Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (originally titled Dennis the Menace and currently titled Dennis and Gnasher) is a long-running comic strip in the British children's comic The Beano, published by DC Thomson, of Dundee, Scotland. The comic stars a boy named Dennis the Menace and his dog, an "Abyssinian wire-haired tripe hound" named Gnasher.

The strip first appeared in issue 452, dated 17 March 1951, and on sale from 12 March 1951. It is the longest-running strip in the comic. The idea and name of the character emerged when the comic's editor heard a British music hall song with the chorus "I'm Dennis the Menace from Venice". The creation of Dennis in the 1950s had sales of The Beano soar. From issue 1678 onward (dated 14 September 1974), Dennis the Menace replaced Biffo the Bear on the front cover, and has been there ever since. Coincidentally, on 12 March 1951, another comic strip named Dennis the Menace debuted in the US. As a result of this, the US series has initially been retitled Dennis for UK audiences, while the British character's appearances are often titled Dennis and Gnasher outside the UK. In 2021, Dennis (and Gnasher) featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail to mark 70 years of the character.

Dennis is the archetypal badly behaved schoolboy. The main recurring storyline throughout the years features his campaign of terror against a gang of "softies" (effeminate, well-behaved boys), particularly Walter the Softy. Walter finds himself in unfavourable circumstances on many occasions, although he sometimes gets the last laugh. Author Michael Rosen states, "In most children's books, a bad child gets made good – but the great thing about Dennis is he never gets better".

Dennis the Menace and Gnasher was first drawn by David Law (1951–1970), then David Sutherland (1970–1998). David Parkins took over from 1998 until 2006, although Nigel Parkinson drew most of the strips after 2002, and Jimmy Hansen alternated with him in 2005–06. Tom Paterson drew some second Dennis strips for the comic's rear pages. Barrie Appleby did the artwork for the Beano Superstars series, which, toward the end of its run, resorted mostly to strips based on the TV series. In 2011, he took over as Dennis's main artist. In 2012, Nigel Parkinson was named the sole official Dennis artist. Dennis was returned to his previous appearance and personality. Nigel Auchterlounie began writing for Dennis a month later and gave Dennis (and the other characters) wider personalities. Auchterlounie has proven to be a very popular writer since taking over Dennis. Dennis and Gnasher have remained the mascots of The Beano.

History

Creation and concept

The idea and name of the character emerged when The Beano editor George Moonie heard a British music hall song with the chorus "I'm Dennis the Menace from Venice". The character of Dennis was initially a struggle for artist Davey Law and then Beano chief sub Ian Chisholm to develop. Chisholm described the character to Law but was dissatisfied with every sketch the artist showed him. Out of frustration, Chisholm grabbed a pencil and quickly sketched out his creation to Law in the back of his cigarette packet. The drawing consisted of Dennis's trademark messy haircut, knobbly knees, and menacing scowl. Adapting Chisholm's doodle, Law set to work on the character in the strip, which would appear in the 17 March 1951 issue of The Beano. Two months later, Law gave the mischievous boy his distinctive red-and-black striped jersey, outsized shoes and devilish grin.

David Law strips (1951–1970)

Dennis's first comic strip appearance consisted of him walking into the park with his father and his dog, where a sign is planted informing visitors that they should 'Keep Off the Grass'. Keeping in with his "world's naughtiest boy" tagline, Dennis makes many attempts to get onto the grass, much to his father's annoyance. Losing his temper, he takes the lead off the dog and puts it on Dennis, thus ending the menace's hijinks. This, like many succeeding it, only made up half a page. Dennis was deemed not popular enough to gain a full-page strip until around 1954. Many of Law's strips ended with Dennis being punished for his troublemaking with corporal punishment, such as a slippering or use of a cane. Throughout the years, Law's Dennis became taller than his debut appearance. Why Law chose to do this is unknown, but many believe it was due to Law's perfectionist nature. In 1954, Dennis replaced Big Eggo as the character next to The Beano title, citing one of many changes of the comic during this period. The following year, Dennis became one of a few characters from DC Thomson comics to be featured in his own annual (the 1956 edition), which continued to 2011.

Dennis was also present in the first Dandy-Beano Summer Special, where he appeared in full colour. This strip featured Dennis begrudgingly selling flags in aid of the dog's home. Bored, he chooses to make this a perfect aid to his menacing. Dennis continued to gain popularity solo as time moved on. His trademark pet, Gnasher, was not introduced until 1968.

On 31 August, a strip depicted Dennis being informed by his father that many pets look like their owners. Dennis dismisses this as being a load of "rot!" and goes out. Seeing many different owners looking like their dogs, he begins to consider that it may be true. Upon being informed of a dog show, Dennis decides to enter but needs a dog to do so. This was when he found the Abyssinian wire-haired tripehound roaming the streets of Beanotown. Menacing the dog show rather than attempting to win it, the duo are eventually caught and punished. Gnasher returned the following week and became a comic favourite, as well as the Menace's best friend.

David Sutherland strips (1970–1998)

In 1970, Davey Law took ill and retired from the strip, leaving Dennis in need of a new artist. Dave Sutherland, who was already the artist of Biffo the Bear and The Bash Street Kids, was chosen. Dennis made a cameo in a Biffo story in 1972, citing his wish to be on the cover. This dialogue proved to be almost prophetic, as he became the cover star of the comic in 1974 (issue 1678, cover date 14 September 1974), a position he still holds today. His first cover story consisted of him using the issue's free gift, the Happy Howler, to torment people, including his Dad and in an opera house, who gives Dennis's dad a free gift of his own, a slipper.

Dennis's popularity was emphasised in 1976 when he was awarded his own fan club. Members would get a membership card, a club wallet, and two badges. This became the foundation of The Beano Club years later. The club was well known for being popular amongst celebrities, as well as Beano readers. Phil Lynott, Mark Hamill, and Linford Christie were among many to join. A strip promoting an all-new Dennis T-shirt for club members emerged in 1978. It featured a guest appearance from Minnie the Minx and consisted of the two fighting over to whom the red-and-black jersey image truly belongs.

The Beano turned 40 in 1978. To celebrate, Dennis's weekly comic strip this week featured him celebrating his birthday and his menacing antics with his brand new cowboy outfit.

In 1980, The Beano reached a landmark 2000th issue. The front cover depicted Dennis offering to show readers the first issue of the comic. Incidentally and fitting well with the character's menacing nature, the comic was at the bottom of the pile. The character was then featured in one of the first Beano spin-off comics, The Beano Comic Libraries. He was one of the first Beano characters to get a feature-length story, which in turn was called King Dennis. Dennis was also a character present in the most successful Beano annual to date in 1983.

In 1986, one of Dennis's first story arcs appeared. Gnasher, his faithful companion, had gone missing. Distraught, Dennis asked readers to join him on a "Gnational Gnasher Search". At first, Dennis's dad was far happier without the tripehound, but as the week wore on, he found himself missing the dog. The story lasted seven weeks before Gnasher returned by a father with his six daughters and son, Gnipper, who later became a key character.

On The Beano's 50th anniversary, Dennis's strip consisted of him saving The Beano's birthday cake, which had begun to float away after the rope in which the sailor was pulling it along with was cut by a nearby crab.

A landmark issue for Dennis appeared in 1991, as The Beano announced they were to change his image. The news received much media attention throughout the UK and it was later revealed to be a publicity stunt in the very strip the image was introduced. Dennis's new attire consisted of a blue tracksuit, sunglasses and headphones connected to a walkman. The tracksuit bottoms ripped due to Dennis's knobbly knees and he ditched the jacket as his father could catch him easier after he had menaced. The end of the strip showed Dennis returning in his trademark jersey and shorts and pea-shooting his nemesis Walter. Dennis also played a vital role in the storyline in which The Beano was turned into colour. The front cover of the famous 2674th issue of the comic depicted Dennis spraying other famous Beano characters with a hose of paint.

In 1993, Beano editor Euan Kerr was becoming concerned at the direction David Sutherland's depiction of the character was taking, with Dennis becoming ever stockier and larger. Kerr, feeling that Dennis was beginning to resemble a thuggish teenager rather than the naughty boy he was intended to be, told Sutherland to make Dennis look younger in appearance. As a result, Dennis was made shorter, with a smaller chin. He retained his familiar outfit but started to wear trainers. These changes were also made with the intention of making the character easier to animate for the forthcoming Beano Video.

In 1996, the first Dennis animated series was released on the UK station CBBC, with a second series following in 1998.

After The Beanos 60th anniversary issue in 1998, David Sutherland stopped drawing the strip, and was replaced by former Billy Whizz and The Three Bears artist, David Parkins.

David Parkins (1998–2003)

Parkins' first Dennis strips featured a storyline that formally introduced Dennis's younger sister Bea into the comic. The story lasted three issues and consisted of Dennis's fear that a younger sister would ruin his reputation as the toughest menace in Beanotown. It turns out Bea was as much of a menace as her older brother and gained a spin-off strip drawn by Nigel Parkinson (who would frequently ghost the main strip during 1999–2004), which Dennis would sometimes cameo in.

Dennis kicked off the new millennium with a strip of him charging 50 pence to access the Menace Dome, a more 'menacing' version of the Millennium Dome. He also starred as a villain in a feature-length Bash Street Kids strip in which he, alongside Minnie the Minx and Roger the Dodger, raced against the Bash Street Kids to find the treasure which was apparently buried underneath the Millennium Dome. It ended with Danny, the Bash Street leader, outwitting Dennis and his cronies and Dennis angrily blaming it on Roger. Whilst a rivalry with The Bash Street Kids was touched on before in other strips, it was this story that made the rivalry far more well known. Several succeeding feature-length strips after, usually drawn by Mike Pearse or Kev F. Sutherland, further depicted the rivalry even to the point it would get violent. He also made other appearances in the spin-off Bash Street Kids - Singled Out, where he would take on a similar role.

In 2000, Dennis became a major mascot for Beanoland at the Chessington World of Adventures theme park. He was featured prominently throughout the land including a large figure atop the shop, a member of the squirting water fountain, a character on the dodgems, a silhouette on the entrance and a cast member in the live show located in his treehouse. Later in the park's history, Dennis's Madhouse was introduced which was a foam ball play area. In 2008, the land was changed into Wild Asia.

In 2001, Dennis turned 50 and celebrated with a house party in which several Beano characters were invited. The same issue also showed readers how Dennis received his trademark jersey which, it reveals, was initially owned by a boy called Tufty. After Tufty asks when someone would land on the moon, to which Dennis accurately predicts 20 July 1969, Dennis offers to give him the chance right then. He attaches his granny's homemade soda pop to Tufty, shakes him then removes each of the lids which causes Tufty to blast off and fall into a nearby lake. Dennis then grabs the jersey and puts it on remarking it 'feels right somehow!'.

In 2003, Dennis appeared as a playable character in the PC game Beanotown Racing. He was featured in several strips leading up to the game's release depicting how he received his vehicle and the races he got into before the game's events. This includes a rivalry with Minnie the Minx who had got her vehicle before him. Dennis tuned up his Menace-Mobile to make a dune buggy.

Nigel Parkinson, Jimmy Hansen and Tom Paterson (2004–2009)

David Parkins' workload meant he was able to draw the strip on an increasingly less frequent basis throughout his time on the strip, and after 2003 he became too busy to continue as a full-time artist. Nigel Parkinson, who had previously been drawing the strip as Parkins' understudy, continued as artist, along with Jimmy Hansen coming in to replace Parkins. The pair drew the vast majority of stories between 2004 and 2007 when Tom Paterson also started drawing the strip. In 2008, Dennis was given an extra strip near the back of the comic, usually a continuing story across a few weeks. These strips were usually drawn by Tom Paterson. One such story featured the illness of Gnasher's young pup, Gnipper who had been bitten by a poisonous snake. Throughout this story, Dennis and Gnasher called upon the help of various past characters of the strip's history before finally contacting Gnipper's many sisters who successfully managed to get him out of his coma. Walter also changed in the strip as Dennis was given more reason to belittle and menace him. Instead of being camp and frilly, he was quite rude and obnoxious especially toward Dennis and his friends. Dennis seems more bully than anti-hero at this age.

In 2007, Dennis was featured on the front page of a new magazine BeanoMAX and was the cover star until 2008 where he was replaced by Max, an exclusive character. Another landmark issue was met in 2008 where The Beano turned 70. As a celebration, Dennis was seen on the cover sharing a cake with Wallace and Gromit, whose creator was featured heavily in the issue.

2009 revival (2009–2010)

When the strip was relaunched in 2009, Dennis faced several changes to his character and appearance. It was the first major revamp of the character since his introduction over 50 years prior. Parkinson, Hansen and Paterson continued to draw the strips, although Dennis became slightly shorter with a boyish look to him as opposed to the brute, tough guy look the previous artists had established. His behind the nose grin was used far less frequently and most of his menacing was toned down. He also no longer used weapons such as a catapult or peashooter save for a few times, so he became more creative in his mischief. The strip's title was shortened to Dennis and Gnasher during these years, and Dennis rarely used the term 'menacing' to describe his actions. Dennis's idol was revealed to be 'Rat-Bucket', a fictional heavy metal singer introduced in the strip. He was also given more rivals as Athena and Sugar were both introduced to the strip. He was also given a new spin-off called Sixty Second Dennis. This was a single page strip that featured Dennis in a short story and was usually illustrated by Nigel Parkinson.

The reason behind the revival was to promote the new TV series which was just about to hit screens in Britain. It followed Dennis, Curly, Pie-Face and Gnasher as they attempt to brighten up the average day in Beanotown through new ideas, adventures and pranks. The revival is finally done at the Australian animation studio.

On 27 November 2010, The Beano Club was relaunched into The Beano V.I.P. It was officially announced via a Dennis strip where several British celebrities including Ant and Dec, Simon Cowell and Daniel Radcliffe visited Beanotown in an effort to join the club but all failed as they were not deemed tough enough. In the end, Dennis decides it is only the reader who can become a Beano V.I.P.  This was the first strip in which Dennis seemed to actually do his 'menacing' intentionally since his revival in 2009.

Barrie Appleby (2011–2012)

In early 2011, Dennis's re-launched character slowly and subtly began returning to his 'menacing' ways. He began using his weapons again and referring to his antics as menacing. He also began to do his menacing more intentionally as he did in all previous eras. Barrie Appleby, who had previously drawn Roger the Dodger, became the artist as the strip was extended to three pages rather than the usual two. Sixty Second Dennis was also dropped, being replaced by a Gnasher spin-off strip called Gnashional Treasure, which was later renamed as Gnasher's Bit(e).
Although the strip continued to be known as Dennis and Gnasher, Dennis was once again overtly referred to as 'the menace', and by his 60th birthday, Dennis had returned to his original character although he still has the likeness of his 2009 TV series counterpart. Meanwhile, Nigel Parkinson continued with lengthier BeanoMAX stories which would often feature other Beano characters.

Nigel Parkinson and Nigel Auchterlounie (2012–present)

By August 2012, Dennis's 2009 revival was reverted following yet another revival of the comic. His illustrations were more in tone with David Parkins' era and he partook in genuine naughtiness and disruption again. Nigel Parkinson was named sole official Dennis artist and began the weekly strips while Barrie Appleby returned to Roger the Dodger. Like his 2009 revival, Dennis faced several new changes mainly because of a new editor. His old behind the nose grin returned and he began to once again refer to himself as a 'menace'. His parents had a make-over, so his traditionally balding father now shared his messy spiked hair and his mother was no longer neatly shaped. Gnasher also returned to normal. A new character called Angel Face was also introduced into the strip, in order to give Dennis more of a rival.

In honour of the 2012 London Olympic Games, gold medalist Jessica Ennis appeared in a strip, much to public attention. Paralympic runner Oscar Pistorius also appeared, with the current editor, Stirling citing that 'When people told Oscar he couldn't be an athlete due to his disability, he ignored them and, in that respect, he's just like Dennis, who never does as he is told.' Both strips were extremely well received amongst both the athletes and the public.

During Series 12 of the BBC's Mock the Week, host Dara Ó Briain and comedians Hugh Dennis, Andy Parsons and Chris Addison were drawn by Nigel Parkinson in a one-off pic with Dennis, which was shown in the second episode, whilst they and guest comedians were discussing the appearance of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles in The Beano. Each celebrity was drawn holding a weapon – Hugh had a peashooter, Chris had a water gun, Dara had a plunger and bow, and Andy had a catapult, and all four were drawn with Dennis's trademark red-and-black striped top, shorts, black socks and brown shoes (except Andy, who had red trainers).

Beginning in November 2012, Dennis was written by former Dandy writer, Nigel Auchterlounie, who gave Dennis and the other characters wider personalities. Auchterlounie's strips have been very well received since taking over the strip. Dennis's younger years in Beanotown Preschool were chronicled in a strip called The BamBeanos.

For The Beanos 75th anniversary, Dennis' parents noticeably changed appearance. His father had become a pot-bellied man with black, spiky hair and similar colour-schemed clothes to him, and his mother had red, shaggy hair. It was later revealed in 2015 that Dennis' father was the original Dennis the Menace from the 1980s in issue 3932 in a featured strip about him campaigning to be mayor, in which his opponent, Walter the Softy's father, starts a hate campaign by showing potential voters videos of Dennis, Sr.'s antics as a child. Although there is no distinct timeline in the comic strip, editor-in-chief Mike Stirling explained: "There's no definable lineage [in Dennis and Gnasher], but there can only ever be one Dennis at any time. It serves as a salutary warning that even the coolest kids can become boring grown-ups."

In 2021, The Beano celebrated Dennis' 70th anniversary with a special issue guest-edited by Joe Sugg.

Character traits

Dennis is an uncontrollable schoolboy who takes pride in causing chaos and mayhem to those around him due to his intolerance for rules and order. Such traits have caused some artists and writers to consider him a villain, as, in such strips, Dennis would often prove himself to be selfish and greedy, tending to disregard his friends in favour of treasures.Dennis' 50th Birthday His misbehaviour stems from what The Beano explains as an attempt to add excitement to an otherwise dull day. Additionally, Dennis is often considered to be a loner, seeking no solace in anyone's company aside from his faithful pet dog Gnasher. Feature-length strips in The Beano reveal that Dennis has a rivalry with The Bash Street Kids, often brawling and attempting to outwit them, with a particular dislike for Danny, the leader.

Dennis has had a fairly stable friendship with Minnie the Minx and Roger the Dodger, enough so that the three have been seen to work together often. Dennis has also been shown to be very heroic, having saved his town on occasion from potential disaster. The Beano Annual 2001–2002, both exemplified this in their stories in which Dennis defeated a race of 'Beanobots'. He is fairly academically challenged and extremely clever in mechanical invention. On occasion, he makes from scratch his own vehicles, including a Menace Dune-Buggy and a working rocket.

Talking of the character's longevity and changes over the years, Beano editor Michael Stirling stated: "I'm sure he'll change again over the years, If kids are going around on hoverboards in 10 years' time, Dennis will definitely have one. It's really up to kids, and I think it's always been that way, and that's why we're able to appeal to kids today as well as to their parents. He's a great role model. That might sound counterintuitive because he's naughty, but his mischief nowadays is a lot more driven by positive things, and just making sure kids are really listened to."

TimelineMarch 1951: Drawn by David Law, Dennis the Menace appeared for the first time, as well as his dad.May 1951: Dennis got his trademark red-and-black striped jersey, knitted for him by his granny (aka Whentball). He also teamed up with fellow menaces Curly and Pie-Face. The strip appeared in two colours (red and black).Mid-1953: Dennis got expanded to a full page, while earlier strips were only half a page long.8 August 1953: Walter appeared for the first time. He moved in as Dennis's next-door neighbour.1954: David Law's style of drawing Dennis changed dramatically, making the characters tall and thin. Dennis appeared on the back page in full colour for the first time.1955: The first Dennis Annual was published, using reprinted stories from previous years.1958: After four years of being drawn this way, characters become more or less back the way they were. Dennis returned inside the comic.1962: Dennis returned to the back of the comic.31 August 1968: Dennis found a dog on the street, Gnasher, on his way to the dog show at the local town hall. Gnasher became a regular from this point onward.1969: Walter's dog, Foo-Foo, debuted.25 July 1970: David Law retired, and one comic was drawn by Pup Parade artist Gordon Bell.1 August 1970: Bash Street Kids artist Dave Sutherland started drawing Dennis, although drawing the strip almost identically to David Law. The strip was renamed "Dennis the Menace & Gnasher" when originally it was just called "Dennis the Menace" as Gnasher had been appearing every week on the strips.14 September 1974: Dennis took the front cover of The Beano replacing Biffo the Bear.1975: Walter joined "the softies", Bertie Blenkinsop and Algernon "Spotty" Perkins.21 May 1977: Gnasher got his own strip in the comic, called "Gnasher's Tale", also drawn by David Sutherland.5 May 1979: Dennis's pet pig "Rasher" debuted. Early 1980s: Use of the slipper became increasingly rare in this time, having been very common in earlier strips.22 September 1984: Rasher got his own strip in the comic, called simply "Rasher". Again, David Sutherland is the strip's artist.March 1986: Gnasher "went missing". Foo Foo's Fairy Story temporarily replaced Gnasher's Tale.May 1986 Gnasher returned, introducing his pups; Gnatasha, Gnanette, Gnancy, Gnaomi, Gnorah and Gnipper. "Gnasher and Gnipper" replaced "Gnasher's Tale".1987: Dennis's spider, Dasher, appeared.1988: Rasher's strip ended, replaced by Ill Will and the Germs.1990: Granny's personality was changed drastically. Now, rather than a mean old woman, she became an elderly menace. The slipper was no longer used, partly due to changing attitudes toward child discipline at the time.1990: The Beano's Dennis the Menace and Gnasher Show appeared for the first time on ITV and TCC,1992: The Menace Car was seen for the first time.February 1993: David Sutherland, Realising how stocky and bulky he became in recent years, started changing Dennis, making him look young and cute for a few years. The "Gnasher and Gnipper" strip was taken over by Barry Glennard in order to ease Sutherland's workload, though the style remains similar.Early 1996: Dennis The Menace was looking like he did again, and for the first time ever, the story was drawn in the same style as the Bash Street Kids.April 1996: The Dennis the Menace Animated TV series appeared for the first time on BBC and TCC. This year marked the first appearances of The Colonel, Dennis's neighbour, and Sergeant Slipper, the local constable, who had both previously appeared in the television series. From this point, the front cover page usually consists of just one frame of the strip rather than several.1998: Dasher re-appeared with a red mask as the mascot of the Beano site.August–September 1998: For the 60th anniversary of The Beano, David Parkins started drawing Dennis the Menace, creating Bea some issues later.October 1998: Bea got her own strip called Beaginnings drawn by Nigel Parkinson. She said her first word (Mud) in this strip.1999: Nigel Parkinson became Dennis artist for the first time.February 2001 The Gnasher and Gnipper strip was revamped, now being drawn in Barry Glennard's own style.March 2001 Dennis celebrated his 50th Birthday. A special episode drawn by David Parkins (In the style of David Law) was released in the issue, telling the readers how he got his striped jersey.December 2001 Beaginnings got renamed Dennis's Little Sister Bea – the Mini-Menace.2002: Buster By this time, Nigel Parkinson was drawing Dennis as often as David Parkins, and effectively became the main artist the following year. Also in 2002, Jimmy Hansen drew his first Dennis strip.2004: David Parkins stopped drawing Dennis altogether, and Jimmy Hansen joined Nigel Parkinson as main artist. Over the next 5 years, they each drew about half of the strips. Walter got revamped when drawn by Jimmy Hansen, and he now bears the appearance of an Elvis impersonator with much bigger glasses.2004: Dennis the Menace became the longest-running strip in The Beano ever, beating Lord Snooty.2007: Tom Paterson started drawing Dennis occasionally.2008: Dennis got a comic strip at the back of The Beano as well as the front. The second strip was usually drawn by Tom Paterson. It is now clear that Walter has a new personality. Instead of being a gentle, well-behaved boy, he's become camp, considerably meaner, and almost certainly evil.2009: A brand new series was released, again on the BBC. For the new series, Dennis and Gnasher were revamped, not just for TV but also in the comic. The second Dennis strip was replaced by Sixty Second Dennis, which takes up just one page as opposed to two. The main Dennis strip is now mainly drawn by Hansen, with Sixty Second Dennis usually by Nigel Parkinson.2011: Barrie Appleby took over as regular Dennis artist. The strip isn't as influenced by the 2009 series now, with Dennis behaving more menacingly, the series-style backgrounds being dropped, Dennis being referred to more often as 'the menace' and the return of several characters who disappeared around the time of the new series, such as Foo-Foo.  Also around the same time, Sixty Second Dennis gets replaced by a new Gnasher strip, titled Gnasher's Bit(e), drawn by Jimmy Hansen.March 2011: Dennis celebrated his 60th birthday.August 2012: Changes made by the previous relaunch were reverted. Nigel Parkinson, at this point named sole official Dennis artist, begins all regular weekly strips again.July 2013: A second season to the 2009 series renamed Dennis the Menace and Gnasher and the Dennis the Menace and Gnasher Megazine have both been released to coincide with the 75th anniversary of The Beano.March 2014: The Dennis the Menace and Gnasher Megazine was renamed Dennis the Menace and Gnasher's EPIC Magazine.December 2014: The Dennis the Menace Minecraft mod is launched.February 2015: The Blast in Beanotown app for the iPad is launched.September 2017: Since Curly moved, JJ and Rubi are introduced since they both moved in. Pie-Face has been redesigned.November 2017: Dennis & Gnasher: Unleashed! was released on the BBC.December 2021: Curly returns after being absent for 4 years. When he moved back in, he joined Class 3C.

Characters

Over the years, there has been a variety of subsidiary characters.

Dennis's familyDennis is the main character of the strip. Badly behaved and visually rebellious, Dennis uses a wide range of pranks and weaponry in order to cause chaos and mayhem to those around him. He is recognised by his scruffy black hair and red-and-black jumper.Dad appeared in the first strip. His real name has never been given (although once it was cited as actually being "Dennis's Dad" in a letter by Dennis). He also appears in both Bea and Gnasher and Gnipper. The real name of his wife, Mum, has also never been given (again in the same letter, it was stated that her actual name is "Dennis's Mum", though in the 2020 annual the mayor called her Sandra). In the 2012 revamp, he was redrawn to look more like Dennis. This was explained in 2015 as Dad now being the grown-up version of the 1980s Dennis the Menace, making the original Dad the new Dennis' grandfather.Bea is Dennis's little sister, born in issue 2931, dated 19 September 1998. She has her own strip (Bea, originally Beaginnings) and sometimes appears in Dennis the Menace and Gnasher. Bea wears a stripy yellow and black vest, this is a pun on her name as the colours are the same as the colours on a Bumble bee.Granny is Dennis's and Bea's 80-year-old grandmother. In the late 1980s/early 1990s, she got her own strip Go, Granny, Go! drawn by Brian Walker. This transformed her from the indulgent Granny who used the Demon Whacker when necessary to a very active elderly lady who enjoyed motorbikes, similar to Cuddles and Dimples's granny, partly because, by this time, characters in The Beano were no longer punished with the slipper. She also appeared regularly in the 2009 TV series, where she is married to a man who is presumed to be Dennis's granddad.Denise  is Dennis's cousin, who bears a striking resemblance to Beryl the Peril, although she also wears a red-and-black striped jumper. She appeared in just a few stories, visiting along with her cat Santa Claws. She generally managed to out-menace Dennis, showing considerable fortitude against the Softies, and at the local boxing club. Santa Claws also appeared in a Roger the Dodger strip in the 2008 Beano Annual.

Animals
Gnasher is a black dog (an "Abyssinian wire-haired tripehound") who first appeared in issue 1363, dated 31 August 1968. He has extremely strong teeth that can leave teeth marks in seemingly anything and enjoys chasing postmen. His name comes from the British slang for teeth (gnashers), which in turn comes from the French ganache meaning "jowl", a word also used in chocolate manufacture. In the first-ever Dennis the Menace strip, the family also had a Scottish Terrier, who has not since appeared.

Since 1986, Gnasher has had a son, Gnipper, who appears with him in the separate strip (Gnasher and Gnipper). Gnipper is owned by Dennis the Menace. He first appeared in issue 2286, dated 10 May 1986 after a story arc in which Gnasher went missing, this story arc was reprinted in the Dennis the Menace Annual 1990 as a 16-page story entitled Who's Gnicked Gnasher. Gnipper's name is a pun since 'to nip' something means to give something a small bite, while 'nipper' is a slang term for a young child.
Gnasher also has several daughters: Gnatasha, Gnaomi, Gnanette, Gnorah and Gnancy, although these are rarely seen. Gnatasha had her own strip in The Beezer and Topper, and appeared in the Beezer Book 1994. Gnasher also used to have another strip, Gnasher's Tale, which began in 1977 and continued for nine years until the title was changed to Gnasher and Gnipper following Gnipper's introduction.

Rasher is a pig, first seen in issue 1920, dated 5 May 1979. He loves to eat swill and was rescued by Dennis. Rasher also has children: Oink, Snort, Grunt, Squeal, and Squeak. He used to have his own strip called Rasher, which started in 1984 and appeared regularly for four years before making sporadic appearances until 1995, Rasher's strip also appeared for a few weeks in 2010. He was believed to have been dropped after the strip was revamped in 2009, but he made a surprise return to the strip in 2011. In the 2009 TV series, Rasher and Gnipper are owned by Dennis's Granny.

Dennis has been seen with his pet spider called Dasher. He first appeared in about 1987, as a tool to scare Walter, and was the mascot of the Beano website when it launched in 1997. Originally, the spider was all black, but when it reappeared in 1997, it was red and black, matching Dennis's jersey. He appeared a few times from 1997 to 2008 and then reappeared in the 2011 and 2016 Halloween issues.

Other children
Dennis has historically had two main friends: Curly (real name Crispin Lee Shepherd), who has a lot of strawberry-blonde, curly hair, was the first to appear, debuting months after the strip started in 1951. Although Curly and Dennis get into many fights, they still remain the best of friends. Then there is Pieface (real name Kevin Peter Shepherd), whose favourite food is pies. Dennis, Gnasher, Curly and Pieface were collectively called "The Menaces"; they were all in a band called Dennis and the Dinmakers. Pieface currently has his own strip in The Beano as well as his 'pet' Paul the Potato. They are both by Nigel Auchterlounie and Diego Jourdan.

Since the 2017 revamp of the Dennis feature, Curly moved away and seems to have largely disappeared. In his place as fellow Menaces are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano's 'Rubi's Screwtop Science' strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic's 'JJ's Jokes' strip). Despite Dennis' perception of girls as soppy in earlier years, he accepts the tech-minded Rubi and tough, often prankish JJ as his friends. Curly could more recently be seen on the front page of the 2019 Beano annual, which contained every Beano character.

During the 1980s, a third boy known as "Toadface McGurty" was also one of Dennis' friends.

The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of kids who rather than being bratty, traditionally enjoy refined things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous Softy—Dennis's greatest sworn enemy—is Walter, sometimes called the "Prince of Softies" in earlier years. He has a pet poodle called Foo-Foo. The two most other frequently seen Softies are Bertie Blenkinsop and Algernon 'Spotty' Perkins. Other Softies, seen less often, have included  Bennie Benry, Sweet William, Dudley Nightshirt, Jeremy Snodgrass, Softy Matthew, Softy Pal Erasmus, Lisping Lester, and Nervous Rex, who is scared of everything and everyone.Matilda, Walter's girlfriend introduced in the 1996 TV series, was presumably a Softy, though her forceful attitude toward Walter suggested otherwise. For a brief time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dennis' friend Curly was also presented as a Softy.

Other characters
The Colonel is an old army colonel, who is often seen with toy soldiers and often makes references to being in battles which happened hundreds of years ago. In an episode of the animated TV series, entitled 'The Trial', his first name was revealed to be Godfrey.Sergeant Slipper is the police sergeant who is always trying to catch Dennis for menacing. In the 1960s, a well-known police officer was known as Slipper of the Yard, though "slipper" is also a nod to the instrument with which Dennis's father usually chastised him, before attitudes toward corporal punishment against children changed.Dennis's Teacher often appeared in Dennis the Menace strips from the early 1970s and has been replaced, although the character was absent for most of the intervening period, in the 2009 TV Series by another Teacher named Mrs Creecher.Nasty Norman was a bully often seen as Dennis's rival.Stanley Livingstone, an explorer with a pet crocodile, Carruthers''', who lived next door to Dennis. Seemingly replaced by the Colonel, though the character had disappeared a while before the Colonel first appeared. His name alludes to the explorers David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley.

In other media

Television and video

Dennis's first regular TV appearance was in the puppet series The Beano's Dennis the Menace and Gnasher Show that originally aired on CITV and then shown on TCC, starting in 1990. The show was directed by Bob Harvey, written by Mike Barfield, and all the characters were voiced by Logan Murray, with artwork by John Bonner. The first series featured only the puppets Dennis, Gnasher and Walter. The second series in 1991 added Mum and Dad. John du Prez composed the punk-style theme music.

Dennis appears alongside other Beano characters in the made-for-television/direct-to-video release, The Beano Video. Dennis was voiced by Susan Sheridan. All the stories were adapted from previous Beano strips. It was aired on ITV.

Dennis appears once again in The Beano Videostars DVD, this time attending a premiere to an all-new Beano feature. In this film, several Beano characters attend a premiere in which a brand new Beano film is being shown. Dennis arrives in his 'Menace-Mobile' and pelts the narrator with tomatoes in his usual menacing fashion. Dennis was voiced by Mark Pickard. It was aired on ITV.

Dennis was the main character of a 1996 TV Series originally titled Dennis the Menace but changed in the second season to Dennis & Gnasher. This version of Dennis still gets up to the same old tricks. Throughout the whole series, he does not  use a catapult or peashooter and is often far more heroic than the Beano version. The show ran for two seasons and was shown on TCC, CBBC and Fox Kids. Richard Pearce voiced Dennis in this series.

Later in 2009, Dennis re-appeared on television again in a series (along with the Australian studio) once again called Dennis & Gnasher. His behaviour was toned down far more showing quite a different personality to that of the comic Dennis, which was changed to match the TV series but has since gradually changed back. This Dennis preferred fun over mischief and often did menacing inadvertently. The first season ran for 52 episodes on CBBC and in the U.S., it was also shown on The Hub (now known as "Discovery Family"). In mid-2013, the show returned with a new name, Dennis the Menace and Gnasher. The second season is ran for 50 episodes on the CBBC channel. Dennis was voiced by Sophie Aldred in the first series, and Chris Johnson in the second series.

In 2017, a new series aired, titled Dennis & Gnasher: Unleashed!. It is the first series to be animated in CGI. Freddie Fox provides Dennis' voice in the new series.

In 2020, a series revolving around Dennis as a teenager was pitched. It was reported to be a darker take on the comic - not too dissimilar to American television series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina and Riverdale. The story would focus on Dennis and his troubles with police and was reported to be influenced by British Drama series Skins.

Video games

Dennis is playable in the PC game Beanotown Racing. His vehicle is his Menace-Mobile, designed as a dune buggy. He and Gnasher are non-playable characters in the iPhone game, Dennis & Gnasher: Blast in Beanotown.

Theme park
Dennis was the main mascot for the Beanoland section in Chessington World of Adventures, from 1999 to 2010. He was a meet and greet character as well as the subject of a short-lived amusement show located in his treehouse. A funhouse in which children could fire foam balls at each other was built later and named "Dennis' Madhouse".

 Musical
In 2015 it was announced that a musical based on the comics will be presented for the Old Vic Theatre in London as part of artistic director Matthew Warchus' musical commissioning programme with producers Scott Rudin and Sonia Friedman. Playwright and poet Caroline Bird is writing the book. More details to be announced.

Broadcast owners
ITV had broadcast rights from 1990 to 1995 and the BBC since 1996.

Reception and legacy

BBC News once called Dennis the 'definitive naughty boy'. Matthew Jarron of Dundee University, curator of a Beano exhibition, claimed that the strips 'blatant anti-establishment tone' is what keeps children entertained throughout the decades. Children's author and political columnist Michael Rosen said he enjoyed the prospect that 'In most children's books a bad child gets made good. But the great thing about Dennis is he never gets better'. Nick Newman cited his inspiration for a Private Eye strip based on the Menace due to the fact Dennis is 'relentless' and has 'no learning curve'. Jarron also argued that Dennis offers a sense of escapism in a modern cotton wool wrapped world stating 'Parents are so fearful of letting their children roam around. So Dennis can provide that vicarious pleasure of going out and doing anything. And it's menacing of a pretty benign kind'. Express called Dennis 'the child template for every post-war rebel without a cause'. John McShane, a comic historian further praised the strip calling Dennis 'an original looking character. In the early days it was not in full colour but had a red overlay, but Davy Law, the artist, made a virtue out of this necessity by having the red-and-black striped T-shirt. The mantra in design classes is: 'Black and Red will always be read.' And that spiky hair! Unforgettable. Then that cheeky expression. Cartoonists talk about drawings just 'coming right'; that expression is perfect. Dennis is not actually evil ... Dennis just wants fun and is prepared to accept the consequences'.

Alongside praise from the press, Dennis encountered controversy amongst the media in the late 1990s and early 2000s for being 'homophobic' and a 'bully'. On the criticism, Maurice Heggie, a Dandy editor, stated 'I never saw him as a bully because the characters of the softies were so dreadful, they had no redeeming features either.' He went on to explain that 'if Dennis was bullying them, then there was a punishment. There was never a script out of DC Thomson where a bully succeeded – there was always a punishment – however horrible Dennis was with his water pistol, be sure that round the corner there was an elephant with a trunkful of water for him. He's changed over the years, but he's not changed ... He is essentially out for mischief all the time'.  John McShane also defended the strip stating firmly that 'Dennis never got away with his pranks'. On whether the stories of Walter's homosexuality were true McShane affirmed that he didn't know but argued' He certainly needed to stand up for himself. Our sympathies were never with him because he didn't stand up to Dennis. Bullies have to be stood up to; another good lesson for any society.' In an article for the Guardian, Dennis is cited as 'Britain's longest surviving comic villain'.

2009 redesign controversy

In 2009, the strip gained negative media publicity after it was announced that new issues would draw inspiration from the TV series that aired the same year. In the series, Dennis did not use any weapons such as catapult, peashooter and water guns and his personality was re-established as naively troublesome rather than intentionally so. Gnasher was also forbidden to bite people. Their image was drastically revamped, in an attempt to make them more accessible to younger viewers. This was all to discourage violence and weaponry among children. Fans spoke out against The Beanos decision citing that 'Dennis is supposed to be a little bit edgy and a bit of a lovable rogue'. Kev F Sutherland, who wrote for The Beano in the early noughties, also spoke out against the makeover saying it was a 'bad idea' and argued 'if you pander too much to over-sensitive parents you will end with not very funny comedy'. The daughters of Dennis the Menace creator David Law further criticized the makeover, saying their father would be 'horrified' with how he was depicted now and said the new design was 'bland' and 'ordinary'. The change lasted for roughly a year before artist Nigel Parkinson was sought out to return the character to its roots and original design. What's more, the series aired but was considerably altered during its second season to suit the tone of the comics, making Dennis closer to his comic book age and personality.

In popular culture

Darts player Dennis Priestley is known as "The Menace" and wears a shirt with the familiar red and black horizontal bands.
On stage, grunge star Kurt Cobain occasionally wore a Dennis pullover (jumper/sweater) that Courtney Love bought from a Nirvana fan in Northern Ireland in 1992. In recent years, the satirical magazine Private Eye has carried comic strips featuring a character sometimes called Beano Boris or Boris the Menace', a blond-haired version of Dennis the Menace, parodying the politician Boris Johnson.

Guitarist Mike Campbell wears a shirt depicting Dennis and Gnasher in the music video for Tom Petty's song "I Won't Back Down".

In 2018, the Isle of Man produced a set of Christmas stamps featuring Dennis and Gnasher.

In 2021, on the second series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK, contestant Ellie Diamond, who is from Dundee, modelled as Dennis the Menace on the runway during the first episode challenge "Queen of Your Hometown". The outfit is now on display at the city's McManus Galleries.

The Alan Moore/Mick Jenkins film The Show'' features a protagonist named Fletcher Dennis, who wears the red-and-black striped jumper and wields a slingshot as a weapon, implying that he's a grown up Dennis who became a morally scrupulous hitman.

See also
 Dennis the Menace (U.S.)
 Dennis the Menace Annual
 Beryl the Peril
 Minnie the Minx
 Roger the Dodger

References

External links
Dennis & Gnasher at Beano.com
dennisandgnasher.com

British comic strips
1951 comics debuts
British comics characters
Dennis the Menace
Male characters in comics
Male characters in advertising
Child characters in comics
Child characters in advertising
Comics about children
Comics set in the United Kingdom
Comics characters introduced in 1951
Mascots introduced in 1951
DC Thomson Comics strips
Gag-a-day comics
Fictional tricksters
Magazine mascots
Comic strip duos
Comics adapted into animated series
Comics adapted into television series

Dennis the Menace and Gnasher


A virtual private server (VPS) is a virtual machine (something like a computer divided into many smaller machines using special software). They are often used by Internet hosting providers. Multiple VPS's run on the same machine, but they are separated as they will only share hardware resources without interfering on software level. A VPS is dedicated to the customer's needs, has the privacy of a separate physical computer, and can run server software. There are many platforms that can run a VPS. Some of them are VMWare and Xen.

References

Servers
Computer networking

Virtual private server


Dinner is a word with a few different meanings.

In North America dinner usually means a large meal that is eaten in early evening. Sometimes dinner can mean a meal eaten in the middle of the day.  This meaning is more common in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom .
A more formal definition of "dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal that has several courses. The minimum number of course is often regarded as two but there can be as many as seven.  If there is only one course and it is the main meal of the day, then it is called dinner.

Dinner is very important to some cultures. Dinner is a large part, often a tradition, on many American holidays including Thanksgiving and Christmas.

Meals

Dinner


Albin Polasek (February 14, 1879 – May 19, 1965) was a Czech-American sculptor and educator. He created more than 400 works during his career, 200 of which are displayed in the Albin Polasek Museum & Sculpture Gardens in Winter Park, Florida.

Career
Born as Albín Polášek in Frenštát, Moravia, part of Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic), Polasek apprenticed as a wood carver in Vienna. At the age of 22, he emigrated to the United States and began formal art training at age 25 under Charles Grafly at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. As a student, he first produced Man Carving His Own Destiny (1907) and Eternal Moment (1909). In 1909, Polasek became an American citizen; in 1910, he won the Rome Prize competition; in 1913, he received honorable mention at the Paris Salon for "The Sower;" in 1915, he took the Widener Gold Medal from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts for his sculpture "Aspiration."

At age 37, after periods of residence in Rome and New York City, he was invited to head the sculpture department at the Art Institute of Chicago, where he remained for nearly 30 years. While there he created the original Forest Idyll; Victorious Christ for St. Cecelia's Cathedral in Omaha, Nebraska; Kenilworth Memorial relief, Kenilworth, Illinois; The Spirit of Music in Grant Park in Chicago; the Woodrow Wilson Memorial in Prague, Czech Republic; Governor Richard Yates sculpture, capital grounds, Springfield, Illinois; and many other works. Polasek was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1927 and full member in 1933.

Albin Polasek was a close friend of fellow artist Louis Grell while he lived at Tree Studios in Chicago.  The Grell Family archive collection contains letters by Grell discussing Polasek's move to Florida and becoming ill shortly after.

In 1950, Polasek retired at age 70 to Winter Park, Florida. Within months, he suffered a stroke that left his left side paralyzed; he subsequently completed 18 major works with his right hand only, including Victory of Moral Law, the artist's comment on the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Toward the end of 1950, at age 71, he married former student Ruth Sherwood, who died 22 months later in October 1952. In 1961, Polasek married Emily Muska Kubat. Upon his death in 1965, Polasek was buried beside his first wife in Winter Park's Palm Cemetery, where his 12th Station of the Cross (1939) is his monument. Emily M.K. Polasek died in 1988.

Selected works
Polasek's better-known works include the Theodore Thomas Memorial (1924), the 1941 memorial to Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in Chicago, the Wilson Memorial (1928), Radegast (1929) and Sts. Cyril and Methodius (1929) in the Czech Republic. His Mother Crying Over the World (1942) was a response to World War II and his Victory of Moral Law (1956) to the Hungarian Revolution.

Cemetery monuments
Like many other sculptors of his era, Polasek created several cemetery memorials. Notable among these are The Pilgrim and The Mother (1927), both located in the Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago, and the Pilgrim at the Eternal Gate in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.  Pictures of all three are featured in both biographies listed in the sources section.

Images

See also

Forest Idyll

Literature

 JAEGEROVÁ, Anna. Albín Polášek: Boundaries of Continents and Ages. Brno, 2018. Available online. Bachelor's thesis. Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts. Thesis supervisor Pavel Suchánek.

References

Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, Cemetery Sculpture in America, unpublished manuscript
Polasek, Albin Polasek: Man Carving His Own Destiny, Albin Polasek Foundation  1970
Sherwood, Ruth, Carving His Own Destiny: The Story of Albin Polasek, Ralph Fletcher Seymour, Publisher, Chicago  1954

External links
Polasek Museum

1879 births
1965 deaths
People from Frenštát pod Radhoštěm
Artists from the Margraviate of Moravia
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
American people of Czech descent
American architectural sculptors
American male sculptors
Czech Roman Catholics
Czech sculptors
Czech male sculptors
Modern sculptors
Artists from Chicago
People from Winter Park, Florida
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
National Sculpture Society members
Sculptors from Illinois
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
National Academy of Design members

Albin Polasek


Kaiserswerth is a settlement with a more than 1,000-year history.
It is one of the oldest parts of Düsseldorf.

Geography
It is in the north of Düsseldorf, next to the river Rhine. Kaiserswerth has 7,712 inhabitants and an area of 4.71 km².

History
About the year 700 the monk St. Suitbert founded a Benedictine-abbey there.
It was destroyed 88 years later.

The Kaiserpfalz (temporary seat of the Holy Roman Emperor) was built in 1045.

In 1062 the young German King Heinrich IV (still a child) was kidnapped by the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1174 Friederick I Barbarossa moved the Rhine customs collection to Kaiserswerth. So the bishop took over control over the whole empire.

Following emperors used Kaiserswerth as temporary seat like as prison for high-range prisoners.

Between 1212 and 1215 the Count of Berg tried to get out prisoners and made the ground around the Castle dry.

In 1273 the Emperor pledged Kaiserswerth to the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1689 Kaiserswerth was particularly destroyed by France during the War of the Palatine Succession. During the Spanish war of succession the Bishop of Cologne stayed with France.

Kaiserswerth got a French garrison. In 1702 the city was therefore besieged by the Grand Alliance. After that war the castle was mostly destroyed.

In the 19th century Kaiserswerth was famous by its deaconess clinic. Florence Nightingale visited in 1850 and learned from Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working there for the sick and the deprived. Nightingale published The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. in 1851 - her first publication.

Kaiserswerth became a part of Düsseldorf in 1929.

References

Other websites

 Kaiserswerth in Spanish succession war 1702

Boroughs of Germany
Düsseldorf

Kaiserswerth


Panagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; 13 December 1902, in Patras, Achaea – 11 September 1986, in Athens) was a Greek writer, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.

Biography
Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens.  He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).

After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the Omiros resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.

On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.

His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).

He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the metapolitefsi (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the metapolitefsi Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the metapolitefsi.

Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.

References

1902 births
1986 deaths
20th-century prime ministers of Greece
20th-century Greek philosophers
20th-century Greek historians
Writers from Patras
Politicians from Patras
National Unionist Party (Greece) politicians
National Political Union (1946) politicians
National Reconstruction Front (Greece) politicians
Greek Rally politicians
National Radical Union politicians
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Prime Ministers of Greece
Deputy Prime Ministers of Greece
Finance ministers of Greece
Ministers of Military Affairs of Greece
Ministers of National Defence of Greece
Greek MPs 1946–1950
Greek MPs 1950–1951
Greek MPs 1951–1952
Greek MPs 1952–1956
Greek MPs 1956–1958
Greek MPs 1977–1981
Members of the Academy of Athens (modern)
Greek historians of philosophy
Greek political writers
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Resistance to the Greek junta
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1967 in Greece
1960s in Greek politics

Panagiotis Kanellopoulos


Cruz Manuel Hernández Santiago (born December 1, 1972), known by his stage name of Manny Manuel, is a Puerto Rican singer. He sings merengue, boleros, and tropical music. He first became well known as a member of the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He started a solo career in 1994. Manuel was born on the mountain town of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. He studied elementary and high school in the José Rojas Cortés School at his hometown. Since a young age, he started performing in talent shows and other musical activities. He later joined the group Tempo Merenguero. He later became a singer and choreographer for the merengue duo of Mayra y Celinés.

After several years, Manuel joined the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He joined them at the same time they had their hit song "Fiera Callada". After the success of the song, the group released their first album, Sin Fronteras. Manuel samg a large part of the lyrics on this album. The album included a cover version of Rocío Durcal's song "Te Amo". The group made a second album titled Haciendo Historia. It had hits like "Colegiala" and "Frente a Frente".

After making these two albums with Los Sabrosos, Manuel chose to have a solo career. In June of 1994, Manuel left the group. In October 1 of the same year, he started as a solo performer. Several months later, he released his first solo album. It was titled Rey de Corazones. The album was certified platinum after a few weeks. With the success of the album, on November, 1995, Manuel performed at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center. He sold out six shows.

In 1996, he followed with his second album titled Auténtico. On May of the same year, he performed at the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in a special Mother's Day concert. Later, in November, he had a very large concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

Other websites
Biography at Fundación para la Cultura Popular
Biography by Patricia Maldonado
Biography at E-mail Urbano
Biography at LaHiguera.net

1972 births
Living people
Puerto Rican singers
American choreographers

Manny Manuel


Ray Williston Collins (February 11, 1887 – January 9, 1970) was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Boston Red Sox. A native of Colchester, Vermont, Collins batted and threw left-handed. He debuted on July 19, 1909, and played his final game on October 7, 1915. He was a member of the 1912 Red Sox championship team, and also the 1915 Red Sox but did not play in that year's World Series.

Playing career
A graduate of the University of Vermont, Collins was a good-hitting pitcher and an outstanding fielder, but the key to his success was his remarkable control. He consistently ranked among the American League leaders in fewest walks allowed per nine innings, finishing third in the league in 1912 (1.90), second in 1913 (1.35) and fourth in 1914 (1.85). He also averaged 16 wins from 1910 to 1914, including a combined 39 wins in 1913 and 1914. In a seven-season career, Collins posted an 84–62 record with 511 strikeouts and a 2.51 ERA in 1336 innings, including 19 shutouts and 90 complete games.

Collins became a regular in Boston rotation in 1910. In his first full season, he pitched a one-hitter against the Chicago White Sox and compiled a 13–11 record, making him the second-winningest pitcher on the Red Sox behind Eddie Cicotte (15–11).  He was 3–6 at one point in 1911, but turned his season around, finishing at 11–12 with a 2.40 ERA.

Collins missed the first two months of the 1912 season with a knee injury, during which time the Red Sox christened their new stadium, Fenway Park. He did not start a game until early June, but won two games in three days over the Philadelphia Athletics at Shibe Park, 7–3 on July 3 and 5–3 on July 5. Collins finished fifth in the AL with four shutouts, by all of them came in the second half of the season. He compiled a 13–8 mark and his ERA stood at 2.53, fifth-best in the league. The only left-hander in Boston rotation, Collins was considered the second-best on the pitching staff behind Smoky Joe Wood (34–5) as the Red Sox clinched the American League pennant. Collins started Game Two of the World Series against Christy Mathewson and the New York Giants. He led 4–2 after seven innings and was pulled in the eight with only one out after the Giants rallied for three runs. The game was called on account of darkness after 11 innings with the score tied 6–6. Collins was supposed to start again in Game Six, but Red Sox manager Jake Stahl opted by Buck O'Brien, coming off a 20–13 season. The Giants shelled him for five runs in the first inning. Then, Collins relieved in the second and pitched shutout ball for seven innings in a 5–2 lost cause.

Collins enjoyed his best season yet in 1913, finishing at 19–8, as his .714 winning percentage was the second-highest in the league. In the midseason, he pitched a four-hit, 9–0 shutout and hit a home run St. Louis Browns on July 9. Later, on July 26, he pitched a five-hitter and hit a bases-loaded triple to give Boston a 4–1 victory over the Chicago White Sox. Collins also faced great Walter Johnson and the Washington Senators three times that season. Each game finished 1–0, with  Collins  winning two of them, including scoreless ball for 11 innings on August 29.

Collins became the ace of Boston pitching staff in 1914 with a 20–13 record and a 2.51 ERA. His six shutouts ranked him fourth in the American League that season, and he was one of only three pitchers in the league to reach the 20-win plateau, joining Walter Johnson (28) and Stan Coveleski (22). Collins picked up his 19th and 20th victories on September 22, by pitching complete games in both ends of a doubleheader against the Detroit Tigers at Navin Field, winning by scores of 5–3 in the opener and 5–0 in the nightcap.

In 1915, the Red Sox were in the enviable position of having too many good (and younger) pitchers: Rube Foster, Ernie Shore, Dutch Leonard, and Babe Ruth made up the best rotation in major league baseball. Then Collins was relegated to the bullpen. Starting only nine games, the fewest since his rookie year, Collins finished with a 4–7 record and a 4.30 ERA in 25 pitching appearances. He did not pitch a single inning in the 1915 World Series as Boston defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in five games. After the season the Red Sox expected him to take a cut in his $5400 salary, but Collins, at age 29, announced his retirement from professional baseball stating simply that he was "discouraged by his failure to show old-time form."

Later years
After his playing career, Collins returned to the University of Vermont where he served as baseball coach from 1923 to 1928. During and after his baseball career, he was a dairy farmer in Colchester, Vermont, operating the family farm until 1960, and was co-founder of the Burlington Milk Cooperative Creamery (later part of HP Hood).  Collins headed the Colchester draft board during World War II and represented Colchester in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1943 to 1946, serving on the agriculture and traffic committees. During the 1950s, he served on UVM's board of trustees, presiding over the school's transition from private to public university. Collins had five children with wife Lillian, the last surviving of whom (Ray Jr.) died on September 14, 2013, aged 99.

Collins died in Burlington, Vermont, at age 82.

In 2012, Collins was part of the inaugural class of the Vermont Sports Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 Vermont Sports Hall of Fame profile
, or Retrosheet

1887 births
1970 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Red Sox players
Vermont Catamounts baseball coaches
Vermont Catamounts baseball players
20th-century American politicians
American athlete-politicians
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives
People from Colchester, Vermont
Baseball players from Burlington, Vermont

Ray Collins (baseball)


Friedrich Dürrenmatt (January 5, 1921 in Konolfingen, canton of Bern; † December 14, 1990 in Neuchâtel) was a writer and philosopher from Switzerland.

Personal life
Dürrenmatt was the son of a protestant pastor. He was always interested in drawing. He went to school until 1941, afterwards he studied philosophy, sciences (deep point physics) and German literature at the University of Bern. He dropped studies in 1946, when he published his first written work.

One year later he married the Swiss actress Lotti Geissler (1919–1983). They had three children. The financial situation of the family got better, when Dürrenmatt began to write radio dramas and crime fiction.

In 1984 he married the German actress and television director Charlotte Kerr (1927–2011).

His world-wide success is based on two plays: The Visit and The Physicists.

Selected Works
 Romulus the Great (Romulus der Große, 1950, play)
 The Judge and His Hangman (Der Richter und sein Henker, 1950, novella)
 Suspicion (Der Verdacht, 1951, also known as The Quarry, novella)
 The Tunnel (Der Tunnel, 1952, short story)
 The Marriage of Mr. Mississippi (Die Ehe des Herrn Mississippi, 1952, play)
 Theatre Problems (Theaterprobleme, 1954, essay)
 Once a Greek (Grieche sucht Griechin, 1955, novel)
 The Visit (Der Besuch der alten Dame, 1956, play)
 A Dangerous Game (Die Panne, 1956, novel / novella, also known as Traps)
 The Pledge (Das Versprechen, 1958, novella)
 The Physicists (Die Physiker, 1962, play)
 King John (König Johann, 1968, play)
 Play Strindberg (1969, play)
 Monster Lecture on Justice and Law (Monstervortrag, 1969, lecture)
 The Coup (Der Sturz, 1971, short story)
 Achterloo (1982, play)
 The Execution of Justice (Justiz, 1985, novel)
 The Assignment (Der Auftrag, 1986, novella)
 Switzerland, A Prison: A Speech for Václav Havel (Die Schweiz — ein Gefängnis, 1990, speech)

Secondary Literature
 Goertz, Heinrich: Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Reinbek 1987, .
 Rüedi, Peter: Dürrenmatt oder Die Ahnung vom Ganzen, Zürich 2011, .

Other websites
 Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel
 National Library Switzerland

1921 births
1990 deaths
Swiss writers
People from the canton of Bern
20th-century philosophers

Friedrich Dürrenmatt


The River Bure is a river in the county of Norfolk, England, most of it in the Broads.  The Bure rises near Melton Constable,  upstream of Aylsham, which was the original head of navigation. Nowadays, the head of navigation is  downstream at Coltishall Bridge.
After Aylsham Lock and Burgh Bridge, the Bure passes through Buxton Lammas, Coltishall, Belaugh, Wroxham, Horning, past St. Benet's Abbey, through Oby, Acle, Stokesby, along the northern border of the Halvergate Marshes, through Runham and Great Yarmouth where it meets Breydon Water and flows into the sea at Gorleston.

It has two major tributaries, the River Thurne and the River Ant. There is also Muck Fleet which connects the Trinity Broads (Ormesby, Rollesby and Filby Broad) to the main network. Other minor tributaries include the River Hor, which joins the Bure just upstream of Hoveton, The Mermaid which merges at Burgh-next-Aylsham and Scarrow Beck which meets the main river close to the village of Ingworth.

History

The River Bure has been navigable for some  as far as Horstead Mill, near Coltishall, since at least 1685, when cargoes of coal, corn and timber were carried to within  of Meyton Manor House. It was stated at the time that the river could be improved to enable boats to reach the house. Vessels could not travel beyond Coltishall, and so Aylsham was served by carts, either loaded from wherries at Coltishall and carried north, or loaded from boats at Cromer and carried south.

Plans to extend the limit of navigation were drawn up in 1773. An Act of Parliament was obtained on 7 April 1773, authorising improvements from Coltishall to Aylsham, which John Adey estimated would cost £6,000. Some £1,500 had already been raised or promised, and the balance was to be funded by subscriptions. Adey acted as clerk to the Bure Commissioners, while John Smith was appointed as engineer. Work began on 29 June 1774, and the lock and cut at Coltishall were completed by 16 March 1775, when the first boat used the lock. Progress after that was slow, for in October 1777 Smith announced that he had spent £3,600 so far, but estimated that a further £2,951 would be required to complete the work. It appears that the money had run out, but Smith was persuaded to carry on after 18 traders and landowners provided loans of between £50 and £150. John Green of Wroxham was appointed as joint engineer in March 1779, and the new waterway finally opened in October 1779.

Five locks were provided, at Aylsham, Burgh-near-Aylsham Mill, Oxnead Mill, Buxton Mill at Oxnead Lamas and Coltishall. Within a month, the Commissioners found that silting of the river bed had occurred, reducing the navigable depth, and dredging of the river bed using a scoop, known locally as a didle, was a regular activity. Small wherries, capable of carrying 13 tons, were used for the carriage of flour, agricultural produce, coal and timber. A brickyard at Oxnead was also served by the boats, while below Coltishall, marl was carried away from pits which were served by a system of navigable dikes on the estate of Horstead Hall. The marl trade continued until 1870, but the dikes remain, in an area called Little Switzerland.

At each of the mills, cuts were made to accommodate the locks, but at Aylsham a longer cut of about  was made, ending at a basin where warehouses were constructed. Boats could also get from there to Aylsham Mill Pool, which enabled them to deliver grain and carry flour away. The navigation was reasonably successful until 1880, when railway competition arrived, in the form of the East Norfolk Railway, which followed the Bure valley. The East Norfolk later became part of the Great Eastern Railway. Further competition arrived in 1883, when the Eastern and Midlands Railway opened a railway station near the terminal basin on its line from Melton Constable to North Walsham. Despite this, wherries were using the navigation until 1912, when a disastrous flood damaged the locks. Assessment of the damage suggested that repairs would cost £4,500, which the Commissioners could not find, and so the navigation was abandoned. This act was formalised in 1928, when it was officially abandoned. Oxnead Lamas Lock was filled in, in 1933, but the other structures remain, although the lock gates have been replaced by sluices.

See also
Bure Valley Railway, a heritage railway
Bure Valley Path
Bure Marshes NNR, a national nature reserve
Bure (HM Prison), a Category C men's prison in Scottow, Norfolk named after the river.

References

External links

Visit Aylsham and the Bure Valley
Watermills & Windmills on the River Bure
River Bure Literary History

Rivers of Norfolk
River navigations in the United Kingdom
1Bure
Norfolk Broads

River Bure


Carbonated water, also known as soda water, sparkling water, fizzy water, seltzer, and water with gas, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved. Most soft drinks have carbonated water as a base. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid.

There are special machines that allow to make soda water at home.

The process of carbonation can also occur naturally to produce carbonated mineral water. Beer and wine are carbonated by fermentation.

Carbonated water was discovered by Joseph Pristly in 1767.

References

Drinking water

Carbonated water


Coming Through Slaughter is a novel by Michael Ondaatje, published by House of Anansi in 1976. It was the winner of the 1976 Books in Canada First Novel Award.

The novel is a fictionalized version of the life of the New Orleans jazz pioneer Buddy Bolden. It covers the last months of Bolden's sanity in 1907, as his music becomes more radical and his behavior more erratic. A secondary character in the story is the photographer E. J. Bellocq. Both these historical figures are portrayed in ways that draw on their actual lives, but which depart from the facts in order to explore the novel's central theme – the relationship between creativity and self-destruction.

The novel draws on the style of jazz, being structured in a fragmented, and "syncopated" form, with episodes extending in elongated "riffs" before suddenly lurching unpredictably into an apparently unrelated scene. The structure also conveys Bolden's own wild, fragmenting personality, as his schizophrenia takes hold. Bolden's manic, extroverted but self-harming behavior is set against the introverted figure of Bellocq, who expresses his own frustrated desires in his intimate erotic photographs, but then compulsively violates them with scratches.

In 2006, Variety reported that Ben Ross was adapting Coming Through Slaughter for the screen.

References

1976 Canadian novels
Novels by Michael Ondaatje
Canadian historical novels
Fiction set in 1907
Novels set in New Orleans
Jazz books
Novels about music
House of Anansi Press books
1976 debut novels

Coming Through Slaughter


Jonas Odell (born 10 November 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish music video and film director and founder of FilmTecknarna. Odell, who specializes in a mix of animation and live action, has directed a number of short films, music videos and commercials. His short film Never Like the First Time! (Aldrig som första gången!) was awarded the Golden Bear for best short film in the Berlin International Film Festival 2006. He has won two Swedish Guldbagge Awards for Best Short Film, for Never Like the First Time! (2006) and Lies (Lögner) (2008). Lies also received the Jury Prize for International Short Filmmaking at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.

Videos
 "Groovies" (1998) shorts for Cartoon Network
 "Come Up and See Me" (2003) video for Erasure
 "Strict Machine" (2003) video for Goldfrapp
 "Take Me Out" (2004) video for Franz Ferdinand
 "Smile" (2004) video for Mad Action
 "Rocket" (2004) video for El Presidente
 "Changes" (2004) video for Tahiti 80
 "Feeling a Moment" (2005) video for Feeder
 "Shot You Down" (2005) video for Audiobullys
 "Smile" (2006) video for The Cobbs
 "Window in the Skies" (2006) video for U2
 "Ali in the Jungle" (2007) video for The Hours
 "Paper Planes" (2008) video for I'm From Barcelona
 "I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked" (2009) video for Ida Maria
 "Plundered My Soul" (2010) video for The Rolling Stones
 "Right Action" (2013) video for Franz Ferdinand
 "Heart and Soul" (2014) video for Twin Atlantic

Selected films
 Exit (1990) codirected with Stig Bergkvist, Marti Ekstrand & Lars Olsson
 Revolver (1993) codirected with Stig Bergkvist, Marti Ekstrand & Lars Olsson
 Body Parts (1994)
 Family & Friends (2002)
 Never Like the First Time! (2006)
 Lies (2008)
 Tussilago (2010)

Compilations
 "Alla talar svenska!" (DVD 2007) codirected with Stig Bergkvist, Marti Ekstrand & Lars Olsson

External links

 Small biography at FilmTecknarna
 "Ali in the Jungle" (2007) video
 Jonas Odell on Twitter

1962 births
Living people
Artists from Stockholm
Swedish music video directors
Swedish animated film directors
Swedish animators

Jonas Odell


Paris in the Twentieth Century () is a science fiction novel by Jules Verne. The book presents Paris in August 1960, 97 years in Verne's future, when society places value only on business and technology.

Written in 1863, but first published in 1994, the novel follows a young man who struggles unsuccessfully to live in a technologically advanced but culturally backward world. The work paints a grim, dystopian view of a technological civilization.

Many of Verne's predictions are remarkably on target. However, his publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, did not accept the book because he thought that it was too unbelievable and that its sales prospects would be inferior to those of Verne's previous work, Five Weeks in a Balloon.

Summary
The novel's main character is 16-year-old Michel Dufrénoy, who graduates with a major in literature and the classics, but finds they have been forgotten in a futuristic world where only business and technology are valued. Michel, whose father was a musician, is a poet born too late.

Michel has been living with his respectable uncle, Monsieur Stanislas Boutardin, and his family. The day after graduation, Boutardin tells Michel that he is to start working at a banking company. Boutardin doubts Michel can do anything in the business world.

The rest of that day, Michel searches for literature by classic 19th-century writers, such as Hugo and Balzac. Nothing but books about technology are available in bookstores. Michel's last resort is the Imperial Library. The librarian turns out to be his long-hidden uncle, Monsieur Huguenin. Huguenin, still working in the arts, is considered a "disgrace" to the rest of the family, and so was barred from attending Michel's birthdays, graduations, and other family events, though he has followed Michel's life—from a distance. This is the first time they meet in person.

At his new job, Michel fails at each task with Casmodage and Co. Bank until he is assigned to The Ledger, where Michel dictates the accounts for bookkeeper Monsieur Quinsonnas. Quinsonnas, a kindred spirit of 30, writes the bookkeeping information on The Ledger. Quinsonnas tells Michel that this is a job he can do in order to eat, have an apartment, and support himself while he continues working on a mysterious musical project that will bring him fame and fortune. Michel's fear of not fitting in is resolved; he can be a reader and still work on his own writing after work.

The pair visit Uncle Huguenin and are joined by other visitors, Michel's former teacher Monsieur Richelot and Richelot's granddaughter, Mademoiselle Lucy. Quinsonnas introduces Michel to his friend, Jacques Aubanet, who dreams of being a soldier – a dream that is impossible, because warfare has become so scientific that there is really no need for soldiers anymore. Only chemists and mechanics are able to work the killing machines, and this profession is denied to even them, because "the engines of war" have become so efficient that war is inconceivable and all countries are at a perpetual stalemate.

Before long, Michel and Lucy are in love. Michel discusses women with Quinsonnas, who sadly explains that what once was considered a woman does not exist anymore: due to mindless, repetitive factory work and careful attention to finance and science, most women have become cynical, ugly, neurotic career women. In fury, Quinsonnas spills ink on The Ledger, and he and Michel are fired on the spot. Quinsonnas leaves for Germany.

In a society without war, or musical and artistic progress, there is no news, so Michel can't even become a journalist. He ends up living in Quinsonnas' empty apartment while writing superb poetry, but lives in such poverty that he has to eat synthetic foods derived from coal. He eventually writes a book of poetry entitled Hopes which is rejected by every publisher in Paris.

As the year 1961 draws to a close, all of Europe enters a winter of unprecedented ferocity. All agriculture is compromised and food supplies are destroyed, resulting in mass famine. The temperature drops to thirty degrees below, and every river in Europe freezes solid. In despair, Michel spends his last bit of money on violets for Lucy, but finds that she has disappeared from her apartment, evicted when her grandfather lost his job as the university's last teacher of rhetoric. He is unable to locate her amongst the thousands of starving people in Paris. He spends the entire evening stumbling around Paris in a delirious state. Michel becomes convinced that he is being hunted by the Demon of Electricity, but no matter where he goes, he is unable to escape its presence.

In the climax of the story, the heartbroken Michel, bereft of friends and loved ones, wanders through the frozen, mechanized, electrical wonders of Paris. The subjective narrative becomes steadily more surreal as the suffering artist, in a final paroxysm of despair, unconsciously circles an old cemetery and finally collapses comatose in the snow.

Predictions for 1960
The book's description of the technology of 1960 is in some ways remarkably close to the actual technology of the 1960s. The book describes in detail advances such as cars powered by internal combustion engines ("gas-cabs") together with the necessary supporting infrastructure such as gas stations and paved asphalt roads; elevated and underground passenger train systems and high-speed trains powered by magnetism and compressed air; skyscrapers; electric lights that illuminate entire cities at night; fax machines ("picture-telegraphs"); elevators; primitive computers that can send messages to each other in a network somewhat resembling the internet (described as sophisticated electrically powered mechanical calculators that can send information to each other across vast distances); wind power; automated security systems; the electric chair; and remote-controlled weapons systems, as well as weapons destructive enough to make war unthinkable.

The book also predicts the growth of suburbs and mass higher education (the opening scene has Dufrénoy attending a graduation of 250,000 students), department stores, and massive hotels. A version of feminism has also arisen, with women moving into workplaces and a rise in illegitimate births. It also makes accurate predictions of 20th-century music, predicts the rise of electronic music, describes a musical instrument similar to a synthesizer, and outlines the replacement of classical music performances with recorded music. It predicts that the entertainment industry would be dominated by lewd stage plays, often involving nudity and sexually explicit scenes.

Publication deferred
Jules Verne's publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, thought that the book's pessimism would damage Verne's then-booming career, and suggested that he wait 20 years to publish it. Hetzel wrote to Verne about a draft of the novel that he had just seen:
"I was not expecting perfection — to repeat, I knew that you were attempting the impossible — but I was hoping for something better."

Hetzel was also critical of Verne for not covering new ground with the novel:
"In this piece, there is not a single issue concerning the real future that is properly resolved, no critique that hasn't already been made and remade before. I am surprised at you ... [it is] lacklustre and lifeless."

With that, Verne put the manuscript in a safe, where it was forgotten, only to be discovered by his great-grandson in 1989. The original French text was published in 1994 and an English translation by Richard Howard was published by Random House in 1996.

Literary significance and criticism
The appearance of Verne's lost novel caused a stir among modern critics, who mostly received the book warmly, greeting it as "prescient and plausible". On the other hand, some found the book every bit as unnecessarily pessimistic about the future as Verne's publisher had.

The book was a bestseller in France, where it was heavily promoted before publication. Some critics were put off by the publisher's hype about the book, although most readily admitted that it was "a work of inestimable historical importance".

One critic, Evelyn C. Leeper, suggested that Verne might be a good candidate for a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1996, and wrote that she had not read very many novels that were much better than Verne's work that year. The Hugo Award is given annually to honor the best science fiction of the preceding year.

The novel is also of importance to scholars of Verne's literary achievements, some of whom had long asserted that none of his works ever came close to prophesying the future of a whole civilization.

References

External links
 Jules Verne: An Author Before His Time?
 reviewed at Silver Reviews
 Various editions of the work

1994 French novels
1994 science fiction novels
1860 science fiction novels
Novels by Jules Verne
French science fiction novels
Novels set in Paris
Novels published posthumously
Fiction set in 1960
Novels set in the 1960s
Novels set in the future

Paris in the Twentieth Century


Hartley is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.

Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north.  In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here.  There are also woods and a farm near the houses.  Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.

The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are".   It was a very small place, but now is like a town.  No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.

Geology
In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.

History
In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley.  Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here.  53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then.  In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived.  He farmed land for the owner.  This land was called Hartley Court.  Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him.
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, between supporters and opponents of Queen Mary I of England. Her supporters won.  Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then.  In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.

Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage).  In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley.  Almost all worked on the farms.  There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.

The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902.  Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms.  After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

Other websites
Local information and history website
Hartley Parish Council

Villages in Kent

Hartley, Kent


Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (Welsh pronunciation: ) is a lairge veelage an commonty on the island o Anglesey in Wales, situatit on the Menai Strait next tae the Britannia Brig an athort the strait frae Bangor. This veelage haes the langest place name in Europe an ane o the langest place names in the warld. The short form o the veelage's name is Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, spelt Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll an aw. It is commonly kent as Llanfair PG or Llanfairpwll.

Accordin tae the 2001 census, the population o the commonty is 3,040, 76% o wham speak Welsh fluently; the heichest percentage o speakers is in the 10–14 age group, whaur 97.1% can speak Welsh. It is the fift lairgest dounset on the island bi population.

Visitors stap at the railwey station tae be photografit next tae the station sign, veesit the nearbi Visitors' Centre, or hae 'passports' stampit at a local shop. Anither tourist attraction is the naurhaun Marquess o Anglesey's Column, whilk at a hicht o  affers views ower Anglesey an the Menai Strait. Designed bi Thomas Harrison, the monument celebrates the heroism o Henry Paget, 1st Marquess o Anglesey at the Battle o Waterloo.

Name
The lang form o the name is the langest offeecially recognisit place name in the Unitit Kinrick an ane o the langest in the warld, bein 58 characters in lenth (51 letters syne "ch" an "ll" are digraphs, or single letters, in the Welsh leid).

The name means: [St.] Mary's Kirk (Llanfair) [in] the howe (pwll) o the white hazel (gwyngyll) near (goger) the rapid whirlpuil (y chwyrndrobwll) [an] the kirk o [St.] Tysilio (llantysilio) wi a reid cave ([a]g ogo goch).

This veelage wis oreeginally kent as Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll (an is whiles still referred tae as Llanfairpwllgwyngyll) an wis gien its lang name in the 19t century in an ettle at developin the veelage as a commercial an tourist centre (see Significance o the name belaw). Thir days, the veelage is still signpostit as Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, merkit on Ordnance Survey maps as Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll an is kent tae locals as Llanfairpwll or simply Llanfair.

The name is seen shortened tae Llanfair PG, whilk is sufficient tae distinguish it frae the mony ither Welsh veelages wi Llanfair in thair names.  Ither variant forms uise the fou name but wi tysilio mutatit tae dysilio, an/or wi a hyphen atween drobwll an llan.  In Welsh, the initial Ll mey be mutatit tae a single L in some contexts.

Significance o the name

The veelage's lang name canna be conseidert an authentic Welsh-leid toponym. It wis airtificially contrivit in the 1860s tae bestow upon the station the honour o haein the langest name o ony railwey station in Breetain; an early insaumple o a publicity stunt.  The veelage's ain wabsteid credits the name tae a souter frae the local veelage o Menai Brig. Accordin tae Sir John Morris-Jones, the name wis creaut bi a local tylor, whase name he didna confide, lattin the secret dee wi him. The current postmark shaws the name Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, Housomeivver, thare contemporary insaumples o the fou name seen ablo.

 The veelage wis oreeginally kent as 'Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll' "St Mary's kirk in [the tounship named] howe o the white hazel." 'Pwllgwyngyll' wis the oreeginal mediaeval tounship whaur the veelage is the day. Auld variants (wi the Welsh spellin normalisit) wur Llanfair y Pwllgwyngyll ("y" = '(o) the'), an Llanfair Ymhwll Gwyngyll ('mh' is a sandhi chynge frae 'n p', an "yn" = 'in').

The veelage is split intae twae smawer veelages, Llanfairpwllgwyngyll-uchaf (Upper Llanfairpwllgwyngyll) the oreeginal pairt o the veelage an Llanfairpwllgwyngyll-isaf (Lawer Llanfairpwllgwyngyll) the newer aurie nearer the railwey station. Thae are occasionally referred tae as Pentre Uchaf an Pentre Isaf (Upper Veelage an Lawer Veelage) respectively.

Pronunciation

The fou name o the veelage is , or wi  for ,  for , dependin on the speaker's accent.

The approximate pronunciation in Inglis orthografie is gien at the station as: Llan-vire-pooll-guin-gill-go-ger-u-chwurn-drob-ooll-llantus-ilio-gogo-goch. The ch is a voiceless uvular fricative  or voiceless velar fricative as in "Bach" (: see ach-Laut) in maist varieties o German. The ll is a voiceless lateral fricative , a soond that disna occur in Scots an is whiles approximate as  (thl as in athlete) or even  bi Inglis speakers.
Thare is even a sang on iTunes wi a lesson on hou tae pronoonce the name.

Rival names

Thare haes been several attempts tae steal the veelage's record:
The Carmarthenshire veelage o Llanfynydd unoffeecially adoptit the name Llanhyfryddawelllehynafolybarcudprindanfygythiadtrienusyrhafnauole in 2004 in protest o plans tae erect a naurhaun wind ferm  (the name means "a quiet bonnie veelage; a historic place wi rare kite unner threat frae wretched blades").
A station on the Fairbourne Railway wis namit Gorsafawddacha'idraigodanheddogleddollônpenrhynareurdraethceredigion (translatit as "the Mawddach station an its draigon unner the northren peace o the Penrhyn Road on the gowden beach o Cardigan Bay") for promotional ettles.

Nae sic attempts hae gained widespread recognition amangst offeecial bodies or transport authorities.

History

A dounset haes existit on the site o the veelage syne the Neolithic era, wi subsistence agriculture an fishin the maist common treds for a feck o the veelage's early history. The island o Anglesey wis at that pynt anly reachable bi boat athort the Menai Strait. The aurie wis briefly invadit an captured bi the Romans unner Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, temporarily abandoned fur tae consolidate forces again Boudicca, then held til the end o Roman Britain.

Wi the withdrawal o the Roman forces, the aurie fell unner the control o the Kinrick o Gwynedd, an early Medieval kinrick. Unner this feudal system, the residents workit on wee ferms for the keing. The rural naitur o the dounset meant that the veillage haed a population o anly aroun 80.

Housomeivver, wi the introduction o estates in the 16t century, hintle o the laund wis absorbit intae the Earldom o Uxbridge, currently unner the Marquess o Anglesey; the indwallers became tenant farmers on enclosurs. The population o the veelage boomit, wi a population o 385 in the 1801 census.

In 1826, Anglesey wis connectit tae the rest o Wales bi the construction o the Menai Suspension Brig bi Thomas Telford, an connectit wi Lunnon in 1850 wi the biggin o the Britannia Brig an the busy North Wales Coast railwey line, which connectit Lunnon tae the ferry port o Holyhead. The veelage decentralisit, splittin intae Upper Veelage (Pentre Uchaf), which wis made up mainly o the aulder hooses an ferms, an the new Lawer Veelage (Pentre Isaf), biggit aroond the railwey station an consistin maistly o shops an wirkshops. The veelage became a hub o commerce, as the railweys an road netwirk brocht traders an customers frae athort north Wales.

The first iver meetin o the Women's Institute teuk place in Llanfairpwll in 1915 an the muivement (which began in Canadae) then spread throu the rest o the Breetish Isles.

In popular cultur
The name is celebratit in the sang "Red Cave" bi the baund Yeasayer, whilk featurs the baund repeatin the lines "Mary's house in the hollow of the white hazel rapid whirlpool and the church of the red cave."

In a reference tae the veelage, the Welsh baund Super Furry Animals cried thair debut E.P. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgoger-ychwyndrobwllantysil-iogogogochynygofod (in space)

The name wis uised in the film Barbarella an aw as the passwird for the heidquairters o Dildano, the comical revolutionar an bi Peter Sellers in the film The Road to Hong Kong whaur he plays a quack doctor who asks Bob Hope tae say it insteid o the mair uisual 'Ahh' whan examinin his teeth.

The name wis uised as a solution in a crosswird compiled bi Roger Squires for The Telford and Wrekin News whan ryalty visitit Ironbridge in 1979 on the occasion o the 200t anniversary o the first iver brig made o iron. The Telford & Wrekin askit for it sae it wad be acceptit bi Guinness Records as the langest wird tae appear in a published crosswird. It wis deemit necessar tae mak it an anagram: "Giggling troll follows Clancy, Larry, Billy and Peggy who howl, wrongly disturbing a place in Wales (58)".

The sang "The Boy From..." bi Stephen Sondheim an Mary Rodgers featurs the place name juxtaposed wi a seimlarly lang, but fictional, Spainyie place name.

The 2012 expansion pack tae Civilization V, Gods an Kings, adds a Steam Achievement cried "Longest. Name. Ever." The image that accompanees this contains the letters "...pwllgwyngyll", the last 12 letters o the short version.

See an aw
 Leet o lang place names
 Langest word in English
 Llanfairpwll F.C., the toun's fitbaa club

References

Freemit airtins

 Village website, leetit in the 2002  Guinness Beuk o Records as the warld's langest valid Internet domain name
 BBC Airticle at H2G2
 Flickr photos
 photos o Llanfair PG an surroondin aurie on geograph
 Musical "How To" lesson on the correct pronunciation

Veelages in Anglesey
Post touns in the LL postcode aurie

Llanfairpwllgwyngyll


The name Gyeongbu refers to the Seoul-Busan corridor in South Korea.  It is used as the name of the Gyeongbu railway line and Gyeongbu Expressway, both of which connect Seoul—the South Korean capital and largest city—to Busan—the largest port and second-largest city.  The name "Gyeongbu" is formed from the first characters in the names "Gyeongseong" 경성 () and "Busan" 부산 ().

References

See also
 Transportation in South Korea

Transport in South Korea

Gyeongbu