Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435 – 1488), born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, was an Italian sculptor, goldsmith and painter. He had an important workshop in Florence. Many other Renaissance painters were Verrocchio's apprentices or worked in his workshop. These included Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino. Verrocchio's most famous apprentice was Leonardo da Vinci.

Verrocchio was born in Florence in 1435. His father was Michele di Francesco Cioni who was not married to Verrocchio's mother. Michele made tiles and bricks. Later he worked as a tax collector. He worked for the Medici family of bankers, then he moved to Venice.

When Verrocchio was born, he was named Andrea di Francesco di Cioni. His name was changed to Andrea del Verrocchio when he was apprenticed to a goldsmith called Verrocchio (who was probably Francesco di Luca Verrocchio, who was very rich and successful). As an apprentice to a goldsmith, Verrocchio learnt how to make jewellery and golden tableware such as plates, dishes, jugs and salt containers. He learnt how to hammer gold into thin sheets called "gold leaf" and use it to decorate picture frames, statues and illuminated manuscripts. He also learnt how to make bronze statues. Verrocchio's bronze statues are his most famous works.

At this time Verrocchio met Donatello. Donatello became one of the most famous sculptors ever. He made many more statues than Verrocchio. However, Donatello and Verrocchio both made a statue of David with the head of Goliath, and both made a huge statue of a famous soldier on horseback (equestrian statue). Art historians often compare the two Davids and the two equestrian statues.

Paintings

It is thought that Verrocchio began painting in the 1460s, when he worked at Prato with the painter Fra Filippo Lippi. There is only one known painting that was signed by Verrocchio. This is an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child with Saints in the Cathedral of Pistoia, painted in the late 1470s. There are several more paintings from Verrocchio's studio. They have probably been painted partly by Verrocchio and partly by his students.

The most famous of these paintings was done between 1472 and 1475. It is a Baptism of Christ. Giorgio Vasari writing in his book Lives of the Great Artists says that the angel on the left was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Vasari says that when Verrocchio saw how beautifully the eighteen-year-old apprentice could paint, he put down his brush and never painted again. On close examination, it can be seen that most of the painting is painted in old-fashioned tempera, but the angel, parts of Jesus' body, and the background landscape have been painted in the new technique of oil painting. This makes art historians think that Leonardo worked on many parts of this picture. It has also been suggested that Botticelli painted the second angel.

Sculpture
Verrochio made two large beautiful things out of stone, a coffin and a wash basin. He is thought to have also carved a Madonna and Child in low relief (an almost-flat stone picture).

Verrocchio's most famous sculptures are made in bronze which is a sort of metal. To make a bronze statue, Verrocchio made the statue in wax. Then plaster was put over the wax, and the wax was removed, leaving a mould. The metal was heated over a furnace until it melted and became molten (liquid). The molten metal was poured into the mould and slowly allowed to cool. When the plaster was chipped away, the bronze statue was inside. The statue then needed to be finished and polished.

Work at San Lorenzo
The Church of San Lorenzo (St Lawrence) was a new church in Florence. It was built by the architect Brunelleschi in the new style of the Renaissance. The Medici family were the most important patrons of this church. The family chose Verrocchio as the sculptor to make three works for San Lorenzo.

In 1465 Verrocchio made a wash basin for the room of San Lorenzo's where the robes and Communion vessels were kept. (It is now called the "Old Sacristy".) Above the basin is carved an eagle, the symbol of St John the Evangelist. On the bowl of the basin is carved the Medici coat of arms. Verrocchio then had to design a tomb for Cosimo, the famous banker, and grandfather of the Medici family.

In the early 1470s Lorenzo de' Medici gave him the job of designing the tomb of Lorenzo's father Piero and uncle Giovanni. The tomb that Verrocchio designed was very unusual. He made a large "sarcophagus" (stone coffin) out of beautiful dark red stone, trimmed with green stone and sculptured leaves of bronze. Instead of being placed against a wall in the usual way, the tomb was designed to stand in an archway leading into the Sacristy. Verrocchio designed a net that looks as if it is made of rope, but is made of bronze. This network makes a screen in the archway, so that people who look at the tomb can see through into the sacristy.

Christ and St Thomas
The most unusual church in Florence is Orsanmichele. This building is an ancient corn-market that had, painted on the wall, a precious image of the Madonna and Child. The corn-market was turned into a church, and the sides of the building, which used to be open, were given walls. The walls had niches which is a hollow that a statue can stand in. The niches were big enough for life-sized statues. Many people worked at different jobs in the city of Florence. The people of different jobs belonged to organisations called guilds. Every important guild in the city wanted to have a statue of their patron saint in a niche at Orsanmichele Church. The statues were made by some of the finest sculptors of Florence.

In 1466 the Guild of Traders gave Verrocchio the job of making a bronze statue of their saint, St Thomas. Verrocchio made a group of two figures which shows the most important moment in the story of St Thomas. At the back of the niche stands the figure of Jesus, raising one hand to Heaven. St Thomas stands at the edge of the niche, looking at Jesus in amazement and reaching out his hand to touch the spear-wound in Jesus' side. Verrocchio's statue was admired for the way in which he had fitted the two figures into the space, and the way in which he had told the story.

At about this time Verrocchio also made a huge brass candlestick for the Palazzo Vecchio (the town hall). This candlestick is now in Amsterdam.

David

In the 1470s, Lorenzo Medici and his brother Giuliano gave Verrocchio the job of making a statue of David. David, a shepherd boy in a story from the Bible, had killed the giant, Goliath. He was one of the patrons of the city. Nowadays there are at least eight statues of David in Florence, the most famous one being by Michelangelo.

When Verrocchio made his statue, the most famous David in Florence was a life-sized bronze statue by Donatello. This statue shows David naked, except for his boots and hat. The figure stands gracefully, looking down at the giant head at his feet. It looks very much like an Ancient Greek statue. Verrochio's statue of David is very different, even though it is a similar size and is also made of bronze.

Verrocchio's statue looks like a real-live boy, dressed in modern parade clothes. He does not stand elegantly. His muscles are all drawn tight. He grips the handle of the sword so tightly that the sinews of his arm stand out. The muscles of his face are pulled into the silly grin that people sometimes get when they are very frightened. Verrocchio's David has just killed the giant, but now he is facing the whole enemy army and wondering what will happen next. The handsome boy that Verrocchio used as his model for David is believed to have been Leonardo da Vinci.

The Medici also gave Verrocchio the job of making a bronze statue of a Cherub with a Dolphin to go in the fountain of their home in the countryside. The statue now stands in the small courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.

Bartolomeo Colleoni
In 1478 Verrocchio began work on his most famous statue. It is a "equestrian statue", a statue of a man on horseback. The statue was made for the Republic of Venice in memory of a famous soldier who had lead military troops many times when Venice was at war. His name was Bartolomeo Colleoni, and he had died in 1475. Colleoni was admired by many people who thought he was a good man, as well as a brave soldier and great military leader. Colleoni left a message to say that he wanted a statue of himself in the main square of Venice, right opposite St Mark's Basilica. The town council would not allow this. The statue was put in another important square, near the Hospital of St Mark and the Church of two Roman soldier-saints, St Giovanni and St Paolo.

When Verrocchio started making this statue, there had been only one big equestrian monument made in more than a thousand years. Donatello had made an equestrian statue of another soldier, who was nicknamed Gattamelata ("the Smug Cat"). Verrocchio must have looked at Donatello's statue, which was in Padua and at the four ancient bronze horses that stood high on the front of St Mark's Basilica. Verrocchio decided to make his horse do something which the St Mark's horses do, but Donatello's horse does not do. The horses at St Marks all have one front hoof raised, so that they are perfectly balanced on only three legs.

Verrocchio's horse looks as if it is moving forward quite fast. It is full of action. The figure of Colleoni is not sitting down in the saddle, he is standing in the stirups, as if he is looking out to spot the enemy. The horse's head turns one way, and the body and face of Colleoni turns the other way. Colleoni looks fierce, as if he is leading his troops into battle. The statue is very lively and very lifelike.

Verrocchio moved from Florence to Venice in 1488, to help with the casting of the bronze statue. But he died that year, and never saw his most famous work finished.

Related pages
 Italian Renaissance art
 List of Italian painters

Other websites
 Andrea del Verrocchio in the "History of Art"
 Andrea Verrocchio biography
 List of sites displaying Verrocchio's work
 Andrea del Verrocchio biography

1430s births
1488 deaths
People from Florence
15th-century Italian painters
Italian sculptors

Andrea del Verrocchio


Candice DeLong (born July 16, 1950) is an American former FBI criminal profiler and bestselling author. DeLong was the lead profiler in San Francisco, California, and worked on the Unabomber case. Currently, she hosts the Investigation Discovery programs Deadly Women and Facing Evil with Candice DeLong, the Wondery podcast Killer Psyche, and the Discovery+ program The Deadly Type with Candice DeLong.

Early life
Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, DeLong is the daughter of a building contractor father and a homemaker mother. Growing up, DeLong stated that her father had told her to choose a practical career. Before entering the field of criminal profiling, DeLong worked as a psychiatric nurse at Northwestern University Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. However, by the time she was 28 years old, she was a divorcee with a young son. Wanting a new career, DeLong went to Quantico, Virginia, in 1980 to attend the FBI training academy. She was one of seven female recruits. DeLong worked in the FBI's Chicago office after graduating from Quantico. DeLong stated that she used humor to ease tensions while working.

She claimed that her three career goals were as follows: "to be involved with a high-profile national criminal, I wanted to apprehend a serial killer, and I wanted to rescue a kidnap victim alive."

Career
In 1982, DeLong became involved in the investigation of the Chicago Tylenol murders, in which seven people died from potassium cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules. Although no one was ever charged in the poisonings, the incident led to new packaging for over-the-counter medication and federal anti-tampering laws. Regarding the incident, DeLong stated that "You can thank the Tylenol killer for the fact that it now takes a blow torch to get into a bottle of Tylenol."

In 1995, DeLong was one of the three handpicked FBI agents to mastermind the manhunt for the Unabomber, Ted Kaczynski. Kaczynski had sent 16 bombs over a 17-year period to target areas, killing three people. After his 1995 capture in Lincoln, Montana, DeLong wrote that "he only cared about two things — his little quarter-acre of property and killing people."

DeLong, a member of the Child Abduction Task Force in San Francisco, California, stated that the greatest day of her career was when she was able to rescue a nine-year-old kidnapping victim who had been given crack cocaine and been forced to participate in child pornography. After learning of the abductor's whereabouts on a train in San Diego, California, the boy was saved.

Following DeLong's July 2000 retirement from the FBI, she published a book entitled Special Agent: My Life on the Front Lines as a Woman in the FBI. In the book, she discusses the criminal profiling process and how she helped solve high-profile cases. DeLong also dedicated a chapter in her book to personal safety, stating that "Prevention can be as simple as a deadbolt lock on your house."

In the early days of the investigation of the disappearance of Laci Peterson, DeLong stated in an interview with Diane Sawyer on Good Morning America that Laci's husband Scott Peterson was speaking about Laci in the past-tense, even though her body had not yet been discovered. She was criticized by Scott's supporters for saying that a pregnant Longview, Washington, woman who had appealed to a store clerk for help could not have been Laci Peterson because the woman claimed to have been kidnapped.

After the acquittal of Casey Anthony in the death of Caylee Anthony, DeLong told the Huffington Post that the prosecution must have offended the jury, because the amount of circumstantial evidence should have been enough to convict Casey.

DeLong currently hosts two programs on the Investigation Discovery Network: Deadly Women and Facing Evil with Candice DeLong. She serves as a subject-matter expert on Deadly Women, offering her professional opinions about the women profiled on the show. On Facing Evil, DeLong has profiled Jennifer Reali, Jennifer Hyatte, Susan Grund, Belinda Van Krevel, Patricia Olsen, Celeste Beard, Dawn Silvernail, Ashley Humphrey, Jill Coit, Rachel Wade, Shirley Jo Phillips, Tyonne Palmer, Jennifer Bailey, and Melissa Vanover from the inside of a prison, discussing the women's motive for murder. DeLong also has a podcast on Wondery titled "Killer Psyche", and has been a frequent interview guest of Ronn Owens on the San Francisco Bay Area radio station KGO, and on Fox News. Her latest program, The Deadly Type with Candice DeLong on Discovery+, explores some of the common psychological types found among killers.

References

1950 births
American criminologists
American non-fiction crime writers
American television hosts
American women criminologists
American women non-fiction writers
American women television presenters
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
Living people
Offender profiling
People from Chicago
Place of birth missing (living people)
Women crime writers

Candice DeLong


Kyuss is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California. They started in 1987 as Katzenjammer, became Sons of Kyuss in 1989 and then changed their name to Kyuss in 1991. The band now performs as Vista Chino.

Kyuss was considered guitarist Josh Homme's band before their 1995 breakup.

Career
The band was formed in 1987 and its first name was "Katzenjammer" (A German slang word for "hangover") but changed this to Sons of Kyuss in 1989 and recorded an EP. This EP is the only release by the band that features bass player Chris Cockrell.

After Chris Cockrell left, Nick Oliveri (who played guitar in the band when they were called "Katzenjammer") replaced him and the band shortened their name to "Kyuss".

After performing shows in the Palm Desert area and gaining fans, the band signed to Dali records and released their first album "Wretch" in 1991. The band were unhappy with the album, as it didn't sound the way they wanted it to, because it wasn't produced properly and not enough money was spent on making it.

In 1992, the band hired a new producer who would be more capable to making their next album sound how the band wanted it to. This next album was called Blues For The Red Sun. It was more successful than Wretch and is considered their best album. However, bassist Nick Oliveri left after the band finished recording the album, and Scott Reeder became his replacement.

When Dali Records had problems with money, the band signed to Elektra (a bigger label) and recorded another album. The album is supposed to be called "Kyuss" but fans call it "Welcome To Sky Valley" because of the sign on the front cover. Like Blues For The Red Sun, the album was successful, although it took over a year for the album to be brought out due to the band changing record labels. Drummer Brant Bjork left shortly after it was recorded as well, and was replaced with Alfredo Hernandez.

In 1995, the band released the last album of their initial run, called ...And The Circus Leaves Town. The album wasn't quite as successful as the previous two and fans and critics had mixed opinions of it. After the band broke up later that year, people started to respect the album more.

For several years after the breakup, people wondered if the band would ever reform. Guitar player Josh Homme (who had formed a band called Queens Of The Stone Age since the breakup) was unhappy with the idea of it, believing it would be wrong after a "great history" they had between 1987-1995. However, bass player Scott Reeder believed the other members of the band would be happy to reunite.

Eventually, in 2010, A Kyuss reunion had begun. However, Josh Homme still didn't agree with a reunion, so guitar player Bruno Fevery replaced him, playing with singer John Garcia, bass player Nick Oliveri, and drummer Brank Bjork as "Kyuss Lives!". John Garcia decided to go with this name as he believes there is not a "Kyuss" without Josh Homme.

Because of a lawsuit filed by Homme, Kyuss Lives! changed their name to Vista Chino. Nick Oliveri has since left again to be replaced by Billy Cordell. Vista Chino released their debut album Peace in September 2013.

Discography
So far, the band has released five full-length studio albums, all released as Kyuss unless otherwise noted. They are:

 Wretch (1991)
 Blues for the Red Sun (1992)
 Welcome to Sky Valley (1994)
 ...And the Circus Leaves Town (1995)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from California

Kyuss


Robert Rogers,  (March 2, 1864 – July 21, 1936) was a Canadian merchant and politician.  He served as a cabinet minister at the federal and provincial levels.

Rogers was born in Lakefield, Canada East (now Quebec), the son of Lieutenant-Colonel George Rogers. He was educated in Lachute, Berthier and Montreal, and later moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba to become director of the Monarch Life Assurance Company.  In religion, he was a member of the Church of England.

Manitoba politics
He contested Lisgar in the 1896 federal election as a candidate of the federal Conservative Party, and lost to Liberal Robert Lorne Richardson by fifty-four votes. He was 32 years old.

Rogers was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1899 provincial election as a Conservative candidate, defeating Liberal candidate J.L. Brown by twenty-eight votes in Manitou.  The Conservatives won this election, and Rogers sat in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Hugh John Macdonald's administration.  When Rodmond Roblin succeeded Macdonald as premier on October 29, 1900, he appointed Rogers as a minister without portfolio.

On December 20, 1900, Rogers was promoted to the powerful position of Minister of Public Works.  He remained in this position for eleven years, and was often regarded as the second most powerful figure in Roblin's cabinet, helping the premier construct an effective patronage network.  He was re-elected without difficulty in the campaigns of 1903, 1907 and 1910.

Federal politics
Rogers turned to federal politics in 1911.  The federal Conservative Party under Robert Borden defeated Wilfrid Laurier's governing Liberals in the 1911 federal election, due in part to assistance from Roblin's electoral machine in Manitoba.  Although Rogers was not a candidate in the election, he was appointed as Canada's Minister of the Interior and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs on October 10, 1911.  Seventeen days later, he was acclaimed to the House of Commons in a by-election for Winnipeg.

Rogers was given additional responsibilities as Minister of Mines on March 30, 1912.  On October 29, 1912, he left his other portfolios to become Canada's Minister of Public Works, a position which he held for five years.  He did not seek re-election in 1917.

He attempted to return to the House of Commons for Lisgar in the 1921 election, but lost to Progressive candidate John Livingstone Brown by 1,164 votes.

Rogers was returned to parliament in the 1925 election, defeating former Liberal premier Tobias Norris by 1,617 votes in Winnipeg South.  In the following year's election, he lost his seat to Liberal John Stewart McDiarmid by 1,171 votes.

He was a candidate at the Conservative Party leadership convention in 1927. He finished fifth out of six candidates. His vote mostly vanished in the second vote - the leader was elected through run-off voting. His lack of French ended his drive for the leadership.

Rogers won election to the House of Commons for a third time in the 1930 election, defeating McDiarmid by 343 votes.  He was not included in the cabinet of Conservative prime minister Richard Bennett, and retired from politics in 1935.

He lost his fortune in the Great Depression. He died in 1936 in a sanatorium. His palatial home where he had entertained so lavishly, was torn down. His wife died a sad death

References

External links

1864 births
1936 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
People from Pembina Valley Region, Manitoba
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba

Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)


Halo: Combat Evolved is a first-person shooter video game. It starts the game series called Halo. It came out in 2001 for Xbox and was released on the personal computer later. It became very popular and has made a lot of money. Many people say it is the Xbox's "killer app", which means the best program for a system. Because it was liked by so many people, there have even been 6 books and a Graphic Novel written about it. Halo is rated M for mature.

Story

Setting
The game setting is on or around a giant ring-shaped structure in space.  The ring has plants and animals that live on it.  It is very old and was made long ago by a civilization called the "Forerunners." In the game, the year is 2552. In the storyline, humans have created faster than light travel, and now live on many planets  and moons in and out of the Solar System, both fictional and real. In the year 2525, humans living on a planet around another star met several alien species. They are grouped together and known as the Covenant. The Covenant declared religious war on the humans.

The game starts with a ship, The Pillar of Autumn. It arrives at Halo, surrounded by many Covenant Ships.

Plot
Warning: Spoilers*

Master Chief is the last super soldier who is able to fight on the Pillar of Autumn.  The Pillar of Autumn jumped (teleported) from the planet Reach. Reach was being destroyed, so they escaped. The ship is piloted by Captain Keyes. The ship arrives in front of Halo. Halo is surrounded by many Covenant ships. The Covenant board the Pillar of Autumn to kill the humans. Keyes orders the Master Chief (who is sleeping while frozen) to be awakened. After putting Cortana (an Artificial Intelligence) in his head, the Master Chief escapes in a lifepod with other Marines. He did this on order by Captain Keyes, who knew they could not win. Captain Keyes decides to crash his ship onto Halo, before it is completely destroyed by the Covenant. The Master Chief rescues as many Marines as he can. Cortana discovers Captain Keyes is still alive. Master Chief goes to rescue him from a Covenant Ship. They escape with the Captain and more Marines. They find a map-room to find the control room for Halo. They want to stop the Covenant from using Halo, because it is a weapon. The Master Chief fights through many aliens to the Control Room. He puts Cortana into the data. She discovers something terrible and tells the Master Chief to find Captain Keyes. Captain Keyes went with several Marines to destroy a take or destroy a supply of Covenant Weapons. The Master Chief discovers the Captain was attacked by a different enemy. They are called the Flood. The Flood are a species of parasite, which can infect bodies and turn them into Combat Forms (which are fast zombies that can use weapons). He finds a flying machine that protects Halo. It is named 343 Guilty Spark. It explains that he should turn on Halo's weapons to destroy the Flood. The Flood want to escape Halo and infect other species. The Master Chief must get an Index to do activate Halo. The Master Chief gets the Index (which can activate Halo's weapons).

They both go to the ring's control room to activate its weapons. Surprisingly, they find Cortana that tells to the Chief that the ring can not destroy the Flood. It destroys the food of the Flood. This means humans, Covenant and all other suitable living species. Following Cortana's suggestions, Master Chief goes to the Pillar of Autumn. As he destroys the core of the ship, he escapes. He uses a human spaceship to get into space while the explosion destroys Halo.

Characters
The main character in the game is Master Chief. It is the character the player controls in the game. Other main characters are Cortana and 343 Guilty Spark, the two machines. Apart from them, other human characters appear who fight in the side of the player against the aliens and the flood. The most notable are Sergeant Johnson and Captain Keyes.

In the first Halo game, there are no alien characters who play an important role in the game. However, in the next two halo games, Halo 2 and Halo 3, many important alien characters appear.

References

Other websites
Bungie - The official website of the game
bungie.org

Xbox games
2001 video games
Halo video games
Shooter video games

Halo: Combat Evolved


USS Constellation (CV-64), is a Kitty Hawk–class supercarrier. It was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the "new constellation of stars" on the flag of the United States.

It is the only naval vessel ever given the right to display red, white, and blue designation numbers. One of the fastest ships in the Navy, as proven by her victory during a battlegroup race held in 1985. She was nicknamed "Connie" by her crew and officially as "America's Flagship" by President Ronald Reagan.

Other websites

 An official US Navy USS Constellation page
 Official current status of Constellation  – NAVSHIPSO (NAVSEA Shipbuilding Support Office)
 An unofficial USS Constellation webpage
Maritimequest USS Constellation CV-64 Photo Gallery
 Overhead view of the Constellation in 'mothballs' – Google Maps
 USS Constellation history at U.S. Carriers
America's Flagship: A History of USS Constellation (CV/CVA-64)  by Mike Weeks – Naval Aviation News –  March–April 2004

Constellation (CV-64)

USS Constellation (CV-64)


Thomas E. Franklin (born 1966) is an American photographer for The Bergen Record, best known for his photograph Raising the Flag at Ground Zero, which depicts firefighters raising the American flag at the World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Biography

Franklin is a 1988 graduate of the State University of New York at Purchase.   He has been with The Record since 1993, and has been a professional photojournalist and documentary photographer for over 20 years. He has won numerous awards for his photography, and his work has been widely published and exhibited.

In 2005, his documentary film Ford's Toxic Legacy won the New Jersey Film Festival's Best Jersey Film award and the New Jersey Press Photographers Association's New Jersey Understanding award. Based on The Records award-winning Toxic Legacy series, which exposed toxic dumping by the Ford Motor Company and its impact on the Ramapough Indians and the environment, Franklin was part of a team of reporters who received the 2005 IRE Medal—the top national investigative award—the 2006 Grantham Prize for Environmental Journalism, and the 2005 Sigma Delta Chi Award, for Toxic Legacy.

Franklin has appeared on radio and television many times to discuss his photography. He has been a guest on many national programs, including The Today Show, Good Morning America, CNN, and Oprah. He has been a guest lecturer at major colleges and universities around the country and remains a highly sought-after public speaker in his local community, where he frequently speaks to civics groups, schools, corporations, and local organizations as a motivational speaker, sharing his unique experiences of 9/11 and his career.

He produced a weekly photo-column in The Record called 'Picture This', featuring colorful aspects of life in North Jersey. In 2007, Picture This,  received an Award of Excellence from POYi (Pictures of the Year International) and a First Place award in Feature Photography from the New Jersey chapter of Society of Professional Journalists (NJ-SPJ).

Franklin is an assistant professor in the School of Communication and Media at Montclair State University.

9/11 photos
Franklin rose to national acclaim for his coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York. His now iconic image of three firemen raising a flag above the rubble of the World Trade Center, taken hours after the attacks, is one of the most identifiable and powerful images in history. Life Magazine listed it as one of the "100 Photographs That Changed the World," and the photo is part of the permanent collection of the Library of Congress.

A Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2002 for his photographs from 9/11, Franklin has received dozens of national awards from MSNBC, Society of Professional Journalists, Editor & Publisher, the Deadline Club, and National Headliners, among others.

Flag-raising photo
The flag-raising photo was made shortly after 5 p.m. on September 11, 2001. He was standing under a pedestrian walkway across the West Side Highway, which connected the World Trade Center to the World Financial Center at the northwest corner. Franklin said the firefighters were about 150 feet away from him and about 20 feet (6 m) off the ground, while the debris was about 90 feet beyond that.

In 2002, the United States Postal Service introduced the "Heroes" stamp, featuring the flag-raising photo. Proceeds from the stamp have raised over ten million dollars to help families and rescue workers of 9/11.

Also in 2002, an autographed original print signed by Franklin and the three firemen pictured in the photo, sold for $89,625 at Christie's Auction House, with proceeds benefiting two 9/11 charities. The photo has also been instrumental in raising money for other charitable causes, including juvenile diabetes, autism, cerebral palsy.

References

External links

 Thomas Franklin Website – Includes photo galleries of 9/11 and other events
 Ground Zero Spirit – Contains information about the 9/11 photo and memorabilia, and 9/11 charity relief fund

1966 births
American photojournalists
Living people
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
People from Ramsey, New Jersey
Photographers from New Jersey
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers

Thomas E. Franklin


Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "Clandestine" means "secret".

Branches of chemistry
Illegal drug production and trade

Clandestine chemistry


The Baseball Hall of Fame is a museum in Cooperstown, New York that shows the history of baseball and some of the most famous baseball players and other people, especially in North America.

Opening
The Hall of Fame opened in 1939. It was started by the Clark Foundation. The Hall of Fame was started to help bring visitors to Cooperstown which had been poor for a long time. Some people tell a story that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown, but the story is not true. But the baseball leagues and teams decided that it did not matter, and helped make the Hall of Fame popular.

The museum has a lot of information on the history of baseball, and a lot of old baseball things, like bats, balls, and uniforms of famous baseball players or important baseball games. It also has a baseball art collection and a library.

Next to the museum is Doubleday Field, where a baseball game is played every year as part of a party about adding new people to the museum's stories.

Hall of Fame list
When someone is "in the Hall of Fame," it means they have a story of their life in baseball shown in the museum. Every year new people are chosen to be added to the Hall of Fame. These people can be baseball players, baseball team managers, and other people who work with the game of baseball. Awards are also given for baseball sports reporters. As of 2012, there are a total of 297 people in the Hall of Fame.

Two groups pick people to add to the Hall of Fame. One group is the Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA). This group can pick players who have been retired from Major League Baseball for five years, and played in MLB for at least 10 years. Each member of the group writes down their 10 top choices, and anyone who is on at least three-fourths of the members' lists is added to the Hall of Fame.

The other group that chooses people to add to the Hall of Fame is called the Veterans Committee, which since 2011 has been split into three separate groups (or subcommittees). The Veterans Committee votes on people who are not eligible for the BBWAA ballot—players who have been retired for 20 or more years, managers, team and league executives, and umpires. Each of the three groups is made up of Hall of Famers, baseball executives, media members, and baseball historians, and votes on people who made their greatest contributions in a different era of baseball:
 Expansion Era Committee – Considers people from 1973 and later.
 Golden Era Committee – Considers people from the 1947–1972 era.
 Pre-Integration Era Committee – Considers people from 1946 and earlier.

Each of these three groups votes once every three years, and they rotate in the order listed above. The Expansion Era Committee chooses from among 12 people, while the other committees choose from among 10. Each committee member can vote for four people, and anyone who gets at least three-fourths of the votes is also added to the Hall of Fame.

Disagreement and problems
Some people did not like how the Veterans Committee picked people for the Hall of Fame. For a while, it seemed like the Committee liked to only pick people who they had worked with before. This meant some people who might have been good enough for the Hall of Fame were missed, because they never worked with the people on the Committee. The Committee was changed in 2001, but in the three times it voted, it did not choose anyone for the Hall. It was changed again for the 2008 elections; in three election cycles, it voted in two managers and three executives, but only one player. The Committee was changed yet again for the 2011 elections; so far, the new Committee has elected one executive and one player.

In 1982, some of the museum's collection of baseball items were loaned to the head of the American baseball leagues, and one of his workers sold them for money. Even though the money was paid back, it made the Hall of Fame look bad.

There are some players who are not allowed to work in baseball anymore because they broke some very important rules, but were still very good players. The Hall of Fame does not allow people who were kicked out of baseball to be in its museum, but some people do not agree with keeping some of these people out.

Other websites
 Baseball Hall of Fame web page

Baseball
Museums in New York (state)
Sports halls of fame in the United States
1939 establishments in New York (state)

National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum


Arthur Bliss Lane (16 June 1894 – 12 August 1956) was a United States diplomat who served in Latin America and Europe. During his diplomatic career he dealt with the rise of a dictatorship in Nicaragua in the 1930s, World War II and its aftermath in Europe, and the rise of the Soviet-installed communist regime in Poland.

Biography

Lane was born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York on June 16, 1894, and attended Yale University. After graduating in 1916, he became private secretary to the U.S. Ambassador to Italy in Rome. In 1919-1920 he was 2nd secretary in the U.S. embassy to Poland. In 1921-1922, he was 2nd secretary in London. During this time he was secretary to the U.S. delegation to the 1921 Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. He then went to Berne, Switzerland in 1922. From 1923 to 1925 he worked at the U.S. State Department in Washington, D.C. Lane then worked in the embassy in Mexico from 1925 to 1933.

He was appointed U.S. Minister to Nicaragua (1933–1936). While serving there he met with General Somoza while the President of Nicaragua Sacasa held talks with rebel leader Augusto César Sandino. Sandino called for the National Guard run by Somoza to be disbanded, as it had been founded by the U.S. as they withdrew their Marines from the country. Sandino was murdered by Guardsmen after the talks. The U.S. claimed that Lane had counseled Somoza to be patient, but Somoza (and later the Sandinistas) claimed that Lane gave Somoza permission for the assassination. Lane spent the next two years trying to reconcile Somoza and Sacasa, leaving the country before the next election as the U.S. adopted a more non-interventionist policy.

He was next U.S. minister to Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania from 1936 to 1937; the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (from 1937 to 1941, until the German invasion); and Costa Rica in 1941–1942. He was then appointed Ambassador to Colombia (1942–1944), and subsequently to Poland from 1944 to 1947, first to the Polish government in exile in London and later in Warsaw to the post-war government.

While in Poland, Lane resigned his post on February 24, 1947, in protest of the takeover of the country by the Communist puppet regime, and wrote a book detailing what he considered to be the failure of the United States and Britain to keep their promise that the Poles would have a free election after the war. In that book he described what he considered the betrayal of Poland by the Western Allies, hence the title, I Saw Poland Betrayed. The book was translated into Polish and published in the United States, and later disseminated by an underground samizdat publishing house in Poland in the 1980s.

According to Lane, the U.S. and Britain at the Tehran Conference agreed to the dismemberment of eastern Poland. He considered this act a treacherous breach of the United States Constitution, since Roosevelt never reported his decision to the Senate.  The Yalta Conference was the final death blow to Poland's hopes for independence and for a democratic form of government, according to Lane.

Following his career at the State Department, Lane was active in investigating the Katyn Massacre and also active in several anti-Communist organizations, such as the National Committee for a Free Europe. He would also later campaign for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election, in opposition to his former boss, Democrat Harry Truman.

After his death, Lane's papers were archived in Yale University's Sterling Memorial Library.

References

External links

Arthur Bliss Lane papers (MS 5). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

1894 births
1956 deaths
People from Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
Ambassadors of the United States to Nicaragua
Cold War diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Poland
Ambassadors of the United States to Estonia
Ambassadors of the United States to Latvia
Ambassadors of the United States to Yugoslavia
20th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Costa Rica
Ambassadors of the United States to Colombia
New York (state) Republicans
American anti-communists

Arthur Bliss Lane


Kanji (漢字) is one of the three forms of Japanese writing. A kanji is an ideogram: that is, a type of simple picture. These are made to show a word's meaning. It is a symbol of an idea such as an object, thing or quality.

Kanji ideograms (or "characters") were taken from Chinese characters, and many changed over time. The word "kanji" means "Han characters" (i.e. "Chinese characters").

Kanji vs. kana
There are two other systems used to write in Japanese. These systems are called hiragana and katakana (together they are called "kana"). They show how a word is pronounced because each character stands for a syllable (a, ka, sa, ta etc.). Each kanji could also be written in kana, indeed they are in children's books or books for foreigners learning Japanese.

Japanese can have many homophones for one pronunciation, e.g. kami can mean "god", "hair", "paper", or "upper stream". Since each words is made of the same syllables, they are written using the same kana (かみ in hiragana and カミ in katakana), but since they all have very different meanings, the kanji character for each word is quite different. The kanji for "god" is 神, the kanji for "hair" is 髪, the kanji for "paper" is 紙, and the kanji for "upper stream" is 上. However, each kanji character can have several different pronunciations, according to which meaning (which "reading") is intended.

Kanji was originally written to look like what it means, thus the Japanese symbol for mouth is 口 (which is said as kuchi), and looks like a mouth. Another word, 山 (said as yama) means mountain. The Japanese have for many words. Many can be shown with just one kanji, but sometimes two kanji characters are combined to make new words, such as 山口 (yamaguchi), "mountain-mouth", meaning a cave. (It is also a surname and the name of a prefecture).

Kanji is often combined with hiragana to show the grammatical meaning of the word. In English this would be done with endings (e.g. "act" (the verb), "action" (the noun) etc.)

Kun-yomi vs. on-yomi
Most kanji characters can be pronounced at least two different ways according to whether the word is a native Japanese word (this is called the "kun" reading, or "kun-yomi"), or whether it came from Chinese (this called the "on" reading or "on-yomi"). Kanji that stand alone usually have kun-yomi, while kanji compound words usually have on-yomi. For example, 山 on its own is "yama" (the Japanese word for "mountain"). When it is combined with another word or name, it is pronounced  "san" e.g. "Fuji-san" (Mount Fuji).

However, there are many exceptions to these patterns. For example, some native Japanese words with two or more kanji (usually proper nouns) use their kanji's kun-yomi, like 山口, which is pronounced "yama-guchi", even though the on-yomi for the kanji would be "san" and "kō" in that order. Sometimes, kanji only have on-yomi and have no kun-yomi. For example, the kanji 毒, which means "poison", only has the on-yomi "doku". Sometimes, compound words mix on-yomi and kun-yomi together. For example, the word 金色, which means "golden", is pronounced "kin-iro", in which the first kanji uses its on-yomi, and the second-kanji uses its kun-yomi. Sometimes, the kanji in certain compound words may not even use their kanji readings at all, but are used only to show the word's meaning. For example, the word 煙草 is pronounced "tabako", which means "tobacco" in English. This word was borrowed from Portuguese, and while the pronunciation of the word does not match either kanji, the meaning of the kanji are "smoke" and "grass" in that order, hinting at the word's meaning. There are even some words whose kanji can be used to only show a word's pronunciation and not its meaning. These are called ateji. For example, the word 亜米利加, which means "America", is pronounced "Amerika", but none of the kanji meanings have any obvious connection to America. Usually, however, words of the last kind are usually written in only katakana these days, though sometimes words like "sushi" still written in ateji, like 寿司, because Chinese tourists will recognize the ateji more easily, since the word is written the same way in Chinese.

Number of kanji
Kanji characters are classed on the basis of how many brush strokes they are made of. The simplest kanji have one stroke and the most complex may have up to 30 strokes.

There are many different Kanji, the exact number is not known but it is around 50,000. However, not all 50,000 are taught in schools. The government of Japan has set up a 1,945 basic kanji list (Jōyō Kanji ) that those learning the language need to know. They are the ones most commonly used in newspapers and magazines, along with street signs and store signs. Kanji takes many years to learn.  By the end of his school years a pupil should know about 1,850 kanji. A university graduate would need to know about 3000. If someone does not know the kanji for a word, they can write it in kana and it will be understood, but it is usually not the proper way to write it, however kana can have many meanings for the same word, so unless the person writes in kanji, we will not know what they are saying.

References

New Japanese-English Character Dictionary ed J Halpern Kenkyusha 1990

Other websites
 RomajiDesu Kanji Dictionary an easy to use Kanji dictionary with multiple radical and stroke order diagrams
 Kanji Explorer  Browse Kanji and Jukugo
 Real Kanji Practice kanji using different typefaces
 Kanji alive, an interactive tool for learning kanji in wide use at schools and universities
 Japanese Kanji Tutorials and History

Japanese writing system
Calligraphy

Kanji


A qanat is a series of well-like holes and tunnels dug to reach a natural underground source of water, usually run-off from a mountain. They were (and are) used to provide water in the desert regions of the Middle East. The oldest qanats, found in the region once known as Persia (now known as Iran), are believed to be a couple of thousand years old.

Water infrastructure

Qanat


A lantern is a device that can be moved from one place to another, used to create light and to light up open areas. Lanterns may be used for giving signals, or as general light sources for camping. They can have candles inside, or use other things as fuel, like alcohol or kerosene. Lanterns that give dim light are generally used as decoration. Lanterns are also used in festivals like the Obon festival in Japan.

Related pages

 Lamp
 Candle

Lamps

Lantern


The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) is a particle accelerator located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York, United States.

The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron was built on the innovative concept of the alternating gradient, or strong-focusing principle, developed by Brookhaven physicists.  This new concept in accelerator design allowed scientists to accelerate protons to energies that were previously unachievable.  The AGS became the world's premiere accelerator when it reached its design energy of 33 billion electron volts (GeV) on July 29, 1960.

Until 1968, the AGS was the highest energy accelerator in the world, slightly higher than its 28 GeV sister machine, the Proton Synchrotron at CERN, the European laboratory for high-energy physics. While 21st century accelerators can reach energies in the trillion electron volt region, the AGS earned researchers three Nobel Prizes and today serves as the injector for Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider; it remains the world's highest intensity high-energy proton accelerator.

The AGS Booster, constructed in 1991, further augments the capabilities of the AGS, enabling it to accelerate more intense proton beams and heavy ions such as Gold.  Brookhaven's linear particle accelerator (LINAC) provides 200 million electron volt (MeV) protons to the AGS Booster, and the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) and  Tandem Van de Graaff accelerators provide other ions to the AGS Booster.  The AGS Booster then accelerates these particles for injection into the AGS.  The AGS Booster also provides particle beams to the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory.

Importance of alternate-gradient focusing

Nobel Prizes
The work performed at the accelerator led to three Nobel Prizes in Physics:
1962: Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger discovered the muon neutrino.
1976: Samuel C. C. Ting discovered the J part of the J/ψ and the charm quark.
1980: James Cronin and Val Fitch discovered CP violation by experimenting with Kaons.

See also
Strong focusing (also known as alternating-gradient focusing — an idea pioneered on this accelerator)

References

External links

Brookhaven National Laboratory: Alternating Gradient Synchrotron web page

Particle physics facilities
Brookhaven National Laboratory

Alternating Gradient Synchrotron


Simon Kenton (aka "Simon Butler") (April 3, 1755 – April 29, 1836) was an American frontiersman and soldier in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio. He was a friend of Daniel Boone, Simon Girty, Spencer Records, Thomas S. Hinde, Thomas Hinde, and Isaac Shelby. He served the United States in the Revolution, the Northwest Indian War, and the War of 1812. Surviving multiple gauntlets and ritual torture, in 1778, he was adopted into the Shawnee people. He married twice and had a total of 11 children.

Family and early life
Simon Kenton was born at the headwaters of Mill Run in the Bull Run Mountains on April 3, 1755, in Prince William County, Virginia, to Mark Kenton Sr. (an immigrant from Ireland) and Mary Miller Kenton (whose family was Scots Welsh in ancestry). In 1771, at the age of 16, thinking he had killed William Leachman in a jealous rage (the fight began over the love of a girl named Ellen Cummins), Kenton fled into the wilderness of what is now West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio, where for years he went by the name "Simon Butler". After learning that his victim had lived, Kenton took back his original surname.

Noted activities

In 1774, in a conflict later labeled Dunmore's War, Kenton served as a scout for the European settlers against the Shawnee Indians in what is now West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1777, he saved the life of his friend and fellow frontiersman, Daniel Boone, at Boonesborough, Kentucky.

The following year, Kenton was rescued from the Shawnee in Ohio by Simon Girty. He had survived many days of running the gauntlet and various other ritual tortures that usually caused death. He was later taken about  for more torture at Upper Sandusky. There, he was saved by Pierre Drouillard, an interpreter for the British Indian department and father of explorer George Drouillard. The Shawnee respected Kenton for his endurance; they named him Cut-ta-ho-tha (the condemned man). He was "adopted into the tribe by a motherly woman whose own son had been slain."

Kenton served as scout on the 1778 George Rogers Clark expedition to capture Fort Sackville during the American Revolution. Independence did not mean an end to warfare; in 1793–94, Kenton fought in the Northwest Indian War with "Mad" Anthony Wayne.

Kenton started exploring the area of the Mad River Valley of Ohio and making claims as early as 1788. Kenton first saw the area a decade before while he was held as a prisoner with the Shawnee and vowed that if he survived, he would return. In April 1799, Kenton and his associate, Colonel William Ward, led a group of families from Mason County, Kentucky to an area between present-day Springfield and Urbana, Ohio.

In 1810, Kenton moved to Urbana, Ohio, where he achieved the rank of brigadier general of the state militia.  He served in the War of 1812 as both a scout and as leader of a militia group in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. This was the battle in which the Indian chief Tecumseh was killed. Kenton was chosen to identify Tecumseh's body, but recognizing both Tecumseh and another fallen warrior named Roundhead, and seeing soldiers gleefully eager to carve up Tecumseh's body into souvenirs, he identified Roundhead as the chief.

Marriage and family
Prior to his first marriage, Simon's first son (Simon Ruth Kenton) was born to Christina Ruth in 1773.

Kenton married Martha Dowden and they had four children together. After she died in a house fire, the widower married Elizabeth Jarboe as his second wife. He had six children with her.

Kenton died in (and was initially buried at) New Jerusalem in Logan County, Ohio. His body was later moved to Urbana, Ohio.

Later, his widow Elizabeth Jarboe Kenton and a number of their children moved to northwestern Indiana, to an area straddling Jasper, White, and Pulaski Counties. It was heavily settled by families who migrated from Champaign County, Ohio, where Kenton is buried.

Namesakes

Simon Kenton is the namesake of Kenton, the county seat of northwestern Ohio's Hardin County.

Kenton County, Kentucky, is named for him, as is Simon Kenton High School in Independence, the county seat.  A statue honoring him was erected in Covington, Kentucky's Riverside Drive Historic District, overlooking the Ohio River.

Simon Kenton Elementary Schools were named in Xenia and Springfield, Ohio.

Singer/songwriter Tyler Childers wrote the song "Middle Ground" in reference to Kenton and his expeditions.

Simon Kenton Post #20 in Elsmere, Kentucky, of the Kentucky Department of the American Legion is named in his honor.

Simon Kenton Road is a residential street at the base of Bull Run Mountain in Prince William County, Virginia.

The Boy Scouts of America have the Simon Kenton Council, a division covering central Ohio to northern Kentucky.

In the Frontiersman Camping Fellowship of the Royal Rangers, Indiana, is designated the Simon Kenton Chapter.

The Simon Kenton Memorial Bridge is a suspension bridge built in 1931 that crosses the Ohio River and connects Maysville, Kentucky, and Aberdeen, Ohio.

Ohio's Simon Kenton Trail is a 32-mile multiple-use path that stretches from Springfield to Bellefontaine.

The Simon Kenton Pub is a small bar located in the Water Wheel Restaurant at The Inn at Gristmill Square in Warm Springs, Virginia.

The Simon Kenton Inn is an 1828 historic house with five guest rooms and The Pub restaurant, located near Springfield, Ohio, on land deeded to Simon Kenton by the U.S. Government circa 1800.

References

Clark, Thomas D. Simon Kenton: Kentucky Scout; Originally published 1943; 1971 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; .

Crain, Ray. Simon Kenton: The Great Frontiersman. Available in either hardback or paper back; Published June 1, 1992;
Eckert, Allan W. The Frontiersmen: A Narrative; Originally published 1967; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; . Popular history in narrative form.
Kenton, Edna. Simon Kenton: His Life and Period, 1755-1836. Originally published 1930; reprinted Salem, NH: Ayer, 1993.

External links

The Official Simon Kenton page
Simon Kenton at Ohio History Central.

References

1755 births
1836 deaths
American explorers
American folklore
American militiamen in the War of 1812
Kentucky pioneers
Indiana in the American Revolution
Kentucky militiamen in the American Revolution
American people of the Northwest Indian War
People from Urbana, Ohio

Simon Kenton


Robert Seaman Granger (May 24, 1816 – April 25, 1894) was a career officer in the United States Army, reaching the brevet rank of major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Life and military career
Granger was born in Zanesville, Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Academy, placing 28th in the class of 1838. Granger became a first lieutenant of infantry in 1839. He served as an officer in the Seminole War, and was assistant instructor of tactics at West Point in 1843–44. During the Mexican–American War, Granger was promoted to captain on September 8, 1847. When the war ended, he was assigned to a series of posts on the Texas frontier.

With the outbreak of the Civil War and the secession of Texas in early 1861, he was captured with Major Sibley's command on April 27. He was paroled with the stipulation that he not serve in the field again until August 1862, when he was formally exchanged. During this period, he was promoted to major on September 9, 1861, and organized an infantry brigade at Mansfield, Ohio. He was the commandant of the troops at Louisville, Kentucky.

On September 1, 1862, following his exchange, he was commissioned brigadier general of Kentucky volunteers, and commanded the Kentucky state troops. He saw action in a series of small engagements—Shepherdsville, Lebanon Junction, and Lawrenceburg, for which he was brevetted as a colonel in the Regular Army. He received his commission as brigadier general of U. S. volunteers on October 20, 1862, and commanded a division. In 1863, he returned to administrative duty, commanding the Districts of Nashville and Middle Tennessee. In early 1864, he superintended the defenses and organized the depot at Nashville. He was then assigned to the command of the District of Northern Alabama, and was engaged in the capture of General Roddy's camp, in the expulsion of Joseph Wheeler from middle Tennessee, and in the defense against Nathan Bedford Forrest's raid. In October 1864, he defended Decatur, Alabama against John B. Hood's army, made a sortie on the Confederate siege-works, and received the brevet of brigadier general in the Regular Army for these services.

He commanded in northern Alabama in 1865 during the occupation. He was brevetted major general in the Regular Army for his services during the war and was promoted lieutenant colonel on June 12, 1865 and colonel on August 16, 1871. Granger was placed on the retired list January 1, 1873.

He died in Washington, D.C.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)
He commanded in northern Alabama in 1865 during the occupation. He was brevetted Major General in the Regular Army for his services during the war and was promoted Lieutenant General on June 12, 1865 and colonel on August 16, 1871.

References
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

1894 deaths
1816 births
People from Zanesville, Ohio
Union Army generals
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Granger Robert S.
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

Robert S. Granger


The Happiest Millionaire is a 1967 musical movie, based upon the true story of Philadelphia millionaire Anthony J. Drexel Biddle. The movie received an Academy Award nomination for Costume Design by Bill Thomas. The musical song score is by Robert and Richard Sherman. The screenplay is by AJ Carothers based on the play that was based on the book My Philadelphia Father by Cordelia Drexel Biddle. This was the last live-action musical comedy movie produced by Walt Disney, who died during its production.

Songs
 "Fortuosity"
 "What's Wrong with That?"
 "Watch Your Footwork"
 "When a Man Has a Daughter"
 "Strengthen The Dwelling"
 "I'll Always Be Irish"
 "Bye-Yum Pum Pum"
 "Are We Dancing"
 "Valentine Candy"
 "Detroit"
 "I Believe in This Country"
 "There Are Those"
 "Let's Have A Drink On It"
 "It Won't Be Long 'Til Christmas (Let Them Go)" (Roadshow version only)

The songs "Let's Have A Drink On It" and "Fortuosity" are used in the Main Street USA loops at the Disneyland-style parks.

Disney movies
1967 musical movies
Movies based on books
1960s English-language movies

The Happiest Millionaire


USS Winslow (DD-359/AG-127) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1937 to 1950. She was scrapped in 1959.

History
Winslow was named after Rear Admiral John Ancrum Winslow and Cameron McRae Winslow. She was laid down on 18 December 1933 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation; launched on 21 September 1936; sponsored by Miss Mary Blythe Winslow; and commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 17 February 1937.

Pre-World War II
The warship completed outfitting in October and, on the 19th, embarked upon a shakedown cruise which took her to a number of European ports. Upon her return to the western hemisphere, she passed her final acceptance trials off the coast of Maine and was assigned to Battle Force, Destroyers, in the Pacific. Early in 1938, she transited the Panama Canal and joined Destroyer Squadron 9 at San Diego, California. Over the next three years, Winslow conducted operations in the eastern Pacific—generally between Hawaii and the west coast—from her home port at San Diego.

By 1941, events in Europe—where World War II was already in its second year—necessitated the strengthening of American naval forces in the Atlantic. Accordingly, Winslow retransited the canal in April and, after visiting Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, reported for duty at Norfolk, Virginia. That summer, she conducted training operations with submarines off the New England coast. Later, she also participated in Neutrality patrols, particularly those directed at keeping watch over the Vichy French ships at Martinique and Guadeloupe in the French Antilles. Early in August, Winslow joined Tuscaloosa (CA-37) in escorting Augusta (CA-31) as that heavy cruiser carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt to NS Argentia, Newfoundland, to meet British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the conference which resulted in the Atlantic Charter. Then, after escorting transports carrying reinforcements to Iceland, the destroyer arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia, early in November and became a unit in the screen of America's first convoy to Southeast Asia. Convoy WS-12X, bound via the Cape of Good Hope for Singapore, departed Halifax on 10 November. Just before the convoy reached Cape Town, South Africa, where the destroyers were to part company with the convoy and head for home, word arrived that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.

1942-1943
After leaving the convoy at Cape Town, Winslow returned to the United States where she was assigned to the 4th Fleet, which had grown out of the South Atlantic neutrality patrols. The warship patrolled the area between Brazil and Africa, searching for German submarines and blockade runners until April 1944. On two occasions during that period, she returned briefly to the United States—in June 1942 and in October 1943—to undergo repairs at Charleston, South Carolina.

1944-1945
In April 1944, the warship began escorting newly constructed warships from Boston, Massachusetts via Norfolk, to the West Indies. After three such voyages, she began escorting convoys from New York to England and Ireland in August. She made five round-trip voyages across the Atlantic before putting into Charleston again in March 1945 for a four-month overhaul.

While in Charleston for alterations, she lost her torpedo tubes, traded her light, single-purpose, 5 inch guns for five dual-purpose 5 inch guns. In addition, she received 16 40-millimeter and four 20-millimeter antiaircraft guns in preparation for services in the Pacific.

However, by the end of her refresher training out of Casco Bay, Maine, hostilities had ceased. Accordingly, Winslow received orders to begin experimental work testing antiaircraft ordnance. On 17 September 1945, the ship was redesignated AG-127.

Post-World War II and fate
She continued her experimental work with the Operational Development Force until she was decommissioned on 28 June 1950. Winslow remained in reserve, berthed with the Charleston Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet, until declared unfit for further naval service on 5 December 1957. Her name was struck from the Navy list on that same day, and she was sold on 23 February 1959 for scrapping.

References

Porter-class destroyers
World War II destroyers of the United States
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1936 ships

USS Winslow (DD-359)


Glow fuel is a term used to tell about fuel used for model airplanes, helicopters, cars and boats.  Glow fuel can be burned by very simple two-stroke engines or by four-stroke engines.  Engines like this provide lots of power in a small size.

Sometimes, glow fuel is called nitro or just model fuel.  Some model fuel has only a little bit of nitro, but some fuel has none at all.  It is called "FAI fuel."  "FAI" stands for Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.  They say that models used in racing or other competition under their rules may not have any nitro in their mix.

Glow fuel is mostly made of methanol, nitromethane and oil.

Methanol is the main ingredient.  It provides most of the fuel's ability to burn.  In order to burn the glow fuel, a glow engine must have a glow plug.  The glow plug burns very hot as the engine runs because of a catalytic reaction with the methanol.  Since the engines turn very fast, a phenomenon known as thermal inertia helps to keep the plug glowing as the engine runs.  A small amount of electricity is used to cause the glow plug to glow as the engine is started.  Once the engine is running, the electricity is disconnected.

Nitromethane is added to the fuel for more power and to make the engine easier to tune.  Nitromethane contains less energy than the same amount of methanol, but it requires less oxygen.  This means that more of it can be put into an engine during each turn of the engine.  This leads to more power.

Fuel for most model planes, boats and helicopters has 5% to 15% nitromethane.  For use in race cars, the nitromethane can be from 30% to as much as 65%.

Nitromethane is hard to get in some countries since it is known as an explosive.  In these countries, glow fuel sometimes has no nitromethane at all.

Since the engine doesn't have its own supply of oil, it's instead added to the fuel to help lubricate the moving parts and to keep them from burning up.  The oil can be castor oil or synthetic oils.  Some fuels include a mixture of the two.  The oils included in glow fuel are not burned by the engine.  Instead, the oil comes out of  the exhaust.  Not only does the oil lubricate the moving parts, but the oil which comes out the engine helps carry away extra heat.

Glow engines should be run slightly "rich."  This means that the mix of fuel and air going into the engine has to have a bit more fuel in it than it can burn at once.  This unburned fuel and oil help keep the engine cool.  After a model has been run, it is coated with a film of oil and must be cleaned.  Ordinary window cleaner and a paper towel do a nice job of removing the oil.

Glow fuel is not difficult to make, but some of the ingredients are dangerous in large amounts.  Instead, most modelers buy their glow fuel already made.  Some very small engines require more oil than larger engines.  More oil may be needed in the fuel.  The proper oil can be found at a hobby shop.  Companies which make glow fuel mix their fuels with the help of computers.  This helps each batch of fuel be of the highest quality it can be.

Other websites

 Glow fuel mixing and use
 Byron Fuels, a fuel maker
 Morgan Fuel, a fuel maker
 Powermaster Fuels, a fuel maker
Hobbies

Glow fuel


Third Finger, Left Hand is a 1940 American romantic comedy film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and starring Myrna Loy, Melvyn Douglas and Raymond Walburn. The screenplay concerns a woman who pretends to be married to fend off would-be suitors and jealous wives, then has to live with her deception when she meets an artist who pretends to be her husband.

Plot
New York magazine editor Margot Sherwood "Merrick" invents a husband (who is conveniently away in remote corners of the world) mainly to safeguard her job; the magazine publisher's jealous wife has had the last two women in her position fired after mere months. It also comes in handy keeping aggressive men at bay, as Margot is determined to succeed in her career. Magazine photographer August Winkel helps by writing letters supposedly from "Tony Merrick".

One day, she goes to meet a friend arriving on a passenger ship. However, when she enters her friend's cabin, she finds some paintings, but no friend. Soon after, art dealer Mr. Flandrin shows up to examine the works. Irritated by Flandrin's brusque attitude and certain that she can get a better deal for her friend, Margot orders him to leave. However, Margot's friend had gotten off at a prior stop, and the paintings actually belong to Jeff Thompson. Jeff runs into Flandrin on deck, only to learn that the insulted dealer is no longer interested in selling his artwork.

When Jeff confronts Margot, she promises to straighten things out. Masquerading as an enthusiastic rival dealer, she manipulates Flandrin into offering Jeff a much better deal than he had ever expected. Mollified, Jeff offers to take her out to dinner to celebrate. She declines, but when her lawyer boyfriend Philip Booth has to cancel their date, she changes her mind.

At the nightclub, a drunken acquaintance spots Margot and mentions her husband, forcing Margot to improvise and tell Jeff that it was merely a passing infatuation in Rio de Janeiro. He believes her at first, but then some inconsistencies in her story cause him to check up on her; he concludes that there is no Tony Merrick.

To teach her a lesson, he shows up at her family mansion and announces to her father, younger sister, and butler that he is Tony. He is welcomed with open arms. Margot has no choice but to go along with the deception.

The next morning, she confesses all to Philip in order to get some legal advice.  Philip tells her she cannot "divorce" a man to whom she is not even married. He suggests she first marry him discreetly, then divorce him publicly. Philip convinces a reluctant Jeff to go along. The couple head off to Niagara Falls to get married. At the falls, Jeff runs into some friends from his Ohio hometown, Wapakoneta. Margot takes the opportunity to exact some revenge, pretending to be a very uncouth wife, complete with an exaggerated New York accent.

Margot, Jeff, and Philip then board a train to drop Jeff off in Ohio. Margot and Philip plan to go on to Reno to secure the divorce, then get married themselves. However, Jeff starts having second thoughts. To buy time, he hires African-American train porter Sam (who has been studying law by correspondence) to draw out the property settlement negotiations. It works. When Jeff gets off the train, Margot goes with him.

Cast
 Myrna Loy as Margot Sherwood Merrick
 Melvyn Douglas as Jeff Thompson
 Raymond Walburn as Mr. Sherwood
 Lee Bowman as Philip Booth
 Bonita Granville as Vicky Sherwood
 Felix Bressart as August Winkel
 Donald Meek as Mr. Flandrin
 Ann Morriss as Beth Hampshire
 Sidney Blackmer as Hughie Wheeler
 Ernest Whitman as Sam
 Halliwell Hobbes as Burton
 Jeff Corey as Minnesota newlywed (uncredited)

Reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times dismissed it as "a trifling but sometimes amusing distortion of life—and little more." Variety described the film as "sufficiently light and fluffy in its farcical setup to provide diverting entertainment."

References

External links

1940 films
1940 romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
American romantic comedy films
Films directed by Robert Z. Leonard
Films scored by Daniele Amfitheatrof
Films set in New York (state)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Third Finger, Left Hand


What The Hack was an outdoor hacker conference held in Liempde, Netherlands between the 28th and 31st of July, 2005.

Timeline
What the Hack was an event in a sequence that began with the Galactic Hacker Party in 1989, followed by Hacking at the End of the Universe in 1993, Hacking In Progress in 1997, Hackers At Large in 2001, Hacking at Random in 2009,  Observe. Hack. Make. in 2013 and Still Hacking Anyway in 2017. The most recent edition was May Contain Hackers in 2022.

Attendance

Over 2000 hackers visited the event to participate in an exchange on several technical, social and philosophical matters of importance to the technically inclined community.

Visitors from all over the world arrived at the Camp Ground including groups of such diversity as OpenBSD developers, the German Chaos Computer Club, members of the 2600: The Hacker Quarterly hackergroup, and numerous smaller groups and organisations in addition.

While planning the event, there were several issues with the local government attempting to cancel the event because of "the risk for public security".

Several smaller events were embedded in or inspired by this event like the Hacktrain, which was planned to travel there, as well as the local radio station, and the smaller Police village which featured specialists from their IT Department, as well as interested government parties. Peg DHCP () was used during the event to allocate IP addresses. The method had been first devised and used at Hacking In Progress.

Activities
Some of the lectures and events this edition were:
 Reverse engineering Microsoft .NET
 Cyborgs: Practical Experimentation
 Attacks on Digital Passports
 Using Linux for Embedded Devices
 Doing a WiFi Long-Shot
 Symbian Security
 Do We Run Out of Oil?
 How to Lower Electricity Consumption in Your Home
 The Politics of Psychedelic Research
 OpenStreetMap

See also
 Hacker con
 MTV What the Hack! - is a TV show on MTV India co-hosted by VJ Jose & Ankit Fadia

Media coverage
The What The Hack press page (contains links to many articles, mostly in Dutch or German).

References

Links
 Official webpage archived at Wayback Machine
 Talk video downloads

Hacker conventions
Free-software events
Computer conferences

What the Hack


Polytonality is the use in music of several keys at the same time.  Music such as this is called polytonal.

Bitonality is the use in music of two keys at the same time.  Music such as this is called bitonal.

Most traditional music is "in a particular key" e.g. in "C major" or in "D major" or in "D minor".  Music that is in C major uses the notes of a C major scale.

In 20th century some composers sometimes wrote music which is in more than one key at once.  A well-known example is the beginning of the second tableau of Igor Stravinsky's ballet, Petrushka. The first clarinet plays a melody that uses the notes of the C major chord, while the second clarinet plays a different version of the same melody using the notes of the F sharp major chord.

Composers who have used bitonality or polytonality include Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Béla Bartók, Charles Ives and many others.

Music theory

Polytonality


Joseph Fourier said that it is possible to use sine waves to approximate another function. This is a series in the mathematical sense. This theory can be generalized to the Fourier transform. Mathematical analysis of these functions is called Fourier analysis.

In the 18th century, mathematicians such as Euler, Lagrange and Bernoulli already used sinusoids to approximate and model other functions. When Fourier published a work on heat, in 1822, he said that such approximations exist for any such function (that is continuous in the interval). At first, people didn't believe him, and it took almost ten years for a proof (of part of the problem) to appear.

Today, fourier series are used a lot in digital signal processing.
Sequences and series
Harmonic analysis

Fourier series


A manor house or fortified manor-house is a country house, which has historically formed the centre of a manor (see Manorialism).  The term is sometimes used for relatively small country houses which belonged to gentry families, as well as to grand stately homes, particularly as a technical term for minor late medieval castles more intended for show than for defence.

In general terms, the manor house was the house of a feudal lord of a manor, which he occupied only on occasional visits if he held many manors. Although not built with strong fortifications as castles were, many manor houses were partly fortified: they were enclosed within walls or ditches. Often the farm buildings were within these walls as well. Many manor houses had small gatehouses and watchtowers.

The main feature of the manor house was its great hall. By the beginning of the 16th century, manor houses as well as small castles began to acquire the character and amenities of the residences of country gentlemen. This late 16th century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France and the many country mansions of the Elizabethan and Jacobean styles in England.

In France, the terms château or manoir are often used to describe a French manor house. Maison-forte is another French word to describe a strongly fortified manor house.  In the western France provinces of Brittany and Normandy, certain large manors enjoyed real means of protection.

In modern usage, the term manor or manor house is often used, especially outside Europe, to mean simply either a country house or indeed any other house considered to resemble one, without any reference to age or to the historical sense of the term.

Related pages
 Mansion
 Reality TV show recreating life in an Edwardian manor house.

Other websites
  Estonian Manors Portal - the English version gives the brief overview of 438 best preserved manor houses in Estonia.

Houses

Manor house


Xavier Darcos (born 14 July 1947) is a French politician, scholar, civil servant and former Minister of Labour.

An agrégé professor in literature and general inspector of the National Education system, he has been Mayor of Périgueux, a Senator, and a minister in Jean-Pierre Raffarin and François Fillon's governments.

Biography
Darcos was born on 14 July 1947 in Limoges to Jean-Gabriel Darcos and Anne-Marie Banvillet.

After getting a PhD in Latin studies from the University of Bordeaux under the direction of Jean-Pierre Néraudau and becoming a professor emeritus in letters and social sciences, he started teaching in 1968, first in Périgueux, then in a Bordeaux khâgne from 1982 to 1987, and finally at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Paris from 1987 to 1992.

In 1989 he became deputy to the Mayor of Périgueux. Three years later, he became a senior school inspector.

From 1993 to 1995 he was the chief of staff (directeur de cabinet) to Education Minister François Bayrou, from 1995 to 1997 advisor to Prime Minister Alain Juppé for education and culture matters, and from 1995 to 1998, along with François Bayroux and Claude Allègre, he was the president of school inspectors. From 1996 to 1999 he was also a Professor in comparative literature at the Paris IV University.

In 1997 he became Mayor of Périgueux, and was reelected both in 2001 and 2005. He was also elected Senator of Dordogne in 1998.

In May 2002, he became Minister for School Education in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's cabinet, then on 1 April 2004 Minister for Cooperation, Development and Francophony.

He has been a member of the Aquitaine Regional Council since 2004. On 15 June 2005 he became a French ambassador for the OCDE.

In 2006, he was elected as member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and was its secrétaire perpétuel  from 2010 until 2017.

Since 18 May 2007, he has been the Minister of National Education in François Fillon's governments. In March 2008, he failed to be reelected as Mayor of Périgueux.

In 2009, he condemned as "criminal" statements made by Pope Benedict XVI which claimed that condoms promote AIDS, when in fact they help protect against it.

Darcos was elected as an immortel of the Académie Française on 13 June 2013.

Political career
Governmental functions
Minister of Labor, Social Affairs, Family, and Solidarity : 2009–2010.
Minister of National Education : 2007–2009.
Minister of School Education : 2002–2004.
Minister of Development, Cooperation and Francophony : 2004–2005.

Electoral mandates

Senate of France

Senator of Dordogne : 1998–2002 (Became minister in 2002).

Regional Council

Regional councillor of Aquitaine : Since 2004. Reelected in 2010.

Municipal Council
Mayor of Périgueux : 1997–2002 (Resignation) / 2005–2008. Reelected in 2001, 2005.
Deputy-mayor of Périgueux : 1989–1997 / 2002–2005. Reelected in 1995.
Municipal councillor of Périgueux : 1989–2008. Reelected in 1995, 2001.

Agglomeration community Council
President of the Agglomeration community of Périgueux : 2000–2001.
Member of the Agglomeration community of Périgueux : 2000–2001.

Awards and honours
 Xavier Darcos entered the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 2006, and the French Academy in 2013. He is also a Commander of the Legion of Honour, Officer of the National Order of Merit, Commander of the Academic Palm and Commander of the Art and letter decoration.

Bibliography
 Histoire de la littérature française, 1992
 Approches ovidiennes de la mort, 1995
 Mérimée, 1998
 Robert des grands écrivains de langue française, (with other writers)
 L'Art d'apprendre à ignorer, 2000
 Dictionnaire des mythes féminins, 2002 (with other writers)
 Lettre à tous ceux qui aiment l'école, 2003 (en coll.)
 Deux voix pour une école, 2004 (with other writers)
 L'École de Jules Ferry, 2005 ( in 2006)
 L'État et les Églises, 1905–2005, 2005
 L'État et les Églises, la question laïque, 2006
 Tacite, ses vérités sont les nôtres, 2007
 Bruno Neveu (1936–2004), Institut de France, 2007
 La escuela republicana en Francia, Prensas universitarias de Zaragoza, 2008 ()
 René Haby par lui-même, en coll., INRP, 2009, ()
 L'école forme-t-elle encore des citoyens ?, avec Aurélie Filippetti, Frémeaux & Associés, 2008
 Peut-on améliorer l'école sans dépenser plus ?, avec Vincent Peillon, Magnard, 2009 ()
 Ovide et la mort, PUF, Coll. « Hors collection », 2009 ()
 Une anthologie historique de la poésie française, PUF, coll. « Hors collection », 2010 ()
 Dictionnaire amoureux de la Rome antique, Plon, 2011 ()
 La Poésie française, Eyrolles, coll. « Mes passions », 2012 ()
 Histoire de la littérature française, Hachette, 2013 ()
 Oscar a toujours raison, Plon, 2013 ()
 Auguste et son siècle, Artlys, 2014, ()
 Jean-Pierre Angrémy, dit Pierre-Jean Remy, Institut de France, 2015
 Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Ecole, Plon, 2016, ()
 Virgile, notre vigie, Fayard, 2017, ()

References

External links

Biography
Official blog

1947 births
Living people
People from Limoges
French civil servants
Politicians of the French Fifth Republic
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
French Ministers of National Education
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Members of the Académie Française
University of Bordeaux alumni
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Dordogne
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Union for a Popular Movement politicians

Xavier Darcos


Balgo is a small community in Western Australia. It is surrounded by the Great Sandy Desert and the Tanami Desert. It is an Aboriginal community; the area is traditionally Kukatja country. There are also some Pintupi families living there, who were displaced in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of them came to live here from Papunya, including some of the original artists of the Papunya Tula movement. Many of them later left Balgo when Kintore and Kiwirrkurra were set up in the 1980s. In 2006, Balgo had about 460 people living there.

Other websites

 Warlayirti Artists and Cultural Centre
 Luurnpa School Website
 Balgo Adult Education Centre Website
 Kutjungka Parish Website

Towns in Western Australia
Indigenous Australian communities

Balgo, Western Australia


Margery Clinton (1931–2005) was a Scottish ceramist and a specialist in reduction lustre glazes. She studied painting at the Glasgow School of Art between 1949 and 1953 and was part of the Young Glasgow group, whose inaugural exhibition was held at the McLellan Galleries in 1958. Clinton developed an interest in ceramics before going on to research reduction lustre glazes at the Royal College of Art in the early 1970s. It was there in London where she began research the lustre glass technique of Louis Comfort Tiffany.

In 1978 she set up a workshop at Newton Port, Haddington in Scotland and worked there in partnership with Jan Williamson until 1981. She was assisted by Evelyn Corbett for many years. Clinton continued there until 1995 when she moved to a new studio at Templelands, Dunbar.

Clinton undertook a number of notable architectural commissions later in her life, and her work with tiles was regarded as spectacular. She has been exhibited at the Tate, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Glasgow Art Gallery and the Royal Museum of Scotland. Her tile work in public place is enduring and durable.  Examples of Clinton's tile work can be seen in the Mary Erskine School in Edinburgh and even the staff toilets at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. In her late work, Clinton worked with paperclay, added about 1.5% paper to clay, totally changing its character.

She authored Working with lustres (also titled Lustres), published by Batsford in 1991, now Anova Books, an accessible treatment of the techniques used in much of her signature work.

A comprehensive inventory of her recipes and research of lustres is held by the National Library of Scotland along with her correspondence, financial records, and working papers 1969 –95.

Her work is included in the collection of the Tate Museum.

References

1931 births
2005 deaths
20th-century British sculptors
20th-century ceramists
20th-century Scottish women artists
Artists from Glasgow
British glass artists
Women glass artists
Scottish ceramicists
Scottish sculptors
Scottish women sculptors
British women ceramicists
Scottish women ceramicists

Margery Clinton


A climbing harness (or simply harness) is used by rock climbers. It is used to secure the climber to a piece of rope. It is one of the basic parts of the rock climbing equipment.

Types
There are different types of harnesses.
 A sit string harness looks like a belt, which is connected to two loops. The belt is worn around the waist and the loops are worn at the legs the connection is worn in the front. This connection is called belay loop. In this connection usually the knots are tied. Also it's used to belay the climber, with a knot or a securing device, like the Grigri. This is the most common type of climbing harnesses.
 A chest harness is worn around the shoulders. It's additionally worn with the sit string harness. It's used to climb with a backpack.
 A full-body harness is a combination of both. The chest harness and the sit string harness are connected. It's mostly worn by little children instead of a sit string harness. Workers who need to be secured of falling also usually wear this kind of harness.

References

Protective clothing
Rock climbing
Mountain climbing
Sports equipment

Climbing harness


John Luther McLucas (August 22, 1920 – December 1, 2002) was United States Secretary of the Air Force from 1973 to 1975, becoming Secretary of the Air Force on July 19, 1973. He had been Acting Secretary of the Air Force since May 15, 1973, and Under Secretary of the Air Force since March 1969. Before he was appointed Under Secretary, he was president and chief executive officer of MITRE Corporation, of Bedford, Massachusetts, and McLean, Virginia.

McLucas was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina. He attended public schools in McColl and Latta, South Carolina, graduating from Latta High School in 1937. He received a bachelor of science degree from Davidson College in 1941, a master of science degree in physics from Tulane University in 1943, and his doctorate in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1950.

During World War II, he served as an officer in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. After one year at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he enrolled at Pennsylvania State University.

From 1950 to 1957, he was vice president and technical director of Haller, Raymond and Brown Inc., an electronics firm at State College, Pennsylvania. In 1958 he was made president of HRB-Singer Inc. He joined the Department of Defense in May 1962 and served as Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering (Tactical Warfare Programs).

He was appointed as assistant secretary general for scientific affairs at NATO Headquarters in Paris, France, two years later. In 1966 he became president of MITRE Corp., where he remained until he was appointed undersecretary of the Air Force on March 17, 1969.

From 1969 through 1973, McLucas also served as director of the National Reconnaissance Office, working directly for the secretary of defense with support from the Central Intelligence Agency.

In November 1975, President Gerald Ford swore in Dr. McLucas as the eighth administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

McLucas was the author of numerous scientific articles and holds ten U.S. patents. He was the founder or co-founder of several small businesses and was active in civic affairs in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.

He was elected a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1962; associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1971; and member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1969. He received the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1964, and first bronze palm in 1973; and the Air Force Exceptional Service Award in May 1973.

He was a member of the Chief Executives Forum; American Physical Society; Operations Research Society of America; and of several honorary societies, including Sigma Pi Sigma and Sigma Xi. He was also a member of the Defense Science Board, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, and the Young Presidents Organization.

McLucas died on December 1, 2002.

References

US Government Departments & Offices

Administrators of the Federal Aviation Administration
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
Davidson College alumni
Tulane University alumni
Eberly College of Science alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Fellow Members of the IEEE
1920 births
2002 deaths
Mitre Corporation people
Directors of the National Reconnaissance Office
Politicians from Fayetteville, North Carolina
Nixon administration personnel
Ford administration personnel
Carter administration personnel

John L. McLucas


Nerd is a noun often used as an insult, to describe people who are seen as being weird, obsessive or introverted. The first ever usage of the word "nerd" is in the year 1950 in the children's book If I Ran the Zoo by Dr. Seuss where it is one of the fictional animals the narrator would put in the zoo if he were running it.  An article of Newsweek Magazine published in 1951 said that the word "nerd" was used as a synonym for the slang word "square" which was at the time a popular pejorative.  By the 1960's the phrase "nerd" started meaning someone who was intelligent but strange and antisocial especially if this person were interested in science-fiction was used throughout the United States and even in Scotland.  In the 1970's it became extremely common to use the phrase "nerd" because it was routinely used in the television sitcom Happy Days. People labeled as nerds tend to be bullied in school more often than others are.  In 1984, there was a movie called Revenge of the Nerds as a social commentary.  A number of fictional characters such as Dilton Doiley, Peter Parker, Milhouse Van Houten and Hermione Granger are sometimes described as nerds.

1980s
1990s
2000s
American culture
Anthropology
Internet culture
Lifestyles
Pejoratives
Slang
Subculture
Video games

Nerd


The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 3, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.  It became part of World War II when Japan entered that war on the side of the Axis powers. Part of the Sino-Japanese war was fought in northern Myanmar and northeastern India.  The war ended when Japan surrendered after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  It started in 1937 43 years after the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 led by Emperor Meiji who was the Grandfather of Hirohito.

Invasion of China
The Second Sino-Japanese War began when Japan invaded China in 1931.  Japan used the Mukden Incident as an excuse to invade China. The invasion grew into a full-scale war after the Marco-Polo Bridge Incident. Japanese officers said that a Japanese soldier got lost and they were allowed to find him in Beiping.

Japan invaded China for a few reasons:
 Japan needed more and more raw materials to create its heavy industry and intended to get them by taking over more of Asia
 The Japanese military, and Japanese nationalism, were becoming stronger and more popular
While the Imperial Japanese Army was trying to take over China, the KMT (the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-Shek) and the CPC (Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong) cooperated a little to try to fight off Japan together. This was called the "Chinese United Front".  However, for the most part, they continued to fight each other as well.

Japanese occupation of China
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army began to occupy China, starting in the northeast (Manchuria), where they created a puppet state called Manchukuo. In 1937, they occupied Beiping (now called Beijing), and then Nanjing.  For six weeks in Nanjing, the army committed the Nanjing Massacre.  During this massacre, Japanese soldiers killed between 40,000 and 300,000 Chinese people, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls.

After six weeks, the Japanese Army left Nanjing.  It finally occupied the industrial cities in southern China. Chiang moved his capital city from Nanjing to Chongqing, and began a tactic of "using space to trade for time."  He was able to spread Japanese soldiers out too thin.  This means they were covering too much space with too few soldiers.  This made them harder to fight, and made it easier for partisans to fight back in occupied China.

Many soldiers died on both sides at this time.  However, in 1940, the Japanese Army stopped being able to move farther into China and take more land.  1940 also marked the point where China began to be able to fight back, instead of Japan continuing to take over the country.

End of the war 1941-1945
After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in the United States on December 7, 1941, the Second Sino-Japanese War became part of World War II.  It became a part of the area of fighting called the China-Burma-India theatre. The entrance of the United States into the war in Asia meant that the Chinese military forces started receiving lend-lease supplies from the British and Americans over the Burma Road. This helped the Chinese fight back and get much-needed modern weapons.

The Second Sino-Japanese War had damaged Japan.  It had not been able to win the war against China quickly.  Instead, Japan's military had already been fighting China for four years.  This made it much more difficult for Japan to keep fighting (now in the Pacific against the Allied forces).  This may have been one reason why Japan eventually lost the war.

In China, the war had some important effects.  It made more people support the Chinese Communist Party.  It also made Chiang's Republic fall apart more quickly, in 1949.

Related pages
 Empire of Japan
 Imperial Japanese Army
 Attack on Pearl Harbor
 Nanjing Massacre
 Republic of China
 Chiang Kai-Shek
 People's Republic of China
 Mao Zedong

References

Other websites
 WW2DB: Second Sino-Japanese War

Second Sino-Japanese War
Wars involving Japan
Wars involving China

Second Sino-Japanese War


Entomology is the science of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.

Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food. There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found.

Entomologists meet to talk about their study of insects and to share ideas, just as all scientists do.

Related pages
 Arachnology

Branches of zoology

Entomology