Georg Ratzinger (April 3, 1844 in Rickering at Deggendorf – December 3, 1899 in Munich) was a German Catholic priest, political economist, social reformer, author and politician. He saw the gospel and Catholic social teaching as a means of empowering the poor.

Ratzinger was a pupil at the gymnasium at Passau during the years 1855–63, studied theology at Munich, 1863–67, and was ordained priest in 1867. In 1868 he received the degree of Doctor of Theology at Munich. During the following years he devoted himself partly to pastoral, partly to journalistic work. In 1869 he was chaplain at Berchtesgaden; 1870–71 he was editor of the journal "Fränkisches Volksblatt" at Würzburg; 1872–74, chaplain at Landshut, then editor, until 1876, of the "Volksfreund", at Munich.

He was a member of the Parliament of Bavaria from 1875 to 1878 and of the German Reichstag from 1877 to 1878. During this period he belonged to the Centre Party.

With exception of a pastorate of three years at Günzelhafen, 1885–1888, he lived for a number of years at Munich, where he devoted himself to journalism and research.

In 1893 Ratzinger was again elected to the Bavarian Landtag, where he was now a moderate adherent of the "Bayerischer Bauernbund" (Bavarian Peasant Union) party, his views of social politics having caused him in the meantime to sever his connections with the Centre Party. In 1898 he was again elected a member of the Reichstag. He remained a member of both bodies until his death.

As a literary man Ratzinger deserves much credit for his scholarly work in political economy and in historical subjects. His chief works, distinguished by erudition, richness of thought, and animated exposition, are: "Geschichte der Armenpflege" (prize essay, Freiburg, 1868, 2nd revised ed., 1884); "Die Volkswirtschaft in ihren sittlichen Grundlagen. Ethnischsociale Studien über Cultur und Civilisation (Freiburg, 1881; 2nd. completely revised ed., 1895).

The later work maintains the ethical principles of Christianity as the only sure basis of political economy and opposes the materialistic system of what is called the "classical political economy" of Adam Smith.

"Forschungen zur bayerischen Geschichte" (Kempten, 1898) contains a large number of studies on early Bavarian history and on the history of civilization, based on a series of unconnected treatises, which had first appeared in the "Historisch-politische Blätter". Of his smaller works the following should be mentioned: "Das Concil und die deustche Wissenschaft" (anonymously issued at Mainz, 1872) appeared first in the "Katholik", 1872, I; "Die Erhaltung des Bauernstandes" (Freiburg, 1883).

His nephew was the police officer Joseph Ratzinger, Sr., father of Pope Benedict XVI and Georg Ratzinger, the priest and church musician.

References

External links

Georg Ratzinger alias Robert Waldhausen Jüdisches Erwerbsleben. Skizzen aus dem sozialen Leben der Gegenwart (1892)
Georg Ratzinger alias Gottfried Wolf Das Judentum in Bayern. Skizzen aus der Vergangenheit und Vorschläge für die Zukunft (1897)

1844 births
1899 deaths
People from Deggendorf (district)
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria
19th-century German Roman Catholic priests
Papal family members
Pope Benedict XVI
Members of the Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the Bavarian Chamber of Deputies
Georg

Georg Ratzinger (politician)


Alfred Roller (2 October 1864 – 21 June 1935) was an Austrian painter, graphic designer, and set designer. His wife was Mileva Roller and they were members of the Viennese Secession movement.

Life and work
Roller was born in Brünn (Brno), Moravia. He at first studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna under Christian Griepenkerl and Eduard Peithner von Lichtenfels, but eventually became disenchanted with the Academy's traditionalism. In 1897 he co-founded the Viennese Secession with Koloman Moser, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann, Gustav Klimt, and other artists who rejected the prevalent academic style of art. He became a professor of drawing at the University of Applied Arts Vienna (Kunstgewerbeschule) in 1899, and president of the Secession in 1902.

In his early career, Roller was very active as a graphic designer and draughtsman. He designed numerous covers and vignettes for the pages of the Secessionist periodical Ver Sacrum, as well as the posters for the fourth, fourteenth, and sixteenth Secession exhibitions. He also designed the layout of the exhibitions themselves.  Some of his work, particularly the lettering, influenced later psychedelic concert poster art.

In 1902 Roller was introduced to the composer Gustav Mahler by Carl Moll. Roller expressed an interest in stage design and showed Mahler several sketches he had made for Wagner's Tristan und Isolde. Mahler was impressed and decided to employ Roller to design the sets for a new production of the piece. The production, which premiered in February 1903, was a great critical success. Roller continued to design sets for Mahler's productions. In 1906 he married the Viennese Secession painter Mileva Roller and they had two sons: Dietrich (1909–2001) became a doctor, while Ulrich (1911–1941) became a stage designer and died in Stolpovo near Kaluga (in the Soviet Union) shortly after Christmas 1941.

Eventually, Roller left the Secession and his teaching post at the Kunstgewerbeschule to be appointed chief stage designer to the Vienna State Opera, a position he held until 1909. He died in Vienna in 1935.

Alfred Roller's brother-in-law was the World War I flying ace Raoul Stojsavljevic (1887–1930).

Further reading

 Thursby, Stephen Carlton. "Gustav Mahler, Alfred Roller, and the Wagnerian Gesamtkunstwerk: Tristan and Affinities between the Arts at the Vienna Court Opera." Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 2009.

References

External links

 Entry for Alfred Roller on the Union List of Artist Names

 W.H. Crain Costume and Scene Design Collection at the Harry Ransom Center

19th-century Austrian painters
Austrian male painters
20th-century Austrian painters
1864 births
1935 deaths
Members of the Vienna Secession
19th-century Austrian male artists
20th-century Austrian male artists
Painters from Austria-Hungary

Alfred Roller


Peter Waldo, Valdo, or Waldes (c. 1140 – c. 1218), also Pierre Vaudès or de Vaux, is believed by many to have started the Waldensians. This was a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages. People are still alive in southern Europe who come from this movement. Because not much was written down about Waldo while he was alive, people do not agree how important he was to the Waldensians, because it may have been around before his leadership. Also, the French historian Thuanus thought Waldo died in the year 1179.

Life and work
Not many details are known about the life of Waldo. Some sources say that he was a rich man who sold clothes, and that he was a merchant from Lyon. Also, sources say that he had some education. Sometime not long before the year 1160 he was inspired by some events. One of these was hearing a sermon on the life of St. Alexius. Another was when saying that one did not believe in transubstantiation (which is the belief that, during Communion, the bread and wine turn into the body and blood of Jesus Christ) became a crime for which one could be punished by death. A third event was the sudden death of a friend during an evening meal. After this, he began living a radical Christian life. He gave his property to his wife. He gave the rest of his things to the poor.

At about this time, Waldo began to preach and teach publicly about his ideas of living simple lives and about poverty. He taught that "No man can serve two masters, God and money", (see Gospel of Matthew 6:24) and strongly criticized things done by the Pope and things taught by the Roman Catholic Church. Some of the things taught by the Catholic Church that he criticized were purgatory and transubstantiation. He said that the Roman Catholic Church was the prostitute from the book of Revelation. By 1170, many people were following him. These people were called the Poor of Lyon, the Poor of Lombardy, or the Poor of God who would spread their teaching abroad while dressed up as peddlers. Often called the Waldensians (or Waldenses), they were different from the Albigensians or Cathari.

The Waldensian movement had lay preaching (people who were not preachers or priests for a living preached), people who were poor by choice, and strictly obeying the Bible. Between 1175-1185, Waldo either had a cleric from Lyons translate the New Testament of the Bible into the language that most people spoke, the Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) language, or translate it himself.

In 1179, Waldo and one of his followers went to Rome, where they were welcomed by Pope Alexander III, and the Roman Curia. They had to explain what they believed in front of a panel of three clergymen, including issues which were then debated within the Church. These included the idea that all people were priests, teaching the gospel in the language most people spoke, and people living poor, simple lives on purpose. The results of the meeting were inconclusive, and Waldo's ideas, but not the movement itself, were condemned at the Third Lateran Council in the same year, although the leaders of the movement had not been yet excommunicated (kicked out of the Church).

Sent away from Lyon, Waldo and his followers moved to the high valleys of Piedmont, and in France, in the Luberon. Finally, Waldo was excommunicated by Pope Lucius III during the synod held at Verona in 1184, and the doctrine of the Poor of Lyon was again condemned by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 where they are mentioned by name for the first time, and called heresy. The Roman Catholic Church began to persecute the Waldensians, and many were tried and sentenced to death in different European countries during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. The Waldensians survived by moving the Alps and hiding there. Centuries after his death, the Waldensian denomination joined the Genevan or Reformed branch of the Protestant Reformation.

More reading
 Audisio, Gabriel, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c.1170 - c.1570, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. (1999) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

References

Other websites
 Link to the Medieval sourcebook text about Peter Waldo

1140s births
1218 deaths
Christian religious leaders

Peter Waldo


Joshua Zeitlin (1742 in Shklov, Belarus – August 18, 1822, in Kherson, Novorossiya) was a Russian rabbinical scholar and philanthropist. He was a pupil of the Talmudist Rabbi Aryeh Leib ben Asher Gunzberg who was the author of Sha'agat Aryeh; and, being an expert in political economy, he maintained close relations with Prince Potemkin, the favorite of Catherine II. During the Turko-Russian war, Zeitlin furnished the Russian army with various supplies, and managed that business so cleverly that he was afterward appointed imperial court councilor.

On retiring from business in the civil rank of Court Counsellor, Zeitlin resided on his estate Ustzia, where he was occasionally consulted by rabbis with regard to rabbinical questions. He rendered pecuniary assistance to many Talmudists and scholars, and supported a magnificent beit midrash, in which many Jewish scholars were provided with all of life's necessities, so that they could pursue their vocations without worries of any kind. Among the scholars who benefited from his generosity were: Rabbi Nahum, author of Tosafot Bikkurim; Mendel Lepin, author of Cheshbon ha-Nefesh; and the physician Baruch Schick. Zeitlin was the author of annotations to the Sefer Mitzwot Katan, printed with the text (Kopys, 1820), and supplemented by some of his responsa.

References

1742 births
1822 deaths
Belarusian Orthodox rabbis
18th-century rabbis from the Russian Empire
19th-century rabbis from the Russian Empire

Joshua Zeitlin


Dina fisika, magnétisme téh nyaéta fénoména di mana bahan ngeprakkeun gaya narik atawa nolak ka bahan lianna.  Some well known materials that exhibit éasily detectable magnetic properties (called magnets) are nickel, iron, cobalt, and their alloys; however, all materials are influenced to gréater or lesser degree by the presence of a magnetic field.

Magnetism also has other manifestations in physics, particularly as one of the two components of electromagnetic waves such as light.

History

Aristotle attributes the first of what might be called a scientific discussion on magnetism to Thales, who lived from about 625 BC to about 545 BC.  In China, the éarliest litérary reference to magnetism lies in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼谷子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it." The éarliest mention of the attraction of a needle appéars in a work composed between 20 and 100 AD (Louen-heng): "A lodestone attracts a needle." The ancient Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was the first person to write of the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north (Dream Pool Essays, 1088 AD), and by the 12th century the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation.  Alexander Neckham, by 1187, was the first in Europe to describe the compass and its use for navigation. In 1269 Peter Peregrinus wrote the Epistola de Magnete, the first extant tréatise describing the properties of magnets.

An understanding of the relationship between electricity and magnetism began in 1819 with work by Hans Christian Oersted, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, who discovered more or less by accident that an electric current could influence a compass needle.  This landmark experiment is known as Oersted's Experiment.  Sevéral other experiments followed, with André-Marie Ampére, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Michael Faraday, and others finding further links between magnetism and electricity. James Clerk Maxwell synthesized and expanded these insights into Maxwell's equations, unifying electricity, magnetism, and optics into the field of electromagnetism. In 1905, Einstein used these laws in motivating his théory of special relativity, in the process showing that electricity and magnetism are fundamentally interlinked and inseparable.

Electromagnetism has continued to develop into the twentieth century, being incorporated into the more fundamental théories of gauge theory, quantum electrodynamics, electroweak theory, and finally the standard model.

Physics of magnetism

Magnets and magnetic materials

Every electron is, by its nature, a small magnet (see Electron magnetic dipole moment). Ordinarily, the countless electrons in a material are randomly oriented in different directions, léaving no effect on avérage, but in a bar magnet the electrons are aligned in the same direction, so they act coopératively, créating a net magnetic field.

In addition to the electron's intrinsic magnetic field, there is sometimes an additional magnetic field that results from the electron's orbital motion about the nucleus. This effect is analogous to how a current-carrying loop of wire genérates a magnetic field (see Magnetic dipole). Again, ordinarily, the motion of the electrons is such that there is no avérage field from the material, but in certain conditions, the motion can line up so as to produce a méasurable total field.

The ovérall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely, depending on the structure of the material, and particularly on its electron configuration. Sevéral forms of magnetic behavior have been observed in different materials, including:

 Diamagnetism
 Paramagnetism
 Molecular magnet
 Ferromagnetism
 Antiferromagnetism
 Ferrimagnetism
 Metamagnetism
 Spin glass
 Superparamagnetism

Magnetism, electricity, and special relativity

As a consequence of Einstein's théory of special relativity, electricity and magnetism are understood to be fundamentally interlinked. Both magnetism lacking electricity, and electricity without magnetism, are inconsistent with special relativity, due to such effects as length contraction, time dilation, and the fact that the magnetic force is velocity-dependent. However, when both electricity and magnetism are taken into account, the resulting théory (electromagnetism) is fully consistent with special relativity. In particular, a phenomenon that appéars purely electric to one observer may be purely magnetic to another, or more genérally the relative contributions of electricity and magnetism are dependent on the frame of reference. Thus, special relativity "mixes" electricity and magnetism into a single, inseparable phenomenon called electromagnetism (analogously to how special relativity "mixes" space and time into spacetime).

Magnetic fields and forces

The phenomenon of magnetism is "mediated" by the magnetic field—i.e., an electric current or magnetic dipole créates a magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic forces on other particles that are in the fields.

To an excellent approximation (but ignoring some quantum effects---see quantum electrodynamics), Maxwell's equations (which simplify to the Biot-Savart law in the case of stéady currents) describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces. Therefore magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion---for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom's nucleus. They also arise from "intrinsic" magnetic dipoles arising from quantum effects, i.e. from quantum-mechanical spin.

The same situations which créate magnetic fields (charge moving in a current or in an atom, and intrinsic magnetic dipoles) are also the situations in which a magnetic field has an effect, créating a force. Following is the formula for moving charge; for the forces on an intrinsic dipole, see magnetic dipole.

When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product:

where
 is the electric charge of the particle,
 is the velocity vector of the particle, and  is the magnetic field. Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field.  It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the particle's movement, but it cannot cause it to speed up or slow down. The magnitude of the force is

where  is the angle between the  and  vectors.

One tool for determining the direction of the velocity vector of a moving charge, the magnetic field, and the force exerted is labeling the index finger "V", the middle finger "B", and the thumb "F" with your right hand. When making a gun-like configuration (with the middle finger crossing under the index finger), the fingers represent the velocity vector, magnetic field vector, and force vector, respectively. See also right hand rule.

Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced electromotive force (emf) and current resulting from electromagnetic induction. German physicist Heinrich Lenz formulated it in 1834.

Magnetic dipoles

A very common source of magnetic field shown in nature is a dipole, with a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, intéracting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe. Since opposite ends of magnets are attracted, the 'north' magnetic pole of the éarth must be magnetically 'south'.

A magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems stabilize into the configuration with the lowest energy. Therefore, when placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole tends to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby canceling the net field strength as much as possible and lowering the energy stored in that field to a minimum. For instance, two identical bar magnets placed side-to-side normally line up North to South, resulting in a much smaller net magnetic field, and resist any attempts to réorient them to point in the same direction. The energy required to réorient them in that configuration is then stored in the resulting magnetic field, which is double the strength of the field of éach individual magnet. (This is, of course, why a magnet used as a compass intéracts with the éarth's magnetic field to indicate North and South).

An alternative, equivalent formulation, which is often éasier to apply but perhaps offers less insight, is that a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field experiences a torque and a force which can be expressed in terms of the field and the strength of the dipole (i.e., its magnetic dipole moment). For these equations, see magnetic dipole.

Magnetic monopoles

Since a bar magnet gets its ferromagnetism from microscopic electrons distributed evenly throughout the bar, when a bar magnet is cut in half, éach of the resulting pieces is a smaller bar magnet. Even though a magnet is said to have a north pole and a south pole, these two poles cannot be separated from éach other. A monopole — if such a thing exists — would be a new and fundamentally different kind of magnetic object. It would act as an isolated north pole, not attached to a south pole, or vice versa. Monopoles would carry "magnetic charge" analogous to electric charge. Despite systematic séarches since 1931, as of 2006, they have never been observed, and could very well not exist.

Nevertheless, some theoretical physics modéls predict the existence of these magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable. Using quantum théory Dirac showed that if magnetic monopoles exist, then one could explain the quantization of electric charge---that is, why the observed elementary particles carry charges that are multiples of the charge of the electron.

Certain grand unified theories predict the existence of monopoles which, unlike elementary particles, are solitons (localized energy packets). The initial results of using these modéls to estimate the number of monopoles créated in the big bang contradicted cosmological observations — the monopoles would have been so plentiful and massive that they would have long since halted the expansion of the universe. However, the idéa of inflation (for which this problem served as a partial motivation) was successful in solving this problem, créating modéls in which monopoles existed but were rare enough to be consistent with current observations.

Units of electromagnetism

SI units related to magnetism

Other units
 gauss-The gauss, abbreviated as G, is the cgs unit of magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (B).
 oersted-The oersted is the CGS unit of magnetic field strength.
 maxwell-is the CGS unit for the magnetic flux.
 μo -common symbol for the permeability of free space (4πx10−7 N/(ampere-turn)²).

See also

 Earth's magnetic field
 Electrostatics
 Electromagnet
 Magnetostatics
 Electromagnetism
 Lenz's law
 Plastic magnet
 Magnet
 Magnetar
 Magnetic field
 Magnetic bearing
 Magnetic cooling
 Magnet therapy
 Magnetic circuit
 Magnetic moment
 Magnetic structure
 Magnetic susceptibility
 Magnetization
 Michael Faraday
 Micromagnetism
 James Clerk Maxwell
 Coercivity
 Spin wave
 Spontaneous magnetization
 Sensor
 Magnetic stirrer

References

External links

 Electromagnetism  - a chapter from an online textbook
 Magnetic Force and Field  on Project PHYSNET
 On the Magnet, 1600 First scientific book on magnetism by the father of electrical engineering. Full English text, full text séarch.

Magnétisme


Vortex is an iPod game created by Apple Inc. and Kabloom Games. It is an Arkanoid/Breakout clone with a top-down perspective and bricks arranged in a circular layout controlled by a click wheel

History
On Tuesday, January 30, 2007,  Apple introduced a demo version of this game for free. It includes two sample levels. They have since removed the demo.

Vortex is currently one of the only games compatible with all the iPods able to play games (shipped with the iPod Nanos and Classics).

Gameplay
Vortex is similar to Arkanoid/Breakout, in which you use a ball to destroy bricks. However, the bricks are arranged along the inside of a cylinder. You use the click wheel to move the paddle around the cylinder to control where the ball goes.

The paddle now is slightly curved, conforming to the game's circular outer wall. The ball moves slower as it approaches the cluster of revolving bricks and faster as it moves away. The effect, if you like, is that of planetary gravity, except in reverse. The ball's trajectory and speed – whether traveling toward or away from the cluster – is continuously influenced by the pulling forces of the outer wall. The angle at which the ball strikes a brick, or bricks, also affects its direction and, usually to a lesser extent, its speed. The speed of the paddle upon making contact also has a subtle influence on the ball's path.

As game levels progress, the size of the cluster grows and the number of concentric circles comprising it increases. In the early moments of each higher level, the empty ring between the brick cluster and the outer wall grows smaller, a confinement that necessitates quicker paddle movement.

To pass the level, all destructible bricks must be shattered. Adding to the challenge, there are bricks which "retract" for a time, enabling the ball to pass through instead of shattering it. Certain sets of bricks also move around the circle. Other bricks take multiple hits to shatter. Steel bricks are almost indestructible, unless one hits a dynamite brick next to it, but are not required to complete the level. Dynamite bricks (indicated by red dots) when hit will take out several other bricks with its explosion but are also not required.

Powerups
There are marked bricks which release powerups. The powerup, indicated by a small green sphere, heads out from the center and the player catches it to activate it. The powerups include resizing the paddle, changing the speed of the game, adding lasers or guns to the paddle, and extra lives.

Powerup bricks are not required to complete the level, but destroying a powerup brick, even if it is not caught, adds more points to the total than destroying a normal brick. The points score is equal to the points for the bricks destroyed plus the bonus points for timing.

All powerups expire if the player loses a life or beats a level with the exception the extra life powerup, which continues to have effect even after beating a level and expiring after losing a life.

Critical reception
In their review of Vortex, Pocket Gamer highlighted the integration of the iPod's scroll wheel with the 360 degree layout. However, the slow pace of the ball was criticized.

Music
All music in Vortex is made by D. B. Walker.
 Son of the Noid
 Arc of the Noid
 Return of the Son of the Noid II, The Revenge

See also
IPod games

External links
 Vortex – Requires iTunes

References

IPod games
2006 video games
Breakout clones
Video games developed in the United States

Vortex (iPod game)


A stitching awl is a simple tool to punch holes in leather or other material. It can also be used to make holes larger.

The awl is used for sewing leather or canvas. It has a thin, tapered metal shaft, coming to a sharp point, either straight or slightly bent. These shafts usually have an eye piercing at the pointed end. This helps to draw thread through holes for lock stitch sewing by hand. They are also called sewing awls.

Tools

Stitching awl


Rutland Boughton  (born Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire 23 January 1878; died London, 25 January, 1960) was an English composer.  He was well known in the early 20th century as a composer of opera and choral music.

Boughton studied with Charles Villiers Stanford and Walford Davies.  He wrote many different kinds of music including symphonies, concertos, part-songs, songs, chamber music and opera.  His best known work was the opera The Immortal Hour. His carol Bethlehem (1915) became very popular in England and in many other countries.

He was a great admirer of the composer Richard Wagner who had built his own theatre, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, in the German town of Bayreuth.  Boughton wanted to create an "English Bayreuth" at Glastonbury, so he started the series of Glastonbury Festivals that took place from 1914 until 1926. From 1927 until his death in 1960, he lived at Kilcot near Newent, Gloucestershire.

Other websites
 The Rutland Boughton Music Trust

English composers
Romantic composers
1878 births
1960 deaths

Rutland Boughton


Atlantic Ocean ek khara paani ke barraa jagha hae jiske
 west me the Americas aur Pacific Ocean ke ek hissa hae,
 east me Europe, Africa, aur Indian Ocean hae,
 north me Arctic Ocean, aur
 south me Southern Ocean hae.

Scientist log batae hae ki million saal pahile khaali ek ocean rahaa, aur jaada kar ke jamin saathe jurra rahaaa jahan pe abhi Atlantic Ocean hae. Dhire dhire ii fat ke kuch tukrra me oe gais.  Dire dire ii faarr me paani bhar gais.

Jagha

Atlantic Ocean ke west me North America aur South America hae. Ii Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea aur Barents Sea se jaae ke Arctic Ocean se mile hae. Iske  east me Europe hae aur ii Strait of Gibraltar se Mediterranean Sea – se mile hae.

Southeast me Atlantic, Indian Ocean se mile hae. 20° East meridian, jon ki Cape Agulhas se Antarctica talak south me jaawe hae, iske border hae. defines its border. Some authorities show it extending south to Antarctica, while others show it bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean.

In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific. Besides those mentioned, other large bodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea and the Celtic Sea.

Covering approximately 22% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic is second in size to the Pacific. With its adjacent seas, it occupies an area of about ; without them, it has an area of . The land that drains into the Atlantic covers four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).

The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is ; without them it is . The greatest depth, Milwaukee Deep with , is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Atlantic's width varies from  between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over  in the south.

References

Atlantic Ocean


The Fundamental theorem of arithmetic (also called the unique factorization theorem) is a theorem of number theory. The theorem says that every positive integer greater than 1 can be written as a product of prime numbers (or the integer is itself a prime number). The theorem also says that there is only one way to write the number. If two people found two different ways to write the number, the only thing that can be different is the order in which the primes are written. For example, we can write:

6936 = 23 · 3 · 172   or   1200 = 24 · 3 · 52

and if somebody else finds another way to write 6936 or 1200 as product of prime numbers, we can put those prime numbers in the right order and find out that it is the same as what we have here. Finding the prime numbers is called factorization.

This theorem can be used in cryptography.

Proof
The first person who proved the theorem was Euclid. The first detailed and correct proof was in the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauß.

Some people may think that the theorem is true everywhere. However, the theorem is not true in more general number systems, like algebraic integers. This was first mentioned by Ernst Kummer in 1843, in his work on Fermat's last theorem. For more information about that: read algebraic number theory.

The proof consists of two parts: first we show that every number can be written as a product of primes; second we show that if we write a number as a product of primes for a second time, then the two lists of prime numbers must be the same.

First part of the proof

We show that if not every number greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes, we end up in some kind of impossibility. So after that we conclude that it must be true that every number can be written as a product of primes.

So, now see what happens when somebody says that he/she knows a positive integer, greater than 1, which can not be written as a product of primes. In that case we ask him/her to mention all the numbers, greater than 1, that can not be written as a product of primes. One of these numbers must be the smallest: let's call it n. Of course, this number n cannot be 1. Further, it cannot be a prime number, because a prime number is a 'product' of a single prime: itself. So it must be a product of numbers. Thus-

n = ab

where both a and b are positive integers that are of course smaller than n. But: n was the smallest number that can not be written as a product of primes. So it must be possible to write a and b as products of primes, because they are both smaller than n. But then the product

n = ab

can be written as a product of primes as well. This is an impossibility because we said that n can not be written as a product of primes.

We have now shown the impossibility which exists if the first part of the theorem would not be true. In this way we have now proven the first part of the theorem.

Second part of the proof

Now we have to prove that there is only one way to write a positive number greater than 1 as a product of prime numbers.

To do this, we use the following lemma: if a prime number p divides a product ab, then it divides a or it divides b (Euclid's lemma).
First we now prove this lemma. Well, assume now that p does not divide a. Then p and a are coprime and we have Bezout's identity that says that there must be integers x and y such that

px + ay = 1.

Multiplying everything with b gives

pbx + aby = b,

Remember that ab could be divided by p. So now, on the left-hand side we have two terms that are divisible by p. So the term on the right-hand side is also divisible by p. We have now proven that if p does not divide a, it must divide b. That proves the lemma.

Now we will prove that we can write an integer greater than 1 in only one way as a product of prime numbers. Take two products of primes A and B which have the same outcome. So we know for the outcome of the products that A = B. Take any prime p from the first product A. It divides the A, so it also divides B. Using several times the lemma that we just proved, we can see that p must then divide at least one factor b of B. But the factors are all primes themselves, so also b is prime. But we know that p is also prime, so p must be equal to b. So now we divide A by p and also divide B by p. And we get a result like A* = B*. Again we can take a prime p from the first product A* and find out that is equal to some number in the product B*. Continuing in this way, at the end we see that the prime factors of the two products must be exactly the same. This proves that we can write a positive integer as a product of primes in only one unique way.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of algebra

Theorems in number theory

Fundamental theorem of arithmetic


Dharamshala is a city in northern India. It is the winter seat of government of the state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of the Kangra district.

McLeod Ganj, a village within Dharamshala municipality, is the home of the Dalai Lama and the exiled Tibetan government. It is a popular place for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.

Photo gallery

Tibetan Buddhism
Cities in India
Himachal Pradesh

Dharamshala


Zoe Byrd Akins (October 30, 1886 – October 29, 1958) was an American playwright, poet, and author. She won the 1935 Pulitzer Prize for drama for The Old Maid.

Early life

Zoe Byrd Akins was born in Humansville, Missouri, second of three children of Thomas Jasper and Sarah Elizabeth Green Akins. Her family was heavily involved with the Missouri Republican Party, and for several years her father served as the state party chairman. Through her mother, Akins was related George Washington and Duff Green. Her family moved to St. Louis, Missouri when Akins was in her early teens. She was sent to Monticello Seminary in Godfrey, Illinois for her education and later Hosmer Hall preparatory school in St. Louis. While at Hosmer Hall she was a classmate of poet Sara Teasdale, both graduating with the class of 1903. It was at Monticello Seminary that Akins wrote her first play, a parody of a Greek tragedy. Following graduation Akins began writing a series of plays, poetry and criticism for various magazines and newspapers as well as occasional acting roles in St. Louis area theatre productions.

Career and life

Her first major dramatic work was Papa, written in 1914. The comedy failed even though it greatly impressed both H.L. Mencken and George Jean Nathan,
During this time several of her early plays were adapted for the screen. These adaptations were mostly failures, released as silent films in a time when the industry was transitioning to sound. While some "talkie" stars had notable roles in the films (Walter Pidgeon and a young Clark Gable), most of the films are now believed to be lost. In 1930, Akins had another great success with her play, The Greeks Had a Word for It, a comedy about three models in search of rich husbands

In the early 1930s, Akins became more active in film, writing several screenplays as well as continuing to sell the rights to plays such as The Greeks Had a Word for It (1930), which was adapted for the movies three times, in 1932 (as The Greeks Had a Word for Them), 1938 (as Three Blind Mice), and 1953 (How to Marry a Millionaire). Two highlights of this period were the films Sarah and Son (1930) and Morning Glory (1933), the latter remade as Stage Struck. Both films earned their respective female leads (Ruth Chatterton and Katharine Hepburn) Academy Award nominations for Best Actress (Hepburn won).

Akins did not pursue a screenwriting career beyond her early successes. In 1932, she married Hugo Rumbold (in the last year of his life) and, after several Hollywood films, she returned to writing plays and spending time with her family. She was rumored to be in a long-term relationship with Jobyna Howland until Howland's death in 1936. According to Anita Loos, the two squabbled often, "But such gibes actually held the key to their devotion." She was the great-aunt of actress Laurie Metcalf. She lived for a short time in Morrisonville, Illinois.

In 1935, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for her dramatization of Edith Wharton's The Old Maid, a melodrama set in New York City and written in five episodes stretching across time from 1839 to 1854. The play was adapted for a 1939 film starring Bette Davis.

In 1936, Akins co-wrote the screenplay for Camille, adapted from Alexandre Dumas's play and novel, La dame aux camélias  The film starred Greta Garbo, Robert Taylor, and Lionel Barrymore, and earned Garbo her third Oscar nomination.

Later life and legacy

Akins died in her sleep on the eve of her 72nd birthday, in 1958, in Los Angeles. She is buried in San Gabriel District Cemetery.

Akins archives is held in the collection of the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

Selected filmography
 Déclassée (1925)
 Her Private Life (1929)
 Sarah and Son (1930)
 Anybody's Woman (1930)
 The Right to Love (1930)
 Working Girls (1931)
 The Greeks Had a Word for Them (1932)
 Christopher Strong (1933)
 Outcast Lady (1934)
 Accused (1936)
 Lady of Secrets (1936)
 Camille (1936)
 The Old Maid (1939)
 Zaza (1939)

References

External links

 Index Entry for Zoe Akins at Poets' Corner

1886 births
1958 deaths
People from Humansville, Missouri
American women screenwriters
American dramatists and playwrights
Bisexual screenwriters
Bisexual novelists
Bisexual poets
Bisexual dramatists and playwrights
American LGBT poets
American LGBT novelists
American LGBT screenwriters
American LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Bisexual women writers
American women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
Screenwriters from Missouri
20th-century American screenwriters
American bisexual writers

Zoe Akins


Mineral water is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy.

Drinking water

Mineral water


The Tibetan calendar, or the Tibetan lunar calendar is a calendar based on 12 or 13 phases of the moon, which starts with a new moon, or when the moon is completely dark. A lunar month is added every 2 or 3 years to equal the solar year.

The Tibetan New Years celebration is called Losar. According to almanacs, or yearly calendar with important dates, the year starts with the third Hor month, or the Third Mongolian month.

Every month, certain dates in the calendar are used for Buddhist practices. Similarly, certain months also have importance.

Years
Years in the Tibetan calendar are similar to the Chinese zodiac, with animals signifying each year. The animals go as follows:

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
|Hare
|Dragon
|Snake
|Horse
|Sheep
|Monkey
|Bird
|Dog
|Boar
|Rat
|Ox
|Tiger
|}

There are also elements. Each element goes as follows:

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
|Fire
|Earth
|Iron
|Water
|Wood
|}

Each elements is associated with two years. First as male, and second as female. For example, a male Earth-Dragon year is followed by a female Earth-Snake year, then by a male Iron-Horse year.

 {| class="wikitable"
!Year (Gregorian)
!Year according to rabjyung
!Wylie
!Element
!Animal
!Sex
|-
|2008
|rabjyung 17 lo 22
|sa mo glang
|Earth
|Rat
|male
|-
|2009
|rabjyung 17 lo 23
|sa pho khyi
|Earth
|Ox
|female
|-
|2010
|rabjyung 17 lo 24
|lcags pho stag
|Iron
|Tiger
|male
|-
|2011
|rabjyung 17 lo 25
|lcags mo yos
|Iron
|Hare
|female
|-
|2012
|rabjyung 17 lo 26
|chu pho 'brug
|Water
|Dragon
|male
|-
|2013
|rabjyung 17 lo 27
|chu mo sbrul
|Water
|Snake
|female
|-
|2014
|rabjyung 17 lo 28
|shing pho rta
|Wood
|Horse
|male
|-
|2015
|rabjyung 17 lo 29
|shing mo lug
|Wood
|Sheep
|female
|}

During the time of the Tibetan Empire (7th – 9th century), Tibetan months were named according to the four seasons:

 First spring month (dpyid zla ra ba), middle spring month (dpyid zla 'bring po), last spring month (dpyid zla mtha' chung),
 first summer month (dbyar zla ra ba), middle summer month (dbyar zla 'bring po), last summer month (dbyar zla mtha' chung),
 first autumn month (ston zla ra ba), middle autumn month (ston-zla 'bring-po), last autumn month (ston zla mtha' chung),
 first winter month (dgun zla ra ba), middle winter month (dgun-zla 'bring-po) and last winter month (dgun zla mtha' chung).

Since the 12th century, the months were named from the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac:

 taag (Tiger),
 ye (Hare),
 'drug (Dragon),
 drul  (Snake),
 ta (Horse),
 lug (Sheep)
 te (Monkey),
 tshya (Bird),
 kyi (Dog),
 phag (Boar),
 tshyiwa (Rat)
 lang (Ox).

With the introduction of the calendar of the "Kalacakratantra" in the second half of the 11th century, months were also named by lunar mansions. Within that, a full moon took place each month:

In the second half of the 13th century, a system was introduced of counting the month by ordinal numbers, also called the Hor month:

Calendars

Tibetan calendar


The Jamuna River (Bangla: যমুনা Jomuna) is one of the three major rivers of Bangladesh. The river flows from India to Bangladesh and is a major channel of the Brahmaputra River. The Jamuna flows in the southward direction and meets the Padma River (Pôdda) and Meghna River near Goalundo Ghat and Chandpur respectively. These waters then together flow into the Bay of Bengal.

The Jamuna is known to be a very wide river. The breadth of the river, from bank to bank, is about 2 miles in the dry season while its about 5 miles during the rainy season. The River also acts as an important resource for transportation.

Rivers of Bangladesh

Jamuna River


A bus garage or bus depot is a place where buses are stored and repaired. Bus garages can also be called a bus depot but in some countries a bus depot can also mean a bus station. In many areas, bus garages are on the site of former tram sheds, where trams were stored, before they were replaced with buses. In other areas, garages were built to replace horse-bus yards.

The largest bus depot in the world is Millennium Park Bus Depot In Delhi India.

Most bus garages will contain:

Internal parking - Buses and recovery vehicles will be parked inside the garages
External parking - Staff cars and some buses can be parked outside of the bus garages
Fueling point - For putting petrol or diesel in buses
Fuel storage tanks - For storing fuel
Engineering section - To fix and repair buses
Inspection pits - A pit in the ground, To look under and fix under buses
Bus wash
Brake test lane - To test the brakes on buses
Staff canteen/break room
Administration office

Garages may also contain recovery vehicles.

References

Other websites

Bus transport

Bus garage


Paolo Uccello, (1397 – 10 December 1475), was a painter from Florence in Italy, during the time known as the Early Renaissance. He is famous as one of the first painters of the Italian Renaissance to use perspective in his pictures.

Life and works
Most of what we know about Uccello comes from Giorgio Vasari, who wrote Paolo's biography about 75 years after Uccello died. Uccello was born about the year 1396, in the city of Florence. Vasari says that he was called Uccello, which means "Bird", because he loved all animals and would often paint them, but he loved birds best of all. When he was about 11 years old, he was sent to be trained in the workshop of one of the most famous artists in Florence, a young man called Lorenzo Ghiberti.

Ghiberti was famous because he had won an important competition to make a huge set of beautiful doors for the oldest church in the city. The doors took 27 years to make, so in that time, lots of different artists helped in the making of them, and lots of talented young people like Uccello were trained in the workshop. Uccello worked there for 8 years.

At San Miniato
While Uccello was still quite young he got an important job to do, all by himself. He was asked to paint some frescoes showing stories of different saints for the monks of a Church of San Miniato, on a mountain above Florence. It was a large beautiful church, but the monks at the monastery did not eat expensive food. They only ate bread and cheese. So, Uccello also ate nothing but bread and cheese for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, sometimes made into soup. After a few weeks he thought he was turning into a cheese! So he ran away from the monastery and went back to Florence, leaving his work unfinished.

One day when two of the monks were walking in the street, they chased Uccello and caught him. They asked him why he had never finished the job. Uccello told them that it was because of the cheese. The monks laughed and promised that he would get better food, if only he would promise to come back and finish what he had started. He came back to finish the frescoes, called The Lives of the Church Fathers. They are painted in dull colours as a protest against the simple food. Vasari, who tells this story, says that Uccello never ate cheese again in his life.

Today, these frescoes at San Miniato have been badly damaged by water. Most of them have fallen off the wall or have faded. However, one beautiful angel remains quite clear.

In 1425 Uccello went to the city of Venice where he lived and worked for several years.

At Florence Cathedral
In 1436 he was back in Florence to do some important jobs for Florence Cathedral. The first was to paint a large fresco in honour of an English Knight, Sir John Hawkwood.

The painting of Sir John is quite unusual. It is of Sir John on his war horse. Uccello has painted it to look like a statue of the soldier on his horse. He has used white and greenish-grey against a dark red-brown background. To add colour, Uccello has painted the horse's saddle and bridle bright red. The horse is standing on a painted plinth like the base of a statue and Sir John's name is written on the plinth, as if the statue was standing in the town square. And in large letters are words which translate as "The Work of Paolo Uccello".

The painting was very popular, and some years later, another soldier was remembered in the same way with a painting by the artist Andrea Castagno.

The second job that Uccello had at the cathedral was to paint the clock. The clock has two faces, one that can be seen outside in the square and another which is on an inside wall of the cathedral. Uccello had to paint a clock face around the hand on the inside wall. (It's a 24-hour clock and it's only got one hand.) Uccello painted the round clockface into a square shape and put the head of a prophet in each corner. The prophets' faces are all very different but the thing that is the most clever about them is that Uccello painted bright light and dark shadows on their faces as if the light was coming from a real window which is high on the wall to the left side of the clock.

The other important job for the cathedral was to design two big round stained glass windows, each one 4.5 metres across. The cathedral had been built in the last century, but it had been left with a huge hole at the centre which needed a roof of some sort. An artist called Brunelleschi had come up with a brilliant plan for a dome, and the whole city was excited about getting it built. Workmen from every part of the town formed 8 gangs to build the 8 parts. As the dome grew, it had 8 large windows that needed glass. The best artists in Florence were asked to design them. Three of Uccello's designs were used but unfortunately one was smashed in 1828. The two that remain are The Nativity (The Birth of Jesus) and The Resurrection (Jesus rising from the dead).

By 1453, Uccello was married to Tomassa Malifici. In that year she gave birth to Donato who was named after the sculptor Donatello. In 1456 the couple had a daughter, Antonia, who later became a nun and a painter.

The Flood

The paintings that are regarded as Uccello's masterpieces are frescoes of Noah's Ark and the Great Flood in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Unfortunately, they are quite badly damaged and partly lost, but even so, it is possible to see what a clever artist Uccello was. There are two things remarkable about the pictures. Firstly, they are very realistic. The second is that they use perspective to give the impression that the viewer is looking into the scene.

As in the fresco of Sir John Hawkwood, Uccello does not use many colours. The pictures are painted in white, pale grey, blue grey and just a little black. The landscape is grey, the water is blue-grey, the people are white with grey shadows. But the paintings are made lively by all the bits of red. All the man-made things, like the Ark, the old doors, barrels, up-side-down tables and broken things that are floating on the flood water, are all painted in the same red colour. Some of the people are wearing big black and white hats that were popular in Florence. In the disaster of the flood, one man is floating in a barrel. Another man, seeing an old man standing on a little hill, has grabbed him round the ankles to pull himself up. Another man, with part of his great big fashionable hat slipped down around his neck, is thumping on the wall of the ark with a club. The wind is blowing, the rain is pouring down and twigs and branches are flying in the wind. It is a scene of terror.

The Battle of San Romano

One of the richest men in Florence was Cosimo Medici who liked to spend money on works of art. He asked Uccello to paint three large paintings on panels, each about 3 metres long, to decorate his palace. The subject was to be Three scenes from the Battle of San Romano in which the Florentine troops defeated the neighbouring town of Siena. In fact, it was not a very fierce battle. Modern soccer matches between Florence and Siena are probably more bloody. But it made three very good pictures which were later divided up between three important art galleries. The National Gallery, London has the left-hand scene of Niccolo Tolentino leading his troops on his magnificent rearing white charger and wearing, of course, a great big Florentine hat of red and gold brocade. The Uffizi Gallery in Florence has the middle scene in which the leader of the enemy forces, Bernadino della Ciarda, has been struck by a lance and is falling off his horse backwards. The right-hand scene, which is in the Louvre in Paris, shows the brave Michelotto di Cotignola swinging his horse around to attack an opponent with his sword.

Even though, at first glance each battle scene looks quite chaotic, the paintings are very carefully organised. This is particularly noticeable in the way Uccello has arranged the lances that are held upright by the troops and the many weapons that are lying on the ground. They all serve the purpose of leading the viewers eye into the painting. They create perspective. And while the battle is raging in the foreground, in the background are mountains, fields, hedges and woods. In them are farmers, hunters and animals. The difference in size between the figures in the foreground and the figures in the background create distance in the picture.

Uccello studied perspective all his life in a way that was quite obsessive. Sometimes he would not come out of his house for weeks. His friend Donatello, another respected artist, begged him to do more painting and less study. Uccello became very good at mathematical calculation of the perspective of buildings, but it was not until his old age that he could fully understand how to calculate the sizes of things like people in the distance. His last painting shows a hunting party, with a great forest of trees, people and dogs, all going away into the distance, from near to far.

Old age
In 1469 Paolo wrote on his tax assessment that he was too old to work any more and that his wife was ill. Giorgio Vasari, who, 100 years later, researched and wrote the lives of many painters, wrote that, unfortunately Paolo was badly offended by Donatello, who looked at his latest painting and told him, for a joke, to cover it up. Vasari said that Paolo was so hurt that refused to come out of his room but sat working at his drawings, and whenever his wife called him to come to bed he would answer "What a wonderful thing perspective is!"

He died on 10 November, 1475, leaving behind him his old wife and a daughter Antonia who was also very good at painting. Unfortunately, none of her pictures are known today.

Related pages
 Italian Renaissance art
 List of Italian painters
 National Gallery, London

References

Further reading
 Annarita Paolieri, Paolo Uccello, Domenico Veneziano, Andrea del Castagno, Scala/Riverside, 1991,

1396 births
1475 deaths
15th-century Italian painters

Paolo Uccello


A trail (an aa track, byway) is a path wi a roch beaten or stour/stane surface uised for farin. Trails mey be for uise anerly bi walkers an in some places are the main access route tae remote settlements. Some trails can be uised for hikin, cyclin, or cross-kintra skiin an aa, an less aften for muivin nowt an ither fermstockin.

Kins o througangs

Trail


The Great Seal of the State of Alabama is the state seal of the U.S. state of Alabama. It was designed in 1817 by William Wyatt Bibb, the governor of the "Alabama Territory" and the subsequent first governor of the state. When Alabama became a state in 1819, the state legislature got the design as the official state seal. The seal prominently has a map showing one of the state's most valuable resources—its major rivers. Bibb's design served as the official seal until 1868, when it was replaced by a controversial design having on it an eagle holding in its beak a banner that read "Here We Rest." The legislature and Governor Frank M. Dixon restored Bibb's original design in 1939, and it has remained unchanged since.

Alabama
Alabama

Seal of Alabama


Autofeather is a feature of the engines on turboprop or piston engine aircraft. When the power being made by the engine falls to the point where it is not helping add to the thrust, the propeller will go into a feathered mode to help lower the amount of drag.

An automatic feathering system was first brought out into the open on the Martin 4-0-4 aircraft, which was a piston engine airplane. The system was made to automatically feather an engine that failed during takeoff or the initial climb of the plane to its cruising altitude.

Aircraft engines

Autofeather


Amarna ( al-'amārnä) is on the east bank of the Nile in the modern Egyptian province of Minya. It is a big archaeological site. It has the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC), and abandoned shortly afterwards. The Amarna period is the time when Amarna was the capital.

"Amarna" is the Arabic name for the place. The name for the city used by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten in English. It translates to "the Horizon of the Aten" (Akh-t-Aten).

Amarna art
The Amarna art-style broke with the old Egyptian conventions. It showed its people more realistically. It included informal scenes, such as affection within the royal family or playing with their children. It no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art had a realism that sometimes shocks. This art had a more lasting legacy than the religion.

References

Other websites

 The University of Cambridge's Amarna Project
 Amarna Art Gallery Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the Amarna period.
 Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets
 Satellite image
 M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection-

Capital of Egypt
Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt

Amarna


Glory be to the Father

ಮ್ಹಯ್ಮಾ ಬಾಪಾಕ್,
ಆನಿ ಪುತಾಕ್ ಆನಿ ಪವಿತ್ರ್ ಆತ್ಮ್ಯಾಕ್.
ಜಶೆಂ ಆದಿಂ, ಆತಾಂ ಆನಿ ಸದಾಂ ಸದಾಂಕಾಲ್.
ಆಮೆನ್

Gloria Patri, also known as the Glory Be to the Father or, colloquially, the Glory Be, is a doxology, a short hymn of praise to God in various Christian liturgies. It is also referred to as the Minor Doxology (Doxologia Minor) or Lesser Doxology, to distinguish it from the Greater Doxology, the Gloria in Excelsis Deo.

Roman Rite Latin version

Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,
Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum.
Amen.

English Version

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
As it was in the beginning, both now, and always, and to ages of ages.
Amen.

ಪಳೆಯಾತ್
Gloria_Patri

ರೊಮನ್ ಕಾಥ್ಲಿಕ್ ಆಂಚಿಂ ಮಾಗ್ಣಿಂ
ಕನ್ನಡ್ ಪಾನಾಂ

ಮ್ಹಯ್ಮಾ ಬಾಪಾಕ್


Oseola McCarty (March 7, 1908 – September 26, 1999) was a local washerwoman in Hattiesburg, Mississippi who became The University of Southern Mississippi's (USM) most famous benefactor.

McCarty drew global attention after it was announced in July 1995 that she had established a trust through which at her death, a portion of her life's savings would be left to the university to provide scholarships for deserving students in need of financial assistance. The amount was estimated at $150,000, a surprising amount given her low-paid occupation.

Personal
McCarty was born in Wayne County, Mississippi and moved to Hattiesburg as a child.

In her sixth grade, her aunt (who had no children of her own) was hospitalized and later needed homecare, so McCarty quit school, never to return. She later became a washerwoman, like her grandmother, a trade that she continued until arthritis forced her to quit in 1994.

McCarty's grandmother died in 1944, followed by her mother in 1964 and her aunt in 1967. McCarty never married or had children.

McCarty died from liver cancer in 1999.

Frugality
Even before dropping out of school, McCarty was taught to save money by her mother. She opened her first savings account at First Mississippi National Bank, and over the years, she opened several other accounts at various area banks, including Trustmark National Bank, which she appointed trustee of her trust and executor of her estate.

McCarty never owned a car; she walked everywhere she went, pushing a shopping cart nearly a mile to get groceries. She rode with friends to attend services at the Friendship Baptist Church. She did not subscribe to any newspaper and considered the expense an extravagance. Similarly, although she owned a black-and white-television, she received only broadcast transmissions. In 1947, her uncle gave her the house in which she lived until her death. She also received some money from her aunt and mother when they died, which she placed into savings as well.

Gift
Over time, Trustmark Bank personnel noticed McCarty's accumulated savings and began to assist her in future estate planning as well as be unofficial guardians for her. (Bank employees and other friends convinced McCarty to purchase two small window air conditioners for her house and cable television service.)

With the assistance of a local attorney, for whom she had done laundry, and the bank's trust officer, using slips of paper and dimes, to represent 10% shares, McCarty set out the future distribution of her estate. She set aside one dime (10%) for her church, one dime (10%) each for three relatives, and the remaining dimes (60%) for Southern Miss. She stipulated that the funds should be used for students, preferably those of African-American descent, who could not otherwise attend due to financial hardship. When news of McCarty's plan was made public, local leaders immediately funded an endowment in her honor.

She signed an irrevocable trust, allowing the bank to manage her funds from which she received a regular check.

Honoraria

In 1998, she was awarded an honorary degree from USM, the first such degree awarded by the university. She received scores of awards and other honors recognizing her selfless spirit, and President Bill Clinton presented her with a Presidential Citizens Medal, the nation's second-highest civilian award, during a special White House Ceremony. She also won the United Nations' Avicenna Medal for educational commitment.  In June 1996, Harvard University awarded McCarty an honorary doctorate alongside Maya Lin, Walter Annenberg and Judith Jameson.  In December, her hand was on the switch that dropped the countdown ball in Times Square on New Year's Eve.  It was her first time sleeping in a hotel, and first ride in an airplane.

In 1997, McCarty received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

Ms. McCarty was also recognized with an Essence Award and Patti LaBelle sang tribute to her during the ceremony at Madison Square Garden in New York.

The University of Southern Mississippi Foundation honored the life and legacy of Oseola McCarty on Thursday, Oct. 8, 2020. In recognition of the 25th anniversary of McCarty's unexpected planned gift to USM, a virtual celebration featured interviews with special guests and the unveiling of a sculpture.

References

1908 births
1999 deaths
Philanthropists from Mississippi
People from Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Deaths from cancer in Mississippi
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
American women philanthropists
Deaths from liver cancer
People from Wayne County, Mississippi
University of Southern Mississippi
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century women philanthropists

Oseola McCarty


Joan of Arcadia was a CBS drama television series. It starred Amber Tamblyn. Tamblyn's character was Joan Girardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to God.

In its second season, the show had 8.5 million viewers per episode. However, after declining ratings the show was canceled. A third season was never made.

Fantasy television series
2003 television series debuts
CBS network shows
English-language television programs

Joan of Arcadia


The Blood Eagle is a torture method where a person is cut by the ribs from the spine, breaking the victims ribs so they resembled blood-stained wings, and having their lungs pulled out. Salt was also sometimes sprinkled in the wounds. The torture method was mostly mentioned in Norse saga literature. King Ælla of Northumbria, Halfdan son of King Haraldr Hárfagri of Norway, King Edmund, King Maelgualai of Munster, and possibly Archbishop Ælfheah of Canterbury are all believed to have been victims of the torture method.

References

Torture

Blood eagle


Ane Pleastant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis is a sateirical morality play wrate by Scots makar David Lyndsay an first pit on i 1552 i Lithgae, though no prentit until 1602. Ane o the Satyres disteinguishin features is is haein faircical comic, awmaist slapstick, interludes, that micht no hae been pairt o the oreiginal wark. The Satyre is the auldest survivin play i Scots, an is the ainlie survivn Scots play frae the Medieval period.

The Satyre is an attack on the Thrie Esaitis o the auld Scots Pairlament - the kirkmen, the lords and the burgesses. Thir curns is representit by the chairacters o Spiritualitie, Temporalitie an Merchand o thir, the kirkmen gets dinged the hairdest by Lindsay's pen. Wrate no lang afore the Reformation i Scotland, the wark gies a guid pictur o the social tensions that wis present at this important pynt i Scots history.

 Dramatis personae
I Pairt Ane o the play, there's twanty-seiven chairacters, an seiven mair is eikit i Pairt Twa.

The central chairacter is King Humanitie, an is influencit by twa curns o chairacters. The guid chairacters is Divyne Correctioun, Gude Counsall an Chastitie, an the bad yins is Dame Sensualitie, an the thrie vices, Faltterie, Falset an Dissait.

 Synopsis
 Pairt Ane
Set i Scotland i the 16t century, a learnit doctor cried Dilegence gies a sermon on Christian doctrine. The heidmaist chairacter, ung King Humanitie, syne kythes an gangs agley unner the influence o Dame Sensualitie an the Vices. His counsellors gar him tak a mistress, that sets aff his tynin o Christian morals. Syne he is begowkit by the thrie vices, that hae guisit thaimsels as Devotioun, Discretioun an (efter a hilarious fankle whaur Falset forleits his fauss-name an accidentally cries hissel "Thin Drink") Sapience.

The Vices tak control o the court, haein Gude Counsel incarcerate an stairtin tae control the King hissel. The King forleits his Christian vitrues an canna rule richt onie mair - aw the while the Vices tak mair an mair control, sendin Charitie an Veritie tae the jougs. They dae awa wi Chastitie an aw, leavin her hameless, an seimbolically no taen in by Spiritualitie, Temporalitie or the common fowk. Efter Chastitie is finally bein pit i the jyle hersel, Divine Correctioun taks tae the stage - the Vices ken their time is up, an tak the gate afore their caught, takkin the king's traisure kist wi thaim. Divine Correctioun lowses Gude Counsel, Chastitie an Veritie, an redes the king tae caw a pairlament, breingin an end tae Pairt Ane.

 Interlude
A comical interlude skails the twa pairts o the play, in whilk Peur Man an Diligence flyte on ithir, i the mainner o Dunbar an Kennedy (or for that maitter Lindsay hissel an James V). Diligence braks the fowerth waw as the Peur Man lowps on the stage, cawin doun the "officiars" for lattin the "fals raggit loun" win inbye the theatre. Peur Man gies sum speeches about the abuse o pouer by the kirkmen, an the want o justice, sayin: 'I culd get nane at Sessioun nor Seinye"(1974). He gies a wee comment about hou plays an siclike entertainment dinna mak up for the wae o puirtith: "I wil not gif for al your play worth ane sowis fart/ For there is richt litill play at my hungire hart."(1964-5).

Pairt Twa
Diligence apens the pairliament an the King, Correctioun an the Virtews come ben. John Commonweal (representin the common guid o the kintra) taks speech i haun an tells o the failins o thrie estaites. The Merchand an Temporalitie get serred, an their estaites want reform, an tho Spiritualie (the kirkmen) tries tae fecht back, the chairges brocht agin him is ower monie an the kirkmen gies in. The Thrie Vices is incarcerate, deemit an execute, but no afore ilk ane o thaim haes the chance tae gie a wee speech. Syne Diligence closes the play, redin awbodie tae gang their gate an live weil, afore concludin:
Now let ilk man his way avance:
Let sum ga drink and sum ga dance.
Menstrall, blaw up ane brawll of France:
Let se quha hobbils best!
For I will rin, incontinent,
To the tavern or ever I stent,
And pray to God Omnipotent
To send yow all gude rest. (4664-71)

Modren times
Efter no bein playit for awmaist fower hunner year, the Satyre wis revivit for the Edinburgh Festival i 1948, direcrit by Tyrone Guthrie, wi the text bein editit an prepared for an actin edition by Robert Kemp.

I the 1980s by the Scottish Theatre Company, direcit by Tam Fleming playit at the Kirk o Scotland's heidquarters on the Mound for the Festival, an toured Europe an aw, winnin the Roman Szydlowski Prize i Warsaw, 1986. The rinnin time for this production, maugre o cuts tae the text, wis aroun fower an a hauf hour.

I 1996, John McGrath adaptit it a mair contemporary morality play A Satire of the Four Estates, that wis presentit by Wildcat Theatre Company as the pairt o the Edinburgh Festival.

Sources
 Sir David Lindsay, Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estatitis, 1552 (Canongate Classics Edition, ed. Roderick Lyall, 1989)
 John Speirs, The Scots Literary Tradition, Faber and Faber, (Seicond edeition, 1962)
 Agnes Mure MacKenzie, "The Renaissance Poets: (1) Scots and English" i Kinsley (ed), Scottish Poetry: A Critical Survey, Cassell and Company, 1955
 Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis", ScotLit 22 (2000)

Fremmit airtins
 Fou Text wi jottis o aw Lindsay's warks, includin the Satyre.
 Chris Ravenhall, "Sixteenth-century 'agit-prop': Sir David Lyndsay's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis", ScotLit 22 (2000)
 Review o McGrath's A Satire of the Four Estates

1552 plays
16t century in Scotland
Christian allegory
Comedy plays
Medieval drama
Morality
Pairlament o Scotland
Poleetical history o Scotland
Releegion an politics
Satirical plays
Scots plays
Scots-leid warks
Coort o James V o Scotland
Plays set in Scotland
Poetry o the Bannatyne Manuscript
Christian plays

Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis


The West Virginia State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of West Virginia, and houses the West Virginia Legislature and the office of the Governor of West Virginia.  Located in Charleston, West Virginia, the building was dedicated in 1932.  Along with the West Virginia Executive Mansion it is part of the West Virginia Capitol Complex, a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Background
Prior to the American Civil War, the counties that would ultimately form West Virginia were a part of the state of Virginia; the state capital was in Richmond, Virginia. After Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, the northwestern counties of Virginia loyal to the United States started the process which would ultimately create the State of West Virginia on June 20, 1863.

Settling on a state capital location proved to be difficult. For several years, the capital of West Virginia shifted back and forth between Wheeling and Charleston. Other locations, including Martinsburg and Clarksburg were offered as alternatives. The state's citizens voted on the final location of their capital, Charleston, on August 7, 1877.

Prior capitols

Wheeling, 1863
When the state seceded from Virginia and the Confederacy in early 1861, prior to its official admission to the Union, Wheeling was the de facto capital of the new state, then known as the, "Reorganized Government of Virginia."

From the state's official inception in 1863 (i.e., the date of its admission to the Union), the legislature met in the building of the Linsly Military Institute, on Eoff Street in Wheeling. The government soon outgrew this building, which had been built in 1859.  In 1865, the legislature voted to move to Charleston, which was to be the permanent capital city.  The legislature remained in Wheeling until 1870, when the new building was completed.

Charleston, 1870
In 1869, construction began on a new building on Capitol Street in downtown Charleston.  The new building was designed by Leroy S. Buffington of Anderson & Hannaford, Cincinnati.  The new building was architecturally eclectic, combining elements of the French Baroque, Second Empire, and High Victorian Gothic styles.  The legislature met in the building until 1875, when the City of Wheeling offered to build a new capitol building if the legislature would agree to return to the city. This choice was fueled by the greater accessibility of Wheeling as Charleston did not have rail access.

Wheeling, 1875
The legislature was transferred back to Wheeling in 1875, and met in the Linsly building until the new one was completed in 1876.  This building, by Joseph S. Fairfax, was a very large Second Empire building. The next year, a statewide election was held to determine a permanent capitol.  Due to anti-Wheeling sentiment, the city was not even a choice.  Charleston was selected, and in the fall of 1877, Governor Jacob issued a proclamation that after 1885, that city would be the permanent state capital.

After the Charleston building was completed in 1885, the Wheeling building was remodeled by architect Charles P. Hamilton to serve the dual functions of city hall and county courthouse. It survived until 1959, when a new building went up on the same site.

Charleston, 1885

Construction on the second Charleston capitol began in 1880, to plans by Pittsburgh architect Andrew Peebles, with supervision by C. C. Kemble of Wheeling, and then Charleston.  The 1870 building was almost completely destroyed for the new building.  Kemble was relieved from his duties in 1884, and Stanton M. Howard of Wheeling completed the building in 1885.  Unlike its predecessor, this was an informal and picturesque High Victorian Gothic building.  It stood until it was gutted by a fire in 1921, which left only the exterior walls still standing.  The ruins were promptly demolished.

Charleston, 1921
A new temporary wooden building was hastily built by the state in 1921.  It was derisively referred to as the "pasteboard capitol".  It was built on Washington Street near the old site, with the expectation that the new building would be built on the old site.  However, a riverside site in the eastern end of the city was chosen, and the downtown site was sold off.  It was quickly developed.  The temporary capitol was completely destroyed in a 1927 fire.

Present capitol

A Capitol Building Commission, created by the Legislature in 1921, authorized construction of the present capitol. Architect Cass Gilbert designed the buff limestone structure that was to have a final cost of just under $10 million. Construction began in 1924, the cornerstone was laid on November 5, 1930, and, after the three stages of construction were completed, Governor William G. Conley dedicated the capitol on June 20, 1932.

Gilbert liked his design of the West Virginia chamber's interior so well that he reused part of the design for the United States Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court chamber is a larger version of the one found in the West Virginia Capitol's East Wing.

Description of the capitol plaza

The front of the building faces the Kanawha River, and the entire capitol plaza is bordered by Kanawha Boulevard East (also known as U.S. Route 60 and the Midland Trail), Greenbrier Street (also a part of Route 60 and West Virginia Route 114, where the latter terminates), California Avenue and Piedmont Road.  Formerly, Washington Street passed through the plaza, but was closed off for pedestrian use.  Beside the main capitol, there are two wings which lie perpendicular to the east and west ends of the building, forming an open-ended quadrangle centered on a fountain, one of three in the plaza.  The two wings are connected by low causeways on the basement level.  The Governor's mansion, and buildings housing a cultural center as well as several state departments and a parking garage, all occupy the area of the plaza, with several other state departments lying east of California Avenue.

The grounds include several statues, including Abraham Lincoln on the front plaza and Stonewall Jackson, a native of the state, near the southeast corner of the plaza.  The Lincoln statue, known as Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight by Fred Torrey, depicts the President, who was in office at the time of the state's incorporation, walking at midnight, head bowed, wearing a robe over his clothes, and is located in front of the main entrance of the building, facing the river.  There are also two large fountains on the grounds, in the quadrangle just behind the rear entrance of the main building and one to the northwest, between the cultural center and the Division of Motor Vehicles building, just east of the Washington Street entrance to the plaza.  Also at the complex are the historic Holly Grove Mansion and the West Virginia Governor's Mansion.

Across from the Capitol complex, between Kanawha Boulevard East and the Kanawha River, lies a plaza around the Zero Mile Marker from which all highway distances in West Virginia were measured.  The plaza also includes flagpoles with the American flag and the West Virginia flag as well as staircases down to the banks of the river.

Tours of the Capitol are arranged through the West Virginia Culture Center.

West Virginia Capitol facts
At a height of , the State Capitol is the tallest building in West Virginia.

Gallery

See also
West Virginia Governor's Mansion
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States

References

External links

West Virginia Facts and Capitol building
Fire Destroys the West Virginia State Capitol
Legislature Capitol photo gallery
National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form
Citizens Guide to the State Capitol – includes tour information
Advances Made While History Preserved in Legislative Chambers Advances Made While History Preserved in Legislative Chambers

State capitol
State capitol
State capitols in the United States
History museums in West Virginia
Museums in Charleston, West Virginia
Government of West Virginia
State capitol
Historic districts in Charleston, West Virginia
Historic district contributing properties in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in West Virginia
1920s architecture in the United States
Cass Gilbert buildings
Colonial Revival architecture in West Virginia
Neoclassical architecture in West Virginia
Renaissance Revival architecture in West Virginia
Skyscraper office buildings in West Virginia
Skyscrapers in West Virginia
Government buildings completed in 1932
1932 establishments in West Virginia

West Virginia State Capitol


People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.

PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food.

PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over nine million members.

References

Other websites

 PETA (General)
 PETA (UK)
 YouTube profile
 PETA UK on YouTube

Animal rights
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Ethics
Norfolk, Virginia


Varna is a social concept from the Brahmin leaders of Hinduism in India

People became divided into four classes depending on their type of work. Brahmins were priests and teachers. Kshatriyas were the warriors. Vaishyas did agriculture, trading and commerce. The shudras were the general working class. A common misconception is that the Vaishyas and Shudras were generally looked down upon, and treated badly by Brahmins and Kshatriyas, which was true for the later part of the Vedic age. But was untrue for the earlier part. This type of social division is called the Varna system in Hinduism.

Hinduism
History of India

Varna (Hinduism)


Twinkie the Kid is the mascot for Twinkies, a cream-filled snack cake.  He is a  trademark of Interstate Bakeries Corporation and has appeared on Twinkie packaging, in commercials, and as collectible related merchandise.

Description
Twinkie the Kid is an anthropomorphized Twinkie, which means he is a Twinkie that has been given human-like features.  He looks like a wrangler and wears boots, gloves, a kerchief, and a ten-gallon hat.

Related pages
Captain Cupcake
Fruit Pie the Magician

Advertising
Mascots
Animated characters

Twinkie the Kid


An index is a system used to make finding information easier.

Index could also mean:

 Index (publishing), a detailed list, usually arranged alphabetically, of the specific information in a publication
 Index cards in a rolodex or old card catalog, early and mid 20th century technologies for maintaining such lists
 Index (mathematics), for various meanings of the word in mathematics
 Index (economics), a single number calculated from an array of prices and quantities.
 Index, Washington, a town in Snohomish County, Washington, United States.
 Index (typography), a largely obsolete punctuation mark

In publications:
 Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of publications which the Catholic Church censored
 Germany's List of Media Harmful to Young People, colloquially known as The Index, published by the Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien
 Index Magazine, was a prominent New York City based publication for art and culture.
 Truman State University Index, the weekly newspaper distributed at Truman State University and throughout the Kirksville, Missouri community.
 The Index, the student newspaper of Kalamazoo College, published since 1877.
 The Index (journal), a European propaganda journal created by Henry Hotze to support the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

In computers and information retrieval:
 Index (database), a feature in a computerized database which allows quick access to the rows in a table
 Index (information technology), in computer science, either an integer which identifies an array element, or a data structure which enables fast lookup
 Index (search engine), for supporting information retrieval in search engines
 Webserver directory index, a default or index web page in a directory on a web server, such as index.html
 Subject indexing, describing the content of a document by keywords

Other:
 The Index, an item on the Halo (megastructure) in the Halo series of video games.
 The Index (skyscraper), a tower under construction in Dubai.
 Index (retailer), a defunct UK catalogue retailer formerly owned by the Littlewoods group and known as Littlewoods Index
 Index finger, The second digit of a human hand is also referred to as the index finger, pointer finger, forefinger, digitus secundus, or digitus II.
 Index fund, a collective investment scheme
 Indexicality, in linguistics, the variation of meaning of an utterance according to certain features of the context in which it is uttered

Index


Missile Command is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1981. In this game, the player has to defend six cities from falling missiles. The player does so by hitting the missiles with their own counter-missiles. The player moves a crosshair to launch missiles. When a missile hits the crosshair, it creates a fireball that stays for a few seconds and destroys any missiles that hit it. The player has three batteries with ten missiles each. When a battery has no more missiles left or it is destroyed, the player can no longer use it. The game is played as a series of levels, each having a higher difficulty. A level ends if all of the player's cities are destroyed, or all of the falling missiles are destroyed. If a player runs out of missiles, they no longer have control in the level they are playing on. At the end of a level, the player gets extra points for cities that have not been destroyed and missiles they did not use.

The game has been released on many home video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, the Game Boy, and the Xbox 360.

Other websites
Missile Command at the Killer List of Video Games
Missile Command at the Arcade History database

Arcade games
Atari video games
1981 video games

Missile Command


Chardonel is a late ripening white wine hybrid grape which can produce a high quality wine with varietal character.  It is a result of a cross made by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station of the popular French American hybrid Seyval and the classic vitis vinifera Chardonnay.  It is  distinguished by its superior wine quality combined with high productivity and cold hardiness superior to its acclaimed parent Chardonnay. The vine is vigorous and productive, producing green grapes with large clusters.

References

White wine grape varieties
Hybrid grape varieties

Chardonel


Dirk Coster (5 October 1889 – 12 February 1950) was a Dutch physicist. He was a professor of Physics and Meteorology at the University of Groningen.

Coster was born in Amsterdam. On 26 February 1919 he married Lina Maria "Miep" Wijsman, who held a degree in Oriental languages.  Eventually, she was one of the first women to obtain a doctorate degree in this field from the University of Leiden.  Dirk and Miep had two sons and two daughters (Hendrik, Ada, Els, and Herman).  Coster is known as the co-discoverer of hafnium (element 72) in 1923, along with George de Hevesy, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis of zirconium ore. The discovery took place in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its name is derived from Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.

Childhood and education
Coster grew up in Amsterdam in a large working-class family; he was the third child of Barend Coster, a blacksmith, and Aafje van der Mik. The Coster family valued education.  Ten of their children survived to adulthood and all received enough education to go onto middle-class professions.  From 1904 to 1908 Dirk went to the Teacher's College in Haarlem, then was a teacher until 1913. With the aid of private support he was able to study mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, first having passed the exams required for students who had no gymnasium education. In Leiden he was influenced by the inspiring lectures of Paul Ehrenfest, and in 1916 he obtained his M.Sc. degree. From 1916 to 1920 Coster was assistant of Lodewijk Siertsema and Wander de Haas at the Delft University of Technology, where in 1919 he obtained an Engineer's degree in electrical engineering. In 1920 and 1921 he did research at Lund University under Manne Siegbahn, on X-ray spectroscopy of different elements. Coster's thesis was on this subject, and he obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1922 in Leiden under Paul Ehrenfest; his thesis was entitled "Röntgenspectra en de atoomtheorie van Bohr" (X-ray spectra and Bohr's atomic theory).

Academic career
From August 1922 until the summer of 1923, Coster worked in Niels Bohr's Institute in Copenhagen. Within a few months he co-authored a landmark publication with Bohr, on X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic system of the elements. In addition he worked with chemist George de Hevesy on the identification of element No. 72.  Element 72 had been known to be a gap in the sequence of elements since 1914, when Henry Moseley created an experimental technique for placing the elements in a definite sequence. Radiochemist Fritz Paneth suggested that element 72 might be found in ores of zirconium. (Some histories incorrectly attribute this suggestion to physicist Niels Bohr.) Bohr published a prediction of the electronic configuration of element 72 in 1923. von Hevesy had been working with Bohr at the time.

After Coster returned from Copenhagen he became Hendrik Lorentz' assistant at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, where he developed an X-ray spectrometer. In 1924 he was appointed at the University of Groningen, where he was the successor of Wander de Haas. At Groningen he started an active research program in X-ray spectroscopy.

In 1934 Coster became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Later years
Coster was politically involved. In 1938 he traveled to Berlin to convince Lise Meitner that she had to leave Germany to escape the persecution of the Jews. Together they went by train to Groningen; at the Dutch border, Coster persuaded German immigration officers that she had permission to travel to the Netherlands.  From there she went on to Sweden by way of Copenhagen. During the German occupation of Holland, Coster also helped Jews hide from the Nazis and listened to the BBC on a daily basis using a bicycle-powered radio.  He died in Groningen. The asteroid 10445 Coster is named after Dirk Coster.

Publications

See also
 Hafnium
 Coster–Kronig transition
 X-ray spectroscopy
 Auger effect

References and further reading

 Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb by Thomas Powers (Da Capo Press, 2000 ) .
 No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli by Charles P. Enz (Oxford University Press, 2002) .

External links

 H. Brinkman, Coster, Dirk (1889-1950), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
 History of Hafnium
 Chemical & Engineering News article on the history of Hafnium by Eric R. Scerri
 Hafnium and Radioactive Tracers

1889 births
1950 deaths
20th-century Dutch physicists
Delft University of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Discoverers of chemical elements
Hafnium
Leiden University alumni
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Amsterdam
Academic staff of the University of Groningen

Dirk Coster


The Big Broadcast of 1938 is a Paramount Pictures musical comedy film starring W. C. Fields and featuring Bob Hope.  Directed by Mitchell Leisen, the film is the last in a series of Big Broadcast movies that were variety show anthologies. This film featured the debut of Hope's signature song, "Thanks for the Memory" by Ralph Rainger.

Plot
In what is being billed as "The Race of the Ages," the new forty-million-dollar "radio powered" Streamlined Ocean Liner S.S. Gigantic ("America's Challenge for Crossing Record") is about to race its rival, the slightly smaller S.S. Colossal across the Atlantic from New York's Pier 97 to Cherbourg in two-and-a-half days. Gigantic owner T. Frothingill "T.F." Bellows (W. C. Fields) intends to send his nearly identical younger brother S.B. (also Fields) to sail aboard the Colossal, hoping he will cause trouble and sabotage the rival ship, enabling the Gigantic and his own Bellows Line to win.

However S.B., who is held back due to a golf game, ends up flying over the ocean to meet the Colossal en route and mistakenly lands aboard the deck of the Gigantic instead, much to the consternation of Captain Stafford (Russell Hicks). Matters are made worse for the Gigantic when S.B.'s outrageously unlucky daughter Martha (Martha Raye) is brought onboard, being rescued after surviving the shipwreck of the yacht, Hesperus V.

Popular OBC radio emcee Buzz Fielding (Bob Hope), who has just been released from "alimony jail" and is broadcasting live from the Gigantic, is trying to juggle his three ex-wives Cleo (Shirley Ross), Grace (Grace Bradley), and Joan (Lorna Gray); his lukewarm girlfriend Dorothy Wyndham (Dorothy Lamour); and his inept microphone assistant Mike (Ben Blue). Buzz does his best throughout the voyage to announce the progress of the race and introduce a series of musical acts for the pleasure of the passengers and OBC's radio audience.

Meanwhile, Dorothy is romanced by First Officer (and inventor of the Gigantic's enormous radio power plant) Robert Hayes (Leif Erickson), just as Buzz and Cleo get sentimental about their broken marriage.

Cast

 W. C. Fields as T. Frothingill Bellows and S. B. Bellows
 Martha Raye as Martha Bellows
 Dorothy Lamour as Dorothy Wyndham
 Shirley Ross as Cleo Fielding
 Bob Hope as Buzz Fielding
 Lynne Overman as Scoop McPhail
 Ben Blue as Mike
 Leif Erickson as Bob Hayes
 John Serry Sr. as Himself
 Russell Hicks as Captain Stafford
 Billy Daniels, Leonid Kinskey, Bernard Punsly, Irving Bacon, James Craig, Peggy O'Neil
 Specialty numbers by Kirsten Flagstad, Tito Guízar, Shep Fields and his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra

Variety performances
In order of appearance
 "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm," instrumental piece performed by Shep Fields and his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra, with integrated cartoon segments.
 "Don't Tell a Secret to a Rose" and the Spanish lyrics to "Zuni Zuni" (called "I Love You" in the film) sung by Tito Guízar, with Guízar playing Spanish guitar on "Zuni Zuni."
 "You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart" sung by Dorothy Lamour and Leif Erickson
 "Brunnhilde's Battle Cry" (from Richard Wagner's Die Walkure, Act 2 Scene 1) performed by Metropolitan Opera soprano Madame Kirsten Flagstad with an orchestra conducted by Wilfrid Pelletier.
 Comedy performance by Bob Hope, Ben Blue and Patricia Wilder; "Way Down South in Dixie," sung a cappella by Patricia Wilder.
 "You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart (reprise)" sung by Dorothy Lamour.
 "Thanks for the Memory" sung by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross.
 "Mama, That Moon is Here Again" song and slapstick dance performed by Martha Raye and dancers.
 "The Waltz Lives On," sung by Bob Hope, Shirley Ross and chorus. Includes a section from "Truckin' (They're Going Hollywood in Harlem)" sung by Martha Raye; and musical sections from "At a Georgia Camp Meeting" and "Charleston."

Production notes
The screenplay is by Walter DeLeon, Ken Englund, and Francis Martin, based on an adaptation by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, based on a story by Frederick Hazlitt Brennan.

The art direction is by Hans Dreier and Ernst Fegté, with interior decorations by A.E. Freudeman. Costumes were designed by Edith Head. The cartoon sequence integrated with the live action in the "Rippling Rhythm" sequence was produced by Leon Schlesinger.

The film was Hope's first feature film, and was the final film under Fields' long-running Paramount contract, before he moved to Universal Studios to make his final series of films.

While the S.S. Colossal in the film appears to be similar to the 1935 steam turbo-electric-propelled passenger ship S.S. Normandie with its classic Art Deco French Line-styled exterior, the S.S. Gigantic is a Streamline Moderne futuristic-fantasy ship inside and out (based on Norman Bel Geddes "Liner of the Future"), with deck-mounted air propellers and diesel engines powered by remote controlled radio electricity capable of reaching 65 knots, a speed more than twice that of a real ocean liner of the time. Modern cruise ships have come to somewhat resemble the Gigantic'''s glass-enclosed upper deck design.

Music

Ralph Rainger and Leo Robin wrote six songs that appear in the film: "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" (an instrumental composition); "Don't Tell a Secret to a Rose;" "You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart;" "Thanks for the Memory;" "Mama, That Moon is Here Again;" and "The Waltz Lives On."

The extended "The Waltz Lives On" sequence features musical sections from the ragtime "At a Georgia Camp-Meeting" written by Kerry Mills; and James P. Johnson's jazz classic "The Charleston;" and a short swing lyric section called "Truckin' (They're Going Hollywood in Harlem)" written by Rube Bloom with lyrics Ted Koehler.

Boris Morros provided the musical direction and Arthur Franklin was the musical adviser.

Ralph Rainger and Leo Robin won the 1939 Oscar for Best Song for their song, "Thanks for the Memory," and the song later won an ASCAP Film and Television Music Award for "Most Performed Feature Film Standard" in 1989. The song is often regarded as a companion piece to "Two Sleepy People," written in September 1938 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser, which was also performed by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross in the later film, Thanks for the Memory (1939).

Reception
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 "Thanks for the Memory" – #63
 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated
 The song "Thanks for the Memory" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1938.

Home media
On May 13, 2008, The New York Times reviewed a new DVD box set of Leisen titles, released by Universal, including Big Broadcast of 1938, which is the only one of the Big Broadcast films to be released on VHS or DVD to date.

Films in series
 The Big Broadcast (1932)
 The Big Broadcast of 1936 The Big Broadcast of 1937References

 Green, Stanley (1999) Hollywood Musicals Year by Year'' (2nd ed.), pub. Hal Leonard Corporation  p. 80

External links

1938 films
1938 musical comedy films
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Mitchell Leisen
Paramount Pictures films
American musical comedy films
1930s American films
1930s English-language films
English-language musical comedy films

The Big Broadcast of 1938