Willem Werner Hubert "Willy" Claes (; born 24 November 1938) is a Belgian politician who served as the eighth Secretary General of NATO, from 1994 to 1995. Claes was forced to resign from his NATO position after he was found guilty of corruption, which was uncovered during the investigation into André Cools' death. Claes was a member of the Flemish Socialist Party.

Claes was born in Hasselt, Belgium. He graduated in political and diplomatic sciences at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB).

Political career
Claes began his political career in the Hasselt city council. In 1968, he was elected to the national parliament. In 1972, he entered the cabinet for the first time as minister of education. Between 1973 and 1992, he was minister of economic affairs of Belgium three separate times. He also served as deputy prime minister five times, and was an important negotiator in the formation of coalition governments during the 1980s.

Claes was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 until 1994, during which period he presided over Belgium's withdrawal from the UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda during the Rwandan genocide. Belgium's withdrawal is thought to have dramatically worsened the situation on the ground, leading to thousands of deaths.

Claes was also Secretary General of NATO from 1994 until 1995, when he resigned after the discovery of a bribe of over 50 million Belgian francs (BEF), accepted at the time he was minister of economic affairs and connected to the defence contract negotiations with Agusta and Dassault. A criminal trial was handled by the Court of Cassation, which is responsible for cases involving minister in function. Claes received a 60 000 BEF fine, a three-year probationary sentence and a five-year prohibition on running for public office. An appeal at the European Court of Human Rights resulted in the confirmation of the Belgian sentence.

Honours
 Minister of State
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II.

References

External links

NATO Declassified – Willy Claes (biography)
NATO's Who is Who

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1938 births
Belgian conductors (music)
Belgian male musicians
Male conductors (music)
Belgian Ministers of State
Belgian Socialist Party politicians
Belgian socialists
Foreign ministers of Belgium
Academic staff of the Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)
Living people
Presidents of the Party of European Socialists
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
People from Hasselt
Secretaries General of NATO
Socialistische Partij Anders politicians
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century male musicians

Willy Claes


इस लेख में आपरेशनल एम्प्लिफायर के सामान्य उपयोगों की जानकारी दी गयी है। सरलीकृत योजनात्मक आरेख का उपयोग किया गया है।

रेखीय परिपथों में प्योग (Linear circuit applications)

तुलना करने के लिये (Comparator)

Compares two voltages and switches its output to indicate which voltage is larger.

(where  is the supply voltage and the opamp is powered by  and .)

इन्वर्टिंग एम्प्लिफायर (Inverting amplifier)

Uses negative feedback to invert and amplify a voltage (multiplies by a negative constant, which can be greater or less than -1).

  (because  is a virtual ground)
 A third resistor, of value , added between the non-inverting input and ground, while not necessary, minimizes errors due to input bias currents.

व्युत्क्रम न करने वाला एम्प्लिफायर (Non-inverting amplifier)

Amplifies a voltage (multiplies by a constant greater than 1)

 Input impedance
 The input impedance is at least the impedance between non-inverting () and inverting () inputs, which is typically 1 MΩ to 10 TΩ, plus the impedance of the path from the inverting () input to ground (i.e.,  in parallel with ).
 Because negative feedback ensures that the non-inverting and inverting inputs match, the input impedance is actually much higher.
 Although this circuit has a large input impedance, it suffers from error of input bias current.
 The non-inverting () and inverting () inputs draw small leakage currents into the operational amplifier.
 These input currents generate voltages that act like unmodeled input offsets. These unmodeled effects can lead to noise on the output (e.g., offsets or drift).
 Assuming that the two leaking currents are matched, their effect can be mitigated by ensuring the DC impedance looking out of each input is the same.
 The voltage produced by each bias current is equal to the product of the bias current with the equivalent DC impedance looking out of each input. Making those impedances equal makes the offset voltage at each input equal, and so the non-zero bias currents will have no impact on the difference between the two inputs.
 A resistor of value

 which is the equivalent resistance of  in parallel with , between the  source and the non-inverting () input will ensure the impedances looking out of each input will be matched.
 The matched bias currents will then generate matched offset voltages, and their effect will be hidden to the operational amplifier (which acts on the difference between its inputs) so long as the CMRR is good.
 Very often, the input currents are not matched.
 Most operational amplifiers provide some method of balancing the two input currents (e.g., by way of an external potentiometer).
 Alternatively, an external offset can be added to the operational amplifier input to nullify the effect.
 Another solution is to insert a variable resistor between the  source and the non-inverting () input. The resistance can be tuned until the offset voltages at each input are matched.
 Operational amplifiers with MOSFET-based input stages have input currents that are so small that they often can be neglected.

डिफरेंशियल एम्प्लिफायर (Differential amplifier)

The circuit shown is used for finding the difference of two voltages each multiplied by some constant (determined by the resistors).

The name "differential amplifier" should not be confused with the "differentiator", also shown on this page.

 Differential  (between the two input pins) =  (Note: this is approximate)

The "instrumentation amplifier", which is also shown on this page, is another form of differential amplifier that also provides high input impedance.

Amplified difference

Whenever  and ,
   and

Difference amplifier

When :

वोल्टेज अनुगामी (Voltage follower)

Used as a buffer amplifier, to eliminate loading effects or to interface impedances (connecting a device with a high source impedance to a device with a low input impedance). Due to the strong feedback, this circuit
tends to get unstable when driving a high capacity load. This can be avoided by connecting the load through a
resistor.

  (realistically, the differential input impedance of the op-amp itself, 1 MΩ to 1 TΩ)

योजी प्रवर्धक (Summing amplifier)

A summing amplifer sums several (weighted) voltages:

 When , and  independent

 When

 Output is inverted
 Input impedance of the nth input is  ( is a virtual ground)

समाकलनी (Integrator)

Integrates the (inverted) signal over time

(where  and  are functions of time,  is the output voltage of the integrator at time t = 0.)
 Note that this can also be viewed as a low-pass electronic filter. It is a filter with a single pole at DC (i.e., where ) and gain.
 There are several potential problems with this circuit.
 It is usually assumed that the input  has zero DC component (i.e., has a zero average value). Otherwise, unless the capacitor is periodically discharged, the output will drift outside of the operational amplifier's operating range.
 Even when  has no offset, the leakage or bias currents into the operational amplifier inputs can add an unexpected offset voltage to  that causes the output to drift. Balancing input currents and replacing the non-inverting () short-circuit to ground with a resistor with resistance  can reduce the severity of this problem.
 Because this circuit provides no DC feedback (i.e., the capacitor appears like an open circuit to signals with ), the offset of the output may not agree with expectations (i.e.,  may be out of the designer's control with the present circuit).
 Many of these problems can be made less severe by adding a large resistor  in parallel with the feedback capacitor. At significantly high frequencies, this resistor will have negligible effect. However, at low frequencies where there are drift and offset problems, the resistor provides the necessary feedback to hold the output steady at the correct value. In effect, this resistor reduces the DC gain of the "integrator" – it goes from infinite to some finite value .

अवकलित्र (Differentiator)

Differentiates the (inverted) signal over time.

The name "differentiator" should not be confused with the "differential amplifier," which is also shown on this page. The former takes a derivative and the latter takes a difference (i.e., does subtraction).

 Note that this can also be viewed as a high-pass electronic filter. It is a filter with a single zero at DC (i.e., where ) and gain.

इंस्ट्रुमेंटेशन एम्प्लिफायर (Instrumentation amplifier)

Combines very high input impedance, high common-mode rejection, low DC offset, and other properties used in making very accurate, low-noise measurements

 Is made by adding a non-inverting buffer to each input of the differential amplifier to increase the input impedance.

स्क्मिट ट्रिगर (Schmitt trigger)

A bistable multivibrator implemented as a comparator with hysteresis.

In this configuration, the hysteresis curve is non-inverting (i.e., very negative inputs correspond to a negative output and very positive inputs correspond to a positive output), and the switching thresholds are  where  is the greatest output magnitude of the operational amplifier.

Alternatively, the input and the ground may be swapped. In this configuration, the hysteresis curve is inverting (i.e., very negative inputs correspond to a positive output and vice versa), and the switching thresholds are . Such a configuration is used in the relaxation oscillator shown below.

रिलैक्शेशन एम्प्लिफायर (Relaxation oscillator)

By using an RC network to add slow negative feedback to the inverting Schmitt trigger, a relaxation oscillator is formed. The feedback through the RC network causes the Schmitt trigger output to oscillate in an endless symmetric square wave (i.e., the Schmitt trigger in this configuration is an astable multivibrator).

इंदडक्टैंस गाइरेटर (Inductance gyrator)

Simulates an inductor.

शून्य स्तर अनुसूचक (Zero level detector)

Voltage divider reference

 Zener sets reference voltage

ऋणात्मक प्रतिबाधा परिवर्तक (Negative impedance converter (NIC))

Creates a resistor having a negative value for any signal generator

 In this case, the ratio between the input voltage and the input current (thus the input resistance) is given by:

In general, the components , , and  need not be resistors; they can be any component that can be described with an impedance.

वीन-ब्रिज दोलक (Wien bridge oscillator)

Produces a pure sine wave.

अरेखीय संरचनाएं (Non-linear configurations)

Precision rectifier

Although there are some limitations, this super diode circuit behaves like an ideal diode for the load .

Logarithmic output

 The relationship between the input voltage  and the output voltage  is given by:

where  is the saturation current.

 If the operational amplifier is considered ideal, the negative pin is virtually grounded, so the current flowing into the resistor from the source (and thus through the diode to the output, since the op-amp inputs draw no current) is:

where  is the current through the diode. As known, the relationship between the current and the voltage for a diode is:

This, when the voltage is greater than zero, can be approximated by:

Putting these two formulae together and considering that the output voltage is the negative of the voltage across the diode (), the relationship is proven.

Note that this implementation does not consider temperature stability and other non-ideal effects.

Exponential output

 The relationship between the input voltage  and the output voltage  is given by:

where  is the saturation current.

 Considering the operational amplifier ideal, then the negative pin is virtually grounded, so the current through the diode is given by:

when the voltage is greater than zero, it can be approximated by:

The output voltage is given by:

अन्य उपयोग

 audio and video pre-amplifiers and buffers
 voltage comparators
 differential amplifiers
 differentiators and integrators
 filters
 precision rectifiers
 voltage regulator and current regulator
 analog-to-digital converter
 digital-to-analog converter
 voltage clamps
 oscillators and waveform generators
 Schmitt trigger
 Gyrator
 Comparator
 Active filter
 Analog computer
 Capacitance multiplier

इन्हें भी देखें
 आपरेशनल एम्प्लिफायर
 परिशुद्ध दिष्टकारी
 करेंट-फीडबैक आपरेशन एम्प्लिफायर
 आपरेशनल ट्रांसकंडक्टेंस एम्प्लिफायर (Operational transconductance amplifier)
 आवृत्ति समायोजन (Frequency compensation)

analog

अन्य पठनीय सामग्री
 Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, The Art of Electronics. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 ISBN 0-521-37095-7
 Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002 ISBN 0-07-232084-2

बाहरी कड़ियाँ
 Introduction to op-amp circuit stages, second order filters, single op-amp bandpass filters, and a simple intercom

 Hyperphysics – descriptions of common applications

  – Analog Devices Application note

  – Texas Instruments Application note
 Low Side Current Sensing Using Operational Amplifiers
 Logarithmic amplifier
 Precision half-wave rectifier
 Precision full-wave rectifier

 Logarithmically variable gain from a linear variable component
 ECE 209: Operational amplifier basics – Brief document explaining zero error by naive high-gain negative feedback. Gives single OpAmp example that generalizes typical configurations.
 ECE 327: Practical Integrators and Operational Amplifier Offset – Discusses sources of and ways of fixing offset and drift problems.
 ECE 327: Voltage Regulators Procedures and Explanations – In the "Improving dynamic performance" section, discusses methods of using bypass capacitors to improve PSRR of components in designs.
 Impedance and admittance transformations using operational amplifiers by D. H. Sheingold

प्रवर्धक
एकीकृत परिपथ

आपरेशनल एम्प्लिफायर के उपयोग


The San Gabriel River is a river that flows through central Texas, USA. The San Gabriel River is formed in Georgetown by the confluence of the North Fork San Gabriel and the South Fork San Gabriel, both of which originate in Burnet County. There are two major impoundments of the river: Lake Georgetown along the North Fork, and Granger Lake, about 25 miles (40 km) below the confluence. Both are U.S. Army Corps of Engineers impoundments. The San Gabriel River joins the Little River five miles south of Cameron which then meets the Brazos River northwest of College Station. There is a city park in Georgetown at the confluence of the North and South Forks, with a well-known local swimming spot (the "Blue Hole") located just upriver from the confluence on the South Fork.

Like most Texas Hill Country rivers, the San Gabriel west of the Balcones Fault is characterized by limestone river bottoms, some moderate rapids, small canyons, and muddy bottoms along slower-moving stretches; east of the Balcones Fault, the San Gabriel flows through the Blackland Prairie where rock features at the surface are more rare and the deep, clay soils are rolling to level and support dryland farms and more lush pastures than the thin soils to the west.  Given the past tendency toward periodic large-scale but short-lived floods before construction of the large impoundments, much of the bottomland along the river banks east of Georgetown is forested with a mix of native oak and pecan plus other varieties, though in some locations pecan orchards with grafted varieties have been established as commercial enterprises.

Recreational activities include canoeing, kayaking and fishing. Typical fish species found in the river are catfish, largemouth bass, sunfish, carp, longnose gar and various species of bait fish. However, many game fish and introduced species are found in the impoundments at Lake Georgetown and Granger Lake. The river runs through the Apache Pass Amphitheater and Festival Grounds near Thorndale, south of the town of San Gabriel. Apache Pass features a cantilevered stage that projects out over the river and is used for major concerts and other events.

See also
List of rivers of Texas

External links

 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
 U.S. Geological Survey
 City of Georgetown, Texas Parks & Recreation
 Visit Georgetown - Official Website

Rivers of Texas
Brazos River
Rivers of Williamson County, Texas
Rivers of Burnet County, Texas

San Gabriel River (Texas)


The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a large international organization to regulate trade that was established in 1995.  As of 2018, there are 164 members and 23 observer nations.  In the WTO, agreements are made on trade between countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) means that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tariff on goods crossing borders. This lets businesses operate in many different countries.

Member countries sign agreements
There are about 30 such agreements. Based on these agreements, the member countries trade with each other. They sell items to each other and follow a set of rules. They have to give a special job to the other country. The phrase used (for such and many alike items) is to give the other country a special job – this is known as to give the other country a most favored country job. From 2004, if a member sells any item to another member country, the same type of item should be offered to all other member countries.

While it is highly regarded, from its beginning the WTO has also received criticism.

1995 establishments
Organizations based in Geneva

World Trade Organization


Sir Ernest MacMillan (born Mimico, Ontario, 18 August 1893; died 6 May 1973)  was a famous Canadian conductor and composer.

MacMillan's father was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and musician.  He was a child prodigy.   He gave his first organ recital in Massey Hall at the age of ten. After studying in Britain and gaining the ARCO and FRCO diplomas at the Royal College of Organists, he studied modern history at the University of Toronto from 1911 to 1914.

Prisoner in Germany
In 1914 he went to Europe.  He wanted to study at the Paris Conservatoire but this was closed because of the political situation.  He went on to Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but World War I started and he was taken prisoner and kept at the Ruhleben civilian detention camp near Berlin.  He helped the other people who were prisoners in the camp to put on concerts.  He gave talks about classical music and conducted a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Mikado as well as a pantomime version of Cinderella.  This helped him to get experience in conducting.  He also took part in the drama productions. He studied hard and was given a BA degree from the University of Toronto (1915) and a D Mus from the University of Oxford (1918), although he was locked up in the camp all this time.

After the war
After the war he returned to Canada where he gave organ recitals and lectured about his experiences in Ruhleben.  From 1926 to 1942 he was principal of the Toronto Conservatory of Music, later to become the Royal Conservatory of Music. He was the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra between 1931 and 1956.  He did a lot for music in Canada,and he was knighted in 1935 by King George V. In 1969 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in Toronto in 1973.

When he conducted he often took the music very slowly.  This gave him the nickname "Lord Largo" ("Largo" means "slow and broad" in music).  He had an amazing musical memory and he could improvise very well.  MacMillan helped to record and preserve the traditional songs and music of Canada's aboriginal or First Nations people.  He had an important influence on almost every part of Canadian musical life.

1893 births
1973 deaths
Canadian musical entertainers
POW at Ruhleben
Knights Bachelor
Canadian composers
University of Toronto alumni

Ernest MacMillan


The First Barons' War (1215–1217) was a civil war in the Kingdom of England in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as barons) led by Robert Fitzwalter waged war against King John of England. The conflict resulted from King John's disastrous wars against King Philip II of France, which led to the collapse of the Angevin Empire, and John's subsequent refusal to accept and abide by the Magna Carta, which John had sealed on 15 June 1215.

The rebellious barons, faced with an uncompromising king, turned to King Philip's son, Louis, who, in 1216, then sailed to England with an army despite his father's disapproval, as well as the pope's, who subsequently excommunicated him. Louis captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of the English kingdom. He was proclaimed "King of England" in London by the barons, although never actually crowned.

Louis's ambitions of ruling England faced a major setback in October 1216, when John's death led to the rebellious barons deserting him in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III, and the war dragged on. Louis's army was finally beaten at the Battle of Lincoln on 20 May 1217. Also, after a fleet assembled by his wife, Blanche of Castile, attempted to bring him French reinforcements but was defeated off the coast of Sandwich on 24 August 1217, he was forced to make peace on English terms. He signed the Treaty of Lambeth and surrendered the few remaining castles that he held. The treaty had the effect of Louis agreeing he had never been the legitimate king of England. That formalised the end of the civil war and the departure of the French from England.

Background
King John in June 1215 was forced to put his seal to "The Articles of the Barons" by a group of powerful barons who could no longer stand John's failed leadership and despotic rule. The king's Great Seal was attached to it on 15 June 1215. In return, the barons renewed their oaths of fealty to King John on 19 July 1215. A formal document to record the agreement was created by the royal chancery on 15 July: this was the original Magna Carta. "The law of the land" is one of the great watchwords of Magna Carta by standing in opposition to the king's mere will.

The Magna Carta of 1215 contained clauses that theoretically noticeably reduced the power of the king, such as Clause 61, the "security clause", which allowed a group of 25 barons to override the king at any time by way of force, a medieval legal process called distraint that was normal in feudal relationships but had never been applied to a king. After a few months of half-hearted attempts to negotiate in the summer of 1215, open warfare broke out between the rebel barons and the king and his supporters.

Course of events

French intervention
The war began over Magna Carta but quickly turned into a dynastic war for the throne of England. The rebel barons, faced with a powerful king, turned to Louis, the son and heir apparent of King Philip II of France and the grandson-in-law of King Henry II of England. The Norman invasion had occurred only 149 years before, and the relationship between England and France was not as simply adversarial as it later became. The contemporary document, the Annals of Waverley saw no contradiction in stating that Louis was invited to invade to "prevent the realm being pillaged by aliens."

At first, in November 1215, Louis simply sent the barons a contingent of knights to protect London. However, even at that stage he also agreed to an open invasion, despite the discouragement from his father and from Pope Innocent III. That came in May 1216, when watchmen on the coast of Thanet detected sails on the horizon, and on the next day, the King of England and his armies saw Louis's troops disembark on the coast of Kent.

John decided to escape to the Saxon capital of Winchester, and so Louis had little resistance on his march to London. He entered London, also with little resistance, and was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at St Paul's Cathedral. Many nobles gathered to give homage to him, including Alexander II of Scotland, who held fiefs in England.

Many of John's supporters, sensing a tide of change, moved to support the barons. Gerald of Wales remarked: "The madness of slavery is over, the time of liberty has been granted, English necks are free from the yoke."

Pursuing John, Louis led his army south from London on 6 June, arriving the following day in Reigate where he found the castle abandoned. He moved onwards to Guildford Castle on 8 June, which surrendered immediately. Farnham Castle initially closed its gates but surrendered as the French started to lay siege. He met resistance only when he reached Winchester Castle on 14 June, but it fell after a ten-day siege. Louis's campaign continued, and by July, about a third of England had fallen under his control.

First siege of Dover
In the meantime, the King of France taunted his son for trying to conquer England without first seizing its key port: Dover. The royal castles at Canterbury and Rochester, their towns, and indeed, most of Kent had already fallen to Louis. However, when he moved on to Dover Castle on 25 July, it was prepared. Its constable, Hubert de Burgh, had a well-supplied garrison of men.

The first siege began on 19 July, with Louis taking the high ground to the north of the castle. His men successfully undermined the barbican and attempted to topple the castle gate, but De Burgh's men managed to repel the invaders, blocking the breach in the walls with giant timbers. (After the siege the weak northern gate was blocked and tunnels were built in that area, to St John's Tower, and the new Constable's Gate and Fitzwilliam's Gate.) In the meantime, Louis's occupation of Kent was being undermined by a guerrilla force of Wealden archers raised and led by William of Cassingham.

After three months spent besieging the castle and a large part of his forces being diverted by the siege, Louis called a truce on 14 October and soon returned to London.

Sieges of Windsor and Rochester
Apart from Dover, the only castle to hold out against Louis was that at Windsor, where 60 loyalist knights survived a two-month siege, despite severe damage to the structure of its lower ward. That was immediately repaired in 1216 by Henry III, who further strengthened the defences with the construction of the western curtain wall, much of which survives today. The damage was caused possibly by the castle having been besieged by the barons in 1189, less than 30 years earlier.

In 1206, John had spent £115 on repairs to Rochester Castle, and he had even preemptively held it during the year of the negotiations leading up to Magna Carta, but the Charter's terms had forced him to hand it back into the custody of Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, in May 1215. The rebel barons had then sent troops under William d'Aubigny to the castle, to whom its constable Reginald de Cornhill opened the castle's gates. Thus, during October 1215 on his marching from Dover to London, John found Rochester in his way and on 11 October began besieging it in person.

The rebels were expecting reinforcements from London but John sent fire ships out to burn their route in, the city's bridge over the Medway. Robert Fitzwalter rode out to stop the king and fought his way onto the bridge but eventually being beaten back into the castle. John also sacked the cathedral, took anything of value and stabled his horses in it, all as a slight to Langton. Orders were then sent to the men of Canterbury.

After that five siege engines were erected, and work was carried out to undermine the curtain wall. By one of those means, the king's forces entered and held the bailey in early November, and began attempting the same tactics against the keep, including undermining the south-eastern tower. The mine-roof was supported by wooden props, which were then set alight using pig-fat. On 25 November 1215, John had sent a writ to the justiciars saying, "Send to us with all speed by day and night, forty of the fattest pigs of the sort least good for eating so that we may bring fire beneath the castle". The fire thus created caused one entire corner of the keep to collapse. The rebels withdrew behind the keep's cross-wall but still managed to hold out. A few were allowed to leave the castle but on John's orders had their hands and feet lopped off as an example.

Winter was now setting in, and the castle was taken on 30 November by starvation and not by force. John set up a memorial to the pigs and a gallows with the intention of hanging the whole garrison, but one of his captains, Savari de Mauléon, persuaded him not to hang the rebels since hanging those who had surrendered would set a precedent if John ever surrendered; only one man was actually hanged (a young bowman who had previously been in John's service). The remainder of the rebel barons were taken away and imprisoned at various royal-held castles, such as Corfe Castle. Of the siege, the Barnwell chronicler wrote "No one alive can remember a siege so fiercely pressed and so manfully resisted" and that, after it, "There were few who would put their trust in castles".

Death of King John
On 18 October 1216, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. He died at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, and with him the main reason for the fighting. Louis now seemed much more of a threat to baronial interests than John's nine-year-old son, Henry.

Pierre des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, and a number of barons rushed to have the young Henry be crowned as King of England. London was held by Louis (it was his seat of government) and therefore could not be used for this coronation so, on 28 October 1216, they brought the boy from the castle at Devizes to Gloucester Abbey in front of a small attendance presided over by a Papal Legate, Guala Bicchieri (d. 1227, Bishop of Vercelli, papal legate in England 1216–18). They crowned Henry with a necklace of gold.

On 12 November 1216, Magna Carta was reissued in Henry's name with some of the clauses omitted, including clause 61. The revised charter was sealed by the young king's regent William Marshal. A great deal of the country was loyal to Louis, with the southwest of England and the Midlands favouring Henry. Marshal was highly respected and he asked the barons not to blame the child Henry for his father's sins. The prevailing sentiment, helped by self-interest, disliked the idea of depriving a boy of his inheritance. Marshal also promised that he and the other regents would rule by Magna Carta. Furthermore, he managed to get support from the Pope, who had already excommunicated Louis.

Louis's losses

William Marshal slowly managed to get most barons to switch sides from Louis to Henry and attack Louis. The two opposing sides fought for about a year. On 6 December 1216 Louis took Hertford Castle but allowed the defending knights to leave with their horses and weapons. He then took Berkhamsted Castle in late December, which again allowed the royal garrison to withdraw honourably with their horses and weapons.

By early 1217, Louis decided to return to France for reinforcements. He had to fight his way to the south coast through loyalist resistance in Kent and Sussex, losing part of his force in an ambush at Lewes, with the remainder pursued to Winchelsea and were saved from starvation only by the arrival of a French fleet.

Since the truce had been arranged with Dover, the Dover garrison had repeatedly disrupted Louis's communication with France, and so Louis sailed back to Dover to begin a second siege. The French camp, set up outside Dover Castle in anticipation of the new siege, was attacked and burned by William of Cassingham and Oliver fitz Regis just as the fleet carrying the reinforcements arrived. Louis was forced to land at Sandwich and march to Dover, where he began a second siege in earnest on 12 May 1217. This new siege diverted so much of Louis's forces that Marshal and Falkes de Breauté were able to attack and heavily defeat pro-Louis barons at Lincoln Castle on 15 May or 20 May 1217, in what became known as the Second Battle of Lincoln.

Marshal prepared for a siege against London next. In the meantime, Louis suffered two more heavy defeats, this time at sea, at the Battle of Dover and Battle of Sandwich in the Straits of Dover, this time at the hands of William's ally and Dover's constable Hubert de Burgh. Louis's new reinforcement convoy, under Eustace the Monk, was destroyed, making it nearly impossible for Louis to continue fighting.

Aftermath
After a year and a half of war, most of the rebellious barons had defected. That and the defeat of the French in 1217 forced Louis to negotiate. A few of Henry's supporters held out for unconditional surrender, but the Earl of Pembroke successfully argued for the more moderate terms.

At the Treaty of Lambeth, which was signed on 11 September 1217, Louis had to give up his claim to be the King of England and to agree that he had never been the legitimate king. The principal provisions of the treaties were an amnesty for English rebels but that the barons who had joined Louis had to pay the French prince 10,000 marks to expedite his withdrawal. Louis surrendered the few remaining castles that he had held and exhorted to his allies, Scottish and Welsh troops under Alexander II and Llywelyn the Great respectively, to lay down their arms. Louis also undertook not to attack England again.

Museums
 "The 1216 Experience" at Dover Castle (in the keep, rather than at the site of the siege at the north gate) recounts the two sieges and Battle of Sandwich, and there is also material on them at the town museum.
 Rochester City Museum contains a model of the castle keep under siege.

See also
 Second Barons' War

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 Salter, Mike (2000). The Castles of Kent. Folly Publications, Malvern.

Siege of Dover
 Photos and article
  (the online version lacks the diagrams of the print version)

1
13th-century rebellions
Invasions of England
Conflicts in 1215
Conflicts in 1216
Conflicts in 1217
1215 in England
1216 in England
1217 in England
1210s in France
1210s in England
Anglo-French wars
Louis VIII of France
13th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
13th-century military history of France
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

First Barons' War


Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987), was a 20th-century humanistic (client-centered) psychologist. His 1969 collection of essays, Freedom to Learn, was influential for a young generation in the late 1960s and through the 1970s. Rebellions against college teaching methods, the deschooling movement, flower power and the alternative society often referred to Roger's ideas in their various pamphlets. Rogers is regarded as the second most influential therapist (clinical psychologist) of the 20th century (behind Freud).

Biography
Rogers was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His parents were Walter Rogers and Julia Cushing. He was the fourth of six children. Rogers was educated in a strict, religious environment. He was first interested in studying agriculture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a focus on history and religion. His interest changed from agriculture to religion. He received a bachelor's degree in 1924. After that, he entered a liberal Protestant seminary in New York City. That went against the views of his conservative father. Rogers spent two years in seminary. He later transferred to Columbia University Teachers College, where he worked with John Dewey. Rogers received his master's degree in 1928. In 1931, he received a PhD in clinical psychology from Columbia University.

After receiving his PhD, Rogers worked at Ohio State University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Wisconsin. During that time, he developed what was later known as client-centered therapy. After his work at the University of Wisconsin, Rogers worked at the Western Behavioral Studies Institute in LaJolla, California. From there he and several other people formed the Center for Studies of the Person (CSP). He remained there until his death in 1987.

Legacy
During the last ten years of his life, Rogers used his person-centered approach in a broader field of work. He used helping relationships in the resolution of inter-group and international conflict. He and his colleagues conducted many experiments in cross cultural communication and peacemaking in the Carl Rogers Peace Project. For this work, Rogers was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The work is not widely known, but it puts Rogers' contributions into a wider social and political context.

Selected works by Carl Rogers
 Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939)
 Counseling and Psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice (1942)
 Client-Centered Therapy: its current practice, implications, and theory (1951)
 On Becoming a Person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy (1961)
 Person to Person: the problem of being human (1967)
 Freedom to Learn: a view of what education might become (1969)
 On Encounter Groups (1970)
 Becoming Partners: marriage and its alternatives (1972)
 On Personal Power: inner strength and its revolutionary impact (1977)
 A Way of Being (1980)

References

1902 births
1987 deaths
American psychologists
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni

Carl Rogers


The Palazzo Spada is a palace located on Piazza di Capo Ferro #13 in the rione Regola of Rome, Italy. Standing very close to the Palazzo Farnese, it has a garden facing towards the Tiber river.

The palace accommodates a large art collection, the Galleria Spada. The collection was originally assembled by Cardinal Bernardino Spada in the 17th century, and by his brother Virgilio Spada, and added to by his grandnephew Cardinal Fabrizio Spada,

History

In 1540, the palace was commissioned by Cardinal Girolamo Capodiferro, and utilized as an architect Bartolomeo Baronino of Casale Monferrato, while Giulio Mazzoni and a team provided lavish external and internal stucco-work.

The palace was briefly owned by the Mignanelli family, until in 1632, the palace was purchased by Cardinal Spada, who commissioned modifications from Francesco Borromini. The Baroque architect Borromini who created a masterpiece of forced perspective optical illusion in the arcaded courtyard, in which diminishing rows of columns and a rising floor create the visual illusion of a gallery 37 meters long (it is 8 meters) with a life-size sculpture at the end of the vista, in daylight beyond: the sculpture is 60 cm high. Borromini was aided in his perspective trick by a mathematician.

The Mannerist stucco sculptural decor of the palazzo's front and its courtyard façades feature sculptures crowded into niches and fruit and flower swags, grotesques and vignettes of symbolic devices (impresi) in bas-relief among the small framed windows of a mezzanine, the richest Cinquecento façades in Rome.

The colossal sculpture of Pompey the Great, erroneously believed to be the very one at whose feet Julius Caesar fell, was discovered under the party wall of two Roman houses in 1552: it was to be decapitated to satisfy the claims of both parties, which appalled Cardinal Capodiferro so, that he interceded on the sculpture's behalf with Pope Julius III, who purchased it and then gave it to the Cardinal.

Gallery
The palazzo hosts the Galleria Spada, the Cardinal Spada's collection, which includes four galleries of 16th and 17th-century paintings by Andrea del Sarto, Niccolò Tornioli, Guido Reni, Titian, Jan Brueghel the Elder, Guercino, Rubens, Dürer, Caravaggio,  Domenichino,  the Carracci, Salvator Rosa,  Parmigianino, Francesco Solimena, Michelangelo Cerquozzi, Pietro Testa, Giambattista Gaulli, and Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi, and has the additional interest of being hung in the 17th-century manner, frame-to-frame, with smaller pictures "skied" above larger ones.

Public authority
Palazzo Spada was purchased by the Italian State in 1927 and today houses the Italian Council of State, which meets in its richly frescoed and stuccoed rooms.

External links
Official website
Aerial photo - The Farnese is the large square palace at the left, while one block along the same street to the south-west is the smaller Palazzo Spada with its gardens facing the Tiber.
Dido's Death, Guercino, commissioned from Guercino by Cardinal Spada, 1631, on behalf of Marie de Medici
Video of Palazzo Spada
Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on Palazzo Spada (see index)

Houses completed in 1540
Francesco Borromini buildings
Spada
Art museums and galleries in Rome
Former private collections in Italy
Galleria Spada
Rome R. VII Regola

Palazzo Spada


Codesharing is a type of partnership that airlines have. Airlines agree to sell each other's tickets on some routes. This means that both airlines sell more tickets.

Sometimes, airlines join groups (called alliances) which all agree to sell each other's tickets. For example, both United Airlines and Lufthansa are part of Star Alliance. This means that Lufthansa can sell tickets for United Airlines and United Airlines can sell Lufthansa's tickets.

Because airlines sell each other's tickets, some flights will have more than one flight number.

Airlines

Codeshare agreement


Down quarks (sometimes written as a "d") are very small particles that help make up many larger particles, like protons and neutrons. Down quarks have a charge of -1/3. Since Down quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can exist in the same space at the same time), they have a spin of 1/2. Down quarks are the second lightest quark, the first being up quarks.

The antiparticle of a Down quark is a Down antiquark, or simply an antidown.

Quarks

Down quark


Benito Jerónimo Feijoo y Montenegro (8 October 1676 - 26 September 1764) was a Galician neoclassical monk and scholar noted for encouraging scientific thought in Galicia and Spain.

He was born in Casdemiro, and joined the Benedictines at the age of 12, and had taken classes in Galicia, León, and Salamanca. He later taught theology and philosophy at the university of Oviedo, and died at Oviedo. Padre Feijoo studied in Salamanca, Spain, at the University of Oviedo, earning a professorship in theology.  Feijoo was a prominent essayist for the Spanish, and his critiques, letters, and plays helped change the steadfast beliefs of many during the 18th century.

His two famous multi-volume collection of essays, Teatro critico universal (1726-1739) and Cartas eruditas y curiosas cover a range of subjects, from education, law, and medicine, to superstitions and popular beliefs.

Father Feijoo was a debunker of myths. He had great interest in natural science and many of his essays touch on topics related to this subject and to the many myths about creatures and lands that abounded at that time. One example of how far his naturalistic bent went can be found in a story told by Julio A. Feijoo, one of his descendents, born in Cuba in 1910. Father Feijoo believed that demonic possession was a psychological phenomenon. Once he was called upon to perform an exorcism, and in order to demonstrate that this phenomenon was more due to suggestibility than anything else, in performing a spurious exorcism on the "possessed" subject, he read from Bocaccio's famous bawdy work the Decameron. Upon hearing the Latin lines, the "possessed" individual settled down and declared himself to be free of demonic influence.

1676 births
1764 deaths
Galician people
Christian monks
Spanish writers
Benedictines

Benito Jeronimo Feijoo


The Fuirsday is the day o the week atween Wadensday an Fryday. The name Fuirsday comes fae the Auld Inglis Þunresdæg, meanin the day o Þunor, forby kent in Inglis as Thor.

Bi some conventions (see ISO 8601), the Fuirsdays o a towmond determine the hantlin o the weeks: week 1 is the week at his in it the first Fuirsday o the towmond, an sae on.

In the Inglis warld, some haes taen up an acronym for Fuirsday, akin tae Fryday's T.G.I.F., an says "So Happy It's Thursday", or S.H.I.T.

I' the popular rime, "Fuirsday's bairn his faur tae gang".

In the Unitit Kinrick, aa general elections sin 1935 haes been hauden on a Fuirsday an this haes becam tradeetion, thou it isnae a requirement o the law – at says an election micht be hauden on onie day "except Saturdays, Sundays, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, bank holidays in any part of the United Kingdom and any day appointed for public thanksgiving and mourning". An expoundin sometimes gien for the chyce o Fuirsday as the pollin day is it wis, in maist touns, the tradeetional mercat day, thou it his been sayed at the chyce his practical advantages – wi the ootcome o the election bein kent by Fryday, the new or ongangin admeenistration then his the weekend tae redd itsel for the "government shop openin for business" on Monanday, the first day o the new week comin efter the election.

In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, the chairacter Arthur Dent says "This must be Thursday. I could never get the hang of Thursdays". A twa-three meenits later the warld is destroyed. Thor, that the day is named efter, forby appears later in the Hitchhiker's series an in ither Adams beuks.

I' the Hindu releegion, Fuirsday is guruvar or the Guru's day.

The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "fift day". Quakers tradeitionally caas Fuirsday the "Fift Day" an aw, eschewing the heathen oreegin o the name "Fuirsday".

Named days
 Skyre Fuirsday, forby kent as the Sheer Fuirsday or Holy Fuirsday, is the Fuirsday afore Pace, tradeetionally a day o cleanin an giein oot Maundy siller i' the Unitit Kinrik.
 Black Fuirsday refers til 24 October 1929 whan stock prices i' the NYSE fell shairply, wi a record volume o nearly 13 million shares. Five days later, the mercat crashed on volume o ower 16 million shares - a level nae tae be gaun ayont for 39 year. In popular eemagery, the crash his come tae merk the beginnin o the Muckle Depression.

References

Fremmit airtins
 Whaur Fuirsday Got Its Name

Days

Fuirsday


Johan Erik Vesti Boas (2 July 1855 – 25 January 1935), also J.E.V. Boas, was a Danish zoologist and a disciple of Carl Gegenbaur and Steenstrup. During the beginning and end of his career, Johan Erik Vesti Boas worked at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. However, during an intervening period of 35 years, Boas worked with the Veterinary and Agricultural University of Copenhagen, because Boas had felt ignored at the appointment of the museum curator post, which went, instead, to G.M.R. Levinsen (q.v.).

 Trizocheles boasi Forest, 1987
 Paromolopsis boasi

References

External links

Danish zoologists
1855 births
1935 deaths

Johan Erik Vesti Boas


The Iceman is a 2013 American crime drama thriller movie directed by Ariel Vernon. It is about the killing spree of contract killer Richard Kuklinski and mob boss Roy DeMeo.

It stars Michael Shannon, Winona Ryder, Ray Liotta, Chris Evans, James Franco, and David Schwimmer. It is set during the 1960s and 1970s in New York City and New Jersey.

It was released to mostly positive reviews on a limited release on May 3, 2013.

2013 crime drama movies
2013 drama thriller movies
2010s serial killer movies
2010s American crime drama movies
2010s American crime thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
2010s English-language movies
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in New York (state)
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
American independent movies

The Iceman (movie)


Margaret Fleming is an 1890 play by James A. Herne. The play is remarkable because many critics consider it to be the first "modern" drama, a play that focused more on the psychological complexities of its characters and on the role of social determinism the characters' lives than on dramatic or melodramatic retellings.

It first ran in Lynn, Massachusetts, in July 1890, but was rejected as too controversial by theater managers in New York and Boston. Two friends and financiers of Herne's rented a theater in Boston for its opening, and the play had two three-week runs, one in May and one in October 1891. Herne's wife, Katherine Corcoran, played the title role; Herne played Philip Fleming during the trial runs but later switched to the role of street peddler Joe Fletcher. Although some critics liked the attempt towards realism, many others felt the play dwelt too much on unseemly characters and events, and audiences were shocked when Margaret nurses the baby (not her own) onstage.

Story

In Act I, the audience meets Philip Fleming, manager of an inherited mill that's facing some financial troubles. He speaks with Joe Fletcher, a street peddler, and talks about his new wife, Margaret, and their new baby, Lucy. Fletcher leaves and Doctor Larkin enters and informs Fleming that he has just delivered a baby to a young immigrant woman named Lena Schmidt, and he has discovered that Fleming is the father. He advises Fleming to go to Lena. Meanwhile, Margaret is at home with baby Lucy, talking to the nursemaid, Maria Bindley. Maria reveals that her sister, Lena, has been despondent since the birth of her child, though Maria does not know who the father is.

In Act II, Doctor Larkin lectures Margaret and Philip separately about how additional stress will worsen Margaret's glaucoma. Margaret talks to Maria and agrees to go and visit her sister, hoping it will cheer her.

In Act III, Margaret visits the Bindley/Schmidt household, only to find that Lena has just died after writing a letter. Margaret compels Maria to read her the letter, which reveals that Philip was the father of Lena's baby. After sending everyone away, including sending a child to bring her husband to the house, she is left alone with the howling child and begins to nurse.

Act IV opens with a now-blind Margaret at home. Philip has been missing for seven days, but returns home to find that Margaret has taken in his illegitimate son. She tells him "the wife-heart has gone out of me," but also says she will stand by him as he tries to rebuild himself in business and reputation around the town.

References

Sources
Matlaw, Myron (Ed.). Nineteenth Century American Plays. New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1967.
Meserve, Walter J. An Outline History of American Drama. New York: Feedback-Prospero, 1994. pp. 147–151.

External links

Plays by James Herne
1890 plays
Plays set in the United States

Margaret Fleming


Titus ( ; ; Títos) was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to Christianity by Paul and, according to tradition, he was consecrated as Bishop of the Island of Crete.

Titus brought a fundraising letter from Paul to Corinth, to collect for the poor in Jerusalem. According to Jerome, Titus was the amanuensis of this epistle (2 Corinthians). Later, on Crete, Titus appointed presbyters (elders) in every city and remained there into his old age, dying in Gortyna, near the city of Candia (modern Heraklion).

Life
Titus was a Greek, apparently from Crete who is said to have studied Greek philosophy and poetry in his early years. He seems to have been converted by Paul, whereupon he served as Paul's secretary and interpreter. In the year 49, Titus accompanied Paul to the council held at Jerusalem, on the subject of the Mosaic rites.

Towards the close of the year 56, Paul, as he himself departed from Asia, sent Titus from Ephesus to Corinth, with full commission to remedy the fallout precipitated by Timothy's delivery of 1 Corinthians and Paul's "Painful Visit", particularly a significant personal offense and challenge to Paul's authority by one unnamed individual. During this journey, Titus served as the courier for what is commonly known as the "Severe Letter", a Pauline missive that has been lost but is referred to in 2 Corinthians.

After success on this mission, Titus journeyed north and met Paul in Macedonia. There the apostle, overjoyed by Titus' success, wrote 2 Corinthians. Titus then returned to Corinth with a larger entourage, carrying 2 Corinthians with him. Paul joined Titus in Corinth later. From Corinth, Paul then sent Titus to organize the collections of alms for the Christians at Jerusalem. Titus was therefore a troubleshooter, peacemaker, administrator, and missionary.

Early church tradition holds that Paul, after his release from his first imprisonment in Rome, stopped at the island of Crete to preach. Due to the needs of other churches, requiring his presence elsewhere, he ordained his disciple Titus as bishop of that island, and left him to finish the work he had started. Chrysostom says that this is an indication of the esteem Paul held for Titus.

Paul summoned Titus from Crete to join him at Nicopolis in Epirus. Later, Titus traveled to Dalmatia. The New Testament does not record his death.

It has been argued that the name "Titus" in 2 Corinthians and Galatians is nothing more than an informal name used by Timothy, implied already by the fact that even though both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, they never appear in common scenes. The theory proposes that a number of passages—1 Cor. 4:17, 16.10; 2 Cor. 2:13, 7:6, 13–14, 12:18; and Acts 19.22—all refer to the same journey of a single individual, Titus-Timothy. 2 Timothy seems to dispute this, by claiming that Titus has gone to Dalmatia. The fact that Paul made a point of circumcising Timothy but refused to circumcise Titus would indicate that they are different men, although certain manuscripts of Galatians have been taken (by Marius Victorinus, for example) to indicate that Paul did circumcise Titus.

Veneration
The feast day of Titus was not included in the Tridentine Calendar. When added in 1854, it was assigned to 6 February. In 1969, the Catholic Church assigned the feast to 26 January so as to celebrate the two disciples of Paul, Titus and Timothy, the day after the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America celebrates these two, together with Silas, on the same date while he is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and Episcopal Church (with Timothy) on 26 January.

The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Titus on 25 August and on 4 January. His relics, now consisting of only his skull, are venerated in the Church of St. Titus, Heraklion, Crete, to which it was returned in 1966 after being removed to Venice during the Turkish occupation.

Titus is the patron saint of the United States Army Chaplain Corps. The Corps has established the Order of Titus Award, described by the Department of Defense:

References

See also
Epistle of Pseudo-Titus

Seventy disciples
1st-century births
107 deaths
People in the Pauline epistles
1st-century bishops in the Roman Empire
Christian saints from the New Testament
Saints of Roman Crete
Military saints
Anglican saints

Saint Titus


A photo booth is a vending machine that takes instant photos. After you pay, usually in coins, a computer-based screen and often a recorded voice will tell you when the picture will be taken, how many shots will be taken and when the photo is developed.

Anatol Josepho invented the first self-automated photo booth in 1925. Photo booths began as black and white, film-based machines to fully coloured, digitalised machines.

There are many types of photo booths today that offer different sizes and kinds of photos such as passport photos and photos for identification. Also, some photo booths give you a number of tools you can use to create different features for your photos. Sticker photos are a good example. Sticker photos are instant photos printed on sticker-based material. After you take your picture, you can change backgrounds the tone or the color of the photo and insert letters and symbols. Invented in Japan, photo sticker booths are especially popular in Asian countries among teens and grown-ups alike.

Nowadays, the term photo booth also refers to Apple's photography program that features editing tool such as black-and-white, pencil and comic book.

Photography
Commerce

Photo booth


The Halloween movie series are a series of horror movies created by Moustapha Akkad in 1978. The series is about Michael Myers, who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for killing of his older sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to continue his killing spree. Dr. Loomis is a psychiatrists who helps all of Michael's victims to escape death from Myers. Only Dr. Loomis and Michael Myers appear in all movies except Halloween III: Season of the Witch.

Some novels were written about each movies, many of them were written by Dennis Etchison.

Movies
 Halloween: The Night He Came Home, directed by John Carpenter
 Halloween II, directed by Rick Rosenthal
 Halloween 3: Season of the Witch, directed by Tommy Lee Wallace
 Halloween 4, directed by Dwight H. Little
 Halloween 5, directed by Dominique Othenin-Girard
 Halloween 6, directed by Joe Chappelle
 Halloween: 20 Years Later (directed by Steve Minor)
 Halloween: Resurrection, directed by Rick Rosenthal
 Halloween, directed by Rob Zombie
 Halloween II, directed by Rob Zombie
 Halloween, directed by David Gordon Green.
 Halloween Kills, directed by David Gordon Green.
 Halloween Ends, directed by David Gordon Green.

Horror movies

Halloween (franchise)


The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC) is a private, non-profit U.S. organization that was established in 1975 for the purpose of rescuing, rehabilitating and releasing marine mammals who are injured, ill or abandoned. It was founded in Sausalito, California, by Lloyd Smalley, Pat Arrigoni and Paul Maxwell. Since 1975, TMMC has rescued over 24,000 marine mammals.  It also serves as a center for environmental research and education regarding marine mammals, namely cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, fur seals, walruses and sea lions), otters and sirenians (manatees and dugongs). Marine mammal abandonment refers to maternal separation; pups that have been separated from their mother before weaning. At the center, they receive specialized veterinary care: they are diagnosed, treated, rehabilitated and ideally, released back into the wild. Animals in need of assistance are usually identified by a member of the public who has contacted the center. These animals represent the following major species: California sea lions, northern elephant seals, Pacific harbor seals, northern fur seals, Guadalupe fur seals, Hawaiian monk seals, and southern sea otters. On a few occasions, TMMC has taken in Steller sea lions and bottlenose/Pacific white-sided dolphins. The only non-mammals that TMMC takes in are sea turtles.

Research
The research team consists of veterinarians and biologists who conduct not only medical diagnosis and intervention, but also publish scientific reports on marine animal health in relation to the Pacific Ocean's environmental chemistry. They collaborate with other institutions to provide vital information on disease, immunological systems and environmental effects. Some patients are fitted with radio or satellite tags before release, to further specific research goals. The center collaborates with counterparts around the world (most notably from England, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, Scotland, the Netherlands, France and Germany) in working on complex cases, and also researches the interactions of ocean-dwelling mammals with the marine environment in collaboration with other institutions.

Researchers at TMMC have discovered that domoic acid (DA) is the causative agent responsible for illness in a great many California sea lions. DA is naturally produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. DA passes up the food chain as the diatoms are consumed by zooplankton. These zooplankton are then consumed by fish, where the toxin accumulates. Fish are unharmed by it, but mammals are. California sea lions are disproportionately affected because they feed closer to shore, where more of these diatoms are present. When consumed by marine mammals, DA activates neural pathways in the brain, specifically, the hippocampus. This neural activation is unregulated and results in seizures. Repeated exposure will cause repeated activation, ultimately burning out these neural pathways and causing permanent brain damage — specifically, atrophy of the hippocampus. Domoic acid is the same biotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans.

Another discovery by TMMC, in collaboration with the University of Florida, is that seal pox is distinct from pox viruses isolated from other species. It is unrelated to chicken pox or smallpox. Also being investigated is the increased incidence of leptospirosis, a bacterial pathogen that can acutely damage the kidneys of marine mammals.

The Marine Mammal Center has made advances in the use of general anesthesia on marine mammals, used during surgical procedures. To a certain extent, marine mammals are voluntary breathers. Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and fur seals) can reduce their respiratory rate in order to conserve oxygen and remain underwater for extended periods. This makes the use of general anesthesia and tranquilizing darts more problematic.

Any animal that dies in treatment, or is euthanized while at the center, will undergo a necropsy to further research. At the center, there is a viewing area where the public can observe the procedure. Animals are only euthanized if their illness or injury is beyond treatment and would lead to the animal's death, or unabated suffering. Considering that animals in need are only identified when their distress is significant enough to be observable by the public, it is not unusual for some of these animals to be beyond rehabilitation.

Education
The education outreach program reaches in excess of 100,000 school children and adults each year, emphasizing the human connection to the marine environment. In addition to the groups of children who visit the center, there is a 'Sea to School' that visits Bay Area Schools. The hope is that with a better understanding of the ocean and its inhabitants, communities will care for and respect the oceans.

Rescue and rehabilitation

The ultimate goal is for every animal rescued by TMMC to be released back to the ocean with a second chance at life.  Since 1975, the center has rescued over 24,000 marine mammals, mostly California sea lions, northern elephant seals and Pacific harbor seals. The center can have upwards of 275 animals at the hospital at one time. In the spring time, the center rescues mostly young elephant seals and harbor seal pups that have been separated from their mothers due to either big storms or human interaction, or once weaned from their mother, were unable to find food on their own.  In the summer time, the center rescues mostly California sea lions that are approximately 1 year old and have struggled to find food on their own, or adults suffering from different diseases, such as domoic acid toxicosis, leptospirosis or cancer.  The center also rescues approximately 80–100 animals each year due to negative human interaction, such as entanglement in plastic or fishing gear, ingestion of trash, harassment on the beach and even gunshot wounds. At the center, volunteers and veterinarians provide round-the-clock care for the patients to help them recover, ranging from administering medication and food to patients, teaching young seals to catch and eat fish, and performing medical procedures like x-rays, surgeries and ultrasounds. The Marine Mammal Center is the good.

In almost all cases, the animals can be treated and returned to their ocean home.  In rare cases, less than 1% of the time, animals that are rescued may be deemed unreleasable. If an animal has been released on two occasions and returns both times, it may have become habituated with people and is no longer capable of fending for itself. Some animals may have suffered injuries that have left them blind or otherwise disabled. Although their health is stable, they may no longer be able to survive independently in the wild. These too, are considered unreleasable. In these circumstances, TMMC works with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to find a permanent home for the animal in an approved zoo or aquarium. In May, 2011, the San Francisco Zoo accepted two such animals.  Both are male California sea lions, named Silent Knight and Henry. Silent Knight was shot and blinded in Sausalito in December 2010. The cause of Henry's blindness is unknown. There was no external injury to the eyes and the cause may be neurological.

Facilities, budget and governance

Facilities include the Marin Headlands headquarters and field stations in San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Anchor Bay and Fort Bragg. The center's animal rescue radius is along the Pacific Coast of California and comprises approximately 600 square miles, between San Luis Obispo and Mendocino.

The Marine Mammal Center facility is located at what was once part of a former Nike Missile site. From 1953 to 1979, the United States Army built and operated over 265 Nike missile batteries throughout the United States. The best preserved installation is in the Marin Headlands, known as SF88. It was intended to protect local civilian and military populations against attack by Soviet bomber aircraft. It was opened in 1954, equipped with Nike Ajax missiles and later converted to hold improved Nike Hercules missiles. The site was decommissioned in 1974. Portions of the site, including three Nike Hercules missiles, can be visited through the Golden Gate National Park Service on limited days and hours.

TMMC opened in 1975, one year after the closure of the missile site. Underground silos now house the facility's water filtration system. A small structure nearby was once a guard house. The exterior remains unchanged, but it is now part of the Harbor Seal Hospital and also holds a surgical suite. Neither the former silo, nor the former guard house are open to the public.

The Marine Mammal Center is entirely privately funded. In 2012, the yearly operating budget for the center was approximately $7,500,000. 81% of expenditures went directly to animal care, veterinary expenses, and educational programs. In 2012, 76% of TMMC's operating budget came from private donations and individual and family memberships.  The center presently has a paid staff of 45 individuals. Its operation is reliant on several hundred volunteers who are trained in rescue, release, animal care and education.

The main facility in Sausalito can accommodate approximately 1,200 animals a year, although a typical year brings in between 600 and 800 patients. In 2009, a lack of available fish related to the El Nino weather pattern brought 1,750 patients to TMMC, more than in any other year since it opened. 2012 marked the year with the highest percentage of survivability for all patients to date. In the spring of 2013, environmental conditions limited to Southern California resulted in a higher than normal number of sea lion strandings. During this period, TMMC has taken in the overflow, approximately 65 patients.

Growth
The Marine Mammal Center began in 1975 with bath tubs and small pools surrounded by a fence. In June 2009, a multi-facility complex was opened to hold both the animals and the staff. It was built with recycled materials and utilizes sound boards made of sea weed. Donated solar panels provide approximately 20% of the facility's energy. Water, which was previously a major expense, is now filtered through an advanced sand bed and ozone system which allows a water recovery rate of 80%.

During the reconstruction, numerous outdoor pens with pools and haul-out surfaces were created.  There are also special purpose facilities, including a veterinary hospital, records room, food preparation and storage rooms and rescue equipment storage area. The hospital includes an operating room, treatment areas, an office and pharmaceutical storage. Some of the hospital functions include thoracic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery and orthopedic surgery,  as well as routine examinations and blood sampling for patient diagnosis.

Notable actions
Some specific examples among the thousands of successful outcomes are:

Net entangled humpback whale. In December 2005, a large female humpback whale was rescued off of the Farallon Islands, after she became entangled in crab pot lines during her migration, most likely to wintering grounds near Mexico. The daring maneuver was carried out by center staff and volunteers, along with professional divers, and was the center's first successful open ocean rescue of a whale entangled in netting.

Orphaned Steller sea lion pup at Año Nuevo Island. In 1999, a malnourished 37 lb. (17 kg) pup was found stranded alone at a location known as a northern elephant seal rookery,  but not as a birthing location for Steller sea lions. The pup, named Artemis, was restored to health and returned to the wild.  In July 2005, she was again spotted on Año Nuevo Island, but this time she was giving birth to a new pup. This was a particularly unusual outcome, since no pup is known to have been born on that island for at least twenty years.

Humphrey the Whale is arguably the most widely publicized humpback whale in history, having errantly entered San Francisco Bay twice, departing from his Mexico to Alaska migration. Each excursion resulted in dramatic estuarine rescues in 1985 and 1990 by the center, assisted by the United States Coast Guard and hundreds of volunteers. The first rescue was actually to turn Humphrey around in the Sacramento River, while the second was to move him back into the water from the mudflats north of Sierra Point below the Dakin Building.

Baker D., a bottlenose dolphin was successfully rehabilitated and released to join a dolphin pod in Monterey Bay in November 2004.

Sergeant Nevis.  On December 5, 2009, a 650 lb. adult, male California sea lion was rescued from Knight's Landing in Yolo County, Northern California. Sgt. Nevis had suffered a shotgun wound to his sinuses. He was named after Yolo County police officer Michael Nevis, who assisted with his rescue. Imaging tests revealed that this had not been Sgt. Nevis' first run-in with a shotgun. Buckshot pellets .in his head evidenced that he had been shot several times previously. After months of treatment and rehabilitation, it was determined that he could not survive if returned to the ocean. In association with NOAA, he was transferred to permanent residence at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California.

The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, and later amendments, make it a federal crime to hunt, kill, capture and/or harass any marine mammal. State laws and local ordinances may provide additional restrictions and penalties.

On October 8, 2010, Sgt. Nevis had major reconstructive surgery to close the opening in his face created by the entry and exit of the shotgun slug. The complicated surgery was needed to cover the crater-like wound under his eyes. The injury had forced Sgt. Nevis to modify his breathing. He was unable to dive or even submerge his head under water. There was also a continuing risk of infection. Facial reconstruction surgeon Dr. Praful Ramenini donated his services for this delicate surgery. Ramenini was supported by center veterinarians Dr. Bill Van Bonn and Dr. Vanessa Fravel, as well as veterinarians Dr. Diana Procter and Dr. Nancy Anderson from Six Flags Discovery Kingdom.

On October 15, 2010, the Sutter County District Attorney's Office announced the successful criminal prosecution of a fisherman for the shooting of Sgt. Nevis. He was convicted of intentionally maiming or wounding a living animal, in violation of California Penal Code Section 597. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail, five years of probation and ordered to pay restitution of $51,081.48 to TMMC, toward the expenses of treating Sgt. Nevis.

Movie Trivia.  In Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy, elephant seal and sea lion vocalizations were recorded at TMMC and used as the main component for the sound of the Orcs (northern elephant seals) and the Uruks (California sea lions). Sound Designer David Farmer had, coincidentally, visited the center during elephant seal pupping season and was suitably impressed.

See also

 Cetacean Conservation Center
 Endangered species
 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
 Institute for Marine Mammal Studies
 Red tide

References

External links

Video: "A Day in the Life of the Marine Mammal Center"

Environmental organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Cetacean research and conservation
Oceanographic organizations
1975 establishments in California
Marine mammal rehabilitation and conservation centers
Buildings and structures in Marin County, California
Tourist attractions in Marin County, California
Organizations established in 1975

The Marine Mammal Center


A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work where the plot is sensational. It appeals strongly to the emotions. It has crude characterization. Characters are simply-drawn, and stereotyped.

Melodrama is a portmanteau word, formed by combining the words "melody" from the Greek "melōidía", meaning "song") and "drama". Originally it referred to the use of music in a play.

A melodrama is often a play with very simple characters: a villain, hero,  heroine, policeman, damsel in distress and an elderly person (which usually ends happily).  Melodramas were popular in the Victorian era on the stage and in novels. In the 20th century the term came to mean bad, crude art, lacking thought. It is rarely applied to the inclusion of music.

Theatrical forms

Melodrama


A citadel is a large fortress or castle that is usually built to protect cities or towns from attacks or disaster, though citadels have been built for other reasons as well. Citadels are often built to be the final protection for a city or town, in case enemies break through other protections such as walls or soldiers.

History

3300 BCE - 1300BCE

–1300 BCE
The oldest known citadels were built in the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel may have been used as a symbol of authority (power), though no one is entirely sure why they were built.

800–600 BCE
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis was important in the life of the people, serving as a place of safety in times of trouble. It contained military supplies, food, a shrine, and often a palace or citadel. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one.

167–141 BCE
Citadels were sometimes built so strongly that enemies could take over the rest of the city, but fail to take over the city's citadel. During the Maccabean Revolt, the Maccabean rebels managed to take over all of Jerusalem except its citadel. It wasn't until 20 years later that they finally managed to take over the citadel too.

1600 CE–present
Citadels were not always built to keep away a city's enemies. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars, King Charles II of England built a citadel at Plymouth that could not only keep out enemies, but also the city's people in case they tried to rebel against the King.

Modern Usage
The Citadelle of Quebec still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America after more than 200 years of existence.

Since the middle of the 20th century, citadels usually protect military center, rather than cities or towns. These citadels are built to protect the center from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London are an example of this.

Fortification

Citadel


Christopher Eugene "Chris" Schenkel (August 21, 1923 – September  11, 2005) was an American sportscaster.

In 1947, he called the first American football game ever broadcast on television.   It was a Harvard-Army game.  In 1952 he began calling New York Giants games.  In 1956, he began to also call boxing, the Triple Crown horse racing, and The Masters golf tournament, and other events. Along with Chuck Thompson, Schenkel called the 1958 NFL Championship Game.

ABC Sports hired Schenkel in 1965. There he broadcast college football, Major League Baseball, NBA basketball, golf and tennis tournaments, boxing, auto racing, and the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. He also had a long-term assignment covering professional bowling, mainly for the Professional Bowlers Association.

Schenkel was named National Sportscaster of the Year four times. In 1992 he received a lifetime achievement Emmy. Also in 1992, the Pro Football Hall of Fame gave Schenkel its Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award. In 1999, he received the Jim Thorpe Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 1999, the Professional Bowlers Association named the Player of the Year award after Schenkel.

References

1923 births
2005 deaths
Bowling broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Motorsports broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Emmy Award winners

Chris Schenkel


The 1927 Indiana bituminous strike was a strike by members of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) against local bituminous coal companies.  Although the struggle raged throughout most of the nation's coal fields, its most serious impact was in western Pennsylvania, including Indiana County.  The strike began on April 1, 1927, when almost 200,000 coal miners struck the coal mining companies operating in the Central Competitive Field,  after the two sides (management and labor) could not reach an agreement on pay rates.  The UMWA was attempting to retain pay raises gained in the contracts it had negotiated in 1922 and 1924, while management, stating that it was under economic pressure from competition with the West Virginia coal mines, was seeking wage reductions. The strike proved to be a disaster for the union, as by 1929, there were only 84,000 paying members of the union, down from 400,000 which belonged to the union in 1920.

Background
The coal industry in the United States was at the end of three decades of growth in 1920, during which production had increased five-fold. The UMWA had won pay hikes and a shorter work day in 1919, and preserved these gains in contracts with mine operators in 1922 and 1924.  However demand, which had been artificially inflated during the World War, dropped off at the war's end.  This, combined with a stagnation of coal usage through conservation efforts during the 1920s led to efforts to reduce costs by the mine operators.  Coal miners and the United Mine Workers faced an extended crisis as coal operators sought cost reductions and pressured unionized miners to accept wage cutbacks to below the previously agreed upon rate of $7.50 per day, and even to abandon the union.

In 1921, miners had struck against the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation in Rossiter, Pennsylvania.  The strike arose when the company began to require their employees to punch a time clock. The miners refused to comply, and were backed up by the UMWA, stating that the union's permission was required to enforce the time-clock requirement, in addition to the fact that no other mine in the district employed the use of a time clock.  The strike lasted approximately one month, and ended when work resumed with the time clock in use. Northern coal mining operators, looking to reduce costs, blamed their weakened competitive position on the high and inflexible wage rates
negotiated by the union. Attempts to impose significant wage reductions, in some cases up to 50 percent, were met by a bitter strike in
1922. This strike was not only about wages, but over the concept of national versus district contracts.  The union wanted a national contract, while the mining operators wanted contracts by districts.  That strike lasted five months, but led to the Jacksonville agreement in 1924, wherein miners were given a $7.50 per day rate which had been agree upon in the 1920 negotiations.  When the northern operators continued to lose market share to their southern counterparts, they asked the union for a renegotiation of the Jacksonville scale. Union President John L. Lewis refused on the grounds that the industry was undergoing a needed adjustment which, when completed, would result in fewer men and fewer mines and a stable, more prosperous industry.

The coal mining area around Pittsburgh had always been a difficult territory for the UMWA. The presence of the nonunion Connellsville
and Westmoreland fields made it difficult for the union to hold its ground, and the diverse ethnic groups which comprised the work force made organization and collective action difficult. It was in this district where the operators took their first stand against the union. In August, 1925, the Pittsburgh Coal Company, largest in the district, closed down, rejected the Jacksonville agreement, and reopened on a nonunion basis. Numerous other companies followed its lead. In all, some 110 mines in Pennsylvania changed from union to nonunion operation during 1925.  This led to another strike over wages in 1925, which also lasted five months.

The strike

The expiration of the Jacksonville Agreement, as well as the widespread violation of its terms by operators, gave urgency to the issue of negotiating a new agreement in 1927. Union representatives were charged to negotiate the best possible wage agreement possible as long as there was no reduction in wages. In February 1927 the union representatives met with representatives of the mining operators in Miami. The operators requested a reduction of the Jacksonville scale as well as union acceptance of the principle that wages should be tied to the changing price of coal. No agreement was reached in Miami, which led the union leadership to begin planning for a nationwide strike. The American Federation of Labor, responding to a plea from John L. Lewis (the head of the UMWA), passed a resolution which called on its affiliated international unions to help the coal miners. When the Coolidge administration refused to intervene in the dispute, Secretary of Labor James J. Davis could not get the major coal operators to agree to go back to the negotiating table with the UMWA.

On April 1, 1927, 40,000 coal miners struck in the Central Competitive Field, beginning the largest coal strike since 1922, they were supported by another 45,000 miners throughout Pennsylvania and over another 100,000 miners nationwide.  The 1927 strike was one of the longest and most bitter strikes in Pennsylvania coal-industry history. The walk-out effectively closed down all mining activity in the bituminous fields of western Pennsylvania.   As time passed, other miners joined the strike, particularly those who worked for the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation, in Rossiter, Pennsylvania, which became the focal point for the entire strike.

From the outset the striking miners endured intense hardships.  The operators used strikebreakers, private police, injunctions, and many other antiunion tactics which had been developed during a century of industrial conflict in America. Owners also evicted 12,000 miners and their families from company housing between July and December, 1927.  The miners in Rossiter began to agitate, marching to other mines and encouraging their workers to join the strike.

In a major setback for the union, the company brought in strikebreakers and reopened the Rossiter mine in September, on a non-union basis with most of its employees recruited from outside the district and paid on the lower 1917 scale.  A further, and much greater setback for the unions occurred in November, when Judge Jonathan Langham, serving on the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County, Pennsylvania, published several sweeping injunctions against the protesters, putting a halt to their collective activities.  The injunction forbade picketing, marching or gathering for meetings or rallies. It prohibited the disbursement of union funds for use by striking miners. The order also forbade newspaper advertisements and other means of communication being used to aid the cause of the strikers and convincing miners to desist from work.  But it was his final injunction which brought national attention to the conflict in Pennsylvania:  He issued a prohibition against singing hymns and holding church services on the last two pieces of property in Rossiter not owned by the mining operators:  lots owned by the Magyar Presbyterian Church situated directly opposite the mouth of the mine.

The publicity spawned by Langham's injunction attracted out-of-state journalists, and a United States Senate investigating committee that came to Rossiter in February 1928. The senators, who included Senator Robert Wagner of New York, heard testimony from Rossiter miners, company officials, and Langham, and pointedly questioned the judge and company attorneys about the injunction's marker denial of civil liberties and free speech. The company continued to import strikebreakers and rely on Coal and Iron Police, and by the end of August virtually every Rossiter-area mine operated on a non-union basis. In October 1928 the national strike officially ended in a major defeat for the UMWA.

Aftermath

The strike proved to be a disaster for the union. By 1929 only about 84,000 miners were paying dues. The central competitive field, the heart of the union's strength, was lost. Wage rates in the industry declined from an average of $7.50 to $5.50 per day.  The work force in Pennsylvania declined by 21 percent.

The national strike and events in Rossiter, however, had telling effects on Senator Wagner, bolstering his sympathy for labor. Allied with Senator George Norris and Congressman Fiorello La Guardia, Wagner co-sponsored the Norris-La Guardia Act of 1932, which greatly restricted the use of labor injunctions.

In 1933 Wagner sponsored the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), which called for collective bargaining between unions and management. This act enabled the UMWA to resume its growth with membership reaching 400,000 in 1934. In 1935, after the United States Supreme Court invalidated the NIRA, Wagner sponsored the National Labor Relations Act, which reinstated the NIRA's collective bargaining provisions and established the National Labor Relations Board to hold union elections and prevent unfair labor practices.  Also in 1935, the US Senator from Pennsylvania sponsored the Guffey Coal Conservation Act. This measure, enacted in 1935, regulated the price and marketing structure of coal industry with provisions which guaranteed collective bargaining. It also stipulated uniform scales of wages and hours and created a national commission which would fix prices and regulate production.

References

April 1927 events
1927 in Pennsylvania
Miners' labor disputes in the United States
1927 labor disputes and strikes
Labor disputes in Pennsylvania
Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
1920s strikes in the United States
Indiana County, Pennsylvania

1927 Indiana bituminous strike


Amoretti è una raccolta di sonetti scritti da Edmund Spenser, ispirati dalla tradizione delle poesie d'amor cortese, che illustrano il corso del corteggiamento del poeta ad Elizabeth Boyle, della quale loda la bellezza sia fisica, sia spirituale.

Storia
Amoretti fu pubblicato nel 1595 a Londra da William Ponsonby. Il volume consiste in 89 sonetti, seguiti da due poemi brevi, Anacreontics ed Epithalamion, quest'ultimo una celebrazione pubblica in forma poetica del matrimonio.

Analisi dell'opera
L'aspetto peculiare dei sonetti di Spenser è che l'adorazione del poeta per la sua amata non conduce a un epilogo di disperazione, come nella raccolta Astrophil e Stella di Philip Sidney, ma alla riconciliazione e al matrimonio. In generale i sonetti di Spenser non si basano sulla frustrazione amorosa ma sulla speranza anticipata dell'amore eterno.

Elenco dei sonetti
 Happy ye leaues when as those lilly hands (I)
 Unquiet thought, whom at the first I bred (II)
 The souerayne beauty which I doo admyre (III)
 New yeare forth looking out of Ianus gate (IV)
 Rudely thou wrongest my deare harts desire (V)
 Be nought dismayd that her unmoued mind (VI)
 Fayre eyes, the myrrour of my mazed hart (VII)
 More then most faire, full of the liuing fire (VIII)
 Long-while I sought to what I might compare (IX)
 Unrighteous Lord of loue what law is this (X)
 Dayly when I do seeke and sew for peace (XI)
 One day I sought with her hart-thrilling eies (XII)
 In that proud port, which her so goodly graceth (XIII)
 Retourne agayne my forces late dismayd (XIV)
 Ye tradefull Merchants that with weary toyle (XV)
 One day as I unwarily did gaze (XVI)
 The glorious portraict of that Angels face (XVII)
 The rolling wheele that runneth often round (XVIII)
 The merry Cuckow, messenger of Spring (XIX)
 In vaine I seeke and sew to her for grace (XX)
 Was it the worke of nature or of Art? (XXI)
 This holy season fit to fast and pray (XXII)
 Penelope for her Ulisses sake (XXIII)
 When I behold that beauties wonderment (XXIV)
 How long shall this lyke dying lyfe endure (XXV)
 Sweet is the Rose, but growes upon a brere (XXVI)
 Faire proud now tell me, why should faire be proud (XXVII)
 The laurell leafe, which you this day doe weare (XXVIII)
 See! how the stubborne damzell doth depraue (XXIX)
 My loue is lyke to yse, and I to fyre (XXX)
 Ah why hath nature to so hard a hart (XXXI)
 The paynefull smith with force of feruent heat (XXXII)
 Great wrong I doe, I can it not deny (XXXIII)
 Lyke as a ship, that through the Ocean wyde (XXXIV)
 My hungry eyes through greedy couetize (XXXV)
 Tell me when shall these wearie woes haue end (XXXVI)
 What guyle is this, that those her golden tresses (XXXVII)
 Arion, when through tempests cruel wracke (XXXVIII)
 Sweet smile, the daughter of the Queene of loue (XXXIX)
 Mark when she smiles with amiable cheare (XL)
 Is it her nature or is it her will (XLI)
 The loue which me so cruelly tormenteth (XLII)
 Shall I then silent be or shall I speake? (XLIII)
 When those renoumed noble Peres of Greece (XLIV)
 Leaue lady in your glasse of christall clene (XLV)
 When my abodes prefixed time is spent (XLVI)
 Trust not the treason of those smyling lookes (XLVII)
 Innocent paper whom too cruell hand (XLVIII)
 Fayre cruell, why are ye so fierce and cruell (XLIX)
 Long languishing in double malady (L)
 Doe I not see that fayrest ymages (LI)
 So oft as homeward I from her depart (LII)
 The Panther knowing that his spotted hyde (LIII)
 Of this worlds Theatre in which we stay (LIV)
 So oft as I her beauty doe behold (LV)
 Fayre ye be sure, but cruell and unkind (LVI)
 Sweet warriour when shall I haue peace with you? (LVII)
 Weake is th' assurance that weake flesh reposeth (LVIII - By her that is most assured to her selfe)
 Thrise happie she, that is so well assured (LIX)
 They, that in course of heauenly spheares are skild (LX)
 The glorious image of the makers beautie (LXI)
 The weary yeare his race now hauing run (LXII)
 After long stormes and tempests sad assay (LXIII)
 Comming to kisse her lyps, (such grace I found) (LXIV)
 The doubt which ye misdeeme, fayre loue, is vaine (LXV)
 To all those happy blessings which ye haue (LXVI)
 Lyke as a huntsman after weary chace (LXVII)
 Most glorious Lord of lyfe that on this day (LXVIII)
 The famous warriors of the anticke world, (LXIX)
 Fresh spring the herald of loues mighty king (LXX)
 I ioy to see how in your drawen work (LXXI)
 Oft when my spirit doth spred her bolder winges (LXXII)
 Being my selfe captyued here in care (LXXIII)
 Most happy letters fram'd by skilfull trade (LXXIV)
 One day I wrote her name upon the strand (LXXV)
 Fayre bosome fraught with vertues richest tresure (LXXVI)
 Was it a dreame, or did I see it playne (LXXVII)
 Lackyng my loue I go from place to place (LXXVIII)
 Men call you fayre, and you doe credit it (LXXIX)
 After so long a race as I haue run (LXXX)
 Fayre is my loue, when her fayre golden heares (LXXXI)
 I of my life, full oft for louing you (LXXXII)
 My hungry eyes, through greedy couetize (LXXXIII)
 Let not one sparke of filthy lustfull fyre (LXXXIV)
 The world that cannot deeme of worthy things (LXXXV)
 Venomous toung tipt with vile adders sting (LXXXVI)
 Since I did leaue the presence of my loue (LXXXVII)
 Since I haue lackt the comfort of that light (LXXXVIII)
 Lyke as the Culuer on the bared bough (LXXXIX)

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Opere di Edmund Spenser
Raccolte poetiche di autori britannici

Amoretti


Eyre Peninsula is a triangle shaped peninsula in South Australia. On the east is Spencer Gulf, and on the west is the Great Australian Bight. Its north boundary is the Gawler Ranges. It is named after explorer Edward John Eyre who explored some of it in 1839-1841. The coastline was first explored by Matthew Flinders in 1801-1802. The west coast was also visited by Nicolas Baudin at around the same time.

Overview
The peninsula was explored by John Charles Darke in 1844, who was killed by local Aborigines on his return to Port Lincoln.

The main towns are Port Lincoln on the southern point, Whyalla and Port Augusta at the north east, and Ceduna at the northwest. They are joined by the Eyre Highway across the inland edge, and the Flinders Highway and Lincoln Highway along the west and east coasts.

The major industry is farming - cereal crops, sheep, and cattle in the dry north area. More water-intensive farming such as dairy farming and growing wine industry happen in the south. Many coastal towns have commercial fishing. Port Lincoln had a large tuna fishing fleet, which is now changing to fish farming in bays along the coast. The Eyre Peninsula has a growing population of around 55,390 people.

There is a commercial nephrite jade mine near Cowell. Iron ore is mined in the hills near Iron Knob and taken by rail to Whyalla for smelting.

National Parks located on the Eyre Peninsula include Lincoln National Park, Coffin Bay National Park, Gawler Ranges National Park, and several conservation parks and reserves like Acraman Creek Conservation Park.

In January 2005, bushfires on the Eyre Peninsula killed nine people.

Transport
The peninsular is served by the isolated narrow gauge Eyre Peninsula Railway.

References

Other websites

Terraserver.com navigable satellite map of the Eyre Peninsula.
SouthAustralia.com Eyre Peninsula - Travel Guides, Accommodation, Online Booking

Geography of South Australia
Peninsulas of Australia

Eyre Peninsula