Peripeteia  (alternative Latin form: Peripetīa, ultimately from ) is a reversal of circumstances, or turning point. The term is primarily used with reference to works of literature; its anglicized form is peripety.

Aristotle's view
Aristotle, in his Poetics, defines peripeteia as "a change by which the action veers round to its opposite, subject always to our rule of probability or necessity." According to Aristotle, peripeteia, along with discovery, is the most effective when it comes to drama, particularly in a tragedy. He wrote that "The finest form of Discovery is one attended by Peripeteia, like that which goes with the Discovery in Oedipus...".

Aristotle says that peripeteia is the most powerful part of a plot in a tragedy along with discovery. A peripety is the change of the kind described from one state of things within the play to its opposite, and that too in the way we are saying, in the probable or necessary sequence of events. There is often no element like Peripeteia; it can bring forth or result in terror, mercy, or in comedies it can bring a smile or it can bring forth tears (Rizo).

This is the best way to spark and maintain attention throughout the various form and genres of drama "Tragedy imitates good actions and, thereby, measures and depicts the well-being of its protagonist. But in his formal definition, as well as throughout the Poetics, Aristotle emphasizes that" ... Tragedy is an imitation not only of a complete action, but also of events inspiring fear or pity" (1452a 1); in fact, at one point Aristotle isolates the imitation of "actions that excite pity and fear" as "the distinctive mark of tragic imitation" (1452b 30).

Pity and fear are effected through reversal and recognition; and these "most powerful elements of emotional interest in Tragedy-Peripeteia or Reversal of the Situation, and recognition scenes-are parts of the plot (1450a 32). has the shift of the tragic protagonist's fortune from good to bad, which is essential to the plot of a tragedy. It is often an ironic twist. Good uses of Peripeteia are those that especially are parts of a complex plot, so that they are defined by their changes of fortune being accompanied by reversal, recognition, or both" (Smithson).

Peripeteia includes changes of character, but also more external changes.  A character who becomes rich and famous from poverty and obscurity has undergone peripeteia, even if his character remains the same.

When a character learns something he had been previously ignorant of, this is normally distinguished from peripeteia as anagnorisis or discovery, a distinction derived from Aristotle's work.

Aristotle considers anagnorisis, leading to peripeteia, the mark of a superior tragedy. Two such plays are Oedipus Rex, where the oracle's information that Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother brings about his mother's death and his own blindness and exile, and Iphigenia in Tauris, where Iphigenia realizes that the strangers she is to sacrifice are her brother and his friend, resulting in all three of them escaping Tauris. These plots he considered complex and superior to simple plots without anagnorisis or peripeteia, such as when Medea resolves to kill her children, knows they are her children, and does so. Aristotle identified Oedipus Rex as the principal work demonstrating peripety. (See Aristotle's Poetics.)

Examples

Oedipus Rex
In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, the peripeteia occurs towards the end of the play when the Messenger brings Oedipus news of his parentage.  In the play, Oedipus is fated to murder his father and marry his mother.  His parents, Laius and Jocasta, try to forestall the oracle by sending their son away to be killed, but he is actually raised by Polybus and his wife, Merope, the rulers of another kingdom.  The irony of the Messenger's information is that it was supposed to comfort Oedipus and assure him that he was the son of Polybus. Unfortunately for Oedipus, the Messenger says, "Polybus was nothing to you, [Oedipus] that's why, not in blood" (Sophocles 1113).

The Messenger received Oedipus from one of Laius' servants and then gave him to Polybus.  The plot comes together when Oedipus realizes that he is the son and murderer of Laius as well as the son and husband of Jocasta.  Martin M. Winkler says that here, peripeteia and anagnorisis occur at the same time "for the greatest possible impact" because Oedipus has been "struck a blow from above, as if by fate or the gods. He is changing from the mighty and somewhat arrogant king of Thebes to a figure of woe" (Winkler 57).

Conversion of Paul on the road to Damascus

The instantaneous conversion of Paul on the road to Damascus is a classic example of peripeteia, which Eusebius presented in his Life of Constantine as a pattern for the equally revelatory conversion of Constantine. Modern biographers of Constantine see his conversion less as a momentary phenomenon than as a step in a lifelong process.

The Three Apples
In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights, after the murderer reveals himself near the middle of the story, he explains his reasons behind the murder in a flashback, which begins with him going on a journey to find three rare apples for his wife, but after returning finds out she cannot eat them due to her lingering illness. Later at work, he sees a slave passing by with one of those apples claiming that he received it from his girlfriend, a married woman with three such apples her husband gave her. He returns home and demands his wife to show him all three apples, but she only shows him two. This convinces him of her infidelity and he murders her as a result. After he disposes of her body, he returns home, where his son confesses that he had stolen one of the apples and that a slave, to whom he had told about his father's journey, had fled with it. The murderer thus realizes his guilt and regrets what he has just done.

The second use of peripety occurs near the end. After finding out about the culprit behind the murder, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the tricky slave within three days, or else he will have Ja'far executed instead. After the deadline has passed, Ja'far prepares to be executed for his failure and bids his family farewell. As he hugs his youngest daughter, he feels a round object in her pocket, which is revealed to be the same apple that the culprit was holding. In the story's twist ending, the daughter reveals that she obtained it from their slave, Rayhan. Ja'far thus realizes that his own slave was the culprit all along. He then finds Rayhan and solves the case, preventing his own execution. That was a plot twist.

See also
 Deus ex machina

Notes

Further reading
Aristotle, Poetics, trans. Ingram Bywater; Modern Library College Editions, New York, 1984.
Finlayson, James G., "Conflict and Reconciliation in Hegel's Theory of the Tragic", Journal of the History of Philosophy 37 (1999); pp. 493–520.
Lucas, F. L., "The Reverse of Aristotle" (an essay on peripeteia), Classical Review, Vol. XXXVII Nos 5,6; Aug.–Sept. 1923; pp. 98–104.
Rizo, Juan Pablo Mártir, Poetica de Aristoteles traducida de Latin; M. Newels Elias L. Rivers MLN, Vol. 82, No. 5, General Issue. (Dec., 1967), pp. 642–643
Silk, M. S., Tragedy and the Tragic: Greek Theatre and Beyond; Oxford, 1998; pp. 377–380.
Smithson, Isaiah, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 44, No. 1. (Jan. - Mar., 1983), pp. 3–17.
Sophocles, Oedipus the King, in The Three Theban Plays, trans. Robert Fagles; Comp. Bernard Knox; New York: Penguin, 1982.
Winkler, Martin M., Oedipus in the Cinema, Arethusa, 2008; pp. 67–94.

External links
Britannica Online Encyclopedia
F. L. Lucas, "The Reverse of Aristotle": a discussion of Peripeteia (Classical Review, August–September 1922)
Clifford Leech, Tragedy

Ancient Greek theatre
Narratology
Plot (narrative)
Poetics
Greek words and phrases
Concepts in ancient Greek aesthetics

Peripeteia


The term musical form can have two meanings:

It can mean: the kind of composition.  For example, a musical work can be a symphony, a concerto, a sonata etc.  This is more often called "musical genre".  The word showing the musical genre will show things such as: whether the music is for an orchestra to play and whether or not there is a soloist as well, or whether it is a piece for one instrument on its own.  It may give an idea of whether it is likely to be a long piece or a short piece, or whether it has several movements.

It can also mean: the shape of the music and how it is planned.  The form of a piece of music may, for example, be an "ABA" form, which means that there is the first part of the piece (which we can call part "A"), then something different happens (which we can call part "B"), and finally part "A" comes back again.  There are many other ways of planning a piece of music, e.g. in jazz there is the twelve bar blues (in which the music is based on a repeated pattern of chords that last 12 bars, or in classical music there is sonata form which can often be the plan of a movement lasting anything from five minutes (as in the early Classical symphonies) to half an hour (as in some of Mahler's symphonies).

Musical forms

Musical form


Agostino Masucci (; c. 1691 – 19 October 1758) was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period.

Biography
Born in Rome, he initially apprenticed with Andrea Procaccino, and then became a member of the studio of Carlo Maratta. He joined the Accademia di San Luca in 1724, and from 1736 to 1738, he was director or Principe. Masucci worked for the House of Savoy, and also obtained commissions from John V of Portugal due to his friendship with Filippo Juvarra and  Luigi Vanvitelli. For example, for the latter he painted the main altarpiece of the Cathedral of Évora.

Masucci also made the models for the three main mosaic panels in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist, designed by Luigi Vanvitelli (along with Nicola Salvi) for King John V of Portugal. It was built in Rome starting in 1742, disassembled in 1747, and shipped to Lisbon, where it was reassembled in the Church of St. Roch (Igreja de São Roque). It was completed in 1750, although the mosaics in it were not finished until 1752. Built of many precious marbles and other costly stones, as well as gilt bronze, it was held to be the most expensive chapel in Europe up to that time.

For the Royal house of Savoy, he painted a series of historical canvases along with Giovanni Battista Pittoni, Sebastiano Conca, and Francesco Monti. Most of the works he completed, however, were in churches in Rome, including ovals in Santa Maria in Via Lata, and works in San Francesco di Paola, San Marcello al Corso, Santa Maria del Popolo, Santissimo Nome di Maria in Via Latina and Santa Maria Maggiore. He painted the Madonna with the Seven Founders of the Servite Order ( found in the Art Institute of Chicago.

His academicism and grand-manner painting span styles from Baroque to incipient Neoclassicism. He was a tutor to Stefano Pozzi, Johann Zoffany, and Gavin Hamilton. He may have mentored Pompeo Batoni.

Sources
 Short biography.
 Short biography.

1690s births
Year of birth uncertain
1758 deaths
18th-century Italian people
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Painters from Rome
Italian Baroque painters
Pupils of Carlo Maratta
18th-century Italian male artists

Agostino Masucci


Sir William Sterndale Bennett (born Sheffield, 13 April 1816;  died London, 1 February 1875) was a distinguished English composer of the Romantic period.

Early life
Bennett's father Robert Bennett, was organist of what is now Sheffield Cathedral. At the age of three he was an orphan, so he was brought up by his grandfather in Cambridge.  At the age of seven he became a chorister at King's College Chapel Choir.  In 1826 he entered the Royal Academy of Music, where he spent ten years studying.  His piano teachers were W. H. Holmes, Dr William Crotch and later Cipriani Potter

In 1833 he was made organist of St Anne's Church, Wandsworth and in that same year met Felix Mendelssohn who invited him to Germany.  He went there four times, making long tours.  He was  welcomed and admired by famous musicians including Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann.  Schumann later dedicated his Symphonic Studies to Bennett.  He also often performed at the Leipzig Gewandhaus.

Music
Although he knew the works of Bach and Mozart very well, many of his compositions were clearly influenced by Mendelssohn. As well as being known as one of Europe's most brilliant pianists, his music was well known for its new ideas, excitement and poetic beauty.   His compositions include four overtures, six piano concertos, four symphonies, a chamber trio, sextet, several piano works and two song cycles to be followed later in life by a cello duo, a late Symphony in G minor, a Cantata The May Queen for the opening of Leeds Town Hall in 1858, and an oratorio The Woman of Samaria for the 1867 Birmingham Triennial Music Festival.
Of his 80 published compositions, nearly half are now available on CD, the most popular being the Overture The Naiades Op 15, the Chamber Trio Op 26 and the Piano concerto No 4 in F minor Op 19.

Later life
From 1844 for fifteen years he organized the popular Chamber Music Concerts in the Queen's Concert Rooms, Hanover Square in London introducing a number of famous soloists to the British public.  In 1848 he became a founding Director of Queen's College London and in the following year of Bedford College, now part of London University.  In this way he helped women to get equal opportunity in education.

In 1849 he formed the Bach Society (later to be reformed as the Bach Choir) in London to produce and conduct the first English performance of Bach's St Matthew Passion on 6 April 1854.

In 1856 he succeeded Wagner as conductor of the Philharmonic Society Orchestra.  He was the first person to be given their Gold Medal.  In 1866 he was chosen to be Professor of Music at Cambridge University having got an MA and Mus Doc.  From 1866 until his death he was Principal of the Royal Academy of Music.  A scholarship and Prize in his name continues to be awarded to this day.  In 1870 Oxford University gave him an Hon DCL and a year later he was knighted.

He died on 1st February 1875 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Several of his family later became well known in music and theatre.  Bennett left a large music library which is now at the Bodleian Library in collaboration with his great-great-grandson Barry Sterndale-Bennett (b 1939) which continues to be available for research purposes.

References

See: The Life of Sterndale Bennett by JR Sterndale Bennett (Cambridge University Press 1907) and William Sterndale Bennett- a Descriptive Thematic Catalogue by Rosemary Williamson (Clarendon Press 1996)

1816 births
1875 deaths

English composers
Romantic composers

William Sterndale Bennett


Roux  is a cooking mixture of wheat flour and butter (or other fat). It is the basis of many types of French sauce for cooking.

Roux is the thickening agent of three of the mother sauces of classical French cuisine: sauce béchamel, sauce velouté and sauce espagnole.  Clarified butter, vegetable oils, or lard are commonly used fats. It thickens gravy, other sauces, soups and stews. It is made from equal parts of flour and fat by weight.

When used in Italian cooking, roux is traditionally equal parts of butter and flour. In Cajun cuisine, roux is almost always made with oil instead of butter and is dark brown in colour. This lends much richness of flavour, but less thickening power. Hungarian cuisine uses rendered lard or vegetable oil instead of butter for the preparation of roux (called rántás in Hungarian).

References

French food
Sauces

Roux


The Rescuers Down Under (also known as The Rescuers 2 and The Rescuers 2: Down Under) is a 1990 American animated adventure movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. It was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution on November 16, 1990. The movie is the sequel to the 1977 movie The Rescuers. The original movie was based on the novels of Margery Sharp. This movie is based on the characters created by Sharp.

This movie, Fantasia 2000, Winnie the Pooh, Ralph Breaks the Internet, and Frozen II, are the only Disney sequels that are part of the Disney canon. This is because all three were produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. Set in the Australian Outback, The Rescuers Down Under was Eva Gabor's final movie role before her retirement from acting in 1994 and death in 1995.

Cast
The Rescuers Down Under has three characters from the first movie: Bernard, Bianca, and the Chairmouse. All of them are played by the same actors as in the first movie.

 Bob Newhart as Bernard, a male grey mouse; the United States representative of the Rescue Aid Society. Mark Henn, Ed Gombert, and Anthony DeRosa were the supervising animators for Bernard.
 Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca, a female white mouse; the Hungarian representative of the Rescue Aid Society. Mark Henn and Ed Gombert were the supervising animators for Bianca.
 John Candy as Wilbur, a comical albatross; named after Wilbur Wright. He is the brother of Orville, the albatross who was in the first movie. Nik Ranieri was the supervising animator for Wilbur.
 Adam Ryen as Cody, a young boy able to talk with most animals. Russ Edmonds was the supervising animator for Cody.
 George C. Scott as Percival C. McLeach, a greedy and sadistic poacher. Duncan Majoribanks was the supervising animator for McLeach.
 Frank Welker as Marahute, a giant Golden Eagle. Welker also voices Joanna, a comical goanna and McLeach's pet who acts to scare her captives. Glen Keane was the supervising animator for Marahute.
 Tristan Rogers as Jake, a debonair and charismatic kangaroo mouse. Ruben A. Aquino was the supervising animator for Jake.
 Peter Firth as Red, a male red kangaroo captured by McLeach.
 Wayne Robson as Frank, an erratic frill-necked lizard captured by McLeach. Kathy Zielinski was the supervising animator for Frank.
 Douglas Seale as Krebbs, a koala captured by McLeach. Ellen Woodbury was the supervising animator for Krebbs.
 Polly, a platypus captured by McLeach.
 Carla Meyer as Faloo, a female red kangaroo who gets Cody to save Marahute. Meyer also voices Cody's Mother.
 Bernard Fox as Chairmouse, the chairman of the Rescue Aid Society. Will Finn was the supervising animator for Chairmouse. Fox also voices Doctor Mouse, the supervisor of the surgical mice who examine Wilbur when he is injured.
 Russi Taylor as Nurse Mouse, the operator of Doctor Mouse's instructions and a competent second-in-command.
 Nelson, an echidna.

Release
The Rescuers Down Under was released in the Walt Disney Classics video series on September 20, 1991 with a home video trailer for The Jungle Book, while The Rescuers was released on VHS a year later in September 1992. However, unlike The Rescuers, The Rescuers Down Under did not make it to the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection. It was re-released on VHS and DVD on August 1, 2000 as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection.

The Rescuers Down Under was released alongside The Rescuers on Blu-ray in a "2-Movie Collection" on August 21, 2012 to commemorate the first movie's 35th anniversary.

References

Other websites

1990 movies
American animated movies
American family movies
Buddy movies
Disney animated movies
Disney Renaissance
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about animals
Movies about mice

The Rescuers Down Under


The flag of Haiti was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.

The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the Tricolore); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.

From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

Other websites
 The Louverture Project: Flag of Haiti
Haiti, Flag of
National symbols of Haiti

Flag of Haiti


The Lowe Alpine Mountain Marathon (or LAMM) is a two-day fell running and orienteering race held in the Scottish Highlands each June.  Teams of two run and navigate over mountainous terrain, carrying all their gear for an overnight wild camp.  LAMM has six classes of competition: Elite, A, B, C, D and Score.  Over the two days, the elite competitors complete a course of approximately 70 km with 4000m of ascent over challenging terrain.

The event location is kept secret until 48 hours before the start, and competitors do not know where the route will take them until they cross the start line.  Teams are then given a series of grid reference checkpoints which they must navigate to and choose a route between.

LAMM is often considered to be the smaller cousin of the Karrimor International Mountain Marathon, the original event of this kind.  Unlike KIMM, competition for places is not so fierce on LAMM and most who apply get a place first time.  LAMM calls itself the Connoisseurs Mountain Marathon, and is celebrated amongst competitors for its unexpected twists and impeccable logistical organisation.  Since the first event in Arrochar in 1994, the event has seen a steady increase in numbers, with over 550 teams entering in 2005.

The organiser of LAMM, Martin Stone is himself an elite fell runner.  Notable
competitors include Sir Ranulph Fiennes.

Event Locations
1994 – Arrochar
1995 – Isle of Mull
1996 – Lochaber
1997 – Isle of Jura
1998 – Ardgour
1999 – Black Mount
2000 – Glen Shiel
2001 – Kinloch Laggan
2002 – Braes of Balquhidder
2003 – Spittal of Glenshee
2004 – Glen Carron
2005 – Isle of Mull
2006 – Assynt
2007 – Glen Lochay
2008 – Glenfinnan
2009 – Kintail
2010 – Glen Fyne
2011 – Beinn Dearg
2012 - Ben Cruachan
2013 - No event
2014 - Strathcarron

External links
LAMM
Competing in LAMM
planetFear equipment guide

Lowe Alpine Mountain Marathon
Orienteering in the United Kingdom

Lowe Alpine Mountain Marathon


Sokka is a fictional character and one of the main characters in Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender. The character was created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, and voiced by Jack DeSena. In the film version, The Last Airbender, in which is his name is pronounced differently, the character is played by Jackson Rathbone. In the Netflix live action television remake, he will be played by Ian Ousley.

In the show, 15-year-old Sokka is a warrior of the South Pole's Southern Water Tribe, a race of people who can control water. He, along with his younger sister Katara, discovers an Airbender named Aang, the long-lost Avatar, and accompanies him on his mission to win the Fire Nation and bring peace to the world.

Concept and creation

Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko said that Sokka was originally designed to be much more low-key, but when his comedian voice actor Jack DeSena came in and brought liveliness to his character, they began writing towards that strength. Much of Sokka's dialogue and actions are derived from improvisations and intentional exaggerations on DeSena's part that the writers chose to include within scripts.

As a result of his design, Sokka's character has come to serve as a source of comic relief during the series, often a victim of visual slapstick. He also is extremely sarcastic.

History

Sokka grew up in his village and trains the warriors of his village. Forced to mature quickly when his mother Kya was killed in a Fire Nation raid, he cultivated his warrior skills with a militant zeal, while his sister Katara did chores and practiced waterbending. When Sokka was thirteen, his father and the other village men left to help the Earth Kingdom to fight against the Fire Nation, leaving him and his sister to look after their tribe with their grandmother, Gran Gran. As the oldest male left in the South Pole, Sokka came to assume a semi-leadership role by the time he was sixteen, fiercely protecting the village from any possible outside threats while trying to train children to be a new generation of defenders.

While on an expedition, Katara and Sokka discovered Aang inside an iceberg with Appa. After Katara freed him, Sokka initially believed that the Aang might be a Fire Navy spy, and he eventually grew xenophobic enough to banish him from the village. Upon discovering that Aang was the Avatar, destined to master all four elements and bring peace to the world, Sokka relented, realizing that they had a common enemy in the Fire Nation. He then set off with Katara and Aang on their journey to find a waterbending master at the North Pole, determined to hone his warrior skills by way of fighting Firebenders along the way. Fire Nation general Zhao killed Tui (the moon spirit) causing the moon to turn red and then vanish as during a lunar eclipse, thus preventing the waterbenders from using waterbending. Princess Yue (one of Sokka's love interests, the other being Kyoshi warrior Suki) then becomes the new moon by giving her life energy to the moon spirit, thereby restoring the moon in the sky and the abilities of the waterbenders.

In "Sokka's Master" (the 4th episode of third season) Sokka expresses self-doubt that he is not as useful to the group as his companions. Inspired by his friends' encouragement, he seeks out a master to learn the sword. Rather than fighting with brute force and flawless technique, Sokka's creativity and heterodox approach to things are the cornerstones of his technique, and his master claims that in time Sokka will be a superior swordsman. As he departs, his master gives him a game piece that was previously established as a sign of connection to the secret society known as the Order of the White Lotus.

In the two-hour series finale, Sokka and Katara meet with Katara's Waterbending master, Pakku, who has now married their grandmother. In the battle against Ozai, Sokka, his girlfriend Suki, and Toph destroyed a Fire Nation airship and use it to destroy others of its kind while Aang duels with the Phoenix King (Ozai). Sokka and Toph are separated from Suki and attack another airship, but Sokka breaks his leg and strains his arm grabbing hold of Toph, who was falling off the ship. In a compromised position, the pair are attacked by two soldiers, whom Sokka defeats at the cost of his sword and boomerang. As he and Toph are on the edge of the crashing ship, Suki arrives with another airship and saves the two. With the battle over, the trio reunite with Aang and the vanquished Phoenix King. At Zuko's coronation, Suki is reunited with her fellow Kyoshi Warriors, Sokka and Katara are reunited with their father, with the rest of the group reunited with their friends. In the end, Sokka is seen at Iroh's tea shop in Ba Sing Se where everyone teases a painted picture he created of the entire team, wherein he altered some factual details to make the scene more "memorable".

Other media

In the live-action movie The Last Airbender by M. Night Shyamalan, Sokka is played by Jackson Rathbone. His name is pronounced "So-kah," but in the show it's name pronounced "Sah-kah". Several important changes to the character's personality were made. In the film he is no longer the comic relief, nor does he exhibit any inventive abilities or usefulness in battle. He rarely shares screen time with Aang, the main hero, or contributes in any way to the plot. M. Night Shyamalan has said in an interview that these decisions were made in order to "ground" the character.

He will be played by Ian Ousley in the Netflix live action remake of the series.

References

Other websites
Sokka at Nick.com

Characters of Avatar: The Last Airbender
Animated characters

Sokka


Seven Corners is a commercial center and census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 9,255 at the 2010 census.  Seven Corners has a "Falls Church" mailing address but is not within Falls Church's city limits.  The area got its name from the intersection of State Route 7 (Leesburg Pike and East Broad Street), U.S. Route 50 (Arlington Boulevard),  State Route 613 (Sleepy Hollow Road), State Route 338 (Hillwood Avenue) and Wilson Boulevard (also part of State Route 613).  The junction of these four roads once created seven corners.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all of it land. The Upper Long Branch of Four Mile Run passes through the northernmost low point of the CDP.

The area is built on Munson's Hill, and overlooks adjacent Upton's Hill.  The views to the south and west are unbroken, and offer scenic vistas in the directions of Annandale and Fairfax City.

History

Seven Corners was known as Fort Buffalo from the American Civil War until the 1950s.  The area took its name from a fortification constructed in October 1862 by men of the 21st New York Infantry.  Fort Buffalo stood on the southern side of the Leesburg Pike, at its current intersection with Sleepy Hollow Road.  The story of the fort is described in a local history of the Civil War entitled A Virginia Village Goes to War--Falls Church During the Civil War.  The fort was built at that location to take advantage of the excellent views to the east and south—the direction from which Confederate Army troops were thought to possibly come.

After the war the massive fortification of Fort Buffalo was dismantled but other earthworks remained and were easily visible through the 1930s.

The change of place name in the 1950s came about due to the construction of Lee Memorial Boulevard, now known as Arlington Boulevard (U.S. Route 50).  The construction of Route 50 caused the formation of a seven cornered intersection—or did until the mouth of Wilson Boulevard was rerouted slightly to avoid all those roadways converging on a single point.

With the advent of Route 50 the area quickly developed into an important commercial center with the opening in 1956 of Seven Corners Shopping Center, one of the first malls in the Washington region.  The original center featured an iconic sign combined with a modernistic entry arch; this was later removed.  The original Route 50, envisioned and built as a landscaped parkway linking Washington, D.C., with the Shenandoah Valley, has since evolved into a commercial corridor and its function as a link to the valley has been assumed by Interstate 66.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,701 people, 3,304 households, and 1,893 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 3,378 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 49.10% White, 6.68% African American, 0.28% Native American, 20.54% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 16.17% from other races, and 7.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.60% of the population.

There were 3,304 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.7% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.30.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 41.6% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,579, and the median income for a family was $43,211. Males had a median income of $31,444 versus $30,743 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,475. About 15.9% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.3% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.

Notable locations

The Seven Corners Shopping Center is located in the Seven Corners CDP.  The Eden Center Vietnamese-American strip mall is located across Wilson Boulevard from the Seven Corners Shopping Center, just outside the Seven Corners CDP in Falls Church.

The Dar Al-Hijrah mosque is in Seven Corners.

The parking garage of a Home Depot hardware store in the Seven Corners Shopping Center was the scene of one of the shootings in the 2002 Beltway sniper attacks; Linda Franklin was slain while she returned to her car in the crowded parking garage.

Management of traffic at the intersection
The namesake "seven" corners has long since disappeared, having been replaced by somewhat more motorist-friendly intersections which well exceed the former seven. Motorists bound in any direction are subject to one or more stoplight signals. There is a pedestrian bridge over US 50. The roads themselves are not pedestrian-friendly. The County has a traffic management and commercial development plan in place, work has begun, and the land between Leesburg Pike and Wilson Boulevard adjacent Patrick Henry Drive is now largely owned by the County.

The traffic is managed as follows from the following roads:

US Route 50 (US 50) is a highway that runs east–west along Arlington Boulevard in the area. US 50 has a series of frontage roads that connect to the other roadways in the intersection. Through traffic can continue on the highway itself unimpeded by the local traffic in the intersection.
State Road 7 (SR 7) is a four- to six-lane roadway, separated by a median following East Broad Street to the northwest or Leesburg Pike to the southeast of the intersection. Motorists may access any of the other roads.
State Road 338 (SR 338) terminates in the intersection from the northwest. Traffic proceeding southeast defaults onto SR 7 east.
Sleepy Hollow Road terminates with northbound traffic defaulting to follow SR 7 to the southeast.  Secondary State Route 613 follows Sleepy Hollow to the south and continues along Wilson Boulevard to the northeast.
Wilson Boulevard terminates at the intersection from the northeast. Southbound traffic defaults to follow the US 50 frontage road northwesterly which connects to SR 7 westbound. From this frontage road, traffic may access all other directions of the other roads in the intersection.

References

External links

 Map showing intersections of four roads
Seven Corners Built on Land Owned by Former Slave

Census-designated places in Fairfax County, Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Virginia in the American Civil War
1862 establishments in Virginia
Populated places established in 1862

Seven Corners, Virginia


Louis Saint-Gaudens  (January 1, 1854 – March 8, 1913) was an American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation.  He was the brother of renowned sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens; Louis later changed the spelling of his name to St. Gaudens to differentiate himself from his well-known brother.

Life and career
Born in New York City to a French-born father, Bernard Paul Ernest Saint-Gaudens, and an Irish-born mother, Mary McGuiness, Louis received his early training as a cameo cutter from his brother, who later assisted him in beginning his art studies in Rome. In 1878 he and his brother Augustus moved to Paris where they shared a studio and attended the École des Beaux-Arts.  Louis studied at the École from 1879 to 1880.

Returning to America, he settled in Flint, Ohio, where he lived from 1898 to 1900.  There he met his future wife, sculptor Annetta Johnson.  Their son, Paul Saint-Gaudens, was a master potter who became known for his Orchard Kiln Pottery Works.  In 1900 the family relocated to Cornish, New Hampshire, a mile away from Louis's brother's studio.

For the rest of his life, Louis Saint-Gaudens not only worked as his brother's assistant but also pursued commissions of his own. He sculpted major pieces for the Boston Public Library; the Church of the Ascension, New York; The Brearley School, New York; Union Station, Washington, D.C.; U.S. Customs House, New York; St. Louis Art Museum; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; New York Life Insurance Company Building, New York; the Joseph Francis U.S. Congressional Medal; and the Benjamin Franklin Centennial Medal of 1906.

The over fifty sculptures that Saint-Gaudens completed for Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are considered his masterwork.  He was a member of the National Sculpture Society.

Legacy
Louis Saint-Gaudens died of pneumonia, aged 59, in Cornish, New Hampshire.  His home and studio in Cornish, New Hampshire, a former Shaker Meetinghouse, is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Significant works

 1890 Eagle and nest of eaglets - New York Life Insurance Building, Kansas City, MO
 1891 Young St. John the Baptist - Font of Church of the Ascension (New York)
 1894 Lions - Boston Public Library, Boston, MA
 1896 Statue of Homer - Main Reading Room, Library of Congress - Washington, DC
 1902 Eagles and seal of the State of New York - Roswell P. Flower Monument, Watertown, NY (with Augustus Saint-Gaudens)
 1905 Holland Statue, Exterior of Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, New York, NY
 1905 Portugal Statue, Exterior of Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, New York, NY
 1908 Joseph Francis Medal, United States Mint
 1912 The Progress of Railroading, Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
 1914 Forty-six Roman Legionnaire Statues - Interior of Union Station (Washington, D.C.)

References

Notes

Sources
 "Art In American Churches", New York Times, January 20, 1895
 "Art Notes", New York Times, December 21, 1884
 "Louis St. Gaudens Dead", New York Times, March 13, 1913
 "Uncle Sam's Medal Factory", Washington Post, June 13, 1909
 Armstrong, Craven, et al., 200 Years of American Sculpture, Whitney Museum of Art, NYC, 1976
 Craven, Wayne, Sculpture in America, Thomas Y. Crowell Co, NY, NY  1968
 Goode, James M., The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, DC, Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC, 1974
 Johnson, Louis, Early History of the Home & Studios of Louis and Annette St. Gaudens Published by John H. Dryfhout, Cornish, NH
 Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Edited and Amplified by Homer Saint-Gaudens, Published By The Century Co. New York, MCMXIII
 Taft, Lorado, The History of American Sculpture, MacMillan Co., New York, NY  1925
 Wilkinson, Burke, and David Finn, photographs, Uncommon Clay: The Life and Works of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, San Diego  1985The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris'' by David McCullough, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY, May 2011

External links
Louis Saint-Gaudens Home, New Hampshire

Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Master Sculptor, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Louis Saint-Gaudens
"Columbus taking possession of the New World" sculpture by Louis Saint-Gaudens and Mary Lawrence Tonetti at the east portal of the Administration Building - World's Columbian Exposition 1893 in Chicago, Ill.
Benjamin Franklin Bicentennial Medal in Museum of Fine Arts in Boston

1854 births
1913 deaths
Artists from New York City
American people of French descent
American people of Irish descent
American architectural sculptors
Deaths from pneumonia in New Hampshire
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Artists from New Hampshire
19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
Sculptors from New York (state)
Artists of the Boston Public Library

Louis Saint-Gaudens


The Rubicon is a river that flows into the Adriatic Sea south of Ravenna, Italy. In the time of Julius Caesar, a river with this name was the border between the Roman province Gallia Cisalpina, and Italy, which was not a province at the time. The exact river Caesar referred to is unknown; the river that is known as Rubicone today was selected and named by Benito Mussolini.

Rivers of Italy

Rubicon


The harp is a musical instrument. It is the second biggest string instrument in an orchestra. It dates back to 4000 BC when the Egyptians used them in holy places. Christian artists often draw angels playing harps in Heaven.

How harps work

Parts of a harp
Harps have strings that are tied to the frame, which is usually a triangle made of wood. Each string is tight, and the frame must be strong so that the many tight strings do not break it. The side of the triangle that leans on the player's body is called the "sound box".

The top side of the triangle has a lot of pegs in it. There is one peg for each string on the harp. The top of each string is tied to one peg, and twisted around the peg. The player turns the peg to make the string more tight or less tight. This is how the player makes each string make the right note. The bottom of each string is tied to the sound box.

The last side of the triangle is called the pillar. Many of the oldest harps did not have them. If the strings were too tight, they would break the harp. Adding a pillar to a harp frame makes the frame very strong, so that the strings will not break it.

Playing a harp
Harp players pluck the strings with their fingers, similar to a guitar. This makes the strings move so that the strings make sounds. Each string sound is a different musical note. Harp players play music by plucking the strings in the right order and at the right time. More than one string can be plucked at the same time to make a chord, or they can be played quickly, one after another, to make an arpeggio. When the harp player wants a note to stop, they touch that string softly, so that it stops moving.

Kinds of harps
There are many different kinds of harps. The two main kinds are folk harps and pedal harps.

The folk harp is the older kind of harp, the oldest dating back to 3000 BC in Ancient Egypt. In these harps, each string can only make one note at a time. They are usually tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the white notes on a piano in order. This is called a diatonic scale. In some places, they are tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the black notes on a piano in order. This is called a pentatonic scale.

Folk harps can be found in many different sizes. The smallest ones can be less than half a meter tall and can have as little as 20 strings. The biggest ones can be almost 1.5 meters tall, have up to 40 strings, and can stand on the ground by themselves. These harps are too big to be lifted by one person.

The pedal harp was invented during the 1800s by a man in France. This is the kind of harp that is heard in most classical music and is used in the modern symphony orchestra, and for this reason it is often called a concert harp. Pedal harps are about two meters tall and have about 50 strings. The lowest and highest notes on a pedal harp are the same as the lowest and highest notes on a piano. They are very heavy, and need more than one person to move them. The frame is usually made out of metal.

Like the folk harp, the pedal harp is tuned like the white keys on a piano. However, it has seven pedals to let the harp player play music in different keys. Each pedal, named after the different musical notes,  has three places. For the A pedal, the usual place makes all the A strings sound like a normal A (A-natural). The lower place makes all the A strings on the harp sound like A-flat, while the higher place makes all the A strings sound like A-sharp.

A cross-strung harp is a pedal harp that is chromatic and consists of two rows of strings. They cross near to the middle of the string without touching. The strings are in the order of the piano keys (7 plus 5) or in the order of the 6-plus-6 system.

Things that are not harps
Some instruments have the word harp in their name, but they are not really harps. The harp is such an old musical instrument, that people sometimes say harp when they mean any kind of instrument.
 A harmonica is often called a blues harp (used to play jazz or blues music).
 A jew's harp is not a harp, and it is not Jewish.
 An Aeolian harp is just a box with tuned strings on it, and is not played by a human. It is just placed outdoors where the wind blows. The wind makes the strings move so that they make notes.

Plucked string instruments

Harp


The Short S.7 Mussel was a single-engined two-seat monoplane built by Short Brothers to test the performance of their duralumin monocoque floats. Two were built.

Development
Having demonstrated the watertightness and corrosion resistance of duralumin monocoque flying boat hulls with the Short Cockle, Shorts became leaders in the design of metal floats for seaplanes. The floats for both the Supermarine S.4 and Gloster III Schneider Cup seaplanes were built by Shorts.   They had built their own hydrodynamic testing canal at their Rochester base to explore the performance of floats on the water and decided to build a small aircraft to test them in flight.  This was the Short S.7 Mussel; the name was a natural complement to the Cockle but also a nod to  "Mussel Manor", the clubhouse on Shorts' first airfield at Sheppey.

It was a two-seat, single-engined low-winged monoplane, mounted originally on twin floats.  Like the slightly earlier Short Cockle, Satellite and Springbok, it had a duralumin monocoque fuselage of oval cross section.  There were a pair of tandem open cockpits over the wing fitted with dual controls. Contemporary commentators regarded the mounting of the upright four cylinder  ADC Cirrus I engine as particularly neatly done, in a U-shaped extension of the monocoque which initially left the top of the engine exposed. This engine was changed for an  Cirrus II in January 1928.  The fuel tank was immediately behind the fire wall, high enough to gravity feed the carburettor. There was a direct reading fuel gauge above the tank, just in front of the forward cockpit, enclosed a in variety of fairings over the Mussel's lifetime.

The constant chord wings were gimbal mounted to the lower fuselage, with pairs of streamlined compression struts from about 30% span to the upper fuselage just ahead of each cockpit. The wing spars were duralumin structures, though the first of the two Mussels had spruce ribs. The wing section was the untried, thick RAF 33. The wings and empennage were fabric covered; the fin and unbalanced rudder had a shape not unlike the de Haviiland vertical tail and the horizontal tail was externally braced from below.

The all-important floats were similar to those Shorts had made for the Gloster III, single stepped, small heeled and long enough that the Mussel sat in flight position on the water, not on a tail float like their many earlier seaplanes.  This first set of floats was mounted with two pairs of struts to the lower fuselage fore and aft, with a pair of cross bracing struts between the floats. The Mussel also had a built in tail skid in anticipation of a landplane configuration.

The performance of the Mussel on its first flight, piloted by John Lankester Parker on 6 April 1926 was disappointing, but the problem was traced to wing-root interference and solved with fabric root fillets.    Thereafter it seems to have been a pleasant machine to fly and one that met its original objectives. The first Mussel was lost when Eustace Short flew clipped a mast in August 1928; Short was unhurt but the Mussel was damaged beyond economic repair.    Its replacement, the Mussel II   first flew on 17 May 1929. It was similar to the first machine, but had metal ribbed wings of NACA M.12 section; a flat sided fuselage near the wing roots to avoid the need for filleting and water rudders on the floats. It was powered by a  Cirrus III engine until August 1930, when it was replaced with a de Havilland Gipsy II.

Operational history
On its first flights the Mussel I was configured as a seaplane, then spent a fortnight at the end of September 1926 as a landplane, appearing unsuccessfully in the Grosvenor Challenge Cup. In October it was back on floats of a different design. This pattern repeated through to the final accident; during that time the Mussel flew with floats for the Short Crusader Schneider Trophy racer and for the de Havilland Moth. Shorts set up a production line for the successful Moth floats.

The Mussel II also spent time as both landplane and seaplane.    Until March 1930 both Mussels had used what was in the UK at least the standard two float configuration. In that month a single long central float arrangement, similar to one built by Shorts for a de Havilland Gipsy Moth the previous summer. The single float required wing tip stabilising floats, and these were strutted to the outer wing and braced with another pair of struts inboard, meeting the underside of the wing at the same point as the wing compression struts above, so running almost co-linearly with them and giving a shallow cross like look to the aircraft from the front.  In its original form this undercarriage was amphibious, with main wheels mounted on a streamlined cross piece on the float, as on the Moth.  The main axle could be rotated from the cockpit by turning a handwheel and hence raising or lowering the mainwheels.  The water rudder on the float was reinforced to act as a small tailskid for use on land.

In June 1932 the Mussel II began flying as a landplane again with a central single wheel undercarriage, with wing tip and tail skids. It flew, but was hard to handle on the ground and reappeared in October with the central float but no land wheels. During 1933 it gained attention in races against speedboats. Its last flight was in September 1933.

One other significant event in Short Brothers' history involved the Mussel. Eustace Short had come to fixed wing flying  quite late in life, and he learned on the Mussel I and continued on the Mussel II. One day he landed tidily on the Medway, but failed to turn the engine off, crossed the river and slid gently into the mud. It seems he died of a heart attack moments after touching down.

Specifications (Mussel I, seaplane)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British experimental aircraft
Mussel
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Floatplanes

Short Mussel


The 23rd Wing is a front-line United States Air Force Air Combat Command wing currently assigned to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia.

Mission
The mission of the 23rd Wing is to organize, train and employ combat-ready Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, HC-130J and HH-60W, as well as pararescuemen and force protection assets.  It consists of approximately 5,000 military and civilian personnel, including a geographically separated unit (GSU) at Avon Park Air Force Range, Florida.

Units

The 23rd Wing consists of the following groups:

 347th Rescue Group (HH-60W, HC-130J)
 38th Rescue Squadron
 41st Rescue Squadron
 71st Rescue Squadron
 347th Operations Support Squadron

 23rd Fighter Group (A-10C)
 74th Fighter Squadron
 75th Fighter Squadron
 23rd Operations Support Squadron
 598th Range Squadron (MacDill AFB and Avon Park Air Force Range)

 23rd Mission Support Group
 23rd Civil Engineer Squadron
 23rd Communication Squadron
 23rd Contracting Squadron
 23rd Logistics Readiness Squadron
 23rd Force Support Squadron
 23rd Security Forces Squadron

 23rd Medical Group
 23rd Healthcare Operations Squadron
 23rd Operational Medical Readiness Squadron

 23rd Maintenance Group
 23rd Munitions Squadron
 23rd Maintenance Squadron
 41st Rescue Generation Squadron
 71st Rescue Generation Squadron
 74th Fighter Generation Squadron
 75th Fighter Generation Squadron

 23rd Comptroller Squadron

History

Postwar era
The 23rd Fighter Wing was activated on 10 August 1948 at Northwest Guam Air Force Base, Guam as part of the Wing-Base organization plan, which prescribed a standard organizational setup for all USAF bases worldwide. The plan called for the creation of a wing headquarters that established policy and supervised four functional groups: an operational group, an air base group, a maintenance and supply group, and a medical group.  The 23rd Fighter Group was assigned as the operational group under the new 23rd Fighter Wing.  The wing was assigned to Twentieth Air Force.

The 23rd's mission on Guam was to provide air defense of the island.  The 23rd Fighter Group was assigned the 74th, 75th and 76th Fighter Squadrons, being equipped with Republic F-47 Thunderbolts.

The 23rd Fighter Wing was reassigned to Howard Air Force Base, Panama Canal Zone, in April 1949, where it also acquired a squadron of Lockheed RF-80 Shooting Stars. The 23rd Fighter Wing conducted air defense of the Canal Zone under the Caribbean Air Command until it was again inactivated on 24 September 1949.

Air Defense Command

Reactivated on 12 January 1951, at Presque Isle Air Force Base, Maine, the wing was redesignated the 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing with the 74th and 75th Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons assigned, as part of the Air Defense Command (ADC). Equipped with North American F-86 Sabre, North American F-51 Mustang, Northrop F-89D Scorpion and F-80 Shooting Star aircraft, its mission was to provide air defense for the northeastern United States during the Korean War and conduct basic training for about 500 Air Force recruits. The 23rd was inactivated 6 February 1952 along with the 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Group.    The Wing's equipment and personnel were transferred to the 4711th Defense Wing, which had been organized at Presque Isle on 1 February 1952.

Tactical Air Command

McConnell Air Force Base
Following its longest period of inactivation, the group was organized as the 23rd Tactical Fighter Wing on 8 February 1964, at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, under Tactical Air Command and Twelfth Air Force.  The 23 TFW was activated to replace the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing at McConnell after its deployment to Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. Squadrons of the 23 TFW were:

 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron
 562nd Tactical Fighter Squadron
 563rd Tactical Fighter Squadron
 560th Tactical Fighter Squadron (28 January 1964 – 25 September 1968)
 4519th Combat Crew Training Squadron (later 4519th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron) (1 August 1967 – 16 October 1969)
 419th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (15 October 1969 – 8 May 1971)

Squadron markings on the natural metal / silver lacquered aircraft included the following: 561 TFS – black/yellow checkerboarding on rudder; 562 TFS – a red, white and black "sharkmouth" on the nose of the aircraft; 563rd Squadron red and white stripes on the rudder, wingtips and stabilizers with a white band on the top of the vertical fin.

When Southeast Asian camouflaged, the squadrons carried the following tail codes: 561 TFS "MD"; 562 TFS "ME"; 563 TFS "MF", and later the 4519th and 419th TFTS "MG".

Flying the Republic Aviation F-105D/G "Thunderchief" aircraft, the mission of the 23 TFW at McConnell was to provide training for Thud pilots prior to their deployment to Southeast Asia.  The 560th acted as a combat training squadron, while the other three squadrons began rotational TDY deployments to Southeast Asia beginning in November 1964.

In February 1965, when the 23 TFW deployed three squadrons (the 561st, 562nd and 563rd) to Southeast Asia for combat, these units were initially under the control of the 2nd Air Division.  Later, the 6441 TFW (P) was activated at Takhli RTAFB in July 1965, taking control of the 23rd's squadrons deployed there.  It was during this five-month tour that the 563rd TFS lost 10 of its 18 F-105's deployed and was awarded two Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards with Combat "V" for Valor. In addition to the deployments to Thailand, detachments of the 561 TFS also deployed to Da Nang Air Base RVN for operations within the borders of the Republic of Vietnam.

On 1 August 1967, the 4519th Combat Crew Training squadron was added to the 23rd, and the 560th Tactical Fighter Squadron was inactivated on 25 September 1968.

The wing maintained proficiency in tactical fighter operations, and later also functioned as an F-105 replacement training unit and assisted Air National Guard units in their conversion to the F-105 when the Thunderchief left first-line service. For the dual role it played from June 1970 to June 1971 as both an operational and a training unit, the wing received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in March 1971. Two of its squadrons, the 562nd and 563rd, also received the same award for their duty in Vietnam during 1965, but with the combat "V" added, the 563rd receiving two such awards in a five-month period.  For its participation in Linebacker I and Linebacker II during 1972 the 561st (Wild Weasels) received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V".

During combat operations in Southeast Asia, the 562 TFS lost three aircraft, while the 563 TFS lost eleven aircraft.

On 1 July 1972 the 23 TFW was transferred to England Air Force Base Louisiana and the 561, 562 and 563 TFS were assigned to the 35 TFW at George Air Force Base California.

England Air Force Base

The 23rd Tactical Fighter Wing moved "on paper" without people or equipment to England Air Force Base, Louisiana, 1 July 1972 and took over the assets and personnel of the 4403rd Tactical Fighter Wing. Assigned to the Ninth Air Force, the wing activated all three of its original World War II fighter units – the 74th, 75th and 76th Tactical Fighter Squadrons for the first time since 1949, and began operations with the Ling-Temco-Vought A-7D Corsair II aircraft.

Squadron markings were a blue tail stripe, later adding white stars and a "74" in 1979 for the 74 TFS; s white outlined black tail stripe, later changed to black and white checkered for the 75 TFS, and a red tail stripe with white stars and a "76" for the 76 TFS. All 23 TFW aircraft carried the "EL" tail code at England.

On 5 July 1973, the 74 TFS deployed to Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, on temporary duty with the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing (Deployed) from Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina.  The 74th replaced the 354th Tactical Fighter Squadron from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona that had completed its temporary duty. For just over a month, until the cessation of all U.S. bombing on 15 August 1973, the 74 TFS supported the air war activities in Cambodia, accounting for the destruction of 311 enemy structures, 25 ground artillery and missile sites, three bridges and 9,500 cubic meters of supplies.  The 74 TFS returned to England on 28 December 1973.

The 23 TFW took part in a variety of operational exercises both in the United States and overseas, including tactical bombing competitions against the Royal Air Force at RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland, during October 1977 and July 1978. In both events, A-7D teams captured the Sir John Mogg Team Trophy.

On 23 September 1980, the 74 TFS received the 23 TFW's first operational Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft. The 75 and 76 TFS received A-10s within the next few months, and the 23 TFW took top honors in Ninth Air Force's tactical bombing competition (Gunpowder 1981) in July, and advanced to TAC's worldwide Gunsmoke 1981 competition at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, in September. The Flying Tigers won six of nine events, including top maintenance and munitions awards, and was the top A-10 unit in the competition. The wing's maintenance complex was also awarded the 1981 Daedalian runner-up trophy, and earned the 1984 Daedalian Aircraft Maintenance Trophy.

Eight of the 23rd's A-7Ds were transferred to the 4450th Tactical Group, based at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada in June 1981, during the transition to the A-10. The 4451st Tactical Squadron at Tonopah Test Range Airport used these aircraft to train F-117 Nighthawk pilots and to provide a cover story for F-117A development.

Operation Urgent Fury, Grenada, Oct/Nov 1983
The 76th Fighter Squadron was deployed to Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Puerto Rico, from where it flew combat missions in support of this operation.

The wing set Air Force records for "mission capable" and "fully mission capable" (meaning an aircraft can meet any mission tasking) rates during fiscal year 1985. The marks, 93.1 percent in MC and 92.8 percent in FMC, topped records set by the wing in 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1984.

The wing earned its fourth Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period 1 April 1989, to 31 March 1991.

Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm
In response to the buildup of forces following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, the 74th and 76th Tactical Fighter Squadrons deployed with numerous support personnel, to include pilots and maintainers from the 75th Tactical Fighter Squadron to King Fahd International Airport, Saudi Arabia, attached to the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) as part of Operation Desert Shield. The A-10 deployment was the largest ever fielded and consisted of:

A total of 144 A/OA-10 aircraft were deployed.

Using forward operating locations near the Kuwaiti border as well as King Fahd AB, A-10s made their combat debut in Operation Desert Storm on 17 January 1991. The 23 TFW flew more than 2,700 combat sorties over Iraq and Kuwait while maintaining a mission-capable rate of 95 percent. In addition to providing close air support for ground units, the A-10s performed Combat Search and Rescue and SCUD-hunting missions. The combined efforts of the A-10 units resulted in the confirmed destruction of 987 tanks, 926 artillery pieces, 500 armored personnel carriers, 1,106 trucks, 112 military structures, 96 radars, 72 bunkers, 57 SCUD missile launchers, 50 anti-aircraft artillery batteries, 28 command posts, 11 FROG missiles, nine surface-to-air missile sites, eight fuel tanks and 12 aircraft.

Both squadrons returned to England Air Force Base at the end of March 1991. Support personnel continued to arrive for months after the aircraft redeployment. In October 1990, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission decided that England Air Force Base would be closed by September 1992. A draw down of equipment and personnel began almost immediately.

On 1 October 1991, as part of an Air Force-wide reorganization, the wing designation became 23rd Fighter Wing, and on 1 November 1991, the squadrons also dropped "tactical" from their designations.

On 2 December 1991, the 75th Fighter Squadron was inactivated. The 74 FS was inactivated on 13 February 1992, and the 76 FS on 29 May. The 23rd Fighter Wing's A-10 aircraft were sent to Air National Guard units, and the wing was inactivated on 1 June 1992. England was closed the same day.

Air Combat Command

Pope Air Force Base

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of Cold War tensions led senior defense planners to conclude that the structure of the military establishment which had evolved during the Cold War years was not suited to the new world situation.  Senior planners reviewed numerous options before agreeing on the final conclusion—a merger of most strategic and tactical air resources and a reorganization of Military Airlift Command (MAC).  In addition, the number of Air Force wings was to be reduced by about one-third to reflect the financial constraints of the post Cold War environment.

These changes led to Pope Air Force Base being transferred to the new Air Combat Command upon the command's activation on 1 June 1992.  Also, the existing 317th Airlift Wing at Pope was blended with the newly activated 23rd Operations Group (last assigned to the wing in 1952 as the 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Group) into the new 23rd Wing on 1 June 1992.

In April 1992, A/OA-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft were transferred to the 75th Fighter Squadron from the 353rd Fighter Squadron of the 354th Fighter Wing at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base prior to the wing's inactivation and the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission-mandated closure of Myrtle Beach in January 1993.  In June 1993, Block 40 General Dynamics F-16C/D Fighting Falconss were transferred to the 74th Fighter Squadron from the 347th Fighter Wing at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia and the 388th Fighter Wing at Hill Air Force Base, Utah.

Operational squadrons of the 23rd Wing at Pope were:
 317th Airlift Group
 2nd Airlift Squadron (C-130E) (1 June 1992 – 1 April 1997)
 41st Airlift Squadron (C-130E) (16 July 1993 – 1 April 1997)
 23rd Fighter Group
 74th Tactical Fighter Squadron (15 June 1993 – 1 April 1997)(F-16C/D 15 June 1993 – 30 June 1996), (A/OA-10A 1 July 1996 – 1 April 1997)
 75th Tactical Fighter Squadron (1 April 1992 – 1 April 1997) (A/OA-10A)
 18th Air Support Group

All aircraft of the 23rd Wing at Pope carried the tail code "FT" (Flying Tigers).

In December 1992, Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft from the 2nd Airlift Squadron deployed to Mombasa, Kenya, to participate in Operation Provide Relief. The aircraft and crews delivered tons of food and other relief supplies to small airstrips throughout Somalia. 23rd Wing C-130s have also been tasked to assist in other humanitarian relief efforts, to include Hurricane Andrew in Florida. They also airdropped relief supplies into Bosnia and Herzegovina and flew relief missions into Sarajevo for more than 28 months.

In September 1994, its C-130s participated in what was to be the largest combat personnel drop since World War II, Operation Uphold Democracy. They were to assist in dropping more than 3,000 paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division onto Port au Prince Airport, Haiti. The invasion force was recalled at the last minute after word that the Haitian president had resigned upon hearing that the aircraft were on their way. The 75th Fighter Squadron's A-10s were deployed their aircraft to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, where they were scheduled to launch close air support operations for the invasion force before recovering in Puerto Rico.

The first operational deployment of a composite wing happened in October 1994, when Iraqi troops began massing near the Kuwaiti Border. Within 72 hours, 56 aircraft and 1,500 personnel deployed to the Persian Gulf region for Operation Vigilant Warrior. Eventually, the 75th Fighter Squadron redeployed to Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, becoming the first U.S. fixed-wing aircraft to be stationed in that country since the end of the Gulf War.

On 1 July 1996, the 74th Fighter Squadron's F-16C/D Fighting Falcons were transferred to the 27th Fighter Wing's 524th Fighter Squadron at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico, and the squadron transitioned to A/OA-10 Thunderbolt IIs received from the 20th Fighter Wing's 55th Fighter Squadron at Shaw Air Force Base. This gave the 23rd Group a 2nd A-10 squadron.

On 1 April 1997, the 23rd Wing was downsized and redesignated as the 23rd Fighter Group.  The 23rd Operations Group was inactivated and its fighter squadrons assigned to the 23 Fighter Group.  The 23rd remained at Pope as an operations group assigned to Air Combat Command 347th Wing at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. The C-130s formerly assigned to the 23rd and Pope Air Force Base were realigned to Air Mobility Command under the 43rd Airlift Wing.

On 27 June 2000, the 23rd Fighter Group was reassigned to the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base North Carolina and continued to operate from Pope, after the 347th Wing was redesignated the 347th Rescue Wing. The group as it existed in 2006 consisted of the:
 74th Fighter Squadron
 75th Fighter Squadron
 23rd Operations Support Squadron
 23rd Maintenance Squadron

Operation Allied Force

In April 1999, the 74 FS deployed five aircraft and 60 personnel to Operation Allied Force, the NATO air campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, intended to stop ethnic cleansing of Albanians by Serbs. The US participation was known as Operation Noble Anvil and officially spanned 24 March 1999 – 10 June 1999. The 74th FS deployed initially to Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany and then forward deployed to Gioia del Colle Air Base, Italy. Designated the 74th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, the unit co-located with the 81st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron of the 51st Fighter Wing to form an expeditionary fighter wing.

The A-10A aircraft provided close air support during missions over the region, provided short-notice alert for combat search and rescue missions and also provided airborne forward air control for NATO fighters attacking Serbian targets found in the Kosovo area.

Operation Enduring Freedom
In March 2002, the 23rd Fighter Group landed the first fighter aircraft inside Afghanistan. They deployed from Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan.  23rd Fighter Group personnel operated simultaneously in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Southern Watch for nearly seven months.

Operation Iraqi Freedom
In February 2003, the 23rd Fighter Group deployed to Al Jaber Air Base in preparation of Operation Iraqi Freedom, there they launched aircraft to attack Baghdad until the major fighting ceased. They then deployed forward to Tallil Air Base, near An-Nasiriyah.

Milestones
In 2002, an A-10 of the 75th Fighter Squadron passed the 9,000 flying-hour mark, becoming the most flown attack aircraft in Air Force history. This was exceeded in 2005 by another A-10 from the 75th FS that passed the 10,000 flying-hour mark.

Moody Air Force Base
On 29 September 2006, the 347th Rescue Wing at Moody redesignated as the 347th Rescue Group, while the 23rd Fighter Group was redesignated the 23rd Wing. The 23rd Wing has three operations groups, the 347th Rescue Group, along with the original 23rd Fighter Group (last assigned to the wing at Pope AFB as the 23rd Operations Group), and the 563rd Rescue Group at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona and Nellis AFB, Nevada.

The 23rd Fighter Group was reassigned to the 23rd Wing as a second operations group at Moody AFB in a ceremony held on 18 August 2006. The 23rd Fighter Group transferred its personnel and equipment from Pope AFB in December 2007 with that installation's transfer to the U.S. Army and redesignation as Pope Field. There are currently two operational active duty A-10C squadrons at Moody AFB plus one Air Force Reserve associate squadron. In addition, twelve additional A-10 aircraft from the 355th Fighter Squadron of the 354th Fighter Wing at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska were transferred to the 23rd Fighter Group as a result of BRAC 2005.

On 1 October 2018, the 563rd Rescue Group realigned under the 355th Wing at Davis-Monthan AFB.  At this time, the 23rd Wing consisted of two operational groups: 23rd Fighter Group and the 347th Rescue Group.

On 1 July 2021, the 23rd Munitions Squadron activated and aligned under the 23rd Maintenance Group.

The 23rd Wing inactivated the 23rd Aircraft Maintenance Squadron on 14 January 2022 whilst at the same time activating the 74th and 75th Fighter Generation Squadrons. The move was part of Air Combat Command's plans to improve the alignment of fighter operations and maintenance.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 23rd Fighter Wing on 10 August 1948
 Activated on 16 August 1948
 Inactivated on 24 September 1949
 Redesignated 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 19 December 1950
 Activated on 12 January 1951
 Inactivated on 6 February 1952
 Redesignated 23rd Tactical Fighter Wing and activated on 28 January 1964
 Organized on 8 February 1964
 Redesignated 23rd Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991
 Inactivated on 1 June 1992
 Redesignated 23rd Wing and activated on 1 June 1992
 Redesignated 23rd Fighter Group on 1 April 1997
 Redesignated 23rd Wing on 1 October 2006

Assignments
 Twentieth Air Force, 16 August 1948
 Caribbean Air Command, 25 – 24 April September 1949
 Eastern Air Defense Force, 12 January 1951 – 6 February 1952
 Air Defense Command, 7 February 1952
 32nd Air Division, 16 February 1953 – 1 March 1956
 Tactical Air Command, 28 January 1964 (not organized)
 Twelfth Air Force, 8 February 1964
 835th Air Division, 1 July 1964
 Twelfth Air Force, 30 June 1971
 Ninth Air Force, 1 July 1972
 347th Wing, 1 April 1997
 4th Fighter Wing, 23 June 2000
 Ninth Air Force (later, Ninth Air Force [Air Forces Central]), 1 October 2006 – 5 August 2009
 Ninth Air Force, 5 August 2009 – 20 August 2020
 Fifteenth Air Force, 20 August 2020 – present

Components
Groups
 23rd Fighter Group (later 23rd Fighter-Interceptor Group 23rd Operations Group, 23rd Fighter Group): 16 August 1948 – 24 September 1949; 12 January 1951 – 6 February 1952; 1 June 1992 – 1 April 1997; 1 October 2006 – present
 347th Rescue Group: 1 October 2006 – present
 563rd Rescue Group: 1 October 2006 – 30 September 2018

Squadrons
 6th Special Operations Training Squadron: 1 – 15 January September 1974
 74th Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 74th Fighter Squadron): 1 July 1972 – 15 February 1992 (detached 2 – 28 July December 1973; 29 August 1990 – 20 April 1991); 1 April 1997 – 1 October 2006
 75th Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 75th Fighter Squadron): 1 July 1972 – 2 December 1991; 1 – 1 April June 1992; 1 April 1997 – 1 October 2006.
 76th Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 76th Fighter Squadron): 1 October 1972 – 29 May 1992 (detached 27 August 1990 – c. April 1991)
 132nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 21 July 1951 – 6 February 1952
 134th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 1 April 1951 – 6 February 1952
 333rd Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 October 1970 – 22 March 1971
 357th Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached c. 8 November 1965 – 28 January 1966; assigned 15 – 22 March 1971
 419th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 15 October 1969 – 1 October 1971
 560th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 February 1964 – 25 September 1968
 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 February 1964 – 1 July 1972 (detached 6 – 10 March July 1965 and 9 – 30 April June 1972)
 562nd Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 February 1964 – 1 July 1972 (detached 13 – 6 August December 1965)
 563rd Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 February 1964 – 1 July 1972 (detached 8 – 15 April August 1965)
 598th Range Squadron: 22 September 2015 – Present
 4519th Combat Crew Training Squadron: 1 August 1967 – 15 October 1969

Detachments and Operating Locations
 Detachment 1, Deployed Unit Complex (DUC), MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
 Redesignated as 598th Range Squadron, 25 September 2015
 Detachment 1, Avon Park Air Force Range, Florida
 Redesignated as 598th Range Squadron, 25 September 2015

Stations
 Northwest Guam Air Force Base, Guam, 16 August 1948 – 3 April 1949
 Howard Air Force Base, Panama Canal Zone, 25 – 24 April September 1949
 Presque Isle Air Force Base, Maine, 12 January 1951 – 6 February 1952
 McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, 8 February 1964
 England Air Force Base, Louisiana, 1 July 1972 – 1 June 1992
 Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 1 June 1992 – 1 April 1997
 Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 October 2006 – present

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Official History of theFlying Tigers
 Global Security site about the 23rd Fighter Group
 Flying Tiger Association Website
 They found the Earthquake, Jim McGovern has come home

Military units and formations in Georgia (U.S. state)
0023
Military units and formations established in 1948

23rd Wing


A Mercenar, kent as a profeesional sodger, sodger o fortune, swashbuckler, private militar contractor, or freelancer forby, is a body who taks pairt in an airmed conflict who is no a naitional or a pairty tae the conflict an is "motivatit tae take pairt in the hostilities essentially bi the desire for private gain an, in fact, is promised, bi or on behauf o a pairty tae the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess o that promised or paid tae combatants o similar ranks an functions in the airmed forces o that Pairty". A nan-conscript profeesional member o a regular airmy is no considered tae be a mercenar awtho he gets monetar rewaird frae his service.

As a result o the assumption that a mercenar is essentially motivatit bi money, the term "mercenar" uisually carries negative connotations. Thare is a blur in the destinction atween a "mercenar" an a "foreign volunteer", whan the primar motive o a sodger in a foreign airmy is uncertain. For instance, the French Foreign Legion an the Gurkhas o the Breetish an Indie airmies are no mercenars unner the laws o war, syne although they mey meet mony o the requirements o Airticle 47 o Protocol I tae the Geneva Conventions, they are exempt unner clauses 47(a)(c)(d)(e)&(f); some journalists describe them as mercenars nivertheless.

Mercenar


In the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs (), the Swedish Government discusses and seeks support for its foreign policy with the Riksdag.

The Government has to keep the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs informed of foreign policy matters that can have an impact on Sweden and shall hold deliberations with the Council when necessary. If possible, the Government must deliberate with the Council ahead of all major foreign policy decisions.

The Government convenes the meetings of the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs. The Government must convene a meeting if at least four of the council's members request discussions on a specific matter.

The Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs consists of the Speaker and 18 members of the Riksdag, nine of whom are members and nine of whom are deputy members. The members are appointed by the Riksdag for each electoral period. The council is chaired by the King. If the King is unable to attend, the Prime Minister is chair. The chair can decide that an unconditional duty of confidentiality shall apply at meetings.

References

Government bodies
Government of Sweden

Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs


Jorge Enrique Adoum (June 29, 1926 in Ambato – July 3,
2009 in Quito) was an Ecuadorian writer, poet, politician, and diplomat. He was one of the major exponents of Latin American poetry. His work received such prestigious awards as the first Casa de las Américas Prize in Cuba, the most important honor in Latin American letters. Though hailed by Nobel Prize winner Pablo Neruda as the best poet of his generation in Latin America, Adoum's work is unknown in the English-speaking world.

Biography
Jorge Enrique Adoum was born in Ambato, Ecuador in 1926 of Lebanese descent. He wrote close to 30 books and 3 novels.

Adoum's father was Jorge Elías Francisco Adoum (1897-1958), and his mother was Juana Auad Barciona (died 1953). His father Francisco Adoum was Lebanese and migrated to Ecuador where he made Arabic-to-Spanish translations, painted, sculpted, composed music, practiced natural medicine, and wrote more than 40 volumes on occult sciences and masonry which he published under the pseudonym "Mago Jefa". He also had a private practice for hypnotism, magnetism and suggestion, and made numerous healings considered miraculous in his time. Since 1945 he traveled to Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. He died in Rio de Jainero in 1958 at 61 years old.

In 1948 Adoum married Magdalena Jaramillo Cabezas with whom he had 2 daughters. He later divorced Magdalena.

Adoum is best known for his novel Entre Marx y una Mujer Desnuda (Between Marx and a Naked Woman), which received Mexico's Xavier Villaurrutia Prize. This was the first time the award was given to a foreigner. The fictional character José Gálves is loosely based on the 1930s Ecuadorian novelist Joaquín Gallegos Lara.

Adoum was Pablo Neruda's personal secretary for nearly two years in Chile. In 1963 he traveled to Egypt, India, Japan and Israel, with a grant from UNESCO's Major Project on the Mutual Appreciation of Eastern and Western Cultural Values. Unable to return to Ecuador because of the military dictatorship of 1964-1966, he worked in the Peoples Republic of China. From 1964-1986 he worked in Beijing (China) and then in Geneva and Paris. In 1987 he returned to his homeland.

Adoum married Nicole Rouan from Gimel, Switzerland in 1977. They first met in Geneva in 1970 when Nicole was an actress in the French-version of his new play "El sol bajo las patas de los caballos" (French title: "Le Soleil Foule Par Les Chevaux", English title: "The Sun Trampled Beneath the Horses' Hooves"). "She offered us cherries and a moment of pleasant company," is how Julio Cortázar referred to Nicole Rouen in the first few pages of The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute. Nicole translated Adoum's work into French. She died on July 13, 2011.

Adoum also translated works from the following authors into the Spanish language: T. S. Eliot, Langston Hughes, Jacques Prévert, Yiannis Ritsos, Vinicius de Moraes, Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando Pessoa, Joseph Brodsky, and Seamus Heaney.

Adoum's play "The Sun Trampled Beneath the Horses' Hooves" was translated into 6 languages (including English in 1974 by Arthur McMurray and Robert Marquez). A selection of poems was translated into English titled "Disinterred Love" (2012) by  Katherine M. Hedeen and Victor Rodriguez Nunez. Adoum's other works have not been translated into English yet.

Adoum died at the age of 83 of heart failure in Quito on July 3, 2009. His ashes were buried under "The Tree of Life" next to the ashes of his close friend Oswaldo Guayasamín, beside Guayasamín's home in the hills overlooking Quito.

Political activity

As a teenager Jorge Enrique Adoum tried to join the Communist Party of Ecuador but was turned down because he was too young. He was a believer of communist ideology. The name "Marx" in the title of his most famous book "Between Marx and a Naked Woman" refers to Karl Marx the author of The Communist Manifesto.

In 2006, Adoum signed a petition in support of the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States of America.

Awards and recognitions

In 1960 he became the first recipient of the Cuban Casa de las Américas Prize for poetry, an award which is now one of Latin America's oldest and most prestigious literary awards.
In 1976 Adoum's novel "Entre Marx y Una Mujer Desnuda" received Mexico's Xavier Villaurrutia Prize. This was the first time the award was given to a foreigner.
In 1989, Adoum was awarded Ecuador's National Prize in Literature "Premio Eugenio Espejo" presented by the President of Ecuador for his works.

Adoum has been nominated for the Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Spanish-language literature. In 1952 the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (who would win the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature) declared: "Ecuador has the greatest poet in [Latin] America" in reference to Adoum.

Work

Poetry:

 Ecuador Amargo (1949)
 Carta para Alejandra (1952)
 Los Cuadernos de La Tierra: I. Los Orígenes, II. El Enemigo y la Mañana (1952)
 Notas del Hijo Pródigo (1953)
 Relato del Extranjero (1955)
 Los Cuadernos de la Tierra: III. Dios Trajo la Sombra (1959)
 Los Cuadernos de la Tierra: IV. El Dorado y las Ocupaciones Nocturnas (1961)
 Informe Personal Sobre la Situación (1975)
 No Son Todos Los Están (1979)
 Poesía Viva del Ecuador (1990)
 Disinterred Love (2012) a collection of poems translated into English by Katherine M. Hedeen and Victor Rodriguez Nunez

Novels:

 Entre Marx y Una Mujer Desnuda (1976)
 Ciudad sin Ángel (1995)
 Los Amores Fugaces (1997)

Essays:

 Ecuador: Señas Particulares (2000)
 De cerca y de memoria (2002)

Theater:
 El sol bajo las patas de los caballos (1970) (English trans., The Sun Trampled Beneath the Horses' Hooves, 1974, by Arthur McMurray and Robert Marquez)

See also
 César Dávila Andrade
 Luis Costales

References

1926 births
2009 deaths
Ecuadorian people of Lebanese descent
People from Ambato, Ecuador
Ecuadorian novelists
Ecuadorian translators
Ecuadorian diplomats
Ecuadorian essayists
Ecuadorian male writers
Male essayists
Ecuadorian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century novelists
20th-century Ecuadorian poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century translators
Ecuadorian male poets
Male novelists
Male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
Ecuadorian expatriates in Chile
Ecuadorian expatriates in France
Ecuadorian expatriates in Switzerland
Ecuadorian expatriates in China

Jorge Enrique Adoum


Pickford's House Museum of Georgian Life and Costume, No 41 Friar Gate Derby, is a nice Georgian house built by the great architect Joseph Pickford in 1770 for his own family. Pickford had a number of notable customers. One of them was a painter Joseph Wright, whose works can be found in local Derby Museum. The Pickford's museum that was set up in 1988 shows the housing of a late Georgian professional person. The ground floor is furnished as it might have been in Pickford's time together with displays of eighteenth and nineteenth century costume. It is owned and run by the Derby City Council.

"Pickford's House" was intended to showcase his work, with the intention of securing new contacts. It was also his residence. At the rear of the property Pickford had his builder's yard, access being by a driveway to the right of the property.

References
Article contains a text transported from Pickford's House Museum on the English Wikipedia.
Pickford's House Museum

Museums in Derby

Pickford's House Museum


Polycarbonate is a transparent (something which can be seen through) thermoplastic. This material is tough and stable. It can resist a high temperature of 138°C (280°F) and a low temperature of -40°C (-40°F). It is stain resistant and non-toxic. The weight of polycarbonate is one sixth of glass.

Industries use polycarbonate for making different products, from bulletproof windows to CDs and DVDs. The main advantages of polycarbonate are high strength and light weight.

Industries use clear polycarbonate to make glasses. This is because it has very good transparency and durability. Lenses made from clear polycarbonate can be thinner than lenses made from regular glass.

Companies that make electronic equipment use polycarbonate to make the cover of mobile phones, laptops and other products. Although polycarbonate is not poisonous, the process of making polycarbonate uses toxic chemicals. (See Bisphenol A).

Related pages
 DVD
 Compact disc
 Laptop

thermoplastics

Polycarbonate