Badfinger was a British rock group. They were first called The Iveys, but renamed themselves after a song title, "Badfinger Boogie", the original title of "With a Little Help From My Friends". The band's members were Peter Ham, Tom Evans, Mike Gibbins and Joey Molland. Badfinger recorded for Apple Records, which was a record label started by The Beatles, Warner Brothers, Elektra Records, and Radio Records.

Their first hit record was "Come And Get It", which was written by Paul McCartney. It appeared in a movie, The Magic Christian. The band followed McCartney's demo closely to make the record. The finished record sounded like a Beatles song. Later they made records that sounded different, and showed the band's own style. Todd Rundgren was the producer of some of their recordings.

Badfinger's other hit records included "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue". Later they left Apple Records and recorded for Warner Bros. Ham and Evans were the band's main songwriters. One of their songs, "Without You", was recorded by the band, but was not a hit. A later cover version by singer Harry Nilsson became an international hit, and was the first of many such versions. Many recording artists have sung "Without You", including Mariah Carey.

In 1970 Badfinger made an agreement with an American businessman called Stan Polley who promised to help them earn more money. But instead of helping them, Polley kept their money away from them in an account and refused to tell them how to get it out. He also behaved dishonestly toward Warner Bros. Because of his dishonesty, the band's sixth album was removed from shops after being available for only seven weeks, and Warner Bros. refused to release their seventh album. As a result, the band did not earn any money for their hard work, which made Pete Ham feel very depressed. Feeling that he could not be a good husband or father without any money, Ham committed suicide by hanging himself in 1975.

Evans and Molland decided they still wanted to work together. Mike Gibbins, the drummer, wanted to as well, but could not. They found two more musicians to take the place of Ham and Gibbins, and recorded a new album called "Airwaves". They had only one very small hit, but continued to tour. They released another record called "Say No More". This record had cover art by artist Peter Max.

Tom Evans had problems like Ham's, and killed himself (eight years after Ham) in the same way.

References

Musical groups established in 1969
1960s establishments in England
20th-century establishments in Wales
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
1970s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
1984 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
British rock bands
1975 disestablishments in Europe

Badfinger


A pickup is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric
bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.

There are two main types of pickups. While piezo pickups are more common on acoustic guitars, and magnetic on electric ones, some guitars have both kinds.

Piezo pickups contain a crystal that produces an electrical signal when physically vibrated.

Magnetic pickups contain magnets with wire wrapped around them. When a metal string vibrates near the magnet an electrical signal is produced in the wire.

Other websites

 Technical detail on how pickups work
 UltimateGuitar.com Pickup FAQ
 Constructing an Under Saddle Transducer - Instructions for building a piezo cable guitar transducer.  An article on the Liutaio Mottola Lutherie Information Website.
 Properties of Magnetic Materials (chapter)
 Neophyzix Sound Research/Q-tuner neodymium powered guitar & bass pickups. Downloadable 24 Bit/96 kHz audio wav demo.

Musical instrument construction
Electronics

Pickup (music)


St. Albans Park is a residential suburb of Geelong, Victoria, 6 km southeast from Geelong's city centre. It is bounded by Boundary Road (West), Coppards Road (East), Townsend Road (North) and the Barwon River (South). The suburbs that surround it are Whittington, Breakwater, Moolap and Marshall. The suburb extends around the St. Albans Homestead and stud, a historic house and accompanying stables.  At the , St. Albans Park had a population of 4,942.

The suburb contains facilities such as an aged care village, church and many parks and reserves. Due to a significant increase in the number of young families moving to the suburb, a new kindergarten has been built in Homestead Drive. The suburb is close to the Bellarine Village and Newcomb Central shopping centres.

St Albans Uniting Church in Wilsons Road was built in 1869 and dedicated in 1870. Its beginnings can be traced back to forerunner churches and church gatherings from the early 1840s. Forerunner churches and chapels were located in Lakes Road (now Woods Road) in Boronggoop (early name for St. Albans Park area bounded by Barwon River and extending north east in a  allotment - initially held by Caroline Elizabeth Newcomb - to Point Henry), in Hampstead, (early name for St. Albans Park area bounded by Woods / Coppards / Townsend / Wellington Roads), Regent Street and Chapel Street - the last two both in Whittington.

Heritage listed sites

St Albans Park contains a number of heritage listed sites, including:

 6-30 Homestead Drive, St Albans Homestead
 305 Wilson Road, St Albans Homestead Gate Lodge

References

Suburbs of Geelong

St Albans Park, Victoria


A vahalkada (), known as a frontispiece in English, is a structure constructed joining a stupa at its four cardinal directions as a decorative flourish. Later, these frontispieces came to be decorated or embellished with designs such as the creeper design. Stone slabs erected for the purpose of offering flower at the stupa too have been added to these frontispieces.

See also
Ancient stupas of Sri Lanka
Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka

References

Stupas in Sri Lanka
Architecture in Sri Lanka

Vahalkada


Kykkos Monastery ( or  [] for short, ), which lies 20 km west of Pedoulas, is one of the wealthiest and best-known monasteries in Cyprus.

The Holy Monastery of the Virgin of Kykkos was founded around the end of the 11th century by the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118). The monastery lies at an altitude of 1318 meters on the north west face of Troödos Mountains. There are no remains of the original monastery as it was burned down many times. The first President of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III started his ecclesiastical career there as a monk in 1926. He remained fond of the place and returned there many times. His request to be buried there materialised after his death in 1977. His tomb lies 3 km west of Kykkos monastery and remains a popular visitor destination.

History

According to tradition written by Vasil Grigorovich-Barsky, the Ukrainian pilgrim who travelled to Kykkos Monastery in 1735, a virtuous hermit called Esaias was living in a cave on the mountain of Kykkos. One day, the Byzantine governor of the island, doux Manuel Boutoumites, who was spending the summer at a village of Marathasa because of the heat of the season, went into the forest to hunt. Having lost his way in the forest he met Monk Esaias and asked him to show him the way. The hermit who was not interested in the things of this world would not answer his questions.

Boutoumites got angry at the monk's indifference and called him names and even maltreated him. Not long after, when the doux returned to Nicosia, he fell ill with an incurable illness by the name of lethargia. In his terrible condition he remembered how inhumanly he had treated the hermit Esaias and asked God to cure him so that he might go to ask the hermit personally for forgiveness. And this came to pass. But God had appeared in front of the hermit and revealed to him that the very thing that had happened had been planned by the divine will and advised him to ask Boutoumites to bring the icon of the Virgin, that had been painted by the Apostle Luke, to Cyprus.

The icon was kept in the imperial palace at Constantinople. When Boutoumites heard the hermit's wish he was taken aback because he considered such a thing impossible. Then Esaias explained to him that it was a matter of divine wish and they agreed to travel together to Constantinople for the realization of their aim.

Time was passing and Boutoumites could not find the right opportunity to present himself in front of the emperor and ask for the icon. For this reason he provided Esaias with other icons and other necessary things and sent him back to Cyprus, at the same time placating him that he would soon see the emperor. By divine dispensation the daughter of the emperor had fallen ill with the same illness that had struck Boutoumites. The latter grasped the opportunity and went to see the Emperor Alexios III Angelos. He recounted to him his personal experience with the monk Esaias and assured him that his daughter would be cured if he sent to Cyprus the holy icon of the Virgin. In his desperation the emperor, seeing that he had no other option, agreed. His daughter became well instantly. The emperor, however, not wanting to be parted from the icon of the Virgin, called a first-class painter and ordered him to paint an exact copy of the icon with the aim of sending this one to Cyprus.

In the evening the Mother of God herself appears in a dream of the emperor's and tells him that her wish is for her icon to be sent to Cyprus and for the copy to be kept by the emperor. On the following day the royal boat with the icon of the Virgin departed for Cyprus where Esaias was awaiting for it. During the procession of the icon from the coast to the Troödos Mountains, according to legend, the trees, participating in the welcoming ceremonies, were piously bending their trunks and branches. With patronage provided by the emperor Alexios Komnenos a church and monastery were built at Kykkos, where the icon of the Virgin was deposited.

According to another tradition, still preserved by the people, a bird with human voice was flying around the area singing:
Kykkou, Kykkou, Kykkos' hill
A monastery the site shall fill
A golden girl shall enter in
And never shall come out again

The "golden girl" is, without a doubt, the icon of the Virgin while the monastery is the Holy Royal and Stauropegial Monastery of Kykkos which has been sheltering the icon for over nine hundred years.

The church of the Monastery was destroyed three times in its history. The current church dates from 1745.

The icon of Virgin Mary

Throughout the centuries locals have revered the icon and have attributed miracles to its presence. In 1760 a success in the struggle against locust devastation, a frequent problem of the time, was believed to be the work of the icon. The icon has also served as a template for other paintings depicting the Madonna in eastern Orthodoxy.
The icon is never looked at, and its top half remains hidden behind a protective covering as it is said that whoever looks at it will be blinded. The last person to have seen the icon is the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria Gerasimos, in 1669. The icon is rarely uncovered, although this happens on occasion. In recent years there had been a drought affecting Cyprus, in response to which the fathers took the icon to her throne, and read special supplications for rain, whilst looking away from the uncovered icon.

Other relics
There are placed to the right of the icon a bronze arm, and a sword fish saw. Regarding the arm, this serves as a reminder the story of a Turk who tried to light a cigarette using one of the vigil lamps and he was cursed and suffered a gangrenous arm. The saw from the sword fish represents the gratefulness of sailors who prayed to Our Lady of Kykkos to save them from the storms of the sea.

Metochion Kykkou
Kykkos monastery maintains separate grounds Engomi, Nicosia called Metochi tou Kykkou (Μετόχι του Κύκκου). The land on which it lies was acquired over the years by the monastery through bequests. With the city's rapid expansion, the area which once used to be in the outskirts has now become prime property. Despite this, much of it is still used for agricultural purposes. Up until the construction of its purpose built premises, the Cyprus State Fair was held on these grounds.

In 1974, whilst Archbishop Makarios was under pursuit by the military junta, he headed for refuge here. As a result, the building was hit by tank fire and part of it collapsed. When he died subsequently, he was buried on the grounds.

Metropolitanate
The current abbot, Nikephoros, whose symbol is the bee, was made a bishop. His proper title is "Right Reverend Metropolitan of Kykkos and Tillyria Monsigneur Nikephoros". He stood for election to become Archbishop of Cyprus.

References

External links

 Official Kykko Monastery Website
The Kykko Monastery Museum (English)
Museum of Kykkos Monastery
Kykkos Portal
 3-D Virtual reality panoramic views of cloister and gallery mosaics
 Icon of Virgin Kykkotissa

Cypriot Orthodox monasteries
Greek Orthodox monasteries
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century
Historic sites in Cyprus
Alexios I Komnenos
Eastern Orthodox church buildings dedicated to Theotokos
Paphos District
Troodos Mountains

Kykkos Monastery


Pune is the 8th largest metropolis in India. It is on the Deccan Plateau in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city is famous for the great Maratha king Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.  It is also the birthplace of spiritual teacher Meher Baba.  Mutha are the two rivers that flow through the city.

It has a major Information Technology (IT) center. This city is managed by the Pune Municipal Council (PMC).
Pune is a city of knowledge and often known as the Oxford of the east. In Marathi, it is known as vidyeche maherghar. It means the hometown of education. The population of Pune was 8,242,142 by 2015.

Name
The name Pune comes from the Sanskrit word - . It means "city of virtue".  Pune is known for its educational facilities, having more than hundred educational institutes and nine universities.  Pune has well-established glass, sugar and metal forging industries since the 1950s.  Pune is also known as the "Oxford of the East."  Pune was once the centre of power for the Maratha Empire. It is known to have existed as a town since 847 AD. Pune was the first capital of Shivaji Maharaj.

It is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. There are many historic places like Shaniwar Wada, Lal Mahal and many museums like the Aga Khan Palace, Raja Kelkar Museum, and the National War museum.

The climate of Pune is suitable to reside in, so many people settled there. Today, Pune has many complexes, shopping malls and multiplexes. There are many research centres present in Pune.

Students not only from other cities and States come here to study, but international students from various countries are also found here. There are many clubs for different sports activities in this city. The main attraction of the city is the Ganesh Festival which is celebrated with great joy.

There are many educational institutions like Symbiosis, SP and Fergusson. Many people in Pune are food lovers, there are many famous Bhelpuri and Vada pav centres.

References

Pune


Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) is a measure of how many operations in a computer program can be performed "in-parallel" at the same time (termed:"simultaneously"). Consider the following program:

 1. e = a + b
 2. f = c + d
 3. g = e * f

Operation 3 depends on the results of "e" and "f" which are calculated from operations 1 and 2, so "g" cannot be calculated until both of "e" and "f" are computed.  However, operations 1 and 2 do not depend on any other operation, so they can be computed simultaneously.  If we assume that each operation can be completed in one unit of time then these three instructions can be completed in a total of two units of time, giving an ILP factor of 3/2; which means 3/2 = 1.5 greater than without ILP.

One of the goals of compilers and processors designers is to use as much ILP as possible. Ordinary programs are written execute instructions in sequence; one after the other, in the order as written by programmers. ILP allows the compiler and the processor to overlap the execution of multiple instructions or even to change the order in which instructions are executed.

How much ILP exists in programs depends on the application type, for example, in graphics and scientific applications the amount can be very large while in cryptography the amount much less.

Micro-architectural techniques that use ILP include:
Instruction pipelining where the execution of multiple instructions can be partially overlapped.
Superscalar execution in which multiple execution units are used to execute multiple instructions in parallel.
Out-of-order execution where instructions execute in any order but without violating data dependencies (remember in previous example "g" must wait for "e" and "f").
Register renaming which is a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialization of program operations caused by the reuse of registers by those operations, in order to enable out-of-order execution.
Speculative execution which allow the execution of complete instructions or parts of instructions before being sure whether this execution is required.
Branch prediction which is used to avoid delays (termed:"stalls") cause of control dependencies to be resolved. Branch prediction is used with speculative execution.

In recent years, ILP techniques have been used for performance improvements in conditions where the difference between processor operating frequencies and memory access times is large. As of 2008, a cache "miss" costs several hundreds of CPU cycles in a main memory access; with much longer latency compared when the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache. Hence, this technique was proved to be insufficient to save the CPU time from waiting for the off-chip data. Instead, the industry is moving towards improving higher levels of parallelism using techniques such as multiprocessing and multithreading.

References

Other websites
 Wired magazine article that refers to the above paper
 Approaches to addressing the Memory Wall

Computer architecture

Instruction level parallelism


Speyer (formerly known as Spires in English) is a ceety o Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany wi approximately 50,000 inhabitants. Locatit beside the river Rhine, Speyer is 25 km sooth o Ludwigshafen an Mannheim. Foondit bi the Romans, it is ane o Germany's auldest ceeties. The first kent names wur Noviomagus an Civitas Nemetum, efter the Teutonic tribe, Nemetes, settled in the aurie. Aroond the year 500 the name Spira first appeared in written documents. Spire, Spira, an Espira are still names uised for Speyer in the French, Italian, an Spaingie leids.

Speyer is dominatit bi the Speyer Cathedral, a number o kirks an the Altpörtel (auld gate). In the cathedral, beneath the heich altar, are the tombs o aicht Holy Roman emperors an German kings.

Timeline

 In 10 BC, the first Roman military camp is established (situatit atween the toun haw an the episcopal palace).
 In 150, the toun appears as Noviomagus on the warld map o the Greek Ptolemaios
 In 346, a bishop for the toun is mentioned for the first time.
 In 1030, emperor Conrad II stairts the construction o Speyer Cathedral, the day ane o the UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids.
 In 1076, emperor Henry IV embarks frae Speyer, his favourite toun, for Canossa.
 In 1084, establishment o the first Jewish community in Speyer
 In 1294, the bishop lost maist o his previous richts, an frae nou on Speyer is a Free Imperial Ceety o the Holy Roman Empire.
 In 1349, the Jewish community o Speyer is totally wiped oot
 Atween 1527 an 1689, Speyer is the seat o the Imperial Chamber Court.
 In 1526, at the First Diet o Speyer, interim toleration o Lutheran teachin an worship is decreed.
 In 1529, at the Seicont Diet o Speyer, the Lutheran states o the empire protestit against the anti-Reformation resolutions (19 Aprile 1529 Protestation at Speyer, hence the term Protestantism.)
 In 1689, the ceety wis hivily damaged bi French troops.
 Atween 1792 an 1814, Speyer wis unner French jurisdiction.
 In 1816, Speyer became the seat o admeenistration o the Palatinate an o the govrenment o the Rhine Destrict o Bavarie (later cried the Bavarian Palatinate), an remained so til the end o Warld War II.
 Atween 1883 an 1904, the Memorial Kirk is built in remembrance o the Protestation o 1529.
 In 1947, the State Academy o Admeenistrative Science wis foondit (later renamed German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer ).
 In 1990, Speyer celebrates its 2000t anniversary.

Main sichts
 Technikmuseum Speyer - Transportation Museum

Twin touns — sister ceeties

Speyer is twinned wi:
 Spalding, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1956
 Chartres, Fraunce, syne 1959
 Kursk, Roushie, syne 1989
 Ravenna, Italy, syne 1989
 Gniezno, Poland, syne 1992
 Yavne, Israel, syne 1998
 Rusizi, Rwanda, syne 2001
 Tønsberg, Norawa

Notes

Freemit airtins

speyer.de  the ceety wabsteid (pairtly in Inglis)
museum.speyer.de  Historical Museum o the Palatinate
dom-speyer.de wabsteid o Speyer Cathedral
 Model Map o Medieval Speyer
 Speyer, its cathedral an the library o its chapter
 Technical (Transport) Museum
 www.historische-fuehrung-speyer.de: livin history in past times
 www.speyer-tour.de: Guidit tours through Speyer

Touns in Rhineland-Palatinate

Speyer


Sherwood Anderson (September 13, 1876 – March 8, 1941) was an American writer. He is most famous for his book Winesburg, Ohio. Anderson is said to have had a big influence on some of the most famous American writers such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and John Steinbeck.

Personal Life

Anderson was born in Camden, Ohio. He was the third of seven children. Anderson's father, Erwin Anderson, had a business which failed. After this, the Anderson family had to move house often, finally settling in Clyde, Ohio. Erwin Anderson began drinking heavily and died in 1895. Sherwood Anderson took a number of jobs to help support his family and he left school at the age of 14.

Anderson moved to Chicago. He worked there until just before 1900, when he signed up for the United States Army. In 1900, Anderson went to Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He eventually went back to Chicago to take up a writing job.

In 1904, he married Cornelia Lane. Lane came from a rich family in Ohio. They lived in Cleveland, Ohio and then in Elyria, Ohio. Anderson had three children and ran a number of businesses.

In November 1912, Anderson had a mental breakdown. He left his wife and three children and decided to become a creative writer. He moved back to Chicago, but took a job in advertising and publishing. Anderson divorced Cornelia in 1916 and got married to Tennessee Mitchell.

In 1916, Anderson's first book, Windy McPherson's Son, was released. In 1919, Anderson's most famous book, Winesburg, Ohio, was released. Winesburg, Ohio was a collection of short stories about life in a town in Ohio.

In 1922, Anderson divorced Tennessee Mitchell. He got married again in 1924, to Elizabeth Prall. This marriage did not last either. Anderson married again in the late 1920s – this time to Eleanor Copenhaver.

Anderson died in Panama on the 8th March, 1941, at the age of 64. He was buried in Marion, Virginia. The writing on his gravestone reads "Life, Not Death, is the Great Adventure."

Works

 Windy McPherson's Son, (1916, novel)
 Marching Men, (1917, novel)
 Winesburg, Ohio, (1919, novel)
 Poor White, (1920, novel)
 Triumph of the Egg, (1921, short stories)
 Many Marriages, (1923, novel)
 Horses and Men, (1923, short stories)
 A Story-Teller's Story, (1924, semi-autobiographical novel)
 Sherwood Anderson's Memoirs, (1924, memoirs)
 An Exhibition of Paintings By Alfred H. Maurer, (1924, non-fiction)
 Dark Laughter, (1925, novel)
 A Meeting South, (1925, novel)
 Modern Writer, (1925, non-fiction)
 Tar: A Midwest Childhood, (1926, semi-autobiographical novel)
 Sherwood Anderson's Notebook, (1926, memoirs)
 Hello Towns, (1929, short stories)
 Alice: The Lost Novel, (1929, novel)
 Onto Being Published, (1930, non-fiction)
 Beyond Desire, (1932, novel)
 Death in the Woods, (1933, essays)
 Puzzled America, (1935, essays)
 Kit Brandon, (1936, novel)
 Dreiser: A Biography, (1936, non-fiction)
 Winesburg and Others, (1937, play)
 Home Town, (1940, novel)
 San Francisco at Christmas, (1940, memoirs)
 Lives of Animals, (1966, novel)
 Return to Winesburg, Ohio, (1967, essays)
 The Memoirs of Sherwood Anderson, (1968, memoirs)
 No Swank, (1970, novel)
 Perhaps Women, (1970, novel)
 The Buck Fever Papers, (1971, essays)
 Ten Short Plays, (1972, plays)
 Sherwood Anderson and Gertrude Stein: Correspondence and Personal Essays, (1972, essays)
 Nearer the Grass Roots, (1976, novel)
 The Writer at His Craft, (1978, non-fiction)
 Paul Rosenfeld: Voyager in the Arts, (1978, nonfiction)
 The Teller's Tale, (1982, novel)
 Selected Letters: 1916 – 1933, (1984, letters)
 Writer's Diary: 1936–1941, (1987, memoir)
 Early Writings of Sherwood Anderson, (1989, short stories)
 Love Letters to Eleanor Copenhaver Anderson, (1990, letters)
 The Selected Short Stories of Sherwood Anderson, (1995, short stories)
 Southern Odyssey: Selected Writings By Sherwood Anderson, (1998, short stories)

Other websites

 http://www.gradesaver.com/author/sherwood-anderson/

Writers from Ohio
1876 births
1941 deaths

Sherwood Anderson


Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was an American chemist and recipient of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with organoboranes.

Life and career
Brown was born Herbert Brovarnik in London, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants from Zhitomir, Pearl (née Gorinstein) and Charles Brovarnik, a hardware store manager and carpenter. His family moved to Chicago in June 1914, when he was two years old.  Brown attended Crane Junior College in Chicago, where he met Sarah Baylen, whom he would later marry.  The college was under threat of closing, and Brown and Baylen transferred to Wright Junior College.  In 1935 he left Wright Junior College and that autumn entered the University of Chicago, completed two years of studies in three quarters, and earned a B.S. in 1936.  That same year, he became a naturalized United States citizen.  On February 6, 1937, Brown married Baylen, the person he credits with making him interested in hydrides of boron, a topic related to the work in which he, together with Georg Wittig, won the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1979.  Two years after starting graduate studies, he earned a Ph.D. in 1938, also from the University of Chicago.

Unable to find a position in industry, he decided to accept a postdoctoral position.  This became the beginning of his academic career.  He became an instructor at the University of Chicago in 1939, and held the position for four years before moving to Wayne University in Detroit as an assistant professor.  In 1946, he was promoted to associate professor.  He became a professor of inorganic chemistry at Purdue University in 1947 and joined the Beta Nu chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma there in 1960.  He held the position of Professor Emeritus from 1978 until his death in 2004. The Herbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry was named after him on Purdue University's campus. He was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science, Munich.

During World War II, while working with Hermann Irving Schlesinger, Brown discovered a method for producing sodium borohydride (NaBH4), which can be used to produce boranes, compounds of boron and hydrogen. His work led to the discovery of the first general method for producing asymmetric pure enantiomers. The elements found as initials of his name H, C and B were his working field.

In 1969, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Brown was quick to credit his wife Sarah with supporting him and allowing him to focus on creative efforts by handling finances, maintaining the house and yard, etc. According to Brown, after receiving the Nobel prize in Stockholm, he carried the medal and she carried the US$100,000 award.

In 1971, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 2000.

He died December 19, 2004, at a hospital in Lafayette, Indiana after a heart attack. His wife died May 29, 2005, aged 89.

Research
 As a doctoral student at the University of Chicago, Herbert Brown studied the reactions of diborane, B2H6. Hermann Irving Schlesinger's laboratory at the University of Chicago was one of two laboratories that prepared diborane. It was a rare compound that was only prepared in small quantities. Schlesinger was researching the reactions of diborane to understand why the simplest hydrogen-boron compound is B2H6 instead of BH3.

 When Brown started his own research, he observed the reactions of diborane with aldehydes, ketones, esters, and acid chlorides. He discovered that diborane reacts with aldehydes and ketones to produce dialkoxyboranes, which are hydrolyzed by water to produce alcohols. Until this point, organic chemists did not have an acceptable method of reducing carbonyls under mild conditions. Yet Brown's Ph.D. thesis published in 1939 received little interest. Diborane was too rare to be useful as a synthetic reagent.

In 1939, Brown became the research assistant in Schlesinger's laboratory. In 1940, they began to research volatile, low molecular weight uranium compounds for the National Defense Research Committee. Brown and Schlesinger successfully synthesized volatile uranium(IV) borohydride, which had a molecular weight of 298. The laboratory was asked to provide a large amount of the product for testing, but diborane was in short supply. They discovered that it could be formed by reacting lithium hydride with boron trifluoride in ethyl ether, allowing them to produce the chemical in larger quantities. This success was met with several new problems. Lithium hydride was also in short supply, so Brown and Schlesinger needed to find a procedure that would allow them to use sodium hydride instead. They discovered that sodium hydride and methyl borate reacted to produce sodium trimethoxyborohydride, which was viable as a substitute for the lithium hydride.

Soon they were informed that there was no longer a need for uranium borohydride, but it appeared that sodium borohydride could be useful in generating hydrogen. They began to look for a cheaper synthesis and discovered that adding methyl borate to sodium hydride at 250° produced sodium borohydride and sodium methoxide. When acetone was used in an attempt to separate the two products, it was discovered that sodium borohydride reduced the acetone.

Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent that works well in reducing aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides. Lithium aluminum hydride is a much more powerful reducing agent that can reduce almost any functional group. When Brown moved to Purdue University in 1947, he worked to find stronger borohydrides and milder aluminum hydrides that would provide a spectrum of reducing agents. The team of researchers at Purdue discovered that changing the metal ion of the borohydride to lithium, magnesium, or aluminum increases the reducing ability. They also found that introducing alkoxy substituents to the aluminum hydride decreases the reducing ability. They successfully developed a full spectrum of reducing agents.

 While researching these reducing agents, Brown's coworker, Dr. B. C. Subba Rao, discovered an unusual reaction between sodium borohydride and ethyl oleate. The borohydride added hydrogen and boron to the carbon-carbon double bond in the ethyl oleate. The organoborane product could then be oxidized to form an alcohol. This two-step reaction is now called hydroboration-oxidation and is a reaction that converts alkenes into anti-Markovnikov alcohols. Markovnikov's rule states that, in adding hydrogen and a halide or hydroxyl group to a carbon-carbon double bond, the hydrogen is added to the less-substituted carbon of the bond and the hydroxyl or halide group is added to the more-substituted carbon of the bond. In hydroboration-oxidation, the opposite addition occurs.

See also
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

External links

Herbert Brown obituary in Chemical & Engineering News
Herbert Brown obituary in USA Today
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Nobel Lecture 1979

1912 births
2004 deaths
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
British Nobel laureates
American Nobel laureates
Jewish Nobel laureates
English Jews
English people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
English emigrants to the United States
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Jewish chemists
Inorganic chemists
Stereochemists
Purdue University faculty
Wayne State University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Wilbur Wright College alumni

Herbert C. Brown


Georges Duhamel (; ; 30 June 1884 – 13 April 1966) was a French author, born in Paris. Duhamel trained as a doctor, and during World War I was attached to the French Army. In 1920, he published Confession de minuit, the first of a series featuring the anti-hero Salavin. In 1935, he was elected as a member of the Académie française. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-seven times. He was also the father of the musicologist and composer Antoine Duhamel.

Biography
Georges Duhamel was born in the 13th arrondissement of Paris on 30 June 1884. He was the third child of a family which struggled to survive on the income of his unstable father. The strains and tensions of these early years are reflected in his famous autobiographical novel Le Notaire du Havre (1933), the first book of his Pasquier saga.

In spite of this childhood disrupted by numerous crises, which on far too many occasions caused the Duhamel family to relocate abruptly, Georges nonetheless passed his baccalaureate in 1902. His first choice of career was to become a doctor, although he had a great love of literature and the arts and continued to pursue these interests also.

Between 1906 and 1909 he founded an artistic community l'Abbaye de Créteil with Charles Vildrac (who would become his brother in law). The group brought together poets, writers, musicians and painters. From 1912, he became an editor of the literary review Mercure de France. In 1935, he took over the direction of the review and its publishing house. In 1937, he was elected to the French Académie Nationale de Médecine and Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. In 1938, because of Duhamel's anti-war stance, he was replaced by Jacques Bernard, but Duhamel returned to directing the Mercure de France publishers in 1945 (he was majority stock-holder of the company).

When the First World War was declared, Duhamel signed up and worked as an army surgeon for four years, often in dangerous situations. This painful experience provided the subject matter for two narratives which brought him immediate success, Vie des martyrs and Civilization (which won him the Prix Goncourt in 1918). Once he returned to civilian life, Duhamel dedicated himself to literature and defending human civilisation. In 1919, he found two spots in the Val-d'Oise where he would henceforth spend his summers (Sausseron Valley and Valmondois).

In 1935, Duhamel was elected to the 30th chair at the Académie française. Between 1930 and 1940 he traveled to many conferences in France and abroad, speaking brilliantly of French language and culture as well as promoting the idea of a civilisation built on the human heart rather than technological progress.

Duhamel described himself as "a pacifist and an internationalist." During the Second World War, Duhamel's work was banned by the Germans. He showed courage in his opposition to the occupation and the Petainist faction of the Académie française, later receiving public praise from Général de Gaulle.

After the war, Duhamel was named president of the Alliance française and returned to public speaking on French culture. He built up numerous schools of the Alliance. Duhamel's health deteriorated from 1960 and he reduced his activities. He died in Valmondois on 13 April 1966.

Cécile Debray is the great-granddaughter of Georges Duhamel and represents his heirs.

Works

General
 Vie des martyrs (1917)
 Civilisation (1918) (Prix Goncourt)
La Possession du monde (1919)
Les Hommes abandonnés (1921)
  Vie et Aventures de Salavin (5 volumes) (1920-1932)
I.  Confession de minuit
II.  Deux hommes
III.  Journal de Salavin
IV.  Le Club des Lyonnais
V.  Tel qu'en lui même
Les Plaisirs et les Jeux (1922)
Le Prince Jaffar (1924)
La Pierre d'Horeb (1926)
Lettres au Patagon (1926)
Le Voyage de Moscou (1927)
Mémorial de Cauchois (1927)
Les Sept Dernières Plaies (1928)
La Nuit d'orage (1928)
 Scènes de la vie future (1930)
 Géographie cordiale de l'Europe (1931)
Les Jumeaux de Vallangoujard (1931)
Querelles de famille (1932)
 Chronique des Pasquier (10 volumes) (1933-1945)
I.  Le Notaire du Havre
II.  Le Jardin des bêtes sauvages
III.  Vue de la terre promise
IV.  La Nuit de la Saint Jean
V.  Le Désert de Bièvre
VI. Les Maîtres
VII.  Cécile parmi nous
VIII.  Le Combat contre les ombres
IX.  Suzanne et les Jeunes Hommes
X.  La Passion de Joseph Pasquier
Fables de mon jardin (1936)
Mémorial de la guerre blanche (1939)
Positions Françaises (1940)
Lieu d'asile (1940)
Chronique des Saisons amères (1944)
 La Musique consolatrice (1944)
Paroles de médecin (1944)
Inventaire de l'abîme (1944)
Biographie de mes fantômes (1944)
Le Temps de la recherche (1947)
Semaille au vent (1947)
Le Bestiaire et l'Herbier (1948)
La Pesée des âmes (1949)
Le Voyage de Patrice Périot (1950)
Les Espoirs et les Épreuves (1953)
Lumières sur ma vie  (5 volumes)
I. Inventaire de l'abime
II. Biographie de mes fântômes
III. Le Temps de la recherche
IV. La Pesée des âmes
V. Les Espoirs et les Épreuves

Poetry
 Des légendes, des batailles (1907)
 L'Homme en tête (1909)
 Selon ma loi (1910)
 Compagnons (1912)
 Elégies (1920)
 Anthologie de la poèsie lyrique française (1923)
 Les Voix du vieux monde, mis en musique par Albert Doyen (1925)

Criticism
Paul Claudel (1913)
Les Poètes et la Poésie (1914)
Défense des Lettres (1937)
Confessions sans pénitence (1941)

Theatre
La Lumière (1911)
Dans l'ombre des statues (1912)
Le Combat (1913)
Le Cafard (1916)
L'œuvre de athlètes (1920)
Quand vous voudrez (1921)

See also
Unanimism

References

External links

1884 births
1966 deaths
Writers from Paris
French literary critics
20th-century French novelists
Prix Goncourt winners
Members of the Académie Française
French military personnel of World War I
French male novelists
French medical writers
French pacifists
20th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers

Georges Duhamel


Samuel Sloan (December 25, 1817 – September 22, 1907) was an American politician, businessman and executive. He is most known for his tenure as the president of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (DL&W) for 32 years.

Early life
Samuel Sloan was born in Lisburn, County Down, Ireland to William and Elizabeth Sloan and moved to New York when he was one year old. He attended the Columbia College Preparatory school until he was 14, at the time of his father's death. After withdrawing, he became employed at an importing house in New York, eventually becoming the head of the firm.

Career
Sloan was elected as a Supervisor in Kings County (Brooklyn) in 1852, and was president of the Long Island College Hospital. He became a director of the Hudson River Railroad in 1855, left the importing business in 1857 and was elected to the New York State Senate, where he served for two years.

He became a director of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad in 1864, and became its president in 1867. Prior to accepting the DL&W Presidency, Sloan had declined an offer to become President of the New York and Harlem Railroad. He extended the DL&W rail lines, and the company achieved great success, in part due to the traffic generated for transport of anthracite coal mined in the railway's expanded territory. Passenger traffic also increased, particularly between New York City and the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania, a popular resort area.

Sloan resigned from the DL&W presidency in 1899, but continued as chairman of the board. He served on the boards of banks, utilities and other companies.

Personal life
On April 8, 1844, Sloan married Margaret Elmendorf in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and moved to Brooklyn, New York. Margaret was a daughter of Peter Zabriskie Elmendorf and Maria La Grange (née Van Vechten) Elmendorf. They had eleven children, including:

 Peter Elmendorf Sloan (1845–1916), who graduated from West Point in 1865.
 Maria LaGrange Sloan (1847–1929), who married Edgar Stirling Auchincloss (1847–1892), parents of U.S. Representative James C. Auchincloss.
 Margaret Elmendorf Sloan (1854–1906), who married the Rev. Joseph Rankin Duryee (1853–1935) in 1883.
 William Simpson Sloan (1859–1896), who married Julia Rapallo (1862–1935).
 Elizabeth LaGrange Sloan (1862–1960), who married Joseph Walker Jr. (1858–1927), senior partner and president of the investment banking firm of Joseph Walker & Sons, in 1887.
 Samuel Sloan Jr. (1864–1939), a banker with Farmers' Loan and Trust Company who married Katherine Colt and inherited Oulagisket.
 Mary Adelaide Sloan (1868–1954), who married Richard Collins Colt (1863–1938),  parents of banker S. Sloan Colt.

Sloan died in Garrison, New York, in 1907 at the age of 89, having been the president of seventeen corporations during his lifetime.

Legacy
Samuel Sloan is the eponym of the city of Sloan, Iowa and the village of Sloan, New York.

Upon his daughter Margaret's 1883 marriage, he built "Wyndune" in Garrison as a wedding present for them near his own Garrison estate known as Oulagisket (later renamed Lisburne Grange by his son). Similarly, upon his daughter Elizabeth's 1887 marriage, he built "Walker House" in Garrison for them.

Statue

A statue memorializing Sloan was placed in Hoboken, New Jersey, originally facing the ferries in 1899. Some people criticized the statue's orientation, and the Mayor of Hoboken remarked that Sloan was "turning his back on the great city of Hoboken." On August 3, 1908, during the reconstruction of Hoboken Terminal, the statue was set facing both the town and the railroad and ferry stations.

The inscription reads:

See also
List of railroad executives

References

Irish emigrants to the United States
American railway entrepreneurs
19th-century American railroad executives
1817 births
1907 deaths
Outdoor sculptures in New Jersey
Monuments and memorials in New Jersey
1899 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in the United States
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad

Samuel Sloan (railroad executive)


Admiral Sir Robert Brice Kingsmill, 1st Baronet (1730 – 23 November 1805) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in a career that spanned nearly 60 years. Kingsmill was a contemporary and close friend of Lord Nelson, and was one of the prominent Royal Navy admirals of his time referred to as "The Conquerors of the Seas", illustrated in Piercy Roberts' 1800 engraving. He served with Rodney in the West Indies, where he was wounded in battle, and with Keppel at the Battle of Ushant. He took the time to embark on a career in politics as a Member of Parliament, giving this up several times to resume his service in the Navy when war broke out.  Kingsmill rose to flag rank by the time of the outbreak of war with revolutionary France in 1793.  As the naval commander-in-chief on the coast of Ireland, he repelled several attempts by the French to invade Ireland and foment insurrection. Kingsmill died on 23 November 1805 at Sydmonton Court as a baronet and with the rank of Admiral of the Blue.

Family and early life
He was born in Belfast as Robert Brice, the son of Captain Charles Brice, of Castle Chichester, and his wife Jane. He followed his father into the navy, joining the 14-gun sloop  as an able seaman on 29 October 1746. He remained on Speedwell for several years, being promoted to midshipman on 3 October 1748.

In August 1750, while aboard  off the coast of Guinea, Kingsmill daringly saved the life of 19-year-old Isaac Heard (future officer of arms at the College of Arms), who was swept overboard in a storm. The storm ripped off the mast with Heard on it, and he was spotted in the water caught up in the mast before being rescued by Kingsmill. Heard, later Sir Isaac Heard, and Kingsmill enjoyed a close friendship for the rest of their lives. Kingsmill passed his lieutenant's examination on 5 July 1754 and received his commission on 29 April 1756. The outbreak of the Seven Years' War offered further opportunities for advancement, and in February 1761 he was promoted to master and commander of the sloop . His capture of the 10-gun French privateer Sultan led to the confirmation of his rank on 3 July, and he soon received an appointment to the bomb vessel . It was during this period that he was recalled and placed in command of one of the yachts preparing to carry Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and her suite to England to marry King George III. The voyage was hampered by fierce storms, but all of the yachts and their naval escorts arrived safely. He then returned to the Basilisk and sailed to the West Indies with Rear-Admiral George Rodney's fleet. Brice assisted with the assaults on Martinique and St Lucia, during which he was wounded.

Brice's rewards for his good services were a promotion to post-captain on 26 May 1762, and an appointment to command the 28-gun sixth rate . He was sent back to the West Indies and remained there until the end of the Seven Years' War in 1764, upon which he returned to England. He married Elizabeth Corry, heiress to the Kingsmill estates at Sydmonton Court in Hampshire, at some point in 1766. Her uncle had died on 8 January 1766, and after changing his surname and arms to Kingsmill, by Act of Parliament, he succeeded to the estates. He retired from active naval service and spent the years of peace enjoying his newly acquired wealth and status.

Active service and political career

The outbreak of war with France in 1778 during the American War of Independence led to his return to active service. He accepted command of the 64-gun  and formed part of Admiral Augustus Keppel's fleet at the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778. The indecisive result and subsequent controversies and intrigues surrounding the conduct of the officers involved redounded against Kingsmill. He was offered service in the West Indies, but turned it down by resigning his command.

Kingsmill took advantage of this break from active service to enter politics. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Yarmouth, on the Isle of Wight, but only held the seat for a year. His dabbling in politics brought him more enemies in high positions, and Kingsmill was destined to remain without a ship until April 1782, when he took over the newly refitted 74-gun third rate . Kingsmill was too late to join Admiral Lord Howe's expedition to relieve Gibraltar, and was instead offered command of a reinforcement squadron that was being prepared to sail to the East Indies. He accepted the appointment, which would see him command a squadron consisting of Elizabeth, the 74-gun , the 64-gun  and the 32-gun . His force was finally ready to put to sea by 17 January 1783, but while sailing through the Bay of Biscay they encountered heavy gales, and were eventually forced back to Spithead, having suffered considerable damage. Before Kingsmill could attend to repairs he learnt that the Treaty of Paris had been signed and that the war was over. There would be no reinforcement squadron for the East Indies. Elizabeth was to be retained in commission as a guard ship however, and Kingsmill accepted the three-year posting as her commander.

He took this opportunity to resume his parliamentary career, being elected to the constituency of Tregony on 5 April 1784, holding the seat until 1790. He does not appear to have ever spoken in parliament, but records show that he voted in favour of William Pitt over his 1785 Reform Bill, against him during the Regency crises of 1788 and 1789, and against the Duke of Richmond's fortification plans in 1786. The Nootka Crisis in 1790 brought an end to his career in politics, as Kingsmill returned to active duty in command of the 90-gun . The crisis passed without breaking into open war, and Kingsmill paid off Duke and once again entered semi-retirement. In October 1790, he was selected to serve as a member of the panel of officers at the court-martial concerning the mutiny and loss of . As contemporaries in the service, Sir Robert and Horatio Nelson developed a close friendship that lasted until Nelson's death at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805.

French Revolutionary Wars

The outbreak of war with revolutionary France led to a general promotion of Royal Navy officers on 1 February 1793. Kingsmill was advanced to Rear-Admiral of the White and placed in command of the Irish station, despite having comparatively little experience of command. The forces at his disposal consisted of two ships of the line, seven frigates and four smaller vessels, which he quickly put to use combating the swarms of enemy cruisers that operated in these waters. He was advanced to Vice-Admiral of the White on 4 July 1794, and continued to grow rich off the spoils of captured privateers and French supply ships. He was still on station in Cork in 1796 and played a role in the defeat of the French Expédition d'Irlande that year. The main French force under Admiral Morard de Galles sailed from Brest, evading the blockading fleet under Admiral Sir John Colpoys and headed for Ireland to land troops to support an anticipated rising of the United Irishmen.  Kingsmill knew his forces were too few to risk an open engagement, but shadowed the French fleet, which were eventually dispersed by gales, and was able to harry their retreat back to France. The risk to Ireland and the importance of Kingsmill's squadron demonstrated, the Admiralty hurried to increase his supplies and resources. He was ready for the French when they made another attempt in May 1798, but the crushing of the main force by Sir John Borlase Warren at the Battle of Tory Island put a decisive end to the threat.

Kingsmill continued to run the station, being promoted to Admiral of the Blue on 14 February 1799. He had asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, Earl Spencer as early as February 1798 for permission to retire, and this request was finally granted towards the end of 1800. This was granted, and he duly stepped down, being succeeded by Sir Alan Gardner. Kingsmill was rewarded on 24 November 1800 with a baronetcy as a gesture of appreciation from King George III for his long years of service. He spent his last years in retirement, dying at Sydmonton Court, Kingsclere, Hampshire on 23 November 1805 at the age of 75. By then he had served the Navy for nearly 60 years, in a career that spanned four major wars. He died without issue, the baronetcy passing to his nephew, Robert Kingsmill.

Notes

References

.  Revised version available online (subscription required).

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1730 births
1805 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1784–1790
Military personnel from Belfast
People from Kingsclere
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Tregony
Irish officers in the Royal Navy

Sir Robert Kingsmill, 1st Baronet


The Nutcracker pas de deux is a dance for the Sugar Plum Fairy and Prince Coqueluche in the ballet The Nutcracker. The ballet was first presented on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. The music was written by Tchaikovsky and the dance was designed by Lev Ivanov. The Sugar Plum Fairy was first danced by Antonietta Dell'Era and the Prince by Pavel Gerdt. The pas is sometimes danced outside the ballet and is sometimes danced in ballet competitions.

The pas de deux is structured in four sections (or movements): first, an Andante maestoso; second, a  Tarantella for the male dancer; third a dance for the ballerina called the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"; and fourth and finally a quick, energetic movement for both dancers.

Marius Petipa, Ballet Master at the Mariinsky Theatre, wanted music "colossal in effect" for the opening Andante maestoso movement. The music is made up of descending (falling) scales for cellos. A second, contrasting section is written for oboe and bass clarinet. The music ends with a great climax for trombones. The musical theme of the Andante maestoso is similar to Tchaikovsky's death themes in the Fifth and Sixth symphonies.

The Andante maestoso movement used a device on the stage called a reika. This was a small platform or wagon set in a track. It was operated under the stage. In The Nutcracker, the Sugar Plum Fairy stepped upon a scarf that Prince Coqueluche had placed on the reika. The Prince pulled the scarf and, as the reika was moved from one side of the stage to the other, it seemed that the Sugar Plum Fairy was lighter than air.

Notes

Reading list

Ballets by Marius Petipa
Ballets by Lev Ivanov
Ballets first performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

The Nutcracker pas de deux


Mayers, Murray & Phillip was an architecture firm in New York city and the successor firm to Goodhue Associates, after Bertram Goodhue's unexpected death in 1924.  The principals were Francis L.S. Mayers, Oscar Harold Murray, and Hardie Phillip.

Overview
For the first few years after Goodhue's death, the firm was focused on executing Goodhue's unfinished projects and designs, which included eleven buildings on the Caltech campus alone.  Buildings credited to the firm reflect Goodhue's characteristic massing and incorporation of ornament by longtime collaborators. Of the three architects, Hardie Phillip is solely credited with completing the Honolulu Museum of Art.

For the 1929 Church of the Heavenly Rest at 90th Street and Fifth Avenue in New York City, the firm completed a steel-frame, simplified Neo-Gothic limestone structure on land sold by the Carnegie family. The church features integrated architectural sculpture by Lee Lawrie in the form of Moses and John the Baptist emerging from the stonework, although most of the sculptural program was never executed.

The design of the 1931 Oriental Institute on the grounds of the University of Chicago partly reflects the Egyptian Revival craze of the 1920s on a particularly appropriate building. A bas-relief above the door by sculptor Ulric Ellerhusen and designed by Institute director James Henry Breasted, depicts various symbolic icons and hieroglyphics, figures including Herodotus and Julius Caesar, and includes an image of Goodhue's Nebraska State Capitol. Goodhue's own Rockefeller Chapel is nearby.

For the 1939 World's Fair, Mayers, Murray & Phillip designed the Medicine and Public Health Building with interior murals by Hildreth Meiere, and three large allegorical sculptures to represent American virtues: Humility (the Devil and Texan folklore figure Strap Buckner), Efficiency (Paul Bunyan), and Benevolence (Johnny Appleseed).

A surviving portion of Mayers, Murray & Phillip's archive, including architectural drawings and photographs, is held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University.

References

External links
Mayers, Murray & Phillip architectural records and papers, 1910-1952, held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University

Defunct architecture firms based in New York City
Companies based in Manhattan

Mayers Murray & Phillip


The Mikado, or The Town of Titipu is a two-act operetta. The book and lyrics were written by W. S. Gilbert. The music was written by Arthur Sullivan. The operetta premiered 14 March 1885 at the Savoy Theatre, London, with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.

The Mikado is the ninth of the fourteen Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. It had 672 performances in its original run. This was the longest original run of any Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.

At the time of the operetta's creation, London was overwhelmed with all things Japanese: tea shops, kimonos, fans, etc. Gilbert reported that he got the idea for The Mikado when a Japanese sword fell from the wall of his study.

Roles
    The Mikado of Japan (bass or bass-baritone)
    Nanki-Poo, His Son, disguised as a wandering minstrel and in love with Yum-Yum (tenor)
    Ko-Ko, The Lord High Executioner of Titipu (comic baritone)
    Pooh-Bah, Lord High Everything Else (baritone)
    Pish-Tush, A Noble Lord (baritone)
    Go-To, A Noble Lord (bass)
    Yum-Yum, A Ward of Ko-Ko, also engaged to Ko-Ko (soprano)
    Pitti-Sing, A Ward of Ko-Ko (mezzo-soprano)
    Peep-Bo, A Ward of Ko-Ko (soprano or mezzo-soprano)
    Katisha, An Elderly lady, in love with Nanki-Poo (contralto)
    Chorus of School-Girls, Nobles, Guards and Coolies

Story of the opera
Nanki Poo is the son of the Mikado. He has disguised himself as a wandering minstrel to be near the village girl he loves Yum Yum. Their love is complicated by an old woman named Katisha who believes she will marry Nanki Poo. In the end, Nanki Poo and Yum Yum are united. Katisha settles for Koko, the town's executioner.

Musical numbers
 Overture (Includes "Mi-ya Sa-ma", "The Sun Whose Rays Are All Ablaze", "There is Beauty in the Bellow of the Blast", "Braid the Raven Hair" and "With Aspect Stern and Gloomy Stride")

Act I

 1. "If you want to know who we are" (Chorus of Men)
 2. "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" (Nanki-Poo and Men)
 3. "Our Great Mikado, virtuous man" (Pish-Tush and Men)
 4. "Young man, despair" (Pooh-Bah, Nanki-Poo and Pish-Tush)
 4a. Recit., "And have I journey'd for a month" (Pooh-Bah, Nanki-Poo)
 5. "Behold the Lord High Executioner" (Ko-Ko and Men)
 5a. "As some day it may happen" ("I've Got a Little List") (Ko-Ko and Men)
 6. "Comes a train of little ladies" (Girls)
 7. "Three little maids from school are we" (Yum-Yum, Peep-Bo, Pitti-Sing, and Girls)
 8. "So please you, Sir, we much regret" (Yum-Yum, Peep-Bo, Pitti-Sing, Pooh-Bah, and Girls)
 9. "Were you not to Ko-Ko plighted" (Yum-Yum and Nanki-Poo)
 10. "I am so proud" (Pooh-Bah, Ko-Ko and Pish-Tush)
 11. Finale Act I (Ensemble)
 "With aspect stern and gloomy stride"
 "The threatened cloud has passed away"
 "Your revels cease!" ... "Oh fool, that fleest my hallowed joys!"
 "For he's going to marry Yum-Yum"
 "The hour of gladness" ... "O ni! bikkuri shakkuri to!"
 "Ye torrents roar!"

Act II

 12. "Braid the raven hair" (Pitti-Sing and Girls)
 13. "The sun whose rays are all ablaze" (Yum-Yum) (Originally in Act I, moved to Act II shortly after the opening night)
 14. Madrigal, "Brightly dawns our wedding day" (Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, Nanki-Poo and Pish-Tush)
 15. "Here's a how-de-do" (Yum-Yum, Nanki-Poo and Ko-Ko)
 16. "Mi-ya Sa-ma" "From every kind of man obedience I expect" (Mikado, Katisha, Chorus)
 17. "A more humane Mikado" (Mikado, Chorus) (This song was nearly cut, but was restored shortly before the first night.)
 18. "The criminal cried as he dropped him down" (Ko-Ko, Pitti-Sing, Pooh-Bah, Chorus)
 19. "See how the Fates their gifts allot" (Mikado, Pitti-Sing, Pooh-Bah, Ko-Ko and Katisha)
 20. "The flowers that bloom in the spring" (Nanki-Poo, Ko-Ko, Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, and Pooh-Bah)
 21. Recit. and song, "Alone, and yet alive" (Katisha)
 22. "On a tree by a river" ("Willow, tit-willow") (Ko-Ko)
 23. "There is beauty in the bellow of the blast" (Katisha and Ko-Ko)
 24. "Finale Act II" (Ensemble)
 "For he's gone and married Yum-Yum"
 "The threatened cloud has passed away"

References

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
1880s operas

The Mikado


Government and binding (GB, GBT) is a theory of syntax and a phrase structure grammar in the tradition of transformational grammar developed principally by Noam Chomsky in the 1980s. This theory is a radical revision of his earlier theories and was later revised in The Minimalist Program (1995) and several subsequent papers, the latest being Three Factors in Language Design (2005). Although there is a large literature on government and binding theory which is not written by Chomsky, Chomsky's papers have been foundational in setting the research agenda.

The name refers to two central subtheories of the theory: government, which is an abstract syntactic relation applicable, among other things, to the assignment of case; and binding, which deals chiefly with the relationships between pronouns and the expressions with which they are co-referential. GB was the first theory to be based on the principles and parameters model of language, which also underlies the later developments of the minimalist program.

Government
The main application of the government relation concerns the assignment of case. Government is defined as follows:

A governs B if and only if
 A is a governor and
 A m-commands B and
 no barrier intervenes between A and B.

Governors are heads of the lexical categories (V, N, A, P) and tensed I (T). A m-commands B if A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A and the first maximal projection of A dominates B, where the maximal projection of a head X is XP. This means that for example in a structure like the following, A m-commands B, but B does not m-command A:

In addition, barrier is defined as follows: A barrier is any node Z such that
 Z is a potential governor for B and
 Z c-commands B and
 Z does not c-command A

The government relation makes case assignment unambiguous. The tree diagram below illustrates how DPs are governed and assigned case by their governing heads:

Another important application of the government relation constrains the occurrence and identity of traces as the Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed.

Binding
Binding can be defined as follows:

 An element α binds an element β if and only if α c-commands β, and α and β corefer.

Consider the sentence "Johni saw hisi mother", which is diagrammed below using simple phrase structure trees.

The NP "John" c-commands "his" because the first parent of the NP, S, contains "his".  "John" and "his" are also coreferential (they refer to the same person), therefore "John" binds "his".

On the other hand, in the ungrammatical sentence "*The mother of Johni likes himselfi", "John" does not c-command "himself", so they have no binding relationship despite the fact that they corefer.

The importance of binding is shown in the grammaticality or ungrammaticality of the following sentences:

 *Johni saw himi.
 Johni saw himselfi.
 *Himselfi saw Johni.
 *Johni saw Johni.

Binding is used, along with particular binding principles, to explain the ungrammaticality of statements 1, 3, and 4. The applicable rules are called Binding Principle A, Binding Principle B, and Binding Principle C.

Principle A: an anaphor (reflexive or reciprocal, such as "each other") must be bound in its governing category (roughly, the clause).
Since "himself" is not c-commanded by "John" in sentence [3], Principle A is violated.

Principle B:  a pronoun must be free (i.e., not bound) within its governing category (roughly, the clause).
In sentence [1], "him" is bound by "John", violating Principle B.

Principle C: an R-expression must be free (i.e., not bound). R-expressions (e.g. "the dog" or "John") are referential expressions: unlike pronouns and anaphora, they independently refer, i.e., pick out entities in the world.
In sentence [4], the first instance of "John" binds the second, violating Principle C.

Note that Principles A and B refer to "governing categories"—domains which limit the scope of binding. The definition of a governing category laid out in Lectures on Government and Binding is complex, but in most cases the governing category is essentially the minimal clause or complex NP.

References
Notes

Further reading
 Liliane Haegeman (1994). Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition). Blackwell.

External links

A step-by-step introduction to the Government and Binding theory of syntax

Generative syntax
Syntactic relationships
Syntax
Noam Chomsky
Grammar frameworks
Theories of language

Government and binding theory


The 1260s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269.

Kublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing. He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles. The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt. The Empire also lost in the Caucasus. The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars. The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much. The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.

In Europe there was problems in politics. Arguments about who was the owner of what land let to many wars in the continent. In England there was the Second Barons' War. This was a civil war between the aristocracy who did not like how the King named Henry III behaved. This was because the King wanted absolute monarchy. King Otakar II of Bohemia became the most important prince in Europe. He got more land by fighting wars and also when his family died some of their land became his. Iceland and Greenland knew of and recognised the overlordship of Norway but when the Norse invaded Scotland the Scottish were able to stop them and they made peace. In Spain the Reconquista was still happening and several important cities were captured again from the Moors. The way the pope was elected was made better. The parliaments of Ireland and England met for the first time.

Several important cultural achievements were made in the decade. Roger Bacon published important scientific work named Opus Majus. Also, Thomas Aquinas published Summa contra Gentiles. Important pices of architecture and sculptures were made in cathedrals in Europe. These include the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery. In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion. In Europe anti-Semitism became worse because several authorities made laws which said that Jewish people must wear yellow badges so people knew who they were. Many Jewish people were killed in England and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church.

War and politics

Europe

War and peace

North and West Europe
 1260 – The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians won the Battle of Durbe against the Teutonic Knights.
 1263 – October – King Alexander III of Scotland won the Battle of Largs against the Viking armada (group of ships to fight a war) that was sent by King Haakon IV of Norway.
 1263 – The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to people to say that they that is was their duty to be loyal to the Norwegian king. This made the Icelandic Commonwealth stop and also stopped the Icelandic civil war.
 1266 – The war between Scotland and Norway ended because King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agreed to the Treaty of Perth.

Central and South Europe
 1260 – September 4 – The armed forces of King Manfred of Sicily with the Ghibellines won a battle agains the Guelphs at Monte Aperto.
 1260 – War started in the Valais (which is now in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.
 1263 – Genoa takes the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians.
 1264 – The Thuringian War of Succession stops.
 1266 – February 26 – In the Battle of Benevento an army led by Charles (Count of Anjou) won a battle against an armed force from Germany and Sicily whose leader was King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV makes Charles king of Sicily and Naples.

Iberian Peninsula (the land that is mostly Spain and Portugal)
 1263 – King James I of Aragon wins a battle against the Moors and takes back control of Crevillente during the Reconquista.
 1264 – In Spain, King James I of Aragon takes back control the cities of Orihuela and Elx in Alicante from the Moors. This ends more than 500 years of Islamic rule.
 1265 – King Alfonso X of Castile takes control the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
 1267 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign a treaty to agree that the Guadiana River is the southern border between Portugal and Spain. This is the same as the border now.

Southeast Europe
 1260 – King Otakar II of Bohemia takes control of Styria after winning the Battle of Kressenbrunn. King Bela IV of Hungary was in control.
 1261 – Bela IV of Hungary stops the Tatars coming to fight to take control of Hungry.
 1268 – King Stephen V of Hungary starts a war with Bulgaria.

England: The Second Barons' War
 1261 – King Henry III of England gets a papal bull which lets him leave the Provisions of Oxford. This is part of the reason for civil war happening between the monarch and the aristocracy of England.
 1264 – Before May – Second Barons' War is an English civil war and it begins in this year.
 1264 – May 12 to May 14 – The Battle of Lewes is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. At the end of the battle de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his brother (who is the future King Edward I) This made de Montfort the "uncrowned king of England" because he was now in control of England but people did not make him a real King.
 1265 – January 20 – In Westminster the first English parliament holds its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster. The Palace of Westminster is now known as the Houses of Parliament.
 1265 – Before August – Future King Edward I escapes from be held hostage by Simon de Montfort.
 1265 – August 4 – The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire. The army of Edward won against the rebellious barons. the rebellious barons were led by Simon de Montfort. The army killed de Montford and several of the people that helped him. Sometimes the event is though of as the death of chivalry in England.
 1266 – October – The war gets better because persons that supported Simon de Montfort offer to make peace with the king. This is named the Dictum of Kenilworth.
 1267 – The Second Barons' War stops. The rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace as was asked for in the Dictum of Kenilworth.

Political places
 1260 – The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg. This is the end of the first Saxon state.
 1261 – The persons of Greenland accept the overlordship of the King of Norway.
 1262 – Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1262 – The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty joining them with Norway and accept the Norwegian King Haakon IV as the person in control.
 1264 – The state of Hesse becomes independent from Thuringia. It is then free state of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1265 – The Isle of Man is controlled by Scotland for ten years.
 1267 – Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gives the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily as a gift in the Treaty of Viterbo. He hopes his gift will make Charles help him return the Latin Empire to how it was before.
 1268 – The county of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the margrave of Brandenburg.

Births
 1264 – Pope Clement V (d. 1314)
 1265 – May 14 – Dante Alighieri an Italian poet (d. 1321)

Deaths
 1263 – November 14 – Alexander Nevsky the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
 1264 – October 2 – Pope Urban IV
 1265 – February 8 – Hulagu Khan the Mongol khan (b. 1217)
 1265 – August 4 – Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
 1266 – Berke the khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire
 1266 – Birger Jarl the Swedish regent and person who started Stockholm
 1268 – October 29 – Conradin the duke of Swabia and King of Jerusalem and Sicily (b. 1252)

1260s


Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), was a United States Supreme Court court case. It was between William Marbury and James Madison.

Background
In the 1800 United States Presidential election, Thomas Jefferson won over John Adams. Days before Adams had to leave office, he wanted to give a number of people jobs (so that Jefferson could not give these jobs away). The United States Senate approved of his picks (nominations) and John Marshall, who was then Adams' Secretary of State and was to be the Chief Justice of the United States, had a number of these notices sent out. One that did not make it before midnight was to William Marbury.

When Jefferson took office, he ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, to cancel the ones that had not been delivered. So then Marbury sued Madison because Marbury wanted his job as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.

Decision
John Marshall ruled on this case as the Chief Justice. He first answered that Marbury had a right to his job because it had been signed and approved. The actual delivery was a custom, not a requirement. He then ruled that a writ of mandamus (a type of court order) was the correct way for Marbury to rule. Finally, he noted that the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed the Supreme Court to make this kind of ruling.

The next question was who could decide this issue. Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court could decide it because the Judiciary Act of 1789 said that they could. However, Marshall said that a section of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. That section allowed the Supreme Court to make a writ but the United States Constitution did not. Therefore, that section was unconstitutional and the Supreme Court could not make a writ for Marbury.

Marshall looking over the Constitution and the statute is judicial review, a statement that the Supreme Court had an independent power to determine whether something was constitutional or not.

1803 in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases

Marbury v. Madison


Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and poet. He is best known for writing a poem which later became the words of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States of America.

His mother was Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and his father was Captain John Ross Key. He graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland in 1796.

Key was an owner of slaves, and in the later administration of Andrew Jackson he was the United States Attorney in Washington, D.C.

1779 births
1843 deaths
19th-century American poets
Writers from Maryland

Francis Scott Key


Mixed-oxide fuel (or MOX fuel) is nuclear fuel that contains an oxide of more than one element. Most nuclear fuel that is not of the MOX type only contains uranium dioxide. In most cases, the additional oxide will be plutonium dioxide, sometimes thorium dioxide. Any reactor that uses uranium-based fuel will produce plutonium dioxide. Mox fuel consists of about 93% uranium, and about 7% of thorium or plutonium dioxide.

One of the benefits of using MOX-type fuel is that the plutonium dioxide that is produced, can be re-used for energy generation. Certain types of nuclear power plants need plutonium to work properly.

Nuclear energy

MOX fuel


Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is a Spanish mission. It was founded by Father Junipero Serra in 1772. It is on the central coast of California, halfway between San Diego and Monterey. It was named after Saint Louis, the bishop of Toulouse. It was the fifth of twenty-one missions in California.  Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is noted for its beautiful architectural features, mission life, and historical events.

Design
Mission San Luis Obispo is different from all the other' missions' because it is one of the smallest and has a unique design. The design has both belfry (a bell tower) and a vestibule, which is an entrance hall between the outer door and the interior of a building. These are not found on any of the other California missions. The main nave (the long entrance part of the church) is long and narrow. At San Luis Obispo there is a secondary nave that is the same size and at the right of the altar. This is the only "L"-shaped mission church. Windows around the courtyard have round pillars with square opening, unlike the arches of other missions.  San Luis Obispo is painted white and is surrounded by gardens, wine vineyards, and a fountain.

Mission Life
Mission life was hard for the California Indians because they had to work hard and study Catholic Religon.

Women had to cook, sew, garden, and make candles and soap. Men had to farm and care for the animals while the older people had to fish and make arrows.  The children attended church every day to study Catholicism.  When their studies were done they would work hard helping their families.  The Spanish introduced the gun to the Chumash.  The Hupa were grateful for the Spaniard guns as they depended on them for hunting bears for food.  The Chumash helped these Spaniards build the missions and take care of it and its surrounding
Other hostile Indians attacked San Luis Obispo on three separate occasions before 1774.  During the attack, the thatched roofs of the mission buildings were set afire by blazing arrows.  In May 1807, the mission was designated as one of six in which the California priests could make their annual retreats for spiritual exercises.  Following Mexico's war against Spain in 1810, all the California missions were forced to contribute food and clothing to the army. In 1830, the bell tower was destroyed in an earthquake, but was later rebuilt with stone.

Today, the mission serves as a parish church of the diocese of Monterey.

References
Title: The Missions of California Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa
Author:  Mary Null Boule
Publisher:  Meryant Publishing Inc.
Date:  July 1988
Placed Published:  Vashon, Washington

Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.missionsanluisobispo.org/)
Retrieved:  February 15, 2009

Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.californias-missions.org/individual/mission_slo.htm)
Retrieved:  February 15, 2009

Churches in the United States
Museums in California
1772 establishments in North America
History of California
18th-century establishments in California

Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa


are a set of guidelines for the way Computer-aided drafting (CAD), or (CADD) Computer Aided Design and Drawing, drawings should appear, to improve productivity and interchange of CAD documents between different offices and CAD programs, especially in architecture and engineering.

AEC (Architecture Engineering and Construction) standards

CAD layer standards
Most common:

BS 1192, which relies heavily on the Code of Procedure for the Construction Industry
AIA Cad Layer Guidelines, 2nd edition (1997), has a great usage in the USA;
ISO 13567-1/3, International standard, common in Northern Europe;
AEC (UK), an adaptation of BS-1192 based on Uniclass.
A/E/C CAD Standard, Tri-service (USACE/Air Force/NAVFAC) CAD standard created/maintained by the CAD/BIM Technology Center for Facilities, Infrastructure, and Environment…
 (1996), Swiss standard for engineers and architects, based on ISO 13567.
 (2012), Austrian standard for digital documentation in technical drawings, based on ISO 13567.
Samples of standardised layers:
A-B374--E- (ISO13567: agent Architect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation graphic element);
A-37420-T2N01B113B23pro (ISO13567: agent Architect, element Roof Window in SfB, presentation Text#2, New part, floor 01, block B1, phase 1, projection 3D, scale 1:5(B), work package 23 and user definition "pro");
A-G25---D-R (ISO13567: agent Architect, element wall in Uniclass, presentation dimensions, status Existing to be removed);
A-G251-G-WallExtl-Fwd (AEC(UK): agent Architect, element External Wall in Uniclass, presentation graphic element, user definition "WallExtl" and view Forward);
A210_M_ExtWall (BS1192: agent Architect, element External Wall in SfB, presentation model, user definition "ExtWall");
A-E04---E- (ISO13567 SIA 2014: agent Architect, element Stair in SIA classification, presentation graphic element);
A-WALL-FULL (AIA: agent Architect, element Wall, Full height).

Line-thickness
Thickness for pens and plot:  Gray,  Red,  White,  Yellow,  Magenta,  Blue,  Green. In AutoCAD usually parts to be printed in black are drawn in 1 to 7 basic colors. Color layer: Green-Center, Magenta-Measure of length and Blue-Hidden.

Text and dimension
Heights: , , ,  (stroke thickness (lineweight) should be 0.1 of the character height).
Font styles: "Romans.shx – Romantic Simplex", "ISOCPEUR.ttf". Exceptional use of screen fonts (arial, Times New Roman etc.).

Scales
 2:1, 20:1, 200:1 ...
 1:1, 1:10, 1:100 ...
  in = 1 ft
  in = 1 ft
  in = 1 ft
  in = 1 ft
  in = 1 ft
 1 in = 1 ft
  in = 1 ft
 3 in = 1 ft (QUARTER SCALE)
 6 in = 1 ft (HALF SCALE)
 1 ft = 1 ft (FULL SCALE)

File naming standards
BS 1192:
Discipline (1 char), Element (2 char, using SfB Table 1 or Uniclass), Drawing type (1 char, P=preliminary, X=special/xref, L=layout, C=component, S=schedules, A=assembly drawings, K=co-ordination drawing), Unique number (3 char), Revision (1 char, A=emission, B,C,D...= revisions).
Samples: A22P012G.dwg (architect, internal walls in SfB, preliminary design, sheet 012, revision G).
AIA
AEC
Samples: ZE1G-124.dwg, XE1G-100.dwg
AEC (UK)
Project (unlimited char), Discipline (2 char max, recommended mandatory), Zone (optional), View (1 char, rec.mand.), Level (2 char, rec.mand.), Content (rec.mand.), Sequential number (up to 3 char);
Samples: 1234-A-Off-P-M1-Furn-11c.dwg (project #1234, architect, office zone, plan, mezzanine 1, furnitures, version 1.1 revision c), A-P-01-Part (architect, plan, 1st floor, partitions), 1234-A-S-055.dgn (project #1234, architect, section, sheet 055), A-S-xx-AA.dwg (architect, section, full building, section AA), A-P-x-Grid.dgn (architect, plan, all floor, grid), 1838-S-C-P-03 (project 1838, structures, building C, plan, 3rd floor).
Other local:
Job number (4 char), Agent (1 char), Section (4 char), phase (1 char), sheet number (2 char), revision (2 char)
Samples: 0512-A-00A_-1-01-02.dwg
Job number (3 char), View (2 char), section (2char), phase (1 char), revision (1 char)
Samples: 123p0s2d0.dwg (job 1239, plan, 2nd floor, definitive drawing, emission), 459s0BBD0.dgn (job 123, section B, definitive drawing, emission).
it produces a large number of photos that could then be CAD into a file format

Mechanical CAD standards

Model-based definition

Model-based definition (MBD) is a method of product specification using elements within 3D models as defined by ASME Y14.41-2012. ASME Y14.41-2012 is based upon ASME Y14.5-2009 symbols and definition methods, such as Geometry Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T).

Subscribers of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have the standards ISO 1101 and ISO 16792 for model-based definition.

Geometry quality
VDA 4955

Product Data Quality
PDQ is a field of PLM relating to the quality of product data, particularly the geometrical and organizational quality of CAD data. Checkers, software that analyze CAD data formats, are often employed before and after data translation.
The checkers can check the organization and quality of the data against internal company standards and international or industry standards.
These checkers can be built into specific CAD packages or work on a number of CAD file formats.

In 2006/2007 Part 59 of STEP ISO 10303-59 Product data representation and exchange: Integrated generic resource: Quality of product shape data is under development. It defines how to represent quality criteria together with measurement requirements and representation of inspection results.

See also
 Model based definition
 Construction Project Information Committee
 Uniclass
 ISO Standards Handbook – Technical drawings, a broad collection of all basic ISO drawing standards
 Vol.1 Technical drawings in general,
 Vol.2 Mechanical engineering drawings, construction drawings, drawing equipment,
 ISO 128 Technical drawings—General principles of presentation
 ISO 13567 Technical product documentation – Organization and naming of layers for CAD ISO 16792 Technical product documentation – Digital product definition data practices'', for the presentation of 3D models and GD&T
 ASTM F2915 Additive Manufacturing File Format
 IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
 Kiziltas, S.; Leite, F.; Akinci, F.; Lipman, R. (2009) "Interoperable Methodologies and Techniques in CAD". Chapter 4. In: CAD and GIS Integration. Karimi, H.; Akinci, B. (ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 73-110.
 X3D ISO standardized royalty free 3D format – CAD Interchange sub-component of interest here.
 United States Military Standard

 technical lettering

References

External links
 AutoCAD Layer Names for Architecture / Interiors (PDF available)
 aec-uk.org Home of the AEC(UK) standards.

CAD file formats
CAD standards
Product lifecycle management

CAD standards


The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) (French: Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace) is the worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey. It is based in Zurich, Switzerland, and has 70 members. It is responsible for the management of international ice hockey tournaments, and maintains the IIHF World Ranking.

Despite its worldwide authority, the IIHF has little control of hockey in North America, where the National Hockey League (NHL) is the highest hockey organization. Its base of power rests in Europe with the respective national governing bodies and leagues. Canada (Hockey Canada) and the United States (USA Hockey) are the only members who have their own rulebooks.

Decisions of the IIHF can be appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The IIHF museum was located within the International Hockey Hall of Fame Museum located in Kingston, Ontario from 1992 to 1997. After terminating the partnership with the International Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF signed an agreement with the NHL to house their museum within the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, the IIHF museum relocated to Toronto, Ontario, occupying over  within the Hockey Hall of Fame.

As part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHF's founding, the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada, the perennial leaders of the sport. This was the first time the championships were hosted in Canada. Russia went on to win the 2008 Championship.

Presidents

Functions

The main functions of the IIHF are to govern, develop and organize hockey throughout the world. Also to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport.
The federation may take the necessary measures in order to conduct itself and its affairs in accordance with its statutes, bylaws and regulations as well as in holding a clear jurisdiction in what concerns to ice hockey and in-line hockey at the international level. The IIHF is the body responsible with arranging the sponsorships, license rights, advertising and merchandising in connection with all IIHF competitions.

Another purpose of the federation is to provide aid in the young players' development and in the development of coaches and game officials. On the other hand, all the events of IIHF are organized by the federation along with establishing and maintaining contact with any other sport federations or sport groups. The IIHF is responsible for processing the international players' transfers. It is also the body that presides over ice hockey in the Olympic Games as well as over all levels of the IIHF World Championships. The federation works in collaboration with local committees when organizing its 25 World Championships, at five different categories.

Even though the IIHF runs the world championships, it is also responsible for the organization of several European club competitions such as the Champions Hockey League or the Continental Cup. With its 100 anniversary, the federation launched a new annual club competition in 2008, the Victoria Cup, named after the Montreal Victoria Skating Rink, the site of the first organized indoor ice hockey match.
The federation is governed by the legislative body of the IIHF which is the General Congress along with the executive body, which is the Council. The Congress is entitled to make decisions with regard of the game's rules, the statutes and bylaws in the name of the federation. It is also the body that elects the president and the council or otherwise known as board.
The president of the IIHF is basically the representative of the federation. He represents the federation's interests I all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federation's statues and regulations. The president is assisted by the General Secretary who is also the highest ranked employee of the IIHF.

History
The International Ice Hockey Federation was founded on May 15, 1908 at 34 Rue de Provence in Paris, France, as Ligue International de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG). The founders of the federation were representatives from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Bohemia (now Czech republic). Louis Magnus, the French representative, was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIGH. A year later, the first congress was held in Paris and then another one during the same year in Chamonix, France.

Members

The Federation has 51 full members: Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, DPR Korea, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, and United States. Full members have a national body dedicated to the sport, and participate annually in the international championships. Only full members have voting rights.

In addition, there are 16 associate members and 3 affiliate members.

Associate members either do not have a national body dedicated to the sport, or do not regularly participate in the international championships. They are Andorra, Armenia, Brazil, Georgia, Greece, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Macau, Macedonia, Malaysia, Moldova, Morocco, Portugal, Singapore and United Arab Emirates.

Affiliate members participate only in the inline championships. They are Argentina, Chile and Namibia.

Related pages

 Ice Hockey World Championships
 IIHF Centennial All-Star Team
 Champions Hockey League
 National Hockey League

References

 International Ice Hockey Federation

1908 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Zürich
International sports organizations based in Switzerland

International Ice Hockey Federation


Living fossil refers to life forms which have survived with little change for a long time, and which are still around today.

Horseshoe crabs are a typical case of living fossil. They have changed little in appearance since the Ordovician period, 450 million years ago.

Crocodilians first appeared 220 million years ago, and are close relatives of the dinosaurs. However, modern crocodiles only date back to the Upper Cretaceous of 84 million years ago.

Turtles are first known from 215 million years ago, but for some reason they are not often mentioned as living fossils.

The Tuatara, from New Zealand, is the sole survivor of a whole order of reptiles, the Sphenodontia. 200 million years ago the group (sister to the lizards and snakes) was quite common.

The Coelacanth is definitely a living fossil. It is the closest link between fish and the first amphibians (408362 million years ago). The Coelacanth was thought to have been extinct for 80 million years until one was caught alive off the east African coast in 1938. It is therefore also a Lazarus taxon.

The Ginkgo tree, Ginkgo biloba, is a good example from the world of plants. It is a gymnosperm. It was thought to be long extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in China. The first similar fossils date from the Permian period, 270 million years ago.

Lingula, a brachiopod, is a genus which has lasted since the Ordovician, 488 million years ago. The modern species are almost the same as the first fossils.

Living fossils are not identical to their ancestors, of course. But they lived in the same or similar environments, and their adaptations suggest that their life-style was the same, or very similar.

Evolutionary biology
Metaphors referring to nature

Living fossil


The Knights Hospitaller were a group of military knights fighting in Jerusalem.  They are the group that became the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and, eventually, St. John Ambulance.

The Hospitallers are a Catholic military order founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century. They later became the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Today their headquarters are in Rome. The order continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names.

Knights of Malta
Malta was ruled by the Order of Saint John as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1530 to 1798. The islands of Malta and Gozo, as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya, were given to the Order by Spanish Emperor Charles V in 1530. following the loss of Rhodes. The Ottoman Empire managed to capture Tripoli from the Order in 1551, but an attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed.

In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers. He wanted to get the island as a base. From there he might launch another assault on Europe. A long struggle ended with the Knights undefeated. This is known as the Great Siege of Malta. Resisting the Ottoman Empire was their great achievement.

Middle Ages
Orders of knighthood

Knights Hospitaller