A class is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders. There are multiple classes in each phylum.

Mammals, for example, are one of several classes within the Vertebrates, and are subdivided into Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutheria.

Ranks below class and above order are often used. Then the sequence is:

Class
Subclass
Infraclass
Order

Taxonomy

Class (biology)


"Beloved Isle Cayman" is the anthem of the Cayman Islands.

Lyrics
O land of soft, fresh breezes
And verdant trees so fair,
With the Creator's glory
Reflected ev'rywhere,
O sea of palest em'rald,
Merging to darkest blue,
Whene'er my thoughts fly Godward,
I always think of you.

Dear, verdant island, set in blue Caribbean Sea,
I'm coming, coming very soon, o beautious isle, to thee.
Although I wandered far,
My heart enshrines thee yet.
Homeland, fair Cayman Isle,
I cannot thee forget.

Away from noise of cities,
Their fret and carking care,
With moonbeams' soft caresses,
Unchecked by garish glare,
Thy fruit with rarest juices,
Abundant, rich and free,
When sweet church bells are chiming,
My fond heart yearns for thee.

When tired of all excitement
And glam'rous worldly care,
How sweet thy shores to reach
And find a welcome there,
And when comes on the season
Of peace, goodwill to man,
'Tis then I love thee best of all,
Beloved Isle Cayman.

References

Cayman Islands
North American anthems

Beloved Isle Cayman


Manal al-Sharif is a Saudi Arabian activist for women's rights in the kingdom. She helped start a women's right to drive campaign in 2011. A women's rights activist who had previously filmed herself driving, Wajeha al-Huwaider, filmed al-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on YouTube and Facebook.

Women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. Al-Sharif was arrested and released on 21 May and then rearrested the next day. On 30 May, al-Sharif was released on bail, on the conditions of returning for questioning if asked, not driving and not talking to the media. The New York Times and Associated Press reported the women's driving campaign as part of the Arab Spring. They reported the length of al-Sharif's detention with the Saudi government's fear of protests.

Following her driving campaign, al-Sharif remained an active critic of the Saudi government. She posted things on Twitter (known as tweeting) about imprisoned female foreign workers, the lack of elections for the Shura Council, and the murder of Lama al-Ghamdi. Her work has been praised by Foreign Policy, Time, and the Oslo Freedom Forum.

Saudi Arabian women's rights activists
1979 births
Living people

Manal al-Sharif


Ultraman, also known as the , is a Japanese science fiction media franchise created by Eiji Tsuburaya, which began with Ultra Q and the eponymous television series in 1966 and became an international pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into many television shows, films, comic books, and other media publications, becoming one of the most prominent productions in the Japanese tokusatsu and kaiju genres and pioneering the Kyodai Hero subgenre. The Ultraman series is centered on a fictional alien race of superheroes who often combat kaiju or other aliens.

In Japan, the Ultraman brand generated  in merchandising revenue from 1966 to 1987. Ultraman was the world's third top-selling licensed character in the 1980s, largely due to his popularity in Asia. References to Ultraman are abundant in Japanese pop culture, much like references to Superman in U.S. culture.

The Ultraman phenomenon
The show Ultraman was followed by many other series. Sequels to the original series are: Ultraseven (1967, TBS), The Return of Ultraman (1971, TBS), Ultraman Ace (1972, TBS), Ultraman Taro (1973, TBS), Ultraman Leo (1974, TBS), Ultraman 80 (1980, TBS), Ultraman Tiga (1996, MBS), Ultraman Dyna (1997, MBS), Ultraman Gaia (1998, MBS), and Ultraman Cosmos (2001, MBS). After that, the studio tried a reinvention of the hero through the "Ultra N Project", which involved three heroes: Ultraman Noa (the "mascot" of the Ultra N Project, who appears in stage shows as well as in the final episode of Ultraman Nexus) in late 2003, Ultraman Nexus (2004, CBC), and ULTRAMAN (2004, Shochiku Productions). This was followed by a return to the old-school series' style in the form of Ultraman Max (2005, CBC). In the course of the Max series, another new hero known as Ultraman Xenon was also introduced. April 2006 saw the 40th anniversary series, Ultraman Mebius, which signaled a long-awaited return to the original universe. Another hero was also introduced: Ultraman Hikari, formerly known as Hunter Knight Tsurugi.

The franchise has also had Ultras introduced in movie theaters, starting with Ultraman Zearth and Ultraman Zearth 2 in 1996 and 1997 respectively, as well as ULTRAMAN in 2004.

Foreign productions include the 1987 Hanna-Barbera co-production Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (in Japanese, Ultraman USA), an animated movie; Ultraman: Towards the Future (in Japanese, Ultraman Great), produced in Australia in 1990 and Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (in Japanese, Ultraman Powered), produced in the United States in 1993. The Ultraman series have also been dubbed into various languages, including English (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Ultraman Tiga and Ultraman Max), Spanish (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Return of Ultraman, Ultraman Great and Ultraman Tiga), Portuguese  (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Return of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga), French (only Ultraman). Also of note is the American English dub of Ultraman Tiga by 4Kids Entertainment that aired in 2002. The dub considerably distorted the characterization and general mood of the series, and it achieved only limited success.

In 1993, Tsuburaya Productions and Toei Company co-produced Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider, a crossover with the original Ultraman and Toei's Kamen Rider. This direct-to-video feature is co-copyrighted by both Toei (and its subordinates, Toei Video and Ishinomori Productions) and Tsuburaya Productions.

, Tsuburaya Productions accepts 36 Ultramen as official (counting Ultraman Legend, the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice, as a separate entity). This figure does not account for Thai-produced Ultramen (the figure is 38 if Next, Noa, and Nexus are counted as separate entities — it has been revealed in Nexus that all three are a single being with various modes used by different hosts). In 2013, the Ultra Series was cited in the Guinness Book of World Records as the record-holder for the most spin-off shows. The Ultraman brand generated $7.4 billion in merchandising revenue from 1966 to 1987, equivalent to more than  adjusted for inflation. Ultraman was the world's third top-selling licensed character in the 1980s, largely due to his popularity in Asia.

The Ultraman manga, which began in 2011, has sold more than 2.8million copies as of 2018. At the Tokyo Comic Con on 7 December 2017, Tsuburaya Productions revealed that an anime adaptation of the manga was planned for release in 2019. It was released by Netflix.

Ultraman content, products and services have been distributed in more than 100 countries worldwide,. Tsuburaya has officially made their Ultraman and non-Ultraman content widely available on their YouTube channel, even simulcasting several of their series with English subtitles, the channel has reached over 2 million subscribers. In China, an Ultraman television series received  views on over-the-top media services between July 2017 and March 2018.

The manga author Akira Toriyama, creator of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, cited Ultraman as a formative influence on his work. Peyton Reed, the director of the Ant-Man films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, said that Ant-Man's costume design was influenced by Ultraman along with Inframan, another tokusatsu superhero from China. Video game designer Hideki Kamiya (known for games such as Resident Evil 2, Devil May Cry, Viewtiful Joe, Ōkami, Bayonetta and The Wonderful 101) said he loved Godzilla and Ultraman as a child.

It was announced in November 2019 that Marvel Comics has partnered with Tsuburaya Productions to publish Ultraman comic books in 2020. , Bandai Namco has sold  Ultraman soft figures (heroes and monsters) since 1983, while Bandai Namco Arts (including Bandai Visual) has sold  Ultraman home video units between January 1988 and March 2021.

Controversies

Licensing rights dispute

Ultraman's licensing rights outside Japan have been the subject of a prolonged legal dispute between Tsuburaya Productions and Chaiyo Productions (also called Tsuburaya Chaiyo Co. Ltd) based in Thailand. Tsuburaya had previously collaborated with Chaiyo on the production of two movies, The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army and Jumborg Ace & Giant—the latter of which featured another Tsuburaya superhero, Jumborg Ace—in 1974. Sompote Saengduenchai, founder/president of Chaiyo Productions, claimed and maintained that in 1976 that Noboru Tsuburaya, the son of the late Eiji Tsuburaya, had given him and his company a contract which had given him rights to everything Ultraman outside Japanese territories in exchange for a monetary loan.

In spite of the fact that the document failed to state clearly and specifically exactly what had been given to Tsuburaya in exchange for these rights, Japanese and Thai courts accepted this contract as real and binding because of the supposed hanko of the late Noboru Tsuburaya, who had died in 1995, in the document. Tsuburaya Productions insisted and maintained that the contract was a forgery (due to factual errors, including the faulty titles of the series in the document, such as Ultra Q being called Ultraman 1: Ultra Q, Ultraseven being called Ultraman 3: Ultraman Seven, and Tsuburaya Productions being called Tsuburaya Prod. and Enterprises, a name the company never did business under), and repeatedly contested the issue.

In the course of the legal battle, Sompote presented photos of himself sharing his photos of Thai Buddhist edifices, stating that Eiji had based Ultraman's face on those edifices, a claim which he has continued to hold since the dispute began. No other evidence supporting this claim is known to exist.

After an eight-year battle in the courts of both countries, Sompote Saengduenchai was awarded a favorable decision on 27 April 2004. The exact ruling fell into some dispute: Some said it only gave him merchandising rights for the first six Ultra Series (Ultra Q through Ultraman Taro) and Jumborg Ace outside Japan, and broadcasting rights of those shows within Thailand. Other accounts, usually reported in the Thai/Asian media, said that Chaiyo had gained the rights to those six shows everywhere outside Japan. The latter could be taken as Chaiyo's side of the story, as Tsuburaya was reported in the Japanese media to continue taking further action against them.

Tsuburaya decided not to market any of the disputed six Ultra Series outside Japan until it had completely settled the rights issues with Chaiyo, although the company continued to merchandise and distribute all of the Ultraman programs created after Ultraman Taro, including the theatrical feature Ultraman the Next, throughout the world. Because of the copyright struggle, importing literature on Ultraman into Singapore and Malaysia was prohibited. It also resulted in a slight backlash against Thai Ultraman fans, who were assumed to be outright Chaiyo supporters.

In 2005 the American company BCI Home Entertainment (BCI/Eclipse), a subsidiary of Navarre Corporation announced they had acquired the DVD license to Ultraman from distributor Golden Media Group Inc., a Hollywood-based distributor, who secured the rights from Tokyo-based UM Corp. Inc., acting as the global agent for Chaiyo. A three-disc box set containing the first 20 episodes of the series was released on 18 July 2006, followed by a second three-disc box set containing the remaining 19 episodes was released on 7 November 2006. Both sets feature the Japanese stereo audio, created by Tsuburaya Productions and Pioneer for their Japanese R-2 DVD release in 1999, as well as the English-dubbed version produced by United Artists for North American syndication. The original Japanese monaural was not included.

The English audio for Episodes 5 through 39 were not all complete, as BCI sourced private home off-air audio recordings from an unknown television broadcast, which were cut to provide for more commercial time. Therefore, the episodes in question would switch to Japanese audio from English audio to cover the missing gaps. Due to these gaps, BCI's publicity department assumed the original series was edited by UA-TV when it was originally prepared for U.S. syndication. Only minor seconds of extreme violence were trimmed from three episodes, none of which contained dialogue. Tsuburaya Productions had a complete run of the UA-TV's version, which their Los Angeles office, UltraCom Inc., retrieved from a U.S. film warehouse in 1993. In 1994, they provided the English audio for the Expressions in Animation VHS release of the first four episodes, which were sourced for the corresponding episodes in the BCI release.

During the time of the legal battle, Chaiyo came up with three of their own Ultras: Ultraman Millennium, Dark Ultraman (an evil Ultra), and Ultraman Elite. These were not used for purposes other than stage shows and merchandise. Chaiyo also created a TV series that he called Project Ultraman, unaired as of late March 2008, a joint project in China featuring their own Ultraman and attaching Hong Kong star Ekin Cheng to the project.

On 23 August 2006, Tsuburaya Productions filed a new lawsuit against Chaiyo for copyright infringement and plagiarism (concerning their three original Ultraman characters), and the court case was taken to China. The Chinese courts in Beijing opened "The Ultraman Copyright Study Group" in response to the lawsuit. In April 2007, the Thailand Intellectual Property Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions, ordering Chaiyo to cease and desist making commercial profits from Chaiyo-produced Ultraman characters such as Millennium, Dark, and Elite. The defendants were also fined THB 15,000,000 (approx. JPY 50,904,959 or US$428,673.50 c. April 2007) plus interest and attorneys' fees. Project Ultraman went on hiatus as a result of the ruling, which implied that, although Chaiyo owned the right to some of the Ultraman series, it did not own the right to Ultraman and his brothers, including the design. Chaiyo gained permission to merchandise the original series, but lost the right to create and market its own Ultraman, or even use the original, without Tsuburaya's consent.

On 5 February 2008, Thailand's Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions of Japan after they made an appeal to the initial ruling. The ruling ended the long legal battle by finding Sompote Saengduenchai was not a co-creator of Ultraman. The decision ended Sompote's bid to continue his enterprise, and the court gave Sompote 30 days to stop profiteering from Ultraman. The final ruling saw Tsuburaya Productions as the sole copyright owner. Sompote was also required to pay THB 10,700,000 plus interest at the rate of 7.5 percent a year starting from 16 December 1997, when the original lawsuit was filed.

In 2009, the Thai Intellectual Property Court and the Tokyo District Court both ruled in favour of the Thai company. This led to the Tokyo District Court on 30 September 2010, ordering Tsuburaya Productions Co. of Japan to pay damages of 16.36 million yen (Bt5.9 million) to Sompote Saengduenchai of Thailand for violating his overseas copyrights on the Ultraman characters.

After the announcement of the film Dragon Force: So Long, Ultraman in July 2017, the dispute on the ownership of the franchise has escalated. But on 20 November 2017, through a Los Angeles court ruling by Judge Andre Birotte Jr, Tsuburaya won the lawsuit against Chaiyo and affiliate groups on the rights of the series after the jury concluded that the supposed agreement between Noboru Tsuburaya and Chaiyo was "not authentic". Despite UM Corporation and Chaiyo filing a counter-dispute, on 18 April 2018, the legal court came to a definite close where a final judgement states that the dispute and the document was deemed invalid, forbidding UMC to use the Ultra Series and all its related characters and forced them to pay Tsubaraya damages for its infringement of its rights.

With the release of the sequel film  (), issues between UMC, Bluearc and Tsubaraya had reignited and the company took legal actions against the two companies again. On 10 December 2019, it was confirmed by Tsuburaya that the court has rejected UMC and Bluearc's appeal for a retrial, stating the court's first verdict of regarding the rights and ownership of Ultraman to Tsuburaya is still legitimate and final, and that any future appeals by UMC and Bluearc will likely be rejected. As UMC and Bluearc failed to file a further appeal by 4 March 2020, they were to pay US$4,000,000 (approx. 400,000,000 Japanese yen) in compensatory damages, as well as other various court fees. The resulting victory has reached Thailand as well and the Thai Supreme Court ordered a ruling in favor Tsuburaya Productions as the legitimate copyright owner of the shows listed in the License Granting Agreement alongside ownership over Hanuman vs. 7 Ultraman (and its remake, Hanuman vs. 11 Ultraman) and Jumborg Ace & Giant. Sompote had made an appeal to the court over the decision, but was dismissed. Sompote believes the decision would affect the former two movies' status as national heritage items, and has appealed to both the Supreme Court and Ministry of Culture on that front.

Malaysian book ban
On 6 March 2014, the Malaysian Ministry of Home Affairs announced that it had banned the publication of an Ultraman comic book Ultraman: The Ultra Power "due to contents that were detrimental to public order". Social media users later noticed that a page in the book described the character of Ultraman King (from the film Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy) as a god, which in the Malaysian language is the Arabic word Allah. The Home Ministry later confirmed that the use of Allah was indeed the reason for the ban, claiming that the comparison may "confuse Muslim children and damage their faith". This highlighted the larger ban to prevent non-Muslims in Malaysia from using the word Allah, despite its common usage in Bahasa Melayu to refer to any god, as well as a suit from the Catholic Church of Malaysia over its usage.

Television

Series

Showa era
 Ultraman (1966–1967)
 Ultraseven (1967–1968)
 Return of Ultraman (1971–1972)
 Ultraman Ace (1972–1973)
 Ultraman Taro (1973–1974)
 Ultraman Leo (1974–1975)
 The Ultraman (1979–1980)
 Ultraman 80 (1980–1981)

Heisei era

 Ultraman: Towards the Future (1990)
 Ultraman Tiga (1996–1997)
 Ultraman Dyna (1997–1998)
 Ultraman Gaia (1998–1999)
 Ultraman Neos (2000–2001)
 Ultraman Cosmos (2001–2002)
 Ultraman Nexus (2004–2005)
 Ultraman Max (2005–2006)
 Ultraman Mebius (2006–2007)
 Ultraseven X (October 2007–December 2007)
 Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle (2007–2008)
 Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey (2008–2009)
 Ultraman Ginga (July 2013–December 2013)
 Ultraman Ginga S (July 2014–December 2014)
 Ultraman X (July 2015– December 2015)
 Ultraman Orb (July 2016–December 2016)
 Ultraman Geed (July 2017–December 2017)
 Ultraman R/B (July 2018–December 2018)

Reiwa era
 Ultraman Taiga (July 2019–December 2019)
 Ultraman Z (June 2020–December 2020)
 Ultraman Trigger: New Generation Tiga (2021–2022)
 Ultraman Decker (2022–2023)
 Ultraman Blazar (2023)

Films

 Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature (1967)
 Ultraman, Ultraseven: Great Violent Monster Fight (1969)
 Return of Ultraman (1971)
 Return of Ultraman: Fear of the Tornado Monsters (1971)
 Return of Ultraman: Jiro-Kun Rides a Monster (1972)
 Ultraman Taro (1973)
 Ultraman Taro: Burn On! The Six Ultra Brothers (1973)
 The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army (1974)
 Ultraman Taro: The Blood-Sucking Flower Is a Young Girl's Spirit (1974)
 Ultraman (1979)
 Ultraman: Great Monster Decisive Battle (1979)
 Ultraman Zoffy: Ultra Warriors vs. the Giant Monster Army (1984)
 Ultraman Story (1984)
 Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (1987)
 Ultraman: Terror on Route 87 (1989)
 Ultraman Ace: Giant Ant Terrible-Monster vs. Ultra Brothers (1989)
 Ultraman Kids (1989)
 Ultra Q The Movie: Legend of the Stars (1990)
 Revive! Ultraman (1996)
 Ultraman Company: This is the Ultraman (Wacky) Investigation Team (1996)
 Ultraman Zearth (1996)
 Ultraman Zearth 2: Superman Big Battle - Light and Shadow (1997)
 Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998)
 Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999)
 Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000)
 Ultraman Cosmos: The First Contact (2001)
 Ultraman Cosmos 2: The Blue Planet (2002)
 Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice: The Final Battle (2003)
 Ultraman: The Next (2004)
 Ultraman Mebius & Ultraman Brothers (2006)
 Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers (2008)
 Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legends (2009)
 Ultraman Zero: The Revenge of Belial (2010)
 Ultraman Saga (2012)
 Ultraman Ginga S The Movie (2015)
 Ultraman X The Movie (2016)
 Ultraman Orb The Movie (2017)
 Ultraman Geed The Movie (2018)
 Ultraman R/B The Movie (2019)
 Ultraman Taiga The Movie (2020)
 Ultraman Trigger: Episode Z (2022)
 Shin Ultraman (2022)
 Ultraman Decker Finale: Journey to Beyond (2023)
 Ultraman Rising (2024)

Specials

 Ultra Q (January 1966–July 1966)
Ultraman Kids' M78 Movie (1984)
Ultraman Kids' Proverb Stories (1986)
Ultraman Kids: 30 Million Light-Years In Search of Mother (1991–1992)
Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider (1993) Co-production with Toei Company and Ishinomori Productions
Ultraseven - Operation: Solar Energy (1994)
Ultraseven - The Ground of the Earthlings (1994)
Ultraman Graffiti (1990)
Ultraman: Super Fighter Legend (1996)
Heisei Ultraseven (1994-2002)
Ultraseven 30th Anniversary Trilogy (1998)
Ultraseven 1999 The Final Chapters Hexalogy (1999)
Ultraseven 35th Anniversary Evolution Pentalogy (2002)
Heisei Ultraman side stories (2001)
Ultraman Tiga Side Story: The Giant Resurrected in the Ancient Past (2001)
Ultraman Dyna: Return of Hanejiro (2001)
Ultraman Gaia: Gaia Again (2001)
 Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy (April 2004–September 2004)
Ultraman Max: Super Battle! (2005)
Ultraman Mebius (2006-2009)
Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Hikari Saga (2006-2007)
Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Armored Darkness (2008)
Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Ghost Reverse (2009)
Ultra Galaxy Legend Side Story: Ultraman Zero vs. Darklops Zero (2010)
 Ultraman Retsuden (2011–2016)
Ultraman Zero Side Story: Killer the Beatstar (2011)
Neo Ultra Q (January 2013–March 2013)
 Ultraman Zero: The Chronicle (January 2017–June 2017)
 Ultraman Orb: The Chronicle (January 2018–June 2018)
 Ultraman New Generation Chronicle (January 2019–June 2019)
 Ultraman Chronicle Zero & Geed (2020)
 Ultraman Chronicle Z: Heroes' Odyssey (2021)
 Ultraman Chronicle D (2022)
 Ultraman New Generation Stars (2023)

Miniseries

 Ultra Fight (1970)
 Ultra Super Legend: Andro Melos (1984)
 Ultra Super Fight (1994)
 Ultraman Zearth: Parody Chapter (1996)
 Ultraman Nice (1999)
 Ultraman Boy's Ultra Coliseum (2003)
 Ultra Zone (2011)
 Ultra Zero Fight (2012)
 Ultra Fight Victory (2015)
 Ultraman Orb: The Origin Saga (2016-2017)
 Ultra Fight Orb (2017)
 Ultra Galaxy Fight
 New Generation Heroes (2019)
 The Absolute Conspiracy (2020-2021)
 The Destined Crossroad (2022-2023)
 Ultraman Regulos (2023)
 Ultraman Regulos: First Mission (2023)

Video games

 Ultraman MSX (1984)
 Ultraman: Kaijuu Teikoku no Gyakushuu Famicom Disk System (1987)
 Ultraman 2 Famicom Disk System (1987)
 Ultraman Club: Chikyuu Dakkan Sakusen Famicom Disk System (1988)
 Ultraman Club 2: Kaette Kita Ultraman Club Famicom (1990)
 Ultraman Club: Teki Kaijuu o Hakken Seyo Game Boy (1990)
 SD Battle Ozumo: Heisei Hero Basho Famicom (1990)
 SD Hero Soukessen: Taose! Aku no Gundan Famicom (1990)
 SD the Great Battle Super Famicom (1990)
 Battle Dodge Ball Super Famicom (1991)
 Ultraman Club 3: Mata Mata Shiyutsugeki!! Ultra Kyoudai Famicom (1991)
 Ultraman Game Boy (1991)
 Ultraman Super Famicom (1991)
 Ultraman Arcade (1991)
 Ultraman: Towards the Future SNES (1991)
 Ultraman Club: Kaijuu Dai Kessen!! Famicom (1992)
 The Great Battle II: Last Fighter Twin Super Famicom (1992)
 Versus Hero: Road to the King Fight Game Boy (1992)
 Battle Dodge Ball Game Boy (1992)
 Hero Senki: Project Olympus Super Famicom (1992)
 Battle Soccer: Field no Hasha Super Famicom (1992)
 Great Battle Cyber Famicom (1992)
 Ultraman Club: Tatakae! Ultraman Kyoudai!! Arcade (1992)
 Battle Baseball Famicom (1993)
 The Great Battle III Super Famicom (1993)
 Battle Dodge Ball II Super Famicom (1993)
 Tekkyu Fight! The Great Battle Gaiden Game Boy (1993)
 Ultra Toukon Densetsu Arcade (1993)
 Cult Master: Ultraman ni Miserarete Game Boy (1993)
 Ultraman Sega Mega Drive (1993)
 Ultraman Club: Supokon Fight! Famicom (1993)
 Ultraseven Super Famicom (1993)
 Ultraman Powered Panasonic 3DO (1994)
 Ultraman Chou Toushi Gekiden Game Boy (1994)
 The Great Battle Gaiden 2: Matsuri da Wasshoi Super Famicom (1994)
 Gaia Saver Super Famicom (1994)
 Battle Soccer 2 Super Famicom (1994)
 The Great Battle IV Super Famicom (1994)
 Ultraman Powered: Kaijuu Gekimetsu Sakusen Playdia (1994)
 Ultraseven: Chikyu Boei Sakusen Playdia (1994)
 Ultraman Ball Game Boy (1994)
 Ultra League Super Famicom (1995)
 The Great Battle V Super Famicom (1995)
 Battle Crusher Game Boy (1995)
 Battle Pinball Super Famicom (1995)
 Battle Racers Super Famicom (1995)
 Super Pachinko Taisen Super Famicom (1995)
 Super Pachinko Taisen Game Boy (1995)
 Super Tekkyu Fight! Super Famicom (1995)
 Ultra X Weapons/Ultra Keibitai Arcade (1995)
 Ultraman Hiragana Daisakusen Playdia (1995)
 Ultraman Alphabet TV e Yokoso Playdia (1995)
 PD Ultraman Invader PS1 (1995)
 PD Ultraman Link Sega Saturn (1996)
 Ultraman: Ultra Land Suuji de Asobou Playdia (1996)
 Ultraman: Chinou Up Daisakusen Playdia (1996)
 SD Ultra Battle: Ultraman Densetsu Super Famicom (1996)
 Ultraman Zukan Sega Saturn (1996)
 Ultraman Zearth PS1 (1996)
 Ultraman: Hikari no Kyojin Densetsu Sega Saturn (1996)
 Ultraman Zukan 2 Sega Saturn (1997)
 The Great Battle VI PS1 (1997)
 Battle Formation PS1 (1997)
 Ultraman Fighting Evolution (1998)
 Ultraman Zukan 3 Sega Saturn (1998)
 Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: New Generations PS1 (1998)
 PD Ultraman Battle Collection 64 Nintendo 64 (1999)
 Super Hero Operations PS1 (1999)
 Great Battle Pocket Game Boy Color (1999)
 Super Hero Operations: Diedal's Ambition PS1 (2000)
 Kids Station: Bokurato Asobou! Ultraman TV PS1 (2000)
 Kids Station: Ultraman Cosmos PS1 (2001)
 Ultraman Fighting Evolution 2 PS2 (2002)
 Charinko Hero Nintendo GameCube (2003)
 Ultraman PS2 (2004)
 Ultraman Fighting Evolution 3 PS2 (2004)
 Ultraman Fighting Evolution Rebirth PS2 (2005)
 Ultraman Nexus (video game)|Ultraman Nexus PS2 (2005)
 Ultraman Fighting Evolution (series)|Ultraman Fighting Evolution 0 PSP (2006)
 Jissen Pachi-Slot Hisshouhou! Ultraman Club ST PS2 (2006)
 Pachitte Chonmage Tatsujin 12: Pachinko Ultraman PS2 (2007)
 Daikaiju Battle: Ultra Coliseum Nintendo Wii (2008)
 Kaiju Busters Nintendo DS (2009)
 Ultra Coliseum DX: Ultra Senshi Daishuketsu Nintendo Wii (2010)
 Kaiju Busters POWERED Nintendo DS (2011)
 The Great Battle Full Blast PSP (2012)
 Battle Dodge Ball III PSP (2012)
 Lost Heroes Nintendo 3DS, PSP (2012)
 Heroes' VS PSP (2013)
 Ultraman All-Star Chronicle PSP (2013)
 Super Hero Generation PS3, PS Vita (2014)
 Lost Heroes 2 Nintendo 3DS (2015)
 Ultraman Fusion Fight! Arcade (2016)
 City Shrouded in Shadow PS4, PS Vita (2017)
 Ultraman R/B Nintendo Switch (2018)
 Ultra Kaiju Monster Rancher Nintendo Switch (2022)
 GigaBash Microsoft Windows, PS4, PS5, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S (2023)

Books

Comics

Harvey Comics series
Between 1993 and 1994, Harvey Comics published two comic book series based on the 1966 Ultraman television series.

Dark Horse Comics series
In 2003, Dark Horse Comics published a comic book based on Ultraman Tiga.

Marvel Comics series
Since 2020, Marvel Comics started publishing an initial new Ultraman comic book limited series titled The Rise of Ultraman, written by Kyle Higgins & Matt Groom with art by Francesco Manna. It debuted in September 2020 and concluded in January 2021.

A second series titled The Trials of Ultraman premiered in March 2021, with Higgins, Groom and Manna returning and concluded in August of the same year.

A third series titled The Mystery of Ultraseven, which will be written by Higgins and Groom, and drawn by Davide Tinto, David Lopez, and Gurihiru, will be released on August 17, 2022.

During Anime Expo 2022, Groom announced a crossover event between the current Ultraman comics with the Marvel Universe for 2023.

Manga

References

Bibliography

External links
Official website of Tsuburaya Productions
Ultraman Connection — Official website
Official Ultraman channel at YouTube

Mass media franchises
Bandai brands
Bandai Namco franchises

Ultraman


Tasman Bay is a large bay at the north of New Zealand's South Island. It is in the shape of a V. It is in the middle of the island's northern coast. It is 120 km long and 70 km wide. It is a part of the coast of the Tasman Sea, on the western side of the Cook Strait.
At the western side of the bay, the land around has dense vegetation. The separation point between the Tasman Bay and the next bay, Golden Bay, is in the west. It is a part of the Abel Tasman National Park. On the east side, the bay is bounded by valleys of the Marlborough Sounds.

A few rivers enter the sea at this point. Some of them are Waimea River, Riwaka, the Motueka and Serpentine River. Tasman Bay contains the rare rock formation known as the Boulder Bank.

The land around the centre of the bay is cultivated. It is well known for its crops like apples, kiwifruit, olives, grapes and hops. Tasman bay produced Tobacco there in the middle of the twentieth century. Now there is a Tobacco museum in Motueka. This is also the most populated part of the South Island's north coast. Several towns and the city of Nelson are there. Other large towns are Motueka, Riwaka and Richmond.

Bays
Bodies of water of New Zealand
Tasman District

Tasman Bay


Sodium chlorite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaClO2. It contains sodium and chlorite ions.

Properties
Sodium chlorite is a colorless solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It disproportionates sometimes. It forms the unstable chlorous acid when reacted with a strong acid.

Preparation
It is made by reducing chlorine dioxide in a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Uses
Sodium chlorite can be used to disinfect water. Since chlorine dioxide is too reactive to store, sodium chlorite is stored and converted to chlorine dioxide before use. It is also used as a disinfectant. It can be used in oxidation reactions in organic chemistry.

Safety
It is similar to chlorates in toxicity. Ingestion of about 10 grams would be fatal. A smaller amount could make someone very sick.

Related pages
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium chlorate

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds

Sodium chlorite


Atoka is a city in and the county seat of Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 3,107 at the 2010 census, an increase of 4.0 percent from the figure of 2,988 in 2000. As of 2021, the population has grown to 3,188.

The city was settled by the Choctaw and named in 1867 by a Baptist missionary for Chief Atoka, whose name means "ball ground" in English.

History
Atoka was founded by the Choctaw Indians in the 1850s, and named for Captain Atoka, a leader of the Choctaw Nation and the signatory of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which began the process of re-locating the Choctaw people from Mississippi to Oklahoma in 1830. The name "Atoka" is derived from the Choctaw word  (or ), which means "ball ground" in English. He is believed to be buried near the town of Farris. Atoka is the site of the oldest Catholic parish in the Indian Territory, the oldest chapter of the Freemasons in Oklahoma, and the oldest chapter of the Order of the Eastern Star in Oklahoma.

Battle of Middle Boggy Depot

A small Civil War confrontation occurred on February 13, 1864, north of Atoka. Early in 1864, Colonel William A. Philips set out with some 1,500 Union troops from Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, to cut a swath through Confederate Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Their purpose was to break Confederate control over the Indian Territory and gain the support and possibly recruits from the Native Americans.

"I take you with me to clean out the Indian Nation south of the river and drive away and destroy rebels. Let me say a few words to you that you are not to forget .... Those who are still in arms are rebels, who ought to die. Do not kill a prisoner after he has surrendered. But I do not ask you to take prisoners. I ask you to make your footsteps severe and terrible. Muskogees! (Creeks) the time has now come when you are to remember the authors of all your sufferings; those who started a needless and wicked war .... Stand by me faithfully and we will soon have peace ...." -- Colonel William A. Philips, to his men before beginning the campaign

Along the way, Colonel Phillips sent out an advance of about 350 men toward Boggy Depot, a large Confederate supply base located on the Texas Road with the intention of capturing the outpost. While en route, his command encountered a small Confederate camp on the banks of the Middle Boggy River, made up of around 90 Confederate soldiers.

In the ensuing skirmish 47 Confederate soldiers were killed. Among the dead were those wounded who had been left behind when their comrades retreated. They were found on the battlefield with their throats slashed. There were no Union deaths as a result of the battle.

The Confederate Museum in Atoka (since 2016 the Atoka Museum) commemorates this battle.

Founding

Though the Choctaw Indians had inhabited the area since the 1830s with a small town located near the city today, the city was officially founded by a Baptist missionary named J.S. Murrow in 1867 and quickly supplanted the dying town of Boggy Depot as the chief city in Atoka County, Choctaw Nation, a territorial-era county which included portions of today's Atoka, Coal, Hughes and Pittsburg counties. A main contributing factor in the early growth of Atoka was the MKT Railroad, which came through the area in 1872. The railroad provided the economic lifeblood to Atoka that any isolated rural town needs to survive and flourish. Many businesses quickly moved to Atoka from Boggy Depot.

Also in 1872, Father Michael Smyth founded St. Patrick's Catholic Church. This was the first Roman Catholic church in what became the state of Oklahoma. On October 12, 1875, the Sacred Heart Mission, what later became St. Gregory's University, was founded in Atoka by the Benedictine monks Father Isidore Robot, O.S.B., and Brother Dominic Lambert, O.S.B.  In 1876, the mission relocated to near Konawa, Oklahoma and became an abbey.

About 1896, Robert L. Williams, who would become the third Governor of Oklahoma and first Chief Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court,  moved to Atoka (then a part of the old Indian Territory) from Troy, Alabama. In 1898, land allotments were implemented and town lots were sold, as required by the Dawes Commission.

Recent developments
Despite being strategically located at the intersection of two major highways (especially U.S. 69, a major transportation artery in the region), Atoka is struggling to create a town attractive to both new business and new residents. Even though the town has experienced an economic upturn in the past few years, it still lacks the main thing that ensures economic prosperity and attracts new residents: well-paying jobs.

However, there is a beacon of hope for Atoka in the future. For the past several years, economic growth has been steadily moving northward along U.S. 75 from Dallas, Texas. Two towns located to the south of Atoka, Durant, Oklahoma, and Sherman, Texas, are experiencing tremendous economic and population growth. As this wave of development gradually moves north, the next town in line is the city of Atoka. If the growth continues, it is possible that Atoka could begin to see the type of expansion currently underway across the Red River to the south.

In 2023, Reba McEntire parternered with the Choctaw Nation and the city of Atoka to open a restaurant called Reba's Place in downtown Atoka. The restaurant has increased tourism in the Atoka area and is helping to spark economic growth.

NRHP sites

Thirteen of the eighteen National Register of Historic Places sites in Atoka County are in the city of Atoka:

 Atoka Armory
 Atoka Community Building
 Boggy Depot Site
 First Methodist Church Building
 Indian Citizen Building
 Masonic Temple
 Middle Boggy Battlefield Site and Confederate Cemetery
 Old Atoka County Courthouse
 Old Atoka State Bank
 Pioneer Club
 Joe Ralls House
 Captain James S. Standley House
 Zweigel Hardware Store Building

Geography
Atoka is located at  (34.384206, -96.127577).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 2.00%, is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,107 people living in the city.  The population density was . There were 1,499 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 72.86% White, 11.51% African American, 10.27% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 4.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.

There were 1,277 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.4% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 22.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $18,361, and the median income for a family was $22,344. Males had a median income of $25,431 versus $19,495 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,017. About 19.1% of families and 25.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 17.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics

Municipal government
The city of Atoka operates under a home-rule charter with a council-manager form of government. The Atoka City Council has five elected members, which include the Mayor and Vice Mayor.

The office of Mayor of Atoka is largely a ceremonial position, as most executive authority is held by the city manager, who acts on behalf of the council.

County judicial system
Being the county seat of Atoka County, Atoka is the center of the county judicial system. The courthouse is located on Court Street, and the building has served as such since 1963 when it replaced the old courthouse. The District Judges are Preston Harbuck and Paula Inge.

City judicial system
The city judge is David Youngblood, and the city attorney is Erik Johnson.

State and national government
Atoka is included in Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district, of which Josh Breechen is the representative. The city is also included in State House District 22 and State Senate District 6, from which State Representative Charles McCall and Senator George Burns currently serve in the state legislature.

For further details, refer to the Oklahoma State Election Board's Election Results and Statistics

Economy

In the 19th century, the economy of Atoka and the surrounding area was founded on wood products. There were rich stands of hardwood nearby and ample water from Boggy River to power sawmills. The railroad facilitated shipment of the products.

In the early 20th century, Atoka became a ranching and farming community, with its economic base firmly planted in agriculturally related venues. However, in recent years, efforts have been made by the Chamber of Commerce, the city council, and various other local leaders to create new industrial jobs in Atoka and Atoka County. Currently, an industrial park is open for development north of the city on U.S. Highway 69, as well as a smaller park on U.S. Highway 75, west of town.

In August 2006, the city's largest employer, Ethan Allen Furniture, announced that it would be closing its Atoka plant in favor of "selected off-shore vendors", as reported in The Oklahoman following the announcement of the plant's closing. With the closure of the Ethan Allen plant, located north of the city proper, more than two hundred people lost their jobs (many of whom had held them since the plant opened). As of May 2007, Ethan Allen has resumed operations at the Atoka plant, converting the former manufacturing facility to a distribution center.

In addition to revenue generated at convenience stores, fast food restaurants, etc., Atoka (and Atoka County) is a popular hunting and fishing area; as well, scenic tourism plays a small, albeit important role in the city's economy. An effort is currently underway to place Atoka along a scenic byway.

Transportation
Four highways intersect in Atoka: U.S. Route 69 (a major transportation artery that travels from Texas to Minnesota), State Highway 3, State Highway 7, and U.S. Highway 75, thus making it a convenient stop for motorists. It is located where U.S. 69 and U.S. 75 converge (heading south toward Texoma).

Atoka Municipal Airport (KAQR, or FAA ID: AQR), located 1 mile northwest of town, has a 3015' x 60' paved runway.

For commercial air transportation, Atoka is roughly equidistant from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (130 miles south-southwest), Will Rogers World Airport (137 miles northwest), and Tulsa International Airport (140 miles north).

Media
Atoka is served by several media outlets, including the Atoka County Times, published weekly on Wednesdays, 102.1 KHKC, a radio station headquartered on the county line between Atoka and Coal counties, and KXII and KTEN, television stations broadcasting from Sherman, Texas.

Tradio, a locally well-known radio show, is broadcast every weekday morning. Tradio was known for, among many things, its host John Reuben. The shows consists of callers advertising items such as cars, furniture and animals, or events such as auctions and garage sales over the air. The tagline for show is, "Good morning, you're on Tradio," which is repeated by Reuben as he answers each call.
The current host, Derek Reid, still sometimes answers the phone to people saying "Good Morning Brother John", as a nod to Reuben.

Education
The Atoka Public Schools System has students from all over Atoka County due to offering several other academic and extra-curricular activities, such as football, track, robotics, and more. There are three other smaller high schools located within the county in Caney, Stringtown, and Tushka. The Atoka Public Schools mascot is the Wampus cat. There are also two K-8 schools in Atoka County, at Harmony and Lane.

Atoka High School
The Atoka High School campus is located on the west side of the town, and enrollment averages between 300 and 400 students from grades 9 to 12. Besides offering the basic courses and several Advanced Placement programs, Atoka High School offers classes in Spanish, Choir, Agricultural Education (FFA), and Drama, among others. The Parliamentary Procedure Team were State Champions in 2005 and National Semi-Finalists in 2007. The Mock Trial team has won the Oklahoma state competition six times. The school also offer sports such as baseball, softball, track and field, football, golf, and powerlifting and have represented Atoka in the state playoffs in many sports. A cafetorium opened in August 2007.  With the new cafeteria, the high school is now a closed campus.

Junior high and elementary education
C.A. "Barney" McCall Junior High School is located due south of the high school campus. The junior high school averages between 200 and 250 in enrollment. The Atoka Elementary School is located north of the high school. All three schools are now located in one spot.

Higher education
Atoka is served by Kiamichi Technology Center. The Atoka campus offers courses in Business Information Technology, Computer Repair & Networking, Cosmetology, Child Care, Nursing, Auto Mechanics, and Carpentry.

Notable people
 Jim Barnes, Oklahoma Poet Laureate for 2009 and 2010 and author of nine books of poetry
 Todd Downing (writer), novelist.
 Lane Frost, professional bull rider. Attended high school in Atoka.
 Lowell Fulson, blues musician
 Charles McCall, Speaker of the Oklahoma State House of Representatives
 Reba McEntire, country music artist
 J. Vernon McGee was raised in Atoka; founder of Thru The Bible Radio, Pasadena, California.
 Matthew Mungle, winner of an Academy Award for Makeup and four-time Emmy Award winner
 Crystal Robinson, WNBA player for the Washington Mystics and New York Liberty
 U.L. Washington, former MLB player for the Kansas City Royals, Montreal Expos, and Pittsburgh Pirates

References

External links
 City of Atoka
 Atoka County Chamber of Commerce
 Atoka Public Schools
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Atoka

Cities in Atoka County, Oklahoma
Cities in Oklahoma
County seats in Oklahoma
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

Atoka, Oklahoma


known by name as Takeshi in Japan, is a fictional character in the Pokémon series of video games, Manga, and television series. He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys. One of his gags is that he falls in love with every girl he sees (except for Jessie of Team Rocket). His nickname is "The Rock-Solid Pokémon Trainer" because he uses rock-type Pokémon.

Anime
Brock appears in the first series of the anime. In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them and cares for them since his mother Lola is away chasing dreams and his father Flint ran away from the family. After Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Kanto series. He ends up leaving the group when they get to the Orange Islands to work with Professor Ivy. He later returns and travels with Ash throughout Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh. He uses rock-types Geodude and Onix, as well as others like Zubat.

Video games
Brock appears in the games Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow, and the Red and Blue remakes FireRed and LeafGreen as the gym leader of Pewter City. He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pokémon. He also appears in Gold, Silver, and Crystal and the Gold and Silver remakes HeartGold and SoulSilver as a gym leader the player can face when they get to the Kanto region.

References

Pokémon characters
Anime characters

Brock (Pokémon)


The statue of Pericles with the Corinthian Helmet is a lost, life-sized statue of the Athenian statesman and general Pericles. Today, only some of the base survives. Four Roman Imperial-era marble busts modelled after the head of the statue are known.

Portrait

The Roman copies of the bust of Pericles derive from a bronze statue made by the sculptor Kresilas. This life-size statue was probably installed on the Athenian Acropolis at or shortly after the death of the politician. Pausanias says that the statue was directly beyond the Propylaea, the gate to the Acropolis. Since this statue is not preserved and only limited information is known about it, its arrangement is unclear and its details can only be guessed at by analogies and assumptions. Pericles was not shown in a realistic fashion, but as an idealised image of the long-serving strategos. Whether he was depicted naked, clothed or in full armour is disputed. Remains of the statue's base were preserved with a dedicatory inscription. A slot in the base indicates that the statue held a spear in its left hand. The slight turning of the head indicates that the statue employed classical Contrapposto.

Pericles is depicted as an adult man with a Corinthian helmet. The helmet symbolised his military role as strategos. The Berlin copy is especially carefully executed. The helmet is cocked back, with short curly hair bursting out at the temples. The beard is tightly cropped with many small, well-ordered curls. Broad, even eyelids ring the eyes and eyebrows are carved above. His full lips are slightly open. Behind the eyeholes of his helmet, further hair can be seen (as in two of the three other copies). This hair, far above where his head would be expected to end, might hint at Pericles' unusually shaped head, which is occasionally referenced in Attic Comedy by the abusive nickname "Leek-head." (Also see Plutarch's 'Life of Perikles') This deformity was said to be the reason why Pericles was always depicted in a Corinthian helmet, since this would conceal the height of his head. The presence of the hair in the eyeholes should probably therefore be seen as the addition of a learned sculptor.

Kresilas created a kind of symbol of the Athenian democracy with this image of Pericles. However the sculpture also conformed to the broadly accepted citizen ideal of the times and employed the calm and collected facial expression which was the contemporary ideal. As a result, the realistic tendencies of Athenian art, which are found to some extent in the bust of Themistocles were abandoned. The expression is serious, showing no emotion. In this the depiction squares with self-controlled personality attributed to Pericles in the historical tradition. The identification of this idealised figure with Pericles is made because two of the copies are inscribed: one in the Vatican Museum, the other in the British Museum.

Copies

 Berlin, Antikensammlung Inventory Number: Sk 1530 (K 127), found on Lesbos, acquired on the art market in 1901, height 0.54m
 London, British Museum (Townley Pericles) Inventory Number GR 1805.7-3.91 (Cat. Sculpture 549), found in the Villa of Hadrian, height 0.48m, Inscription ΠΕΡΙΚΛΗΣ (Perikles)
 Rome, Museo Barracco, Inventory Number 96, acquired in 1884 from the collection of Augusto Castellani, height 0.40m
 Vatican, Vatican Museum, Museo Pio-Clementino Inventory number 269, found in the Villa of Brutus at Tivoli, height 1.83m, Inscription ΠΕΡΙΚΛΗΣ ΞΑΝΘΙΠΠΟΥ ΑΘHΝΑΙΟΣ Perikles, Son of Xanthippos, Athenian

Bibliography

 Max Kunze, "Bildnis des Perikles mit korinthischem Helm." In Die Antikensammlung im Pergamonmuseum und in Charlottenburg. von Zabern, Mainz 1992, , pp. 152f.
 Ralf Krumeich, Bildnisse griechischer Herrscher und Staatsmänner im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. 1997, pp. 118ff.
 Die griechische Klassik. Idee oder Wirklichkeit. Exhibition catalogue Berlin, Bonn 2002. Mainz, Zabern 2002, , pp. 232–233.
 Michael Siebler. Griechische Kunst. Taschen, Köln 2007, , pp. 76–77.

External links

 Bust of Perikles in the database of the British Museum

References

Busts (sculpture)
Lost sculptures
5th-century BC Greek sculptures
Roman copies of 5th-century BC Greek sculptures
Art of ancient Attica
Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the British Museum
Sculptures in the Vatican Museums
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
Archaeological discoveries in Italy
Cultural depictions of Pericles
Statues of military officers
Statues of heads of government
Classical sculptures in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Pericles with the Corinthian helmet


The English Patient is a 1996 British-American romantic drama movie based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje. It was written and directed by Anthony Minghella. It stars Joseph Fiennes, Kristin Scott Thomas, Juliette Binoche and Willem Dafoe. This melodrama won many Academy Awards, including Best Picture of the Year.

Other websites

1996 romantic drama movies
1990s war movies
Academy Award winning movies
American romantic drama movies
American war movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
British romantic drama movies
British war movies
1990s English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
World War II movies
Movies set in deserts
Movies directed by Anthony Minghella
German-language movies
Italian-language movies
Movies set in Egypt
Movies set in Italy
Miramax movies

The English Patient (movie)


Laarne is a municipality locatedit in the Belgian province o East Flanders. The municipality comprises the touns o Kalken an Laarne proper. On Januar 1, 2006 Laarne haed a total population o 11,736. The total aurie is 32.07 km² which gives a population density o 366 inhabitants per km². The current mayor o Laarne is Ignace De Baerdemaecker, frae the VLD (Liberal) party.

History
The vileelage lies tae the east o Ghent, near a umwhile course o the River Scheldt an is notable for its castle. This dates frae the twalt an later centuries, notably, the seiventeent an haes been sympathetically restored an re-furnished.

The name arises frae the Germanic hlaeri which signifies terrain seen as woodit an mairshy. It is possible tae speculate that the veelage oreeginatit in servin the castle, which in turn, guardedit the river approach tae Ghent frae the sea. In the twalft century, that wis less remote frae the ceety than it is the day. In 1040, Laarne wis mentioned as Laren.

The lairdship passed bi inheritance through the families o Schoutheete, van Vilsteren an ithers, fieenally tae the coonts o Ribaucourt.  The castle is nou awned bi the Vereniging van Historische Woonsteden van België (the Union o Historic Homesteads o Belgium).

Freemit airtins
Offeecial wabsteid - Anerlie available in Dutch

Municipalities o East Flanders

Laarne


Chief Joseph (1840 – September 21, 1904; whose real name was Hinmaton-Yalaktit) was the chief of the Nez Perce Native Americans, a tribe that lived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
His father was the leader of the Nez-Perce before him, and his mother was a member of this tribe too.

When Joseph was young, his father always told him not to trust white men, he actually had problems with settlers. When his father died, Joseph became chief of the tribe, who resided in plateaus in Northeast Oregon, Southeast Washington and Western Idaho.

The turning point in their relationship to white men was the gold rush in 1863. It gave the US Government the opportunity to reduce their reservation to a small area in Idaho. Then, with the new waves of white men settling in the West, the Government wanted to drive Nez-Perces away from their territory.

Chief Joseph was extremely sad: this place was the tribe's territory where their ancestors were buried. In spite of that, he wanted to avoid conflict and remain in peace. In 1873 he decided to negotiate with the US Government. He travelled all the way to Washington D.C. and spoke to President Ulysses S. Grant. But he only got mean looks and little attention.

So a war began in 1877. The living conditions of Chief Joseph's tribe were awful: they had no food and no blankets. Some people were freezing to death. But the Nez-Perces impressed their enemy thanks to all the battles they won. Many men died on both sides. That's why Joseph decided to surrender. He gave up fighting in 1877.

He was destroyed by the death of his people, and also extremely disappointed: he felt betrayed by white people. He knew he could not trust them anymore. He was tired of being considered a savage. He felt it was not fair for people who were born on the same land to be treated differently. He delivered a lot of speeches on this subject, which are still really good examples of eloquence. But he did not feel listened to, and when he died in his reservation in 1904, the doctor said he "died from sadness". He was buried in Colville Native American Burial Ground, in Washington State.

References

Native American people
1840 births
1904 deaths

Chief Joseph


Ion Minulescu (; 6 January 1881 – 11 April 1944) was a Romanian avant-garde poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic, and playwright. Often publishing his works under the pseudonyms I. M. Nirvan and Koh-i-Noor (the latter being derived from the famous diamond), he journeyed to Paris, where he was heavily influenced by the growing Symbolist movement and Parisian Bohemianism. A herald of Romania's own Symbolist movement, he had a major influence on local modernist literature, and was among the first local poets to use free verse.

Biography

Early life
Born in Bucharest to the widow Alexandrina Ciucă (the daughter of a shoemaker in Slatina, she was 20 at the time), he was the posthumous child of Tudor Minulescu (a leather salesman who had died on New Year's Eve, probably as a result of a stroke). Originally, Minulescu was meant to be born in Slatina, but bad weather prevented his mother from leaving the capital city. Adopted by Ion Constantinescu, a Romanian Army officer who married Alexandrina Ciucă, he lived much of his childhood in Slatina and completed his primary and most of his medium studies in Piteşti at Ion Brătianu High School. He was a colleague of Al. Gherghel, who would also become known as a Symbolist writer: the two edited the school magazine Luceafărul, which only published a few issues before being closed down by the headmaster.

He published his first verses in 1897, while still in high school (at the time, his attempt to publish a literary magazine was considered intolerable by his teachers). He left for Bucharest later in the same year, being signed up for a private school and completing two grades in one year.

Paris sojourn and return to Bucharest
Between 1900 and 1904, Minulescu studied law at the University of Paris, during which period he was an avid reader of Romantic and Symbolist literature (works by Gérard de Nerval, Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, Aloysius Bertrand, Jehan Rictus, Emil Verhaeren, Tristan Corbière, Jules Laforgue, Maurice Maeterlinck, and the Comte de Lautréamont).

At the time, Minulescu began exploring his talents as a causeur, engaging in long and entertaining conversations which were to consolidate his fame in Bucharest nightlife. He also became close to Romanian artists present in Paris — Gheorghe Petraşcu, Jean Alexandru Steriadi, Cecilia Cuţescu-Storck, and Camil Ressu, as well as to the actors Maria Ventura and Tony Bulandra. Among the key moments of his life in Paris was meeting, through the intervention of Demetrios Galanis, the poet Jean Moréas — according to Minulescu, Moréas urged him to write his poetry in French.

Upon his return, he was briefly employed by the Administration of Royal Domains in Constanţa, and began cultivating relations with the local art dealer Krikor Zambaccian and the painter Nicolae Dărăscu. At the time, he drew attention to himself by wearing colorful Bohemian outfits, which included immense four-in-hand neckties and scarves he wrapped around his neck with a studied negligence (initially, he also grew a long red beard and wore large-brimmed hats).

Minulescu began publishing verses and prose in Ovid Densusianu's Vieaţa Nouă (a self-styled Symbolist magazine), and attended the Kübler Coffeehouse and Casa Capşa, the scene of an eclectic gathering of young poets — Alexandru Cazaban, Dimitrie Anghel, Panait Cerna, Andrei Naum, N. N. Beldiceanu, Ștefan Octavian Iosif, and Ilarie Chendi among them. Other cultural figures who came into contact with Minulescu during that period were the writers Tudor Arghezi, Liviu Rebreanu, Eugen Lovinescu, Mihail Sorbul, Gala Galaction, Mihail Sadoveanu, Emil Gârleanu, Octavian Goga, Victor Eftimiu, and Corneliu Moldovanu, the composer Alfons Castaldi, as well as the visual artists Iosif Iser, Friedrich Stork, and Alexandru Satmari. Minulescu and Cazaban were to engage in a long polemic, and frequently ridiculed each other in public.

Despite having been preceded by Alexandru Macedonski's circle, Minulescu's early commitment to Symbolism and his leading presence in the grouping has led to an enduring image of him as the first true Symbolist in his country. This was notably disputed by George Călinescu, who attributed the position to Ştefan Petică, and contended that Minulescu only adopted "Symbolist settings and ceremonials". Tudor Vianu argued that Minulescu, together with Al. T. Stamatiad and N. Davidescu, represented a "Wallachian" Symbolism ("more rhetorical temperaments, displaying exoticism and a book-driven neuroticism"), as opposed to "Moldavians" such as George Bacovia and Demostene Botez ("[of] more intimate natures, cultivating the minor scales of the sentiment").

Minulescu and Anghel became close friends, and together translated pieces by various French Symbolists (among others — Albert Samain, Charles Guérin, and Henri de Régnier), which were published in Sămănătorul (they were collected in a single volume in 1935).

Innovative poetry and influence
In 1906, Minulescu began publishing the poems that would form his highly popular Romanţe pentru mai târziu ("Songs for Later On") collection, first published in 1908 and illustrated by his lifelong friend Iser. These came to the attention of Ion Luca Caragiale, who wrote back from his home in Berlin a praise of Minulescu's În oraşul cu trei sute de biserici ("In the City with Three Hundred Churches"), which he called "a priceless thing". According to Şerban Cioculescu, one of Caragiale's own satirical poems of the time, called Litanie pentru sfârşitul lumii ("A Litany for the End of the World"), was directly influenced by Minulescu's work in free verse.

He edited the short-lived magazines Revista Celor L'alţi (in 1908) and Insula (in 1912), and, in 1911, began publishing theater reviews in magazines such as Rampa. Many of his other of his press contributions (notably, in Viitorul) were printed under the Koh-i-Noor signature. During the period, he began drawing inspiration from his numerous trips to Dobruja, dedicating several of his most celebrated verses to the Black Sea (according to Vianu, he was "the first one in our literature to chant the sea in song"). This trend was to inspire his former colleague Al. Gherghel, most of whose poetry was dedicated to marine themes.

At the time, he began cultivating an original style, where the traditional lyrical format was hidden by arbitrary sectioning, which gave his poetry a rhetorical feel. Minulescu was also arguably the first poet in his country to be primordially inspired by cityscapes, which, in one form or another, was to become the setting for the vast majority of his works. The influential modernist critic Eugen Lovinescu proposed that Minulescu's use of Romanian was revolutionary through its vocabulary, which broke with both the "archizing tendency of Eminescu" and the "more rural than anything language of Coşbuc". Such innovation brought Minulescu status as a major influence on younger poets, many of whom — among them Dada's founder Tristan Tzara — later moved towards more radical forms of modernism. The latter group also included George Bacovia, himself a major Symbolist poet.

His language was vivacious and abrupt, owing much to the inspiration Minulescu sought in romanzas (giving some of his lyrics an overtly sentimental and occasionally burlesque character). This last characteristic of his work was the target of criticism from Lovinescu, who argued that popularity and apparent superficiality had taken a toll on the overall artistic value, and of having discarded traditional Symbolist elitism while continuing to side with the movement. Overall, Lovinescu continued to attribute the poet the merits "of having been the herald of the Symbolist movement and, more or less, of having absorbed it".

Other of Minulescu's contemporaries, among them Davidescu, argued that the popular appeal of his poetry (which they referred to as Minulescianism), was turning into mere fashion. Speaking of another side to this trend, Vianu evidenced that, from as early as his debut novel, Minulescu had become the source of "an industry of Minulescian parody"; the writer Victor Eftimiu recalled that his first successful writing had been a piece which mocked Minulescu's poem Romanţa celor trei romanţe ("The Romance of the Three Romances"), and was titled Romanţa celor trei sarmale ("The Romance of the Three Sarmale").

Minulescu married the poet Claudia Millian, whom he had met at a masquerade ball in 1910, on 11 April 1914; she later gave birth to a daughter, Mioara Minulescu (who was to become a well-known artist).

Before and after the outbreak of World War I, the poet began attending the Germanophile society formed around the controversial political activist Alexandru Bogdan-Piteşti (meeting regularly on Ştirbey-Vodă Street, near the Cişmigiu Gardens); the sessions were also attended by, among others, N. D. Cocea, Tudor Arghezi and Gala Galaction. The Minulescu family fled to Iaşi after the Central Powers occupied Bucharest. It was there that he met with the young poet Barbu Fundoianu (future Benjamin Fondane), whose writing he gave support to, and whom he got acquainted with Symbolist poetry by through the means of his personal library — Fundoianu later expressed his gratitude to Minulescu by dedicating him some of his best-known early poems.

Interwar and later years

After 1919, he was a regular contributor to Lovinescu's Sburătorul. His pre-World War I poetry became, as he himself admitted, a real commercial success only during the 1920s, when "[Romanţe pentru mai târziu] ran through four consecutive editions"; his reputation as a dramatist was established in 1921, when two of his plays were included in the National Theatre Bucharest's season. Minulescu was head of the Art Direction inside the Ministry of Arts and Religious Cults in 1922, an office he held until 1940. For a short while during the 1930s, he was also chairman of the National Theatre.

With Krikor Zambaccian, Ştefan Dimitrescu, Nicolae Tonitza, Oscar Han and Jean Alexandru Steriadi, he was present at the major 1925 exhibit showcasing the work of painter Theodor Pallady. By then, he had come to give his endorsement to abstract art, which he promoted in his capacity as head of the official Art Salon. Zambaccian later recounted that Minulescu was the object of a 1927 farce played by the figurative artist Jean Cosmovici — the latter protested against modern art by sending the Salon jury a work which Zambaccian called "a painting without any purpose or quality", and signing it Popa Kely; after the piece was received and exhibited, Cosmovici publicized his story in the press, leaving Minulescu in an embarrassing position.

In 1924, he issued his Roşu, galben şi albastru ("Red, Yellow and Blue") — a novel and political satire named after the colours of the Romanian flag), it provided a personal chronicle of the war. The book was to prove very successful after first being published in serial by Viaţa Românească. According to Viaţa Românească'''s Octav Botez, Roşu, galben şi albastru also won acclaim from political figures of the day, and was "admired by one of the most subtle of the Romanian critics." Botez admired the liveliness and bizarre images offered by Minulescu's text, but criticized it for its "cynicism and indecency", as well as for its "deplorable spiritual void."

After a long period of concentrating on his theatrical work, Minulescu returned to poetry in 1928, with Spovedanii ("Confessions" — later included in his Strofe pentru toată lumea, "Verses for Everyone"). He also published an autobiographical novel, Corigent la limba română ("Flunking in Romanian Language" — the title was an ironic reference to the fact that, during his years in high school, his Romanian language skills had been considered to be below standard). The book scandalized sections of the public opinion, because it minutely depicted the haphazard erotic experiences of an adolescent, and was criticized by Octav Botez for being "monotonous" and "trivial". Nevertheless, critics considered it interesting for the insight it gave into literary disputes of the early 20th century, as well as for its sarcastic comments on the traditionalist figures of the period. Also in 1928, Ion Minulescu was awarded the National Poetry Prize.

Minulescu's late works were mostly definitive collections of his earlier poetry and prose. In his very last poems, he was moving away from the exuberant forms of Symbolism, adopting instead an intimate tone. He died from a heart attack during World War II, as Bucharest was the target of a large-scale Allied bombing, and was buried in Bellu cemetery.

Works

 Romanţe pentru mai târziu ("Songs for Later On", poems, 1909)
 Casa cu geamuri portocalii ("The House with Orange Windows", prose, 1908)
 De vorbă cu mine însumi ("Conversing with Myself", poems, 1913)
 Măşti de bronz şi lampioane de porţelan ("Bronze Masks and Porcelain Fairy Lights", prose, 1920)
 Pleacă berzele ("The Storks Are Leaving") and Lulu Popescu – plays, 1921
 Roşu, galben şi albastru ("Red, Yellow and Blue", novel, 1924)
 Omul care trebuia să moară sau Ciracul lui Hegesias ("The Man Who Was Supposed to Die or Hesias' Hanger-on", play, 1924)
 Manechinul sentimental ("The Sentimental Mannequin", play, 1926)
 Spovedanii ("Confessions", poems, 1927)
 Allegro ma non troppo (play, 1927)
 Corigent la limba română ("Flunking in Romanian Language", novel, 1928)
 Amantul anonim ("The Anonymous Lover", play, 1928)
 Strofe pentru toată lumea ("Verses for Everyone", poems, 1930)
 Cetiţi-le noaptea ("Read Them at Nighttime", prose, 1930)
 Bărbierul regelui Midas sau Voluptatea adevărului ("King Midas's Barber or The Voluptuousness of Truth", novel, 1931)
 Porumbiţa fără aripi ("The Wingless Dove", play, 1931)
 3 şi cu Rezeda 4 ("3, and with Rezeda 4", novel, 1933)
 Nevasta lui Moş Zaharia ("Uncle Zaharia's Wife", play, 1937)

 Presence in English Language Anthologies

 Testment – 400 Years of Romanian Poetry – 400 de ani de poezie românească – bilingual edition – Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) with Daniel Reynaud, Adriana Paul & Eva Foster – Editura Minerva, 2019 –
 Romanian Poetry from its Origins to the Present – bilingual edition English/Romanian – Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) with Daniel Reynaud, Adriana Paul and Eva Foster – Australian-Romanian Academy Publishing – 2020 –  ; LCCN 2020-907831

Notes

References
 Octav Botez, "Recenzii. Corigent la limba română" ("Reviews. Corigent la limba română"), in Viaţa Românească, No.2-3/1929, p. 326–327
 George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române. Compendiu ("The History of Romanian Literature. Compedium"), Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1983
 Matei Călinescu, "Prefaţă" ("Introduction"), "Tabel cronologic" ("Chronological Table"), in Ion Minulescu, Romanţe pentru mai târziu şi alte poezii ("Songs for Later On and Other Poems"), Editura pentru literatură, Bucharest, 1967, p. V-XLX.
 Emil Manu, "Actualitatea lui Ion Minulescu" ("The Present Interest of Ion Minulescu"), introduction to Ion Minulescu, Versuri şi proză, Editura Eminescu, Bucharest, 1986, p. 5–9
 Tudor Vianu, Scriitori români'' ("Romanian Writers"), Vol. III, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1971.
  Krikor Zambaccian, Însemnările unui amator de artă ("The Recordings of an Art Aficionado"), published and hosted by LiterNet; retrieved 16 July 2007

External links

  Romanian Voice: Ion Minulescu – Poems

Romanian art critics
Romanian civil servants
Romanian humorists
Romanian literary critics
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian magazine founders
Romanian memoirists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian male poets
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Romanian theatre critics
Romanian translators
Symbolist dramatists and playwrights
Symbolist novelists
Symbolist poets
Romanian avant-garde
Writers from Bucharest
University of Paris alumni
Chairpersons of the National Theatre Bucharest
Romanian civilians killed in World War II
Burials at Bellu Cemetery
1881 births
1944 deaths
20th-century translators
Male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Romanian poets
20th-century Romanian novelists
20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century short story writers
20th-century Romanian male writers
20th-century memoirists

Ion Minulescu


The China Relief Expedition Medal was a decoration of the United States military which was issued to members of both the United States Navy and the United States Marines for service in the China Relief Expedition between 1900 and 1901 during the Boxer Rebellion.  The medal was authorized by General Orders of the Department of the Navy on June 27, 1908.  General Order 81 established the medal authorized for Naval personnel while General Order 82 authorized the medal for the Marine Corps.

Description and symbolism
To be awarded the China Relief Expedition Medal, a service member was required to perform duty within the borders of China as part of the China Relief Expedition.  The eligibility dates of the China Relief Expedition Medal were from May 24, 1900 to May 17, 1901.  The medal was issued as a one time award and there were no devices authorized for multiple bestowals.

The United States Army equivalent of the China Relief Expedition Medal was the China Campaign Medal.

The ribbon of the Navy and Marine Corps version of the medal originally bore a yellow and black motif. The colors were changed in 1915 to yellow and blue to correspond with those of the U.S. Army medal issued for similar service.

The first 400 medals struck bear the date "1901." The die in use became damaged and replaced with a re-engraved die. This one, however, had the date "1900" which appears on all subsequent copies.

See also

List of military decorations
Awards and decorations of the United States military

References

United States campaign medals
Boxer Rebellion campaign medals

China Relief Expedition Medal


The Dance Music Hall of Fame was an organization established in 2003 to honor and remember significant contributors to the genre of dance music. It had its first inductions in 2004 but went inactive after the 2005 induction ceremony.

History
The Dance Music Hall of Fame was created in 2003 when music industry veteran John Parker (Robbins Entertainment) thought that something needed to be done to honor the creators and innovators of dance music. He enlisted the help of Eddie O'Loughlin (Next Plateau Records) initially and then they brought Daniel Glass (Glassworks), Tom Silverman (Tommy Boy Records) & Brian Chin (noted dance music writer/historian) in to form the organization. The Dance Music Hall of Fame recognizes the contributions of those who have had a significant impact on the evolution and development of dance music and celebrates the history and significance of the genre.

Artists, Producers, Record, Remixer and DJs that helped to shape the dance music industry become eligible for induction 25 years after their first contribution or record release.  Criteria include the influence and significance of the nominee's contributions to dance music.
The Dance Music Hall Of Fame Board of Advisers was composed of dance music professionals, historians and journalists. When the nominees were selected the ballots were sent to an international voting committee of over 1,000 dance music experts. An awards ceremony announcing the inductees in the Dance Music Hall Of Fame would take place annually at a formal dinner event in New York.

Due to financial differences among the Board members, The Dance Music Hall of Fame ceased operations after its second ceremony in 2005.

First board
2004 - Dance Music Hall of Fame (DMHoF) Board of Directors: Daniel Glass, Eddie O'Loughlin, John Parker, Tom Silverman.

2004 - Board of Advisers: Marty Angelo, John "Jellybean" Benitez, Joey Carvello, Mel Cheren, Michael Ellis, Dimitri from Paris, Tony Humphries, Frankie Knuckles, Jurgen Korduletsch, Brad LeBeau, John Luongo, Guy Moot, Michael Paoletta, Vince Pellegrino, Cory Robbins, Pete Tong, Cary Vance, Louie Vega, Pete Waterman, Judy Weinstein, Brian Chin.

Inductees

Artists
 Chic (2005)
 Sylvester (2005)
 Gloria Gaynor (2005)
 Bee Gees (2004)
 Donna Summer (2004)
 Barry White (2004)

Records
 "Disco Inferno" - The Trammps (2005)
 "Good Times" - Chic (2005)
 "Got to Be Real" - Cheryl Lynn (2005)
 "Stayin' Alive" - Bee Gees (2005)
 "I Will Survive" - Gloria Gaynor (2005)
 "I Feel Love" - Donna Summer (2004)
 "Don't Leave Me This Way" - Thelma Houston (2004)
 "Love Is the Message" - MFSB (2004)
 "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" - Sylvester (2004)
 "Shame" - Evelyn "Champagne" King (2004)

Producers
 Bernard Edwards (2005)
 Kenny Gamble (2005)
 Nile Rodgers (2005)
 Leon Huff (2005)
 Quincy Jones (2005)
 Pete Bellotte (2004)
 Giorgio Moroder (2004)

DJs
 John "Jellybean" Benitez (2005)
 Francois Kevorkian (2005)
 Frankie Knuckles (2005)
 Larry Levan (2004)
 David Mancuso (2004)
 Tee Scott (2004)

Remixers
 Francois Kevorkian (2005)
 Tom Moulton (2004)

The Board of Directors Award for Lifetime Achievement (Non-Performer)
 Mel Cheren (2005)
 Henry Stone (2004)

See also
National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame

References

External links
Articles
Village Voice story on the 2005 DMHOF Ceremony
Billboard's Kerri Mason on the 2005 Inductees
DMHOF Press Release which details the 2005 Inductees as well as the history of the Dance Music Hall of Fame
Remix Magazine announces the 2004 DMHOF Ceremony
About.com Story on the Dance Music Hall of Fame
Barry Lederer's report on the 2005 DMHOF Dinner

Photos
About.com Photos from 2004 DMHOF Dinner
DiscoMusic.com Photos from 2004 DMHOF Dinner
DJ Spyder's 2005 DMHOF Photos

Video
Dance Music Hall of Fame Awards 2005 Video

Dance music awards
American music awards
Music halls of fame
Music
Awards established in 2003
Arts organizations established in 2003

Dance Music Hall of Fame


The Throne of Weapons () is a 2002 sculpture created by Cristóvão Canhavato out of disused weapons. It is owned by the British Museum and has been called the Museum's most "eloquent object" and has been shown in a wide variety of ways.

Description
The Throne of Weapons was created by Cristóvão Estevão Canhavato, who was born in 1966 in Zavala in southern Mozambique. Canhavato works under the name Kester as part of a co-operative called Associação Núcleo de Arte. Kester's artistic education took place at the artist's collective—although he already had a knowledge of engineering construction. The artists collective was supported by Christian Aid and another Christian group led by Bishop Dinis Sengulane as part of an organisation called Transformação de Armas em Enxadas or "Transforming Arms into Tools".

The throne has been signed by the artist, but as the curators have noted, the throne has also been "signed" by termites who have traditionally damaged African wooden sculptures. Kester, the artist, points out the smiling faces that he has included in his work even though his relatives were injured by weapons like these. At the top of the right hand rifle butt is a human face, but the face was only "found" by the artist. The holes and marks are the remains of where a strap had been attached when it was carried by its owner. The symbol Kester created was the gothic shape at the back which is intended to symbolise a church.

The "Transforming Arms into Tools" organisation supplied the decommissioned weapons to Kester and his group for this and many other related pieces of sculpture. The guns, mostly AK-47 assault rifles, were manufactured in Portugal, Eastern Europe and North Korea. The H&K G3 rifles used to form the backrest were designed in Germany and manufactured in Portugal. They were widely used throughout West Africa. The Russian contribution of the iconic AK-47 rifle is important to the design—an AK-47, a hoe, and a book still feature on Mozambique's flag.

On the front of the chair is a North Korean manufactured AKM rifle and a single PPSh-43 submachine gun, and the weapons that make up the seat were made in Poland and Czechoslovakia.

The weapons in Mozambique arise from a civil war that was funded by South Africa and Rhodesia and involved emigrants from their apartheid regimes. One million people were killed and the war only ended when the Soviet Union collapsed and the funding ended. Kofi Annan said when this chair was being discussed, "We don't manufacture weapons, we sometimes don't even have money to buy them. How do we get these weapons to kill each other?"

Provenance
The throne was purchased by the British Museum in 2002, brokered by Christian Aid's Julia Fairrie. The sculpture had been brought to England by Christian Aid as part of an exhibition called "Swords into Ploughshares. Transforming Arms into Art" curated by Julia Fairrie. In 2005 the museum went on to commission another art work from the same group of artists in Maputo. The resulting piece was called "Tree of Life" and it was exhibited in the museum's main area from February 2005.

Importance

The Associação Núcleo de Arte in Maputo has been an artists' collective since the 1930s and despite the end of empire and a civil war it is still supporting artists as it did to Maputo, the  painter Malangatana Ngwenya in the 1950s.

The symbolism of recycling decommissioned weapons from around the world is self-evident. However, there is an added meaning because chairs can be a symbol of authority in Africa. A nineteenth century example of a chief's chair from Ghana is shown for comparison.

The Throne of Weapons was sent on tour by the British Museum and has been exhibited in schools, shopping centres, museums, cathedrals, community spaces and a prison around the United Kingdom. It has travelled internationally but also toured Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England. It has been called the Museum's most "eloquent object" and may have been shown in a wider variety of ways than any other artifact.

The sculpture was chosen to be featured in  A History of the World in 100 Objects, a series of radio programmes that started in 2010 as a collaboration between the BBC and the British Museum.

References

2002 sculptures
African sculpture
African sculptures in the British Museum
Individual thrones

Throne of Weapons


Paraíba is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the easternmost point of the Americas. João Pessoa is the capital city.

Major Cities
 João Pessoa, state capital
 Campina Grande
 Areia
 Guarabira
 Patos
 Sousa
 Arara
Sao de Carnao

History
In the mid-1500s, Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves (today João Pessoa) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River.

The area was found to be perfect for making sugar. The French, the Dutch and the Portuguese all fought to have the Paraíba region to grow sugarcane in. The fortress of Santa Catarina, near João Pessoa, was built to protect the city from the Dutch.

In late 1989 a team looking for gemstone and led by Heitor Dimas Barbosa found what some people believe are the best tourmaline crystals ever found. Copper in the crystals gives the tourmalines a bright turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems. The mountains have been searched after this, but no more crystals have been found.

Flag
The word nego is Portuguese for "I deny". It refers to protests in the 1920s in Paraíba against Júlio Prestes becoming the President of Brazil. State president João Pessoa supported these protests. João Pessoa joined the alliance to the overthrow of the federal government. This group caused Getúlio Vargas to become president. The rebellion lead to João Pessoa being killed.

The official government site of the state of Paraíba says that the red is for the blood of the assassination of João Pessoa. The black is for the mourning after the assassination.

References

Other websites

16th-century establishments in Brazil

Paraíba


A mini-bar is a small refrigerator in a hotel room with drinks in it. They are usually found in expensive and sometimes mid-range hotel rooms and may have things like soft drinks, wine and beer. The hotel usually charges to use it, and prices are usually very high.

Many mini-bars automatically charge money if drinks are removed, even if you do not drink them.

Machines
Alcoholic drinks

Mini-bar


Jeffrey Owen Stover (born May 22, 1958 in Corning, California) is a retired defensive lineman for the San Francisco 49ers American football team during the 1980s.

History
Stover finished in third place in the NCAA shot put competition in 1979. In 1980, while attending the University of Oregon, he was named Pac-10 champion shot putter. With record-breaking statistics, Stover made it to the 1980 Olympic trials. However, as a result of the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States (held that year in Moscow), he never had the opportunity to compete.

Stover had a great eagerness to play professional football, and earned a tryout with the San Francisco 49ers shortly after they won Super Bowl XVI. He was signed by the 49ers, but played sparingly during his first few seasons. In 1984, he was named the team's starting left end, but a knee injury during the first regular season match against the Detroit Lions caused him to miss several games. In 1985, he finally played a full, healthy season in a starting role, and registered 10 sacks. In 1986, in 15 games, he registered 11 sacks.

He is one of only seven 49ers defensive linemen (along with Dwaine Board, Charles Haley, Dana Stubblefield, Chris Doleman, Roy Barker, and Bryant Young) to register 10 or more sacks more than once during their tenure with the team since the statistic started being recorded in 1982...

Stover remained a free agent through all of training camp and preseason in 1987 (in the midst of talk of a possible strike by the players), but signed before the season began. However, this proved to be a turning point in his career, as he in poor physical condition and posted only 3.5 sacks. In 1988, he failed to register even half a sack for the first time in his career, but still was able to play in the Super Bowl against the Cincinnati Bengals. He retired following the season and now owns the Chico Sports Club in Chico, California. He became interested in medicine and rehabilitation largely because he was plagued by injuries in his own career.

Playing style
He was capable of simply overpowering opposing linemen. He could play defensive end in the 3-4 and defensive tackle in the 4-3, and regardless of where he played, he would simply try to run over his opponents rather than beat them with speed. In 1984, Bill Walsh called him his "most consistent defensive player."

Other sources
Jeff Stover's Football Reference

References

1958 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Oregon Ducks football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from California
People from Tehama County, California

Jeff Stover