Clan Stewart (Gaelic: Stiùbhard) is a Hieland Scots clan. The clan is recognisit bi Court of the Lord Lyon, housomeivver it daes no hae a clan chief recognised bi the Lord Lyon. Acause the clan haes nae chief it can be considered an airmigerous clan; housomeivver the Yerls o Gallowa are nou considered tae be the principal branch o this Clan, an the crest an motto o The Yerls o Gallowa's airms ar uised in the Clan Stewart crest badge. The Court o the Lord Lyon recognises twa ither 'Stewart' clans, Clan Stuart o Bute an Clan Stewart o Appin. Clan Stuart o Bute is the anerlie 'Stewart' clan at present which haes a recognised chief.

History

Oreegins o the clan

The Stewart faimily records its traditional strynd frae Banquo, Thane o Lochaber, who maks an appearance as a character in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Historically, housomeivver, the faimily appears tae be descendit frae a mediaeval faimily who wur seneschals o Dol in Breetany, the earliest recordit bein Flaald.

Thay acquired launds in Ingland efter the Norman conquest, an muivit tae Scotland wi mony ither Anglo-French faimilies when David I ascendit tae the throne o Scotland. The faimily wis grantit extensive estates in Renfrewshire an in East Lowden an the office of Heich Stewart o Scotland wis made hereditary in the faimily.

Walter, the son of Alan or Fitz-alan wis the founder of the royal faimily of Stewarts. He wis the first of the faimily tae establish himsel in Scotland. Walter's elder brither cried William wis the progenitor of the faimily of Fitzalan who war the Earls of Arundel. Thair faither who wis a Norman mairit suin efter the Norman Conquest. He mairit the dochter of Warine, sheriff of Shropshire. He acquired the manor of Ostvestrie or Oswestry on the Welsh border. On the daith of King Henry I o Ingland in 1135 Walter an William supported the claims of Empress Maud an in daein sae raised themselves heich in the favour of her uncle King David I of Scotland.

In 1141 Walter accompanied King David I tae retire in Scotland on promises made tae him bi the Scottish monarch which war faithfully fulfilled. His brither William houiver remained in England an wis rewairdit bi Empress Maud's son, King Henry II o Ingland.

In Scotland Walter obtained frae King David I o Scotland lairge grants o laund an property in Renfrewshire as well as in mony ither places, thegither wi the hereditary office of Senescallus Scotiae, Heich Stewart o Scotland. Frae this title Walter's grandson, cried Walter an aw, teuk the name Stewart, which wis forever efterwairds retained bi the faimily. This Walter wis rewairdit launds bi King Malcolm IV o Scotland an aw. Walter is celebratit as the foonder o Paisley Monastery in 1163 in the barony o Renfrew. Walter marriet Eschina de Londonia, Lady o Moll, in Roxburghshire. Walter dee'd in 1177, he wis succeedit bi his son Alan Stewart.

Alan dee'd in 1204 leavin a son cried Walter who wis appointit bi King Alexander II o Scotland as justiciary o Scotland in addition tae the hereditary office o heich stewart. This Walter dee'd in 1246 leavin fower sons an three dochters. The third son cried Walter wis Yerl o Menteith jure uxoris. The eldest son, cried Alexander marriet Jean, the dochter an heiress of James Lord of Bute. In her richt thair son James Stewart seizit baith the Isle o Bute an Isle o Arran.

Wars o Scots Unthirldom

Alexander Stewart, 4t Heich Stewart o Scotland haed twa sons, James an John. The elder, James wad succeed Alexander as chief o the clan. Durin the Wars o Scots Unthirldom the Clan Stewart gae hintle support tae King Robert the Bruce. Alexander's seicont son, kent as Sir John Stewart o Bonkyll, wis killed at the Battle o Falkirk (1298), fechtin in support o William Wallace.

Alexander's seicont son, John, who wis killed at the Battle o Fawkirk in 1298 haed seiven sons. The eldest wis Sir Alexander who wis the ancestor tae the Stewarts who wur Earls o Angus. The seicont son wis Sir Alan Stewart o Dreghorn whose faimily became the Earls an Dukes o Lennox. The third son wis Walter whose faimily wur the Yerls o Gallowa. The fowert son wis Sir James whose faimily wure the Earls o Atholl, Yerl o Buchan an Yerl o Traquair. The fift son Sir John Stewart wis killed at the Battle o Halidon Hill in 1333. The saxt son Sir Hugh Stewart focht in Ireland unner Edward Bruce, the younger brither o King Robert the Bruce. The seivent son wis Sir Robert Stewart o Daldowie (NO the Lanarkshire Daldowie).

James Stewart, the eldest son o Alexander Stewart, succeeded as the fift heich stewart in 1283. On the daith o King Alexander III o Scotland in 1286, James Stewart wis ane o sax magnates o Scotland chosen tae act as regents o the kinrick. James dee'd in the service o Robert the Bruce in 1309. James's son Walter became the saxt heich stewart. This Walter Stewart at the age o juist twinty-ane years commandit the left wing o the Scots airmy, alang wi Sir James Douglas at the Battle o Bannockburn in 1314. Robert the Bruce an his wife Isabella's anerlie bairn, Marjorie Bruce, marriet Walter Stewart, 6t Heich Stewart o Scotland (1293–1326), an frae him the Ryal Hoose o Stewart are descendit.

Ryal Hoose
Walter Stewart's son cried Robert the seivent laird-heich stewart haed been declared heir tae the throne o Scotland in 1318. Housomeivver the birth o a son tae Robert the Bruce in 1326 interruptit Robert Stewart's prospects for a time. Robert Stewart receivit frae his grandfather lairge amoonts o laund in Kintyre. During the lang an disastrous reign o King David II o Scotland, Robert Stewart actit a patriotic pairt in the defence o the kinrick. On the daith o King David II athout issue on 22 Februar 1371 Robert Stewart, at the age o fifty five, succeedit tae the croun o Scotland as King Robert II o Scotland. He wis the first o the Stewart faimily tae ascend tae the throne o Scotland.

The royal line of male Stewarts continued uninterrupted until the reign of Mary I, Queen o Scots. Mary's son James VI an descendents, monarchs of Great Britain an Ireland frae 1603 tae 1714, continued tae uise the surname Stuart as thay war descended frae Mary's seicont husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley a member of the clan Stewart of Darnley. It wis aroond this time that the seicont an interchangeable spelling of the name Stuart became common allegedly throu the French influence of Mary's upbringing. Members of this Stewart line war later foond in Kintyre, Argyll frae the early 1600's. Livin members of this faimily (discovered efter yDNA matching, approved bi the Stewart Society in Edinburgh) can be foond in the United Kinrick, Canadae an the United States.
The Stuarts held the throne of Scotland an efter the Union of the Crowns in 1603 thay held the throne o Ingland too. This wis held until the daith of Queen Anne o Great Breetain in 1714, the last monarch frae the Hoose o Stuart. Anne wis succeeded bi her cousin, King George I of Great Britain of the House of Hanover. The present Royal Faimily still haes Stuart bluid links.

Sauchieburn an Prince James Stewart

The Battle o Sauchieburn wis focht on 11 Juin 1488, at the side of Sauchie Burn, a brook aboot twa mile (3 km) sooth o Stirlin, Scotland. The battle wis focht atween as mony as 30,000 troops o King James III an some 18,000 troops raised bi Scottis nobles who favoured the King's then-15-year-auld son, Prince James. Prince James ascendit tae the throne, an reigned as James IV for twinty-five years.

In 1489 John Stewart, 1st Yerl o Lennox rebelled against King James IV. James respondit bi bringin the cannon Mons Meg frae Edinburgh, an bombardin Crookston Castle seat o the Yerl o Lennox, virtually destroyin its wastren end, an ensurin a quick surrender.

16t century

During the 16t century the Anglo-Scottish Wars teuk place unner the reign of the Stewarts. England an Scotland haed focht during the fowerteent an fifteenth centuries includin the Wars of Scottish Independence at the beginnin of the 14t century. In maist cases, ane kintra haed attempted tae tak advantage of weakness or instability in the ither. For ensaumple, King James II of Scotland haed attempted tae regain Berwick during the Wars of the Roses in England. Battles wi England frae this time included: the Battle o Flodden Field in 1513, the Battle o Solway Moss in 1542, the Battle o Ancrum Moor in 1545 an the Battle o Pinkie Cleugh in 1547.

Patrick Rattray, chief o Clan Rattray wis intimidated intae giein up the Barony bi John Stewart, who wis then the Yerl o Atholl. Throu the mairiage o Patrick's niece intae the faimily, the Yerl teuk control o the Barony o Rattray an an aa teuk control o her sister. Sicweys Patrick wis driven frae his estate in 1516. He began the construction of Craighall a grand building perched on a  rock abuin the River Ericht. The stronghold of Craighall coud nae pertect him frae John Stewart the Yerl o Atholl tho an he wis murdered in 1533.

Sir John's son Patrick defended Castle Rattray against the Stewarts of Atholl but wis forced tae burn the Castle an escape in the confusion. The Rattrays then withdrew tae Kynballoch, whaur Patrick wis later murdered bi the 3rd Yerl o Atholl's men whilst claiming sanctuary in his ain Chapel.

An aa in the 16t century an internal Scottish Civil War teuk place atween the Royal House of Stuarts an Mary I, Queen o Scots. The Battle o Langside, focht on Mey 13, 1568, wis ane of the mair unusual contests in Scottish history, bearing a superficial resemblance tae a grand faimily quarrel, in which a mither focht her brither who wis defendin the rights of her infant son. In 1567 Mary Queen of Scots' short period of personal rule ended in recrimination, intrigue an disaster when she wis forced tae abdicate in favour of James VI, her infant son. Mary wis sent intae captivity in Loch Leven Castle, while her Protestant hauf-brither, James Stewart, 1st Yerl o Moray wis appyntit Regent on behalf of his nephew. In early Mey 1568 Mary escaped, heidin wast tae the kintra of the Clan Hamilton, heich amang her remainin supporters, wi the determination tae restore her rights as queen.

Sir John Rattray's third son Silvester succeeded his murdered brither, Stewart of Atholl continued tae intimidate the faimily houiver an Silvester petitioned the king for legal recognition as heir. He wis succeeded bi his son, David Rattray of Craighall. George The laird's eldest son wis murthert in 1592 an aw.

In 1600 Archibald MacAlister, chief o Clan MacAlister alang wi Angus Og MacDonald, a MacDonald chief carriet oot an attack on the indwallers o the Isle o Bute against the Clan Stuart. A year later an Archibald MacAlister an Angus Og MacDonald wur accused o bein rebels, chairgit wi traison against the ryal hoose an hanged in Edinburgh Tollbooth.

Clan Stewart wur bitter enemies wi the infamous Yerls o Angus, kent as the Red Douglases o Clan Douglas.

17t century an the Ceevil War

Scotland in the Wars o the Three Kinricks wis pairt o a wider conflict kent as the Wars o the Three Kinricks, which includit the Bishops Wars, the Inglis Ceevil War an Irish Confederate Wars. The war wis focht atween Scots Royalists — supporters o Charles Stuart I, unner James Graham, 1st Marquess o Montrose, an the Covenanters, who haed controlled Scotland synce 1639 an alleed thairsels wi the Inglis Parliament. The Scots Ryalists, who war allied tae the Inglis Ryalists an war aided bi Irish troops, haed a rapid series of victories in 1644–45, but war eventually defeatit bi the Covenanters.

Houiver, the Scottish Covenanters themselves then foond themselves at odds wi the Inglis Parliament an backed the claims of Charles Stuart II tae the thrones o Ingland an Scotland. This led tae the Third Inglis Civil War, when Scotland wis invaded an occupied bi the Parliamentarian New Model Army unner Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell wis later defeatit in Scotland.

Sir James Stuart of Bute wis creatit a Baronet of Nova Scotia bi Charles I in 1627. Early in the civil war he garrisoned Rothesay Castle, an at his ain expense raised soldiers for the king. He wis appyntit royal lieutenant for the wast of Scotland, an directed tae tak possession of Dumbarton Castle. Twa frigates sent tae assist him fell foul of stormy wather, an ane wis completely wrecked. Ultimately, Sir James wis forced tae flee tae Ireland when the forces of Cromwell war victorious. His estates war sequestrated, an he wis forced tae pey a substantial fine tae redeem them. His grandson, Sir James Stuart of Bute, wis appyntit tae manage the estates an tae be colonel of the local militia on the forfeiture of the Yerl o Argyll in 1681.

Restoration o the Stewart Monarchy

Efter the daith of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, the factions an divisions which haed struggled for supremacy during the early years of the interregnum reemerged. George Monck, who haed served Cromwell an the Inglis Parliament throughout the civil wars, judged that his best interests an those of his kintra lay in the Restoration of Charles II. In 1660, he marched his troops sooth frae Scotland tae ensure the monarchy's reinstatement. Scotland's Parliament an legislative autonomy war restored unner the Restoration, tho mony issues that haed led tae the wars; religion, Scotland's form of govrenment an the status of the Highlands, remained unresolved. Efter the Glorious Revolution of 1688, mony mair Scots wad die on baith sides, ower the same disputes in Jacobite rebellions.

18t century an Jacobite risins

In 1703 Sir James Stewart o Bute wis creatitd Yerl o Bute, Viscoont Kingarth an Laird Moont Stuart, Cumra an Inchmarnock. But bi 1706, the earl wis convincit a union wi Ingland wad be a disaster for his kintra, an he opposed it vehemently. When he realised that Parliament wad vote in favour of the alliance, he athdrew frae politics entirely. He marriet the eldest dochter o Sir George Mackenzie o Rosehaugh, the celebratit Laird Advocate an heraldic writer. Efter the succession o George I, the Yerl o Bute wis appointit Commissioner for Tred an Polis in Scotland, Laird Lieutenant o Bute an a laird o the bedchamber.

Queen Anne o Great Breetain dee'd in 1714, the last monarch frae the Hoose o Stuart. Anne wis succeedit bi her awn cousin King George I o Great Breetain o the Hoose o Hanover.

The Jacobite Uprisins o the 18t century wur led bi Charles Edward Stuart who wis the exiled claimant tae the thrones o Ingland, Scotland, an Ireland, commonly kent as "Bonnie Prince Charlie". Charles wis the son o James Francis Edward Stuart kent as the Auld Pretender an aw. James Francis Edward Stuart wis in turn the son o King James II o Ingland an Ireland, who haed been deposed in 1688. Efter his faither's daith Charles wis recognisit as "Keeng Charles III" bi his supporters but his opponents referred tae him as "The Young Pretender".

This resultit in the Jacobite Risins which first began in the late 17t century but did no gain momentum till the 18t century. The Clan Stewart focht at the Battle o Killiecrankie in 1689. Thair prowess in battle is celebratit bi the fact that the present Duke o Atholl maintains the Atholl Heichlanders as the anerlie private airmy in the Unitit Kinrick. Awtho mony Stewarts an Stuarts focht for the Jacobites, mony remained peaceful an aw.

The 'Fifteen'

During the rising of 1715 Sir James Stuart of Bute commanded the Bute an Argyll militia at Inveraray, an throu his vigilance kept that pairt of the kintra peaceful. His seicont son, haein inherited his mither's estates of Rosehaugh, teuk the surname Mackenzie. He became a Member of Parliament an later envoy tae Sardinie, Keeper of the Privy Seal an Privy Councillor.

The first major Jacobite Uprising became kent as 'The Fifteen'. See main article: The 'Fifteen'. This resulted in the Battle o Preston (1715), the Battle o Sheriffmuir an the Battle o Glen Shiel in 1719.

The 'Fowerty-Five'

The next major Jacobite uprising during the 18t century wis kent as the 'Forty Five'. See Main article: The 'Forty-Five'. During this rising the Jacobites led bi the Stuarts gained much success an support, winnin mony victories includin the Battle o Prestonpans an the Battle o Falkirk (1746). Houiver thair success ended at the Battle o Culloden in 1746, the last major battle on mainland Britain, whaur the Jacobites war defeatit an the Breetish govrenment remained wi the House of Hanover.

Charles Stewart of Ardsheal led the men of Clan Stewart of Appin during the rising of 1745, an mony fell at the grim field of Culloden, haein first gained glory bi breaking the Redcoat ranks. Colin Roy Campbell o Glenure, 'the Red Fox', wis placed as govrenment factor on the forfeited Stewart estates. His murder in 1752 haes been immortalised bi Robert Louis Stevenson in the novel, Kidnapped. Efter the chief suspect, Alan Breck Stewart, made his escape, James Stewart, the hauf-brither of the chief, wis tried bi a jury componed entirely of Campbells at Inverary presided ower bi Argyll himsel, an, aiblins nae surprisingly, wis convicted an hanged. See main airticle: Appin Murther.

Tartan

The Ryal Stewart tartan is worn bi the regimental pipers o the Scots Guards an wis referred tae bi King George V o the Unitit Kinrick as "ma personal tartan". Kent as the "Ryal Tartan", it is still tradeetionally the offeecial tartan o the Ryal Hoose o Scotland. Stewart setts or patterns include 'Huntin Stewart','Stewart of Appin' an 'Stewart of Atholl' an aw as well as 'Stewart of Ardshiel','Stewart of Galloway' an numerous 'dress setts' an an  auncient pattern which supposedly predates the 'Tartan revival' o the early 1820s. It is the offeecial tartan o The Ryal Scots Regiment an Queen Victoria Schuil in Dunblane, Scotland an aw.

Castles

Edinburgh Castle an Stirling Castle wur the maist notable castles awned bi the Stewarts as the ryal faimily.
Castle Stuart wis the hame o the line o Stuarts who held the title Yerl o Moray.
Dundonal Castle biggit in the 13t century bi Alexander Stewart, 4t Heich Stewart o Scotland
Lochranza Castle wis grantit tae Walter Stewart, 6t Heich Stewart o Scotland in 1262 bi Alexander III, Keeng o Scots.
Garth Castle, stranghauld o the Clan Stewart.
Ardvorlich Castle, stranghauld o the Clan Stewart.
Grandtully Castle, stranghauld o the Clan Stewart.
Garlies Castle, stranghauld of the Clan Stewart.
Falkland Palace wis acquired bi the Stewart faimily in the 14t century an wis awned bi Robert Stewart, Duke o Albany.
Doune Castle biggit in the 14t century bi Robert Stewart, Duke o Albany.
Yerl's Palace, Kirkwaa biggit bi Robert Stewart, 1st Yerl o Orkney.
Bishop's Palace, Kirkwaa oreeginally a Norse fort, awnership later passed tae Robert Stewart, 1st Yerl o Orkney.
Scalloway Castle biggit bi Patrick Stewart, 2nt Yerl o Orkney.
Yerl's Palace, Birsay biggit bi Patrick Stewart, 2nt Yerl o Orkney.
Crookston Castle haes been awned bi various branches o the Clan Stewart.
Rothesay Castle wis biggit bi the Stewarts at the beginnin o the 13t century.

References

Stewart
Stewart

Clan Stewart


The Milgram experiment is the name for a number of controversial experiments in psychology. They were done by Stanley Milgram in the 1960s. Milgram wanted to find out how easy it was to get someone to follow orders, even if the orders went against their conscience. In his experiment, a test subject was ordered by a scientist to inflict electric shocks on another person, though the shocks were faked.

To his surprise, most subjects did as they were told until the very end of the experiment, though many found it difficult. There have been many repetitions and variations of the experiment, with similar results.

The experiment
Participants were told they would be helping out in a "learning experiment". The participant played the role of a "teacher" in which they had to ask questions to the "learner". Every time the learner got a question wrong or failed to answer, the teacher had to press a switch to give the learner an electric shock. The voltage increased each time. In the original version of the experiment, the teacher and learner were in separate rooms, but could talk to each other through the wall.

In fact, the electric shocks were faked. The "learners" were actually actors, who only pretended to be in pain. As the "shocks" increased, their cries of pain grew louder. They protested, banged the wall and stopped answering the questions. The shocks eventually reached levels that would have been deadly had they been real. At this point, the learner fell silent.

Much was done to trick the subjects into thinking it was real. When they arrived, they were told that the actor was another volunteer and that the "teacher" and "learner" roles would be decided at random by drawing slips of paper. In fact, both slips of paper said "teacher", so the actor pretended to have picked "learner". The electric shock machine made buzzing noises and could give an actual mild shock of 45 volts. The teacher would try this out before the experiment began.

If at any time the subject ("teacher") wanted to stop the experiment, the experimenter had instructions on what to say to them. These were known as "verbal prods". The prods the experimenter had to use were, in this order:
Please continue.
The experiment requires that you continue.
It is absolutely essential that you continue.
You have no other choice, you must go on.
There were a few other things the experimenter was allowed to say. For example, if the subject asked about whether the learner would be badly hurt, the experimenter could say "Although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage, so please go on."

If the subject still wished to stop after the four main prods had been used, the experiment was halted. Otherwise, it was halted after the subject had given the maximum "450-volt" shock three times in succession.

Results
Before Milgram did his experiment, he asked fourteen Yale University psychology students what they thought the results would be. On average, the students thought that 1.2% of the "teachers" would give the biggest electric shock of 450 volts. In fact, in Milgram's first set of experiments, 65 percent (26 of 40) of participants gave the final massive 450-volt shock, and all gave a shock of at least 300 volts.

Milgram found that the "teachers" showed signs of stress and nervousness in the experiment. Signs of this included sweating, trembling, stuttering and groaning. All of them stopped to question the experiment at some point. Most continued once they were reassured by the experimenter.

Other psychologists did their own versions of Milgram's experiment and found very similar results.

Variations
After repeating the original experiment, Milgram and other scientists tried different variations. These included:
 The further away the subject was from the learner, the more likely the subject was to obey. In variations where the learner was in the same room, the subject was less likely to obey.
 The further away the subject was from the experimenter, the less likely the subject was to obey. If the experimenter gave the orders over the telephone, only around 21% of subjects obeyed until the end. Some only pretended to obey.
 The original version used only men as subjects. Later versions found that women were as obedient as men, though they showed more signs of stress..
 Another version took place in a backstreet office, rather than the famous Yale University. Subjects were less likely to obey, but not much less.
 Several variations tried putting more people in the room:
 The subject was joined by another actor, who played the role of an obedient assistant. This made the subject more likely to obey.
 Another variation did the opposite. The subject was joined by an actor who played the role of an assistant who questioned and turned against the experimenter. This made the subjects less likely to obey.
 In another, the subject was given a minor task while an actor performed the electric shocks. Subjects who did this role were very likely to obey.

Interpretations
Milgram wrote about the experiment in his book Obedience to Authority: an experimental view. It was published in 1974.  Milgram offered two theories:
 The first is the theory of conformism. The idea is that people tend to do what other people around them are doing.
 The second is the agentic state theory. This is the idea that people become obedient when they see themselves as being "agents" who are doing the work of another person. One of the main reasons why many subjects continued with the experiment was that they were told that would not be held responsible for any damage that was done to the learner.
Other factors might partly explain the Milgram experiments:

"[People] have learned that when experts tell them something is all right, it probably is, even if it does not seem so. In fact, it is worth noting that in this case the experimenter was indeed correct: it was all right to continue giving the "shocks" — even though most of the subjects did not suspect the reason".
Some researchers argued that the experiments do not fully answer the question as to why apparently normal people commit atrocities in wartime. For example, the subjects were being told that the shocks would cause no major harm to the learner, whereas those who caused events like the Holocaust knew full well that they were committing murder.

Pop culture
The experiment has been mentioned numerous times in pop culture. In the graphic novel V for Vendetta Dr. Surridge said that she lost faith in humanity because of the experiment. In 2013 there was a conference about it at Nipissing University in Canada. The Milgram effect was mentioned in the movie I Care A Lot in passing,

References

Psychology experiments

Milgram experiment


The Divide and Conquer algorithm (also called the Divide and Conquer method) is a basis for many popular sorting algorithms. An algorithm is simply a series of steps to solve a problem. The general idea of divide and conquer is to take a problem and break it apart into smaller problems that are easier to solve.

This idea can be seen in many popular algorithms. A helpful way to think of this idea, would be when a person looks through a dictionary. For example, if they are looking for the word "Dog", and land on a page with the word "Firetruck", the person knows that all the pages to the right of firetruck will not contain dog.  They know this because D comes before F in the alphabet. This logic allows a person to spend less time searching, because every time they arrive on a page with the wrong letter, they know that they can eliminate the pages to their right or their left. This is an example of diving a problem up into smaller pieces. If one were to apply this concept in programming, one might start with an ordered list. If they wanted to search through that list, they would start near the center of that list. Simple logic would determine if the desired element is to the right or the left of the middle element, or in some cases it may even be the middle element. From there, each time this algorithm searches, it decreases the size of the list by half. This makes searching through the list extremely efficient.

Algorithms

Divide and conquer algorithm


Hushai (hus'-sha-i) or Chusai was a friend of David and a spy according to the Hebrew Bible. During Absalom's rebellion, as described in the Second Book of Samuel, he agrees to act as an advisor to Absalom to sabotage his plans while secretly sending information to David. It was on his advice that Absalom did not immediately pursue the retreating David, thus giving David time to regroup and gather his forces. Hushai's advice helped to ensure Absalom's rapid defeat.

Life
Hushai was an Archite, that is, a native of Archi, a place south of the portion of Ephraim, near Bethel Joshua 16:2. He is called in 1 Chronicles 27:33 "the king's friend". This title is similar to that of counselor given to Ahitophel, or that of leader of the army to Joab: there is a similar use of the term in 1 Kings 4:5. In the Books of the Maccabees it is an official title given by the Seleucids to persons of confidence who have important military or civil functions (1 Maccabees 2:18; 3:38; 6:10, 14, 28; 7:6-8; etc.). It is likely then, that Hushai's title of "friend" of King David does not imply the intimate relations suggested by the term.

Nevertheless, the account that is given of him during Absalom's rebellion (2 Samuel 15 - 17) shows that in his case the title was not merely official. After David has heard of the treason of Absalom and that his former counselor Ahitophel was with Absalom, he organizes an evacuation of Jerusalem. On his way up the Mount of Olives he is met by Hushai, whose garments are rent and whose head is covered with dust. He is probably an old man, for David tells him he would be a burden in the flight. But the king does honour to Hushai's cleverness by sending him to Jerusalem, to "defeat the counsel of Ahitophel". Hushai persuades Absalom to take him into his confidence, and, in the council held shortly afterwards in regard to the measures to be taken against David, he overrules Ahitophel and obtains a delay which secures the safety of the king. He is able likewise to convey information to David through Zadok, Abiathar, and their sons: Ahimaaz, Zadok's son and Jonathan, Abiathar's son (2 Samuel 15:36).

References

 The original article was by Joseph P. Thomas.

10th-century BCE Hebrew people
People from the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
Burials in Israel

Hushai


Refining is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a refinery.

Petroleum

Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and  Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

Sugar
Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

Metals

There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by  electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.

Table salt
Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.

Industries

Refining


The European Commission (officially called the Commission of the European Communities) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.

The commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, he decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If he does not, or if the President does not do his job, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).

The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.

The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;

Related pages
 President of the European Commission

References

European Union

European Commission


USA Softball (formerly the Amateur Softball Association (ASA) and ASA/USA Softball) is the governing body for the United States national softball team. It is a member of the sport's international governing body, the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC). In addition, it oversees more than 150,000 amateur teams nationwide. It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.

History
USA Softball was founded in 1933 as the Amateur Softball Association (ASA) with a tournament held in Chicago that was organized by Leo Fischer and Michael J. Pauley. The following year, the 1934 National Recreation Congress recognized the ASA. Shortly afterward, the ASA was located in Newark, New Jersey. A world amateur softball tournament was held by the ASA at Chicago's Soldier Field on September 7, 1939. The ASA relocated to its new headquarters in Oklahoma City on January 1, 1966.

The ASA sponsored the highest level of college softball competition between the disbandment of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women in 1982 until the NCAA started sanctioning the sport in 1985. The University of South Florida won the National Championship in both years under the ASA.

On June 30, 2016, the Amateur Softball Association of ASA/USA Softball announced that it would be changing its organizational and trade name to "USA Softball", effective on January 1, 2017, along with a new logo.

Since 2005, the organization has run the World Cup of Softball. The USA Softball Hall of Fame Complex also hosts the NCAA Women's College World Series and the Big 12 Conference softball championship.

Team USA
In 1978, the United States Olympic Committee named USA Softball the national governing body of softball in the United States. Due to this designation, USA Softball is responsible for training, equipping, and promoting the six USA softball national teams that compete in events such as the Olympics, Pan American Games, World Championships and other international and domestic events. In 1996, the USA softball women's national team became the first American softball team to compete in the Olympics. Team USA has 15 players and 3 replacement players currently on roster.

USA Softball registers over 120,000 softball teams adding up to about 2 million players. USA Softball is a not-for-profit organization.

Amateur programs
The USA softball youth program began in 1974. Over 80,000 teams, 1.3 million players, and 300,000 coaches participate in USA Softball's youth division on an annual basis.

The USA Softball adult program began in 1934. With over 170,000 teams, 2.5 million players, and 500,000 coaches involved on an annual basis, the adult program is the largest USA Softball program. USA Softball provides programs of competition for adults including fast pitch, slow pitch and modified pitch for men and women.

National Softball Hall of Fame and museum
The National Softball Hall of Fame was dedicated May 26, 1973, in Oklahoma City. It has 337 members, including players, managers, umpires, and other suitable individuals.

Rule book
USA Softball publishes an updated rule book for softball each year which is widely used by adult and youth recreational leagues in the United States and abroad. The USA Softball rules were also used for the softball competition when it was an Olympic sport between 1996 and 2008. The most recent Olympics to feature softball, in 2021, used the virtually identical WBSC ruleset.

References

External links

Softball
Sports in Oklahoma City
Sports in Newark, New Jersey
Softball organizations
Sports organizations established in 1933
Organizations based in Oklahoma City
501(c)(3) organizations
Softball in the United States

USA Softball


In biology, detritus is non-living particules of organic origin.  Typically, it includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as faecal material.

Detritus is typically colonized by communities of fungi and microorganisms which act to decompose (break down) the material. In terrestrial ecosystems, leaf litter and other organic matter gets mixed with soil. The result is called humus.  Detritus of aquatic ecosystems is organic material suspended in water, which is sometimes referred to as marine snow. Marine snow is the basis of much life on the ocean floor. It is the food of animals which operate as 'filter-feeders'.

Biology

Detritus


In theatre, travesti (meaning "disguised") is a character performed by a person of the opposite gender. A woman performing as a male in male clothing is called a breeches role. Famous travesty roles in opera include Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro, Siebel in Faust, and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier. In ballet, the role of Frantz in Coppélia was a travesty role at the Paris Opéra until the 1950s.  Carabosse in Tchaikovsky's ballet The Sleeping Beauty is performed by a man in woman's clothing. The Stepsisters in Prokofiev's ballet Cinderella are sometimes played by men in women's clothing. The title character is a travesty role in the Broadway musical Peter Pan.

References

Theater
Gender

Travesti


Hanbok (Hangul:한복) refers to traditional Korean clothing. In North Korea, hanbok is referred to as Choson-ot (조선옷). One of the most famous characteristics of hanbok is its vivid colors and straight and curved lines. Although its literal meaning is Korean clothing, it today indicates specifically traditional garment, especially that of Joseon dynasty.

Hanbok has been a great part of Korean culture thoughout history.  Traces of Hanbok have been found even before Three Kingdom period of Korea. The oldest form of hanbok can be seen in tomb mural paintings from the Goguryeo Kingdom (37 B.C.-668 A.D.). Korea had two kinds of clothing tradition. The rulers and noblemen usually wore clothing of different kinds of foreign styles, but subjects continued to use a distinct style of indigenous clothing that today is known as hanbok.

There are several kinds of hanbok. People wore different sorts according to their social statuses, sexes, jobs; from time to time, they chose special hanbok for ceremonies. People could figure out the wearer's job, educational background and even whether he or she was married or not. There are hanbok for men, women, royal court, government officials and children. Because hanbok could reveal the wearer's social status, there were some government regulations on designs, materials and shapes. For example, only royal families could use golden stripes on their hanbok.

History of Hanbok

Hanbok had a long history. But the most ancient one that is similar with today's hanbok would be that of the Three Kingdom period. During this time, noblewomen started wearing full-length skirts and jackets, and noblemen began to wear roomy trousers bound in at the ankles and belted at the waist. Thus, aristocrats began to wear what is similar with hanbok in these days.

After Silla unified the Korean peninsula in the 7th century, a new clothing style was introduced, which combined original Korean dress with foreign elements imported from China. This Chinese style of the Tang Dynasty (618 A.D.-907 A.D.) was regarded as an international clothing style, and was used for the uniforms of government servants and for ceremonial dress. The most conspicuous difference is that while the original Korean cloth had a straight neckline, the imported Chinese style had a rounded one. In the ensuing Goryeo (918-1392) and Joseon (1392-1910) periods, hanbok underwent various changes in terms of fashion, and the form that has been known since the time of Joseon. Koreans carefully consider their national identity in the Sirhak or "Practical Learning" movement of the 17th and 18th centuries, and in fashion, as in other fields, whatever was imported or influenced by foreign factors was subsequently Koreanized.

In the Joseon period, most attire was unified, and most Koreans dressed in a similar way. Even so, differences in social status appeared in slight differences of design, material, and decoration, so that Koreans in those days could indirectly recognize the class, rank, educational level, and character of the owner of it by fashion style. Although the basic shape was somewhat similar, we can also tell the season that appeared in paintings from this period by the material that is used in clothing and the use of seasonal attire.

Components of Hanbok

Hanbok consists of various components. The most famous ones are Jeogori, Chima, and Baji. Jeogori is a shirts or a jacket for both of female and male. Chima is a skirt which is usually worn full. Men usually wore Jeogori and baggy pants called Baji. Women wore the ensemble of Jeogori and Chima.

Jeogori and Chima are the basic form of hanbok for females, and Baji and Jeogori were for men. But there are other garments of hanbok. There are Jokki, Magoja and Po. Jokki is a vest, Magoja is an outer jacket and Po is an overall outher robe or overcoat.

There are accessories and headdresses that go together with hanbok. Women wore a wig, called Gache. As in the West, the bigger and heavier the wigs were, the more elegant they were. But this heavy wig (Gache) was popular until the 19th century, after which time simple the Gache was preferred to heavier ones due to Confucian values. Women also had a long pin, called Binyeo. It was thrust though the knotted hair of a woman. Various patterns were carved on binyeo, and it was often made of Jade.

Kinds of Hanbok

Traditionally, Korean people have various kinds of hanbok for different purposes. There were hanboks for men, women, royal court, government officials, children and special ceremonies, like wedding and funeral. Men's and women's everyday hanboks were the basic forms.

The men's jacket is designed to be long because sleeves were added, and not to make the front part open, the two sides of front jacket overlap. The neck is gathered up into a collar with a white collar strip folded around the neckline. Breast-ties hold the two sides of the jacket together so that one side is overlapping the other. Until the mid Joseon period, the breast-ties were short and thin and merely perform its practical purposes to fasten the two sides of the jacket, but in the late Joseon era, they became longer and thicker, showing decorative aspect quite far from their practical usage. The male costume could include a gown similar to a topcoat which the wearer puts over the jacket and pants, with different sorts of hats and coronets for a noble effect. People chose different gowns from time to time depending on the occasion. Although the generous cut of the men's clothes emphasized the individuality of the wearer, the belt framed the upper body for a tidy shape or fit. The typical male costume in those days is the gentleman's outfit of white or light green gown and black hat. The harmony of black and white indicates a well-rounded and rational intelligence and a dignified character. A different girdle in terms of color on the chest adds variety to the contrast of black and white, which could otherwise look serious and solemn.

The women's hanbok includes a jacket and skirt; the men's has a jacket and pants. The clothes for females and males have an optional gown for added formality. The jackets of men and women are similar in shape, their length and the color is different. The women's costume consists of a jacket and skirt with a sleeveless waistcoat and a gown worn when needed to look formal. Ceremonial attire can be decorated with various ornaments including coronets, bridal headpieces, hairpins, and pendants. The upper garment fits neatly while the lower garment is more voluminous and wide, and women usually wear various kinds of underwear under the chima (lower garment, the skirt). The women of that time valued chastity, and when they went out, they covered their faces with a shawl or cloak which would prevent them from being exposed to the outside world. They used a variety of colors and designs when they chose ornaments, often standing for the cherished hopes of the age: long life and happiness, prosperity and posterity.

Recent Hanbok

More than three decades ago, hanbok, a traditional form of Korean clothing, was popular. Like all clothing, hanbok also changed as time has gone by with fluctuating fashion trends. Hanbok designs have changed a lot as they have passed throughout Korea's turbulent history. The hanbok we freely wear and see these days is reminiscent of the late Joseon Dynasty (early 20th century).

Curved features are important in traditional hanbok design. As they are not designed to be tight fitting, the inherent beauty of hanbok is apparent in its elegance and style generated by the abundance of material. The curves, lines and vivid colors of hanbok have affected the Korean fashion industry. By mixing traditional dress with modern fashion, a series of fusion hanbok designs appeared. Designs, patterns and styles of hanbok have even been used to architecture.

Although these days the hanbok has become the ritual dress of choice worn only on traditional holidays, Koreans' love for hanbok is still great. Famous Korean classic dramas are making many foreigners take more interest in traditional Korean clothing as well.

Recently, some high schools have adopted Hanbok as their school uniforms. One of the most prestigious high schools in Korea, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, is famous for its school uniform, which is a modified hanbok. Moreover, Korean people nowadays modify their traditional clothing, hanbok, to make it more wearable. The vivid colors, shapes, curved lines, materials of hanbok are used for designing fashionable clothing in Korea, these days.

References

http://kin.naver.com/knowhow/detail.nhn?d1id=10&dirId=10&docId=534155&qb=TW9yZSB0aGFuIHRocmVlIGRlY2FkZXMgYWdvLCBoYW5ib2ssIGEgdHJhZGl0aW9uYWwgZm9ybSBvZiBLb3JlYW4gY2xvdGhpbmc=&enc=utf8&section=kin&rank=1&sort=0&spq=0

http://www.mcst.go.kr/main.jsp

Clothing

Hanbok


This is a list of divinities native to Japanese beliefs and religious traditions. Many of these are from Shinto, while others were imported via Buddhism or Taoism and "integrated" into Japanese mythology and folklore.

Shinto

The following is a list of some of the major and minor deities called kami in Shinto.  As it is often said that there are yaoyorozu-no-kami(八百万の神) or 8 million kami (a representation of an infinite number), it would be impossible to list them all.

Major kami
Ama-no-Uzume (天宇受売命)
Commonly called Uzume, she is the goddess of dawn and revelry, instrumental to the "missing sun legend" in Shinto.  She is also known as The Great Persuader and The Heavenly Alarming Female.

Amaterasu-ō-mi-kami (天照大神 or 天照大御神)
Commonly called Amaterasu, she is the goddess of the sun as well as the purported ancestress of the Imperial Household of Japan.  Her full name means "Great Goddess" or "Great Spirit Who Shines in the Heavens"; she may also be referred to as Ōhiru-menomuchi-no-kami (大日孁貴神).  Due to her ties to the Imperial family, she is often considered (though not official) to be the "primary god" of Shinto.

Ame-no-Koyane (天児屋命 or 天児屋根命)
A male deity, he is considered the "First in Charge of Divine Affairs", as well as the aide to the first Emperor of Japan.   He is also considered to be the ancestor of the Fujiwara family.

Fujin (風神)
Also known as Kaminokaze, he is the Japanese god of the wind and one of the eldest Shinto gods, said to be present at the creation of the world.  He is often depicted as an oni with a bag slung over his back.

Hachiman (八幡神)
Also known as Hachiman-shin or Yawata no kami, he is seen as the god of war.  Originally an agricultural deity, he later became the guardian of the Minamoto clan.

Inari (稲荷)
The god of rice and fertility.  His messengers and symbolic animal are foxes.  He is often identified with the Buddhist deity Dakiniten.  Though traditionally represented as a male, there are records of Inari appearing as a female as well.

Izanagi (伊弊諾 or 伊邪那岐)
The forefather of the gods, he is the first male as well as the god of creation and life.  He and his wife, Izanami, were responsible for the birth of the islands of Japan and many kami, though she died in childbirth.  Later, after his failed attempt to retrieve her from the underworld, he  sired Amaterasu, Susano and Tsukuyomi.

Izanami (伊弉冉 or 伊邪那美)
Izanagi's wife and sister, she is the first female as well as the goddess of creation and death.  She died shortly after the birth of Kagu-tsuchi, and Izanami followed her to the underworld, but failed to bring her back to the living world.  A marital spat between the pair caused the cycle of life and death for all living beings.

Ninigi-no-Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊)
Commonly called Ninigi, he was the grandson of Amaterasu.  His great-grandson was Kamuyamato Iwarebiko, later to be known as Emperor Jimmu, first emperor of Japan.

Raijin (雷神)
Commonly called Raiden (雷電), he is the god of thunder and lightning, and is often paired with Fujin.  As with the latter, Raijin is usually depicted as an oni.

Ryūjin (龍神)
Also known as Rinjin, he is a dragon, as well as god of the sea.  He resides in Ryūgū-jō, his palace under the sea built out of red and white coral, from where he controlled the tides with magical tide jewels.  His great-grandson would become Emperor Jimmu.

Susanoo-no-mikoto (須佐之男命)
Alternately romanized as Susano-o, Susa-no-o, and Susanowo.  He is the god of storms as well as in some cases the god of the sea.  He is also somewhat of a trickster god, as Japanese mythology extensively documents the "sibling rivalry" between him and Amaterasu.  Susanoo also was responsible for the slaying of the monster Yamata-no-Orochi and the subsequent discovery of the sacred sword Kusanagi.

Tenjin (天神)
The god of scholarship, he is the deified Sugawara no Michizane (845-903), who was elevated to his position after dying in exile and subsequent disasters in Heian-kyō were attributed to his angered spirit. See Dazaifu, Fukuoka

Toyotama-hime (豊玉姫)
Also known as Otohime (乙姫), she was the daughter of Ryūjin and the grandmother of Jimmu.  It is said that after she gave birth to her son, she turned into a dragon and disappeared.

Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto (月読の命 or 月夜見の尊)
Also known as Tsukiyomi, Tsuki no kami, Tsukiyomino mikoto, and Tsukiyumi no mikoto, he is the god of the moon.  He killed the goddess of food, Uke Mochi, out of disgust and anger in the way she had prepared a meal.  This  caused Amaterasu to never face him again, causing the sun and moon to be in different parts of the sky.

Minor kami
Amatsu-Mikaboshi (天津甕星), the kami of all evil and stars who existed before Ama-No-Uzume
Konohanasakuya-hime (木花之開耶姫), the wife of Ninigi and daughter of Ohoyamatsumi, and great-grandmother of Jimmu.  She is also known as the goddess of Mount Fuji.
Ohoyamatsumi (大山積命), an elder brother of Amaterasu, and an important god who rules mountain, sea, and war, as well as the father of Konohanasakuya-hime.
Sarutahiko Ohkami (猿田毘古神), a kami of the Earth that guided Ninigi to the Japanese islands
Uke Mochi (保食神), sometimes called Ogetsu-hime-no-kami, a goddess of food. After she had spat a fish, vomited or defecated game and coughed rice, she had been killed by a disgusted Tsukuyomi, or in some other versions, Susanoo.

Buddhism

Amida Nyorai (無量光佛 or 無量壽佛)
Commonly referred to as Amida-butsu (阿弥陀如来), he is the primary Buddha of the Pure Land school of Buddhism.  He is also believed to be a Buddha who possesses infinite meritorious qualities; who expounds the dharma in his pure paradise and is likely  the most well known and popular of the Five Wisdom Buddhas.

Daruma (ダルマ)
He is traditionally held in Buddhist mythology to be the founder of Zen Buddhism, as well as the founder of Shaolin.  One legend reports that after years of meditation, Bodhidharma lost the usage of his eyes and appendages.  The Daruma doll was created in honor of this legend.

The Seven Lucky Gods

Benzaiten (弁才天 or 弁財天)
Also known as Benten, she is the goddess of everything that flows: words (and knowledge, by extension), speech, eloquence, and music.  Said to be the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi, over the course of years she has gone from being a protective deity of Japan to one who bestows good fortune upon the state and its people.Derived from the equivalent goddess in Hinduism Goddess Saraswati.

Bishamonten (毘沙門天)
Also called Bishamon or Tamonten, he is the god of fortunate warriors and guards, as well as the punisher of criminals.  Said to live halfway down the side of Mount Sumeru, the small pagoda he carries symbolizes the divine treasure house that he both guards and gives away its contents.

Daikokuten (大黒天)
Often shortened to simply Daikoku, he is variously considered to be the god of wealth (more specifically, the harvest), or of the household (particularly the kitchen). He is recognised by his wide face, smile, and flat black hat. He is often portrayed holding a golden mallet, seated on bales of rice, with mice nearby (which signify plentiful food).

Ebisu (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷 or 戎)
The sole member of the gods believed to have originated in Japan, he was originally known as Hiruko (蛭子), the first child of Izanagi and Izanami.  Said to born without bones, he eventually overcame his handicaps to become the mirthful and auspicious Ebisu (hence one of his titles, "The Laughing God").  He is often depicted holding a rod and a large red bream or sea bass. Jellyfish are also associated with this god and the fugu restaurants of Japan will often incorporate Yebisu in their motif.

Fukurokuju (福禄寿)
Often confused with Jurōjin, he is the god of wisdom and longevity and said to be an incarnation of the Southern Polestar.  He is accompanied by a crane and a turtle, which are considered to be symbols of longevity, and also sometimes accompanied by a black deer.  The sacred book tied to his staff is said to contain the lifespan of every person on Earth.

Hotei (布袋)
Best known in the Western world as the Laughing Buddha, Hotei is likely the most popular of the gods.  His image graces many temples, restaurants, and amulets. Originally based on a Chinese Chan monk, Hotei has become a deity of contentment and abundance.

Kichijōten (吉祥天)
Also known as Kisshōten or Kudokuten, she is the "eighth" member of the Seven Gods of Fortune, a Taoist deity often combined with the traditional members.  She is considered to be the goddess of happiness, fertility, and beauty.

Jurōjin (寿老人)
Also known as Gama, he represents longevity.  He is often seen with a fan and a stave, and accompanied by a black deer.

Related pages
 Shinto

Lists of gods and goddesses

Japanese divinities


Homeric simile, also called an epic simile, is a detailed comparison in the form of a simile that are many lines in length. The word "Homeric", is based on the Greek author, Homer, who composed the two famous Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Many authors continue to use this type of simile in their writings although it is usually found in classics.

The typical Homeric simile makes a comparison to some kind of event, in the form "like a  when it __."  The object of the comparison is usually something strange or unfamiliar to something ordinary and familiar.  The Iliad, for instance, contains many such similes comparing fighting warriors to lions attacking wild boars or other prey. These similes serve to take the reader away from the battlefield for a brief while, into the world of pre-war peace and plenty. Often, they occur at a moment of high action or emotion, especially during a battle. In the words of Peter Jones, Homeric similes "are miraculous, redirecting the reader's attention in the most unexpected ways and suffusing the poem with vividness, pathos and humour". They are also important, as it is through these similes that the narrator directly talks to the audience.

Some, such as G.P. Shipp, have argued that Homer's similes appear to be irregular in relation to the text, as if they were added later.  On the other hand, William Clyde Scott, in his book The Oral Nature of the Homeric Simile, suggests that Homer's similes are original based on the similarities of the similes and their surrounding narrative text.  Scott argues that Homer primarily uses similes to introduce his characters, "sometimes to glorify them and sometimes merely to call attention to them."  He uses Agamemnon as an example, noting that each time he reenters the battle he is described with a simile.  However, he also points out that Homer's similes serve as a poetic device in order to foreshadow and keep the reader interested – just as the fateful, climactic confrontation of Achilles and Hector.

In her article On Homer's Similes, Eleanor Rambo agrees with Scott that the similes are intentional, also noting that Homer's use of similes deepen the reader's understanding of the individual or action taking place through a word-picture association that the reader is able to relate to.  She states that "the point of the simile is the verb which makes the common ground for the nouns involved."  According to Rambo, Homer uses similes in two different ways: those that stress physical motion and those that stress emotional disturbance.

References

Further reading
 Scott, William C. (2009). The Artistry of the Homeric Simile. Hanover: UPNE. doi:10.1349/ddlp.769
Narrative techniques
Homeric style

Homeric simile


Gene targeting係遺傳學嘅一種技術,用同源重組(homologous recombination) 來改隻内源性基因(endogenous gene)。呢種技術可用來刪走一隻基因、拎走外顯子(:en:exons) 同埋引入點突變(:en:point mutations)。Gene targeting 可以係 permanent 或者係條件性(conditional) 嘅。「條件」可以係(例如)隻生物發育/生存中嘅 一段時間,或者限定喺某種組織。搞基因 targeting,要幫每一有關嘅基因整出一特定嘅vector。但係,佢可以用響任一基因,唔使理啲轉錄(transcriptional)活動同埋基因嘅大細。

點做

Gene targeting methods vary depending on organism. To target genes in mice a rough outline of the necessary steps is as follows: First, a targeting construct made out of DNA is generated in bacteria. It typically contains part of the gene to be targeted, a reporter gene, and a selectable marker. This construct is then inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells in culture. After cells with the correct insertion have been selected, they can be used to contribute to a mouse's tissue via embryo injection. Finally, chimeric mice where the modified cells made up the reproductive organs are selected for via breeding. After this step the entire body of the mouse is based on the previously selected embryonic stem cell.

同 gene trapping 比

Gene trapping is based on random insertion of a trap cassette while gene targeting targets a specific gene. Trap cassettes can be used for many different genes while the flanking homology regions of gene targeting cassettes need to be adapted for each gene. This makes gene trapping more easily amenable for large scale projects than targeting. On the other hand, gene targeting can be used for genes with low transcriptions that would go undetected in a trap screen.  Also, the probability of trapping increases with intron size. For gene targeting these compact genes are just as easily altered.

2007年諾貝爾獎
Mario R. Capecchi,  Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies were declared winners of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on "principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells", or gene targeting.

參攷

睇埋

 genetics, genetic engineering
 gene knockout, knockout mouse
 gene trapping (random gene knockout technique)
 gene knockdown (reduction not removal of a gene product)
 Mus musculus (house mouse; common model organism)
 Toll-like receptor (example of a gene targeted for analysis)

連出去

 guide to gene targeting by the University of California, San Diego
 outline of gene targeting by the University of Michigan
 gene targeting diagram & summary by Heydari lab, Wayne State University

分子生物學
遺傳工程
生物工程
基因改造生物

Gene targeting


A photographic filter is a lens that is used in photography to filter the light. There are different kinds of filters:
Clear filters, commonly known as window glass are put in front of a lens to protect the camera lens.
UV filters are used to reduce the haziness, strong UV filters can be used for warming up certain types of color photos in the shade. They can also correct some of the purple haze on certain digital cameras
Filters are used for color correction; the main use there is to be able to use daylight-type film indoors, or indoor-type film outdoors.
Filters are used to enhance contrast. Examples for this are color filters (red, orange, green,..) in black and white photography or polarizing filters in color photography.
Polarizing filters remove light with a certain polarity to reduce or increase glare, particularly from window reflections or water.
Neutral Density filters reduce light without changing the color.
Color filters remove light of a particular color.
There are special filters that must be used with film that is sensible to infrared light.
So called diopters or close-up lenses make the image bigger. They are a cheaper way to do macro photography
A diffusion filter shows a subject softer, by adding some 'fuzziness'; this can be wanted in some cases, usually portraits of a person.

Filters can be cheap or expensive. Glass (or plastic) that is treated or coated in different ways usually costs more. Some filters can be screwed in front of a lens that is made for this. Others can be placed in the back of the lens, or in special filter holders screwed in at the front.

References

Photography

Photographic filter


Jacqueline Woodson is an American writer who has written many successful books for a wide audience.  She gives a voice to those Americans in our community who are sometimes silenced or looked down upon. Ms. Woodson once said, "I feel compelled to write against stereotypes, hoping people will see that some issues know no color, class, sexuality…. I write from the very depths of who I am, and in this place there are all of my identities." Through her quotes and her books she inspires America to take a stand against stereotypes to make our world a better place.

Awards

Jacqueline Woodson is the recipient of the 2001 Corretta Scott King Award and a nominee for the 2002 National Book Award.

2018 Jacqueline Woodson received Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, the worlds largest prize for people writing childrens and youths literature.

"Jacqueline Woodson introduces us to resilient young people fighting to find a place where their lives can take root. In language as light as air, she tells stories of resounding richness and depth. Jacqueline Woodson captures a unique poetic note in a daily reality divided between sorrow and hope." Citation of the jury

Early life

Jacqueline Woodson was born on February 12, 1963 in the town of Columbus, Ohio. Much of Jacqueline's writing later in life may have been inspired by her childhood.  Her books talk about the struggle to find a place to fit in,  and being accepted in society. In fifth grade she was the editor of her school's magazine. Her seventh English teacher encouraged her to write, and told her she should pursue her dreams, which may have led to where Ms. Woodson is today.

Personal life

Many of Ms. Woodson's books for older audiences touch on subjects she experienced growing up.  For example, she wrote about her parent's struggling marriage, her brother's struggles with homosexuality, and divisions based off of race in America which she had experienced first hand growing up as an African American in the Midwest.  Also, Ms. Woodson addresses the issue of confidence in young girls.  She says: "I write about all girls because I know what happens to self-esteem when we turn twelve, and I hope to show readers the number of ways in which we are strong."  Jacqueline uses her talent for writing and her experiences of the injustices and stereotypes in our country to promote awareness of important issues and give voices to the voiceless.

Books

Some books she has written include:
 Last Summer with Maizon (her first book)
 Martin Luther King Jr. and His Birthday (children's book)
 Autobiography of a Family Photo (for adults)
 Hush (for young adults)

References

 "World Book Online Reference Center | Online Reference Book| Online Encyclopedia." World Book. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
 Authors and Artists for Young Adults, December 5, 2004, March 23, 2015

Writers from Ohio

Jacqueline Woodson


The Franz Liszt Academy of Music (, often abbreviated as Zeneakadémia, "Liszt Academy") is a music university and a concert hall in Budapest, Hungary, founded on November 14, 1875. It is home to the Liszt Collection, which features several valuable books and manuscripts donated by Franz Liszt upon his death, and the AVISO studio, a collaboration between the governments of Hungary and Japan to provide sound recording equipment and training for students. The Franz Liszt Academy of Music was founded by Franz Liszt himself (though named after its founder only in 1925, about 50 years after it was relocated to its current location at the heart of Budapest).

Facilities

The Academy was originally called the "Royal National Hungarian Academy of Music" and it was also called "College of Music" from 1919 to 1925. It was then named after its founder Franz Liszt in 1925. It was founded in Liszt's home, and relocated to a three-story Neo-Renaissance building designed by Adolf Láng and built on today's Andrássy Avenue between 1877 and 1879. That location is referred to as "Old Academy of Music" and commemorated by a 1934 plaque made by Zoltán Farkas. It was repurchased by the academy in the 1980s, and is now officially known as "Ferenc Liszt Memorial and Research Center."

Replacing the "Old Academy of Music", the Academy moved into a building erected in 1907 at the corner of Király Street and Liszt Ferenc square. It serves as a centre for higher education, music training, and concert hall. The Art Nouveau style building is one of the most well known in Budapest. It was designed by Flóris Korb and Kálmán Giergl at the request of Baron Gyula Wlassics, who was the Minister of Culture at that time. The façade is dominated by a statue of Liszt (sculpted by Alajos Stróbl). The inside of the building is decorated with frescoes, Zsolnay ceramics, and several statues (among them that of Béla Bartók and Frédéric Chopin). Originally the building also had stained glass windows, made by Miksa Róth.

Other facilities used by the Academy are the Budapest Teacher Training College, located in the former National Music School on Semmelweis Street, a secondary school (Bartók Béla Secondary School of Music, Instrument Making and Repair), and a student dormitory.

Ever since its foundation, the Academy has been the most prestigious music university operating in Hungary. A major development in its history was the recent establishment of a new, independent Folk Music Faculty. The Franz Liszt Academy of Music is as much a living monument to Hungary's continued musical life, as it is to the country's musical past. Its president (rector) is Andrea Vigh.

Franz Liszt Museum (Budapest)
The Franz Liszt Academy of Music hosts the Franz Liszt Museum, also called the Liszt Ferenc Memorial Museum, which shows three restored rooms of the home where Liszt lived at the end of his life, between January 1881 and April 1886. The museum is open to the public for HUF 3000, with alternate pricing for students, families, and children. From May 2023 to May 2024, the museum is running an exhibition "Liszt, the Teacher."

Other names
 Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Egyetem (2007–)
 Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Főiskola egyetemi ranggal (2000–2007)
 Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Főiskola (1925–2000)
 Országos Magyar Zeneművészeti Főiskola (1918–1925)
 Országos Magyar Királyi Zeneakadémia (1893–1918)
 Országos Magyar Királyi Zene- és Színművészeti Akadémia (1887–1893)
 Országos Magyar Királyi Zeneakadémia (1875–1887)

Notable alumni

Anneli Aarika-Szrok
Márta Ábrahám
Jenö Ádám
 Eak-tai Ahn
Géza Anda
Éva Andor
Gábor Bánát
György Bánhalmi
Béla Bartók
Munir Bashir
Omar Bashir
Sari Biró
Gergely Bogányi
Margit Bokor
Csilla Boross
Nicolae Bretan
Charles Brunner
Georges Cziffra
Krisztián Cser
Gábor Darvas
José De Eusebio
Ernő Dohnányi
Antal Doráti
Iván Erőd
Peter Erős
Ferenc Farkas
Edith Farnadi
András Fejér
George Feyer
Annie Fischer
Andor Földes
Peter Frankl
János Fürst
Zoltán Gárdonyi
Sylvia Geszty
János Gonda
Dénes Gulyás
László Gyimesi
Julia Hamari
Kato Havas
Erzsébet Házy
Endre Hegedűs
Frigyes Hidas
Marta Hidy
Jenő Hubay
Jenő Huszka
Sándor Jemnitz
Zoltán Jeney
Ilona Kabos
Pál Kadosa
Emmerich Kálmán
László Kalmár
Balint Karosi
Bela Katona
Egon Kenton
István Kertész
Edward Kilenyi
Elisabeth Klein
Zoltán Kocsis
Zoltán Kodály
Rezső Kókai
Péter Komlós
Tibor Kozma
Lili Kraus
Adrienne Krausz
György Kurtág
István Kuthy
Magda László
Sylvia Leidemann
Vlastimil Lejsek
András Ligeti
György Ligeti
Pál Lukács
Edith Lorand
Éva Marton
Gwendolyn Masin
 Tibor Ney
Gábor Ormai
Eugene Ormandy
Attila Pacsay
Ditta Pásztory-Bartók
Zoltán Peskó
László Polgár
David Popper
Ferenc Rados
Thomas Rajna
Charles Reiner
Fritz Reiner
József Réti
Lívia Rév
Anthony Ritchie
Andrea Rost
Ákos Rózmann
Vera Rozsa
Zoltán Rozsnyai
György Sándor
Szabolcs Sándor
Sylvia Sass
András Schiff
Károly Schranz
György Sebők
Jenő Sevely
Rane Shephard
Béla Síki
Georg Solti
László Somogyi
János Starker
Rezső Sugár
Enid Szánthó
Zoltán Székely
Eugen Szenkar
Alex Szilasi
András Szőllősy
Charity Sunshine Tillemann-Dick
Zeynep Üçbaşaran
Gregory Vajda
Tibor Varga
Margit Varró
Tamás Vásáry
Balint Vazsonyi
Gabriel von Wayditch
László Weiner
Leo Weiner
Wanda Wiłkomirska

Notable faculty (past and present)

Emil Ábrányi
Dezső Antalffy-Zsiross
Lajos Bárdos
Béla Bartók
Ernő Dohnányi
Iván Erőd
Ferenc Farkas
Edith Farnadi
Zoltán Gárdonyi
Lájos Hernadi
Jenő Hubay
Jenő Jandó
Pál Kadosa
Zoltán Kodály
Hans von Koessler
Rezső Kókai
Dénes Kovács
Erzsébet Kozma
György Kurtág
Márta Kurtág
Franz Liszt
Pál Lukács
Éva Marton
David Popper
Ferenc Rados
József Réti
Albert Simon
Péter Solymos
László Somogyi
Arnold Székely
Árpád Szendy
Gusztáv Szerémi
István Thomán
Sándor Végh
Sándor Veress
János Viski
Leo Weiner
Ede Zathureczky

See also
 List of concert halls
 Music of Budapest

References

External links
 Official site
 Liszt Academy of Music at Google Cultural Institute

Buildings and structures in Budapest
Culture in Budapest
Music schools in Hungary
1875 establishments in Hungary
Art Nouveau architecture in Budapest
Concert halls in Hungary
Art Nouveau educational buildings
Art Nouveau theatres

Franz Liszt Academy of Music