Personoid is the concept coined by Stanisław Lem, a Polish science-fiction writer, in Non Serviam, from his book A Perfect Vacuum (1971). His personoids are an abstraction of functions of human mind and they live in computers; they do not need any human-like physical body.

In cognitive and software modeling, personoid is a research approach to the development of intelligent autonomous agents.
In frame of the IPK (Information, Preferences, Knowledge) architecture, it is a framework of abstract intelligent agent with a  cognitive and structural intelligence. It can be seen as an essence of high intelligent entities.

From the philosophical and systemics perspectives, personoid societies can also be seen as the carriers of a culture. According to N. Gessler, the personoids study can be a base for the research on artificial culture and culture evolution.

Personoids on TV and cinema
 Welt am Draht (1973)
 The Thirteenth Floor (1999)

See also
 Android
 Humanoid
 Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence
 Culture
 Computer Science
 Cognitive Science
 Anticipatory science
 Memetics

References
 Stanisław Lem's book Próżnia Doskonała (1971). The collection of book reviews of nonexistent books. Translated into English by Michael Kandel as A Perfect Vacuum (1983).
 Personetics.
 Personoids Organizations Framework: An Approach to Highly Autonomous Software Architectures , ENEA Report (1998).
 Paradigms of Personoids, Adam M. Gadomski 1997 .
 Computer Models of Cultural Evolution. Nicholas Gessler. In EVOLUTION IN THE COMPUTER AGE - Proceedings of the Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life, edited by David B. and Gary B. Fogel. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts (2002).
Hypothetical technology
Computing terminology
Fiction about computing
Scientific method
Artificial intelligence

Personoid


Terry McGovern Carpenter (March 28, 1900 – April 27, 1978) was an American politician. Though he changed his party five times, he was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives and later served 22 years in the Nebraska Legislature. He also unsuccessfully ran for the Senate, Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska, and also unsuccessfully and then subsequently successfully for mayor of Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Carpenter was also a successful businessman and founded the village of Terrytown, Nebraska.

Early life
Carpenter was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa on March 28, 1900, the son of Burt and Martha Carpenter. He moved to Scottsbluff in 1916 and was employed in various capacities by a railroad company. From 1922 to 1923 he sold tobacco and candy, moving to Long Beach, California in 1923. There, he was the manager of the municipal gas and water department. He returned to Scottsbluff in 1927 where he worked in the garage business and the retail coal business.

After two brief marriages, Carpenter married Hazeldeane Carruthers on February 1, 1930, and they had three sons: Terry Jr., Gary, and Michael.

Career
Carpenter ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Scottsbluff, Nebraska in 1931, but the next year was elected to the Seventy-third Congress (March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935) as a Democrat for the 5th District. He did not run for reelection, since he was running for Governor of Nebraska in 1934. Failing to get the Democratic nomination, he next ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate but lost the election, coming in a distant third place with 18% of the vote, as he was running against the incumbent independent Republican George W. Norris and another Republican candidate. Norris won the election.

Carpenter continued to run for various offices unsuccessfully through the 1940s, but was a very successful businessman. He established the only gasoline refinery in Nebraska in Scottsbluff, with his own chain of gas stations in several states which created gas wars wherever they opened. He eventually sold this operation and started several new businesses.

Carpenter was a major in the United States Air Corps from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. He was elected mayor of Scottsbluff in 1947, but later stepped down due to perceived conflicts with his many businesses in the city. He founded a new village on the other side of the river from Scottsbluff in 1949 and called it Terrytown. He based his new businesses there, selling liquor by the drink before Scottsbluff did, starting a radio station, a drive-in movie theater, and two restaurants.

Carpenter changed political affiliation five times, being a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1956. He was successful in being elected to the state legislature in 1952 and served 22 years as a state senator.

In 1970, Carpenter conducted much-publicized legislative hearings against a gay studies course being offered at UNL. Carpenter considered homosexuality "a terrible disease" and believed that the college course would turn students gay. Carpenter attempted to expose the names of students taking the course. In 1971, he introduced legislation to prohibit courses pertaining to "aberrant" sexuality. It did not pass into law.

During his legislative career, he also operated Terry Carpenter, Inc., in Terrytown. He retired in Scottsbluff, Nebraska where he died April 27, 1978. He is buried in Fairview Cemetery in Scottsbluff.

Campaign failures
Carpenter ran for but failed to be elected to the following offices:

Mayor of Scottsbluff in 1931
Democratic nomination for governor in 1934
United States Senate in 1936
Lieutenant governor in 1938
Governor in 1940
Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in 1942
United States Senate in 1948
Democratic nomination for governor in 1950
Republican nomination for the United States Senate in 1954
Republican nomination for governor in 1960
United States Senate in 1972
Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor in 1974

Campaign successes
Carpenter was elected to the following offices:

United States House of Representatives in 1932
Mayor of Scottsbluff in 1947 (but later stepped down)
Nebraska Legislature from District 48 (formerly District 42) as a Republican in 1952, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1964, 1966, and 1970

References

Sources

1900 births
1978 deaths
Politicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
People from Scottsbluff, Nebraska
American city founders
Mayors of places in Nebraska
Nebraska Republicans
Nebraska state senators
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
20th-century American politicians
United States Army Air Forces officers
Military personnel from Iowa

Terry Carpenter


(or Baribari Value Around the World) is a weekly panel game show that is being broadcast from 22:00 (JST) until 22:54 every Wednesday; it is produced by Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS-TV) in Osaka, Japan.

Premise
Quiz questions are set by reporters on location, who ask celebrity panelists in the studio to guess the prices of various things. In the show's original format, panelists guessed the prices of expensive or unusual items or services from around the world. In the present format, however, they are asked to guess prices related to the lifestyles of the rich. The rich people visited are generally in Japan, although questions are sometimes sent from overseas.

History
Baribari started airing in Japan on April 15, 2003.  From the start of its run until October 2005, the show was broadcast between 22:00 (JST) and 22:54 every Tuesday.  It earned consistently good ratings every week.  On October 19, 2005, its showtime was moved to Wednesdays from 22:00 until 22:54.  Its ratings faltered for a while, then recovered.

Baribari is well known as a "celebrity introduction show" in Japan.  This quiz show has introduced to the public celebrities such as surgeon Yuko Ikeda and her daughter Kanako Ikeda.

External links
 Baribari Value around the World (in Japanese)
 Baribari Value (special website)

2003 Japanese television series debuts
2008 Japanese television series endings
Japanese game shows
Mainichi Broadcasting System original programming

Baribari Value


Centralbron (, "The Central Bridge") is a major bridge in central Stockholm, Sweden, connecting the northern district Norrmalm to the southern Södermalm.

It is 1,200 metres long and consists of two viaducts passing over Söderström ("Southern Stream") and Riddarfjärden close to Norrström ("Northern Stream") with an interjacent elevated section traversing Riddarholmskanalen and the adjacent eastern waterfront of Riddarholmen. Centralbron has a capacity for 130,000 cars per day. It is paralleled by the bridges (Södra and Norra järnvägsbron) and the tunnel of a two-track railway used by the commuter and freight trains. Centralbron does partly go on top of the Metro which opened on this stretch 1957 and planned together with the bridge.

Nearby bridges include Riddarholmsbron, Vasabron, Strömsborgsbron, and Hebbes Bro.

Background
Since the first decade of the 20th century, numerous proposals labelled "Centralbron" had been produced and more than 20 of them scrapped before the elaboration of the general plan of 1928. During the 1930s the need for a "central bridge" crossing Gamla stan, the old city, declined due to the realization of the plans for a western traffic route, Västerbron, and the clover-shaped traffic junction at Slussen, both finally inaugurated in 1935.

In 1930 plans for a Centralbron was therefore substituted by a temporary solution, by its customers dubbed Slingerbultsleden ("The Dodge Route"), criss-crossing the western streets of Gamla stan using two temporary bridges crossing Riddarholmskanalen to open out on Vasabron. While the metro system and Centralbron were being constructed Slingerbultsleden had to be scrapped, and in 1953 it was substituted by a  pontoon bridge connecting the northern end of the now non-existent Riddarholmskajen ("Quay of Riddarholmen") to Klara strand. Its 7 metres wide roadway had a maximum capacity of 20,000 cars per day and remained in use until the completion of the northern bridge in 1967.

The southern bridge

WW2 further delayed any attempts to elaborate a permanent solution, but in 1947 a decision to build a southern bridge crossing Söderström was taken, and work finally begun in 1950. The  and  bridge stretches over six spans with a maximum span of 33.7 metres. The continuous steel girders of the roadway are resting on concrete pillars firmly anchored to the soil by numerous poles.

To the south, another two spans are stretching some 46 metres over Söder Mälarstrand ("Southern Shore of Lake Mälaren") before three smaller spans hands the roadway over to Söderledstunneln ("The Southern Route Tunnel"). To the north, the bridge is continuous with a  viaduct passing over the Gamla stan metro station, opened 1957. The viaduct is made of a concrete roadway resting on steel girders.

The entire structure was completed and inaugurated June 16, 1959 and the name 'Centralbron' made official by a naming committee that assumed a Österbron ("The Eastern Bridge") would be built, thus making Centralbron a truly 'central' bridge. An eastern route is  not a timely topic, for several reasons but particularly because of the Royal National City Park taking up most of the area east of the city, thus making such a route infeasible. There is however a Western Bridge.

The northern bridge

The realization of the northern bridge stretching over Norrström had to be postponed until the enlargement of the traffic junction at Tegelbacken was resolved in 1961. The bridge, finally inaugurated September 3, 1967, is a  and  reinforced concrete structure with an average span of 19 meters. To the north, it makes a sharp turn to the west where it extends over the railway, and connects to Klarastrandsleden. The bridge over the railway replaced a level crossing nicknamed Tegelbackseländet ("The Tegelbacken misery"), since it created long traffic jams as an effect of the 1960s traffic increase.

Criticism and replacement proposals
Over the years, Centralbron together with a suggested additional railway track have been much criticized and debated because of their unwieldy and rumbling presence in a delicate historical setting. Lately, the construction of a tunnel to replace them has been suggested. The cost of such a tunnel, several billion kronor, has put this on hold without any time set. A new metro tunnel has also been suggested because the metro goes below and parallel to Centralbron, making it a total of seven rail tracks and six road lanes crossing the water south of Gamla Stan on bridges. A new railway tunnel costing 15 billion kronor (Citybanan) was finished in 2017 but the existing railway was kept. The older railway is currently being upgraded during eight weeks each summer until 2020.

See also
 List of bridges in Stockholm
 History of Stockholm

References

External links

Bridges in Stockholm
Bridges completed in 1967
Bridges completed in 1959

Centralbron


The 2nd millennium BC took place in between the years of 2000 BC and 1001 BC. This is the time between the Middle and the late Bronze Age.

The first half of the millennium saw a lot of activity by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. Indo-Iranian migration onto the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent saw the creation and use of the chariot.  Chariot warfare and population movements lead to violent changes at the center of the millennium.  New order emerges with Greek control of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the start of the Iron Age. World population begins to rise steadily. By 1000 BC, the population of the world reached nearly 50 million.

2nd millennium BC


Polyethylene (also called polyethene, usually shortened to PE) is a thermoplastic. It is used in consumer goods, typical examples are transport wraps, and garbage bags. Other uses include pre-fabricated plastic parts, plastic tubes, and insulation of electric cables.

Polyethylene plastic wrap is usually less adhesive than Polyvinyl chloride, but this can be remedied by adding linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), which also increases the film's tensile strength. The world makes over 80 million tonnes of polyethylene per year.

References

Thermoplastics

Polyethylene


The Cedula of Population was a 1783 edict by the representative of the King of Spain,
José de Gálvez, opening Trinidad to immigration from, primarily, the French Caribbean islands. Negotiated by Phillipe Rose Roume de Saint-Laurent, a key figure in Trinidad's colonial history, the edict consists of 28 articles governing several forms of land grants to encourage population growth, naturalization of inhabitants, taxation, armament of slave owners, the duty and function of a militia to protect the island, and merchant and trade issues.

History

The edict of 1783 invited persons of either gender and of the Roman Catholic faith to Trinidad who would swear loyalty to the Spanish Crown to receive land allotments in sizes depending on their race and heritage. Specifically, it granted  of land to each Roman Catholic who settled in Trinidad and half as much for each slave that they brought. 16 acres (65,000 m²) was offered to each free person of color, or gens de couleur libre, as they were later known, and half as much for each slave they placed on Trinidad The effect of the cedula was immediate, as what had once been a small colony of 1000 in 1773 had boomed to 18,627 inhabitants by 1797. The Cedula of Population of 1783 laid the foundation and growth of the population of Trinidad.

The Spanish who were in possession of the island, contributed little towards  advancements, with El Dorado the focus, Trinidad was perfect due to its geographical location. French planters with their slaves, free persons of color and mulattos from neighbouring islands of Grenada, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Dominica migrated to Trinidad during the French Revolution. The Spanish also gave many incentives to lure settlers to the island, including exemption from taxes for ten years and land grants in accordance to the terms set out in the Cedula. These new immigrants establishing local communities of Blanchisseuse, Champs Fleurs, Cascade, Carenage and Laventille. Trinidad's population jumped from just under 1,400 in 1777, to over 15,000 by the end of 1789.

Upon the capture of Trinidad by the British in 1797, the Cedula of Population became a paramount document that established the legal status of the free persons of color in Trinidad in the declaration of capitulation. In particular, it protected their "liberty, persons and property like other inhabitants." in the British crown colony.

References

1783 documents
Spanish period of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad (island)
1783 in New Spain
1780s in the Spanish West Indies
18th century in Trinidad and Tobago
1783 in law
Settlement schemes in Central America and the Caribbean
Edicts

Cedula of Population


Prato is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Prato.

Prato's economy has been based upon the textile industry, since 1400.
Prato is also a centre of the slow food movement, with many other local specialities, including cantucci, a type of biscotti.

Since the late 1950s, the city has had a big amount of immigration, first from southern Italy, then other countries. Since the late 1980s a large Han community has settled in the city. With a population of more than 180,000 people, Prato is Tuscany's second largest city. It is the third largest in Central Italy, after Rome and Florence.

History
In 1512, the city was attacked by the Spanish troops sent by Pope Julius II to capture the nearby city of Florence for the Medici family. The attack caused much damage to Prato. It led to the surrender of the Florentine Republic and control by the Medici family. The army killed 50,600 citizens of Prato in the streets.

Main monuments

Prato is home to many museums and other cultural monuments. These include the Filippo Lippi frescoes in the Cathedral of Santo Stefano which has been restored in 2006. The Cathedral has an external pulpit by Donatello.

Palazzo Pretorio, the old town hall, was built at the end of the 13th century in red bricks. Sections in white brick were added later. In the 16th century an outside staircase and a clock were added. Also notable is the Palazzo Datini, the home of the merchant Francesco Datini built from 1383. It has decorations by Florentine artists like Agnolo Gaddi and Niccolò Gerini. In 1409, it housed Pope Alexander V and Louis of Anjou. The Palazzo degli Alberti (12th century) is home to an artgallery with works by Filippo Lippi (Prato Madonna), Giovanni Bellini (Crucifix with Jew Cemetery) and Caravaggio (The Crowning with Thorns).

Another major attraction of the city is the Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci, a museum and education centre concerned with contemporary arts.

Churches in Prato include:
 Santa Maria delle Carceri, wanted by Lorenzo de' Medici to Giuliano da Sangallo in 1484.*Sant'Agostino, built from 1440 over an existing edifice from 1271.
 San Domenico (begun in 1281), with a portal from 1310.
 San Francesco (1281-1331). It houses a notable funerary monument of Gemriniano Inghirami (died in 1460)
 San Fabiano, already existing in 1082. Houses rich of precious traces of a pavement mosaic dating from the 9th-11th centuries.

Prato is also the home of the Monash University a very nice centre for learning English.

Notable citizens
 Nicolo Albertini, cardinal, in the 1200s
 Francesco Datini, merchant in the 1300s,
 Filippino Lippi, painter in the 1500s
 Lorenzo Bartolini, sculptor, 1777-1850
 Curzio Malaparte, writer, 1898-1957
 Fiorenzo Magni, cyclist, 1920-
 Roberto Benigni, actor and director (born near Arezzo but he used to live in Prato with the family.)
 Jury Chechi, gymnast, olympic gold medalist
 Domenico Zipoli, composer, 1688-1726
 Paolo Rossi, soccer player, World Champion, European Footballer of the Year and World Player of the Year in 1982
 Christian Vieri, soccer player

Sister cities
 , Nam Dinh, from 1975
 , Albemarle County, from 1977
 , Roubaix, from 1981
 , Changzhou, from 1987
 , Ebensee, from 1987
 , Wangen im Allgäu, from 1988
 , Sarajevo, from 1997
  Bir Lehlu, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, from 1999
 , Pabianice, from 2001
 , Tomaszów Mazowiecki, from 1999
 , Harare

References

Other websites
 Culture in Prato
 WELCOME to Prato, Food, art, history of the province of Prato

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Prato

Prato


The Nebraska Cornhuskers are the athletic football team of The University of Nebraska and they play in the Big 12 Conference. They will play in the Big Ten Conference at the beginning of the 2011-2012 season. The current head coach of Cornhuskers is Bo Pelini and he is in his 3rd year with them. The Cornhuskers play at Memorial Stadium, Lincoln which seats about 81,067. The Cornhuskers have won 24 bowl games. The Cornhuskers have two retired jersey numbers #60 for Tom Novak and #64 for Bob Brown.

Other websites
 Nebraska Cornhuskers athletics site

College football

Nebraska Cornhuskers football


The pulp of a citrus fruit is the stringy content of the fruit's endocarp. The pulp contains the juice of the fruit. The pulp is usually removed from fruit juice by filtering it out.

The color of the pulp can change, depending on the species and the ripening stage. Usually, it has the color of the fruit's peel.

The juiciness of the pulp depends on the species, variety, season, and even the tree on which it grew.

Related pages
Juice

Citrus

Pulp (fruit)


David is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel.

Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do.

The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father's sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people.

The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy,  and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture.  It is often called The David.

In March 2023 the statue was described as pornographic.  The principal of Tallahassee Classical School was forced to resign because the children were shown pictures of it.

Making the statue
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio.  Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the  statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466.  Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years.  The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather.  Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501.  It was finished on September 8, 1504.

Where the statue was placed

When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio.  During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage.  The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.

Damage to the statue
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

Related pages
Other statues by Michelangelo:
Moses
Pieta

References

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
1500s works

David (Michelangelo)


A spheroid is a kind of ellipsoid. It is got by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. This means it is an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters.

Spheres are spheroids. Spheroids that are not spheres are either oblate or prolate.

Most celestial objects are oblate spheroids. They usually spin, and as they spin, centrifugal force pulls them into that shape. Few natural objects are prolate spheroids.

Related pages
 Oblate spheroid
 Ellipsoid

Notes

Three-dimensional shapes
Geodesy

Spheroid


The French colonial Empire (French: Empire colonial français) was land controlled by the French from the 16th century to the late 1960s. In the 17th and 18th centuries France gained and lost large territories in North America and India. Like the other empires of the time, was powered by slaves captured from Africa. The Haitian Revolution, when many of these slaves in the colony of Saint Domingue fought and defeated the French, caused major changes in the empire.

Sometimes, people say there was a first and a second French colonial empire. The "First French Colonial Empire" was from the French colonization of the Americas to the Napoleonic Wars. The "Second French Colonial Empire" is the French colonies in Africa.

From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire had a total area of over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi), at its peak in 1680. At the time, it was the second-largest empire in the world, behind the Spanish Empire. In terms of land area, the Second French colonial empire extended to over 13,500,000 square kilometres (5,200,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1936. It was also the second largest in the world at the time, at 10% of the world's land area. The total land area of the first and second French colonial empire combined reached 24,000,000 square kilometres (9,300,000 sq mi).

France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century, but lost most of them after losing in the Seven Years' War. The North American colonies were lost to Britain and Spain. Spain returned Louisiana (New France) to France in 1800. Then, France sold it to the United States in 1803. France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, mostly in Africa, but also in Indochina and in the South Pacific. It started to trade with the countries by supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Rebuilding an empire improved French reputation as an international power by spreading the French language and the Catholic religion. It also provided more men to fight in the World Wars.

A major goal was the "Civilizing Mission" (French: Mission civilisatrice). 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa by spreading language and religion was used to explain how the French colonial project worked. France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power while being a minority.

References

History of France

1534 establishments
1946 disestablishments

French colonial empire


The original Septuagint (often referred to LXX) was a translation of the Torah, the five books of Moses from the Hebrew Bible into the Greek language. It was done between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC in Alexandria. It was the first translations of the Hebrew Bible. After 350 years, the Church translated all the books of the Old Testament, and it also has books that Catholics and Orthodox Christians call the Deuterocanon. These books are called Apocrypha by Protestants because they do not think these books are sacred.

An ancient tradition says that 70 Jewish scholars were in different rooms when they translated the Torah from Hebrew into Greek, yet they all produced exactly the same text. People thought this was a miracle. The Latin language word for "70" is septuaginta, and the word "Septuagint" comes from that. Another way to write "70" is "LXX" which is why writers sometimes use that as a short name for Septuagint.

The Septuagint was used as the starting point for some later translations of the Bible.

Other websites

General

 The Septuagint Online - Comprehensive site with scholarly discussion and links to texts and translations
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Bible Translations
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Septuagint Version
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Versions of the Bible
 A thorough analysis of the Septuagint with resources
 Comparison of names in the LXX and Hebrew Bible (PDF)
 Free Online Bibliography (up to date) from BiBIL
 Codex: Resources and Links Relating to the Septuagint

Texts and translations

Septuagint as PDF file  Lacks diacritics.
Septuagint published by the Church of Greece
Plain text of the whole LXX, including the anagignoskomena
 Greek-English interlinear  of OT & NT. Lacks diacritics and anagignoskomena.
 Bible Resource Pages - contains Septuagint texts (with diacritics) side-by-side with English translations
 Septuagint and New Testament - Greek Text of the Septuagint and NT with parsing (no diacritics). Lacks anagignoskomena.
 Greek text - Complete Greek text (no diacritics, needs special font) hyperlinked to Strong's concordance. Anagignoskomena do not display.
 The Septuagint in Greek as a MS Word document (Requires Vusllius Old Face . Intor and book abbreviations in Latin.)
 The Book of Daniel from an Old Greek LXX  (no diacritics, needs special font)
 Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton's translation
 The Septuagint LXX: Greek and English  partial version of Brenton's edition, wiki text and PNG images. (difficult navigation)
 The New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), preliminary edition
 Project to produce an Orthodox Study Bible (OSB) whose Old Testament is based entirely on the Septuagint.
 The Holy Orthodox Bible, another English translation project of the Septuagint using Greek Orthodox texts of the Septuagint
 The Septuagint LXX in English (Online text of the entire LXX English translation by Sir Lancelot Brenton)

The LXX and the NT
 Septuagint references in NT by John Salza
 The New Testament and the Septuagint  - Instances where the New Testament quotes the LXX against the Masoretic Hebrew
 The New Testament and the Hebrew OT - Instances where the New Testament quote agrees with the Masoretic Hebrew meaning
 A defense of the quoting of the LXX by the writers of the New Testament

Septuagint


The King's Gambit is a chess opening which starts with these moves:
1.e4 e5
2.f4 and now
2...exf4 is the King's Gambit accepted, and 3.Nf3 the most common move.
2...any other move by Black is the King's Gambit declined. 2...d5 is most usual.

The opening is called a gambit because White sacrifices a pawn. In exchange for the pawn, White gets better development and opens up lines that can be used to attack/checkmate the black king. It was more popular in the 1800s, when many Black players did not know good ways to play against it.

ECO code C30–C39. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings

King's Gambit


The Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland is a topographical dictionary first published in parts between 1854 and 1857,
edited by the Reverend John Marius Wilson. It also appeared in two undated volumes in 1868 and was described as "A Dictionary of Scottish Topography compiled from the most recent authorities, and forming a complete body of Scottish Geography, Physical, Statistical and Historical."

The Gazetteer contains a detailed description of Scotland and a brief article on each county, city, borough, civil parish, and diocese, describing their political and physical features and naming the principal people of each place.

The publishers were A. Fullarton and Co., of London & Edinburgh. The work was later joined as a companion by Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, which followed in six volumes between 1870 and 1872.

See also
 Gazetteer

References

Reference works in the public domain
Books about Scotland
1854 books
1855 books
1856 books
1857 books
Gazetteers
Scotland and the British Empire

Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland


British Columbia (BC) is a province in Canada. It was originally two separate colonies of Great Britain, the colony of Vancouver Island, and the colony of British Columbia. British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation In 1871.  The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, but the city with the most people is Vancouver.

History

Early History
Before European contact, British Columbia was home to large numbers of indigenous people. These people, for the large part, still live in the province. Because BC has a large amount of resources, the native people who dwelled here lived comfortably enough. The large number of resources, in particular, led to the creation of very complex hierarchical societies in British Columbia, long before the government of the Europeans.

Oregon Dispute
See Also Fort Vancouver, Oregon

The Oregon dispute was an important factor in determining the physical shape of British Columbia, and as the political impetus for British investment in protecting her lands in British Columbia. During the middle of the 19th century, the Democratic Party of the United States, appealing to the public attraction to the Manifest Destiny (a philosophy preaching American Supremacy and expansionism), declared that the United States had a claim over the entirety of Columbia District/Oregon Territory. This attitude was reflected even further, as 54*-40' or fight, referring to the end of Columbia District, and the start of Russian Territory of Alaska. This alarming attitude, caused many in London to fear that yet another war, in less than a century, was brewing. Ultimately, however, it was resolved, at the 49th parallel. British Columbia lost Fort Vancouver (now Vancouver, Washington), and lots of the gulf islands. To this day, the Oregon Treaty is criticized by historians, as being too lenient for the Americans.

Hudson's Bay Corporation
While British Columbia was technically a British colony, it was the private corporation, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) that really ran the place. The first Governor of Vancouver Island (then a separate colony), actually resigned over the fact that the Queen, had no say, above the interests of the Colony. After him, the next governor of the Island, was also, coincidentally, the head of the HBC's operations in British Columbia and Vancouver Island.

Gold Rush
The first major gold rush in British Columbia started in 1858, after gold was discovered, on the upper reaches of the Fraser River. The sudden onslaught of uncouth Americans led to the declaration that British Columbia shall be a crown colony, instead of the unincorporated region it was, after the Oregon spat. James Douglas was appointed the governor of the newly formed colony, as well as the Colony of Vancouver Island, and for military convenience, the Capital of British Columbia was declared Queensboro, then renamed New Westminster. As massive numbers of Americans came, fears that the Americans would try to bluster themselves another chunk of territory became more and more concrete. Thus, a contingent of Royal Engineers and Marines were deployed to New Westminster. To this day, the neighbourhood of Sapperton, is known, for its history as a site of the barracks for the Engineers, nicknamed the Sappers. The infrastructure ordered by James Douglas, to support the vast amount of capital flowing from the gold industry, caused high debt for British Columbia. By 1864, British Columbia was £200,000 in debt, plus an additional £18,000, from various spats with natives, and constant policing required to maintain law and order.  Its vast amount of gold was useless, while BC was in debt.  British Columbia amalgamated with Vancouver Island, forming one super-colony. Vancouver Island would undertake the debt, and British Columbia's capital would be in Victoria.

Confederation With Canada
British Columbia at the middle of the 19th century, had 3 options: Remain a colony of Britain, annex itself to the United States, or join the Dominion of Canada. The option of remaining a colony was undesirable, for Britain had long adopted a "little Briton" policy, under which the key to economic efficiency, and reduction of bloat, was to cut off connections to its various colonies. The option of joining with Canada was also viewed as impractical, and unlikely to occur; the closest Canadian neighbor lay more than a thousand kilometers away, to the east. For most British Colombians, annexation to the United States seemed most logical. Ultimately, however, British Columbia did confederate. The advocacy of the Confederation League, resulted in British Colombian's demanding that BC join Canada. On July 20, 1871, British Columbia joined Canada. In return, BC was absolved of its debt, which became Canada's responsibility, and Canada promised to build a railway to BC within 10 years.

Industry
British Columbia's industry is primarily, and has always been, resource centered. For large parts of its history, including the entire time it was a colony, BC was dominated by the big 4: Forestry, Mining, Logging, and Agriculture, which have shaped British Columbia's culture, and society.

Forestry in British Columbia

British Columbia's forestry industry has always been booming. BC had a bonanza of massive trees, thanks to its location in the Pacific Rainforest region. This provided ample opportunity for entrepreneurs to build businesses. Massive sawmills sprung up, all over British Columbia, especially in what is now Vancouver and surrounding regions. However, this required massive amounts of human capital - which was surprisingly in short supply. To overcome this, massive numbers of immigrants were invited to Vancouver, and places like so. This changed BC's demographic makeup so much, that to try to stop it, the government passed several acts, to try and limit the number of immigrants. However, the change was already underway - BC subsequently became one of the most diverse places in North America, with people calling it home, from places like Asia, Europe, and even the Pacific Islands.

Mining in British Columbia
British Columbia's large mineral resources also led to a large mining industry. For the most of the 19th century, and well into the 20th century, mining was highly profitable. For the immigrants, once again, this was another opportunity to exploit. Large numbers of immigrants, skilled from their experience mining at home, filled up the labour demands, and quickly, new towns were formed. The city of Nanaimo, for instance, was founded thanks to a large amount of coal found in its harbour. Coal especially, was the fuel of the industry, as coal was required for everything it the time, from ships, to trains, to the heater in everyone's homes.

Fishing in British Columbia
Since BC's location is on the coast, fishing has been very prevalent in British Columbia. Before agriculture had developed very far in BC, and well before farming fish was even a viable option, fishing was the only reliable way to get food. The native people of BC already had a very active fishing industry, with large hauls of salmon, and other creatures sustaining them. When civilization came, the fishing industry took off, as everybody needed to eat, and there was not enough agricultural goods to go around. In fishing, once again, it was the immigrants that pulled it off. Mostly Japanese workers, and their families, came. Using their rich heritage of industrialized fishing, they were able to out compete every other fisherman, that by the turn of the century, the dockyards, canneries, and fishing fleets were filled to the brim with the Japanese. Only the forced Japanese internment in WW2 put a halt to the monopoly the Japanese had on fishing in British Columbia. Today, fishing is still a powerful force, although fettered by ordinances to prevent overfishing.

Agriculture in British Columbia
The agriculture industry in BC is, and always has been humble. However, as they say, good things come in small packages, and the agricultural goods of BC, are about as good as they come. Due to the fact that BC has only about 2% arable land, the remainder being too dry, or too cold, or too remote, or a plethora of other reasons, BC has never been able to sustain a primary food agricultural industry. Even today, BC cannot grow enough food to feed its entire population, and imports foods instead, from the eastern provinces, such as Alberta, and Saskatchewan. However, where BC does grow food, the food is scrumptious, and award-winning. The Okanagan valley, is known for its award-winning fruits, and wine-related products. However, that is not where all the food is produced. In the Fraser valley delta, large amounts of other food crops are grown, such as wheat, and berries.

Housing in British Columbia

The value of real estate in British Columbia has increased a lot in recent years. Property assessed values have increased by  $1-trillion since 2007. In 2018 the value was $1.861 trillion. In 2007 it was only  $808 billion.

Health care
The provincial health insurance plan in British Columbia is called Medical Services Plan (MSP).  In order to join MSP a person:
must be a citizen of Canada or be lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence
must make his or her home in B.C.; and
Eligible B.C. residents (citizens of Canada or persons who are lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence) who are outside B.C. for vacation purposes only, are allowed a total absence of up to seven months in a calendar year.

Politics
British Columbia's premier is John Horgan, leader of the provincial New Democratic Party, a social democratic party. The NDP governs British Columbia through a deal with the provincial Green Party, led by Andrew Weaver. The BC Liberal Party is the main opponent to the NDP, and is led by Andrew Wilkinson. Other parties are active in British Columbia, such as the Conservative Party, led by Scott Anderson, although only the NDP, BC Liberal Party, and Green Party currently have seats.

Flags
The flag of British Columbia was adopted in 1960. It is based on the provincial arms and the union jack.

References

Other websites

 Provincial Archives including online photo database
 Vancouver Public Library; Historical Photographs of BC & the Yukon
 B.C. Multicultural Photographs from the Vancouver Public Library - searchable photo database
 BC Govt online map archive

1871 establishments
1870s establishments in Canada

British Columbia


The coat of arms of Greenland is a blue shield charged with an upright polar bear. This symbol was first introduced in the coat of arms of Denmark in 1666 and it is still represented in the arms of the Danish royal family. In a Danish context, the bear was originally shown walking naturally, but an upright position was specified in 1819. The 1470 London Roll shows an arms captioned Le Roy de Greneland featuring a shield depicting a polar bear surrounded by three birds. This royal title did not reflect any official title, but merely that the arms could be used by anyone controlling Greenland.

The current coat of arms was designed by Greenlandic artist Jens Rosing and adopted on 1 May 1989 by the Landsting. The polar bear symbolizes the fauna of Greenland and the blue (azure) colour designates the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean Greenland is washed by. Instead of the Danish version in the royal arms which follows the heraldic tradition in raising the right forepaw, the polar bear on the Greenlandic coat of arms raises the left forepaw, due to the traditional Inuit belief that polar bears are left-handed. A similar arms is used by the official Danish government representative in Greenland. In this case, the bear raises its right paw, and the shield is crowned with the royal crown.

The official Danish specification of the arms does not specify which forepaw is raised, so there is no conflict between the different versions. The adherents of the full independence of Greenland use a green background.

A blazon in heraldic terms is: Azure, a polar bear rampant argent.

The polar bear was first included as a symbol of Greenland in the Danish coat of arms during the reign of King Frederick III of Denmark, but did not gain widespread use on its own until the early 20th century.

Gallery

References

External links
Greenland (Denmark)
Facts about Greenland

National symbols of Greenland
Greenland, Coat of arms
Greenland
Greenland

Coat of arms of Greenland


The Tirah campaign, often referred to in contemporary British accounts as the Tirah expedition,  was an Indian frontier campaign from September 1897 to April 1898. Tirah is a mountainous tract of country in what was formerly known as Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan, now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.

Rebellion
The Afridi tribe had received a subsidy from the government of British India for the safeguarding of the Khyber Pass for sixteen years; in addition to which the government had maintained for this purpose a local regiment entirely composed of Afridis, who were stationed in the pass. Suddenly, however, the tribesmen rose, captured all the posts in the Khyber held by their own countrymen, and attacked the forts on the Samana Range near the city of Peshawar. The Battle of Saragarhi occurred at this stage. It was estimated that the Afridis and Orakzais could, if united, bring from 40,000 to 50,000 men into the field. The preparations for the expedition occupied some time, and meanwhile British authorities first dealt with the Mohmand rising northwest of the Khyber Pass.

British advance

October

The general commanding was General Sir William Lockhart commanding the Punjab Army Corps; he had under him 34,882 men, British and Indian, in addition to 20,000 followers. The frontier post of Kohat was selected as the base of the campaign, and it was decided to advance along a single line. On 18 October, the operations commenced, fighting ensuing immediately. The Dargai heights, which commanded the line of advance, were captured without difficulty, but abandoned owing to the want of water. On 20 October the same positions were stormed, with a loss of 199 of the British force killed and wounded. The progress of the expedition, along a difficult track through the mountains, was obstinately contested on 29 October at the Sampagha Pass leading to the Mastura valley, and on 31 October at the Arhanga Pass from the Mastura to the Tirah valley.

November
The force, in detached brigades, now traversed the Tirah district in all directions, and destroyed the walled and fortified hamlets of the Afridis. The two divisions available for this duty numbered about 20,000 men. A force about 3,200 strong commanded by Brigadier-General (afterwards Major General Sir Richard) Westmacott was first employed to attack Saran Sar, which was easily carried, but during the retirement the troops were hard pressed and had 64 casualties. On 11 November, Saran Sar was again attacked by the brigade of Brigadier-General (afterwards Sir Alfred) Gaselee. Experience enabled better dispositions to be made, and the casualties were only three.

The traversing of the valley continued, and on 13 November a third brigade under Brigadier General Francis James Kempster visited the Waran valley via the Tseri Kandao Pass. Little difficulty was experienced during the advance, and several villages were destroyed; but on 16 November, during the return march, the rearguard was hotly engaged all day, and had to be relieved by fresh troops next morning. British casualties numbered 72. Almost daily the Afridis, too wise to risk general engagements, waged continual guerrilla warfare, and troops engaged in foraging or survey duties were constantly attacked. On 21 November, a brigade under Brigadier-General Westmacott was detached to visit the Rajgul valley. The road was exceedingly difficult and steady opposition was encountered. The objectives were accomplished, but with 23 casualties during the retirement alone. The last task undertaken was the punishment of the Chamkannis, Mamuzais, and Massozais. This was carried out by Brigadier-General Gaselee, who joined hands with the Kurram movable column ordered up for the purpose. The Mamuzais and Massozais submitted immediately, but the Chamkannis offered resistance on 1 and 2 December, with about 30 British casualties.

December

The Kurram column then returned to its camp, and Lockhart prepared to evacuate Tirah, despatching his two divisions by separate routes: the first under Major-General W. Penn Symons (died 1899) to return via the Mastura valley, destroying the forts on the way, and to join at Bara, within easy march of Peshawar; the second division under Major General Yeatman Biggs (died 1898), and, accompanied by Lockhart, to move along the Bara valley. The base was thus to be transferred from Kohat to Peshawar. The return march began on 9 December. The cold was intense, 21 degrees of frost being registered before leaving Tirah. The movement of the first division though arduous was practically unopposed, but the 40 miles to be covered by the second division were contested almost throughout.

The march down the Bara valley (34 miles) commenced on 10 December, and involved four days of the hardest fighting and marching of the campaign. The road crossed and recrossed the icy stream, while snow, sleet and rain fell constantly. On the 10th, the casualties numbered about twenty. On the 11th, some fifty or sixty casualties were recorded among the troops, but many followers were killed or died of exposure, and quantities of stores were lost. On the 12th, the column halted for rest. On the 13th, the march was resumed in improved weather, though the cold was still severe. The rearguard was heavily engaged, and the casualties numbered about sixty. On the 14th, after further fighting, a junction with the Peshawar column was effected. The first division, aided by the Peshawar column, now took possession of the Khyber forts without opposition.

Surrender
Negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridis, who under the threat of another expedition into Tirah in the spring at length agreed to pay the fines and to surrender the rifles demanded. The expeditionary force was broken up on 4 April 1898. A memorable feature of this campaign was the presence in the fighting line of the Imperial Service native troops under their own officers, while several of the best known of the Indian princes served on Lockhart's staff.

See also
 Tirah Memorial

Notes

References
  cites: DSO recipients (VC and DSO Book).

Attribution:

Further reading
  (Chapter 18)

  – historical fiction

Conflicts in 1897
Conflicts in 1898
Guerrilla wars
Wars involving British India
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
1897 in India
1898 in India

Tirah campaign


John Wilde (or Wylde; 1590–1669) was an English lawyer and politician. As a serjeant-at-law he was referred to as Serjeant Wilde before he was appointed judge. He was a judge, chief baron of the exchequer, and member of the Council of State of the Commonwealth period.

Early life
He was the son and heir of George Wylde of Worcester, The Harriots, Droitwich, and Kempsey, Worcestershire, serjeant-at-law, who also represented Droitwich in parliament, by his wife Frances, daughter of Sir Edmund Huddleston, of Sawston, Cambridgeshire. He matriculated from Balliol College, Oxford, on 18 January 1605, aged 14, and graduated B.A. on 20 October 1607 and M.A. on 4 July 1610.

Wilde became a student of the Inner Temple in about November 1602, and was called to the bar in 1612. He was elected a bencher in 1628, and created a serjeant-at-law in 1636. He was appointed under-steward of Kidderminster by the new charter for that borough on 4 August 1636. He served for Droitwich in the parliaments of 1620–22, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1628–29, and March to May 1640. In the parliament of 1626 he took part in the debate against George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, when he argued from Bracton that common fame was a sufficient ground for accusation.

Member of the Long Parliament
On 21 October 1640 Wilde was returned as one of the knights of the shire for Worcestershire to the Long Parliament. He was chairman of the committee appointed to prepare the impeachment against the thirteen bishops concerned in making the new canons, which on 3 August 1641 he presented to the House of Lords. In December he presided over a committee of inquiry as to a plot to bring in the army to overawe the parliament, and on 6 January 1642 he was chairman of the committee of the house appointed to sit in the Guildhall, London, to consider the safety of the kingdom and city, and the preservation of the privileges of parliament, which were threatened by the seizure of the members' papers and the king's demand for the arrest of the five members. The same month he reported a conference with the lords respecting the action of the attorney-general, Sir Edward Herbert, and conducted the impeachment of Herbert which was ordered by the Commons.

On the outbreak of the First English Civil War, the Commons recommended him for appointment as a deputy-lieutenant of Worcestershire on 18 March 1642, and he was made a sequestration commissioner for that county in April 1643.  In February 1643 he was recommended for the post of chief baron of the exchequer in the unsuccessful propositions made by the Commons to the king. He was one of the twenty members of parliament who were lay members of the Westminster Assembly which met on 1 July 1643.

Parliament, at Wilde's suggestion, ordered a new Great Seal of the Realm in the place of that which Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton of Mounslow had carried to the king. It was resolved to entrust the new seal to six commissioners, comprising two lords and four commoners, and on 10 November 1643 Wilde was elected as one of the latter. By successive votes these commissioners, notwithstanding the self-denying ordinance, retained the custody of the seal for three years, when on 30 October 1646 they surrendered it to the speakers of the two houses.

Wilde was one of the managers on the part of the Commons (where he still kept his seat) in the impeachment of Archbishop William Laud, whose trial commenced on 12 March 1644. He served on most of the principal committees of the Long parliament. He was made recorder of Worcester in July 1646. The Commons ordered him and others to hold assizes in the counties of Gloucester, Monmouth, and Hereford. Subsequently, he was ordered to go the Oxfordshire and Hampshire circuits. As judge of assize, he condemned Captain John Burley to be hanged at Winchester for causing a drum to be beaten for 'God and King Charles' at Newport, Isle of Wight, to rescue the captive king, while he directed the grand jury to ignore the bill of indictment against Major Edmund Rolph for plotting to murder the king.

On 12 October 1646 Parliament filled the vacancies on the judicial bench, and they appointed him chief baron of the exchequer, replacing Sir Richard Lane, who had been appointed by the King. Wilde retained this position in 1649 when the king was beheaded; but though nominated by parliament a member of the high court of justice for the trial of the king on 1 January 1649, he, like the other judges, took care not to attend any of its meetings, and his excuses were allowed. He took the new oaths of office under the Commonwealth, and was elected a member of the first council of state on 14 February. He was placed upon numerous committees, and was re-elected on 12 February 1650 to the second council of state, which lasted until 15 February 1651. He was one of the militia commissioners for Worcestershire on 25 September 1651.

Protectorate
When Oliver Cromwell assumed the position of lord protector in December 1653, he replaced  Wilde with William Steele as chief baron. (Hardres, Reports). Wilde keenly felt this slight. He remained out of judicial employment during the remainder of Oliver Cromwell's life, and it is probable that he retired to his Worcestershire estate. He acted as justice of the peace, and was made a commissioner for raising the assessment in the county in 1656.

In Richard Cromwell's parliament, which lasted from January to April 1659, Wilde again served as member for Droitwich, and there presented a petition praying a restoration to his former office as chief baron, and for payment of the arrears due to him for his salary. The former was refused, but the latter was granted.

Second Commonwealth
On the return of the Rump parliament, on 7 May 1659, Wilde resumed his place as a member, and on 16 June following the house ordered that Wilde and other justices go the circuit. He was restored by parliament to his former post of chief baron on 17 January 1660. He assisted the lords in several committees of the Convention Parliament and escaped further question.

Restoration

When King Charles returned in May, he appointed Sir Orlando Bridgeman in his place as chief baron, but in consequence of his having assisted the lords in several committees of the Convention parliament, Wilde escaped further question, and, was not excluded from the general pardon in the Act of Indemnity. Aged 70 he retired to his house at Hampstead, where he died in 1669.

Assessment
Wilde's character has been variously judged; Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke (a Roundhead), describes him as learned in his profession, but of more reading than depth of judgement, and as executing his office with diligence and justice. The Earl of Clarendon (a Cavalier) calls him an infamous judge, and John Burton speaks of his tiresome speeches.

Family
Wilde married Anne, eldest daughter and coheir of Sir Thomas Harries, 1st Baronet, M.P., serjeant-at-law, of Tong Castle, Shropshire. who died in 1624 aged 16 at the birth of their only child. There is no record of a subsequent marriage. He died aged about 79 at his house in Hampstead and was buried at Wherwell Priory, Hampshire, then the seat of Charles West, 5th Baron De La Warr who had married Wilde's only child and heiress, Anne.

Notes

References

Attribution

External links
 John Wylde The History of Parliament online

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1590 births
1669 deaths
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Members of the Inner Temple
English lawyers
Chief Barons of the Exchequer
Members of the Parliament of England for Droitwich
Members of the Parliament of England for Worcestershire
Lay members of the Westminster Assembly
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1659
Serjeants-at-law (England)

John Wilde (jurist)


Dana Andrew DeMuth (born May 30, 1956) is a former umpire in Major League Baseball.

Umpiring career
DeMuth advanced through the minor leagues to the Triple-A Pacific Coast League before joining the National League staff full-time June 3, 1983. He continued umpiring in the National League until the umpiring staffs of the American and National Leagues merged in 2000. He was a crew chief from 1999 to 2019.  DeMuth wore the uniform number 32 throughout his career.

His postseason assignments included 11 Division Series (1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2008, 2009,  2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017), 5 League Championship Series (1991, 1995, 2000, 2002 and 2007), and 5 World Series (1993, 1998,  2001, 2009 and 2013).

He also umpired in the All-Star Game in 1990, 2001, and 2009, working behind the plate for the second and third contests, and worked the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

Following the 2019 season, DeMuth announced his retirement. He umpired 4,283 regular season games and 101 postseason games.

Notable games
DeMuth was the home plate umpire for Game 6 of the 1993 World Series; a game memorable for Joe Carter's series-ending home run in the bottom of the ninth inning.

DeMuth was the third base umpire for the game between the San Francisco Giants and the San Diego Padres on August 4, 2007. In the top of the second inning at San Diego, Barry Bonds of the Giants hit his 755th career home run off Clay Hensley, tying Hank Aaron for first all-time.

DeMuth was the home plate umpire for the game between the San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees on September 20, 2013. In the bottom of the seventh inning, Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees hit his 24th career grand slam off George Kontos, passing Lou Gehrig for first all-time.

DeMuth was the second base umpire for Game 1 of the 2013 World Series and in the bottom of the first inning called Boston second baseman Dustin Pedroia out at second after thinking St. Louis shortstop Pete Kozma caught the ball and was grabbing it from his glove with his free hand, but, after a huddle, the umpires correctly ruled that the ball bounced off the tip of Kozma's glove and ruled Pedroia safe at second, loading the bases for Mike Napoli who then hit a 3-run double.

DeMuth was the home plate umpire for a no-hitter pitched by Jake Arrieta between the Chicago Cubs and the Cincinnati Reds on April 21, 2016. This was Arrieta's 2nd career no hitter. Chicago won the game, 16–0.

See also

List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
Major league profile
Retrosheet

1956 births
Living people
Major League Baseball umpires
National League umpires
People from Fremont, Ohio

Dana DeMuth


St Martin-in-the-Fields is a Church of England parish church at the north-east corner of Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, London. It is dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. There has been a church on the site since at least the medieval period. It was at that time located in the farmlands and fields beyond the London wall, when it was awarded to Westminster Abbey for oversight.

It became a principal parish church west of the old City in the early modern period as Westminster's population grew. When its medieval and Jacobean structure was found to be near failure, the present building was constructed in an influential neoclassical design by James Gibbs in 1722–1726.  The church is one of the visual anchors adding to the open-urban space around Trafalgar Square.

History

Roman era
Excavations at the site in 2006 uncovered a grave from about A.D. 410. The site is outside the city limits of Roman London (as was the usual Roman practice for burials) but is particularly interesting for being so far outside (1.6 km or 1 statute mile west-south-west of Ludgate), and this is leading to a reappraisal of Westminster's importance at that time. The burial is thought by some to mark a Christian centre of that time (possibly reusing the site or building of a pagan temple).

Medieval and Tudor

The earliest extant reference to the church is from 1222, when there was a dispute between the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of London as to who had control over it. The Archbishop of Canterbury decided in favour of Westminster, and the monks of Westminster Abbey began to use it.

Henry VIII rebuilt the church in 1542 to keep plague victims in the area from having to pass through his Palace of Whitehall. At this time it was literally "in the fields", occupying an isolated position between the cities of Westminster and London.

Seventeenth century
By the beginning of the reign of James I, the local population had increased greatly and the congregation had outgrown the building. In 1606 the king granted an acre (405 m2) of ground to the west of St Martin's Lane for a new churchyard, and the building was enlarged eastwards over the old burial ground, increasing the length of the church by about half. At the same time, the church was, in the phrase of the time, thoroughly "repaired and beautified". Later in the 17th century, capacity was increased by the addition of galleries. The creation of the new parishes of St Anne, Soho, and St James, Piccadilly, and the opening of a chapel in Oxenden Street also relieved some of the pressure on space.

As it stood at the beginning of the 18th century, the church was built of brick, rendered over, with stone facings. The roof was tiled, and there was a stone tower, with buttresses. The ceiling was slightly arched, supported with what Edward Hatton described as "Pillars of the Tuscan and Modern Gothick orders". The interior was wainscotted in oak to a height of , while the galleries, on the north, south and west sides, were of painted deal. The church was about  long and  wide. The tower was about  high.

A number of notables were buried in this phase of the church, including Robert Boyle, Nell Gwyn, John Parkinson and Sir John Birkenhead.

Rebuilding

A survey of 1710 found that the walls and roof were in a state of decay.  In 1720, Parliament passed an act for the rebuilding of the church allowing for a sum of up to £22,000, to be raised by a rate on the parishioners.  A temporary church was erected partly on the churchyard and partly on ground in Lancaster Court. Advertisements were placed in the newspapers that bodies and monuments of those buried in the  church or churchyard could be taken away for reinterment by relatives.

The rebuilding commissioners selected James Gibbs to design the new church. His first suggestion was for a church with a circular nave and domed ceiling, but the commissioners considered this scheme too expensive.  Gibbs then produced a simpler, rectilinear plan, which they accepted. The foundation stone was laid on 19 March 1722, and the last stone of the spire was placed into position in December 1724.  The total cost was £33,661 including the architect's fees.

The west front of St Martin's has a portico with a pediment supported by a giant order of Corinthian columns, six wide.  The order is continued around the church by pilasters.  In designing the church, Gibbs drew upon the works of Christopher Wren,  but departed from Wren's practice in his integration of the tower into the church.  Rather than considering it as an adjunct to the main body of the building,  he constructed it within the west wall, so that it rises above the roof, immediately behind the portico, an arrangement also used at around the same time by John James at St George, Hanover Square (completed in 1724), although James' steeple is much less ambitious. The spire of St Martin's rises  above the  level of the church floor.

The church is rectangular in plan, with the five-bay nave divided from the aisles by arcades of Corinthian columns. There are galleries over both aisles and at the west end. The nave ceiling is a flattened barrel vault, divided into panels by ribs. The panels are decorated in stucco with cherubs, clouds, shells and scroll work, executed by Giuseppe Artari and Giovanni Bagutti.

Until the creation of Trafalgar Square in the 1820s, Gibbs's church was crowded by other buildings. J. P. Malcolm, writing in 1807, said that its west front "would have a grand effect if the execrable watch-house and sheds before it were removed" and described the sides of the church as "lost in courts, where houses approach them almost to contact".

The design was criticised widely at the time, but subsequently became extremely famous, being copied particularly widely in the United States. Although Gibbs was discreetly Catholic, his four-wall, long rectangular floor plan, with a triangular gable roof and a tall prominent centre-front steeple (and often, columned front-portico), became closely associated with Protestant church architecture world-wide.

In Britain, the design of St Andrew's in the Square church (built 1739–56) in Glasgow was inspired by the church. In the American Colonies, St. Michael's Anglican Church (Charleston, South Carolina) (built 1751–61), was heavily influenced by St Martin-in-the-fields, though the columns of its front portico are of the Tuscan order, rather than the Corinthian order. St. George's Church, Dublin (built 1802), though obviously influence by St Martin's-in-the-fields, that influence seems to be via St Andrews in the Square, as exampled in the copying of its Ionic columns instead of St Martin's Corinthian columns. In India, St Andrew's Church, Egmore (built 1818–1821), Madras (now Chennai), is another example. In South Africa, the Dutch Reformed Church in Cradock is modelled on St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Various notables were soon buried in the new church, including the émigré sculptor Louis-François Roubiliac (who had settled in this area of London) and the furniture-maker Thomas Chippendale (whose workshop was in the same street as the church, St Martin's Lane), along with Jack Sheppard in the adjoining churchyard. This churchyard, which lay to the south of the church, was removed to make way for Duncannon Street, constructed in the 19th century to provide access to the newly created Trafalgar Square. Two small parcels of the churchyard survived, to the north and east of the church. The Metropolitan Public Gardens Association laid them out for public use in 1887; unusually for the MPGA, it paved them with flagstones as well as planted them with trees. For many years covered in market stalls, the churchyard has been restored including with the provision of seating.

Before embarking for the Middle East Campaign, Edmund Allenby was met by General Beauvoir De Lisle at the Grosvenor Hotel and convinced General Allenby with Bible prophecies of the deliverance of Jerusalem. He told General Allenby that the Bible said that Jerusalem would be delivered in that very year, 1917, and by Great Britain. General Beauvoir de Lisle had studied the prophecies, as he was about to preach at St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Recent times

Because of its prominent position, St Martin-in-the-Fields is one of the most famous churches in London. Dick Sheppard, Vicar from 1914 to 1927 who began programmes for the area's homeless, coined its ethos as the "Church of the Ever Open Door". The church is famous for its work with young and homeless people through The Connection at St Martin-in-the-Fields, created in 2003 through the merger of two programmes dating at least to 1948.  The Connection shares with The Vicar's Relief Fund the money raised each year by the BBC Radio 4 Appeal's Christmas appeal.

The crypt houses a café which hosts jazz concerts whose profits support the programmes of the church. The crypt is also home to the London Brass Rubbing Centre, established in 1975 as an art gallery, book, and gift shop.  A life-sized marble statue of Henry Croft, London's first pearly king, was moved to the crypt in 2002 from its original site at St Pancras Cemetery.

In January 2006, work began on a £36-million renewal project. The project included renewing the church itself, as well as provision of facilities encompassing the church's crypt, a row of buildings to the north and some significant new underground spaces in between. The funding included a grant of £15.35 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The church and crypt reopened in the summer of 2008.

Its present vicar is Sam Wells (since 2012), who as well as being a priest is a renowned theologian and writer.

Twelve historic bells from St Martin-in-the-Fields, cast in 1725, are included in the peal of the Swan Bells tower in Perth, Australia.
The current set of twelve bells, cast in 1988, which replaced the old ones are rung every Sunday between 9am and 10am by the St Martin in the Fields Band of Bell Ringers. The bells are also rung by the Friends of Dorothy Society each year as part of London Pride.

In popular culture
Being in a prominent central London location, the exterior of the church building frequently appears in films, including Notting Hill and Enigma, and television programmes, including Doctor Who and Sherlock.

References to the church take place in the following novels:
1850 – David Copperfield by Charles Dickens
1908 – A Room with a View by E. M. Forster
1928 – The Last Post, the fourth and final novel in Ford Madox Ford's tetralogy Parade's End
1949 – Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (in which a future Totalitarian regime abolishes religion and turns the building into a military museum)
1949 – The Parasites by Daphne du Maurier
2004 – Quicksilver by Neal Stephenson
2012 – Winter of the World by Ken Follett

References to the church occur in the following poems:

1893 – "The Kingdom of God" by Francis Thompson
2009 – "Now traveller, whose journey passes through" by Andrew Motion

The St Mary's Church in Pune is designed in the style of St Martin's.

The church may be the St Martin's referred to in the nursery rhyme known as Oranges and Lemons.

Royal connections
The church has a close relationship with the royal family, whose parish church it is, as well as with 10 Downing Street and the Admiralty.

Almshouses
The church established its own almhouses and pension-charity on 21 September 1886. The 19 church trustees administered almshouses for women and provided them with a weekly stipend.  The almshouses were built in 1818, in Bayham Street (to a design by Henry Hake Seward), on part of the parish burial ground in Camden Town and St Pancras and replaced those constructed in 1683.

Charity

The St Martin-in-the-Fields charity supports homeless and vulnerably housed people. The church has raised money for vulnerable people in its annual Christmas Appeal since 1920 and in an annual BBC radio broadcast since December 1927.

The Connection at St Martin's is located next to the church, and works closely with the church's charity. It supports 4000 homeless people in London each year, by providing accommodation, medical and dental care, skills training, and creative activities.

Vicars

1539: Edmund Watson
1539: Robert Beste
1554: Thomas Wells
1572: Robert Beste
1572: William Wells
1574: Thomas Langhorne
1574: William Ireland
1577: Christopher Hayward
1588: William Fisher
1591: Thomas Knight
1602: Thomas Mountford
1605–1611: Francis Marbury
1632: William Bray
1641: John Wincopp
1643: Thomas Strickland
1644–1648: Daniel Cawdry
1648: Gabriel Sangar
1661: Nicholas Hardy
1670: Thomas Lamplugh
1676: William Lloyd
1680: Thomas Tenison
1692: William Lancaster
1693: Nicholas Gouge
1694–1716: William Lancaster
1716–1723: Thomas Green
1723–1756: Zachariah Pearce
1756–1776: Erasmus Saunders
1776–1812: Anthony Hamilton
1812–1824: Joseph Holden Pott
1824–1834: George Richards
1834–1848: Sir Henry Robert Dukinfield, Bart.
1848–1855: Henry Mackenzie
1855–1886: William Gilson Humphry
1886–1903: John Fenwick Kitto
1903–1914: Leonard Edmund Shelford
1914–1927: Hugh Richard Laurie Sheppard
1927–1940: William Patrick Glyn McCormick
1941–1947: Eric Loveday
1948–1956: Lewis Mervyn Charles-Edwards
1956–1984: Austen Williams
1985–1995: Geoffrey Brown
1995–2011: Nicholas Holtam
2012–present: Samuel Wells

Music
The church is known for its regular lunchtime and evening concerts: many ensembles perform there, including the Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields, which was co-founded by Sir Neville Marriner and John Churchill, a former Master of Music at St Martin's.

Organ
The organ is housed in the west gallery. The first organ to be installed in the new Gibbs church of 1726 was built by Christopher Schreider in 1727. The current instrument was built in 1990.

List of organists
Organists include:
John Weldon 1714–1736
Joseph Kelway 1736–1781 (formerly organist of St Michael, Cornhill)
Benjamin Cooke 1781–1793
Robert Cooke 1793–1814 (son of Benjamin Cooke)
Thomas Forbes Gerrard Walmisley 1814–1854
William Thomas Best 1852–1855?
W.H. Adams, appointed 1857
H.W.A. Beale
William John Kipps 1899–1924
Martin Shaw 1920–1924
Arnold Goldsborough 1924–1935
John Alden 1935–1938
Stanley Drummond Wolff 1938–1946
John Churchill 1949–1967
Eric Harrison  1967–1968
Robert Vincent 1968–1977 (later organist of Manchester Cathedral)
Christopher Stokes 1977–1989 (later Director of Music, St Margaret's Westminster Abbey and Organist & Master of the Choristers Manchester Cathedral)
Mark Stringer 1989–1996 (currently Director of Music, Wells Cathedral School, Wells UK, since April 2015; Executive Director Trinity College London, 1997–2012; sometime Director of Music, Methodist Central Hall, Westminster)
Paul Stubbings 1996–2001 (later Director of Music, St Mary's Music School, Edinburgh)
Nick Danks 2001–2008
Andrew Earis 2009 –

St Martin's school
In 1699 the church founded a school for poor and less fortunate boys, which later became a girls' school. It was originally sited in Charing Cross Road, near the church. At one time  it was known as St Martin's Middle Class School for Girls, and was later renamed St Martin-in-the-Fields High School for Girls. It was relocated to its present site in Lambeth in 1928.

The school badge depicts the eponymous Saint Martin of Tours. The school's Latin motto  translates as "With love and learning". The school is Christian but accepts girls of all faiths.

See also

Christ Child – sculpture (1999)
Academy of St Martin in the Fields
List of churches in London
Peter G. Dyson
St. George's Church, Dublin, considered one of the finest stylistic "daughter" churches to St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Notes and references

External links

Connection at St Martin's website
Roman occupation of church site
Mystery Worshipper Report  at the Ship of Fools website
Deanery of Westminster (St Margaret)

Church of England church buildings in the City of Westminster
Churches completed in 1726
18th-century Church of England church buildings
Grade I listed churches in the City of Westminster
1726 establishments in Great Britain
Diocese of London
Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom
Trafalgar Square
James Gibbs buildings
Georgian architecture in the City of Westminster
Greek Revival church buildings in the United Kingdom
Neoclassical architecture in London
Neoclassical church buildings in England

St Martin-in-the-Fields


Henry Stafford Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote,  (18 November 1846 – 29 September 1911) was a British Conservative politician who served as the third governor-general of Australia, in office from 1904 to 1908. He was previously the governor of Bombay from 1900 to 1903, as well as a government minister under Lord Salisbury.

Northcote was the son of Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh. He was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford, and then worked for the Foreign Office and as private secretary to his father. Northcote was elected to the House of Commons in 1880, and served as Financial Secretary to the War Office (1885–86) and Surveyor-General of the Ordnance (1886–88) during Lord Salisbury's first and second terms as prime minister. Northcote was made Governor of Bombay in 1900, at which point he was raised to the peerage; he had previously been created a baronet in 1887. He became Governor-General of Australia in 1904, and brought much needed stability to the post – his two predecessors had both resigned after less than two years in office. Northcote played a relatively active role in politics, due to the unstable three-party system then in place. He served for almost five years, resigning in 1908 following a falling out with Prime Minister Alfred Deakin.

Background and education
Northcote was born in London, the second son of the prominent Conservative politician Sir Stafford Northcote, later first Earl of Iddesleigh, by his wife Cecilia Frances, daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer. He was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford (B.A. 1869; M.A. 1873), and then joined the Foreign Office as a diplomat.

Diplomatic and political career

Early career
Northcote was secretary to the British delegation negotiating the Alabama Claims between 1871 and 1873. From 1877 to 1880 he was private secretary to his father, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1880 he was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Exeter, a seat he held until 1899. He served under Lord Salisbury as Financial Secretary to the War Office between 1885 and 1886 and as Surveyor-General of the Ordnance between 1886 and 1888, when that office was abolished. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1880 and created a Baronet, of Seamore Place in the Parish of St George, Hanover Square, in the County of Middlesex, in 1887. On his resignation after 20 years as MP, in January 1900 he was presented with the Freedom of the City of Exeter.

Governor of Bombay
Northcote was appointed Governor of Bombay in November 1899, through the influence of his father-in-law, Lord Mount Stephen. He visited Queen Victoria at Osborne and kissed hands upon his appointment in early January 1900, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Northcote, of the City and County of the City of Exeter, on 22 January 1900. Lord and Lady Northcote left London in late January, and arrived in Bombay the following month, where he took up the position of Governor on 17 February 1900 and was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) on the same day.

Governor-General of Australia

Northcote was still Governor of Bombay when the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, offered him the post of Governor-General of Australia in 1903. The first two Governors-General, Lord Hopetoun and Lord Tennyson, had served shortened terms and had had difficult relations with Australian ministers. Both the British and Australian governments wanted stability and continuity, and Northcote was appointed for a five-year term. His lifelong experience in politics and his time in Bombay made him a suitable appointment. He was neither as imperious as Hopetoun nor as stuffy as Tennyson, and he made a good impression with both politicians and the public.

This was just as well, because Northcote was the first Australian Governor-General to have to deal with political instability. In doing this, he sought the advice of the Chief Justice of the newly created High Court of Australia, Sir Samuel Griffith. In April 1904 the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, resigned, and was succeeded in quick succession by the Labor leader Chris Watson, the Free Trade leader George Reid and then Deakin again. Both Watson and Reid asked Northcote to dissolve Parliament before their resignations, and in both cases he refused. At this time no-one doubted that the Governor-General had a discretion in these cases. It is a measure of Northcote's standing that all these leaders respected his decisions.

Like his predecessors, Northcote saw himself as a diplomatic representative of the British government as well a vice-regal representative. He was actively involved in negotiations between the British and Australian governments over contentious trade and shipping issues, although his role diminished after 1906 when the Liberal Party came to power in Britain, cutting off much of his influence in London.

In 1907 Northcote and Deakin had a falling out when the Governor-General, on instructions from London, declined to give his royal assent to a bill restricting appeals from the Australian courts to the Privy Council in London. Deakin, although a loyal Imperialist, believed that Australian parliaments should be sovereign in Australia, and bluntly told Northcote so. This prompted Northcote to announce in February 1908 that he wished to resign, a year early. He left Australia in September. He had been made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1904 and in 1909 he was sworn of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

Personal life

Lord Northcote married Alice, adopted daughter of George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, in 1873. There were no children from the marriage. Lady Northcote was created a Companion of the Order of the Crown of India (CI) when her husband became Governor of Bombay in 1900 and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1919.

He was a Provincial Grand Master for Devon in the Masonic United Grand Lodge of England.

Northcote's health declined after his return to Britain from Australia and he died on 29 September 1911, aged 64. The barony became extinct on his death.
Lady Northcote died in June 1934.

Arms

References

Sources

Donald Markwell. "Griffith, Barton and the early governor-generals: aspects of Australia's constitutional development", Public Law Review, 1999.

1846 births
1911 deaths
Politicians from London
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Governors-General of Australia
Governors of Bombay
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Younger sons of earls
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Members of the Bombay Legislative Council
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Exeter
Henry
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria
People educated at Eton College

Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote


Molecular phenotyping describes the technique of quantifying pathway reporter genes, i.e. pre-selected genes that are modulated specifically by metabolic and signaling pathways, in order to infer activity of these pathways.

In most cases, molecular phenotyping quantifies changes of pathway reporter gene expression to characterize modulation of pathway activities induced by perturbations such as therapeutic agents or stress in a cellular system in vitro. In such contexts, measurements at early time points are often more informative than later observations because they capture the primary response to the perturbation by the cellular system. Integrated with quantified changes of phenotype induced by the perturbation, molecular phenotyping can identify pathways that contribute to the phenotypic changes.

Currently molecular phenotyping uses RNA sequencing and mRNA expression to infer pathway activities. Other technologies and readouts such as mass spectrometry and protein abundance or phosphorylation levels can be potentially used as well.

Application in early drug discovery

Current data suggest that by quantifying pathway reporter gene expression, molecular phenotyping is able to cluster compounds based on pathway profiles and dissect associations between pathway activities and disease phenotypes simultaneously. Furthermore, molecular phenotyping can be applicable to compounds with a range of binding specificities and is able to triage false positives derived from high-content screening assays. Furthermore, molecular phenotyping allows integration of data derived from in vitro and in vivo models as well as patient data into the drug discovery process.

References

Molecular biology
RNA
Gene expression
Drug discovery
Pharmaceutical industry

Molecular phenotyping


Krypton difluoride is a chemical compound, made of krypton and fluorine. The compound is chemically unstable. It will break into its components within a few days. Kryptondifluoride reacts with an explosion when it comes in contact with water or with organic compounds. Kryptondifluoride is a strong oxidizing agent; it is able to convert xenon to xenonhexafluoride or iodine to iodine pentafluoride. KrF+ is the strongest known oxidizing agent, stronger than oxygen difluoride or elementary fluorine.

Noble gas compounds

Krypton difluoride


A hoe is a tool in farming and gardening. It has a blade, usually metal, attached to a long handle, usually wood. There are many types of blade and several uses, probably the most common of which is weeding. Other uses include shaping the soil and harvesting root crops such as potatoes. Along with the spade and fork, the hoe is considered a basic, essential hand farming implement.

Gardening tools

Hoe (tool)


A soundcheck, simplified as sound check is an activity that takes place a couple of hours before a concert. The performer(s) and the sound crew run through a short song to make sure that the sound in the venue is clear and at the right volume and tonal frequencies. Soundchecks are especially important for popular and other musical genres that use heavily-amplified PA systems; having correct sound is very important to the success of such events.  A soundcheck remains part art and not all science, however, because the acoustics of a venue often change somewhat once it is filled with an audience.

Artists who change their set list during the course of a concert tour often use soundchecks as a rehearsal opportunity to try out new material or revive old material, before possibly introducing such material into the concert properly.

References

Concerts
Audio technology

Sound check


Clayface is a series of fictional Batman villains who have the power to turn into any form because he is made out of clay. He has appeared in American comic books published by DC Comics. In most cases, Clayface was an actor Basil Karlo who used a type of skin medicine to help his skin which would later cause him to have the clay appearance.

He was voiced by Ron Perlman in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Clayface


A tuxedo is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a white dress shirt, a bow tie, dress pants, a tuxedo suit jacket (sometimes called a dinner jacket), leather dress shoes, and sometimes a vest or cummerbund, top hat and gloves.  In European countries, this outfit is called black tie. Many men wear this outfit in Western countries on formal occasions like a marriage ceremony or a fancy party or dance.

The white dress shirt is usually made of cotton or linen. A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn. A bow tie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it is usually black or white. Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn. A tuxedo suit jacket is usually made of wool or polyester. Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished. Sometimes, a person wearing a tuxedo will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front, a black top hat, and white gloves.

Some men wear a tuxedo for their jobs, such as symphony orchestra musicians or waiters in expensive restaurants.

Since most men do not wear tuxedos very often, they rent them when needed instead of buying them.  Sometimes, men's tuxedo vests and ties match the dress of the woman he is with. They are mainly worn to big events such as weddings, dinner parties or some sort of smart dressed do.

Related pages
Dress code

Costumes

Tuxedo