Paulus Hector Mair (1517–1579) was a German civil servant fencing master from Augsburg. He collected Fechtbücher and undertook to compile all knowledge of the art of fencing in a compendium surpassing all earlier books. For this, he engaged the painter Jörg Breu the Younger, as well as two experienced fencers, whom he charged with perfecting the techniques before they were painted. The project was very costly, taking a full four years, and according to Mair, consumed most of his family's income and property. Three versions of his compilation, and one later, less extensive manuscript, have been preserved.

Not only did Mair spend huge sums on his collections and on his projects, he also had a very expensive lifestyle, frequently hosting receptions for the more important burghers of Augsburg. His own income was not sufficient for this, and during many years, he misappropriated funds from the city treasury, with the supervision of which he had been entrusted since 1541. His embezzlements were discovered in 1579, and Mair was hanged as a thief at the age of 62.

Martial arts compendium

Mair compiled a voluminous, encyclopedic compendium of the martial arts of his time, collected in 16 books in two volumes. The compendium survives in three manuscript copies. The subject matter treated is:

Volume 1:
A. German longsword
B. Dussack (backsword)
C. Staff
D. Pike
E. Halberd
F. Fighting with the scythe
G. Fighting with the sickle
H. Unarmed combat (wrestling)
Volume 2:
I. Dagger
K. Spanish rapier
L. Battle axe
M. Joust, mounted combat for sport
N. Tournament history and rules
O. Judicial combat
P. Mounted combat, serious (self-defense)
Q. Fencing in plate armour (shield, spear, longsword)

Manuscripts
three copies of the compendium, in two volumes each:
 German version: Saxon State and University Library, Dresden, Mscr. Dresd. C 93/94, after 1542, two volumes, 244+328 folia.
 online facsimile: Digital Collections of the SLUB Dresden
Latin version: Bavarian state library, München cod. icon 393, after 1542, two volumes, 309+303 folia. This is the most luxurious production of Mair's, and he sold it to duke Albert V. of Bavaria, allegedly for the enormous sum of 800 fl., in 1567 (
online facsimiles: De arte athletica Tome I,  De arte athletica Tome II,   daten.digitale-sammlungen.de
bilingual Latin-German version: Austrian national library, Vienna, Codex Vindobensis 10825/26 after 1542, two volumes, 270+343 folia.
online facsimiles: microfilm scans (thearma.org)
Jörg Breu Sketchbook (Cod.I.6.2°.4), Augsburg city archive, Schätze B2 Reichsstadt, 1553, 110 folia, illustrated by  Heinrich Vogtherr, based material acquired from  Anthon Rast of Nürnberg (d. 1549).
online facsimile: media.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de, gesellschaft-lichtenawers.eu

Literature
Knight, David James and Brian Hunt. Polearms of Paulus Hector Mair.  Paladin Press, 2008.  .

See also
Historical European Martial Arts
German school of swordsmanship

External links

transcription of the longsword treatise (Vienna version) (Anton Kohutovič 2009, gesellschaft-lichtenawers.eu)
Paulus Hector Mair's entry on wiktenauer.com
English translation of Mair's preface (freywild.ch)

1517 births
1579 deaths
German historical fencers
German civil servants
People executed by hanging
Sportspeople from Augsburg
Executed people from Bavaria
People executed for theft
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
Criminals from Bavaria
16th-century executions in the Holy Roman Empire

Paulus Hector Mair


Michael Francklin or Franklin (6 December 1733 – 8 November 1782) served as Nova Scotia's Lieutenant Governor from 1766 to 1772. He is buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Church (Halifax).

Early life and immigration
Born in Poole, England, Francklin immigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1752. He worked as a trader and merchant, initially in association with Joshua Maugher.

Capture
During Father Le Loutre's War, Michael Francklin was captured by a Mi'kmaw raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months in which he learned the Mi'kmaw language and developed an appreciation for native culture.

Political career

Francklin represented Lunenburg County from 1759 to 1760 and Halifax County from 1761 to 1762 in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.

On February 7, 1762, Francklin married Susannah Boutineau. In May of that year, he was named to the Nova Scotia Council.

In the early 1770s, he was responsible for bringing about the Yorkshire Emigration. He also played an important role in assisting the return of Acadians after the Expulsion of the Acadians by guaranteeing Catholic worship, land grants and a promise that there would be no second expulsion.

He established the Shubenacadie reserve in 1779.

Death
He died at home in Halifax in 1782.  Many Mi'kmaq attended his funeral at St. Paul's Church (Halifax).

Legacy
namesake of Fort Franklin, Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia (1768)
 namesake of Mi'kmaq reserve Franklin Manor 22, Nova Scotia

See also
Captivity Narratives - Nova Scotia

References
Endnotes

Texts
James S. Macdonald, "Lt. Governor Michael Francklin, 1752-1782"  Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society; (40 pp.) vol. 16 (1912)
  W. B. Kerr, "The Rise of Michael Francklin" (7 pp.) The Dalhousie Review, Vol. 13 (1934), No. 4.

External links
 Biography of Michael Francklin
 Memoir of Michael Franklin Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society

1733 births
1782 deaths
Governors of the Colony of Nova Scotia
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
People from Poole
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Captives of Native Canadians
People of Father Le Loutre's War

Michael Francklin


Hirmis Aboona (c.1940April 19, 2009) was an Assyrian historian who was known for his publications concerning the history of the Assyrians in northern Iraq.

Biography
Hirmis Aboona was born in 1940 in Alqosh to Mushe Aboona and Meryam Asmar. After finishing his elementary school in his home town, his family moved to Baghdad in 1952, there he graduated from the law faculty at the University of Baghdad in 1963.
He worked at a number of governmental institutions in Baghdad and married Nani Isa Rashshoo where they had 4 children together.
He moved with his family to London in 1982 where he pursued higher education at the University of Exeter obtaining his history Ph.D. for his thesis The Assyrian independent tribes in Tyari and Hakkari and their relationship with the Kurds and Turks.

In 1988 Aboona and his family emigrated to Toronto, Ontario, Canada where he resided until his death due to a heart attack on 19 April 2009.

Works
Hirmis Aboona dedicated a number of years writing his Book of 12 volumes The Assyrian After the Fall of Nineveh. He also participated in a number of Assyrian conferences in North America, Europe and Australia. He also lectured at a number of Universities including the University of Sydney, University of Cambridge, as well as various universities in Syria and Lebanon.

The Assyrians After the Fall of Nineveh
His most renowned work covers the political and religious history of the Assyrian people from the Fall of Nineveh in 612 BC until the beginning of the 21st century. The book is written in 12 volumes some of which are not published. These volumes are:

I. From the Fall of Nineveh to the Arrival of Christianity
II. The Assyrians and Christianity
III. The Assyrians During the Arab Islamic Rule
IV. Part 1 - The Assyrians Under the Mongol Rule
Part 2 - The History of the Kurdish Settlement in Assyria
V. Independent Assyrian Tribes in Tiyare and Hakkari and the Surrounding Assyrian Regions
VI. The Massacres of Bedr Khan Beg in Tiyare and Hakkari 1843-1846
VII. Persecution of the Assyrians, Chaldeans and Syriacs in the 19th Century
VIII. Uncovered Pages in the History of the Chaldean Church
IX. Assyrians Before and After WWI
X. Assyrians and the Mosul Problem
XI. Assyrians, Chaldeans and Syriacs, "One Nation with Multiple Names"
XII. Assyrians and the Contemporary Political Movement

References

1940s births
2009 deaths
Canadian people of Assyrian descent
Assyrian Iraqi writers
People from Alqosh
20th-century Canadian historians
University of Baghdad alumni
Alumni of the University of Exeter

Hirmis Aboona


Dominic Savio (April 2, 1842 – March 9, 1857) is a Roman Catholic saint.

Early years
Dominic Savio was born on 2 April 1842 in Riva di Chier, Turin, Italy. He was the second child out of eleven born to Charles Savio and his wife Brigid. His father was a blacksmith and his mother was a seamstress. Dominic became an altar server at age five. When Dominic received his first Holy Communion, he wrote rules that he would always tried to follow.
Those rules were:
I will go to confession and Communion often.
I will keep holy the feast days.
Jesus and Mary will be my best friends.
I will rather die than commit a sin.
From then on, Dominic lived by his motto, "Death, but not sin!"

Later years
At the age of twelve Dominic met John Bosco. Dominic told him that he wished to be a priest.  At the age of fourteen years old, he started at the Don Bosco School. Dominic was kind and friendly to all the students. Dominic had a great enthusiasm for the Eucharist. At school Dominic organised a club called the Company of the Immaculate Conception. They would do jobs around the school such as sweeping the floor and helping other boys who were misbehaving at school. At the age of only 14, Dominic died from an illness. He died on 9 March 1857

Years as a saint
St Dominic Savio was canonised in on June 12, 1954. He is the saint for young boys and the falsely accused. His feast day is March 9,  the day of his death. Dominic was canonised by Pope Pius XII.

References

1842 births
1857 deaths
Christian saints

St. Dominic Savio


The Castle of Canossa is a castle in Canossa, province of Reggio Emilia, northern Italy.

It is especially known as the seat of the Walk to Canossa, the meeting of Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy (1077).

History
The castle was built around 940 by Adalbert Atto Conte of Beggia and Mantura, son of Sigifredo of Lucca, a Lombard nobleman, on the summit of a rocky hill. Apart from Adalberto's residence, it included a convent with 12 Benedictine monks and the church of Sant'Apollonio. It was protected by a triple line of walls; between the two lower lines were the barracks and the residence of the servants.

During the Middle Ages, it was one of the most impregnable castles in Italy. Here in 950 Adelaide of Italy, the widow of King Lothair II, took refuge; Berengar II of Ivrea besieged her for three years, but in vain.

The next most relevant episode is the famous reconciliation between Henry IV and Gregory VII, who was a friend of Matilda of Tuscany, who had inherited the castle, the centre of an impressive chain of watch towers and castles. Matilda established that her lands would be assigned to the Church after her death (1115), but her heirs did not accept it.

In 1255 the men of Reggio destroyed the castle and the church. Later it was returned to the Canossa family. After the death of Giberto da Correggio in 1321, it was again a possession of Reggio until 1402, when Simone, Guido and Alberto Canossa gained it back; in 1409, however, they ceded it to the House of Este, who (apart a short period under Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma in 1557) held it until 1796.

In 1502 Ercole I d'Este named the poet Ludovico Ariosto castellan. He resided here for six months. In 1593 Canossa was assigned as fief to the Counts Rondinelli. In 1642 Duke Francesco I entrusted it to the Valentini. The latter were ousted in 1796 by the rebellious local population, who joined the Republic of Reggio.

After being returned to the Valentini, in 1878 the Castle was acquired by the Italian State, and was declared a national monument.

External links

matildedicanossa.it

Buildings and structures in the Province of Reggio Emilia
Castles in Emilia-Romagna
Este residences
Matilda of Tuscany

Canossa Castle


The Australian Pound was the money of Australia from 1910 until 1966. It was made up of 20 shillings, with each shilling made out of 12 pence. In 1966, the basic unit of currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar which had 100 cents to each dollar. 1 pound became 2 dollars, 1 shilling became 10 cents and 1 penny became 1 cent.

Coins
British coins were used until 1910, when Australian silver coins started to be made and used. There were florins, shillings, sixpences and threepences. They had a picture of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom on one side. Australian pennies and half-pennies started to be used the next year. In 1931 gold sovereigns, which had also been used before 1910, stopped being made in Australia. A crown (five shilling) coin was made for use between 1937 and 1938. People did not like them very much so you would not have seen them often after 1940.
By 1966, the coins being used were half pennies, pennies, threepences, sixpences, shillings and florins.

Banknotes
In the early 1800s, some banks printed their own paper money in Australia. The Queensland government and the New South Wales government also made paper money to be used in their states.

The first paper money to be used all over Australia were made by fifteen banks and the Queensland government made between 1910 and 1914. There were 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Pound banknotes. They had "Australian Note" printed on them. None of the 100 pound notes are known to still exist.

In 1913 the first money to be printed and used by the Australian government were 10 shillings, 1 pound, 5 pounds and 10 pounds. In 1914 20 pounds, 50 pounds, 100 pounds and 1000 pounds were also printed. The 1000 pounds note was such a high value banknote that you could only use them in banks.

In the middle of the 1920s a new 10 shilling banknote (saying "Half Sovereign"), and smaller 1, 5 and 10 pound notes were made. They all had King George V of the United Kingdom on the front.

A new design was printed in 1933 with King George V, also in 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 10 pounds. The notes were changed to have King George VI of the United Kingdom in 1938.

New notes in 1954 came when Queen Elizabeth II became Queen. There were 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 10 pound notes with images of Matthew Flinders on the 10 shilling note, Queen Elizabeth II on the 1 pound note, John Franklin on the 5 pound note and Arthur Phillip on the 10 pound note.

Former currencies
Currency of Australia
1910 establishments
1910s establishments in Australia
1966 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in Australia
Pound (currency)

Australian pound


Real-time computing is a field of Computer science. The idea is to design systems that have a real-time constraint.  Real time systems will guarantee to give a result within a specified time. There are two kinds of real-time systems:

Hard real-time systems: After the delay has passed the result is totally useless (and considered to be an error). No matter what happens, hard-real time systems deliver the result in the specified time. Real world examples are the controller for the airbag in a car. The reaction time of an airbag system is around 1 ms. Another example for a hard real-time system is the Anti-lock braking system in a car. If it does not react fast enough, an accident will occur. People might die because the result was not there fast enough.

Soft real-time systems: On average, these systems work fast enough to make it feel like real-time. A videoconferencing system has microseconds to record sound and video, to send them to the other party, and to process the incoming data. If at one time, this cannot be done, the video will be blurred, and the sound may be out of sync for a few moments. This is however not a catastrophe, and the system can continue to work.

Computer science

Real-time computing


Edward I (17 June 1239–7 July 1307), also Longshanks (meaning 'long legs') and the Hammer of the Scots, was a Plantagenet King of England. He became king on 21 November 1272, until his death in 1307. His mother was Queen Eleanor of Provence and his father was King Henry III of England. As a younger man, Edward fought against Simon de Montfort in defence of his father's crown. He went on a Crusade, and his father died as Edward was on his way back. As a ruler, he improved the laws and made Parliament regular, and more important. He conquered Wales, and subdued the Welsh by brutal policies. He was determined to control Scotland through puppet kings and just managed to do it during his lifetime. He expelled the Jewish people from England.

Young Edward
Edward was born at Westminster in June 1239 to the English King Henry III and his wife, the French noblewoman and English Queen Eleanor of Provence. The baby Edward and was named after an earlier king, Edward the Confessor, who happened to be a personal hero of his father King Henry The boy Edward would have a good education, being taught in Latin and French which were the most used languages in Europe at the time.

In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward's father to arrange a marriage between his 15-year-old son and the 13 year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.

Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in Castile. As part of the marriage agreement, the young prince got grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year. Though the endowments King Henry made were sizable, they offered Edward little independence. He had received Gascony as early as 1249, but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, as royal lieutenant, drew the income. In practice, Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province. The grant he received in 1254 included most of Ireland, and much land in Wales and England, including the earldom of Chester, but the king kept control over the land, particularly in Ireland, so Edward's power was limited there as well, and the king got most of the income from those lands.

Civil war
The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the king. The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester, which Edward, now a young man who could participate in battles, managed to retake from the enemy. When Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the rebels, Edward negotiated a truce with the earl, the terms of which he later broke. Edward then captured Northampton from de Montfort's son, also Simon. The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of de Montfort's forces. Unwisely, however, he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated. By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as prisoners to de Montfort.

Edward remained in captivity until March, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance. Meanwhile, de Montfort used his victory to set up a de facto government. He even summoned the Parliament of 1265, known as de Montfort's Parliament.

Then, on 28 May 1265, Edward managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the king's side. Montfort's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with relatively little effort. Meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon.

Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester.

The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons' War the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265. Montfort stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field.

The war did not end with Montfort's death, and Edward continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire. In March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports. A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth. In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came an agreement. Edward, however, was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars; at this point his main focus was on planning his upcoming crusade.

Crusade and accession

Edward took the crusader's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain. Among others who committed themselves to the Ninth Crusade were some of Edward's former adversaries. There was great difficulty raising funds for the expedition.

Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but before they could do this, several disasters happened to the French. The French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, took the life of King Louis himself in 1270 By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir, and there was little else to do but return to Sicily. The crusade was postponed until next spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded Charles of Anjou and Louis's successor Philip III from any further campaigning.

Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre. By then, the situation in the Holy Land was a precarious one. Jerusalem had fallen in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Christian area. The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were now threatening Acre itself. An embassy to the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which helped to distract Baibar's forces.

In November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but both the Mongol invasion and the attack on Qaqun failed. Things now seemed increasingly desperate. Finally, an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning. Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and became severely weakened over the following months.

It was not until 24 September that Edward left Acre. Arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November. Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards. The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king at his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary. In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell. The new king embarked on an overland journey through Italy and France, where among other things he visited the pope in Rome and suppressed a rebellion in Gascony. Only on 2 August 1274 did he return to England, and was crowned on 19 August.

King Edward
Edward's reign had two main phases. The first phase was administration of a now peaceful country. The second phase was warfare against Wales and Scotland.

Administration

His first concern was to restore order and re-establish royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father. To do this, he changed the administrators. He appointed Robert Burnell as chancellor, who held the post until his death in 1292. Edward then replaced most local officials, such as the sheriffs. This was done to prepare for an inquiry which would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers. Laws were made to define rights about ownership of land, recovery of debts, trade and local peacekeeping.

Parliament
Edward reformed English Parliament and made it a source for generating revenue. Edward held Parliament regularly in his reign. In 1295 a significant change occurred. For this Parliament, in addition to the  lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned. Before, the commons had been expected simply to assent (say 'yes') to decisions already made by the rulers. Now they would meet with the full authority (plena potestas) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament. The king now had full backing for collecting 'lay subsidies' from the entire population. Lay subsidies were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen. Historians have called this the "Model Parliament".

War in Wales
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd  was the main Welsh leader. He refused to do homage to Edward, and married Eleanor, the daughter of Simon de Montfort. In November 1276, war was declared. Initial operations were launched under the command of Mortimer, Edmund Crouchback (Edward's brother) and the Earl of Warwick.  Support for Llywelyn was weak amongst the Welsh.

In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500 of whom 9,000 were Welshmen. The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender. By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, but he was allowed to keep the title of Prince of Wales.

When war broke out again in 1282, it was entirely different. For the Welsh, this war was over national freedom. It had wide support, especially after attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects. For Edward, it became a war of conquest. The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd (Llywelyn's younger brother), who was annoyed with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277. Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success. The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, however, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. The English conquest was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor next autumn.

Further rebellions occurred in 1287–8 and in 1294. In both cases the rebellions were put down. By the 1284 law called the Statute of Rhuddlan, Wales was incorporated into England and was given an governing system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs.

English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own laws in some cases of property disputes. After 1277, and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a full-scale project of English settlement of Wales. He created new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth, and Rhuddlan.

Edward started a big program of building castles, to keep the Welsh under control. His castles started the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern influences. Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design.

In 1284, King Edward's son Edward the later Edward II was born at Caernarfon Castle. In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales.

Wars with Scotland
Scotland and England were at peace in the 1280s. Alexander III of Scotland and Edward had an understanding whereby Alexander held land in England. This gave him the excuse to acknowledge Edward as his lord, and left ambiguous whether or not this applied to Scotland as well.

The heir to the throne was his infant granddaughter Margaret. Unfortunately, Alexander died in 1286, followed by Margaret in 1290. This left Scotland without a king, which started all the problems.

Struggle for the crown of Scotland
There were fourteen claimants; John Balliol and Robert de Brus (the grandfather of the famous Robert the Bruce) had the best cases. The competitors agreed to hand over the realm to Edward until a decision was made. John Balliol was chosen in 1292.

Edward continued to push his claim as overlord of Scotland. He interferred in some of the legal affairs of Scotland, and insisted the Scots provided military service in his army. This caused the Scots to make an alliance with France. They then attacked Carlisle.

Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick in a particularly bloody attack. At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed. Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone– and brought it to Westminster, deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country. The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would only be temporary.

William Wallace
Although the Scottish conflict seemed settled in 1296, it was started again by William Wallace, who came from one of the notable families. Wallace was a warlord rather than a politician, and soon started a rebellion. He defeated a large English force at Stirling Bridge in 1297 while Edward was in Flanders. In 1298 Edward defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk. After that the Scots avoided open battle in favour of raiding England with small groups.

Edward's next move was political: in 1303 a peace agreement was made between England and France, breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance. Robert de Brus and most of the other nobles pledged allegiance to Edward. Wallace was betrayed and handed to the English. He was publicly executed.

The situation changed again, in 1306, when de Brus murdered his rival John Comyn and had himself crowned King of Scotland by Isobel, sister of the Earl of Buchan. Edward, in ill health, sent armies north under other commanders. Brus was beaten at the Battle of Methven in June 1306. After the battle, Edward followed with brutal suppression of the allies of de Brus. In response this fueled more rebellions. This conflict was still in progress in 1307 when Edward, now an elderly man, led his final campaign into Scotland before dying at the border city of Burgh-by-sands at age 68, leading to the succession of the Prince of Wales as Edward II of England.

Issue

Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290. Unusual for arranged marriages, the couple actually loved each other. Edward was deeply affected by her death. He erected twelve Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège (procession) stopped for the night. As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry the French princess Margaret. The marriage took place in 1299.

Edward and Eleanor had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one boy did the same– his son and heir Edward, Prince of Wales.

Edward was concerned with his son's failure to live up to expectations, and at one point exiled the prince's favourite Piers Gaveston. Edward may have known his son was bisexual but he did not throw Gaveston from the castle battlements as shown in Braveheart.

Notes

References

Other websites

1239 births
1307 deaths
House of Plantagenet
13th century in England
14th century in England

Edward I of England


Immunosuppressant drugs are simply drugs which suppress the immune system. In other words, they reduce the effect of the tiny germs that protect your body from dangerous germs. This makes the body open to disease but it is useful in other ways:

When someone receives an organ transplant, the body thinks the new organ is dangerous and tries to get rid of it. This is called organ rejection. If immunosuppressant drugs are taken the body usually accepts the new organ.

Drugs

Immunosuppressant drugs


William Broderick Crawford (December 9, 1911 – April 26, 1986) was an American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Willie Stark in the film All the King's Men (1949), which earned him an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Often cast in tough-guy roles, he later achieved recognition for his starring role as Dan Mathews in the crime television series Highway Patrol (1955–1959).

Early life
Crawford was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Lester Crawford ( Lester Crawford Pendergast) and Helen Broderick, who were both vaudeville performers, as his grandparents had been. Lester appeared in films in the 1920s and 1930s. Helen Broderick had a career in Hollywood comedies, including memorable appearances in the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musicals Top Hat and Swing Time.

Young William joined his parents on the stage, working for producer Max Gordon. After graduating from preparatory high school Dean Academy (now Dean College) in Franklin, Massachusetts, Crawford was accepted by Harvard College where he enrolled. However, after only three weeks at Harvard he dropped out to work as a stevedore on the New York docks.

Acting career

Crawford returned to vaudeville and radio, which included a period with the Marx Brothers in the radio comedy show Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel.

He played his first serious character as a footballer in She Loves Me Not at the Adelphi Theatre, London in 1932. Crawford was originally stereotyped as a fast-talking tough guy early in his career and often played villainous parts.

He gained fame in 1937 as Lenny in Of Mice and Men on Broadway. He moved to Hollywood and began working in films.

Early films
Crawford made his film debut for Sam Goldwyn in Woman Chases Man (1937). He was in Start Cheering (1938) at Columbia but missed out on reprising his stage performance as Lenny in the film version of Of Mice and Men, losing it to Lon Chaney Jr.

Paramount

Crawford signed a contract with Paramount. He appeared in some "B" films: Ambush (1939), Sudden Money (1939) and Undercover Doctor (1939). He had a good role in the prestigious Beau Geste with Gary Cooper, Ray Milland, Robert Preston, Brian Donlevy and Susan Hayward and directed by William A. Wellman.

After appearing in Island of Lost Men (1939) starring Anna May Wong, Crawford had a Beau Geste-style role in The Real Glory (1939) with Gary Cooper and David Niven. He appeared in two films for Walter Wanger and Tay Garnett, Eternally Yours (1939) with David Niven and Loretta Young and Slightly Honorable (1939) with Pat O'Brien and Edward Arnold.

Universal
Crawford moved over to Universal, where he was given his first starring role, in the "B" picture I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940).

He had support parts in When the Daltons Rode (1940); Seven Sinners (1940), for Garnett; and Trail of the Vigilantes (1940). He went back to Paramount for Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) then returned to Universal for The Black Cat (1941), Tight Shoes (1941), and Badlands of Dakota (1941).

Crawford had one of the leads in South of Tahiti (1941) and North to the Klondike (1941). He supported Edward G. Robinson in Larceny, Inc. (1942) and George Raft in Broadway (1942), and co-starred with Robert Stack in Men of Texas (1942) and Constance Bennett in Sin Town (1942).

During World War II, Crawford enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. Assigned to the Armed Forces Network, he was sent to Britain in 1944 as a sergeant, he served as an announcer for the Glenn Miller American Band. He was one of two announcers on Miller's weekly program I Sustain the Wings, prior to Miller and the band being shipped to England.

He returned to films with roles in the film noir Black Angel (1946) with Dan Duryea and Peter Lorre and Slave Girl (1947) with Yvonne de Carlo.

Freelance actor
Crawford made The Flame (1947) for Republic, and The Time of Your Life (1948) for James Cagney's company. He went back to Paramount for Sealed Verdict (1948) and had a co-starring role in Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) for the King Brothers.

At Warner Bros Crawford was in A Kiss in the Dark (1949) with David Niven and Jane Wyman and Night Unto Night (1949) with Ronald Reagan and Viveca Lindfors. He was also in Monogram's Anna Lucasta (1949) with Paulette Goddard.

All the King's Men and stardom

In 1949, Crawford reached the pinnacle of his acting career when he was cast as Willie Stark, a character inspired by and closely patterned after the life of Louisiana politician Huey Long, in All the King's Men, a film based on the popular novel by Robert Penn Warren. The film was a huge hit, and Crawford's performance as the bullying, blustering, yet insecure Governor Stark won him the Academy Award for Best Actor.

The film was made by Columbia who put Crawford under contract. He co-starred with Glenn Ford in Convicted (1950), then starred in another hit 'A'-list production with William Holden and Judy Holliday, Born Yesterday (1950), directed by George Cukor.

Crawford starred in The Mob (1951), a crime drama. Under the direction of Phil Karlson he starred in Scandal Sheet (1952), based on a novel by Sam Fuller.

MGM borrowed him to play the villain in Lone Star (1952), opposite Clark Gable and Ava Gardner. He went to Warner Bros. to star in a comedy, Stop, You're Killing Me (1952).

Crawford returned to Columbia to star in some Westerns, Last of the Comanches (1953), and The Last Posse (1954). 20th Century Fox borrowed him to co-star with Gregory Peck in Nunnally Johnson's Night People (1954).

Crawford was reunited with Glenn Ford in Human Desire (1954), directed by Fritz Lang. Edward Small used him in Down Three Dark Streets (1954) and New York Confidential (1955).

In 1955, Crawford assumed the starring role as Rollo Lamar, the most violent of convicts in Big House, U.S.A.. In the film, Crawford's character is a hardened convict so violent he commands the obedience of even the most violent and psychotic prisoners in the prison yard, including those portrayed by such famous tough-guy actors as Charles Bronson, Ralph Meeker, William Talman, and Lon Chaney Jr.

Stanley Kramer cast him in a good supporting role in Not as a Stranger (1955) with Robert Mitchum and Frank Sinatra, which was a big hit. He received an offer in Italy to star in Il bidone (1955), directed by Federico Fellini.

Highway Patrol
In 1955, television producer Frederick Ziv of ZIV Television Productions offered Crawford the lead role as "Dan Mathews" in the police drama Highway Patrol, which dramatized law enforcement activities of the California Highway Patrol (CHP). ZIV Television Productions operated on an extremely low budget of $25,000 per episode of Highway Patrol with ten percent of gross receipts going to Crawford as per his contract. While the show's scripts were largely fictional, the use of realistic, rapid-fire dialogue, stark film noir styled feel and Crawford's convincing portrayal of a hard-as-nails police official helped make the show an instant success. Highway Patrol remained popular during its four years (1955–1959) of first-run syndication, and would continue in repeat syndication on local stations across the United States for many years after. For much of the period from 1955 until 1965 most of Crawford's television roles involved ZIV Television, which was among the relative handful of producers willing to accept the frequent challenges inherent with working with the hard-living and alcoholic Crawford. Years later, Frederick Ziv admitted in an interview, "To be honest, Broderick could be a handful!"

Highway Patrol helped revive Crawford's career and cement his tough-guy persona, which he used successfully in numerous movie and TV roles for the rest of his life.

During the series' run he appeared in The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) with Ford at MGM, a successful Western; Between Heaven and Hell (1956) with Robert Wagner at Fox, directed by Richard Fleischer; and The Decks Ran Red (1958) with James Mason for Andrew L. Stone.

Fed up with the show's hectic shooting schedule, Crawford quit Highway Patrol at the end of 1959 in order to make a film in Spain, and try to get his drinking under control.

Europe
Crawford relocated to Europe where he starred in Vittorio Cottafavi's La vendetta di Ercole (1960), known in the U.S. as Goliath and the Dragon.

Crawford's successful run as Dan Mathews in Highway Patrol earned him some two million dollars under his contract with ZIV, which eventually paid him in exchange for his agreement to sign for the pilot and subsequent production of a new ZIV production, King of Diamonds. Recently back from Europe, and having temporarily stopped drinking, Crawford was signed to play the starring role as diamond industry security chief John King. King of Diamonds was picked up for syndication in 1961, but was a failure, the show lasting only one season.

In 1962, after the end of King of Diamonds, Crawford returned to acting in motion pictures: Square of Violence (1962); Convicts 4 (1962); Javier Setó's The Castilian (1963); A House Is Not a Home (1964); Up from the Beach (1965); Kid Rodelo (1966); The Oscar (1966); The Texican (1966) with Audie Murphy; The Vulture (1967); Red Tomahawk (1967).

1970s
After 1970, Crawford again returned to television. From 1970 to 1971, he played the role of Dr. Peter Goldstone in The Interns.

In 1977, he starred as J. Edgar Hoover in The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover. He would eventually make a series of guest appearances on several TV programs, while starring in several made-for-TV movies.

He wore the trademark fedora and black suit when he made an appearance as guest host of a 1977 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live that included a spoof of Highway Patrol.  He parodied the Dan Matthews character again that year in a commercial for Canada Dry Ginger Ale that also featured Aldo Ray and Jack Palance.

In an episode of CHiPs Crawford appeared as himself, recognized after being stopped by Officer Poncherello, who presses a reluctant Crawford to give his trademark line from Highway Patrol ("Twenty-One-Fifty to Headquarters!").

Musician Webb Wilder's instrumental, "Ruff Rider" (on the album It Came From Nashville), is dedicated to Broderick Crawford in admiration of his Highway Patrol character's ability to solve any crime committed in California by setting up a road block.

Crawford worked in 140 motion pictures and television series during his career and remained an especially durable presence in television.

Crawford is referenced in the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit in the scene where an Alabama State Patrol officer angrily confronts Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason) and his damaged vehicle with its horn that won't stop blaring. When Justice starts to introduce himself, the trooper interrupts him and barks, "I don't care if your name is Broderick Crawford!"

In 1979, Crawford had a cameo as himself in the film A Little Romance in which he referenced his drinking.
In 1981, Crawford played a pawnbroker named 'Slim', on the tv series Vega$, the episode was titled 'Dead Ringer'

His last role was as a film producer who is murdered in a 1982 episode of the Simon & Simon television series. The actor who played the part of the suspected murderer was Stuart Whitman, who had played the recurring part of Sergeant Walters on Highway Patrol.

Personal life
Throughout his adult life, Crawford was prone to bouts of heavy drinking, and was known for eating large meals. These habits contributed to a serious weight gain for Crawford during the 1950s.

Crawford's drinking increased during the filming of Highway Patrol, eventually resulting in several arrests and stops for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), which eventually gained him a suspended driving license. Eventually the drinking strained the show's relationship with the CHP as well as Crawford's relationship with ZIV.

Fellow actor Stuart Whitman became a close friend of Crawford. In an interview Whitman said they both clicked upon meeting when cast in an episode of Highway Patrol. According to Whitman, who was going through hard financial times, they became fast friends. Crawford would ask Whitman to play his character whenever he was low on cash, so that Whitman would do the dialogue while he was drinking. Whitman said that later down the line he helped to cast Crawford in The Decks Ran Red (1958). Whitman promised the production that Crawford would stay sober throughout the shoot, and he did.

Crawford was married three times; he died in 1986 at the age of 74.

Legacy

Crawford has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard and another for television at 6734 Hollywood Boulevard.

His popularity on Highway Patrol also led to him being memorialized in the poker game of Texas Hold 'em, in that a starting hand of a 10-4 (a common police radio code) is nicknamed a "Broderick Crawford".

In season 14/episode 80 of Family Feud, Steve Harvey states that his real name is Broderick Steven Harvey and that he is named after Broderick Crawford.

Filmography

Woman Chases Man (1937) as Hunk
Start Cheering (1938) as Biff Gordon
Ambush (1939) as Randall
Sudden Money (1939) as Archibald 'Doc' Finney
Undercover Doctor (1939) as Eddie Krator
Beau Geste (1939) as Hank Miller
Island of Lost Men (1939) as Tex Ballister
The Real Glory (1939) as Lieut. Larson
Eternally Yours (1939) as Don Burns
Slightly Honorable (1939) as Russ Sampson
I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940) as Michael G. 'Sonny' McGann
When the Daltons Rode (1940) as Bob Dalton
Seven Sinners (1940) as Little Ned
Trail of the Vigilantes (1940) as Swanee
Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) as Mace Townsley
The Black Cat (1941) as Hubert A. Gilmore 'Gil' Smith
Tight Shoes (1941) as Speedy Miller
Badlands of Dakota (1941) as Bob Holliday
South of Tahiti (1941) as Chuck
North to the Klondike (1942) as John Thorn
Butch Minds the Baby (1942) as Aloysius 'Butch' Grogan
Larceny, Inc. (1942) as Jug Martin
Broadway (1942) as Steve Crandall
Men of Texas (1942) as Henry Clay Jackson
Sin Town (1942) as Dude McNair
Keeping Fit (1942) as Brod – Factory Worker
The Runaround (1946) as Louis Prentiss
Black Angel (1946) as Capt. Flood
Slave Girl (1947) as Chips Jackson
The Flame (1947) as Ernie Hicks
The Time of Your Life (1948) as Krupp (a bewildered policeman)
Sealed Verdict (1948) as Capt. Kinsella
Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) as William Morgan
A Kiss in the Dark (1949) as Mr. Botts
Night Unto Night (1949) as C.L. Shawn
Anna Lucasta (1949) as Frank
All the King's Men (1949) as Willie Stark
Cargo to Capetown (1950) as Johnny Phelan
Convicted (1950) as George Knowland
Born Yesterday (1950) as Harry Brock
Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Awards (1951) as himself
The Mob (1951) as Johnny Damico
Scandal Sheet (1952) as Mark Chapman aka George Grant
Lone Star (1952) as Thomas Craden
Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder (1952) as Broderick Crawford (uncredited)
Stop, You're Killing Me (1952) as Remy Marko
Last of the Comanches (1953) as Sgt. Matt Trainor
The Last Posse (1953) as Sheriff John Frazier
Night People (1954) as Charles Leatherby
Human Desire (1954) as Carl Buckley
Down Three Dark Streets (1954) as FBI Agent John 'Rip' Ripley
New York Confidential (1955) as Charlie Lupo
Big House, U.S.A. (1955) as Rollo Lamar
Not as a Stranger (1955) as Dr. Aarons
Il bidone (1955) as Augusto
Man on a Bus (1955) as Bus driver
The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) as Vinnie Harold
Between Heaven and Hell (1956) as Capt. 'Waco' Grimes - 'G' Co. CO
The Decks Ran Red (1958) as Henry Scott
Bat Masterson (1958 episode "Two Graves for Swan Valley") as Sergeant Foley
Goliath and the Dragon (1960) as King Eurystheus
Square of Violence (1961) as Dr. Stefan Bernardi
Convicts 4 (1962) as Warden
The Virginian (1963 episode "A Killer in Town") as George Wolfe
The Castilian (1963) as Don Sancho
No temas a la ley (1963) as man in hotel (uncredited)
A House Is Not a Home (1964) as Harrigan
Rawhide (1964 episode "Incident at Deadhorse") as condemned man, Jud Hammerklein
Up from the Beach (1965) as MP Major
Kid Rodelo (1966) as Joe Harbin
 Mutiny at Fort Sharpe (1966) as Colonel Lenox
The Oscar (1966) as sheriff
The Texican (1966) as Luke Starr
The Vulture (1966) as Brian F. Stroud
Red Tomahawk (1967) as Columbus Smith
Land of the Giants (1969 episode "The Mechanical Man") as Prof. Gorn
Ransom Money (1970) as Inspector Joseph Medford
Hell's Bloody Devils (1970) as Gavin
The Naughty Cheerleader (1970) as B.J Hankins
Gregorio and His Angel (1970) as Gregorio
The Yin and the Yang of Mr. Go (1970) as Parker
Embassy (1972) as Frank Dunniger
The Candidate (1972) as Jarmon as narrator (voice, uncredited)
Terror in the Wax Museum (1973) as Amos Burns
The Phantom of Hollywood (1974) as Capt. O'Neal
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as special effects man
Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976) as Sheriff Holtzman
Mayday at 40,000 Feet! (1976) as Marshal Riese
Proof of the Man (1977) as Police Captain O'Brien
The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977) as J. Edgar Hoover
The Hughes Mystery (1979)
A Little Romance (1979) as Broderick 'Brod' Crawford
Harlequin (1980) as Doc Wheelan
There Goes the Bride (1980) as gas station attendant
Liar's Moon (1982) as Col. Tubman
 (1982) as Mike Carrady
The Creature Wasn't Nice (1983) as Max the Computer (voice, uncredited) (final film role)
Maharlika (1987; also known as Guerilla Strike Force) as Gen. Hadley

Radio appearances

See also

References

External links

 Watch Highway Patrol
 Broderick Crawford in Il Bidone
 Profile @ Turner Classic Movies

1911 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Harvard College alumni
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Philadelphia
People from Freeport, New York
People from Rancho Mirage, California
United States Army Air Forces non-commissioned officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Western (genre) television actors

Broderick Crawford


Lev Chernyi (18??-1921) was a Russian anarchist poet who was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.

Articles

In 1907, he published a book entitled Associational Anarchism, in which he speak about the "free association of independent individuals.". Chernyi was greatly influenced by individualist-anarchist Max Stirner.

On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers. He was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March, 1917.

In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed gangs, the Black Guards, and Lev Chernyi played an active part in these.

On the night of April 11, 1918 the Cheka, the secret police, attacked the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About forty anarchists were killed or striked and about five hundred were imprisoned.

In 1919 Chernyi joined a group called the Underground Anarchists, who published two numbers of a broadsheet which denounced the Communist dictatorship as the biggest tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, a little group of social revolutionaries and anarchists bombed the headquarters of the "Moscow Committee" of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed and forty-five others were mutilated.

Death
August, 1921, the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits" had been shot without hearing or trial. Among the dead was Lev Chernyi although Paul Avrich indicates in two of his books on the Russian anarchists that Chernyi was executed in September of that year, not August. Although he was not involved in the bombing of the Moscow Communist headquarters, he was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frame-up. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and there were persistent rumors that he had in fact died of torture.

19th-century births
1921 deaths
Russian poets
Anarchists

Lev Chernyi


USB is an international standard of technology for connecting peripherals to computers and other devices that support it. An interface where a USB device can be connected is called a port. A USB hub is a special device which allows adding more USB ports. The additional ports share one USB connection to the computer; for this reason,  each of them cannot carry as much data as a direct USB connection can.

A hub may be bus-powered, which means it gets all its electrical power from the computer. This makes simple wiring, but it cannot give full power to its peripherals. A self powered hub has its own power cord, and can give full power to peripherals that need it.

There are different versions of the USB standard; main difference between the version is the maximum speed that is supported. The USB standard also defines different types of USB plugs.

A USB hub is a normal USB device, which was built for a given version of the standard. Certain models may support different versions of USB, while others may not.  As an example: USB 3.0 can transfer payload data at up to 4 GBits per second. USB 2.0 is limited to a transfer rate of 280 MBits per second. Connecting an USB 3.0 device to the computer using an USB 2.0 hub will limit the transfer rate to that of USB 2.0.

Computer hardware
USB

USB hub


Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery (, lit. Transfiguration Cemetery) is a cemetery in the eastern part of Moscow long associated with Old Believers. It was inaugurated by a Fedoseevtsy merchant in 1777 as a plague quarantine disguising the Bespopovtsy monastery. At that time the territory of the cemetery was located outside Moscow, but near its border. The cemetery soon became the spiritual and administrative center of all the Fedoseevtsy in Russia (just like the Rogozhskoe cemetery became an administrative and cultural centre for most Popovtsy Old Believers).

The cloister consisted of two equal square areas, a monastery for men and a nunnery for women,  separated by a road to the cemetery. Construction work was in progress throughout the 1790s and the first decade of the 19th century. At that time, the monastery asylum was home to 1,500 people, while the chapels were attended by as many as 10,000 Old Believers. Every church within the monastery was styled a chapel; like other Bespopovtsy, the Fedoseevtsy reject priesthood, and so even their largest temples are called chapels rather than churches, since they have no altar. The area was surrounded by brick walls with decorative pseudo-gothic towers.

In the mid-19th century the "male" part of the monastery was confiscated from the Fedoseevtsy by the imperial administration to be transformed into the monastery of the Edinovertsy, the only legal denomination of Old Believers in Imperial Russia. The cloister, which came to be known as the St Nicholas Monastery of the Edinovertsy, boasted the largest collection of Old Believer literature (the Khludov bequest) and as many as 1,300 ancient icons.

After the October Revolution the St. Nicholas Monastery was occupied by the Obnovlentsy, while the icons and the books were taken to the State Historical Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery. Later the monastery was divided between the Pomortsy Old Believers and the nearby parish of the official Russian Orthodox Church. The orthodox parish took a church above the gates with surrounding quarters, a bell-tower and a western part of the temple. The eastern part of the temple and several utilities in the western part of the territory belong to Pomortsy. The two parts of a single temple are currently separated by a thick brick wall, and compartments are occupied by different denominations. The women's part of Preobrazhenka avoided such a dissension, and still belongs to the Fedoseevtsy.

The cemetery is also noted as a place where the first Eternal flame in Moscow was kindled in order to commemorate the World War II dead.

Notable people buried in the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery
 Vladimir Kuts
 Sergei Magnitsky
 Aleksey Batalov
 Viktor Nikiforov
 Konstantin Loktev
 Yevgeny Feofanov
 Ivan Zimin

References

External links
 Preobrazhenskoe cemetery. Gallery – Russian Necropolis Gallery

Cemeteries in Moscow
Christianity in Moscow
Eastern Orthodox cemeteries in Russia
Monasteries in Moscow
Old Believer communities in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments in Moscow

Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery


Sir Frank Smith,  (March 13, 1822 – January 17, 1901) was a Canadian businessman and senator.

He was born in County Armagh in Ireland and in 1832 came to Canada with his family and his father established a farm in Etobicoke. Smith went into commerce, first working as a clerk in several Toronto stores, and then opening his own wholesalers in London, Ontario in 1849. After a few years of limited business, the arrival of the railway in London set off an economic boom and Smith prospered greatly. He expanded his business interests, including becoming the primary shareholder in the Toronto Street Railways.

Smith made his fortune with the streetcar service generating record products by cutting costs, not replacing aged cars and requiring his employees to work 14-hour days, six days a week for $8 to $9 a week. When his workers threatened to join the Knights of Labor trade union he locked them out resulting in three days of violent protests. Mayor William Holmes Howland and the press supported the workers' right to organize but Smith refused to allow a union and criticized the city government for failing to maintain order. In the end, Smith allowed limited pay increases but refused to allow a union and fired the organizers prompting a strike and the establishment of a rival, worker run "Free Bus Company" which was soon out of business when its fleet was destroyed by fire. Smith's actions alienated the Toronto working class, particularly Catholic workers among whom he hoped to build a political base. Smith sold his share of the TSR to the city in 1881 for $500,000.

In 1866, he was elected mayor of London, Ontario.

Originally a supporter of the Reform movement that evolved in the Liberal Party, Sir John A. Macdonald persuaded him to switch his allegiance to the Conservatives and organize support for the Tories among the Irish Catholic community. In 1871, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada as a Liberal-Conservative and served in Sir John A. Macdonald's cabinet from 1882 to 1891 as minister without portfolio. He continued in the cabinet when Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott became prime ministare and served as Minister of Public Works, and Controller of Customs (Acting) from 1891 to 1892 following the resignation of Sir Hector-Louis Langevin. Due to age and poor health he declined to continue in cabinet when Sir John Sparrow David Thompson became prime minister in 1892. Following Thompson's death in December 1892, Governor General Lord Aberdeen invited Smith to become prime minister but he declined. He agreed, however, to return to cabinet as a minister without portfolio under Mackenzie Bowell and then Sir Charles Tupper until the Conservatives were defeated in the 1896 federal election.

In politics, Smith was an advocate of the rights of Irish Catholics and lobbied for the appointment of Irish Catholics to patronage positions. In 1872, he lobbied Macdonald for the gradual release of Fenian raiders who had attempted military attacks on Canadian soil in order to promote Irish independence.

Smith was created a Knight Bachelor in June 1894.

See also
John B Mather

References

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Thompson, Austin Seton. Spadina Story of Old Toronto Pagurian Press, 1975

1822 births
1901 deaths
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Canadian senators from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Mayors of London, Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada

Frank Smith (Canadian politician)


The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth. It is 23° 26′ 22″ south of the Equator.

It marks the most southerly latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead. This happens at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to its maximum extent.

Countries
The Tropic of Capricorn goes through these countries, starting at the prime meridian and going west:

 Brazil
 Paraguay
 Argentina
 Chile
 French Polynesia - passing just south of Tubuai
 Tonga - passing just north of the Minerva Reefs
 Coral Sea Islands Territory (Australia) - passing just south of Cato Reef
 Australia
 Madagascar
 Mozambique
South Africa
 Botswana
 Namibia

History
The Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice. Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice. The change is due to precession of the equinoxes. The word "tropic" comes from the Greek tropos, meaning turn. This refers to the fact that the sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.

Related pages
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropics
Tropic of Cancer
Northern Hemisphere
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle

Lines of latitude

Tropic of Capricorn


Edenville is a small unincorporated community in Edenville Township, Midland County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

The community is in the northeast corner of the township near the boundary with Gladwin County, but the settlement is mostly within Midland County. It is on M-30, about 15 miles northwest of Midland.

Edenville is situated on the east side of the Tittabawassee River, opposite the point where the Tobacco River flows into the Tittabawassee. The Edenville Dam is less than a mile north and blocks the flow of both rivers to form Wixom Lake.  The dam and Wixom Lake are almost entirely within Gladwin County. Settlement has extended northward from Edenville along M-30 and the Tobacco River shores of the lake which is sometimes associated with Edenville, although it is actually part of Tobacco Township.

The community is at , which is about a mile west of the meridian used for the surveying of Michigan in the early 19th century. Just south of town, M-30 turns east before turning south again to run almost directly on the meridian into Sanford.  It was founded in 1854.

The area serves as a popular spring and summer time resort for locals as it is located near Wixom Lake, which is used for fishing and recreational use. Most boat access sites for the lake are located in Gladwin County.

References

External links
Edenville Township website

Unincorporated communities in Midland County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan

Edenville, Michigan


The Claiborne Avenue Bridge, officially known as the Judge William Seeber Bridge, is a vertical lift bridge in New Orleans, Louisiana over the Industrial Canal. It was built by the Louisiana Department of Highways (later renamed the Department of Transportation and Development) and opened to vehicular traffic in 1957. The bridge has suffered numerous disasters: A barge hit the bridge in 1993, Hurricane Katrina damaged it in 2005, and a car plunged into the canal in 2008 due to a malfunction.

Description

The bridge carries four vehicular lanes, two in each direction, of North Claiborne Avenue, which here is also Louisiana Highway 39. It accommodates most marine traffic in the down position. The bridge is located in the 9th Ward of New Orleans, with the Upper 9th Ward on the western side and the Lower 9th Ward on the eastern or "lower" (down river) side. Along with St. Claude Avenue, it is one of the main links of New Orleans with the communities in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana such as Arabi and Chalmette. Many locals who regularly use the bridge are unaware of the bridge's official name.

Accidents

Tugboat collision

On May 28, 1993, the tugboat Chris was pushing an empty barge through the canal toward the Mississippi River locks.  As was common at the time, the tugboat captain would have to wait to enter the locks, and he was directed to the side of the canal to ground his barge to keep the waterway clear.  However, at 3:30 p. m., the barge collided with a support pier of the bridge, causing a  section of the bridge to collapse onto the western canal bank and onto the barge.  Two automobiles plummeted off of the bridge, killing one person and severely injuring two others.  The waterway was closed to navigation for 2 days, and the bridge was closed for 2 months while the collapsed span was rebuilt.  The concrete debris from the collapsed span was used to protect the new support pier from future collisions.

Hurricane Katrina

In 2005 Hurricane Katrina severely affected the areas on both sides of the bridge (see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans), with the most extreme devastation on the Lower 9th Ward side. The bridge was out of service for months, left in the up position to accommodate Canal shipping, until it was restored to service in early 2006.

Crossing gates malfunction

On May 20, 2008, 17-year veteran New Orleans Police Officer Tommie Felix was killed when his vehicle drove off the bridge and plunged into the canal while the bridge was in the raised position.  Eyewitness accounts say that the gates which come down to indicate the bridge's closure were not functioning at the time, and several other cars came close to driving off the bridge but stopped short.

References

Bridges in New Orleans
Road bridges in Louisiana
Vertical lift bridges in Louisiana
Lower 9th Ward, New Orleans
Bridges completed in 1957
Bridge disasters in the United States
Bridge disasters caused by collision
Bridge disasters caused by maintenance error
Bridge disasters caused by tropical cyclones
Bridge disasters involving open moveable bridges
Transportation disasters in Louisiana

Claiborne Avenue Bridge


Dmitri Kabalevsky (born Saint Petersburg, 30 December 1904; died Moscow, 18 February 1987) was a Russian Soviet composer.

Kabalevsky is particularly well known as a composer of children's music. He wrote a lot of piano music. Many of these pieces are short pieces for children who are learning the piano. He also wrote larger works such as concertos for the piano and violin. In 1918, his family moved to Moscow, where he had formal lessons in music at the Scriabin Musical Institute. He was known for attempting to get children involved in music. In 1925 he began his training at the Moscow Conservatory, studying composition with Catoire and later with Miaskovsky, also continuing piano studies with Goldenveyzer.

1904 births
1987 deaths
20th-century Russian composers

Dmitri Kabalevsky


In music theory, the major scale or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven separate notes, plus an eighth which is the same as the first an octave higher. In solfege these notes correspond to the syllables "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti/Si, Do". The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major, the only major scale not to require sharps or flats, using only the white keys on the piano keyboard:

Shape

A major scale is a set of steps in the order "Whole:Whole:Half:Whole:Whole:Whole:Half" (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone). Western scales do not skip any line or space on the staff, and they do not repeat any note  with a different accidental. This means that the key signature of the scale will feature just sharps or just flats.

Names of scale degrees

1st – Tonic- key note
2nd – Supertonic
3rd – Mediant
4th – Subdominant
5th – Dominant
6th – Submediant
7th – Leading Tone
8th – Tonic ( or Octave)

The circle of fifths
The Circle of Fifths was first described in 1728 by Johann David Heinichen in his book Der General-bass. It has been used ever since as a way to show the relations between scales.

The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circle depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, which is six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys (Drabkin 2001). Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major and C major) that are more easy to spell with five flats or sharps (as D major or B  major).

Harmonic properties
The major scale is used more often than the minor scale in Western music because of its unique harmonic properties. For example, the major third is much stronger in the harmonic series (it is the 5th, 10th and 20th harmonic – see below) than the minor third (the 19th harmonic).

Related pages
Minor scale
Enharmonic
Equal temperament
Just intonation
Lydian mode
Major and minor
Music theory
Tetrachord

References
Bower, Michael. 2007. "All about Key Signatures ". Modesto, CA: Capistrano School (K–12) website. (Accessed 17 March 2010)
Drabkin, William. 2001. "Circle of Fifths". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Jones, George Thaddeus. 1974. Music Theory: The Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony. Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Barnes & Noble.
 Kennedy, Michael. 1994. "Key-Signature". Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. .

Other websites
 Proper fingering of the major and minor scales on the piano
 Listen to and download harmonised Major scale piano MP3s
 The major and pentatonic scales on the guitar  in several positions
 The major scale for guitar in one position, with derivation

Major scale


The Salton Sea Authority is a joint powers authority whose goal is the revitalization of the Salton Sea in California.  It was created on June 2, 1993 by the U.S. state of California "for the purpose of ensuring the beneficial uses of the Salton Sea."  It has representatives from the Coachella Valley Water District, the Imperial Irrigation District, Riverside County, Imperial County and the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians.

The purpose of the Salton Sea Authority is to work with California state agencies, federal agencies, and Mexico to develop programs that would continue beneficial use of the Salton Sea.  The Authority defines "beneficial use" to include the primary purpose of the Sea as a depository for agricultural drainage, storm water and wastewater flows; as well as for protection of endangered species, fisheries and waterfowl; and for recreational purposes. In 2006, the Authority issued a multi-purpose plan for the restoration of the Sea.

Projects
Habitat Creation and Enhancement: Geotube technology and solar PV power on Salton Sea Playa, Torres Martinez Wetlands

The ponds and wetlands surrounding the main body of the Salton Sea have deteriorated or evaporated over time, contributing to the decline of wildlife and native species. This project, proposed in the 2012/2013 fiscal year, will attempt to restore some of these evaporated ponds and wetlands, located in the northern areas of the Sea, using GeoTube technology to implement new berms along the edges of these ponds and wetlands. The project area consists of eleven existing ponds, nine of which are located in the Torres Martinez wetlands, and 20 acres of proposed new habitat.

GeoTubes are large synthetic sandbags that are laid along the edges of a body of water or seafront to create new or support deteriorated levees or berms. The size of these tubes can reach up to many feet in diameter. These GeoTubes will create the outer walls necessary to contain the water located within these new ponds and wetlands. This project will rely on the use of solar panels, or solar PV power, to pump the continuing flow of water that is needed to feed these restored ponds and wetlands. The water source for these ponds will be from a combination of a local aquifer and Colorado River water.

This project will be monitored to track the amount of time rehabilitation of the natural habitat takes to re-enter and flourish to provide an example for future related projects.

Restoration of Red Hill Bay on the Salton Sea, California

The Red Hill Bay's project goal, proposed in the 2012/2013 fiscal year, is to restore and fill the currently exposed playa located in the southern area of the Salton Sea which spans over 650 acres. This project will first establish two pumping systems to feed water back into the bay allowing migratory birds to once again utilize the habitat. The project will then implement the use of berm technology on the eastern side and the western entrance of the bay, ensuring proper containment of the newly fed water. This newly pumped water will come from two sources, the Alamo River and the current salinated water of the Sea. This mixing of the two types of water will dilute the Sea's salinization levels to create a mixture capable of stabilizing and restoring the bay's natural habitat.

The Red Hill Bay project will be used as an example to monitor the amount of time it takes for wildlife and fish to re-establish themselves back into this natural habitat in order to predict the ecological success for future potential Salton Sea restoration projects. , the project area remains flat, dry and dusty with budget issues and local politics delaying the work.

Notes

Salton Sea
Local government in California
Government of Imperial County, California
Government of Riverside County, California
1993 in the environment
1993 establishments in California
Organizations established in 1993

Salton Sea Authority


Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (which is also called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) is a condition which affects people ages 16 and under. The problem consists of excess swelling around joints in the knees, ankles, wrists, hands and feet. Symptoms consists of lethargy, strong pain and reduced physical activity. There is also stiffness in the morning which may improve later on during the day. Juvenile arthritis is an autoimmune disease. More boys than girls are affected and treatment includes pain-killers, physiotherapy and in extreme cases gold injections. It is not usually considered life-threatening but in 1976 a girl of 5 years was prescribed with steroids at Great Ormond Street Hospital to lessen her acute arthritic pain and died at home on 30th December after a swift attack of encephalitis. Her Death Certificate gives the cause of death as 'Still's Disease' a form of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Autoimmune diseases
Children
Diseases and disorders of joints

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis


Lie Sang Bong is a Korean fashion designer. His designs have been worn by Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, and Lindsay Lohan.

Early life
Lie graduated from the Seoul Institute of the Arts, majoring in broadcasting and entertainment. He began as an actor, but made his debut as a fashion designer in 1983 when he won a prize in the Central Design Contest.

Career
In 1993 he presented his first collection, 'The Reincarnation', in Seoul Fashion Week. In 1999, he was nominated as 'Best Designer of the Year' by the mayor of Seoul because of his creativity and commercial growth. In 2002, he made his debut in Paris and successfully launched his first title, 'The Lost Memoir'. He now works between Paris and Seoul, and his works are greatly appreciated in Europe, U.S.A and Russia.

Lie's designs are inspired from the imperial love affair of Napoleon and Josephine, Korean poetry and calligraphy, Cubism, Bauhaus design, and 1930s film noir heroines. His designs realize both aesthetic beauty and practical aspect as he pursues combination of real life and culture. His works show the beauty of women's silhouette. They are naturally wearable and comfortable. His mix of French and Oriental ideas, creates a new and unique design based on the beauty of nature and sophisticated visual characteristic. He uses bold colours, red and violet, which give energy and freshness to his designs.

In 2006 he worked with LG to design the LG Shine Phone Lie Sang-bong Limited Edition. This phone was designed with Korean Calligraphy, Hangeul. In 2007, KT&G, the Korean tobacco firm, had him design a limited edition tobacco case, 'Esse' also designed with Hangeu]. Samsung also collaborated with him and exhibited Lie Sang-bong PC. In 2010, he designed custom of Kim Yuna, the World Figure Skating champion, for the 'Festa on Ice 2010'. His appearance in Muhandojeon in 2006 contributed to his popularity. Muhandojeon, which means unlimited challenge in Korean, is one of the most famous TV programs in Korea. In the program, he designed customs for the 6 entertainers and successfully made them participate in his fashion show. After his appearance in the TV program, he has been known as a Hangeul designer because all of the show was based on showing the beauty of Hangeul.

In 2013 he appeared on the KBS sports-oriented variety show Cool Kiz on the Block for a ping pong project where he revealed his ping pong skills. He first appeared in the 88 Seoul Olympics 25th Anniversary Special, and then joined the team for a ping pong battle in Saipan.

He is known as the "Korean Alexander McQueen" in many famous fashion magazines in the world such as Le Figaro, Telegraph, the New York Times, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Oyster, Standard and W Magazine. His art work has been shown in exhibitions in museums and fashion shows.

Reference

Other website
Lie Sang Bong website

South Korean people
Fashion designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lie Sang Bong


Sudley is a historic home at Deale, Anne Arundel County, Maryland.  It is a -story frame house with shorter perpendicular wings added. It is a grand hall-chamber house of the 1720–1730 period and retains a great deal of early finish.  The house is typical of the Medieval Transitional style of architecture, and has undergone three significant renovations, one in the third quarter of the 18th century of Georgian-style, one about 1800, and finally a restoration in 1945. The house is associated with Kensey Johns, Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court, chancellor of Delaware, and a delegate to the Delaware Constitutional Convention from New Castle County, Delaware; John Johns, Bishop of Virginia and President of The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia; the ancestors of Johns Hopkins, the Baltimore benefactor; and families associated generally with the county's Quaker heritage.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

References

External links
, including undated photo, at Maryland Historical Trust

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Houses in Anne Arundel County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Anne Arundel County, Maryland

Sudley (Deale, Maryland)


The Gili Islands (Indonesian:Tiga Gili [Three Gilis], Kepulauan Gili [Gili Islands]) are a group of three small islands (or archipelago) – Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno and Gili Air — very close to the northwest coast of Lombok, Indonesia.

The islands are a popular destination for Western tourists.  Each island has several small resorts, usually consisting of a small collection of huts for tourists, and a restaurant.  Most local inhabitants live in the hilly interior of the islands.  Automobiles and motorized traffic are not allowed on the islands by local law. Bicycles or the horse-drawn carriages called a cidomo are common transportation on the islands. Scuba diving in and around the Gilis is also popular. The name Gili simply means "small island" in the local Sasak language.

Lesser Sunda Islands
Lombok
West Nusa Tenggara

Gili Islands


Sir Donald Currie  (17 September 182513 April 1909) was a Scottish shipowner, politician and philanthropist.

Early life and career
He was born at Greenock, Renfrewshire, on 17 September 1825, the third son of ten children of James Currie (1797–1851) and Elizabeth (1798–1839), daughter of Donald Martin, all of Greenock.
His parents moved to Belfast in 1826, and Currie was sent at seven to the Belfast Academy, and subsequently to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution; at both schools he distinguished himself.
As a boy he interested himself in the sea and shipping, and at fourteen entered the shipping office of a relative in Greenock.
After four years there, he joined in 1844 the Cunard Steamship Company, Liverpool, owners of the only regular line of steamers sailing between Europe and America, which numbered no more than three the Caledonia, the Arcadia, and the Britannia, all of small tonnage.
Currie became head of the company's cargo department.
In 1849, in order to take advantage of the abolition of the navigation laws, the company sent him to establish branch houses at Le Havre and Paris, and in a short time they had a steamer running between Havre and America via Liverpool.
He also established branch offices at Bremen and Antwerp, returning to Liverpool in 1854.

In 1862, determining to start for himself, he established the 'Castle' shipping company, which consisted at first of sailing ships plying between Liverpool and Calcutta, owned by a circle of personal friends.
Currie first introduced the plan of despatching sailing ships on fixed dates.
In 1865, he made London the port of departure of his vessels and took up his residence there.

Development of the Union-Castle line

The line grew steadily in strength and importance, and he resolved on a line of steamers from the United Kingdom to Cape Town, the first of which, the Iceland, a vessel of 946 tons, started on her outward trip on 23 January 1872.
At the time the Union Steamship Company, founded in 1853, carried on the principal trade between the United Kingdom and South Africa and had the contract for the mail service.

In 1876, the Cape parliament resolved to divide this service equally between the old company and the new.
Ultimately in 1900, the two were amalgamated under the name of the Union-Castle Mail Steamship Company, Limited, the joint concern being managed by Messrs. Donald Currie & Co. Before Sir Donald's death the fleet of the united company consisted of forty-seven steamers, with a gross tonnage of 295,411 tons.
The enormous improvement of communication between the United Kingdom and South Africa was largely due to Sir Donald and his ships.

Currie soon became recognised as one of the highest authorities on shipping. In 1875, he was elected chairman of a committee of ship-owners to consider proposed changes in laws affecting the mercantile marine, and he was responsible for important amendments of the Merchant Shipping Act of 1876.

Although the Cape Prime Minister John Molteno was a personal friend of Donald Currie, he refused to authorise Currie to run a monopoly – desiring instead to preserve a state of competition between the principal shipping companies.
Molteno therefore ordered the South African mail service to be shared equally, between Currie's Castle Company and its older rival, the Union Line.
After lengthy negotiations, Currie agreed to alternating services, speed premiums and other clauses to promote competition.
The new mail contract was signed on 5 October 1876 and Currie created the Castle Mail Packets Company, with the offices located at the Castle Shipping Line headquarters.

Initially forbidden by the contract from amalgamating, keen competition ensued between the companies. This competition led to their shipping services running at unprecedented speed and efficiency. However the contract eventually expired and several decades later, in 1900, Castle Shipping Line and Union Line would merge and become the Union-Castle Line.

Political service in South Africa and Britain

His knowledge of South African affairs often proved of advantage to the British government.
In 1875 Lord Carnarvon, the colonial secretary, entrusted him with the conduct of negotiations with President Brand of the Orange Free State and President Burgers of the Transvaal Republic regarding the occupation of the Kimberley diamond fields. Currie defined the boundaries, and arranged the terms of agreement.
Currie supplied the home government with the first news of the disaster of Isandhlwana during the Zulu war in January 1879.
There was at that time no telegraphic connection between the United Kingdom and South Africa; the despatch announcing the calamity was sent from Cape Town by a Castle liner to St. Vincent, and thence telegraphed to Currie in London.
Within forty-eight hours, one of the Castle liners started for South Africa with reinforcements.
In 1883, on Currie's representations, the British flag was hoisted at St. Lucia Bay in Zululand, which the Germans would have captured a few days later.

In 1877, Paul Kruger and two others came to the United Kingdom as a deputation from the Transvaal Boers to the British government, begging for self-government.
They sought Currie's aid.
He introduced them to Lord Carnarvon, supporting their appeal; but his advice was not taken. When the South African war broke out in 1899, Currie's services were of great value in the conveyance of troops.
His ships carried altogether 172,835 men to and from South Africa, together with thousands of tons of stores, and this without an accident.
At the critical juncture in December 1899, when Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener were ordered to the seat of war, he arranged that the Castle liner which conveyed Lord Roberts from the United Kingdom should be so timed as to meet Lord Kitchener at Gibraltar on his arrival there from Egypt, so that the two generals might travel together to Cape Town.

Member of Parliament
In 1880, Currie had entered parliament in the Liberal interest as one of the members for Perthshire. This seat he held until 1885, when, on the division of the constituency, he was elected for West Perthshire.
In 1886, he broke on the Irish home rule question with Gladstone, whom he had hitherto followed. He represented West Perthshire as a Liberal Unionist from 1886 until his retirement from parliament in 1900.
He remained on intimate social terms with Gladstone, who was on several occasions between 1883 and 1895 his guest with other distinguished persons on one or other of his ships for summer cruises.

Glenlyon and Fortingall
In 1880 Currie purchased the Garth estate in Perthshire.
In 1884, he added to this great property the adjoining Glen Lyon estate, and in 1903 that of Chesthill.
He also purchased from Lord Macdonald the island of Scalpay, off Skye, and the adjacent islands of Longa, Guillamon and Pabay.

To his tenants on all these properties Currie proved a generous landlord.
New breeds of cattle and sheep were introduced, and large sums expended on the erection and improvement of churches, schools, and cottages.
He delighted in sport in his deer-forests, on his grouse moors, and salmon rivers.

Philanthropy
In his later years Currie was munificent in public gifts. In 1904 he gave to University College Hospital, London, £80,000 for a school of final medical studies, and £20,000 for a nurses' home and a maternity students' house. To the University of Edinburgh he gave £25,000 for 'The Donald Currie Lectureship Endowment Fund,' and £6000 for the enlargement of the Students' Union. He also bestowed numerous benefactions on the United Free church of Scotland (he had 'come out' with his minister at the disruption of 1843) and the presbyterian church of England. He restored at a large cost the choir of Dunkeld cathedral. To Belfast, where he spent his boyhood, he was especially generous. To the 'Better Equipment Fund' of Queen's College there he gave £20,000, a gift which 'The Donald Currie Laboratories' there commemorate. He contributed a fourth of the cost of an athletic field for the Belfast students. In the Belfast Royal Academy, his first school, he founded scholarships at a cost of £2000, and, scholarships in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution at an expense of £1000. He helped, too, to pay off the debt of Fisherwick presbyterian church, Belfast, of which his father had been a member.

He died on 13 April 1909 at the Manor House, Sidmouth, Devonshire, and was buried in the churchyard of Fortingal, beside his Highland home.

Family
Currie was married in 1851 to Margaret, daughter of John Miller of Liverpool and Ardencraig, Bute, who survived him. He left three daughters, who erected at a cost of £25,000 a university hall to their father's memory in the University of Cape Town, of which the foundation stone was laid by the duke of Connaught in 1910.

Donald's brother, James Currie (d.1900) ran James Currie & Co and founded the shipping company the Currie Line in Leith. James' son and Donald's nephew James Currie FRSE (1863-1930) was a prominent amateur mineralogist and botanist.

Later life and honours
Currie was the recipient of many honours.
In 1880, he was awarded the Fothergill gold medal of the Royal Society of Arts in recognition of 'the improvements which he had introduced into his passenger steamers.'
In 1881, he was created C.M.G., and in 1897 G.C.M.G.
In 1906, he was made hon. LL.D. at Edinburgh, and received the Freedom of the City of Belfast.

See also
Currie Cup
Old Castle Swifts F.C.
Union-Castle Line

References

Attribution

External links

1825 births
1909 deaths
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
People educated at the Belfast Royal Academy
Scottish businesspeople in shipping
People from Greenock
Scottish knights
Scottish philanthropists
19th-century Scottish businesspeople

Donald Currie


The Lotus Seven wis a wee, semple, lichtweicht twa-seater open-top sports car produced bi Lotus Caurs (initially cried Lotus Engineering) atween 1957 an 1972.

It wis designed bi Lotus foonder Colin Chapman an haes been considered the embodiment o the Lotus philosophy o performance throu law weicht an simplicity. The oreeginal model wis heich sonsie wi mair nor 2,500 caurs selt,

Efter Lotus ended production o the Seven, Caterham bocht the richts tae it, an thir days mak baith kits an fully assembled caurs based on the oreeginal design.

The Lotus Seven design haes spawned a host o imitations on the kit caur mercat, generally cried Sevens or sevenesque roadsters. Mony o thae caurs is still produced the day.  Alang wi manufacturer supplied kits, thare entirely self-biggit sevenesque caurs that is referred tae as Locosts

Heestory

The Lotus Seven wis launched in 1957, efter the Lotus Eleven wis in leemitit production. The Seven name wis lef, due tae a model that wis abandoned bi Lotus; a caur that wad hae seen Lotus enterin Formula Two wi a Riley-engined single-seater in 1952 or 1953. Housomever, the caur wis complete aroond Chapman's chassis as a sports caur bi its backers an christened the Clairmonte Special.

Based on Chapman's first series-produced Lotus Mark VI, the Seven wis pouered bi a  Ford Side-valve 1,172 cc engine. It wis mainly for lawer budget club racin on short tracks (750 motor club).

The Lotus Seven Series 2 (S2) follaed in 1960, an the Series 3 (S3) in 1968. In 1970, Lotus radically changed the shape o the caur tae creaut the slichtly mair conventional sized Series 4 (S4), wi a squarer fibreglass shell replacin maist o the aluminium bodywork. It offered some "luxuries" as standard an aw, lik an internal heater matrix. The S4 model wisnae widely welcomed, an Lotus selt few caurs. Whit is believed tae be the auldest o thae Series 4's survives tae this day, an can be seen maist weekends aroond Sussex an Kent.  A familiar face at Lotus events up an doun the kintra, this wis the seicont Series 4 ever biggit, an haes pruiven critics o the S4 wrang; it's leuks agin better nor mony predicted, an its performance an reliability unsurpassed bi ony o the oreeginal Seven's.

The Breetish tax seestem o the time (Purchase Tax) meant the caur coud be supplied as a kit (kent as "completely knocked down" or CKD) athout attractin the tax surcharge that wad apply gif it wis selt in assembled form. Tax rules specified assembly instructions couldna be included, but in a teepical Chapman-inspired piece o lateral thinkin, thare wis nae rule kiverin the inclusion o disassembly instructions. Hence aw the enthusiast haed tae dae wis follae them in reverse.

Haein jyned the EEC on 1 Januar 1973, the UK haed tae abolish Purchase Tax an adopt VAT insteid. VAT disnae allou for concessions lik "CKD", sae the tax advantage o the kit-biggit Lotus Seven came tae an end.  (Note that VAT daes allou for variable ratin an even zero-ratin o certaint goods an services; but the Govrenment still opt no tae indulge the kit-builder).

In 1973, Lotus decidit tae shed fully its "Breetish tax system"-inspired kit caur image an concentrate on limitit series motor racin caurs. As i o this plan, it selt the richts tae the Seven tae its anly remainin agents Caterham Cars. Efter a brief period producin the Series 4, includin assembly o the last "kits" supplied bi Lotus, Caterham introduced thair version o the Series 3, an hae been manufacturin an refinin this caur syne as the Caterham Seven.

Seven

Lotus Seven


Gravitational waws is spacetime lippers that kythes as waws.

History o human knawledge
Albert Einstein wis the first tae hypothesise the o gravitational waws in 1916. The larach o his thinkin wis his theory o relativity, gravitational waws bein impossible unner ither aulder theories o gravity, lik that o Isaac Newton.

Indireck pruif o gravitational waws wis fund in the 70s fae studyin pulsars.

It wis first leukit til bi LIGO in September 2015 an first propailt in Februar 2016. The leukin til wis o twa black holes gangin thegither.

History o waws
Waws, in physics, ur th transfer o energy by th reegulir vibration, o oscillatory motion, either o some material medeeum or by th variation in magnitude o th field vectors o an electrmgnet field. Mony kenspeckle phenomena ur associated wi energy transfer in th form o waws. Sound is a longitudinal waw that travels thro' matteril media by alternatively forcing th mollekus o th medium closer thgither, then spreading thaim apairt. Light n ither forms o electrmgnetc radiation travel thro spooc as transverse waws; th displacements at richt angles tae th direction o tae waves ur th field intensity vectors ower than motions o th material particles o' some medium. Wi tae deviloment o th' quantum theory, twas fun that particles in motion an a hae certain wave properties, anaw an associated wawlength n frequency related tae thair momentum n energy.

Astropheesics

Gravitational waw