Adrian Willaert (pronounce: AH-dree-ahn VIL-art), (born Flanders about 1490; died Venice, 7 December  1562) was a Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was one of the most important composers of his time.  He went to Italy when he was young and spent the rest of his life there.  He belonged to the group of composers who lived and worked in Venice at the time, and who were known as the "Venetian School".

Life
He may have been born in Bruges which is now in Belgium, although we are not sure.  One of his students, Gioseffo Zarlino, who became a well-known music theorist, said that Willaert went to Paris first to study law, but then decided to study music.  In Paris he met Jean Mouton, the main composer of the French royal chapel, and studied with him.  Mouton taught him to write music in the style of Josquin, whose music was very polyphonic with the voices imitating one another a lot.

Sometime around 1515 Willaert first went to Rome.  There is a story, which is probably true, that Willaert was surprised to find the Pope's choir singing something he had composed.  The choir thought it had been composed by Josquin, who was very famous by then.  When the young Willaert told them that he himself was the composer, the choir did not believe the young man, and refused to sing it again.

In July 1515, Willaert worked for the Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este of Ferrara.  Ippolito liked to travel, and he often took Willaert and other musicians with him to places such as Hungary, where he probably spent two years, from 1517 to 1519.  When Ippolito died in 1520, Willaert worked for Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara.  In 1522 Willaert had a job at the court chapel of Duke Alfonso; he stayed there until 1525.

Willaert then got the most important musical job in the whole of Europe at that time: he became maestro di cappella (director of music) at the church of St. Mark's at Venice.  The director who had been there before had not been very good, so Willaert made the music in that church really great again.  He stayed in that job until his death.  He was very famous and young composers came from all over Europe to study with him and learn how to be a composer.

Musical style and influence
Willaert was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance and the most important composer in Europe between the death of Josquin and the time of Palestrina.

He wrote music in lots of forms, especially church music, madrigals and instrumental pieces called ricercar.

References

 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

1490s births
1562 deaths
Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers

Adrian Willaert


Kitty Hawk or Kittyhawk may refer to:

Places
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Kitty Hawk, is an area of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Kitty Hawk Air Society, an Honor Society for the Air Force Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program

Airlines
Kitty Hawk Aircargo, an American cargo airline based in Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas
Kitty Hawk Airways, an American airline based at Dallas Love Field near Dallas in Dallas County, Texas

Military
USS Kitty Hawk, ships of the United States Navy
Curtiss P-40 Kitty Hawk, a U.S. World War II fighter aircraft

Computers
IBM Kittyhawk, 2008 supercomputer designed by IBM to run entire Internet.
HP Kittyhawk microdrive, hard disk drive made by Hewlett Packard

Kitty Hawk


Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was a French diplomat.

He was a bishop and worked successfully for Louis XVI. He changed sides and served the French Revolution and Napoleon I. When Napoleon started losing his wars, Talleyrand changed sides again and served  Louis XVIII. He represented France at the Congress of Vienna. He changed sides once more and served Louis Philippe I. Since the beginning of the 19th century he was known simply as Talleyrand. He is widely seen as one of the most pragmatic and influential diplomats in European history. He was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while he served under Napoleon.

Related pages
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
 Mary Wollstonecraft

Other websites
 Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord 1754-1838
 Society of friends of Talleyrand
 Career of Mme Grand, Talleyrand's wife

1754 births
1838 deaths
French diplomats

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord


Occupation could mean:

In business:
Employment, a person's job or work in service of an employer
Profession, an occupation that requires special education and training.  For example, law, medicine, or theology.
Vocation, an occupation pursued more for altruistic benefit than for income
Career, a person's occupational history
Day job, an occupation solely for income, while pursuing another preferred career track
Standard Occupational Classification System, developed and used by the U.S. government

In a military context:
 Military occupation, control of a territory by a military force
 Occupied territory
 Law of occupation, the laws of war which relate to military occupation
List of military occupations, notable historical instances of military occupation

Elsewhere:
 Occupation (protest), the temporary forceful occupation of a building, space or symbolic site
Occupancy, use of a building for shelter or support of persons, animals, or property
Occupation 101, 2006 documentary movie about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Occupation: Dreamland, documentary movie about 82nd Airborne in Iraq
Occupation Double, a Canadian reality television show
"Occupation" (Battlestar Galactica), an episode in the third season
Occupation: Foole, comedy album by George Carlin
"The Beautiful Occupation", song by the band, Travis

Occupation


The Jackie Robinson Story is a 1950 biographical film directed by Alfred E. Green (who had directed The Jolson Story, "one of the biggest hits of the 40s") and starring Jackie Robinson as himself. The film focuses on Robinson's struggle with the abuse of bigots as he becomes the first African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era. The film is in part based on Robinson's own autobiography, My Own Story.

The film is among the list of films in the public domain in the United States.  However a new copyrighted "restored and in color" version was released in conjunction with the Jackie Robinson Foundation in 2008.

Plot

The film begins with Robinson as a boy. He is given a worn-out baseball glove by a stranger impressed by his fielding skills.  As a young man, he becomes a multi-sport star at UCLA, but as he nears graduation, he worries about his future. His older brother Mack was also an outstanding college athlete and graduate, but the only job he could get was that of a lowly street cleaner.

When America enters World War II, Robinson is drafted, serving as an athletic director. Afterward, he plays baseball with a professional African-American team. However, the constant travel keeps him away from his college sweetheart.

Then one day, Brooklyn Dodgers scout Clyde Sukeforth invites him to meet Branch Rickey, president of the Major League Baseball team. At first, Robinson considers the offer to be a practical joke, as African Americans are not allowed to play in the segregated major leagues. When he is convinced that the opportunity is genuine, he and Rickey size each other up. After thinking over Rickey's warning about the hatred and abuse he would have to endure without being able to strike back, Robinson signs with the Dodgers' International League farm team, the Montreal Royals. Though he wants to delay marrying Rae to shield her, she insists on an immediate wedding so she can support her man in the trying times ahead.

Robinson leads the league in hitting in his first year, and despite the grave concerns expressed by the Commissioner of Major League Baseball, Rickey goes ahead and promotes him to the Dodgers. Reviled at first by many of the fans and some of his own teammates, Robinson gets off to a shaky start, playing out of position at first base and going through a hitting slump, but then gradually wins people over with his talent and determination. The team goes on to win the pennant, with Robinson driving in the tying run and scoring the winning run in the deciding game.

Cast

Jackie Robinson as Himself
Ruby Dee as Rae Robinson
Minor Watson as Branch Rickey
Louise Beavers as Jackie's mother
Richard Lane as Clay Hopper
Harry Shannon as Frank Shaughnessy (listed as "Charlie" in the end credits)
Ben Lessy as Shorty
Bill Spaulding as Himself
Billy Wayne as Clyde Sukeforth
Joel Fluellen as Mack Robinson
Bernie Hamilton as Ernie
Kenny Washington as Tigers Manager
Pat Flaherty as Karpen
Larry McGrath as Umpire
Emmett Smith as Catcher
Howard Louis MacNeely as Jackie as a boy
George Dockstader as Bill
Dick Williams as the Jersey City Pitcher

Production
Principal photography for the film took place in the off-season following his third season with the Brooklyn Dodgers.  Much of the film was shot at Gilmore Field, home of the PCL Hollywood Stars.

Reception
Even during its initial release—in the era of racial segregation—the film received critical praise and fared well at the box office. The film was not as popular as originally thought but still profitable.

According to Bosley Crowther, "What is surprising... in this new film... is the sincerity of the dramatization and the integrity of Mr. Robinson playing himself. Too often, in films of this nature about sports figures, fanciful or real, the sentiments are inflated and the heroics glorified. Here the simple story of Mr. Robinson's trail-blazing career is re-enacted with manifest fidelity and conspicuous dramatic restraint. And Mr. Robinson, doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture's leading role, displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star."

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated

Colorized version

On April 19, 2005, 20th Century Fox and Legend Films released a colorized version of the film, donating a portion of the proceeds to the Jackie Robinson Foundation, a charity that benefits education for gifted students. Another official version, as seen on Amazon Prime Video, remains in release by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (whose sister company, United Artists, produced this film).

See also
 42, a 2013 film also about Robinson
 List of baseball films
 List of United Artists films

References

External links

1950 films
1950s biographical drama films
1950s sports films
American baseball films
Biographical films about sportspeople
American black-and-white films
Brooklyn Dodgers
Eagle-Lion Films films
1950s English-language films
Films about racism in the United States
Films directed by Alfred E. Green
Films scored by Herschel Burke Gilbert
Films set in the 1940s
Cultural depictions of Jackie Robinson
Sports films based on actual events
African-American biographical dramas
1950 drama films
1950s American films

The Jackie Robinson Story


The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.

The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called City of Birmingham Orchestra. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.

History
The CBO became a full-time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.

The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.

Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.

After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.

In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.

The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

Conductors of the CBSO

Other websites
 City of Birmingham Symphony official site

British orchestras

City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra


Friend Like That is a Pop punk song released by the band Hawk Nelson. Made available on Christmas Eve on iTunes and other websites.

It's a song with simplicity and slightly silly but meaningful lyrics and the second song you will hear from their new album.

Music video
The music video for Friend Like That shows the band in a cartoon world. The singer, Jason Dunn is running while other members of the band wait patiently for him to reach them. Then they get into the bus and drive. During the breakdown, some of them are singing in the van. They get off the van and go through a door, to find themselves playing a live concert on stage.

2008 songs

Friend Like That


Operation Kutschera was the code name for the successful execution of Franz Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in German-occupied Warsaw, who was shot on 1 February 1944 by a combat sabotage unit of Kedyw of the Home Army (predecessor of Battalion Parasol) primarily composed by members of scouting and guiding Gray Ranks. This special action was a part of the larger Operation Heads - the code name of a series of executions of Nazi officials by the Polish Resistance.

Background
SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Polizei, Franz Kutschera, became SS and Police Leader of the Warsaw District on 25 September 1943. During his earlier posting in the Mogilev District of the Soviet Union he proved himself as a ruthless officer, prone to brutal and unscrupulous methods.

Soon after his arrival in Warsaw he stepped up terror measures directed against the civilian population. The number of public executions and łapanka round-ups were increased, and lists of hostages to be shot in reprisal for civil disobedience or any attack on a German soldier were published daily. These actions, based on a decree by Hans Frank, were intended to crush the will to resist among the Polish population. As a result, the Polish underground leadership included Kutschera in its "Operation Heads" list.

Kutschera's whereabouts in Warsaw were a closely guarded secret but were discovered by Aleksander Kunicki (code name "Rayski"), head of intelligence of the Agat company, while he was investigating two other assassination targets: Dr Ludwig Hahn, Chief of the Sicherheitspolizei and Sicherheitsdienst in occupied Warsaw and SS-Sturmbannführer Walter Stamm.

In the course of his surveillance of the area around the Gestapo HQ on Aleje Szucha, Rayski one day noticed an Opel Admiral limousine entering the drive of the building at Aleje Ujazdowskie number 23, which was then the SS headquarters in Warsaw (and now houses the Hungarian Embassy). The SS-man who emerged from the car wore the insignia of a general, and Rayski began to monitor his arrivals and departures from the building. The SS-man was soon identified as Kutschera, who actually lived only 150 metres away, at Aleja Róż number 2. Rayski also discovered that despite the short distance from his home to the SS headquarters, Kutschera always used his car to get there.

Preparations

Rayski filed a report about Kutschera to Kedyw commander Emil August Fieldorf (code name "Nil") and several days later Kutschera was sentenced to death by a "Special Court" of the Polish Underground State. Adam Borys (code name "Pług"), commander of the Parasol Battalion of the Armia Krajowa, selected Parasol's 1st Platoon to carry out the execution. Platoon commander Bronisław Pietraszewicz (code name "Lot") was appointed as leader of the assassination team and planned the operation in close cooperation with Pług.

The first attempt on Kutschera's life was prepared for 28 January 1944 but had to be aborted after Kutschera failed to leave his home that day. After the execution team broke up, one member of the platoon, Jan Kordulski (code name "Żbik"), was wounded by a German patrol. He was replaced in the team by Zbigniew Gęsicki (code name "Juno") and Stanisław Huskowski (code name "Ali").

The second attempt took place on the morning of 1 February 1944. The execution team was in position at 8:50am and included:

"Lot" (Bronisław Pietraszewicz) – commander and 1st executioner (armed with: MP 40 submachine gun, Vis pistol, Filipinka hand grenade).
"Ali" (Stanisław Huskowski) – second-in-command and security screen (grenades).
"Kruszynka" (Zdzisław Poradzki) – 2nd executioner (Sten submachine gun, grenades).
"Miś" (Michał Issajewicz) – 3rd executioner, driving an Adler Trumpf-Junior and armed with a Parabellum pistol and grenades.
"Cichy" (Marian Senger) – cover (Sten submachine gun, Parabellum pistol, grenades).
"Olbrzym" (Henryk Humięcki) – cover (Sten submachine gun, Parabellum pistol, grenades).
"Juno" (Zbigniew Gęsicki) – cover (Sten submachine gun, Vis pistol, hand grenades).
"Bruno" (Bronisław Hellwig) – driving an Opel Kapitän and armed with 2 Parabellums and grenades.
"Sokół" (Kazimierz Sott) – driving a Mercedes 170 V and armed with 2 Parabellums and grenades.
"Kama" (Maria Stypułkowska-Chojecka) – signals.
"Dewajtis" (Elżbieta Dziębowska) – signals.
"Hanka" (Anna Szarzyńska-Rewska) – signals.

The execution

At 9:09am Kama (who was standing near the entrance to Ujazdowski Park) signalled that Kutschera was leaving his house at Aleja Róż number 2, in his limousine. As he approached the gate of the SS HQ, he was blocked by the car driven by Miś.

Lot and Kruszynka left the car, approached the limousine and opened fire on it at close range, killing the driver and badly wounding Kutschera. Miś then exited the car as well and finished off Kutschera with a gunshot to the head. They then searched his body for documents. Meanwhile, the two other getaway vehicles moved into position and German guards stationed nearby opened fire on the executioners. An intense shootout then erupted between the Germans and the covering team (Cichy, Olbrzym and Juno). At this critical moment, Ali was unable to open his briefcase, in which several hand grenades were concealed. Cichy, Lot and Olbrzym were all wounded in the firefight.

Due to his injury, Lot's call to withdraw was not loud enough to be heard and as a result the shootout was unnecessarily prolonged, but all the executioners were able to eventually get into their cars and drive away.

The original medevac scheme failed, and a frantic search for a hospital willing to defy the Germans and operate on the heavily wounded Cichy and Lot began. It took several hours and five attempts before a hospital finally admitted them. As a result of the delay, both men died within a couple of days. Meanwhile, Sokół and Juno were intercepted while driving across the Kierbedź Bridge. After a short exchange of fire, they jumped into the Vistula river where they were shot at. Later, according to a German schupo report, the Germans recovered their bodies. Sokol was shot and had his ID with him which later caused German reprisal against his family. Juno drowned, and when his body was recovered he had no documents and could not be identified by the Germans. To help conceal Juno's identity and his connection to Operation Kutschera, the AK later took his railway hat and documents from his family in Piastow and later delivered them to a pro German Blue Police station in the suburb of Grojec city. It is unknown what the Germans did with the bodies they recovered.

Aftermath
The Germans held Kutschera's funeral ceremony in the Brühl palace. His body was then transported to Berlin on a special train.  On the next day, 2 February 1944, Germans shot 300 civilian hostages in one of the last public executions in the city before the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising.  Also, Germans imposed a 100 million złoty tribute on Polish residents of Warsaw and Warsaw County.

In popular culture
The execution of Kutschera was the subject of the 1959 movie Zamach by Jerzy Passendorfer. Every year the operation is commemorated by Polish Scouts.

See also
Operation Heads
Operation Bürkl
Operation Anthropoid

References

Bibliography

Richard C. Lukas "Forgotten holocaust - The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944" Hippocrene Books 1997
 Andrew Hempel, ''Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History', Hippocrene Books, 2003, , Google Print, p.51-56
  Description, map and photos
  Interview with "Kama"

Kutschera
1944 in Poland
Mass murder in 1944
History of Warsaw
Military assassinations
Kutschera
General Government
Scouting and Guiding in Poland
1944 murders in Poland

Operation Kutschera


The Culture of the New Capitalism is a 2006 book written by Richard Sennett about the economic situation of the time. In the book, Sennett covers politics, economics, sociology and psychology.

Analysis
Based on the author's Castle Lectures at Yale, the book is a sociological study of the influence of the New Economy on human relationships. Sennett describes the transformations that have taken place in postmodern capitalism as corporations have become more diffuse, unstable, and decentered. Contrasted with the 'iron cage' bureaucracy described by Weber – those pyramid-like corporate structures in which individuals knew their place and planned their futures – modern corporations provide no long-term stability, benefits, social capital, or interpersonal trust.

Sennett first looks at bureaucracy in early capitalism. Most businesses were short lived and unstable. However, in the latter half of the 19th century, business was modelled on predictable military lines where all roles were defined and career progression could be mapped out. This new model aimed at social inclusion, that is, most would work at the base of the social pyramid, hopefully progressing to the tip.

Modern capitalism looks at this model with disdain – too many superfluous people are employed to remain competitive and people should constantly adapt and prove themselves to be assets. Therefore, in large modern businesses, the majority of workers face uncertainty and find it difficult to conceive of a life narrative. Due to mechanization and the need for upskilling, managers as well as their subordinates face the possibility of obsolescence. Concepts such as craftmanship and getting the job right are seen as wasteful and somewhat obsessive.

Capitalism's need for potential is increasingly reflected in the education system. SATs favour superficial and adaptive reasoning rather than deeper introspection on the meaning of things. Finally, comparisons are made between branding and politics. Products such as cars are physically very similar, but branding creates differences on minor issues revolving around appearance and emotion. Sennett views this same 'goldplating' process as having a largely negative influence on modern politics where presentation is key.

Edition
The Culture of the New Capitalism (Yale University Press, 2006), 214pp. (). Originally delivered as Castle Lectures in Ethics, Politics, and Economics at Yale University in 2004.

Further reading
Zygmunt Bauman: Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003) ().

2006 non-fiction books
Books about capitalism
Sociology books
Yale University Press books

The Culture of the New Capitalism


Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a  minor French princess.

Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed The beloved and The liberal (El Bien Amado and El Liberal in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children.

Titles and styles
25 August 1707 – 2 April 1709: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain
2 April 1709 – 14 January 1724: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
14 January 1724 – 31 August 1724: His Majesty The King

Kings and Queens of Spain
Spanish House of Bourbon
1707 births
1724 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas

Louis I of Spain


An administrative centre is sometimes used in some countries to refer to a county town, or other seat of regional/local government, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.

Related pages
Chef-lieu, administrative centres in Algeria, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, and Tunisia.
County seat, administrative centres in the United States.
County town, administrative centres in Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Local government
Regions
Types of settlements

Administrative centre


Carloman II of France (c. 866 – 12 December 884), king of Western Francia, was the youngest son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde. He and his brother Louis III of France shared the kingship when their father died in 879. Carloman became sole king in 882 when his brother died.

Carloman had problems with Viking raiders during his reign. He died while hunting on December 12, 884.

866 births
884 deaths
Kings and Queens of France

Carloman II


In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values (true or false).

Computing

In some programming languages, any expression can be evaluated in a context that expects a Boolean data type. Typically (though this varies by programming language) expressions like the number zero, the empty string, empty lists, and null evaluate to false, and strings with content (like "abc"), other numbers, and objects evaluate to true.
Sometimes these classes of expressions are called "truthy" and "falsy" / "false".

Classical logic

In classical logic, with its intended semantics, the truth values are true (denoted by 1 or the verum ⊤), and untrue or false (denoted by 0 or the falsum ⊥); that is, classical logic is a two-valued logic. This set of two values is also called the Boolean domain. Corresponding semantics of logical connectives are truth functions, whose values are expressed in the form of truth tables. Logical biconditional becomes the equality binary relation, and negation becomes a bijection which permutes true and false. Conjunction and disjunction are dual with respect to negation, which is expressed by De Morgan's laws:
 ¬(
 ¬(

Propositional variables become variables in the Boolean domain. Assigning values for propositional variables is referred to as valuation.

Intuitionistic and constructive logic

In intuitionistic logic, and more generally, constructive mathematics, statements are assigned a truth value only if they can be given a constructive proof. It starts with a set of axioms, and a statement is true if one can build a proof of the statement from those axioms. A statement is false if one can deduce a contradiction from it. This leaves open the possibility of statements that have not yet been assigned a truth value.
Unproven statements in intuitionistic logic are not given an intermediate truth value (as is sometimes mistakenly asserted). Indeed, one can prove that they have no third truth value, a result dating back to Glivenko in 1928.

Instead, statements simply remain of unknown truth value, until they are either proven or disproven.

There are various ways of interpreting intuitionistic logic, including the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation. See also .

Multi-valued logic
Multi-valued logics (such as fuzzy logic and relevance logic) allow for more than two truth values, possibly containing some internal structure. For example, on the unit interval  such structure is a total order; this may be expressed as the existence of various degrees of truth.

Algebraic semantics

Not all logical systems are truth-valuational in the sense that logical connectives may be interpreted as truth functions. For example, intuitionistic logic lacks a complete set of truth values because its semantics, the Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation, is specified in terms of provability conditions, and not directly in terms of the necessary truth of formulae.

But even non-truth-valuational logics can associate values with logical formulae, as is done in algebraic semantics. The algebraic semantics of intuitionistic logic is given in terms of Heyting algebras, compared to Boolean algebra semantics of classical propositional calculus.

In other theories
Intuitionistic type theory uses types in the place of truth values.

Topos theory uses truth values in a special sense: the truth values of a topos are the global elements of the subobject classifier.  Having truth values in this sense does not make a logic truth valuational.

See also

 Agnosticism
 Bayesian probability
 Circular reasoning
 Degree of truth
 False dilemma

 Paradox
 Semantic theory of truth
 Slingshot argument
 Supervaluationism
 Truth-value semantics
 Verisimilitude

References

External links

Concepts in logic
Propositions
Logical truth
Concepts in epistemology

Truth value


Joondalup is a suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. It was established in the 1980s. In 2001, the suburb had a population of 6,927. The suburb was named after Lake Joondalup which is located on the eastern side of the suburb. In relation to the other establishments in Perth, Joondalup is a relatively new settlement, as it was undeveloped until the 1960s.

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia

Joondalup


Robert Fitzroy (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was a British seaman, admiral, meteorologist and hydrographer. He was the captain of HMS Beagle in the voyage of the English naturalist Charles Darwin.

He was Governor of New Zealand from 1843 to 1845.

In 1851, FitzRoy was elected to the Royal Society.

In 1854, on the recommendation of Vice Admiral Francis Beaufort and the President of the Royal Society, FitzRoy was appointed as chief of a new department to deal with the collection of weather data at sea, with the title of Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade and a staff of three. This was the forerunner of the modern Meteorological Office.

1805 births
1865 deaths
Royal Navy officers
People from Suffolk
Fellows of the Royal Society
British meteorologists
British sailors

Robert FitzRoy


(, also be transcribed as ) is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In Modern Standard Arabic it represents . In name and shape, it is a variant of  (). Its numerical value is 700 (see abjad numerals). The Arabic letter  is named  . It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:
The South Arabian alphabet retained a symbol for , .

When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as .

This sound is found in English, as in the words "those" or "then". In English the sound is normally rendered "dh" when transliterated from foreign languages, but when it occurs in English words it is one of the pronunciations occurring for the letters "th".

Pronunciations
Between and within contemporary varieties of Arabic, pronunciation of the letter  differs:

 The Gulf, Iraqi, Tunisian dialects use the Classical and Modern Standard sound of  .
 In Maghrebi Arabic, it is consistently pronounced as the voiced dental plosive .
 In Hejazi Arabic, it merges with  or  depending on the word. Furthermore it keeps its classical value   in some Classical Arabic words.
 In the Mashriq (in the broad sense, including Egyptian, Sudanese and Levantine dialects), it becomes a sibilant voiced alveolar fricative . Furthermore, in words fully assimilated into a Mashriq dialect, the sound has merged with  ().

Regardless of these regional differences, the pattern of the speaker's variety of Arabic frequently intrudes into otherwise Modern Standard speech; this is widely accepted, and is the norm when speaking the mesolect known alternately as lugha wusṭā ("middling/compromise language") or ʿAmmiyyat/Dārijat al-Muṯaqqafīn ("Educated/Cultured Colloquial") used in the informal speech of educated Arabs of different countries. (cf. Arabic dialect#Formal and vernacular differences)

See also
Arabic phonology

Arabic letters

Ḏāl


In grammar, case changes what a noun, adjective or pronoun does in a sentence. It is a set of forms which depend on the syntax (how the words go together). Case is an example of inflection, which is often an affix, a part of a word that is added to other words, that signals a grammatical relationship. Long ago, Old English used several cases, but Modern English does not use cases except for in pronouns.

History of case
In Latin, nouns pack several ideas into one word:
Gender: nouns must be masculine (Latin: ends in -us), feminine (ends in -a) or neutral (ends in -um). Also, adjectives must agree with the nouns by changing their endings. English is one of the few European languages that does not usually have gender in nouns.
Case: nominative (subject), vocative (direct speech), accusative (object), genitive (of the noun), dative (to or for the noun), ablative (by, with, or from the noun).
The locative (at the noun) is a rare case form for some specific nouns.

In many languages like Latin, German, Russian, Korean and Japanese, a noun's case changes the end of a word depending on the noun's role in the sentence. Nouns change their endings to show that they are doing something, that something is done to them, that they just happen to be there during the action, or that they own something.

Therefore, word order in those languages is less important than in English, which often has word order change a sentence's meaning.

Modern English
In English, case is not used much. Instead, word order and auxiliary verbs (helpers) are more important.
"The most important grammatical development [in English] was the establishment of a fixed pattern of word-order to express the relationship between clause elements".p44

English has these cases for nouns and pronouns: common case and genitive (possessive).p202 Each may take a plural:
Nouns: Girl; girls; girl's; girls. The last three cannot be distinguished in speech (except by the context).
Pronouns: This is your hat; this hat is yours. A few pronouns have three cases and four forms: I (subject), me (object), my (genitive before noun), mine''' (independent genitive).

English adjectives unchanged: red hat, red hats''.

References

Linguistics
Grammar

Case (grammar)


Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.

The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous. The southeast has numerous mangroves and swamps.

The largest man made reservoir in Cuba, the Embalse Zaza, is in Sancti Spíritus province.

Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism revolving around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities. Some tobacco and rice is also grown.

During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off. From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city.

The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.

Municipalities

 Cabaiguán
 Fomento
 Jatibonico
 La Sierpe
 Sancti Spíritus
 Taguasco
 Trinidad
 Yaguajay

References

Other websites
 Hotel del Rijo in Sancti Spíritus
 A complete list of Sancti Spíritus Hotel's
 Hotel Zaza in Sancti Spíritus

Provinces of Cuba

Sancti Spíritus Province


Taeler Conrad-Mellen is an American professional wrestler and valet, better known by the ring name Taeler Hendrix, born on June 7, 1989, in New Bedford, Massachusetts. She is best known for her work in Ring of Honor (ROH).

Starting her career in 2007, she spent her first years working on the independent circuit for promotions including New England Championship Wrestling (NECW), Top Rope Promotions (TRP), Collision Pro Wrestling (CPW), and World Women's Wrestling (WWW), before being signed to a contract by Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), a Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) developmental territory, in 2011. In November 2011, Hendrix won the OVW Women's Championship, holding the championship for 203 days.

On the June 21, 2012, episode of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Impact Wrestling television program, Hendrix took part in the Gut Check Challenge in an attempt to get a contract with the promotion, facing Tara in a losing effort. The following week, the storyline Gut Check Challenge judges decided to sign Hendrix to a contract, based on her performance. On July 7, Hendrix won the OVW Women's Championship for a second time, defeating Epiphany but lost it in September. On December 1, at OVW's Saturday Night Special, Taeler defeated Taryn to win the OVW Women's Championship for a third time. Hendrix dropped the Women's Championship to Jessie Belle at OVW's Saturday Night Special on January 5, 2013, despite the interference from her on-screen boyfriend Dylan Bostic.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (2008–2010)

Taeler made her professional wrestling debut on April 26, 2008, at New England Championship Wrestling, where she accompanied Brandon Webb in a losing effort to "Exotic" Kristian Frost. On July 11, 2008, Hendrix debuted in Top Rope Promotions where she teamed up with TRP Interstate champion Freight Train in a losing effort to the team of Lea Morrison and Gorgeous Gino Giovanni. On July 14, 2008, at Top Rope Promotions, Hendrix teamed up with The Kreeper in a winning effort defeating the team of Lea Morrison and Alex Payne. On July 18, she teamed up with Vain to in a winning effort defeating Buck Nasty and Lea Morrison in an inter gender tag team match. On July 19 at TRP Spindle City Rumble, Hendrix competed against Luscious Latasha in a losing effort in a singles match.

She made her debut for the World Women's Wrestling promotion on November 1, challenging Ariel for the World Women's Wrestling Championship. She won the match by disqualification, and as a result, did not win the championship. On November 30, Hendrix competed against Jana in a winning effort. On December 13, she defeated Ariel in a non-title match. On January 10, 2009, Hendrix teamed up with Alexxis Nevaeh in a winning effort defeating Nikki Valentine and Sammi Lane. On February 21, Ariel defeated Hendrix in a Women's Championship match. On March 21, Hendrix teamed up with Barndon Locke in a losing effort to Scott Levesque and Sammi Lane. On July 11, Hendrix teamed up with Alexxis Nevaeh and Amber in a winning effort defeating the team of Ariel, Mistress Belmont and Sammi Lane in a six-woman tag team match. On January 23, 2010, she defeated Amber in her last appearance in the promotion. On June 25, at Showcase Championship Wrestling, Taeler got her biggest win in her career over former TNA Women's Knockout Champion – Awesome Kong.

On April 29, 2011, Taeler made appearance at Chaotic Wrestling, where she competed in a losing effort to Lexxus. Months later, she challenged her for the Chaotic Wrestling Women's Championship, but was unsuccessful in winning the title. On June 25, Taeler started a huge rivalry with Mistress Belmont, over the PWF Northeast Wrestling. On August 13, their rivalry ended up in a Loser Leaves match, which Taeler lost forcing her to leave the promotion. On July 4, Taeler defeated Amber; on July 19, Mercedes KV via submission; on July 23, she defeated Ivy via her Spinning heel kick–finisher. On August 12, Taeler Hendrix was unsuccessful in winning the Chaotic Wrestling Women's Championship after she lost to the defending champion Alexxis Nevaeh.

Ohio Valley Wrestling

Women's Champion and Relationship with Dylan Bostic (2010–2013)
On December 10, 2010, Hendrix received a tryout in Ohio Valley Wrestling, at OVW Episode 591, losing to the OVW Women's Champion Lady JoJo in a dark match.

Taeler Hendrix returned to the promotion on September 24, 2011, at the tapings of OVW episode 631, losing to Izza Belle Smothers in another dark match. Week later, at the tapings of OVW episode 632, Hendrix made her television debút, defeating Lady JoJo in a non–title match. After pinning JoJo in a tag team match at OVW episode 633 Hendrix received a match for the OVW Women's Championship at OVW episode 634 on October 15, which she won via disqualification, after JoJo slapped the referee. Hendrix defeated JoJo on November 12, at OVW's Saturday Night Special, to win the OVW Women's Championship for the first time, winning her first championship, and in a rematch on December 7. Throughout her reign as champion, Hendrix retained the championship several times against competitors such as Bobbie Bardot, C.J. Lane, Epiphany and Taryn Shay. On March 24, 2012, at OVW Episode 657, after retaining her title against The Great Cheyenne, Hendrix started a relationship with Dylan Bostic and afterwards became his valet.

On April 14 at OVW episode 660, Taeler turned heel, after joining Josette Bynum's alliance. In mid–April, Hendrix started a feud with Epiphany and defeated her in a title match on April 28. On June 2, at OVW's Saturday Night Special, Hendrix dropped the Women's Title to Epiphany, ending her reign at 203 days. On July 7, at OVW's Saturday Night Special, Hendrix defeated Epiphany in an evening gown match to win the vacant Women's Championship for a second time. Hendrix lost the championship to Heidi Lovelace on September 15 during a live event in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. The following weeks, Hendrix started a rivalry with Josette Bynum, formerly known as Lady JoJo, once again after Bynum pinned Lovelace in a non–title match earning a future championship match. The two divas teamed up in a tag team match against The Blossom Twins on the October 18 edition of episode 687, but lost the match because of miscommunication.

Hendrix got her rematch clause at OVW's Saturday Night Special during a triple threat match against Bynum and Lovelace, but lost the match after Heidi Lovelace pinned her to retain. On the November 8 edition of OVW episode 690, Hendrix interrupted Taryn Terrell during an interview and provoked her, only to get attacked for her troubles. On the November 17 edition of OVW episode 691, Hendrix served as the special guest referee for Women's Championship match, helping Taryn Terrell to defeat Lovelace. During the match, Hendrix would refuse to let Lovelace beat Terrell; making slow counts, stopping Lovelace from hurting Terrell and giving Terrell a fast count. On the November 24 edition of OVW episode 692, Hendrix defeated Lovelace in a dark match. Later that night, Hendrix would pour animal feces all over Taryn Terrell. On the November 28 edition of OVW episode 693, Terrell attacked Hendrix during a in-ring segment trying to get revenge for the previous week but was stopped by Bostic, but then Terrell would get in a backstage brawl with Hendrix On December 1, at OVW's Saturday Night Special, Taeler defeated Taryn to win the OVW Women's Championship for a third time in a poop in the pool match. After the match, Hendrix tried to attack Taryn, but she gained a measure of revenge when she moved out the way and Hendrix fell in. On the December 12 edition of OVW episode 695, Hendrix defeated Tarrell in a non-title match.

Hendrix was then placed in a rivalry with Jessie Belle after she defeated Heidi Lovelace to become the #1 Contender. On the December 12 edition of OVW Episode 695, Hendrix made her first title defense against Lovelace, which she successfully retained. On the January 3 edition of OVW episode 697, Hendrix attempted to persuade Epiphany and Jessie to focus on each other but was never less they both attacked Hendrix. Hendrix dropped the Women's Championship to Jessie Belle at OVW's Saturday Night Special on January 5, 2013, despite the interference from Bostic. Hendrix got her rematch for the championship on the January 19 edition of OVW episode 700, but was unsuccessful in regaining the belt despite the prematch attack plus interference from Bostic. On the January 26 edition of OVW episode 701, Hendrix failed to become number one contender to the OVW Women's Championship after losing to Epiphany. Over the next couple of weeks, Hendrix would defeat Heidi Lovelace and the debuting Lovely Lylah in singles matches.

Singles competition (2013)

Over the next several weeks, Hendrix would receive gifts from a secret admirer whom she thought to be Ryan Howe which Hendrix boyfriend Dylan Bostic would ultimately become furious. On the March 23 edition of OVW Episode 709, Hendrix teamed up with Bostic against Heidi Lovelace and Ryan Howe in an intergender tag-team match which would end in a no-contest due to the implosion of Bostic and Howe. The following week on the March 30 edition of OVW Episode 710, Hendrix would come to ringside to watch Howe's OVW Television Championship match against Rockstar Spud. As the match went on, Bostic and Lovelace would come to ringside to confront Hendrix to the point Hendrix accidentally cost Howe's match via count-out. On the April 6 edition of OVW Episode 711, Taeler Hendrix unsuccessfully challenged Epiphany for the OVW Women's Championship. During the match, Bostic would eventually help Hendrix by pulling down Epiphany but was stopped by Eddie Diamond. The conclusion of that story ended on the April 27 episode of OVW when Heidi announced that it was her sending the gifts to Hendrix because she cares about her. On the May 4 episode of OVW Episode 715, Lovelace called out Hendrix to set the record straight to Hendrix about last week's revelation where she revealed that she was the secret admirer that sent gifts to Hendrix for weeks, Lovelace tried to express her feeling but was left alone by a confused Hendrix. On the May 9 edition of OVW Episode 716, Hendrix verified that it was Heidi who sent her the gifts, that Dylan Bostic doesn't care about her, and that Ryan Howe didn't send her the gifts either, Bostic interrupted Hendrix during while giving her answer. Bostic then provoked Hendrix, only to get punched for her troubles Bostic would then try to attack Hendrix but Howe would come out and chase Bostic to the back signaling that Hendrix's relationship with Bostic ended. Later that episode, Hendrix defeated Holly Blossom after performing a roll-up with a handful of tights. On the May 23 episode of OVW Episode 718, Lovelace came out during Hendrix's match with Holly Blossom, and demanded an answer. Hendrix then grabbed Lovelace gently by the hand, walking out of the ring together, leading to a countout victory for Blossom.

On the June 8 edition of OVW Episode 720, Hendrix and St. John attacked Trina during a match with Lovelace. In their respectful separate dark matches, Hendrix and St. John helped each other to defeat Jessie Belle and Epiphany. Hendrix and Lovelace would show tension for the first time on the June 14 edition of OVW Episode 720, after using her as a human shield during a non-title match where she defeated Trina. On the July 3 edition of OVW episode 724, Hendrix was backstage segment with Nikki St. John, talking about having Lovelace wrapped around her finger and having her do all the dirty work so that she can become a 4-time OVW Women's Champion, Lovelace overheard which would set up a tag-team match at the Saturday Night Special. At the Saturday Night Special, Hendrix teamed up with Nikki St. John in a losing effort to Lovelace and Trina despite the pre-match attack after Heidi pinned Hendrix with a roll up.

Hendrix aligned herself with the debuting Envy in a backstage segment on the July 17 edition of OVW episode 726, under the characters of "Mean Girls",  whom are vain and narcissistic prima donnas. Later that event, Hendrix would team up with the Envy and Lovely Lylah in a losing effort to the team of Lovelace and The Blossom Twins after Lylah was pinned by Lovelace. Hendrix and Envy would attack Lylah and draw the letter "L" over her forehead which stands for "loser". On the November 16 edition of OVW episode 743, Hendrix received a Women's Championship match against Lei'D Tapa but was unsuccessful in capturing the belt. This would be Hendrix's last appearance on OVW as she would not make any other appearance in the promotion.

Absolute Intense Wrestling (2012)
Hendrix made her debut for Absolute Intense Wrestling on April 15, 2012, in Cleveland, Ohio, where she competed against Annie Social who was accompanied by Sammy Geodollno in a winning effort. Hendrix made her debut for SHINE Wrestling on August 28, 2012, in Ybor City, Florida where she competed against Heidi Lovelace and Sojournor Bolt in a triple-treat match which the match was won by Bolt.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2012–2013)

On the June 21, 2012, episode of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Impact Wrestling television program, Hendrix took part in the Gut Check Challenge in an attempt to get a contract with the promotion, facing Tara in a losing effort. The following week, the storyline Gut Check Challenge judges decided to sign Hendrix to a contract, based on her performance. In actuality, Hendrix was signed to a developmental contract and assigned back to OVW. Hendrix returned to TNA on the November 22 edition of Impact Wrestling, where she competed against then TNA Knockouts Champion Tara, in a losing effort. Hendrix returned to TNA at the TNA One Night Only pay-per view special Knockouts Knockdown on March 17, where she competed against Hannah Blossom and Sojournor Bolt in a triple-treat match which was won by Blossom the event aired September 6, 2013.

Hendrix returned to television on the June 6, 2013 edition of Impact Wrestling, where she competed in a losing effort against TNA Women's Knockout Champion Mickie James. On July 3, Hendrix was released from her contract. Hendrix later revealed that she was unhappy with the opportunities that TNA gave her. She also revealed that she thought about not re-signing with the company, but was released before she decided.

Ring of Honor (2010, 2015–2017)
On July 16, 2010, at Ring of Honor, Hendrix made an appearance in a losing effort to Daizee Haze. On the next day, July 17, she competed against Sara Del Rey in a losing effort.

On September 25, 2015, Hendrix made her first ROH appearance in five years in a victory over Mandy Leon, immediately establishing herself as a heel by coming out with manager Truth Martini. Later that night, she came out with Martini and Martini's stable The House of Truth (Jay Lethal, Donovan Dijak, and J Diesel) for their six-man tag match against War Machine (Hanson & Rowe) and Moose, making her a full-fledged member of The House of Truth. The House of Truth would lose the match. On September 29, Hendrix confirmed on her official Facebook page that she signed a contract with ROH and was now on the Women of Honor roster.

On February 6, 2016, Hendrix wrestled her first TV match for Ring Of Honor. In a losing effort to Kelly Klein in the main event at ROH on SBG #249 - Women of Honor Special. On April 4, 2017, Hendrix announced her departure from Ring Of Honor.

Queens of Combat (2014–2018)
Hendrix debuted for the Queens of Combat promotion at their inaugural event on March 21, 2014, and defeated the villainous Serena Deeb in the main event. At Queens of Combat 2, Hendrix teamed with Sassy Stephie in a losing effort to The Killer Death Machines. At Queens of Combat 4, Hendrix was defeated by Sassy Stephie in a four-way match that also included Leva Bates and Su Yung.

Hendrix entered the Queens of Combat Title Tournament at Queens of Combat 5 and defeated Amy Love in the first round on June 13, 2015. On the next night, Hendrix defeated Amanda Rodriguez in the second round at QOC6, while also becoming a villainess by openly flirting with and taunting Rodriguez's boyfriend, Caleb Konley. At Queens of Combat 7 on November 29, 2015, Hendrix defeated Candice LeRae in the semifinals of the Title Tournament, and later defeated Tessa Blanchard in the finals to become the first-ever Queens of Combat Champion. At Queens of Combat 8 on March 18, 2016, Hendrix retained her Queens of Combat Championship against Allysin Kay. At Queens of Combat 9 on March 19, 2016, Hendrix lost to Tessa Blanchard in a Four Corners Match that also involved Crazy Mary Dobson and LuFisto. At Queens of Combat 10 on April 1, 2016, Hendrix retained her Queens of Combat Championship in a Three Way Match against Jessicka Havok and Tessa Blanchard.

At Queens of Combat 11 on May 21, 2016, Hendrix retained her Queens of Combat Championship against Candice LeRae. On the same day, at Queens of Combat 12, Hendrix retains Her Queens of Combat Championship against Jessicka Havok.  At Queens of Combat 13 on August 6, 2016, Hendrix retained her Queens of Combat Championship against Angelina Love.  Hendrix lost her Queens of Combat Championship against Su Yung at Queens of Combat 16, on November 27, 2016, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Queens of Combat 17 on February 18, 2017, saw the start of the QOC Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the first QOC Tag Team Champions.  Hendrix teamed with Laurel Van Ness and defeated Aja Perera and Kiera Hogan in the first round.  At Queens of Combat 18, also on February 18, they defeated Nevaeh and Rachael Ellering in the semi-finals.  Hendrix and Van Ness defeated The Lucha Sisters (Leva Bates and Mia Yim) to become the first QOC Tag Team Champions Taeler's last match was a win in January 2018 at  Queens of Combat #20 in a tag team match alongside Chelsea Green against Madi Maxx and Renee Michelle in which Hendrix & Green defended their Queens of Combat Tag team titles.

WWE (2014)
Hendrix appeared for the first time in WWE on the June 6, 2014 episode of SmackDown where she performed as one of Adam Rose's "rosebuds". Hendrix returned to work as a "rosebud" on the December 15 episode of Raw, and again the following night on a live edition of SmackDown.

Shimmer Women Athletes (2016)
On 7 September 2016, it was confirmed that Hendrix would make her debut at Shimmer Women Athletes at November 12, 2016. Hendrix made her debut at the taping of Volume 87, Successfully defeated ThunderKitty.
On November 13, 2016, at the taping of Volume 89, Hendrix lost in a rematch to Thunderkitty.

WWR (2016-2018)

On April 10, 2016, Hendrix made her WWR debut during the WWR's Project XX event, winning against Barbi Hayden. She later fought & won against Sonya Strong on July 31, 2016, during the WWR Revolutionary event & achieved another victory against Rachael Ellering on May 20, 2017, during the WWR Brick House event. Hendrix's final match with WWR was during the WWR Facelift event on August 26, 2018, where she lost to Skylar.

Lucha Patron

Hendrix has also performed with wrestling group Lucha Patron, returning on June 17, 2023, at the group's Mas Lucha Libre event and winning a title defence match against Santana Garrett 5 years after her previous appearance in WWR's Facelift event on August 26, 2018.

Personal life
At age 21, Conrad was misdiagnosed with cancer.

Hendrix cites Lisa Marie Varon (Victoria/Tara), Sensational Sherri, and Velvet McIntyre as her favorite female wrestlers. Her favorite male wrestlers are Curt Hennig and Chris Jericho. Her favorite sports are bowling, Tae Kwon Do, volleyball, softball, swimming, and she loves to run. Her motto is "Attempt The Impossible In Order To Improve Your Work...". In 2017, Hendrix became engaged to fellow wrestler Cory Machado.

Championships and accomplishments
National Pro Wrestling League
NPWL Women's Championship (1 time, inaugural)
NPWL Women's Championship Tournament (2017)
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Women's Championship (3 times)
 Miss OVW (2012)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 34 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2013
 Queens of Combat
 QOC Championship (1 time, inaugural)
 QOC Championship Tournament (2015)
 QOC Tag Team Championship (1 time, inaugural) – with Laurel Van Ness
 QOC Tag Team Championship Tournament (2017) – with Laurel Van Ness
 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 TNA Gut Check winner

References

External links

Ohio Valley Wrestling profile
Online World of Wrestling profile
Taeler Hendrix: profile & match listing

Year of birth missing (living people)
American female professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from New Bedford, Massachusetts
Professional wrestlers from Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
21st-century American women
21st-century female professional wrestlers
OVW Women's Champions

Taeler Hendrix


USS Tuscaloosa (CL/CA-37) was a  of the U.S. Navy. Commissioned in 1934, she spent most of her career in the Atlantic and Caribbean, participating in several European wartime operations.  In early 1945, she transferred to the Pacific and assisted in shore bombardment of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.  She earned 7 battle stars for her service in World War II. Never damaged in battle, the ship fared better compared to her six sister ships, three of which were sunk and the other three heavily damaged.

Tuscaloosa was decommissioned in early 1946 and scrapped in 1959.

Construction and commissioning
The keel was laid down on 3 September 1931 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Co., and the hull was launched on 15 November 1933, sponsored by Mrs. Jeanette McCann, the wife of Lieutenant Thomas L. McCann and the niece of William Bacon Oliver, the Representative of Alabama's 6th congressional district). She was commissioned on 17 August 1934, Captain John N. Ferguson in command.

The New Orleans-class cruisers were the last U.S. cruisers built to the specifications and standards of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.  Such ships, with a limit of 10,000 tons standard displacement and 8-inch caliber main guns may be referred to as "treaty cruisers." Originally classified a light cruiser before she was laid down, because of her thin armor, she was reclassified a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch guns. The term "heavy cruiser" was not defined until the London Naval Treaty in 1930.

Inter-war period
Tuscaloosa devoted the autumn to a shakedown cruise which took her to Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo, before she returned to the New York Navy Yard shortly before Christmas. She then underwent post-shakedown repairs which kept her in the yard into March 1935.

The heavy cruiser soon shaped a course for the west coast. After a stop at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, she transited the Panama Canal on 7–8 April and then steamed north to San Diego, where she joined Cruiser Division 6 (CruDiv 6) in time to participate in Fleet Problem XVI staged in May in the northern Pacific off the coast of Alaska and in waters surrounding the Hawaiian Islands. This operation was divided into five distinct phases which might be aspects of some real naval campaign of the future in which the United States would take the strategic offensive.

Tuscaloosa subsequently was based at San Pedro, California, whence she conducted routine exercises and local operations with CruDiv 6. In the spring of 1936, the heavy cruiser participated in Fleet Problem XVII, taking place off the west coast of the United States, Central America, and the Panama Canal Zone. The five phase exercise was devoted to preparing the fleet for antisubmarine operations, testing communications systems, and training of aircraft patrol squadrons for extended fleet operations.

In May 1937, the Fleet again exercised in Alaskan waters and in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands and Midway, practicing the tactics of seizing advanced base sites - a technique later to be polished to a high degree into close support and amphibious warfare doctrines. Tuscaloosa, as part of the "augmented" Scouting Force, "battled" the Battle Force that spring.

In April and May 1938, the heavy cruiser participated in Fleet Problem XIX, which was conducted in the vicinity of Hawaii.

Tuscaloosa departed San Diego on 3 January 1939 and proceeded, via the Panama Canal, to the Caribbean. She took part in Fleet Problem XX, in the Atlantic to the east of the Lesser Antilles, before undergoing a brief refit at the Norfolk Navy Yard. She then joined  and  for a goodwill tour of South American ports. From 8 April to 10 May, the division—under the command of Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel—visited Caracas, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires before transiting the storm-tossed Strait of Magellan. The three cruisers drove their bows deep into heavy seas and battled gale-force winds as they made the difficult passage on 14–15 May. The division then sailed up the west coast of South America, visiting Valparaíso, Chile, and Callao, Peru, before transiting the Panama Canal and returning to Norfolk, where she arrived on 6 June.

Tuscaloosa remained off the east coast into the summer of 1939. In August, she carried President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Campobello Island, New Brunswick. En route, off Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the Commander in Chief witnessed salvage operations in progress on the sunken  which had stayed down after a test dive on 24 May. On 24 August, following visits to Campobello and several ports in Newfoundland, President Roosevelt disembarked at Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey.

Before Pearl Harbor

September 1939 – November 1939
The outbreak of World War II a week later (1 September 1939) found Tuscaloosa at NOB Norfolk. On the 5th, President Roosevelt established the Neutrality Patrol; and, the next day, the cruiser departed for her first patrol, which kept her at sea until she returned to her home port on the 11th. Three days later, the heavy cruiser departed Norfolk and spent the remainder of September and most of October engaged in gunnery training and conducting exercises out of Guantanamo Bay and San Juan, Puerto Rico. She departed the Caribbean on 27 October, bound for Hampton Roads, and arrived at Norfolk on 5 November and, but for gunnery exercises off the Virginia Capes from 13 to 15 November, remained in the Hampton Roads areas until mid-December.

Meanwhile, the Neutrality Patrol found itself keeping track of German merchantmen in waters of the western hemisphere. At the outbreak of hostilities, there had been some 85 German ships near the Americas. One of those, the North German (Norddeutsche) Lloyd (NDL) liner —the 13th largest steamship in the world—had been on a tourist cruise when war caught her in the West Indies. She put into Veracruz, Mexico, where she fueled and prepared to make a break for home.

December 1939
The liner departed Veracruz on 14 December 1939 but soon thereafter was escorted by seven destroyers, including the . Captain Willibald Dahne, the master of the Columbus, was careful to keep his ship within the  neutrality zone until she was abreast of the Delaware capes. He then headed east.  The Tuscaloosa, meanwhile, had been ordered out to participate. On 16 December, two days after Columbus departed Veracruz,  Tuscaloosa stood out of Norfolk, bound for her patrol station. She soon relieved  and —two flushdeckers— at 0600 on 18 December.  On 19 December, the liner spotted the British destroyer , who sent a warning shot and then a flash signal, "You are captured."

For Captain Dahne, there remained only one alternative. After having carefully planned for that eventuality, he scuttled his ship. All but two of his crew of 578 succeeded in going over the side and manning the lifeboats. The Hyperion clearly had no room for all of the Germans.  The Tuscaloosa radioed the Hyperion, "Our orders, either you take all or none.  We are warning, stay away from the boats.  If you ram or sink one, we will have to commence firing at you."

From his motor launch, Captain Daehne kept the lifeboats together while the Tuscaloosa embarked the 576 men, boys and women. He then followed them to safety on board the cruiser which provided hospitality for the shipwrecked mariners who were glad to be on board an American cruiser as rescued seamen and not in a British warship as prisoners-of-war. The bulk of the survivors were put up in the cruiser's seaplane hangar that had been cleared out to facilitate its use as a large berthing area; and the women were berthed in sick bay.

Tuscaloosa took the survivors to New York—the only port equipped to handle such a large and sudden influx of aliens—and disembarked them at Ellis Island between 1610 and 1730 on 20 December for officials to process. Ultimately, most of Columbus officers and men returned, via the Pacific, to their native land. Meanwhile, Tuscaloosa departed New York on the 21st and arrived at Norfolk the following day.

January 1940 – November 1940
The heavy cruiser remained at Norfolk into the New Year, 1940, and departed her home port on 11 January bound for the West Indies. On the voyage to the Caribbean, she was accompanied by her sister ship San Francisco; Battleship Division 5—less  and , the prototype high-speed transport. Tuscaloosa and her consorts arrived at Culebra on the 16th, and two days later shifted to Guantánamo Bay. There, she participated in fleet exercises from the 18th to the 27th. Departing Guantánamo on the latter day, the Tuscaloosa returned to Norfolk on 29 January and entered the navy yard there for special alterations to fit her out for service as presidential flagship.

Tuscaloosa departed from the Norfolk Navy Yard on 2 February, and then she moored at NOB Norfolk. Two days later, she got under way for Cuba, arriving at Guantánamo on the 7th, only to steam out three days later for Pensacola, Florida, in company with . The two ships exercised en route and arrived at Pensacola on the 14th.

On the next day, Tuscaloosa embarked President Roosevelt and his guests and departed in company with  and Lang for a cruise to Panama and the west coast of Central America. The voyage gave the President an opportunity to discuss Pan American defense with leaders of Latin American nations. Steaming to the Pacific coast of Central America, Roosevelt inspected the Pacific defenses of the Panama Canal. In addition, he fished regularly at a variety of locations but, as he later recounted, caught "damned few fish." On the return passage through the canal, on 27 February, Roosevelt conferred with United States Navy, Army, and Air Corps officers to discuss the defense of the vital passage.

After disembarking the President at Pensacola, Tuscaloosa proceeded north to Norfolk and from thence to the New York Navy Yard for a three-month overhaul. During her sojourn at Brooklyn, Hitler's legions conquered France in June 1940 and won mastery of continental Europe. Soon thereafter, Tuscaloosa returned to the neutrality patrol and conducted monotonous but intensive patrols in the Caribbean and Bermuda areas through the summer and fall months of 1940.

December 1940 – April 1941
On 3 December 1940 at Miami, President Roosevelt embarked in Tuscaloosa for the third time for a cruise to inspect the base sites obtained from Britain in the recently negotiated "destroyers for bases" deal. In that transaction, the United States had traded 50 old flush-deck destroyers for 99-year leases on bases in the western hemisphere. Ports of call included Kingston, Jamaica; Santa Lucia, Antigua; and the Bahamas. Roosevelt fished and entertained British colonial officials—including the Duke and Duchess of Windsor—on board the cruiser.

While the President cruised in Tuscaloosa, American officials in Washington wrestled with the problem of extending aid to Britain. Having barely weathered the disastrous campaign in France in the spring and the Battle of Britain in the summer, the United Kingdom desperately needed materiel. American production could meet Britain's need, but American neutrality law limiting the purchase of arms by belligerents to "cash-and-carry" transactions was about to become a major obstacle, for British coffers were almost empty. While pondering Britain's plight as he luxuriated in Tuscaloosa, the President hit upon the idea of the Lend-Lease program to aid the embattled British.

On 16 December, Roosevelt left the ship at Charleston, South Carolina, to head for Washington to implement his "lend-lease" idea—one more step in United States' progress towards full involvement in the war. Soon thereafter, Tuscaloosa sailed for Norfolk and, on 22 December, embarked Admiral William D. Leahy, the newly designated Ambassador to Vichy France, and his wife, for passage to Portugal. With the "stars and stripes" painted large on the roofs of Turrets II and III, and her largest colors flying, Tuscaloosa sailed for the European war zone, initially escorted by  and .

After disembarking the Ambassador to Vichy France at Lisbon and returning to Norfolk on 11 January 1941, the cruiser went to sea on maneuvers that kept her at sea until 2 March. She subsequently arrived at the newly opened American naval facility at Bermuda, on 8 April, the day after the base's commissioning. Her consorts included , , , and . Based at Bermuda, Tuscaloosa continued patrolling shipping lanes in the North Atlantic, enforcing the neutrality of the United States.

May 1941 – August 1941
Elsewhere in the Atlantic, the war between the British and the Germans took an anxious turn late in May when the German battleship  and the cruiser  broke out into the Atlantic. On 24 May, Bismarck had sunk the vaunted  in the Denmark Strait and had temporarily eluded pursuit.

Bismarcks escape into the swirling mists of the Atlantic prompted orders which sent Tuscaloosa to sea immediately. Most of the crew on liberty at the time could not be rounded up in time, so the ship set out for the hunt with personnel "shanghaied" from  and Quincy and a group of reserve ensigns who happened to be on board for a reserve cruise. However, before the cruiser reached waters where she hoped to find Bismarck, British warships—directed under legally questionable circumstances by an American naval reserve ensign piloting a British PBY—succeeded in attacking Bismarck which had to be scuttled by her own crew after rudder jam and loss of her main guns.

Tuscaloosa soon returned to the tedium, the tenor of events soon changed for the heavy cruiser. On 8 August, she departed Bermuda for Newfoundland and soon embarked General Henry H. Arnold, head of the Army Air Corps; Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner, Director of the War Plans Division of the Navy; and Capt. Forrest Sherman. She joined  off New York City; and, together, the two ships, escorted by a screen of three destroyers proceeded to NS Argentia, Newfoundland.

Augusta, bearing President Roosevelt, and her consorts soon arrived in the barren anchorage where the British battleship —with Prime Minister Winston Churchill embarked—awaited her. The ensuing discussions between the two heads of state hammered out the "Atlantic Charter".

September 1941 – October 1941
Returning from Argentia upon the conclusion of the Anglo-American talks, Tuscaloosa conveyed Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles to Portland, Maine. Three weeks later, in September, the cruiser overtook the first American troop convoy to Iceland, as American marines relieved British troops guarding that strategic island.

Tuscaloosa soon received new orders which assigned her to a task group built around battleships , , and . Wichita and two divisions of destroyers joined Tuscaloosa in the screen of the men of-war. Under the two-starred flag of Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen, the Denmark Strait patrol worked out of wind-swept, cold Hvalfjörður, Iceland—nicknamed by the American sailors and Marines as "Valley Forge".

The similarities between the Continental Army's historic winter campground and the Icelandic region were not just confined to a homonymous relation of their names. The bitter cold, wind, and snow and the wartime operations seemed similar—the latter in the form of daily patrols, unceasingly vigilant for any signs of the "enemy". Tuscaloosa and Wichita "stripped ship" for war, removing accumulated coats of paint, interior and exterior, floor tiling, and other inflammable and nonessential items before they set out for sea on 5 November. As the task force steamed toward Iceland, its warships were constantly alert to the possibility of an imminent sortie by the German battleship , the sister ship of the sunken Bismarck.

While Tirpitz refused to show herself, the American ships continued to conduct "short of war" operations against German shipping and naval forces which became increasingly warlike as time went on. The attempted torpedoing of the destroyer , the damaging of the Kearny in October; the sinking of  by a German U-boat; and the torpedoing of the oiler  all pointed to the fact that American ships were becoming involved in the war.

The Bombing of Pearl Harbor and War for the United States

December 1941 – April 1942
The Imperial Japanese Navy's attack at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, plunged the United States into a real war at last, in both oceans, because both Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States on 11 December.

In his speech to the Reichstag declaring war on the United States, Adolf Hitler described the presence of Tuscaloosa at the scuttling of the Columbus two years prior as a hostile act against the German nation, insisting that it had forced the liner "into the hands of British warships". As such, Hitler listed the Columbus operation among the casus belli for his declaration of war.

On 6 January 1942, Tuscaloosa steamed out of Hvalfjörður along with Wichita and two American destroyers— and —for a training mission through the Denmark Strait. After returning to port three days later, the heavy cruiser moved on to Boston for a navy yard overhaul from 8–20 February. She conducted refresher training out of Casco Bay and then underwent another brief refit at New York Harbor before joining Task Group 39.1 (TG 39.1), under the command of Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox, Jr., whose flag flew from the new battleship .

TG 39.1 sortied from Casco Bay and then it struggled through the gale-whipped seas of the North Atlantic Ocean, bound for Scapa Flow, Scotland, in the Orkney Islands—the main base for the British Home Fleet. On 27 March, Rear Admiral Wilcox apparently suffered a coronary and then was washed overboard from Washington. (Some have speculated that the admiral might have jumped overboard to commit suicide, but there was no prior evidence at all that this might happen.) The heavy seas ruled out rescue attempts, and the task group's commanding officer soon disappeared in the stormy Atlantic. With Admiral Wilcox's death, Rear Admiral Giffen, whose two-starred flag flew from Wichita, assumed command of TG 39.1.

Tuscaloosa arrived at Scapa Flow on 4 April and she immediately took on board a British signals and liaison team. She was initially employed with the British Home Fleet on training duties and later took part in covering runs for convoys to northern Russia.

June 1942 – October 1942
At that period, Anglo-American naval operations frequently were mounted in an attempt to lure Tirpitz out of her snowy Norwegian lair. One such attempt, Convoy PQ 17, resulted in disaster in June 1942. The following two months found Tuscaloosa still active in convoy covering and escorting assignments.

In mid-August, Tuscaloosa received orders to carry supplies—including aircraft torpedoes, army ammunition, and medical equipment—to Northern Russia, via the Arctic Ocean. Soon after she and two destroyers set out on the mission, a member of the cruiser's crew developed symptoms of spinal meningitis. The sick man was quickly put ashore at Seyðisfjörður, Iceland, and the group got underway again on 19 August, bound for Kola Inlet.

On the next day, Tuscaloosa and her screening warships—which by that time consisted of three destroyers (two American and one British)—were spotted by a snooping German reconnaissance plane. The task force changed course and, assisted by the worsening visibility in the northern latitudes, managed to shake the intruder. On the evening of 22 August, two more British destroyers joined Tuscaloosas screen; and, the following day, a Russian escort guided them to Kola Inlet.

All hands turned-to and unloaded the valuable cargo. The cruiser then took on fuel; prepared to get underway; and, just before departure, embarked 243 passengers, most of whom were survivors of ships which had been sunk while serving in earlier convoys to Russia. Many of them had endured the special tribulation and agony of the PQ 17. With her human cargo thus on board, Tuscaloosa cleared Kola Inlet on 24 August and then she reached Seidisfjord on the 28th.

She remained there but briefly before steaming to the mouth of the River Clyde, where she disembarked her passengers. Detached from the Home Fleet shortly thereafter, Tuscaloosa headed back to Hvalfjord and then proceeded thence to the East Coast of the United States for a many-weeks-long overhaul.

November 1942 – May 1943
On 8 November 1942, Operation Torch—the code name of the Anglo-American effort to conquer Northwestern Africa from the Vichy French and Nazi Germany, and thence to expel the Axis Powers from Africa—got under way.

Off Casablanca, French Morocco, the heavy cruisers Tuscaloosa and Wichita joined the new American battleship , the aircraft carrier Ranger and numerous light cruisers and destroyers as the "big guns" for the segment of Operation Torch in Morocco. (Other forces invaded Algeria via the Mediterranean Sea.) As American troops waded ashore, Tuscaloosas powerful 8-inch, 55-calibre guns, aided by accurate spotting from the cruiser's scout planes, thundered loudly and sent high explosive shells flying shorewards into the French Army's defensive positions. In the harbor, French Navy warships scurried about as they prepared to sortie against the attackers.

The unfinished and immobile French Navy battleship , could still throw a powerful punch from her few completed  naval guns, and she fired several relatively accurate salvoes, straddling the American warships several times with shell splashes. (The French did not have any fire control radars at that time, or for years later.) The French Army's shore batteries at Table d'Aukasha and El Hank also proved to be troublesome. However, the combined might of the American warships and naval air power silenced both the shore batteries and the big guns of Jean Bart, and demolished several French Air Force airfields.

After being narrowly missed by several torpedoes from a Vichy French submarine and shells from Jean Barts heavy artillery, Tuscaloosa retired from the battle scene to refuel at sea and to replenish her ammunition in deeper waters farther offshore. After these laborious operations, she remained offshore in support of the invasion and then she headed back to the East Coast of the United States for a major shipyard overhaul and replenishment at a large naval base.

Following this overhaul, Tuscaloosa rejoined the mission covering convoys bound for North Africa via the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, while American, British, Free French troops and airmen pushed the Axis Armies and the Vichy French forces out of Morocco and Algeria, and following that, cornering them in northern Tunisia around the city of Tunis. At that point, all of the Axis troops in Tunisia surrendered to the Allies in early May 1943, and thus the Axis powers were expelled from Africa.

Meanwhile, from March through May 1943, Tuscaloosa steamed in a task force on training exercises off the east coast of the United States.

Besides honing its fighting edge, this group formed a fast, mobile, and ready striking force, should German surface ships slip through the Allied blockade to terrorize Allied shipping in the Atlantic. In late May, she escorted , which bore British Prime Minister Churchill to New York City. After rejoining the task force for a brief time, Tuscaloosa joined Augusta at the Boston Navy Yard for a 10-day work period.

Summer 1943 - October 1943
After leaving Boston, she escorted  to Halifax, Nova Scotia, before rendezvousing with Ranger and proceeding to Scapa Flow to resume operations with the British Home Fleet. Tuscaloosa conducted sorties into the North Sea, in company with British and American units, in attempts to once again entice German heavy units to sea. However, the hope of drawing the Germans into a decisive sea fight diminished each passing day as the enemy apparently sought to stay in his protected waters.

On 2 October 1943, Tuscaloosa formed part of the covering force for Ranger while the carrier launched air strikes against port installations and German shipping at the seaport town of Bodø, Norway, in Operation Leader.

These were the first-ever US Navy naval aviation air raids against any European targets, and they lasted from 2–6 October 1943. These raids reportedly devastated shore facilities and Wehrmacht forces in the Bodø area. German Luftwaffe shore-based warplanes attempted to attack the strike forces from Ranger, but they were shot down by covering American fighters.

Shortly afterward, the Germans did elect to come out to sea, conducting a foray against the important Allied weather station on Spitzbergen. Tirpitz and other heavy units subjected the installation and its garrison to a severe shelling before retiring, unscathed, to their Norwegian lair.

Tuscaloosa took part in the relief expedition to reestablish the station before the onset of winter. Assigned to Force One, the cruiser loaded two LCV(P) and cargo and departed Seidisfjord in company with four destroyers—three British and one American—on 17 October. Force Two, covering Force One, consisted of the battleship , the heavy cruiser , the carrier Ranger, and six destroyers.

On the morning of the 19th, Tuscaloosa's group arrived at devastated Barentsburg and immediately commenced unloading operations. While ice "growlers" and pinnacles hampered antisubmarine screening by the destroyers' sound gear, Tuscaloosa fielded a party of 160 men on shore to unload supplies and equipment to reestablish the weather station. By nightfall, the cargo had been safely unloaded, and the force left the area. After fueling at Seidisfjord, the cruiser proceeded to the Clyde to disembark the survivors of the original Spitzbergen garrison.

December 1943 – May 1944
Tuscaloosa conducted one more sweep of the Norwegian coast in an attempt to draw German fleet units to sea, but the enemy chose not to give battle. Upon the cruiser's return to Iceland, she was detached from the Home Fleet and proceeded to New York where she began major overhaul on 3 December 1943.

Upon completion of the refit in February 1944, Tuscaloosa engaged in Fleet exercises and shore bombardment practice out of Casco Bay until April and then entered the Boston Navy Yard for installation of radio intelligence and electronic countermeasures gear. Later that month, she embarked Rear Admiral Morton L. Deyo, Commander, CruDiv 7, and task force commander, and set out for the Clyde to join the Allied Forces massing for the assault on the European continent.

During the interim period prior to D-Day, Tuscaloosa conducted further shore bombardment practice and engaged in further exercises. Her aviation unit exchanged its venerable Curtiss SOC Seagulls for British Supermarine Spitfires and checked them out for spotting purposes. However, they remained shore-based for the remainder of their time operating in support of the invasion.

June 1944 – July 1944
On 3 June, Tuscaloosa steamed in company with the rest of Task Force 125 (TF 125) bound for the Normandy beaches. At 0550, 6 June, she opened fire with her  battery, and three minutes later her  guns engaged Fort Ile de Tatihou, Baie de la Seine. For the remainder of D-Day, coast defense batteries, artillery positions, troop concentrations, and motor transport all came under the fire of Tuscaloosas guns, which were aided by her air spotters and by fire control parties attached to Army units on shore. VOS-7, a US Navy Spotter Squadron flying Supermarine Spitfire VBs and Seafire IIIs, was one of the units which provided targeting coordinates and fire control. Initial enemy return fire was inaccurate, but it improved enough by the middle of the day to force the cruiser to take evasive action.

On the afternoon of 9 June, Tuscaloosa returned to Plymouth to replenish her depleted ammunition. Back in the vicinity of the Îles Saint-Marcouf on the evening of the 11th, she remained on station in the fire-support area until 21 June, providing gunfire support on call from her shore fire control party operating with Army units. She then returned to Britain.

Five days later, on 26 June, the Army's VII Corps mounted a landward assault against Cherbourg, supported by ships of the covering force from the seaward side. For four hours, Tuscaloosa and her consorts dueled with the accurate German shore batteries. During the action, the enemy frequently straddled the British and American ships and forced them to take evasive action. Great clouds of smoke and dust, kicked up by the intense bombardment conducted from sea and land, initially hampered Allied fire. By noontime, however, visibility improved and greatly aided the accuracy of the bombardment.

In July, with the beachhead secured in Normandy and Allied forces pushing into occupied France, Tuscaloosa steamed from Belfast to the Mediterranean to join British, French, and American forces assembling for Operation Anvil-Dragoon, the invasion of southern France.

August 1944 – January 1945
Following preliminary bombardment exercises off Oran, French North Africa, Tuscaloosa was based at Palermo, Italy, and got underway on 13 August. Two days later, Tuscaloosa commenced fire at 0635 and continued to pound targets ashore until the combined Allied forces stormed onto the beaches at H-Hour, 0800. Then, moving off the 100 fathom (180 m) curve, Tuscaloosa leisurely cruised the shoreline, visually inspecting it for targets of opportunity. A troublesome pillbox at the St. Raphel breakwater provoked Tuscaloosas attention, and the cruiser's  shells soon destroyed it. Air spotters located a field battery, and Tuscaloosas gunners promptly knocked it out of action with three direct hits.

For the next 11 days, the cruiser delivered fire support for the right flank of the Army's advance to the Italian frontier. She engaged German shore batteries and fought off air attacks. The raids—conducted by Junkers Ju 88s and Dornier Do 217s singly, or in small groups—usually occurred during the covering force's nightly retirement from the beachheads. Of the high altitude variety, these aerial assaults included the use of radar-controlled glider bombs. However, radar counter-measures and jamming devices, as well as effective evasive action and gunfire, thwarted these twilight and nocturnal attacks.

In September, when Allied forces had secured footholds in both western and southern France, Tuscaloosa returned to the United States for refitting at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. After a short exercise period in Chesapeake Bay, she steamed via the Panama Canal to the west coast and reported to the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet. After stopping briefly at San Diego, she proceeded on westward to Pearl Harbor, where she conducted various exercises before steaming to Ulithi to join Commander, 3rd Fleet in January 1945.

February 1945 – August 1945

Following her sortie from Ulithi, she joined the bombardment group off Iwo Jima at dawn on 16 February. Three days later, as waves of landing craft bore marines shoreward to invade the island, Tuscaloosas guns pounded Japanese positions inland. Then, after the Americans had reached land, her batteries supported their advances with incessant fire and illumination. This continued from 19 February to 14 March, throughout all phases of the bitterly fought campaign to wrest the island from the Japanese.

After the Iwo Jima operation, she returned to Ulithi to join Task Force 54 (TF 54), spending four hectic days replenishing stores, ammunition, and fuel in preparation for the next operation: Okinawa, at the end of the chain of the Japanese home islands. On Palm Sunday, 25 March, Tuscaloosas main and secondary batteries opened fire on shore targets pinpointed by aerial reconnaissance. Time considerations only allowed a six-day respite in the middle of the arduous campaign for replenishment purposes, Tuscaloosa stood on duty for the entire operation.

Tuscaloosas charmed life in the face of everything the Axis could throw at her still held through the maelstrom of the kamikazes which came at the invasion ships and their escorts from all quarters. The "Divine Wind" came down from the Japanese home islands, in the form of planes piloted by pilots so loyal to their Emperor that they unhesitatingly gave their lives to defend their home soil.

Tuscaloosas gunners splashed two of the intruders. One, headed for the fantail of , flew apart as the cruiser's shells splashed her in the old battleship's wake. The other headed for an escorting destroyer in the screen only to be splashed after hitting a curtain of fire from the cruiser's guns.

Only the mop-up of determined resistance ashore remained when Tuscaloosa departed from Okinawa on 28 June. Two days later, she arrived in Leyte Gulf, Philippine Islands; there reporting to Commander, 7th Fleet, for duty. Six weeks later, with Allied warships bombarding her shores with near impunity and Allied planes sweeping her skies clear of rapidly dwindling numbers of her defending aircraft, Japan surrendered.

On 27 August, Tuscaloosa, in company with other units of the 7th Fleet, departed Subic Bay in the Philippines, bound for Korean and Manchurian waters.

Post-war
She touched at Qingdao, China, en route, and proceeded to cruise off the newly liberated ports of Dalian and Port Arthur, Manchuria; Yantai, Taku, Weihaiwei and Qingdao, China, before finally anchoring off Jinsen (now Incheon), Korea on 8 September to support the landings of Marines nearby.

After a stay of 22 days, Tuscaloosa put to sea once more on 30 September, bound for Taku, China, to support Marines landing there. She next sailed for Yantai on 6 October but, en route, received orders changing her destination to Jinsen to take on provisions.

As Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces jockeyed for position to control formerly Japanese-held territory, American forces stood by in the uneasy role of observers. Tuscaloosa arrived off Yantai, then held by the Communists, on 13 October. Remaining until 3 November, she lay at anchor off the port, keeping well informed on the situation ashore through daily conferences with officials of the Communist Eighth Route Army. During this period, collaborationist troops who had been loyal to the Japanese during the war, clashed with Communist forces near Yantai.

On 3 November, she put to sea, bound for Qingdao, where the cruiser spent one evening before proceeding down the Chinese coast to call at Shanghai. There, she took on board 214 army and 118 navy passengers for "Magic Carpet" transportation home for demobilization.

She arrived in Hawaii on 26 November, where additional passenger facilities were installed, and took on board 206 more men before departing Hawaiian waters on the 28th and arriving at San Francisco on 4 December. After voyage repairs, the ship sailed for the South Pacific on 14 December, via the Solomon Islands, and proceeded to Nouméa, New Caledonia.

Tuscaloosa embarked troops at Guadalcanal, moved to the Russell Islands where she took on more passengers, and arrived at Nouméa on New Year's Day 1946. By that afternoon, the ship got underway for the west coast with more than 500 passengers.

She arrived at Pearl Harbor nine days into the new year, fueled, and picked up additional demobilized servicemen to transport home. She sailed for San Francisco on 10 January and arrived five days later. On 29 January, the men delivered, Tuscaloosa stood out of San Francisco bound for the east coast on her last cruise as an active member of the fleet.

Placed out of commission at Philadelphia on 13 February 1946, Tuscaloosa remained in reserve there until she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. Her hulk was sold on 25 June to the Boston Metals Company of Baltimore, Maryland, for scrapping.

The ship's former mast is the centerpiece of the Tuscaloosa Veterans Memorial Park, which also features one of her five-inch guns.

Awards
American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp and "A" device
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five battle stars
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
China Service Medal

Citations

References

External links

USS Wichita/USS Tuscaloosa Veteran's Association
Navy photographs of Tuscaloosa (CA-37)

New Orleans-class cruisers
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1933 ships
World War II cruisers of the United States

USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37)


Central Florida is the central region of the United States state of Florida, on the East Coast. The region enjoys a hot but stormy climate, with many thunderstorms, and hurricanes threatening often.

The exact boundary of the area may be in dispute. Central Florida tends to be thought of as the area around metropolitan Orlando, including Orange, Osceola, Seminole, Lake, Brevard, and Volusia counties. Polk and Sumter counties are considered by some, including the local media, to be part of Central Florida. Although geographically in the central part of the state, usually the west central coast, including Hillsborough, Pinellas, Pasco, and Hernando counties, is considered the Tampa Bay area or the Suncoast, rather than a part of Central Florida. This area is known as the I-4 corridor.

In 2020, the total population of the Central Florida area was about 8 million people. Central Florida is a mix of deep south and typical Floridian culture.  This is what makes the area unique.

The largest cities in Central Florida are Orlando, Palm Bay, Lakeland, Melbourne, Deltona, Daytona Beach, Kissimmee, Altamonte Springs and Sanford.

The region has grown over the last two decades.  A lack of growth management has led to massive urban sprawl in the area. Outdated and unplanned building has led to an overload of vehicle traffic. Local governments, in dispute with each other over growth, have now started taking a more regional approach and several transportation programs.

References

Other websites
Kissimmee Convention & Visitors Bureau, Osceola County
University of Central Florida
Central Florida Hurricane Center
Trails.com List of Central Florida Trails
Altamonte Springs Community Blog
Around Central Florida community pages
 Central Florida Free MLS Real Estate Search
Central Florida Event Guide

Geography of Florida

Central Florida