Bernt Balchen (23 October 1899 – 17 October 1973) was a Norwegian pioneer polar aviator, navigator, aircraft mechanical engineer and military leader. A Norwegian native, he later became an American citizen and was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross.

His service in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II made use of his Arctic exploration expertise to help the Allies over Scandinavia and Northern Europe. After the war, Balchen continued to be an influential leader with the U.S. Air Force, as well as a highly regarded private consultant in projects involving the Arctic and aviation.

Early years
The son of a country doctor, Balchen was born at the farm Myren in Tveit, just outside Kristiansand, Norway. After having finished Norwegian middle school in 1916, he attended a Forestry School from 1917 to 1918. Next he enrolled in the French Foreign Legion, and his unit was assigned to the Verdun front in World War I. In 1918, before seeing action, Balchen was recalled to Norway. He transferred to the Norwegian Army, and was sent to an artillery school, where he graduated shortly after.

Under an assumed name, Balchen fought as a cavalryman with the White Guards in the Finnish Civil War that followed the end of major hostilities. During a cavalry charge, his horse was shot from under him and he was left for dead on the battlefield. Having received serious wounds that required a lengthy convalescence, Balchen turned to an early interest in athletics and trained strenuously as a boxer to represent Norway in the 1920 Olympics. Besides being a championship boxer, he was also an expert marksman and an accomplished skier. Balchen was very knowledgeable about wilderness and northern survival, skills that he would later exploit.

While waiting for his acceptance as an Olympian, Balchen received word that he also qualified for flight training, resulting in his decision to become a pilot in the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service in 1921.

Aviation

Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition
Gaining recognition as an accomplished pilot, the Norwegian Defense Department selected Balchen in 1925 to become part of the Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition, a rescue mission for the missing explorer Roald Amundsen under the command of Flight Lieutenant Lützow-Holm. The expedition consisting of two seaplanes, was sent to Spitsbergen on the Svalbard archipelago. This assignment would make Amundsen, already a family friend, a lifelong friend and confidant.

During the next year, Balchen became part of a ground party led by Lieutenant J. Höver, providing technical services for the Roald Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile Arctic Expedition, ultimately a successful attempt to fly the lighter-than-air airship, Norge, over the North Pole from Svalbard to Teller, Alaska. Although he was a highly regarded mechanic, Balchen's main role was to provide survival training to the Italian crew members as well as to teach them to ski. In a last-minute decision by Amundsen, he was not chosen to be on the record-breaking dirigible flight as Nobile was in charge of picking the crew, which already had a complement of 23.

Support of Byrd's North Pole flight
After observing the crash of the Fokker trimotor, Josephine Ford, belonging to one of his competitors, Lieutenant Commander Richard E. Byrd of the U.S. Navy, Amundsen asked Balchen to help in preparing the airplane for a flight to the North Pole. Under Balchen's supervision, the damaged aircraft skis were repaired with improvised wooden supports from a lifeboat's oars and some survival gear was loaned to Byrd for the flight. This enabled Byrd and his pilot, Floyd Bennett to continue with their attempt to fly to the North Pole and back on 9 May 1926.

In 1926, under the sponsorship of Joseph Wanamaker, Balchen officially joined the Byrd party, as the co-pilot and navigator, with the pilot Floyd Bennett, flying the Josephine Ford on a tour to more than 50 American cities, thereby promoting commercial aviation as a safe, reliable and practical means of transportation. Following this tour Balchen was hired by Anthony Fokker as a test pilot for the Fokker Aircraft Company at the Teterboro Airport, New Jersey.

Trans-Atlantic Flight
On 29 June 1927, Balchen, as the co-pilot with the chief pilot Bert Acosta; the flight engineer, George Otto Noville and the navigator and air flight organizer, Commander Byrd, flew a U.S. Post Office airmail aircraft, Fokker trimotor America, across the Atlantic Ocean from Roosevelt Field on Long Island.

Due to Acosta's reported lack of ability to successfully fly via aircraft instruments, and the foul weather for most of this flight, Balchen did most of the flying. Bad weather and low visibility over France made landing at the Paris airport impractical, despite their repeated attempts. When their aircraft was running low on aviation gasoline, Balchen decided to fly back to the western coast of France, and there he landed the Fokker Trimotor —-which was not designed for a water landing —- on the ocean with no injury to the occupants.

Bremen rescue
In late April 1928 the three-man crew of the aircraft Bremen was stranded on Greenly Island, Canada following the first east to west non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe.  Balchen and Floyd Bennett flew a Ford Trimotor to provide relief to the downed pilots. Bennett had developed pneumonia following a previous crash. Bennett succumbed to his fever while in flight on 25 April. Balchen flew the remaining eight hours, and he was paid $10,000 for the effort.  Balchen donated the money to Bennett's widow.

South Pole flight

On 28–29 November 1929, as the pilot of a modified Ford 4-AT Trimotor named Floyd Bennett, Balchen became one of the first four men to fly over the South Pole. Balchen was the chief pilot, and he was accompanied by Harold June, his co-pilot and radio operator; Ashley McKinley, the flight's photographer; and Commander Richard E. Byrd, the plane's navigator and leader of his First Antarctic Expedition. The flight was considered one of the greatest aviation achievements in history.

Amelia Earhart
Due to his reputation as a polar, transatlantic and aviation expert, Balchen was hired in 1931 by Amelia Earhart as a technical adviser for a planned solo transatlantic flight. In an attempt to throw off the press, Earhart turned over her repaired Lockheed Vega to Balchen who was assumed to be planning an Antarctic flight. Balchen flew the Vega to the Fokker Aircraft Company plant at Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. There, he and the mechanics Frank Nagle and Eddie Gorski reconditioned the Vega for the upcoming record flight. Its fuselage was strengthened to carry extra fuel tanks that were added to provide a 420-gallon capacity, and some additional flight instruments were also installed. After modifications had been made, Earhart flew this Lockheed Vega across the Atlantic Ocean on 20 May 1932, landing in Ireland.

Norway
In the mid-1930s, Balchen returned to Norway to work with the Norwegian Airlines. Later, he was part of a team to create a Nordic Postal Union, and as war seemed inevitable in Europe, Balchen helped negotiate an aviation treaty with the United States. Balchen also worked with the airplane, The Valkyrien.

World War II
In 1939, Balchen was in Helsinki, working on a contract to provide U.S. fighter aircraft to Finland, when the Soviet attack on Finland took place. Enlisting with the Norwegian Air Force, he made his way to the United States on a crucial mission to negotiate "matters pertaining to aircraft ordnance and ammunition with the question of the Norwegian Government's possible purchase of such materials in the United States of America."

With his status of holding dual Norwegian and American citizenship and his extensive contacts in the aviation industry, his instruction from the Norwegian Government-in-exile in London changed to a new directive: to set up a training camp and school for expatriate Norwegian airmen and soldiers in Canada. Balchen negotiated directly with Canadian government officials to obtain an agreement to use available airport facilities at the Toronto Island airport on Lake Ontario known as "Little Norway". During the war, over 2,500 Norwegian aviators of all categories: pilots, navigators and mechanics, were trained in the various bases of "Little Norway".

During 1940, with the "Little Norway" facilities under construction and his administrative duties taken over by others, Balchen requested permission from the Norwegian Air Force to fly ferrying missions for the British, teaming with Clyde Pangborn, a contemporary record-breaking pilot of the era. In early 1941, while engaged in a ferrying mission, and on a layover in the Philippines, a representative of General Henry "Hap" Arnold sought out Balchen. Arnold asked Balchen to join the US Army Air Forces as a colonel to oversee the establishment of the USAAF polar airfields at Qaanaaq, and Sondre Stromfjord Greenland. These highly secretive bases would serve to ferry fighter aircraft across the Atlantic by air, rather than having to disassemble them and send them overseas by cargo ship. The airfields also served as bases from which long-range Consolidated B-24 Liberator patrol aircraft could fly far out over the North Atlantic Ocean in search of the German Kriegsmarine U-boats that were menacing American, British, and Canadian ships taking war supplies and troops across the ocean in preparation for the then undecided location of the cross-channel invasion of Europe. This latter air base had the code name "Bluie West Eight" during its operational life.

Between September 1941 and November 1943, Balchen trained his personnel in cold weather survival skills and rescue techniques which enabled them to carry out many rescues of downed airmen on the Greenland icecap. On 25 May 1943, flying in a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Balchen led a bombing raid that destroyed the only German outpost remaining on Greenland, a forward station at Sabine Island on the eastern coast of that island. This destruction hindered the ability of the German armed forces to maintain a presence on Greenland that not only had been used to send deceptive radio messages to Allied aircraft as well as establishing a weather station required to provide accurate weather reports for the German forces operating in the North Atlantic.

Balchen then was posted to the European Theatre to run "Operation Where and When", based at Luleå-Kallax Air Base in northern Sweden. Balchen commanded a clandestine air transport operation, using 10 Douglas C-47s and helped to set up an escape route between the United Kingdom and Sweden that enabled numerous important diplomats and others to flee the Nazis. From March to December 1944, Balchen's "Operation Balder"  using six B-24s manned with OSS crews, safely evacuated at least 2,000 Norwegians, 900 American internees and 150 internees of other nationalities from Sweden. Norwegian police troops were also airlifted from Sweden to Finnmark.

The air operation also shipped strategic freight; from July to October 1944, 64 tons of operational supplies such as ammunition were transported from Scotland to the underground in occupied Norway. Life necessities like bales of hay and fodder for livestock were brought to areas in the north of Sweden and Norway, once even paradropping a hospital complete with a doctor and nurse. Between November 1944 and April 1945, Balchen also transported 200 tons of Arctic equipment and operational supplies from England to Sweden that were used to make secret overland transport from Sweden to Norway possible. During winter 1945, Balchen shipped communications equipment into northern Norway that was of inestimable value to the Allied Expeditionary Force's intelligence operations. The leading Norwegian wartime ace Sven Heglund was acting military attaché and served with Balchen, later writing about his time at Kallax. Another Norwegian at Kallax during the same period, who became a good friend, was marine biologist and explorer-to-be Thor Heyerdahl, later of Ra I and II and Kon-Tiki fame.

Postwar activities

From November 1948 to January 1951, Balchen commanded the 10th Rescue Squadron of the U.S. Air Force, which was located in southern Alaska but which operated across all of Alaska and northern Canada rescuing crashed airmen. Balchen led this squadron in the development of the techniques that became widely used in cold weather search and rescues. He was also directly responsible for persuading the U.S. Air Force to purchase the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver bush aircraft, one that became an important search and rescue aircraft for the Arctic. On 23 May 1949, while commanding the 10th Rescue Squadron, Balchen flew a Douglas C-54 Skymaster from Fairbanks, Alaska, via the North Pole to Thule Air Base, Greenland.

Balchen was primarily responsible for the pioneering and development of the strategic air base at Thule, Greenland, built secretly on his recommendation, in 1951 under severe weather conditions which, by extending the range of the Strategic Air Command, increased the capabilities that made the SAC a significant deterrent to Soviet aggression during the Cold War.

Post-retirement
After retiring from the U.S. Air Force in 1956, Colonel Balchen continued to serve the Air Force on special assignments and aviation and energy industries as a consultant. He joined General Precision Laboratories as a consultant in 1959, as well as working with a host of other companies including Hughes Aircraft, General Dynamics, Canadair and the Electric Boat Company. Working for Canadair in 1966, then the parent company, General Dynamics, from 1966 to 1971, Balchen had authority over projects as diverse as ice-breakers, tankers, new epoxy materials for submarine construction, seagoing electronic weather systems and over-snow vehicles. In 1962, he also worked with the USAF presenting a proposal on the Apogee Intercept Defense System (AIDS) in 1962 and later, was the leading advocate for "Project Iceman", a proposed system of intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) stationed in Greenland.

Colonel Balchen was among 27 passengers on board the first circumnavigation of the Earth over both poles. The aircraft was a brand-new, chartered Flying Tiger Line Boeing 707-349C jet with U.S. registration N322F, which had been modified with additional fuel tanks installed in the front passenger cabin. The route taken, between 14 and 17 November 1965, was from Honolulu, over the North Pole, to London; Lisbon; Buenos Aires; before flying over the South Pole and continuing on to the last refueling stop at Christchurch  before returning to Honolulu. Balchen was the only passenger allowed into the cockpit when the four pilots, who were all qualified Boeing 707 captains, performed four 360-degree loops over the South Geographic Pole. As well as being the first such flight, this would remain the fastest until succeeded by Pan Am Flight 50, a Boeing 747SP with U.S. registration N533PA, on October 28–30, 1977. (October 28, 1977 was the 50th anniversary of Pan Am's first (airmail) flight, from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba: about 90 miles.)

As one of the world's foremost Arctic experts, Balchen was sought out by numerous companies and government agencies including Canada and Norway. Balchen was hired as a consultant by Hercules Oil, then Phillips Petroleum and Moran Towing on plans to extract oil from Alaska using pipelines. According to a 1972 article in The Christian Science Monitor, Balchen asserted that "a general warming trend over the North Pole is melting the polar ice cap and may produce an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the year 2000."

In his native Norway, Balchen was a driving force in the establishment of Det Norske Luftfartselskap (D.N.L.) ("The Norwegian Airline Company"), with which he pioneered commercial Europe–US airline flights across the North Pole. D.N.L. later merged with Danish and Swedish airlines into the major carrier Scandinavian Airlines.

Death and burial

Balchen continued to work in consultancy until his death. In his final year, he was diagnosed with bone cancer, and he died at Mount Kisco, New York in 1973. Balchen was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. He is buried in Section 2, Grave 4969, next to Admiral Richard E. Byrd.

Honors and tributes
Balchen was a winner of the Harmon Trophy in aviation. The annual "International Aviation Snow Symposium", sponsored by the Northeast (U.S.) Chapter of the American Association of Airport Executives, created the Bernt Balchen Award in his memory in 1976 to recognize airports excelling in snow and ice control. In 1973, Balchen was inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame In 1976, Balchen was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame. Balchen was also a recipient of the following military decorations:

United States decorations and medals
  Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit
  Distinguished Flying Cross
  Soldier's Medal with oak leaf cluster
  Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters
  Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
  American Defense Service Medal with star
  American Campaign Medal
  European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three campaign stars
  World War II Victory Medal
  National Defense Service Medal

International orders and medals
   Commander 1st Class The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (Norway's highest civilian decoration)
   King Christian X's Liberty Medal (Denmark)
  Victory Medal (France)
Verdun Medal (France)
  1939–1945 Star (United Kingdom)
  War Medal 1939–1945 (United Kingdom)

Civil awards
New York City Medal of Valor - 2 awards
City of Paris Gold Medal

See also

Adventurers' Club of New York
Aviation in Norway
Balchen Glacier
Charles Lindbergh
Marie Byrd Land

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Balchen, Bernt (ghostwritten). Come North with Me: An Autobiography. New York: Dutton, 1958.
 Balchen, Bernt, Corey Ford and Oliver LaFarge. War Below Zero: The Battle for Greenland. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1944.
 Balchen, Bernt and Erik Bergaust. The Next Fifty Years of Flight: As Visualized by Bernt Balchen and told to Erik Bergaust (Explorer books edition). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Xerox University Microfilms, 1954.
 Balchen, Bess. Poles Apart: The Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Colonel Bernt Balchen Odyssey. Oakland, Oregon: Elderberry Press, 2004. .
 "Balchen will Retire. First Pilot to Fly Over South Pole to Leave Air Force." The New York Times, 20 October 1956.
 Bill Bryson, One Summer:  America, 1927, New York:  Doubleday, 2013,  .
 Butler, Susan. East to the Dawn: The Life of Amelia Earhart. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997. .
 Glines, Carroll V. Bernt Balchen: Polar Aviator. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 1999. .
 Isakson, Evelyn Moore. Bernt Balchen: Colonel, United States Air Force, Retired: A Special Report on the Unique Career of a Great American Patriot. Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK: Hollycrest Enterprises, 1972.
 Knight, Clayton and Robert C. Durham.  Hitch Your Wagon: The Story of Bernt Balchen. New York: Bell Publishing Company, 1950.
 Little Norway in Pictures: With Supplement, Norway – Yesterday and Today (Also on cover: R.N.A.F. in Canada). Toronto: S. J. R. Saunders, 1944.
 Rossiter, Sean. The Immortal Beaver: The World's Greatest Bush Plane. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1999.
 Simmons, George. Target: Arctic, Men in the Skies at the Top of the World. Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1965.
 Wiig, Erling. "Message of Liberty." Flypast, No. 338, September 2009.

External links

 Balchen-related link list, from the website of the Metropolitan News Company, California, USA
 National Aviation Hall of Fame
 Alone on the Ice video documentary

1899 births
1973 deaths
Explorers of Antarctica
Marie Byrd Land explorers and scientists
Explorers of the Arctic
Norwegian Air Lines people
Norwegian aviators
Norwegian polar explorers
Norwegian military personnel
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Harmon Trophy winners
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
United States Air Force officers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Kristiansand
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
American Polar Society honorary members
Recipients of the Air Medal
Deaths from bone cancer
Articles containing video clips
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

Bernt Balchen


Quebrada del Condorito National Park () is a federal protected area in Córdoba Province, Argentina. Established on 28 November 1996, it houses a representative sample of the Sierras Pampeanas biodiversity in endangered state of conservation. It has an area of

History
Thousands of years ago members of the archaeologically-missing Ayampitín Culture frequented these uplands, establishing temporary camps for hunting guanaco, pampas deer and the large mammals once abundant here.

When the Spaniards arrived in the sixteenth century, the Comechingones inhabited the region.

Description
Although located near the city of Cordoba and tourist towns like Villa Carlos Paz, Alta Gracia, Tanti, Mina Clavero, etc., the territory of the park has remained scenically pristine due to its inaccessibility. Extensive ranching, however, has been practiced since colonial times, resulting in intense erosion to the vegetation cover due to cattle trampling on the sandy, steep-sloped soil.

The boundaries of the park are:
North: the new road, the Camino de las Altas Cumbres.
West: the private properties bordering the high summits of Achala (Paso de las Piedras, La Trinidad, La Atalaya)
South: the headwaters of the Yatán River.
East: the private properties limiting with the  height level (El Bosque, El Condorito, San Miguel)

The climate in the area is mountain temperate, becoming increasingly colder with height, and with a marked temperature difference between day and night and between summer and winter. During the winter (May to early August), snowfall is rather common. Another characteristic phenomenon is the frequent lightning strikes at the higher elevations.

There are hiking trails and bike paths of different lengths and degrees of difficulty, most of them signaled. There are several areas of rough camping (no services) with access to drinking water. Considering the adverse environmental and topographical factors, visitors are advised to consult the Argentine National Parks Administration in order to safely enjoy the wild and lonely landscape.

Biodiversity

Quebrada del Condorito lies within the high altitude of the top floor of the Sierras Grandes, which contrasts with the great Pampas' lower plains that surround them. This gives the region characteristics of a biological island, which, depending on climatic variations, is enriched by intermittent flows of Andean and Patagonian wildlife colonization. As a result, the area has a great diversity of endemic species and subspecies, both plants and animals.

The park is an important site for Andean condors watching (the species had undergone a marked population decline during the twentieth century), for which the easternmost distribution is found in this region. Recently developed policies for condor protection, active caring and reintroduction into wildlife have led to a steep recovery of populations where they had been almost extinguished a few years ago.

References

External links

Sitio oficial del Parque Nacional Quebrada del Condorito

National parks of Argentina
Protected areas established in 1996
Protected areas of Córdoba Province, Argentina
Sierras Pampeanas

Quebrada del Condorito National Park


A Cyclops (Ancient Greek: Κύκλωψ, Kyklōps; plural Κύκλωπες, Kyklōpes) is a member of a race of giants in Greek mythology, each with a single eye in the center of his forehead.

The most famous of these beings is the cyclops Polyphemus, featured in Homer's Odyssey.

Hesiod

Elder Cyclopes
In Hesiod's Theogony, the Elder Cyclopes – Brontes (Greek: Βρόντης - "thunderer"), Steropes (Greek: Στερόπης - "lightning") and Arges (Greek: Ἄργης - "bright") – were one of three races of beings born to Gaia (Earth) and Ouranos (Sky).

Homer
The Elder Cyclopes are not featured in either of Homer's works. In the Odyssey, Homer describes another race of cyclopes as being the sons of Poseidon, god of the sea. They feature as herdsmen and shepherds with a taste for human flesh. The account is in Book 9 of Homer's Odyssey.

Greek legendary creatures

Cyclops


In psychology, social cohesion is a way of measuring, how close the members of a group are. If social cohesion is high, the members of the group ideally feel like a team. In this context, the group members may value the success of a task of the group higher than a task which only benefits them individually.

Psychology
Sociology

Social cohesion


When people say "the world" they usually mean Earth, especially in a cultural and geopolitical sense. Humans and all other known living things live in this world. Sometimes "world" means another planet.

Before people discovered that Earth is a planet, they often used "World" to mean "Universe". They still sometimes use it to mean all humans or all civilization. For example, they may say "end of the world" to mean the end of history or humanity.

Sometimes they mean a small part of Earth such as Western world, Islamic world, third world, new world, or ancient world.

Related pages

 Universe

References

Geography

World


Pekka Valter Mattias Streng (April 26, 1948 in Sysmä – April 11, 1975) was a Finnish musician who had a notable influence on progressive rock in Finland.

Streng died of cancer at the age of 26. He knew about his disease throughout his career and the awareness of his forthcoming death can be heard from both his lyrics and music. During his short career he made two albums, which were published by Love Records. He wrote the songs and lyrics (in Finnish), and performed vocals and acoustic guitars on the albums. On the first one, Magneettimiehen kuolema (1970), he collaborated with Tasavallan Presidentti, a renowned Finnish prog band of the time. On Kesämaa (1972), various other noted musicians such as Olli Ahvenlahti and Hasse Walli took part in the studio sessions.

At the time of publication, Streng's records did not prove especially popular. Later, however, his music began gradually to attract more and more following. The two albums were first released on (one) CD in 1990.  Due to demand, remastered CD editions of both albums (this time separately) were released in 2003.

Pekka Streng avoided publicity and only gave one interview to a music journalist during his life. Because of this, not much has been known about him as a person, which occasionally has helped form a somewhat mystified image of him.

In 2009, nearly 34 years after Pekka Streng's death was released a posthumous album called Unen Maa which was built upon old recovered tape recordings where Pekka sings and plays acoustic guitar. Studio musicians (Olympia-orkesteri) provided overdubs for the recordings.

Discography
Magneettimiehen Kuolema (with Tasavallan Presidentti) (1970)
Kesämaa (1972)
Unen maa (posthumous album with Olympia-orkesteri) (2009)

External links

Pekka Streng website - song lyrics, images and articles (in Finnish)

1948 births
1975 deaths
People from Sysmä
Finnish male musicians
20th-century male musicians

Pekka Streng


Love Generation () was a dramatic Japanese television series on Fuji Television. It first aired in Japan from October 13 1997 to December 22, 1997 every Monday. It had a very high rating of 30.8%. It features music by Cagnet.

Cast
Katagiri Teppei - Takuya Kimura
Uesugi Riko - Takako Matsu
Takagi Erika - Norika Fujiwara
Katagiri Soichiro - Masaaki Uchino
Mizuhara Sanae - Junna Risa
Yoshimoto

Characters
Katagiri Teppei - A talented advertisement designer and a playboy with an egocentric attitude and dislike for anything boring. He has a girlfriend named Riko, but still misses his past girlfriend Sanae at the same time
Uesugi Riko - She moves out from her family to Tokyo hoping to be more independent. She is a girl with a lot of spirit, and eventually becomes part of a  love triangle.
Takagi Erika - A flight attendant and Riko's bestfriend. While she secretly likes Teppei, she frequently gives helpful advice to Riko to maintain her relationship
Katagiri Soichiro - a public prosecutor and Teppei's brother. He is very serious in his doings unlike Teppei, and thus Soichiro is his brother's role model. He was engaged to Sanae, Teppei's former girlfriend, but he meets his own past girlfriend and develops an affair with her later on in the story.
Mizuhara Sanae - translates between Mandarin and Japanese. She was Teppei's highschool sweetheart. Later, she is engaged to his brother Soichiro, but later finds herself falling in love with Teppei again
Yoshimoto - Teppei's highschool friend, who falls in love with Riko at first sight, but was rejected by her

Summary

The show revolves around the relationship of the two leading characters, Katagiri Teppei and Uesugi Riko, who begin their relationship as squabbling colleagues before falling in love. Katagiri Teppei is a talented designer and very popular among women. Unfortunately, Teppei, who despises anything boring and repetitive, is forced to move to the sales department for his egocentric behavior. Throughout the series, he is forced to adapt to the new working environment, which includes cutting his precious locks of hair to create a neater and more professional image. As he struggles to adapt, he meets Uesugi Riko. While she does not like him at first, she eventually falls for him. However, Teppei runs into his highschool sweetheart Mizuhara Sanae, and discovers that his ex-girlfriend is now engaged to his brother Soichiro. Fortunately, Riko is there to console him, and this eventually blooms into a romance. Not long after, however, Sanae realizes she still has feelings for Teppei, and thus creates a love triangle. To make the matter even more complicated, Soichiro starts to have an affair with his past girlfriend.

Symbols

Crystal apple
Teppei's apartment has many unusual items such as Thai artifact, a 30-year-old refrigerator, and a crystal apple. The meaning behind the apple is that there is only one true love, between Adam and Eve, that is. A crystal can be broken easily, and when one would look in it, it appears upside down. The apple is seen upside down for the 10 of the 11 episodes. At the last episode, however, the apple is no longer upside down. The apple is on the album cover of the soundtrack for Love Generation.

True love never runs smooth
The advertising poster appears over and over again. The model is holding a crystal apple, and reads True love never runs smooth symbolizing the relationship between Riko and Teppei, which constantly faces struggles from when they meet for the very first time to the love triangle. This advertisement is visible everywhere from the park to Teppei's 30-year-old refrigerator, as "True love never runs smooth" is the unofficial tagline of this television series.

Other websites
Lover Generation Central
Love Generation - The Dog Shed
SMAP Wonderland Love Generation
Plot for each episode

Japanese television series
Drama television series

Love Generation


Pop-Tarts is a brand of rectangular, pre-baked toaster pastries made by the Kellogg Company. Pop-Tarts have a sugary filling sealed inside two layers of rectangular, thin pastry crust. Some varieties are frosted. Although sold pre-cooked, they are designed to be warmed inside a toaster or microwave oven. They are usually sold in pairs inside foil packages, and do not require refrigeration.

Snack foods

Pop Tarts


The Corps of Guides was a regiment of the British Indian Army which was formed and served mostly in the North-West Frontier Province of British India. It had a unique composition of being part infantry and part cavalry.

The idea for raising such a body of troops was Sir Henry Lawrence's. He appointed a young officer,  Lt. Harry Lumsden as its commandant and on 6 February 1847 Lumsden took over his famous command. The class or tribal composition of the men recruited for 'The Guides' was mostly of Pathans of the region. The headquarters of the Guides was at Mardan (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan).

After 1947 and the independence of Pakistan, the Guides regiment became part of the Pakistan Army. Its infantry section was incorporated into the Frontier Force Regiment while its cavalry side became the Guides Cavalry.

Military of Pakistan
Indian military organizations

Corps of Guides


Thomas Dolliver Church (April 27, 1902 – August 30, 1978) was a 20th century landscape architect based in California. He is a nationally recognized as one of the pioneer landscape designers of Modernism in garden landscape design known as the 'California Style'.  His design studio was in San Francisco from 1933 to 1977.

History
Thomas Church was born in Boston, and raised in California, in Ojai and Oakland.

He received his B.A. degree in Landscape Architecture from the College of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley in 1922.
 He then attended the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he received his master's degree in City Planning and Landscape Architecture in 1926.

After graduating, Church spent six months at the American Academy in Rome on a Harvard awarded Sheldon Traveling Scholarship. He also traveled throughout Europe, and while in France became friends with Catherine Bauer, with whom he would later teach at Berkeley. He studied Italian Renaissance gardens, and Moorish and Iberian Renaissance Spanish gardens, observing their responses to a climate so similar the Mediterranean climate in California. On returning from Europe he worked in a city planning office on the East Coast (1927–1928), then he taught at Ohio State University (1928–1930).

He returned to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1930, and was a Special Lecturer in the UC Berkeley Department of Landscape Architecture for the remainder of that year. He also went into private practice in 1930 to design the Pasatiempo Estates in the Santa Cruz area, with Second Bay Tradition style architect William Wurster. A 1937 trip was made to Finland, where seeing new modernist works and site planning by Alvar Aalto was influential to his design evolution.

He moved to San Francisco in 1932 and established his practice in The city.  Church opened his own design studio in 1933, at 402 Jackson Street in San Francisco. He continued to practice there until his retirement in 1977. His own distinctive garden and residence were on Hyde Street, in the Russian Hill, San Francisco district.

Church was a longtime contributor to Architectural Forum, House Beautiful, and Sunset magazines, bringing his design ideas with examples to his design peers and the public.

In 1951 Church was awarded the Fine Arts Medal, for Landscape Architecture, by the American Institute of Architects. In 1973, Church was elected to the National Academy of Design, as an Associate Academician. He was also awarded the Rome Prize for his work in landscape architecture by the American Academy in Rome.

Design innovation

When Church started practicing, the Neoclassical style was still the predominant landscape design style. Thomas' design education at UC Berkeley and Harvard, along with his travels to gardens in Europe, gave him ample training in Classical and Renaissance garden traditions.  However, Church is renowned as a pioneer in American landscape architect for introducing the Modernist architecture and art movements into landscape design. After WW II, other designers  added to what later became known as the "California Style" of gardens. Some of them apprenticed in his design studio, including Robert Royston and Lawrence Halprin.

Church outlined four principles for his design process in his 1955 book Gardens Are For People." They are:
Unity — the consideration of the design as a whole, integrating the house and its gardens with a free flow between them.
Function — the relation of the outdoor recreational and social areas to their interior counterparts, and of the outdoor service areas to the household's needs, to please and serve the people who live in them.
Simplicity — upon which rests the aesthetic and economic success of the design.
Scale — relating the different design parts, features, and areas to one another, to create a whole an integrated landscape design.

Church used the Modernist design principles for freedom of elements, such as the forms of spaces and features, and a sense of movement. When possible, he favored creating multiple viewpoints, instead of a traditional single axis.  "A garden should have no beginning and no end," he wrote in Gardens Are for People, "and should be pleasing when seen from any angle, not only from the house." He could also use historicist design principles when the site called for it, such as the formal lines of the Memorial Courtyard (1965) beside the San Francisco Opera House.

Another design element Church is renowned for is the "outdoor room," creating sub-areas for outdoor living as distinct places within the whole landscape. They were different than those of Italian Renaissance gardens with a separation of house and garden, his outdoor rooms interacted with the house, with a free flow between the two

"Tommy represented freedom from 'decorating' a house," said former Sunset editor Walter Doty, shortly before Church's death. "Landscaping had meant gussying up structures that weren't worth it. Tommy was a 'behavioral' landscaper . . . gardens to live in were more important."

Works
The majority of Church's work was residential, and he reportedly designed over 2,000 private gardens in California and 24 other states. Notable residential works include the now iconic landscape design of El Novillero (Donnell Gardens) for the Donnell Residence (1947–1948), overlooking the winding salt marshes of the North Bay in Sonoma County, California.Pacific Coast Architecture Database (PCAD): Donnell, Dewey and Jean, House and Garden, Sonoma, CA Others include the Mrs. Clinton Walker House in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, and the Bloedel Reserve and Lakewold Gardens in Washington state.

He also worked on a number of larger non-residential landscape commissions. He worked on campus master plans for UC Berkeley, Stanford University, UC Santa Cruz, Harvey Mudd College, Woodside Priory School, and the Wascana Centre in Saskatchewan. He designed the grounds of the Embassy of the United States, Havana, the General Motors Research Laboratory in Detroit (1949–1953), the Des Moines Art Center, the Hotel El Panama in Panama City, the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, and Parkmerced (1941–1951) in southwestern San Francisco.

He was the landscape design consultant to Stanford University for 30 years, beginning in the late 1940s. He served on the Stanford Architectural Advisory Council from 1960 to 1978, that President J.E. Wallace Sterling created.  "Church was trying to put a layer of continuity around the original buildings and the new (ones), he was working on a (campus) landscape that was meant to tie all this together."

Death
Thomas Church died on August 30, 1978, at the age of 76, in Russian Hill, San Francisco.

Legacy
Thomas Church had a long, distinguished, and productive career with over 4,000 projects, as a Landscape Architect. He also wrote several influential and popular landscape design books, including Gardens Are for People (1955) and Your Private World: A Study of Intimate Gardens (1969).

The Post-war Modernist garden design style, first in California and soon influential across the United States, was created and developed by a small group of landscape designers, of which Thomas Church was the "first founder." The subsequent founders and practitioners of the Modern California Landscape include Garrett Eckbo, Robert Royston, James C. Rose, and Dan Kiley.

See also
Landscape design history of the United States
American landscape and garden designers
American landscape architects

 Notes

 References
 Thomas Dolliver Church; Gardens Are For People — San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1955, reissued 1983.
 Thomas Dolliver Church; Your private world; a study of intimate gardens — San Francisco; Chronicle Books, 1969.
 Waymark, Janet, Modern Garden Design Innovation since 1900 — London, Thames and Hudson.
 Pregill, Philip and Nancy Volkman, Landscapes in History: Design and Planning in the Western Tradition — New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.
 Treib, Marc; Thomas Church, Landscape Architect Designing a Modern California Landscape'', 90, 101–112 — San Francisco; William Stout Publishers, monograph, 2003.
 Online Archive of California—OAC: finding the Thomas D. Church Collection
 "Thomas Church, Landscape Architect : oral history transcript (1975–1978)" — Riess, Suzanne B.; Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California.
"Thomas D. Church, Landscape Architect : a Bibliography" — Vance, Mary A.; monograph; Vance Bibliographies, 1980.

External links
  Gardenserve.com blog: Thomas Church biography
  StanfordAlumni.org: Biography of Thomas Church
 Church (Thomas D.) Collection, 1933–1977

American landscape and garden designers
American landscape architects
Architects from San Francisco
California people in design
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Landscape design history of the United States
1902 births
1978 deaths
UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design alumni
Ohio State University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Architects from Boston
1940s in California
1950s in California
20th-century American architects

Thomas Church (landscape architect)


Kula is a traditional trade method that takes place in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.

The Kula ring
The Kula Exchange takes place on eighteen islands, including the Trobriand Islands, and involves thousands of people. The traders involved travel by canoe over hundreds of miles to exchange their Kula valuables. These valuables can be in the form of red shells that are traded to the North of the Islands, or in the form of white-shell armbands, which travel to the South of the Islands. Therefore creating a 'ring' of moving valuables throughout the islands. The terms of trade change in different regions. For example, some traders have to exchange a white armband for a necklace or must trade a red shell for a white shell armband. There are also differences on who can take part in the trading process such as in the Trobriand Islands their chiefs mainly take part in the exchange process, whereas in Dobu, anyone can take part.

Trade relationships
The Kula valuables are mainly traded for social status and recognition in the Island region. The people that an individual trades with become trusted trade partners, creating a strong, potentially life-long relationship between the exchange parties. These relationships need trust to be provided on both sides of the trade and also a mutual agreement of safety and support for each other.

Trade methods
Kula valuables are usually passed on to their trade partners after a certain amount of time, therefore the valuables are always moving around the Kula Ring. The person who originally owned the valuable has full ownership and rights over the item, so he can keep it, sell it or even break it. Every person who therefore receives the item, does not fully own it, as there is always a true owner. This creates a sense of responsibility over how the object is handled by other traders toward the original owner. However, the original owner is sometimes unknown, lost in the Kula Ring.

The rules of the Kula
The ability to take part in the Kula Exchange is not immediately given to just anyone. An individual must "buy" into the system by getting involved in lower trade circles than the Kula.

The Kula valuables are rated by value and age and so are the relationships created through their exchange. Traders will often try to collect valuable and notorious Kula objects that will boost the status of the trader's name in the Kula Ring. Kula Exchange is based on trust, strong social obligations and the cultural value system. Those who hold on too long to their Kula valuables gain a bad reputation in the system.

Social hierarchy
The Kula Exchange system determines many social hierarchies and authoritative positions among the trade islands. For example the chiefs living on the Trobriand Islands in the 1970s owned the most shells and also the most valuable shells.  Therefore they were responsible for most of the organization and direction of the trade systems in their region. (The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea (1988) by Annette B. Weiner) Also, the ten most influential men among all the islands control about 90 per cent of the Kula items. With this amount of control and competition, relationships between traders become fragile and ruined by manipulation and deceit. (Malinowski, B. (1920). "Kula; the Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagoes of Eastern New Guinea". Man (Man, Vol. 20) 20: 97–105).

References

Malinowski, B. (1920). "Kula; the Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagoes of Eastern New Guinea". Man (Man, Vol. 20) 20: 97–105. doi:10.2307/2840430.JSTOR 2840430.
Weiner, Annette B. The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 1988

Trade
Papua New Guinea

Kula ring


A soufflé is a light fluffy dessert food.

It is a lightly baked cake. It can be served as a savoury main dish, but usually it is sweetened as a dessert. It is made with egg yolks and beaten egg whites. The egg whites are beaten to a soft peak meringue.

The dish puffs up in the oven.

Egg dishes
Desserts

Soufflé


James King (February 18, 1848 – June 21, 1900) was a Canadian businessman and politician.

Born in Saint-Antoine-de-Tilly, Lower Canada, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1867 and a Master of Arts degree in 1873 from the University of Bishop's College. He joined the family business, King Brothers, which was involved in mining. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the 1892 election for the riding of Mégantic. A Conservative, he did not run in 1897.

References

1848 births
1900 deaths
People from Chaudière-Appalaches
Bishop's University alumni
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs

James King (Quebec politician)


Orpheus (; also the title used in the UK) is a 1950 French film directed by Jean Cocteau and starring Jean Marais. It is the central part of Cocteau's Orphic Trilogy, which consists of The Blood of a Poet (1930), Orpheus (1950), and Testament of Orpheus (1960).

Plot
Set in contemporary Paris, the story of the film is a variation of the classic Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. The picture begins with Orpheus (Marais), a famous poet, visiting the Café des Poètes. At the same time, a Princess (Casares) and Cégeste (Édouard Dermit), a handsome young poet whom she supports, arrive. The drunken Cégeste starts a brawl. When the police arrive and attempt to take Cégeste into custody, he breaks free and flees, only to be run down by two motorcycle riders. The Princess has the police place Cégeste into her car in order to "transport him to the hospital". She also orders Orpheus into the car in order to act as a witness. Once in the car, Orpheus discovers Cégeste is dead and that the Princess is not going to the hospital. Instead, they drive to a chateau (the landscape through the car windows is presented in negative) accompanied by the two motorcycle riders as abstract poetry plays on the radio. This takes the form of seemingly meaningless messages, like those broadcast to the French Resistance from London during the Occupation.

At the ruined chateau, the Princess reanimates Cégeste into a zombie-like state, and she, Cégeste, and the two motorcycle riders (the Princess' henchmen) disappear into a mirror, leaving Orpheus alone. He wakes in a desolate landscape, where he stumbles on the Princess' chauffeur, Heurtebise (Périer), who has been waiting for Orpheus to arrive. Heurtebise drives Orpheus home where Orpheus' pregnant wife Eurydice (Déa), a police inspector, and Eurydice's friend Aglaonice (head of the "League of Women", and apparently in love with Eurydice) discuss Orpheus' mysterious disappearance. When Orpheus comes home, he refuses to explain the details of the previous night despite the questions which linger over the fate of Cégeste, whose body cannot be found. Orpheus invites Heurtebise to live in his house and to store the Rolls in Orpheus' garage, should the Princess return. Eurydice attempts to tell Orpheus that she is with child, but is silenced when he rebuffs her.

While Heurtebise falls in love with Eurydice, Orpheus becomes obsessed with listening to the abstract poetry which only comes through the Rolls' radio, and it is revealed that the Princess is apparently Death (or one of the suborders of Death). Cocteau himself commented on such interpretation:

"Among the misconceptions which have been written about Orphée, I still see Heurtebise described as an angel and the Princess as Death. In the film, there is no Death and no angel. There can be none. Heurtebise is a young Death serving in one of the numerous sub-orders of Death, and the Princess is no more Death than an air hostess is an angel. I never touch on dogmas. The region that I depict is a border on life, a no man's land where one hovers between life and death".

When Eurydice is killed by Death's henchmen, Heurtebise proposes to lead Orpheus through the Zone (depicted as a ruined city – actually the ruins of Saint-Cyr military academy) into the Underworld in order to reclaim her. Orpheus reveals that he may have fallen in love with Death who has visited him in his dreams. Heurtebise asks Orpheus which woman he will betray: Death or Eurydice. Orpheus enters the afterlife by donning a pair of surgical gloves left behind by the Princess after Eurydice's death.

In the Underworld, Orpheus finds himself as a plaintiff before a tribunal which interrogates all parties involved in the death of Eurydice. The tribunal declares that Death has illegally claimed Eurydice, and they return Eurydice to life, with one condition: Orpheus may not look upon her for the rest of his life on pain of losing her again. Orpheus agrees and returns home with Eurydice. They are accompanied by Heurtebise, who has been assigned by the tribunal to assist the couple in adapting to their new, restrictive, life together.

Eurydice visits the garage where Orpheus constantly listens to the Rolls' radio in search of the unknown poetry. She sits in the backseat. When Orpheus glances at her in the mirror, Eurydice disappears. A mob from the Café des Poètes (stirred to action by Aglaonice) arrives in order to extract vengeance from Orpheus for what they suppose to be his part in the murder of Cégeste. Orpheus confronts them, armed with a pistol given to him by Heurtebise, but is disarmed and shot. Orpheus dies and finds himself in the Underworld. This time, he declares his love to Death who has decided to herself die in order that he might become an "immortal poet". The tribunal this time sends Orpheus and Eurydice back to the living world with no memories of the previous events. Orpheus learns that he is to be a father, and his life begins anew. Death and Heurtebise, meanwhile, walk through the ruins of the Underworld towards an even worse fate than death - to become judges themselves.

Interpretation
Cocteau wrote in The Art of Cinema:
"The three basic themes of Orphée are:
The successive deaths through which a poet must pass before he becomes, in that admirable line from Mallarmé, tel qu'en lui-même enfin l'éternité le change—changed into himself at last by eternity.
The theme of immortality: the person who represents Orphée's Death sacrifices herself and abolishes herself to make the poet immortal.
Mirrors: we watch ourselves grow old in mirrors. They bring us closer to death.

The other themes are a mixture of Orphic and modern myth: for example, cars that talk (the radio receivers in cars).

Orphée is a realistic film; or, to be more precise, observing Goethe's distinction between reality and truth, a film in which I express a truth peculiar to myself. If that truth is not the spectator's, and if his personality conflicts with mine and rejects it, he accuses me of lying. I am even astonished that so many people can still be penetrated by another's ideas, in a country noted for its individualism.

While Orphée does encounter some lifeless audiences, it also encounters others that are open to my dream and agree to be put to sleep and to dream it with me (accepting the logic by which dreams operate, which is implacable, although it is not governed by our logic).

I am only talking about the mechanics, since Orphée is not at all a dream in itself: through a wealth of detail similar to that which we find in dreams, it summarizes my way of living and my conception of life".

Main cast
 Jean Marais as Orphée
 François Périer as Heurtebise
 María Casares as The Princess – Death
 Marie Déa as Eurydice
 Henri Crémieux as L'éditeur
 Juliette Gréco as Aglaonice
 Roger Blin as The Poet
 Édouard Dermit as Jacques Cégeste
 René Worms as Judge

Production
In his autobiography, the actor Jean-Pierre Aumont claimed that Cocteau wrote the film for him and his then-wife Maria Montez, but then decided to make it with other actors.

Reception
The 1950 release of Orpheus figured as a watershed in the evolving poetics of many emergent American poets, including Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, Frank O'Hara and Allen Ginsberg. The film was taken very seriously and had a strong impact in the world of practicing artists in all genres. In 2000, critic Roger Ebert added Orpheus to his "Great Movies" list, praising the simple but ingenious special effects, and writing: "Seeing Orpheus today is like glimpsing a cinematic realm that has passed completely from the scene. Films are rarely made for purely artistic reasons, experiments are discouraged, and stars as big as Marais are not cast in eccentric remakes of Greek myths. The story in Cocteau's hands becomes unexpectedly complex; we see that it is not simply about love, death and jealousy, but also about how art can seduce the artist away from ordinary human concerns".

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited Orpheus as one of his favorite films.

Adaptation and legacy
In 1993, Philip Glass adapted the film as a stage opera, Orphée, with a libretto by the composer taken directly from Cocteau's screenplay. Jointly commissioned by the American Repertory Theater and the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the work had its premiere on May 14 at the American Repertory Theater.

Francesca Zambello directed the premiere, and the production, closely based on the imagery of the film, was by frequent Glass collaborator Robert Israel. Baritone Eugene Perry originated the role of Orphée, with Wendy Hill as the Princess, Richard Fracker as Heurtebise, and Elizabeth Futral as Eurydice.

In 2007, the opera was revived at Glimmerglass conducted by Anne Manson, and Manson also conducted a recording with the Portland Opera in 2010. New York Times critic Anthony Tommasini, following a negative review by the paper's Edward Rothstein of the opera's premiere, wrote about the release of the recording, "14 years after my first hearing, I was swept away by Orphée".

See also
 List of avant-garde films of the 1950s

References

External links

 Orpheus an essay by Jean Cocteau at the Criterion Collection
 Orpheus: Through a Glass, Amorously an essay by Mark Polizzotti at the Criterion Collection

1950 films
1950s fantasy films
Existentialist films
French black-and-white films
Films set in Paris
Films directed by Jean Cocteau
French fantasy films
1950s French-language films
1950s romantic fantasy films
Films about Orpheus
Films scored by Georges Auric
Films with screenplays by Jean Cocteau
French romantic fantasy films
1950s French films

Orpheus (film)


Carefree is a 1938 American musical comedy film directed by Mark Sandrich and starring Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers and Ralph Bellamy. With a plot similar to screwball comedies of the period, Carefree is the shortest of the Astaire-Rogers films, featuring only four musical numbers. Carefree is often remembered as the film in which Astaire and Rogers shared a long on-screen kiss at the conclusion of their dance to "I Used to Be Color Blind," all previous kisses having been either quick pecks or simply implied.

Carefree was a reunion for the team of Astaire and Rogers after a brief hiatus following Shall We Dance and six other previous RKO pictures. The next film in the series, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939), would be their final RKO film together, although they would reunite in 1949 for MGM's The Barkleys of Broadway.

Plot
Psychiatrist Dr. Tony Flagg (Fred Astaire) does his friend Stephen Arden (Ralph Bellamy) a favor by taking on his fiancée, Amanda Cooper (Ginger Rogers), as a patient. Amanda, a radio singer, can't seem to make a decision about Stephen's many proposals of marriage, so Tony probes her subconscious mind to interpret her dreams. When Amanda dreams of dancing with her doctor, she's convinced that she's in love and to avoid telling Tony about the dream, makes up a wild dream. This leads Tony to believe that Amanda has serious psychiatric problems and he anesthetizes her to act on her subconscious impulses. By some chance, Stephen comes by, not knowing that she's under the influence of the anesthetic and Amanda is crazy in public, destroying property and kicking a cop. The next day, there is a party and Amanda gets Tony to dance (the Yam) with her and in the process of trying to tell Stephen that she's in love with her doctor, Stephen thinks that she's saying that she's in love with him. Amanda then dances with Tony, telling him that "something terrible has happened, and you're mixed up in it." Tony hypnotizes Amanda, saying that Tony does not love her and that "men like him should be shot down like dogs." Tony, while Amanda is still in a trance, realizes that he's in love with her, but while he is talking to himself in another room, Amanda has gotten out again. She finds Stephen at the country club, using a shotgun at targets. She takes one and starts shooting at Tony, who arrived desperately trying to undo what he has done. Stephen accuses him of trying to take his fiancée away. At Amanda and Stephen's wedding day, Tony sneaks in and wants to punch Amanda so that she is unconscious and he can hypnotize her but can't bring himself to do it. Stephen barges in, aims a punch at Tony but smacks Amanda unconscious instead. Tony then tells Amanda that he loves her, and they get married.

Cast
 Fred Astaire as Tony Flagg
 Ginger Rogers as Amanda Cooper
 Ralph Bellamy as Stephen Arden
 Luella Gear as Aunt Cora
 Jack Carson as Thomas Connors
 Clarence Kolb as Judge Joe Travers
 Franklin Pangborn as Roland Hunter
 Walter Kingsford as Dr. Powers
 Kay Sutton as Miss Adams
 James Finlayson (uncredited) as Man on golf course

Cast notes
 Hattie McDaniel appears briefly as a maid named "Hattie"
 RKO borrowed Ralph Bellamy from Columbia Pictures for this film.

Production
Carefree was in production from 14 to 15 April 1938 (Astaire's golfing dance) and from 9 May to 21 July. Location filming was done at Busch Gardens in Pasadena, California, and at the Columbia Ranch.

The "I Used to Be Color Blind" number was planned to be a Technicolor sequence in an otherwise black-and-white film. The film as released is entirely black-and-white.

Astaire didn't like "mushy love scenes," and preferred that lovemaking between him and Rogers be confined to their dances. Because rumors sprang up that Astaire's wife wouldn't let him kiss onscreen, or that Rogers and Astaire didn't like each other, Astaire agreed to the long kiss at the end of "I Used to Be Color Blind", "to make up for all the kisses I had not given Ginger for all those years."

Besides the number "Let's Make the Most of Our Dream," another scene that was dropped from the released film was one where Astaire tries to analyze a scatter-brained patient, played by Grace Hayle.

The film was released on 2 September 1938. The previous Astaire-Rogers film, Shall We Dance, had been released in May 1937, and the 16-month gap between the films was the longest between Astaire-Rogers films to that date.

Songs
The songs in Carefree were all written by Irving Berlin, and except for "Change Partners," which he had written for Astaire and Rogers years before, he wrote them all over the course of a few days, while on vacation in Phoenix, Arizona. An army of uncredited orchestrators contributed to the catchy settings of the tunes, principally among them Broadway's Robert Russell Bennett and future MGM stalwart Conrad Salinger.

As usual, Astaire created the choreography, with the help of his principal collaborator Hermes Pan. In preparation for The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, the Astaire-Rogers film which was already scheduled to follow Carefree, the choreography for this film contains more lifts than usual.

 "Since They Turned 'Loch Lomond' into Swing" – Fred Astaire came up with the idea of hitting golf balls for this number, and spent two weeks rehearsing it. It was shot three weeks before the rest of the film, with Astaire performing to a piano track – the orchestrated arrangement was added later. Because of the difficulty of the action, the performance was pieced together from multiple takes, which was very unusual for Astaire, who preferred his dance numbers to be made from a minimum number of long takes.
 "I Used to Be Color Blind" – The dance for this number was shot at four times normal speed to create the slow-motion effect seen when the film is shown at normal speed.
 "The Night Is Filled With Music" (instrumental) – RKO had hired Ray Hendricks to sing this song, but it was dropped from the production and survived only as an instrumental.
 "The Yam" – Fred Astaire reportedly thought this song was silly, and refused to sing it, which is why Ginger Rogers sings it alone – although they do dance together after the vocal section. Nevertheless, Astaire recorded it and "The Yam Step" with Ray Noble and His Orchestra in 1938 with more lyrics than were used in the film recording. That release included a B-side with comedic dialogue and instruction on the steps of the dance.
 "Change Partners" – The only song from this film which had an afterlife, "Change Partners" was nominated for an Academy Award.

Reception

Critical
Carefree received generally mixed reviews when it was released, although the critic for the Motion Picture Herald, William R. Weaver, called it "the greatest Astaire-Rogers picture."

Box office
The film earned $1,113,000 in the US and Canada and $618,000 elsewhere, but according to RKO records still lost the studio $68,000. It was the first Astaire and Rogers films not to show a profit upon its original release.

Awards
Carefree was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Art Direction (Van Nest Polglase), Best Musical Scoring (Victor Baravalle) and Best Song "Change Partners",
written by Irving Berlin.

References

External links

 Fred & Ginger

1938 films
1938 musical films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Mark Sandrich
RKO Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Dudley Nichols
Psychotherapy in fiction
Films scored by Irving Berlin
American musical films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Carefree (film)


This is a list of medieval statutes and other laws issued under royal authority in the Kingdom of England before the development of Parliament.  These instruments are not considered to be Acts of Parliament, which can be found instead at the List of Acts of the Parliament of England.

11th century
Laws of William the Conqueror 1070–1087
One God to be revered throughout the whole realm; peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans
Oath of loyalty
Protection of the King's Peace
Frenchmen to pay "scot and lot"
Live cattle to be sold in cities
Defence of French allegations of offences
Hold the law of King Edward
Freeman's pledge and surety
Prohibition on the sale of any man by another outside the country
Forbidding killings and hangings
Writ concerning spiritual and temporal courts c. 1072
Writ concerning conduct of sheriffs c. 1077
Coronation Charter 1100
Freedom of the Church of God
Redemption of lands by just and lawful "relief"
Marriage
Dower
Common mintage
Pardon of Debts and Fees owing to the King's brother
Bequeathments of barons' properties
Forfeiture by barons or the King's men
Remission of all murder-fines incurred before the crowning of the King
Retention of forests
Relieving Knight's burden on their land
Peace to be kept in all the kingdom
Restoration of the law of King Edward
Return of lands belonging to the King

12th century
Charter concerning the holding of courts of shire and hundred 1108–1111
Charter on confirmation of laws c. 1135
Charter on liberties of church 1136
Charter describing the Treaty of Winchester 1153
Charter on confirmation of liberties 1154
Constitutions of Clarendon 1164
Writ of Henry II addressed to the bishops of England 1164
Assize of Clarendon 1166
Charter of Henry II granting Meath to Hugh of Lassy 1172
Assize of Northampton 1176
Assize of Arms 1181
Assize of the Forest 1184
Ordinance of the Saladin Tithe 1188

13th century
Magna Carta 1215
Magna Carta 1216
Magna Carta 1217
Charter of the Forest 1217
 Magna Carta 1225
 Charter of the Forest 1225
 Statute concerning the Jews 1233
 Statute of Jewry 1253
Royal ordinance on alienation by tenants-in-chief 1256
Proclamation of 18 October 1258
Assize of Bread and Ale 1267
Grant of custom on exported wool, woolfells and hides 1275
Statute of the Jewry 1275
Distraint of knighthood 1278
Statute of Mortmain 1279
Statute of Mortmain 1290

References

List of English statutes repealed in ireland (PDF format)

See also
 List of Acts of the Parliament of England

Statutes
Statutes
England
Statutes
Statutes

List of English statutes


The House of Beauvau was a noble family that originated from Anjou a region of France. The Beauvau du Rivau branch was rooted in Brittany. It produced two bishops of Nantes. The Craon (Prince of Craon) branch was established in Lorraine. This branch was intimate with the then reigning ducal family.

Brief history
Of knightly extraction, it has proofs of its nobility going back as far as 1265. The title of marquis of Beauvau was granted to the head of the family by Louis XIV in 1664. The family also had rights to the prestigious title of "cousin du Roi", reserved for a few families with an alliance with the royal house. Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679–1754) was entitled prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1722, and it was under this title that the family was admitted to the "honneurs de la Cour" in 1775.

Princes of Craon

The princely title of Prince of Craon was a title used by the Beauvau family using their status as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire which was gained in 1722. This was later fully recognised by Louis XV of France in 1755. The title was inherited by male offspring. It became extinct in 1982. These princes were sometimes but also known as the Prince of Beauvau.

 1722–1754: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679–1754), also a Grandee of Spain
 1754–1793: Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1720–1793), also Marshal of France
 1793–1849: Marc Étienne de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1773–1849) better known as the Prince of Beauvau.
 1849–1864: Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1793–1864)
 1864–1883: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1816–1883)
 1883–1942: Charles Louis de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1878–1942)
 1942–1982: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1921-1982) (1921–1982)

In Lorraine

The Beauvau family later enjoyed close relations with the then ducal family of Lorraine even going so far as to name one of their sons after a son of the Duke. They had a townhouse in Nancy, itself the capital of Lorraine. The townhouse was called the Hôtel de Craon. The family also had a residence in Paris named the Hôtel de Beauvau.

Other websites

Further information on the family

French nobility
House of Beauvau

Beauvau family


Salisbury is a city in Wiltshire, South West England. It is the only city in Wiltshire and is its second largest settlement.  It sits at the joining of five rivers: the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye, and Bourne, which are tributaries to the Hampshire Avon, which flows to the south coast and into the sea at Christchurch in Dorset.

To the north of Salisbury is an old settlement surrounded by mounds and ditches for protection. It is called Old Sarum. Today there are only a few ruined stone foundations. This was the original town that was first occupied about 5,000 years ago. Experts think it was built there because it was close to the River Avon for water and it was near major trackways across the country.

Salisbury Cathedral has a copy of the Magna Carta.

Salisbury has 45,000 people. Salisbury is about 15 kilometers (9.5 miles) from Stonehenge.

References

Salisbury


Rod may mean:
Rod (geometry), a straight and slender stick; a wand; a cylinder; hence, any slender bar
Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white)
Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the pole or perch
Rod (cryptozoology), observational artifacts produced by rapidly flying animals
Rod (god), a Slavic god
Rod (publisher), a music label from 1950s and 1960s Louisiana
Rods (Tarot Suit)
Railway Operating Division
Fishing rod
Lightning rod
Connecting rod, in an internal combustion engine
Divining rod, two rods believed by some to find water in a practice known as dowsing
Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment
Switch (rod), a piece of wood as used as a staff or for corporal punishment, or a bundle of such switches

Rod may also be:
Eubacterium with the shape of a rod
Penis (slang)
Gun (slang)

People with the given name Rod
Often as an abbreviation of such names as Roderick and Rodney:

Rod Stewart, rock musician
Rod Laver (born 1938), Australian former tennis player
Rod Steiger (1925–2002), American actor
Rod Flanders, a fictional character on The Simpsons
Rod From Avenue Q, a character in the stage musical Avenue Q
Rod Whittaker, a fictional camp character from the late 80's
Rod Serling, Creator of the 1960s show The Twilight Zone

People with the surname Rod
Edouard Rod, French-Swiss novelist, 1857-1910
Johnny Rod, American bass guitar player

Related pages
Hrod
Rob
Roth
Dowel
Hot rod, often also referred to as 'rod'
Rebar
Rood, an old English unit equal to quarter an acre
Stick, any long object
Structural steel
R.O.D., an acronym for the Read or Die anime

Basic English 850 words

Rod


Potassium iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO3. It has potassium and iodate ions in it.

Properties
Potassium iodate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium bromate and potassium chlorate. It reacts violently with many reducing agents.

Preparation
Potassium iodate is made by reacting iodic acid with potassium hydroxide or by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide. This second reaction makes the iodide and the iodate.

Uses
Potassium iodate is used to add iodine to salt. It is better than potassium iodide because it does not oxidize to iodine and evaporate like potassium iodide does. It is sometimes used in flour just like potassium bromate.

It is also used for radiation protection. A nuclear explosion can make radioactive iodine, which goes into the thyroid and can make cancer. Eating potassium iodate makes the thyroid full of nonradioactive iodine and prevents radioactive iodine from going in. It lasts longer than potassium iodide.

Related pages
Potassium periodate
Periodic acid
Hypoiodous acid

Potassium compounds
Iodine compounds

Potassium iodate


Cogumelo Records is a Brazilian independent record label that concentrates on heavy metal bands.

Cogumelo Records first began as a record store in Belo Horizonte in 1980 and in 1985 became a record label. The same year the label would release a split album by Overdose and Sepultura.

In 1986, they released Sepultura's first album, Morbid Visions.

Signed bands and previous artists
 Absolute Disgrace
 Akerbeltz
 Attomica
 Calvary Death
 Chakal
 Drowned
 Hammurabi
 Headhunter DC
 Holocausto
 Impurity
 Kamikaze
 Lethal Curse
 Lustful
 Mutilator
 Overdose
 Pathologic Noise
 Pato Fu
 Perpetual Dusk
 Sarcófago
 Scourge
 Sepultura
 Sextrash
 Siecrist
 Siegrid Ingrid
 Sociedade Armada
 Thespian
 Vulcano
 Witchhammer

External links

Brazilian record labels

Cogumelo Records


Polymerization or polymerisation is the process in which small molecules, called monomers, join chemically to produce a very large chain-like or network molecules, called a polymer. The monomer molecules may all be alike, or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a product that has certain unique physical properties—such as elasticity, high tensile strength, or the ability to form fibres—that differentiate polymers from substances composed of smaller and simpler molecules. Often, many thousands of monomer units are incorporated in a single molecule of a polymer. The formation of stable covalent chemical bonds between the monomers sets polymerization apart from other processes, such as crystallization, in which large numbers of molecules aggregate under the influence of weak intermolecular forces.
Alkene molecules can react with themselves, by adding polymerization to form 'plastic' or polymeric materials. When a catalyst (a substance that speeds up chemical processes) is added to the reaction, or it is heated under pressure, unsaturated alkenes link together, when the double bond partially breaks.

Uses of polymers: Polyethene- it is a cheap and useful plastic used for plastic bags and bottles, it is also very flexible and quite strong.

Polymer chemistry

Polymerization


Robert Wodehouse (died 1346) was a medieval English administrator.

He was probably born of common stock in Norwell Woodhouse, Nottinghamshire and found employment as a clerk in the office of the privy seal. In a forty-year career he held a succession of offices. He was cofferer and comptroller of the wardrobe (1309–1318), before being promoted a baron of the exchequer (until 1323). After another brief spell as comptroller (and Keeper of the Privy Seal) he was appointed in 1323 keeper of the wardrobe (until 1328).

He was then Treasurer (1329-1330), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1330–1331) and Treasurer again in 1338. In December 1338 he was dismissed by Edward III for unsatisfactory service, bringing his government career to an end. However, during his long career he had been well rewarded with a number of church benefices and in 1328 being appointed Archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire.

He died, probably at Stamford, early in 1346 and was buried in the choir of the church of the Augustinian friary in Stamford.

References

1346 deaths
People from Nottinghamshire
Chancellors of the Exchequer of England
Archdeacons of Richmond
Lord High Treasurers of England
Year of birth unknown

Robert Wodehouse


The Royal Armoury () is a museum in the Royal Palace in Stockholm, Sweden. It contains many artifacts of Swedish military history and Swedish royalty. It is the oldest museum in Sweden, established in 1628 by King Gustavus Adolphus when he decided that his clothes from his campaign in Poland should be preserved for posterity.

A drinking horn made from a horn of the last aurochs bull and taken by the Swedish army as war booty from Jaktorów, Poland, during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660) is part of the collection of the museum.

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in Stockholm

References

External links

Virtual tour of the Livrustkammaren provided by Google Arts & Culture

Museums in Stockholm
Military and war museums in Sweden
1628 establishments in Sweden
Armour collections

Livrustkammaren


The D.C. United Academy is a program for young soccer players that is run by D.C. United, a pro soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. The "Academy" trains these young soccer players to possibly one day play soccer either in a pro league or in college.

D.C. United's Academy has several different levels, including, a U-23 team, a U-18 team, a U-16 team and then "Pre-Academy" teams. Pre-Academy teams are for players who are not yet part of the Academy on a normal schedule.

The teams compete in the United States Soccer Federations' Development Academy league.

Other websites
D.C. United Academy

Soccer in the United States

D.C. United Academy


PT (Persero) Perusahaan Penerbangan Garuda Indonésia, disingget Garuda Indonésia, nyaéta salah sahiji parusahaan penerbangan nasional Indonesia. Ieu ngaran asalna tina dongeng manuk Garuda. Dina tradisi Vedic India, Garuda nu mawa Hindu pangeran Vishnu. Parusahaan ieu markasna di  Jakarta at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, nu ngalayanan tujuan utama di  Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali, Juanda International Airport, Surabaya, Polonia International Airport, Medan, jeung Sepinggan International Airport, Balikpapan.

kabéh sahamna dipibanda ku pamaréntah Indonésia tur mibanda  6,251 karyawan (dina 2005). Meunang bentang-3 ti Skytrax.

Sajarah

Garuda Indonésia had its beginnings in the Indonesian war of independence against the Dutch in the late 1940s, when Garuda flew special transports with Douglas DC-3 aircraft. January 26, 1949, is generally recognized as the airline's founding date, at which time the airline was known as "Garuda Indonesian Airways." The first plane was a DC-3 known as Seulawah (Acehnese: "Gold Mountain") and was purchased for a sum of 120,000 Malayan dollars, which was provided by the Acehnese péople (notably local merchants).  During the revolution, the airline supported Indonésian interests, such as carrying Indonésian léaders for diplomatic missions.

The government of Burma helped the airline significantly during the airline's beginnings.  Accordingly, upon Garuda's formal joint incorporation with KLM on March 31, 1950, the airline presented the Burmese government with a DC-3. By 1953, the airline had 46 planes, although by 1955 its Catalina fleet had been retired. In 1956, Garuda made its first pilgrim flight to the city of Mecca.

The 1960s were times of growth for the airline; the fleet in 1960 included eight Convair 240s, eight Convair 340s, and three Convair 440s. In 1961 and late 1965, three Convair 990 jet planes and three Lockheed L-188 Electra were introduced, and a route was opened to Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong. After concentrating on domestic and regional services, the first flights to Europe were added on September 28, 1963, to Amsterdam and Frankfurt. In 1965, flights to Europe were expanded to include Rome and Paris via Bombay and Cairo, with the exclusive use of Convair 990 aircraft. That yéar, flights to China started, with Garuda flying to Canton via Phnom Penh. Also in 1965, the jet age arrived for Garuda, with a Douglas DC-8 that flew to Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam.

The 1970s saw McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Fokker F28 jets introduced, and at one point Garuda owned 36 Fokker jets, making Garuda the world's largest operator of F28s at that time. In the 1980s, Garuda introduced Airbus equipment such as the Airbus A300 and the Airbus A300-600, as well as Boeing 737s, Boeing 747s, and McDonnell Douglas MD-11s.

The East Asian Economic Crisis of 1998 hit Indonésia and Garuda hard, resulting in severe cutbacks on unprofitable routes. Despite once having a comprehensive worldwide route network, Garuda currently operates no flights to Europe or North America. Largely due to historical links with the Netherlands, Garuda continued to operate flights to Amsterdam after the initial cutbacks, although these flights have since been discontinued. The situation was not helped by the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Bali bombings, the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, and the SARS scare, all of which contributed to a downturn in air travel and Indonésian tourism. However, the airline has recovered favorably from its economic problems and seems to be in good economic shape entering the middle 2000s.

In 2001, a low-cost airline subsidiary, CitiLink, was established to provide shuttle services between Indonésian cities.

Garuda may expand its route map again before the end of the decade,  possibly after the completion of Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan. This could include routes to major European hubs such as Paris, London, and Frankfurt. However, it is possible that to keep costs down and profitability up, Garuda may employ secondary airports such as London Gatwick. A Garuda representative for the Benelux confirmed in August 2006 that Garuda will resume its route to Amsterdam in May 2007.

In 2005, Garuda Indonésia carried 8,679,443 passengers , with a load factor of 68.73%.

Tujuan

Garuda Indonésia is a full-service airline, in contrast with the 'no frills' low-cost carrier. The class configuration is divided into first (on Boeing 747-400s), business, and economy class.

It currently operates flights to a total of 45 destinations (21 domestic, 24 international) throughout East and South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the Middle East. Garuda Indonesia also offers flights to 13 other international destinations through code-share agreements with China Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Korean Air, Gulf Air, Qatar Airways, Silkair, Vietnam Airlines, and Philippine Airlines. Taking these routes into account, Garuda Indonesia's route map extends to Western Europe.

A 24-hour call center is available for local customer access. The e-tickets system (paperless or electronic ticket) has been introduced on all domestic flights and flights to Singapore originating in Jakarta. This system computerizes ticketing method, in which a traditional paper ticket is no longer required.

Frequent flyer program
In 2005, Garuda Indonésia relaunched its frequent flyer program called Garuda Frequent Flyer (GFF) with a new look, new benefits, and new services. The new program allows members to éarn miles on domestic and international flights and has four tiers of membership covering Blue, Silver, Gold, and Platinum benefit levels. New services for GFF members include a new website at http://gff.garuda-indonesia.com, including an on-line miléage calculator for
éarning and redemption, on-line miléage balance, on-line personal profile management, and downloadable forms.

Nomor penerbangan
The flight numbers of Garuda Indonésia are classified as follows:
 GA010-099: Citilink
 GA100-699: domestic flights (within the territory of Indonesia)
 GA677: Taipei - Jakarta codeshare (China Airlines)
 GA678: Jakarta - Taipei codeshare (China Airlines)
 GA687: Taipei - Denpasar codeshare (China Airlines)
 GA688: Denpasar - Taipei codeshare (China Airlines)
 GA700-799: Australia and New Zealand (Flights to New Zéaland were suspended in 2006)
 GA800-899: Asia (except Indonésia and Middle éast)
 GA900-999: codeshares, Europe and Middle East

Armada
The Garuda Indonésia fleet includes the following aircraft (March 2007)   :

 6 Airbus A330-300 (plus 3 on order)
 17 Boeing 737-300
 17 Boeing 737-400 (+ one that just crashed, GA200)
 5 Boeing 737-500
 2 Boeing 737-800
 3 Boeing 747-400
 On order: 18 Boeing 737
 On order: 6 Boeing 777-200ER
 On order: 10 Boeing 787-9

Previously operated:
 Airbus A300 B4-220, -600
 Airbus A330-200
 Boeing 747-100, -200 and -300
 Boeing 767-300ER
 Convair 990
 Douglas DC-3
 Douglas DC-8
 Fokker F28
 McDonnell Douglas DC-9
 McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
 McDonnell Douglas MD-11/ER

Kacilakaan jeung kajadian
Saatos kacilakaan nu pertama di 1950, Garuda Indonésia tos ngalami 14 kacilakaan fatal sareng 1 pembajakan.
 Garuda Indonésia Flight 206, a DC 9 aircraft was hijacked on 28 March 1981. This was the first serious Indonésian airline hijacking, since the first case was a desperate Marine hijacker who was killed by the pilot himself. The hijackers, a group called Commando Jihad, hijacked the DC 9 "Woyla", onroute from Palembang to Medan, and ordered the pilot to fly the plane to Colombo, Sri Lanka. But since the plane didn't have enough fuel, it refueled in Penang, Malaysia and then to Don Muang, Thailand. The hijackers demanded the reléase of Commando Jihad members imprisoned in Indonesia, and US $ 1.5 million, as well as a plane to take those prisoners to an unspecified destination. The Kopassus commandos who took part in this mission trained for only three days with totally unfamiliar wéapons, brilliantly executed this fast-paced operation. One of the Kopassus commandos was shot by the hijacker léader, who then shot himself. All the other hijackers were killed. All the hostages were saved.
 Garuda Indonésia Flight 865, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 departing Fukuoka, Japan, on June 13, 1996, overran the runway after aborting the takéoff well above rotation speed. The number-3 engine fuel line was severed, resulting in a massive fire and the total destruction of the aircraft. Three of the 275 péople on board were killed.
 Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, an Airbus A300 aircraft flying direct from Jakarta, crashed in Sibolangit, 18 miles short of Medan airport in low visibility on September 26, 1997. All 222 passengers and 12 crews were killed.
 Garuda Indonésia Flight 421 was a Boeing 737-300 traveling from Lombok to Yogyakarta on January 16, 2002, which was forced to maké an emergency landing in poor wéather on the Bengawan Solo River. One person, a stewardess, was killed in the accident; 59 other passengers and crew survived.
 Garuda Indonésia Flight 238, a Boeing 737-500 régistered PK-GGD bound for Semarang on February 1, 2007 collided with a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747-300, régistered TF-ATJ when doing pushback at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. None of the 96 passengers were injured.
 Garuda Indonesia Flight 200, salah sahiji kapal Boeing 737-400 (registration PK-GZC) ngapung ti Jakarta, kacilakaan tur kahuruan basa "mendarat" di  Adisucipto International Airport, Yogyakarta jam 07.00 WIB 7 Maret, 2007.  Sakurangna 22 urang tiwas.

Tempo ogé
 Daptar perusahaan penerbangan
 Transportasi di Indonésia
 Daptar bandara di Indonésia
 Flag carrier

Rujukan

Tumbu kaluar

 Garuda Indonesia
 Garuda Indonesia UK
 Garuda Indonesia Japan
 Garuda Indonesia Fleet Age
 Garuda Indonesia Passenger Opinions
 Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 crashes 7 march 2007

Perusahaan penerbangan Indonésia
Perusahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1949
Worldperks

Garuda Indonesia


The naitional banner o Oman () consists o three stripes (white, green an reid) wi a reid bar on the left that contains the naitional emblem o Oman.  The white staunds for peace an prosperity, the green for fertility an the Green Muntains, an the reid for battles against foreign invaders.  The reid is an aa the colour o the umwhile banner o the naition when it wis kent simply as the Sultanate o Muscat an Oman.

Till 1970, Oman uised the plain reid banner o the indigenous fowk. (It remains the banner o the Sultanate o Muscat.) In 1970, the Sultan introduced a complete new set o naitional banners. Baunds o green an white wur addit tae the flee, an the naitional emblem, the badge o the Albusaidi Dynasty, wis placed in the canton. This depicts crossed swords ower a khanjar, a traditional curved dagger. White haes been associatit historically wi the Imam, the releegious leader o Oman an at times the poleetical rival tae the rulin Sultan. It an aa seembolizes peace. Green is tradeetionally associatit wi the Jebel al Akhdar, or "Green Muntains," which lie toward the north o the kintra. Red is a common colour in Gulf state banners. The naitional emblem is said tae date back tae the 18t century. A curved dagger is fastened ower a pair o crossed swords. An ornate horsebit links the wappens.

Atween 1970 an 1995, the size o the middle baund o the triband wis slimmer than the ither twa, makin up approximately ane fift o its heicht, the ither baunds twa-fifts.

The naval ensign shows an azure (blue) field, wi the banner o Oman in the canton or tap-left quarter an the naval service emblem in the flee.

The staundart o the Sultan o Oman shows a reid flee, wi a green mairch whose width is aboot ane-saxt o the heicht o the banner, surroondit bi a reid mairch o aboot the same width. It bears the kintra's emblem as a chairge in the center, coloured gowd.

Gallery

Freemit airtins

Naitional seembols o Oman
Oman

Banner o Oman


The Hallstatt culture is named after Hallstatt, a city in Austria in which the first artifacts were found. It lasted from about 1200 BC to about 275 BC.

There were different periods that are now told apart mainly by the kinds of brooches used. The brooches changed rather rapidly and permit a good estimate. Hallstatt culture sites have been found in the east of France, in Switzerland, in the south of Germany, in Austria, in Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia.

In this time, the social structure developed into a hierarchy. That can be documented by various things that were added to graves, such as at Magdalenenberg. In the Bronze Age, people lived in big settlements. As iron became available, trade routes changed. A new upper class could establish itself. Unlike before, the upper class liked to live in big houses in the countryside to show their power.

Funerary cults also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with sarcophagi. The new upper class used its wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean. People started settling there around the 2nd millennium BC.

Other websites
Hallstatt culture: the real thing.

13th century BC
Archaeological sites in Europe
Austrian culture
3rd century BC

Hallstatt culture


JWPce is a simple Japanese-language text editor that runs on the Windows 95, ME, 2000, XP, NT, and CE platforms. It is designed for non-native speakers of Japanese who want to produce Japanese-language documents.  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, JWPce is free software.

Features
The default installation has English-language menus. Language packs for other languages are available and JWPce is designed to make adding further language packs straightforward.

JWPce offers many facilities that are useful to students of Japanese such as detailed kanji information (using KANJIDIC), a built-in Japanese dictionary (using EDICT and similar dictionary files) and various kanji lookup methods. It allows users to translate both to and from Japanese, using either kanji or kana. JWPce can look up kanji by stroke number and by identifying any number of radicals contained within the kanji. Therefore, if you can recognize two or more radicals within the kanji, you can search for all kanji containing all of these radicals. It also contains nine kanji lookup systems.

JWPce supports multiple file encodings and also supports Unicode both in files and on the clipboard. It does not provide facilities for vertical text, nor does it provide facilities to specify different fonts within a document. However, JWPce does allow the user to customize the fonts used to display text in the various parts of the editor. JWPce can also display kanji in a list you generate in a different color so that it colors either the kanji that the user does not know or that the user does know.

When importing from the clipboard, JWPce can detect the clipboard format automatically. That makes reading Japanese web pages much easier. JWPce also has the ability to provide a large amount of information on any kanji character, including meanings, on-yomi, kun-yomi, etc.

A key feature of JWPce is that it runs smoothly on Windows CE and Pocket PC platforms. This allows learners of Japanese to use a PDA as an electronic Japanese dictionary. The version for MS Windows on standard PCs also runs well under Wine in Unix-like environments. In case of problems with the compiled jwpce.exe, a special download for Wine is also available.

See also

Notes

External links
 Jim Breen's list of Japanese software
 JWPce - Japanese Text Editor and Dictionary (Download available 2016-05-11)

Free word processors
Japanese language learning resources

JWPce


A greenhouse (also called a glass-house or hothouse) is a building where plants such as flowers and vegetables are grown. It usually has a glass or translucent plastic roof. Many greenhouses also have glass or plastic walls. Greenhouses warm up during the day via penetration of the sun's rays which heat the plants, soil and structure. This heat is given up gradually throughout the night.

Types of greenhouses
Greenhouses come in many shapes and sizes, with different functions. Some people have small greenhouses in their backyard, or as a lean-to attached to their home, called mini greenhouses, or tomato houses. They want to start off their seeds and seedlings in a protected environment as well as those growing plants that need warmer conditions. Others, wishing to extend their living space, have house extensions in the form of mini-conservatories. Commercial companies usually have larger greenhouses for horticultural purposes, but have more substantial structures for plant displays where the public is admitted. For the same reason, botanic gardens usually have a high proportion of greenhouses with substantial structures.

Role of greenhouses
Many vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, when it is still too cold to grow plants outside. Then these plants move into the soil outside as the weather warms up. Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as Canada. The largest group of greenhouses in the world is in Leamington, Ontario (in Canada), where about 200 acres (0.8 km²) of tomatoes are grown in glass greenhouses.

Gardening in greenhouses

Gardening and growing plants in greenhouses is different from growing plants outside as no rain can get inside a greenhouse, so gardeners have to water plants. Also, greenhouses can get very hot from the sun's heat, so gardeners have to make sure that it does not get too hot for the plants. Greenhouses usually have vents that can be opened to let excess heat out. Some greenhouses have electric exhaust fans that automatically turn on if it gets too hot in the greenhouse. A greenhouse is the place for tender plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and aubergines.

History
Roman gardeners grew cucumbers in frames covered with oiled cloth or with sheets of mica. In the 1500s, Italian gardeners built structures for the tropical plants that explorers brought back to Italy. Jules Charles built the first modern greenhouse in Holland. In the 1800s, large greenhouses were built in England. The greenhouse concept also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century

References

Further reading
 Woods, May (1988) Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories. Aurum Press, London, .
Mini Greenhouse nhà kính mini

Gardening
Agricultural buildings

Greenhouse


A genius is a person who is exceptionally intelligent.  People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a "genius".  A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.

Albert Einstein is perhaps the world's most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good.  Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects.  Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.

Genius is not quite the same as talent.  Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly.  A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.

Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives.  However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities.  They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.

Intelligence

Genius


In the United States, the Provost is the chief academic officer of a college or university.  Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with issues about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school.  In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or  university.

Colleges and universities

Provost