Kirby's Adventure, called  in Japan, is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It was remade for the Game Boy Advance as Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land.

Plot
After waking up without dreams, Kirby goes to the Fountain of Dreams to investigate. In doing so, he learns that King Dedede has stole the Star Rod, by splitting it into seven pieces and giving six fragments to his allies and keeping one himself. Without the Star Rod, all of the inhabitants of Dream Land became restless and cannot dream. Kirby retrieves all fragments, in order to restore the rod and the dreams.

Kirby travels throughout seven worlds, defeating most enemies in order to collect the fragments. Once Kirby defeats King Dedede and rebuilds the Star Rod, he places it back into the Fountain of Dreams. However, an ominous black aura fills the skies as a dark creature named Nightmare emerges from the fountain. It turns out that Nightmare had corrupted the Star Rod, and King Dedede broke it with the intention of protecting Dream Land. Nightmare then flies off into space, and King Dedede inhales Kirby and the Star Rod and spits them into the air. Kirby uses the Star Rod to defeat both forms of Nightmare, and saves Dream Land once again.

Gameplay
The player can get to the end of each level by walking, jumping and flying. Each level has enemies and things that get in the way, but sometimes these things also help Kirby. If Kirby touches an enemy, he loses a health point (he has six). Sometimes Kirby defeats  mini-boss, before heading farther. Unlike the first Kirby game, it saves the game after each level.  Players can go back to any level in the world that they have played by going through doors.  There are seven worlds, and each world has between four and six levels, as well as a boss door and a Warp Star door.  (Players can visit other worlds using Warp Stars). Except for World 7, each world also has one or more mini-games, a place to pick up powers, and an arena where Kirby fights a mini-boss.

Kirby can walk, jump, fly and inhale. Kirby can go as high as he wants as long as nothing blocks him, and he can fall back to the ground by exhaling.  The puff of air can hurt enemies and break blocks.

Kirby can also inhale enemies and other things.  He eats any food that he inhales, but enemies and other things remain in his mouth.  He can either spit them back out and send them flying (hurting or destroying anything in their path), or he can swallow them.  He also has a sliding move where he can kick enemies and blocks. When Kirby swallows an enemy, he "copies" that enemy's power. It is the first game in the series to do this, and Kirby has a lot of powers he can use.  Once he has a special power, he can use it to fight enemies and solve puzzles.  One example of a puzzle is where Kirby uses the Fire ability to light a cannon.

Music
An official soundtrack was released on July 21, 1994. The vocalist was Mako Miyata.

Remakes
In 2002, a remake titled Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land was released for the Game Boy Advance. The new version has, in addition to new visuals and sound, different minigames, a multiplayer mode, and other new features. However, it also had some criticism for the omission of certain materials that pushed the NES to the limit, and replaced by what is often considered lazy for the Game Boy Advance. For instance, the rotating pseudo-3D towers in Butter Building were removed. In addition, the difficulty is significantly lower. A demo of the game is available in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. In 2011, a re-release of Kirby's Adventure named 3D Classics: Kirby's Adventure was released for the Nintendo 3DS. It is a 3D version of the game.

1993 video games
A
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Platform games
Single-player video games

Kirby's Adventure


Rio de Oro was one of the two territories of Western Sahara, when the territory was under Spanish rule. Rio de Oro, which literally means river of gold is more to the south. The other part was called Saguia el Hamra. The territory is named after a wadi. The capital of the territory is called Dakhla. When the territory was ruled by the Spanish, its name was Villa Cisneros. It has a size of roughly . To the north, the 26th parallel is the border, and to the south, the territory is limited by the 21° 20' parallel (and the border with Mauritania).

Originally, Portuguese traders called the territory Rio do Ouro, they traded goods for gold dust, in the year 1442. They believed to be in Mali ruled by Mansa Musa. Mali was famed for its gold deposits, despite the fact that gold was never found there, and only further south in Akjoujt and south of the Niger River. Historic maps show a river running from the center of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, newer maps show a shorter river which ends in a wadi named Megeta Mersug. In 1886, a Spanish expedition searched for this river, but did not find it.

References

Western Sahara
Spanish Africa

Río de Oro


Chank Diesel, also known as Charles R. Andermack (née Anderson), is a contemporary type designer. He was born in Canada and raised in the U.S. state of Florida.

Biography
Chank was born Charles Anderson, but neighbors called him "Chanky," after Spanky from the Little Rascals. The childhood name evolved to "Chank" as he grew up, and "Anderson" became "Andermack" when Chank married and combined his last name with that of his wife.

Chank was educated at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. He began designing typefaces when he was Creative Director for the alternative music magazine CAKE. During this time, he road-tripped back and forth across the country visiting designers at various record companies and earning himself the nickname "The Traveling Font Salesman." His fonts appeared on a number of album covers. Chank established his type foundry, Chank Fonts, in 1996, which he now operates from his home office in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He creates primarily display typefaces; typefaces with more personality than would usually be suitable for large bodies of text. His customers range from average computer users to professional designers. Chank creates custom fonts for corporations wanting exclusive rights to custom designed fonts, leading to his fonts' use on Taco Bell wrappers, Honeycomb cereal boxes, Tanqueray billboards, bottles of Ocean Spray cranberry drink, and movie posters for James and the Giant Peach. Chank sells his fonts (and also distributes free fonts) from his website, Chank.com. In addition to designing fonts, Chank conducts font workshops, where he explains the process of font design and creates new fonts with the help of attendees.

Some of Chank's fonts were featured in the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum as "important examples of contemporary typography" in 1996. He was profiled in The Wall Street Journal in 1997. In 2008, he was featured in The New York Times article "Down With Helvetica: Design Your Own Font."

In addition to being a font designer, Chank is also a painter.

External links
Chank Fonts
Typophile Biography
New York Times "Down With Helvetica: Design Your Own Font" article
DESIGN: ABCs for You and Me (The letters and labors of Chank Diesel)
Video profile of Chank on TPT's "MN Originals"

Notes

Canadian typographers and type designers
Type foundries
American designers
People from Minneapolis
Living people
Macalester College alumni
People from Florida
Year of birth missing (living people)

Chank Diesel


Rhodesia United Air Carriers (RUAC) was a company formed in 1957 by the amalgamation of several existing charter companies; Air Carriers Limited and Flights (1956) Limited of Salisbury, and Fishair of Victoria Falls.  Commercial Air Services (Rhodesia) of Bulawayo was integrated into RUAC in August 1960, following the merger of its holding company, Airwork Ltd (also known as Airwork Services), with Hunting-Clan (which had owned Air Carriers Ltd), a subsidiary of the maritime company Clan Line.

RUAC was the Beechcraft agent for Central Africa. It operated a fleet of Beech Barons, a Beech Queen Air, several Piper Apache and Aztec aircraft, a Cessna 180 and a Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander.

The company had bases at Salisbury (head office and maintenance base), Bulawayo and Victoria Falls.

Airlines established in 1957
Airlines of Rhodesia
1957 establishments in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Rhodesia United Air Carriers


Microsoft Corporation is a company that makes computer software and video games. Bill Gates and Paul Allen started the company in 1975. Microsoft makes Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office (including Microsoft Word), Edge, MSN and Xbox, among others. Most Microsoft programs cannot be downloaded for free–people have to buy them in a shop or online. Some products (like the Windows operating system) are often already installed when people buy a new computer.

Software
Microsoft Windows is an operating system, which means that it is the basic software that makes people's computers work and lets other programs work.  The majority of desktop and laptop computers run Windows, and so do some tablet computers and a few smartphones. The latest version of Windows is Windows 11. The latest server version is Windows Server 2022.
Microsoft Office is an office suite.  It lets people write documents on their computer with Microsoft Word, make charts and graphs with Microsoft Excel, make presentations with Microsoft PowerPoint, and send email with Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft SharePoint is a server tool included in Microsoft Office (2007, 2013). Microsoft Expression series was a web development tool.
Internet Explorer is a piece of software that lets people look at things online (known as browsing) and download things from the Internet. In 2015, it was replaced by Microsoft Edge.
Microsoft also makes other programs for the Internet.  Many of them are called Windows Live services, with the name Windows Live put in front of the old name of the service, like Windows Live Hotmail. After 2012, the Windows Live name was less used.
 Microsoft Bing is an internet search engine for finding things online. Bing Maps shows maps.
 Microsoft BASIC is the very first product made by Microsoft. It was created in 1975.
 Xenix is the first operating system licensed and then developed by Microsoft in the late 1970s.
 MS-DOS is the second operating system acquired and then developed by Microsoft in 1981, used for primitive computers and terminals.
 Minecraft and many other programs have been bought by Microsoft and developed further.

Services
Although Microsoft is best known for its software products, the company also runs a number of web services. They include:
Outlook.com is a webmail service. When Microsoft created this service in 1996, it was called Hotmail. It is used to send and receive email, manage a calendar of events and tasks, and a list of contacts (such as phone numbers and email addresses).
OneDrive is a file hosting service. It was started in 2007 and was called "SkyDrive" at the time. Users can upload files to a web server and get them on a variety of devices, including PCs and mobile devices.
Skype is a VoIP and social media service. It was not created by Microsoft, but by a company called Skype SARL, which was later bought out by Microsoft. The Skype program or mobile app lets people make phone calls through the Internet to other Skype users for free and, for a fee, landline phones.
LinkedIn is a social networking service for people with professional jobs. Like Skype, it was not created by Microsoft but by another company which Microsoft later bought. The site lets people post information about their jobs and skills to help employers look for new people to hire.
MSN is a web portal where people can read news and get information about different topics. It was created in 1995 and at one point its services were made under the brand name of "Windows Live". MSN used to have an instant messaging service, MSN Messenger, but that has since become part of Skype.
Bing is a search engine similar to Google. It used to be under the MSN brand and was later known as Live Search, but became its own service in 2009. Bing is known for the different images that appear on the background of its home page.

Hardware
Microsoft has also made a wide variety of hardware over the years. Among them are computer accessories like mice, keyboards, and webcams.

The company also makes and promotes a video game console, Xbox. It lets people play video games on their televisions. The games were first stored on CDs, but many recent games are downloaded from the Internet. There have been three generations of Xbox. The first generation came out in 2001 and was just called Xbox, while the second, the Xbox 360, was released in 2005. The third model is the Xbox One in May 2013. In 2020, Microsoft introduced Xbox Series X and Xbox Series S. Beginning with the Xbox 360, Microsoft introduced Xbox Live, which lets people play games online against other people anywhere in the world. The Xbox has become very popular and more than 150 million units have been sold worldwide. Because of this, Microsoft is considered one of the three big companies that make video game consoles, along with Nintendo and Sony.

Most recently, Microsoft has also started to make its own PCs, called the Surface. The first model was announced in 2012 and the Surface line now includes tablets that use either ARM or Intel processors, two models of laptops called the Surface Book and Surface Laptop, an all-in-one PC called the Surface Studio, and an interactive whiteboard, the Surface Hub.

In 2014, Microsoft bought the mobile phone division of Nokia, a Finnish company, which then became Microsoft Mobile. The sale included the Lumia family of smartphones, which use Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform. From 2014 to 2016, Microsoft Mobile also made feature phones with the Nokia brand. Then the feature phone business was sold to HMD global, which continues to produce  both feature phones and Android smartphones under license from Nokia.

References

Other websites
 Main Microsoft Website

1975 establishments in the United States
Bill Gates

Microsoft


Bratz is an American product line of fashion dolls and merchandise manufactured by MGA Entertainment. Bratz reached great success and the original line of dolls was expanded with a number of spin-offs like Bratz Kidz, and Bratz Babyz, as well as media featuring the Bratz characters, including a Web series, movie, TV series, music albums and video games. In 2005, global sales were two billion dollars and by 2006 Bratz had about forty percent of the fashion-doll market.

Media

Movies
There have been a number of animated Bratz direct-to-video movies. Bratz Go to Paris: The Movie is a re-release of the three Bratz episodes where the Bratz go to Paris. Bratz Babyz Save Christmas, originally released in 2008, was re-released in 2013 as Bratz Babyz Save Christmas: The Movie. Bratz: The Movie from 2007 is the only live-action Bratz feature film. It was co-produced by MGA Entertainment. The plot involves the four Bratz girls starting high school. It received overwhelmingly negative reviews from fans and critics; the Rotten Tomatoes consensus reads: "Full of mixed messages and dubious role-models, Bratz is too shallow even for its intended audience."

Traditional animation
 Bratz: Starrin & Stylin (August 4, 2004)
 Bratz Babyz: The Movie (September 12, 2006)

Computer Animation
 Bratz: Rock Angelz (October 5, 2005)
 Bratz: Genie Magic (April 11, 2006)
 Bratz: Passion 4 Fashion Diamondz (September 26, 2006)
 Bratz: Fashion Pixiez (February 27, 2007)
 Bratz Kidz: Sleep-Over Adventure (July 31, 2007)
 Bratz Super Babyz (October 9, 2007)
 Bratz Kidz: Fairy Tales (February 26, 2008)
 Bratz: Girlz Really Rock (September 22, 2008)
 Bratz Babyz Save Christmas (November 5, 2008)
 Bratz: Pampered Petz (October 5, 2010)
 Bratz: Desert Jewelz (January 10, 2012)
 Bratz Go to Paris: The Movie (October 8, 2013)
 Bratz Babyz Save Christmas: The Movie (November 5, 2013)

Live-action
 Bratz: The Movie (August 3, 2007)

Bratz (Web Series)
In August 2015, a new stop-motion web series premiered on YouTube. MGAE confirmed there would be 10 episodes for the first season.Season 1Episode 1: Selfie - The Bratz pack design a photobooth to take better selfies.Episode 2: Skate or Chick - Cloe and Yasmin decide to build a chicken coop in the garden, but Jade also planned to build a half-pipe in the garden.Episode 3: Cupcake Crash - Sasha helps Cloe get over her addiction with a new video game app.Episode 4: Bunny vs. Cat - Jade and Sasha get into a competition to see which of their pets will attract more customers.Episode 5: What's Your Zen? - Yasmin helps Jade find her zen when she cannot seem to focus on her tasks.Episode 6: If the Shoefie Fits - Raya starts a new trend when she goes to class wearing two different shoes.Episode 7: Put Your Thinking Crowns On - The Bratz pack each use their "thinking crowns" to help Sasha come up with something to wear for the talent show.Episode 8: Blackout Campout - The Bratz pack help Jade overcome her fear of the dark when the power goes out.Episode 9: Snow In Love - Yasmin and the Bratz pack help cheer up Raya after coming back from a fun ski trip.Episode 10: Behind the Scenes''' - The Bratz pack create a commercial to advertise the C.I.Y. Shoppe.

Discography
2005ː Bratz: Rock Angelz Soundtrack2006ː Bratz: Genie Magic Soundtrack
2006ː Bratz: Forever Diamondz Soundtrack2007ː Bratz: Fashion Pixiez Soundtrack
2007ː Bratz: Motion Picture Soundtrack2008ː Bratz: Girlz Really Rock SoundtrackInteractive DVDs
2005ː Lil' Bratz: Party Time
2006ː Livin' It Up with The Bratz
2006ː Bratz: Glitz 'n' Glamour''

References

Other websites
 Bratz.com - The official Bratz website.

Dolls

Bratz


Tilia is a genus of between 30 and 45 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.

The trees are generally called linden in North America, and lime in Britain. Both names are from the Germanic root lind. The modern forms in English went from linde or linne in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form lime. In the United States, the modern German name Linde, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.

Tilia species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs. Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.

History
The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.

Species

 Tilia americana
 Tilia amurensis
 Tilia begoniifolia
 Tilia caroliniana
 Tilia chinensis
 Tilia chingiana
 Tilia cordata
 Tilia dasystyla
 Tilia henryana
 Tilia heterophylla
 Tilia hupehensis
 Tilia insularis
 Tilia intonsa
 Tilia japonica
 Tilia kiusiana
 Tilia mandshurica
 Tilia maximowicziana
 Tilia mexicana
 Tilia miqueliana
 Tilia mongolica
 Tilia nasczokinii
 Tilia nobilis
 Tilia occidentalis
 Tilia oliveri
 Tilia paucicostata
 Tilia platyphyllos
 Tilia rubra
 Tilia tomentosa
 Tilia tuan

Hybrids and cultivars
Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
Tilia × europaea Common Lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn. T. × vulgaris)
Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
Tilia 'Flavescens' (T. americana × T. cordata)
Tilia 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

Uses
The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

Other websites

 GRIN: Tilia

Trees
Malvaceae

Tilia


John Barrett (November 28, 1866 – October 17, 1938) was a United States diplomat and one of the most influential early directors general of the Pan American Union. On his death, the New York Times commented that he had "done more than any other person of his generation to promote closer relations among the American republics".

Biography
Barrett was born in Grafton, Vermont on November 28, 1866. He graduated from Worcester Academy in 1883, then studied at both Vanderbilt University and Dartmouth College, eventually graduating from the latter with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1889. From 1889 to 1894, he worked as a journalist on the west coast (especially Tacoma, Seattle, Portland, and San Francisco). While working as a journalist, he so impressed President Grover Cleveland during a meeting that he was appointed as the United States U.S. Minister to Siam (now Thailand). He served in that country for four years working to improve trade relations before returning to life as a journalist, working as a war correspondent during the Spanish–American War and then as a diplomatic adviser to Admiral George Dewey. (He would write a biography of Dewey in 1899.) Finally, he was appointed as a delegate to the second Pan-American Conference in 1901 through the following year.

In 1903, he was appointed as the Minister to Argentina, and though he only served in that position for one year, President Theodore Roosevelt later remarked that he had begun a "new United States-Argentine era". He was then appointed as Minister to Panama and then to Colombia.

In 1907, he was appointed at the first Director General of the Bureau of American Republics, an international organization that was renamed as the Pan American Union in 1910 (and subsequently reorganized in 1948 as the Organization of American States). He served in this capacity for fourteen years. During that period, he also founded the Pan-American Society of the United States, was Secretary General of 1916's Pan-American Scientific Congress, and presided over the Pan-American Commercial Congresses of 1911 and 1919.

In 1924, he briefly entered politics by running for the United States Senate as a Republican, but withdrew from the race before the election.

In his life, Barrett received honorary doctorates from Tulane University, the University of Southern California, the National University of Colombia in Bogotá, and the National University of Panama. He also received state decorations from Venezuela and China.

He died of pneumonia in 1938.

References

 Mellander, Gustavo A., Mellander, Nelly, Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. (1999)
 Mellander, Gustavo A., The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years." Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. (1971)

1866 births
1938 deaths
People from Grafton, Vermont
Vermont Republicans
Worcester Academy alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Vermont
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina
Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand
Ambassadors of the United States to Panama
Ambassadors of the United States to Colombia
Vermont Academy alumni
19th-century American diplomats
20th-century American diplomats

John Barrett (diplomat)


Überlingen (; Low Alemannic: Iberlinge) is a German city on the northern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Baden-Württemberg near the border with Switzerland. After the city of Friedrichshafen, it is the second-largest city in the Bodenseekreis (district), and a central point for the outlying communities. Since 1 January 1993, Überlingen has been categorized as a large district city (Große Kreisstadt).

History

The history of Überlingen dates back to Roman times, but a variety of settlements antedated Roman occupation. Stone Age settlements, discovered along the shoreline of Lake Constance, document that the lake supported several dozen thriving communities of 50–100 individuals. These settlements fall under the category of the Hallstatt culture, and their habits, dress, and diet have been illuminated through the excavation of archaeological sites, such as a major site in Hallstadt, Austria, excavated in the mid- to late 19th century.

Similar sites, although smaller, have been found in vicinity of Überlingen - a site near Hödingen, another near Dettingen, by Constance, and a major site near the village of Unteruhldingen, where there is now an open air archaeological museum.

The dead were either burned, or buried in mounds or flat graves; women wore jewelry made of bronze or gold, especially earrings. Tools uncovered in archeological excavation suggest that these communities engaged in a combination of hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Roman and Merovingian period
The Alpine lands and the eastern Swiss Plateau were overrun by the troops of the emperor Augustus (31 BCE to 14 CE), who established the Roman writ from the Alps to the Danube, through the efforts of Augustus' stepsons Drusus and Tiberius. According to some interpretations of the Roman records, one of the Bodensee islands, probably Mainau, was the operations base for the military operations in 15 BCE.

The necessities of troop transport and ship building and maintenance required the Romans to possess the entire Swiss shore of the lake, and from these points along the lake, the Romans could mount a double-pointed excursion to the eastern Tyrol and present-day Bavaria, or to the West, in the Rhine valley. The Bodensee region, as a Roman province administered from Augusta Vindelicorum, present-day Augsburg, was governed by a finance official (procuratorpp) under Tiberius's command. The road from Stockach to Überlingen, and then along the lake's shore to Uhldingen and on to Friedrichshafen, and the east–west train tracks, generally follow the path of the old Roman road.

Evidence of conflicts between the Romans, their power waning, and the Alemannic and other Germanic groups, their power rising, appears throughout the region. New settlements appeared on top of burned settlements and old villages and farmsteads were reclaimed first by forests and meadows and then again reclaimed by men. By the latter half of the fourth century, several families emerged as the warrior leaders, capable of fending off minor Roman comebacks, and of protecting themselves, their kin, and their dependents from not only the Romans, but also other groups.

As the Romans withdrew more and more of their forces, to concentrate on the western boundaries or to focus on the conquest defense of Iberia, Franks, particularly Clodwig, or Clovis (482–511), and Goths, particularly Theodorich (471–527), contested for control of the region. Throughout this period, Alemannic dukes maintained their primary seat in Überlingen. The Alemannic Überlingen was first mentioned in 770 as Iburinga. Before that, it was probably known as Gunzoburg (641), the seat of the Alemannic or Swabian duke Gunzo. The probable site of Gunzo's villa has been identified in the northwestern quadrant of the city, just outside the present-day inner moat.

Medieval period
The Allemannic dukes were well connected to other families throughout Europe; the first wife of Charlemagne, Hildegard, came from the family of Linzgau counts, whose seat in Buchhorn (present-day Friedrichshafen) bordered the lake. Louis the Pious, 814–840, and Louis the German, 843–876, both married women from the Alemannic Welfen families. In the 10th century, the Linzgau fell to an invasion of the Hungarians, and ongoing battles with the Hungarians nearly brought the families of the region to ruin.

The Investiture Controversy of the 11th century brought further conflict. Villages and properties in the possession of one side of the conflict would be besieged and destroyed by members of the other party, in battle after gruesome battle, but by the end of the 11th century and the first half of the 12th, the Hohenstaufen emperors stabilized the Holy Roman Empire. The family came from the region, and Swabia, the Linzgau, and the Bodensee region became the middle point of the Empire.

This is also the beginning of Überlingen's period of blossoming. Many of the documents from the period have been lost, possibly in the city fire in 1279, but a great deal of information can be extrapolated. Hand-in-hand with the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire, localities throughout the empire experienced infrastructure improvements - improved roads and exchange regulations encouraged trade, particularly in the all-important, centrally located Swabia. The exact date in which the city received its market rights is ambiguous, but it was probably between 1180 and 1191; maps showing the trading road from Stockach to Buchhorn show the city of Überlingen in comparable size and type; by 1226 Überlingen had a Jewish cemetery, and these clues lead to the conclusion that the city had a market for a much longer period than this, thus the supposition that Emperor Barbarossa had established the market at the end of his own regime. He had been in the region several times: 1153, 1155, 1162, 1181, 1183, to hold court sessions, and in 1187, he stayed in Wallhausen, across the lake, to sign the documents establishing the Cloister of Salem.

At the end of the 14th century, the city was granted status as a free imperial city. In 1547, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, broadened the city's market rights to prohibit any trade in grain or salt within two German miles (about 15 km or 10 English miles) of the city.

Early modern period

The city flourished in the 13th to 16th centuries, mainly due to widespread grapevine cultivation on the south-facing slopes of the Lake Constance and its salubrious climate, which gave rise to a profitable spital (hospital) industry. The Holy Ghost Spital in Überlingen held large landholdings in Upper and Lower Linzgau, and in the Hegau. The city's affluence encouraged the construction of an impressive religious building - the St Nikolaus Munster in the late 15th century; a City Hall in the late 15th century; and impressive residences for the family of the spital doctors. The relative affluence of the city has been documented in its art and architecture, and the size and solidity of its physical plant, especially its fortifications.

As a fortified bridgehead, the city proved vital to the reduction of the German Peasants' War in 1525. When Georg Truchsess von Waldburg's soldiers rose against him during the war, and besieged Radolfzell, the Burgermeister of Überlingen led a small force to free the nearby town; they returned with 150 prisoners, all of whom were executed in a single day by the city's executioner. As a result of this assistance, Überlingen was granted the right to quarter a shield with a drawn sword, the Habsburg hawk, and the imperial eagle. As a result of its participation and assistance, the city retained its guild rights after the Schmalkaldic War of the 1540s and 1550s. In the Thirty Years War, the city was invested and besieged by Swedish soldiers and their Saxon allies in 1632 and 1634; despite lengthy and grueling siege, the city defenses held. Even when the walls were breached in May 1634, the population was able to resist in street to street, and house-to-house fighting, until the invaders withdrew. This seemingly miraculous occasion was attributed to the intervention of the Virgin Mary, and every year the citizens of Überlingen hold a so-called Sweden Procession. Another assault on the city in 1643 resulted in a French occupation until Franz von Mercy's Imperial-Bavarian army recaptured it in 1644. As a result of the Truce of Ulm ending hostilities between Bavaria and the allies Sweden and France, Swedish troops occupied the city in 1647–1649.

Annexation by the Duchy of Baden: 1803–1918

With the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803, Überlingen lost its status as a free imperial city, and its legal, economic, and political autonomy. As part of the German Mediatisation process, through which several of the German dynasties that lost lands and subjects on the west bank of the Rhine were compensated with other territories and populations, Überlingen became a part of the duchy of Baden, later the Grand Duchy of Baden. Through 13 organization edicts, the Duchy of Baden administration reorganized formerly free territories into a new ducal organization. For Überlingen, this meant the restructuring of the entire apparatus of administration and governance. Organization edicts deconstructed Überlingen's consular system of mayors, in which two men were elected to the office for one year, the first serving until immediately after Christmas, and the second from then until the new election in the spring. The once free imperial city became the administrative seat for the district (Bezirksamt).

Despite the relative importance of its position of administrative authority, the city entered a nearly century-long economic decline, exacerbated in the first decade of ducal authority by the Year without Summer, a consequence of the Tambora volcanic eruption in 1815, which had a VEI–7 index.

In the revolutionary period, 1848–1849, Überlingen experienced its share of turmoil. Überlingen's own militia apparently enjoyed an early occupation of the wine cellars at the former Salem Abbey, which after 1803 became a ducal palace and winery, but revolutionary activity extended more deeply into the social fabric. In early July 1848, Prussian and Bavarian troops invaded the Bodensee region, and imposed a form of military rule; several important personages, including Überlingen's physician and one of its schoolteachers, drew lengthy prison sentences for their revolutionary activity, nine months and a year, respectively. One of the former abbeys served as a prison for revolutionary convicts. Two companies of Prussian troops, about 400 men plus their officers, occupied the city until late 1850, when they were replaced by ducal troops. Although no sons of Überlingen fought in the civil war with Austria (Austro-Prussian War), Baden preferred to remain outside the conflict, and 72 of Überlingen's young men were called to fight the war with France in 1870; three of them fell in action and are commemorated in the parish church, St. Nikolaus. From 1846 to 1910, around 300 Überlingen sons and daughters emigrated to Switzerland, North or South America, or Australia.

Überlingen as a spa

The healing properties of the city's mineral waters, which sprang from a source under one of the towers on the western side of the city wall, had been understood since the early 16th century, and produced a regular source of income for the city and the spital; during the Thirty Years' War, the spring had been covered over; it remained covered in the postwar period and then was largely forgotten. It was fortuitously "rediscovered" during Überlingen's difficult times. A spa hotel was constructed and the notables started to arrive: Heinrich Zschokke (1771–1848), Ludwig Uhland, the poet (1787–1862), Gustav Schwab (1792–1850), and Germanist Franz Pfeiffer (1815–1868) were regular visitors. A pathway along the western wall, to the highest point within the city gates, is still called the Uhland walkway, and a marker notes that this was one of the poet's favorite walks.

The economic problems were in large part due to the difficulties of transportation. Although the first coal-powered steam ship, the Hohentwiel (named for the impregnable castle on the dormant volcano Hohentwiel by Singen), owned by Joseph Cotta, had traversed the lake in 1825,  the city did not emerge from its economic difficulties as a spa city until 1895, with the construction of a railway link to Überlingen. In 1901, the link was connected through Friedrichshafen, making travel to and from the city easier and quicker, and improving the city's prospects as a spa city. The link to Friedrichshafen completed the laying of tracks around the lake. Once the rail line was completed, marketing the city as a spa resort became feasible.

The Weimar Republic and the period of National Socialism
The peaceful life in Überlingen was interrupted by the war in 1914, when 145 of its sons died, and 20 were missing in action. In 1918, with the German Revolution and the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm, Überlingen became part of the Republic of Baden. For some, "the Revolution in the year 1918 came as a peaceful relief," but from 1918 to 1923, inflation overran the city, and many of the pensioners living there fell on hard times.

During the period of National Socialism (Third Reich), a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was established on the outskirts of Überlingen (KZ Aufkirch).

From October 1944 to April 1945, its 800 detainees worked in Überlingen, constructing an extensive underground facility, the Goldbach Stollen, for the manufacture of military armaments. The underground facility, established in natural caves and tunnels, protected the plant from Allied bombing runs. Of the 800 workers, 168 detainees died in either the cave conversion or a misdirected Allied bombing raid. The names of the dead KZ prisoners are listed in the book by Oswald Burger (Der Stollen) as a memorial.

On 22 February 1945, Überlingen experienced its only bombing raid, possibly attracted by the presence of the Dachau subcamp. In this raid, part of Operation Clarion, seven medium-range B–26 Martin Marauders of the US 320th Air Expeditionary Wing dropped 56 500-pound bombs, seveen of them with delay fuses, on the city's rail yards. The bombers had taken off from the base in eastern France by Épinal and dropped their bombs at about 13:45. The bombs destroyed six residential buildings, and severely damaged 17 others; 38 buildings were slightly damaged. Eleven forced laborers, four members of the military construction crews, and five residents of the Upper Station Road 97 are buried in the cemetery in the nearby pilgrim church Birnau. The memorial lies about  east of the church.

Troops of the French army arrived on 25 April 1945, and collected all the arms, munitions and weaponry in the city, to be stored in one of the former guild houses built in the 15th century. On the night of 2 May of the year, a fire destroyed the building and the western side of the market square. The fire is thought to have been started by a careless French sentry.

From 1937, German-Jewish composer Walter Braunfels avoided Nazi persecution by living in near-anonymity in Überlingen. There, he composed music (including three large-scale stage works) and made a living teaching music to the local children during the course of the Second World War.

After World War II to present
In 1972, Überlingen became the first city in the German Federal Republic to institute a tax for residents who obtain a second home in the city (), which became known as the so-called Überlingen model. With the administrative reform of 1973, Überlingen lost its status as the seat of the County of Überlingen (). A major part of it was merged with the County of Tettnang () to Lake Constance County (Bodenseekreis). In January 1993, Überlingen became a great district city (Große Kreisstadt) granted by the state administration of Baden-Württemberg.

In March 1980, Winifred Wagner, the widow of Siegfried Wagner, died at Überlingen.

Überlingen as a resort today
By the 1950s, Überlingen had established itself as a premier tourist destination on Lake Bodensee, particularly for those interested in the health cure. Überlingen was Baden-Württemberg's first Kneippheilbad, a homeopathic cure using water therapy, diet, aroma therapy, and exercise, is based on the principles of health developed by Sebastian Kneipp. The city's  shore promenade ends at the new health resort (opened 2003), the Bodensee Therme (spa). In 2005, the city and its collaborators, Deisendorf and Lippertsreute, won the gold medal in the competition, Our City Blooms (Unsere Stadt blüht auf).

The city also provides numerous walking paths and is located on the  long Jubiläumsweg, an historic landmark and nature trail through the Bodensee region beginning at Kressbronn and ending at the Überlingen Therme.

Uberlingen has also joined the Cittaslow movement to protect itself from overdevelopment. In 2012, the city banned genetically modified organisms and pesticides.

2002 midair collision

The city received international attention in July 2002 with the midair collision of Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, a Tupolev Tu-154, and DHL Flight 611 (a Boeing 757-23APF cargo jet manned by two pilots) on 1 July 2002. In this incident, the passenger plane carrying 69, mostly children and a few adult chaperones, who were travelling to Spain, collided with a cargo plane in midair, at about . The debris fell throughout the northern Überlingen suburbs. Seventy-one people died in the accident, including all the children, their chaperones, and the pilot and co-pilot of the Boeing cargo plane. One of the largest portions of the debris landed in a glade by Brachenreuthe, and the victims of the crash are commemorated there with a string of oversized "pearls".

Less than two years later, on 26 February 2004, Peter Nielsen, the air traffic controller on duty at the time of the accident, was stabbed to death by an architect, Vitaly Kaloyev, who had lost his wife and two children in the accident. Nielsen was 36 years old.

On 19 May 2004, the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation  published its determination that the accident had been caused by shortcomings in the Swiss air traffic control system supervising the flights at the time of the accident and by ambiguities in the use of TCAS, the on-board aircraft collision avoidance system.

Geography
Überlingen is located on the so-called Überlinger Lake portion of Lake Constance, an important water source for southwestern Germany. The countryside is a hilly moraine, formed in the last ice age.

The city is  from Zürich,  from Constance, and  to Munich.

The following cities and communities border the city of Überlingen. Clockwise from the west, they are: Bodman-Ludwigshafen and Stockach, which belong to the County of Constance, and Sipplingen, Bodman, Ludwigshafen, Owingen, Frickingen, Salem and Uhldingen-Mühlhofen. The city exercises legal jurisdiction over the neighboring communities of Owingen and Sipplingen.

 Administrative subdivisions of Überlingen

Besides central Überlingen (the Kernstadt), the town of Überlingen consists of several villages and neighborhoods. Throughout Baden-Württemberg, in the second half of the 20th century, many old farmsteads were developed into neighborhoods. Some of them retained the names of old villages or large farmsteads. Administrative reorganizations consolidated many of these tiny communities into municipalities and administrative districts.

After restructure in the administrative reform of the 1970s, the formerly independent municipalities of Bambergen, Bonndorf, Deisendorf, Hödingen, Lippertsreute, Nesselwangen, und Nußdorf are now included in Überlingen. The townships are unified - today, in the sense that they have their own elections for municipal governments, with a municipal administrator.

Some are listed below:
in the Kernstadt: Altbirnau, Andelshofen, Aufkirch, Brachenreuthe, Brünnensbach, Goldbach, Höllwangen, Hohenlinden, Kogenbach, Rengoldshausen, Restlehof, Reutehöfe, Weiherhöfe
to Bambergen: Forsthaus Hohrain, Heffhäusle, Neuhof, Ottomühle, Reuthemühle, Schönbuch
to Bonndorf: Buohof, Eggenweiler, Fuchsloch, Haldenhof, Helchenhof, Kaienhof, Negelhof, Talmühle, Walpertsweiler
to Deisendorf: Hasenweide, Katharinenhof, Klammerhölzle, Königshof, Nonnenhölzle, Scheinbuch, Wilmershof
to Hödingen: Länglehof, Spetzgart
to Lippertsreute: Bruckfelder Mühle, Ernatsreute, Hagenweiler, Hebsack, Hippmannsfelderhof, In der hohen Eich, Neues Haus, Oberhof, Schellenberg, Steinhöfe, Wackenhausen
to Nesselwangen: Alte Wette, Fischerhaus, Hinterberghof, Katzenhäusle, Ludwigshof, Mühlberghof, Reutehof, Sattlerhäusle, Vorderberghof, Weilerhof
to Nußdorf: Untermaurach

Architecture

The Münster St. Nikolaus is the largest late Gothic building in the region and a city landmark, as well as an emblem of Überlingen. The church has a large wooden altar carved by Jörg Zürn in the late Renaissance. On a pier in the inner altar is a figure of Jakob with his staff and scallop shell. On a wider pier is a cannonball from the 1634 siege by Swedish troops and their allies; it carries the inscription (loosely translated): "Swedish Field Marshal HOX would subdue Überlingen, [his Swedish troops] attempted and lost three stormings [of the city], and afterward he must yield. Maria (Holy Maria) this is your Victory sign". The cannonball was fired into the city and lodged in the main beam of the Hosanna bell tower.

The Sylvester Chapel in the city quarter of Goldbach is the oldest church building in the Lake Constance region, and contains frescoes of the Reichenauer School from the ninth century.

The City Hall was erected during the Renaissance period. The City Council hall is decorated with a cycle of limewood figures carved by master Jakob Ruß. The figures illustrate the hierarchy of the imperial estates, from princes to peasants, arranged into groups of four – the so-called "Imperial quaternions". The decorative programme offers an impression of the power structure in the time of its installation (1490–1494).

The Granary served as the center of Überlingen's once great grain trade and, since its complete renovation in 1998, is one of the most visually appealing cultural monuments of the city. Between the landing place and the market place, directly on the shore of the lake, the classic structure of the merchant and grain house can be seen from Mainau. Since its renovation in 1998, it is a notable cultural monument of the city. Documentary evidence through the proclamation of the so-called Grain Ordinance dates the original building to 1421.

Construction researchers date the load-bearing oak piers to the year 1382. Foundation remnants suggest it was the site of an older building of similar size. The present-day Granary was constructed in 1788 by Franz Anton Bagnato, in the style of the transitional period from Baroque to Classic. Since 1936/37, it has been protected under the Baden State Building ordinance.

The Franciscan church was built in 1348 in the Romanesque style, and in the early 18th century, converted to a Baroque style. It was renovated in the 1990s. The Chapel of St Michael (Aufkirch), outside of the city, was built in 1000, and was the city's first parish church. It and the village were severely damaged in the 1634 siege.

Geologic anomalies
Überlingen's location on the eastern Swiss plateau places it at the end of glacial moraine of the second ice age. The glaciers of the last ice age cut through the region as well, creating a mixture of moraine and glacial cuts, the deepest of which runs through the old forests at Hödingen to the lake. The combination of glacial carving, moraine, and erosion have created several unique geologic formations.

Spetzgart
The area immediately to the west of Überlingen is known as the Spetzgart, due to its jointed tower formations. The name reflects the region's complex Alemannic language traditions: Spetz (or spitz, meaning point) and Gart (or Garten, meaning garden). The Spetz are an example of the geologic processes that shaped the eastern regions of the Swiss plateau. One can also see the geologic molasse created in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. This area is a protected Natural area (see below).

Protected areas
In Überlingen and its surrounding environs, there are, as of April 2009, three Rural Parks and four Nature Areas, protected by law.

 Protected Natural Areas
The Aach Ravine, 72 hectares (ha), the Hödinger Ravine (28 ha) between Hödingen and Sipplingen, the Katharine Rocks (4 ha) and Spetzgarten Ravine (12 ha) between Goldbach und Spetzgart.

Climate
Despite its distance from an ocean, Überlingen has, depending on the definition used, an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), with four distinct seasons. The climate is generally mesothermal with seasonal variations. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Überlingen is a Cfb climate: the C designates climates with average monthly temperatures above  in their warmest months (April to September in northern hemisphere) and above  in their coldest months. The f indicates a significant year-round precipitation pattern with little or no difference between the amount of precipitation in the warmer months and the colder months. Decisively for the climate, winds can flow alternately from westerly directions, which often result in precipitation, and easterly, which usually includes high pressure systems and cooler weather than average. The Föhn, a warm wind, plays an important role in the northern alpine valleys and has also some impact on the cities around Lake Constance. The Bise, or east or north-east wind, is especially typical in winter. The most severe weather often occurs during the change of season, when both kinds of winds bring weather fronts that collide.

Demographics

Economy
Ueberlingen is home of several high tech industries in manufacturing, defense, and electrical engineering. Among them are:
Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG
MTU Friedrichshafen Logistics
RAFI Eltec GmbH

Culture

Dialects

Überlingen is situated in the area where a variety of Low Alemannic German (Niederalemannisch), Lake Constance Alemannic German (Bodenseealemannisch) is spoken. Lake Constance Alemannic German can be distinguished from High Alemannic German spoken to the south in Switzerland and Swabian, which is spoken to the east in Friedrichshafen and to the north from Pfullendorf on.

Fastnacht

Überlingen is a stronghold of the Swabian-Alemannic carnival. The carnival club, Narrenzunft Überlingen, or the Knaves Guild of Überlingen, is a member of the "Viererbund" carnival union. The carnival clubs of Rottweil, Oberndorf and Elzach are the other three members of this union. The carnival character of Überlingen dates to the 14th century, when it is first mentioned in city council documents; the figure is called "Der Überlinger Hänsele," which would translate roughly, and redundantly, as The Little Jackie of Überlingen.

On St. Martin's Day, in November, the Carnival clubs officially begin their practice; the club members parade through the streets behind a band playing the Hänsele song. Überlingers fall into line behind the Hänsele, and the procession ends with an impromptu rally in the market square. The carnival clubs heighten their activities closer to Fastnacht, the Swabian term for the celebration of carnival (see also Fasching or Fastnacht). Celebrations peak at Shrove Tuesday.

The carnival character, Hänsele, appears in many celebrations throughout the year. There is only one chosen "Hänsele," and he is involved in most civic celebrations; his identity usually remains anonymous. Other club members also dress up as the figure. Hänsele's costume is noted for its colorful felted squares, its fox's tail, and the incense he wears in his hood. In addition, Hänsele carries a heavy whip; prior to Fastnacht, groups of uncostumed Hänseles gather in the market square to practice snapping their whips.

Market Day

Wednesdays and Saturdays are traditional market days in Überlingen, and have been since the late 14th century when the city was granted market rights. Today's 21st century Market Days bring farmers, fruit growers, wine and brandy producers, honey producers, from throughout the region; in addition to local growers and producers, some come from the Three Corner area by Basel, and others from the Tyrol. Typically, housewives will purchase cheese, bread, wine, fruits and vegetables from these sellers, although items are also available in grocery stores (which sell everything), and specialty stores, which sell single types of items: bakeries, butchers, greengrocers, wine merchants, etc.

Market on Saturday lasts until early afternoon, and participants set up stalls in the market place and the adjacent church plaza. It is complete with a hurdy-gurdy organist, and occasionally other street performers. Sales also include flowers, baskets, and an expanded array of homemade items, including items from local artisans. Market on Wednesday is a smaller affair, and closes early at 1300.

Christmas Market

The Überlingen Christmas Market, also called Weihnachtsmarkt, and Christkindlmarkt, begins with the celebration of St. Nikolaus day, December 6. Nikolaus is the patron saint of Überlingen. A Nikolaus figure, complete with attendees including Black Peter, travels from Constance by boat, arriving at the city's boat landing. The "saint" leads a procession to the church, and then offers a special mass, particularly for children. In the ensuing 10 days, vendors offer a variety of merchandise from stalls in the Market square: delicately carved wooden ornaments, baskets, leather items, tree decorations, and all kinds of food and treats are available, such as Fladeln, or Wähe, or Wähefladel (more or less Swabian pizza), and the more widely known Würst (sausage), Kraut (cabbage), and Spätzle (little noodles). There is always Glühwein (mulled wine), a heated wine with fruit zest, usually orange peel, and spices, usually cinnamon and cloves.

The Sweden Procession

To commemorate the victory over the Swedes in 1634, Überlingen holds an annual procession called the Sweden Procession. The event actually has two components, one in early May and the second in mid-July. Men and women dress in the traditional costume, Tracht, and march in a procession around the city's inner perimeter, the inner wall. A select group of individuals carry the Swedenmadonna, a figure of Mary gilded in silver in 1659.

At designated places (the entry to the old pilgrim church, several gates, and the fountain where Mary appeared to chase the Swedes away) the priest offers special prayers and a small cannon is fired. The city band plays music to accompany the procession. At the July procession, a company of men perform the Swertletanz (small sword dance) at the church plaza, for the priest, and at the market place, for the mayor.

Law and Government

Mayors of Überlingen

1308–XXXX: Ulrich am Ort
1644–1670: Johann Heinrich von Pflummern
1733–1770: Johann Leopold von Haubert
1773–1793: Freiherr von Lentz
1793–1799: Karl Enroth
1799–1802: Johann Baptist Moser
1802–1810: Karl Enroth
1810–1814: Johann Baptist Moser
1814–1830: Johann Baptist Kugel
1830–1835: Konrad Magg
1835–1847: Karl Müller
1847–1849: Hofacker
1849:      Johann Sebastian Knöpfle
1849–1858: Adolf Bernhard Schmalholz
1858–1873: Mathäus Steib
1873–1879: Wilhelm Beck
1879–1885: Mathäus Steib
1885–1919: Maurus Betz
1919–1933: Heinrich Emerich
1933–1945: Albert Spreng (NSDAP)
1945:      Karl Löhle (SPD)
1946–1948: Franz Hug (Independent)
1948–1969: Wilhelm Anton Schelle (CDU)
1969–1993: Reinhard Ebersbach (SPD)
1993–2000: Klaus Patzel (SPD)
2000–2008: Volkmar Weber (Independent)
2009–2017: Sabine Becker (since 2014, Independent; previously CDU)
since 2017: Jan Zeitler (SPD)

Education
Several primary and secondary education schools are situated in Ueberlingen. Most of those schools are public.

 Public schools
There are several primary schools in the city center and the suburbs of Ueberlingen. Further there is a secondary and high school as well as vocational schools which includes:
Realschule Ueberlingen (Secondary school)
Gymnasium Ueberlingen (High school)
Joerg-Zuern Gewerbeschule (Technical school)
Constantin Vanotti Schule (Business school)
Justus von Liebig Schule (Biotechnology, social and health science school)

 Private schools
Waldorfschule Ueberlingen
Schule Schloss Salem

Media
The Suedkurier is the main daily newspaper in Ueberlingen. It has a local section for the city of Ueberlingen and is represented by a local editing office in Ueberlingen.

Transportation
Air
Next Airports are in Friedrichshafen Airport (32 km) with mostly domestic destinations and Zurich Airport (100 km) with international destinations.

Road
Bundesstraße 31 (German Federal Freeway) runs from east to west through Ueberlingen. The section from the end of A 81 (German Federal Highway) to Ueberlingen has been upgraded in recent decades to B31n, where "n" stands for new.

Rail
The Stahringen–Friedrichshafen railway runs through Ueberlingen, through a two section tunnel under the historical city core. Ueberlingen is served by three stations which are from east to west Ueberlingen-Nussdorf, Uberlingen, and Ueberlingen-Therme. Uberlingen is the main station which is served by inter-regional-express (IRE) trains from Basel German station to Ulm main station and regional trains (RB) from Friedrichshafen to Singen Hohentwiel, while Ueberlingen-Therme and Ueberlingen Nussdorf are only served by the regional trains.

Water
Ueberlingen is linked to Wallhausen a suburb of Constance by ferry, where the city center of Constance can be reached by bus. In late spring through early fall, regular water transportation links Überlingen with Constance, Meersburg, and the island of Mainau.

Twin towns – sister cities

Überlingen is twinned with:
 Chantilly, France (1987)
 Bad Schandau, Germany (1990)

Some of the hamlets and villagesAndelshofen was first mentioned in 1239 as Andelsowe. The site was the property of the Knights of St. John (Order of Malta). In 1552 and again in 1634, the site was burned to the ground, and later rebuilt. Judicial authority over the village lay with Überlingen. In 1805 Baden annexed Andelshofen, and it was reorganized into a part of the Überlingen administrative district. In 1927, the commune was dissolved and Andelshofen was incorporated into the commune of Überlingen. Its various hamlets came under the administrative jurisdiction of other small towns: Hagenweiler to Lippertsweiler, Schonbuch to the commune of Bambergen.Aufkirch was first mentioned in 1242 as Ufkilche. The site was the location of the original Parish Church of Überlingen, St. Michael. The church with its surrounding territory was transferred in 1311 to the Engelberg Abbey, and in 1343 to the Teutonic Order on the Island of Mainau. These came to Überlingen in 1557. From then, the church became a filial parish of the Munster in Überlingen, and village territory went to Überlingen with the status of hamlet.Bambergen was first mentioned in 1268. In the 13th and 14th centuries the seat of Regentsweil estate, its property came to the Spital in Überlingen in 1352. The free imperial city of Überlingen exercised both low and high justice over Bambergen and a few smaller nearby hamlets, including Reuthemühle. Accordingly, Bambergen was the seat of several villages and hamlets belonging to the Überlingen Spital. In 1803 Baden annexed the territory and it was reorganized into the jurisdiction of Überlingen.Bonndorf was first mentioned in 800 as Pondorf. In the 12th century, became part of the Hohenfels estate. Between 1423 and 1479 it was sold to the Spital, and thus came under the authority of the city. In 1803, Baden annexed the territory and merged it with the community in the administrative district of Überlingen.Nesselwangen was mentioned in 1094 as Nezzelwanc. Later, the site came into the possession of the Monastery of All Saints, in Schaffhausen. Later it was part of the lordship of Hohenfels, and from them it came into the possession of the Überlingen spital. In 1803, it was annexed by the Duchy of Baden and incorporated into the jurisdiction of Überlingen.Walpertsweiler was originally known as Waltprechtesweiler in 1160, when it belonged to the Cirstercian Monastery in Salem. In 1415 it came into the possession of the Überlingen spital and since the annexation by Baden (1803) is part of the community of Bonndorf.

Notable people
Stephan Braunfels (born 1950), architect
Marc Dumitru (born 1986), actor and singer
Marco Keiner (born 1963), author, environmental director at the United Nations
Mark Keller (born 1965), actor
Alexander Lauterwasser (born 1951), photographer
Siegfried Lauterwasser (1913–2000), photographer
Manfred Pfister (1879–1959), a lawyer and district chief executive
Richard Ringer (born 1989), athlete
Roman Schatz (born 1960), Finnish author
Hans Schlegel (born 1951), astronaut
Franz Schoch (1762–1813), Baden official
Michael Steinbach (born 1969), rower, Olympic winner
Henry Suso (1295–1366), mystic.
Julius Viel (1918–2002), convicted war criminal.
Nike Wagner (born 1945), granddaughter of Richard Wagner
Bonifaz Wohlmut (1510–1579), master builder, active in Vienna and Prague

Notable residents
Kurt Badt (1890–1973), art historian
Otto Buchinger (1878–1966), physician and founder of the Buchinger therapeutic fasting
Walter Frentz (1907–2004), cameraman
Manfred Fuhrmann (1925–2005), philologist
Adolf Horion (1888–1977), clergyman and entomologist
Friedrich Georg Jünger (1898–1977) poet, essayist, Bodensee-Literature winner in 1955
Fred Raymond (1900–1954), Austrian composer, who lived from 1951 in Überlingen, his tomb is there
Martin Walser (born 1927), writer, winner of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade

Towns adjacent to Überlingen
Sipplingen
Uhldingen-Mühlhofen
Salem
Owingen
Bodman-Ludwigshafen

 Literature
(all in German)
Dieter Helmut Stolz: Geliebtes Überlingen. Ein Gang durch Geschichte und Kultur der Stadt am Bodensee. Mit Stadtrundgang. Mit zahlr. Fotos von Siegfried Lauterwasser. 2., überarb. Auflage. Verlag des Südkurier, Konstanz 1981, .
Paul Baur (Hrsg.): ...klein, hochmodern aber hiesig! Überlinger Gewerbe im Wandel Verein der Freunde der Jörg-Zürn-Gewerbeschule 2. Auflage 1997, .
Bettina Bernhard: "Kur am und im See, Alpenblick inklusive". Das Kneippheilbad Überlingen. In: Wolfgang Niess, Sönke Lorenz (Hrsg.): Kult-Bäder und Bäderkultur in Baden-Württemberg. Markstein, Filderstadt 2004, .
Michael Brunner, Marion Harder-Merkelbach (Hrsg.): 1100 Jahre Kunst und Architektur in Überlingen (850–1950). Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung der Städtischen Galerie Überlingen. Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2005, .
Oswald Burger: Der Stollen. Überlingen 2005,  (Dokumentation zum KZ Aufkirch, Goldbacher Stollen, kurzer Abschnitt über KZ-Friedhof Birnau).
Oswald Burger, Hansjörg Straub: Die Levingers. Eine Familie in Überlingen. Eggingen 2002,  (geschildert werden nebenbei auch die Überlinger Vereine um 1900 und die Zeit des Großherzogtums bzw. des Staates Baden).
Jan Fornol et al.: s brennt! Überlingen eine Stadt und ihre Feuerwehr 1853 bis 2003. Eigenverlag, 2003
Alois Schneider, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Stadt Überlingen (Hrsg.): Archäologischer Stadtkataster Baden-Württemberg Band 34 Überlingen. Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Landesamt für Denkmalpflege 2008, .
Peter Höring, Ursula Horstmann und Hermann Keller: Chronik von Andelshofen. Eigenverlag, 2010, 248 Seiten
Eva-Maria Bast, Heike Thissen: Geheimnisse der Heimat: 50 spannende Geschichten aus Überlingen. Edition SÜDKURIER, 2011, .
Alfons Semler: Überlingen – Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt'', Oberbadischer Verlag, Singen 1949

References

External links

Überlingen: history and images
Der Trachtenbund Überlingen e.V.

1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
States and territories established in 1268
Populated places on Lake Constance
Bodenseekreis
Swabian League
Baden
States and territories disestablished in 1803

Überlingen


James Gleick (; born August 1, 1954) is an American author and historian of science whose work has chronicled the cultural impact of modern technology. Recognized for his writing about complex subjects through the techniques of narrative nonfiction, he has been called "one of the great science writers of all time". He is part of the inspiration for Jurassic Park character Ian Malcolm.

Gleick's books include the international bestsellers Chaos: Making a New Science (1987) and The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood (2011). Three of his books have been Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award finalists; and The Information was awarded the PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award in 2012 and the Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books 2012. His books have been translated into more than thirty languages.

Biography
A native of New York City, Gleick attended Harvard College, where he was an editor of The Harvard Crimson, graduating in 1976 with an A.B. degree in English and linguistics. He moved to Minneapolis and helped found an alternative weekly newspaper, Metropolis. After its demise a year later, he returned to New York and in 1979 joined the staff of The New York Times. He worked there for ten years as an editor on the metropolitan desk and then as a science reporter.
Among the scientists Gleick profiled in the New York Times Magazine were Douglas Hofstadter, Stephen Jay Gould, Mitchell Feigenbaum, and Benoit Mandelbrot. His early reporting on Microsoft anticipated the antitrust investigations by the U. S. Department of Justice and the European Commission. He wrote the "Fast Forward" column in the New York Times Magazine from 1995 to 1999, and his essays charting the growth of the Internet formed the basis of his book What Just Happened. His work has also appeared in The New Yorker, the Atlantic, Slate, and The Washington Post, and he is a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books.

His first book, Chaos: Making a New Science, reported the development of the new science of chaos and complexity. It made the Butterfly Effect a household term, introduced the Mandelbrot Set and fractal geometry to a broad audience, and sparked popular interest in the subject, influencing such diverse writers as Tom Stoppard (Arcadia) and Michael Crichton (Jurassic Park).

The Pipeline
As a reaction to poor user experience with procmail configuration at Panix, Gleick founded The Pipeline in 1993, one of the earliest Internet service providers in New York City. The Pipeline was the first ISP to offer a graphical user interface, incorporating e-mail, chat, Usenet, and the World Wide Web, through software for Windows and Mac operating systems. Gleick and business partner Uday Ivatury licensed the Pipeline software to other Internet service providers in the United States and overseas. Gleick sold The Pipeline in 1995 to PSINet, where it was later absorbed into MindSpring and then EarthLink.

Aircraft accident
On December 20, 1997, Gleick was attempting to land his Rutan Long-EZ experimental plane at Greenwood Lake Airport in West Milford, New Jersey, when a build-up of ice in the engine's carburetor caused the aircraft engine to lose power and the plane landed short of the runway into rising terrain. The impact killed Gleick's adopted eight-year-old son, Harry, and left Gleick seriously injured.

Work
Gleick's writing style has been described as a combination of "clear mind, magpie-styled research and explanatory verve." After the publication of Chaos, Gleick collaborated with the photographer Eliot Porter on Nature's Chaos and with developers at Autodesk on Chaos: The Software. He was the McGraw Distinguished Lecturer at Princeton University in 1989–90. He was the first editor of The Best American Science Writing series.

His next books included two biographies, Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman, and Isaac Newton, which John Banville said would "surely stand as the definitive study for a very long time to come."

Gleick was elected president of the Authors Guild in 2017.

Bibliography

References

External links

James Gleick's website with selections of his work.
James Gleick, author page in The New York Review of Books.
A Miracle Made Lyrical, Christopher Lydon interview with James Gleick.
The Narrative Thread, James Gleick talks with Robert Birnbaum on Identity Theory (webzine).
Leave Cyberspace, Meet in Egypt, article on the culture of Wikipedia.
Audio: James Gleick in conversation with Janna Levin at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2008.
'Science writer James Gleick explains the physics that define new media in the ongoing communications revolution' by Peter Kadzis, interview in the Boston Phoenix, April 6, 2011.

Time Travel.
Gleick on Mastodon

1954 births
Living people
Harvard College alumni
American science writers
American biographers
American male biographers
American male journalists
American science journalists
American essayists
The New York Times columnists
The New York Times writers
People from Garrison, New York
Writers from New York City
American male essayists
The Harvard Crimson people
Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents

James Gleick


Herwarth Walden (actual name Georg Lewin; 16 September 1879, in Berlin – 31 October 1941, in Saratov, Russia) was a German expressionist artist and art expert in many disciplines. He is broadly acknowledged as one of the most important discoverers and promoters of German avant-garde art in the early twentieth century (Expressionism, Futurism, Dadaism, Magic realism). He was best known as the founder of the Expressionist magazine Der Sturm (The Storm) and its offshoots.

Biography
He studied composition and piano at the music academies of Berlin and Florence. However, his interest embraced all arts. So he became a musician, composer, writer, critic, and gallery owner. He was best known as the founder of the expressionist magazine Der Sturm (The Storm) and its offshoots. These consisted of a publishing house and journal, founded in 1910, to which he added an art gallery two years later.

He discovered, sponsored and promoted many young, still unknown artists of different styles and trends, such as the Blaue Reiter and Italian Futurism. Later some of them became very famous, among others: Oskar Kokoschka, Maria Uhden, Georg Schrimpf. He also discovered and promoted several poets, notably August Stramm, Otto Nebel, and Franz Richard Behrens. The literary style he espoused became known as 'Wort-Kunst' (Word-Art).

From 1901 to 1911, Walden was married to Else Lasker-Schüler, the leading female representative of German expressionist poetry. She invented for him the pseudonym "Herwarth Walden", inspired by Henry Thoreau's book Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854).
In 1912 he married Swedish painter Nell Roslund. In 1919, he became a member of the Communist Party. In 1924, he was divorced from his second wife.

With the economic depression of the 1930s and the subsequent rise of National Socialism, his activities were compromised.
In 1932, he married again and left Germany shortly thereafter because of the threat of the Gestapo. He went to Moscow, where he worked as a teacher and publisher. His sympathies for the avant-garde soon aroused the suspicion of the Stalinist Soviet government, and he had to repeatedly defend against the equation of avant-garde and fascism.
Walden was imprisoned and died in October 1941 in a Soviet prison in Saratov.
His death was established by the International Tracing Service.

Works

 Der Sturm (Magazine, 1910–1932)
 Dafnislieder für Gesang und Klavier (Songs, 1910)
 Das Buch der Menschenliebe (Novel, 1916)
 Die Härte der Weltenliebe (Novel, 1917)
 Expressionismus: Die Kunstwende (Essays, 1918)
 Kind (Drama, 1918)
 Menschen (Drama, 1918)
 Unter den Sinnen (Novel, 1919)
 Die neue Malerei (Essays, 1920)
 Glaube (Drama, 1920)
 Einblick in Kunst (Essay, 1920)
 Sünde (Drama, 1920)
 Die Beiden (Drama, 1920)
 Erste Liebe (Drama, 1920)
 Letzte Liebe (Drama, 1920)
 Im Geschweig der Liebe (Poems, 1925)
 Vulgär-Expressionismus (Essay, 1938)

References

External links

"Herwarth Walden. Ein Essayist der Moderne", Paleari, Moira, Amsterdamer Beiträge zur neueren Germanistik

1879 births
1941 deaths
Writers from Berlin
19th-century German people
20th-century German novelists
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union
German Jews
Jewish German writers
German art critics
German essayists
German Expressionist writers
German expatriates in Russia
German male essayists
German male novelists
Foreign Gulag detainees
Jewish Gulag detainees
People who died in the Gulag
20th-century essayists
20th-century German male writers
German magazine founders

Herwarth Walden


Cantonment Burgwin (also known as Fort Burgwin) was a U.S. Army fort in the southwestern United States, located  south of Taos, New Mexico, southeast of Ranchos de Taos.

History
Established  in 1852 to protect the Taos Valley from Utes and Jicarilla Apaches, it was named for Captain John H. K. Burgwin in honor of his death in 1847 while fighting at the Siege of Pueblo de Taos, and he was buried there. It was designated a "cantonment" to indicate its temporary character.

Fort Burgwin is known for its role in the Battle of Cieneguilla in 1854, between the 1st Cavalry Regiment and the Jicarilla Apache.

Cantonment Burgwin was abandoned by the U.S. Army in May 1860. Several structures were rebuilt starting in 1957 and continued until 2004, financed initially by Ralph Rounds until his death in 1960. The new structures were known as the Fort Burgwin Research Center.

Later, William Clements, Chairman of the Board at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, added funding for several other buildings on the hill slopes around Fort Burgwin.

Current status
The core buildings are external reconstructions of the original buildings, but the interiors of several of the buildings are modern and serve as offices and classrooms. The site currently serves as the SMU-in-Taos campus, which offers for-credit summer and fall college classes, including the SMU archaeology field school, and the Cultural Institute, which offers weekend informal classes taught by SMU faculty. Previous archaeological work investigating the original fort included the work of Judith Thomas, a historic archaeologist from Mercyhurst University.

Geography
The elevation is approximately  above sea level.

See also
 Apache Wars
 Fred Wendorf

References

External links

1852 establishments in New Mexico Territory
Buildings and structures in Taos County, New Mexico
Burgwin
Burgwin
History of Taos County, New Mexico
1860 disestablishments

Cantonment Burgwin


Cardamom is the name used for two herbs related to ginger. Their seeds are used as a spice. The two species are named Elettaria and Amomum. The seeds grow in a small seedpod. This seedpod is triangular in cross-section and has the shape of a spindle. There is a thin papery outer shell and small black seeds. Elettaria pods are light green in color,  Amomum pods are larger and dark brown.

Elettaria is commonly known as cardamom, green cardamom or true cardamom. It grows from India to Malaysia.

Amomum is usually called black cardamom, or white cardamom. It grows in Asia and Australia.

Uses

Both forms of cardamom are used to add flavor to both food and drink, as cooking spices and as a medicine.
Elettaria cardamomum (the usual type of cardamom) is used as a spice and in medicine; it is also smoked sometimes; it is used as a food plant by the larva of the moth Endoclita hosei.

Food and drink

Cardamom has a strong taste and an intense smell. Black cardamom has coolness similar to that of mint. It is commonly used in Pakistani cooking. In Scandinavia it is often used for baking.

Green cardamom is one of the most expensive spices by weight but little is needed to give the flavor. Cardamom is best stored in pod form. Once the seeds are exposed or ground, they quickly lose their flavor. High-quality ground cardamom powder can often be a substitute for the pods. That way, ten pods is about the same quantity as one and a half teaspoons of ground cardamom.

In the Middle East, green cardamom powder is used as a spice for sweet dishes. Traditionally, it is also added as a flavoring to coffee and tea there. In Arabic, cardamom is called al-Hayl. In Persian, it is called hel. In Hebrew, it is also called hel (הל). In Gujarati (a derivative of Sanskrit), it is "Ē-lī-chē".
In some Middle Eastern countries, coffee and cardamom are often ground in a wooden mortar and cooked together in a mihbaz, an oven using wood or gas, to produce mixtures that are as much as forty percent cardamom.

In South Asia, green cardamom is often used in traditional Pakistani sweets and in Masala chai (spiced tea).

Black cardamom is sometimes used in garam masala for curries. It is occasionally used as a garnish in basmati rice and other dishes. It is often referred to as fat cardamom due its size ('Moti Elaichi'). Individual seeds are sometimes chewed, in much the same way as chewing-gum. It has also been known to be used to make gin. Cardamom was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.

In traditional medicine
In South Asia, Green cardamom is often used to treat infections of the teeth and gums. It is also used against troubles of the throat, congestion of the lungs and pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammation of eyelids and also digestive disorders. It has been used to break up kidney and gall stones, and as an antidote against the poison of certain snake bites.

Amomum is used as a spice and as an ingredient in traditional medicine in systems of the traditional Chinese medicine in China, in Ayurveda in India, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

Among other species, varieties and cultivars, Amomum villosum cultivated in China, Laos and Vietnam is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat stomach-aches, constipation, dysentery, and other digestion problems. "Tsaoko" cardamom Amomum tsao-ko is cultivated in Yunnan, China and northwest Vietnam, both for medicinal purposes and as a spice.

The demand for these herbs has increased since the 1980s. Growing cardamom has become an important source of income for many poor farmers. These people usually live in higher altitudes, sometimes in remote areas, in China, Laos and Vietnam.

Until recently, Nepal has been the world's largest producer of large cardamom. Guatemala has become the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom, with an export total of US$137.2 million for 2007.

Gallery

Zingiberales
Spices
Middle Eastern foods

Cardamom


Ethics is the study of good and bad behavior. It is one of the main parts of philosophy. Ethics tries to answer questions like:

 What actions are good? What actions are evil?
 How can we tell the difference?
 Are good and evil the same?
 How should we make hard decisions that might help or hurt other people?
 How do our actions affect others?

Ideas about ethics
When discussing ethics, the philosophy is generally separated into:
 thinking about morality,
 the involvement of science,
 the freedom of people to decide for themselves how to act within their own beliefs.

Morality is what someone thinks or feels is good or bad.  There are many different moralities, but they share some things.  For example, most people think that murder (killing somebody) is wrong. (compare Exodus 20:13)  Some philosophers hope to find more things that moralities share.  They think that ethics should use the scientific method to study things that people think are good or bad.  Their work can be used to test the fairness of a situation, such as how people should treat each other.  An example of this kind of thinking is the categorical imperative.  Many countries have laws based on this idea of fairness.

What is ethics used for?
Understanding ethics can help people decide what to do when they have choices. Many philosophers think that doing anything or making any choice is a part of ethics.

Ethics is part of other fields of study in many ways. Here are some ways:

 Ethics is part of the study of religion. In religion, people often learn what is good or bad from what they believe about God (or gods). Some important ideas about what is good or bad have come from religion. See Ten Commandments.
 Some theories of economics say ethics has to do with money. Money is a big part of most people's lives. Thinking about morality can be important in economics. For example, there is a saying about ethics taken from the Bible that 'the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil' (1 Timothy).The philosophy of Marxism also says that a few people using money in the wrong way can hurt many other people.
 Government policy can be affected by what politicians think is ethical. Politicians try to create laws that help everyone do what is right. Political debates happen when the people who make public policy do not agree about what is right.
 In work, thinking about ethics can help with hard questions. Work can be like both economics and politics. Workers have to make money and follow laws. But the best way to do both is not always easy to know. The study of this is called business ethics
 People like doctors and nurses have to make hard choices about how to care for people. Sometimes the person being cared for, their family or the doctor do not agree what is best for them. Also, choices have to be made if there are enough resources to help all. The study of this is called medical ethics. Similar studies for specific professions include bioethics and legal ethics.
 Discussing ethics can also be a way to stop people fighting or starting a war. By talking about ethics, people hope to get what they want without being violent. This works when all people agree that peace is very important. But not everyone agrees about what is right or wrong. So, sometimes anger can make it hard to talk without fighting.

Along with aesthetics ethics forms part of axiology, the philosophy of what people like.

Related pages
 Conflict of interest
 Ethical tradition
 Morality
 Utilitarianism
 Virtue
 The Republic, a book by Plato that says that people who have power should use ethics to make choices.
 The Prince, a book by Niccolò Machiavelli that says that people who have power should not use ethics to make choices.

Further reading
 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
 The London Philosophy Study Guide  offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:  Ethics
 Encyclopedia of Ethics. Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker, editors. Second edition in three volumes. New York: Routledge, 2002. A scholarly encyclopedia with over 500 signed, peer-reviewed articles, mostly on topics and figures of, or of special interest in, Western philosophy.
 Blackburn, S. (2001). Being good: A short introduction to ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 De Finance, Joseph, An Ethical Inquiry, Rome, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1991.
 Derrida, J. 1995, The Gift of Death, translated by David Wills, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
 Fagothey, Austin, Right and Reason, Tan Books & Publishers, Rockford, Illinois, 2000.
 Solomon, R.C. Morality and the Good Life: An Introduction to Ethics Through Classical Sources, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984.
 Vendemiati, Aldo, In the First Person, An Outline of General Ethics, Rome, Urbaniana University Press, 2004.
 John Newton, Ph.D. Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century, 2000. .
 Guy Cools & Pascal Gielen, The Ethics of Art. Valiz: Amsterdam, 2014.
 Lafollette, Hugh [ed.]: Ethics in Practice: An Anthology. Wiley Blackwell, 4th edition, Oxford 2014.

Other websites
 Brute Ethics:  animal ethics encyclopedia

Ethics


Sudeley Castle is a castle near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom. It was built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle confiscated by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.

By the time Henry VIII of England succeeded, the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's stepmother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to regenerate the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.

Seymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.

Catherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was later reinterred by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817.

Seymour's ambitions led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Nothampton. Parr was stripped of his property and title after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.

In 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Castles in England
Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire
15th-century buildings and structures

Sudeley Castle


The 15t century wis the century which spans the Julian years 1401 tae 1500.

In European history, the 15t century is seen as the brig atween the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, an the Early modren period.
Mony technological, social an cultural developments o the 15t century can in retrospect be seen as heraldin the "European miracle" o the follaein centuries. In releegious history, the Roman Papacy wis split in twa parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Wastren Schism), till the Cooncil o Constance. The diveesion o the Catholic Kirk an the unrest associatit wi the Hussite movement would gie rise tae the Protestant Reformation in the follaein century.

Constantinople, the caipital o the Eastren Roman Empire, faws tae emerging Ottoman Turks, forcin Wastren Europeans tae find a new trade route. At the same time, the beginnin Age o Sail allaes  Spainyie an Portuguese splorations led tae the first European sichtins o Americae (the New Warld) an the sea passage alang Cape o Guid Hope tae Indie, in the last decade o the century. The Spaingie Reconquista leads tae the feenal faw o the Emirate o Granada bi the end o the century.

In Asie, unner the rule o the Yongle Emperor, who biggit the Forbidden Ceety an commandit Zheng He tae splore the warld owerseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle.
Tamerlane established a major empire in the Middle East an Central Asie, in order tae revive the Mongolian Empire.

In Africae, the spread o Islam leads tae the destruction o the Christian kinricks o Nubia, bi the end o the century leaving anly Alodia (which wis tae collapse in 1504). The umwhile vast Mali Empire teeters on the brink o collapse, unner pressur frae the risin Songhai Empire.

In the Americas, baith the Inca Empire an the Aztec Triple Alliance reach the peak o thair influence.

2nt millennium

Centuries

15t century


Count Maximilian Anton Karl Baillet de Latour () (14 December 173722 July 1806) was an Austrian general during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Biography
Born at Latour Castle near Virton in the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium), he joined the Austrian Army in 1755 and distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War. In 1772 he married Charlotte-Sophie de Guérin de La Marche (d-1806); their son, Count Theodor Franz Baillet von Latour, was Austrian minister of war during the Revolutions of 1848, and was murdered during the Vienna Uprising. His brother, Count Ludwig Wilhelm Anton Baillet de Latour-Merlemont (1753–1836), was also a general in Austrian service, until 1810, when he resigned, and joined the Grande Armée of Napoleon.

Latour achieved the rank of a Generalmajor in 1782. In the course of the 1789 revolt that led to the proclamation of the autonomous United States of Belgium, Latour was elevated to the rank of a Feldmarschall-Leutnant. His troops held the Duchy of Luxembourg and played a significant role in regaining the rebellious provinces by the end of 1790, which earned him the Military Order of Maria Theresa. From 1792 onwards Latour fought as an Austrian commander in the Wars of the First and Second Coalition. In 1805 Emperor Francis I of Habsburg appointed him president of the Hofkriegsrat, Latour nevertheless died shortly afterwards in Vienna.

1737 births
1806 deaths
18th-century Austrian people
Austrian soldiers
Austrian politicians
Counts of Baillet-Latour
Austrian people of Belgian descent
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian generals
Belgian Roman Catholics
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
People of the War of the First Coalition

Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour


William Grason (March 11, 1788July 2, 1868) served as the 25th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1839 to 1842.  Grason also served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1828 to 1829, and as a member of the Maryland State Senate from 1852 until 1853.  He was the first Governor of Maryland directly elected by the general electorate and the first elected governor from the Eastern Shore of Maryland due to a system that rotated the governorship by requiring the governor come from one of three regions in sequence.

Biography
William Grason is believed to have been born at 'Eagle's Nest' on the Wye River in 1786, was probably born in Queen Anne's County, Maryland.  His tombstone records his date of birth as March 11, 1788. The names of both of his parents are unknown, but he is believed to be the son of Richard Grason, a farmer, also known as 'Commodore Grason.'  In March 1801, he was admitted to St. John's College, but he did not graduate. He entered the United States Navy as a midshipman, but his naval career seems to have been only of short duration.  On October 12, 1813, Grason married Susan Orrick Sulivane. They resided at the bride's father's residence later known as the Edmondson House a.k.a. "Liberty Hall" from their marriage in 1812 until their removal to the future governor's original home county of Queen Anne in or after 1814.

He was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian candidate for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1828 and re-elected the following year.  In 1831, he was chosen as a senatorial elector from the Eastern Shore. In 1833, he was considered as a candidate for the nomination as congressman, but Richard B. Carmichael was instead nominated and elected. In 1835, Grason made his second attempt to secure a seat in Congress, but in the general election he was defeated by James A. Pearce, the Whig candidate. In 1837, Grason was re-elected to the Maryland House of Delegates.

In the gubernatorial election of 1838, with candidates exclusively from the Eastern Shore District, the Democrats nominated William Grason and the Whigs named John Nevitt Steele of Dorchester County. Grason defeated Steele by a statewide margin of 311 votes.  He was inaugurated on January 7, 1839.  During his term he confronted the payment of Maryland's debts, primarily because the State had indulged in the all-too-lavish subsidizing of internal improvement projects, without additional taxation to pay off the debt.

His term ended on January 3, 1842, and he returned to his farm in Queen Anne's County.  In 1850, the Democrats of Queen Anne's County chose him to be a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and in the same year he was elected to the Maryland State Senate. He was defeated for election to the Maryland State Senate in 1856.  Grason died at his home near Queenstown, Maryland in Queen Anne's County on July 2, 1868, at the age of 80, and he was buried on his own land, now called 'Wye River Farm.'

References

External links

William Grason, Governor – Delmarva Heritage Series

Democratic Party governors of Maryland
Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Democratic Party Maryland state senators
1788 births
1868 deaths
19th-century American politicians
People from Queen Anne's County, Maryland

William Grason


The Flag of the State of New Mexico has the red sun symbol of the Zia people in the middle and has a yellow background.

In 1920, Dr. Harry Mera, an archaeologist, won a contest to design a new state flag and chose the Zia sun symbol because he was familiar with it. It was used in Zia Pueblo on a 19th century pot. There is four points in the symbol because four is a sacred number to the Zia. To the Zia, it is the Circle of Life: four winds, four seasons, four directions, and four sacred obligations. New Mexico was the 48th state and it was founded in 1912.

New Mexico
New Mexico

Flag of New Mexico


A circuit breaker is a device designed to shut off an electrical circuit when too much current is flowing. This usually occurs if too many devices are plugged in or if there is a short circuit. Circuit breakers are usually installed in the electrical panel. Some circuit breakers also have GFCI protection. Inside the circuit breaker, there is usually an electromagnetic coil. When too much current flows through the coil, it pulls on the switch, shutting the power off. The coil reacts to immediate short circuits. There is also a bimetal strip that will bend and pull on the switch if it gets too hot. This reacts to extended periods of too much current.

Some advanced circuit breakers monitor current electronically, and shut the power off when an electronic sensor detects too much current. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker does not need to be replaced to be reset, except in some severe cases such as very high-current short circuits and lightning strikes that may damage the circuit breaker.

Types

By voltage level
 Low voltage circuit breaker.
 Medium voltage circuit breaker.
 High voltage circuit breaker.

By medium of arc suppression
 Air circuit breaker
 CO2 circuit breaker
 Disconnecting circuit breaker
 Oil circuit breaker
 Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

Related pages
 Electricity

Electrical wiring

Circuit breaker


Gas chromatography is a type of chromatography. The sample that is going to be tested  is first turned into a gas, and then carried through a column by a nonreactive 'carrier' gas such as helium or other inert gas such as nitrogen.  As the sample is carried through the column it is separated into its individual components.  To achieve this the column is housed inside an oven, where the temperature is controlled to allow the individual components to exit the column at different times.

Instrument

Carrier gas
In selecting a carrier gas it is important to select a gas that will not react with the components of the sample.  The carrier gas should also be able to withstand high temperatures due to the oven.  The flow rate of the carrier gas is important in that if it is too high there is not enough time for the sample to interact with the column and no separation will be seen, if it is too slow the experiment may take a very long time.

Column
The main type of columns used in gas chromatography is a capillary column.  Packed columns are created of fused silica or stainless steel.  To increase separation of a gas sample columns must be created of a large length and are coiled to fit inside of the oven.  Capillary columns are separated into two categories; wall coated open tubular and support coated open tubular.  WCOT are capillary tubes with a thin layer of stationary phase, and in SCOT, the tube is lined with a thin film of support material.  As the sample moves through the column the individual parts of the sample become contained with the material inside of the column and are then released.  This action allows for a sample to become separated.

Oven
It is important that the oven is capable of maintaining a constant temperature.  Since movement of the sample through the column relies on the boiling point of the sample being analyzed, the oven should be set to a temperature that is slightly higher than its boiling point.  For samples with a large boiling range, a temperature program can be used, in which the column temperature is raised.  By using a high temperature, the sample moves through the column faster, while at lower temperatures the sample moves slower, but better resolution is achieved.

Detector
Many types of detectors are used in gas chromatographic separations, with the most common are flame ionization, thermal conductivity, and mass spectrometry detectors.  In a flame ionization detectors, the separated sample from the column is directed into a flame.  By creating a voltage near the burner tip and the detector, the ions that are produced from the flame travel towards the detector.  Flame detectors are not capable of detecting H2O, CO2, SO2, and CO.

With a thermal conductivity detector, the sample from the column is passed into an area that is electrically heated.  The thermal conductivity of the column is reduced when the sample passes over by.  When this occurs the detector heats up and measures the change in resistance.  The thermal conductivity detector is capable of detecting all types of compounds.

A mass spectrometer measures the mass to charge ratio of fragmented ions of a sample.  The output of a column can be feed directly into the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer.  A mass spectrometry detector is capable of being able to obtain information from incompletely separated components.  Two types of mass spectrometer detectors used are quadrupole and time of flight mass analyzers.  In a quadrupole detector, a voltage is produced which makes ions of a specific mass to travel to the detector.  In a time of flight mass analyzer, the speed of an ion is measured allowing the mass to charge ratio to be known.

Applications
Gas chromatography is regularly used to describe what is inside a complex sample.  The information obtained from gas chromatography is placed into a graph of detector response versus the time the sample leaves the column.  If the separate parts of a complex sample come out at different times far apart from one another it is possible to determine what came out of the column.

If a sample is compared to a standard calibration it is possible to know how much of a separated part of the sample makes up the sample.  This is useful in monitoring quality of a product such as medicine, beverage, or perfume.

Laboratory techniques

Gas chromatography