The American Business Women's Association is a national professional association for women, established by Kansas City businessman, Hilary Bufton Jr.

On Sept. 22, 1949, Mr. Bufton and three Kansas City businesswomen incorporated the American Business Women's Association.

"It was my feeling all women were seeking and deserved equal business opportunities." He later wrote, "They had gained tremendous business knowledge during World War II, through necessity, and I felt a new organization for all businesswomen was needed."

About ABWA
The mission of ABWA is "to bring together businesswomen of diverse occupations and to provide opportunities for them to help themselves and others grow personally and professionally through leadership; education, networking support and national recognition."

Unlike profession-specific associations, ABWA is a professional organization for women in all stages of their career and in all professions. Members include everyone from teachers and administrative assistants to CEOs and small-business owners.

Membership data includes:
 15,000 members nationwide
 400 chapters
 Located in all 50 states
 4,000 members are business owners
 39% of members are Executives, Managers, Professionals and Business Owners
 36% are Administrative, Clerical and Technical Support
 10% are retired businesswomen
 Over 97% of members have graduated from high school
 Over 34% of members have attended college
 Over 29% have earned college degrees
 Over 10% have earned master's or doctoral degrees
 64% live in major metropolitan area
 36% live in a town (less than 50,000) or rural area

The American Business Women's Association represents a range of 23 different industries, including:

 Service
 Healthcare
 Education
 Retail
 Wholesale
 Banking
 Insurance
 Government
 Armed Forces
 Real Estate
 Finance
 Manufacturing
 Utility
 Publishing
 Advertising
 Broadcasting
 Transportation
 Construction
 Mining
 Recreation
 Entertainment
 Agriculture
 Forestry

Education and Professional Development
This is a central focus for the Association. There are three main concentrations for professional development, including:

Regional and National Conferences
ABWA offers three regional conferences in the spring, and the National Women's Leadership Conference, in the fall. ABWA conferences feature professional speakers and educators from many industries. Seminars and workshops feature topics relevant to today's working women.

ABWA-KU MBA Essentials
The ABWA-KU MBA Essentials program is a product of a partnership between the University of Kansas School of Business and ABWA. Each MBA Essentials course delivers business subjects at a master's degree level including "Accounting Tools for Financial Success," "Organizational Behavior and Management Principles" and "Human Resources: Principles and Practices." This program is only offered at the ABWA annual meeting, the National Women's Leadership Conference.

Women as 21st Century Leaders
The Women as 21st Century Leaders is a product of a partnership between Park University and ABWA. Each course delivers business subjects including "Challenges and Opportunities for Women as Leaders," "Beginning with the Inner You" and "Leading through Enhanced Communication Skills." This program is only offered at the ABWA annual meeting, the National Women's Leadership Conference.

Women's Instructional Network

ABWA is the first women's association to offer an online learning portal with interactive management modules that will teach members new skills they can immediately apply as ABWA team leaders and use in the workplace. Launched in April 2009 as part of the ABWA Web site, online training courses offered include "Resumes That Get Interviews," " Interviews That Get Offers," "Managing Team Conflict" and "Making Group Decisions."

National Recognition
National recognition is one of the four tenets of the association's mission. Members have the opportunity to run for national office for a seat on the organization's National Board of Directors.

Members also compete for the Top 10 Business Women of ABWA based on personal and professional achievements. Every year, ABWA groups nominate one accomplished member as a candidate for the Top Ten Business Women of ABWA.

From the ten finalists, the American Business Woman of ABWA is chosen. The Top Ten are introduced at the Association's annual meeting, the National Women's Leadership Conference.

American Business Woman of ABWA

National Publications
ABWA offers a varied collection of informational tools to their members. Women in Business, the award-winning national magazine of ABWA, offers articles on a blend of personal and professional development topics. Published three times a year, Women in Business features a continuing education department focused on business and market-relevant topics.

Members also enjoy custom-designed online newsletters to serve the individual needs of different groups: Express Network for busy professionals, and a District Newsletter to keep members informed of news from the district level.

References

External links
 Official site

Professional associations based in the United States
Business and finance professional associations
Women's occupational organizations
Organizations established in 1949
1949 establishments in the United States

American Business Women's Association


Charles Webster Hawthorne (January 8, 1872 – November 29, 1930) was an American portrait and genre painter and a noted teacher who founded the Cape Cod School of Art in 1899.

He was born in Lodi, Illinois, and his parents returned to Maine, raising him in the state where Charles' father was born. At age 18, he went to New York, working as an office-boy by day in a stained-glass factory and studying at night school and with Henry Siddons Mowbray and William Merritt Chase, and abroad in both the Netherlands and Italy. In 1908 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1911.

 [He studied painting under several notable artists] at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League. Among his teachers were Frank Vincent DuMond and George de Forest Brush. But Hawthorne declared that the most dominant influence in his career was William Merritt Chase, with whom he worked as both a pupil and assistant. Both men were naturally talented teachers and figurative painters who were drawn to rich color and the lusciousness of oil paint as a medium. Chase passed on a Munich tradition of tone values and tone painting, and Hawthorne learned all he could.

While studying abroad in the Netherlands as Chase's assistant, Hawthorne was influenced to start his own school of art.

His winters were spent in Paris and New York City, his summers at Provincetown, Massachusetts, the site of his school. In addition to founding the Cape Cod School of Art, Hawthorne was also a founding member of the Provincetown Art Association established in 1914. While in Paris Hawthorne became a full member of the French Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in 1917.

The Cape Cod School of Art was the first outdoor summer school for figure painting and grew into one of the nation's leading art schools. Under thirty years of Hawthorne's guidance, the school attracted some of the most talented art instructors and students in the country including John Noble, Richard Miller, and Max Bohm. At his school, Hawthorne gave weekly criticisms and instructive talks, guiding his pupils and setting up ideals but never imposing his own technique or method.
Another well known student was Norman Rockwell, who studied with Hawthorne one summer while he was enrolled at the Art Students League.  William H. Johnson also studied with Hawthorne and later got a grant from him. Another pupil was Bertha Noyes, long an important figure in the artistic scene of Washington, D.C.

Among his works:

 The Trousseau, Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Mother and Child, Syracuse Museum
 Net Mender, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence
 Venetian Girl, Worcester Art Museum
 The Family, Buffalo Fine Arts Academy
  Crew of the Philomena Manta, 1915, Provincetown Art Collection
 Fish Cleaners, Provincetown Art Collection
 Untitled (Study of girl in white), 1927, Provincetown Art Collection
 Girl in Yellow Scarf, 1904, Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio
 The Fisherman's Daughter, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 The Fish and the Man, 1925 (larger image), Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas

His class studio in Provincetown on Miller Hill Road (currently known as the Hawthorne School of Art) was added August 21, 1978, to the National Register of Historic Places. His wife was the painter Marion Campbell Hawthorne; their son, Joseph Hawthorne, was a successful orchestral conductor.

References

Further reading
 The book Hawthorne On Painting was compiled from students' notes and collected by Mrs. Charles W. Hawthorne, copyright 1938 by J. C. Hawthorne with copyright renewed in 1965 by J. C. Hawthorne. The first publisher was Pitman Publishing Corporation. There was also an enlarged republication by Dover Publications, Inc. in 1960, .

External links

 "A Painter's Painter: Charles Webster Hawthorne; The Influence of Provincetown and Henry Hensche on Sammy Britt, Gerald DeLoach, Richard Kelso, and George T. Thurmond"
Several Hawthorne exhibition catalogs from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)
 "Finding Aid for the Charles W. Hawthorne Papers, 1904-1947", The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives.

1872 births
1930 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American genre painters
People from Provincetown, Massachusetts
Painters from Maine
Students of William Merritt Chase
Painters from Massachusetts
People from Clark County, Illinois
Painters from Illinois
National Academy of Design members
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Charles Webster Hawthorne


is a Japanese kind of noodle soup. The noodles are made of wheat. Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China. Ramen has become very popular in Japan and there are many shops that sell it. The Japanese also make "instant ramen" to eat ramen quickly and easily at home. Outside of Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.

There are various types of thickness, shapes and lengths. The noodle may be thin or thick, straight or wrinkled.

In Japan, there are unique local Ramen in various areas where local tastes are enjoyed. It is called "gotouchi ramen" in Japan. For example, Hakata ramen is known for its pork ramen soup. The noodles are very thin and do not need to be boiled for very long to become soft. Sapporo ramen is known for its miso ramen soup.
And Kitakata ramen is known for its Shoyu ramen soup. Shio (salty) ramen is also a popular flavor. These days, Gyokai-tonkotsu ramen is also popular.

Photo gallery

Other websites

Soups
Noodles
Japanese food

Ramen


The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg (Museum of Fine Arts of Strasbourg) is the old masters paintings collection of the city of Strasbourg, located in the Alsace region of France. The museum is housed in the first and second floors of the baroque Palais Rohan since 1898. The museum displays works by non-Upper Rhenish artists from between the 14th century and 1871 and by Upper Rhenish artist from between 1681 and 1871. The museum owned 1,934 works as of 31 December 2015, this number has substantially increased since (see below). The old masters from the upper-Rhenish area until 1681 are exhibited in the neighboring Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame.

Historical overview
The first municipal art collection of the city of Strasbourg was the result of the French Revolution, and was a consequence of the expropriation of churches and cloisters. Through the years, the collection, which was founded in 1801, grew by private donations, as well as government loans from the inventory of the Louvre. On August 24, 1870, the museum, which was housed in the Aubette on Place Kléber, was set on fire by Prussian artillery fire and completely destroyed. After the end of the Franco-Prussian War, it was resolved to re-establish the museum, and the imperial art historian Wilhelm von Bode was commissioned with the task in 1889. In 1890, the museum was launched and was re-stocked since that time by acquisitions and gifts. In 1931 under the leadership of Hans Haug (1890–1965), the collection of medieval art and upper-Rhenish painting (Konrad Witz, Hans Baldung, Sebastian Stoskopff) was transferred to the newly founded Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame. The collection of modern art went to the Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Strasbourg). Haug's superior during the German occupation from 1940 to 1944 was Kurt Martin.

On August 13, 1947, fire destroyed part of the re-established collection, including works by Francesco Guardi, Thomas de Keyser, Antonio del Pollaiuolo and Lucas Cranach the Elder. However, with the money from the insurance, it was possible to acquire other artistically valuable paintings. Apart from regular purchases on the art market, the collection of the museum is also regularly being expanded by substantial donations, notably in 1987 and 1994 by collectors Othon Kaufman and François Schlageter (Italian paintings), in 2004 by collectors Roger and Elisabeth Eisenbeth (Dutch paintings,) in 2009 by the collector Ann L. Oppenheimer (Italian, Flemish and Dutch paintings), and in 2019 by the collectors Jeannine Poitrey and Marie-Claire Ballabio (mostly Italian and Dutch paintings).

In 2005 the museum reached a settlement with the heirs of Bernhard Altmann over a Canaletto that had been looted by the Nazis from its Jewish owner.

Painters exhibited (selected)

Italian
Giotto di Bondone
Sano di Pietro
Sandro Botticelli
Cima da Conegliano
Carlo Crivelli
Filippino Lippi
Piero di Cosimo
Cima da Conegliano
Raphael
Correggio
Veronese
Tintoretto
Guercino
Canaletto
Giambattista Tiepolo
Salvator Rosa
Alessandro Magnasco
Giuseppe Maria Crespi

Flemish and Dutch
Simon Marmion
Hans Memling
Lucas van Leyden
Gerard David
Maarten van Heemskerck
Peter Paul Rubens
Jacob Jordaens
Salomon van Ruysdael
Pieter de Hooch
Anthony van Dyck
Willem Kalf
Pieter Claesz
Christiaen van Couwenbergh
Cornelis Engelsz

Spanish
El Greco
Jusepe de Ribera
Francisco de Zurbarán
Francisco de Goya

French
Philippe de Champaigne
Claude Lorrain
Nicolas de Largillière
François Boucher
Simon Vouet
Antoine Watteau
Jean Siméon Chardin
Philip James de Loutherbourg
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Théodore Chassériau
Gustave Courbet
Théodore Rousseau
Edgar Degas

Sculptors exhibited
Baccio Bandinelli
Alessandro Algardi
Alessandro Vittoria
François Girardon
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
Antoine-Louis Barye
Théodore-Charles Gruyère
François Joseph Bosio
Adolf von Hildebrand

See also
:Category:Paintings in the collection of the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg

Bibliography
Le musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg - Cinq siècles de peinture, Éditions des Musées de Strasbourg, May 2006,  in French
Peintures flamandes et hollandaises du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg, Éditions des Musées de Strasbourg, February 2009,
Les Peintures italiennes du Musée des Beaux-Arts, xvie, xviie et xviiie siècles, Éditions Le Seuil, 1996,
Les Primitifs italiens du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg, Éditions Le Seuil, 1993,

References

External links
Musees-strasbourg.org: Official website
 Selected works

Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg


In chemistry, a strong acid is an acid which ionizes (splits) completely in a solution of water. It always loses a proton (A H+) when put in water. A weak acid does not always lose a proton, though; It can lose its proton, but not all the time. They also have a very low pH, usually between 1 and 3. Many strong acids have a negative pKa value, which means they are very strong.

The six common strong acids are: (Acronym:CBSPIN)
 HydroChloric acid HCl
 HydroBromic acid HBr
 Sulfuric acid H₂SO₄
 Perchloric acid HClO4
 HydroIodic acid HI
 Nitric acid HNO3

Almost strong acids include:
 Chloric acid HClO3

Acids

Strong acid


Pungmul is a Korean traditional music. It includes drumming, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with tens of players, all in constant motion. Pungmul is rooted in the dure farming culture. It was originally played as part of farm work, on rural holidays, at other village community-building events, and in shamanistic and Buddhistic rituals. Pungmul performers wear very gorgeous costumes. A flowery version of the Buddhist kkokkal is the most common headdress. Advanced performers sometimes wear sangmo, which are hats with long ribbons attached to them that players can spin and flip in intricate patterns by moving their heads.

Drumming is the most important element of Pungmul. Each group is led by a kkwaenggwari (small handheld gong) player, and includes at least one person playing janggu (hourglass drum), buk (barrel drum), and jing (gong). Wind instruments (t'aepyongso and nabal) are sometimes played along with the drummers. Following the drummers are dancers, who often play the sogo (a small drum that makes almost no sound) and tend to have more elaborate choreography. Finally, japsaek (actors) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators, blurring the boundary between performers and audience. Minyo (Korean traditional chants) are performed in Pungmul sometimes, and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along. Most Minyo are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan (rhythmic patterns) that are common to Pungmul, Sanjo, P'ansori, and other traditional Korean musical genres.

Korean music

Pungmul


In professional sports, a trade is when one (or more) player's contract and/or draft picks is traded between sports teams. Cash is another thing that may be added with contracts and/or draft picks to make a trade.  Most often, trades are done between two teams, but there are times where trades are made between three or more teams.

Sports words

Trade (sports)


Instant soups are a kind of soup. They are produced on an industrial scale. Later they are treated in different ways to preserve them. Usually they are dried, canned, or treated by freezing.

Packaged instant soups come in two varieties:
 A packet of dry soup (like the ramen image below). These do not contain water. They are prepared by adding water and heating, or by adding hot water.
 A tin (or can) containing cold soup. To prepare those need to only be heated (for 3–5 minutes usually). There is another type of canned soup where the liquid is condensed and needs water added to it to make an edible soup.

Soups

Instant soup


The Gulf of Carpentaria () is a large, shallow sea surrounded on three sides by northern Australia. Its north edge is the Arafura Sea; the sea between Australia and New Guinea. At its mouth, the Gulf is 590 km wide, and further south, 675 km. The north south distance is more than 700 km. It covers a water area of about 300,000 km². The gulf is between 55 and 66 meters deep, although there are spots as deep as 82 meters. In the last ice age the Gulf would have been dry land.

Geography
The land around the Gulf is generally flat and low-lying. To the west is Arnhem Land, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and Groote Eylandt, the largest island in the Gulf. To the east is the Cape York Peninsula. The area to the south, is a part of Queensland) called the Gulf Country or simply "the Gulf."

The climate is hot and humid with two seasons per year. The dry season lasts from about April until November and is has very dry southeast to east winds, caused by winter high pressure systems to the south. The wet season lasts from December to March. Most of the year's rainfall is happens in these months, and many low-lying areas are flooded. The Gulf is also a breeding ground for tropical cyclones from November and April.

In September and October the Morning Glory cloud appears in the Southern Gulf. The best place to see this is in the Burketown area shortly after dawn.

European exploration
The first known Europen person to visit the area was the Dutch Willem Janszoon (whose name is also written as Jansz) in his 1606 voyage. Jan Carstenszoon (or Carstensz), visited in 1623 and named the Gulf after Pieter de Carpentier, who was the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.  Abel Tasman also explored the coast in 1644. The area was later explored and mapped by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and 1803.

The first overland expedition to reach the Gulf was the Burke and Wills expedition, led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. They left Melbourne in August 1860 and reached the Bynoe River in February 1861.

Rivers of the Gulf
 Archer River
 Calvert River
 Cox River
 Flinders River
 Gilbert River
 Leichhardt River
 McArthur River
 Mission River
 Mitchell River
 Alice River
 Norman River
 Roper River
 Wilton River
 Smithburne River
 Staaten River
 Wenlock River

References

Other websites
 Morning Glory Cloud video footage and video of the Gulf Region around Burketown
 Morning Glory Cloud meteorology
 Aerial Video of Sweers Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria
 Video of Burketown and the Gulf from the air

Bodies of water of Australia
Gulfs
Geography of Queensland
Geography of the Northern Territory

Gulf of Carpentaria


Maria Petre (born  August 15, 1951) is a Romanian politician and economist, member of the Democratic Party (PD), part of the European People's Party–European Democrats. A representative to the Senate for Ialomița County, she became a Member of the European Parliament on January 1, 2007 with the Romania's accession to the European Union.

Born in Grindu, Petre is a graduate of the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest. She later specialized in public administration and commerce, and took additional training courses in the United Kingdom, United States and Denmark. In 1975-1983, she worked as an economist for the Ialomiţa County Council, moving on to a similar position for a construction enterprise in the area. in 1986, she became a director at the County Council, in which capacity she served until after the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

In 1990, Petre became a director for the Ialomiţa Prefecture representing the National Salvation Front (FSN), and its vice president in 1992-2000. She followed the FSN wing led by Petre Roman into their split, and became a member of the newly formed PD. She was the PD's vice president for Ialomița (1992), becoming the branch's secretary in 2001, and its president in 2003. She was first elected to the Senate during the 2000 suffrage, being reelected in the 2004 suffrage. Petre was a secretary of the Senate Committee for Public Administration and Territorial Improvement, and member of the Committee for Equal Opportunities for Men and Women.

References
 Profile at the Romanian Senate site, retrieved July 23, 2007

External links
Personal web site
European Parliament profile
European Parliament official photo

Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
People from Ialomița County
Romanian economists
21st-century Romanian women politicians
1951 births
Living people
Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) MEPs
MEPs for Romania 2007
Women MEPs for Romania
MEPs for Romania 2007–2009
20th-century Romanian politicians
20th-century Romanian women politicians
21st-century Romanian politicians

Maria Petre


Jenison Fieldhouse (alternately referred to in university publications as Jenison Field House) is a 10,004-seat, later reduced to 6,000-seat, multi-purpose arena in East Lansing, Michigan. The arena opened in 1940 and was named for alumnus Frederick Cowles Jenison, whose estate, along with PWAP funds, funded the building. It was home to the Michigan State University Spartans basketball team before they moved to Breslin Center in the fall of 1989. Previously Michigan State College (MSC) basketball had played home games at Demonstration Hall and the IM Circle (then known as College Gymnasium) buildings.

Seating capacity at Jenison was rated at 12,500 from its opening until the early 1970s when rulings by the state fire marshal reduced the limit to 9,886 (later recalculated at 10,004). Standing-room only admissions allowed some Jenison crowds to exceed 15,000 in the 1940s, but rated capacity was rarely exceeded after 1950.

The venue is most famous for its 1978–79 NCAA champion basketball team, which included Earvin "Magic" Johnson, and was coached by Jud Heathcote. Michigan State also qualified for the Final Four in 1957, and Jenison also hosted the 1963 NCAA basketball tournament Mideast Regionals. A plaque outside the arena commemorates one of the 1963 regional semifinals; the "Game of Change", in which a segregated Mississippi State team played and lost to the eventual national champion, an integrated Loyola team. The losing Maroons (now known as the Bulldogs) had defied a court order prohibiting them from leaving the state to play an integrated team. The game is now seen as a watershed moment in the intersection of civil rights and sports during the Civil Rights Movement.

The three-story building's architecture is late art deco, with a monumental entrance that includes three reliefs of a baseball player, basketball player, and football player above the three main doors. Locker room facilities at Jenison have also been used for Spartan baseball and softball teams, which compete at the adjacent outdoor venues Kobs Field and Old College Field.

During its first 30 years of service, Jenison Fieldhouse featured a dirt surface, with a hardwood basketball court elevated about a foot over floor level. The building was also used for indoor track and occasionally as an indoor football practice facility. A Tartan indoor track and basketball floor surface was installed in 1970, although a portable hardwood floor was used for basketball games from 1980 to 1989.

Following the move of Spartan basketball teams to the Breslin Center, Jenison Fieldhouse was reconfigured and renovated to host numerous other university athletic activities. The Fieldhouse is currently where the gymnastics, wrestling, and indoor track and field teams compete. It is also the second home for the women's volleyball team when there is a conflict at the Breslin Center. It also contains Athletic Department offices.

References

College basketball venues in the United States
College wrestling venues in the United States
Sports in Lansing, Michigan
Michigan State Spartans basketball venues
Defunct basketball venues in the United States
Basketball venues in Michigan
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
Michigan State University campus
Art Deco architecture in Michigan
Sports venues completed in 1940
1940 establishments in Michigan

Jenison Fieldhouse


Dieter Appelt (born 3 March 1935 in Niemegk) is a German photographer, painter, sculptor and video artist.

He studied music from 1954 to 1958 in the Mendelssohn Bartholdy Akademie in Leipzig. There, he discovers and develops a strong interest for Impressionism, Fauvism, and Russian constructivism. In 1959, he left East Germany and settled in West Berlin to study in the music school of Berlin until 1964. That same year, he decided to study fine art and he takes his first steps in painting, photography, etching, and sculpture. In the 1970s, he debuted on the public stage, with his first exhibition at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1974. In 1976 he focused in on visual arts and his career as an artist takes off. Appelt is also known for his works on the mechanics and techniques of photography that he made in the 1980s. In 1990 and 1999, he took part in the Venice Biennale. During this decade, Dieter Appelt exhibited in several major capitals of the world including: Tokyo, New-York, Berlin, Moscow, Budapest, Montreal, and Edinburgh. He lives and works in Berlin.

References

External links

Group exhibition "Notation". Akademie der Künste Berlin, and ZKM | Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe

1935 births
Living people
20th-century German painters
21st-century German painters
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
21st-century German sculptors
21st-century German male artists
Photographers from Brandenburg
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
People from Potsdam-Mittelmark

Dieter Appelt


hard disk
Disk partitioning is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system. Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system. A hard disk can be divided into many partitions. This is especially useful for:
Keeping the user data independent of the operating system. There will be one partition with the operating system on it, and one with the user data. Also if there is a problem with one file system, this does usually not affect the other file systems.
Some operating systems (those that are made like UNIX or Linux) use disk partitions for virtual memory
Using a boot loader it is possible to run many operating systems on the same computer. This is known as multi-booting.
Increasing security: Certain  operating systems allow to limit the access to a file system (for example: read-only, do not allow executable files, do not allow system files)

Usually each partition contains exactly one file system.

Hard drives

Disk partitioning


Nicole Yongju Jung (Hangul: 정니콜; Korean name: Jung Yong-Ju, Hangul: 정용주), better known mononymously as Nicole, was born on October 7, 1991. She is a Korean-American singer. Born and raised in Glendale, California but moved to South Korea to pursue her dreams. Known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.

Biography
Nicole was born on October 7, 1991, in Glendale, California. She moved to Korea with her mom. Her mother has a ramyeon restaurant called "Red Kitchen". She has played violin 4th through 8th grade. She was on a show called "KAIST" (portrayed a celebrity's life as a college student) which was renamed to "Nicole The Entertainer's Introduction to Veterinary Science" in Konkuk University since Nicole would not be attending KAIST. The first episode aired on November 12, 2009.
She is also very popular with a lot of fans and is a member of Korea's K-POP "KARA"

Career

Kara

Kara debuted on March 29th 2007 with "Break It" on M! Countdown as a 4 member. Nicole was one of the four along with Gyuri, Seungyeon, and Sunghee. Kara was often compared to Fin.K.L because of their concept and the fact that they are both from the same company(DSP Entertainment). Later on Sunghee left the group in March 2008 due to parental pressure, just when Kara intended their comeback. Sunghee failed her college exams and left the group. On July 24th of 2008, Kara came back with two new members, Goo Hara and Jiyoung. Their new concept was "cute" and "playful".

In December 4, 2008, Kara have their comeback starting on M! Countdown with "Pretty Girl".In February 2009, Kara released their second mini-album "Honey". "Honey" became the group's first #1 single when it topped the M! Countdown and The Music Trend.

In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named "Revolution". June 16, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009. Due to the popularity of the song, Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara currently started promotions with their third mini-album "Lupin". Lupin was a succes, it won KBS Music Bank K-Chart on March 12th, March 19th, and March 26th of 2010.

Solo activities

Nicole joined Star Golden Bell on December 20, 2008, hosting a segment called "Level With Me (Season 2)" in which the guests have to guess a term or title from her clues; the challenge comes due to her comparative lack of skill and experience with the Korean language. The segment ended on October 17, 2009.

In April 2009, she sang a duet with former Noel member Kang Kyun-seong called "Happy and".

In August 2009, she and 2PM ex member Jaebeom became part of historical culture variety show Nodaji, replacing Choi Min Yong and Kim Tae Hyun. But the show was canceled due to low ratings on October 2009.

In November 2009, She joined Nicole The Entertainer's Introduction to Veterinary Science.

In July 2010, she joined Good Sunday - Yeongwunghogeol (영웅호걸).

Discography

Kara

Singles
"Kkeun" - Sunha (Rap. Nicole) (2008)
"Happy And" - Kang Kyun-seong (Duet. Nicole) (2009)
"Gorae" - Park Myeong-su (Duet. Nicole) (2010)

Filmography

Awards

References

Other websites
Kara Official website

1991 births
Living people
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
Musicians from Glendale, California

Nicole Jung


The Symphony No. 29 in A major, K. 201/186a, was completed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on 6 April 1774. It is, along with Symphony No. 25, one of his better known early symphonies. Stanley Sadie characterizes it as "a landmark ... personal in tone, indeed perhaps more individual in its combination of an intimate, chamber music style with a still fiery and impulsive manner."

Structure

Incipit of I. Allegro moderato
The symphony is scored for 2 oboes, 2 horns and strings, as was typical of early-period Mozart symphonies.

There are four movements:

The first movement is in sonata form, with a graceful principal theme characterized by an octave drop and ambitious horn passages. The second movement is scored for muted strings with limited use of the winds, and is also in sonata form. The third movement, a minuet, is characterized by nervous dotted rhythms and staccato phrases; the trio provides a more graceful contrast. The energetic last movement, another sonata-form movement in  time, connects back to the first movement with its octave drop in the main theme.

References

External links

BBC Discovering Music, and audio of that program (1 hour)

29
1774 compositions
Compositions in A major

Symphony No. 29 (Mozart)


The Complete Studio Recordings is a box set of all of the studio material released by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released on November 7, 2005 and consists of 9 CDs and 2 DVDs, plus a full color booklet with a timeline and photos. Another booklet containing complete lyrics to all of the music was also included.

There is one CD for each of ABBA's 8 studio albums.  These CDs also include bonus tracks in the form of non-album tracks and foreign language versions. The final CD contains additional rare tracks, including songs released after the group had disbanded. Of particular interest is the rare alternate mix of "Waterloo", which has never been available on CD before. The extended mono version of "On and On and On"—featuring an extra verse and previously only available as the soundtrack to the song's video—is also released on CD for the first time.

The two DVDs feature all of the band's music videos (except for the "When I Kissed the Teacher" video), plus a documentary (The History) and concert footage from the television special Dick Cavett Meets ABBA, a co-production between Polar Music International and Sveriges Television (SVT). Five of the performances from this program are included on the DVD, as four of the original nine songs are no longer to be found in the SVT archives.

The Complete Studio Recordings was only available for a short period of time and in limited numbers. However, a simpler version of the box set featuring only the 9 CDs and the timeline booklet was released in Denmark in 2006.

The box set was re-released in 2008 to coincide with the release of Mamma Mia! but had limited chart success, mainly due to its high price tag.

As of 2020, The Complete Studio Recordings is not in print and many of the tracks included have made their way on to deluxe editions of ABBA's established albums. As of 2021, this set is no longer "complete" as ABBA released the reunion album Voyage.

Track listings

CD 1: Ring Ring (1973)
"Ring Ring"
"Another Town, Another Train"
"Disillusion"
"People Need Love"
"I Saw It in the Mirror"
"Nina, Pretty Ballerina"
"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)"
"Me and Bobby and Bobby's Brother"
"He Is Your Brother"
"She's My Kind of Girl"
"I Am Just a Girl"
"Rock'n Roll Band"
Bonus tracks
"Ring Ring (Bara du slog en signal)" (Swedish version of "Ring Ring")
"Åh, vilka tider"
"Merry-Go-Round"
"Santa Rosa"
"Ring Ring" (Spanish version)
"Wer Im Wartesaal Der Liebe Steht" (German version of "Another Town, Another Train")
"Ring Ring" (German version)

CD 2: Waterloo (1974)
"Waterloo"
"Sitting in the Palmtree"
"King Kong Song"
"Hasta Mañana"
"My Mama Said"
"Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)"
"Honey, Honey"
"Watch Out"
"What About Livingstone?"
"Gonna Sing You My Lovesong"
"Suzy-Hang-Around"
Bonus tracks
"Ring Ring" (U.S. 1974 remix)
"Waterloo" (Swedish version)
"Honey, Honey" (Swedish version)
"Waterloo" (German version)
"Hasta Mañana" (Spanish version)
"Ring Ring" (UK 1974 remix)
"Waterloo" (French version)

CD 3: ABBA (1975)
"Mamma Mia"
"Hey, Hey Helen"
"Tropical Loveland"
"SOS"
"Man in the Middle"
"Bang-A-Boomerang"
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
"Rock Me"
"Intermezzo No. 1"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"So Long"
Bonus tracks
"Crazy World"
"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton – On Top of Old Smokey – Midnight Special" (1978 remix)
"Mamma Mia" (Spanish version)

CD 4: Arrival (1976)
"When I Kissed the Teacher"
"Dancing Queen"
"My Love, My Life"
"Dum Dum Diddle"
"Knowing Me, Knowing You"
"Money, Money, Money"
"That's Me"
"Why Did It Have to Be Me?"
"Tiger"
"Arrival"
Bonus tracks
"Fernando" (from Greatest Hits (1975))
"Happy Hawaii" (Early version of "Why Did It Have to Be Me?")
"La Reina Del Baile" (Spanish version of "Dancing Queen")
"Conociéndome, Conociéndote" (Spanish version of "Knowing Me, Knowing You")
"Fernando" (Spanish version)

CD 5: The Album (1977)
"Eagle"
"Take a Chance on Me"
"One Man, One Woman"
"The Name of the Game"
"Move On"
"Hole in Your Soul"
The Girl With the Golden Hair–3 Scenes From a Mini-Musical
"Thank You for the Music"
"I Wonder (Departure)"
"I'm a Marionette"
Bonus tracks
"Al Andar" (Spanish version of "Move On")
"Gracias Por La Música" (Spanish version of "Thank You for the Music")

CD 6: Voulez-Vous (1979)
"As Good as New"
"Voulez-Vous"
"I Have a Dream"
"Angeleyes"
"The King Has Lost His Crown"
"Does Your Mother Know?"
"If It Wasn't for the Nights"
"Chiquitita"
"Lovers (Live a Little Longer)"
"Kisses of Fire"
Bonus tracks
"Summer Night City" (from Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (1979))
"Lovelight"
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" (from Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (1979))
"Estoy Soñando" (Spanish version of "I Have a Dream")
"Chiquitita" (Spanish version)
"¡Dame! ¡Dame! ¡Dame!" (Spanish version of "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)")

CD 7: Super Trouper (1980)
"Super Trouper"
"The Winner Takes It All"
"On and on and On"
"Andante, Andante"
"Me and I"
"Happy New Year"
"Our Last Summer"
"The Piper"
"Lay All Your Love on Me"
"The Way Old Friends Do"
Bonus tracks
"Elaine"
"Andante, Andante" (Spanish version)
"Felicidad" (Spanish version of "Happy New Year")

CD 8: The Visitors (1981)
"The Visitors"
"Head over Heels"
"When All Is Said and Done"
"Soldiers"
"I Let the Music Speak"
"One of Us"
"Two for the Price of One"
"Slipping Through My Fingers"
"Like an Angel Passing Through My Room"
Bonus tracks
"Should I Laugh or Cry"
"No Hay a Quien Culpar" (Spanish version of "When All Is Said and Done")
"Se Me Está Escapando" (Spanish version of "Slipping Through My Fingers")
Songs from The Singles: The First Ten Years (1982)
"The Day Before You Came"
"Cassandra"
"Under Attack"
"You Owe Me One"

CD 9: Rarities
"Waterloo" (Alternate mix)
"Medley: Pick a Bale of Cotton – On Top of Old Smokey – Midnight Special" (Original 1975 mix)
"Thank You for the Music" (Doris Day version)
"Summer Night City" (Full-length version)
"Lovelight" (Alternate mix)
"Dream World"
"Voulez-Vous" (Extended remix)
"On and on and On" (Full-length version)
"Put on Your White Sombrero"
"I Am the City"
"ABBA Undeleted: Scaramouche/Summer Night City/Take a Chance on Me/Baby/Just a Notion/Rikky Rock 'n' Roller/Burning My Bridges/Fernando (Swedish version)/Here Comes Rubie Jamie/Hamlet III Parts 1 & 2/Free as a Bumble Bee/Rubber Ball Man/Crying Over You/Just Like That/Givin' a Little Bit More"

DVD 1: The Videos
"Ring Ring"
"Waterloo"
"Mamma Mia"
"SOS"
"Bang-A-Boomerang"
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
"Fernando"
"Dancing Queen"
"Money, Money, Money"
"Knowing Me, Knowing You"
"That's Me"
"The Name of the Game"
"Take a Chance on Me"
"Eagle"
"One Man, One Woman"
"Thank You for the Music"
"Summer Night City"
"Chiquitita"
"Does Your Mother Know?"
"Voulez-Vous"
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
"I Have a Dream"
"Super Trouper"
"The Winner Takes It All"
"On and on and On"
"Happy New Year"
"Lay All Your Love on Me"
"Head Over Heels"
"When All Is Said and Done"
"One of Us"
"The Day Before You Came"
"Under Attack"
Bonus videos
"Estoy Soñando"
"Felicidad"
"No Hay a Quien Culpar"
"Dancing Queen" (1992 version)
"The Last Video"

DVD 2: "The History" and "Live in April 1981"
The History
 Documentary (originally appeared on ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits DVD)
Live in April 1981
 Selections from ABBA's final live concert, originally broadcast as part of the television special Dick Cavett Meets ABBA.
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
"Super Trouper"
"Two for the Price of One"
"Slipping Through My Fingers"
"On and on and On"

Charts

References

ABBA compilation albums
2005 compilation albums
Albums recorded at Polar Studios
Albums produced by Björn Ulvaeus
Albums produced by Benny Andersson
Universal Music Group compilation albums

The Complete Studio Recordings (ABBA album)


Louis-Claude Daquin (born in Paris, 4 July 1694; died in Paris, 15 June 1772) was a French composer.  He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period.  He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist.  He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called Le Coucou (The Cuckoo).

1694 births
1772 deaths
Baroque composers
18th-century French composers
French organists
Harpsichordists

Louis-Claude Daquin


Addiction is when the body or mind badly wants or needs something in order to work right. When you have an addiction to something it is called being addicted or being an addict. People can be addicted to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol,  caffeine, and many other things.

When somebody is addicted to something, they can become sick if they do not get the thing they are addicted to. But taking more of the thing they are addicted to can also hurt their health. Some people who are addicts need to go to a doctor or hospital to cure the addiction, so they no longer crave (want or need) the drug.

Addiction takes place when the addictive element enters the body.  The blood stream moves the element around the body so that it gets to the brain, and makes the person feel that they are enjoying it; then they want more of that substance. This takes place remarkably fast for some addictions such as hashish and cocaine; but all of them control the consumer. Once under this control, the consumer does not have complete free will, and listens to the addiction's bidding.

People can also be addicted to other things which are not drugs. You may hear people talk about being "addicted to the Internet" or "addicted to chocolate" or gambling. This means that they get into a habit of enjoying that thing, so if they have to go without it for a while, they miss it a lot.

Addiction is similar to a major disease like chronic heart disease or perhaps diabetes, but addictions are not taken as seriously as these major diseases. Most people believe addiction to be a lifestyle choice, which it is but it is also part of a person's genetics. While some people can do things and control themselves others cannot due to their genetic makeup. There are ways of helping the addict but this takes the admission of a problem and then proper testing to reveal what kind of treatment is needed.

The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual's life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in compulsive behaviors and often continue despite harmful consequences. Prevention efforts and treatment approaches for addiction are generally as successful as those for other chronic diseases.

Related pages
 Substance abuse
 Drug addiction
Alcoholism

References

Other websites
  American Society of Addiction Medicine
 Addiction Citizendium

Psychology

Addiction


Idawalley Zoradia Lewis (February 25, 1842 – October 24, 1911) was an American lighthouse keeper noted for her heroism in rescuing people from the seas.

Biography

Early years
Ida Lewis was born in Newport, Rhode Island, the second oldest of four children of Captain Hosea Lewis of the Revenue-Marine. Her father was transferred to the Lighthouse Service and appointed keeper of Lime Rock Light on the small near-island Lime Rock in Newport in 1854, taking his family to live on the rock in 1857. After the family had been at Lime Rock for less than four months, he suffered a stroke and became disabled. Ida Lewis expanded her domestic duties to include caring for him and a seriously ill sister and also, with her mother's assistance, tending the light: filling the lamp with oil at sundown and again at midnight, trimming the wick, polishing carbon off the reflectors, and extinguishing the light at dawn.

Since Lime Rock was almost completely surrounded by water, the only way to reach the mainland was by boat. By age 15, Lewis had become known as the best swimmer in Newport. She rowed her younger siblings to school every weekday and fetched supplies from town as they were needed. She became very skillful at handling her heavy rowboat. Responding to criticism that it was un-ladylike for women to row boats, Lewis said that "None – but a donkey, would consider it 'un-feminine', to save lives."

Lewis and her mother tended the Lime Rock Light for her father from 1857 until 1873 when he died. Her mother was then appointed keeper, although Ida continued to do the keeper's work. By 1877 her mother's health was failing, leaving Ida with increased housekeeping and care-giving responsibilities. Her mother eventually died of cancer in 1878. Ida finally received the official appointment as keeper in 1879, largely through the efforts of an admirer, General Ambrose Everett Burnside, a Civil War hero who became a Rhode Island governor and United States senator. With a salary of $750 per year, Lewis was for a time the highest-paid lighthouse keeper in the nation. The extra pay was given "in consideration of the remarkable services of Mrs. Wilson in the saving of lives".

Accomplishments
Lewis made her first rescue in 1854, coming to the assistance of four men whose boat had capsized. She was 12 years old.

Her most famous rescue occurred on March 29, 1869. Two soldiers, Sgt. James Adams and Pvt. John McLaughlin, were passing through Newport Harbor toward Fort Adams in a small boat, guided by a 14-year-old boy who claimed to know his way through the harbor. A snowstorm was churning the harbor's waters, and the boat overturned. The two soldiers clung to it while the boy was lost, dying in the icy water. Lewis's mother saw the two in the water and called to Ida, who was suffering from a cold. Ida ran to her boat without taking the time to put on a coat or shoes. With the help of her younger brother, she was able to haul the two men into her boat and bring them to the lighthouse. One of them later gave a gold watch to Lewis. The soldiers at Fort Adams showed their appreciation by collecting $218 for her.  On July 16, 1881, she was awarded the rare Gold Lifesaving Medal from the United States government – the first woman to receive it – for her rescue on February 4, 1881, of two soldiers from Fort Adams who had fallen through the ice while attempting to return to the fort on foot.

Because of her many rescues, Lewis became the best-known lighthouse keeper of her day. During her 54 years on Lime Rock she is credited with saving 18 lives, although unofficial reports suggest the number may have been as high as 25. She kept no records of her lifesaving exploits. Lewis's fame spread quickly following the 1869 rescue, as a reporter was sent from the New-York Tribune to record her deeds. Articles also appeared in Harper's Weekly and Leslie's magazine, among others. The Life Saving Benevolent Association of New York sent her a silver medal. A parade was held in her honor in Newport on Independence Day, followed by the presentation of a sleek, mahogany rowboat with red velvet cushions, gold braid around the gunwales, and gold-plated oar-locks. When she was 64, Lewis became a life beneficiary of the Carnegie Hero Fund, receiving a monthly pension of $30.

During her lifetime, Lewis was called "the Bravest Woman in America" and her exploits were detailed in the national press. She met President Ulysses S. Grant, Vice-President Schuyler Colfax, General William Tecumseh Sherman, and Admiral George Dewey, in addition to many of the wealthy and prominent people who summered in Newport. Members of the Women's suffrage movement – including Elizabeth Cady Stanton – came to visit her and used her as an example of the inherent strength of women. At least two pieces of music were named for her: the Ida Lewis Waltz, and the Rescue Polka Mazurka. Ida Lewis hats and scarves were sold.

Later years
Her father amused himself by counting the people who came to the island to see Ida: there were often a hundred a day, and in one summer, there were 9,000. She also received numerous gifts, letters, and even marriage proposals. In 1870, she married Captain William Wilson of Black Rock, Connecticut, but they separated after two years, and she returned to Lime Rock. She spent most of her career alone there.

Lewis made her last recorded rescue when she was 63. A friend was rowing out to the lighthouse, stood up in her boat, lost her balance, and fell into the water. Lewis rowed out to her and hauled her aboard.

Lewis died of a stroke on October 24, 1911, at the age of 69. The bells of all the vessels in Newport Harbor tolled for her that night, and flags were at half-staff throughout Newport. More than 1,400 people viewed her body at the Thames Street Methodist Church. Among the crowd that gathered to pay its respects were several keepers: Charles Schoeneman, of the Newport Harbor Light; Charles Curtis of the Rose Island Light, O. F. Kirby of Gull Rocks Light; and Edward Fogerty of the Brenton Reef Lightship. The captain and crew of a local life-saving station in Newport were also present. Ida Lewis was buried in the Common Burying Ground, in a prominent location, so her grave can be seen by passersby.

Legacy
In 1924 the Rhode Island legislature officially changed the name of Lime Rock to Ida Lewis Rock. The lighthouse service changed the name of the Lime Rock Lighthouse to the Ida Lewis Rock Lighthouse – the only such honor ever paid to a keeper in the United States.  It is now the clubhouse of the Ida Lewis Yacht Club. The burgee of the Ida Lewis Yacht Club features a lighthouse with 18 stars, representing the 18 people rescued by Ida Lewis.

In 1995, the United States Coast Guard named the first of a new class of buoy tenders for Ida Lewis. The USCGC Ida Lewis (WLM-551), the lead ship of the 175' Keeper class, is stationed at Middletown, Rhode Island.

The folk song "Lighthouse Keeper" by Neptune's Car was inspired by the experiences of women lighthouse tenders including Lewis, Katherine Walker, and Abbie Burgess.

Ida Lewis' Gold Lifesaving Medal, along with two other medals awarded to her and other artifacts, are in the collections of the Newport Historical Society.

In 2017, a Google Doodle commemorated her 175th birthday. The same day, the United States Coast Guard Northeast division posted a tweet honoring her birthday; it was later re-tweeted by the US Coast Guard main handle.

In 2018, Ida Lewis became the first woman to have a road named after her at Arlington National Cemetery; the road is called Lewis Drive.

English folk singer Reg Meuross's 2019 album RAW includes a song called "The Eyes of Ida Lewis". The song tells the story of Ida Lewis in the voice of an imagined suitor whose life she had saved.

See also

 Grace Darling
 Katherine Walker

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Coast Guard bio
 Cutter Coat of Arms
 Ida Lewis Yacht Club
 Scroll to "Ida Lewis Rescue," music published in 1869, "Respectfully dedicated ...to Miss Ida Lewis," shown on the cover "in costume as in the rescue of March 26, 1865."
 Women in Transportation – scroll to Ida Lewis
 New England Lighthouses: A Virtual Guide
 Lifesaving Benevolent Association of New York Records
 Ida Lewis – Life as a Lighthouse Keeper – United States Lighthouses
 Lime Rock Lighthouse Plans 1853 and 1856

1842 births
1911 deaths
People from Newport, Rhode Island
American lighthouse keepers
Women lighthouse keepers
Recipients of the Gold Lifesaving Medal
Burials at Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery

Ida Lewis


Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas. This technique can be used to produce breathable oxygen or hydrogen gas as a fuel source, referred to as hydrogen fuel. However, that method is more expensive than the industrial way to produce hydrogen fuel from natural gas.

This is what is referred to as a non-spontaneous reaction which requires impetus.

At the cathode, reduction (in this case, the gain of electrons) occurs. At the anode, oxidation (in this case, the loss of electrons) occurs. Normally, the reaction is balanced with either an acid or a base as shown in the equations below.

the reduction at cathode: 2 H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)

the oxidation at anode: 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e−

That two reactions are half reactions. They are balanced with an acid. Commonly hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is used. However, the half reactions can also be balanced with a base, for example with sodium hydroxide.

the reduction at cathode: 2 H2O(l) + 2e− → H2(g) + 2 OH−(aq)

the oxidation at anode: 4 OH−(aq) → O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e−

Combining one pair of half reactions leads to an overall reaction, which is then the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen.

complete reaction: 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

Chemistry

Electrolysis of water


Palazzo Barbieri is a Neoclassical style palace located in Piazza Bra in Central Verona; it now serves as the town hall.

The palace was originally named Palazzo della Gran Guardia Nuova, and housed staff associated with the occupying Austrian Army forces. It was designed by Giuseppe Barbieri and was later named in his honor. Construction began in 1836 and was completed by 1848.

The interiors contain a large canvas (1595) by Felice Brusasorzi depicting the victory of the Veronese over Benacensi in the year 829. Others who worked in the studio or contributed were Alessandro Turchi, Pasquale Ottino, and Sante Creara.

A 14th-century fresco depicting a Crucifixion and the Madonna from a private house was implated into the wall near the entrance. One room has tapestries from the 16th century. One designed by Paolo Farinati depicts the 1164 Victory of the Veronese against Frederick Barbarossa. Tha palace also contains various paintings by Carlo Ferrari and Eugenio Gignous.

References

Palaces in Verona
Neoclassical architecture in Verona
City and town halls in Italy

Palazzo Barbieri


Fred Lewis Crawford (May 5, 1888 – April 13, 1957) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.

Crawford was born in Dublin, Texas, and attended local public schools. He went to business college at Peniel (now part of Greenville, Texas), and attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He engaged in accountancy at Des Moines, Iowa, and Detroit, Michigan, 1914-1917. He built, financed, and operated beet sugar mills in various sections of the United States, 1917-1935. He also engaged in manufacturing, ranching, and overland transportation. He was director of the Michigan National Bank and the Refiners Transport & Petroleum Corporation of Detroit at time of his death.

In 1934, Crawford was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 8th congressional district to the United States House of Representatives, defeating incumbent Democrat Michael J. Hart. Crawford served in the 74th Congress and the eight succeeding Congresses, from January 3, 1935, to January 3, 1953. In 1952, he was defeated in the Republican primary election by Alvin M. Bentley, who went on to win the general election.

As a member of the Committee on Insular Affairs, Crawford attended the inaugural ceremonies of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 and the Republic of the Philippines in 1946. His notebooks and other materials related to those events are archived at the Bentley Historical Library of the University of Michigan .  Crawford was the ranking minority member on the Committee on Public Lands in the 81st and 82nd Congresses (1950–1952).

Crawford retired to his farm at Allentown in Prince George's County, Maryland. He died in Washington, D.C., and is interred in Cedar Hill Cemetery, Suitland, Maryland.

References

The Political Graveyard

1888 births
1957 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
Maryland Republicans
20th-century American politicians
People from Dublin, Texas

Fred L. Crawford


The Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729 was a limited war that took place between Great Britain and Spain during the late 1720s, and consisted of a failed Spanish attempt to capture Gibraltar and an unsuccessful British Blockade of Porto Bello. It eventually ended with a return to the previous status quo ante bellum following the Treaty of Seville.

Background

During the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain lost Gibraltar to an Anglo-Dutch fleet and when the war finished in 1714, Spain was forced to accept the loss of Gibraltar in the Treaty of Utrecht, but it was a long-term goal of Spain to recover both Gibraltar and the island of Menorca from the British.

After the Treaty of Vienna in 1725, Spain had the support of Austria and thought the time to be right to try to recapture Gibraltar. In reaction, Britain signed the Treaty of Hanover with France and Prussia.

Some historians put the beginning of the war in 1726, the year in which the Anglo-Spanish relation was already very tense. A British fleet was sent to the Spanish West Indies to disturb Spanish shipping without actually starting a war.

Action

Porto Bello

Britain had tried to use its naval power early in the dispute, by blockading Porto Bello in Panama but the attempt proved a disaster, in which 4,000 men were lost to disease. The main objective of the blockade had been to prevent Spanish galleons leaving and sailing for Spain, but the blockade failed to accomplish this - and eventually withdrew.

Siege of Gibraltar

On 11 February 1727 Spain, under command of the Marquis de las Torres and supervision of Chief Engineer of the Spanish Royal Engineer Corps Marquis of Verboom, laid siege to the city (Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar). Depending on the sources, Spanish troops were between 12,000 and 25,000. British defenders were 1,500 at the beginning of the siege, increasing up to about 5,000 by troops brought from overseas by a fleet commanded by Charles Wager.

After a four-month siege, with several unsuccessful and costly attempts, Spanish troops gave up and retired on 12 June. Spain had lost over 1,400 men while the British had suffered around 300 casualties.

The Spanish had expected material help from the Austrians promised under the Treaty of Vienna, but they received little. They had been outmaneuvered by British diplomats, who had concluded a secret deal with the Austrians to prevent them intervening.

Peace
No more hostilities took place and a truce was declared in February 1728, with a preliminary agreement of issues at the March Convention of El Pardo and the Congress of Soissons. The final peace, that confirmed the status-quo, was concluded in the 1729 Treaty of Seville. Many of the outstanding issues between the two states had not been resolved, and a decade later the War of Jenkins' Ear broke out between them. Britain emerged from the conflict by forming a very strong alliance with Austria, that lasted until 1756.

References

External links
 The diary of a soldier in the garrison of Gibraltar under siege, 1727
 ASEDIO DE GIBRALTAR (1727)
 La guerra de 1726-1727. La campaña de las Indias

Conflicts in 1727
Conflicts in 1728
Conflicts in 1729
Spanish 1727
Wars involving Spain
Military history of Gibraltar
1720s in Spain
1720s in Great Britain
Spain–United Kingdom military relations

Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)


Rawa (pronounced: ; older name Roździanka) is a minor river (about 19.6 kilometres in total length) in Silesia, Poland. It is the largest right tributary of the Brynica, itself a tributary of the Przemsza, which in turn is a tributary of the Vistula.  The entire length of the Rawa is within the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union. It has its source in Ruda Śląska and crosses the cities of Świętochłowice, Chorzów and Katowice. Finally in Sosnowiec it joins the Brynica River only several hundred metres before the latter joins with Czarna Przemsza.

The Rawa has lost most of its natural river character, and is now mostly a sewage channel flowing underground. Works have begun in order to restore it back to an ecologically sound water flow.

Characteristics
The river has a source in the Marcin pond in Ruda Śląska. It flows through Świętochłowice, Chorzów, Katowice, Mysłowice and finally Sosnowiec where it joins Brynica just before the latter joins with Czarna Przemsza.

During much of its route it flows underground, beneath the city's infrastructure. It is filled by rain, as well as sewage. It has several small confluences, such as Potok Leśny (near University of Economics in Katowice).

Pollution
The river is notorious for being heavily polluted. Reported to be crystal clear in 1875, the industrialization of Silesia caused the river to become so polluted that all the fish died out by 1893. The continued growth of industry and cities throughout the 20th century, combined with little effort towards preserving the environment, continued to degrade the quality of the water in the river. In 1992, the river, leaving Katowice, was claimed to contain only 14% water, and a popular joke among the local citizens was to warn each other 'not to throw a lit match into the river'. Currently the upper part of the river is officially classified as sewage and the plan is to direct the entire river flow through a treatment plant. In the 1990s plans to improve water quality and restore the ecology of the river were begun. So far new sewage treatment plants have been completed, and the plan is supposed to significantly improve the river's quality by 2010.

Regulation of flow
The primary reason for the regulation of the Rava's flow was the need to prevent flooding as mining continued to lower the level of local lands. The first plans for controlling the flow date to 1863. Plans to regulate the entire length of the Rawa were ready in 1903. The start of the First World War interrupted Prussian government implementation. After the war, the German plans were continued by the government of the Second Polish Republic in the late 1920s, with the construction of a sewage treatment plant (no longer existing). The work was completed in 1938, but the correct flow conditions did not last because of the continued lowering of the land. The second regulation of the river was conducted between 1975 and 1993.

Name
Sources first mention the river in 1737, as Róździanka - from an old village of Roździeń, now part of Katowice's district of Szopienice. The etymology of the name "Rawa" (Rava) is ancient. The name is related to  Protoindoeuropean: *er[e](w)-, *rē(w)- (meaning quiet); Germanic: *rḗw-ō, *rṓw-ō, *rōw-a- (Old English: rōw, -e `quiet, rest'; Middle Dutch: rouwe, rowe; Middle Low German: rouwe, rōwe; rāwe; Old High German: ruowa (AD 800), rāwa (9th century); Middle High German: ruowe, ruo, rāwe, rouwe, German Ruhe).

References

External links

 Rawa będzie odkryta?

Rivers of Poland
Rivers of Silesian Voivodeship

Rawa (river)


Karl-Friedrich Höcker (11 December 1911 – 30 January 2000) was a Nazi war criminal, German commander in the SS and the adjutant to Richard Baer, who was a commandant of Auschwitz I concentration camp from May 1944 to December 1944. In 2006, a photo album created by Höcker (the Höcker Album), with some 116 pictures from his time at Auschwitz, was given to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, sparking new interest in his activities as a concentration camp administrator.

Early life and family

The youngest of six children, Höcker was born in the village of Engershausen (now part of Preußisch Oldendorf), Germany. His father was a construction worker, who was later killed in action during World War I.

Following an apprenticeship as bank teller he worked at a bank in Lübbecke before being made redundant. After having been unemployed for two and a half years, he joined the SS in October 1933 and the Nazi Party in May 1937.

Concentration camp administrator

On 16 November 1939 he joined the 9th SS Infantry Regiment based at Danzig and, in 1940, became the adjutant to the commanding SS officer of the Neuengamme concentration camp, Martin Gottfried Weiss. In 1942 Weiss was also the commanding officer of the Arbeitsdorf concentration camp with Höcker serving as his adjutant. Before being transferred in May 1943 to the Majdanek concentration camp, again as adjutant to Weiss, Höcker followed a course at the SS military academy (Junkerschule) in Braunschweig. During the same period he also received some military training.

In 1943, he became the adjutant to the commandant at Majdanek during the Operation Reinhardt mass deportations and murders. Afterward, he became adjutant to Richard Baer, in 1944, who was previously deputy to WVHA chief Oswald Pohl in Berlin. In May 1944 Höcker was transferred to Auschwitz, where he remained until the advance of the Soviet Red Army forced camp evacuation in January 1945. Thereafter, he was transferred to the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp along with Baer. The two men administered the camp until the Allies arrived. Höcker used false papers to flee the camp and avoid being identified by the British when they captured him.

Post-war trials

He married before the war and had a son and daughter during the war, with whom he was reunited after his release from 18 months in a British POW camp in 1946.  Early in the 1960s he was apprehended by West German authorities in his hometown, where he was a bank official.  It is not known why the bank rehired and promoted him after a long absence.

At his trial in Frankfurt, part of the noted Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials, Höcker denied having participated in the selection of victims at Birkenau or having ever personally executed a prisoner. He further denied any knowledge of the fate of the approximately 400,000 Hungarian Jews who were murdered at Auschwitz during his term of service at the camp.  Höcker was shown to have knowledge of the genocidal activities at the camp, but could not be proved to have played a direct part in them.  In post-war trials, Höcker denied his involvement in the selection process.  While accounts from survivors and other SS officers all but placed him there, prosecutors could locate no conclusive evidence to prove the claim.

In August 1965 Höcker was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for aiding and abetting in over 1,000 murders at Auschwitz. He was released in 1970 and was able to return to his bank post as a chief cashier, where he worked until his retirement.

On 3 May 1989 a district court in the German city of Bielefeld sentenced Höcker to four years imprisonment for his involvement in gassing murders of prisoners, primarily Polish Jews, in the Majdanek concentration camp in Poland. Camp records showed that between May 1943 and May 1944 Höcker had acquired at least 3,610 kilograms of Zyklon B poisonous gas for use in Majdanek from the Hamburg firm of Tesch & Stabenow.

Auschwitz photo album

In 2006, a photo album created by Höcker came to the attention of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; the album contains rare images of the life of German functionaries at Auschwitz while the camp remained in operation, including some of the few photos of Josef Mengele at Auschwitz.

Höcker died in 2000, still claiming that he had nothing to do with the death camp at Birkenau. During his final statement at the Frankfurt Trial in 1965, he had claimed, "I only learned about the events in Birkenau…in the course of time I was there… and I had nothing to do with that. I had no ability to influence these events in any way…neither did I want them, nor carry them out. I didn't hurt anybody… and neither did anyone die at Auschwitz because of me." Höcker testified that he never set foot on the ramp during the selection process, despite one survivor recalling an officer with the surname Höcker being present on the ramp.

References

Sources
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum photo gallery

Karl Hoecker's Album slideshow on The New Yorker's website
"Nazi Scrapbooks from Hell", National Geographic Channel. November 30, 2008.
Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project -- Karl Hoecker (Höcker)
IMDB Page of Scrapbooks from Hell: The Auschwitz Albums (2008)

1911 births
2000 deaths
People from Minden-Lübbecke
Neuengamme concentration camp personnel
SS-Obersturmführer
Bankers in the Nazi Party
Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp personnel
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
People from the Province of Westphalia
People convicted in the Majdanek trials
People convicted in the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials

Karl-Friedrich Höcker


The Guthrie Theater, founded in 1963, is a center for theater performance, production, education, and professional training in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The concept of the theater was born in 1959 in a series of discussions among Sir Tyrone Guthrie, Oliver Rea and Peter Zeisler.  Disenchanted with Broadway, they intended to form a theater with a resident acting company, to perform classic plays in rotating repertory, while maintaining the highest professional standards.

The Guthrie Theater has performed in two main-stage facilities. The first building was designed by Ralph Rapson, included a 1,441-seat thrust stage designed by Tanya Moiseiwitsch, and was operated from 1963–2006. After closing its 2005–2006 season, the theater moved to its current facility designed by Jean Nouvel.

In 1982, the theater won the Regional Theatre Tony Award.

History
In 1959, Sir Tyrone Guthrie published a small invitation in the drama page of The New York Times soliciting communities' interest and involvement in a resident theater. Out of the seven cities that responded, the Twin Cities showed not only interest but also eagerness for the project.

Frank Whiting, the director of the University of Minnesota Theater, introduced Guthrie to the arts community in the Twin Cities and helped gather support that persuaded Guthrie to locate his theater in Minneapolis. With the help of the newly founded Tyrone Guthrie Theater Foundation a fundraising effort raised over US$2 million. The new theater was completed in 1963 in time for the May 7 opening of Hamlet. During its first season the Guthrie featured well known stage actors Hume Cronyn, Jessica Tandy and Zoe Caldwell and featured a group of younger actors including George Grizzard, Ellen Geer and Joan van Ark. Tyrone Guthrie served as Artistic Director until 1966 and continued to direct at the theater he founded until 1969, two years before his death. In 1966 Douglas Campbell was named Artistic Director.

Throughout the 1960s the Guthrie found critical acclaim in its productions of Henry V, St. Joan, Caucasian Chalk Circle, Three Sisters and The House of Atreus. In 1968 the production of The House of Atreus was taken on the road in a national tour that was a first for a resident theater.  Also starting in 1968, the Guthrie began a tradition of producing plays on smaller stages in the Twin Cities area, including the Crawford-Livingston Theater in St. Paul and The Other Place.

In 1971, Michael Langham became artistic director and produced classic plays including Oedipus Rex, Love's Labour's Lost, She Stoops to Conquer, and A Streetcar Named Desire. After Langham left in 1977, the Guthrie crossed a milestone of sorts when for the first time it selected an artistic director that was not a respected collaborator or friend of Tyrone Guthrie. That year Alvin Epstein was selected as artistic director and was the first American to fill that role.

In 1980 Liviu Ciulei replaced Epstein. Ciulei was the former artistic director of  Teatrul Bulandra in Romania and had a profound influence on the Guthrie. He challenged audiences with his bold theatrical interpretations and his highly contemporary and international style. Ciulei's interest in theater didn't stop at the productions themselves, he was a designer and architect and one of the first things he did was to redesign the theater itself. His changes allowed more structural flexibility in the stage to allow each production a unique physical presentation. While Ciulei was not able to attain all the goals he had envisioned, he was able to maintain and advance the Guthrie's national and international reputation as a first-rate example of American theater and drew critical success with productions of classics such as Peer Gynt, The Marriage of Figaro, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Seagull, and Tartuffe. He also was able to reestablish the Guthrie's commitment to acting ensembles by gathering together a rotating repertory in his last season as Artistic Director in 1985. In 1982 the theater won the Regional Theatre Tony Award.

That year the Guthrie turned to Garland Wright, who had spent some time as Liviu Ciulei's associate artistic director in the early 1980s as Ciulei's replacement. Wright had shared a vision with Ciulei that included the desire to have a second, smaller stage that could act as a lab to enable the exploration of new work and performance techniques. Born out of this vision was the Guthrie Laboratory (also known as the Guthrie Lab) located in the Minneapolis Warehouse District. Wright also shared a desire to keep the concept of a resident acting company alive and used his ensembles to great effect. He was able to combine critical and popular success with a series of productions that helped reestablish a large, enthusiastic and loyal audience base. Productions from this period include The Misanthrope, Richard III, The Screens, and a trilogy of Richard II, Henry IV (Parts I and II) and Henry V, Medea and As You Like It. Wright also created a series of outreach programs designed to garner interest in theater among young people and involving high school and colleague instructors.

Garland Wright announced his resignation in 1994 and after an international search for his successor, Joe Dowling was chosen as the Guthrie's seventh artistic director.  Dowling had gained an international reputation with his work at Ireland's national theater, the Abbey Theatre, including becoming the Abbey's youngest artistic director in its long history.

Under Dowling's artistic leadership, the Guthrie enjoyed unprecedented growth. Subscriptions are at an all-time high of more than 32,000, up more than 50% from the beginning of Dowling's tenure. Dowling's time at the Guthrie Theater has been marked by a return to regional touring, co-productions by visiting international theater companies (WorldStage Series), collaborations with local theater companies, and his own dynamic productions of the classics.

Dowling retired in 2014. The eighth artistic director of the Guthrie is Joseph Haj, who took over in 2015.

Vineland Place

Paired with an innovative philosophy that included a resident acting company with high professional standards was a unique design concept in the stage itself.

Ralph Rapson was selected to design the 1963 theater building. Rapson was a leading contributor to architecture's modern movement on the East Coast from the late 1940s through the 1950s, and served as head of the University of Minnesota School of Architecture in the late 1950s.  Rapson had also worked on some preliminary sketches of the Walker Art Center, which donated land on Vineland Place for the Guthrie's construction. Guthrie and Rapson selected a modified theater in the round design that featured a thrust stage projecting from a back wall with seating surrounding nearly two thirds of it.

The Guthrie's design arose out of Ralph Rapson's work with the Walker Art Center, and concepts the Walker was considering for a small auditorium near their museum. The result was a theater designed by Rapson, that seated 1,441 people when it first opened its doors in 1963. Its irregularly-shaped stage, designed by Tanya Moiseiwitsch, had 7 sides and took up 1120 square feet (104 m²). Seating radiated outward and upward, and the ceiling was hung with acoustical panels that carried the asymmetrical theme to the top of the theater. The design concept encouraged the minimal use of large set pieces. In 1974 the distinctive exterior screen, which had suffered from corrosion by the elements over the years, was removed. In 1980, Artistic Director Liviu Ciulei redesigned the stage. The stage itself was modified so that its size, shape and height was adjustable, and he opened up the back wall to create more depth.

In 2002, the National Trust for Historic Preservation put the old Guthrie building on its list of the most endangered historic properties in the United States in response to plans announced by the Walker Art Center to expand on the land occupied by the theater. However, demolition started in late 2006 beginning with the common area between the old Guthrie building and the Walker. The site has been turned into green space and an extension of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.

On the river

In 2006, the Guthrie finished construction of a new $125 million theater building along the Mississippi River in downtown Minneapolis. The design is the work of Jean Nouvel, along with the Minneapolis architectural firm Architectural Alliance and is a  facility that houses three theaters: (1) the theater's signature thrust stage, seating 1,100, (2) a 700-seat proscenium stage, and (3) a black-box studio with flexible seating. It also has a 178-foot cantilevered bridge (called the "Endless Bridge") to the Mississippi which is open to visitors during normal building hours. The outside of the building's walls are covered in large panels which display a large mural of photographs from past plays visible clearly at night. Jean Nouvel was in association with dUCKS scéno and Jacques Le Marquet for the scenography of the theaters and the acousticians of The Talaske Group and Kahle Acoustics.

The first Guthrie production at the new location, The Great Gatsby (adapted for the stage by Simon Levy and directed by David Esbjornson), opened on July 15, 2006.

Auditoriums
 1,100-seat Wurtele Thrust Stage
 700-seat McGuire Proscenium Stage
 199-seat Dowling Studio

Dining and retail
 Sea Change, a seafood restaurant
 Level Five Cafe, pre-show dining
 Level Five Express, coffee bar
 Guthrie Store

Public spaces
 The Endless Bridge
 Target Lounge
 Theater lobbies on levels 4, 5, and 9
 Street lobby on level 1

Semi-public spaces
 The Guthrie Learning Center - education classrooms
 Kitchak Lounge (donor lounge)

Alternate stages
Crawford Livingston Theater (1968–1969)
The Other Place (1968–1971)
Guthrie 2 (1976–1979)
Guthrie Lab (1988–2005)

Artistic directors
Tyrone Guthrie (1963–1966)
Douglas Campbell (1966–1967)
position not filled (1968–1970)
Michael Langham (1971–1977)
Alvin Epstein (1978–1980)
Liviu Ciulei (1980–1985)
Garland Wright (1986–1995)
Joe Dowling (1995–2015)
Joseph Haj (2015–present)

2021-2022 season

What the Constitution Means to Me – by Heidi Schreck
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens, adapted by Lavina Jadhwani
A Raisin in the Sun – by Lorraine Hansberry
The Tempest – by William Shakespeare
Emma – by Kate Hamill, based on  the novel by Jane Austen
Sweat – by Lynn Nottage

See Guthrie Theater production history for previous seasons.

See also
 Gold Medal Park
 Tyrone Guthrie Centre, Ireland

References

Further: reading

Further: viewing

External links

Guthrie Theater web site
Photos of the new Guthrie
Building profile at arcspace.com
Guthrie Theater Archives finding aid

Arts organizations based in Minneapolis
Culture of Minneapolis
League of Resident Theatres
Tony Award winners
Theatre in Minneapolis
Jean Nouvel buildings
Regional theatre in the United States
Arts organizations established in 1963
1963 establishments in Minnesota

Guthrie Theater


Water pollution is the pollution of bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, seas, the oceans, as well as groundwater. It occurs when pollutants reach these bodies of water, without treatment. Waste from homes, factories and other buildings get into the water bodies and as a result water gets polluted.

Water pollution is a problem for the species and ecosystems there. It affects plants and organisms living in the water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the wider biological communities. The color is usually green or brown but normal water can be blue.

Agriculture is one of the major sources of water pollution. The fertilizers given to the crops for better growth are washed into rivers and lakes, which in turn pollutes the water.

There are many chemicals that are naturally found in these bodies of water. Today water may be polluted by nitrates, phosphates, oil, acid rain, and debris such as sediment, fallen logs and so on. When people and animals drink water from such rivers, the poisonous chemicals may affect them. Life in rivers is also affected, and  humans who consume fish may also have health problems.

Related pages
Ocean pollution

References

Water pollution

Water pollution


IDEF0, a compound acronym ("Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling", where ICAM is an acronym for "Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing"), is a function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions, which offers a functional modeling language for the analysis, development, reengineering and integration of information systems, business processes or software engineering analysis.

IDEF0 is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT).

Overview
The IDEF0 Functional Modeling method is designed to model the decisions, actions, and activities of an organization or system.<ref name = "VG00">Varun Grover, William J. Kettinger (2000). Process Think: Winning Perspectives for Business Change in the Information Age. p.168.</ref>  It was derived from the established graphic modeling language Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT) developed by Douglas T. Ross and SofTech, Inc. In its original form, IDEF0 includes both a definition of a graphical modeling language (syntax and semantics) and a description of a comprehensive methodology for developing models. The US Air Force commissioned the SADT developers "to develop a function model method for analyzing and communicating the functional perspective of a system. IDEF0 should assist in organizing system analysis and promote effective communication between the analyst and the customer through simplified graphical devices".

Where the Functional flow block diagram is used to show the functional flow of a product, IDEF0 is used to show data flow, system control, and the functional flow of lifecycle processes. IDEF0 is capable of graphically representing a wide variety of business, manufacturing and other types of enterprise operations to any level of detail. It provides rigorous and precise description, and promotes consistency of usage and interpretation. It is well-tested and proven through many years of use by government and private industry. It can be generated by a variety of computer graphics tools. Numerous commercial products specifically support development and analysis of IDEF0 diagrams and models.

An associated technique, Integration Definition for Information Modeling (IDEF1x), is used to supplement IDEF0 for data-intensive systems. The IDEF0 standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 183 (FIPS 183), and the IDEF1x standard (FIPS 184) are maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

FIPS PUB 183 "Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0)," was withdrawn as a Federal Standard (in favor of OPEN Specifications and Standards) September 2, 2008, as cited in "The Federal Register",  Volume 73, page 51276 (73FR/51276).

 History
During the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force Program for Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) sought to increase manufacturing productivity through systematic application of computer technology.  The ICAM program identified the need for better analysis and communication techniques for people involved in improving manufacturing productivity. As a result, in 1981 the ICAM program developed a series of techniques known as the IDEF (ICAM Definition) techniques which included the following:

 IDEF0, used to produce a "function model".  A function model is a structured representation of the functions, activities or processes within the modeled system or subject area.
 IDEF1, used to produce an "information model".  An information model represents the structure and semantics of information within the modeled system or subject area.
 IDEF2, used to produce a "dynamics model".  A dynamics model represents the time-varying behavioral characteristics of the modeled system or subject area.

In 1983, the U.S. Air Force Integrated Information Support System program enhanced the IDEF1 information modeling technique to form IDEF1X (IDEF1 Extended), a semantic data modeling technique. By the 1990s, IDEF0 and IDEF1X techniques are widely used in the government, industrial and commercial sectors, supporting modeling efforts for a wide range of enterprises and application domains. In 1991 the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) received support from the U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Corporate Information Management (DoD/CIM), to develop one or more Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for modeling techniques.  The techniques selected were IDEF0 for function modeling and IDEF1X for information modeling. These FIPS documents are based on the IDEF manuals published by the U.S. Air Force in the early 1980s.  Sometime later, IEEE created the IDEF0 standard, and ISO adopted and published it as IEEE/ISO/IEC 31320-1.

 IDEF0 topics

 The IDEF0 approach
IDEF0 may be used to model a wide variety of automated and  non-automated systems. For new systems, it may be used first to define the requirements and specify the functions, and then to design an implementation that meets the requirements and performs the functions. For existing systems, IDEF0 can be used to analyze the functions the system performs and to record the mechanisms (means) by which these are done. The result of applying IDEF0 to a system is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text, and glossary cross-referenced to each other.  The two primary modeling components are functions (represented on a diagram by boxes) and the data and objects that inter-relate those functions (represented by arrows).

 IDEF0 Building blocks

The IDEF0 model displayed here on the left is based on a simple syntax. Each activity is described by a verb-based label placed in a box. Inputs are shown as arrows entering the left side of the activity box while output are shown as exiting arrows on the right side of the box. Controls are displayed as arrows entering the top of the box and mechanisms are displayed as arrows entering from the bottom of the box. Inputs, Controls, Outputs, and Mechanisms (ICOM) are all referred to as concepts.

 Arrow : A directed line, composed of one or more arrow segments, that models an open channel or conduit conveying data or objects from source (no arrowhead) to use (with arrowhead). There are 4 arrow classes:  Input Arrow, Output Arrow, Control Arrow, and Mechanism Arrow (includes Call Arrow).  See Arrow Segment, Boundary Arrow, Internal Arrow.
 Box : A rectangle, containing a name and number, used to represent a function.

 Context : The immediate environment in which a function (or set of functions on a diagram) operates.
 Decomposition : The partitioning of a modeled function into its component functions.

 Fork : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) divides into two or more arrow segments. May denote unbundling of meaning.

 Function : An activity, process, or transformation (modeled by an IDEF0 box) identified by a verb or verb phrase that describes what must be accomplished.
 Join : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) merges with one or more other arrow segments to form a single arrow segment.  May denote bundling of arrow segment meanings
 Node'' : A box from which child boxes originate; a parent box.  See Node Index, Node Tree, Node Number, Node Reference, Diagram Node Number.

Graphical notation
IDEF0 is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text, and glossary cross referenced to each other. The two primary modeling components are:
 functions (represented on a diagram by boxes), and
 data and objects that interrelate those functions (represented by arrows).
As shown by Figure 3 the position at which the arrow attaches to a box conveys the specific role of the interface. The controls enter the top of the box. The inputs, the data or objects acted upon by the operation, enter the box from the left. The outputs of the operation leave the right-hand side of the box. Mechanism arrows that provide supporting means for performing the function join (point up to) the bottom of the box.

The IDEF0 process
The IDEF0 process starts with the identification of the prime function to be decomposed. This function
is identified on a "Top Level Context Diagram," that defines the scope of the particular IDEF0 analysis. An example of a Top Level Context Diagram for an information system management process is shown in Figure 3. From this diagram lower-level diagrams are generated. An example of a derived diagram, called a "child" in IDEF0 terminology, for a life cycle function is shown in Figure 4.

Federal Information Processing Standards
In Dec 1993 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announcing the standard for Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) in the category Software Standard, Modeling Techniques. This publication announces the adoption of the IDEF0 as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS). This standard was based on the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Architecture from June 1981.

On September 2, 2008, the associated NIST standard, FIPS 183, has been withdrawn (decision on Federal Register vol. 73 / page 51276.

See also
 Function model
 Functional flow block diagram
 IDEF1X
 IDEF3
 IDEF5

References
Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001.

External links

 FIPS Publication 183 released of IDEFØ December 1993 by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (Withdrawn by NIST 08 Sep 02 see Withdrawn FIPS by Numerical Order Index)
 Federal Register vol. 73 / page 51276 withdrawal decision
 Overview of IDEF0 at www.idef.com

Enterprise modelling
Business software
Systems analysis
Systems engineering

IDEF0


Availability is a term used in information security to show that a system is running and reachable by those that are supposed to be able to use the system.

Availability is sometimes expressed as a percentage of uptime, such as 99%.  High availability is usually expressed as five nines - 99.999%.  In a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week operation this would be just a little over 5 minutes per year.

Security

Availability


José Adelino Barceló de Carvalho (born 5 September 1942 in Kipiri, Angola), better known as Bonga, is a folk and semba singer and songwriter from Angola.

Biography

Youth and athletic career
José Adelino Barceló de Carvalho was born in the province of Bengo, and left Angola when he was 23 years old to become a track and field athlete, becoming the Portuguese record holder for the 400 metres (Angola was at the time one of Portugal's five African colonies). He had already begun his singing career at the age of 15.

Musical career

Colonial period
Carvalho abandoned athletics in 1972, concentrating solely on his music, and immediately became famous in his native Angola, as well as in Portugal. After the Carnation Revolution in April 1974, he would become a hit both with immigrants from the ex-Portuguese colonies, and Portuguese of both African and European descent. He has released over 30 albums, singing in Portuguese and traditional Angolan languages. His tracks are a mixture of Portuguese folk sounds, semba, kizomba and latin elements.

While Angola was still a Portuguese colony, Bonga was an outspoken supporter of independence. This led him to be exiled from Angola in the early 1970s.

At this time, Portugal was ruled by the authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime government, founded by Salazar. Barceló de Carvalho's status as a Portuguese star athlete allowed him the rare freedom of movement, which he used – under the name of Bonga Kuenda – to carry messages between exiled pro-independence African fighters and compatriots still in Angola. When the Portuguese government and its political police (P.I.D.E.) realised Bonga Kuenda and Barceló de Carvalho were the same man, Bonga was forced into exile in Rotterdam, where, in 1972, he definitively adopted the name Bonga and recorded his first record, Angola 72. His iconic track "Mona Ki Ngi Xica", which would feature on the soundtrack of Cédric Klapisch's 1996 film When the Cat's Away (Chacun cherche son chat), was introduced on this album. A warrant for his arrest was issued in Angola for the seditious lyrics of the album, forcing him to move nomadically between Germany, Belgium and France until Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975, brought about by the events of the Carnation Revolution. While in Europe, Bonga met other Portuguese-speaking musicians and adapted the sounds of semba to his already diverse music style.

Independent Angola
After independence, the new Angolan government took Angola's best solo acts and founded and supported an orchestra called "Semba Tropical". The purpose was to revive the lost music industry, as described by a People's Republic of Angola ministry spokesman during the band's tour in Europe in the mid-1980s:
"We had great problems because of the war for independence. When the Portuguese left they dismantled some of the basic structure by smashing and sabotaging equipment and we had to start from scratch. After independence there were no bands at all. Those which were formed were not active because they had no instruments." As it was the case under Portugal's colonial rule, only a tiny minority of Angolans (1%) were allowed to get an education. Thus, the newly independent country, with relatively good infrastructure, and blessed with rich natural resources, was in fact badly mismanaged and plagued by corruption and failed central planning for several decades after independence from Portugal.

After Angola's independence Bonga lived for some time in Paris and Angola, before establishing his main residence in Lisbon. As post-colonial life in Angola disintegrated into corruption, squalor, brutality, and an interminable and bloody civil war, Bonga remained critical of the political leaders on all sides. Bonga's voice of peace and conscience continues to make him a hero to the people of Angola no matter where he resides. He remains fiercely dedicated to the ideal of nonviolence, he states simply: "We must live without harming others."

Aged 74, he published in 2016 his thirty-first album Recados de Fora (Messages from Elsewhere). This included 9 new songs including Tonokenu, plus the covers of Sodade Meu Bem Sodade, a composition of Zé do Norte already sung by Maria Bethânia or Nazaré Pereira, and Odji Maguado composed by the Capeverdean writer B. Leza and popularised by Cesaria Evora in her 1990 album, Distino di Belita.

Awards
Bonga received the distinction of "Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters" by the French government. The honorable mention was delivered by the Ministry of Culture of France in a ceremony on 10 December 2014 in Angola.

Albums

 Angola 72 (1972) (includes Paxi Ni Ngongo)
 Angola 74 (1974) (includes "Sodade", a song later made famous by Cesaria Evora)
 Raízes (1975)
 Angola 76 (1976)
 Racines (1978)
 Kandandu (1980)
 Kualuka Kuetu (1983)
 Marika (1984)
 Sentimento (1985)
 Massemba (1987)
 Reflexão (1988)
 Malembe Malembe (1989)
 Diaka (1990)
 Jingonça (1991)
 Paz em Angola (1991)
 Gerações (1992)
 Mutamba (1993)
 Tropicalíssimo (1993)
 Traditional Angolan Music (1993)
 Fogo na Kanjica (1994)
 O Homem do Saco (1995)
 Preto e Branco (1996)
 Roça de Jindungo (1997)
 Dendém de Açúcar (1998)
 Falar de Assim (1999)
 Mulemba Xangola (2001)
 Kaxexe (2003)
 Maiorais (2004)
 Bairro (2008)
 Hora Kota (2011)
 Recados de Fora (2016)
 Kintal da Banda (2022)

Compilations
 Angola (1988)
 Paz em Angola (1991)
 Katendu (1993)
 20 Sucessos de Ouro (1995)
 Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon, AIDS-Benefit Album produced by the Red Hot Organization, contributed the track "Mulemba Xangola" (1998)
 Best Of Bonga (2009)

Live
 Swinga Swinga (1996)
 Bonga Live (2005)

References

External links

 More about Bonga Angola TopMusics
 "Bonga 'I help to place Angola in the world'". Buala, African Contemporary Culture.

1942 births
Living people
People from Bengo Province
Angolan expatriates in Belgium
Angolan expatriates in Germany
Angolan expatriates in France
Angolan expatriates in the Netherlands
Angolan folk singers
Angolan emigrants to Portugal
Musicians from Rotterdam
Angolan songwriters
S.L. Benfica athletes
20th-century Angolan male singers
21st-century Angolan male singers

Bonga (musician)