Berikut ialah senarai aktres filem India terkenal.

A
Aamna Shariff
Aarathi (Kannada)
Aarti Chhabria
Aamani
Adah Sharma
Aditi Govitrikar
Additi Gupta    (tv serial)
Aishwarya Rai (now Aishwarya Rai Bachchan) (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, English)
Amala (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Hindi)
Ambika (Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada)
Ameeta (Hindi)
Ameesha Patel (Hindi,Telugu)
Amoolya (Kannada)
Amrita Arora (Hindi)
Amrita Prakash (Hindi, Malayalam)
Amrita Rao (Hindi,Telugu)
Amrita Singh
Andrita Ray (Kannada)
Anita Hassanandani
Anita Guha
Anita Raj
Anjala Zhaveri(Telugu)
Anjali (Tamil)
Anjali Devi (Telugu)
Anjana Bhowmick (Hindi, Bengali)
Anjana Sukhani
Anju Mahendru
Ankita Lokhande (TV Serial)
Antara Mali
Anu Agarwal (Hindi)
Anu Prabhakar (Kannada)
Anu Mehta(Telugu)
Anupama Verma
Anuradha Mehta
Anusha Dandekar (Indian, Hindi)
Anushka Sharma
Anushka Shetty (Telugu, Tamil)
Aparajita Mohanty (Oriya)
Aparna Sen
Archana Buddha Mil Gaya fame
Archana Jose Kavi (Malayalam)
Archana Puran Singh
Archana (actress) (Tamil)
Archita Sahu (Oriya)
Arthi Agarwal (Telugu)
Aruna Irani (Gujarati,Hindi)
Arundathi Nag(Kannada)
Arya(telugu)
Asha Parekh (Hindi)
Ashwini Bhave(Marathi, Hindi)
Asin Thottumkal (Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam)
Ashvini Bhave-Bopardikar (Marathi, Hindi)
Ayesha Jhulka (Hindi)
Ayesha Takia Azmi (Hindi,Telugu)

B
Babita
Banu (Tamil)
Barbara Mori (Hindi, English)
Barsha Priyadarshini (oriya)
Bhagyashree Patwardhan (Hindi,kannada)
Bhairavi Goswami (Hindi)
Bhama (Malayalam)
Bhanumathi (Telugu, Tamil)
Bhanupriya (Telugu,Tamil,Malayalam, Hindi)
Bharathi (Kannada)
Bhavana (Malayalam, Tamil,Telugu and also in Kannada)
Bhavya(Kannada)
Bhoomika Chawla (Telugu,Hindi,Punjabi,Tamil,Malayalam)
Bindiya Goswami
Bindu (Hindi)
Bipasha Basu (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu)

C
Chitrashi Rawat
Celina Jaitley (Hindi,Telugu)
Charmme Kaur (Telugu,Malayalam,Tamil)
Chaya Singh (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil)
Carol Gracias
Chitrangada Singh
Charmi(,Telugu)
Cukoo

D

Daisy Bopanna (Kannada, Malayalam,Tamil,Telugu,Hindi)
Debasree Roy (Bengali, Hindi)
Deepa Sahi (Hindi)
Deepal Shaw
Deepali (Kannada, Tamil)
Deepika Chikhalia (Gujarati)
Deepika Padukone (Kannada, Hindi)
Deepti Naval(Marathi, Hindi)
Deepti Bhatnagar
Delnaaz Paul
Devayani (actress) (Malayalam, Tamil)
Devika (Telugu)
Devika Rani Roerich
Diana Hayden (Hindi)
Dimple Kapadia (Hindi)
Divya Bharati (Hindi, Telugu)
Divya Rana (Hindi)
Divya Spandana (Kannada, Tamil, Telugu)
Divya Dutta
Divya Unni (Malayalam, Tamil)
Dia Mirza (Telugu, Hindi)
Durga Khote(Marathi, Hindi)

'''E
Eesha Narang née Koppikar (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi)
Esha Deol (Hindi,Tamil)

F
Farida Jalal
Freida Pinto
Farzana

G
Gajala (Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada)
Gayatri Patel
Gauhar Khan
Gayatri Joshi
Geeta Bali
Geeta Basra
Genelia D'Souza (Telugu, Tamil,Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi
Girija (Telugu)
Gouthami (Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi)
Gracy Singh (Hindi,Malayalam,Telugu)
Gul Panag
Gowri Pandit
Geetu Mohandas (Malayalam, Tamil)
Geeta Dutt (Hindi)

H
Hansika Motwani (Kannada, Telugu)
Helen (Hindi)
Hema Malini (Tamil, Hindi)
Hrishitaa Bhatt (Hindi)
Heera Rajagopal (Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi)
Hina Khan- Hindi TV Serial Yeh Rishta Kya Kehelata Hai.(The role of Akshara)

I
Ileana D'Cruz (Telugu, Tamil, Hindi,kannada)
Ilene Hamann
Indrani Haldar

J

Jacqueline Fernandez (Hindi,Telugu}
Jayabharathi (Malayalam, Tamil)
Jayachitra (Telugu, Tamil)
J. Jayalalithaa (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada, English)
Jaya Bachchan (Jaya Bhaduri) (Hindi, Bengali)
Jayanthi (actress) (Telugu, Kannada, Tamil,Malayalam)
Jayapradha (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam, Bengali)
Jayasudha (Telugu, Tamil, Hindi)
Jayamala (Kannada, Telugu, Tamil)
Jayamalini
Jennifer Kotwal
Jennifer Winget (tv serial)
Jharana Bajracharya
Jiah Khan
Juhi Chawla (Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi)
Jyothika Saravanan (tamil, hindi) ex-actress

K
Kajal Agarwal (Telugu, Tamil)
Kajal Kiran (Hindi)
Kajol (Hindi, Tamil)
Kalpana (Hindi) Teen Devian fame
Kalpana (Malayalam actress) (Malayalam, Tamil)
Kalpana Iyer (Hindi)
Kalpana Kartik
Kamini Kaushal (Tamil)
Kamalinee Mukherjee (Telugu, Tamil)
Kanakam (Telugu)
Kanchana (Kannada, Telugu, Tamil)
Kangana Ranaut (Hindi, Tamil)
Kanika (Tamil, Malayalm, Telugu, Kannada)
Kareena Kapoor (Hindi)
Karishma Kapoor (Hindi)
Karthika (Tamil)
Katrina Kaif (Hindi, Telugu)
Kashmira Shah
Kausalya (Tamil)
Kavya Madhavan (Malayalam, Tamil)
Khursheed
Kimi Katkar
Kim Sharma (Hindi, English)
Kiran Rathod (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam)
Kirron Kher
Kirat Bhattal (Tamil)
Kitu Gidwani
Koel Mullick (Bengali)
Koel Purie
Koena Mitra (Hindi, Tamil)
Krishna Kumari (Telugu)
Kushboo (Tamil, kannada)
Konkona Sen Sharma (Bengali, Hindi)
K. R. Vijaya (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu)
Kumari (Telugu)

L

Laila Mehdin (Tamil, Malayalam)
Lalita Pawar (Hindi)
Lalitha Travancore Sisters (Hindi)
Lara Dutta (Tamil, Hindi, Punjabi)
Laxmi (Tamil)
Laya (Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam)
Leela Chitnis
Lilette Dubey
Lisa Ray (Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu)

M
Madhavi (Telugu,Kannada,Malayayalam,Hindi,Tamil)
Madhoo (Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada)
Madhubala (Hindi)
Madhuri Dixit (Hindi)
Mahasweta Roy (Oriya)
Mahi Gill (Hindi, Punjabi)
Mahima Chaudhry (Hindi)
Mala Sinha (Nepali, Bengali, Hindi)
Malavika (Tamil, Hindi,Telugu,Malayalam)
Malaika Arora (Now Malaika Arora Khan) (Hindi)
Mallika Kapoor (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi)
Mallika Sherawat (Hindi, Tamil, Chinese)
Mamta Kulkarni (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, kannada)
Mamta Mohandas (Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu)
Manav Thakural (Hindi, Tamil)
Mandakini (Hindi)
Mandira Bedi (Hindi, Tamil)
Manisha Koirala (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Nepali)
Manju Warrier (Malayalam)
Manjula (Telugu, Tamil)
Manorama (Tamil)
Mantra (Tamil)
Manya
Mayuri Kango
Meena Kumari (Mahajabeen Bano)(Hindi)
Meena Durairaj (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam)
Meenakshi Seshadri (Tamil,Telugu, Hindi)
Meera Jasmine (Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada)
Meera Nandan (Malayalam, Tamil)
Meghna Naidu (Telugu, Tamil)
Merle Oberon
Minissha Lamba
Mita Vashisht
Monalisa (Hindi)
Mona Singh (Anglo Indian)
Monica Bedi (Hindi, Punjabi)
Monisha Unni (Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada)
Moon Moon Sen (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Kannada)
Moushmi Chatterji (Hindi, Bengali)
Mumaith Khan (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu)
Mumtaz (Hindi)
Mugdha Godse (Hindi)

N
Nadira
Nadiya Moidu (Malayalam, Tamil)
Nagma (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Marathi)
Nalini(Kannada,Tamil,Telugu,Malayalam)
Nalini Jaywant (Hindi)
Namrata Shirodkar (Marathi, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam)
Namitha (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi)
Nanda (Hindi)
Nandana Sen
Nandita Chandra
Nandita Das (Hindi, Oriya, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, English, Rajastani )
Nargis (Now Nargis Dutt) (Hindi)
Nauheed Cyrusi
Navya Nair (Malayalam, Tamil)
Nayantara (Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu)
Neelam (Hindi)
Neelam Verma (English, Hindi)
Neelima Azeem (Hindi)
Neena Gupta (Hindi)
Neha Dhupia (Japanese, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil)
Neha Jhulka (Hindi, Telugu)
Neeru Bajwa (Punjabi,Hindi)
Neetu Chandra
Neetu Singh (Hindi)
Niharika Singh
Nikita Anand
Nikita Thukral
Nila (Tamil)
Nimmi (Hindi)
Nirupa Roy
Nisha Kothari
Nishi (Tamil)
Noor Jehan (Urdu)
Nutan (Hindi)
Nirosha (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada)
Narayaniamma (Hindi, English)

P
Padmapriya (Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada)
Padma Khanna
Padma Lakshmi
Padmini Kolhapure (Hindi)
Padmini Travancore Sisters (Now Padmini Ramachandran) (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Hindi)
Panchi Bora
Pandari Bai (Kannada, Tamil)
Parminder Nagra
Parul Chauhan (TV Serial)
Parvathy Jayaram (Malayalam)
Parvati Melton
Parvati Menon (Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada)
Parveen Babi (Hindi)
Patience Cooper
Payal Rohatgi (Hindi)
Payal Ghosh  (Telugu)
Perizaad Zorabian
Pooja Batra (Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam)
Pooja Bedi (Hindi)
Pooja Bhatt (Hindi)
Pooja Gandhi (Kannada)
Pooja Umashankar (Tamil)
Poonam Dhillon
Prachi Desai
Preeti Jhangiani
Preity Zinta (Telugu, Hindi)
Prema (Kannada, Telugu)
Prema Narayan
Priya Gill (Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi)
Priya Lal (Malayalam)
Priya Rai (English)
Priya Mani (Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada)
Priyanka Chopra (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu)
Priyanka Sharma (Hindi)
Priyanka Trivedi (Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Hindi)
Priya Rajvansh (Hindi)
Piya

R
Raakhee (Now Raakhi Gulzar) (Bengali, Hindi)
Raadhika (Now Raadhika Sarathkumar) (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Hindi)
Raadhika Sarathkumar (South Indian Actress)  (Kannada, Tamil)
Rachana (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Oriya)
Radha (Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil)
Radhika Pandit (Kannada)
Ragini Travancore Sisters (Hindi)
Rajshree (Hindi)
Raima Sen (Telugu, Bengali, Hindi, Tamil)
Rakhi Sawant
Rakshita  (Kannada, Telugu)
Rambha (Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Bengali, Bhojpuri)
Rameshwari
Ranjitha (Tamil)
Rani Mukerji (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil)
Ramya (Kannada, Tamil, Telugu)
Ramya Krishna (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Hindi)
Ratan Rajput (TV Serial)
Rati Agnihotri (Tamil, HIndi)
Ratna Pathak Shah
Raveena Tandon (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada)
Reena Roy (Hindi, Punjabi)
Reema Sen (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali)
Rekha (Hindi, Tamil)
Renuka Shahane (Hindi)
Revathi Menon (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi)
Rimi Sen (Hindi, Bengali)
Rituparna Sengupta (Hindi, Bengali)
Riya Sen (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, English, Malayalam)
Rohini Hattangadi (Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam)
Roja (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada)
Roma (Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada)
Roopa Ganguly (Bengali, Hindi)
Roshni Chopra (TV Serial)
Ruby Parihar (Telugu, Kannada)

S
Sagarika Ghatge
Sadha (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi)
Sadhana (Hindi, Tamil)
Sandhya (Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada)
Sandhya Mridul
Sakshi Shivanand (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada)
Sakshi Talwar (TV Serial)
Sakshi Tanwar (TV Serial and Film Actress)
Saira Banu (Hindi)
Salma Agha
Saloni Aswani (Telugu, Kannada)
Samantha Ruth Prabhu (Telugu, Kannada)
Samiksha (Telugu, Tamil)
Sameera Reddy (Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, Tamil)
Samvrutha Sunil (Malayalam, Tamil)
Sangeeta Bijlani
Sandali Sinha
Sanjana Gandhi
Santoshi (Tamil)
Sara Khan (Tv Serial)
Saranya Mohan (Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu)
Sarika
Saritha (Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam)
Saroja Devi (Telugu, Kannada, Tamil)
Savitri (Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada)
Sayali Bhagat
Shabana Azmi (Hindi)
Shalini (Baby Shalini) (Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu)
Shamili (Baby Shamili) (Telugu, Kannada, Tamil)
Shahana Goswami
Sharmila Mandre (Kannada)
Sharmilee
Shakeela (Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam)
Shamita Shetty (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi)
Sharmila Tagore (Hindi, Bengali)
Shashikala (Tamil)
Sherin (Tamil)
Sherlyn Chopra (Mona Chopra)
Shilpa Shetty (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada)
Shilpa Shirodkar (Hindi)
Shilpa Anand
Shweta Tiwari (tv serial)
Shobhana (Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada)
Shobhna Samarth
Shraddha Kapoor
Shruthi K. Haasan (Tamil, Hindi)
Shruti (Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam)
Shriya Saran (Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, English)
Shubha Poonja (Kannada)
Shyama (Khurshid Akhtar) (Hindi)
Simi Garewal
Simone Singh
Simple Kaur
Simran (Now Simran Bagga) (Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam)
Sindhu
Sindhu Tolani (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada)
Sindhu Menon (Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam)
Silk Smitha (Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi)
Smita Patil
Smriti Irani (Smriti Malhotra)
Sneha Ullal (Hindi, Telugu)
Sneha (Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil)
Soha Ali Khan (Hindi)
Somy ali(hindi)
Sonakshi Sinha (Hindi)
Sonali Bendre (Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada)
Sonal Chauhan
Sonam (actress)
Sonam Kapoor
Sonali Kulkarni (Marathi, Hindi, Tamil)
Sonia Agarwal (Tamil, Telugu)
Sonia Sahni Buddha Mil Gaya fame (Hindi)
Sonu (Kannada)
Sophia Chaudhary
Soundarya (Teluguu, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Hindi)
Sridevi (Now Sridevi Kapoor) (Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil)
Srividya
Sripriya
Subbulakshmi
Suchitra Krishnamurthy (Hindi, Malayalam)
Suchitra Sen (Hindi,Bengali)
Sudha Chandran (Hindi, Telugu)
Suhasini (Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil)
Sukirti Kandpal (Dill Mill Gayye, Jersey no. 10)
Sulakshana Pandit
Sulochana Devi (Hindi, Marathi)
Sumalatha (Telugu, Kannada)
Suman Ranganathan
Sunaina(Tamil,Malayalam,Kannada,Telugu)
Supriya Pathak
Suraiya
Sushmita Sen (Hindi, Tamil)
Sushma Reddy
Sumalatha
Swati Reddy (Telugu, Tamil)
Swapna
Swastika Mukherjee (Bengali)
Sandhya (Hindi)
Swetha Menon (Malayalam)
Swetha (Telugu)
Shriya Sharma (Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Advertisements, TV shows etc. )

T

Tabu (Telugu, Tamil, Hindi)
Tamannaah Bhatia (Tamil, Telugu)
Tanisha (Hindi, Tamil)
Tanushree Dutta
Tanuja
Tanvi Azmi
Tanvi Verma
Tina Munim (Now Tina Ambani)
Tisca Chopra
Trisha Krishnan (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi)
Tulip Joshi
Tun Tun
Twinkle Khanna
Trisha (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi)
Tara  (Assamese, Manipuri, Punjabi, Hindi)
Tara (Kannada, Hindi)

U
Udita Goswami (Hindi)
Ujjwala Raut
Umashree (Kannada)
Urmila Matondkar (Hindi, Tamil)
Urvashi Sharma
Usha Kiran
Udaya Bhanu (telugu)

V
Vaishali Desai
Varalakshmi(Telugu)
Vaishnavi Mahant
Vasundhara Das
Veena (Tajour Sultana) (Hindi)
Vedhika
Vidhubala
Vidya Balan(Hindi, Tamil, Bengali)
Vidya Sinha
Vijeta Pandit
Vijayashanti (Telugu, Hindi, Tamil)
Vyjayantimala (Now Vyjayantimala Bali)

W

Waheeda Rehman

Y

Yogeeta Bali
Yana Gupta

Z
 Zarina Wahab
 Zarine Khan
 Zeenat Aman
 Zeba Bakhtiyar

Senarai

Senarai pelakon wanita filem India


The Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO) is an intergovernmental civil aviation authority that is responsible for aviation safety and security in ten states of Oceania. PASO is headquartered in Anchor House on Kumul Highway in Port Vila, Vanuatu.

PASO was informally organised in 2002 by the aviation ministers of several states of the Pacific Islands Forum. The organisation was formally confirmed through the conclusion of the Pacific Islands Civil Aviation Safety and Security Treaty, which was signed on 9 August 2004 in Apia, Samoa. The treaty entered into force on 11 June 2005 and has been ratified by the Cook Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The Pacific Islands Forum states that have not ratified the treaty and joined PASO are Australia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and New Zealand.

Tonga withdrew from PASO on 7 April 2006, but joined again on 24 August 2006.

PASO works closely with the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority, the Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji, and the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand.

See also

 Papua New Guinea Accident Investigation Commission

References

External links
Official website (Archive)
Text of Treaty (Archive).
Treaty signatures and ratifications (Archive).

2002 in aviation
Aviation in the Cook Islands
Aviation in Kiribati
Aviation in Nauru
Aviation in Niue
Aviation in Oceania
Aviation in Papua New Guinea
Aviation in Samoa
Aviation in the Solomon Islands
Aviation in Tonga
Aviation in Tuvalu
Aviation in Vanuatu
Civil aviation authorities in Oceania
Transport organisations based in Vanuatu
Organizations established in 2002
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Pacific Islands Forum
Intergovernmental organizations
Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents
2002 establishments in Oceania

Pacific Aviation Safety Office


Elliott Carter (December 11, 1908 – November 5, 2012) was an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. He lived to be 103 years old and continued composing all his life. He recently composed a piece called Interventions for Piano and Orchestra which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on December 11, 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.

Life
Elliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the US in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.

In 1939 he married. The couple had one son.

He wrote a ballet called Pocahontas. In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.

Carter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen's College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.

He has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.

He died at his home in New York on November 5, 2012.

Music
When Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky's music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the Variations for Orchestra (1954-5); the Double Concerto for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the Piano Concerto (1964-65), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the Concerto for Orchestra (1969) and A Symphony of Three Orchestras (1976).

Other websites
 Website about Elliott Carter at 100

1908 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American centenarians
Grammy Award winners

Elliott Carter


The fez (, plural fezzes or fezes from arabic "Fas" the main town in Morocco before 1927 ), as well as its equivalent, the tarboosh ( ṭarbūsh), is a felt hat.

There are two types One is a cone with a flat top, made of red felt. The other is a short cylinder made of kilim fabric. Both usually have a tassel attached to the top. The tarboosh and the modern fez, which is similar, owe much of their development and popularity to the Ottoman era.

References

Hats

Fez (hat)


A pitch, in baseball, is when a pitcher throws the baseball to the batter. This is a pitcher's main job. The pitcher tries to get the player who is at-bat out. If a pitcher throws three strikes, the batter strikes out (unless the third strike is a foul tip). A strike is when a pitch is in the zone from the batter's knees to the belt and the width of home plate (the strike zone), and if the batter does not swing. A strike is also called if a batter swings at any pitch and misses, or if a batter hits a ball into foul territory (this is called a foul tip). If a pitcher throws a ball outside of the strike zone and the batter does not swing, this is called a ball. If four of these are thrown, the batter gets to go to first base for free. This is called a walk.

Pitchers use different pitches to try to get the batter out. The most common is a fastball. A fastball is when the pitcher throws the ball as hard as he or she can. The pitcher is trying to get the ball past the batter before the batter can hit it. Another type of pitch is a changeup. A pitcher throws a changeup when he or she wants the batter to swing before the ball gets to home plate. The batter might do this because he or she thinks the pitch is a fastball and the baseball will get to the plate faster. In addition to these two types of pitches, there are also many others.

Notes

Baseball

Pitch (baseball)


The Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (UMFCCI) is a national level non-governmental organization representing and safeguarding the interests of the private business sector.

Founded in 1919, UMFCCI comprises 16 Regional and State Chambers' of Commerce and Industry, nine Border Trade Associations, 76 Affiliated Associations and about 30,000 members.

UMFCCI acts as a bridge between the State and the private sector presenting the views and interests of business to the Union Government.

UMFCCI supports the business communities by sharing knowledge, expertise and opportunities. Services that the UMFCCI provides include human resource development training, trade information, business facilitation, business matching and consultancy, trade fairs, seminars, workshops, forum and study tours.

External links
 Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Official Website
 Myanmar Business Network

Trade associations based in Myanmar
1919 establishments in Burma
Organizations established in 1919
Chambers of commerce


Accoontin is a the airt o creatin an communicatin financial information annent a business, company or firm tae ootside uisers sic as sharehauders an managers. This is usually in the form o financial statements that shaw in terms o money, hou muckle a businesses managers control.

The process o accoontin is vairy auld, wi some o the earliest coonts bein funnd in the Middle East that were ower 7,000 year auld. Thay were mainly uised then for notin crop growth an herd sizes for livestock. Sin then, accountin haes grown an developt inta a vast an complex aurie o knawledge wi rules an regulations an dizzens o perfaissional bodies across the world.

Etymology

The wird "Accoontant" comes frae the Inglis "Accountant", that in turn came frae the French wird "compter" meanin tae coont an Latin "Computare". The Inglish wird chynged, oreeginally bein scrieven as "Accomptant", but bein soondit athoot the "p". Efter a time, the wird wis chynged awthegither. The Scots wird wis taen frae the Inglis wird an chynged tae fit wi the wird "coont" that haed awready been devailopit.

Financial accoontin

Accoontin


Eduard Hanslick (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic.  He wrote about music that was being composed in his time.  He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt.  Their music sounded too modern for his taste.

He was born into a German-speaking family.  His father was a music teacher.  When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University.  He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well.  He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place).  For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called Neue freie Presse.  He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals.  His most famous book was called Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (About Beauty in Music).

Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas).  We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner.  A lot of musicians took sides on this matter.  It is sometimes called: The War of the Romantics.  Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.

Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music.  His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge.  He knew most of the great musicians of his day.

Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.

1825 births
1904 deaths
Music critics
Czech people

Eduard Hanslick


In Greek mythology, Hera was the goddess of woman, family, and marriage. She is married to Zeus. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Hera is also a goddess of the sky and starry heavens. The Ancient Greeks said that Hera is one of the most beautiful goddess, nearly as pretty as Aphrodite. However, her jealous and vengeful nature make her less so. Zeus is afraid of her when she throws her tantrums. She loves to make Zeus's other children's life a misery.

Her own special signs are the peacock, the pomegranate, and the cow. Her other important items are the crown and veil.

Hera's parents are Kronos and Rhea. Her brothers and sisters are Zeus (whom she also married), Hestia, Demeter, Hades, and Poseidon. Hera has two daughters and two sons, Hebe, Eileithyia, Ares and Hephaestus. Her step-children include Athena, Dionysus, Persephone, and the twins, Apollo and Artemis.

Hera is the queen of all the Greek gods and goddesses. She is often thought of as being wise and serious. Hera is also called 'The Queen of Heaven' because she rules over Mount Olympus where all of the gods and goddesses live. Long before her marriage to Zeus, she ruled over the heavens and the Earth. She is responsible for every living thing, including the seasons and the weather. Some legends and ancient myth told that, Hera (Juno) is also the goddess of empire, queens and kingdoms. The name Hera means 'beautiful lady'. She also the god of crows.

Myths about Hera's jealousy

Dionysus
Dionysus is a son of Zeus by a human woman. Hera tried to kill him when he was a baby with the Titans. The Titans were going to make Dionysus come to him by showing him toys, and then eat him. Zeus scared the Titans away with his thunderbolts, but the Titans had already eaten everything but Dionysus's heart. Zeus used the heart to make Dionysus again. He did this by putting the heart in the womb of Semele. Dionysus was then born for a second time.

Echo
Echo is a nymph in Greek mythology. She once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word echo.

Io
Io is a mistress of Zeus. Hera almost caught Io and Zeus together, but Zeus hid Io by turning her into a cow. Hera was not fooled and said that Zeus had to give her the cow as a present. Once Io belonged to Hera she was looked after by Argus. It was Argus's job to make sure that Io and Zeus were never together. Zeus ordered Hermes to kill Argus so that Io would be free. Hermes did this by killing Argus after he had been lulled to sleep. Hera then sent a gadfly to sting Io as she walked about on the earth.

Lamia
Lamia is a queen of Libya whom Zeus was in love with. Hera was jealous of Lamia and turned her into a monster. When she was a monster, Lamia then killed her children. Another version of this story is that Hera killed Lamia's children and was then so sad that she turned into a monster. Hera also put a curse on Lamia. The curse was that Lamia could not close her eyes. Hera chose this curse because she wanted Lamia to always think about the picture of her dead children. Zeus then gave Lamia the gift of being able to take her eyes out, so that she could rest. She could then put them back in again afterwards.

Leto
When Hera found out that Leto was pregnant with twins by Zeus she was angry. She banished Leto from Olympus, she also banned her from giving birth on any mainland or island that was known. Leto found a floating island, called Delos. It was neither a mainland or a real island, so Leto was allowed to give birth there. Artemis was born first, who then helped Leto to give birth to Apollo. After Artemis and Apollo was born, Hera was furious. So she sent the snake-monster, Python to hunt Leto and her twins. When Apollo reached to his adulthood, he slayed Python in Delphi and decreed that the humans will built a temple there in honour of his victory against Python. Few years later, Hera sent a giant named Tityos to rape Leto, but he was killed by Apollo and Artemis. Delos was later held down with four pillars so that it would not float around anymore. It is said to be surrounded by swans and later became a sacred place to Apollo.

Heracles
Heracles is the stepson and enemy of Hera. Hera discovered that her husband, Zeus had an affair with a mortal women named Alcmene and she became extremely jealous at the mortal woman. Hera used all the power she had to prevent Alcmene from giving birth to Heracles. When Alcmene was about to give birth to Heracles, Hera requested that Zeus swore an oath and declare upon all the other Gods that the descendant of Perseus will be born on that day and the child will rule eveything around him. Then Hera descended from Olympus to Argos and cause the wife of  Sthenelus, son of Perseus to gave birth to Eurystheus after only seven months while Hera tried to prevent Alcmene into giving birth to Heracles by sending her daughter Eileithyia and witches. This cause the fullfilment of Zeus' oath in that it was Eurystheus instead of Heracles. Hera continues her wrath on Heracles while he was still an infant. She send two poisonous snakes to Heracles to kill him in his cradle. Heracles throttled the snake with his bare hands and the nurse saw him playing with the dead snake as if they were a child's toy. Hera continues to torture her stepson throughout his life.

Related pages

Uni - Etruscan mythology version of Hera.
Juno - Roman mythology version of Hera.

References

Twelve Olympians

Hera


A phobia (from the ) is a strong fear about a specific thing or situation.  In psychology, phobia is considered an anxiety disorder.  Phobia is different than just being scared of something.  The fear is so strong that it affects, and often damages, the sufferer's life.  For example, the person will usually do everything they can to avoid the thing they fear.  If they cannot avoid that thing, they will suffer from very strong anxiety which can damage their social relationships, their ability to work, and other areas of their everyday life.

There are two basic types of phobias: specific phobias and social phobias.  People with specific phobias fear a certain thing, for example spiders (this is called arachnophobia) or high places (acrophobia).  People with social phobias fear social situations (for example speaking in public, being in crowded areas, or being around other people).

Difference between phobia and fear
Fear is a normal human emotion.  A phobia is different from normal fear in many ways:
With phobias, a person fears something which is not really dangerous, or which is not anywhere near as dangerous as the person believes it is.  For example, many humans fear spiders.  However, a person with a phobia of spiders might panic when even thinking about a spider, refuse to leave home because they are too afraid of seeing a spider, or spend hours of each day making sure there are no spiders in their home.  People with phobias realize that their anxiety is much more severe than normal fear would be.
Phobia lasts much longer than regular fear.  For example, a person with a phobia of spiders might continue to feel severe anxiety for hours after seeing a spider.
When a person feels normal fear, their fear does not damage their life.  Phobias cause problems in sufferers' daily lives.  For example, they may damage important relationships or make it difficult for the person to work.  People with social phobias may avoid being with other people or meeting new people.

It is hard to tell how many people suffer from phobias.  Researchers think that between 5 and 13 percent of people seem to have a phobia. Women suffer from phobias about twice as often as men.

Fears in children
Every child is afraid of something.  For most children, these fears eventually disappear.

Normal fears in children include:
 0–2 years - loud noises; strange people; being away from their parents
 3–6 years - imaginary things, for example ghosts and monsters; the dark; strange sounds
 7–16 years - more realistic fears, for example school performance, injury, illness, death, and disaster

These fears would only be called phobias if they caused problems in the child's daily life, or if they caused the child to suffer from severe anxiety or emotional distress.

Causes and risk factors
Causes and risk factors phobias can be very bad.

Caused
They can be caused by:
 phobia occurs mostly in childhood
 innate fear
 traumatic event (assault, assault witness, injury ...)
 hear about the possible danger (animal attacked someone; about a natural disaster ...)

Risk factors
 family influence and culture
 psychological personality disorder
 a characteristic trait  persons with a susceptible nature are more prone to phobias
 the parents's lack of interest
 gender  women are more prone to phobias

Types of phobias

Specific phobias
also psychological phobias. These include hundreds of types of phobias. Some:
 Aichmophobia - fear of sharp objects (like scissors or needles)
 Germophobia - fear of germs
 Claustrophobia - fear of small, closed-in spaces
 Necrophobia - fear of death
 Pharmacophobia - fear of medications
 Taphophobia - fear of being buried alive
 Blood-Injection-Injury phobias
 Zoophobias - fear of one, several, or all animals.  Specific phobias of animals include Arachnophobia (fear of spiders), Cynophobia (fear of dogs), Entomophobia (fear of insects), Ophidiophobia (fear of snakes,Scoleciphobia (fear of worms) and Musophobia (fear of mice).
Phobophobia (fear of phobias)

Social phobias
 Sociophobia - fear of people and/or social situations
 Glossophobia – fear of speaking in public

Symptoms
When a person with a phobia is exposed to their fear (encounters with the stimulus, thinks of it, sees the object of fear in the picture...) occur at these physical and psychological symptoms. Intensity depends on the degree of fear.

Psychological symptoms
Psychological symptoms are symptoms that take place within a human. These include:
 anxiety up to panic
 want to run away
 shaking or tremors
 fear that the loss of their control, or to drive crazy
 fear of death
 fear of loss of consciousness
 nervousness, restlessness

Physical symptoms

 difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
 heart beat, increased heart rate
 shaking or tremors
 more sweating
 malaise, feeling sick
 weakness up to fainting
 rush hot or cold
 dry mouth
 pain or spin head
 a need to go to the toilet

Treatment
There are different ways to help people with phobias. There is treatment available; it focuses on making the patient less sensitive to the fear they suffer from, or showing him or her how the cycle of fear works. There is also medication available (mostly sedatives) that help people cope. Finally there are self-help groups.

Related pages
List of phobias

References

Other websites
 Phobias and Fears - Symptoms, Treatment, and Self-Help
 Page with more types and descriptions phobias
 Phobias and anxiety disorders (czech)

Phobia


Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English musician. Barrett is most famous for founding the rock band Pink Floyd. He started the band in 1965 under several different names and wrote the band's first album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. During this time he experimented with psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs and eventually exited the band in 1968. Following his departure from Pink Floyd, he released two records, The Madcap Laughs and Barrett, to little commercial success, due to the unusual lyrics and unsteady beats. He later suffered from mental health issues, possibly related to his history of drug use. Some of his most successful solo songs are "Dark Globe" and "Octopus".

Barrett was born in Cambridge and died there, of pancreatic cancer and type 1 diabetes

References

Other websites
Official website

Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Pink Floyd
1946 births
2006 deaths

Syd Barrett


The Bridge to Nowhere is a concrete road bridge spanning the Mangapurua Stream in Whanganui National Park, North Island, New Zealand.  It has no roads leading to it, but it is a popular tourist attraction, accessible by mountain bike or tramping on a variety of different tracks, or by boat or kayak, followed by a 45-minute (one way) walk along maintained bush trails.

It was built across the deep Mangapurua Gorge to provide access to an area where the government was opening up land in 1917 for pioneering farmers, mainly soldiers who had returned from World War I.  The intention was to build roads to it later, but the area proved to be so remote and unsuitable for farming that the venture failed and the farms reverted to native bush.

A sign on the bridge states:

Started in January 1935 and completed in June 1936, this bridge was built by the Raetihi firm of Sandford and Brown, for the Public Works Department. It is 130 feet long, and 125 feet above the stream. The cost of labour was 598 pounds 11 shillings 7 pence, and cartage of all materials (via the Mangapurua Valley road) cost 419 pounds 14 shillings. Unfortunately the cost of materials was not recorded. Aggregate for the concrete is said to have been transported from the Rangitikei River. The completion of the bridge was delayed considerably due to floods, slips, and the consequent delay in the supply of materials. The bridge was built to facilitate vehicular access to the Wanganui River, to link the settlers of the valley with the riverboat service. In 1917 the Government opened up the valley for settlement by soldiers returning from World War I. Virgin forest was cleared, and a total of 35 holdings developed. A school was opened, and for some years the valley prospered. However economic hardship, and problems associated with the remoteness and difficulty of access, resulted in many families abandoning their farms. By 1942 there were only 3 families left. After a major flood in January 1942 the Government declined to make further funds available for road maintenance, and it officially closed the valley in May 1942. The disappearing road line, old fence lines, stands of exotic trees, occasional brick chimneys, and this bridge serve as reminders of the ill fated settlement of the Mangapurua valley.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "abundant stream" for Mangapūrua.

See  also
 Bridges in New Zealand

References

External links

Department of Conservation - Mangapurua/Kaiwhakauka valleys (access information)
Department of Conservation - Bridge to Nowhere information sheet
 Mangapurua Valley Historic Area

Bridges to nowhere
Bridges completed in 1936
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in Manawatū-Whanganui
Concrete bridges in New Zealand
Whanganui River
History of Manawatū-Whanganui
1930s architecture in New Zealand
Bridges in Manawatū-Whanganui

Bridge to Nowhere (New Zealand)


Obscenity is a term that is used to describe words, images or actions that offend the sexual morality most people have or had at the time. The word is often used in a legal context. The word goes back to the Latin obscenus, which meant "foul, repulsive, or detestable".

Even though the word has been used with a sexual connotation for a long time, it can still have the meaning of "inspiring disgust". This is true in expressions such as "obscene profits" or "the obscenity of war". It can simply be used to mean profanity, or it can mean anything that is taboo, indecent, abhorrent, or disgusting.

The definition of what is thought of as obscene depends on the culture. Different communities and individuals may have different ideas of what is obscene and what is not. The definition of what is considered obscene also changes with time. Things that were obscene at one time no longer are at another.

Many cultures have made laws to define what is considered to be obscene. Censorship is often used to try to suppress or control materials that are obscene under these definitions. These usually include pornographic material.

Related pages
 Profanity
 Blasphemy

References

Culture
Obscenity

Obscenity


Charles West Cope  (28 July 1811, in Leeds – 21 August 1890, in Bournemouth) was an English, Victorian era painter of genre and history scenes, and an etcher. He was responsible for painting several frescos in the House of Lords in London.

Life and work

Early life and training
Cope was born at Park Square in Leeds, the son of Charles Cope, a watercolour landscape painter and art teacher. He was given the name 'West' after that of a celebrated painter, Benjamin West, and his only sister Ellen, given the middle-name 'Turner', after J. M. W. Turner – both painters being friends of his father. His mother was "a gifted amateur" artist in watercolours who died shortly after Charles' birth.

Charles was sent as a child to a boarding school in Camberwell, London, and afterwards to "Terry's school" (sic) at Great Marlow, where he was bullied and his elbow broken, which left him with a crooked arm for life. He then went to Leeds Grammar School, where he suffered from the attentions of a cruel teacher.

In 1827, Cope's father was killed in a stage coach accident. That same year he entered Sass's Academy in Bloomsbury, London, and in 1828 became a student of the Royal Academy. He earned a silver medal from the Society of Arts in 1829, a second medal in the Royal Academy Life School, and therefore a life studentship.  While at Sass's he established life-long friendship with Francis Cary and Charles Stonhouse.  About 1830 he lived at lodgings in Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury close to the British Museum.

In 1832 Cope went to Paris and practiced his art by copying Old Masters at the Louvre such as Titian, Rembrandt and others. In 1833 he exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time – a picture called The Golden Age. In September of the same year he travelled to Italy, where he spent two years – earning a living for part of the time by painting pictures on commission. His painting The Firstborn was completed in Florence and exhibited at the British Institution.

Early career

After returning to England, Cope took lodgings in Newman Street, London, then moved to 1 Russell Place, where his landlord and family became his artist's models. Here he painted Paolo and Franceses and Osteria di Campagna, which were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1837 and 1838 respectively, and sold shortly thereafter for a considerable sum. In 1839–40 he painted a large altar-piece (16 feet by 10) for St George's Church, Leeds, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1840.

Cope founded an artists' society called 'The Etching Club' which included artists such as William Holman Hunt, Richard Redgrave and Samuel Palmer. The club published several books of etchings illustrating various themes by well-known authors such as Goldsmith's "The Deserted Village", Sonnets by Shakespeare and Milton's "L'Allegro" and "Il ponseroso".

On 1 September 1840, Cope married Charlotte Benning, the daughter of a surgeon with a large country practice. They lived first in rented furnished lodgings in Lisson Grove, London, then moved to a house in Kensington (which Cope himself had commissioned) in 1841. In that same year his painting Poor Law Guardians: Board-day application for bread was exhibited at the Royal Academy.

Painting frescos for the Houses of Parliament

Cope submitted designs for a competition to decorate the interior of the Houses of Parliament. In 1843, his drawing 'The First Trial by Jury' earned him a prize of 300 pounds. In 1844 he submitted a further design called 'Meeting of Jacob and Rachel,' and was one of the six painters commissioned in July of that year to prepare preliminary drawings, coloured sketches, and specimens of fresco painting for the decoration of the House of Lords. He also received 400 pounds for his design of Prince Henry Acknowledging the Authority of Judge Gascoigne. Cope received a commission to execute this design in fresco, and also another of Edward the Black Prince receiving the Order of the Garter. These commissions, and others, engaged Cope in fresco painting in the House of Lords for several years. He was also elected an associate of the Royal Academy (ARA) in 1843.

In 1848 he became a Royal Academician (RA) after exhibiting a large work Cardinal Wolsey's Reception at Leicester Abbey. In this year he was engaged on the frescos of Griselda and Lara on the wall of the upper waiting hall of the House of Lords. In 1849 he exhibited a painting The First-born which was subsequently engraved for the Art Union of London. In that year he travelled to Italy and Germany to improve his knowledge and technique of fresco painting. He visited Peter von Hess in Munich, who was working on a fresco in the Basilica of St. Boniface

In 1850, Cope showed 'King Lear and Cordelia' at the RA, and, in 1851, 'The Sisters,' and 'Laurence Saunders's Martyrdom'. In 1852, he painted the 'Marriage of Griselda' and in 1853, 'Othello relating his Adventures to Dessdemona'. In the same year he became seriously ill with an internal tumour. In 1854 he exhibited 'The Friends', and in 1855 'Royal Prisoners'. In 1856 he painted 'The Embarkation of a Puritan Family for New England' for the peers' corridor in the House of Lords, for which a fresco was afterwards substituted. The main painting was sent to America, and Cope was made an honorary member of the Philadelphian Society of Arts.

In 1857 Cope exhibited Affronted and executed a fresco of The Burial of Charles I in the peers' corridor (House of Lords). In 1858 came The Stepping Stones, and in 1859 a picture of Cordelia receiving the News of her father's Ill-treatment, and the fresco of The Parting of Lord and Lady William Russell in the peers' corridor.

In 1861 the fresco of 'Raising the Standard' was placed in the peers' corridor. In 1862 he painted (using the "water-glass method") the fresco of 'The Defence of Basing House,' and in 1863–64 that of the 'Expulsion of Fellows from Oxford for refusing to sign the Covenant.' In 1865 he exhibited a study of Fra Angelico in oil, afterwards executed in mosaic on a larger scale at the South Kensington Museum. In the year his large posthumous portrait of Prince Albert was hung in the large room of the Society of Arts.

In 1865 and 1866 Cope finished his best frescoes in the House of Lords – 'Meeting of Train Bands to relieve the Siege of Gloucester' and Speaker Lenthall asserting the Privileges of the Commons. In 1867 he was appointed professor of painting at the Royal Academy, and delivered six lectures a year till 1875. In 1867 also he painted a third scene (moonlight) from Othello (exhibited 1868). Cope's wife, Charlotte, died in 1868.

Final years

Cope continued to exhibit at the Royal Academy until 1882, his most important painting of that period being The Council of the Royal Academy selecting Pictures for the Exhibition, shown in 1876.  In that same year he went to America as one of the representatives of the RA at the centennial exhibition in Philadelphia.

In 1879 Cope married his second wife Eleanor Smart. They settled at Maidenhead in Berkshire (on the Thames). In 1883 he retired as a professional artist  though he continued to paint for his own enjoyment and also took up boating and cycling. He wrote his autobiography, Reminiscences,  which was completed in October 1889.

Cope died in Bournemouth in 1890 after a brief illness. He has a memorial tablet in St Mary Abbots church in Kensington, London. The artist's son from his first marriage, Arthur Stockdale Cope RA (1857–1940), became a well-known and successful portrait painter.

Works

There is a full date-order catalogue of Cope's works, which stretch over 50 years from 1832–82, in Appendix II (p. 375 ff.) of his "Reminiscences" (see "further reading").

References

Attribution

Further reading
Cope, Charles West & Cope, Charles Henry. Reminiscences of Charles West Cope, R. A. (London: Bentley, 1891).

External links

Cope online (ArtCyclopedia)
C W Cope biography and paintings (allpaintings.org)
C W Cope paintings (Art Renewal Center Museum)
The first piano lesson (c. 1860 painting)
Self portrait and photos of the artist (National Portrait Gallery)

19th-century English painters
English male painters
British genre painters
English etchers
English illustrators
English muralists
Royal Academicians
People educated at Leeds Grammar School
1811 births
1890 deaths
19th-century English male artists

Charles West Cope


A bypass is a road or highway that goes around a town or village so that traffic which is passing that town does not have to go through the town centre.

Bypasses are good because they reduces the amount of traffic in the centre where the people live and work.  It makes it much safer for them to cross the roads, and reduces pollution.  It is better for the vehicles passing the town because their journey is made quicker.

People are not always happy when a bypass is built.  The main objections people sometimes have is that a new road uses up a lot of land.  Also, some people who have businesses in the town (especially filling stations and restaurants) may think that they will not get so many customers.

If there are no strong rules that control the use of land, buildings are built along a bypass, making it an ordinary town road so that it might become just as busy as a town street again.

A road that goes all the way around the town in a large circle is called a ring road.  The M25 is a ring road for London.

Roads

Bypass (road)


Ælfthryth ( - 1000 or 1001, also Alfrida, Elfrida or Elfthryth)  was the second or third wife of King Edgar of England. Ælfthryth was the first king's wife known to have been crowned and anointed as Queen of the Kingdom of England. Mother of King Æthelred the Unready, she was a powerful political figure. She was linked to the murder of her stepson King Edward the Martyr and appeared as a stereotypical bad queen and evil stepmother in many medieval histories.

Early life
Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ealdorman Ordgar. Her mother was a member of the royal family of Wessex.

940s births
1000s deaths
Kings and Queens consort of England

Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar


Calvin Tang is the founder of social news media web site Newsvine.com, located in Seattle, Washington.  Newsvine, Inc. was acquired by NBCNews.com in 2007, for an undisclosed sum.  Following the acquisition, Newsvine eventually came to power many of the interactive and social features across the NBC News Digital Network, including the web properties of brands such as NBC Nightly News, TODAY Show, The Rachel Maddow Show and others.  Tang served as Chief Operating Officer of Newsvine from 2005 to 2010.

Background

Tang graduated in 2000 from Seattle University with a Bachelor of Science degree with emphasis in Premedical Sciences.  He is an underwater photographer, and formerly served as a photojournalist and contributing writer for a Bangkok-based magazine, Untamed Travel.  Tang has been involved in a number of business ventures relating to real estate development, news media, technology, sourcing and manufacturing, mobile payments, entertainment and hospitality.  Tang was certified by the Northwest Avalanche Institute as a helicopter ski guide, is a divemaster, technical closed circuit rebreather diver, and was once internationally recognized as a professional DJ.

During the second half of 2010, Tang launched AtlasOmega, an online magazine that features stories about modern day exploration, adventure travel and photography.  He also publishes a hyper-local photography blog, Three Blocks, which pertains to the Pike Place Market and Belltown neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. In 2013, Tang began publishing his photography-related work to a portfolio-style website, Tangfish.com.

Tang is the founder and operator of Northwest Dive Club, an organization that serves several thousand members.  The members are primarily located in Washington State, Oregon, and Alaska, and range from being recreational SCUBA diving enthusiasts to professional divers and dive industry business operators.  Tang is also a contributor to and supporter of the Raja Ampat Sea Centre, a conservation initiative whose mission it is to protect and conserve the pristine nature and marine biodiversity that exists within Raja Ampat, a region in the heart of the Coral Triangle.

Tang is also the managing member of Tang Holdings, LLC, a firm with diversified assets in real estate, technology, alternative energy, and other investments.  He is also a member of the Bellevue Business Roundtable (an organization with ties to the original business owners of the City of Bellevue, WA) and the Asian American Journalists Association.

External links
Tangfish.com
AtlasOmega
Newsvine
Raja Ampat Sea Centre
Three Blocks
Northwest Dive Club
Untamed Travel
CalvinTang.com
Swivel Latch

Interviews of Calvin Tang
Asian American Journalists Association profile of Calvin Tang's most recent venture, AtlasOmega
USC Annenberg - Online Journalism Review Interviews Calvin Tang
Folksonomy.org Interviews Calvin Tang
nPost Interviews Calvin Tang
Interview with Calvin Tang, co-founder of Newsvine.com. - small WORLD Podcast
Puget Sound Business Journal Interviews Calvin Tang
Seattle University Interview of Calvin Tang

American businesspeople
American bloggers
Seattle University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Calvin Tang


Polyphemos (or Polyphemus) is a Cyclops in Greek mythology. He is the son of the god Poseidon and Thoosa. Polyphemos is a creature of strength and immense stupidity who broke the cardinal rule of hospitality in Ancient Greece. He lived in a cave on an island, and he had sheep. On the island also lived several other Kyklopes.

Polyphemos appears in Homer's Odyssey. On his journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, Odysseus lands on the island of Polyphemos. They come to the cave where Polyphemos lives.  Polyphemos comes back and he traps them in his cave placing a boulder in front of the entrance, also eating some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus then thinks of a plan to get away. He tells Polyphemos that his name is "Nobody", and gives him wine to drink. When he is sleeping, Odysseus and his men take a log from the fire and shape the end of it to a point and drive it into the Kyklops', Polyphemos, only eye, so he could not see them anymore.  In agony he cries out to the other Kyklopes for help.  When they ask what has happened, he says that "Nobody" hurt him, so the Kyklopes leave him.  The next morning Polyphemos lets his sheep out of the cave, but touches their backs so no one of the men could ride out on them. But Odysseus and his men hold themselves on the underside of the sheep, and so they get out. When Polyphemos realizes that Odysseus got away, he cries out to the other Kyklopes again. They asked him what happened, and he said "Nobody hurt me.", and so the other Kyklopes went away again. When Odysseus was on his ship again, he called out in rage to Polyphemos saying that he, Odysseus was the one who had destroyed his eye. As Odysseus went away he mocked Polyphemos. This is hubris. Polyphemos was very angry and threw a rock at them, but it missed the ship. Then he pled with his father, Poseidon, for revenge that all of Odysseus' men should die and that Odysseus should only come home to Ithaca after ten years. All of it comes true, as is told in the Odyssey.

Greek legendary creatures

Polyphemos


The Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (often simply referred to as "The Melbourne Institute") is an Australian economic research institute based in Melbourne, Victoria. The institute is a department of the Faculty of Business and Economics at the University of Melbourne.

History

The Melbourne Institute was formed in 1962 as the Institute of Applied Economic Research under the leadership of Professor Ronald Henderson. It was the first economic research institute in an Australian university. Henderson built up an organisation with about 40 staff by the early 1970s. It engaged in a wide range of research areas including macroeconomic forecasting, financial economics and social economics, and is best remembered for its work on poverty and the development of the Henderson Poverty Line. The name of the institute was later changed to Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (IAESR).

After the Henderson era, Duncan Ironmonger acted as director for five years, before Professor Peter Dixon was appointed director.

After some restructuring, the new Melbourne Institute based its operation around Dixon's ORANI model of the Australian economy. In the early 1990s Peter Dixon and a number of his senior colleagues left the institute to join Monash University. This necessitated a second period of adjustment and restructuring initiated by Professor Richard Blandy who was director from 1992 to 1994.

Professor Peter Dawkins took up his position of director in January 1996. In that year, the director and his senior management team, in association with the staff and the advisory board, developed a strategic plan with the unifying theme being the link between economic performance and social outcomes. The first version of this plan was for the period 1996–2000 and it is updated annually. In that year, the name of the institute was changed to Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research.

Professor John Freebairn was appointed director in 2005 and returned to the Department of Economics in 2007. Stephen Sedgwick, former board member of the Asian Development Bank was director from August 2007 until July 2009. In April 2010 Professor Deborah Cobb-Clark was appointed the director and Ronald Henderson Professor. In 2016, Professor A. Abigail Payne was appointed director and Ronald Henderson Professor.

Current activities
The Melbourne Institute manages the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) household panel survey, a national longitudinal study of household economies, labour force participation and family change. It is also undertaking a panel study of General practitioners examining the determinants of medical workforce shortages, undertakes detailed labour market research, is examining the relationship of poverty and human capital and examines the economic impacts of intellectual property. The institute produces regular reports which track consumer sentiment and economic activity (both reports get widespread media comment in Australia), and annual rankings of the standing of Australian Universities and of individual disciplines. The institute and The Australian newspaper present the Economic and Social Outlook Conference.

References

External links

Organisations based in Melbourne
Research institutes in Melbourne
Economic research institutes
Political and economic think tanks based in Australia
1962 establishments in Australia
Think tanks established in 1962
University of Melbourne


Frost is ice that is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface. It has a white, powdery appearance. It forms on cold surfaces when the temperature of the air is very low. It can destroy crops. This can cause mass hunger.

Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant and tissue exposed to low temperatures. Greenhouses help to protect crops from cold and frost damage.

Water
Weather

Frost


Theodore Robinson (born July 19, 1957) is an American sportscaster. Since 2000, Robinson has been with NBC Sports as a play-by-play announcer for tennis and Olympic swimming/diving and with NBC Sports Network calling college football and basketball. He also works for the Tennis Channel and the Pac-12 Network and was the radio play-by-play announcer for the San Francisco 49ers from 2009 until 2018.

Biography

Early life
Ted Robinson grew up in Rockville Centre, New York, and attended Chaminade High School. He is a 1978 graduate of the University of Notre Dame, where he worked with future U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly and future Notre Dame football coach Charlie Weis at the college radio station. His wife, Mary, is also a '78 ND grad, and their two children graduated from ND as well: Annie in 2005 and Pat in 2008.  After graduating, Robinson got his first job broadcasting hockey for a minor league team in Oklahoma City. He went on to become a two-time Emmy Award-winning broadcaster. Robinson has completed four marathons, including the 1999 Boston Marathon.

Broadcasting career

Tennis
Robinson has broadcast for Tennis Channel since 2007, calling the Australian Open, French Open, US Open, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and US Open Series. Robinson served as the lead commentator of NBC's tennis coverage from 2000 through 2018. Robinson called the French Open and (through 2011) Wimbledon Championships for NBC. He broadcast the US Open for 22 years on USA Network, receiving acclaim for his partnership with John McEnroe, which continues on NBC and Tennis Channel. The pair also called the men's singles Gold Medal match at the 2012 Olympics, played at Wimbledon.

Baseball
Robinson has worked for a number of Major League Baseball teams over the years. He served as a radio and TV announcer for the San Francisco Giants for nine seasons, as the TV commentator of the Minnesota Twins for 6 seasons, as a TV and radio announcer for the New York Mets for 4 seasons, and as the TV announcer for the Oakland Athletics for 3 seasons.

In addition to his work with the Athletics, Mets, Twins, and Giants, Robinson worked for The Baseball Network as an commentator for two years, worked four years on NBC Sports' Major League Baseball Game of the Week, and spent several years as a play-by-play voice for CBS Radio's Game of the Week.  In 2007, Robinson teamed with Steve Stone to call the American League Division Series for TBS.

Robinson returned to calling Twins games in 2011, calling play-by-play for the team's radio broadcasts on a part-time basis due to primary announcer John Gordon working a reduced schedule prior to retiring after the season.

Robinson's voice is featured in the movie A Few Good Men as he calls a Minnesota Twins game being watched by Tom Cruise's character.

Olympics
Robinson served as NBC's diving commentator for the 2012 London Olympics and has been a play-by-play man for the last eight Olympic Games (four Winter Olympics and four  Summer Olympics). His Summer Olympic assignments began with baseball at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where the U.S. baseball team upset Cuba for the gold medal, and diving and canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, both for NBC.

His Winter Olympics assignments began with short track speed skating, freestyle skiing, and the giant slalom snowboarding event at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano for CBS, and short track at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and 2010 Winter Olympics, this time for NBC. Robinson called Apolo Ohno's eight short track Olympic medals for NBC, and served as the play-by-play announcer for NBC Sports coverage of diving at the last three Summer Games, including David Boudia's gold medal win in London.

Other sports
In 2012, he became the lead play-by-play voice for the new Pac-12 Network, working primary football games and other sports.

In 2011, he continued his college football work for Versus (now NBC Sports Network), where he called college football games in 2009–11, and, in 2008, he served as studio host for College Football Central. Robinson has called many other sports over the years, including college basketball for CBS TV and radio. He has broadcast the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament on radio for 24 years, currently with Dial Global.

For NBC, he has covered swimming and diving, arena football, ski jumping, luge, equestrian, and triathlons.

From 1980–82 he served as a color commentator on radio broadcasts of the NHL Minnesota North Stars. In 1983 at the age of 26, he was named play-by-play voice of the NBA Golden State Warriors, a position he held for two seasons. In 1989–90, he was the TV voice of the NBA Charlotte Hornets. He called Pac-10 Basketball for FSN and in 2011 he continued his college football work for NBC Sports Network as the play-by-play voice of Pac-12 football.

He was the radio voice of Stanford football for 13 years, has broadcast Notre Dame football and basketball, University of Minnesota basketball, and University of California basketball. In 2008 and 2007, he hosted College Football Central for Versus, for whom he also called play-by-play of Pac-10 football and Mountain West basketball in 2009 and 2010.

In his 22 years at USA Network, he called Grand Slam tennis events, boxing, college basketball, PGA Tour golf, and the World League of American Football.

Notable games

One notable game Robinson called was in the first round of the 1998 NCAA basketball tournament, when 13th-seeded Valparaiso University upset 4th-seeded Ole Miss in dramatic fashion. Point guard Bryce Drew hit a three-pointer at the buzzer, winning the game for the Valpo Crusaders, 70–69. Robinson's call went like this:

Also, during the 2012 Divisional playoff game between the 49ers vs Saints, Robinson along with his broadcast partner Eric Davis made a historical call, in the final 14 seconds of the game, the Saints led the 49ers 32-29, Alex Smith threw the game-winning touchdown to Vernon Davis to defeat the Saints 36-32.
Robinson's call went like this:

Another notable game on the radio game he called was David Akers' 63-yard field goal for the 49ers' at halftime. They would go on to knock off the Green Bay Packers.

References

External links
 Robinson's bio from USA's 2006 US Open site
 "At Bat", Robinson's baseball blog on NBCSports.com
 Interview with Ted Robinson, co-author (with Twins Manager Tom Kelly) of Season of Dreams, a reflection of the Minnesota Twins 1991 Championship year, NORTHERN LIGHTS Minnesota Author Interview TV Series #216 (1992)

1957 births
Living people
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Boxing commentators
Chaminade High School alumni
Charlotte Hornets announcers
College baseball announcers in the United States
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Golden State Warriors announcers
Golf writers and broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Minnesota North Stars announcers
Minnesota Twins announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Mets announcers
NFL Europe broadcasters
Oakland Athletics announcers
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from Rockville Centre, New York
San Francisco 49ers announcers
San Francisco Giants announcers
San Jose Sharks announcers
San Jose State Spartans football announcers
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York
Stanford Cardinal football announcers
Swimming commentators
Tennis commentators
University of Notre Dame alumni

Ted Robinson (sportscaster)


សេវាសាធារណៈ គឺជាសេវាកម្ម ដែលបានផ្ដល់ដោយដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាល ទៅកាន់ប្រជាជនដែលរស់នៅក្នុងដែនដីសមត្ថកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួន ដោយផ្ទាល់ (តាមរយៈវិស័យសាធារណៈ) ឬដោយការផ្ដល់ជាហិរញ្ញវត្ថុដល់ផ្នែកឯកជនក្នុងការផ្គត់ផ្គង់សេវានោះ។ The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of ចំណូល. Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, for social and political reasons they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors. Public service is also a course that can be studied at a college and/or university.

វិស័យនានា
Public services tend to be those considered as so essential to modern life that for moral reasons their universal provision should be guaranteed.  They may be associated with fundamental human rights (such as the right to water). An example of a service which is not generally considered an essential public service is hairdressing. The Volunteer Fire Dept. and Ambulance Corps. are institutions with the mission of servicing the community. A service is helping others with a specific need or want. Here, service ranges from a doctor curing an illness, to a repair person, to a food pantry. All of these services are essential to people's lives.

In modern, developed countries, the term public services often includes:
 អគ្គិសនី
 ការការពារបរិស្ថាន
 Fire service
 Gas
 Health care
 Law enforcement
 យោធា
 Public broadcasting
 បណ្ណាល័យសាធារណៈ
 Public transportation
 Public housing
 សេវាកម្មសង្គម
 ទូរគនាគមន៍
 Town planning
 ការគ្រប់គ្រងសំណល់
 បណ្តាញផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹក

Characteristics
A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non-rivalrous and non-excludable), but most are merit goods, that is, services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods such as nuts and bolts. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors which are natural monopolies.

They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort and/or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.

ប្រវត្តិ
Historically, the widespread provision of public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, other services such as electricity and healthcare began to be provided by governments. In most developed countries such services are still provided by local or national government, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is more significant. Nonetheless, such privately-provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.

In developing countries public services tend to be much less well developed. Water services, for example, may only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons the service is often subsidised, which reduces the finance available for expansion to poorer communities.

Nationalization

Nationalization really took off following the World Wars of the first half of the twentieth century. Across Europe, because of the extreme demands on industries and the economy, central planning was required to ensure that the maximum degree of efficient production was obtained. Many public services, especially electricity, gas and public transport were products of this era. Following the second world war, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.

Privatization

There are several ways to privatise public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. This essentially ends the public service and makes it a private service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share doesn't make it a "government enterprise", but it means that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting. Regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.

Public services versus Services of General Interest

At the European level, some countries use the name service of general interest, while other prefer public services. It has been a discussion, for instance during the writing of the european constitution (the word services of general interest has been used).

ETUC named its petition "for high quality public services" but explains "Public services are known as Services of general interest (SGI) and Services of general economic interest (SGEIs) in European Union terminology."

មើលផងដែរ
 Public value – the equivalent of shareholder value in public management
 Public good – a good whose availability is not reduced (non-rivaled) due to the consumption by others; and that no one can be effectively excluded (non-excludable) from using
 Right to Public Services legislation
 CEEP European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest
 សេវាកម្មអតិថិជន
 European Union competition law
 ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ
 New Public Management
 Privatization
 រដ្ឋបាលសាធារណៈ
 Public ownership
 គោលនយោបាយសាធារណៈ
 Public service broadcasting
 Public utility - a means of providing infrastructure for a public service
 សេវាកម្ម
 VÖWG Austrian Association for Public and Social Economy
 Welfare state

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ
 Leave a Knowcycle calling card at Wikiversity to find people to work with in: Public Service Innovation

 Municipal Services Project
 Public Services International
 Public Services International Research Unit
 publicservice.co.uk – Public Service News
 Daniel Chavez (ed), Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services, TNI Public Services Yearbook 2005/6, Transnational Institute / Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), February 2006
 European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest

រដ្ឋបាលសាធារណៈ

សេវាសាធារណៈ


Mixed forests  are a temperate and humid biome. The forests have four layers. The uppermost layer is the forest canopy of tall, mature trees from 33 to 66 m (100 to 200 feet) high.

Below the canopy is the three-layered understory, about 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 feet) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory has smaller mature trees, saplings. There are also suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees waiting for an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer of low-growing woody plants. Most of the time, the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

Forests
Biomes

Mixed forest