Saint can mean different things:

Religion
Different religions & groups use the term saint differently. The word comes form Latin Sanctus, which means holy. In general, saints are believed to be good examples of how people should live, or what people should do. Saints are synonymous, or are associated, with holiness. In the Roman Catholic Church, to become a saint, you have to go through a process called canonization, which is performed by the Pope.
In the New Testament, the term Saint is used to refer to any member of the Church of Christ.
In the Roman Catholic Church, a saint is someone who lives a very holy life and loves others. Catholics believe that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. However, to be declared an official saint by the Church, someone must be canonized.
In Mormonism, a saint is someone who is of Mormon line.
In Protestant churches, a saint is anyone who is baptized and lives their faith.

Sports teams
Southampton F.C. is the nickname for an English football team based in the city of Southampton.
The New Saints are a League of Wales football club representing the Welsh town of Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain and the nearby English town of Oswestry.
Northampton Saints are a rugby union club.
The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football franchise of the National Football League.
St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League is known as The Saints.

Entertainment
"The Saint" is a character created by Leslies Charteris.  The Saint has appeared in a number of books, movies and TV shows, including
The Saint, a 1997 movie starring Val Kilmer
Saint is the title of a novel by Ted Dekker
Saint (Heavy Metal),  a Christian heavy metal band.
For the pioneering Australian punk band, see The Saints.
There are also two actresses by the name of Saint: Eva Marie Saint and Silvia Saint.
 When the Saints Go Marching In is a popular tune also known as "The Saints".

Other
 Saint is a type of pigeon
 Saint can be used to describe a really loving or caring person.

Saint (disambiguation)


The Aeolian Islands is an archipelago of seven islands, which are north of Sicilly. The islands are of volcanic origin. About 13.000 people live on the islands, which belong to Italy. The biggest of the islands is Lipari. For this reason, the islands are also known as Lipari islands. There are two active volcanoes on these islands, called Stromboli and Vulcano. Stromboli is the only volcano that is active all the time. The volcano on Vulcan is called Grande Fossa. It is dormant or slightly active. It is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe.

The islands have been inhabited since the Stone Age. They were important for the obsidian that can be found there.

Sicily

Aeolian Islands


Jean-Marie Mondelet (ca. 1771 – June 15, 1843) was a notary and political figure in Lower Canada.

He was born in Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu around 1771, the son of Dominique Mondelet, and studied at the Collège Saint-Raphaël and the Petit Séminaire de Quebec. He articled as a notary, qualified to practice in 1794 and set up practice at Saint-Marc-sur-Richelieu, later taking on Étienne Ranvoyzé as a partner. He married Charlotte Boucher de Grosbois in January 1798. Later that year, he was named a justice of the peace. In 1802, Mondelet moved his practice to Montreal. In 1804, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West and, in 1808, for Montreal East, generally voting with the parti canadien. In 1810, he was appointed joint president of the Court of Quarter Sessions at Montreal. In 1811, he married Juliana Walker, the widow of an Anglican priest and daughter of judge James Walker. In 1811, he became a police magistrate and, in 1812, was named coroner for Montreal. Mondelet served as a major in the militia during the War of 1812, he later became lieutenant-colonel and then commander of a militia battalion. In 1821, he was named a king's notary, which allowed him to perform as a notary on behalf of the government. As a moderate nationalist, Mondelet was sometimes viewed with suspicion by both the more radical nationalists and the authorities. His title of king's notary was removed in 1827. However, he was named to the Montreal Board of Health in 1832.

He died at Trois-Rivières in 1843.

His son Dominique became a lawyer and judge and also served in the legislative assembly. His son Charles-Elzéar also became a lawyer and judge.

External links

1770s births
1843 deaths
Collège Saint-Raphaël alumni
Petit Séminaire de Québec alumni
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Canadian coroners

Jean-Marie Mondelet


The Chinese postman problem is a mathematical problem of graph theory. It is also known as route inspection problem. Suppose there is a mailman who needs to deliver mail to a certain neighbourhood. The mailman is unwilling to walk far, so he wants to find the shortest route through the neighbourhood, that meets the following criteria:

 It is a closed circuit (it ends at the same point it starts).
 He needs to go through every street at least once.

If the graph travelled has an Eulerian path, this circuit is the ideal solution.

Alan Goldman of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards first coined the name 'Chinese Postman Problem' for this problem, as it was originally studied by the Chinese mathematician Mei-Ku Kuan in 1962.

Other websites
Chinese postman problem (at MathWorld)

References

Graph theory

Chinese postman problem


The Pentamerone or Lo cunto de li cunti overo lo trattenemiento de peccerille (The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones) is a seventeenth-century collection of fairy tales by Giambattista Basile. The collection consists of a frame story and 49 fairy tales. Ten old women tell the tales over five days. The collection contains many famous fairy tale types such as "Cinderella" and "Puss in Boots".

References
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 377-8.

Other websites
 "La vita di Giambattista Basile"  (in Italian)
 The complete text of Lo cunto de li cunti  (in Neapolitan)

 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Il Pentamerone by Giambattista Basile
 Illustrations  by George Cruikshank
 Professor S. Cicciotti's page about G. B. Basile (in Italian)
 Online text of some stories, in English (from Taylor translation)

Fairy tales
Collections of fairy tales

Pentamerone


"Let's Kill Hitler" is the eighth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The episode was broadcast on BBC One, Space and BBC America on 27 August 2011. It is the second episode of a two-part story. The story began with "A Good Man Goes To War" (episode seven). It is the 778th episode.

The episode centers around River Song and the history of Amy Pond.

Doctor Who
2011 television episodes
British television episodes

Let's Kill Hitler


The Sittaford Mystery is a work of detective fiction by British writer  Agatha Christie, first published in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in 1931 under the title of The Murder at Hazelmoor and in UK by the Collins Crime Club on 7 September of the same year under Christie's original title. It is the first Christie novel to be given a different title for the US market. The US edition retailed at $2.00 and the UK edition at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6).

Mrs Willett and her daughter host an evening of "table-turning" (a séance) on a snowy winter's evening in Dartmoor. The spirit tells them that Captain Trevelyan is dead. The roads being impassible to vehicles, Major Burnaby announces his intention to go to the village on foot to check on his friend, where he appears to find the prediction has come true. Emily Trefusis, engaged to Trevelyan's nephew, uncovers the mystery along with the police.

The novel was well-received, with praise for the character Miss Emily Trefusis. The references to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, no longer alive when the book was published, and the elements of the setting that hearken to The Hound of the Baskervilles (published in 1902) were also noted and appreciated.

Plot summary
Sittaford is a tiny village on the fringe of Dartmoor. Mrs Willett and her daughter Violet are the newly installed tenants of Sittaford House, a residence owned by Trevelyan, a retired Navy captain. They invite four people to tea on Friday afternoon: Captain Trevelyan's long-standing friend, Major Burnaby, Mr Rycroft, Mr Ronnie Garfield, and Mr Duke. At the suggestion of Mr Garfield, the six of them decide to play a game of table-turning. During this séance, at 5.25 pm, a spirit announces that Captain Trevelyan has just been murdered. Concerned for the Captain's safety in Exhampton, Major Burnaby says that he intends to walk the six miles there. There is a thick layer of snow on the ground and further heavy snowfall is forecast for later that evening. There is no telephone in Sittaford, and cars cannot manoeuvre in these conditions.

Two and a half hours later, just before 8 pm, in the middle of a blizzard, Major Burnaby is trudging up the path to the front door of Hazelmoor, the house in Exhampton where Captain Trevelyan now lives. When nobody answers the door, he fetches the local police and a doctor. They enter the house through the open study window at the back, and find Captain Trevelyan's dead body on the floor. Dr Warren estimates the time of death at between 5 and 6 pm. A fracture of the base of the skull is the cause of death. The weapon was a green baize tube full of sand.

Captain Trevelyan's will states that, apart from £100 for his servant Evans, his property is to be equally divided among four people: his sister Jennifer Gardner, his nephew James Pearson, his niece Sylvia Dering, and his nephew Brian Pearson (the three children of his other, deceased sister). Each of these four will inherit approximately £20,000. James Pearson is arrested for murder because he was in Exhampton at the time of the murder, trying unsuccessfully to get a loan from Captain Trevelyan.

While the official investigation is led by Inspector Narracott, James Pearson's fiancée Emily Trefusis starts sleuthing herself. She is assisted by Charles Enderby, a Daily Wire journalist who, after the murder, presented a cheque for £5,000 to Major Burnaby for winning the newspaper's football competition in Exhampton. Emily and Charles stay with Mr and Mrs Curtis in Sittaford, searching for clues. Mr Dacres, James Pearson's solicitor, tells Emily that things look much worse than they already imagined. James has "borrowed" money from his firm to speculate in stocks without the knowledge of the firm.

There are several red herrings. Brian Pearson came under suspicion when Enderby discovered him making a late-night rendezvous with Violet Willett; he is Violet's fiancé. He was not in Australia but had returned to England on the same boat with the Willetts. The Willetts' motive for moving into the isolated Sittaford house had no connection with Captain Trevelyan. They wanted to live close to Dartmoor Prison, where Violet's father was imprisoned. His escape from the prison three days after the murder was engineered by Brian Pearson. He and Brian would live with the Willetts as their manservants until the danger passed, but the prisoner was recaptured. Martin Dering created a false alibi because his wife Sylvia was watching him for divorce proceedings. Sylvia is Mr Rycroft's niece; Jennifer Gardner is Mr Garfield's godmother; and Mr Duke is an ex-Chief-Inspector of Scotland Yard.

Emily solves the mystery in Hazelmoor after finding Captain Trevelyan's ski boots hidden in the chimney, and two pairs of skis in different sizes. Major Burnaby is the killer. He engineered the table movements during the séance to make the spirit convey the message that Captain Trevelyan had been murdered. Instead of walking the six miles in two and a half hours after the séance, he went to his own house to put on skis, and skied the distance in about 10 minutes. He killed Captain Trevelyan at about a quarter to six. Then he cleaned his skis and put them in the cupboard. He hid Trevelyan's ski boots in the chimney to prevent the police seeing them, and thus possibly realising how quickly a person on skis could have travelled between Sittaford and Exhampton. Major Burnaby hoped that the second pair of skis, of a different size, would pass unnoticed.

Mr Rycroft, who is a member of the Psychical Research Society, reassembles five of the six original participants for a second séance at Sittaford House, the absent Mr Duke being replaced by Brian Pearson. The séance has scarcely begun, when Inspector Narracott steps in, in the company of Emily and Mr Duke, and charges Major Burnaby with the murder of Captain Trevelyan. Emily explains that Burnaby had lost a lot of money by buying rotten shares; his motive for the murder was to keep the cheque for £5,000. He had received the letter notifying him of the win on the morning of the day of the murder, contrary to what he told Enderby. Captain Trevelyan had won the competition but used Burnaby's name to send in competition solutions. In the final chapter Emily turns down a marriage proposal by Enderby – who has fallen in love with her during the investigation – because she still loves her fiancé James.

Characters

Inhabitants of Sittaford
Sittaford House: Mrs Willett and her daughter Violet
Cottage 1: Major John Edward Burnaby
Cottage 2: Captain Wyatt and his Indian servant Abdul
Cottage 3: Mr Rycroft, uncle of Mr Martin Dering
Cottage 4: Miss Caroline Percehouse and her nephew Ronald Garfield
Cottage 5: Mr and Mrs Curtis
Cottage 6: Mr Duke

Investigators
Miss Emily Trefusis: James Pearson's fiancée; amateur sleuth
Mr Charles Enderby: journalist from the Daily Wire; amateur sleuth
Inspector Narracott: investigator from Exeter
Superintendent Maxwell: Narracott's boss
Constable Graves: policeman in Exhampton
Sgt Pollock: policeman in Exhampton
Dr Warren: doctor in Exhampton

Other
Captain Joseph A. Trevelyan: owner of Sittaford House, tenant of "Hazelmoor" in Exhampton
Mr Robert Henry Evans: Captain Trevelyan's servant
Mrs Rebecca Evans: Evans' wife
Mrs J. Belling: Rebecca's mother, licensed proprietor of "The Three Crowns" in Exhampton
Williamson & Williamson: estate agents
Walters & Kirkwood: Captain Trevelyan's solicitors
Mrs Jennifer Gardner: Captain Trevelyan's sister, lives in "The Laurels" in Exeter, godmother of Mr Ronald Garfield
Mr Robert Gardner: Jennifer's invalid husband
Miss Davis: Robert Gardner's nurse
Beatrice: Mr and Mrs Gardner's maid
Mr James Pearson: Captain Trevelyan's nephew in London
Mr Dacres: James Pearson's solicitor
Mrs Sylvia Dering: Captain Trevelyan's niece
Mr Martin Dering: Sylvia's husband
Mr Brian Pearson: Captain Trevelyan's nephew from New South Wales, Australia
"Freemantle" Freddy: convict in Dartmoor Prison, Princetown

Literary significance and reception
The New York Times Book Review'''s issue of 16 August 1931 posited that "Mrs. Agatha Christie's latest is up to her usual high standard and compares favourably with The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, one of the best she ever did." They went on to comment that, "Miss Trefusis is one of the sharpest and most likeable detectives of recent moons." Finally they summarised, "An excellent book to take away for week-end reading." In a short review of 23 October 1931, the Daily Mirror said that, "A pair of snow shoes and a prize competition offer clues to the villain, who is well concealed."

Robert Barnard commented: "Mayhem Parva, sharpened by Dartmoor setting and snow. Many of the usual elements are here, but also escaped convict (out of Baskervilles), séances, newspaper competitions and amateur investigator – young woman torn (as in Blue Train) between handsome weakling and hardworking, upright, born-to-success type. Highly entertaining, with adroit clueing." Charles Osborne wrote: "... strongly plotted, and the solution to its puzzles are not likely to be arrived at by deduction on the reader's part. It is also one of Mrs. Christie's most entertaining crime novels, and her use of the Dartmoor background is masterly."

References to other worksThe Sittaford Mystery contains several references to The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle.
Both stories are set in Devon and have a gothic atmosphere imparted by the suggestion that supernatural phenomena might be involved.
There's an escaped convict from Dartmoor Prison in both stories: "Freemantle" Freddy in one, Selden in the other.
There's a naturalist in both stories: Mr Rycroft in one, Jack Stapleton in the other.
In chapter eleven, Charles Enderby says: "That séance business was queer too. I'm thinking of writing that up for the paper. Get opinions from Sir Oliver Lodge and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and a few actresses and people about it." Conan Doyle was actually an enthusiastic believer in parapsychology, especially in his later years.

Geographical locations
'Exhampton' is readily recognisable as Okehampton. There is a Sittaford Tor on Dartmoor, which gave Christie the name. The physical location of her fictional settlement of Sittaford closely matches that of Belstone, but its description also evokes Throwleigh where Christie owned a house.

Publication history

 1931, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1931, Hardcover, 308 pp
 1931, Collins Crime Club (London), 7 September 1931, Hardcover, 256 pp
 1948, Penguin Books, Paperback, (Penguin number 690), 255 pp
 1950, Dell Books (New York), Paperback, (Dell number 391 [mapback]), 224 pp
 1961, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 190 pp
 1973, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 387 pp,
 2010, HarperCollins; Facsimile edition, Hardcover: 256 pages,

In the US the novel was serialised in Good Housekeeping magazine in six instalments from March (Volume XCII, Number 3) to August 1931 (Volume XCIII, Number 2) under the title The Murder at Hazelmoor with illustrations by W. Smithson Broadhead.

Book dedication
The book's dedication reads: "To M.E.M. With whom I discussed the plot of this book to the alarm of those around us." The subject of this dedication is Christie's second husband, Max Mallowan (1904–1978) and is one of four books dedicated to him, either singly or jointly, the others being Murder on the Orient Express (1934), Come Tell Me How You Live (1946) and Christie's final written work, Postern of Fate (1973).

In 1928, Christie had been planning a holiday to the West Indies when a chance conversation at a dinner party with a Commander Howe of the Royal Navy and his wife, who had just returned from his being stationed in the Persian Gulf, awakened an interest in her in visiting Baghdad, especially when the Howes pointed out that a part of the journey could be made by the famed Orient Express. The Howes also mentioned that not far from Baghdad, an archaeological expedition was uncovering the remains of the ancient city of Ur, about which Christie had been reading with avid interest in The Illustrated London News. Entranced by the thought of such a journey, she changed her tickets at Thomas Cook's and set off for the orient.

On the journey, she found herself in the company of a tedious Englishwoman who was determined to take Christie "under her wing", although that was the last thing she wanted. Desperate to escape she travelled to Ur and made the acquaintance of the archaeological expedition's leader, Leonard Woolley (1880–1960) and his wife, Katharine (1888–1945). Visitors to the dig were usually discouraged but Katharine Woolley was a great admirer of The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and, being an imperious and difficult woman who always got her way in things large and small (Gertrude Bell described Katherine as "dangerous"), Christie was treated as an honoured guest. In 1929, Christie gave the Woolleys the temporary use of her then residence in Cresswell Place in London and they, in turn, invited her back to the dig at the end of the season.

Arriving back there in February 1930, she met Max Mallowan, who had been away ill with appendicitis. Katharine 'ordered' him to take Christie on a tour of the local sights. They visited Nippur, Diwaniyah, Nejeif, Ukhaidir, and Kerbela and on a journey back to Baghdad, their car got stuck in the sand. Mallowan was impressed by the way in which Christie, rather than succumbing to panic in the heat and dust, just lay down in the car's shadow to sleep while a Bedouin went off for help. After being reunited with the Woolleys, most of the party made its way by stages to Greece where Christie received telegrams informing her that her daughter Rosalind (who was in the care of her sister at Abney Hall), was seriously ill with pneumonia. Christie set off for home by a four-day train journey with Max accompanying her. Getting to know her on the journey, he made up his mind to propose marriage and, after a few more meetings, that is what he did to Christie's great shock.

Christie accepted and in doing so was warned to be cautious by her brother-in-law James Watts (1878?–1957) and vehemently opposed in her plans by his wife (Christie's sister) Madge (1879–1950). Their son, Jack Watts (1903–1961) who had been at New College, Oxford with Max was also opposed, supposedly due to mistrust of his new 'uncle'. As The Sittaford Mystery was written during this period, it is probable that this opposition is what the dedication refers to.

Dustjacket blurb

The blurb on the inside flap of the dustjacket of the first edition (which is also repeated opposite the title page) reads:

It was a typical Dickens Christmas; deep snow everywhere, and down in the little village of Sittaford on the fringe of Dartmoor, probably deeper than anywhere. Mrs Willett, the winter tenant in Captain Trevelyan's country house, was, with her daughter Violet, giving a party. Finally they decided to do a little table rapping and after the usual number of inconsequential messages from the 'other side', suddenly the table announced that Captain Trevelyan was dead. His oldest friend, Captain Burnaby, was disturbed. He quickly left the house and tramped six miles of snowy roads to Exhampton. There was no sign of life in Trevelyan's house. A back window was broken in and the light was burning – and there, on the floor, was the body of Trevelyan. Inspector Narracott took the case in hand, and after wandering through a maze of false clues and suspects, he ultimately discovered the murderer of Captain Trevelyan. Mrs. Christie has never formulated a more ingenious or enthralling plot and her characterisation is of the vivid type which marked The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and The Murder at the Vicarage.

Adaptations

Television
The novel was nominally adapted by Granada Television as a Miss Marple mystery as part of the Agatha Christie's Marple series (set in 1952). It featured Geraldine McEwan as Miss Marple, who did not appear in the novel.  Apart from the names of some characters and locations, the plot bears little resemblance to the original story and a number of anachronistic themes are added.  It guest-starred Timothy Dalton as Trevelyan, Patricia Hodge as Mrs Evadne Willett, Carey Mulligan as Violet Willett, Laurence Fox as Jim Pearson, Zoe Telford as Emily Trefusis, James Murray as Charles Burnaby, Mel Smith as John Enderby and Rita Tushingham as Elizabeth Percehouse. It aired in the UK on 30 April 2006.

The novel was also adapted as a 2018 episode of Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie''. SonyLIV, in association with Agatha Christie Limited released Charlie Chopra, a Hindi web series based on the novel, in July 2023.

Radio
A five-part radio adaptation was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1990 featuring Melinda Walker as Emily Trefusis, Stephen Tompkinson as Charles Enderby, John Moffatt as Mr Rycroft and Geoffrey Whitehead as Inspector Narracott.

References

External links
The Sittaford Mystery at the official Agatha Christie website

British Museum webpage on Christie's first trip to the Middle East leading to her first meeting with Max Mallowan

1931 British novels
Novels by Agatha Christie
Works originally published in Good Housekeeping
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in Devon
Dodd, Mead & Co. books
British novels adapted into television shows
The Hound of the Baskervilles
Dartmoor

The Sittaford Mystery


Emory Parnell (December 29, 1892 – June 22, 1979) was an American vaudeville performer and actor who appeared in over 250 films in his 36-year career.

Early years
Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, Parnell trained as a musician at Morningside College, a Methodist institution in Sioux City, Iowa.

He spent eight months in the Arctic in 1929, looking for gold in that area's wastelands. He also worked as a telegrapher.

Music
Parnell spent his early years as a concert violinist. He performed on the Chautauqua and Lyceum circuits until 1930, when he relocated to Detroit, Michigan, to narrate and act in commercial and industrial films. A 1923 newspaper article described an upcoming Lyceum performance of "Emory Parnell, the one man band," saying that Parnell "plays an accordion, the snare drum and base [sic] drum, all at the same time."

During part of the Chautauqua years, Parnell had a family act that included his wife. In 1970, she recalled, "[w]e covered every state as well as Canada, Alaska and New Zealand." The Parnells resumed the act during the Korean War, doing "three to six programs a week in Army camps."

Film
Seeking better opportunities in Hollywood, Parnell and his wife moved to Los Angeles, California, where, helped by his red-faced Irish look of frustration, he immediately began to appear in films in roles such as policemen, doormen, landlords, and small town businessmen. One of his first films was Doctor Rhythm (1938).

Although his appearances were often in "B" films (playing storekeeper Billy Reed in several of the Ma and Pa Kettle movies), he also performed in "A" films, including portraying a Paramount studio executive who sang about avoiding libel suits to open 1941's Louisiana Purchase. Parnell was also part of writer-director Preston Sturges' unofficial "stock company" of character actors in the 1940s, appearing in five of Sturges's films, including The Miracle of Morgan's Creek, where he played the mean-spirited Mr. Tuerck, the chief antagonist of Constable Kockenlocker (played by William Demarest). He also appeared as grumpy socialite Ajax Bullion in the Three Stooges short subject All the World's a Stooge.

Radio
In the late 1930s, Parnell was a member of the cast of Grouch Club on NBC.

Stage
In May 1949, Parnell appeared on Broadway for the first and only time, in the play Mr. Adam, which ran for only five performances.

Television

In the 1950s, Parnell began to appear on television in dramatic shows and situation comedies in roles similar to those that he had played in films.  He portrayed William Bendix's factory foreman, Hank Hawkins, on The Life of Riley, and Bill Anders on five episodes of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, Maverick.

He appeared on the ABC/WB series, Conflict and The Alaskans, with Roger Moore, and a related NBC series, Klondike, with James Coburn and Ralph Taeger. In 1958, he appeared as fire chief "Sam Carter" in the TV series The Real McCoys (S1E34 "Volunteer Fire Department"), and in 1961, he appeared as "Ira Ponder" in the TV Western series Bat Masterson (S3E18 "The Prescott Campaign"). He appeared in an episode of the NBC family drama, National Velvet and in a 1964 episode of Perry Mason as an angry investor in "The Case of the Latent Lover". In 1966 he portrayed Sheriff Blake in "Jury at the Shady Rest" on Petticoat Junction and in "Pig in a Poke" on Green Acres.

Later years
As late as 1970, Parnell was traveling and entertaining with a family act—himself, his wife, and their grandson, Dennis Parnell.

Parnell's last acting appearance on television was in 1971 as a prospector on CBS's Gunsmoke. His last film role was as a bartender in the 1973 film, Girls on the Road. His final public appearance came in 1974, when he and his wife were interviewed by TV talk-show host Tom Snyder along with other residents of the Motion Picture Country Home and Hospital.

Personal life
Parnell was married to Effie Laird, an actress who appeared with him both in vaudeville and in films. They had two children together, one of whom, James Parnell, also became an actor. His son James died in 1961.

Parnell owned a 36-foot yacht and was a member of the United States Coast Guard Reserve.

Death
Parnell died of a heart attack in 1979 at age 86.

Selected filmography

 Arson Gang Busters (1938) as Chief J.P. Riley
 Call of the Yukon (1938) as Swenson (uncredited)
 Doctor Rhythm (1938) as Sgt. Olson (uncredited)
 I Am the Law (1938) as Detective Brophy (uncredited)
 King of Alcatraz (1938) as Olaf
 The Mad Miss Manton (1938) as Doorman (uncredited)
 Girls on Probation (1938) as Officer Craig (uncredited)
 Illegal Traffic (1938) as Lieutenant (uncredited)
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) as Officer McMann (uncredited)
 Blondie (1938) as Police Desk Sergeant (uncredited)
 Sweethearts (1938) as Fire Inspector (uncredited)
 Pacific Liner (1939) as Olaf
 Off the Record (1939) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Idiot's Delight (1939) as Fifth Avenue Mounted Cop (uncredited)
 St. Louis Blues (1939) as Policeman White (uncredited)
 Twelve Crowded Hours (1939) as Doorkeeper (uncredited)
 Let Freedom Ring (1939) as Axel - 1st Swede (uncredited)
 You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939) as Second Detective (uncredited)
 Sudden Money (1939) as Cop (uncredited)
 The Lady and the Mob (1939) as Policeman Riley (uncredited)
 East Side of Heaven (1939) as Doorman (uncredited)
 Union Pacific (1939) as Foreman (uncredited)
 Unmarried (1939) as Cop (uncredited)
 The House of Fear (1939) as Policeman (uncredited)
 They Shall Have Music (1939) as Policeman in Rain (uncredited)
 The Spellbinder (1939) as Club 88 Doorman (uncredited)
 Winter Carnival (1939) as Williams - Editor (uncredited)
 I Stole a Million (1939) as Friendly Cop at Flower Shop (uncredited)
 The Star Maker (1939) as Mr. Olson
 The Day the Bookies Wept (1939) as Motor Cop (uncredited)
 At the Circus aka The Marx Brothers at the Circus (1939) as Ringmaster (uncredited)
 Sued for Libel (1939) as Jerome Walsh
 On Dress Parade (1939) as Paddy - Policeman (uncredited)
 Little Accident (1939) as Policeman (uncredited)
 The Roaring Twenties (1939) as Gangster (uncredited)
 One Hour to Live (1939) as Fats Monoham
 The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) as Policeman on Gaylor Ave.(uncredited)
 Invisible Stripes (1939) as Policeman Outside Bank (uncredited)
 Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 Young Tom Edison (1940) as Bob (uncredited)
 Blondie on a Budget (1940) as Policeman Dempsey (uncredited)
 If I Had My Way (1940) as Gustav Erickson (uncredited)
 Those Were the Days! (1940) as Jailer (uncredited)
 Out West with the Peppers (1940) as Ole
 The Great McGinty (1940) as Policeman at Soup Kitchen (uncredited)
 Stranger on the Third Floor (1940) as Detective (uncredited)
 Foreign Correspondent (1940) as Captain John Martin of "The Mohican"
 The Golden Fleecing (1940) as Featherway (uncredited)
 Hit Parade of 1941 (1940) (uncredited)
 North West Mounted Police (1940) as George Higgins (uncredited)
 The Devil's Pipeline (1940) as R. J. Adams
 A Night at Earl Carroll's (1940) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Babes on Broadway (1941) as Inspector Moriarity (uncredited)
 Dangerously They Live (1941) as John Dill (uncredited)
 Law of the Tropics (1941) as Bartender (uncredited)
 Mob Town (1941) as Captain Harrington - Police Chief (uncredited)
 Honky Tonk (1941) as Dr. Otis (uncredited)
 Nine Lives Are Not Enough (1941) as Lieutenant Buckley (uncredited)
 Manpower (1941) as Cully (uncredited)
 Blondie in Society (1941) as Chief of Police (uncredited)
 For Beauty's Sake (1941) as Police Lt. Doleman (uncredited)
 Thieves Fall Out (1941) as Policeman (uncredited)
 The Wagons Roll at Night (1941) as Doc (uncredited)
 Strange Alibi (1941) as Captain Alibi (uncredited)
 Washington Melodrama (1941) as Simpson (uncredited)
 The Sea Wolf (1941) as First Detective (uncredited)
 Golden Hoofs (1941) as Booth (uncredited)
 The Trial of Mary Dugan (1941) as John Dugan (uncredited)
 Western Union (1941) as Sheriff (uncredited)
 The Case of the Black Parrot (1941) as Simmonds
 So Ends Our Night (1941) as Weiss
 Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) as Conway (uncredited)
 The Monster and the Girl (1941) as Policeman in Alley (uncredited)
 A Shot in the Dark (1941) as Marsotti
 The Lady from Cheyenne (1941) as Crowley (uncredited)
 Blossoms in the Dust (1941) as Texas Senator (uncredited)
 Kiss the Boys Goodbye (1941) as Deputy (uncredited)
 Three Sons o' Guns (1941) as Delivery Man (uncredited)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941) as Mate of the La Paloma (uncredited)
 The Blonde from Singapore (1941) as Capt. Nelson
 Unholy Partners (1941) as Col. Mason
 Sullivan's Travels (1941) as Rail Yard Bull (uncredited)
 Johnny Eager (1941) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Louisiana Purchase (1941) as Sam Horowitz - Lawyer
 All Through the Night (1942) as Cop Outside Warehouse (uncredited)
 Cadets on Parade (1942) as Inspector Kennedy
 Obliging Young Lady (1942) as Motorcycle Policeman Behind Billboard (uncredited)
 Kings Row (1942) as Harley Davis (uncredited)
 The Remarkable Andrew (1942) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Reap the Wild Wind (1942) as Jailer (uncredited)
 Two Yanks in Trinidad (1942) as Police Chief (uncredited)
 Saboteur (1942) as Henry - Husband in Movie (uncredited)
 Larceny, Inc. (1942) as Police Officer O'Casey (uncredited)
 Syncopation (1942) as Judge (uncredited)
 They All Kissed the Bride (1942) as Mahoney
 Night in New Orleans (1942) as Jensen (uncredited)
 Little Tokyo, U.S.A. (1942) as Slavin (uncredited)
 The Pride of the Yankees (1942) as Chicago Policeman O'Doal (uncredited)
 Wings for the Eagle (1942) as Policeman
 Apache Trail (1942) as Mr. Walters (uncredited)
 The Major and the Minor (1942) as Conductor #2 (uncredited)
 Highways by Night (1942) as Police Sergeant Ransome
 I Married a Witch (1942) as Allen - Hotel Owner (uncredited)
 Once Upon a Honeymoon (1942) as Quisling (uncredited)
 Gentleman Jim (1942) as Dennis Simmons - Doorman (uncredited)
 Over My Dead Body (1942) as Police Capt. Grady
 Arabian Nights (1942) as Harem Sentry
 The Hard Way (1943) as Mac - Policeman at Hospital (uncredited)
 London Blackout Murders (1943) as Henryk Peterson (uncredited)
 The Outlaw (1943) as Dolan - Man Entering Saloon (uncredited)
 The Human Comedy (1943) as Policeman with Scared Ulysses (uncredited)
 Slightly Dangerous (1943) as Policeman of Newspaper Office (uncredited)
 Mission to Moscow (1943) as Uncaring Businessman (uncredited)
 It's a Great Life (1943) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Nazty Nuisance (1943) as Capt. Spense
 Du Barry Was a Lady (1943) as Gatekeeper (uncredited)
 Mr. Lucky (1943) as Dock Watchman (uncredited)
 Two Senoritas from Chicago (1943) as Rupert Shannon
 Young Ideas (1943) as Judge Canute J.Kelly
 Let's Face It (1943) as Colonel (uncredited)
 Dangerous Blondes (1943) as Officer McGuire (uncredited)
 The Unknown Guest (1943) as Sheriff Dave Larsen
 You're a Lucky Fellow, Mr. Smith as Conductor (uncredited)
 Government Girl (1943) as The Chief (uncredited)
 The Dancing Masters (1943) as Featherstone (uncredited)
 The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1943) as Mr. Tuerck
 Address Unknown (1944) as Postman
 Seven Days Ashore (1944) as Captain Harvey (uncredited)
 Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble (1944) as Train Conductor (uncredited)
 Once Upon a Time (1944) as Radio Cart Cop (uncredited)
 Gildersleeve's Ghost (1944) as Police Commissioner Haley
 A Night of Adventure (1944) as Judge
 Wilson (1944) as Chairman of Democratic Committee (uncredited)
 The Great Moment (1944) as Mr. Gruber (uncredited)
 The Falcon in Mexico (1944) as Winthrop 'Lucky Diamond' Hughes
 Casanova Brown (1944) as Frank
 Tall in the Saddle (1944) as Sheriff Jackson
 Heavenly Days (1944) as Detective (uncredited)
 The Falcon in Hollywood (1944) as Inspector McBride
 What a Blonde (1945) as McPherson, A1 Plumbing / Ration Board (uncredited)
 The Crime Doctor's Courage (1945) as Police Captain Birch
 Having Wonderful Crime (1945) as Desk Sergeant (uncredited)
 Two O'Clock Courage (1945) as Insp. Bill Brenner
 It's in the Bag! (1945) as Mr. Buddoo (uncredited)
 Zombies on Broadway (1945) as Ship's Captain (uncredited)
 Radio Stars on Parade (1945) as Chief Inspector (uncredited)
 Mama Loves Papa (1945) as O'Leary
 State Fair (1945) as Congressman James A. Goodheart (uncredited)
 Sing Your Way Home (1945) as Ship's Captain
 Colonel Effingham's Raid (1946) as Joe Alsobrook
 Deadline at Dawn (1946) as Captain Bender (uncredited)
 Riverboat Rhythm (1946) as Sheriff Martin
 The Falcon's Alibi (1946) as Metcaf
 Badman's Territory (1946) as Bitter Creek (uncredited)
 Strange Triangle (1946) as Barney Shaefer
 Deadline for Murder (1946) as Masseur
 Queen of Burlesque (1946) as Police Insp. Tom Crowley
 Gallant Journey (1946) as Car Driver (uncredited)
 Little Iodine (1946) as Mr. Bigdome
 The Show-Off (1946) as Mr. Appelton
 Abie's Irish Rose (1946) as Father John Whalen
 Calendar Girl (1947) as The Mayor
 Suddenly, It's Spring (1947) as Elevator Passenger (uncredited)
 The Guilt of Janet Ames (1947) as Susie's Father (uncredited)
 Violence (1947) as True Dawson
 Gas House Kids Go West (1947) as Police Sgt. Casey
 Stork Bites Man (1947) as Alan Kimberly
 The Crime Doctor's Gamble (1947) as O'Reilly
 Summer Holiday (1948) as Dannville Beach Club Bartender (uncredited)
 Here Comes Trouble (1948) as Winfield 'Windy' Blake
 Song of Idaho (1948) as J. Chester Nottingham
 Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948) as Mr. PeDelford
 Assigned to Danger (1948) as Sheriff (uncredited)
 Blonde Ice (1948) as Police Capt. Bill Murdock
 The Babe Ruth Story (1948) as Saloon Keeper (scenes deleted)
 You Gotta Stay Happy (1948) as Bank Watchman
 Strike It Rich (1948) as Carlton
 Disaster (1948) as Father Mulvaney (uncredited)
 Words and Music (1948) as Mr. Feiner
 Rose of the Yukon (1949) as Tim McNab
 A Woman's Secret (1949) as Desk Sergeant
 Alaska Patrol (1949) as Capt. Jan Robart
 Hideout (1949) as Arnie Anderson
 Ma and Pa Kettle (1949) as Bill Reed
 The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend (1949) as Mr. Hingleman
 Hellfire (1949) as Sheriff Duffy
 Massacre River (1949) as Sgt. Johanssen
 Unmasked (1950) as 'Pop' Swenson
 Key to the City (1950) as Council Chairman
 Beware of Blondie (1950) as Herb Woodley
 Rock Island Trail (1950) as Senator Wells
 Kill the Umpire (1950) as Schultz - Home Plate Umpire (uncredited)
 County Fair (1950) as Tim Brennan
 Chain Gang (1950) as Capt. Duncan
 To Please a Lady (1950) as Mr. Wendall
 Trail of Robin Hood (1950) as J. Corwin Aldridge
 Grounds for Marriage (1951) Cop taking Ina Back to Apartment (uncredited)
 Belle Le Grand (1951) as Marshal at Concert (uncredited)
 My True Story (1951) as Ed Praskins
 The Lemon Drop Kid (1951) as Man bumped into on street (uncredited)
 The Redhead and the Cowboy (1951) as Northern Sympathizer Barfly (uncredited)
 Ma and Pa Kettle Back on the Farm (1951) as Billy Reed
 Two of a Kind (1951) as First Deputy (uncredited)
 Show Boat (1951) as Jake Green, the Trocadero nightclub manager (uncredited)
 Let's Go Navy! (1951) as Police Sgt. Mulloy
 All That I Have (1951) as Juror Barstow
 Honeychile (1951) as Mayor
 Golden Girl (1951) as McGuire (uncredited)
 Boots Malone (1952) as Evans (uncredited)
 Rancho Notorious (1952) as Sheriff #2
 Oklahoma Annie (1952) as Judge Byrnes
 The Fabulous Senorita (1952) as Dean Bradshaw
 Macao (1952) as Ship's Captain (uncredited)
 Gobs and Gals (1952) as Senator Prentice
 When in Rome (1952) as Ship's Captain
 And Now Tomorrow (1952)
 The Girl in White (1952) as Yardman (uncredited)
 Has Anybody Seen My Gal (1952) as Policeman Clancy (uncredited)
 Washington Story (1952) as Howard - INS Chief (uncredited)
 Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair (1952) as Billy Reed
 Dreamboat (1952) as Used Car Salesman 'Crazy Sam' (uncredited)
 Lost in Alaska (1952) as Sherman
 The Lawless Breed (1953) as Bartender (uncredited)
 Confidentially Connie (1953) as Mr. Daveney (uncredited)
 Call Me Madam (1953) as Sen. Charlie Gallagher
 Fort Vengeance (1953) as Patrick Fitzgibbon
 The Girl Who Had Everything (1953) as Horse Auctioneer (uncredited)
 Safari Drums (1953) as Larry Conrad
 The Band Wagon (1953) as Man on Train (uncredited)
 Sweethearts on Parade (1953) as Mayor
 Here Come the Girls (1953) as Police Chief Garrity (uncredited)
 Shadows of Tombstone (1953) as Sheriff Webb (uncredited)
 Easy to Love (1953) as Mr. Huffnagel (uncredited)
 So You Want to Learn to Dance (1953) as George Bilvens
 The Long, Long Trailer (1954) as Policeman (uncredited)
 The Battle of Rogue River (1954) as Sgt. McClain
 Ma and Pa Kettle at Home (1954) as Billy Reed
 The Rocket Man (1954) as Big Bill Watkins
 Pride of the Blue Grass (1954) as Mr. Casey
 Sabrina (1954) as Charles - Butler (uncredited)
 Jungle Gents (1954) as Police Capt. Daly (uncredited)
 The Looters (1955) as Joe Sr.
 The Road to Denver (1955) as Mr. Murdock (uncredited)
 You're Never Too Young (1955) as Train Conductor (uncredited)
 How to Be Very, Very Popular (1955) as Chief of Police
 Artists and Models (1955) as Mr. Kelly (uncredited)
 That Certain Feeling (1956) as Senator (uncredited)
 Pardners (1956) as Col. Hart (uncredited)
 The Young Guns (1956) as Padgett (uncredited)
 Hot Shots (1956) as B. L. Taylor (uncredited)
 The Delicate Delinquent (1957) as Sgt. Levitch (uncredited)
 The Notorious Mr. Monks (1958) as Sheriff Cobus Anders
 Man of the West (1958) as Henry (uncredited)
 The Hot Angel (1958) as Judd Pfeifer
 Alias Jesse James (1959) as Angel's Rest Sheriff (uncredited)
 This Earth Is Mine (1959) as Berke (uncredited)
 A Hole in the Head (1959) as Sheriff (uncredited)
 Ada (1961) as Security Guard (uncredited)
 The Two Little Bears (1961) as Grimshaw Wilkes
 The Bounty Killer (1965) as Sam - Bartender
 Git! (1965) as T. C. Knox
 Changes (1969) as Man Seated at Lunchcounter (uncredited)
 The Andromeda Strain (1971) as Pete 'Old Doughboy' Arnold (uncredited)
 Girls in the Road (1972) as Bartender (final film role)

References

External links

1892 births
1979 deaths
Male actors from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Morningside University alumni
Male actors from Detroit
Male actors from Los Angeles
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American male actors

Emory Parnell


The passage is a movement seen in upper-level dressage, in which the horse performs a highly elevated and extremely powerful trot. The horse is very collected and moves with great impulsion.

The passage differs from the working, medium, collected, and extended trot in that the horse raises a diagonal pair high off the ground and suspends the leg for a longer period than seen in the other trot types. The hindquarters are very engaged, and the knees and hocks are flexed more than the other trot types. The horse appears to trot in slow motion, making it look as if it is dancing. The passage is first introduced in the dressage intermediaire test II. A horse must be well-confirmed in its training to perform the passage, and must be proficient in collecting while remaining energetic, calm, and supple. The horse must also have built up the correct muscles to do the strenuous movement.

External links
 Olympic Ferro performing the passage
 Analysis of the ideal Passage

Dressage terminology
Riding techniques and movements

Passage (dressage)


Journal Media Group (formerly Journal Communications) was a Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based newspaper publishing company. The company's roots were first established in 1882 as the owner of its namesake, the Milwaukee Journal, and expanded into broadcasting with the establishment of WTMJ radio and WTMJ-TV, and the acquisition of other television and radio stations.

On April 1, 2015, the E. W. Scripps Company acquired Journal Communications, and spun out the publishing operations of both Scripps and Journal into a new company known as Journal Media Group. It is led by Timothy E. Stautberg—the former head of Scripps' newspaper business, joined by previous Journal CEO Stephen J. Smith as a chairman. In 2016, Journal Media Group was acquired by Gannett.

History
The Milwaukee Journal was started in 1882, in competition with four other English-language, four German- and two Polish-language dailies. It launched WTMJ-AM (620) in 1927, and WTMJ-TV (Channel 4) in 1947. The Journal Company, until then primarily owned by local interests, introduced an employee stock trust plan in 1937, and as a result most Journal stock was eventually held by its employees (under certain restrictions). A small bloc of Journal stock was given to Harvard to fund the Nieman Fellowship program for promising journalists, and another bloc was still held by the original owning families until the IPO.

The Milwaukee Sentinel, begun in 1837 as a weekly published by city co-founder Solomon Juneau, passed through the hands of several owners before being sold to the Hearst Corporation in 1924. Hearst operated the Sentinel until 1962, when, following a long and costly strike, it abruptly announced the closing of the paper. Although Hearst claimed that the paper had lost money for years, The Journal Company, concerned about the loss of an important voice (and facing questions about its own dominance of the Milwaukee media market), agreed to buy the Sentinel name, subscription lists, and goodwill associated with the name. In 1995 the Journal and Sentinel were consolidated. The new Journal Sentinel then became a seven-day morning paper. In 1964, Journal Communications bought a part interest in Perry Printing, a commercial printer specializing in printing magazines, catalogs and free-standing inserts for publications. A decade later, in 1974, it purchased the remaining shares of the company. In 1995, it sold the operation (which by then had about 1000 employees and sales of $123 million) to the Milhous Group of California.

In 1968, the Midwestern Relay cable transmission division of the Journal Company was developed out of broadcast-related expertise; in 1991, Midwestern Relay acquired Norlight, a fiber-optic private carrier, and adopted the Norlight name. On February 26, 2007 Journal Communications sold the regional telecommunications provider to privately held Q-Comm Corp of Delaware. Upon closing the transaction, Q-Comm terminated Jim Ditter, who had been president of Norlight since 1995, and chief financial officer Phillip Garvey. What is now known as the Journal Community Publishing Group began in Waupaca, Wisconsin in 1972 as a publishing and printing company called Add Inc. A majority interest was purchased by Journal Communications in 1981, and the remainder in 1986. In June 2007, Journal Communications sold off its JCP interests in Louisiana, Ohio, Connecticut and Vermont. The sales brought in a combined $30 million.

The company sold 11 community newspapers, five shoppers and two printing plants in Connecticut and Vermont to Hersam Acorn Newspapers. In Ohio, Journal sold eight shoppers, numerous specialty print products and the Advantage Press commercial printing business to Gannett Company. It also sold its Louisiana-based publishing business to a Target Media Partners affiliate. In 1999 Journal Communications acquired the Great Empire radio group (13 radio stations in 4 states). The corporation had its initial public offering of Class A shares in 2003. For decades, Journal Communications was criticized with concerns about being a media monopoly in the Milwaukee area. It created the now-defunct alternative papers MKE and ¡Aqui! Milwaukee to regain advertising dollars lost to local independents like the Shepherd Express and the Milwaukee Spanish Journal.

As Journal Media Group
On July 30, 2014, it was announced that Journal would be acquired by the E. W. Scripps Company in an all-stock transaction. Scripps would retain the two firms' broadcasting properties, while both the Scripps and Journal print properties would be spun off as Journal Media Group. The FCC approved the deal on December 12, 2014, and it was approved by shareholders on March 11, 2015. The merger and spin-off were finalized on April 1, 2015; Stephen J. Smith was replaced as CEO by Timothy E. Stautberg—the former head of Scripps' newspaper operation. Although Journal Media Group was based at Journal Communications' old headquarters in Milwaukee, the latter company was legally defunct, having been absorbed into Scripps and renamed "Desk BC Merger, LLC".

On October 7, 2015, it was announced that Gannett would acquire Journal Media Group for $280 million. The deal was finalized on April 8, 2016.

Former assets

Newspapers
 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
 Ventura County Star (Camarillo, California)
 Redding Record Searchlight (Redding, California)
 Naples Daily News (Naples, Florida)
 Treasure Coast Newspapers:
 The Stuart News (Stuart, Florida)
 Indian River Press Journal (Vero Beach, Florida)
 The St. Lucie News-Tribune (Fort Pierce, Florida)
 Evansville Courier & Press (Evansville, Indiana)
 The Gleaner (Henderson, Kentucky)
 The Anderson Independent-Mail (Anderson, South Carolina)
 The Knoxville News-Sentinel (Knoxville, Tennessee)
 The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee)
 The Abilene Reporter-News (Abilene, Texas)
 Corpus Christi Caller-Times (Corpus Christi, Texas)
 San Angelo Standard-Times (San Angelo, Texas)
 Times Record News (Wichita Falls, Texas)
 Kitsap Sun (Bremerton, Washington) (daily newspaper)

Community Publishing Group
Florida
 Clay Today, Orange Park
 Clay County Leader, Clay County
 Ponte Vedra Recorder, Ponte Vedra Beach
 St. John's Recorder, Fruit Cove
Wisconsin

 The Bay Viewer, Milwaukee
 Brookfield News, Brookfield
 Clintonville Tribune-Gazette, Clintonville
 Cudahy-St. Francis Reminder-Enterprise, Cudahy
 Elm Grove Elm Leaves, Elm Grove
 Franklin Hub, Franklin
 Germantown Banner-Press, Germantown
 Greendale Village Life, Greendale
 Greenfield Observer, Greenfield
 Hales Corners Village Hub, Hales Corners
 Iola Herald, Iola
 Kettle Moraine Index, Dousman
 Lake Country Reporter, Hartland
 Manawa Advocate, Manawa
 Merrill Foto News, Merrill
 Menomonee Falls News, Menomonee Falls
 Mequon-Thiensville Courant, Mequon
 Mukwonago Chief, Mukwonago
 Muskego Sun, Muskego
 New Berlin Citizen, New Berlin
 New London Press Star, New London
 North Shore Herald, Fox Point
 The North Star Journal, Rhinelander
 Oak Creek Pictorial, Oak Creek
 Oconomowoc Focus, Oconomowoc
 South Milwaukee Voice Graphic, South Milwaukee
 Sussex Sun, Sussex
 Wauwatosa News-Times, Wauwatosa
 West Allis Star, West Allis

Other holdings
 IPC Print Services
 PrimeNet

Television stations
Stations are arranged alphabetically by city of license.
 (**) – Indicates station was built and signed on by Journal.

Radio stations
 (**) – Indicates station was built and signed on by Journal.

Controversies
Before its merger with Journal, the papers of E. W. Scripps were known for having several controversies within the newspapers it ran.

Hugo Zacchini performed a human cannonball act in 1972 at the Geauga County Fair in Burton, Ohio. Scripps television station WEWS-TV recorded and aired the entire act against his wishes and without compensating him, as was required by Ohio law. In Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co., the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did not shield the broadcaster from liability from common law copyright claims.

The Commercial Appeal posted a controversial database listing Tennessee residents with permits to carry handguns in 2008. The database is a public record in Tennessee, but had not previously been posted online.

Scripps owns and operates the Ventura County Star, which has faced many complaints involving its circulation practices rather than its editorial content. As of April 2, 2011, the Better Business Bureau listed ten (10) separate "significant" complaints from the previous three years, of which two alleged the company made unauthorized debits from customers' checking accounts, four alleged problems obtaining refunds, two alleged the company harassed a customer or former customer, two alleged improper billing, and two alleged delivery continuing after customers tried to cancel. (The total number of allegations does not add to the total number of complaints because two complaints made multiple allegations.)

In May 2013, Scripps News Service discovered and published a security breach on the websites of Oklahoma-based TerraCom Inc. and an affiliate, YourTel America Inc. in which the personal information of tens of thousands of low-income Americans was publicly exposed. In response, the two companies accused Scripps of "hacking" and of violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. The Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan subsequently announced an investigation into the two companies.

Board of directors

 Steven J. Smith - Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Journal Communications
 David Drury - President & Chief Executive Officer, Poblocki Sign Company, LLC
 David Meissner - Former Chairman, Public Policy Forum, Inc.
 Jonathan Newcomb - Senior Advisor, Coady Diemar Partners
 Roger Peirce - Retired Vice Chairman & CEO, Super Steel Products Corporation
 Ellen Siminoff - CEO, Shmoop, and Chairman, Efficient Frontier
 Mary Ellen Stanek - Managing Director & Chief Investment Officer, Baird Advisors, Robert W. Baird & Co. Inc
 Owen Sullivan - CEO, Right Management
 Jeanette Tully - President and CEO, Radiovisa Corporation

References

Defunct mass media companies of the United States
Defunct newspaper companies of the United States
Defunct broadcasting companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Milwaukee

Mass media companies established in 1882
Mass media companies disestablished in 2016
1882 establishments in Wisconsin
2016 disestablishments in Wisconsin
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Gannett
E. W. Scripps Company
2015 mergers and acquisitions
2016 mergers and acquisitions

Journal Media Group


USS Cowell (DD-547), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for John G. Cowell (1785–1814).

Cowell was launched 18 March 1943 by Bethlehem Steel Co., San Pedro, California, sponsored by Mrs. R. Hepburn; and commissioned 23 August 1943.

Central Pacific campaigns

Sailing from San Pedro 28 October 1943, Cowell arrived at Pearl Harbor 2 November to join the Fast Carrier Task Force (then TF 58, later TF 38). From 10 November to 13 December she screened the carriers as they launched air attacks during the invasion of the Gilbert Islands, then sailed from Espiritu Santo for strikes on Kavieng, New Ireland at the turn of the year; and on Kwajalein, Ebeye, and Eniwetok Islands at the close of January. Returning to Majuro, she put to sea for the strike on Truk of 16 and 17 February 1944, then sailed to Pearl Harbor to replenish.

Cowell returned to Majuro 22 March 1944 and rejoined TF 58 for the strikes on Palau, Yap and Ulithi of 30 March to 1 April; the invasion of Hollandia from 21 to 23 April; and the raids on Truk, Satawan and Ponape of 29 April to 1 May. After the air attacks on Marcus Island and Wake Island from 19 to 23 May, Cowell continued to screen the carriers during the Marianas operation. She sortied from her base at Majuro from 6 June to 14 July for strikes on Guam and Rota, raids to neutralize Japanese bases in the Bonins, and to give protective antiaircraft cover for the carriers in the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 19 and 20 June.

After an overhaul at Eniwetok, Cowell put to sea 29 August 1944 with Task Group 36.5 (TG 38.5) for air strikes on the western Carolines, the Philippines and the Palaus, and the Manila and Subic Bay area, as well as to support the landings on Morotai on 15 September. She arrived at Manus on 28 September to replenish, then sortied 2 October supporting air strikes on Okinawa, Luzon, and Formosa preparing for the Leyte assault. When  and  were torpedoed in heavy Japanese air attacks on 13 and 14 October, Cowell stood by to furnish light, power, and pumping facilities as the cripples slowly retired from the danger area. She rejoined her task force to sail for the far-flung Battle for Leyte Gulf, and aircraft from her carriers were in time to launch telling strikes against the retreating Japanese ships. Cowell returned to Ulithi 28 October for patrol and training duty until 26 December when she sailed for Seattle and an overhaul.

Battle of Okinawa

Returning to action, Cowell sailed from Saipan 27 March 1945 for the invasion of Okinawa. She covered the diversionary landings during the assault on 1 April, then took up the radar picket duty which was to bring her a Presidential Unit Citation (US). Until 20 June Cowell braved the hazards of the picket line to direct combat air patrol successfully and to shoot down her own share of Japanese aircraft with antiaircraft fire. On at least three occasions skillful maneuvering, accurate fire and courage saved Cowell from severe damage. On 4 May she shot down two planes within 50 feet of the ship, receiving a shower of gasoline and burning debris, then aided  by firing on another kamikaze. On 13 May Cowell fired on several attacking planes, then brought firefighting and medical assistance to the stricken , screening her from further attack. In another attack on 25 May Cowell shot down a diving kamikaze which exploded in midair scattering shell fragments and its cockpit door on Cowells deck and causing small fires. Relieved of picket duty 20 June, Cowell joined TG 32.15 to patrol off Okinawa in the East China Sea. On 22 July she sent rescue and fire-fighting parties to aid .

Cowell sailed from Okinawa 20 September 1945 to support the occupation landings at Matsuyama. She cleared for home from Nagoya 31 October and arrived at San Diego 17 November, where Cowell was placed out of commission in reserve 22 July 1946.

 1951 – 1960

Recommissioned 21 September 1951, Cowell was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, and sailed from San Diego 4 January 1952 to arrive at Norfolk, Virginia 19 January. She joined in fleet exercises and training, then sailed from Norfolk 7 January 1953 for the Far East. She joined TF 77 off Korea on patrol, then operated with British ships in the West Coast Blockade Force. She escorted  to a bombardment of the east coast of Korea, then joined TG 95.2 for shore bombardment in Wonsan Harbor, minesweeping and coastal patrols. She cleared Sasebo 26 June to complete her cruise around the world calling at Manila, and passing through the Indian Ocean, the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea to return to Norfolk 22 August. From 4 September to 23 November she conducted local hunter-killer exercises, then cruised the Atlantic and Mediterranean for like operations from 4 January to 11 March 1954.

Cowell cleared Norfolk 7 January 1955 and arrived at Long Beach 28 January to join the Pacific Fleet. During her 1955 tour of duty in the western Pacific, she joined in guided missile exercises en route to Pearl Harbor, served as plane guard for , served on the Taiwan Patrol, and participated in hunter-killer exercises with TF 77. Cowell returned to the Far East for similar duty annually through 1960, joining in exercises and training from Long Beach when not deployed.

In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation, Cowell received 11 battle stars for World War II service and two for Korean War service.

 ARA Almirante Storni

On 17 August 1971, the ship was decommissioned, stricken from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register, and transferred to Argentina. She served in the Argentine Navy as ARA Almirante Storni'''.

In October 1975, the British Government tasked Lord Shackleton (son of the Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton) with an economic survey of the Falkland Islands. The Argentine Government reacted furiously and refused permission for Shackleton to travel via Argentina. Later, on 4 February 1976, the ship transporting Shackleton to the islands, the , was fired upon by the Almirante Storni''.
In 1982, she was stricken and scrapped.

References

External links

       navsource.org: USS Cowell
 hazegray.org: USS Cowell

Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Los Angeles
1943 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Korean War destroyers of the United States
Almirante Storni
Cold War destroyers of Argentina

USS Cowell (DD-547)


The British Rail Class 99 was a fleet of 14 ferries, mostly owned by Sealink, which carried rail vehicles between Britain and mainland Europe. When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, these ships were incorporated into the system in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software. This allowed them to be counted as locomotives while carrying railway vehicles in the same way as a normal locomotive would haul a train.

British Rail
Ferries

British Rail Class 99


Adhesive tape is a tape that is coated with adhesive and used to stick objects together.

Adhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as pressure sensitive tape. It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.

Single-sided tapes allow joining of two overlapping or adjoining materials, while double-sided tape (adhesive on both sides) allows joining of two items back-to-back.

Other websites

 Pressure Sensitive Tape Council
 The History of Pressure Sensitive Tape

Tools

Adhesive tape


Sins of a Solar Empire is a 2008 science fiction real-time strategy video game developed by Ironclad Games and published by Stardock Entertainment for Microsoft Windows operating systems. It is a real-time strategy (RTS) game that incorporates some elements from 4X games; its makers describe it as "RT4X". Players are given control of a spacefaring empire in the distant future, and are tasked with conquering star systems using military, economic and diplomatic means.

The game was released on February 4, 2008, receiving positive reviews and multiple awards from the gaming press. Its first content expansion, titled Entrenchment, was released as a download on February 25, 2009, and its second content expansion, titled Diplomacy, was released as a download on February 9, 2010. A package combining the original game with the first two expansions was released at that time, with the title Sins of a Solar Empire: Trinity. A third expansion, the stand-alone Rebellion, was released in June 2012.

A sequel to the game, Sins of a Solar Empire II was announced on September 16, 2022.

Gameplay
Sins of a Solar Empire is a space-bound real-time strategy game in which players control one of three different races: the industrial TEC, the psychic Advent, or the alien Vasari. The playing field is a 3D web of planets and other celestial objects in the orbital plane of one or more stars. The game features a sandbox mode, allowing the player to choose different types of solar systems to unlock achievements. Players can conquer neighboring planets and explore distant star systems in a "massively scaled, fully 3D environment featuring entire galaxies, orbiting planets, clusters of asteroids, space dust and radiant stars." Notably, there is no single-player campaign mode, but games can be played against AI opponents offline and other players online. Ironclad Director Blair Fraser asserted that the game's Iron Engine is specially designed with technologies that allow it to handle very large differences in size, scale, and distance.

Resources and structures
Sins of a Solar Empire has three main resources to gather: Credits, Metal, and Crystal. Credits are the general currency used by the three races in the game, and are gained by completing missions, collecting bounties, creating a trade network, and taxing planets. Metal is the most common resource in the game, and is gathered by building extractors on metallic asteroids; it is used to construct basic ships and structures. Crystal is the rarest resource, which can be mined from asteroids like Metal; it is used for developing new technologies and building certain advanced ships. A Black Market feature allows players to convert unneeded Metal and Crystal into Credits or vice versa. Selling or buying too much of either resource can cause market prices to rise and fall dramatically.

Certain more intangible resources include Supply Points and Capital Ship Crews. Supply Points are used up when ships are purchased, and cannot be accumulated, acting as a population cap for the player's fleet. Capital Ship Crews and Supply Points are both required for the construction of powerful capital ships; regular capital ships require one crew, while the giant titans in the Rebellion expansion require two. A player's maximum Supply Points and Capital Ship Crews can be upgraded, but increased Supply Points require more logistical support, imposing a permanent reduction on the player's income.

Players can construct planet-based infrastructure upgrades and orbital structures on and around habitable planets that they control. Planetary upgrades grant bonuses such as higher tax incomes, better planetary bombardment resistance and access to more orbital structures. Orbital structures are divided into civilian logistical and military tactical structures. Logistical structures include asteroid mines, ship factories, trade ports, research laboratories and cultural broadcast stations. Tactical structures include orbital weapons platforms, repair centers, strike craft hangars, and superweapons unique to each playable race; for example, the TEC can build the Novalith Cannon, a giant railgun capable of bombarding distant planets.

Entrenchment and starbases
The Entrenchment micro-expansion adds new defensive options. Defensive weapon platforms and strike craft hangars gain researchable special abilities, and all factions gain the ability to deploy proximity-detonated space mines. The expansion's most notable aspect is the addition of starbases – immense defensive structures with significant firepower and various special abilities.

Celestial objects and anomalies
There are multiple types of colony-supporting planets and asteroids, with the expansions and later downloadable content increasing the available planet types over the years. Habitable worlds range from Earth-like Terran planets to frozen Ice planets and water-covered Oceanic planets, with some planets possessing random bonuses such as enhanced factories or better defenses. The player can interact directly with planets in several ways, such as creating trade routes, raining destruction from orbit or spreading "culture" via propaganda platforms, which may cause enemy planets to revolt in the player's favor. In addition, there are pirate bases, which are abnormally durable and well-defended asteroids that have no resources but provide a boost to tax income.

Furthermore, there are several different spatial anomalies (more commonly known as uncolonizable objects) found in the game which serve as obstacles and hazards to all players. These include ice and asteroid fields, which reduce weapon accuracy; gas giants, which can cause dangerous explosions if a ship is destroyed nearby; stars, which allow for interstellar jumps but have large gravity wells that are slow to traverse; and various forms of space junk, which do not affect ships directly. Wormholes link some systems, and once the necessary technology has been researched, they can be utilized for instant travel. In addition, DLCs have added traveling hazards such as plasma storms, random rebellions, economic downturns and coronal mass ejections.

Neutral forces, known as militias, guard and may own colonizable planets not occupied at the start by any of the players. Their forces are an assortment of TEC frigates, cruisers and defensive structures. They do not venture outside the gravity well, but will attack anything owned by non-militia forces that enter their gravity well. Pairs of pirate ships sometimes similarly "guard" uncolonizable gravity wells.

Diplomacy and bounty
The diplomacy options of the original game allow players to forge and break alliances and place bounties on their enemies or allies (depending on the game setting) without anybody knowing who placed it. Players can trade resources, establish trade routes between empires, manipulate the commodities market to hinder enemies by utilizing supply and demand, and issue optional "missions" to allies.

Most planets are "guarded" by neutral TEC fleets, who will attack anyone that ventures near; this is especially true for the Pirate Base planets, which are settled by pirates and are heavily fortified. In the game's start-up screen, players can also choose to enable "Pirate Raids". This mechanic allows players to anonymously place "bounty" on other players, with the goal of inducing the pirates to attack that player. The more bounty is placed on another player, then the larger the attacking fleet will be if the pirates choose to attack that player; pirate raids also gain strength over time, and to deal with them, the player has to find all the pirate bases, which are the spawn points for raids in their respective star system, and wipe them out. Pirate forces are, with one exception, TEC frigates, cruisers, orbital defense platforms, and mines (and the only exception still bears a similarity to Trader ships), but they are all unshielded, have heavier armor, often have their armament switched to autocannons, and are heavily customised with spikes and stylized holographic "Jolly Rogers". Rebellion also has voiced responses for pirate units (which can often found in the service of TEC Rebels).

Sins of a Solar Empire: Diplomacy expands upon the Diplomacy mechanic. The relations system is more visible, and players can give missions to each other, as opposed to the original's NPC-only mission issuing. Diplomatic envoy cruisers can be used to further improve relations, and the researchable pacts can significantly strengthen both sides of the alliance. The expansion also sees a noticeable increase in pirates' strength, and their bases are now outfitted with mines and TEC-issue repair platforms and strike craft hangars.

Tech tree and artifacts
In the base game, each faction has two technology trees, divided between military and civic improvements. These two trees in turn branch off into three race-specific categories. The Military tree contains upgrades to armor, shields, and weapons and unlocks units and defensive structures. The Civic tree contains upgrades to resource gathering and unlocks civic buildings, PSIDAR (Phase Signature IDentification And Ranging, which allows incoming enemy ships to be detected), planetary upgrades, diplomacy upgrades, and terraforming. In Entrenchment, several elements of both trees, as well as new elements such as starbase-related technology, are merged into the Defense tree. In Diplomacy, the diplomatic elements from the civic tree, as well as new technology that focuses on upgrading the race's diplomatic Envoy cruiser and various other bonuses, are merged into the Diplomacy tree. The Rebellion expansion grants additional unique technologies to each sub-faction of the three races.

There are many different hidden artifacts that can be found by exploring colonized planets. There are a total of nine (twelve in Entrenchment) artifacts, each giving the owner a unique and powerful bonus. For example, an alien artificial intelligence can increase economic efficiency across the player's empire, while an ion field technology can fortify planets against attack. When an artifact is discovered, all other players are notified of its location but not its type.

Units
There are five main categories of ships in the base game: capital ships, strike craft, cruisers, frigates and civilian ships.

Capital ships are large, powerful vessels and the cornerstones of any fleet; they can gain experience in combat and "level up" (to a maximum level of 10), thus unlocking new abilities. Each race has five different classes of capital ship (six in the Rebellion expansion), including battleships, support battlecruisers, colony ships, strike craft carriers and heavily armed dreadnoughts. A player's first capital ship is free, but subsequent capital ships cost large amounts of resources. In addition, each capital ship requires a large amount of Supply, and one Capital Ship Crew.

Strike craft are small, agile ships that launch in squadrons from capital ships, carrier cruisers and hangar-defense structures; they are divided into fighter and bomber classes. Fighters are strong against bombers, other fighters and frigates, while bombers are strong against cruisers, orbital structures, and capital ships. Strike craft do not require any resources to construct, and cannot travel through phase space unless carried by their mother ship.

Frigates are small, cheap and, individually, weak vessels that fill basic combat and reconnaissance roles, including long-range support, planet-bombing, and the colonization of new worlds.

Cruisers are the main muscle of an interstellar empire. Heavy cruisers provide close-range firepower, carrier cruisers provide long-range fighter support and race-specific support cruisers provide various other situational advantages. Cruisers are individually more expensive than frigates, but are smaller, faster and cheaper than capital ships. In the base game, cruisers are the only category of ship that is unavailable from the start.

Civilian ships are unarmed and, except when a certain TEC technology is researched, unarmored, making them vulnerable to enemy attack. However, they still fulfill a very important role in a players empire: construction frigates produce orbital installations like shipyards and laboratories, while trade vessels increase the player's income.

In expansions
The Entrenchment expansion adds dedicated anti-structure cruisers and starbase constructor cruisers (both helpless at anything but their task) for the TEC and Advent, and a minelayer cruiser for the Vasari. Diplomacy adds an unarmed Envoy Cruiser for each race, which can boost relations and provide benefits for other empires.

Rebellion introduces fast-attack corvettes and super-heavy titans, in addition to the aforementioned new capital ship class. Each of the six factions of Rebellion has its own unique class of corvette and titan. Corvettes are smaller, faster and weaker than regular frigates, and have different special abilities depending on the faction. Titans, by contrast, are extremely powerful and expensive, much larger than any other vessels, and capable of being leveled-up like capital ships. Only one titan can be maintained by a player at any one time. Each titan possesses unique, upgradeable abilities that can reinforce friendly fleets or weaken enemies. In addition, titan levels are persistent—if a level 10 titan is destroyed in battle, it can be rebuilt (at a significant cost) at level 10, without requiring it to repeat the leveling process.

Multiplayer
Players can engage in online multiplayer against either a single opponent or as part of a team through the game's Ironclad Online system or by setting up a LAN game. Players can set up 5-versus-5 matches where two captains draft the other eight players. Although the game does not automatically download custom maps made with the Galaxy Forge mode, players can manually choose to download maps as needed.

Development
Sins of a Solar Empire was released without any form of copy protection, but a product key registered to an Impulse account was required for updates and multiplayer in the original game. The game had a development budget below one million dollars. On November 16, 2011, Sins of a Solar Empire: Trinity was made available for purchase on Steam.

Game engine

Sins of a Solar Empires Iron Engine offers size and scale technologies that deliver large stars and planets next to comparably small orbital structures, starships and strike craft. The engine features bump mapping on planets and ships, specular lighting, dynamic fractal generation for stars and clouds, and bloom.

Customization
Sins of a Solar Empire includes various customization features, among them a level editor that allows players to generate maps for both single and multiplayer use by setting their general properties. Matches can also be recorded and watched, and the game supports custom modifications. Ironclad Games maintains a collection of user-created works of all three kinds. The developer has also released the editor used to create the game's scenarios and a set of the development tools.  Through the use of this editor, the player can dictate the number of star systems in their game, the number of planets orbiting each star system, and various other options. Lastly, the game keeps track of a variety of achievements, some of which are triggered by ordinary gameplay actions (such as winning as a specific race or collecting enough resources), or by winning with voluntary restrictions (such as without building capital ships, frigates, cruisers, or strike craft).

Expansions
Ironclad has released three main expansions, which are available on Ironclad's website and Stardock's digital distribution service, Impulse. In addition, the base game and the first two expansions are available in a combination package entitled Sins of a Solar Empire: Trinity. To prevent fracturing in the multiplayer community, the features of the expansion packs are only available if both competing players have the expansions installed. If not, the features are disabled for the multiplayer game.

Entrenchment
On August 29, 2008, Ironclad and Stardock announced Entrenchment. The expansion includes new weapon upgrades and defense platforms, including modular starbases. Originally scheduled for November 18, 2008, it was released on February 25, 2009.

Diplomacy
On August 26, 2009, the second expansion was announced. Diplomacy expands the diplomatic element of the game, allowing players more control over alliances and making diplomatic victory possible, as well as offering incentives for peace and cooperation including pacts which provide economic, research, and military bonuses between factions. The opponent AI, pacing and number of game scenarios are also improved. Diplomacy was released on February 9, 2010; the Sins of a Solar Empire: Trinity combination package was also released on the same day.

Rebellion
On March 1, 2011, Rebellion – the game's third expansion, and first full stand-alone expansion – was announced. Rebellion adds new Loyalist and Rebel factions to each playable race, a new capital ship for each race, new "titan" super-capital ships, and light combat corvettes, as well as unique research topics for each Rebel/Loyalist faction. Rebellion also includes an updated graphical engine. Exactly one year from the announcement, the beta was made available for pre-order customers without prior warning. Rebellion was officially released on June 12, 2012, and includes all previously released content. The expansion uses Valve's Steam to download and install updates. The British video game developer Rebellion Developments has been opposing the use of "Rebellion" in the name of the game since 2012 due to trademark law. In November 2018, the game was released as a free download on the Humble Bundle store. Players could redeem the full game at no cost within a timed window. The user was then able to access a Steam activation key to access the game on the platform.

DLCs
Four downloadable content packs have been released for Rebellion. Forbidden Worlds was released on June 5, 2013, and adds four new planet types and new colonization options. Stellar Phenomena was released on November 6, 2013, and adds interstellar hazards such as black holes, pulsars, coronal mass ejections and neutron stars, which have various impacts on combat and exploration. Outlaw Sectors was released on June 22, 2016, and focuses on Pirates, Black Markets, and Planetary Militias - NPC factions that can assist the player in conquering their enemies. Minor Factions was released on December 17, 2018, and included 15 AI-controlled minor factions, each offering assistance and unique services to players, if diplomatic relations are established.

Sequel
A sequel to the game, Sins of a Solar Empire II was teased by Ironclad Games on September 16, 2022. The game entered early access on the Epic Games Store on October 27. The developers called the initial phase a "technical preview", promoting Ironclad's new Iron Engine. Ironclad Games added multiplayer to its Early Access preview in February 2023, with promises to add further factions throughout the year.

Reception

Sins of a Solar Empire was awarded "Best Strategy Game of the Year 2008" by GameTrailers, and best PC Game of the Year by IGN. The game was met with positive reviews, holding an aggregate score of 88% based on 46 reviews at GameRankings, and an aggregate score of 87/100 based on 52 reviews at Metacritic.

Much praise for the game has been directed towards the game's clever blend of RTS and 4X gameplay, the seamless zoom function, and the user-friendly Empire Tree and UI. That the game was designed to play efficiently on older as well as newer PCs has garnered considerable praise. Criticism has been focused on the lack of a single-player campaign, sporadic game crashes when played online, and the potentially lengthy game-play times. Following the 1.03 patch, with increased game speeds, this problem has been slightly improved, although games with six or more players can sometimes still take four hours or more.

Sales
In September 2008, Stardock's CEO, Brad Wardell, stated that Sins of a Solar Empire had sold over 500,000 units, with 100,000 of those being download sales, on a development budget of less than $1,000,000. The game sold 200,000 copies in its first month of release alone. The 2012 Rebellion expansion sold over 100,000 digital copies in its first month of release, setting a Stardock sales record for digital retail.

References

External links

2008 video games
4X video games
Games for Windows
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time strategy video games
Space MOGs
Space opera video games
Stardock games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Windows-only games

Sins of a Solar Empire


The Man Who Japed is a science fiction novel  by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1956. Although one of Dick's lesser-known novels, it features several of the ideas and themes that recur throughout his later works.  The "jape[s]" or practical jokes of the novel begin with a statue's unconventional decapitation.

The Man Who Japed was first published by Ace Books as one half of Ace Double D-193, bound dos-à-dos with The Space Born by E. C. Tubb.

Plot introduction
The Man Who Japed is set in the year 2114. After a devastating twentieth century limited nuclear war, a South African ("Afrikaans Empire") military survivor named General Streiter launched a global revolution in 1985 that ushered in a totalitarian government. In one example of the carnage Dick has his protagonist Allen Purcell visit Japan's northern island, Hokkaidō. The location is still a desolate wasteland that has not recovered from nuclear bombardment in 1972, the last year of the global war referred to within this book.

This regime - Moral Reclamation ("Morec") - rules a post-apocalyptic world under its strict ideology. One of Streiter's lineal descendants, Ida Pease Hoyt, is in charge. Morec has created an ultra-conservative and puritanical society that is oppressive and judgmental of its fellow citizens. Punishable offenses include mild public cursing, kissing a non-spouse, absenteeism from community meetings and the commercial display of neon signs. A thriving black market exists, however, where one can purchase the Decameron, James Joyce's Ulysses, chablis wine and pulp fiction detective novels from the twentieth century.

Earth people also occupy several other planetary systems. There are human colonies on Bellatrix (Gamma Orionis), Sirius 8 and 9, and "Orionus." On these worlds, intensive labour is required to provide agricultural and industrial products for survival. One of the planets is used as a "Refuge" for the rehabilitation of social misfits or "nooses".

The "japery" alluded to in the title is Allen Purcell's wanton destruction of a statue of General Streiter. But Purcell has only vague, distorted and disjointed memories of the act and doesn't understand his own motivation for doing it. He is up for an appointment to a high-level position as a guardian of public ethics.

Purcell later intentionally concocts a history of General Streiter for a live televised broadcast that falsely claims Streiter had a policy of having his enemies butchered and served as meals to his family and himself. Hoyt is accused of continuing the practice of cannibalism.

Purcell and his wife are about to escape Morec justice when he has a change of heart and decides to remain on Earth and face the consequences of his crime. He promises his wife a trip to friend Myron Mavis's planet when they both make it through to "the other side" of their punishment.

Reception
Anthony Boucher dismissed the novel as a "hasty and disappointing" effort.

References

External links
A Summary of The Man Who Japed, at the official Philip K. Dick website.
The Man Who Japed cover art gallery

1956 American novels
1956 science fiction novels
Ace Books books
American science fiction novels
Dystopian novels
Novels by Philip K. Dick
Novels set in the 2110s
Post-apocalyptic novels

The Man Who Japed


A digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant signal such as audio, video or image data. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such signal. "Watermarking" is the process of hiding digital information in a carrier signal; the hidden information should, but does not need to, contain a relation to the carrier signal. Digital watermarks may be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the carrier signal or to show the identity of its owners. It is prominently used for tracing copyright infringements and for banknote authentication.

Like traditional physical watermarks, digital watermarks are often only perceptible under certain conditions, e.g. after using some algorithm. If a digital watermark distorts the carrier signal in a way that it becomes easily perceivable, it may be considered less effective depending on its purpose. Traditional watermarks may be applied to visible media (like images or video), whereas in digital watermarking, the signal may be audio, pictures, video, texts or 3D models. A signal may carry several different watermarks at the same time. Unlike metadata that is added to the carrier signal, a digital watermark does not change the size of the carrier signal.

The needed properties of a digital watermark depend on the use case in which it is applied. For marking media files with copyright information, a digital watermark has to be rather robust against modifications that can be applied to the carrier signal. Instead, if integrity has to be ensured, a fragile watermark would be applied.

Both steganography and digital watermarking employ steganographic techniques to embed data covertly in noisy signals. While steganography aims for imperceptibility to human senses, digital watermarking tries to control the robustness as top priority.

Since a digital copy of data is the same as the original, digital watermarking is a passive protection tool. It just marks data, but does not degrade it or control access to the data.

One application of digital watermarking is source tracking. A watermark is embedded into a digital signal at each point of distribution. If a copy of the work is found later, then the watermark may be retrieved from the copy and the source of the distribution is known. This technique reportedly has been used to detect the source of illegally copied movies.

History

The term "Digital Watermark" was coined by Andrew Tirkel and Charles Osborne in December 1992. The first successful embedding and extraction of a steganographic spread spectrum watermark was demonstrated in 1993 by Andrew Tirkel, Gerard Rankin, Ron Van Schyndel, Charles Osborne, and others.

Watermarks are identification marks produced during the paper making process. The first watermarks appeared in Italy during the 13th century, but their use rapidly spread across Europe. They were used as a means to identify the paper maker or the trade guild that manufactured the paper. The marks often were created by a wire sewn onto the paper mold. Watermarks continue to be used today as manufacturer's marks and to prevent forgery.

Applications

Digital watermarking may be used for a wide range of applications, such as:

 Copyright protection
 Source tracking (different recipients get differently watermarked content)
 Broadcast monitoring (television news often contains watermarked video from international agencies)
 Video authentication
 Software crippling on screencasting and video editing software programs, to encourage users to purchase the full version to remove it.
ID card security
Fraud and Tamper detection.
 Content management on social networks

Digital watermarking life-cycle phases

The information to be embedded in a signal is called a digital watermark, although in some contexts the phrase digital watermark means the difference between the watermarked signal and the cover signal. The signal where the watermark is to be embedded is called the host signal. A watermarking system is usually divided into three distinct steps, embedding, attack, and detection. In embedding, an algorithm accepts the host and the data to be embedded, and produces a watermarked signal.

Then the watermarked digital signal is transmitted or stored, usually transmitted to another person. If this person makes a modification, this is called an attack. While the modification may not be malicious, the term attack arises from copyright protection application, where third parties may attempt to remove the digital watermark through modification. There are many possible modifications, for example, lossy compression of the data (in which resolution is diminished), cropping an image or video, or intentionally adding noise.

Detection (often called extraction) is an algorithm which is applied to the attacked signal to attempt to extract the watermark from it. If the signal was unmodified during transmission, then the watermark still is present and it may be extracted. In robust digital watermarking applications, the extraction algorithm should be able to produce the watermark correctly, even if the modifications were strong. In fragile digital watermarking, the extraction algorithm should fail if any change is made to the signal.

Classification

A digital watermark is called robust with respect to transformations if the embedded information may be detected reliably from the marked signal, even if degraded by any number of transformations. Typical image degradations are JPEG compression, rotation, cropping, additive noise, and quantization. For video content, temporal modifications and MPEG compression often are added to this list. A digital watermark is called imperceptible if the watermarked content is perceptually equivalent to the original, unwatermarked content. In general, it is easy to create either robust watermarks  imperceptible watermarks, but the creation of both robust  imperceptible watermarks has proven to be quite challenging. Robust imperceptible watermarks have been proposed as a tool for the protection of digital content, for example as an embedded no-copy-allowed flag in professional video content.

Digital watermarking techniques may be classified in several ways.

Robustness

A digital watermark is called "fragile" if it fails to be detectable after the slightest modification. Fragile watermarks are commonly used for tamper detection (integrity proof). Modifications to an original work that clearly are noticeable, commonly are not referred to as watermarks, but as generalized barcodes.

A digital watermark is called semi-fragile if it resists benign transformations, but fails detection after malignant transformations. Semi-fragile watermarks commonly are used to detect malignant transformations.

A digital watermark is called robust if it resists a designated class of transformations. Robust watermarks may be used in copy protection applications to carry copy and no access control information.

Perceptibility

A digital watermark is called imperceptible if the original cover signal and the marked signal are perceptually indistinguishable.

A digital watermark is called perceptible if its presence in the marked signal is noticeable (e.g. digital on-screen graphics like a network logo, content bug, codes, opaque images). On videos and images, some are made transparent/translucent for convenience for consumers due to the fact that they block portion of the view; therefore degrading it.

This should not be confused with perceptual, that is, watermarking which uses the limitations of human perception to be imperceptible.

Capacity

The length of the embedded message determines two different main classes of digital watermarking schemes:

 The message is conceptually zero-bit long and the system is designed in order to detect the presence or the absence of the watermark in the marked object. This kind of watermarking scheme is usually referred to as zero-bit or presence watermarking schemes.
 The message is an n-bit-long stream , with  or  and is modulated in the watermark. These kinds of schemes usually are referred to as multiple-bit watermarking or non-zero-bit watermarking schemes.

Embedding method

A digital watermarking method is referred to as spread-spectrum if the marked signal is obtained by an additive modification. Spread-spectrum watermarks are known to be modestly robust, but also to have a low information capacity due to host interference.

A digital watermarking method is said to be of quantization type if the marked signal is obtained by quantization. Quantization watermarks suffer from low robustness, but have a high information capacity due to rejection of host interference.

A digital watermarking method is referred to as amplitude modulation if the marked signal is embedded by additive modification which is similar to spread spectrum method, but is particularly embedded in the spatial domain.

Evaluation and benchmarking

The evaluation of digital watermarking schemes may provide detailed information for a watermark designer or for end-users, therefore, different evaluation strategies exist. Often used by a watermark designer is the evaluation of single properties to show, for example, an improvement. Mostly, end-users are not interested in detailed information. They want to know if a given digital watermarking algorithm may be used for their application scenario, and if so, which parameter sets seems to be the best.

Cameras

Epson and Kodak have produced cameras with security features such as the Epson PhotoPC 3000Z and the Kodak DC-290. Both cameras added irremovable features to the pictures which distorted the original image, making them unacceptable for some applications such as forensic evidence in court. According to Blythe and Fridrich, "[n]either camera can provide an undisputable proof of the image origin or its author".
A secure digital camera (SDC) was proposed by Saraju Mohanty, et al. in 2003 and published in January 2004. This was not the first time this was proposed. Blythe and Fridrich also have worked on SDC in 2004  for a digital camera that would use lossless watermarking to embed a biometric identifier together with a cryptographic hash.

Reversible data hiding

Reversible data hiding is a technique which enables images to be authenticated and then restored to their original form by removing the digital watermark and replacing the image data that had been overwritten. This would make the images acceptable for legal purposes. The US Army also is interested in this technique for authentication of reconnaissance images.

Watermarking for relational databases
Digital watermarking for relational databases has emerged as a candidate solution to provide copyright protection, tamper detection, traitor tracing, and maintaining integrity of relational data. Many watermarking techniques have been proposed in the literature to address these purposes. A survey of the current state-of-the-art and a classification of the different techniques according to their intent, the way they express the watermark, the cover type, granularity level, and verifiability was published in 2010 by Halder et al. in the Journal of Universal Computer Science.

See also
 Coded Anti-Piracy
 Copy attack
 EURion constellation
 Pattern Recognition (novel)
 Steganography
 Traitor tracing
 Watermark (data file)
 Audio watermark
 Digital on-screen graphic
 Automatic content recognition

References

Further reading
 ECRYPT report: Audio Benchmarking Tools and Steganalysis
 ECRYPT report: Watermarking Benchmarking
 Jana Dittmann, David Megias, Andreas Lang, Jordi Herrera-Joancomarti; Theoretical framework for a practical evaluation and comparison of audio watermarking schemes in the triangle of robustness, transparency and capacity; In: Transaction on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security I; Springer LNCS 4300; Editor Yun Q. Shi; pp. 1–40; ,2006 PDF

 Patrick Bas, Teddy Furon, François Cayre, Gwenaël Doërr, Benjamin Mathon, "Watermarking Security, Fundamentals, Secure Designs and Attacks", Springer Briefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2016,

External links

Authentication methods
Watermarking
Digital photography

Digital watermarking