nancy Now! release in 1988.

After a 10-year spell on Prestige Records throughout the 1960s resulting in a series of albums, he signed for soul/R&B influenced Kudu imprint of Creed Taylor's  well-regarded CTI Records jazz record label in 1971. His first album for Taylor, Breakout was chosen that year to launch Kudu. The album featured Grover Washington Jr. as a sideman prior to the launch of his career as a solo recording artist. Three further albums followed with Taylor on Kudu, as he decided to refer to himself as "Johnny Hammond", after deciding to drop "Smith" from his name.

His style had become increasingly funky as he adapted to the style changes in music, culminating in two popular albums with the Mizell Brothers, Gambler's Life (1974) for the CTI offshoot, Salvation and then in 1975, Gears after switching to another jazz label, Milestone Records. He began using electric and acoustic pianos, starting with Gambler's Life, in addition to his signature instrument. Hammond's song "Shifting Gears" was featured on the breakbeat compilation Ultimate Breaks and Beats, and was also featured in the soundtrack of the 2006 video game Driver: Parallel Lines as well. His song "Conquistadores Chocolates" was covered by BadBadNotGood
and featured on GTA: The Cayo Perico Heist. (Rockstar Games)

Smith also taught at the Cal Poly Pomona music department for several years, beginning in January 1987.

He died in Victorville, California of cancer at the age of 63.

Discography

As leader
 Have You Heard (Arrow ALP-1200, 1958)
 Imagination (Warwick W-2003, 1959)
 All Soul (New Jazz NJ 8221, 1959)
 That Good Feelin' (New Jazz NJ 8229, 1959; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1993)
 Talk That Talk (New Jazz NJ 8241, 1960; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1993) -with Oliver Nelson
 Stimulation (Prestige PR 7203, 1961) -with Freddie McCoy
 Gettin' the Message (Prestige PR 7217, 1960) -with Lem Winchester
 Johnny "Hammond" Cooks with Gator Tail [also released as Good 'Nuff] (Prestige PR 7239, 1962) -with Willis Jackson
 Look Out! (New Jazz NJ 8288, 1962) -with Seldon Powell
 Black Coffee [live] (Riverside RS 9442, 1962) -with Seldon Powell
 Mr. Wonderful (Riverside RS 9466, 1963) -with Houston Person
 Open House! (Riverside RS 9482, 1963) -with Thad Jones, Seldon Powell
 A Little Taste (Riverside RS 9496, 1963) -with Virgil Jones, Houston Person
 The Stinger (Prestige PR 7408, 1965) -with Houston Person, Floyd Smith
 Opus De Funk (Prestige PR 7420, 1961 [rel. 1966]) -with Freddie McCoy
 The Stinger Meets the Golden Thrush (Prestige PR 7464, 1966) -with Byrdie Green
 Love Potion #9 (Prestige PR 7482, 1966) -with Virgil Jones
 Gettin' Up [also released as Ebb Tide] (Prestige PR 7494, 1967) -with Virgil Jones, Houston Person
 Soul Flowers (Prestige PR 7549, 1967) -with Houston Person
 Dirty Grape (Prestige PR 7564, 1968) -with Houston Person
 Nasty! (Prestige PR 7588, 1968) -with Houston Person, John Abercrombie, Grady Tate
 Soul Talk (Prestige PR 7681, 1969) -with Rusty Bryant, Bernard Purdie
 Black Feeling! (Prestige PR 7736, 1969) -with Virgil Jones, Rusty Bryant
 Here It 'Tis (Prestige PR 10002, 1970) -with Houston Person, Bernard Purdie
 What's Going On (Prestige PR 10015, 1971) -with Grover Washington Jr.
 Breakout (Kudu/CTI KU-01, 1971; reissued on Epic/Legacy in 2002)
 Wild Horses Rock Steady (Kudu/CTI KU-04, 1971; reissued on Sony Masterworks in 2011)
 The Prophet (Kudu/CTI KU-10, 1972)
 Higher Ground (Kudu/CTI KU-16, 1973; reissued on CBS Associated in 1987)
 Gambler's Life (Salvation/CTI SAL-702, 1974; reissued on Soul Brother [UK] Records in 2001)
 Gears (Milestone M-9062, 1975; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1992)
 Forever Taurus (Milestone M-9068, 1976; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1992)
 Storm Warning (Milestone M-9076, 1977)
 Don't Let The System Get You (Milestone M-9083, 1978)

LP/CD compilations
 The Best Of Johnny "Hammond" Smith (Prestige PR 7705, 1969)
 The Best Of Johnny "Hammond" Smith For Lovers (Prestige PR 7777, 1970)
 Talk That Talk (Prestige, 1995) (compilation of Talk That Talk + Gettin' The Message)
 That Good Feelin'  (Prestige, 1996) (compilation of All Soul + That Good Feelin)
 Legends Of Acid Jazz: Johnny "Hammond" Smith (Prestige, 1996) (compilation of Soul Talk + Black Feeling!)
 Black Coffee (Milestone, 1997) (compilation of Black Coffee + Mr. Wonderful)
 Legends Of Acid Jazz: Johnny "Hammond" Smith - Soul Flowers (Prestige, 1999) (compilation of Soul Flowers + Dirty Grape)
 The Soulful Blues (Prestige, 2000) (compilation of Ebb Tide + Nasty!)
 Open House (Milestone, 2001) (compilation of Open House! + A Little Taste)
 Good 'Nuff (Prestige, 2003) (compilation of Cooks With Gator Tail + The Stinger)
 Opus De Funk (Prestige, 2004) (compilation of Stimulation + Opus De Funk)

As sidemanWith Gene AmmonsVelvet Soul (Prestige, 1960/1961/1962 [rel. 1964])
Angel Eyes (Prestige, 1960/1962 [rel. 1965])With Billy ButlerNight Life (Prestige, 1971)With Chris ColumbusJazz: Re-Discovering Old Favorites [also released as Summertime] (Strand, 1962)With Byrdie GreenThe Golden Thrush Strikes at Midnight (Prestige PR 7503, 1966)
I Got It Bad (And That Ain't Good) (Prestige PR 7509, 1967)
Sister Byrdie! (Prestige PR 7574, 1968)With Oliver NelsonTaking Care of Business (New Jazz, 1960)With Sylvia Syms'''For Once in My Life'' (Prestige, 1967)

References

External links

1933 births
1997 deaths
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Soul-jazz organists
Hard bop organists
American jazz organists
American male organists
Prestige Records artists
Milestone Records artists
Riverside Records artists
20th-century American keyboardists
Jazz musicians from Kentucky
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
CTI Records artists
20th-century African-American musicians

Johnny "Hammond" Smith


Hisham Sharabi () (1927 Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine – 2005 Beirut, Lebanon) was Professor Emeritus of History and Umar al-Mukhtar Chair of Arab Culture at Georgetown University, where he was a specialist in European intellectual history and social thought. He died of cancer at the American University of Beirut hospital on January 13, 2005.

Young Life
He spent his early years growing up in Jaffa, Palestine and Acre, Palestine before attending American University in Beirut, where he graduated with a B.A. in Philosophy.  He then traveled to study at the University of Chicago, where he completed an M.A. in Philosophy in 1949.  Politically active from a young age, Sharabi then returned to serve as editor of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party's monthly magazine al-Jil al-Jadid (The New Generation).  Forced to flee to Jordan after the parties disbanding in 1949, Sharabi returned to the United States where he completed a Ph.D. in the history of culture, again at the University at Chicago.  That same year, he began to teach at Georgetown University, where he gained full professorship in eleven years; his chair was endowed by the Libyan government.

Controversy
Dr. Sharabi, while an ardent supporter of Palestinian rights, was not beyond criticizing the Palestinian governing bodies. According to a story in the Washington Post, "In 1999, after PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat ordered the arrests of 11 Palestinian academics who had accused his administration of 'tyranny and corruption,' Dr. Sharabi, along with Edward Said of Columbia University, signed a letter calling the arrests 'a totally unjustifiable attack on the freedom of expression.'" Nine of the lawmakers were immune from arrest, but two later accused the Palestinian police of attacking them.[5]

Legacy
He promoted the understanding of the Arab culture, establishing in 1973, along with several other colleagues, the Georgetown Center for Contemporary Arab Studies with funding from the governments of the United States, Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Libya, as well as American corporations with business interests in the Middle East.  In 1977, Georgetown University "awarded Dr. Sharabi the Umar Al-Mukhtar Chair in Arab Culture in recognition of his distinguished intellectual contributions and his efforts to promote Arab studies.[2]"  Dr. Sharabi formed, later that same year, the Jerusalem Fund for Education and Community Development, an organization that worked on educational, cultural and health issues of Palestinians.  He served as Chairman of Board until his death in 2005. In 1991, he formed what is now known as the Palestine Center, which serves as a think tank educating the general public on Palestinian Political Issues.

Publications

Author of 18 books and numerous articles and editorials, he was well respected as a foremost 20th-century Arab intellectual, contributing greatly to the study of Arabic culture[3].  Dr. Sharabi also published several books himself on Arabic culture and philosophy. "In honor of his work in both the European and Arab fields, the Department of history at Georgetown convened an international two-day symposium in 2002 titled 'The Role of the Intellectual in Contemporary Political Life.' Also named in his honor is the annual Hisham Sharabi graduate essay contest, begun by the Department's graduate students upon Dr. Sharabi's retirement in 1998[2]."

 Theory, Politics, and the Arab World: Critical Responses
 Governments and Politics of the Middle East in the Twentieth Century
 The Next Arab Decade: Alternative Futures
 Nationalism and Revolution in the Arab World (the Middle East and North Africa)
 Palestine and Israel: The Lethal Dilemma
 Arab Intellectuals and the West
  Palestine Guerillas: Their Credibility and Effectiveness (1970)
 Embers and Ashes translated by Issa J. Boullata (2008)
 Images of the Past: An Autobiography
 Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society

References

External links
 The Jerusalem Fund
 Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians: Biography Of Hisham Sharabi
 Hisham Sharabi Graduate Student Essay Contest
 Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: In memoriam Hisham B. Sharabi. In: Orient, 46 (2005) 3, 339-344.
 Stephen Sheehi, "Failure, Modernity and the Work of Hisham Sharabi: Towards a Post-Colonial Critique of Arab Subjectivity," ' Middle East Critique; 10 (Spring)1997; 39-54.

1927 births
2005 deaths
Middle Eastern studies in the United States
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Postcolonial literature
Anti-Zionism
American humanists
American writers of Lebanese descent
Palestinian academics
American writers of Palestinian descent
Scholars of nationalism
Georgetown University faculty
20th-century Palestinian historians
American University of Beirut alumni
University of Chicago alumni

Hisham Sharabi


Ridersville is an unincorporated community between Berkeley Springs and Stohrs Crossroads along Martinsburg Road (West Virginia Route 9) in Morgan County, West Virginia. It is located on Pious Ridge (804 ft) where Pious Ridge Road (CR 4) and Peter Yost Road (CR 9/8) intersect with WV 9. Ridersville sprang up in the 19th century as a small farming community along the Martinsburg Road with a general store. It had its own operating post office  until it was closed in 1903 due to the community's proximity to Berkeley Springs. During its period as an independent agrarian town, it was known as Friendship, Rider Store, Riderville, and finally as Ridersville. Today, it is merely a growing residential area of Berkeley Springs.

References

Unincorporated communities in Morgan County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Ridersville, West Virginia


A batarang is a roughly bat-shaped throwing weapon used by the DC Comics superhero Batman. The name is a portmanteau of bat and boomerang, and was originally spelled baterang. Although they are named after boomerangs, batarangs have become more like shuriken in recent interpretations. They have since become a staple of Batman's arsenal, appearing in every major Batman television and film adaptation to date. Recent interpretations of the Dark Knight find additional motivation to use the batarang as a ranged attack (alternative to firearms, which he rejects outright due to the circumstances of his parents' murder, except for certain circumstances) and is used primarily to knock guns out of an assailant's hand. They also serve as Batman's calling cards to alert criminal elements of his presence and props to create an illusion to the superstitious that he commands bats when he throws them.

A batarang prop from the 1997 film Batman & Robin has been donated to the Smithsonian Institution, and is in the National Museum of American History's entertainment collection.

History

Batarangs first appeared in Detective Comics #31 (September 1939), in the story "Batman Versus the Vampire". Batman threw the first batarang at the Monk and missed, but later in the story, the batarang helped him knock over a chandelier and escape from the villain's trap.

The earliest depictions were of scalloped, metal boomerangs used to attack opponents, which quickly flew back to the thrower. However, variations of batarangs include those that can fold to fit into Batman's utility belt, those that can be explosively charged, those that can be remote-controlled, and those that are electrified.

The use of the batarang has been in a state of constant development since its early appearances. In 1946, Batman and Robin developed a "batarang gun", and then a lighter "batarang pistol" in 1947. A 1957 story called "The 100 Batarangs of Batman!" (Detective Comics #244, June 1957) detailed the magnetic batarang, the seeing-eye batarang, the flash-bulb batarang, the bomb batarang, the rope batarang, the police whistle batarang and the mysterious Batarang X, among others.  That issue also included an "origin story" for the batarang, which was given to Batman by an Australian circus performer named Lee Collins.

In Frank Miller's Batman: The Dark Knight Returns #2, illustrates one use of Batman's batarang; one criminal thought it was a bat chasing him, and when it hit his hand, revealing to be a batarang, alerting him of Batman's presence.  Later, in Batman #575 (January 2000), that during the hero's fight with the terrorist Banner, the villain thought he saw Batman grabbing two bats from a flock and throws them during their fight.

After the 1985-1986 Crisis on Infinite Earths, Batman developed smaller batarangs with sharp edges that could disarm criminals. According to The Essential Batman Encyclopedia, "The most consistently used versions of the Batarang included ones with micro-serrated edges; a hard-impact version for stunning criminals; a remote-controlled one linked to his Utility Belt; and an aerodynamically edged model with a throwing top."

A rifle-like grappling gun first appeared in Frank Miller's Batman: The Dark Knight Returns #1. However, the now standard hand-held version of Batman's grappling gun first appeared in the 1989 Batman film. It gradually replaced the batarang and a rope in the comics after artist Norm Breyfogle introduced a grapple gun in Batman #458 in January 1991. That tool became the standard in the subsequent animated series, comics, films, and video games such as Batman: Arkham Asylum and in Batman: Arkham City a more advanced version called the Grapnel was introduced which could be used to launch Batman into the air to glide using kinetic energy.

A Batarang prop from the 1997 film Batman & Robin has been donated to the Smithsonian Institution, and is in the National Museum of American History's entertainment collection. It was donated by Warner Bros. studio chairman Barry Meyer in 2013, along with other famous film props including a golden ticket from 2005's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and models from the 1995 film Gremlins 2: The New Batch.

Other characters and versions
Batgirl also uses batarangs. Nightwing, a former Robin, is known to use his own modified batarangs called Wing-Dings, which are styled after a bird. Tim Drake, the third Robin, also possesses his own 'R'-shaped shuriken.  In an issue of Teen Titans (Vol. 3), Drake claims that he hid the costs for shipping a Batmobile from Gotham City to San Francisco in "the batarang budget", which he tells the others is "bigger than you might think". The current version of Batwoman uses foldable S-shaped throwing weapons stored in two sets of three on her gauntlets; these can be removed and thrown by hand, launched pneumatically, or used as forearm-mounted blades. Catman also uses weapons inspired by Batman's and calls them "catarangs". Like Robin, Anarky, an occasional antagonist of Batman, also makes use of shuriken formed after his own gimmick, the "circle-a".

A Throwing Bird—colloquially referred to as a "Birdarang"—is a roughly bird-shaped throwing weapon used by the DC Comics superhero Robin as a non-lethal ranged attack alternative to firearms. As with Batman, Robin can launch his weapon with a launcher located on his lower arm. They are also used by Robin in non-Batman media such as Teen Titans Go! where they appear under the name Birdarangs.

Ken Washio (the eagle) from the 1972 anime series Science Ninja Team Gatchaman (Battle of the Planets) also use Birdarangs.

In other media

Live-action television
In the film adaptations of Batman, the batarangs shown roughly match the adapted bat logo of the respective franchise. Following the backlash against the camp Batman television series, the franchise has avoided falling into the perceived overuse of the bat- prefix, for which the 1960s series was criticized. Though featured prominently, the batarangs are rarely referred to by name, unlike the Batcave and Batmobile.

The television series Birds of Prey also features batarangs. However these versions are circular and bear the Birds of Prey symbol, rather than the traditional bat shape.

In the episode "Nothing's Shocking" from the fifth and final season of Gotham, Bruce Wayne uses sharp objects and throws them at an enemy similar to the batarangs, foreshadowing their full appearance later in the season. The batarangs officially appear in the series finale "The Beginning...". In the episode, Batman uses his batarangs to defeat Jeremiah Valeska at Ace Chemicals.

Kate used the batarangs in the television series Batwoman.

Live-action films
The batarang used in Batman was a foldable metal bat-shaped boomerang attached to a line and was used to ensnare an enemy's legs and manually drag them back. Batman Returns also featured a computerized version that could be programmed to fly after specific targets. Batman Forever featured two types of batarangs: one with a string which catches one of Two-Face's thugs in the Gotham City bank and a "Sonar Batarang" that uses the "Sonar Suit" to destroy the Super Box and the Nygmatech building. Other batarangs are seen in the Batcave, along with the one used in Batman Returns but not used during the film. Batarangs also appeared in Batman & Robin.

The Dark Knight trilogy
The 2005 film Batman Begins showed them as a simple bat-shaped shuriken, used mainly for distraction rather than as weapons, fitting in with that film's depiction of Batman's ninja training.

While The Dark Knight uses the batarang in its promotional posters, it is not thrown in the film. As part of Lucius Fox's improvements on the Batsuit, he adds blades on the suit that shoot out of Batman's arm, which are similar to the batarang. To gain leverage over his fight with the Joker, Batman shoots these blades at him, distracting him and giving Batman the upper hand. His true batarangs are only seen once during the film; when Bruce Wayne puts away his Batsuit after deciding to turn himself in to the police, he takes a minute to pick up and stare at one of his batarangs, and then proceeds to put it away with the rest of his gear.

In The Dark Knight Rises the traditional batarangs as seen in Batman Begins and The Dark Knight are not shown
but a similar weapon is used. Batman fires miniature bat shaped darts at Bane's henchmen which knock them unconscious.

DC Extended Universe
The Batarang appears in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In the film, Batman leaves batarangs near crime scenes after he has finished his job as a calling card, for example after he steals kryptonite from Lex Luthor's labs, he leaves a batarang in the place where the kryptonite was stored. He also uses in combat, however rather than disarming criminals, he uses them to stab like a shuriken.
 In Justice League, Wayne throws a Batarang at Barry Allen to show him that he is aware of his super speed, and to reveal his own identity as Batman. Barry quickly dodges and catches it. After Bruce tells Barry that he is putting together a team and Barry says he will join, he asks Bruce if he can keep the Batarang he caught, due to his admiration for it. Batman seems to accept that and allows him to keep it.
 Freddy Freeman owns a replica Batarang in Shazam!, which proves useful as it is thrown at Dr Sivana in the film's climax, wounding him and proving his human vulnerability without the Seven Deadly Sins.

Animation

DC Animated Universe
In Batman: The Animated Series his use of batarangs is ubiquitous. The standard is a serrated crescent shaped. One version attached to a line allowed him to snare criminals as well as ascend and swing from rooftops but he relied on his grappling gun for transportation.

Batman Beyond, another animated series, which takes place 50 years in Gotham City's future, has a young high school student donning a high tech version of the batsuit to become the new Batman. This suit, among many other features, has the ability to automatically load ultra-compact foldable circular batarangs in the wearer's hand or shoot them through the top of the wrist. The batarangs are collapsible and come in a variety of forms including electrical versions to take down Inque, explosive versions to demolish obstacles, and grappling hooks.

In the Justice League animated series, Batman employed a variety of Batarangs, including explosive Batarangs and electrically charged variants.

Other animated series
In the Teen Titans animated series, Robin uses similar modified batarangs to the adult Nightwing, referred to as "birdarangs". The same weapons are used by The Batmans interpretation of Robin. Robin also uses circular Batarang type weapons in the TV series Young Justice.

In the animated series Krypto the Superdog, Robbie the Robin uses comical weapons called "beakerangs", which are miniature projectiles that contain incapacitating foam. Ace the Bat-Hound also wields more traditional Batarangs.

In The Batman, a later animated series, the batarangs are mostly depicted as futuristic throwing weapons lined with fluorescent blue, and making a distinct humming noise while flying through the air. They are also portrayed as sharp enough to slice through metal pipes. Batman has from time to time also used them in hand-to-hand combat. He has additionally used several other variations, including explosion batarangs, that explode after making contact; electrocuting batarangs, that discharge a strong electric current through a person or object; and, batarangs with a special technological virus, that infects and disables a machine or gadget, making it ineffective. Also, the Batman uses a very special remote-controlled batarang, that is a little larger than the other versions, can adhere to any surface, and has a miniature high-resolution camera. Despite them being futuristic, these batarangs have the most boomerang characteristics, and are shown return to Batman's hand. In The Batman vs. Dracula, Alfred Pennyworth treated some of the batarangs with garlic in preparation of the Dark Knight's battle with Count Dracula.

In Batman: The Brave and the Bold, the batarangs are not shown as high tech futuristic throwing tools like in The Batman, but as simple shuriken/boomerangs that he uses to fight crime. Batman has also been shown to be able to turn his bat symbol into a batarang, as seen the pilot episode, "The Rise of the Blue Beetle!". Also, Owlman, Batman's parallel universe counterpart, has a similar weapon to the batarang, however, his, instead of spinning at high speeds, fly straight like a glider.

In the series Beware the Batman, the batarangs have a shape similar to the Nolan universe counterpart with bronze and gray coloring. Some are collapsible. Others employ miniaturized scanners allowing Batman to study potentially dangerous objects from afar. Others carry explosive charges.

In Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship, in the Robot Chicken DC Universe Batman reveals to Robin that he created a Batarang entirely out of Kryptonite which he planned to use to kill Superman if he ever turned evil as one of the many methods he developed to deal with members of the Justice League if they ever turned evil. Later in the special, Batman stabs the Kryptonian-half of Composite Superman's shoulder with the Kryptonite Batarang to weaken him enough to allow Superman to defeat him with a punch to the groin.

Video games
The Batarang was a primary weapon in Batman: The Caped Crusader. It was used to climb and swing in Batman: The Movie.

Batman: Vengeance features regular and electrified batarangs as throwing weapons.

Lego Batman: The Video Game features batarangs (in two different colors), which can be used by four characters; Batman & Batgirl (black and yellow), and Robin & Nightwing (red and green).

In the Batman Begins video game, Batarangs were only used to interact with the environment, in order to scare henchmen.

The Game Boy Batman game allowed the collection and use of up to 3 Batarangs that could be thrown simultaneously.

Batman: Arkham
In Batman: Arkham Asylum, Batman can wield a single Batarang from the beginning, and the player has the opportunity to unlock multiple variations such as remote-controlled Batarangs and Sonic Batarangs. In addition, the Collector's Edition of the game comes with a 14" plastic Batarang model affixed to a display base.   The Batarang appears in the sequel, Batman: Arkham City, introducing a new variation, a reverse Batarang which can loop behind an enemy and attack from behind. Batman: Arkham Knight, the third and final installment in Rocksteady's Arkham trilogy, also features the batarang with many of the same variants and abilities seen in the previous two games. Batman also has a new Batarang called the Bat Scanner he can throw high into the air around Gotham to scan a specific area.  Toy and prop replica company NECA produced a batarang replica based in the Arkham Knight design, which can be purchased through video game retailer Gamestop. This batarang replica can be folded at its middle hinge and rapidly opened with the press of a button, and also has a removable LED light panel.

References

Further reading
 "Image Schemas and Conceptual Metaphor in Action Comics", Elizabeth Potsch and Robert F. Williams, in Linguistics and the Study of Comics (Palgrave McMillan, 2012) uses the motion of the batarang to demonstrate how the reader interprets the action in a comic panel.
 "Batmobile Gets New Air-Cushion Ride", The Cincinnati Enquirer (May 27, 1966)
 "Batcollection earns money, spot in movie" by Tom Forstrom, Salem Statesman-Journal (March 9, 2003)

External links
IGN: Holy Bat-Gadgets!

Batman objects
Fictional elements introduced in 1939
Throwing weapons

Batarang


Peter Maxwell Evans (born 1 August 1961) is an Australian breaststroke swimmer of the 1980s who won four Olympic medals, including a gold in the 4×100 m medley relay at the 1980 Moscow Olympics as part of the Quietly Confident Quartet. He also won consecutive bronze medals in the 100 m breaststroke at the 1980 Olympics and the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

The son of prominent Western Australian businessman and politician Max Evans, Evans had a late start to his swimming career, making his debut at the Australian Championships in his hometown of Perth, aged 17. Despite placing second in the 100 m breaststroke, he was not selected for Australia, and instead travelled to the United Kingdom to train under David Haller. During this period, he quickly improved his times and rose from outside the top 200 into the top 25 in the world rankings. Evans returned to Australia in 1980 and qualified for the Olympics in both the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke. A sprinter, he won the 100 m in an Australian record time and showed a preference for shorter events, which required less training mileage. Evans gained a reputation for often doing fewer training laps than his coach asked of him. Having rebuffed Australian government pressure to boycott the Moscow Olympics in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Evans won bronze in the 100 m breaststroke. His career peak came in the 4 × 100 m medley relay, when he outsplit his opponents in the breaststroke leg of the relay, bringing Australia into contention for its eventual win, which remains the only time that the United States has not won the event at Olympic level.

After the Olympics, Evans moved to the United States to study business and compete for the University of Arizona. He was less successful in the short-course format used at college level, which placed more reliance on efficient turns. Evans returned to Australia for the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, winning silver in the 100 m breaststroke and gold in the medley relay. He competed in his second Olympics in Los Angeles in 1984, winning bronze in both the 100 m breaststroke and the medley relay. Evans retired after missing selection for the 1986 Commonwealth Games and attempted to follow his father into politics. He unsuccessfully stood as the candidate for the Liberal Party of Australia in the electoral district of Perth at the 1986 state election, before pursuing a career in business.

Early years
The second of four children, Evans was born into an affluent family in Perth, Western Australia. His father Max was a chartered accountant who went on to become a politician for the Liberal Party in the state's Upper House. Max was the president of the Western Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and a senior partner in the accounting firm founded by Sir Charles Court, then premier of Western Australia, who was credited with modernising the state and transforming its lucrative mining industry. Max was an honorary member of the Australian Chamber of Commerce. The Evans family had a sporting pedigree. Max had been a state champion athletics sprinter at youth level and won a gold, a silver and three bronze medals as part of Western Australian relay teams at the Australian Championships. Evans' mother Barbara, a physiotherapist, was a capable swimmer and won a half-blue in netball at the University of Western Australia.

Evans attended the exclusive Scotch College in Perth for his entire primary and high school years. He was initially a self-taught swimmer, having observed his father in the water. He recalled that "As I didn't like to get up early, I didn't get swim instruction until my sixth grade at Scotch College". Evans later trained and competed for the school swimming team in summer as well as the field hockey team. Evans enjoyed success in all four strokes at school level, but was most proficient at breaststroke and chose to specialise in it, commenting that "I'd rather be good at one stroke than mediocre in four". Thereafter, he was undefeated in breaststroke at school level. Evans learned the "whip kick" from Ian Dickson, brother of Olympic freestyle swimming medallist David Dickson. Evans later honed his endurance ability under Kevin Duff and his sprinting ability under Bernie Mulroy.

National debut
In November 1978, Evans broke the Western Australian record for the 100 m breaststroke during his final year at school. He and his father decided that he should step up his swimming career, and Evans entered the 1979 Australian Championships in Perth. Despite only four weeks of solid training leading up to the meet, Evans came second to Lindsay Spencer. Evans was omitted from the Australian squad that toured Britain because he was an unknown swimmer. After the meet, Evans vowed to become an elite swimmer and Olympian. A week later, Evans travelled to England to train at Crystal Palace in London under David Haller, coach of future Olympic breaststroke gold medallist Duncan Goodhew. Evans did so feeling that there was insufficient coaching support for breaststrokers in Australia. In three months of training in London, Evans had risen up the breaststroke rankings from outside the top 200 into the top 25. He returned to Australia and won selection in the national team for the FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation) World Cup in Japan, before returning to London for more training.

Evans returned to Australia in 1980 to compete at the Australian Championships, which doubled as the Olympic trials. His sojourn in the United Kingdom meant that he was a virtual unknown in his home country. He set a national record in winning the 100 m breaststroke in a time of 1 m 4.80 s and also qualified for his less preferred 200 m event. During the Olympic training camp in Brisbane, the Australian coaches tried to get Evans to cover more mileage at training. Evans' teammates recalled him stopping during a pool session and emphatically proclaiming that "Work is a poor substitute for talent". In 2000, more than a decade after his retirement, he was still using this slogan. Evans was confident in his own training methods and refused to bend to the coaches. His teammate Mark Tonelli said that Evans "knew what he was capable of and as far as he was concerned, he was capable of anything".

1980 Moscow Olympics

Having qualified to swim for Australia, another obstacle arose with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which resulted in a boycott of the Games by a large part of the Western world, led by the United States. The Australian prime minister, Malcolm Fraser, was also the patron of the Australian Olympic Committee, and significant political pressure came to bear on the athletes to boycott the Games. Evans' relay teammate Tonelli believed that only the sportspeople would suffer from a boycott and that trade relations would continue unabated. He took a leadership role among the athletes to fight for their right to compete and publicise their cause among the Australian public. Evans was fully supportive of Tonelli's campaign, reflecting that "We were political tools, and the only ones to suffer would be us." He rhetorically asked: "Do you really think that if we didn't go someone would come up to us after the Games and pat us on the back for not going?"

Having arrived in Moscow, Evans' first event was the 100 m breaststroke, which the Soviets were favoured to win. Evans' former flat-mate and training partner Goodhew was another of the favourites. Evans placed equal first in his heat and advanced to the final as the fourth-fastest qualifier, along with Goodhew, two Soviets and fellow Australian Spencer. In a hard-fought final, Goodhew won the gold medal, while Evans narrowly missed out on silver, finishing 0.14 s behind the Soviet Union's Arsens Miskarovs to claim bronze in a time of 1 m 3.96 s. Evans was just 0.04 s ahead of Aleksandr Fyodorovsky, another swimmer from the host nation. Reflecting on the race, Evans felt that his lack of experience compared with Goodhew was a factor in his loss. Evans felt that Goodhew had "psyched [him] out". Evans was less successful in the 200 m—not his preferred distance. He came fourth in his heat in a time of 2 m 26.62 s, which saw him eliminated with the 12th-fastest time, some three seconds slower than what was needed to make the final.

Relay victory

The 4 × 100 m medley relay was the focal point of Evans' Moscow campaign. The event had always been won by the United States since its inception at Olympic level in 1960, and their boycott had opened up the field in the event. In the five times the event had been contested, Australia's best result was a silver in the inaugural race. A bronze in 1964 was the only other medal success, and the 1972 medley relay had seen Australia eliminated in the heats. This time, Australia was regarded as a medal chance, but were not seen as the main threats—Sweden, Great Britain and the Soviet Union were the most favoured teams to win. The hosts' team included the silver medallists in the 100 m backstroke and breaststroke, and their butterflyer had come fifth. Later, their freestyler placed fourth. The British had Goodhew, the breaststroke gold medallist, while Sweden's butterflyer and backstroker had won their respective events and their freestyle swimmer would come second in the 100 m. On paper, Australia's team paled in comparison. Neil Brooks, the freestyler, would come 14th overall after an asthma attack, and Evans was the only individual medallist in the corresponding individual event. Mark Kerry had been eliminated in the backstroke semifinals, while Tonelli was swimming as a makeshift butterflyer. Adding to the pressure was the fact that Australia had won no gold medals at the 1976 Olympics in any sport, and were yet to win one in Moscow, so the public were still awaiting their first victory since Munich in 1972. Coming into the Olympics, Australia were ranked seventh out of the 13 competing countries.

Australia's prospects improved after the morning heats in which Sweden was disqualified. Evans took the opportunity to attempt to regain the psychological ascendancy from Goodhew, confronting him privately and stating that "we will win it". Evans felt that his posturing had shaken Goodhew. Tonelli, the eldest swimmer in the quartet at the age of 23, convened the team as its de facto leader. He asked his teammates to commit to swimming their legs in a certain time; Kerry vowed to swim the backstroke in 57 s, Evans the breaststroke in 63 s flat, Tonelli the butterfly in 54 s and Brooks promised to anchor the team in 49.8 s, even though he had never gone faster than 51 s. Tonelli named the foursome as the Quietly Confident Quartet, and they exhibited a quiet confidence as they lined up for the race.

Kerry led off in a faster time than he had clocked in the individual event, but it was still two seconds slower than his personal best time of 57.87 s, leaving Australia in fourth place at the end of the first leg. Evans then swam a personal best of 63.01 s to put Australia in second place, almost level with the host nation at the halfway mark. Evans had out-split Goodhew by 0.8 s and Miskarov by 0.5 s. Tonelli then swam his leg in 54.94 s, almost two seconds faster than he had ever done before. Tonelli began to lose ground in the last 50 m and was a bodylength behind until a late surge brought him to within a metre of the lead by the end of his leg. Brooks then performed a powerful, well-timed dive and surfaced almost even with his Soviet counterpart. He had drawn level by the halfway mark and made a superior turn to take the lead. The Soviet freestyler pulled level at the 25 m mark before Brooks again sprinted away to seal an Australian victory by 0.22 s. Brooks had finished his leg in 49.86 s as he had vowed to his teammates. The time of 3 m 45.70 s sealed Australia's first-ever win in a medley relay at the Olympics, for men or women. The team then made a celebratory dive into the pool and were interviewed at the poolside. Evans said that the relay "was unbelievable, but it was all so logical. I was so deliriously happy that I couldn't stop talking."

Upon returning to Australia, Evans and Brooks were raucously received in their hometown of Perth. They were denied a civic reception by the Lord Mayor of the City of Perth, who supported an Olympic boycott over Afghanistan, but the Lord Mayor of Fremantle instead hosted a reception. Evans received congratulations from Prime Minister Fraser. In 2000, Evans quipped that "We're the Vietnam vets of the Olympic movement". In the same year, Evans and the other members of the quartet were each awarded the Australian Sports Medal for their victory in Moscow.

US college career
A few weeks before the Olympics, Evans had signed a deal with the University of Arizona, and he went there to study and swim after the Olympics. Evans was to spend five years in Arizona studying for a BA in business. He regarded his American experience as a crucial component of his development: "I got a good education, but above all I learned about myself". The American laissez faire attitude—which revolved around the individual's self-determination—sat well with Evans' outlook on life. He often clashed with Arizona swimming coach Dick Jochums, who was regarded as a hard taskmaster. The pair clashed over the training regime; Jochums insisted that Evans increase his mileage, something that the student strongly resisted. Evans was an All-American for four years, but he struggled in the short-course pools used in the college system. Short-course pools—which are only half the length—place more emphasis on a swimmer's turning ability, which was the Australian's weakness. Despite his ranking as third in the world at the Olympics, which are swum in long-course pools, Evans was ranked only fifth in the college system.

The Australian Swimming Union (ASU) did not recognise times that had been recorded in short-course pools in the United States, so Evans was forced to return for the Australian Championships to qualify for the 1982 Commonwealth Games held in Brisbane. Despite winning neither of the breaststroke events, Evans successfully earned selection and lined up at the Commonwealth Games in the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke and the 4 × 100 m medley relay. In his favoured 100 m event, Evans won bronze, having been led home by Adrian Moorhouse of England and Canada's Victor Davis. In the 200 m event, Evans came fourth, almost four seconds behind the victorious Davis. He then combined with David Orbell, Jon Sieben and Brooks to win the medley relay in a Commonwealth Games record time. Canada reached the wall far ahead of Australia, but were disqualified for a premature changeover.

International farewell
After the games, Evans returned to the United States to continue his studies and collegiate swimming career. Before the 1984 Olympics, Evans travelled to Hong Kong to train with Haller, who was coaching the British colony's swimming team. Evans revitalised himself under his favourite coach and returned to his old style of sprinting. He twisted his ankle later in Perth and missed some training time. He won the Australian 100 m breaststroke championship to qualify for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and returned to Arizona to continue training. His Olympic campaign was placed in jeopardy when the ASU threatened to remove Evans from the team for skipping their training camp in Australia. The threat was withdrawn after Evans' father confronted the ASU and pointed out that his son was training, although in a different location. Before the Games, Evans joined the Australians for their final training camp at Stanford University in California. Evans arrived in Los Angeles with the same program as in Moscow; he entered both breaststroke events and the medley relay. Evans started brightly to win his heat of the 100 m breaststroke in an Olympic record time of 1 m 2.87 s. His new mark did not last long—John Moffet broke it in a later heat to relegate Evans to the second-fastest qualifying time.

Nevertheless, their opponents were able to lift and the final saw Steve Lundquist of the United States set a new world record of 1 m 1.65 s; Evans took bronze, 0.98 s behind silver medallist Davis. Evans was unable to maintain the pace that he had set in the heats, clocking a time 0.10 s slower. In the 200 m, Evans came second in his heat but was not fast enough to make the final, swimming 1.47 s slower than the slowest qualifier to finish 17th. The final event for Evans was the 4 × 100 m medley relay. Evans was joined by Kerry, while Glenn Buchanan and Mark Stockwell swum the butterfly and freestyle respectively. The Americans were overwhelming favourites, boasting the gold medallists in three of the respective individual events. The hosts easily won the gold by almost four seconds; Evans and the Australians were third, relegated from the silver medal by just 0.02 s by the Canadian team, having been in the bronze medal position at every change. Evans recorded the second-fastest breaststroke split, slower than Lundquist, but quicker than the rest, including Davis.

After the Olympics, Evans returned to Arizona and resumed his studies. In 1985, he represented Australia at the World University Games in Kobe, Japan. The following year, he attempted to qualify for the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh after only ten days training. He made the qualifying time, but was omitted. Evans later stated that he felt his admission of having only trained for ten days had lowered his standing in the eyes of the selectors. As a result of being overlooked, Evans retired from competitive swimming.

Later life
In early 1986, Evans won preselection for the Liberal Party in the electoral district of Perth. He contested the seat in the state election, but lost despite a four percent swing against the Australian Labor Party. Evans then travelled around the world studying international market systems, before working in fund management and international investment. He said of his swimming career: "It's not that serious. It's only a race. There's a lot more to be happy and proud for and proud of."

See also
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)

Notes

References

1961 births
Living people
Australian male breaststroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Arizona Wildcats men's swimmers
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners
Universiade medalists in swimming
Swimmers from Perth, Western Australia
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
People educated at Scotch College, Perth
Swimmers at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Universiade bronze medalists for Australia
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from Western Australia

Peter Evans (swimmer)


HTML Tidy is a console application for correcting invalid HyperText Markup Language (HTML), detecting potential web accessibility errors, and for improving the layout and indent style of the resulting markup. It is also a cross-platform library for computer applications that provides HTML Tidy's features.

History
HTML Tidy was developed by Dave Raggett of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Later it was released as a SourceForge project in 2003 and managed by various maintainers.

In 2012, the project was moved to GitHub, and maintained by Michael Smith, also of W3C, where HTML5 support was added.

In 2015, the HTML Tidy Advocacy Community Group (HTACG) was formed for management and development of HTML Tidy as a W3C Community Group.

HTML Tidy source code is written in ANSI C for portability. Compiled binary files are available for a variety of platforms. It is available under the W3C Software Notice and License, a permissive BSD-style license. Up-to-date versions are available as source code cloned from its GitHub Git version control repository, or in binary packages for multiple operating systems from its GitHub Releases repository.

Features

Examples of corrections to invalid or poorly constructed HTML:
 Reorder mixed-up tags
 Complete missing or mismatched end tags
 Add missing syntax elements (some tags, quotes, etc.)
 Report proprietary HTML extensions
 Change layout of markup to a predefined style
 Transform characters from some encodings into HTML entities

See also

 Comparison of HTML parsers
 CSSTidy

References

External links
 HTML Tidy Project Page
 Current Source Code
 Official Binary Releases
 HTML Tidy Project Page (legacy)
 HTML Tidy service Was an online version of HTML Tidy at the W3C. The W3C online tidy service was decommissioned on 29 November, 2017.

Free software programmed in C
HTML editors
Software using the W3C license

HTML Tidy


The Williams F121 (company designation WR36-1)
is a small turbofan engine designed for use in the AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow anti-radiation cruise missile.

Development and design
The F121 engine had a rare set of design parameters as it is designed to be used only once. As a cruise missile engine, it was designed to have a long shelf life (be able to sit around unused for long periods of time) and then operate when needed for several hours. It was designed to power the AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow, which was to be a stand-off anti radiation missile. Its first flight was on July 30, 1984. The AGM-136 program was canceled several years later.

Another unique feature of the engine is that it was started with an explosive cartridge because it couldn't start while still mated to its aircraft.

In the late 2000s, the engine was being used by the Naval Air Warfare Center at Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake to test fuel performance and additives.

Specifications

See also

References

1980s turbofan engines
F121
Low-bypass turbofan engines

Williams F121


Central Alberta is a region in the Canadian province of Alberta. It completely surrounds the Edmonton Capital Region. Central Alberta is the most densely populated rural area in the province. Agriculture and energy make up an important part of the economy.

The North Saskatchewan River flows through the region. The Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park is also located in the region.

Geography of Alberta

Central Alberta