The Pakistan Muslim League was founded in 1962, as a successor to the previously disbanded Muslim League in Pakistan. Unlike the original PML which ended in 1958 when General Ayub Khan banned all political parties, each subsequent Muslim League was in some way propped by the military dictators of the time: Ayub Khan, General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf. Every time the pro-establishment political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.

Currently, Pakistan Muslim League refers to any of the these political parties in Pakistan:

 Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N, the Nawaz Sharif group, ordinarily recognized as original Muslim League was named so after separartion of PML(Q). Formed as PML (Fida Mohammad Khan) in 1988 when it split from Junejo's PML in 1988 after Zia's demise. The new party had Fida Khan as its president and Nawaz Sharif as general secretary. PML-N represents the largest group within Muslim League.

 Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML-Q, the Quaid-e-Azam group, formed by Mian Muhammad Azhar in 2001 at the behest of the establishment with other like-minded leaders of PMLN including Syeda Abida Hussain, Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri and Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. Presently headed by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain when he outmaneuvered Mian Azhar to become the president. Officially called Pakistan Muslim League, after the 2004 unification of many smaller PML factions (some of them listed below) and other regional parties.

 Pakistan Muslim League (F)|PML-F, the Functional Muslim League or Pir Pagaro group, first formed in 1973 when Council and Convention Leagues merged (without Qayyum Muslim League, which was allied with PPP-led government) and elected Pir Pagaro as president. Later on, General Zia got all the Muslim Leagues together, but installed Muhammad Khan Junejo as PML president. Feeling uncomfortable, Pagaro left the party and made his own in 1985. Functional League as it was called merged with PMLQ in 2004 under the patronage of General Musharraf, but Pagaro separated again after a few months to form his own league.

 Pakistan Muslim League (J)|PML-J, the Muhammad Khan Junejo group. Officially formed in 1985 as Pakistan Muslim League when General Zia-ul-Haq's government cobbled together many factions of PML and installed Junejo as its president. It was re-formed as PML-Junejo after Junejo's death in 1993 by Hamid Nasir Chattha, Manzoor Wattoo, and Iqbal Ahmed Khan when Nawaz Sharif became president of his own league. Hamid Chattha became the president and Iqbal Ahmed Khan the general secretary. It merged with PML-Q in 2004.
 Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)|PML-Jinnah, the Jinnah group, founded in 1995 by Manzoor Wattoo after differences with Hamid Chattha. It merged with PML-Q in 2004. Plans to be revived.

Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:

 Muslim League (Pakistan), the Pakistani branch of the Muslim League, which was disbanded and replaced by the Pakistan Muslim League.
 Convention Muslim League, a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the President.
 Council Muslim League, a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan.
 Qayyum Muslim League, a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections.

Recently Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Q) made headlines when on 31 December 2007, armed men belonging to the party kidnapped the human rights lawyer, Asma Jahangirs daughters who were in company of some friends, at gun point and brought them to the PML-Q main election office. The girls were detained illegally, abused, severely beaten. Asma's youngest daughter was then dragged off to a separate room by some of the gunmen. Asma Jahangir only barely managed to rescue her daughters and their friends and called the police for assistance. The girls had been out filing ripped and torn election posters in Lahore City in the aftermath of the assassination of Benezir Bhutto. The police took the side of the gunmen, insisting that the girls hand over the tape, or else they would be kidnapped, raped and killed.

References

Muslim League

Muslim League (Pakistan)


World Without Sun () is a 1964 French documentary film directed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. The film was Cousteau's second to win an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, following The Silent World in 1956.

Content
The film chronicles Continental Shelf Station Two, or "Conshelf Two", the first ambitious attempt to create an environment in which men could live and work on the seafloor. In it, a half-dozen oceanauts lived 10 meters down in the Red Sea off Sudan in a star-fish shaped house for 30 days. The undersea living experiment also had two other structures, one a submarine hangar that housed a small, two-man submarine referred to as the "diving saucer" for its resemblance to a science fiction flying saucer, and a smaller "deep cabin" where two oceanauts lived at a depth of 30 meters for a week. The undersea colony was supported by air, water, food, power, all essentials of life, from a large support team above. Men on the bottom performed a number of experiments intended to determine the practicality of working on the sea floor and were subjected to continual medical examinations.

Funded in part by the French petrochemical industry, the Conshelf Two experiment was originally intended to demonstrate the practicality of exploitation of the sea using underwater habitats as base stations. In the end, Cousteau repudiated such an approach, turning his efforts instead toward conservation. The lyrical and dramatic underwater sequences also likely contributed to the beginning of an era of ocean conservation as well as incidentally promoting sport diving. Memorable sequences involve men cavorting with fishes, an underwater chess game and the diving saucer reaching depths of 300 meters, encountering new and unique forms of life.

Reception
The documentary received wide international theatrical distribution, and won Best Documentary at the 37th Academy Awards, Cousteau's second Oscar following The Silent World in 1956, as well as numerous other honors.

Reviews were overwhelmingly positive, although some criticism arose around accusations of "faking" footage, most notably by New York Times reviewer Bosley Crowther, who questioned the authenticity of two of the more dramatic scenes. He stated in his 1964 review, "Oceanographers consulted here yesterday said it was highly unlikely that a deep-sea cavern, containing a "bubble," or pocket of air, at its top, could exist. If it did, the atmosphere in that bubble would surely be noxious, they said. It would be methane or marsh gas. And the pressure in it would be intolerable for man."

The confusion stemmed from Crowther's assertion that the footage was filmed at great depth, an issue not clearly addressed in the film proper. His other complaint was a long tracking shot moving out from the window of one of the underwater structures, which Crowther claimed could only have been produced in an aquarium. Cousteau, taking great offense, went on to demonstrate how he and his son Philippe produced the shot with a combination of ropes and small underwater motorized vehicles.

Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved World Without Sun in 2010.

See also

References

External links

1964 films
1964 documentary films
1960s French films
1960s French-language films
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Columbia Pictures films
Documentary films about nature
Documentary films about underwater diving
Films directed by Jacques Cousteau
French documentary films

World Without Sun


Events

 January 4 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".
 January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans. They end completing the Louisiana Purchase.
 February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged, drawn and quartered for plotting to assassinate king George III and to destroy the Bank of England
 February 24 – The Supreme Court of the United States, in Marbury v. Madison, establishes the principle of judicial review.
 March 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953.
 April 30 – Louisiana Purchase made by the United States from France.
 March 12 – Port Gibson, MS is chartered
 May 18 – The United Kingdom redeclares war on France after France refused to withdraw from Dutch territory.
 July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
 July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
 July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins
 July 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line of the world.
 August 3 – British begin Second Anglo-Maratha War against Sindhia of Gwalior
 September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed
 September 23 – The Battle of Assaye in India – British-lead troops defeat Maratha forces
 October 20 – Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.
 November 30 – At the Cabildo building in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo, officially transfer Louisiana Territory to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat (just 20 days later, France had transferred the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase).

 Aargau, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino, Vaud become Swiss cantons.
 France – the Livre Tournois (Tours Pound) is replaced by the Franc.
 William Osgoode, Chief Justice of Lower Canada, rules that slavery is inconsistent with British Law.

Ongoing events
 Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

1803


John Thadeus Delane (11 October 1817 – 22 November 1879), editor of The Times (London), was born in London.

He was the second son of W.F.A. Delane, a barrister, of an old Irish family, who about 1832 was appointed by Times publisher John Walter II as financial manager of The Times.

While still a boy he attracted Walter's attention, and it was always intended that he should find work on the paper. He received a good general education at private schools and King's College London, and also at Magdalen Hall, Oxford; after taking his degree in 1840 he at once began work on the paper, though later he read for the bar, being called in 1847.

In 1841 he succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor, a post which he occupied for thirty-six years. He from the first obtained the best introductions into society and the chief political circles, and had a position there such as no journalist had previously enjoyed, using his opportunities with a sure intuition for the way in which events would move.

His staff included some of the most brilliant men of the day, (e.g. Eneas Sweetland Dallas), who worked together with a common ideal. The result to the paper, which in those days had hardly any real competitor in English journalism, was an excellence of information which gave it great power.  Delane was a man of many interests and great judgment; capable of long application and concentrated attention, with power to seize always on the main point at issue, and rapidly master the essential facts in the most complicated affair.

His general policy was to keep the paper a national organ of opinion above party, but with a tendency to sympathize with the Liberal movements of the day. He admired Palmerston and respected Lord Aberdeen, and was of considerable use to both; and it was Lord Aberdeen himself who, in 1845, told him of the impending repeal of the Corn Laws, an incident round which many incorrect stories have gathered. The history, however, of the events during the thirteen administrations, between then and 1877, in which The Times, and therefore Delane, played an important part cannot here be recapitulated. In 1877 his health gave way, and he retired from the editorship; and on 22 November 1879 he died at his country seat, Ascot Heath House in Berkshire.

A biography by his nephew, Arthur Irwin Dasent, was published in 1908.

References

External links

1817 births
1879 deaths
British male journalists
British newspaper editors
Alumni of King's College London
The Times people
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford
People from Ascot, Berkshire
19th-century British journalists
19th-century British male writers

John Thadeus Delane


Samantha Eggar (born 5 March 1939) is a British actress.

Eggar was born in London. Her father was a British Army officer. Her mother hadPortuguese and Dutch acestors.

Career
Eggar has theater training, in companies doing works of Shakespeare. She began making movie appearances. The Wild and the Willing (1962), Doctor in Distress (1963), Dr. Crippen (1964).

Being very young Samantha Eggar became famous for playing the role of Miranda Grey in The Collector (1965), Miranda is a student who is kidnapped by a maniac Freddie Clegg, played by Terence Stamp. Her outstanding performance won Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar.

She continued her work in major films such as Walk Don't Run (1966), with Cary Grant, Doctor Dolittle (1967), The Molly Maguires (1970), with Sean Connery, The Light at the Edge of the World (1971), with Kirk Douglas and Yul Brynner, Il grande attacco (1978).

Horror movies
She has had several roles in horror films as A Name for Evil (1973), he plays the role of a young woman who with her husband, moving into a possessed house belonging to his grandfather, The Uncanny (1977), with Ray Milland and Peter Cushing, The Brood (1979) by David Cronenberg, one of the most horror films of the story, she plays the role of Nola Carveth, a woman who suffers horrific mutations.

In 1980s she work in Demonoid: Messenger of Death (1981), with Stuart Whitman, and Curtains (1983).

Television
Her television credits include the TV series, Anna and the King (1972), with Yul Brynner, Double Indemnity (1973 film), with Richard Crenna, All the Kind Strangers (1974 film), with Stacy Keach, For the Term of His Natural Life (1983 film), with Anthony Perkins, Commander in Chief (2005-2006).

As a special guest star in The Saint, Lucas Tanner, Baretta, Columbo, Starsky and Hutch, Hawai 5-0, Falcon Crest, Hart to Hart, Magnum, P.I., and many more.

Filmography
 The Wild and the Willing Josie (1962)
 Doctor in Distress (1963)
 Dr. Crippen (1964)
 Psyche 59 (1964)
 Return from the Ashes (1964)
 The Collector (1965)
 Walk Don't Run (1966)
 Doctor Dolittle (1967)
 The Molly Maguires (1970)
 The Walking Stick (1970)
 The Lady in the Car (1970)
 The Light at the Edge of the World (1971)
 The Dead Are Alive (1971)
 A Name for Evil (1973)
 The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
 The Uncanny (1977)
 Welcome to Blood City (1977)
 Why Shoot the Teacher? (1977)
 Columbo: (1977) (TV series)
 The Biggest Battle (1978)
 The Brood (1979)
 The Exterminator (1980)
 The Hot Touch (1981)
 Demonoid Messenger of Death (1981)
 Curtains (1983)
 Ragin' Cajun (1991)
 Dark Horse (1992)
 Round Numbers Anne
 Inevitable (1994)
 The Phantom (1996)
 Hercules (1997) (voice)
 The Astronaut's Wife (1999)
 Commander in Chief (2005-2006) (TV series)
 Mental (2009) (TV series)

References

Official website

Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
1939 births
Living people

Samantha Eggar


Sand is a mixture of very small pieces of different rocks or minerals. It is the same minerals from which those pieces are broken, such as granite and feldspar. Sand is gritty to touch. It is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Sand is also formed various rocks by weathering and erosion. Erosion breaks large boulders into smaller rocks. They get smaller and smaller until they reach the beach or a low-lying area as sand.

Sand grains are between the size of gravel grains (which is from 2 mm to 64 mm) and the size of silt (which is around 0.0625 mm to 0.004 mm). Most sand is found on beaches, and in deserts. The most common sands are made of silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2). Calcium carbonate is the second more common.

Sand dunes are made when wind or a river pulls sand into a mountain-like shape. They can be found in deserts, but sometimes high up on beaches too.

Sand is crucial in the process of mixing concrete. It can also be used to make sand castles. Sand is sometimes in households for aesthetic purposes.

Examples of Sand

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
Geology

Sand


The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is the third largest Institute of the National Institutes of Health, located in Bethesda, Maryland, United States. It is tasked with allocating about $3.6 billion in FY 2020 in tax revenue to advancing the understanding of the following issues: development and progression of disease, diagnosis of disease, treatment of disease, disease prevention, reduction of health care disparities within the American population, and advancing the effectiveness of the US medical system. NHLBI's Director is Gary H. Gibbons (2012–present).

Operation
In 1948, the National Heart Act established the National Heart Institute and the National Advisory Heart Council. The intramural research program was established a year later in 1949. In 1969, the National Heart Institute was renamed the National Heart and Lung Institute, and the scope of the institute was expanded. In 1976, it was given its current name, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. It had been designated as the agency responsible for blood research by the National Heart, Blood Vessel, Lung, and Blood Act of 1972, after the newly created National Sickle Cell Disease Program was put under its aegis.

The Institute plans, conducts, fosters, and supports an integrated and coordinated program of basic research, clinical investigations and trials, observational studies, and demonstration and education projects. Research is related to the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases, and sleep disorders. The NHLBI plans and directs research in development and evaluation of interventions and devices related to prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with such diseases and disorders. It also supports research on clinical use of blood and all aspects of the management of blood resources. Research by scientific institutions and individuals is supported by research grants and contracts through the NHLBI Extramural Program, while the NHLBI Division of Intramural Research conducts state-of-the-art research on the NIH Bethesda campus in its own laboratories.

For health professionals and the public, the NHLBI conducts educational activities, including development and dissemination of materials in the above areas, with an emphasis on prevention.

The NHLBI supports research training and career development of new and established researchers in fundamental sciences and clinical disciplines to enable them to conduct basic and clinical research related to heart, blood vessel, lung, and blood diseases, sleep disorders, and blood resources through individual and institutional research training awards (T90/R90), career development awards (K), and fellowships (i.e. T32/F32).

The NHLBI coordinates relevant activities in the above areas, including the related causes of stroke, with other research institutes and federal health programs. Relationships are maintained with institutions and professional associations, and with international, national, state, and local officials as well as voluntary agencies and organizations working in the above areas.

The NHLBI Division of Intramural Research (DIR) in Bethesda conducts research and training in a wide variety of areas broadly related to the mission of the institute, both clinical research and basic science research. There are 60 investigators, each of whom runs their own research program. They are supported by a group of core services that implement state-of-the-art techniques available to all NHLBI investigators. Marshall Nirenberg, Nobel laureate for his part in the discovery of the genetic code, became the head of the Section of Biochemical Genetics in 1962. The DIR also has a large training component, with opportunities for undergraduate, graduate, and medical students as well as post-doctoral training.

The NHLBI sponsors National Wear Red Day and the Heart Truth campaign, a national awareness campaign for women about heart disease.

Organization
The research arm of the institute is organized into the following divisions:
 Biochemistry and Biophysics Center
 Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch
 Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch
 Cell & Developmental Biology Center
 Center for Molecular Medicine
 Hematology Branch
 Immunology Center
 Population Sciences Branch
 Sickle Cell Branch
 Systems Biology Center

Past directors
List of NHLBI directors from 1948 - present

See also
 Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial
 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Notes and references

External links

 NHLBI Homepage
 NHLBI account on USAspending.gov
 John T. Watson Papers (1964-2003) - National Library of Medicine finding aid for a former administrator of the NHLBI's artificial heart program

Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Medical research institutes in Maryland
Organizations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Maryland


Context-based access control (CBAC) is a feature of firewall software, which intelligently filters TCP and UDP packets based on application layer protocol session information. It can be used for intranets, extranets and internets.

CBAC can be configured to permit specified TCP and UDP traffic through a firewall only when the connection is initiated from within the network needing protection. (In other words, CBAC can inspect traffic for sessions that originate from the external network.) However, while this example discusses inspecting traffic for sessions that originate from the external network, CBAC can inspect traffic for sessions that originate from either side of the firewall. This is the basic function of a stateful inspection firewall.

Without CBAC, traffic filtering is limited to access list implementations that examine packets at the network layer, or at most, the transport layer. However, CBAC examines not only network layer and transport layer information but also examines the application-layer protocol information (such as FTP connection information) to learn about the state of the TCP or UDP session. This allows support of protocols that involve multiple channels created as a result of negotiations in the FTP control channel. Most of the multimedia protocols as well as some other protocols (such as FTP, RPC, and SQL*Net) involve multiple control channels.

CBAC inspects traffic that travels through the firewall to discover and manage state information for TCP and UDP sessions. This state information is used to create temporary openings in the firewall's access lists to allow return traffic and additional data connections for permissible sessions (sessions that originated from within the protected internal network).

CBAC works through deep packet inspection and hence Cisco calls it 'IOS firewall' in their Internetwork Operating System (IOS).

CBAC also provides the following benefits:

 Denial-of-service prevention and detection
 Real-time alerts and audit trails

See also

References

Computer access control
Firewall software
Packets (information technology)
Data security
Access control

Context-based access control


Eldred Gregory Peck (5 Apryle 1916 – 12 Juin 2003) wis an American actor. He is ane o the maist popular film starns frae the 1940s tae the 1960s. Peck received five Academy Awaird for Best Actor nominations an wan ance for his performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 drama film To Kill a Mockingbird.

Peck an aw received Oscar nominations for his roles in The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947) an Twelve O'Clock High (1949).  Ither notable films in that he appeared include Spellbound (1945), The Gunfighter (1950), Roman Holiday (1953), Moby Dick (1956, and its 1998 miniseries), The Big Country (1958), The Bravados (1958), Pork Chop Hill (1959), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Cape Fear (1962, and its 1991 remake), How the West Was Won (1962), The Omen (1976) an The Boys from Brazil (1978).

U.S. Preses Lyndon Johnson honoured Peck wi the Presidential Medal o Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck amang Greatest Male Starns o Clessic Hollywood cinema, rankin him at No. 12.

1916 births
2003 daiths
20t-century American male actors
20th Century Fox contract players
21st-century American male actors
Academy Honorary Awaird recipients
Male actors frae San Diego
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American male film actors
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American fowk o Erse strynd
American fowk o Scots strynd
American racehorse ainers an breeders
American Roman Catholics
American male stage actors
Best Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Best Supportin Actor Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners
Buirials at the Cathedral o Oor Lady o the Angels
Californie Democrats
César Awaird winners
David di Donatello Career Awaird winners
David di Donatello winners
Daiths frae bronchopneumonia
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Awaird winners
Kennedy Center honourees
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni
Fowk frae La Jolla, San Diego
Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients
Preses o the Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences
San Diego State Varsity alumni
Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients
Varsity o Californie, Berkeley alumni
Male Western film actors

Gregory Peck


Louis Dorley (born December 22, 1974), better known as Louis Logic, is a Brooklyn, New York–based underground hip-hop emcee. He has released three full-length studio albums as a solo artist and one album as The Odd Couple with Jay Love, and is a former member of the Demigodz, appearing on a number of tracks on the Godz Must Be Crazy EP. In 2006, he made his arrangement with longtime producer J.J. Brown official. Their last album together was released under the artist name "Louis Logic & J.J. Brown."

History

He first became interested in hip-hop at the age of eleven when he was exposed to U.T.F.O.'s hit "Roxanne, Roxanne". By his own admission, lyrical talent did not come naturally to him, and he has cited Vinnie Paz (formerly Ikon the Verbal Hologram) of Jedi Mind Tricks for the name which has become Logic's moniker, 'The Drunken Dragon.' In 2002, the Demigodz The Godz Must Be Crazy EP was released, featuring Logic on a number of tracks.

Louis Logic's solo career took off in 2003 with the release of Sin-A-Matic, which was met with critical acclaim and widespread underground success. In 2004 he withdrew from the Demigodz, citing that his association with the group was overshadowing his solo career, and the fact that his music was developing in a very different direction from the style which made him comfortable with the Godz, who generally value traditional battle-style rhyming over innovation. However, in 2005 Louis Logic made an appearance on long time Demigodz affiliate Majik Most's debut album "Molesting HipHop (released on Domination Recordings). The song entitled "Chicks Don't Mind" was produced by JJ Brown - Logic's primary producer and close friend.

Although he released Alcohol/Ism later that year as The Odd Couple with Jay Love, his departure from the Demigodz also marked a retreat from collaborative work. His 2006 album with J.J. Brown, Misery Loves Comedy features no cameos at all by other rappers, although a singer was brought in for one track. Misery Loves Comedy was Logic's first release on his new label, Fatbeats Records.

In September 2006, Louis and J.J. released their first music video for the single "The Great Divide." The video was directed by Jed I. Rosenberg.

Louis then worked on a project with Danish producers Laust Jeppesen and Rolf Hede entitled "Spork Kills". It was a total departure from his previous work, fusing 60's surf rock with hip hop, as he had expressed his displeasure with the "underground" hip-hop scene and labels. Spork Kills' first single was "Night of the Hip N Dead." The video was directed by Donlee Brussel. It premiered on mtvU.

In 2013, he revealed he was working on his first new louis logic album since 2006's Misery Loves Comedy in Copenhagen. The album was called Look on the Blight Side and was released in November 2013 on Fake Four Inc.  This project was completely self-produced, featuring several artists on various instruments. After many years of hip hop releases, studying and implementing voice and piano along the way, Louis moved on to working exclusively on electronic indie – pop singer/songwriter music and broke a three-year silence with the release of a new collaborative band project with Minneapolis rapper/producer and longtime tourmate ECID called TOYFRiEND. Their debut EP Foolhearty was self-released in December 2017.

In late 2017, Louis revealed on Instagram that he had "been getting a lot of "thought you were dead" messages lately, for the last 3 years" as an announcement to his new creative direction TOYFRiEND following his long period of activity under the handle Louis Logic. Soon after, Dorley updated his Instagram bio to include "once upon a time, i was louis logic. TOYFRiEND" and further updated his Twitter bio to state "pka Louis Logic" (previously known as). Louis "Logic" continues to release music in part with his friend ECID under the new band label.

Discography
Studio albums
Sin-A-Matic (Solid Records, 2003)
Misery Loves Comedy (Fat Beats, 2006)
Look on the Blight Side (Fake Four Inc., 2013)

Collaborations
The Godz Must Be Crazy [EP] (2002) (with The Demigodz)
Alcohol/Ism (Brick, 2004) (with Jay Love, as The Odd Couple)
Beaches Love Us [EP] (See the CHeetah!, 2009) (with Spork Kills)

Compilations and mixtapes
Music to Drink By: A Collection of Loosies & Exclusives (2000)
Debacle in a Bottle: A Not Album (2002)
Blame It on the Hooch (2004)
Blame It on the Hooch .2 (2005)
Me & Everyone You Know (2010)

References

External links

 Official Facebook Page
 "Louis Logic: More Than Rap"  Interview in MVRemix Urban, September 2008

American male rappers
East Coast hip hop musicians
Living people
Rappers from Brooklyn
Underground rappers
1974 births
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
Demigodz members

Louis Logic


Sir Galahad is a character from Arthurian legend- a knight of the Round Table and the son of Sir Lancelot. Legend says that Galahad searched for and later found the Holy Grail earning him the name 'The Grail Knight', as he was the only one on earth considered by God worthy of finding the Holy Grail. It is said that when he drank from the grail, he was surrounded by light and ascended to heaven. His uncle was king Pelle and Galahad's father was actually Sir Lancelot.

Galahad was also very noble and loyal, and was renowned as a talented swordsman. Galahad was known as the perfect knight.
Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights

Galahad


Wilsonian Armenia is used for the borders that were drawn by Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Sèvres. The area was to the north and to the west side of Trabzon Province to provide the DRA an area to the Black Sea. The Armenian national fight for "Western Armenia" being somewhat part of the newly established Turkish republic dropped from the table.

Other websites
Wilson for Armenia - Armenian Cause and International Law
Wilsonian Armenia - Armeniapedia.org

History of Armenia

Wilsonian Armenia


The Church of Satan is a religious group that encourages people to accept their human nature and build their ego, as it is told in The Satanic Bible, written in 1969 by Anton LaVey. They do not worship or believe in Satan and they do not believe in God. "Satan" is just a symbol of freedom and the ego.

History

The Church of Satan started in San Francisco, California, on Walpurgis night April 30, 1966, by Anton Szandor LaVey, who was the Church's High Priest until he died in 1997.

In the 1950s Anton LaVey made a group called the Order of the Trapezoid, some of whose members later became the leaders of the Church of Satan. Some of the people at the events were: "The Baroness" Carin de Plessen (who grew up in a Royal Palace in Denmark), Dr. Cecil Nixon (magician, Odd person, and maker of robot), underground filmmaker Kenneth Anger, City Assessor(someone who figures out values of city property) Russell Wolden, anthropologist(a person who studies culture and human development) Michael Harner, and writer Shana Alexander. Other friends of LaVey at this point were famous Science Fiction and Horror writers Anthony Boucher, August Derleth, Robert Barbour Johnson, Reginald Bretnor, Emil Petaja, Stuart Palmer, Clark Ashton Smith, Forrest J. Ackerman, and Fritz Leiber Jr.

In its first year, the Church of Satan was in the news a lot because they performed a Satanic marriage of Judith Case and journalist John Raymond. The ceremony was photographed by Joe Rosenthal, who took the famous photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima during World War II. Another event was the public funeral of Church of Satan member and Naval Officer Edward Olson, as his wife had asked.

The Church of Satan was in many books, magazine and newspaper articles in the 1960s and 1970s. A whole documentary, Satanis was also made about it in 1970. LaVey was also in Kenneth Anger's film Invocation of my Demon Brother, and helped as a technical adviser in The Devil's Rain, which starred Ernest Borgnine, William Shatner, and first showed John Travolta. The Church of Satan was also shown in Luigi Scattini's film Angeli Bianchi, Angeli Neri, which in the United States was known as "Witchcraft '70".
{{rquote|right|"Satanism begins with atheism. We begin with the universe and say, 'It's indifferent. There's no God, there's no Devil. No one cares!'|High Priest Peter H. Gilmore|<ref>Interview with Peter H. Gilmore, David Shankbone, Wikinews', November 5, 2007.</ref>}}

In 1975 LaVey argued within the Church of Satan by stopping the Church's "Grotto" system(having Satanic rituals in caves) and removing people he thought were using the Church instead of doing things in the outside world. After that, LaVey hoped success in society would decide who did well in the Church of Satan. LaVey chose to do less interviews. People thought the Church might have ended, or even that LaVey might have died.

In the 1980s some Christians, therapists who believed in recovered memories, and the news were saying Satanists were a criminal group. Members of the Church of Satan, such as Peter H. Gilmore, Peggy Nadramia, Boyd Rice, Adam Parfrey, Diabolos Rex, and musician King Diamond, were active in the news to deny the Church of Satan were criminals. These stories became known as the Satanic panic. The FBI later made a report saying these conspiracy theories were untrue.

In the 1980s and 1990s the Church of Satan made many movies, music, films, and magazines about Satanism. Adam Parfrey's Feral House publishing, the music of Boyd Rice, and the films of Nick Bougas, including his documentary Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey. They were also frequently in the newspapers.

After Anton Szandor LaVey's death, his partner Blanche Barton became head of the Church of Satan. Barton is still in the Church; however, in 2001 she gave her position to long-time members Peter H. Gilmore and Peggy Nadramia, the current High Priest and High Priestess and publishers of The Black Flame, the magazine of The Church of Satan. The Central Office of the Church of Satan has also moved from San Francisco to New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, where the couple live. The Church of Satan does not recognize any other organizations as being Satanist  though it does recognize that one does not need to be a member of the Church of Satan to be a Satanist.

Some public figures have been involved with the Church of Satan, including Kenneth Anger, King Diamond, Teresa Hidy, David Vincent, Marilyn Manson, Aaron Joehlin, Boyd Rice, Marc Almond, Alkaline Trio guitarist and singer Matt Skiba and drummer Derek Grant, professional wrestler Balls Mahoney, professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan, journalist Michael Moynihan, death metal guitarist Matthew McRaith, Sammy Davis Jr. and the artist Coop. As the Church of Satan does not let people see the membership records, it is not known how many members they have.

In October 2004 the Royal Navy officially recognised its first registered Satanist, twenty-four year old Chris Cranmer, as a technician on the HMS Cumberland.

On June 6, 2006 The Church of Satan held the first public ritual Satanic Mass in 40 years at the Steve Allen Theater in the Center for Inquiry in Los Angeles. The ritual, based on The Satanic Bible and The Satanic Rituals, was led by Reverend Bryan Moore and Priestess Heather Saenz.

In December 2007 the Associated Press reported that a teenager had sent an e-mail to the Church of Satan administration saying he wanted to "kill in the name of our unholy lord Satan." The Church told the Federal Bureau of Investigation about the message, which then told local police who arrested the teenager.

Membership
The Church of Satan has two types of members: Registered Members and Active Members. Registered Members just have to pay $200 to the Church, and are given a red card to show they are a member. An Active Member has to be involved with the Church and local members. Active Membership is divided into five Degrees:

Active Members begin at the First Degree. They must be approved for an Active Membership, and this is based on their answers to a long list of questions. Members cannot apply for higher Degrees, and the requirements for each degree are not open to the public. Promotion to a higher degree is only by being invited. Members of the Third through Fifth degrees are the Priesthood and may be called "Reverend." Members of the Fifth degree are sometimes called "Doctor," although "The Doctor" usually means Lavey. Some Active Members are called Agents, qualified to explain the Church of Satan and the philosophy of Satanism to the media and others who are interested.

People seeking membership must be old enough to be seen as adults in the country where they live. The only exception made is for children of members who show they understand the Church philosophy and practices who wish to join. What they can do is limited until they reach adulthood.

Memberships may be ended through a decision of the ruling body of the Church of Satan consisting of the High Priest, the High Priestess and the Council of Nine.

 Grottoes
Over the years, the Church of Satan has stopped then restarted the use of Grottoes -small groups for people who live near each other to work on projects or do ritual together, or be friends. Now that most people have the internet, the Church of Satan has decided people do not need to join Grottoes to meet other Satanists. If a group of Church of Satan members now wish to form a "magic circle" for something more than simple friendship and ritual, and can keep it active for a year and a day, the leader of the group can apply to have it called a Grotto and the leader called a Grotto Master. A grotto is expected to be secret, and only those they think are worthy are supposed to know about it. If a Grotto stops being useful it will be closed, as the Church of Satan has always done. Grotto Masters and Grottos do not represent the Church of Satan unless they have other authority to do so.

Priesthood
Members of the Priesthood have the titles "Priest"/"Priestess," "Magister"/"Magistra," or "Magus"/"Maga." The Council of Nine, which is the ruling body of the Church of Satan, and the Order of the Trapezoid who help in the administration of the Church of Satan are part of the priesthood. The High Priest and Priestess act as administrative chiefs and the two main public representatives. The current High Priest is Peter H. Gilmore, the current High Priestess Peggy Nadramia.

The Church of Satan say they judge whether Active Members can join the Priesthood by their accomplishment in society and recognition within a profession rather than knowledge of the occult. They are expected to be able to speak about the Satanic philosophy, but do not have to represent the Church of Satan publicly, and might choose to keep their membership secret so they can do what they want in the world, meet their own goals and those of the Church. Membership in the Priesthood is by invitation only.

Past & present Church of Satan High Priesthood
 Anton LaVey - Founder & High Priest 1966 - 1997
 Diane Hegarty - Co-founder & High Priestess 1966 - 1984
 Blanche Barton - Anton's Assistant, High Priestess 1997 - 2002, now Magistra Templi Rex
 Peter H. Gilmore - High Priest 2001 - Present 5th Degree Magus
 Peggy Nadramia - High Priestess 2002 - Present

Zeena Lavey, Anton LaVey's daughter, was not a High Priestess of the Church and has left it.

The main texts of LaVeyan Satanism
Satanists within the Church of Satan follow these rules on how to live. But Satanists do not view the Satanic sins, statements, and rules of the earth as things that someone has to try to do. They think it's human nature, rather than a Jew or Christian who the Church of Satan think have to try hard to fit in with the rules of their religion.

The Nine Satanic Statements
The Nine Satanic Statements outline what "Satan" represents in the Church of Satan.
 Satan represents doing what you want, instead of stopping yourself doing it.
 Satan represents truly living instead of spiritual fantasies.
 Satan represents pure wisdom instead of lying to yourself and others.
 Satan represents kindness to those who deserve it instead of love wasted on ungrateful people.
 Satan represents revenge instead of loving your enemy, which Christians are told to do.
 Satan represents having responsibility for responsible people, instead of concern for those who live off other people's work.
 Satan represents man as just another animal.
 Satan represents all of the things Christianity has called sins, as they all lead to pleasure of some kind.
 Satan has been the best friend the Church has ever had, as he has kept it in business all these years.

The Nine Satanic Sins
 Stupidity
 Pretentiousness
 Solipsism
 Self-deceit
 Herd Conformity
 Lack of Perspective
 Forgetfulness of Past Orthodoxies
 Counterproductive Pride
 Lack of Aesthetics

The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth
 Do not give opinions or advice unless you are asked
 Do not tell your troubles to others unless you are sure they want to hear them
 When in another's lair, show him respect or else do not go there
 If a guest in your lair annoys you, treat him cruelly and without mercy
 Do not make sexual advances unless you are given the mating signal
 Do not take that which does not belong to you unless it is a burden to the other person and he cries out to be relieved
 Acknowledge the power of magic if you have employed it successfully to obtain your desires. If you deny the power of magic after having called upon it with success, you will lose all you have obtained
 Do not complain about anything to which you need not subject yourself
 Do not harm little children
 Do not kill non-human animals unless you are attacked or for your food
 When walking in open territory, bother no one. If someone bothers you, ask him to stop. If he does not stop, destroy him

Pentagonal Revisionism (Five-sided change)
Pentagonal Revisionism is a plan consisting of five major goals written in 1988 by founder Anton Szandor LaVey:
 Stratification - "No one should be protected from the effects of his own stupidity."
 Strict taxation of all churches - "The productive, the creative, the resourceful should be subsidized. So long as the useless and incompetent are getting paid, they should be heavily taxed."
 No tolerance for religious beliefs secularized and incorporated into law and order issues - "Amnesty should be considered for anyone in prison because of his alleged "influence" upon the actual perpetrator of the crime. Everyone is influenced in what he or she does. Scapegoating has become a way of life, a means of survival for the unfit. As an extension of the Judeo-Christian cop-out of blaming the Devil for everything, criminals can gain leniency, even praise, by placing the blame on a convenient villain. Following the Satanic creed of "Responsibility to the responsible," in a Satanic society, everyone must experience the consequences of his own actions—for good or ill."
 Development and production of artificial human companions - "An economic "godsend" which will allow everyone "power" over someone else. Polite, sophisticated, technologically feasible slavery. And the most profitable industry since TV and the computer."
 The opportunity for anyone to live within a total environment of his or her choice, with mandatory adherence to the aesthetic and behavioral standards of same - "Privately owned, operated and controlled environments as an alternative to homogenized and polyglot ones. The freedom to insularize oneself within a social milieu of personal well-being. An opportunity to feel, see, and hear that which is most aesthetically pleasing, without interference from those who would pollute or detract from that option."

These goals have another purpose, as said by the author, to let non-Satanists see how much they agree with Satanic views. Pentagonal Revisionism is the application of Satanist beliefs to society and economics with five goals to encourage members. Other books, such as The Satanic Bible, say more about Satanic dogma.

Related pages
 Sigil of Baphomet
 Wolfsangel
 Leviathan

References

Further reading
 The Church of Satan: A History of the World's Most Notorious Religion by Blanche Barton (Hell's Kitchen Productions, 1990, ) - Out of print
 Satan Wants You: The Cult of Devil Worship in America by Arthur Lyons (Mysterious Press, 1988, ; Warner Books, 1989, ) - Out of print
 Lucifer Rising: A Book of Sin, Devil Worship and Rock 'n' Roll by Gavin Baddeley, Paul Woods (Plexus Publishing (UK), 2000, )
 The Church of Satan. Fifth Edition, 2002 by Michael A. Aquino. A documentary history of the 1966-1975 Church of Satan. [Note: This is a very large PDF file: 9.4mb.]
 Foertsch, Steven. "An Organizational Analysis of the Schismatic Church of Satan." Review of Religious Research 64: 55-76. https://philpapers.org/archive/FOEAOA.pdf
 Barton, Blanche. 2021. We Are Satanists: The History and Future of the Church of Satan. La Quinta, CA: Aperient Press.
 Dyrendal, Asbjørn, James R. Lewis, and L. Petersen. 2015. The Invention of Satanism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
 Petersen, J. 2009. "Satanists and Nuts: The Role of Schisms in Modern Satanism." In Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide'', ed. J. Lewis and S. Lewis, 218–247. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Books by Anton LaVey

Books by Peter H. Gilmore

Interviews with Anton LaVey
 Interview with Anton LaVey by Michelle Carr and Elvia Lahman, originally published in the September 11, 1997 Velvet Hammer souvenir programme.

Critical websites
 John Allee's criticisms of the Church of Satan

1966 establishments in the United States
San Francisco
Satanism
1960s establishments in California
1966 establishments in California
Abrahamic religions
Religious organizations based in the United States

Church of Satan


Alfred George Hinds (1917 – 5 January 1991) was a British criminal who, while serving a 12-year prison sentence for robbery, broke out of three high security prisons. Despite the dismissal of thirteen of his appeals to higher courts, he was eventually able to gain a pardon using his knowledge of the British legal system.

Early life
Hinds grew up in a children's home following the death of his father, a thief who died while receiving ten lashes (from a cat o' 6) as a form of corporal punishment for armed robbery, before running away at the age of seven. Eventually arrested for petty theft, he would later escape a Borstal institution for teenage delinquents.

Although drafted into the British Army during the Second World War, Hinds deserted from the armed forces and continued his criminal career before his eventual arrest for a jewellery robbery in 1953 ($90,000 of which was never recovered by authorities). Although pleading not guilty, he was convicted and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.

Life as a fugitive
However, Hinds later escaped from Nottingham Prison after sneaking through the locked doors and over a 20-foot prison wall for which he became known in the press as "Houdini" Hinds. He worked as a builder-decorator in Ireland and throughout Europe until his arrest by detectives of Scotland Yard in 1956 after 248 days as a fugitive.

After his arrest, Hinds brought a lawsuit against authorities charging the prison commissioners with illegal arrest and used the incident as a means to plan his next escape by having a padlock smuggled in to him while at the law courts. Two guards escorted him to the toilet, but when they removed his handcuffs Hinds bundled the men into the cubicle and snapped the padlock onto screw eyes that his accomplices had earlier fixed to the door. He escaped into the crowd on Fleet Street, but was captured at an airport five hours later.

Hinds would make his third escape from Chelmsford Prison less than a year later. He then returned to Ireland where he lived for two years as a used car dealer under the name William Herbert Bishop before his arrest after being stopped in an unregistered car.

While eluding Scotland Yard, Hinds continued to plead his innocence sending memorandums to British MPs and granting interviews and taped recordings to the press. He later sold his life story to the News of the World for a reported $40,000.

He would continue to appeal his arrest and, following a technicality in which prison escapes are not listed as misdemeanors within British law, his final appeal before the House of Lords in 1960 was denied after a three-hour argument by Hinds before his return to serve six years in Parkhurst Prison.

In 1964, Hinds won a £1,300 settlement in a libel suit against the arresting officer Herbert Sparks, a former chief superintendent of Scotland Yard's Flying Squad, after Sparks had written a series of articles in the London Sunday Pictorial criticizing Hinds's claims of innocence. After failing to prove to a London jury the accuracy of his statements regarding Hinds's original conviction, Sparks was ordered to pay Hinds damages.

Celebrity status
In 1966, Hinds published a personal account of his escapes and his clashes with the English legal system, titled Contempt of Court. His notorious jail breaks from three high security prisons and his successful libel case earned Hinds celebrity status. He soon became a sought-after speaker criticizing the English legal system. When invited to take part in a debate before the Polytechnic (now University of Westminster) Students' Union by President Owen Spencer-Thomas in 1967, he was confronted by another attempt to deprive him of his liberty. During a drink in a nearby pub after the debate, he was kidnapped by six students for a rag week stunt and frogmarched along a couple of streets to a basement room in the college. Hinds yet again foiled his captors after securing a bunch of keys and turning the lock on them.

Hinds later became a member of Mensa, becoming secretary of the Channel Islands' Mensa Society.

Hinds is mentioned in Joe Orton's diary in January 1967 because the film director Lewis Gilbert asked Orton to write a screenplay for a film based on Hinds' book Contempt of Court. Orton turned Gilbert down and the film was never made.

Hinds's official release from prison in 1964 was marked by a cartoon by Giles in the Sunday Express.

References

External links
"The Law: Reward from a Robbery Rap". Time. (August 14, 1964).

1917 births
1991 deaths
Escapees from England and Wales detention
English criminals
English escapees
Fugitives
Mensans

Alfred George Hinds


The pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is a large mammal native to the forests and swamps of West Africa. The specific name liberiensis means "of Liberia", as this is where most live. The pygmy hippo is reclusive and nocturnal. It is one of only two living species in the Hippopotamidae family, the other being its much larger cousin the common hippopotamus.

The pygmy hippopotamus has many terrestrial adaptations, but like its larger cousin, it is semi-aquatic. It relies on proximity to water to keep its skin moisturized and its body temperature cool. Behaviors such as mating and giving birth may occur in water or on land. The pygmy hippo is herbivorous, feeding on ferns, broad-leaved plants, grasses and fruits it finds in the forests.

Mammals of Africa
Even-toed ungulates

Pygmy hippopotamus


Leicester () is a city in the East Midlands region of England and it is the county town of Leicestershire.

In the 2011 census the population of Leicester was about 330,000. The city is also the 11th largest by population in England and the 13th largest in the United Kingdom.

History and Society
Leicester is about 2,000 years old and was called Ratae Corieltauvorum when it was founded by the Romans. After the Romans had gone and the Anglo-Saxons settled there the town of Leicester was founded and named after the River Soar (then called Leire) and "cester" meaning the Roman ruins. Much later, after the invasion by the Danes, Leicester was within the area under Danish rule and one of the fortified "Five Burghs". In early modern times it became a centre of the manufacture of boots, shoes and knitted clothes such as socks.

Since 1926 there has been a Church of England diocese of Leicester and in 1927 the Church of St Martin became Leicester Cathedral. As well as different forms of Christianity many other religions have followers in the city including Islam and Hinduism. The UK census in 2001 showed that 17.4% of people in Leicester said that they had no religion.

Leicester has a wide variety of people from other countries, including many from Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. Leicester also has communities of people from the Caribbean, Somalia, Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Iran, Poland and many other countries. Many of these communities have their own community organisations. As well as English about 70 other languages are spoken in the city.

Leicester is well known for having residents from many different cultural backgrounds. People who believe that they are having problems because of racism can get help from The Race Equality Centre.

Government and politics
Leicester has three MPs: Jon Ashworth (Leicester South), Liz Kendall (Leicester West) and Claudia Webbe (Leicester East). All three are members of the Labour Party.

On 5 May 2011, Sir Peter Soulsby became the first directly elected Mayor of Leicester. He is called the City Mayor. Leicester also has a Lord Mayor for ceremonies.

Leicester City Council has 54 councillors. At the moment there are 52 from the Labour party and one Independent and one Liberal Democrat. Leicester is divided into 22 wards for local government which include the city centre and many suburban areas.

Services and facilities
Leicester has a very large covered outdoor market. The market has been in the same place for 700 years. The city also has two shopping centres: Haymarket and the much larger Highcross.

Leicester has several museums. The biggest and best known is the New Walk Museum.

The city has many parks, including Abbey Park and Victoria Park. There is also a botanical garden in Oadby, which is a town south of Leicester.

Leicester has a race course, which is also in Oadby.

There are two hospitals in the city (Leicester General Hospital and Leicester Royal Infirmary) and one just outside the city (Glenfield Hospital).

The city is the home of Leicester City F.C. the Leicester Football Club who are also known as the Foxes. Leicester is also home to a rugby club called the Leicester Tigers. It also has a cricket team for adults and juniors called Leicestershire CCC (county cricket club).

Leicester has two universities: the University of Leicester and De Montfort University. It also has several further education colleges, the largest one is Leicester College.

There are two bus stations: Haymarket and St. Margaret's (which is also a coach station). The train station is on London Road. Leicester is about 75 minutes from London by train.

Many trade union branches in the city and county are members of Leicester and District Trades Union Council.

The local newspaper is called The Leicester Mercury.

Other websites
 Leicester City Council
 Official Tourism site for Leicester and Leicestershire
 Leicester City Guide
 Leicester and District Trades Union Council
 Leicester Mercury
 News from Leicester
 Leicester Market
 The Race Equality Centre
 Leicester museums and galleries
 Local hospitals
 University of Leicester Botanic Garden
 A brief History of Leicester

References

Unitary authorities

Leicester


Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR, English: French Standardization Association) is a Paris-based standards organization and a member body for France at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The AFNOR Group develops its international standardization activities, information provision, certification and training through a network of key partners in France who are members of the association. They are:

 ACTIA (Association of Technical Cooperation for the food industry)
 ADEME (French Agency for Environment and Energy Management)
 ADEPT (Association for the development of international trade in food products and techniques)
 COFRAC (French Accreditation Committee)
 CSTB (Scientific and Technical Center for Construction)
 CTI (Center Network industrial technology)
 INERIS (National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks) emerged from CERCHAR (Study and research centre of the Charbonnages de France) and IRCHA (National research institute of applied chemistry)
 LCIE (Laboratoire Central des Industries Électriques)
 LNE (Laboratoire National Metrology and Testing)
 UTAC (Union Technique de l'automobile, cycle and motorcycle)
 UTE (Union Technique de l'Électricité)

See also
 International Organization for Standardization
 Countries in the International Organization for Standardization
 ISO country code

Examples of norms
 ARCADIA

References

External links

France
Business organizations based in France
Organizations based in Paris
Organizations with year of establishment missing

AFNOR


A free market is a system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met. A free market contrasts with a regulated market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws creating barriers to market entry or price fixing. In a free-market economy, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy, and it typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises.

Although free markets are commonly associated with capitalism within a market economy in contemporary usage and popular culture, free markets have also been advocated by free-market anarchists, market socialists, and some proponents of cooperatives and advocates of profit sharing.[1]

Economic markets
Libertarianism

Free market


How He Lied to Her Husband is a one-act comedy play by George Bernard Shaw, who wrote it, at the request of actor Arnold Daly, over a period of four days while he was vacationing in Scotland in 1904. In its preface he described it as "a sample of what can be done with even the most hackneyed stage framework by filling it in with an observed touch of actual humanity instead of with doctrinaire romanticism." The play has often been interpreted as a kind of satirical commentary on Shaw's own highly successful earlier play Candida (which one of the characters gets tickets to see).

It was first performed by Daly in New York as a curtain raiser for The Man of Destiny. The original 1905 London cast were Harley Granville-Barker as Henry Apjohn, A. G. Poulton as Teddy Bompas, and Gertrude Kingston as Aurora Bompas.

Characters
Her Lover (Henry Apjohn)
Her Husband (Teddy Bompas)
Herself (Aurora Bompas)

Plot
The three-character play is set in the drawing room of a flat located on Cromwell Road in London. Shaw describes Henry Apjohn as "a very beautiful youth, moving as in a dream, walking as on air," while Aurora Bompas has "an air of being a young and beautiful woman but as a matter of hard fact, she is, dress and pretensions apart, a very ordinary South Kensington female of about 37, hopelessly inferior in physical and spiritual distinction to the beautiful youth." The third character is Aurora's husband Teddy, "a robust, thicknecked, well groomed city man, with a strong chin but a blithering eye and credulous mouth."

Aurora is distressed because she has misplaced some poems, in which she is identified by name, written for her with declarations of love by the impetuous Henry. She suspects her sister-in-law Georgina stole them from her workbox and is concerned she will read them to Aurora's husband Teddy.

Henry suggests they confront Teddy with the truth, "quietly, hand in hand" and depart – "without concealment and subterfuge, freely and honestly, in full honor and self-respect" – for their planned evening at the theatre. (Henry has purchased tickets for Candida – the popular Shaw comedy which Henry and Aurora's situation closely resembles – because Lohengrin was sold out.) The two engage in a discussion about the merits of revealing their affair until Teddy arrives and confronts Henry with his poetry.

The young man tries to convince him they were inspired by Aurora, the goddess of dawn, rather than his wife, and assures him he has no interest in the woman Teddy married . . . which the cuckolded man finds so insulting he demands Henry admit how desirable Aurora is. Henry finally confesses his love for Aurora, which pleases Teddy so much he proposes he have the poems published on "the finest paper, sumptuous binding, everything first class" as a tribute to his wife. "What shall we call the volume?," Teddy asks. "To Aurora, or something like that, eh?," to which Henry replies, "I should call it How He Lied to Her Husband."

Preface
Shaw stated that, "Nothing in the theatre is staler than the situation of husband, wife and lover, or the fun of knockabout farce. I have taken both, and got an original play out of them, as anybody else can if only he will look about him for his material instead of plagiarizing Othello and the thousand plays that have proceeded on Othello's romantic assumptions and false point of honour."

Relation to Candida
The play followed the huge success of Candida, which came to be labelled "Candidamania". Shaw wrote it as a response to the "New York Hausfrau's conception of his 'Candida'". According to Archibald Henderson "It gave rise to the usual misunderstandings incident to the production of a new Shaw play, many of the critics fatuously imagining that Shaw was only making fun of his own Candida!"" Henderson adds that the play is intended to be "after the Ibsen model" and to present "the obverse of Candida—in farce, not in tragicomedy. This little topsy-turvy knockabout farce is the reductio ad absurdum of the Candidamaniacs. The persistent misinterpretation of the meaning and purpose of this little farce finally compelled Shaw to cable: "Need I say that anyone who imagines that How He Lied to Her Husband retracts Candida, or satirises it, or travesties it, or belittles it in any way, understands neither the one nor the other?"

Adaptations
Frank Launder and Cecil Lewis adapted Shaw's play for a 1931 British short film directed by Lewis and starring Edmund Gwenn as Teddy, Vera Lennox as Aurora, and Robert Harris as Henry.

A July 1937 BBC broadcast starred Greer Garson, D.A. Clarke-Smith, and Derek Williams.

In 1956, Walt Witcover staged an off-Broadway production of How He Lied to Her Husband with Jerry Stiller as Teddy, Charles Nelson Reilly as Henry and Anne Meara as Aurora, as part of an evening of three one-act plays.  Witcover re-staged the play in 1999 with Nick Psaltos as Teddy, Michael Stebbins as Henry and Victoria Thompson as Aurora.

References

1904 plays
British plays
Plays by George Bernard Shaw

How He Lied to Her Husband


Paul Alan Watkins (January 25, 1950 – August 3, 1990) was an American man who was a member of Charles Manson's "Family". In the period leading up to Manson's trial for the Tate–LaBianca murders, Watkins provided the prosecution with information that clarified the "Helter Skelter" motive.

Background
By his own account, Paul Watkins lived "a pretty standard middle-class American upbringing," including being in a Christian family. His early years were spent in Sidon, Lebanon, where his father worked on a pipeline.

The move to Lebanon took place when Watkins was an infant. After four years in Lebanon, the family moved to Beaumont, Texas, and then to Thousand Oaks, California. When Watkins was a child, he enjoyed attending church and hiking in the oak groves near his home.

During adolescence, Watkins became a Bible student and was active in youth organizations and church camps. At age 13, he became involved in evangelicalism, at first because he enjoyed the music and singing. By the time he entered high school, his musical interests had become a "passion"; his religious interests had "waned."

Watkins dropped out of high school during his senior year, in which school officials distressed by his use of psychedelic drugs terminated his term as student-body president, a position he held in every grade from first through eleventh.  Having come to find his studies less interesting than music and marijuana, he became, as he would later write, "a fugitive flower child in search of enlightenment and truth."

In the same December 1967 week in which he was put on probation after an arrest for marijuana possession, two friends of his were returned dead from the Vietnam War.

Joining the Family
On March 16, 1968, several months after his departure from high school, Watkins met Charles Manson in Los Angeles County's Topanga Canyon, at a house where Manson and several Family members were squatting. Watkins had come to the house to visit a friend who turned out no longer to be living there. After enjoying a candy bar, root beer, marijuana, and a night of group sex, Watkins left.

For Watkins, there followed three-and-a-half months of hippie desultoriness, most of it spent taking care of a farm that was near Big Sur and whose owner had picked up the hitchhiking youth before going on to Hawaii. Watkins returned to the Los Angeles area, where, at a San Fernando Valley street corner, he was recognized and picked up in a hollowed-out school bus that was painted black, driven by the same two Manson girls who had greeted him at the door of the Topanga Canyon house. As the girls took him to the Family's new camp at Spahn Movie Ranch, near Chatsworth, one of them remarked that Manson was Jesus Christ. It was July 4, 1968.

Watkins remained with the Family and became Manson's chief lieutenant. On October 31, he set out with the others in the group's school bus to Golar Wash, near Death Valley. There, over the next few days, Manson set up additional Family bases at two unused (or little-used) ranches, Myers and Barker.

Helter Skelter involvement

On New Year's Eve, 1968, Watkins was around the Family campfire at Myers Ranch when Manson delivered the Helter Skelter prophecy. According to Watkins, Manson had been predicting blacks would rise up in rebellion in America's cities. Now, he explained that The Beatles, too, were making that prediction, with the song "Helter Skelter" on the White Album. More than that, the musical group wanted Manson and the Family to create an album of their own, to trigger the predicted events. Manson, according to Watkins, said:

Are you hip to what the Beatles are saying?... Dig it, they're telling it like it is. They know what's happening in the city; blackie is getting ready. They put the revolution to music... it's 'Helter-Skelter.' Helter-Skelter is coming down. Hey, their album is getting the young love [America's youth] ready, man, building up steam. Our album is going to pop the cork right out of the bottle.

Before long, Manson had moved the Family to a Canoga Park house where they undertook preparations for Helter Skelter. They worked on music for their intended album and began preparing dune buggies and other vehicles for their escape to Death Valley, where, according to Watkins, they would survive the America-ravaging war.

Watkins took the prophecy seriously. One day, as he looked out a window of the Canoga Park house, he wondered to himself whether the violence of Helter Skelter would reach the Family. His fear that the Family was lingering too long in the soon-to-be-war-torn Los Angeles area prompted him, in late June 1969, to ask Manson when the group would be leaving for the desert. According to Watkins, Manson assured him Helter Skelter was ready to happen.

Desert camps
According to Watkins, Manson's remark disturbed Watkins, who had no trouble recognizing it as an indication the Family would be undertaking murders. When Manson instructed him to transport supplies to the desert camps, Watkins embraced the opportunity to get away. At the same time, he was unsure whether to sever himself from the commune; "my insides were tied to Charlie and the Family in ways I hadn't begun to sort out".

At Barker Ranch, Watkins came under the influence of Paul Crockett, a middle-aged prospector who, with metaphysical musings of his own, had begun to influence a male Family member and female Family member who had been left to watch the desert camp. Returning briefly to Spahn Ranch, Watkins changed his relationship with Manson by using a suggestion by Crockett; he asked that Manson "[release him of all his] agreements.]"

Within a few days, Watkins had settled in at Barker, with Crockett and the others. About a month later, on August 9, 1969, the group saw a television broadcast while they were in Kingman, Arizona, with plans to do some mining there. The news was of the Tate murders, which had taken place in Los Angeles overnight. "Wouldn't it be somethin' if old Charlie did that," said Crockett, whom Watkins and the others had made aware of Helter Skelter. Though chilled by the remark, Watkins dismissed it as a bad joke.

The next day, in a Las Vegas newspaper report of the LaBianca murders, which had taken place overnight, Watkins saw that police were dismissing a connection between the two sets of murders and that a suspect in the Tate murders was already in custody. (The suspect was William Garretson, a youth who was employed as caretaker of the property where the Tate murders took place and who happened to have been the only person found alive on the premises the morning after the killings. By August 11, having been effectively dismissed as a suspect, he was released from custody.) The story did not indicate that the words "Healter [sic] Skelter" had been written in LaBianca's blood at the crime site, that information not having leaked to the press.

Continued connection to Manson
Within weeks of the murders, Manson and the Family members had come to Golar Wash, which they began fortifying for Helter Skelter. For a month, Manson, situated at Myers Ranch, vied with Crockett for psychological sway over the Family members who had come into the prospector's orbit. Manson deployed his women as sexual lures, undertook intimidating visits in which he and others would fire shotguns on the Barker Ranch property, and jousted with Crockett in abstract discussions. A third male Family member came to Crockett's side, while the female Family member he'd influenced had left the area with a friend of his, whom she promptly married.

Watkins continued to vacillate. He played music with the Family, had initially preserved a sexual relationship with one of the Family girls, and declined to dismiss Helter Skelter. But when, for instance, Manson asked him to join the efforts to find the entry to the underground hideaway in which the Family was supposedly to survive the cataclysm, he declined to do so. Even after Watkins helped two of the Family girls leave the area, the relationship with Manson survived, though the incident resulted in Manson's threatening Watkins with a knife and a pistol.

A breaking-point arrived on a night when Manson snuck on his hands and knees into the Barker Ranch bunkhouse. Outside were Bruce Davis and Tex Watson, both of whom would ultimately be convicted of murders they had already committed under Manson's direction. Although Manson was humiliated when Crockett, Watkins, and the two other defectors awoke before he could do anything, the four evidently concluded things were getting even more dangerous than they had been  up until then. Watkins and the three others soon left Barker Ranch. Before long, Watkins had joined two of them in the office of the local deputy sheriff.

Choice to testify
In the second week of October 1969, right after Watkins left Golar Wash, the ranches were raided by law enforcement. Manson and others were arrested on vehicle theft and other charges that had no apparent connection with the murders. By the middle of November, Manson and Family members had become suspects in the Tate–LaBianca killings. The solving of the case was announced by LAPD at the beginning of December.

By Christmas time, Watkins had told the Los Angeles District Attorney's office what he knew of the Family's activities. He related a Manson admission, made to him shortly after the Family had moved to the desert, of participation in the killing of Spahn ranch hand Donald "Shorty" Shea, murdered not long after the Tate–LaBianca crimes. Even so, the tie between Watkins and the Family was unbroken. Watkins visited Manson at the Los Angeles County jail and moved in with Family members at a house in Van Nuys. He continued to visit Manson and acted as messenger between Manson and Manson's female co-defendants. Moreover, he assumed quasi-leadership of the remnants of the Family.

Around the end of March 1970, Watkins split with Family members, following a blowup between him and a trio of Manson girls. This occurred at Spahn Ranch, to which the group had returned. The girls had learned of statements that Watkins had made to law officers and that Manson's lawyer had obtained through an inevitable motion for discovery. Told he was a "Judas," Watkins walked out. Later that night, he was badly burned in a fire that broke out in a Volkswagen van in which he was sleeping. He was "unsure of the origin of the blaze," which could have been caused by a candle he'd been using to read or a marijuana cigarette he'd been smoking before he fell asleep. A Family member would later claim to have set the blaze.

In May, after he had healed, Watkins decided he would testify against Manson. His decision was occasioned by a threat delivered from Manson via Family members: "Charlie says when he gets out, you better not be around the desert."

Importance of testimony
Watkins testified against Manson in October 1970, some months into the trial in which Manson was ultimately found guilty of the murders. The testimony of Watkins and one of the other male defectors traced the growth of Manson's view of Helter Skelter from a vague vision to an inspiration for crime. Most important were the details provided by Watkins in the period leading up to the trial, which enabled the prosecution to understand Manson's stake in the war the killings were intended to trigger. The details made clear that, in its complete form, the vision ended with Manson and the Family as the lone existing whites, presiding over blacks whose antipathy to whites would have been discharged in the gruesome conflict. At war's end, Charles Manson, reform-school boy and convicted criminal, originally from Cincinnati, Ohio, would rule California.

Later life
Watkins went on to become the founder and first president of the Death Valley Chamber of Commerce. In addition, he lectured on cult psychology and effects of substance abuse.

Watkins appeared (as himself) in the 1973 documentary film Manson. The film featured music composed and performed by Watkins and Brooks Poston, the other Family defector who testified against Manson. For a period, Watkins and Poston performed music in clubs in the Inyo County area under the band name "Desert Sun", Inyo County being the location of the desert ranches to which Watkins first came with Manson.

CNN interview and My Life with Charles Manson
In 1989, after he had been diagnosed with cancer, Watkins appeared on CNN's Larry King Live. The segment was hosted by Maureen Reagan. During the interview, a woman identifying herself as "Jenny" called in and conversed with Watkins and Reagan. Jenny said she had begun living with the Family "about six months after the murders." Watkins recognized the caller and questioned the direction of her remarks ("I mean where are we going with this?").

In My Life with Charles Manson, the 1979 book Watkins co-authored with Guillermo Soledad, he had spoken of "Ginny". She was a girl new to the Family around February 1970, and with whom, on the suggestion of Family member Squeaky Fromme, he had conspired to slip a dose of LSD to Family member Bruce Davis, during the latter's trial at that time for auto theft. This conspiratorial activity had taken place before the decision by Watkins to testify against Manson.

Death
Watkins died in 1990 at age 40, of leukemia. He was the unofficial mayor of Tecopa, a small Death Valley town, where he lived with his second wife and their two daughters, one of whom is writer Claire Vaye Watkins.

References

See also

Manson Family
1950 births
1990 deaths
American autobiographers
People from Beaumont, Texas
People from Thousand Oaks, California
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in California

Paul Watkins (Manson Family)


Swarm Intelligence is a field of Computer science. It is a form of Artificial intelligence. Some animals, mostly insects like ants, or bees form large colonies. These colonies are made of many animals that communicate with each other. Each animal is relatively simple, but by working together with other animals it is able to solve complex tasks.

Swarm intelligence wants to obtain similar behaviour than that observed with these animals. Instead of the animals, so called agents are used.

Artificial intelligence

Swarm intelligence


Caitch is a gemme whaur raquettes an wechty baws is uised, it is played inby agin waws an sklentin ruifs. Caitch is kent as "real tennis" in Ingland. The warld's auldest caitchpule is at Fawkland in Fife, an wis biggit in 1539 bi James V in the Pailace gairden.

History
The gemme stertit wi Alexander III (1249-86) an wis like as no feshed frae Fraunce. Lang-syne there wis caitchpules in Saunt Andras, Perth, Edinburgh an Stirlin.

James VI scrieved in 1598 Basilicon Doron for his auld son, Prince Henry (eild 4): "...the exercises that I uolde haue you to use (althoch but moderatlie not making a crafte of thaime) are rinning, leaping, urestling, fensing, dansing & playing at the cache."

The gemme kythes in The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner bi James Hogg in 1824.

The day
The gemme is played yet at Fawkland Pailace bi fowk frae a wee club.

Gemmes

Caitch


Erinaceidae is a family in the mammalian order Eulipotyphla. It contains the well-known hedgehogs of Eurasia and Africa and the moonrats of South-east Asia. This family was once in the order Insectivora, but that  order is not used anymore.

Characteristics
Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails,  but they are much larger than shrews. All but one species have five toes in each foot (in some cases with strong claws for digging) and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs have hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.

Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally bird's eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: upper=2-188.8.131.52; lower=3.1.2-4.3.

Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so. Many species live in simple burrows, while others build temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.

Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.

Classification
There are 10 genera and 24 species of erinaceid.
ORDER ERINACEOMORPHA
Family Erinaceidae
 Subfamily Erinaceinae (Hedgehogs)
 Subfamily Galericinae (Gymnures, or Moonrats)

References

Eulipotyphla

Erinaceidae


Sumitra Mahajan (born 12 April 1943) is an Indian politician and 16th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 5 June 2014 to 19 June 2019. She is a member of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.In 2014 she got elected 8 times and she is currently the longest serving women member. She also served as the Union Minister. Sumitra Mahajan is the second longest serving women speaker after Meira Kumar.

Sumitra Mahajan was born in Chitpavan Brahmin family in Chiplun, Maharashtra on 11 April 1943. She married Jayant Mahajan of Indore. She received MA and LLB after marriage from the Indore University.

Sumitra became the first Indian women to represent the same Lok sabha constituency on the same party eight times in a row.Her record was included in the LIMCA book.

References

1943 births
Living people
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Politicians from Madhya Pradesh

Sumitra Mahajan


The Leyden jar (or Leiden jar) is a device for storing static electricity. It is large glass bottle, usually lined on both the inside and the outside with some type of metal foil. Some of the early ones had water inside. They allow the experimenter to collect a large amount of charge.

They are the first form of electrical storage. These methods are known today as 'condensers' or 'capacitors'.

The first electrical storage jar was created by Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1745. He was  the dean of the cathedral of Cammin in Pomerania, on the north coast of Germany (at that time a separate country).  He was interested to find whether static electricity could be stored in a bottle, because he knew that electricity could not pass through glass. He thought he might be able to capture and hold a small amount. He only had a small experimental friction generator.

He underestimated how much electricity a small medicine bottle could hold by thousands of times.  A peculiarity of electricity allows it to continue flowing into the bottle provided the outside of the bottle has an electrically conductive surface connected to the earth.  This neutralises the pressure from the charge trying to flow back out.

In von Kleist's case, this electrically conductive surface was just his hand, but it was enough to allow a very substantial charge to enter and remain in the jar through a nail he had driven through the cork.

When he accidentally touched the nail, he received such a shock that it threw him across the room. He had made a connection between the inside charge and the accumulated outside charge, and since these were opposite signs (one positive and the other negative) all the accumulated charge flowed through his body.

He didn't understand why this jar stored so efficiently, but he send a scrambled description to some associates in Berlin, and one copy was sent on to von Klein's old university associate Andreas Cunaeus where it ended up in the hands of Pieter van Musschenbroek, who was the University of Leyden's main physics professor. He worked out that the storage capacity was vastly improved only if the flask was held in the hand, and his letter to scientist in France gave the jar the name "Leyden jar".

For many years the Leyden jar was the main tool of electrical storage, and it remained so until the invention of a chemical battery and electrical generators of the type we use today.

References

Other websites

 Leyden Jar - Interactive Java Tutorial  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
 Dissectable Leyden Jar Capacitor

Electricity

Leyden jar


The Oliver Brewster House is a Gothic Revival home located on Willow Avenue in Cornwall, New York, United States, right across from Willow Avenue Elementary School. It was originally built as a farmhouse in the mid-19th century. Later, as Cornwall became a popular summer resort for visitors from New York City, it was expanded and renovated for use as a boardinghouse as well.

Property

The house sits on a four-acre "flag lot", with trees and shrubs, so called for its deeper setback from neighboring houses on the street and narrower access between them. There are seven buildings and structures on the property, six of which are considered contributing resources to the National Register listing.

The main building is two stories high, five bays wide and sided in narrow clapboard. It has two-one-story wings, three bays on the northwest and two on the southeast. The gable-fronted roof, pierced by a brick chimney on the northwest, has overhanging eaves with exposed rafters. A molded cornice also marks all the house's rooflines. The exposed basement is made of stone.

A flat-roofed raised wooden porch with bracketed cornice supported by elaborate lattice-style columns runs the length of the first story on the front (southwest) facade, across the main block and both wings. A similar porch on the northeast (rear) has been enclosed with glass.

The centrally-located main entrance is a paneled wood door in a recessed entryway with a wooden surround and sidelights. It leads into a main hallway with large flanking rooms and many original furnishings. These include the flooring, ceiling molding, marble fireplaces and mantels, pocket doors between the parlors and the original staircase with newel post and balustrade.

Southeast of the house is the first of the contributing properties: a bracketed, hip-roofed wellhouse. Behind it is a two-story carriage barn with gabled roof and board-and-batten siding. There is also a small gable-roofed privy behind it.

The main barn has a jerkin roof on the end gable. Three of its four bays have had modern garage doors installed; the other one has a wooden paneled double door with loft door above. A nearby shed is vertically sided with a gable roof. The property also has a modern frame garage, its only noncontributing resource.

History

Brewster built the house, then the main block and southeast wing, around 1850 on property owned at the time by the De Crissey family, which he had recently married into. He and his wife began growing fruit, primarily strawberries, raspberries and other small berries on the farm. They were the first in the Hudson Valley to cultivate the Niagara grape.

Not long afterwards, the summer boarding industry began to become a major part of Cornwall's economy. Like other local farmers, such as Wilford Wood and Samuel Brooks, he expanded his home to take in summer boarders. Around 1860 he added the northwest wing for this purpose.

It has remained a private house ever since.

It has survived mostly intact from that era, unlike most other converted farmhouses in the area. Several farm-related outbuildings on the property are also intact. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1996.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Orange County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Gothic Revival architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1850
Cornwall, New York

Oliver Brewster House


The Flag of Greenland was designed by Greenlander Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk at the center. The top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white.

Its local name in the Greenlandic language is Erfalasorput, which means "our flag", but Aappalaartoq (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the Dannebrog. Today Greenlanders display both the Erfalasorput and the Dannebrog, often side by side.

Greenland first thought of the idea of a flag of its own in 1973, when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper printed eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic Cross), and polled the people to determine the most popular. The Dannebrog was better liked than any. Little came of this effort.

In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the Danish Kingdom. The home rule government asked for flag proposals, receiving 555. 293 were made by Greenlanders.

Out of all the designs, the current red-and-white design by Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.

To honor the tenth anniversary of the Erfalasorput, the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative stamps and a leaflet by its creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the fjords; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea.

Greenland
Greenland

Flag of Greenland