A dummy pronoun is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. As such, it is an example of exophora.

Dummy pronouns are used in many Germanic languages, including German and English. Pronoun-dropping languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Turkish do not require dummy pronouns.

A dummy pronoun is used when a particular verb argument (or preposition) is nonexistent (it could also be unknown, irrelevant, already understood, or otherwise "not to be spoken of directly") but when a reference to the argument (a pronoun) is nevertheless syntactically required. For example, in the phrase "It is obvious that the violence will continue", it is a dummy pronoun, not referring to any agent. Unlike a regular pronoun of English, it cannot be replaced by any noun phrase.

The term dummy pronoun refers to the function of a word in a particular sentence, not a property of individual words. For example, it in the example from the previous paragraph is a dummy pronoun, but it in the sentence "I bought a sandwich and ate it" is a referential pronoun (referring to the sandwich).

Dummy subjects

Weather it
In the phrase "it is raining—", the verb to rain is usually considered semantically impersonal, even though it appears as syntactically intransitive; in this view, the required it is to be considered a dummy word.

Other views
However, there have been a few objections to this interpretation. Noam Chomsky has argued that the it employed as the subject of English weather verbs can control the subject of an adjunct clause, just like a "normal" subject. For example, compare:
She brushes her teeth before having a bath.
→ She brushes her teeth before she has a bath.

It sometimes rains after snowing.
→ It sometimes rains after it snows.

If this analysis is accepted, then the "weather it" is to be considered a "quasi-(verb) argument" and not a dummy word.

Some linguists such as D. L. Bolinger go even further, claiming that the "weather it" simply refers to a general state of affairs in the context of the utterance. In this case, it would not be a dummy word at all. Possible evidence for this claim includes exchanges such as:
"Was it nice (out) yesterday?"
"No, it rained."
where it is implied to mean "the local weather".

Raising verbs

Other examples of semantically empty it are found with raising verbs in "unraised" counterparts. For example:

It seems that John loves coffee. (Corresponding "raised" sentence: John seems to love coffee.)

Extraposition

Dummy it can also be found in extraposition constructions in English, such as the following:

It was known to all the class [that the boy failed his test].

Dummy objects
In English, dummy object pronouns tend to serve an ad hoc function, applying with less regularity than dummy subjects. Dummy objects are sometimes used to transform transitive verbs to a transitive light verb form: e.g., do → do it, "to engage in sexual intercourse"; make → make it, "to achieve success"; get → get it, "to comprehend". Prepositional objects are similar: e.g., with it, "up to date"; out of it, "dazed" or "not thinking". All of these phrases, of course, can also be taken literally. For instance:

He ordered a cheeseburger, and even though it took them a while to make it, he did get some French fries with it.

Dummy predicates
It has been proposed that elements like expletive there in existential sentences and pro-forms in inverse copular sentences play the role of dummy predicate rather than dummy subject, so that the postverbal noun phrase would rather be the embedded subject of the sentence.

See also
 Impersonal verb
 Null-subject language

References

Everaert, M. - van Riemsdijk, H - Goedemans, R. (eds) 2006 The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Volumes I-V, Blackwell, London: see "existential sentences and expletive there" in Volume II.
 Chomsky, Noam (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris., cited in http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/sky/julkaisut/SKY2004/Alba-Salas.pdf.
 Bolinger, D. L. (1977). Meaning and form. English Language Series, 11. London: Longman.
 Graffi, G. 2001 200 Years of Syntax. A critical survey, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
 Moro, A. 1997 The raising of predicates. Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Pronouns
Transitivity and valency

Dummy pronoun


The Red City Hall () is the town hall of Berlin, in the Mitte borough on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz. It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the Federal state of Berlin. The landmark building got its name from the red clinker bricks with which it is covered.

History

The Rathaus was built between 1861 and 1869 in the style of the north Italian High Renaissance by Hermann Friedrich Waesemann. It was modelled on the Old Town Hall of Toruń, now in Poland, while the architecture of the tower is reminiscent of the cathedral tower of Notre-Dame of Laon in France.  It replaced several individual buildings dating from the Middle Ages and now fills an entire city block.

The building was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II and rebuilt to the original plans between 1951 and 1956. The Neues Stadthaus, which survived the bombing and had been the head office of the Berlin city fire insurance company  in Parochialstraße was the temporary city hall for the post-war city government for all four sectors of Berlin until September 1948.  Following that time, it housed only those of the Soviet sector. The reconstructed Rotes Rathaus, then in the Soviet sector, served as the town hall of East Berlin, while the Rathaus Schöneberg in Schöneberg borough was seat of the West Berlin Senate.  After German reunification, the administration of reunified Berlin officially moved into the Rotes Rathaus on 1 October 1991.

Related pages
Senate of Berlin
Mayor of Berlin
List of mayors of Berlin
Alexanderplatz
Nikolaiviertel
Fernsehturm Berlin
Marienkirche
Marx-Engels-Forum

Other websites

 CityMayors feature
 Red Town Hall 360° Panorama

Buildings and structures in Berlin
1860s establishments
Landmarks in Germany

Rotes Rathaus


Roberto Gerardi (18 October 1919 – 1995) was an Italian cinematographer.

Born in Rome, Gerardi began his career as an assistant of Carlo Montuori, then pursued his career as an assistant operator of Anchise Brizzi, with whom he worked in one of the masterpieces of neorealism, Vittorio De Sica's Shoeshine.  He made his debut as a cinematographer in 1957  with the film I colpevoli  by Turi Vasile, in which he experienced an innovative camera system, with the simultaneous use of three cameras to frame different cuts of long shots.

After having  accompanied Giuseppe Rotunno as an additional cinematographer in The Great War (1959), in the early sixties he worked in art films such as Damiano Damiani's Arturo's Island and The Empty Canvas, but also to international co-productions such as Madame Sans-Gene by Christian-Jaque and The Condemned of Altona by Vittorio De Sica. In the second half of the sixties Gerardi turned into literary adaptations such as Mademoiselle De Maupin by Mauro Bolognini and Don Giovanni in Sicilia by Alberto Lattuada. He was also pretty active in sophisticated commedia all'italiana films, in which he adopted a distinctive cinematography, characterized by "a brilliant use of color and light".

The seventies marked the beginning of the decline of his career, that started to be orientated to more popular and less ambitious productions; during these years he regularly worked with the directors Fernando Di Leo and Giorgio Capitani.

References

External links

1919 births
1995 deaths
Italian cinematographers
Film people from Rome

Roberto Gerardi


Plant pathology, or phytopathology, is the study of plant diseases. Like animals, plants can get infected and damaged by viruses, bacteria and fungi.

It includes not only the harm done by pathogens (infectious organisms), but also harm done by environmental conditions.

Organisms which cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, plant viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants.

Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues. Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, and how to manage plant diseases.

Plant pathology is of fundamental importance to agriculture.

References

Plants
Branches of botany
Pathology

Plant pathology


Bernard Anthony Harris Jr. (born June 26, 1956) is a former NASA astronaut. On February 9, 1995, Harris became the first African American to perform an extra-vehicular activity (spacewalk), during the second of his two Space Shuttle flights.

Education
Harris graduated from Sam Houston High School in San Antonio, Texas, in 1974, where he was actively involved in science fairs, book clubs and other school activities.  He received a B.S. degree in biology from University of Houston in 1978. He earned his MD degree from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine in 1982. Harris completed a residency in internal medicine at the Mayo Clinic in 1985. Harris is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.

Harris completed a National Research Council Fellowship at NASA's Ames Research Center in 1987. While at Ames, he conducted research in musculature physiology and disuse.

He also trained as a flight surgeon at the Aerospace School of Medicine at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio in 1988. Dr. Harris received a master's degree in biomedical science from The University of Texas Medical Branch in 1996, and an MBA from the University of Houston (1999). Harris is also a licensed private pilot and certified scuba diver.

After completing his fellowship at NASA Ames, he joined NASA's Johnson Space Center as a clinical scientist and flight surgeon, where he conducted clinical investigations of space adaptation and developed countermeasures for extended duration space flight.

He was the first African American man to go in space as one of NASA's research teams and he was involved in the construction of the space rovers.

He now has a school dedicated to him in San Antonio named Dr. Bernard A. Harris Middle School.

Organizations and honors
Harris is a member of many professional, academic and service organizations, including the American College of Physicians, Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, and Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity. He is a board member of the Boys and Girls Club of Houston, National Math and Science Initiative, Medical Informatics, Technology and Applications Center, Houston Technology Center, and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Board of Scientific Counselors. He has been recognized several times by NASA and other organizations for his professional and academic achievements. In 1996 he received an honorary doctorate from the Morehouse College School of Medicine. He later received honorary doctorates from Stonybrook University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and the University of Houston. He has also received a NASA Space flight medal, a NASA Award of Merit, a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the 2000 Horatio Alger Award.

In 2005, the North East Independent School District in San Antonio, Texas named a middle school under construction after Harris. Bernard Harris Middle School opened August 14, 2006, to have a capacity of 1500 students.

Astronaut experience
Harris first became interested in being an astronaut watching the Apollo 11 mission on TV in 1969.
Selected by NASA in January 1990, Harris became an astronaut in July 1991, and qualified for assignment as a mission specialist on future Space Shuttle flight crews. He served as the crew representative for Shuttle Software in the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch. Harris was assigned as a mission specialist on STS-55, Spacelab D-2, in August 1991.  He flew on board Columbia for ten days, (26 April 1993 – 6 May 1993); on the mission the Shuttle reached one year of accumulated flight time. Harris was part of the payload crew of Spacelab D-2, conducting a variety of research in physical and life sciences. During this flight, Harris logged over 239 hours and 4,164,183 miles in space.

His second mission was as the payload commander on STS-63 ( February 2, 1995 – February 11, 1995), the first flight of the new joint Russian-American Space Program. Mission highlights included the first rendezvous (but not docking) with the Russian space station Mir and retrieval of Spartan 204 satellite. During the flight, Harris became the first African-American to walk in space, while fellow astronaut Michael Foale became the first British-born spacewalker. (It was also on this flight that Eileen Collins became the first female Shuttle pilot.) On this mission, Harris logged 198 hours, 29 minutes in space, completed 129 orbits, and traveled over 2.9 million miles.

Post-NASA career
Harris left NASA in April 1996, but has continued research.  He served as Vice President of SPACEHAB, Inc., and innovative space commercialization company, where he directed the company's space science business. He also served as Vice President of Business Development for Space Media, Inc., an Informatics company, establishing an e-commerce initiative that is now part of the United Nations' education program.

In the late 1990s, Harris served as a member of the Board of Regents of the Texas Tech University System.

In 1998, he founded The Harris Foundation, a Houston, Texas-based non-profit organization, whose stated mission is "to invest in community-based initiatives to support education, health and wealth. THF supports programs that empower individuals, in particular minorities and other economically and/or socially disadvantaged, to recognize their potential and pursue their dreams."

In 2007, Dr. Harris joined the board of the National Math and Science Initiative.

In 2008, he appeared in Microsoft's "I'm a P.C." ad campaign. Harris also gave a keynote speech at the Exxon Mobil Texas State Science and Engineering Fair.

In 2009, he was elected Vice President of the American Telemedicine Association. He was elected President of the American Telemedicine Association in 2011, serving for a one-year term that ended in 2012.

In 2010, he was part of the Dream Tour where he travelled to over 30 schools around the country.

Currently, Dr. Harris is CEO of the National Math and Science Initiative and President and Chief Executive Officer of Vesalius Ventures, Inc., a venture capital accelerator, that invests in early-stage companies in Medical Informatics and Technology.

As of April 19, 2021, Harris serves on the board of directors for commercial aerospace and weapons manufacturer Raytheon Technologies.

Got honorary degree from USciences in 2021.

See also
see the List of African-American astronauts

References

External links

Spacefacts biography of Bernard A. Harris Jr.
Biography at The Harris Foundation

1956 births
Living people
People from Temple, Texas
20th-century African-American physicians
20th-century American physicians
American physicians
People from San Antonio
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center alumni
Texas Tech University System regents
University of Houston alumni
NASA civilian astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Physician astronauts
Spacewalkers
21st-century African-American people

Bernard A. Harris Jr.


Fred Parkinson Holliday, DSO, MC, AFC (20 February 1888 – 5 March 1960), was an Australian-born Canadian fighter pilot and ace of the First World War. He shot down 17 German aircraft between his entry into the war and its end, making him the 11th highest-scoring Australian-born pilot of the war. He served with the RFC and RAF throughout, in the No. 48 Squadron. He was awarded the Military Cross on 26 July 1917 for a particularly successful encounter with five German aircraft, and was later given the Distinguished Service Order.

Born in Fitzroy, Victoria, to parents from Yorkshire, as a youth Holliday was sent to Britain to complete his schooling, attending grammar school in Brighton. He served in the Sussex Yeomanry for three years, but after completing further studies in electrical and mechanical engineering moved to Canada. In September 1914, he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force as a sapper in the Canadian Engineers. He was appointed a temporary second lieutenant in December 1915, and he subsequently transferred to the RFC, serving first as an observer and then as a pilot.

Holliday survived the war and, after working briefly in Sweden, he returned to Canada. He saw further service in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War, reaching the rank of group captain. From 1947 until his death in 1960, he served as president of Swedish Electric in Canada. He died at the age of 72.

Awards and honours
26 July 1917 – Temp. Lt. Fred Parkinson Holliday, Gen. List and RFC is awarded the Military Cross For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. In company with another pilot he attacked five hostile aircraft, setting one on fire, driving down another out of control, and dispersing the remainder. He has previously done fine work, bringing down eight hostile machines in all.
25 August 1917 – T./Lt. Fred Parkinson Holliday, Gen. List and RFC is awarded the Distinguished Service Order – For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. By his initiative and skilful manoeuvring he led six hostile machines to an encounter with our own formation, during which five out of the six hostile machines were destroyed and driven down. He had been equally successful the day before in misleading hostile aircraft, and his originality and fearless example were of the greatest value to his squadron.30 May 1919 – Capt. (A./Maj.) Fred Parkinson Holliday, DSO, MC (Can. Eng) is awarded the Air Force Cross.

Notes

 References
 Gutman, J. Bristol F2 Fighter Aces of World War 1''. London: Osprey Publishing, 2007. .

1888 births
1980 deaths
Australian World War I flying aces
Canadian World War I flying aces
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Military personnel from Melbourne
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Australian emigrants to Canada
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers

Fred Parkinson Holliday


The 2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference, sometimes called the Eldoret conference were a series of meetings held in Eldoret, Kenya during November 2002. It was attended by most supporters of the Transitional National Government (TNG) of Somalia. The TNG was the predecessor organization of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG).

However, at the time, the Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA) was still hotly contending with other factions, including warlord Adan Madobe-Habsade, who captured Baidoa. The RRA accused the Juba Valley Alliance of assisting the warlord, an accusation denied by the JVA leader Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale.

Former President and member of parliament Ali Mahdi Muhammad blamed Ethiopia for interfering in the meetings. He left the conference to return to Mogadishu, saying it was a waste of time.

References

2002 in politics
Political history of Somalia
Government of Somalia
Somali Reconciliation
Somali Civil War
Peace conferences
Diplomatic conferences in Kenya

2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference


This article is about the Egyptian Sun god Ra or Re. For the chemical element, see Radium

In Egyptian mythology, Ra was the god of the sun. He was the most important god in Ancient Egypt. He had many names, such as Amun-Ra, and Ra-Horakhty. It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West. In the night he travelled through the underworld. This is why the west side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead. He had the head of a Falcon, the body of a man, and was the king of the Egyptian gods.

Name
Ra was thought to be the god of the sun and creation. Ra's name came from Re and Amun. The name Re was from Upper Egypt and the name Amun came from Lower Egypt. When Upper and Lower Egypt came together they changed the name to Amun-Re. Over thousands of years the name Amun-Re evolved into Amun-Ra and then just to Ra. From then on people called him Re or Ra. Ra used to mean "mouth" in the Egyptian language. Some names are: Re, the Creator, Khepry, etc.

Looks

Ra has many forms. His best-known form is the man with the head of a falcon and the sun disk above him. He may also be depicted as a scarab beetle or a man. One is Amun-Ra, which is a ram and the other, Ra-Hakorthaty which is a sky sun god.

Friends and enemies
Some time around the Middle Kingdom, Ra and Osiris became friends. This was unusual because Osiris lived in the Underworld and Ra lived in the Heavens. All the other gods wanted to be friends with Ra. They hoped that if they were friends with Ra, Ra would tell them his hidden name. But Ra did have some enemies. Seth was sometimes Ra's enemy, but Seth did help Ra fight Apep, a snake god. The fact that Seth helped Ra reminded all of the gods that Seth was not all bad. Isis was another enemy of Ra, she had tricked him into giving her his hidden name so her husband Osiris could be king of the gods.

Worship
The cult of Ra began to grow from around the time of the II Dynasty, establishing Ra as the sun god. By the IV Dynasty, the Pharaohs were seen as "Sons of Ra". His worship increased much in the V Dynasty, when he became a state deity. Pharaohs had pyramids, obelisks, and solar temples built in his honor.

Powers
Ra was believed to be the greatest Egyptian god when it came to powers. His powers live in his hidden name. Only he knew his hidden name so only he could use the powers. It was said that he had the best powers throughout the land. He could make anything, he made people, he made the world, and he made the heavens. That is how great his powers were. One day Isis wanted to have his powers so she sent a serpent to poison him on his daily walk. The serpents venomous bite was so painful that Ra gave in and told her his secret name of creation.Then Isis banished Ra to the Duat, (Spirit World), so Osiris her husband could be king.

Family
Ra's daughter with Nut (his granddaughter) was named Hathor, the goddess of love. Ra had two children Shu, the god of air and Tefnut, the goddess of morning dew. They had two children named Nut, the goddess of the sky and Geb, the god of earth. They had four children named Isis, the goddess of home, Nephthys, the goddess of mourning, Set, the god of the desert, and Osiris, god of the afterlife. They paired up and had two more children, Anubis, god of embalming, and Horus, god of the sky.

References
 Remler, Pat, Egyptian Mythology from A-Z 180-181
 Watterson, Barbara, Gods of ancient Egypt
 Wilkinson, Richard, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
 John, Banes and Jaromir, Malek, The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt 173

Other websites

 http://www.fruitofthenile.com/Ra.htm
 http://www.egyptartsite.com/Ra.html
 http://ancient-egypt-online.com/egypt-god-amon-re.html
 http://www.ancient-mythology.com./egyptian/ra.php

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of the sky

Ra


The Battle of Cambrai was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as Siegfried Line and more things

Cambrai
1917 in the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany
1910s in France
November 1917 events
December events

Battle of Cambrai


Fence (also known as a Dutch Rudder) is an investment strategy that uses options to limit the range of possible returns on a financial instrument.

A fence consists of the following elements:
 long position in a financial instrument  (e.g. a share, index or currency)
 long put (normally with a strike price close to or at the current spot price of the financial instrument)
 short put (with a strike price lower than the bought put - e.g. 80% of the current spot price)
 short call (with a strike price higher than the current spot price).

The expiration dates of all the options are usually the same. The call strike is normally chosen in such a way that the sum total of the three option premiums is equal to zero.

This investment strategy will ensure that the value of the investment at expiry will be between the strike price on the short call and the strike price on the long put. Thus possible gains and losses (the value of the financial instrument minus the cost of acquiring it) are confined to a specified range.

However, if the price of the financial instrument falls below the strike level of the sold put the investor will start participating in any further price declines of the financial instrument.

References

Options (finance)
Investment
Financial risk management

Fence (finance)


Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane.  The air traffic controllers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else. Some countries are very protective of their air space.

References

Aviation safety
Geography

Air space


The schists are a group of metamorphic rocks which have lamellar (plate-like) minerals, such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. Quartz often occurs in drawn-out grains so that a form called quartz schist is produced. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. Schist often contains garnets.

The individual mineral grains in schist, drawn out into flaky scales by heat and pressure, can be seen by the naked eye. Schist is characteristically foliated, (~leaf-like) meaning the mineral grains split off easily into flakes or slabs. The word schist is derived from the Greek word σχίζειν schíxein meaning "to split". This refers to the ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie.

Most schists have been derived from clays and muds which have passed through a series of metamorphic processes involving the production of shales, slates and phyllites as intermediate steps. Certain schists have been derived from fine-grained igneous rocks such as basalts and tuffs. Most schists are mica schists, but graphite and chlorite schists are also common.

Schists are named after their mineral constituents, such as garnet schist, tourmaline schist, glaucophane schist, etc.

Schists are frequently used as dimension stone. Dimension stone is stone that has been selected and cut to specific shapes or sizes.

Metamorphic rocks

Schist


Rashaya District () is an admeenistrative destrict in the Beqaa Govrenorate o the Republic o Lebanon.

Maist o Rachaya's population are Christians wi a muckle Druze minority. Mony fowk o Rachaya hae left for muckler ceeties in Lebanon such as Beirut. Durin the Lebanese ceevil war, Rachaya wis no affectit as hintle as ither pairts o Lebanon durin the conflict.

Rachaya is kent for its pottery an famous for the kirk bells made in the toun, the toun is richt next tae the Anti-Lebanon muntain range in borderin Sirie.

Destricts o Lebanon
Rashaya Destrict

Rashaya Destrict


The Monterey Formation is an extensive Miocene oil-rich geological sedimentary formation in California, with outcrops of the formation in parts of the California Coast Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, and on some of California's off-shore islands. The type locality is near the city of Monterey, California.
The Monterey Formation is the major source-rock for  37 to 38 billion barrels of oil in conventional traps such as sandstones. This is most of California's known oil resources.  The Monterey has been extensively investigated and mapped for petroleum potential, and is of major importance for understanding the complex geological history of California. Its rocks are mostly highly siliceous strata that vary greatly in composition, stratigraphy, and tectono-stratigraphic history.

The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated in 2014 that the 1,750 square mile Monterey Formation could, as an unconventional resource, yield about 600 million barrels of oil, from tight oil contained in the formation, down sharply from their 2011 estimate of a potential  15.4 billion barrels. An independent review by the California Council on Science and Technology found both of these estimates to be "highly uncertain." Despite intense industry efforts, there has been little success to date (2013) in producing Monterey-hosted tight oil/shale oil, except in places where it is already naturally fractured, and it may be many years, if ever, before the Monterey becomes a significant producer of shale oil.

The Monterey Formation strata vary. Its lower Miocene members show indications of weak coastal upwelling, with fossil assemblages and calcareous-siliceous rocks formed from diatoms and coccolithophorids. Its middle and upper Miocene upwelling-rich assemblages, and its unique highly siliceous rocks from diatom-rich plankton, became diatomites, porcelainites, and banded cherts.

Shale oil resources and exploitation
The Monterey formation has long been recognized as the primary source of the oil produced from other formations in Southern California; the Monterey itself has been very productive where it is naturally fractured. Since 2011, the possibility that hydraulic fracturing might make the Monterey Shale productive over large areas has gained widespread public attention.

According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) in 2011, the  Monterey Shale Formation contained more than half of the United States's total estimated technically recoverable shale oil (tight oil contained in shale, as distinct from oil shale) resource, about . In 2012, the EIA revised its recoverable volume downward, to . As of 2013 advances in hydraulic fracturing commonly called "fracking," and the high price of oil resulted in spirited bidding by oil companies for leases. Occidental Petroleum and Venoco were reported to have been major players. The deposit lies  below the surface.

A widely cited March 2013 study released by the University of Southern California (USC) estimated that if extensive resource play development of the Monterey through hydraulic fracturing were successful, it could generate as many as 2.8 million jobs and as much as $24.6 billion in state and local taxes. However, observers have pointed out that as of 2012, however large its theoretical potential, no one as yet has succeeded in making the Monterey Shale widely economic through hydraulic fracturing; to date it has been economic only in those limited locations already naturally fractured.

Richard Behl, a geology professor who heads the "Monterey And Related Sediments" (MARS) consortium at California State University Long Beach, said that "The [EIA] numbers probably were overblown, but it was a simple method and had an essence of truth." Compared to other shale oil plays, the Monterey formation is much thicker and more laterally extensive, but also much more geologically complex and deformed. See the linked photos from a field trip to Monterey outcrops at Vandenberg Air Force Base. "To say California geology is complex is an understatement. ... The Monterey play is no slam-dunk." In 2013, Bakken shale-oil pioneer Harold Hamm said  the Monterey "might have a lot of potential, but there are reasons why it's not being produced."

J. David Hughes, a Canadian geoscientist and Fellow of Post Carbon Institute, published a report in December 2013 analyzing the assumptions behind the EIA's forecast of Monterey tight oil production and the USC's forecast of resulting job and tax revenue growth. He found the EIA report's assumptions on prospective well productivity to be "extremely optimistic," and the total estimate of 15.4 billion barrels of recoverable oil "highly overstated." He also found the USC study's assumption that development of the Monterey shale could increase California oil production as much as seven-fold to be "unfounded," and the economic projections regarding jobs and tax revenue to be "extremely suspect."

Source rock
The Monterey Formation is considered the source of 84% of the oil in known fields of the San Joaquin Basin, a total of 12.2 billion barrels of oil. Of this, 112 million barrels of oil in known fields is produced from the Monterey itself.

The Monterey formation is the source for such giant oilfields as the Kern River, Elk Hills,
Midway-Sunset Oil Field, and probable source for the overlying North and South Belridge Oil Fields.

History
Monterey Formation oil was discovered at the Orcutt Oil Field in the Santa Maria Basin of Santa Barbara County in 1901. This was quickly followed by other Monterey discoveries nearby, including the Cat Canyon Oil Field and Lompoc Oil Field. Each of these early Monterey discoveries depended on natural fractures in the Monterey.

The Monterey Formation is one of the reservoirs in the Elk Hills Oil Field as well as one of the reservoirs (Belridge Diatomite) of the Lost Hills Oil Field, both located in Kern County.

Major Monterey production was also discovered in offshore oil fields, such as the South Ellwood Oil Field in the Santa Barbara Channel, and the Point Arguello Field in the Santa Maria Basin.

The North Shafter and Rose oil fields of Kern County, which produce primarily from the Monterey Formation, were discovered in 1983, but attempts to produce the oil have not been highly economic. Some horizontal wells were drilled in the Rose field in the early 2000s, with 2,500-foot lateral lengths and single-stage open-hole fracs; the results were said to be improvements over vertical wells.

Carbon dioxide injection has been tested in the Monterey shale, with mixed results. "The main problem was that the carbon dioxide didn't increase production as much as hoped. ... That could be because the rock formation is so jumbled up, it's hard to find the right spot in which to inject the carbon dioxide."

Oil companies such as Occidental Petroleum are using acidizing to stimulate production in Monterey wells, and other companies are experimenting with proprietary mixes of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. "There's a lot of discussion around the Monterey Shale that it doesn't require fracking, that acidizing will be enough to open up the rock," said Chris Faulkner, chief executive officer of Breitling Oil and Gas.

Opposition and regulation
The Monterey Formation underlies the southern half of the San Joaquin Valley, a prime agricultural region. The possibility of environmental damage has caused some farmers in Kern County to press for close regulation of hydraulic fracturing.

Opponents say that hydraulic fracturing poses risks in the seismically active region.

The California legislature passed a bill regulating fracking in September 2013. Some environmentalists criticised the bill as being too lax. Some environmentalists promised not to rest until fracking is banned completely. Oil industry representatives  criticized the bill as too restrictive. The measure was supported by state Sen. Fran Pavley, author of a fracking bill defeated the previous year. The bill, which Governor Jerry Brown promised to sign, provided for disclosure of chemical used, pre-testing of nearby water wells, and a study on environmental and safety issues to be completed by January 2015. Given the very limited success with fracking the Monterey to date, some find the controversy "much ado about little."

In Santa Barbara County, Santa Maria Energy LLC (SME) has proposed a total of 136 wells in the Monterey formation that would use cyclic steam injection to produce tight oil. In 2013, the county planning commission  declined its staff's recommendation to approve the project, calling for more study on concerns raised by environmentalists about greenhouse-gas emissions. The County Board of Supervisors approved the proposed project on November 18, 2013 and SME was cited as a model operator and applicant during the proceedings.

See also
Ellwood Oil Field
Goleta, California
Los Angeles Basin
Transverse Ranges

References

External links
 UCMP.Berkeley.edu:  The Monterey Formation of California — from the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

Miocene California
Miocene geology
Geologic formations of California
Petroleum in California
Oil-bearing shales in the United States
Geology of Monterey County, California
Geology of San Luis Obispo County, California
Geology of Santa Barbara County, California
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges

Monterey Formation


Significant other (SO) is way of saying a person has a close relationship. Deliberately, it does not say what the relationship is.

It refers to a person's partner, but says nothing about marital status, relationship status, or sexual orientation. Similar terms, but more specific, are: sweetheart, better half, spouse, domestic partner, lover, soulmate, or life partner.

The term is now often used in invitations, such as to weddings and office parties. In correspondence from hospitals, for example, "you may be accompanied for your appointment by a significant other". "Relevant other" is another ways of saying the same thing. "Significant others" is sometimes used.

Also, in psychology, psychiatry and sociology, it may mean someone who has a big influence on the person.

The first known use of the term was in the U.S.

References

Personal life

Significant other


The Crosiers, formally known as the Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross (), abbreviated OSC, is a Catholic religious order of canons regular of Pontifical Right for men. It is one of the Church's oldest religious orders, and membership consists of priests and brothers who live together according to the Rule of St. Augustine.

Tradition
The Crosiers were founded by five men attached to the household of the prince-bishop of Liege, Rudolf of Zähringen, who accompanied the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa on the Third Crusade (1189–1191). Upon their return, the five, led by Theodorus de Cellis (1166–1236), sought a new way of life, and shortly before his death, their bishop appointed them to be canons of his St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège.

After efforts to renew the life and practice of the college of canons to which they belonged, the five withdrew from Liège and moved up the Meuse River to a place called Clairlieu, outside the city of Huy, and began a way of life more in keeping with their ideals.  This settlement of the five at Huy was the beginning of their Order, and the house and small church dedicated to Saint Theobald that they established there became the Order's motherhouse. Pope Innocent III verbally approved their Order on the feast day of the Finding of the Holy Cross, 3 May 1210, and Pope Innocent IV granted them full and final approval on 3 May 1248 the Feast of the Finding of the Holy Cross.

History

In 1410, the Crosiers' general chapter ordered the destruction of its records and decisions from the time of its foundation. The reason for this radical act is recorded to have been a thorough reformation of some sort, but it left the Order's modern historians with only fragments and clues to their Order's first two centuries, and the tradition summarized above.

The principal source of information about the origin of the order is in the Chronicon Cruciferorum of Henricus Russelius, Prior of Suxy. Their own sources, and mention of them in non-Crosier sources, usually call them "the Brethren of the Holy Cross," and the French and English words used for them, Croisiers and Crosiers, are derived from the French "croisé", one of the words used for a crusader, and meaning "marked with a cross."

Only one of their five founders for whom they have a name is the group's leader, and that only in its Latin form, Theodoricus (or Diederick) de Cellis, which first appears in a short history of the Order published in 1636. While Rusellius does not mention Theodore's parents, there are biographies from the 17th century that say he was the son of Walter de Beaufort and Oda de Celles, guardians of the abbatial church of Celles near Dinant during the latter half of the 12th century.

There is no record of the presence of the Crosiers at Huy until the 1240s, and only in 1322 did Clairlieu become the site of a magnificent church dedicated to the Holy Cross instead of the small chapel of St. Theobald.

The new institution soon extended to France, the Netherlands, Germany, and also to England. Because they were established in the early 13th century, they were contemporaries of the Dominicans and Franciscans, they were frequently misidentified as friars and were often confused with other religious orders known as Crosiers who identified themselves with the Holy Cross. So, for example, there was a very old tradition that Bishop Albert of Prague took several Crosiers with him to Livonia, but these were in fact members of the Bohemian order of the Holy Cross. In England, too, they and an Italian order of the Holy Cross were both identified as Crutched Friars, and so the location of their houses and their activities are often mistaken for each other.

One tradition claims that Theodorus de Cellis assisted St. Dominic in his preaching to the Albigenses of southern France; a Crosier presence in that area is reliably recorded from early in their history.  A similar tradition places Crosiers in the train of the French king St. Louis IX of France in 1248 during his crusade; he did enable the Crosiers to build their Paris monastery in 1254.

The Order flourished in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, and at its greatest extent had about ninety houses scattered across northern Europe. But those in England and in parts of the Netherlands and Germany were suppressed during the Protestant Reformation, and almost all of those that survived, notably in France and the Southern Netherlands, including the ancient motherhouse at Huy, were suppressed in the dissolution of monasteries and convents after the French Revolution. In 1794, the area west of the Rhine river fell to France. Along with other abbeys in French controlled areas, the Crosier monasteries were abolished and the monks were forced to leave.

By 1840, only two Crosier houses remained, both in North Brabant, the Netherlands: that of St. Agatha, outside Cuijk, and that in Uden. They seemed likewise doomed to extinction by the decree of King William I of the Netherlands, which forbade religious houses in his realm to admit novices. When King William II lifted his father's ban on 14 September 1840, only four elderly Crosiers remained: the youngest around sixty and the oldest, Father William Kantor, the only Crosier able to remember his Order as it had been before the Revolution.  Thereafter the Order slowly began to recover.  In second half of the 19th century, the Crosiers returned to their Belgian birthplace, and even made an effort to transplant the Order outside Europe to the United States when their Master General sent some members to Bay Settlement, Wisconsin, in 1857.  That attempt failed, however, and it was not until the first decades of the 20th century that the Crosiers were able to establish themselves outside Europe, in the U.S., Brazil, Indonesia, and the Congo. There are still Crosiers in all these places, and the Order presently numbers about four hundred men.

In the United States today, the Crosiers have a conventual priory in Phoenix, Arizona and a filial priory in Onamia, Minnesota. In 2017, these two chapters of the order filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy after agreeing to pay $25.5 million in damages to people who were sexually abused by members of the order.

Crosier Father Tom Enneking was elected in 2018 as the conventual provincial of the Crosiers in the United States.

Philosophy

The Crosiers are an order of Canons Regular. The membership consists of priests and brothers, all of whom live together according to the Rule of St. Augustine. Their way of life consists of three parts: life in a community setting, daily communal celebration of the Church's liturgy, and some form of active ministry.  This ministry takes the form of preaching, directing retreats, parish work, education, prison ministry, immigration services and spiritual direction.

The primary feast of the Crosiers, the Exaltation of the Cross, reflects a spirituality focused on the triumphal cross of Christ. Crosiers believe the resurrection of Jesus guarantees that in suffering and pain, there is hope and healing. Because of this, Crosiers emphasize the glorious, or triumphant, cross.

The Crosier habit is also canonical in form.  They wear a white soutane or tunic, and over it a black pendant sash, a black scapular and an elbow-length black cape called a mozzetta.  Unlike the mozzetta worn by diocesan canons, that of the Crosiers is left unbuttoned to reveal the cross on their scapular, which has the form of a Maltese cross with a red upright and white crosspiece.

The members of the Order usually reside in houses called priories, so called because they are under the governance and direction of a prior whom the members elect.  The Order is divided into districts called provinces, which are under the governance and direction of a prior provincial, who is elected by the provincial chapter, the formal assembly of delegates from the priories in the province who have been elected by the members of these houses.  At the time of this writing, the Order has provinces in Europe, the U.S., Indonesia, and Brazil.  Two other parts of the Order, in the Congo and Irian Jaya (formerly the western part of the island of New Guinea) hold the status of "regions," i.e., have a certain independence from the provinces that supervise them, but have not yet achieved the status of provinces.  The entire Order is under the governance and direction of its Master General, who is elected by the general chapter, the formal assembly of delegates from the Order's provinces and regions who have been elected by their members.  Priors, priors provincial, and masters general of the Order are all elected for specific terms.

Catholic men who wish to enter the Order undergo a period of consideration and review, after which they may be accepted for a year of novitiate.  Upon conclusion of his novitiate, a Crosier is admitted to a three-year period of temporary vows.  Thereafter, a second period of temporary vows may follow or immediate admission to solemn profession, viz., vows taken for life.

The Crosiers venerate Odilia of Cologne, one of the martyr companions of St. Ursula, as their patroness.  She is said to have appeared to a lay brother of the Order, John Novelan, in the Paris house in 1287 and to have instructed him to go to Cologne and exhume her relics from under a pear tree in the garden of one Arnulf, a prominent burger of that city.  After some disbelief and resistance on the part of his superiors, Brother John fulfilled the saint's directions and brought her relics to the motherhouse at Huy on 18 July. The saint soon acquired a reputation as a miracle-worker, and continues to enjoy the veneration of both Crosiers and those outside the Order. There are always a number of pilgrims who come to various houses and churches of the Order on her feast day to ask for intercession, especially against blindness and diseases of the eyes. In response to requests, the Crosiers send small vials of water blessed with her relics all over the world. The National Shrine of Saint Odilia is located in Onamia, Minnesota.

In 2010, the Crosiers celebrated 800 years since their founding with Jubilee celebrations at St. Agatha Monastery near Cuijk, the Netherlands, where the Crosiers have lived continuously since 1371, as well as in the United States, Rome, Indonesia, Brazil and the Congo.

Crosier monasteries
Crosier Monastery, Maastricht
Ter Apel Monastery (Groningen, the Netherlands)

See also
 Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra

References

 Father Michael Cotone, o.s.c., quondam archivist, historian, and translator for the U.S. Crosiers; August 2008
 The Crosier Journey, 2009 Crosier Fathers and Brothers Province, Inc.

External links

1210s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Religious organizations established in the 1210s
Canons regular
Christian religious orders established in the 13th century
1210 establishments in Europe

ca:Canonges Regulars de la Santa Creu


Tujunga Wash is a stream in Los Angeles County, California. Its watershed covers 225 square miles (580 square kilometers) from the San Gabriel Mountains to the flat floor of the Los Angeles Basin. Tujunga Wash is a major tributary to the Los Angeles River, providing about a fifth of its flow.

The wash begins in two forks, Big Tujunga Creek and Little Tujunga Creek. Big Tujunga Creek begins in the San Gabriel Mountains. It flows west to a reservoir called Big Tujunga Reservoir, formed by a dam at its west shore. After exiting the dam, the creek is known as "Big Tujunga Wash". Little Tujunga Creek flows south from a portion of the San Gabriel Mountains north of the Hansen Reservoir. The combined waters then head into the Hansen Reservoir. Downstream, the Tujunga Wash flows south and halfway to the Los Angeles River, is met by the Pacoima Wash. Tujunga Wash meets the Los Angeles River near Studio City, California.

Rivers of Los Angeles County, California

Tujunga Wash


The District of Louisiana, or Louisiana District, was an official and temporary United States government designation for the portion of the Louisiana Purchase that had not been organized into the Territory of Orleans or "Orleans Territory" (the portion of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel, which is now the Arkansas–Louisiana state line). The district officially existed from March 10, 1804, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized as the Louisiana Territory.

The area north of present-day Arkansas was commonly referred to as Upper Louisiana. The United States District of Louisiana had two incarnations: first, as a federally administered military district (March 10, 1804  - September 30, 1804); then as an organized territory (October 1, 1804 – July 4, 1805) under the jurisdiction of the Indiana Territory.

A similarly named "Louisiana District" had also previously been an administrative division under Spanish and French rule.

Military district of Louisiana (1804)
In legislation enacted October 31, 1803, Congress made provisions for a temporary government of the territory purchased from France. The president was authorized to use military forces to maintain order, although the local civil government was to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule.

This military rule was in effect from March 10, 1804 —the official date of transfer from French hands (known as Three Flags Day) —until September 30, 1804.  At this time, the district was further divided into five administrative divisions or districts: New Madrid, Cape Girardeau, Ste. Genevieve, St. Charles, and St. Louis.

Amos Stoddard served during this time as district commandant.

Civilian district of Louisiana (1804–1805)
On March 26, 1804, Congress enacted legislation effective October 1, 1804, that extended the authority of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory to provide temporary jurisdiction over the District of Louisiana.

Later that year, Indiana territorial governor William Henry Harrison and territorial judges Davis, Griffin, and Vandenberg held court in the district capital of St. Louis and enacted laws for the region.

On July 4, 1805, the District of Louisiana was re-designated as the Louisiana Territory (1805–1812), when it acquired its own territorial government, modeled on that of the Indiana Territory.

Inhabitants' concerns
Under the terms of the act establishing the temporary government, the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory were to meet twice a year in St. Louis. However, the settlers west of the Mississippi River complained strongly about the arrangement. Opposition was indicated by:

Protests of policies not recognizing the previous Spanish land grants (including property belonging to Daniel Boone);
Objections to policies evicting settlers from land in anticipation of areas to be given to American Indians —who were to be relocated west of the Mississippi River;
Disapproval over the implementation of common law when the land had been governed previously by civil law;
Arguments over the introduction of new taxes;
Dissatisfaction over the lack of provisions for schooling the French-speaking majority;
Heated debate over fears that Northwest Ordinance provisions prohibiting slave ownership would be implemented in areas where slavery had historically been allowed;
Concerns that the Indiana territorial capital, Vincennes, was more than 180 miles away from district capital, St. Louis.

Upset citizens of the Louisiana District met in St. Louis in September 1804 to sign a declaration formally protesting the annexation.  Among the signers were Auguste Chouteau.

A notable event during this period was the signing of the Treaty of St. Louis, in which the Sac and Fox Indian tribes ceded northeastern Missouri, northern Illinois, and southern Wisconsin to the United States.  Resentment over this treaty was to cause the tribes to side with the British during the War of 1812 in raids along the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers and was to spur the Black Hawk War in 1832.

On March 3, 1805, Congress enacted legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, effective July 4, 1805. The territorial government was organized similarly to that of the Indiana Territory.

See also

Historic regions of the United States
History of Missouri
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of Spain that encompassed land that would later become part of the District of Louisiana:
Santa Fé de Nuevo Méjico, 1598–1821
Tejas, 1690–1821
Luisiana, 1764–1803
Territory of France that encompassed land that would later become part of the District of Louisiana:
Louisiane, 1682–1764 and 1803
U.S. territory that would later become part of the District of Louisiana:
Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1804
U.S. territories that included territory that was previously part of the District of Louisiana:
Territory of Louisiana, 1805–1812
Territory of Missouri, 1812–1821
Territory of Arkansaw, 1819–1836
Indian Territory, 1834–1907
Territory of Iowa, 1838–1846
Territory of Minnesota, 1849–1858
Territory of New Mexico, 1850–1912
Territory of Kansas, 1854–1861
Territory of Nebraska, 1854–1867
Territory of Colorado, 1861–1876
Territory of Dakota, 1861–1889
Territory of Montana, 1864–1889
Territory of Wyoming, 1868–1890
Territory of Oklahoma, 1890–1907
U.S. states that include territory that was once part of the District of Louisiana:
State of Missouri, 1821
State of Arkansas, 1836
State of Texas, 1845
State of Iowa, 1846
State of Minnesota, 1858
State of Kansas, 1861
State of Nebraska, 1867
State of Colorado, 1876
State of North Dakota, 1889
State of South Dakota, 1889
State of Montana, 1889
State of Wyoming, 1890
State of Oklahoma, 1907
State of New Mexico, 1912
Territorial evolution of Canada
Provinces of Canada that encompass land in the Missouri River drainage basin:
Saskatchewan, 1905
Alberta, 1905

References

External links

Former regions and territories of the United States
District of Louisiana
District of Louisiana
Former organized territories of the United States

District of Louisiana


The interpersonal circle or interpersonal circumplex is a model for conceptualizing, organizing, and assessing interpersonal behavior, traits, and motives. The interpersonal circumplex is defined by two orthogonal axes: a vertical axis (of status, dominance, power, ambitiousness, assertiveness, or control) and a horizontal axis (of agreeableness, compassion, nurturant, solidarity, friendliness, warmth, affiliation or love). In recent years, it has become conventional to identify the vertical and horizontal axes with the broad constructs of agency and communion. Thus, each point in the interpersonal circumplex space can be specified as a weighted combination of agency and communion.

Character traits
Placing a person near one of the poles of the axes implies that the person tends to convey clear or strong messages (of warmth, hostility, dominance or submissiveness). Conversely, placing a person at the midpoint of the agentic dimension implies the person conveys neither dominance nor submissiveness (and pulls neither dominance nor submissiveness from others). Likewise, placing a person at the midpoint of the communal dimension implies the person conveys neither warmth nor hostility (and pulls neither warmth nor hostility from others).

The interpersonal circumplex can be divided into broad segments (such as fourths) or narrow segments (such as sixteenths), but currently most interpersonal circumplex inventories partition the circle into eight octants. As one moves around the circle, each octant reflects a progressive blend of the two axial dimensions.

There exist a variety of psychological tests designed to measure these eight interpersonal circumplex octants. For example, the Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS; Wiggins, 1995) is a measure of interpersonal traits associated with each octant of the interpersonal circumplex. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP; Horowitz, Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 2000) is a measure of problems associated with each octant of the interpersonal circumplex, whereas the Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths (IIS; Hatcher & Rogers, 2009) is a measure of strengths associated with each octant. The Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values (CSIV; Locke, 2000) is a 64-item measure of the value individuals place on interpersonal experiences associated with each octant of the interpersonal circumplex. The Person's Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ), the latest version being the PROQ3 is a 48-item measure developed by the British doctor John Birtchnell. Finally, the Impact Message Inventory-Circumplex (IMI; Kiesler, Schmidt, & Wagner, 1997) assesses the interpersonal dispositions of a target person, not by asking the target person directly, but by assessing the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that the target evokes in another person. Since interpersonal dispositions are key features of most personality disorders, interpersonal circumplex measures can be useful tools for identifying or differentiating personality disorders (Kiesler, 1996; Leary, 1957; Locke, 2006).

History
Originally coined Leary Circumplex or Leary Circle after Timothy Leary is defined as "a two-dimensional representation of personality organized around two major axes".

In the 20th century, there were a number of efforts by personality psychologists to create comprehensive taxonomies to describe the most important and fundamental traits of human nature. Leary would later become famous for his controversial LSD experiments at Harvard. His circumplex, developed in 1957, is a circular continuum of personality formed from the intersection of two base axes: Power and Love. The opposing sides of the power axis are dominance and submission, while the opposing sides of the love axis are love and hate (Wiggins, 1996).

Leary argued that all other dimensions of personality can be viewed as a blending of these two axes. For example, a person who is stubborn and inflexible in their personal relationships might graph her personality somewhere on the arc between dominance and love. However, a person who exhibits passive–aggressive tendencies might find herself best described on the arc between submission and hate. The main idea of the Leary Circumplex is that each and every human trait can be mapped as a vector coordinate within this circle.

Furthermore, the Leary Circumplex also represents a kind of bull's eye of healthy psychological adjustment. Theoretically speaking, the most well-adjusted person of the planet could have their personality mapped at the exact center of the circumplex, right at the intersection of the two axes, while individuals exhibiting extremes in personality would be located on the circumference of the circle.

The Leary Circumplex offers three major benefits as a taxonomy. It offers a map of interpersonal traits within a geometric circle. It allows for comparison of different traits within the system. It provides a scale of healthy and unhealthy expressions of each trait.

See also
 Circumplex model of group tasks
 Interpersonal reflex
 Lorna Smith Benjamin – creator of the similar Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) circumplex model
 Personality psychology
 Unmitigated communion

References

Cited

General
 Hatcher, R.L., & Rogers, D.T. (2009). Development and validation of a measure of interpersonal strengths: The Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths. Psychological Assessment, 21, 544-569.
 Horowitz, L.M. (2004). Interpersonal Foundations of Psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Horowitz, L.M., Alden, L.E., Wiggins, J.S., & Pincus, A.L. (2000). Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Manual. Odessa, FL: The Psychological Corporation.
 Kiesler, D.J. (1996). Contemporary Interpersonal Theory and Research: Personality, psychopathology and psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.
 Kiesler, D.J., Schmidt, J.A. & Wagner, C.C. (1997). A circumplex inventory of impact messages: An operational bridge between emotional and interpersonal behavior. In R. Plutchik & H.R. Conte (Eds.), Circumplex models of personality and emotions (pp. 221–244). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality. New York: Ronald Press.
 Locke, K.D. (2000). Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values: Reliability, validity, and applicability to interpersonal problems and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 249–267.
 Locke, K.D. (2006). Interpersonal circumplex measures. In S. Strack (Ed.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (2nd Ed., pp. 383–400). New York: Springer.

Interpersonal relationships
Psychological models
Timothy Leary

Interpersonal circumplex


British Columbia Highway 1 is part of the British Columbia section of the Trans-Canada Highway. It is 1,039 kilometers (646 miles) long across the southern part of British Columbia, including the part covered by ferries.

The highway starts near the provincial border with Alberta near Kicking Horse Pass, passign through the town of Field. Between the towns of Monte Creek and Cache Creek, the highway shares the same roadway with Highway 5 and Highway 97 for much of the distance. At West Vancouver on the Pacific coast of British Columbia, Highway 1 ends on the mainland at the Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal. The highway then resumes on Vancouver Island at the B.C. Ferry terminal near Departure Bay. The highway runs southward near the eastern coast of the island until it ends in the city of Victoria.

British Columbia
Roads in Canada

British Columbia Highway 1


Émile Girardeau (12 October 1882 – 7 December 1970) was a French engineer, famous for being the first person to patent the original system of frequencies that is used and known today as radar. He was born in 1882 at Luçon, France (the Vendée).

In his early life he attended the École Polytechnique (Polytechnic School) (1902-1908) and became the Instructor at the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (National School of Bridges and Roads). By 1910, Girardeau established the first radiotelegraphic radio connection in tropical countries with Joseph Béthenod. The radio connection systems were designed for the Radioelectric French Company.

In 1919, Girardeau was promoted to Chevalier of the Legion of Honour for services in war. In 1922, Girardeau set in motion the idea for the creation of a public utility of information and music. Also in 1922, Girardeau helped establish the first private radio station in France, called RADIOLA, which at the end of March 1929 became Radio Paris.  In 1931, Girardeau was promoted to Commander of the Legion of Honour.

In 1934, Girardeau headed the team which developed the first radar system in France. In 1939, Girardeau built with Maurice Ponte radar installations for the defence of Paris against planes (which were destroyed in June 1940). After the fall of France to Germany, Girardeau created a factory for underground forces of free France.

In 1944, Girardeau re-established radio communications in France. In 1945, Girardeau became a member of the Académie navale. In 1954, Girardeau became a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. In 1970, Girardeau died in Paris.

External links and references
 "Emile Girardeau". L'histoire du "radar ", les faits (tr. The history of the "radar", the facts)

1882 births
1970 deaths
People from Luçon
20th-century French engineers
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques

Émile Girardeau


Walnut Hills High School is a high school in Cincinnati, Ohio. According to Newsweek, Walnut Hills is the best school in Ohio. It helps prepare you for college. The school colors are blue and gold. The motto is "Sursum ad summum", which is Latin for "Rise to the Highest". The mascot is the eagle, and the sports teams are known as "The Eagles". They have a newspaper that comes out every month and have a magazine that comes out every year.

Cincinnati
Schools in Ohio

Walnut Hills High School


Breinigerberg is a small village in the West of Germany, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia About 972 people live at the place. It is close to the Naturpark Nordeifel, a large forest area in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

The road L12 passes through Breinigerberg splitting it into two parts.

In the last two centuries, Breinigerberg was famous for mining. Even the ancient Romans dug for ore in the area. It was used for the production of brass in the city of Stolberg. Today there is no more mining but the remains are still present. Big holes in the Schlangenberg area prove what had been left from the past. Today the Schlangenberg is a natural reserve protecting rare flowers and insects.

Other websites
 Webside of Breinig and Breinigerberg

Villages in North Rhine-Westphalia

Breinigerberg


Mario Del Monaco (July 27, 1915 - July 16, 1982) was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with Italian heroic roles, notably Otello. One of the leading "tenore di forza" (dramatic tenor) of the 1950s, he possessed a voice of considerable range and power with a thrilling upper register.

Life and career

Born in Florence, Italy, he studied in Pesaro with Melocchi but was mostly self-taught. He began his operatic career in Pesero in 1940, as Turriddu in Cavalleria rusticana. He then sang widely in Italy and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1943, as Rodolfo in La bohème. After the war, he began to appear outside Italy, Barcelona, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, etc. He first sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1950, as des Grieux in Manon Lescaut.

Although mostly associated with the Italian repertoire (Ernani, Il trovatore, La forza del destino, Aida, Andrea Chénier, Tosca, La fanciulla del West, Turandot, etc.), he also enjoyed considerable success as Don José in Carmen and Samson in Samson et Dalila. He left several complete opera recordings, often with soprano Renata Tebaldi.

Del Monaco was married to soprano Rina Filippini, who was also his vocal coach. Their son, Giancarlo (b. 1945), is an operatic stage director. Del Monaco died from nephritis in Mestre, near Venice, at the age of 67.

Sources
 Le guide de l'opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986.

1915 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from nephritis
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Musicians from Tuscany
Italian opera singers
People from Florence
Italian tenors

Mario Del Monaco


The Main Building of University College London, facing onto Gower Street, Bloomsbury, includes the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters, Main Library, Flaxman Gallery and the Wilkins Building. The North Wing, South Wing, Chadwick Building and Pearson Building are also considered part of the main UCL building.

History
In 1827, a year after the founding of UCL, construction of the main building began on the site of the old Carmarthen Square. The Octagon Building is a term used for the whole of the main building, but more commonly for a central part of it. At the centrepiece of the building is an ornate dome, which is visible throughout the immediate area. The Octagon was designed by the Architect William Wilkins, who also designed the National Gallery. The original plans by Wilkins called for a U-shaped enclosure around the quad. Funds, however, ran out in 1829 with only the portico and dome finished. Wilkins' original plans were not completed until the 20th century: The Main Building was finally finished in 1985, 158 years since the foundations were laid, with a formal opening ceremony by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

Octagon
The Wilkins Building is a term used for the whole of the Main Building, but more commonly for a central part of it. The Octagon dome houses the central hall of the University Main Library, which contains casts from the John Flaxman casts collection, and a mural depicting the construction of UCL in a mythical scene with Jeremy Bentham overlooking the plans.

Front Quad
Facing Gower Street, the Front Quadrangle, abbrievated as the "Quad", is an enclosed square of paths, grass and a few disabled car parking bays. There are a large number of benches as well as two decommissioned astronomy observatories.

Cloisters
The enclosed north and south cloisters connect the Octagon dome to the north and south wings of the quad respectively.  They are one of the main thoroughfares of the College, and accommodate a series of exhibitions and events throughout the year (for example shows from students of the Slade School of Art and from the UCL special collections).  To the north of the north cloisters is the Housman Room, which is a staff common room.  The auto-icon of Jeremy Bentham was located in the south of the south cloisters up until February 2020 when he was permanently relocated to the public atrium of the Student Centre.

Wilkins Building
The Wilkins Building refers specifically to the part of the building built during the lifetime of the architect William Wilkins. It does not include the later, U-shaped extensions around the Quad. Although these were designed by Wilkins they were not finished until 1985. Therefore the Wilkins Building refers to the oldest sections of the Main Building: the centre part of the main building which includes the UCL Main Library, the dome, the Flaxman Gallery and the Cloisters.  The Wilkins Building (along with the south wing built in 1869–76, the north wing built in 1870–81 and parts of the west side built over 1912–52) is grade I listed; the two observatories in the quad are grade II listed.

Main Library

The Main Library contains UCL's collections relating to arts and humanities, history, economics, public policy and law. The Flaxman Gallery, a collection of sculptures and paintings by artist John Flaxman, is located inside the Main Library in the Octagon Building under UCL's central dome.

References

University College London
School buildings completed in 1985
Domes
Buildings and structures in Bloomsbury
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

UCL Main Building


St Catharine's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called just Catz by the students. It was created in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke, who was the Provost (head) of King's College. At the beginning, the rules were that people could only study theology or philosophy but this changed with time. It now has about 600 students.

St Catharine's College takes its name from Catherine of Alexandria. She is the patron for learning in Christianity. The mother of King Henry VI was also called Catherine, so it is possible that the name comes from there.

At the beginning, there was not much money for the college. There were also few students and Fellows (teachers). Over time though numbers went up. They had to make new buildings to let more students join the college. The modern first court, which only has three sides, was built between 1675 and 1757. In 1880, people started to think about joining St Catherine's College back with King's College, since they are right next to each other. However, this did not happen because the Master did not agree in the end.

Some important people have studied here, like Ian McKellen, an actor.

Other websites

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1473 establishments
15th-century establishments in England
1470s establishments in Europe

St Catharine's College, Cambridge


Factorization (also called factorisation and factoring) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number.  These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors.  1 is a factor of all numbers.

Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite number into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number.  Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.

For example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization.  12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.

The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3*3^2.  The factorization of every number is unique.  This generalizes to:

 Every number has a unique prime factorization
 Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number

Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.

Polynomials

This is how one type of polynomial is factored.

Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Algebra
Arithmetics

Factorization


The Hells Canyon Wilderness is a wilderness area in the western United States, in Idaho and Oregon.  Created  in 1975, the Wilderness is managed by both the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service and contains some of the most spectacular sections of the Snake River as it winds its way through Hells Canyon, North America's deepest river gorge and one of the deepest gorges on Earth.  The Oregon Wilderness Act of 1984 added additional acreage and currently the area protects a total area of . It lies entirely within the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area except for a small  plot in southeastern Wallowa County, Oregon which is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The area that is administered by the Forest Service consists of portions of (in descending order of acreage) the Wallowa, Nez Perce, Payette, and Whitman National Forests.

Topography
The Oregon portion of Hells Canyon Wilderness is characterized by two steep breakland areas in excess of 60 percent paralleling the Snake River.  These are separated by a benchland at mid-elevation between the river and canyon rim between Saddle Creek and Dug Bar.  The dominant vegetation is native bunchgrasses and shrubs.  Trees are scattered throughout the Oregon side of the Wilderness, but concentrated on north-facing slopes and in stream bottoms - primarily ponderosa pine and Douglas fir.  The three topographic provinces are dissected by many drainages including Saddle, Temperance, Salt, and Sluice Creeks.

The Idaho portion of Hells Canyon Wilderness is characterized by three geologic-vegetative regions.  The upper areas are alpine and subalpine with several lakes and geologic formations of glacial origin.  Vegetation is sparse and broken by large areas of rock.  The middle portions contain dense forests of larch, lodgepole pine, and true firs.  Lower elevations are characterized by dry, rocky, barren, steep slopes breaking into the Snake River and its major tributaries.  Trees are sparse, consisting mostly of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir.  This entire area is dissected by several major drainages including Sheep Creek, Granite Creek, and Deep Creek. The highest peaks are the Seven Devils Mountains, the tallest is "He Devil" at  above sea level.

Human history
Humans have historically used the Hells Canyon Wilderness area for farming, ranching and mining activities.  Historically sheep and cattle have grazed this area of Northeastern Oregon since the 1730s as the Nez Perce grazed horses and cattle in the main canyons.  By the 1800s homesteaders on the Oregon benchland were grazing sheep, cattle, and horses throughout the valley and canyons.  Cattle grazing continues today in a small portion of the Wilderness, as permitted in the 1964 Wilderness Act, which allows some traditional activities to continue as long as wilderness values are not compromised.  Some mining has also occurred, primarily on the Idaho side of the Wilderness.

Vegetation

A variety of vegetation grows in Hells Canyon Wilderness. Sagebrush and bunchgrass grow in lower parts of the canyon with deciduous bushes and trees along the numerous streams that run into Hells Canyon. Engelmann spruce and sub-alpine fir grow at the highest levels of the Wilderness, with western larch, Douglas fir, and ponderosa pine found between the two extremes. Prickly pear cactus and poison ivy are fairly common as well.

Wildlife
Wildlife is abundant in Hells Canyon Wilderness. Black bear, cougar, elk, deer, mountain goat, chukar, and bighorn sheep are common.  There have been reports, documented as recently as the late 1970s by local Forest Service and agriculture workers, of grizzly bears in the Wilderness. Wolves have established small packs in the area, and moose, peregrine falcon, bald and golden eagles can also be seen. Recent research has photodocumented the presence of wolverines.

Wild and Scenic Rivers

Three National Wild and Scenic Rivers run through the Wilderness - the Snake, Imnaha, and Rapid rivers.

Snake River
 of the Snake River, from Hells Canyon Dam  downstream, are designated Wild and Scenic.   are designated "wild" and  are designated "scenic."

Imnaha River
 of the Imnaha River from its headwaters are designated Wild and Scenic.  The designation comprises the main stem from the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Imnaha River to its mouth, and the South Fork from its headwaters to the confluence with the main stem.  In 1988,  were designated "wild,"  were designated "scenic," and  were designated "recreational," though only a portion of the Wild and Scenic Imnaha is located within Hells Canyon Wilderness.

Rapid River
 of Idaho's Rapid River from the headwaters of the main stem to the National Forest boundary, and the segment of the West Fork from the wilderness boundary to the confluence with the main stem, are designated "wild."  The river contains three threatened fish species - chinook salmon, steelhead, and bull trout.

Recreation

There are approximately  of trails crossing Hells Canyon Wilderness.  The extensive trail system mostly follows old Forest Service access routes to fires, and stock trails used by ranchers to move livestock to remote salting areas and watering holes.  Many routes follow ridges and traverse moderate slopes and benchlands, while others climb steep slopes. These trails are extreme in difficulty, and any water sites should be viewed with skepticism, especially in mid summer to mid fall.

Prohibited activities
U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping, hunting, and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act.

See also
 List of largest wilderness areas in the United States
 List of Oregon Wildernesses
 List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
 Wilderness Act
 Seven Devils Mountains

References

External links

 Hells Canyon Wilderness Area - BLM page

Protected areas of Adams County, Idaho
Protected areas of Idaho County, Idaho
Protected areas of Wallowa County, Oregon
Wilderness areas of Idaho
Wilderness areas of Oregon
Bureau of Land Management wilderness areas in Oregon
Protected areas established in 1975
Nez Perce National Forest
Payette National Forest
Wallowa–Whitman National Forest
1975 establishments in Oregon

Hells Canyon Wilderness (Oregon and Idaho)


In music, a whip or slapstick is a percussion instrument.  It consists of two pieces of wood joined by a hinge.  The pieces of wood are slapped together. This makes a noise like a whip.   There is a handle on each of the pieces of wood so that the player can hold it and slap them together without trapping his fingers.

The whip is often heard in modern orchestras, bands and percussion groups.  Examples of a whip in classical music can be heard at the beginning of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G Major (1st movement), and in Britten's Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra.

There is another type of whip, in which one plank is longer than the other.  It can be played with one hand.  The player shakes the instrument quickly and the small plank moves away from the large one, then slaps back onto it.  It makes a different kind of sound from the whip, and is properly called a slapstick.   It has been used by several composers including Mahler, Richard Strauss, Ravel, Mussorgsky and Hindemith. The first whip was designed in the 14th century.

References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments published by Konemann,

Percussion instruments

Whip (instrument)


A brass instrument is a musical instrument that you play by blowing through a mouthpiece to change the pitch, or note.

Brass players use their breath to produce sound. Instead of blowing into a reed, they vibrate their lips by buzzing them against a metal cup-shaped mouthpiece. The mouthpiece helps to amplify the buzzing, which creates the sound. Most brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes; the valves look like buttons. Pressing on the valves makes them open and close different parts of the pipe.

With brass instruments, the sound starts at the lips.
Their mouthpieces just help your lips buzz. It does not matter if the instrument is really made of brass, as long as it works that way.

It is not important what the instrument is made of. Some brass instruments are really made of wood, but are still called brass instruments, like the serpent. Other instruments are made of brass but do not work like this, like the saxophone. They are not called brass instruments, because they don't work that way.

There are also parts of the instrument that change the resonance and thus the pitch, like slides or valves.

A brass band is a group of brass instruments and drums that play music together. They are often used to play for parades and processions because the players can march and play at the same time. Brass bands were very popular in England. Many factories and coal mines had their own bands. The workers would play in the bands after work. One famous band is the Grimethorpe Colliery Band.

List of brass instruments
 Bugle
 Baritone horn
 Trumpet
 Cornet
 Piccolo trumpet
 Flugelhorn
 French horn
 Mellophone
 Euphonium
 Trombone
 Tuba
 Sousaphone (American Tuba)
 Cimbasso
 Hunting horn
 Serpent

Brass instrument


Ely is used as a name in several ways including:

Places
 Ely, Cambridgeshire, England
 Ely, Cardiff, Wales
 Ely, Nevada
 Ely, Minnesota
 Ely, Iowa
 Ely Place, Camden
 Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation, Nevada
 Ely Township, Michigan
 The Isle of Ely, England
 River Ely, Wales
 Taff-Ely, a local government district in Wales from 1974 to 1996

People named Ely
 Ely Buendia, a Filipino musician
 Ely Callaway, founder of Callaway Golf
 Eugene Burton Ely, aviation pioneer
 Joe Ely, a honky-tonk/country musician
 John Ely (further list)
 Melvin Ely, an American professional basketball player
 Michael Ely, an author
 Richard T. Ely, an American economist
 Ron Ely, stage name of an American actor born Ronald Pierce
 Smith Ely, Jr., a mayor of New York City
 William Ely, an Australian politician
 Saint Ermenilda of Ely, daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent and Saint Seaxburh of Ely.
 Nicholas of Ely,  Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century
 Saint Seaxburh of Ely, an Anglo-Saxon princess, abbess and saint

Other uses
 Diocese of Ely, a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury
 Ely (band) from North England
 Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field
 Ely-Criglar House (also known as the Francis R. Ely House), a historic site in Marianna, Florida
 Ely Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge
 Ely Racecourse, Cardiff
 Ely railway station
 Marquess of Ely (also Earl of Ely), a title in the peerage of Ireland

Acronym
ELY may refer to:
 ELY is the ICAO airline code for El Al.
 Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field, has IATA code ELY.
 Ely railway station has National Rail code ELY.
 Elyria, Ohio rail station has Amtrak station code ELY.
 Callaway Golf Company has NYSE code ELY.

Ely


The Moral Majority was a political organization in the United States. It was made by Jerry Falwell. It tried to get conservative Christian views into laws by lobbying.  It was one of the major organizations of the religious right. It was started in 1979, in response to Roe v. Wade and other events known as the "culture wars". It broke up in the late 1980s. It had four branches:

Moral Majority, Inc. – the lobbying division
Moral Majority Foundation – educated people on political issues
Moral Majority Legal Defense Fund – fought against people in court
Moral Majority Political Action Committee – supported candidates with their views

It broke up during Ronald Reagan's presidency because people did not think that the matter was so urgent. Other Christians also opposed it, as well as many liberal people.

Christian organizations based in the United States
Political organizations based in the United States
1979 establishments in the United States
1980s disestablishments in the United States

Moral Majority


Industrialisation (or industrialization) is a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. Industrialisation changes the things people do. Industrialisation caused towns to grow larger. Many people left farming to take higher paid jobs in factories in towns.

Industrialisation is part of a process where people adopt easier and cheaper ways to make things. Using better technology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. More things can be produced by fewer people.

After industrialisation people also do more specialised jobs. For example before industrialisation, a cobbler made the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. Industrial shoemaking involves many people in making shoes in a factory. An individual worker has a smaller task, however. One person cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour. They make even more shoes when they use cutting machines, sewing machines and other special machines. The factory may be owned by a rich person who can afford the machines, or by a company.

Industrialisation started in England with the industrial revolution in the 18th century. It spread first to parts of Europe, and to North America. In the 20th century industrialisation spread to most other countries.

Related pages
Industrial revolution

References

Economic history

Industrialisation


Macedonia (, , , ) is a region in the southeastern Europe, in Balkans. In ancient times it was the Kingdom of Macedon and its greatest and most well known leader was Alexander The Great. In Roman times it was part of the Roman province of Macedonia. Today, its borders have changed and after the Treaty of Bucharest it was separated in three countries: Greece with the region of Macedonia (Greek Macedonia or Aegean Macedonia), the country North Macedonia (Vardar Macedonia), and Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia (Blagoevgrad province)).

Disputes
Greece and North Macedonia have been arguing over the name Macedonia ever since the independence of the country using the name "Republic of Macedonia". North Macedonia had to choose a temporary name in order to be recognized by the United Nations and was known as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). The two countries have been discussing a solution for a new name that both find acceptable and recently agreed upon the name North Macedonia with the Prespa Agreement between Greece and North Macedonia. Bulgaria has not taken part in the dispute but has some disagreements with North Macedonia. Even though Bulgaria was the first country to recognize Macedonia with its name, it doesn't support the Macedonian ethnicity and language anywhere, but claim it's all Bulgarian.

Countries

Macedonia, Greece
Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία - Makedonia), also known as Aegean Macedonia (Macedonian: Егејска Македонија, Egejska Makedonija) is a historical and geographical region in northern Greece. It is the second most populous region of Greece and usually it is referred as Northern Greece with Thrace. It is situated between the Pindus Mountains and river Nestos and it borders west with Epirus and Thessaly, northwestern with Albania, north with the Republic of North Macedonia, northeastern with Bulgaria and east with Thrace. Its south coasts are washed by the Aegean Sea.

Republic of North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Република Северна Македонија - Republika severna Makedonija), also known as Vardar Macedonia (Macedonian: Вардар Македонија, Vardar Makedoniya), is an independent state on the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. The country borders Serbia to the north, Albania to the west, Greece to the south, and Bulgaria to the east. The country's currency is the Denar of North Macedonia (MKD).

Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria
Blagoevgrad Province (, oblast Blagoevgrad or Благоевградска област, Blagoevgradska oblast), also known as Pirin Macedonia (Macedonian: Пиринска Македонија,), is a province (oblast) of southwestern Bulgaria. To the north and east it borders with four other Bulgarian provinces it consists of a Macedonian majority in the province, to the south with Greece and the west with the Republic of Macedonia.

Demographics
The region has always had a mixed population since ancient times, medieval times, and through Ottoman times, and today is no different with the population mostly consisting of Macedonians, Greeks and Albanians. With Vlach, Turkish, and Jewish as the main minority groups.

 Macedonian Greeks - self-identify regionally as Macedonians. They form about 51% of the population and are mostly in Aegean Macedonia (Greece). However there are small minorities in the Vardar and Pirin regions. Most of the Greeks originate from a large influx of Greek refugees from Asia Minor in the early 20th century (around 1923). This is due to the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, during which over 1.2 million Christian refugees from Turkey were settled in Greece, 638,000 of whom were settled in the Greek province of Macedonia. It is estimated that they make up the majority of Greeks in Macedonia today.
 Ethnic Macedonians - self-identify ethnically and regionally as Macedonians and are the second largest ethnic group in the region. Ethnic Macedonian minorities exist in Greece and Bulgaria and is the largest minority group in Greece's portion of Macedonia. Greece and Bulgaria do not officially recognise a Macedonian minority, in Greece they are recognised as "Slavophone" Greeks, and in Bulgaria as Bulgarians. Ethnic Macedonians are discriminated and somewhat oppressed in both of these regions.
 Bulgarians - A small number of identifying Bulgarians live in North Macedonia and Greece. But are the bulk population in Bulgaria.
 Albanians are another major ethnic group in the region. Ethnic Albanians make up the majority in certain northern and western parts of the Republic of North Macedonia, and account for 25.2% of the total population of the Republic of North Macedonia, according to the 2002 census.
 Smaller numbers of Turks, Bosniaks, Roma, Serbs, Vlachs (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians), Egyptians, Armenians and Jews (Sephardim and Romaniotes) can also be found in Macedonia.

References

Regions of Europe

Macedonia (region)


The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing. The term is used in distinction to the fine arts, which are those that produce objects with no practical use, whose only purpose is to be beautiful or stimulate the intellect in some way. In practice, the two often overlap.  Applied arts largely overlap with decorative arts, and the modern making of applied art is usually called design.

Examples of applied arts are:
 Industrial design – mass-produced objects.
 Sculpture – also counted as a fine art.
 Architecture – also counted as a fine art.
 Crafts – also counted as a fine art.
 Ceramic art
 Automotive design
 Fashion design
 Calligraphy
 Interior design
 Graphic design
 Cartographic (map) design

Movements
Art movements that mostly operated in the applied arts include the following.  In addition, major artistic styles such as Neoclassicism, Gothic and others cover both the fine and applied or decorative arts.
 Art Nouveau
 Art Deco
 Arts and Crafts Movement
 Bauhaus
 Productivism

Museums of Applied Arts
 Bauhaus Archive
 Die Neue Sammlung, Germany
 Leipzig Museum of Applied Arts, Germany
 Martin-Gropius-Bau
 Museum of Applied Arts (Belgrade), Serbia
 Museum of Arts and Crafts, Zagreb
 Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest), Hungary
 Museum für angewandte Kunst Frankfurt, Germany
 Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Cologne), Germany
 Museum für angewandte Kunst Wien, Austria
 Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC), Lausanne, Switzerland
 National Folk Decorative Art Museum, Kyiv, Ukraine
 Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
 Stieglitz Museum of Applied Arts (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Prague Museum of Decorative Arts, Czech Republic
 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 Wolfsonian-FIU, Miami Beach, Florida

See also

 Art for art's sake
 Decorative arts
 Design museum
 Fine art
 Sculpture
 Painting

References

Further reading
Dormer, Peter (ed.), The Culture of Craft, 1997, Manchester University Press, , 9780719046186, google books

Design
Decorative arts
Crafts
The arts

Applied arts


Brooke Hogan (born May 5, 1988 in Tampa, Florida) is an American singer, actress and model who currently has her own show on VH1 and MuchMore called Brooke Knows Best it is a spin-off of the show her parents were on called Hogan Knows Best. Her father is semi-retired professional wrestler Hulk Hogan. She released her debut album in 2006 entitled Undiscovered.

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Tampa, Florida
Models from Florida
American movie actors
Singers from Tampa, Florida

Brooke Hogan