Dee Bradley Baker (born August 31, 1962) is an American voice actor. He is known for his voice-work such as Phineas and Ferb, SpongeBob SquarePants, Adventure Time with Finn and Jake, American Dad!, Ben 10, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Halo, Gears of War,  Avatar: The Last Airbender and an unnamed dog show in 2024.

Filmography

Live action
 Legends of the Hidden Temple - Olmec, Announcer
 Night Stand with Dick Dietrick - Grand
 The Journey of Allen Strange - Phil Berg
 Shop 'til You Drop - Announcer, Co-Host
 G vs E - C. Arthur Troust
 Big Time Rush - Mr. Smitty
 I Know That Voice - Himself

Animated series
 Adventure Time (animated short) - Lady Rainicorn
 Adventure Time (series) - Giant, Gnomes, and additional voices
 American Dad! - Klaus and additional voices
 American Dragon: Jake Long - Kelpie, Pooka Pooka, Jersey Devil and Maximinus
 Avatar: The Last Airbender - Appa, Momo, Actor Ozai, and additional voices and Creature vocal effects.
 Batman: The Brave and the Bold - Clock King, Felix Faust, Etrigan, Chemo, Brain, Scarecrow, Ace the Bat-Hound, Dove, Fisherman,  Tin, Professor Milo, Detective Chimp
 Ben 10 - Robotic Lt, Cash Murray, Wildmutt, Stinkfly, The Limax, Acid Breath, Stinkarms, Spitter, Porcupine, Eye Guy, Carl Tennyson, additional voices
 Ben 10: Alien Force - DNAliens, Swampfire, Echo Echo, Humongousaur, Jet Ray, Big Chill, Pickaxe Aliens, Chromastone, Xenocytes, Brainstorm, Spidermonkey, Goop, Hugo, Seven Seven, Albedo Hugmongousaur, Albedo Big Chill, Albedo Jet Ray, Albedo Echo Echo, Albedo Spidermonkey, Cannonbolt, Upchuck, Way Big, Phyphon, Snepser, Diamondhead, Pyroxivores, Lodestar, Azmuth as Humongousaur and Rath, Sugilite, Albedo Diamondhead, Albedo Swampfire, Albedo Rath, Albedo Ultimate Humongousaur, Ultimate Swampfire, additional voices
 Ben 10: Ultimate Alien - TV Narrator, Humongousaur, Jet Ray, Bivalvan, Chromastone, Spidermonkey, Ultimate Spidermonkey, Echo Echo, Big Chill, Upchuck, Cannonbolt, Lodestar, Swampfire, Ultimate Big Chill, Serpent, Fourarms, Nanomech, Way Big, Brainstorm, Andreas, P'andor, Ra'ad, Ultimate Hugmongousaur, Water Hazard, Ultimate Cannonbolt, Goop, Armodrillo, additional voices
 Bionicle: The Legend Reborn - Vorox, Skrall and Bone Hunters
 Codename: Kids Next Door - Numbuh 4, one or two of the Delightful Children, and additional voices
 Cow and Chicken - Dad
 Danny Phantom - Wulf and additional voices
 The Emperor's New School - Urkon the Village Leader and Yupi (The Yzma that Stole Kuzcoween)
 The Fairly OddParents - Elmer, Binky, Sanjay, Remy Buxaplenty, the Bronze Kneecap, and the Darkness
 Fanboy and Chum Chum - Scampers, Chris Chuggy, Mike, Precious Pig, Sprinkles, and the Monster under Fanboy's bed
 Felix the Cat: The Movie - various voices
 The Goode Family - Che the Dog, additional voices and animal vocal effects
 The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy - Mandy's dad, additional voices and creature vocal effects
 Handy Manny - Turner
 Higglytown Heroes - Pizza Guy and Uncle Zooter
 I Am Weasel - Jolly Roger
 Jungle Junction - Lance
 Lilo & Stitch: The Series - various voices
 Loonatics Unleashed - Otto the Odd
 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - Santa Claus, Boo-Boo Chicken
 The Mighty B! - Happy Walter Higgenbottom and additional voices
 Mike, Lu and Og - Og
 My Friends Tigger & Pooh - Buster
 Martin Mystery - Boogeyman, Blackwater Ghost and most of the enemies in the show
 The New Woody Woodpecker Show - Nicky Woodpecker (appears in just one episode "Eenie, Meany, Out You Go!") and Mr. Hippopotamus (voiced this episode "Inn Trouble")
 Ni Hao, Kai-Lan - Mr. Sun
 The Penguins of Madagascar - Wild Marlene in "Otter Gone Wild", and Jiggles the blob of jelly in "Jiggles"
 Phineas and Ferb - Perry the Platypus, Pinky the Chihuahua and additional voices
 Random! Cartoons - Senor Swampy, Turkey, Dolphins, Socko, Newspaper Guy, Nessie, Karl, Momsquatch, Carrot, Seymour, Rainicorn, Snow Golem, Duck, Tabby, Roccos, Audrey, Snail, Dinosaur
 The Replacements - Johnny Hitswell and additional voices
 Return of Ed Edd n Eddy (2018/2020 TV Series) - Jimmy, Kevin (season 1-3), Jonny
 Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated - Franklin Fruitmeyer
 The Secret World of Benjamin Bear - Max Tanner & Toots
 Spaceballs: The Animated Series - Dark Helmet (credited as "Dee Baker")
 The Spectacular Spider-Man - Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard
 SpongeBob SquarePants - Squilliam Fancyson, Bubble Bass, Perch Perkins, Mr. Krabs (singing voice, "Christmas Who?"), DoodleBob, and additional voices (appeared in 250 episodes)
 Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Captain Rex, Commander Cody, Clone Troopers
 Stripperella - Ozzy, Baby, Business Man
 Super Robot Monkey Team Hyper Force Go! - Professor Maezono
 Teen Titans - Plasmus, Larry, Cinderblock, Overload, Soto, Dog, Wildebeest, Silkie, Ternion, Glgrdsklechhh, Werebeast, Wrex, Sports Announcer, Xinthos Announcer, Dignified Host, Space Monster, Guardian, Moroccan Thief, Andre Le Blanc, Gnarrk, Tramm, and Jericho
 Time Squad - Austrian General, Babies, Local 2
 The Mr. Men Show - Mr. Funny, Mr. Hungry (Mr. Greedy)
 Tom and Jerry Kids - Jerry Mouse
 Xiaolin Showdown - Jessie Bailey
 What's with Andy? - Mr. Larkin and Martin Bonwick (voice) (2001–2002)
 Whatever Happened to Robot Jones - Mr. Uerkaut, Referee, Narrator, Bush, Lincoln, and Big Kid #2
 W.I.T.C.H. - Cedric, Aldarn, Martin, Frost, Gargoyle, Sniffer, Huggles, Khor
 Yo Gabba Gabba! - rapidly Balloon
 The Uglydoll Show - Jeeco, OX, and Burny
 Nacho Flay - Nacho
 The Big Dog, The Little Dog, The Pregnant Cat and The Squirrel with a Bigger Ball Belly - Nate
 Charles, Cliff, Geo, Lana, Walt and Lalo: Full Belly Attic Stream Gaming with Sergio - Lalo, Walt, Charles, Cliff and jaguar

Movies
 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo - Sherman
 Asterix and the Vikings - Dogmatix, SMS (English version)
 Ben 10: Secret of the Omnitrix - Eye Guy, Stinkfly, Wildmutt, Gluto, Robotic Lt
 Bionicle: The Legend Reborn - Bone Hunters/Skrall/Vorox
 Furry Vengeance - Animal vocal effects
 G-Force - Mooch the Fly
 Happy Feet - Maurice
 The Haunted World of El Superbeasto - Nazi Zombie
 Immigrants (L.A. Dolce Vita) - the Steve
 Space Jam - Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil
 Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Captain Rex, Commander Cody and all other Clone Troopers
 TMNT - various voices
 The Incredibles - Everseer
 The Trumpet of the Swan - Louie
 Tom Sawyer - Rebel
 Toy Story 2 - Additional voices
 Night at the Museum - Anubis Statues
 Astroboy - Trashcan
 Phineas and Ferb: Across the Second Dimension in Fabulous 2D - Perry the Platypus
 Winnie the Pooh - Piglet
 Ben 10: Alien Swarm - Big Chill, Humongousaur
 Ben 10: Race Against Time - Wildmutt
 Dawn of the Dead - Various zombie vocal effects
 Feast - Creature vocal effects
 The Island of Dr. Moreau - Creature vocal effects
 Lost Boys: The Tribe - Vampire Vocals
 Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed - Pterodactyl, 10,000 volt ghost, Zombie, red eyed skeleton brother, voice of Black Knight Ghost
 The Time Machine - Morlock vocal effects
 The Last Airbender - Appa, Momo

 Video games
 Ape Escape: On the Loose - Specter, additional voices
 Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits - Densimo
 Ben 10: Alien Force The Game - Swampfire, Big Chill, Spidermonkey, Xenocytes, Jet Ray, Pickaxe Aliens, DNAliens, Hugmongousaur
 Ben 10 Alien Force: Vilgax Attacks - Phyphon, Spidermonkey, Hugmongousaur, Big Chill, Swampfire, Cannonbolt, Goop, Brainstorm, Echo Echo, Chromastone, Jet Ray, Mr. Smoothy, Albedo Goop, Albedo Jet Ray, Albedo Swampfire, Albedo Hugmongousaur
 Call of Duty United Offensive - Pvt Koppel, additional German voices
 Cars Mater-National - Otto
 The Darkness - the Insane Darkling
 de Blob - Blob
 Destroy All Humans! - Cow, chicken
 Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel - merchant Ching Tsun, Wasteland Man, Ghoul Civilian
 Fallout 3 - Dr. Stanislaus Braun
 Final Fantasy X-2 - Lord Braska, Benzo, Ayde Ronso
 Gears of War - General RAAM, Berserkers, Locust Drones, Wretches, Theron Guards
 Gears of War - Locust Drones, Wretches, Theron Guards, Sires and Tickers
 Gurumin: A Monstrous Adventure - Rocko, Digby, Puchi
 Halo 2 - the Gravemind
 Halo 3 - the Gravemind
 Haunted Mansion - Zeke Halloway
 JumpStart series - Frankie Dog, Edison Firefly
 Kingdom Hearts - Wakka
 Left 4 Dead 2 - Special Infected
 Marvel: Ultimate Alliance - Nightcrawler
 Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty - a Navy SEAL soldier
 The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge - Barrel
 No More Heroes - Letz Shake, Weller, Helter Skelter
 Onimusha Blade Warriors - Gogandantess
 Onimusha 3: Demon Siege - Gargant
 Samurai Western - various voices
 Spider-Man - Carnage, Rhino J. Jonah Jameson, Daredevil, The Lizard
 Spider-Man 2 - Puma (Exclusive to the PC version)
 Spider-Man 3 - Mac Gargan/Scorpion
 SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons: Globs of Doom - Bubble Bass, Wise Old Hermit Crab, Globulous Maximus
 Spore - various creature vocal effects
 Star Wars The Force Unleashed: Ultimate Sith Edition - Boba Fett
 Star Wars The Clone Wars - Republic Heroes - Clone Troopers
 Star Wars The Force Unleashed II - Boba Fett
 Teen Titans - Cinderblock, Plasmus, Ternion
 Tom and Jerry: The Movie - Jerry Mouse
 Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars - Jerry Mouse
 Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry - Jerry Mouse
 Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers'' - Jerry Mouse

References

Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Indiana
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Bloomington, Indiana

Dee Bradley Baker


Budva  (,  or ) is a Montenegrin town on the Adriatic Sea. It has 19,218 inhabitants, and it is the centre of Budva Municipality. The coastal area around Budva, called the Budva Riviera, is the center of Montenegrin tourism, known for its well-preserved medieval walled city, sandy beaches and diverse nightlife. Budva is 2,500 years old, which makes it one of the oldest settlements on the Adriatic coast.

Etymology
In Montenegrin, the town is known as Будва or Budva; in Italian and Latin as Budua; in Albanian as Budua, and in (classical/ancient) Greek as Bouthoe (Βουθόη).

History

A legend recounts that Bouthoe (Βουθόη - Bouthoē) was founded by Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, Greece, when exiled out of Thebes, finding a shelter in this place for him and his wife, goddess Harmonia.

The first record of Budva dates back to the 5th century BC. Originally, the site belonged to the state of Illyria. In the 6th century BC, during the Greek colonization of the Adriatic, a Greek emporium was established. In the 2nd century BC, the area of Budva became part of the Roman Empire. Upon the fall of the Empire and its division into east and west, the defensive barrier which separated the two powers happened to run across this area, subsequently making a lasting impact on the history and culture of this town.

In the 6th century, Budva was part of the Byzantine Empire, and in the following two centuries, Slavs and, to a lesser extent, Avars began to arrive in the area, mixing with the native Roman population. Budva bay was reportedly known as Avarorum sinus (Avar bay') during the Avar incursions. In 841, Budva was sacked by Muslim Saracens, who devastated the area.

In the early Middle Ages, Budva was reigned by a succession of Doclean kings, as well as Serbian and Zetan aristocrats.

, it became the see of a Roman Catholic Diocese of Budua, which lasted until 1828 and was nominally revived as a Latin titular bishopric.
The Venetians ruled the town for nearly 400 years, from 1420 to 1797. Budva, called Budua in those centuries, was part of the Venetian Republic region of Albania Veneta and was fortified by powerful Venetian walls against Ottoman conquests. According to the historian Luigi Paulucci in his book "Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810" (The Bay of Kotor in 1810), most of the population spoke the Venetian language until the beginning of the 19th century. One of the most renowned theater librettists and composers, Cristoforo Ivanovich, was born in Venetian Budua. Nevertheless, Budva was briefly under Ottoman rule between 1572 and 1573 due to conquest by Occhiali. It was returned to Venetians under conditions of Treaty of Constantinople (1573).

With the fall of Republic of Venice in 1797, Budva came under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy. During the Napoleonic Wars, Montenegrin forces allied with Russia took control over the city in 1806, only to relinquish the city to France in 1807. French rule lasted until 1813, when Budva (along with Boka Kotorska) was ceded to the Austrian Empire, which remained in control of the city for the next 100 years.

A union of Boka Kotorska (and Budva) with Montenegro took place for a brief period (1813–1814), but from 1814 until the end of World War I in 1918, Budva remained under Austria-Hungary. The southernmost fortress in the Austro-Hungarian empire, Fort Kosmač, was constructed nearby to guard the road from Budva to Cetinje. After the war, the Serbian army entered Budva after it was abandoned by Austrian forces and it came under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

In 1941, with the beginning of World War II, Budva was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy. Budva was finally liberated from Axis rule on 22 November 1944 and incorporated in the Socialist Republic of Montenegro (which was a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).

A catastrophic earthquake struck Budva on 15 April 1979. Much of old town was devastated, but today there is little evidence of the catastrophe – almost all the buildings were restored to their original form.

Montenegro became an independent country in 2006, with Budva as its primary tourist destination.

Local government
The municipal parliament consists of 33 deputies elected directly for a four-year term.

Mayor
Mayor of Budva is the head of the town and Municipality of Budva. He acts on behalf of the Town, and performs an executive function in the Municipality Budva. Current mayor is Milo Božović, member of the Democratic Front.

List of Mayors since Montenegrin independence (2006-present):
Rajko Kuljača (DPS) (2006-2010, arrested)
Lazar Rađenović (DPS) (2010-2015, arrested)
Srđa Popović (DPS) (2015-2016, acting)
Dragan Krapović (Democrats) (2016-2019)
Marko Carević (DF) (2019–2020)
Nikola Divanović (DPS) (2020, disputed)
Marko Carević (DF) (2020–2022)
Milo Božović (DF) (2022-, arrested)

Demographics
Budva is the administrative centre of Budva municipality, which includes the neighbouring towns of Bečići and Petrovac, and has a population of 19,218 (2011 census). The town itself has 13,338 inhabitants.

Ethnicity
Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011

Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011

Cityscape

Old Town

The Old Town of Budva is situated on a rocky peninsula, on the southern end of Budva field. Archaeological evidence suggests that Illyrian settlement was formed on the site of the Old Town before Greek colonization of the Adriatic. While the site was permanently settled since Roman era, most of existing city walls and buildings were erected during the Venetian rule.

The entire town is encircled with defensive stone walls. The fortifications of Budva are typical of the Medieval walled cities of the Adriatic, complete with towers, embrasures, fortified city gates and a citadel.

Originally, there were gates on all of the four sides of the walled city. However, sea-facing gates were closed up over the years. The main city gate is Porta di Terra Ferma, the grand entry to the city from the west. It is also the beginning of the city's main thoroughfare, Njegoševa Street. There are also four more gates on the north wall, facing Budva marina (Porta Pizana, Porta Pizana 1 and 2, and Porta Pizanella), and one small gate facing the southwestern beach of Ričardova glava.

The layout of the town is roughly orthogonal, although many streets deviate from the grid, resulting in somewhat irregular pattern, with many piazzas connected with narrow streets. Today, the entire city within the walls is pedestrian-only.

The town citadel is situated on the southern tip of the city. Originally known as Castle of St Mary, fortification was continually rebuilt and expanded through Middle Ages, reaching its final form during the Austro-Hungarian rule. The sea-facing 160m long ramparts of the citadel, complete with eastern and western towers, are intricately connected to the rest of the city walls. Austrian stone barracks form the most prominent structure within the castle, separating the citadel from the rest of the walled city. Ruins of the Santa Maria de Castello church, after which the entire complex was originally named, are located within the citadel.

A large public square is located to the north of the citadel, containing all of the churches of the old town - St. Ivan Church (17th century), Santa Maria in Punta Church (840 AD), St Sava Orthodox Church (12th century), and The Holy Trinity Orthodox church (1804).

The Old Town suffered extensive damage in 1979 earthquake; repair and reconstruction took eight years (until 1987), but traces of the damage are now hardly noticeable. Today, it is a prime visitor attraction of Budva, packed with tourists during the summer months. Its narrow cobbled streets are lined with restaurants, cafes, pubs and shops.

Outside the Old Town

Although confined to the walls of the Old Town for most of its history, Budva started significant expansion into the adjacent Budva field in the 20th century, with the development of tourism industry. Hotels started springing up near the Old Town and to the west of it, along the 1600m long Slovenska beach, including the landmark Avala hotel (built in 1939), the Mogren hotel, and the Slovenska plaža hotel complex (built in 1984). Development near the Old Town and along the longest city beach was done in a planned and sustainable manner, with parts of Budva built in the SFRY having all the characteristics of a well-organized resort town. Most of the hotels and facilities built during this period are situated to the south of the town's main traffic artery, a portion of Adriatic Highway (E65/E80) that crosses the city parallel to the Slovenska plaža beach.

However, the rest of the Budva field, to the north of the Adriatic Highway, developed in a less uniform manner. The western part of Budva field, containing a civic center (an area featuring local government offices, schools, sports center, police and fire station, health center and bus station), Rozino, Dubovica and Golubovina neighbourhoods, was developed relatively in accordance with principles of urban planning.

In contrast, the eastern part of the Budva field, and slopes of the hills surrounding it, saw the emergence of the chaotic urban sprawl. Spontaneous growth begun in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as a combination of high demand and inability of the state to enforce urban planning, as the Breakup of Yugoslavia took place. This trend continued into the 2000s, with prices of real estate skyrocketing following Montenegrin independence. Overwhelming demand, fueled by the influx of foreign capital (in large part from Russia), meant that all the undeveloped lots in the Budva field and surrounding hills were quickly being turned into construction sites. Local and state authorities have failed to keep up with the developers, resulting in the unfortunate lack of urban planning in much of the area. Thus, large parts of Budva are connected with an irregular grid of narrow streets, and have overall inadequate infrastructure. This trend continues even today, with limited land forcing developers to turn to building towering high rises in place of small detached residences that made up for majority of Budva field in the early 1990s.

The pressures of the real estate market and neglect of urban planning have resulted in chronic and severe lack of parking space, and frequent traffic jams during the summer. Even the water and electricity supply have failed to keep up with the explosive growth in the 2000s, but those issues have since been addressed.

A testament to the urban sprawl, the city bypass (Obilaznica, a crescent road that circles the northern ends of Budva field, with ends connecting to the Adriatic Highway) is a bypass only in name, as it now a busy urban street, swallowed by the city's expanding urban area.

The term Budvanizacija ("Budvanization") has been used regionally to denote a form of chaotic and massive urban growth, tailored to the needs of individual land owners and developers, without regard for sustainability or environment.

Tourism

Tourism is the main driver of the economy of Budva. It is a significant tourist destination on the eastern Adriatic, and by far the most popular destination in Montenegro. During 2013, Budva recorded 668,931 tourist visits, and 4,468,913 overnight stays, thus accounting for 44,8% of tourist visits to Montenegro, and 47,5% of its overnight stays.

Although Budva is notable for its long history and its well-preserved Old Town, it is not primarily known as a destination for sightseeing or cultural tourism. Unlike Kotor or Dubrovnik, Budva has an image of a crowded beach resort, with a lively and vibrant atmosphere and a very active nightlife.

Beaches

The Budva Riviera has some of the most attractive beaches of south Adriatic, and the most pleasant climate in Montenegro. Mogren beach is arguably the best known and most attractive of the Budva city beaches, nested beneath the cliffs of the Spas hill, between cape Mogren and the Avala hotel. The beach is separated from the city by the slopes of Spas hill that plunge to the sea, and is only accessible by a 250m long narrow path along the cliffs. Other city beaches include the small Ričardova glava ("Richard's Head") and Pizana beaches, next to the Old Town, as well as the  long Slovenska plaža (Slav beach), that makes up the most of the city's coast.

However, majority of the beaches of Budva Riviera are outside the city itself. Jaz Beach is a long and spacious beach west of Budva, its hinterland serving as a popular concert and festival venue, as well as a campground. Bečići resort town, with its long sandy beach, is situated south-east of the city, separated from Budva by the Zavala peninsula.

Further to the south, numerous small beaches and towns, make up the more high end and exclusive part of Budva Riviera. This is especially true for the famous Sveti Stefan town, but also for other smaller Paštrovići settlements in the area, that once were unassuming fishing villages. The area of Sveti Stefan and Pržno, including Miločer resort with its park and secluded beaches, is considered the most exclusive area of the Montenegrin coast.

The town of Petrovac and the undeveloped Buljarica field occupy the very south of the Budva municipality.

Sveti Nikola Island is located opposite of Old Town,  across the Budva bay. Connected to the mainland via water bus, the island and its beaches are an excursion site for tourists visiting Budva.

Nightlife

Budva is well known regionally as the capital of nightlife of the eastern Adriatic. The first discothèques in Budva started to emerge during the 1980s, as hotel-attached dance clubs. However, the clubbing scene mushroomed in the 1990s, with numerous open-air clubs opening along the Budva sea promenade. This trend continued into the 2000s, with Old Town and its promenade hosting a large number of bars, pubs and restaurants, and two big clubs, Top Hill and Trocadero, dominating the clubbing scene.

Other
Budva is home to the Adriatic Fair (Jadranski sajam), the only specialized exhibition venue in Montenegro. It hosts numerous trade fairs throughout the year, including the only auto show in Montenegro, held annually in autumn.

Gambling tourism is also popular in Budva, as many hotels have attached casinos. Maestral hotel and casino in Pržno are particularly popular among international gamblers, but other large hotels have also attracted players from European countries. The 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale is partly set in the eponymous casino in the fictional Montenegrin Hotel Splendide, thus giving a boost to Budva's profile as a gambling destination.

Budva's marina, nestled to the north of the Old Town city walls, contributes to the image of Budva as a nautical tourism destination. Luxury yachts dominate marina berths during the summer, overshadowing small fishing vessels owned by the locals. Budva marina was host to periodic boat shows, but in recent years it has been losing primacy to the larger and more luxurious Porto Montenegro. Budva was the host of the Class 1 World Powerboat Championship Grand prix in May 2008.

Culture

Among the cultural events and establishments in the city, the annual cultural event Theatre City (Budva Grad Teatar) is of particular importance. Founded in 1987, and held in July and August every year, this festival transforms the entire Old Town into an open-air venue for a programme of theatre, musical, literary and visual art events and performances.

Another event in Budva was the Pjesma Mediterana ("Song of the Mediterranean"), annual pop musical festival, held in Budva from 1992 to 2010. Its format was similar to that of Sanremo Music Festival, featuring a competition of previously unreleased songs. The song contest attracted performers from the EX Yugoslavia region. However, the festival was cancelled in 2011 due to lack of funds, and has not been renewed since.

In 2014, the Sea Dance Festival was organized at Budva's Jaz Beach for the first time. A spin-off of the Exit festival, Sea Dance is set to be an annual event. Jaz Beach rose to prominence as a concert and festival venue with The Rolling Stones concert held on 9 July 2007. The show was part of their A Bigger Bang Tour and attracted a crowd of some 35,000 spectators, twice the population of Budva town itself. Madonna staged a show attended by 47,000 spectators at the same venue on 25 September 2008, while Lenny Kravitz and Armand Van Helden performed at Jaz beach during the "Live Fest" in August 2008, along with Goran Bregović, Dino Merlin and Zdravko Čolić.

Budva Carnival is a three-day long festive event in Budva, happening annually during late April or early May. It has been organized every year since 2003, and although a recent carnival, it has attracted significant regional attention. Budva, together with nearby Kotor, was host to the Federation of European Carnival Cities (FECC) World Carnival City Congress in May 2009.

Budva city museum is one of the prominent cultural institutions in the city, featuring permanent archaeological and ethnographic exhibits. Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša memorial home is another significant institution, honoring the legacy of the famous native of Budva.

Budva occupies a significant place in the history of the cinema of Montenegro, as it was home to the Zeta Film, the Montenegrin primary motion picture company from the Yugoslav era. The now-defunct company has produced numerous Yugoslav movies, including pictures by the Montenegrin director Živko Nikolić. Zeta Film was privatized in 2004, and its building was converted to a nightclub, leaving Budva without a single movie theater for a decade. On 30 May 2015, a brand new four screen multiplex cinema opened in TQ Plaza shopping mall.

The city has occasionally provided the backdrop for international movie productions. The 1964 movie The Long Ships was shot in and around Budva, and the prop from the movie, a large 4m tall cracked bell, has been permanently displayed in front of the Old Town walls, becoming one of the local landmarks. Recently, Budva has been the setting and the filming location of the locally produced, and regionally popular TV series Budva na pjenu od mora (Budva, on the sea foam).

Education
Budva has two elementary schools and one high school. In 2009, city administration founded Knowledge Academy (Akademija Znanja), an institution envisioned to act as a university center and introduce higher education to Budva. The Knowledge Academy building, situated in the Rozino neighbourhood of Budva, is currently home to Budva city library and private Business and Tourism faculty, and serves as the center of higher education of the municipality.

Sports
FK Mogren was the most popular football club in Budva, and the sports club with longest tradition in the city. Founded in 1920, it competed in the Montenegrin First League, winning the championship in 2008–09 and 2010–11. The club also won the Montenegrin Cup of 2008. The club went bankrupt and was expelled in 2017. Stadion Lugovi, the home ground of FK Mogren, will probably be relocated in the near future, as it is situated on a very valuable land lot, right next to the Slovenska beach.

OFK Petrovac, from the eponymous town, is another significant football team from the Budva municipality.

Another popular sport in Budva is volleyball, with Budvanska Rivijera volleyball team being successful in domestic and international competition. Mediteranski sportski centar ("Mediterranean sports center") is the main indoor sport venue of Budva, and is the home of Budvanska Riviera volleyball team and RK Budvanska Rivijera handball team. The town's basketball team is KK Mogren and RK Budvanska Rivijera is the handball club.

Water polo is a common sport in Budva, as on the rest of the Montenegrin coast. VK Budva is the city's water polo team, competing in the regional Adriatic Water Polo League.

Paragliding is a summer activity in Budva. Steep 700m high hills provide perfect setting and stunning vistas for paragliders, with the hamlet of Brajići being the usual launching point.

Transport
Budva is connected to inland Montenegro by two-laned highways. There are two ways to reach Budva from Podgorica – either through Cetinje, or through the Sozina tunnel (opened 2005). Either way, Podgorica, the capital and main road junction in Montenegro, is around  away.

Budva is connected to the rest of the coastal towns of Montenegro by the Adriatic Highway, which extends from Ulcinj in the far south to Herceg Novi in the north, and on to Croatia.

Tivat Airport is  away. There are regular flights to Belgrade and Moscow throughout the year, and dozens of seasonal and charter flights land daily at the airport during the summer season. Podgorica Airport is  away, and it has regular flights to a number of European destinations throughout the year.

Urban transport consists of Mediteran Express buses, which operate between Budva's city center and Sveti Stefan. This line services a large portion of the Budva urban core, as well as some small towns between Budva and Sveti Stefan.

The closest train station is Sutomore. This stop on the Belgrade–Bar railway is some  away from Budva's city center.

Twin towns – sister cities

Budva is twinned with:

 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
 Belgrade, Serbia
 Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Celje, Slovenia
 Čukarica (Belgrade), Serbia
 Eastern AO (Moscow), Russia
 Kamnik, Slovenia
 Kyiv, Ukraine
 Laktaši, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Makarska, Croatia
 Novi Sad, Serbia
 Ohrid, North Macedonia
 Pakrac, Croatia
 Petacciato, Italy
 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Moscow, Russia
 Prague 4 (Prague), Czech Republic
 Rimini, Italy
 Stari Grad (Sarajevo), Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Valašské Meziříčí, Czech Republic
 Velika Plana, Serbia
 Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia
 West Palm Beach, United States
 Yalova, Turkey
 Zigong, China

See also
 List of settlements in Illyria
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Budua

References

Sources and external links

Official sites
 Budva Municipality Official website
Local Tourism Organisation of Budva

Travel websites
 Budva.com

Populated places in Budva Municipality
Illyrian Montenegro
Hellenistic Montenegro
Montenegro in the Roman era
Cities in ancient Illyria
Coastal towns in Montenegro

Budva


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Obuwango Obusookeso (Prefixes)

i)	Ebya

	Ebya-prefix denotes     (a)  The technology of…(ebikolebwa mu…)

				(b)  Teaching about …	(okuyigiriza ku)

				( c) Concerned   with…	(ebikwata ku…)
	Examples:

	Terminology	Etymological definition	English 	Synonym

1	Ebyempima	Ebikwata  ku mpima

To do with dimensions	Geometry	Essomampima/Essomankula

2	Ebyobuziba	Ebikwata  ku buziba

Concerning with atoms	Chemistry	-

3	Ebyobuzimbe	Ebikwata ku buzimbe

Concerned with structures	Physics 	Essomabutonde

ii)	"Ekidda-"

This prefix denotes forward or backward movement. Examples:

•	"Ekiddannyuma"	(negative, reverse)

•	"Ekiddamaaso"	(positive, forward movement)

Examples:"Ennamba za kiddannyuma" (negative numbers) or "ennamba za kiddamaaso"(positive numbers).
But we can also borrow and adopt these mathematics concepts directly from English as follows:  Ennamba za negatiivu (negative numbers or ennamba za pozitiivu (positive numbers).

iii)	"Enta-"

This prefix means "without" as in;

	Entakyuka 	(without change, mathematical constant)
	Entakoma	(without stopping, mathematical infinity)

Examples:
•	omugendo ogw'entakoma	(infinity
				Movement/motion)
•	Okuva okw'entakoma	(continuous motion);
•	Entamanyika (existing without being Known , the
	 unknown, variable).
•	Entagegenda(without movement, without  motion)

Examples:
•	Entagenda    (statics in physics)
•	Amasannyalaze ag'entagenda (Static electricity)

iv)	"Obwa-" :

This denotes "practice of" or "exhibiting  ..." .or "...sm".

Examples:

a)	Obwakatonda		(Practice of godliness, divinity)

b)	Obwakalimagezi  	(intelligence, exhibiting intelligence, the
			Practice of intelligence)+

c)	Obwanakalyakaani 	(the practice of socialism, Socialism)

d)	Obwasitakange	(the practice of capitalism, Capitalism)

e)	Obwannalukalala	(reactionalism)

f)	Obwanakyemalira	(practice of dictatorship, Dictatorship)

g)	Obwannakyewa	(practice of volunteerism, voluntarism)

Note that omugezior omuntu omugezi translates"a wise person" and "kalimagezi" is translated"intelligent man". Amagezi translates "wisdom"but "obwakalimagezi"translates "the practice of intelligence (intelligence).

Generally, the various  concepts associaated with  the word  "amagezi" (wisdom) are :

a)	Obwakalimagezi (intelligence). "Obwakalimagezi" is a compound word whose root is "amagezi" (wisdom). This root is combined with a prefix "obwa…"(practice of) to produce the concept of  "obwakalimagezi"(intelligence).

b)	Omuntu-kalimagezi (intelligent man). Omuntu-kalimagezi is a hyphanated  compound of two words, "omuntu"(man, human being) and "kalimagezii (intelligent person). You can also just say "kalimagezi "to mean  "intelligent man".

c)	Koma-sapiyensa (Homo sapiens). It is a loan-word borrowed from the english "homo sapiens". (wise man).Koma-sapiyensa can also be translated  "Omuntu kalimagezi"

d)	Ensolo kalimagezi (intelligent animal ). This is a concept of two seperated compound words, ensolo (animal) and kalimagezi (intelligent being, a genius). The synonyms are "omuntu kalimagezi" (intelligent man) or "kalimagezi" (intelligent  man) or omuntu omugezi (wise man).

e)	Omulengera (the human  "mind). This concept is formed by blending  of the words "omwoyo ogukulengeza" (the spirit that illuminates) to get"omulengera"(the soul of foresight, the spirit  that foresees). "Omulengera" (the mind) is a faculty of the brain that brings about critical thinking, analysis, knwowing, understanding and discovery, among others.

f)	Nnyoloni (neuron). This is a loan-word from the english word "neurons". Nnyoloni (neurons) are simply the building blocks of the brain. The Luganda word "nnyoloni" is pronounced starting with "nnyo..sound and not "nyu..sound" which sounds like "new". The neurons are determinants of human intelligence and the functioning of "omulengera"(the human mind). The synonym for "nnyoloni"(neuron) is "Obutaffaalikazimbabwongo"(the building blocks of the brain) which is a compoud word made of three words, obutaffaali (cells), obuzimba (to build), and the brain (obwongo). Obutaffaalikazimbabwongo are the neurons.

g)	Ekipimo ky'Obwakalimagezi (EkkyO). The Luganda concept for"Intelligence Quostient" (IQ) is "Ekipimo ky'Obwakalimagezi" abreviated as "EkkyO". It is a coumpound of seperated words "ekipimo (measure), kya (of) and obwakalimagezi (intelligence).

h)	Okukozesa obwongo (reasoning). "Okukozesa obwongo"(reasoning) is formed from two words "okukozesa(to make use of) and "obwongo"(the brain). The synonyms for okukozesa obwongo would be "okusengeka ebirowoozo (logic). The process of "okukozesa obwongo"(reasoning) includes okulowooza (thinking), okwefumiitiriza (critical thinking), okwekenneenya or okulambulula (analysis), okukuba-ekifaaananyo (imagination), okujjukira (memorisation), okusengeka ensonga (logic), n'okugoba ensonga (dialectical thinking) which is also called "okulowooza okwa mugobansonga"(dialectical thinking).

i)	Okulambika ebirowoozo (inductive reasoning). "Okulambika ebirowoozo" (inductive reasoning) is a concept  formed by semantic expansion. Ordinarily it means "to argue by showing sense" of your argument.

j)	Okulambulula Ebirowoozo	(Deductive Reasoning).

k)	Okusengeka Ebirowoozo	(Logic)

l)	Endowooza Esengeka Ebirowoozo(Logical Thinking)

m)	Entondeka Y'ebikole(Production Of Commodities)

n)	Kagezimunyu(Genius)

o)	Mulowooza(Cerebrum)

p)	Sekalowooleza(Thinker)

q)	Sekalowooleza Owamaanyi	(Male Great thinker)

r)	Nakalowooleza owamaanyi (Female Great thinker)

s)	Firosofa(Philosophy)

t)	Omufirosoofa(Philosopher/Great Thinker)

u)	Basekalowooleza Ab'amaanyi  ( Great Thinkers)

v)	" Obu-1"

    This prefix also denotes "act of ", skill and character e.g.

a)	Obutujju	 (terrorism, act  of terrorism)

b)	Obufere	 (act of  false pretense, coning )

c)	Obunyunyunsi	(exploitation, act of exploitation)

d)	Obunyukufu	 (skill or act of  using letters, literacy)

e)	Obunukufu	 (same as above, literacy)

The concept of obunyukufu or obunukufu (literacy) has been derived from the Luganda word "ennyukuta" or "ennukuta" (Luganda for "letter"). More words have been derived from the new concept of "obunyukufu/obunukufu". These include:

a)	Omunyukufu (omuntu omunukufu)	literate person

b)	Omunyukufu owa kibogwe		semi-literate person

vi)	"Obu –2means "state of…".

It is also used to form nouns from verbs e.g.

•	Obukambivu				(state of being vicious, viscosity)
•	Obukwatufu				(state of being vicious, viscosity)
•	Obukwafu						(state of massiveness, thickness).
•	Obukwafuwazu 	(density)

vii)	"Obwe- (denotes trait of, condition of, shape of )e.g.

•	Obwenkanya					(justice, justly)
•	Obwesimbu						(trustworthy, height )
•	Obwekulungirivu		(spherical in shape )
•	Obwetoloovu					(circumference, being circular)
•	Obweraliikirivu        (worry)

viii)	Essoma-denotes "study of..", "science o…f "e.g.

•	Essomampimo 		(Geometry, Study of Geometry)
•	Essomansi						 (Geography
•	Esomanjazi					(Geology)
•	Essomabutonde   	(Physics, Science of Nature)
•	Essomabuzimbe					(Chemistry)
•	Essomampuyisatu				(Trigonometry)
•	Essomabiramu						(Biology)
•	Essomabutonzi					 	(Divinity)
•	Essomabinyunyunsi 		(Parasitology)
•	Essomaddagala		 				(Medicine)
•	Essomabuyambi						(Nursing)
•	Entomology						(Essomabiwuka ebireetendwadde)

See the list of essoma-words at end of this book.

ix)	En-words 1.En-denotes "the way of doing something", "the means of doing something" e.g.
•	Entambula 	 (transportation ),
•	Endya		(dieting, the way  eating is balanced)
•	Enkola		(policy, the  guiding principle)
•	Endyennungi	(balanced eating),
•	Eng'enda	(velocity, the way something is	moving).

x)	En-words2."En-"can also be used to derive  a noun from a verb e.g.

•	Enzitoya	(mass) and
•	Enzitoyo (matter) both derived from the verb "okuzitoya" (to give weight to something, to make something heavy) or obuzito (weight).
•	Entabaganya (Society) is derived from the verb "okutabaganya" (to socialize, to mediate)or "okutabagana" (to mix with others, to relate with others)

xi)	Omu-words. Omu-is used to refer to a human being. Omu- also denotes a number or a value (omuwendo). It is used to derive the mathematics concepts :
•	"Omugerageranyo"(ratio), that is, omuwendo ogugerageranya.

	Note: "Ekigerageranyo" (rate) has been derived from the Luganda verb   "okugerageranya (to compare). And as you know, the English concepts "ratio" and "rate" both have to do with mathematical comparisons."Ekigerageranyo is from the phrase "ekibalo ekigerageranya ku buli namunigina".

•	"Omukunuukirizo" (estimation) is a derivation from the Luganda verb okukunuukiriza (to aim at, to reach out for).The new mathematical concept of "okuzingako" (to round off) is a derivation from the Luganda word "okuzinga" (to fold). Omukunuukirizo is from the phrase "omuwendo omukunuukirize".

•	Omutonnyeze. The mathematical concept of "omutonnyeze" (decimal number) is a derivation from the Luganda noun "akatonnyeze" (point). When you add the prefix omu-, you get "omutonnyeze" (decimal value, decimal number). Omutonnyeze is from the phrase "omuwendo ogw'akatonnyewze".

xii)	Eki…words. The prefix 'eki." denotes "ekibalo kya…" (The mathematics of.) Or "ekikube kya" (the drawing of …" Or ekigambululo ekifundiwaze	(initialized statement, word). Examples:

•	Ekifundiwazo		(acronym)
•	Ekibalirizo		(arithmetic)
•	Ekikyusaganyo		(transformation)
•	Ekifaanaganyo		(reflection)
•	Ekifaananyo		(image)
•	Ekyetoloozo	        (rotation)
•	Ekiseetulo		(displacement)
•	Ekiseetuko		(translation)
•	Ekikwataganyo		(coordinate)
•	Ekikwanaganya		(mapping diagram)

xii) Va-words.The prefixes "va…"indicates an act of "motion or movement".  For example

a)	The verb 'oku-va (to move) forms the concept of "motion"
	by conversion

b)	 Vatomu (va + atomu) means ion, an atom which is in a state of motion or  movement of electrons, either by loss of electrons or gaining of electrons

c)	Vatone (vatomu +negatiiivu) means "anion". This happens in a situation where there has been gaining of electron leading to a negative atom.

d)	 Vatopo (vatomu + pozitiivu) means "cat ion". This happens in a situation where there has been loss of electrons leading to a positive atom.

e)	Vampawengwa (va+ nampawengwa) or "vampa"is the Luganda concept for"isotope". "Vampawengwa" (Vampa)   is formed when some atoms of the same element lose neutrons (nampawengwa). "Loss of neutrons"or "to loose neutrons"implies" moton or movement of neutrons from some atoms of the same element.

xiii) Olu-words. The prefix"olu-"is used to point at the various literary forms in Luganda' olu- could mean "olugero lwa…"(the story of) or "olulimi"(language form)as   "olugerageranyo" (simile) and "olufaanaganyo"(metaphor)

Terminology

Obuwango Obusookeso(Prefixes)


A ghoul is a monster from ancient Arabian folklore. Ghouls live in burial grounds and other uninhabited places. The English word comes from the Arabic name for the creature: الغول ghūl, which literally means "demon". The ghul is a devilish type of jinn believed to be sired by Iblis.

The female form is given as "ghouleh" in Muhawi and Kanaana (see ref below). The plural is "ghilan".

Ghoul is also a shapeshifting demon that lives in the desert. The demon can take the form of an animal, especially a hyena. It lures unwary travellers into the desert. It will then kill and eat them. The creature also preys on young children, robs graves, and eats the dead. Because of this habit the word ghoul is sometimes used to refer to an ordinary human such as a grave robber, or to anyone who likes the macabre.

The star Algol takes its name from this creature.

In Iran
In Iranian mythologies, Ghouls are creatures very similar to humans, but larger. Usually they are less intelligent and not necessarily evil.
Most Persian speakers use Ghoul to describe large people (figuratively "giants"). This may or may not be considered an insult, depending on the situation.

How ghouls are shown

Ghouls and ghoul-like creatures have been portrayed in different ways in fiction, including a series of dark fantasy, short stories by Brian McNaughton, a Michael Slade novel, "Ghoul", Larry Niven's "Ringworld" series, J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, The Chronicles of Narnia, the works of Caitlín R. Kiernan, Laurell K. Hamilton's Anita Blake series, and Jim Butcher's The Dresden Files.

Literature

Morlocks are a fictional species of cannibalistic ghouls, created by H. G. Wells for his 1895 novel, The Time Machine. The Morlocks, as well as another supposed offshoot of humans, the Eloi, exist in the future world in the year 802,701 A.D. in The Time Machine.

Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula has a character that acts much like a ghoul.  The character is named Renfield. Under the vampire's influence, Renfield becomes his willing slave. He develops a craving to eat living creatures in the hope of obtaining their life-force for himself. After being confined to an asylum, he considers eating a human hospital orderly, but finds he can only capture and consume flies, spiders, and the occasional bird.

In the fiction of H. P. Lovecraft, a ghoul is a member of a nocturnal race that lives underground. Some ghouls were once human, but a diet of human corpses, and perhaps the tutelage of proper ghouls, changed them into horrific bestial humanoids. In the short story "Pickman's Model" (1927), the first of Lovecraft's ghoul stories, they are unutterably terrible monsters; however, in his earlier novella The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath (1926), the ghouls are somewhat less disturbing, even comical at times, and both helpful and loyal to the protagonist. Richard Upton Pickman, a noteworthy Boston painter who disappeared mysteriously in "Pickman's Model", appears as a ghoul himself in Dream-Quest. Similar themes appear in "The Lurking Fear" (1922) and "The Rats in the Walls" (1924). Both of stories claim there are subterranean clans of degenerate,  cannibals or carrion-eating humans.

In modern and contemporary fiction, ghouls are often confused with other types of undead, usually the mindless varieties of zombies. Although modern fiction (post-1954), particularly 1954's I Am Legend, suggests that the latter beings share cannibalistic habits with ghouls, it is nonetheless generally believed that vampires and zombies prefer live prey.

In Frank Herbert's Dune series, a Ghola is a deceased person who has been brought back to life, via a secret, almost illegal Tleilaxu technology. Traditionally, the Ghola is stripped of memories from his or her past life and taught new skills. Ghola are often sold to nobles by the Tleilaxu as servants and retainers. Given their highly superstitious nature, Fremen are distrustful of ghola, despite the potential usefulness of the living dead. The ambiguity as to whether or not latent memories of the "old self" are still present in the ghola's mind is a long-drawn debate throughout the story. It has been suggested that the term ghola originates in Arabic, as do other terms in the Dune series.

Movies and television
Although many screenplays have featured ghouls, the first major motion picture of this theme was the 1933 British movie entitled The Ghoul. The actor Boris Karloff plays a dying Egyptologist who possesses an occult gem, known as The Eternal Light, which he believes will grant immortality if he is buried with it, and thereby able to present it to Anubis in the afterlife. Of course, his bickering covetous heirs and associates would rather keep the jewel for themselves. Karloff vows to rise from his grave and avenge himself against anyone who meddles with his plan, and he keeps this promise when one of his colleagues steals The Eternal Light after his death.

In 1968, George A. Romero's movie Night of the Living Dead combined reanimated corpses (zombies) with cannibalistic monsters (ghouls). With this, it created new movie monsters more terrifying than either of the two alone. The term "ghoul" was the one actually used in the movie. The term zombies came later, after the movie was released. Romero had never thought of them that way; he said he thought of the Caribbean creatures, when he heard the term zombies.

The 1976 Turkish movie 'Milk Brothers' (original story by H. Rahmi Gurpinar's 'Ghoul') is a Turkish comedy. Here, a ghoul is a monster with extra power. Ghoul is a monster that was used to frighten little children in the old times, so here the ghoul is used to frighten not only little children, but as well big people.

The 1975 British movie The Ghoul (unrelated to the Karloff movie) stars Peter Cushing as a defrocked missionary whose son has developed a taste for human flesh while traveling in India. As the son's mind and body degenerate, Cushing has several young people dispatched and prepared as food for his offspring, whom he keeps locked up in the attic.

The 1975 anthology movie The Monster Club featured a scene where a village of ghouls stumbled upon by an unwary traveller (Stuart Whitman), who temporarily escapes the creatures with the help of one half-human girl, but he is recaptured when it turns out that the ghouls have representatives inhabiting our normal human world.

In the anime and manga series Hellsing, ghouls are zombie-like creatures that are created when a "chipped" (technological) vampire drains a victim to death, or, in the Manga, where a vampire drains the blood of someone who is not a virgin. If fatally wounded, they instantly crumble to dust. They are under the control of the vampire who bites them, eat human flesh, and are intelligent enough to use firearms. It is not rare to see a vampire make a small army of Ghouls for attack or defense.

"The Ghoul" is the stage name of Cleveland-area horror television host Ron Sweed.

The Batman comics-based franchise, including the 2005 movie, Batman Begins, has an antagonist named, Rā's al-Ghūl, whose name derives from the original Arabic name for the star Algol in the constellation Perseus meaning "the monster's (i.e. Medusa's) head".

Related pages
Genie
Graverobber
Gravedigger
Demon
 Undead

Footnotes and references
Muhawi, Ibrahim, and Sharif Kanaana. Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1988

Legendary creatures

Ghoul


STP usually refers to:
 Stone Temple Pilots, an American rock band
 Standard Temperature and Pressure, definition

STP may also refer to:

Commercial
 Straight Through Processing, banking term where a financial transaction  is automatically completed without manual intervention
 Segment, Target and Position, a marketing acronym
 STP (motor oil company), a brand name and trade name for the automotive additives and performance division of Armored AutoGroup
 STP, New York Stock Exchange symbol for Suntech Power Holdings, a Chinese manufacturer of photovoltaic cells

Geographical
 STP, IATA airport code for St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota
 STP, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code, IOC country code, and FIFA country code for São Tomé and Príncipe
 STP, National Rail code for London St Pancras (Domestic) railway station

Medicine
 Status post, sometimes abbreviated as st.p., used to discuss sequelae with reference to their cause
 Sternal puncture, a form of bone marrow examination
 Scientist Training Programme, the postgraduate training for Healthcare scientists in the UK introduced under Modernising Scientific Careers

Music
 The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, popularly referred to as the "STP Tour" for "Stones Touring Party"
 "S.T.P.", a song on the album Robbin' the Hood by ska punk/reggae band Sublime

Science, math and technology
 Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, a scientific convention of designating standard conditions
 Scalar triple product
 Sewage treatment plant
 Shielded twisted pair, a type of cable
 Shovel test pit, method for archaeological survey
 Signal Transfer Point, an SS7 packet switch
 Sodium tripolyphosphate, a preservative
 South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, aka South Texas Project, nuclear power station located southwest of Bay City, Texas
 Space Test Program, a program conducted by the USAF Space Development and Test Wing at Kirtland Air Force Base
 Spanning tree protocol, a network protocol providing a loop free topology for a LAN or bridged network
 Steiner tree problem in graphs
 Strategic Technology Plan
 ISO 10303-21, the STEP CAD exchange format, uses the file extension .stp

Sports and recreation
 25 metre standard pistol, a shooting sport
 STP, a brand of bicycles marketed by Giant Bicycles
 Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, an annual one- and two-day supported bicycle ride from Seattle, Washington to Portland, Oregon

Other uses
 Sacrae Theologiae Professor, or Professor of Sacred Theology (possibly archaic)
 Society for Threatened Peoples a human rights group based in Göttingen, Germany
 STP, slang name for the psychedelic 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as DOM

STP


The black market is the trade of goods illegally. Black markets operate outside the normal economy. The black market is different from the so-called Grey market, where goods are traded legally, but outside the common channels. Goods and services traded on the black market include drug and  arms trafficking as well as human trafficking and prostitution.

In some cases, the goods or services are cheaper than on the normal market, because taxes or production costs do not need to be paid - very often the goods traded were stolen.  In other cases, the price on the black market is higher, because the goods are difficult to get, and producing or handling them may be dangerous. Prices in the illegal drug trade are often much higher than for similar but legitimate goods, for these reasons.

As with legitimate trade, the economic principles are still that of a market: supply and demand influence the price.

Related page
Smuggling

Crime
Economic markets

Black market


The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach () is a 1968 film by the French filmmaking duo of Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet. It was their first full-length feature film, and reportedly took a decade to finance. The film stars renowned harpsichordist Gustav Leonhardt as Johann Sebastian Bach and Christiane Lang as Anna Magdalena Bach. The orchestral music was performed by Concentus Musicus and conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt. It is the first of several Straub-Huillet films to be based on works of classical music. The film was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.

Though, as on all of their films, Straub and Huillet contributed to the film equally, Straub is the officially credited director.

Cast
 Gustav Leonhardt – Johann Sebastian Bach
 Christiane Lang – Anna Magdalena Bach
 Paolo Carlini – Hölzel
 Ernst Castelli – Steger
 Hans-Peter Boye – Born
 Joachim Wolff – Rector
 Rainer Kirchner – Superintendent
 Eckart Bruntjen – Prefect Kittler
 Walter Peters – Prefect Krause
 Kathrien Leonhard – Catherina Dorothea Bach
 Anja Fahrmann – Regine Susanna Bach
 Katja Drewanz – Christine Sophie Henrietta Bach
 Bob van Asperen – Johann Elias Bach
 Andreas Pangritz – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
 Bernd Weikl – Singer in Cantata No. 205
 Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Prince of Anhalt-Köthen

Style and content
The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach consists of excerpts from Johann Sebastian Bach's works, presented in chronological order and linked by a fictional journal written by his second wife, Anna Magdalena Bach. Each work is typically presented in a single, often immobile take, with the musicians performing in the locations where many of the works were premiered, dressed in period costumes.

Works featured
Works excerpted in the film, in order of appearance, are:

Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, BWV 1050: Allegro 1 (First Movement), bars 147–227
Prelude 6 in E major from the Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, BWV 854
(French) Suite #1 in D Minor from the Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, BWV 812: Minuet 2
Sonata No. 2 in D major for viola da gamba and obbligato harpsichord, BWV 1028: Adagio
Trio-sonata No. 2 in C Minor for Organ, BWV 526: Largo
Magnificat in D major, BWV 243: Sicut locutus est; Gloria (first part)
Partita #6 in E minor from the Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, BWV 830: Gavotte
Cantata BWV 205 ("Aeolus placated"): Bass recitative ("Ja! Ja! Die Stunden sind nunmehro nah") and Aria ("Wie will ich lustig lachen")
Cantata BWV 198 (Funeral Ode for Queen Christiane Eberhardine): Final chorus ("Doch, Königin! du stirbest nicht")
Cantata BWV 244a (Funeral music for Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen): Aria, "Mit Freuden sei die Welt verlassen" (music lost, reconstructed from St Matthew Passion, BWV 244, "Aus Liebe will mein Heiland sterben")
St Matthew Passion, BWV 244: Opening chorus ("Kommt, ihr Töchter, helft mir klagen")
Cantata BWV 42: Sinfonia (Da capo: bars 1–53) and tenor recitative ("Am Abend aber desselbigen Sabbats")
Prelude in B Minor for Organ, BWV 544, bars 1–17
Mass in B Minor, BWV 232: Opening (start of the first Kyrie, bars 1–29)
Cantata BWV 215 (for the coronation of August III): Opening chorus ("Preise dein Glücke, gesegnetes Sachsen"), bars 1–181
Ascension Oratorio, BWV 11: final chorale, 2nd part
Conventional Sunday motet (11th after Trinity) by Leo Leonius from the Florilegium Portense
Clavier-Uebung, BWV 671: Organ-chorale from the 3rd part ("Kyrie, God Holy Spirit")
Italian Concerto, BWV 971: Andante
Cantata Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 ("Awake, the voice calls to us"): 1st duet, bars 1–36
Goldberg Variations, BWV 988: Variation 25
Cantata BWV 82 ("I am content"), last recitative
Musical Offering, BWV 1079: Ricercar a 6, harpsichord, bars 1–139
The Art of Fugue, BWV 1080: Contrapunctus XIV, bars 193–239 (harpsichord), last part
Chorale for Organ, BWV 668 ("Before thy throne, I tread"), bars 1–11

References

External links

1968 films
1960s avant-garde and experimental films
1960s biographical films
1968 musical films
German avant-garde and experimental films
German biographical films
German musical films
West German films
1960s German-language films
Films set in the 18th century
Films directed by Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet
German black-and-white films
Films set in Germany
Films about classical music and musicians
Films about composers
Cultural depictions of Johann Sebastian Bach
1960s German films

The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach


A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light.
The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities.  Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.

In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum. Below optical frequencies (that is, at microwave, radio, and audio frequencies), the spectrum analyzer is a closely related electronic device.

Spectroscopes
Spectrometers are used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Spectroscopes are used often in astronomy and some branches of chemistry.  Early spectroscopes were simply a prism with graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes, such as monochromators, generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some kind of photodetector, all automated and controlled by a computer.  The spectroscope was invented by Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.

Reference works
 How to work with the spectroscope : a manual of practical manipulation with spectroscopes of all kinds
1882; Browning, John (1835-1925) NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT - online full-text download

Related pages
 Spectroscopy

Other websites
 How to design a spectroscope
 A CD spectrometer Build from CD and cereal box - Spectrographs of common light sources
 Supplement: Build Yourself a Simple Hand-Held Spectrograph  Sample spectra
 SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE SCHOOL  Build a simple spectroscope from a CD
 CD spectrometer CD + cardboard tube or cereal box
  Construction photos, razor-blade slit
 MiniSpectroscopy displays a visual representation (a "spectroscope view") of a sample spectrum simultaneously with a graphical (intensity vs. wavelength) representation.

Physics
Laboratory equipment

Spectrometer


The National Library of Chile () is the national library of Chile. It is located on the Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins in Santiago, in a building completed in 1925, though its history reaches to the early nineteenth century before it was relocated to its current home.

History

The Biblioteca Nacional is, together with the Instituto Nacional and a small number of institutions, one of the first institutions created by the newly formed Republic of Chile in the Patria Vieja period. In the newspaper El Monitor Araucano, a Proclama de Fundación ("Proclamation of Foundation") of the Biblioteca Nacional was published on August 19, 1813. With this vision, a call was made to all the citizens to submit their books for the formation of one great public library. As with other republican institutions, the library was closed after the Disaster of Rancagua, in which the national troops were defeated by the army of the realistas. With the victorious Battle of Chacabuco, it was reopened and supported by the government, and started to receive important collections. The Supreme Director of Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins, named professor Manuel de Salas as the first director of the Biblioteca Nacional. In 1822 Friar Camilo Henríquez (director of the Aurora de Chile newspaper) was named as the second head librarian.

Since its creation, the library had been a dependency of the Universidad de San Felipe and its successor, the Universidad de Chile, until it gained autonomy in 1852. In 1913, upon its 100th anniversary, the Biblioteca Nacional acquired the Monasterio de Santa Clara, located on the Alameda de las Delicias on present-day Cerro Santa Lucía. At the creation in 1929, the library was made into a dependency of the Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos.

Location

Since 1925, Biblioteca Nacional has been situated in the centre of Santiago, Chile. It was formerly located in the square where now stands the Teatro Municipal de Santiago (Municipal Theater of Santiago).

Construction of the present building began in 1913. It was commissioned as one of the commemorative public works in honour of the first centenary of the independence of Chile. The building boasts an imposing façade of columns and arches, of very pronounced French neoclassical influence. The library shares its building with the Archivo Nacional de Chile (the National Archive). Adjoining the building is the Santa Lucía metro station, and to the east is Cerro Santa Lucía.

The interior, spread out over two main levels and a basement, has been embellished and decorated with carved marble staircases, sculptures and paintings from some of the country's classic artists, such as Alfredo Helsby and Arturo Gordon.

Collections

The Biblioteca Nacional has an extensive and valuable collection of books and manuscripts. Several of these were acquired from or donated by their owners, making up an important national historical treasure. The most important collections include:

See also
List of national libraries
Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts
Asociación de Estados Iberoamericanos para el Desarrollo de las Bibliotecas Nacionales de Iberoamérica
Biblioteca de Santiago

References

Further reading

External links

Library buildings completed in 1925
Buildings and structures in Santiago
Libraries in Chile
Chile
Tourist attractions in Santiago, Chile
Education in Santiago, Chile
World Digital Library partners
National Monuments of Chile
Deposit libraries
Libraries established in 1813
1813 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile

National Library of Chile


The Ford Zephyr wis a caur manufactured bi the Ford Motor Company in the Unitit Kinrick. Atween 1950 an 1972, it wis sauld as a mair pouerful sax-cylinder saloon tae complement the fower-cylinder Ford Consul: frae 1962 the Zephyr itself wis offered in baith fower- an sax-cylinder versions.

The Zephyr an its luxury variant, the Zephyr Zodiac which appeared in 1955, wur the lairgest passenger caurs in the Breetish Ford range frae 1950 till thay wur replaced in 1971 bi a lairger Ford Consul an Granada.

History
The Mark I Ford Consul an Zephyr models wur first displayed at the Earl's Court motor shaw in 1950. Thay wur the first tae uise in mass production the MacPherson Strut independent front suspension which is still widely uised the day. Production began wi the Consul on Januar 1, 1951. The Mark I model ran till 1956. Frae Aprile 1956 the Mark II Consul, Zephyr an Zodiac went on sale an wur kent as the Three Graces. The Mark II range wis a big seller an finished its run in 1962 when frae Aprile that year the Mark III Zephyr 4, Zephyr 6 an Zodiac went on sale; the Consul name wis dropped, the caur's place in the Ford UK line-up bein filled bi the first fower-cylinder Ford Zephyr. While the Mark II Zephyr an Zodiacs haed shared the same body (the Consul haed shorter front guards an bulkhead), the new Zodiac an Zephyrs launched in 1962 shared few body panels. Wi the Mark III, Ford finally sortit oot problems that haed beset previous models (Mark I axles an Mark II gearboxes wur parteecular weaknesses) an the Mark III proved tae be the maist popular an durable o the range (it is said that possibly nae ither UK-based caur haed unnergane as much pre-production testin). The model sauld at a rate equal tae or better nor the Mark II baith in the UK an overseas, but wis in production for a shorter time. During the last months o production, an up-mercat Executive version wis addit tae the Mark III range, an examples o thir are the day hichtlie sought efter. The Mk III range wis discontinued in Januar 1966 (mony believe prematurely gien the caurs' success) an the completely new Zephyr / Zodiac Mark IV range wis released in Aprile 1966. This caur wis somewha ahead o its time wi a design that anticipatit the later Consul/Granada range wi V-ingines an independent rear suspension, but the research an development o the model wis very rushed an this unfortunately reflectit in its durability.

Awtho the Ford Zephyr niver saw American production, caurs wur importit intae the US an the name itself haes appeared on ither American Ford-relatit caurs: the Mercury Zephyr wis an upscale version o the Ford Fairmont, an the Lincoln Zephyr began its seicont production run in 2006 (the first wis frae 1936 tae 1942).

Zephyr
Rally caurs
Vehicles introduced in 1950

Ford Zephyr


The mind is a general term for the way a person thinks, reasons, perceives, wills, has ideas, and feels. For science, what others call the mind is entirely caused by workings of the brain. The philosopher Gilbert Ryle called mind the "Ghost in the Machine". He said the idea that it was separate from the brain was the mistaken "Official Doctrine". However, some think that mind is separate from the body and is called a soul (see dualism).

Many people argue about what makes up the mind. Some say that only reason and memory are part of the mind, because they are conscious. In this view the emotions like love, hate, fear and joy are different from the mind. Some people with this view say the emotions are part of the heart. Others argue that our rational and emotional states cannot be separated and should all be part of what we call the mind.

People often use mind  to mean the same as thought: the way we talk to ourselves "inside our heads". This is where the sayings "make up our minds," "change our minds" and "of two minds" come from. One of the important things of the mind in this sense is that it is private. No one else can "know our mind."

History of the word
The original meaning of the Old English gemynd was memory. This explains the sayings call to mind, come to mind, keep in mind, to have mind of, and so on. Old English had other words to express what we call "mind" today, such as hyge, meaning "mind, spirit".
The word mind gradually grew to mean all conscious thought over the 14th and 15th centuries.

Studying the mind

Aspects of the mind
Thought is when we absorb what happens around us so that we can deal with it effectively according to our plans and desires. Thinking is using information, like forming concepts, problem solving, reasoning and making choices.

Memory is when we store information in our minds, and can later recall it.

Imagination is the ability to invent worlds inside the mind, complete or not. The mind makes these by drawing on experience in the shared world.

Consciousness is knowing that we exist and the world exists, and being able to understand what happens around us.

Mental health
Just like the body, a mind can be healthy.  The measure of this is called mental health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is not one way to measure mental health in all people, because there are many things in our environment that might make what is mentally healthy different from one person to another.  In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "mental illness" are not opposites.  In other words, not having a mental illness does not mean you are in good mental health.

One way to study mental health is by looking at how well a person lives.  Signs of mental health include: feeling capable and happy, being able to handle normal levels of stress, making and keeping friends, leading an independent life, and being able to  recover from difficult situations.

Philosophy
Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind and how it is linked to the body. The main problem is how the mind is related to the body, but there are also questions about the nature of the mind that do not talk about its relation to the physical body.

Dualism and monism are the two main ways people try to solve the mind-body problem. Dualism is when people believe that the mind and body are in some way separate from each other. It can be traced back to Plato, Aristotle, and the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, but it was most precisely formulated by René Descartes in the 17th century.

Monism is the belief that mind and body are not physiologically and ontologically distinct kinds of entities. This view was first seen in Western philosophy by  Parmenides in the 5th century BC and was later held by the 17th-century rationalist Baruch Spinoza. According to Spinoza, mind and body are two parts of a larger being.

Idealists think that the mind is all that exists and that the outside world is actually made up by the mind. Physicalists think that everything can be expressed by what is physical. Neutral monists believe that everything can be either mental or physical depending how you see it. For example, a red spot on a wall is physical, because it is an actual thing depending on the physical wall, but it is mental because our brain responds to the colour.  The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been different kinds of physicalism, including  behaviorism.

Psychology
Psychology is the study of the way we think, feel and act. It involves the scientific study of processes such as perception, cognition, feelings, personality, as well as things around us that might affect the way we think. From this study, psychologists try to form rules for why we act the way we do. Psychology also includes using this knowledge to help solve problems of everyday life and treat mental health problems.

Social psychology and group behaviour
Social psychology is the study of how we think, feel and act in groups of other people. Most people who study social psychology are either psychologists or sociologists.

Mind's eye

The phrase Mind's eye refers to the ability to see things with the mind.

Related pages
Trance
Cognition

References

Psychology
Philosophy

Mind


Jan Rys-Rozsévač (1 November 1901 – 27 June 1946) was a Czechoslovakian journalist and politician and leader of fascist organisation Vlajka.

Jan Rozsévač began to study medicine at a university but didn't finish his studies. In 1936 he joined Vlajka (in Czech the flag), a nationalistic organisation founded in 1930. At the time he adopted the pen name Jan Rys. Under this name he published books "Židozednářství - metla lidstva" (Jewish freemasonry - the scourge of humankind, 1938) and "Hilsneriáda a TGM" (Hilsner Affair and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1939). After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Vlajka was officially disbanded and Rys-Rozsévač imprisoned. He was released just before the rest of Czechoslovakia was occupied (15 March 1939) to become leader of Vlajka.

Rys-Rozsévač attempted to establish a mass fascist organization and helped to move Vlajka from traditional anti-German chauvinism to collaboration with Nazis and Gestapo. During 1939 - 1940 Vlajka organized mass meetings against politicians of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia as represented by Masaryk and Beneš. The German occupational authorities nevertheless decided to support a group of collaborators around Emanuel Moravec, his political competitor. Because of constant propaganda attacks on Moravec, Vlajka was disbanded at the end of 1942 and the leaders, including Rys-Rozsévač, were sent as privileged prisoners into the Dachau concentration camp and transferred to Tyrol at the end of the war, where he was liberated in early May 1945. After the war Rys-Rozsévač and three his coworkers (Josef Burda, Jaroslav Čermák and Otakar Polívka) were sentenced to death, and several others to were sentenced to long term imprisonment. Rys-Rozsévač was hanged in Pankrác Prison in 1946.

References

Literature
 Milan Nakonečný: Vlajka, 2001, . Republished as Český fašismus (Czech fascism), 2006, . Narrative description of Czech fascism and its reprezentants.

External links
 Short biography at Kdo byl kdo (in Czech)

1901 births
1946 deaths
People from Jičín District
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Vlajka politicians
Executed politicians
Executed Czechoslovak collaborators with Nazi Germany
People executed by Czechoslovakia by hanging

Jan Rys-Rozsévač


The term conjunto (, literally 'group', 'ensemble') refers to several types of small musical ensembles present in different Latin American musical traditions, mainly in Mexico and Cuba. While Mexican conjuntos play styles such as norteño and tejano, Cuban conjuntos specialize in the son, as well as its derivations such as salsa.

Mexican
Mexican conjunto music, also known as conjunto tejano, was born in south Texas at the end of the 19th century, after German settlers introduced the button accordion. The bajo sexto has come to accompany the button accordion and is integral to the conjunto sound. Many conjuntos are concentrated in the Southwestern portion of the United States, primarily in Texas and California. In Mexico, the term conjunto is associated with norteño and tejano music. Since tejano was bred out of norteño music originally, this association is not entirely false. However, due to various cultural and socioeconomic developments in the 1900s, norteño musicians began trailblazing the tejano genre as a tangent to conjunto.

In the United States and Mexico, a conjunto band is composed of four main instruments: the button accordion, the bajo sexto, an electric bass, and a drum set. They are popular in northern Mexico and southern Texas. German and East European settlers brought their accordions, waltzes and polkas to the region, which were adapted by the local population. Texas accordion player Flaco Jiménez is probably the best-known conjunto musician in the United States, with a career spanning sixty years and earning him six Grammy awards. Chulas Fronteras is a documentary film from the 1970s which illustrates how the music meshed into the lives of families in south Texas and northern Mexico.

Other types of Mexican conjunto

Jarocho
A conjunto jarocho is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of requinto, arpa jarocha, jarana and leona, but can also have violin, pandero octagonal, quijada, marimbol or güiro. Its repertory covers sones jarochos in ,  and .

Huasteco
A conjunto huasteco is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of guitarra huapanguera, jarana huasteca and violin, but can also have other violins and guitars. Its repertory covers sones huastecos in  and , and rancheras.

Arpa grande
A conjunto de arpa grande is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of diatonic harp, Mexican vihuela, guitar and two violins. Its repertory covers planeco music: sones planecos in  and , and rancheras.

Calentano
A conjunto calentano is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of violin, guitar and tamborita, but can also have other violin, guitarra panzona, guitarra sexta and harp. Its repertory covers calentano music: sones calentanos and gustos, and other musical forms such as Indias, malagueñas, peteneras, valses, polkas, pasos dobles, sones, chilenas, minuets, rancheras, and corridos.

Cuban

Cuban conjunto music was developed in the 1940s by famous tres player Arsenio Rodríguez by adding several instruments (a piano, a tumbadora and various trumpets) to the typical son cubano ensemble, the septeto. Septetos consisted of a lead vocalist and guitar(s), double bass, bongó, maracas and trumpet. Even though the origins of the conjunto cubano can be traced to several sextetos and septetos of the 1920s, it wasn't until the 1940s when Arsenio Rodríguez expanded the Sexteto Bellamar that the conjunto was established. However, some authors argue that the Conjunto Kubavana, conducted by Alberto Ruiz, was the very first Cuban conjunto, founded around 1937. The conjunto contrasted with ballroom orchestras, the charangas, orquestas and danzoneras that were made popular by bandleaders such as Antonio Arcaño.

Conjunto music was crucial in the early development of salsa. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Puerto Rican music scene in New York City revolved around charangas such as Charlie Palmieri's Duboney Orchestra. Their music was largely based on Cuban styles such as mambo, chachachá and, most importantly, pachanga. Key charanga flautist, bandleader and entrepreneur Johnny Pacheco switched from the charanga configuration to the conjunto in 1964. However, the first New York-based conjunto was Eddie Palmieri's "La Perfecta", which had its debut in 1962. These conjuntos would be crucial in the early development of the most successful Latin American music genre to date, salsa. Notably, the introduction of Puerto Rican music styles such as bomba and plena within the conjunto and Cuban music in general resulted in what is known today as salsa.

See also
Mexican music
Cuban music

References

Further reading

External links
 PBS.org: documentary video - "Accordion Dreams" — history of Conjunto music.
 PBS−WBGU.org: documentary video - "Playing From the Heart" — about a Conjunto musician.
 Buscon.rae.es: "Conjunto definition"—
 Texas Conjunto Hall of Fame Videos at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

Regional styles of Mexican music
Latin music genres
Music of Texas
Cuban styles of music
German-American culture in Texas
Son cubano
Tejano music

Conjunto


Pharmaceutical chemistry  or medicinal chemistry is a discipline of chemistry and pharmacology. Medicinal chemistry is interested in finding out about the chemical properties drugs have, and about the synthesis and production of drugs. In general, medicinal chemistry is seen as a specialization of organic chemistry.

Constantin Zwenger (1814-1885) was the person who founded the field of pharmaceutical chemistry.

Branches of chemistry

Pharmaceutical chemistry


The Battle of Bull's Ferry on 20 and 21 July 1780 saw two American brigades under Brigadier General Anthony Wayne attack a party of Loyalist Americans led by Thomas Ward. The Loyalists successfully defended a blockhouse against an ineffective bombardment by four American artillery pieces and a failed attempt to storm the position by Wayne's infantry. During the action, American light dragoons under Major Light Horse Harry Lee drove off a large number of cattle that were kept in the area for the use of the British army in New York City. The clash inspired British Major John André to write a satirical ballad entitled The Cow Chace. The skirmish was fought at Bulls Ferry, New Jersey in the Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga. At this stage of the conflict only raids and minor actions occurred in the north.

Background
The Battle of Monmouth on 28 June 1778 was the last significant engagement in the north. After the battle, George Washington marched his army to New Brunswick, New Jersey, arriving there on 2 July . Leaving William Maxwell's brigade in New Jersey, the main body of the American army crossed the Hudson River. By 24 July Washington's army arrived at White Plains, New York and placed the British garrison of New York City in a blockade that lasted the remainder of the war. In late July, the French admiral Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing arrived off Sandy Hook with one 90-gun ship of the line, one 80, six 74s, two 64s, and one 50, plus four frigates. Badly outgunned, Sir Richard Howe prepared to defend the entrance to New York harbor with six 64s, three 50s, six frigates, four galleys, and an armed merchantman. Meanwhile, British commander Sir Henry Clinton at Sandy Hook needed Howe's ships to transport his army to New York, otherwise he might be trapped. D'Estaing, whose larger vessels drew  was informed by local pilots that there was only  of water over the bar. On the morning of 22 July the frustrated French admiral sailed away. That afternoon a high tide pushed 30 feet of water over the bar and thus an opportunity to end the war in 1778 was missed.

On 27 September 1778, the British wiped out the 3rd Continental Light Dragoons in the Baylor Massacre. On the American side, Anthony Wayne carried out a brilliant coup in the Battle of Stony Point on 16 July 1779. This feat was followed on 19 August 1779 by another successful raid by Light Horse Harry Lee in the Battle of Paulus Hook.

With a total of 27,000 troops on the Atlantic coast of North America, Clinton decided to move against Charleston, South Carolina. Leaving Wilhelm von Knyphausen to hold New York with 10,000 soldiers, Clinton embarked for the south with 8,700 troops in the fleet of Mariot Arbuthnot on 26 December 1779. Clinton was later reinforced so that his army numbered 12,500. The subsequent capitulation of Benjamin Lincoln's army in the Siege of Charleston on 12 May 1780 represented the largest American mass surrender of the war. As many as 5,500 men were captured, including 2,650 irreplaceable Continental Army soldiers. Leaving Lord Charles Cornwallis in South Carolina with two-thirds of the army, Clinton headed back to New York.

Meanwhile, Knyphausen staged the Springfield Raid in June 1780. The Hessian general started out with 5,000 men on 7 June. That day, he was successfully blocked by Elias Dayton's Continentals and militia in the Battle of Connecticut Farms. Clinton returned to New York on 17 June. Hearing that a French fleet and army was on the way to Newport, Rhode Island, the British commander sent some ships up the Hudson to make it difficult for the Americans to cross to the east side and join the French. Washington moved his army to cover his key fort at West Point, New York on the Hudson, leaving Nathanael Greene to shield his base at Morristown, New Jersey. On 23 June, Knyphausen lunged at Morristown. In the Battle of Springfield, Greene's division slowed the Hessian general's thrust. That evening Knyphausen withdrew into Staten Island.

Battle
On 20 July 1780, Washington ordered Wayne to take the 1st and 2nd Pennsylvania Brigades, four artillery pieces, and Stephen Moylan's 4th Continental Light Dragoons to destroy a British blockhouse at Bulls Ferry in Bergen Township, opposite New York City. The stockaded position was held by 70 Loyalists commanded by Thomas Ward, providing a base for British woodcutting operations and protection against raids by American militia.

At that time, the British kept cattle and horses on Bergen Neck to the south, within easy reach of foragers from the British garrison at Paulus Hook. A second motive for Wayne's operation was to seize the livestock for the use of Washington's army. Wayne sent his cavalry under the leadership of Harry Lee to round up the cattle, while he took three regiments and the artillery to attack the blockhouse.

Early on 21 July, Wayne bombarded the blockhouse with his four cannons, but an hour later there were no discernible results. After being peppered with accurate fire from the blockhouse, the American soldiers from the 1st and 2nd Pennsylvania Regiments became impatient. Despite their officers' attempts to stop them, the soldiers dashed forward through the abatis to the base of the stockade. Once there, they found it impossible to break into the defensive works, and were forced to retreat.

Result
Aside from John André's ballad, the consequences of the skirmish were the loss of lives and the seizure of cattle. Wayne reported losses of 15 enlisted men killed, plus three officers and 46 enlisted men wounded. Clinton estimated that Wayne had almost 2,000 troops available. He admitted the loss of 21 casualties and reported that 50 round shot penetrated the blockhouse. In a poetical note at the end of The Cow Chace, André suggested that five Loyalists were killed.

Five refugees ('tis true) were found,Stiff on the blockhouse floor;But then 'tis thought the shot went round,And in at the back door.

In one stanza, the British major poked fun at American claims that their cannonballs could not damage the blockhouse.

No shot could pass, if you will takeThe General's word for true;But 'tis a d(amna)ble mistake,For every shot went through.

Lee rounded up a substantial number of cattle and returned them to Washington's camp. Wayne burned the wood-cutters' boats and captured some of the boatmen. From André's fifth stanza, it is clear that Colonel Thomas Proctor commanded Wayne's artillery. Proctor was born in Ireland ("remoter Shannon").

And sons of distant Delaware,And still remoter Shannon,And Major Lee with horses rare,And Procter with his cannon.

André mocked Wayne's subordinate Brigadier General William Irvine, who fought at Bull's Ferry. The British major credited Irvine, misspelled "Irving", with command of the attack on the blockhouse while Wayne and Lee had the easy work of cattle rustling.

At Irving's nod 'twas fine to see,The left prepare to fight;The while, the drovers, Wayne and Lee,Drew off upon the right.

Two later stanzas made fun of the retreat of Irvine's column.

Irving and terror in the van,Came flying all abroad;And cannon, colors, horse, and man,Ran tumbling to the road.Still as he fled, 'twas Irving's cry,And his example too,"Run on, my merry men – For why?The shot will not go through."

The British major even took a swipe at William Alexander, Lord Stirling who was not even involved in the operation. Alexander had made an unsuccessful attempt to claim a Scottish earldom between 1756 and 1762. His hard-drinking ways were well known to British officers.

Let none candidly infer,That Stirling wanted spunk;The self-made peer had sure been there,But that the peer was drunk.

Alluding to his pre-war career as a tanner, André poked fun at Wayne in the first and last stanzas.

To drive the kine one summer's morn,The tanner took his way;The calf shall rue that is unborn,The jumbling of that day.And now I've clos'd my epic strain,I tremble as I show it,Lest this same warrior-drover, Wayne,Should ever catch the poet.

Notes

References

Nead, Benjamin M. (1880) usgwarchives.net Pennsylvania Magazine of History & Biography. Vol. 4 No. 4. A sketch of Gen. Thomas Proctor, with some account of the First Pennsylvania Artillery in the Revolution (Retrieved 30 December 2011)

Bull's Ferry
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving Great Britain
1780 in the United States
Conflicts in 1780
Hudson County, New Jersey
1780 in New Jersey
Bull's Ferry

Battle of Bull's Ferry


"Planet of the Symbiotes" is a five-issue comic book story arc written by David Michelinie and published by Marvel Comics in 1995. The arc spanned the five "Super Special #1" editions of the Spider-Man titles available at the time: The Amazing Spider-Man, Spider-Man, The Spectacular Spider-Man, Venom, and Web of Spider-Man. The plot continued a narrative first published in the four-part limited series Venom: Separation Anxiety (1994) where doubt is placed in the mind of Eddie Brock about who is in control of the relationship between himself and the sentient Venom symbiote that grants him his powers.

The story centers on the invasion of Earth by an army of symbiotes and the efforts of Venom, Spider-Man, and Scarlet Spider to stop them.

Story
Starting in the one-shot comic The Amazing Spider-Man Super Special #1 (April 1995), Eddie Brock contemplates his relationship with the Venom symbiote after seeing Riot, Phage, Lasher, Agony, and Scream struggle to control themselves against their own symbiotes. While teamed with Spider-Man against a terrorist group, Brock realizes the Venom symbiote is influencing him to kill. Spider-Man attempts to convince Eddie to abandon the Venom symbiote by blaming it for Brock's insanity. Brock forces the Venom symbiote to leave him, to allow him to think about the situation uninfluenced. Angry at being rejected, the Venom symbiote unleashes a powerful, telepathic scream that draws a spaceship of other symbiotes to Earth.

Continuing in the same issue, the symbiotes begin possessing random civilians and committing murders. Brock, believing the Venom symbiote is to blame, teams with Spider-Man and the Scarlet Spider to investigate. They eventually discover the symbiotes are creating a massive machine out of stolen Earth components. The three engage the symbiotes but find themselves overwhelmed. Scarlet Spider is revealed to be wearing a symbiote, which drags all three through the machine.

Following part 2 in the one-shot Spider-Man Super Special #1 (July 1995), the one-shot Venom Super Special #1 (Aug. 1995), finds the three on another planet, a world conquered by the symbiotes, the machine revealed to be a teleporter. The symbiote that had bonded with the Scarlet Spider is revealed to be Venom who again bonds with Brock. Venom conveys the history of the symbiotes as a race of creatures intent on taking over host bodies from other races in order to feel emotion. The Venom symbiote was considered an aberration for wanting to bond with a host instead of dominating them. Venom also reveals the symbiotes intend to conquer Earth next. Spider-Man, the Scarlet Spider and Venom escape through the teleporter to Earth, but are followed by the symbiote invasion force.

The Spectacular Spider-Man Super Special #1 (Sept. 1995) continues the story with a symbiote releasing the serial killer Cletus Kasady from prison, unleashing the bonded symbiote that makes Kasady into the supervillain Carnage. Carnage absorbs the second symbiote and becomes stronger as a result. Spider-Man, Scarlet Spider and Venom launch an assault against the symbiote invaders but are overwhelmed. As they are about to be defeated, Carnage appears, having grown to building-size proportions by consuming symbiotes.

The conclusion in Web of Spider-Man Super Special #1 (Oct. 1995) finds Carnage seeking out Venom to kill him. Spider-Man and Scarlet Spider fight Carnage while Venom attempts to create a more powerful telekinetic scream to subdue the symbiotes. Spider-Man and Scarlet Spider defeat Carnage and Brock fully bonds with his symbiote to create the necessary scream. The scream creates enough pain and despair that the symbiotes commit suicide. Venom decides he is content to be both Brock and the symbiote.

Collected edition
A trade paperback book collecting the story arc was released in August 2018 under the title Venom: Planet of the Symbiotes.

In other media
 Planet of the Symbiotes and Lethal Protector serve as the primary inspiration for the 2018 film Venom.
 Planet of the Symbiotes is adapted as the eighteenth Spec-Ops Mission of Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 Planet of the Symbiotes also served as the inspiration for the Spider-Man episode "Vengeance of Venom".

See also

 List of Venom titles
 Venom: Separation Anxiety (1994–95)
 Venom: Along Came A Spider (1996)
 Venom: The Hunted (1996)

References

External links

"Planet of the Symbiotes" (story arc) at The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

Comics by David Michelinie
Marvel Comics adapted into films
Spider-Man storylines
Venom (character) titles

Planet of the Symbiotes


The irregular bones are bones that from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone.

Irregular bones serve some special purpose in the body:

(1) protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord),

(2) affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone).

The irregular bones are: the vertebræ, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.

Reference

Bones

Irregular bone