Abar Radi or Akbar Rādi (; 2 October 1939 – 26 December 2007) was an Iranian playwright. He completed his studies at the University of Tehran in social sciences. He published his first story, Rain, in 1959.

Melody of a Rainy City, The Descent, The Fishermen, Death in Autumn, From behind the Glasses, The Glorious Smile of Mr. Gil, and Beneath the Saqqakhaneh Passage are among his well-known works.

The 68-year-old playwright whose works have been compared with those of Anton Chekhov and Henrik Ibsen died in a Tehran hospital on December 26, 2007.

Life
Radi was born to a middle-class family and was raised in the city of Rasht, where he lived the first eleven years of his life until his father, the owner of a confectionery factory, went bankrupt. Consequently, the family moved to Tehran in 1948, where he attended Lycée Razi (see FRANCE xv. FRENCH SCHOOLS IN PERSIA) in 1951, graduating in 1959. After completing a yearlong course in teachers' training, he was employed by the Ministry of Education in 1962. He received his bachelor's degree from the Department of Social Sciences of the University of Tehran's Faculty of Letters and Humanities in 1964, and stayed on to continue his graduate studies in the same discipline, but he dropped out before completing his master's degree. In 1976 he started teaching playwriting in the Moʾassesa-ye morabbiyān-e omur-e honari (Institute for training art instructors) affiliated to the Ministry of Education, from which he retired in 1994. He began teaching playwriting as a free-lance lecturer in the University of Tehran in 1996, a position that he held until 1998. He married Ḥamideh ʿAnqāʾ in 1965. They had two sons, Āryā (1966) and Āraš (1971).

In 1954, Radi was introduced to the works of Sadeq Hedayat, the prominent storywriter, and wrote his first novella, Muš-e mordeh (The dead mouse), which was published in the Kayhan newspaper in 1956, and in the same year won the first prize in the competition for fiction writing, established by Eṭṭelāʿāt-e javānān, an offshoot of Eṭṭelāʿāt which was published for the youth (Šarifi, p. 673).  A staging of the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen's (1828-1906) A Doll's House in 1957 in Tehran, as he acknowledged later, was a turning point in his literary career. "I would have never become a playwright had I not seen that play." (ʿAnqāʾ, personal notes; Oskuʾi, p. 281) Rowzaneh-ye ābi (The blue outlet, Tehran, 1962; Figure 2, Figure 3) and Oful (The decline, Tehran, 1964), Radi's first two plays, written after experiencing Ibsen, garnered critical appreciation from Šāhin Sarkisiyān, the acclaimed director, as "an innovative step in dramatic literature (Raḥmati and Dowlatābādi, p. 121). A family saga, Rowzaneh-ye ābi, revolves around incessant conflicts between a father and his four young children, who stand against his traditional beliefs. The mother supports her children and forces the father out of the house. "The credo propounded in Radi's works," as noted by Moḥammad Čarmšir, "does not belong just to a sole character, but to all characters, as well as the audience" (Ṭālebi, p. 91).

In the following years many of Radi's works of fiction, including "Jāddeh" (The road), "Suʾ-e tafāhom" (Misunderstanding), and "Kučeh" (The alley), were published in major periodicals. His plays Moḥāq (The waning, Tehran, 1965), Mosāferān (The travelers, Tehran, 1966), Marg dar pāʾiz (Death in autumn, Tehran, 1967), and Az pošt-e šišehā (From behind the glasses, Tehran, 1967), all were released as television productions, directed by ʿAbbās Javānmard in 1967.

Az pošt-e šišehā, a play in four acts, tells the story of two couples, depicting the adverse conditions surrounding the lives of intellectuals, then a major issue of concern in Iran. The confined living room of one of the couples that live in solitude structurally and thematically mirrors the outside world, which the other couple represents. It earned the praise of a critic as "a play with which everybody would sympathize and relate with his entire being" (Bayżāʾi, p. 371). Jalāl Āl-e Aḥmad, however, did not concur with what he held as Radi's portrayal of the play's main character as a rowšanfekr-e pizori "false intellectual" (Asadi, 2005, p. 109). Mostafa Abdollahi revived "From behind the glasses" at Sangalaj theater in 2009.

By technical focus on spatial dynamics and staging, Radi turned his plays into a forum in which the intimate relationships of emotionally diverse individuals were displayed, and private fates mirrored societal tensions. "The spatial dimension became a central factor for Radi in his playwriting. He understood that the conception of the stage as a room had come to dominate modern drama as a result of the focus on the individual and his intimate relationships" (Zahedi, 2006, pp. 112–13).

In spite of Radi's frequent assertions that he avoided political themes, he was almost constantly engaged with the idea of democracy and freedom in his plays. Ṣayyādān (Fishermen, 1969), in which a group of fishermen rise up against a large fishing firm, offers a rewarding example on the revolutionary impact of his works.

In 1971, he published a series of articles called "Nāmehā-ye hamšahri" (The letters from a citizen) in the literary monthly Negin, founded and edited by Maḥmud ʿEnāyat. A collected volume of these letters was published in 1977 under the same title. It was banned with the outbreak of the unrest caused by the imminence of the Islamic Revolution in 1978.

His play Labḵand-e bāšokuh-e Āqā-ye Gil (The glorious smile of Mr. Gil), in which Jamileh Šeiḵi and Moḥammad ʿAli Kešāvarz appeared at the leading roles, was staged at Sanglaj Theatre in 1971 (Oskuʾi, p. 304). It deals with the bleak and hollow relationships among the members of a paranoid, aristocratic family. "As the relationships between the members of Gil family are brought under focus, the transition from feudalism to technocracy accompanied by some kind of sadomasochism is also brought to life in the context of the play" (Qāderi, p. 582). A series of Radi's articles called Dasti az dur (A hand from afar) was published by Raz Publishers In 1973.

Radi's fascinating use of language in Dar meh beḵˇān (Sing in the mist, Tehran, 1975) highlights the splendor of Persian poetry and its mythopoetic overtones. In his play Monji dar ṣobḥ-e namnāk (Savior in a misty morning, Tehran, 1987), Radi scrutinizes the inevitability of a vague destiny as well as the idea of a lost identity, as the play carries burden of the writer's dreams and expectations (Bahrāmi, p. 80). In Pellekān (The Stairs, 1982), Radi designs a pent, angular world on the basis of five metaphoric stairways made out of human bones on which the protagonist, ascends to fulfill his Machiavellian ambitions. Through ascending each step, he descends more to the abyss of a world deprived of justice and human values. Tāngo-ye toḵm-e morq-e dāq (The tango of the hot egg, 1984), the revised version of a play which was published as Erṯieh-ye Irāni in 1968, and Āhesteh bā gol-e sorḵ (Tender with the red rose), appeared in 1984, followed by the publication of Monji dar ṣobḥ-e namnāk (The savior in a wet morning) in 1987 (Figure 4).

In his historical play Bāḡ-e šabnamā-ye mā (Our shining garden, Tehran, 1999), Radi exposes the dictatorial nature of the government in the guise of a semi-documentary, and incarnates the concept of unrestrained political power in the grotesque figure of a king who repeatedly contradicts himself. In the second act, Radi introduces Baqqāl-bāzi dar ḥożur (baqqāl-bāzi in the presence [of the king]), an offshoot of the traditional, improvised popular comedy known as Baqqāl-bāzi, which is performed as a play within the play. In weaving this traditional dramatic piece into the heart of his drama, Radi employs the method of alienation by making the king laugh at what he himself does along with the audience.

He completed Bu-ye bārān laṭif ast (The smell of the rain is mild) in 1997, and Āmiz Qalamdun in 1998. Melodi-e šahr-e bārāni (The melody of the rainy city), and a series of articles called Ensān-e riḵteh  (The broken man), as well as Ḵānumeh o mahtābi, one of the plays most admired by Radi himself, were published from 2000 to 2003. Radi has earned the praise of critics as "a distinguished playwright" (Šarifi, P. 673–74) and a writer whose incorporation of colloquial Persian in his works has contributed to the preservation of the dialects of the northern provinces (Ghanoonparvar, p. 531).

Radi's complete works were published in four volumes called Ru-ye ṣaḥneh-ye ābi (On the blue stage, 2003; Figure 5). He remained a prolific writer through the final years of his life. In 2004, he published the plays Šab be ḵeyr Jenāb-e Kont (Good night, my count), Pāʾin-e goḏar-e Saqqā-ḵāneh (Beneath the Saqqa-khaneh passage), and Cactus. Radi finished writing his last play, Ahanghā-ye šokolāti (Chocolate songs) amidst a year-long battle with cancer, to which he succumbed on 12 December 2007. The Radi Foundation was established, through his wife, Ḥamideh ʿAnqā's enterprise, with the collaboration of the municipality in Tehran in 2009.

Šenāḵt-nāmeh-ye Akbar Rādi (Akbar Radi: life and work), edited by Farāmarz Ṭālebi, was published in 2004, and Akbar Radi's Award was introduced in the same year by the University Theatre Festival in Tehran. Bešnow az ney, an extensive interview with Radi by Malek Ebrāhim Amiri, was published in 1991. The revised version of the book with addition of the author's comments was published as Mokālemāt (Conversations, Tehran, 2000).

Bibliography:

Selected plays of Akbar Radi.

Āhesteh bā gol-e sorḵ (Peaceful with the Rose), Tehran, 1989.

Āmiz Qalamdun, Tehran, 1998.

Az pošt-e šišehā (From Behind the Windows), Tehran, 1967.

Bāq-e šabnamā-ye mā, Tehran, 1999.

Bu-ye bārān laṭif-ast (The Scent of Rain is Elegant), Tehran, 1997.

Cactus, Tehran, 2004.

Erṯieh-ye Irāni (Iranian Heritage), Tehran, 1968.

Hamlet bā sālād-e faṣl (Hamlet with Season Salad), Tehran, 1978

Ḵānumeh o mahtābi, Tehran, 2003.

Labḵand-e bāšokuh-e Āqā-ye Gil, Tehran, 1973.

Marg dar pāʾiz, Tehran, 1970.

Melodi-e šahr-e bārāni, Tehran, 2003.

Monji dar ṣobḥ-e namnāk, Tehran, 1987.

Moḥāq, Tehran, 1963.

Mosāferān, Tehran, 1966.

Oful, Tehran, 1964.

Pellekān, Tehran, 1989.

Rowzaneh-ye ābi, Tehran, 1962.

Ru-ye ṣaḥneh-ye ābi (complete works in 4 volumes), Tehran, 2003.

Šab be ḵeyr Jenāb-e Kont, Tehran, 2004.

Ṣayyādān, Tehran, 1969.

Šab ru-y-e sangfarš-e ḵis, Tehran, 1999.

Tāngo-ye toḵm-e morḡ-e dāq, Tehran, 2001.

Works Translated into English
Radi's play called From Behind the Windows was translated into English by well-known Iranian writer and translator, Reza Shirmarz.

References

External links
Akbar Radi on Encyclopædia Iranica
Akbar Radi on Open Library
 Akbar Radi Passed away BBC
Iran theater, some portraits of Akbar Radi, by Reza Moatarian

Iranian screenwriters
Iranian dramatists and playwrights
1939 births
2007 deaths
People from Gilan Province
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century screenwriters
Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Tehran alumni

Akbar Radi


The Frisians are a group of people of northwestern Europe, living in an area known as Frisia. They are mainly in the Dutch areas of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.

History

In Roman times
The Frisians were able to make an agreement with the Romans at the River Rhine in 28 CE. Sixteen years later they defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood. The Frisii were known and respected by the Romans and were written about by several writers. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 CE, describing the habits of the Germanic people, as well as listing a lot of Frisian groups by name. Of the many groups he listed, the Frisians are the only ones that have kept their old name.

The Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Britain to Eastern Denmark, was called Mare Frisia at that time. Small groups of Frisians settled the lands around them and their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and  The Netherlands.

Their land followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine river up to that of the Ems.  The Ems was the eastern edge of their land according to Ptolemy's Geographica.

In the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory to invade Great Britain.  A lot of Frisians moved with them.  The Frisians who stayed in Europe moved into the lands where the Anglo-Saxons used to live.

Famous Frisians
Frisian language
Wijerd Jelckama
M.C. Escher
Mata Hari
Pier Gerlofs Donia
Doutzen Kroes

Related pages
Frisia

References

Other websites
The Frisian Meeting Place

Germanic peoples

Lower Saxony
Schleswig-Holstein

Frisian people


A multi-function material is a composite material. The traditional approach to the development of structures is to address the load-carrying function and other functional requirements separately. Recently, however, there has been increased interest in the development of load-bearing materials and structures which have integral non-load-bearing functions, guided by recent discoveries about how multifunctional biological systems work.

Introduction
With conventional structural materials, it has been difficult to achieve simultaneous improvement in multiple structural functions, but the increasing use of composite materials has been driven in part by the potential for such improvements. The multi-functions can vary from mechanical to electrical and thermal functions. The most widely used composites have polymer matrix materials, which are typically poor conductors. Enhanced conductivity could be achieved with reinforcing the composite with carbon nanotubes for instance.

Functions
Among the many functions that can be attained are electrical/thermal conductivity, sensing and actuation, energy harvesting/storage, self-healing capability, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and recyclability and biodegradability. See also functionally graded materials which are composite materials where the composition or the microstructure are locally varied so that a certain variation of the local material properties is achieved. However, functionally graded materials can be designed for specific function and applications.

Many applications such as re-configurable aircraft wings, shape-changing aerodynamic panels for flow control, variable geometry engine exhausts, turbine blade, wind turbine configuration at different wind speed, microelectromechanical systems (micro-switches), mechanical memory cells, valves, micropumps, flexible direction panel position in solar cells, innovative architecture (adaptive shape panels for roofs and windows), flexible and foldable electronic devices and optics (shape changing mirrors for active focusing in adaptive optical systems).

References

Composite materials
Structural engineering
Mechanics
Mechanical engineering
Emerging technologies

Multi-function structure


Julian Stewart Thomas  (born 1959) is a British archaeologist, publishing on the Neolithic and Bronze Age prehistory of Britain and north-west Europe. Thomas has been vice president of the Royal Anthropological Institute since 2007. He has been Professor of Archaeology at the University of Manchester since 2000, and is former secretary of the World Archaeological Congress. Thomas is perhaps best known as the author of the academic publication Understanding the Neolithic in particular, and for his work with the Stonehenge Riverside Project.

Education
Born in Epsom, Surrey, Thomas studied archaeology at the University of Bradford, where he acquired a Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree in archaeological science in 1981. He then transferred to the University of Sheffield and graduated with a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1982, and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1986 for his research on the "social and economic change in the Neolithic of Wessex and the Upper Thames valley".

Career

Between 1987 and 2000 Thomas was a lecturer in archaeology at the University of Wales, Lampeter (1987–1993) and at Southampton University (1994–2000). Thomas worked with Historic Scotland between 1994 and 2002, excavating prehistoric sites in Dumfries and Galloway as "Director of archaeological excavations of Neolithic and later prehistoric sites" – the record of which was published as Place and Memory: Excavations at the Pict's Knowe, Holywood and Holm Farm in 2007.

Originally published as Rethinking the Neolithic in 1991, Thomas revised his work, which was republished as Understanding the Neolithic in 1999. The book challenged the conventionally held view that human lifestyles transformed in Great Britain, from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic farmers – a process known as the "Neolithic Revolution"– through interpretive analysis of "social theory, anthropology and critical hermeneutics".

Between 1994 and 1999 Thomas was secretary of the World Archaeological Congress and became academic series editor (a pro bono (unpaid) position held jointly with Martin Hall) of the Routledge series Themes in Archaeology – which moved to Left Coast Press as the One World Archaeology Series in 2008. Ten books in the series were published during their tenure – between 2000 and 2005.

Thomas took up the Chair of Archaeology at Manchester University in April 2000, a position he still holds.

Thomas is co-director of the Stonehenge Riverside Project – a collaborative archaeological study begun in 2003 as a consortium of university teams, funded by the AHRC and the National Geographic Society. During excavations of sites surrounding Stonehenge – including Stonehenge Cursus, the Avenue and Woodhenge – Thomas found evidence of a large settlement of Neolithic houses, at Durrington Walls, nearby and discovered the prehistoric henge and stone circle, known as "Bluestonehenge", on the west bank of the Avon. Thomas speculates that the 25 bluestones at Stonehenge – originating in the Preseli Hills,  away in modern-day Pembrokeshire, Wales – stood in a circle, surrounded by a henge, at Bluestonehenge for around 500 years before being dismantled and moved to their current location around 2500 BCE.

Thomas has been Vice President of the Royal Anthropological Institute since his election in 2007 and is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (also since 2007).

Thomas is married to Catherine, and has two daughters – Morag and Rowan and two step-daughters Lucie and Anna.

Publications

Sole author
 Rethinking the Neolithic (1991), revised and republished as Understanding the Neolithic (1999)
 Time, Culture and Identity: An Interpretive Archaeology (1998)
 Archaeology and Modernity (2004)

Co–author

 Writing the past in the present (1990) by Frederick Baker, Julian Thomas
 Anglesey archaeological landscape project: second interim report 1991 (1992) by Mark Edmonds, Julian Thomas, Matthew Johnson, St. David's University College, (Lampeter, Wales), Department of Archaeology
 Place and Memory: Excavations at the Pict's Knowe, Holywood and Holm Farm by Julian Thomas, Matt Leivers, Julia Roberts, Rick Peterson
 Overcoming the modern invention of material culture: proceedings of the TAG session, Exeter 2006 (2007) by Vítor Oliveira Jorge, Julian Thomas, Theoretical Archaeology Group (England). Conference

Editor or co–editor
 Interpretive archaeology: a reader (2000), edited by Julian Thomas
 Destruction and conservation of cultural property (2001), edited by Robert Layton, Julian Thomas, Peter G. Stone
 Neolithic enclosures in Atlantic northwest Europe (2001), edited by Timothy Darvill, Julian Thomas
 Handbook of landscape archaeology (2008) edited by Bruno David, Julian Thomas

Chapters in books

 'Some Problems with the Notion of External Symbolic Storage, and the case of Neolithic Material Culture in Britain', Cognition and Culture: The Archaeology of External Symbolic Storage (1998)
 'The identity of place in Neolithic Britain: examples from south-west Scotland', Neolithic Orkney in its European Context (2000)
 'Reconfiguring the social, reconfiguring the material', Social Theory in Archaeology (2000)
 'Intersecting landscapes', Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place (2001)
 'Archaeologies of Place and Landscape', Archaeological Theory Today (2001)
 'Taking power seriously', The Dynamics of Power (2002)
 'Archaeology's humanism and the materiality of the body', Thinking Through the Body (2002)
 'In the Kinship of Cows: the Social Centrality of Cattle in the Earlier Neolithic of Southern Britain', Food, Culture and Identity in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age  (2003)
 'The ritual universe', Scotland in Ancient Europe (2004)
 'The later Neolithic architectural repertoire: the case of the Dunragit complex', Monuments and Material Culture: Papers on Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain in Honour of Isobel Smith (2004)
 'The great dark book: archaeology, experience and interpretation', A Companion to Archaeology (2004)
 'Notions of the person', Archaeology: The Key Concepts (2004)
 'Materiality, authenticity, and skilled engagement: a commentary', Archaeology and Performance (2004)
 'Materiality and traditions of practice in Neolithic south-west Scotland', The Neolithic of the Irish Sea: Materiality and Traditions of Practice (2004)
 'Identity, power and material culture in Neolithic Britain', Cultural Diversity and the Archaeology of the 21st Century (2004)
 'Archaeology, modernity and society', Cultural Diversity and the Archaeology of the 21st Century (2004)
 'Materiality and the social', Global Archaeological Theory: Contextual Voices and Contemporary Thoughts (2005)
 'Ceremonies of the horsemen? From megalithic tombs to Beaker burials in prehistoric Europe', Bell Beakers in the Iberian Peninsula and Their European Context (2005)
 'Phenomenology and material culture', Handbook of Material Culture (2006)
 'The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Britain', Prehistoric Britain (2008)
 'Archaeology, landscape and dwelling', Handbook of Landscape Archaeology (2008)
 'Sigmund Freud's Archaeological Metaphor and Archaeology's Self-understanding', Contemporary Archaeologies: Excavating Now (2009)

Journal articles

 "Silent running: the ills of environmental archaeology", Scottish Archaeological Review (1990)
 "The socio-semiotics of material culture", Journal of Material Culture (1998)
 "Death, identity and the body in Neolithic Britain", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (2000)
 "Thoughts on the 'repacked? Neolithic revolution' ", Antiquity (2003)
 "Recent debates on the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Britain and Ireland", Documenta Praehistorica (2004)
 "Archaeology's place in modernity", Modernism/Modernity (2004)
 "Between 'material qualities' and 'materiality' " Archaeometry (2005)
 "Ambiguous symbols: why there were no figurines in Neolithic Britain", Documenta Prehistorica (2005)
 "On the origins and development of cursus monuments in Britain", Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (2006)
 "Gene-flows and social processes: the potential of genetics and archaeology", Documenta Prehistorica (2006)
 "From dwelling to building", Journal of Iberian Archaeology (2006)
 "A reply to Christopher Witmore, Håkon Glørstad, Søren Kjørup and Ola W. Jensen", Norwegian Archaeological Review (2006)
 "The trouble with material culture", Journal of Iberian Archaeology (2007)
 "Mesolithic-Neolithic transitions in Britain: from essence to inhabitation", Proceedings of the British Academy (2007)
 "Comments on 'Past Practices: Rethinking Individuals and Agents in Archaeology' by A. B. Knapp and P. van Dommelen", Cambridge Archaeological Journal (2008)

Other

 Proposals for a tunnel at Stonehenge: an assessment of the alternatives (1999), report to the World Archaeological Congress Executive by Robert Layton and Julian Thomas.

References

British archaeologists
Prehistorians
Archaeologists of Stonehenge
Academics of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Academics of the University of Manchester
Alumni of the University of Bradford
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Living people
1959 births

Julian Thomas


Neustadt an der Aisch (officially: Neustadt a.d. Aisch) is a small town of around 13,000 inhabitants in the northern part of Bavaria (Germany), within the Franconian administrative region Middle Franconia.
It is the district town of the district Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim.

History
In 741, for the first time, Riedfeld, the town's root settlement, was documented as the German king's court. However, in 1285 the town's name is documented for the first time as "Nivenstadt".

At the end of the 12th century, Neustadt became part of the sovereign territory of the burgraves of Nuremberg, the dynasty of the Hohenzollern. The House of Hohenzollern developed Neustadt into an economical, political and also cultural centre of its region, mainly because of its favourable geographical position in the middle of the main trade route between Würzburg and Nuremberg.

At the end of the 15th century, Margrave Albrecht Achilles and Kurfürstin (Electress) Anna completed Neustadt as a stronghold.

In 1553, in the Second Margrave War, the town was burnt down. Afterwards, a long lasting phase of construction and extension began. This phase ended with the destructions of the Thirty Years' War. The rebuilding after that war lasted several hundred of years.

From 1791 through to 1806, Neustadt was part of the sovereign territory of Prussia, then was military governed by the French, and in 1810 became finally part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The political importance of Neustadt faded thereafter, but trade and industry kept growing due to the deployment of a garrison of the Uhlans, and in 1865 due to the opening of its station on the Nuremberg–Würzburg Railway.

In 1934, the town was the scene of an organized boycott against all Jewish merchants, and violence broke out against Christian Germans who patronized stores owned by Jews. Ultimately all of the Jews of Neustadt were expelled, many relocating to Nuremberg, and the Jewish synagogue was razed to the ground.

During the 20th century, traditional handicrafts (like brush-makers and makers of drawing instruments) almost completely vanished. With the resettlement of expellees from Sudetenland, new handicraft industries were imported: construction of musical instruments and the textile industry flourished.

From 1969 through to 1980, in total 16 Ortsteile were incorporated. In the course of an administrative reorganization (Gebietsreform), Neustadt became capital of the newly formed district "Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim".

In the 1980s and 1990s, the infrastructure was improved on a grand scale: a beltway was built, and a pedestrian area around the market place was created; the cultural program was extended, and the old town was rehabilitated; new residential zones and business parks were established.

Gallery

Subdivisions

Birkenfeld (including Weiherhof)
Diebach
Eggensee (including Chausseehaus)
Herrnneuses (incl. Oberstrahlbach)
Kleinerlbach
Obernesselbach
Unterschweinach
Oberschweinach (incl. Stöckach)
Schauerheim (incl. Hasenlohe and Virnsbergerhaag)
Schellert
Unternesselbach

Notable people

Born in Neustadt

 Elias Levita (1469 in Neustadt an der Aisch or Ipsheim; 1549 in Venice; in fact Eliyahu ben Asher Ha-Levi), translator, humanist, Hebrew grammarian, Yiddish writer.
 Johannes Gramann (also: Poliander, 1487–1541 in Königsberg), Protestant Reformer and poet of chants
  (born 1499; died c. 1564 in Sevilla), merchant, in cooperation with Jacob and Hans Cromberger founder of the Deutscher Amerikahandel
  (1647–1717), master builder of several castles in ernestinian principalities of Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia (e.g. Schloss Ettersburg near Weimar), in the principalities Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and Arnstadt, in Schlitz, and in Tann (Rhön); builder of the residence of Goethe in Weimar, of the Friedenskirche (church) in Jena and the Kreuzkirche (church) in Eisenach
  (1815–1864), composer of the Bayerischer Defiliermarsch
 Werner Dollinger (1918–2008), German politician (CSU), member of the Bundestag (1953–1990), treasury secretary (1962–1966), minister of postal services and telecommunication (1966–1969), minister of transport (1982–1987)
 Armin Schwarz (born 1963), German rally driver
 Julian Gressel (born 1993), football player
 Niklas Stark (born 1995), football player

Honorary citizens
Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934), Generalfeldmarschall and President of the German Reich, since 30 March 1933
 (1874-1959), Oberregierungsrat and Obermedizinalrat, documentarist of his country, since 26 March 1954
Werner Dollinger (1918–2008), German politician (CSU), since 10 October 1978

People otherwise associated with Neustadt an der Aisch

Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (born 1414 in Tangermünde; died  1486 in Frankfurt/Main), Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, he also ruled the Principality of Ansbach
 (born 1493 in Markt Erlbach; died 1546), Protestant Reformer in Hof
Peter Kolb (born 1675 in Dörflas, today district of Marktredwitz; died 1726 in Neustadt an der Aisch), teacher and ethnologist
Jean Paul (born 1763 in Wunsiedel; died 1825 in Bayreuth; in fact Johann Paul Friedrich Richter), author
Hans W. Geißendörfer (born 1941 in Augsburg), film director, author and producer
Guido Knopp (born 1948 in Treysa, today's town district of Schwalmstadt), historian, author and journalist
Lissy Gröner (born 1954 in Langenfeld; died 2019), German politician (SPD), Member of the European Parliament 1989-2009
Nevio Passaro (born 1981 in Bad Windsheim), German-Italian singer, songwriter and producer
Augustus Schwaab (1823–1899), architect and civil engineer who emigrated to the United States

Town twinning

References

External links
 official home page of Neustadt an der Aisch
 Webcam of the market place.
 informations for genealogists in GenWiki.

Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Holocaust locations in Germany

Neustadt an der Aisch


Twilight is a series of fantasy/romance books by Stephenie Meyer. A movie adaptation of Twilight came out in 2008, New Moon in 2009, Eclipse in 2010, and Breaking Dawn, which was divided into two parts; the first part in 2011 and the second part in 2012.

Books

Twilight
Twilight is a book series with vampires and werewolves. It's by Stephenie Meyer.

In Twilight, Bella moves from Phoenix, Arizona to Forks, Washington, to live with her father. She enrolls at Forks High School (which has a population of around 300 students). There she meets the Cullens, a family of vampires. However, because they believe it is not right, they do not drink human blood – they only drink animal blood. Because of this, they call themselves "vegetarians". They are described as beautiful and extremely pale, with golden eyes that turn black when they become thirsty. They are strong and can run very fast. Their skin is ice-cold. After becoming vampires, they do not physically change anymore. They do not grow older. When in the sun, they sparkle "like thousands of tiny diamonds were embedded in the surface," according to Bella in Twilight.

Bella quickly falls in love with Edward Cullen, the youngest of the Cullens at 17 (though he was born in 1901). Bella is attached to him even after she finds out he is a vampire. Only Bella knows they are vampires, so she must tell no one of their existence.

One night, the Cullens are playing baseball, with Bella watching, when a smaller coven of vampires meets with them. These vampires are not vegetarians – they do drink human blood. James, one of the coven, attempts to attack Bella. However, he did not attack because he was outnumbered.

Although James left Bella alive, he is a "tracker". That means he hunts down his prey and kills it, which he thinks of as a game. He plans on tracking Bella. She goes to Phoenix, Arizona to escape the deadly vampire, but he blackmails her into going to meet him. They meet at Bella's old dance studio, where Bella learns that her mother is still safe. James almost kills her, but the Cullens save her before she is dead. They kill James and get Bella safely to a hospital. The doctors tell her that she will make a full recovery in time, though she has broken her leg.

New Moon

New Moon starts on September 13, Bella's 18th birthday. she had been dreading this day, because it would make her older than Edward, her vampire boyfriend. An incident happens at her birthday party, and Bella gets hurt. The fresh blood is too much for Jasper, the Cullen least committed to their diet, and he tries to attack her. Carlisle, the oldest vampire of the Cullens and the one most in control of himself, fixes her wound, and then Bella goes home.

Edward believes he is putting Bella in too much danger just by being around her. The Cullens leave, and Edward says goodbye to Bella after telling her that he does not love her anymore. Before leaving, he makes her promise not to do anything reckless, and then promises her that this would be the last time she saw him. She tries to follow him after he leaves, but ends up getting lost in the woods. She is found later that night by Sam Uley, a Quileute man from the nearby Indian reservation in La Push.

After that night, Bella goes into a depressed state. She does not talk to anyone, except to answer direct questions. She does not do anything except go to school and work. This is too much for her father, and he tells her that he is going to make her go to Florida to live with her mother. Bella protests this, and to make her father happy, she and her friend Jessica go to a movie.

After the movie, Bella has a delusion in which she hears Edward's voice clearly in her head. She "wakes up" after this. She decides to break her promise to him that she would not do anything stupid. She visits Jacob Black, her childhood friend, to see if he can fix up two motorcycles that she got for free. They quickly become friends. Jacob makes Bella happy for the first time since Edward left her.

When they ride the motorcycles for the first time, Bella hears Edward's voice again. She realizes that she hears it whenever she is in danger. She hears the delusion again when she meets Laurent, the other male in James' coven. He tells her that Victoria, James' mate, is out to seek revenge on Edward for killing James. He is about to kill Bella, when five large wolves chase him down and kill him.

Bella also learns of Sam Uley the day she first rides the motorcycle. Sam Uley and his "cult," as Jacob describes them, are cliff diving (jumping off the cliff in la Push into the water below, for fun). Jacob is scared that Sam is doing something to control the young men on he reservation. When Jacob suddenly breaks off their friendship, Bella suspects that Sam has gotten to him. When Jacob sees how upset Bella is over their broken friendship, he makes her guess that he is a werewolf, because he cannot tell anyone that, and also that it is dangerous for him to be around her. He tells Bella that Sam is a werewolf, and his cult was actually a pack of the werewolves in La Push. He says that their purpose is to keep their reservation safe and they call them selves "protectors", and reveals that they were the wolves she had seen who had chased down Laurent. He tells her that they are still trying to kill Victoria.

The werewolves are hunting Victoria one day, and Bella is alone on the beach in La Push. she decides to go cliff diving. She nearly drowns in the water, but Jacob saves her. Alice "sees" Bella jump off the cliff (Alice sees visions of the future) and goes to Forks to try to help Charlie with the loss. But she finds Bella still alive, and Bella is extremely happy at their reunion.

Rosalie, the only Cullen who did not like Bella, tells Edward that Bella is dead. He plans to kill himself by going to Italy and asking the Volturi, vampire "royalty," to kill him. Bella and Alice go to Italy to show him that she is still alive. After barely escaping the Volturi, Edward, Alice, and Bella go back to Forks with the rest of the Cullens. They return to Forks, and Edward tells Bella that he was lying when he told her he did not love her, and that he would never leave her again. Bella takes the Cullens' votes, and everyone except Rosalie and Edward say she should join their family as a vampire (Rosalie had issues with becoming a vampire, and did not want Bella to make a choice she would regret; Edward was afraid that vampires had no soul or afterlife, and did not want Bella to lose her soul).

Eclipse

In Eclipse, Jacob and Bella's friendship is shaken by the Cullens' return. Jacob will not visit Bella, or answer any of her telephone calls. This has Bella upset and wants to visit La Push, but she is still grounded for her sudden disappearance to Italy. Charlie blames Edward for Bella's depression, and restricted the time he spends at his house.

Charlie suddenly ungrounds Bella one day, and she is free to see Jacob. But when she plans one night to go see him, Edward has disabled her truck so she cannot go. He says that young werewolves are unsafe, that they can lose control and end up hurting those near them. Despite this, when he is away hunting, Bella goes to see Jacob.

Meanwhile, a string of murders are happening in Seattle, and the Cullens believe there is a "newborn" vampire loose in Seattle. However, as the number of murders increases, they begin to suspect an "army" of newborn vampires. Jasper tells Bella of his part in vampire wars in the South. He explained how vampires would create armies of newborn vampires to take control of cities, where there was more blood.

While Bella is away at the Cullens' one night, an intruder breaks into her house and steal some of her things, to get the scent of her blood. The Cullens do not know why or how this happened, but Bella realizes, the day of her graduation, that whoever had broken in was part of the newborn army in Seattle. He had taken her things so the others could find her.

When the werewolves find out about the newborn army, they decide to help the Cullens fight them. This greatly relieves Cullens, and the werewolves are excited about the fight. Alice, with her visions of the future, sees the newborns coming to a clearing near Forks to attack. To make sure Bella is safe, she is to go to a place in the mountains away from the fight. To make sure no one can follow her scent, Jacob Black carries her there. Edward and one of the younger werewolves would stay with her there while the battle goes on.

While the Cullens and werewolves fight in the clearing, Victoria and her "mate" Riley, follow Edward's scent to where he and Bella are. Edward kills Victoria, and he and the werewolf both help kill Riley. By the time they have done this, the fight in the clearing is over. But when one of the werewolves is attacked from behind by a newborn vampire who had been hiding, Jacob Black tries to rescue her, and gets hurt.

The Volturi arrive just after the fight is over. When the Volturi leave after a sort discussion with Cullens about what happened, Bella goes home, and then goes to visit Jacob. Bella tells him she loves him, but she loves Edward more, and cannot live without him. The epilogue is from Jacob's point of view. He receives an invitation to Bella and Edward's wedding and a note from Edward, saying that if he were in Jacob's place, he would have wanted the choice to go to the wedding. This angers Jacob, and he runs away as a werewolf, "letting Jacob Black disappear."

Breaking Dawn

The book begins a few days before Bella and Edward's wedding. Jacob Black has still not returned after running away in the end of Eclipse.

The wedding goes on as planned. Jacob Black unexpectedly returns at the wedding, and is happy to see Bella again. However, things go awry when Bella tells him she is going to have a "real honeymoon" with Edward. Jacob loses control of himself and almost phases into a werewolf. However, he is restrained by Seth, Sam and Edward.

Bella and Edward go on their honeymoon as planned, at Isle Esme, an island Carlisle bought and named after Esme. Things go as planned until Bella learns she is pregnant with Edward's child . They immediately go back to Forks, as the baby has vampire strength and is threatening Bella's life. Edward wishes for Carlisle to do an abortion. However, Bella and Rosalie refuse to let him, though the baby is draining all of Bella's strength.

When Jacob learns that Bella is "sick" at the Cullens' house, he thinks she is undergoing transformation into a vampire. He is overcome with anger, and runs to the Cullens' house, planning to kill them all. However, when he learns that Bella is pregnant with Edward's child, he goes back to La Push to tell the other werewolves. Believing that a vampire child would endanger all humans in the area, the rest of the pack plans to kill Bella and the child. However, Jacob refuses to let them. He breaks away from the pack and returns to the Cullens' house, to warn the Cullens and to help protect them. Leah and Seth Clearwater also break off from Sam's pack to join Jacob's pack.

When Bella's strength is almost completely gone, the Cullens realize that she may need vampire nourishment–blood. This turns out to help Bella gain back her strength, though the baby's kicks are getting stronger and threaten to break her ribs.

Later, Bella's placenta detaches in an accident, and the Cullens rush her to their makeshift delivery room.  Rosalie leaves her side, unable to stand the smell of blood.  Edward cuts the baby out of Bella's stomach while Jacob performs CPR.  Edward successfully delivers the baby girl, Renesmee (who is half vampire, half human), but Bella is in critical condition with a broken spine and the bleeding wounds from Edward's surgery.  After letting Bella hold Renesmee for a moment, Edward injects his venom directly into her heart and bites her several times as well.  For the next three days, she becomes a vampire.

After Bella becomes a vampire, she goes on her first hunt with Edward. While hunting, she smells human blood and begins to track it. However, she stops herself and turns back. The Cullens realize that she has self-control that no newborn vampire has ever had. After this, Bella wants to see Renesmee. Jacob who imprinted on Renesmee, wants to test her before she gets near the baby. Bella passes the test and gets to hold Renesmee. While holding her, Bella finds out for the first time that Renesmee can show people her thoughts.

One day, Jacob, Renesmee, and Bella go to hunt in the forest. They see Irina, from the Denali coven. Irina came to make peace with the Cullen family for not fighting with them against Victoria. However, Irina sees Renesmee and thinks she is an "immortal child", a child who was turned into a vampire. These children are against the Volturi's laws, so Irina goes to tell the Volturi. Alice sees the Volturi coming to fight and she leaves because she knows that Aro, one of the Volturi, wants her more than anything. The Cullens spread out to find any vampires that could witness that Renesmee is not an immortal child and that she grows everyday. Bella asks Edward to teach her how to fight. In this process she learns that her superpower is being a shield. This means that she can protect others from other vampire powers.

When the Volturi come, all the vampire witnesses tell them that Renesmee is not an "immortal child." They  leave them in peace and the Cullens continue into their blissful peace of forever .

The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner

The story tells Bree Tanner's life as a newborn vampire and her connection with the other newborn vampires turned by Victoria in order to kill Bella. Bree makes friends, with sort of love interest with Diego, another vampire of the group, since both of them feel that they have been used and have doubts about the real intentions of their leader, plus: her vision is different and bloodless than other newborn vampires. Diego mysteriously disappears, leaving Bree even more confused and disconcert. Through the road, Bree makes friends with Riley, a relegated vampire, because of his power to release a terrible smell which upset other newborns. He will convince her to participate into the battle, leading her to a terrible end in hands of the Volturi who we will get to know through Eclipse history.

Characters

Isabella Marie Swan

Isabella Marie Swan was born on September 13, 1987 to Renée and Charlie Swan, a young couple living in the small town of Forks, Washington. Bella's parents divorced when Bella was six months old, and Renée took Bella with her when she moved to Phoenix, Arizona. She is the main character of the series. She leaves Phoenix, Arizona, to live with her father, Charlie, in Forks, Washington. Her mother, Charlie's ex-wife, had recently remarried to a minor league baseball player named Phil Dwyer. Because he played baseball, they were almost constantly traveling, and Bella felt like she was getting in the way. In Forks, Bella falls in love with Edward. In Breaking Dawn, Bella is transformed into a vampire and has a special talent called "shield." The series revolves around the romance between Bella and Edward.

She has pale skin, brown eyes, and brown hair. She is extremely clumsy and non-athletic, and has a string of bad luck. Felix from the Volturi says in Breaking Dawn: "Immortality suits you...". She describes herself as never being the best at anything and never winning prizes as there were not any for reading books. She also hates anything to do with birthdays and expressing her feelings. She does not like being center of attention and hates her first days at Forks as it's a small town and nothing very interesting happens so she becomes the center of attention.

Charlie Swan
Charlie Swan is Isabella's father and he is the ex-husband of Bella's mother, Renee. He is the Chief of Police in Forks were he has resided alone since Bella was an infant. His hobbies include fishing and watching football games on television. Charlie is a very reserved person and does not hover over his daughter, Bella. He is good friends with Billy Black, Jacob`s father.
Charlie is weary of Edward and later favors Jacob over Edward. After he is told that Jacob was seriously injured while riding a motorcycle, Charlie changes his mind and sees Edward in a more favorable light. Charlie is over-protective of Bella and it would crush him inside if anything serious ever happened to Bella. He is embarressed when talking about feelings and Bella has inherited most of his core traits.

Edward Anthony Masen Cullen

Edward Cullen is the youngest (physically) of the Cullens, at 17. He resists killing Bella even though her blood smells extremely appetizing to him. He has bronze hair and "liquid topaz" eyes. Like all vampires, he has extremely pale skin that sparkles in the sunlight, and can run at very high speeds (the fastest in his coven/family). He can also read people's minds. However, he cannot read Bella's mind.He feels that she is an enigma to him.He loves her more than his life and would like to give her everything present in this world.

He was born in 1901, in Chicago, Illinois, to his mother Elizabeth Masen. As a young man during World War I, he wanted to join the army. However, during an epidemic of the Spanish Influenza, his mother and father died and he became very sick. Carlisle, already a vampire, was working in the hospital at the time, and cared for Edward's mother as she died.  Just before she died, she asked him to save Edward's life in the way "others do not have", and Carlisle wondered if she knew his secret.  He took both Edward and his dead mother to the hospital morgue, and then he took Edward home and turned him into a vampire.

Jacob Black

Jacob Black is a Quileute who lives on the nearby Indian reservation who knew Bella as a child. In the first book, Bella uses him to find out about the Cullens. He tells her the tribe's legends, unknowingly breaking the old treaty between the werewolves and vampires. He does not believe the legends are true.

In New Moon, Bella becomes friends with Jacob after Edward leaves her. Their friendship becomes troubled when Jacob turns into a werewolf. He is told not to see Bella, because if he loses his temper, he will transform into a wolf and could end up hurting her if she is too close by. However, when Bella tells him that there is a vampire hunting her, he realizes that leaving her alone would be more dangerous than staying away from her. Bella visits Jacobs house and his father says he is not in. Bella refuses and bursts in and sees him sleeping. Bella then peers out the window and can see Jacobs ' Tribe Mates'. Troubled by what they had done, she storms outside yelling, "Sam". One of the pack gets ratty and Bella loses it, giving him a hard slap round the face. One of the other pack members told her to run. The werewolf Bella slaps gets so angry he turns into a werewolf. Jacob wakes up just in time.

In Eclipse, Jacob openly tells Bella that he loves her even if she does not love him back. He eventually gets Bella to kiss him, finding out that she loves him too, but not as much as she loves Edward. At the end of Eclipse, Jacob runs away to Canada to escape from his troubled human life and does not return until Bella's wedding in Breaking Dawn where he becomes overwhelmingly jealous of Edward and Bella's wedding and attempts to pick a fight. When Bella goes through "changes", he fights for her life as she dies while finding his place in the werewolf pack. In the end he imprints on Bella's daughter, Renesmee.

In all books, Jacob is a strong and true friend to Bella and an enemy to Edward. He loves Bella in each book, at different degrees.
Renesmee is the daughter of Bella and Edward. Her name Renesmee is a cross between the names Renee and Esme. Carlie is a cross between Charlie and Carlisle. Her nickname is Nessie. Though Bella disapproves of this name at first (because "Nessie" is the nickname of the Loch Ness Monster) she comes to accept it.

Half-vampire, she has vampire strength which threatens Bella's life during the pregnancy. Despite the danger to her life, Bella does not let Carlisle perform an abortion. Even in Bella's womb, Renesmee did not like to eat human food; Bella had to drink blood to feed her. Towards the end of the pregnancy, Edward began to hear Renesmee's thoughts from inside Bella, and found out that she already loved her mother, and tried not to hurt her. This made Bella even more determined to see the pregnancy through.

Renesmee grows more quickly and rapidly than human children. She was born only a few weeks after being conceived and continued to grow rapidly after being born. However, she will stop aging once she reaches full growth (the Cullen family discover this when they meet Nahuel, a half-human, half-vampire boy who is almost a century old). Renesmee has a special talent, like her parents; she has the ability to show her memories to whomever she touches. As an infant, she uses this ability to talk to people. She is very important to Bella and Edward as they do not know whether she will be able to live as a vampire or a human.

Carlisle Cullen

The son of an Anglican pastor, Carlisle was raised during a time of religious persecution. His father led hunts for witches, werewolves, and vampires all in the name of ridding the world of evil. As his father grew older, Carlisle was placed in charge of the raids. Carlisle wasn't as enthusiastic about killing as his father was, but he was clever enough to discover a coven of true vampires living in the sewers of the city. He set a trap for the vampires and chased one down. Carlisle believes that the vampire was actually too hungry to run and consciously decided to attack. The vampire fell on Carlisle and left him bleeding in the streets after killing two other men and taking off with a third. Knowing how his father would react, Carlisle crawled into a cellar and buried himself in rotting potatoes for the three days of the change. When he emerged, he was a vampire. At first he tried to destroy himself by jumping from great heights or drowning in the ocean. Somehow, he was so repelled by what he was that he resisted feeding off of humans. He even tried to kill himself with starvation.Eventually the thirst was too powerful and he attacked a herd of passing deer. He found that living off of the blood of animals could sustain his life and was infinitely more humane than taking the life of a human. Over the course of two centuries, he developed a sort of immunity to the scent of human blood and was able to become a medical doctor. Carlisle is the one who changes Edward, Esme, Rosalie and Emmett into vampire. He is immune to blood now and therefore can be in a room covered in blood and not attack. Carlisle also spent some time working with the Volturi.

Movies
 2008 - Twilight
 2009 - New Moon
 2010 - Eclipse
 2011 - Breaking Dawn - Part 1
 2012 - Breaking Dawn - Part 2
21st-century American novels
Romance novels
Series of books
Vampire novels
American young adult novels
Books by Stephenie Meyer

Twilight (novel series)


New Zealand Sugar Company Limited is a long-established business and landmark in Birkenhead, New Zealand, located on the northern shore of Auckland's Waitemata Harbour.   The company is also known colloquially as "Chelsea Sugar", taking reference from the company's branded sugar "Chelsea", and the site is also colloquially known as the "Chelsea Sugar Refinery", or "sugar works".

The refinery was established in 1884, and remains New Zealand's main source of sugar products (for both home use and for the food and beverage industry). This position remained even after New Zealand's deregulation opened the markets in the 1980s to foreign competition, and products are also exported overseas. The refinery also has one of Auckland's deepwater ports, with handysize ships importing raw sugar globally every six weeks.

History
Throughout most of the 19th century, all sugar products in New Zealand had to be imported; wishing to improve New Zealand's self-sufficiency, in 1882 the government offered a bounty to the first company to produce sugar locally. Already interested in business prospects in New Zealand, the Australian Colonial Sugar Refining Company had investigated possible sites in New Zealand and purchased  of farm land in Birkenhead. This was later expanded to .

The site was ideal for a refinery: the Waitemata offered deep water close to shore for a port, and fresh water from Duck Creek, which ran through the estate, and land and timber for building purposes were plentiful.

The name "Chelsea" was bestowed on the site by the refinery's first customs officer, who named it after Chelsea in England, his hometown.

New Zealand Sugar Company established
The "New Zealand Sugar Company" was formed in June 1883 by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, the Victorian Sugar Company, and a number of prominent Auckland businessmen, including Sir Frederick Whitaker, Allan Kerr Taylor, LD Nathan (of Lion Nathan), and AG Horton and JL Wilson (of Wilson & Horton).  However, a collapse in the world sugar market in the 1880s led the New Zealand Sugar Company to be re-amalgamated into its parent company Colonial Sugar in 1888.  In 1959, the present New Zealand Sugar Company was formed to allow local autonomy.  Wilmar International currently own 75% of the New Zealand Sugar Company, and Mackay Sugar own 25%.

New refinery

Work began on the new refinery in 1883, when 150 workers levelled the ground, reclaimed a natural lagoon, built wharves (by blasting bedrock), and created dams using two-thirds of the 1.5 million bricks which were made on site; the remainder were used in the buildings. By 1884, the refinery was operating, and has not ceased its 24-hour operation since.

Of the 150 workers who built the refinery, 100 remained to work in it once it was complete; most had migrated from Auckland and settled in the area.

Some of the early machinery and equipment was imported from Greenock in Scotland; much of this historic equipment remains on site, providing a rich industrial heritage.

Model village
As work on the refinery began, the managers and company officers were able to adapt the existing farm cottages on the estate for their use, but the majority of workers lived in tents and temporary dwellings near the building site.  This shanty town was replaced by Chelsea Village, which consisted of 35 cottages provided by the company within the grounds, some distance from the existing Birkenhead village.  Planned to be a model town, it provided gardens, a church, reading room, school, and shop.

However, the village did not remain for many years; the lower houses suffered from dampness and were unoccupied by the early 1890s, and by 1900 it was known as the "barracks" and occupied mainly by single men.  In 1905, the village was condemned by the health authorities and the worst of the houses were demolished; the rest were sold and shifted from the site.  Some of the relocated cottages can still be seen in the older streets around Birkenhead, and the church, now known as St Peters, was moved to Verrans Corner (a local suburb).

Desiring its core tradesmen to remain on site, in case of emergencies, the company built four semi-detached brick houses in 1909 on the site of the old Chelsea Village. These houses remain in Chelsea's ownership, but are now rented to private individuals. For the remaining workers, the company offered inexpensive housing loans, which financed the building of over a third of Birkenhead's new houses between 1910 and 1926, mainly in the streets surrounding the refinery, including Colonial Road (named after the original sugar company) and Huka Road (after the Maori name for sugar).

Sugar workers

Renowned poet James K Baxter worked at Chelsea as a cleaner in 1969-a job found for him by Hone Tuwhare. Dismissed after three weeks, he wrote the satirical poem "Ballad of the Stonegut Sugar Works" which expressed his unhappiness at the working conditions. Baxter's impression of the factory was not shared by all workers; it was recognised as a place of hard work, but the community spirit was high and the company provided many benefits for workers.  The company housing loans and secure employment ensured long service, often complete generations from the same families all working at the refinery.

In the 2000s, about 240 people were occupied at the refinery.

Wider impact

Development of Birkenhead

Before the opening of Auckland's Harbour Bridge in 1959, access to the North Shore from the city was restricted to transport by ferry.  While some residents commuted to the city, most of the development of the area was determined by local employment; thus, Chelsea was a leading proponent and determinant in the growth of Birkenhead and provided a focal point for the community.  With Chelsea as the major employer, Birkenhead was considered by many to be a 'company town'. In 1900, when the borough's population was 1000, one-third of the men worked at the refinery; local farmers and orchardists relied on casual labour in their off-season.

The bridge opening also meant that Auckland's North Shore was now a convenient place to live, so Chelsea sold more than 100 hectares of land for subdivision. This is the suburb now known as Chatswood and includes the Chelsea Sugar Refinery.

Before the establishment of the sugar works, the area consisted of farms and orchards, with a small village beside Birkenhead Wharf; within four years of the refinery's opening, Birkenhead had become a borough. The burgeoning town grew up the hill towards Chelsea Village, with a group of shops established at Highbury, between the two original villages.  Most of the local shops were supported by business from Chelsea and its workers, and workers became involved in local community affairs, including the offices of mayor and councillor.  The shift sirens could be heard throughout Birkenhead and served as a 'clock' for all.

Second port on the Waitemata

The site was chosen due to the deepwater access, allowing a port to be built in 1884. Raw sugar came from Fiji, Cuba, Australia, Indonesia, and Peru for refining, and until the building of the Auckland Harbour Bridge, the finished products were shipped out from the wharf. All other commodities, such as coal, food, and mail, were also handled by Chelsea Wharf.

This port continues to accept ships, generally handysize bulk carriers, delivering up to 30,000 tons of raw sugar. It remains private, but arrivals at the port are recorded by the Ports of Auckland and subject to Customs and MAF regulations. As the ships generally exceed , the ships require pilotage, managed by the Ports of Auckland's Harbour Control.

Some of the land was in the ownership of the Ports of Auckland, and leased to Chelsea.  In 1997, approval was granted for Chelsea to purchase the land, a total of nine hectares.

The port is located up-harbour from the Harbour Bridge, thus enforcing a large central span (243.8 m) and height (43.27 m at high tide).

Architectural and cultural impact

Chelsea is more than a landmark on the coast; it has been central to the development of the local community and remains active in preserving and encouraging interest in the local heritage and local events, sponsoring things as diverse as school trails and the publication of local histories.

As part of the company's interest in preserving its early heritage for later generations, it has entrusted its archives to the Birkenhead Public Library.  These Chelsea Archives contain company records, including wage books, legal files, and share registers from throughout its history.

The architectural and social importance of the site is recognised by Heritage New Zealand.  The early factory buildings, manager's house, and brick houses have Category II listings, and the site as a whole is recognised for its industrial heritage.  As one of the largest complexes in New Zealand, and one of the few refineries in the South Pacific, it helped to established New Zealand as an economic force.

Throughout its history, Chelsea has allowed the public open access to its significant grounds, which comprise wetlands, lakes, open space, and bush.  To ensure the parkland -and its access- is maintained, has become a public legacy.

Among the other cultural impacts which the refinery has had on its surrounds is the origin of top local association football team Glenfield Rovers. The club, founded as Chelsea F.C. in 1960, was originally a social club for staff at the refinery. It later became more than just a social side, and has among the strongest teams in the Auckland region since the mid-1990s. The club reached the semifinals of the national Chatham Cup competition in 2008.

In modern times

Chelsea operates 24 hours a day, 5 days per week, and remains New Zealand's market leader in sugar products.
Chelsea purchases bulk raw sugar globally, which is brought in by ship and processed and packaged at the Refinery.  Sales offices and warehouses around the country aid in the distribution of 200,000 tonnes of sugar a year, supplying both retail and manufacturing markets.
About 20% of Chelsea's total production is exported, mainly to Australia and the Pacific. New Zealand has a deregulated economy, hence it has no subsidies or import tariffs for sugar, so Chelsea operates entirely within the free market.

Chelsea provide financial support and sponsorship for a variety of organisations and projects within the local community.  They also provide funding for the Sugar Research Advisory Service, an independent organisation undertaking and reviewing research into sugar.

Notes

References

Haddon, Kathy; Birkenhead: The Way We Were Auckland, NZ: Birkenhead Library, North Shore City Council, 1993.

Howells, Shelley; "Pretty in Pink", New Zealand Heritage, New Zealand Historic Places Trust: Issue 103, Summer 2006. online version
Luke, Peter; Sugar Workers, Sugar Town : An Oral History of Chelsea Sugar Refinery, 1884–1984. Auckland, N.Z. : New Zealand Sugar Company Limited, 1984.
McClure, Margaret; The Story of Birkenhead. Auckland, NZ: Birkenhead City Council 1987.

External links

 New Zealand Sugar Company Limited
 Chelsea Sugar
Chelsea Bay
 Sugar Research Advisory Service
 Chelsea Archives Collection
 Photographs of Chelsea Sugar Refinery held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.

Buildings and structures in Auckland
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Auckland Region
Food manufacturers of New Zealand
Sugar refineries
History of Auckland
Ports and harbours of New Zealand
North Shore, New Zealand
1880s architecture in New Zealand
Manufacturing companies based in Auckland
Food and drink companies based in Auckland
New Zealand brands
Waitematā Harbour

Chelsea Sugar Refinery


The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America and its peripheries in Asia from 1521 to 1821.  New Spain was the name that the Spanish gave to the area that today is central and southern Mexico, and since the capital city of the Viceroyalty was in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain's territory included what is the Bay Islands (until 1643), Cayman Islands (until 1670), Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1700), Jamaica (until 1670) Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the southwestern United States (including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida).  Spain claimed areas as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819.  New Spain also included Venezuela before it was annexed to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717.

The territories were separated into provinces. Provinces were led by a governor, who was responsible for the administration of the province and often also led the province's army and militias.  The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called Audiencias in Spanish, at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara and Manila.  Both the high courts and the governors had autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own.  Only on important issues did the viceroy become involved in ruling the provinces directly.

In 1821, Spain lost continental territories when it recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as Santo Domingo when it was invaded by Haiti that same year. However, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spanish East Indies (including Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War (1898).

Related pages
Mexico

References

 MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA--PART I: The Settlement of New Spain  at mexconnect.com
 Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain  at Texas A&M University
 1492 -- Middle America at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive

Viceroys of New Spain
1520s establishments in North America
1820s disestablishments in North America
1821 disestablishments
Former colonies in North America

Viceroyalty of New Spain


The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is a 1989 British independent movie starring Richard Bohringer, Alan Howard, Michael Gambon and Helen Mirren and directed by Peter Greenaway. This movie was originally tagged by the MPAA under an X rating, due to which commercial distribution of this movie was limited. The X rating was then surrendered, and this movie was released with no rating. It was later released onto video with two versions, one rated NC-17, and the other under an R rating.

Other websites

1989 crime drama movies
1989 romantic drama movies
Adultery in movies
British crime drama movies
British romantic drama movies
1980s English-language movies
NC-17 rated movies
French crime movies
French romance movies
French drama movies
Dutch romance movies
Dutch drama movies
Movies directed by Peter Greenaway
1989 independent movies


"No One Else" is a song by Total, from their 1996 debut album. The track was a collaboration between the group's record label owner Sean "Puffy" Combs, now infamous member of the Trackmasters Jean-Claude "Poke" Olivier and Terri & Monica vocalist/writer Terri Robinson. It featured a rap verse from Da Brat, a sample from the track "South Bronx" by KRS-One/Boogie Down Productions and was a top 40 hit, peaking at number twenty-two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and faring even better at number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

The song was released with both the original and Puff Daddy (& Rodney Jerkins) Remix as prominent versions. Certain editions of the single only featured the remix and it even had its own music video. The track was based around rap verses from Foxy Brown and Lil' Kim, a new one from original featured artist Da Brat and a re-written chorus of "I don't need no one but you" by Total. The video version also had Puff Daddy recite lyrics from Sister Sledge's "We Are Family" (in reference to the Bad Boy Family) during the intro.

The mellow R&B Remix by another Bad Boy associate, producer Chucky Thompson was also included on certain editions of the single. There were slight lyrical differences on this mix including no rap, a spoken intro by Keisha, repositioning of the bridge and Keisha & Pam this time providing background vocals to their respective B-Sections.

Music video
There were videos filmed for both "No One Else" and its "Puff Daddy Remix":
The original version features members of the group in several different outfits including one set resembling biker gear with background colours of white, red, green and gold. Shots from the video were used as promotional pictures for the "No One Else", "Kissin' You" and "What About Us?" singles and the groups' debut album. Da Brat makes an appearance rapping her contribution to the track in a scene with a white convertible car, green background and all artists dressed in white outfits. Director Hype Williams helmed this video.

The remix video is slightly more concept based, with the women eventually arriving to rob a bank in a Mercedes Benz car. The various artists appearing on the track also feature alongside Puff Daddy & The Notorious B.I.G. against a white background and playing poker. It is viewed completely in black and white and was to be the group's second of three single remix videos. (the other two being "Can't You See" & "Kissin' You")

Track listings
CD single (remix)

 Puff Daddy remix
 R&B remix
 R&B remix instrumental
 Puff Daddy remix instrumental

12" vinyl single (US)

Side 1
 Club version
 Club version 2
 R&B mix
Side 2
 Radio edit
 Radio edit 2
 Instrumental

12" vinyl single (remix)

Side 1
 Puff Daddy remix
 Puff Daddy remix 2
 R&B remix instrumental
Side 2
 Puff Daddy remix radio edit
 R&B remix
 Puff Daddy remix instrumental

Trivia
 Writer of the track, Terri Robinson, also wrote the group's debut single "Can't You See".
 The "Puff Daddy Remix" is widely known as the only musical appearance of now-rivals Lil' Kim and Foxy Brown together, who were at the time, best friends and associates of the Bad Boy label. Though they both appear in the remix video, they never appear together in the video.
 Producer Poke later re-used the KRS-One/Boogie Down Productions "South Bronx" sample when working as one half of the Trackmasters on Jennifer Lopez' 2002 single "Jenny from the Block". Lopez is also the other producer of the track, Sean "Puffy" Combs' former girlfriend.
 Although it was Puff Daddy who recited a small section of "We Are Family" on the "Puff Daddy Remix", Total later sang an interpretation of another Sister Sledge hit "He's the Greatest Dancer" while appearing on Tony Touch's single "(I Wonder Why) He's The Greatest DJ".

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1996 singles
Total (group) songs
Bad Boy Records singles
Songs written by Sean Combs
Songs written by Da Brat
Music videos directed by Hype Williams
1995 songs
Songs written by Jean-Claude Olivier

No One Else


Missee Lee is the tenth book of Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books, set in 1930s China. The Swallows and Amazons are on a round-the-world trip with Captain Flint aboard the schooner Wild Cat. After the Wild Cat sinks, they escape in the boats Swallow and Amazon, but are separated in a storm. Both dinghies eventually end up in the lair of the Three Island pirates—Chang, Woo and Lee—where they are held prisoner by the unusual Missee Lee, the leader of the Three Island pirates.

The book, published in 1941, is considered one of the metafictional books in the series, along with Peter Duck and perhaps Great Northern?

Sources
Ransome visited China in 1926 and 1927, where he learned about Chinese life and culture. He also met, amongst others Soong Ching-ling, the wife of Sun Yat-sen. Ransome said that he based many of Missee Lee's characteristics on her, though there were others who contributed to the character.

Plot summary
The book opens with the Swallows, Amazons and Captain Flint in an unnamed port in the South China Sea, apparently the Hundredth Port of a round-the-world voyage aboard the Wild Cat, the small green schooner featured in Peter Duck. They are warned to stay away from the Chinese coast because of pirates.

On the next stage of their voyage, they encounter a dead calm. Their monkey, Gibber, causes a fire, which burns the Wild Cat to the waterline, causing her to sink. They all escape aboard the Swallow and Amazon, which are being used as ship's boats. However, the boats are separated in the night when a strong wind blows up. The crew of the Amazon, the Blackett sisters and their uncle, is picked up by a junk, which turns out to be a pirate vessel. The Swallows make their own way to shore, where they eventually meet the Amazons, who are being held by Taicoon Chang, one of the Taicoons who rule the Three Islands. Captain Flint is kept under much stricter guard by the Taicoon, who hopes to ransom him, as he claims to be the Lord Mayor of San Francisco.

The children are sent to Missee Lee, the leader of the pirates. She turns out to be a frustrated academic from Cambridge, who had been sent to England for her education, only to have to return to rule the Three Islands when her father died. She starts to give the children Latin lessons, at which Roger surprisingly excels. Captain Flint is also bought from Taicoon Chang who has threatened to chop off his head. The pirates are concerned that if the Royal Navy were to learn their position, a gunboat might be sent to destroy them, so when Captain Flint is later seen by the other Taicoon, Wu, with a sextant, they are only saved from having their heads chopped off by Missee Lee's intervention.

As they consider that they are still in danger of execution and are also becoming fed up with the Latin lessons, they plan an escape. During the Dragon festival, they set sail aboard Missee Lee's junk, the Shining Moon. With the help of Missee Lee, who has decided to leave her responsibilities on the Three Islands and go back to study at Cambridge, they take a daring and dangerous passage through a gorge to evade capture. However, when Missee Lee hears fighting begin between the various islanders, she decides that she owes it to her father and her people to return and unite them again. The Swallows, Amazons and Captain Flint return to England aboard the Shining Moon.

References

External links

1941 British novels
1941 children's books
Jonathan Cape books
Novels set in China
Swallows and Amazons series
Children's books set in China
Children's books set in the 1930s
Children's books about pirates

Missee Lee


Carbon Copy is produced when a sheet of carbon paper is placed between two sheets of writing paper.  As a pen, pencil, or typerwriter element presses down to write on the first sheet, exactly the same writing appears on the second sheet.  The same is true if the two sheets of paper and carbon paper are placed into a typerwriter to generate two copies of a document. People would type "cc" at the bottom of the paper to show where the carbon copy was sent. When people began using email, the carbon copy (cc) shows that the same email is sent to more than one person.

E-mail

Carbon copy


Isola dei Pescatori (meaning Fishermen's Island) is an island in Lake Maggiore in northern Italy. As the most northerly of the three principal Borromean Islands it is also known as Isola Superiore and, with a population of 25 in 2018, it is the only one to be inhabited all year round. Unlike Isola Bella and Isola Madre, the island has never belonged to the Borromeo family.

Description
The island is about 375 metres long by 100 metres wide. A narrow street running along its spine is joined by cobbled alleys to the promenade that encircles the island. The promenade is frequently flooded and the houses built against it are constructed to allow for this.

In 1971, the population of the island was 208, but has steadily declined to 25 in 2018. While the traditional occupation of fishing still exists—local restaurants providing a ready market for the fish—tourism has become central to the economic life of the island as its picturesque charms have made Isola dei Pescatori a popular destination, particularly for day-trippers, but also for more extended visits. In addition to the hotels, restaurants and gift-shops, there are boutiques selling craft products, holiday homes, and a small fishing museum in the old elementary school .

The church of San Vittore (Victor the Moor) retains traces of an ancient chapel that was probably constructed for the monks of Scozzòla (an abbey of San Donato di Sesto Calende founded by Liutardo, bishop of Pavia, in the mid ninth century). The church was previously dedicated to S. Gangolfo (Gangulphus), whose veneration is linked with the Abbey of San Donato.

Notes

External links
 http://www.illagomaggiore.com/4025,Poi.html
 http://www.belvedere-isolapescatori.it/Inglese/curiosiing.html
 Isola Dei Pescatori on The Campanile Project

Car-free islands of Europe
Islands of Piedmont
Islands of Lake Maggiore in Italy
Isola dei Pescatori
Stresa

Isola dei Pescatori


Marie-Jean-Augustin Vestris (27 March 1760 – 5 December 1842) was a French dancer and choreographer.

Biography
Vestris was born in Paris, the son of Gaetano Vestris and his mistress, the dancer Marie Allard. He was taught by his father, and made his debut in 1772 in the divertissement La Cinquantaine. He scored his first great success the following year as Amor in his father's ballet Endymion.

Vestris was appointed a soloist at the Paris Opéra in 1776, premier danseur in 1778, and premier sujet de la danse in 1780. He performed in the first production of Jean-Georges Noverre's Les Petits Rien and in  Christoph Willibald Gluck's Alceste.

In 1780, he began a successful association with the King's Theatre in London. He performed there for more than ten years. He choreographed several ballets for the theatre including The Nymphs of Diana (1781), Le Premier Navigateur (1786), dances in Grétry's opera L'Épreuve villageoise (1786), and Les Folies d'Espagne (1791). He and his father were so famous that Parliament stopped sitting to see them dance. He left his wife shortly after the birth of their son Armand.

He taught many of the famous dancers of the age. Among his pupils were Marius Petipa, Fanny Elssler, August Bournonville, Marie Taglioni and Jules Perrot.

Vestris retired in 1816 from the Paris Opéra. In 1835, at the age of 75, he danced a minuet at the Opéra with Taglioni. He died in 1842, and is buried in Paris in Montmartre Cemetery.

Vestris had extraordinary elevation and a dazzling virtuoso technique.  Vestris was vain, arrogant and rude. The Opéra only tolerated his bad behavior for 35 years because of his great talent.

References

1760 births
1842 deaths
French choreographers
French ballet dancers

Auguste Vestris


David Mathieson Walker (May 20, 1944 – April 23, 2001), (Capt, USN), was an American naval officer and aviator, fighter pilot, test pilot, and a former NASA astronaut. He flew aboard four Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and 1990s.

Personal life
Born May 20, 1944, in Columbus, Georgia. He was a Boy Scout with Troop 8 in Eustis, Florida and earned its highest rank of Eagle Scout. Died on April 23, 2001, from cancer, Walker was 56 years old and was being treated at University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. His wife, the former Paige Lucas, and two adult sons from a previous marriage, Michael and Mathieson, survived him. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on May 24, 2001.

Education
1962: Graduated from Eustis High School, Eustis, Florida
1966: Received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy

Military career

Walker graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and subsequently received flight training from the Naval Air Training Command at bases in Florida, Mississippi, and Texas. He was designated a Naval Aviator in December 1967 and proceeded to Naval Air Station Miramar, California, for assignment to F-4 Phantoms aboard the aircraft carriers USS Enterprise and USS America. From December 1970 to 1971, he attended the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and was subsequently assigned in January 1972 as an experimental and engineering test pilot in the flight test division at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School, NAS Patuxent River, Maryland. While there, he participated in the Navy's preliminary evaluation and Board of Inspection and Survey trials of the F-14 Tomcat and tested a leading edge slat modification to the F-4 Phantom. He then attended the United States Navy Safety Officer School at Monterey, California, and completed replacement pilot training in the F-14 Tomcat at NAS Miramar, California. In 1975, Walker was assigned to Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142), stationed at NAS Oceana, Virginia, as a fighter pilot and was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea twice aboard the USS America.

He logged more than 7,500 hours flying time, with over 6,500 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA career
One of 35 candidates selected by NASA in January 1978 for the new Space Shuttle program, Walker became an astronaut in August 1979. Among his technical assignments, he served as Astronaut Office Safety Officer; technical assistant to the Director of Flight Crew Operations in 1981; a chase pilot on STS-1; software verification at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); mission support group leader for STS-5 and STS-6; Assistant to the Director, Flight Crew Operations; leader of the astronaut support team at Kennedy Space Center in 1985; Branch Chief, Space Station Design and Development; and Special Manager for Assembly, Space Station Project Office. From July 1993 to June 1994, Walker was Chief of the Station/Exploration Support Office, Flight Crew Operations Directorate, after which he chaired the JSC Safety Review Board.

A veteran of four spaceflights, Walker logged nearly 725 hours in space. He was the pilot on STS-51-A in 1984, and was the commander of STS-30 in 1989, STS-53 in 1992 and STS-69 in 1995.

Walker was in training to command STS-61-G, scheduled for a May 1986 launch when the Challenger disaster forced NASA to suspend all Shuttle flights. In 1989, while piloting a NASA T-38 Talon to Washington, D.C. for ceremonies honoring the crew of STS-30, Walker came within 100 ft (30 m) of striking a Pan Am jetliner. That encounter and other infractions of NASA flying rules caused him to be grounded from July to September 1990, costing him the command of STS-44.

Spaceflights

STS-51-A Discovery (November 8–16, 1984) was launched from and returned to land at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. During the mission the crew deployed two satellites, Canada's Anik D-2 (Telesat H), and Hughes' LEASAT-1 (Syncom IV-1). In the first space salvage mission in history, the crew also retrieved for return to Earth the Palapa B-2 and Westar VI satellites. Mission duration was 127 Earth orbits in 7 days, 23 hours, 44 minutes, 56 seconds.

STS-30 Atlantis (May 4–8, 1989) was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. During the 4-day mission, the crew successfully deployed the Magellan Venus-exploration spacecraft, the first U.S. planetary science mission launched since 1978, and the first planetary probe to be deployed from the Shuttle. Magellan arrived at Venus in August 1990, and mapped over 95% of the surface of Venus. In addition, the crew also worked on secondary payloads involving fluid research in general, chemistry, and electrical storm studies. Following 64 orbits of the Earth, the STS-30 mission concluded with the first cross-wind landing test of the Shuttle Orbiter at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

STS-53 Discovery (December 2–9, 1992) was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and also returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. During 115 Earth orbits, the five-man crew deployed a classified Department of Defense payload DOD-1 and then performed several Military-Man-in-Space and NASA experiments. Mission duration was 175 hours, 19 minutes, 17 seconds.

STS-69 Endeavour (September 7–18, 1995) was launched from and returned to land at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. During the mission the crew successfully deployed and retrieved a SPARTAN satellite and the Wake Shield Facility. Also on board was the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker payload, and numerous secondary payloads and medical experiments. Mission duration was 10 days, 20 hours, 28 minutes.

Business career
In April 1996, Walker retired from the Navy and left NASA to become Vice President for sales and marketing for NDC Voice Communications in San Diego, California. He joined Ultrafast, Inc. of Malvern, Pennsylvania in April 1999 as Vice President of aerospace sales. Later he retired to McCall, Idaho, however he sometimes worked as a consultant to the Aerospace Industry. In 1998, Walker served as space technology consultant on the film Deep Impact.

Organizations
Associate Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots
Senior Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association (Class of 1966)
National Eagle Scout Association
Former President of the Idaho Aviation Foundation
Association of Space Explorers

Awards and honors
Defense Superior Service Medal
Distinguished Flying Cross
National Intelligence Medal of Achievement
Legion of Merit
Defense Meritorious Service Medals (2)
Navy Air Medals (6)
Battle Efficiency Ribbon
National Defense Service Medal
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
NASA Distinguished Service Medals (2)
NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
NASA Space Flight Medals (4)
Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry
Vietnam Service Medal
Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

See also

List of Eagle Scouts

References

External links

Astronautix biography of David M. Walker
Spacefacts biography of David M. Walker
Walker at Spaceacts
Arlington National Cemetery biography and photos

1944 births
2001 deaths
1984 in spaceflight
1989 in spaceflight
1992 in spaceflight
1995 in spaceflight
United States Navy astronauts
People from Columbus, Georgia
United States Naval Academy alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Aviators
Aviators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
20th-century American businesspeople
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
NASA people
Space Shuttle program astronauts

David M. Walker (astronaut)


A Dvarapala or Dvarapalaka (Sanskrit, "door guard"; IAST:  ) is a door or gate guardian often portrayed as a warrior or fearsome giant, usually armed with a weapon - the most common being the  gada (mace). The dvarapala statue is a widespread architectural element throughout Hindu, Buddhist and Jaina cultures, as well as in areas influenced by them like Java.

Names
In most Southeast Asian languages (including Thai, Burmese,  Vietnamese, Khmer and Javanese), these protective figures are referred to as dvarapala. Sanskrit dvāra means "gate" or "door", and pāla means "guard" or "protector".

The related name in Indonesian and Malaysia is dwarapala. Equivalent door guardians in northern Asian languages are  Kongōrikishi or Niō  in Japanese, Heng Ha Er Jiang in Chinese, and Narayeongeumgang in Korean.

Origin and forms
Dvarapalas as an architectural feature have their origin in tutelary deities, like Yaksha and warrior figures, such as Acala, of the local popular religion. Today some dvarapalas are even figures of policemen or soldiers standing guard.

These statues were traditionally placed outside Hindu temples or Buddhist temples, as well as other structures like royal palaces, to protect the holy places inside. A dvarapala is usually portrayed as an armed fearsome guardian looking like a demon, but at the gates of Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka, dvarapalas often display average human features. In other instances a fierce-looking nāga snake figure may perform the same function. Dvarapalas are present in almost all Hindu temples, Dvarapalas are highly important in Vaishnavism and called as Jaya-Vijaya who are the guardians or (gatekeepers) of the abode of Vishnu, known as Vaikuntha (meaning place of eternal bliss). They are present in almost all Vaishnavite temples and they are mentioned in several Hindu scriptures like Brahmanda Purana and Srimad Bagavatham. According to the Brahmanda Purana, Jaya and Vijaya were the sons of Kali, an Asura, and Kali, in turn, was one of the sons of Varuna and his wife, Stuta (Sanskrit (स्तुत, meaning 'praise').

The sculptures in Java and Bali, usually carved from andesite, portray dvarapalas as fearsome giants with a rather bulky physique in semi kneeling position and holding a club. The largest dvarapala stone statue in Java, a dvarapala of the Singhasari period, is  tall. The traditional dvarapalas of Cambodia and Thailand, on the other hand, are leaner and portrayed in a standing position holding the club downward in the center.

The ancient sculpture of dvarapala in Thailand is made of a high-fired stoneware clay covered with a pale, almost milky celadon glaze. Ceramic sculptures of this type were produced in Thailand, during the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods, between the 14th and 16th centuries, at several kiln complexes located in northern Thailand.

Depending on the size and wealth of the temple, the guardians could be placed singly, in pairs or in larger groups. Smaller structures may have had only one dvarapala. Often there was a pair placed on either side of the threshold to the shrine. Some larger sites may have had four (lokapālas, guardians of the four cardinal directions), eight, or 12. In some cases only the fierce face or head of the guardian is represented, a figure very common in the kratons in Java.

See also

Tutelary deity
Buddhist architecture
Hindu architecture
Lokapālas
Yaksha
Dharmapala
Nio

References

External links

 Between Worlds: Guardians in Tibet as Agents of Transformation
Glossary of Southeast Asian Art

Buddhist sculpture
Asian art
Tutelary deities
Architectural elements
Hindu temple architecture
Liminal deities

Dvarapala


There are some materials which offer some resistance to the current flow; they are not good Electrical conductors or good Electrical insulators. They are resistive materials, for example graphite, iron, and certain synthetic materials.

The magnitude that represents this characteristic is the resistance, and it is measured in ohms. An ohm (referred to by the Greek letter Ω (Omega)) is the SI unit of resistance (R). It can be defined by Ohm's law and the equation:

where  is resistance in ohms,  is voltage in volts, and  the current in amperes.

The ohm was named after Georg Ohm.

Further reading

    Resistors Basics : Everybody is able to understand electronics

SI derived units
Electricity

Ohm


Something that has impurity is not pure. For example, water that is clean would be called pure water. Water that is dirty would be called impure water. This may result in a change in melting point or boiling point.

Harmful impurity
Impurities may be harmful. For example, an engine works bad when its fuel is not pure.

Useful impurity
Impure materials are useful sometimes. Alloys are metals with impurities. Solar cells are made of silicon crystals, but a very small amount of impurity (0.001% to 0.01%) is needed in them to work.

Removing impurities
 Removed by distillation for liquids
 Removed by recrystallization for solids

Chemistry

Impurity


The ganzá () is a Brazilian rattle used as a percussion instrument, especially in samba music.

The ganzá is cylindrically shaped and can be either a hand-woven basket or a metal canister which is filled with beads, metal balls, pebbles, or other similar items. Those made from metal produce a particularly loud sound. They are usually used to play a rhythm underneath the rest of the band.

It is usually included in the Brazilian Samba as an undertone.

The ganzá is classified as an indirectly struck idiophone.

See also
 Caxixi
 Chocalho

References

Brazilian percussion
Vessel rattles

Ganzá


Jive is a dance, one of the five International Latin ballroom dances. It originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1940s. It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the earlier forms of Swing dance such as the Jitterbug.

Jive is danced in 4/4 time, and in competition at a speed of 44 bars per minute. It differs from Rock 'n Roll (dance) in having a syncopated chassé. Steps are counted 1, 2, 3 & 4, with 3 & 4 as the chassé.

History
American soldiers brought Lindy Hop/Jitterbug to Europe around 1942, where this dance quickly became popular among the young. In the United States the term 'Swing' became the most common word used to describe the dance. In the UK variations in technique led to styles such as Boogie-Woogie and Swing Boogie, with 'Jive' gradually emerging as the generic term.

After the war, the boogie became the dominant form for popular music. It was, however, never far from criticism as a foreign, vulgar dance. The famous ballroom dancing guru, Alex Moore, said that he had "never seen anything uglier". English instructors developed the elegant and lively ballroom Jive, danced to slightly slower music. In 1968 it was adopted as the fifth Latin dance in International competitions. The modern form of ballroom jive in the 1990s-present, is a very happy and boppy dance, the lifting of knees and the bending or rocking of the hips often occurs.

Basic step
The basic step (Jive Basic) is a six beat pattern, comprising eight weight changes.
Leader: Normally the male
Counts 1 2 - Rock step: left foot step back, right foot replace
Counts 3 & 4 - Chassé to the left
Counts 5 & 6 - Chassé to the right
The follower's steps are mirrored.

Other websites
Alan Tornsberg & Serena Lecca dance the basic jive (bit slower than competition speed):

References

African-American history
Latin dances

Jive (dance)


In computer architecture, a branch target predictor is the part of a processor that predicts the target, i.e. the address of the instruction that is executed next, of a taken conditional branch or an unconditional branch instruction before the target of the branch instruction is computed by the execution unit of the processor.

Branch target prediction is not the same as branch prediction which attempts to guess whether a conditional branch will be taken or not-taken (i.e., binary).

In more parallel processor designs, as the instruction cache latency grows longer and the fetch width grows wider, branch target extraction becomes a bottleneck.  The recurrence is:

 Instruction cache fetches block of instructions
 Instructions in block are scanned to identify branches
 First predicted taken branch is identified
 Target of that branch is computed
 Instruction fetch restarts at branch target

In machines where this recurrence takes two cycles, the machine loses one full cycle of fetch after every predicted taken branch.  As predicted branches happen every 10 instructions or so, this can force a substantial drop in fetch bandwidth.  Some machines with longer instruction cache latencies would have an even larger loss.  To ameliorate the loss, some machines implement branch target prediction: given the address of a branch, they predict the target of that branch.  A refinement of the idea predicts the start of a sequential run of instructions given the address of the start of the previous sequential run of instructions.

This predictor reduces the recurrence above to:

 Hash the address of the first instruction in a run
 Fetch the prediction for the addresses of the targets of branches in that run of instructions
 Select the address corresponding to the branch predicted taken

As the predictor RAM can be 5–10% of the size of the instruction cache, the fetch happens much faster than the instruction cache fetch, and so this recurrence is much faster.  If it were not fast enough, it could be parallelized, by predicting target addresses of target branches.

See also
 Indirect branch control (IBC)
 Indirect branch prediction barrier (IBPB)
 Indirect branch restricted speculation (IBRS)
 Single thread indirect branch predictor (STIBP)

Further reading

External links
  (EE461)

Instruction processing

Branch target predictor