The Buenos Aires Convention (Third Pan-American Convention) is an international copyright treaty signed in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 11 August 1910, providing mutual recognition of copyrights where the work carries a notice containing a statement of reservation of rights (Art. 3). This was commonly done with the phrase "All rights reserved" (; ) next to the copyright notice. This implementation varied as US law only required the author and year of publishing. Copyright protection under the convention is granted for the shorter of the terms of the protecting country and the source country of the work ("rule of the shorter term", Arts. 6, 7). The rather vague nature of the requirement for a statement of reservation led to the development of longer and more legalistic wordings, which have persisted despite the developments in international copyright law.

The convention is specifically retained by the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) of 6 September 1952 (Art. 18 Geneva Act), with the most recent formulation taking precedence in case of conflict. As the Buenos Aires Convention was not modified, the presence of a simple copyright notice was sufficient to ensure mutual recognition of copyright between countries which became parties to the UCC (which only Honduras never did). As of , all parties to the Buenos Aires Convention are also parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, which provides for mutual recognition of copyright without any formalities (Art. 5.2 Berne).

The Buenos Aires Convention became a "special agreement" in the terms of Article 20 of the Berne Convention. It remains in force, notably for determining the source country of a work and hence the term of protection which is applicable in countries which apply the "rule of the shorter term": when a work is simultaneously published in a Convention State and a non-Convention State, the Convention State will be taken to be the source country regardless of the term of protection in the non-Convention State.

Sources: U.S. Copyright Office, UNESCO, WIPO

References
 Geneva Act of the Universal Copyright Convention, done at Geneva, 1952-09-06.
 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works  (Paris Act), as amended on 1979-09-28.
 The United States has never applied the rule of the shorter term: all copyright works are protected for the normal U.S. term of copyright.
 The United States deposited its Instruments of Ratification with the Government of Argentina on 1911-05-01, and hence the treaty came into force with respect to the other parties three months after that date (Art. 16). The treaty was not proclaimed in the United States until 1914-07-13.
 "International Copyright Relations of the United States", U.S. Copyright Office Circular No. 38a, August 2003.
 Parties to the Geneva Act of the Universal Copyright Convention as of 2000-01-01: the dates given in the document are dates of ratification, not dates of coming into force. The Geneva Act came into force on 1955-09-16 for the first twelve to have ratified (which included four non-members of the Berne Union as required by Art. 9.1), or three months after ratification for other countries.
 Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works as of 2006-05-30.

External links

Text of the Convention

Intellectual property treaties
History of Buenos Aires
Copyright treaties
Treaties concluded in 1910
Treaties entered into force in 1914
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the First Brazilian Republic
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
1910 in Argentina
1910s in Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires Convention


Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, widely popular in the first half of the 19th century.

Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime.  As adventures, Ivanhoe, and Rob Roy are very well-known, and both were made into films. Waverley is important because it is the first historical novel. It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture. Scott wove together history and fiction. What he started with Waverley, he continued with his other novels.

Scott wrote very many books. Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford. Of his poetry The Lady of the Lake is best liked.

Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession. Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.

A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32).

Education and early life
Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783. After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792. In 1797 he married Charlotte Charpentier and in 1799 was appointed deputy Sheriff of Selkirkshire. He now began to write books in earnest.
In 1821 he was made a baronet. His house is now a public museum visited by many tourists each year.

Financial problems and death
In 1825 and 1826, a banking crisis swept through the cities of London and Edinburgh. The Ballantyne printing business, in which he was heavily invested, crashed. Scott was ruined. He placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors, and set out to write his way out of debt.

He kept up his huge output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. By  1831 his health was failing. Still, he did a grand tour of Europe, where he was welcomed wherever he went. He returned to Scotland and, in September 1832, died at Abbotsford, near Melrose in the Roxburghshire. Though he died owing money, his novels continued to sell well. The debts of his estate were eventually discharged.

References

1771 births
1832 deaths
British playwrights
Scottish poets
Writers from Edinburgh

Walter Scott


In Greek mythology, Cresphontes (; ) was a son of Aristomachus, husband of Merope, father of Aepytus and brother of Temenus and Aristodemus.  He was a great-great-grandson of Heracles and helped lead the fifth and final attack on Mycenae in the Peloponnesus.  He became king of Messene.

Cresphontes and his brothers complained to the oracle that its instructions had proved fatal to those who had followed them (the oracle had told Hyllus to attack through the narrow passage when the third fruit was ripe). They received the answer that by the "third fruit" the "third generation" was meant, and that the "narrow passage" was not the isthmus of Corinth, but the straits of Rhium. They accordingly built a fleet at Naupactus, but before they set sail, Aristodemus was struck by lightning (or shot by Apollo) and the fleet destroyed, because one of the Heraclidae had slain an Acarnanian soothsayer.

The oracle, being again consulted by Temenus, bade him offer an expiatory sacrifice and banish the murderer for ten years, and look out for a man with three eyes to act as guide. On his way back to Naupactus, Temenus fell in with Oxylus, an Aetolian, who had lost one eye, riding on a horse (or mule) (thus making up the three eyes) and immediately pressed him into his service. The Heraclidae repaired their ships, sailed from Naupactus to Antirrhium, and thence to Rhium in Peloponnesus. A decisive battle was fought with Tisamenus, son of Orestes, the chief ruler in the peninsula, who was defeated and slain.

The Heraclidae, who thus became practically masters of Peloponnesus, proceeded to distribute its territory among themselves by lot. Argos fell to Temenus, Lacedaemon to Procles and Eurysthenes, the twin sons of Aristodemus; and Messene to Cresphontes. The fertile district of Elis had been reserved by agreement for Oxylus. The Heraclidae ruled in Lacedaemon until 221 BC, but disappeared much earlier in the other countries.

Notes

See also
 Heracleidae
 Papilio cresphontes

Sources
Bibliotheca ii. 8.
Diodorus Siculus, iv. 57, 58.
Pausanias, i. 32, 41, ii. 13, 18, iii. I, iv. 3, v. 3.
Euripides, Heraclidae.
Pindar, Pythia, ix. 137.
Herodotus, ix. 27.
Karl Otfried Müller. Dorians, Part I, Chapter 3.
Connop Thirlwall. History of Greece, Chapter VII.
George Grote. History of Greece, Part I, Chapter XVIII.
Georg Busolt. Griechische Geschichte, Part I, Chapter 11, Section 7, where a list of authorities is given.

Heracleidae
Messenian mythology
Kings in Greek mythology

Cresphontes


Mark Browning (born 30 November 1956) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans from 1975 to 1987. He won the club's best and fairest award in 1983 and captained the Swans in 1984 and 1985. During his time with the Swans, Browning won the Simpson Medal for best on ground in the 1982 Western Australia v Victoria State of Origin match played in Perth.

In 1988 he signed on as Captain-Coach of the Hobart Football Club in the Tasmanian Football League where he experienced considerable success with the Tigers, who had been in the doldrums for some years.

Skippering them to a losing Grand Final in 1989 after his side led the eventual Premier (North Hobart) by 40-points during the second quarter of the decider.

However, the heartbreak was to be erased somewhat in 1990, when his Hobart side was to go on and defeat North Launceston by 58-points after a devastating final quarter onslaught, giving Browning his only taste of premiership success in football.

After an Elimination Final loss at the hands of the Burnie Hawks in 1991, Browning led the club as non-playing coach for the 1992 season where, after a strong start to the season, his injury ravaged Tiger outfit fought their way into another Grand Final against North Hobart, but a similar result to 1989 ensued.

After resigning as coach of Hobart, Browning briefly worked as an around-the-grounds commentator for ABC Radio Football in Tasmania before returning briefly in 1993 to coach the Southern team in the short-lived Area of Origin games.

Browning is currently a Junior Development Officer for AFL Queensland.

External links

1956 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Sydney Swans players
Bob Skilton Medal winners
Victorian State of Origin players
Hobart Football Club players
Hobart Football Club coaches

Mark Browning


Venom or venomous mey refer tae:
 Pushion, a class o animal toxins
 Venom clade, forby kent as Toxicofera, a group o reptiles containing snakes an some lizard families
 de Havilland Venom, a jet-powered fighter-bomber in service from 1952 to 1967
 Devil's venom, a nickname coined by Soviet rocket scientists for their dangerous liquid rocket fuel mixture
 Red Venom, a fictional spacecraft in the Manta Force toyline
 Velocette Venom, a 500cc model of Velocette motorcycle made in Britain
 Venom Energy Drink
 VeNom Coding Group, a standardization in the names and terms used in veterinary medicine

In comics
 Venom (comics), a symbiotic alien-life form an arch-enemy o Spider-Man in the Marvel Comics universe. In its fictional history the Venom alien haes merged wi a number o human hosts who hae taken on the alias o Venom:
 Eddie Brock, the first human host tae uise the name Venom an recently Anti-Venom
 Venom (Angelo Fortunato), the seicont human host tae uise the name Venom
 Mac Gargan, the third an maist recent Venom host, who haes been the villain Scorpion an aw
 Venom (Transformers) - A Decepticon
 Venom, a fictional drug uised in the DC Comics universe, maist famously bi the character Bane

In film an television
 Venom (1971 film), a horror film titled Spider's Venom in the Unitit States
 Venom (1981 film), a thriller film
 Venom (2005 film), a 2005 horror film set in the bayous o Louisiana, Unitit States
 Venom (Marvel film) , a spin-off o the Spider-Man film series
 Snakes on a Plane, a 2006 film wi the wirkin title Venom
 Venom, a deluxe Insecticon frae the Transformers Universe
 V.E.N.O.M, the villain group in the M.A.S.K. cartoon series
 The Venom Mob, a group o actors frae the Shaw Brothers Studio, popular creators o martial airts films in the 1970s an 1980s

In muisic
 Venom (baund), a Breetish hivy metal baund whose sub-genre is disputit, though aften credited as the oreeginators o black metal.
 Venom (album), a 2010 album bi Chamillionaire
 Venomous (muisician), a Bahamian artist
 Venom (The Shermans sang), a 2009 single bi The Shermans

In games
 Venom, a portable German minigun in Return to Castle Wolfenstein an Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory
 Venom (Guilty Gear), a character in the Guilty Gear series o street-fechtin games
 Venom (Star Fox), a planet in the Star Fox series o video games
 Venom, the Brotherhood of Nod's VTOL attack craft in Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars An Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath

Venom


A web feed is an XML-based document which contains a sequence of content items. Web logs or blogs are a common source for web feeds. However, web feeds may also be associated with different sources other than blogs.

The term syndication is used to describe the availability of a web feed for an information source, such as a blog. This is also known as "publishing" a feed.

The term aggregation is used to describe the process of combining the contents of multiple web feeds, such as for display on a single web page. This is also known as "subscribing" to a web feed.

Web feeds are designed to be machine readable, so there is no requirement that they be destined only for user consumption. For example, business partners could use web feeds to exchange information without any user intervention.

Web feeds are commonly in RSS or Atom "feed" format. They may also be in RDF format.

Other websites

Computing

Web feed


The arcuate line of the ilium is a smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium. It is immediately inferior to the iliac fossa and Iliacus muscle.

It forms part of the border of the pelvic inlet.

In combination with the pectineal line, it comprises the iliopectineal line.

The arcuate line marks the border between the body (corpus) and the wing (ala) of the ilium, and, running inferior, anterior, and medial from the auricular surface to the area corresponding to the acetabulum, it also indicates where weight is transferred from the sacroiliac joint to the hip joint.

Additional images

References

External links

Bones of the pelvis
Ilium (bone)

Arcuate line of ilium


The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 British epic fantasy adventure movie. It was directed by Andrew Adamson and based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first published book in C. S. Lewis's children's series, The Chronicles of Narnia. It was co-produced by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures (North America) and Warner Bros. Pictures (International). William Moseley, Anna Popplewell, Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes play Peter, Susan, Lucy and Edmund, the four British children that had to go to the countryside during the Blitz, and there they find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia. There they join the Lion Aslan against the forces of Jadis, the White Witch (Tilda Swinton).

The movie was released on November 14, 2005, in both Europe and North America and was highly successful at the box office. It won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Make Up and various other awards and is the first movie in the series of movies based on the books. It was the best selling DVD in North America in 2006 taking in $332.7 million that year.

Release Dates

Plot
During the 1940 bombing of Finchley, London, the Pevensie children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, are sent to the country home of Professor Digory Kirke.

While they are playing hide-and-seek, Lucy finds a wardrobe that leads to a world called Narnia, where it is always winter. She spends a few hours in the home of the faun, Mr. Tumnus, who tells her about Jadis, the White Witch, and how she cursed Narnia into being only winter for one hundred years. If they ever met a human, they had to bring them to her. However, Tumnus likes Lucy and does not want to kidnap her, so he instead takes her safely back home. When she returns, hardly any time has passed in the normal world, and when the other children check the Wardrobe, it does not lead to "Narnia".

A few days later, Edmund follows Lucy into the wardrobe, meeting the White Witch and her dwarf Ginarrbrik. She offers him Turkish Delight and asks Edmund to bring his brother and sisters to her castle, so that he can become her heir and the rest will serve him. Edmund agrees, and she leaves, just as Lucy meets Edmund. They return together, and Lucy tells Peter and Susan about how she went to Narnia again (this time with Edmund), but Edmund denies it. The Professor talks with Peter and Susan, and he tells them that Lucy's story might be telling the truth.

While running away from the housekeeper after accidentally breaking a window, the four siblings hide in the wardrobe and enter Narnia. They find out that Mr. Tumnus has already been taken by the Witch's secret police, and meet Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who tell them about Aslan. They say that Aslan is on the move to take back Narnia from the Witch. The four must help Aslan, for there was a prophecy that if two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve sit in the four thrones, the White Witch would no longer be able to reign.

Edmund sneaks off to visit the Witch while they are at the Beaver's house. When he goes to her castle, she is angry that he came alone and without his siblings. The Witch sends wolves to find the children and the beavers, who barely escape. Edmund meets Tumnus while being chained in the Witch's dungeon. The Witch demands that Edmund reveal where his siblings are because the wolves could not find them, and Edmund hesitates before telling her. The Witch then turns Tumnus into stone and begins searching for the other children herself.

While Peter, Lucy, Susan and the beavers go to the Stone Table, they see what they think is the White Witch chasing after them, so they hide. It is actually Father Christmas, one of the signs that the Witch is getting weaker. Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle of cordial that will cure any sickness and a dagger to defend herself with, Susan a bow and arrows and a magical horn, and Peter a sword and shield.

Pursued by wolves led by Maugrim, the group crosses a river. When they come to Aslan's camp, they meet Aslan, who is a huge and noble lion. Aslan promises to help Edmund in any way he can. Later, two wolves ambush Lucy and Susan while they are playing in the river. Then Peter comes and kills Maugrim with his sword, and some of the troops of Aslan follow the other wolf to the witch's camp and rescue Edmund.

The White Witch goes to Aslan's camp and tries to take back Edmund, but Aslan says he will sacrifice himself instead. That night, as Lucy and Susan secretly watch, Aslan is killed by the White Witch at the Stone Table. In the morning he is resurrected because "there is a magic deeper still the Witch does not know". Aslan takes Susan and Lucy to the Witch's castle, where he turns the stone prisoners back to real life.

Edmund persuades Peter to battle with the Witch. Peter's army begins losing, and to stop the witch from turning others to stone, Edmund destroys the Witch's wand and gets stabbed while he does so. Then, as the Witch fights Peter, Aslan comes and kills her with his roar. The Pevensies become Kings and Queens, staying in Narnia until they are adults.

Fifteen years later they find the wardrobe and return to England, becoming children again. The professor enters the room and asks what they were doing. Peter replies, "You wouldn't believe us if we told you, sir." The professor tosses him the ball that broke the window and replies, "Try me." Lucy later goes to the wardrobe because she wants to return to Narnia, but the Professor tells her he has been trying for years, and that the wardrobe will probably not work again.

Cast

 William Moseley as Peter Pevensie, the eldest of the four Pevensie children.
 Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie, the second eldest child of the four Pevensie children.
 Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie, the third of the four Pevensie children.
 Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie, the youngest of the four Pevensie children.
 Tilda Swinton as Jadis, the White Witch, the evil witch who holds Narnia under an eternal winter.
 Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan, the great lion who was responsible for creating Narnia and who sacrifices himself for Edmund's sake.
 James McAvoy as Mr. Tumnus, a faun who is under the White Witch's rule, but befriends Lucy Pevensie and joins Aslan's forces.
 Ray Winstone voices Mr. Beaver, a beaver who helps lead the children to Aslan.
 Dawn French voices Mrs. Beaver, a beaver who helps lead the children to Aslan.
 Kiran Shah as Ginarrbrik, the White Witch's servant dwarf.
 Jim Broadbent as Professor Digory Kirke, an old professor. He lets the children stay at his country estate during the war.
 Elizabeth Hawthorne as Mrs. Macready, Kirke's strict housekeeper.
 James Cosmo as Father Christmas. He gives Peter, Susan, and Lucy their Christmas gifts.
 Michael Madsen as the voice of Maugrim, a wolf who is captain of the White Witch's secret police.
 Patrick Kake as Oreius, a centaur who is second-in-command of Aslan's army.
 Shane Rangi as General Otmin, a minotaur who is second-in-command of the White Witch's army.
 Morris Cupton as Train Conductor, the conductor of the train Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy ride.
 Judy McIntosh as Helen Pevensie, the mother of the four Pevensie children.
 Rupert Everett as the voice of a fox who helps the children along their way to Aslan.
 Noah Huntley as the adult Peter Pevensie, who has grown up as a king in Narnia.
 Sophie Winkleman as the adult Susan Pevensie, who has grown up as a queen in Narnia.
 Mark Wells as the adult Edmund Pevensie, who has grown up as a king in Narnia.
 Rachael Henley as the adult Lucy Pevensie, who has grown up as a queen in Narnia.
 Producer Philip Steuer voices Phillip, Edmund's talking horse.

The radio-announcer that Peter listens to near the beginning of the movie is played by Douglas Gresham, co-producer of the movie and C. S. Lewis's stepson. Keynes' voice broke during filming, so some of his voice track had to be voiced again by his sister Soumaya. Mr. Pevensie is only glimpsed in a photo which Edmund tries to retrieve during the bombing, which is of Sim-Evan Jones' father.

With the exception of Tilda Swinton, who was the first choice to play Jadis, the White Witch, casting took a long time. Beginning in 2002, Adamson went through 2500 audition tapes and met 1800 children before coming down to the final four actors for the Pevensies. Moseley and Popplewell came from the very start of casting, whilst Henley and Keynes were rather late. Moseley quit school to learn all his lines and beat 3000 boys to the role of Peter.

Brian Cox was originally supposed to voice Aslan on December 9, 2004, but Adamson changed his mind.

References

Other websites

 Imageworks – making of Narnia visual effects

2005 adventure movies
Academy Award winning movies
British adventure movies
2000s English-language movies
2000s epic movies
2005 fantasy movies
Movies based on books
Movies about witchcraft
Movies set in London
The Chronicles of Narnia


Karl Friedrich Schinkel (13 March 1781 – 9 October 1841) was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter.  He also designed furniture and stage sets. Schinkel was one of the most importat architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neogothic buildings.

Biography
Schinkel was born in Neuruppin, Brandenburg. When he was six, his father died in Neuruppin's disastrous fire. He became a student of architect Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800) (the two became close friends) and his father, David Gilly, in Berlin. He made a trip to Italy in 1805. Then he started to earn his living as a painter.He worked for the stage and created in 1816 a star-spangled backdrop for the appearance of the "Königin der Nacht" in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Magic Flute. When he saw Caspar David Friedrich's painting Wanderer above the Sea of Fog at the 1810 Berlin art exhibition he decided that he would never reach such mastery of painting and turned to architecture. After Napoleon's defeat, Schinkel worked at the Prussian Building Commission. In this position, he was not only responsible for reshaping the city of Berlin into a representative capital for Prussia, but also had to work projects in the expanded Prussian territories from the Rhineland in the west to Königsberg in the east.

From 1808 to 1817 Schinkel renovated and reconstructed Schloss Rosenau, Coburg, in the Gothic Revival style.

Schinkel's style was more influenced by Greek than by than Imperial Roman architecture. His most famous buildings are found in and around Berlin. These include Neue Wache (1816–1818), the Schauspielhaus (1819–1821) at the Gendarmenmarkt, which replaced the earlier theater that was destroyed by fire in 1817, and the Altes Museum (old museum, see photo) on Museum Island (1823–1830).

Later, Schinkel moved away from classicism altogether and preferred the Gothic Revival style.
Schinkel died in Berlin, Brandenburg.

Schinkel, however, is famous as well for his theoretical work and his architectural drafts. Some of his merits are best shown in his unexecuted plans for the transformation of the Athenian Acropolis into a royal palace for the new Kingdom of Greece and for the erection of the Orianda Palace in the Crimea. These and other designs may be studied in his Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe (1820–1837) and his Werke der höheren Baukunst (1840–1842; 1845–1846).  He also designed the famed Iron Cross medal of Prussia, and later Germany.

Literature
Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1781 - 1841: the drama of architecture, ed. by John Zukowsky. With essays by Kurt W. Forster and Wolfgang Pehnt, .
 Jörg Trempler: Schinkels Motive. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2007, .
Christoph Werner: Schloss am Strom. Die Geschichte vom Leben und Sterben des Baumeisters Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Bertuch-Verlag, Weimar 2004, .

References

1781 births
1841 deaths
German architects
German painters
People from Brandenburg
People from Prussia
Urban planners

Karl Friedrich Schinkel


David Jeffrey LaPoint (born July 29, 1959) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher. He was the manager of the Rockland Boulders, an American professional baseball team based in Pomona, New York, and member of the Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball known as the Can-Am League.

Early life
LaPoint was born in Glens Falls, New York, and attended Glens Falls High School, where he was a star baseball player alongside future fellow Major League Baseball player David Palmer. He graduated in 1977.

Professional career

Milwaukee Brewers
Drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 10th round (237th overall) of the 1977 MLB amateur entry draft, LaPoint would make his Major League Baseball debut with the Milwaukee Brewers on September 10, 1980.

St. Louis Cardinals
On December 12, 1980, LaPoint was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals with Lary Sorensen, David Green, and Sixto Lezcano for Ted Simmons, Rollie Fingers, and Pete Vuckovich. He pitched in St. Louis until 1984, beginning as a long relief pitcher but eventually developing into a starting pitcher. LaPoint was a member of the St. Louis Cardinals team that defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in the 1982 World Series. He also finished eighth in the voting for the 1982 National League Rookie of the Year award.

San Francisco Giants
On February 1, 1985, LaPoint was traded to the San Francisco Giants with José Uribe, Gary Rajsich, and David Green for Jack Clark. He pitched in San Francisco for one season, making 31 starts.

Detroit Tigers and San Diego Padres
On October 7, 1985, LaPoint was traded to the Detroit Tigers with Matt Nokes and Eric King for Scott Medvin, Bob Melvin, and Juan Berenguer. After beginning as a starting pitcher, he was demoted to the bullpen where he pitched as a long relief pitcher. On July 9, 1986, he was traded to the San Diego Padres for Mark Thurmond. In San Diego, he pitched primarily as a long relief pitcher. He was released by the Padres on December 18, 1986.

Second stint with Cardinals and the Chicago White Sox
On January 19, 1987, LaPoint was re-acquired as a free agent by the St. Louis Cardinals. After beginning the season in the minor leagues, LaPoint was recalled near the trade deadline and pitched as a long relief pitcher, where he pitched poorly. On July 30, 1987, LaPoint was traded to the Chicago White Sox for Bryce Hulstrom. In Chicago, LaPoint became a starting pitcher again and posted a 2.94 earned run average. On November 9, 1987, he was granted free agency.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On February 9, 1988 he was re-signed by the Chicago White Sox shortly before pitchers and catchers were to report to Spring training. LaPoint pitched well in Chicago again, and began to draw interest from contending teams. On August 13, 1988, LaPoint was traded through waivers to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Barry Jones. He pitched well down the stretch for the Pirates, posting a 2.77 earned run average. On November 4, 1988, he was granted free agency.

New York Yankees
On December 3, 1988, LaPoint was signed as a free agent by the New York Yankees. LaPoint pitched poorly for the Yankees in 1989, winning only six games and posting an earned run average over 5.00. In 1990, LaPoint's fortunes improved as did his earned run average, moving to 4.11. He was released on February 17, 1991.

Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, second stint with Brewers
On April 7, 1991, LaPoint was signed as a free agent by the Philadelphia Phillies. He played his final game in MLB on April 20, 1991, and was released on April 23, 1991. On May 9, 1991, LaPoint was re-acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers as a free agent to a minor league contract, reuniting him with the team that drafted him. He did not pitch well at Triple-A and was released on June 23, 1991. On June 28, 1991, he was signed as a free agent by the Chicago Cubs to a minor league contract. He pitched poorly and was not recalled when rosters expanded in September. He was granted free agency on October 15, 1991.

Minnesota Twins
After not pitching in 1992, LaPoint was signed to a minor league contract by the Minnesota Twins in 1993. After pitching poorly in Triple-A after making 13 starts, he was not recalled in September when rosters expanded.

Adirondack Lumberjacks
After sitting out the 1994 season, LaPoint pitched for the Adirondack Lumberjacks of the independent Northeast League in 1995. After retiring as a player, LaPoint was appointed as the team's pitching coach and eventually became manager. LaPoint parted ways with the team when they joined the independent Northern League in 1999.

Managerial career

Bridgeport Bluefish
In 2006, LaPoint was hired as the manager of the Bridgeport Bluefish of the independent Atlantic League. He is the fourth manager in team history, and succeeded José Lind. After the 2006 season, LaPoint was named the Atlantic League Manager of the Year.

Long Island Ducks
LaPoint was the manager of the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League.

Rockland Boulders
Starting in 2011, LaPoint managed the Rockland Boulders, an American professional baseball team based in Pomona, New York and member of the Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball known as the Can-Am League. He was fired after the 2012 season after the team who was once in the playoff race lost 10 straight games and eventually finished way out of the playoff hunt with a third place finish.

References

External links

Retrosheet
Baseball Almanac
Baseball-Reference.com

1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Glens Falls, New York
St. Louis Cardinals players
Milwaukee Brewers players
San Francisco Giants players
Detroit Tigers players
San Diego Padres players
Chicago White Sox players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Yankees players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New York (state)
Baseball managers
Adirondack Lumberjacks players
Burlington Bees players
Denver Zephyrs players
Iowa Cubs players
Louisville Redbirds players
Newark Co-Pilots players
Portland Beavers players
Springfield Redbirds players
Stockton Ports players
Vancouver Canadians players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada

Dave LaPoint


Anton Webern (born Vienna 3 December 1883; died Mitterill 15 September 1945) was an Austrian composer. Webern and Alban Berg were the most famous pupils of Arnold Schoenberg, the composer who had invented the twelve tone system. This style of composition is often called the "Second Viennese School". Webern was probably Schoenberg's first pupil, and Berg joined them a few weeks later. Webern used the rules of the twelve tone system very strictly in his music. His compositions had a lot of influence on composers of the mid-20th century who were interested in serialism, especially Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez. Most of Webern's compositions are very short.

Life

Early years
Anton was born Anton von Webern. Webern's father was a mining engineer who later got an important government job. The family had belonged to the nobility which is why they had "von" before the family name. In 1918 a law was made in Austria to stop people from using "von" as part of their name, and so from then onwards he was always known as "Anton Webern". Anton learned to play the cello and the piano. They had a country house where the family spent the summer, and the young boy spent a lot of time composing, especially songs to the poems of famous German poets such as Stefan George and Richard Dehmel. Together with his friend and cousin Ernst he read the philosophical books of Friedrich Nietzsche, studied modern paintings and listened to the music of Richard Wagner. His father took him to the Bayreuth Festival.

He went to study at the University of Vienna where he continued to compose a lot of music. By 1906 he had been given a doctorate for writing about the composer Heinrich Isaac.

Influence of Schoenberg
When Webern became a pupil of Schoenberg he was joining a small group of musicians who were to be lifelong friends. Alban Berg was a member of this group. The music these people were writing sounded very modern at the time and they had to face a lot of criticism. Berg and Webern were official pupils of Schoenberg only for two years, but they continued to work with him, often copying out music for him. They also helped him financially and, when Schoenberg moved to Berlin, Webern moved there to be near him.

Mid career
Webern composed more twelve-tone music during these years. He also worked as a conductor to earn some money. He was only interested in music by German and Austrian composers. He tried to get several teaching jobs, but the only one he managed to get was at the Israel Institute for the Blind in Vienna, where he taught for six years.

Later years
During the 1930s Webern faced many difficulties. He did not have much money, Schoenberg went to live in France and then the  United States because of the political situation in Europe. Alban Berg died in 1935 and his own conducting career came to an end. When the Nazis came to power in Austria they banned Webern's music because they thought it was bad (they called it "degenerate art"). His son was killed fighting in World War II. Four months after the war had ended he was sitting on the veranda of his daughter's house smoking a cigar after dinner when he was shot dead by one of the occupying troops. He should have been inside because there was a curfew on. His son-in-law had just been arrested for selling things on the black market.

His music
Webern's early music was in the style of expressionism. Later he wrote using the twelve tone system. He liked using very high and very low notes, as well as silences in his music. Although most of his pieces were very short, every note was carefully planned.  Officially he composed 31 works, and these fit onto 6 CDs. A lot of his music still sounds very modern to us today.

References
Groves Dictionary of Music Online

1883 births
1945 deaths
20th-century composers
Austrian composers
People from Vienna

Anton Webern


Bigfit, aften cryed as Sasquatch, is an alleged ape-like craituir steyin in forests, mainly in the Pacific Northwast region o North Americae. Bigfit is aften described as a muckle, hairy, bipedal humanoid. Mony believers in its existence contend that similar craituirs are foond athort the Yird unner different regional names, maist prominently the Yeti o the Himalayas.

Creeptozoology

Bigfit


Leoš Janáček (born Hukvaldy, Moravia, July 3 1854; died Moravská Ostrava, August 12 1928) was a Czech composer who lived at the end of the Romantic period and the beginning of the 20th century. He wanted his music to sound typical of his country. The rhythm of Janáček's music sounds like the rhythm of the dialect he spoke. This was quite close to Polish. Janáček is famous for his operas which are all based on Czech stories. The Cunning Little Vixen is especially charming. It is about animals in a forest (a "vixen" is a female fox).

Most of his greatest works were written towards the end of his life. At this time he was in love with a young woman called Kamila. She was the inspiration for many of his last compositions.

His youth
Janáček's family were poor people who lived in the countryside in Moravia. His grandfather and his father were both musicians and school teachers. Leoš was the fifth of nine children. As the tiny house was so crowded he was sent to Brno when he was eleven. There he went to a choir school, but soon the choir had to stop. He continued his music education there. After his final exams he had an unpaid job as teacher for two years. He became conductor of a monastery choir as well as a male-voice choir called Svatopluk. He made them a better choir and wrote music for them. He studied at the Prague Organ School for a year, but he was very poor and could not afford to go to concerts. He continued to conduct choirs and became friends with Dvořák. He spent a short time in Leipzig and Vienna.

Early career
When he returned to Brno he became engaged to his piano pupil Zdenka Schulzová who was only 14. She was still under 16 when they married. Janáček founded (started) an organ school in Brno. He was the director of this school. He also taught music at the Old Brno Gymnasium. His marriage was unhappy and, although they remained married all his life, they spent a lot of time separated. He went on a journey to northern Moravia to collect folk songs which he used in some of his dances for orchestra.

Janáček's spent several years writing his opera Jenůfa. By the time he was finishing it his daughter had died. Some of his sadness can be felt in the opera. He also worked on a system of speech-melody (making his melodies sound like the rhythm of his language) which was to influence his operas for the rest of his life. Jenůfa was very successful when it was first performed in 1904. By this time Janáček was already 50.

Middle career
Janáček was now doing less teaching and concentrating on organizing the Brno Organ School which had moved into a new building because it now had 70 students. His next opera was called Osud (Fate), but it was not performed during his lifetime. The music is very good but the libretto (words) were poor. This is also true of his next opera: Mr Brouček's excursion to the moon. He wrote chamber music during this period, as well as some very good choral music.

When World War I broke out Janáček was 60. He was well known in Moravia, but hardly known in other countries. His compositions from the war years include Taras Bulba which is a work for orchestra which describes a story by the Russian writer Gogol. He wrote a short, patriotic opera to follow Mr Brouček's adventures. It was about a landlord from Prague who finds himself in the middle of the 15th century Hussite wars.

His final years (1916-1928)
In his final years Janáček wrote most of the great works for which he is world-famous. His opera Jenůfa was performed in Prague. This made him internationally famous. He was very proud when his country became independent after the war. He was also very happy because he was in love with Kamila Stösslová, who was 38 years younger than himself. He wrote three of his finest operas: Katya Kabanová, The Cunning Little Vixen and The Makropulos Affair. These operas were performed in Brno and then in Prague, and they were also published. He wrote two string quartets and a wind sextet: Mládi (Youth). By the time he was 70 he had retired from the Brno Organ School. In 1926 he wrote an orchestral work: Sinfonietta, followed by a piano concerto for the left hand (pianist just playing with the left hand) and chamber ensemble, and the Glagolitic Mass. All these works had enormous success in Czechoslovakia as well as abroad, even as far away as New York.

In 1921 he had bought a cottage in his birthplace, Hukvaldy. He spent a lot of time composing there, away from the busy life in Brno. In the summer of 1928 he went there and was joined, for the first time in Hukvaldy, by Kamila, her 11-year-old boy and her husband. He was working on the third act of his last opera From the House of the Dead. One day Kamila's son got lost in the forest. They spent some time looking for him. Janáček got cold, he caught pneumonia and died. His funeral in Brno was a large public event, at which some music from his opera The Cunning Little Vixen was performed.

His musical style
Janáček grew up in the middle of the Romantic period, but most of his best music was written in 1920s, by which time musical styles had changed. Although he never wrote music which sounded as modern as that of Stravinsky or Schoenberg his music is Romantic, combined with Moravian folksong and sometimes with ideas from French impressionist composers such as Debussy. The music he wrote for choirs often continued in his operas. His music for instruments often started as programmatic, although a lot of it can be enjoyed without knowing the story it tells. He learned to write operas by learning from the operas of Smetana, but he made many changes such as shortening the duets and ensembles and using folksong in his melodies.
Janáček was not just important as a composer, but is remembered for his studies of folk music, and as a music theorist and teacher.

Other websites

Czech composers
Romantic composers
20th-century composers
1854 births
1928 deaths

Leoš Janáček


SubSpace is a 2D space shooter video game created in 1995 and released in 1997 by Virgin Interactive which was a finalist for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Online Game of the Year Award in 1998. SubSpace incorporates quasi-realistic zero-friction physics into a massively multiplayer online game.

The game is no longer operated by VIE; instead, fans and players of the game provide servers and technical updates.

The action is viewed from above, which presents challenges very different from those of a three-dimensional game. The game has no built-in story or set of goals; players may enter a variety of servers, each of which have differing objectives, maps, sounds, and graphics.

SubSpace is considered an early entry in the massively multiplayer online genre due to its unprecedented player counts.

History
SubSpace evolved from a game originally called Sniper (1995), a project to test the effects and severity of lag in a massively multiplayer environment over dialup connections.

After its creators realized its viability as an actual game, public beta testing began in February, 1996, and it became fully public later that year.

The game was released commercially in December 1997 with a list price of US$27.99 for unlimited play, requiring no monthly or hourly fees.  The game was originally developed by Burst, led by Jeff Petersen, Rod Humble and Juan Sanchez, for the US branch of the now-defunct Virgin Interactive. The title was showcased at E3 1997.

When the game was officially released, it was not a commercial success due to a lack of marketing and the relative newness of internet gaming.  Two years of playing for free became problematic as many players refused to pay for a game that they had beta tested for two years, and instead opted to pirate the software.

SubSpace server software being distributed with the commercial release of the game allowed users to host their own servers on their own computers, enabling them to preserve the game.

Once VIE went under in 1998, many of its remaining US assets were purchased by Electronic Arts, but the SubSpace license was not.

This caused all of the commercially hosted servers, including the official VIE servers, to eventually go offline permanently, and independent user-run servers became the only choice for hosting zones, including original zones previously hosted by VIE.

Gameplay
SubSpace players control one of eight ships which are equipped with weapons and a variety of special abilities.  Players interact with each other in zones, which are typically split into multiple arenas.  Players in each arena are then divided into teams; friendly ships appear as yellow, while enemy ships appear blue.  The keyboard is used exclusively for control of the ship and use of in-game chat functions.

Although each zone can have its own unique style of gameplay, certain basic gameplay mechanics are ubiquitous throughout all zones.

Map elements
Each arena uses a 1024x1024 map as the field of play.  Some arenas may use the entire size of the map, while others may enclose the players in a smaller space.  A coordinate system (A-T horizontal, 1–20 vertical) allows players to easily identify and communicate where they are on the map.

Maps may contain obstacles such as walls or asteroids which cannot be moved or destroyed.  Maps often use gates, which open and close at random or regular intervals.  If a player's ship gets caught in a gate when it closes, the ship is relocated ("warped") to a random location on the map.

Safe zones allow a players to evade enemies or simply take a break from the game.  While in a safe zone, a ship cannot take damage but also cannot fire.  Most safe zones have a time limit; players who stay in a safe zone too long are kicked from the game and must rejoin the zone.  This prevents players from camping out in a safe zone and leaving their computer idle for an extended period of time in order to maintain their state in the game.

A flag or ball may be present as well.  Their importance and role in the game depend on the zone.

The most common map elements in SubSpace are prizes, or "greens" (for their green color).  Prizes allow players to upgrade their ships and gain special weapons or abilities.  While prizes are generally plentifully scattered throughout the map, the upgrades or abilities they award are randomly selected by the zone.

Energy
Rather than dealing with ammunition counts and hit points separately, SubSpace combines both of these elements into a single unit of measure: energy.  Each ship is equipped with a certain amount of energy, from which it must draw its health as well as its weapons power.  When a ship's energy is reduced from its capacity (whether from firing weapons or enduring enemy fire), the ship will automatically recharge back to its maximum capacity over a period of time; however, sustained weapons fire or enemy fire will inevitably cause the energy to drop lower.

Once the ship's energy drops below zero, the ship is destroyed and the player is respawned elsewhere in the area.  Any upgrades, weapons, or special abilities are lost.  The energy mechanic forces players to be cautious of their energy usage, as reckless weapons fire could result in a quick death.

It is usually not possible for players to commit suicide; if a player's own weapon causes more damage than that player has energy, the player's energy will simply be reduced to one and begin recharging.  However, suicide was possible in early beta versions of the game and the offline practice mode included with the original SubSpace client.

Ship Control
Thrust (Up for forward, Down for reverse) and rotation (Left for counter-clockwise, Right for clockwise) make up the basic movement of the ship.  Ships maintain inertia once they are set in motion and cannot be brought to a complete stop except when in a safe zone.  In addition, ships experience inelastic collisions with walls and asteroids but do not take damage from them.  Ships do not collide with each other.

Players achieve their ship's top speed by maintaining thrust.  Each ship is also equipped with afterburners (Shift+Up/Down) which allow the ship to exceed its typical top speed; however, this gradually drains the ship's energy.  When afterburners are disengaged, the ship's inertia returns to its normal top speed, not its speed with afterburners.

Ships can instantly warp (Ins) to a random location on the map.  This action requires the ship to be at full energy, and its energy is totally drained once the warp is complete, although the ship will begin recharging its energy immediately.

Ships may also attach to other friendly ships.  In this scenario, the attaching ship loses thrust control and becomes a weapons turret on the back of another ship.  This is technically achieved by performing a warp, thus requiring full energy to attach and draining energy in the process.  A turret ship takes damage like a normal ship and may detach at any time.  In addition, a ship carrying turrets may detach one or all of them at any time.

Scoring
Players primarily increase their score by killing other players.  Each ship has a bounty, which is increased by collecting prizes, killing enemies, or other in-game mechanics.  When a ship is killed, its bounty is added to the killer's score.

Each zone implements its own scoring system and may award bonuses for certain achievements.

Competitive Play
Many SubSpace players are organized into squads. These squadrons serve the same purpose as clans or teams do in other online games and allow players to cooperate and improve their skills, as well as to become more familiar with fellow players. In addition, many squads compete in competitive leagues hosted by various zones. Dueling is another favorite pastime and many zones have separate arenas for this purpose alone.

Ships
Within any given zone, a player can choose between up to eight different ships: Warbird, Javelin, Spider, Leviathan, Terrier, Weasel, Lancaster, and Shark.

Standard VIE Settings
Standard VIE Settings, SVS for short, (also referred to as Standard SubSpace Settings) is a server configuration conforming to the physics and rules used in non-special game types hosted by Virgin Interactive Entertainment (VIE) before the company's dissolution. The term is sometimes used informally to describe servers which seek, through other means, to preserve the spirit of the game as it was originally played.

Zones
Gameplay can vary depending on the zone. Some zones are just free-for-all style gameplay, while others are capture the flag, or even powerball style. Zones typically have multiple public arenas, whose settings and maps are the same, which players are automatically distributed to upon joining the server. This serves to reduce crowding in highly populated arenas.

There are also numerous sub-arenas in SubSpace, and these sub-arenas can at times have greater populations than the "main/public" arenas. They differ from the main public arenas, in the sense that they may have their own settings, map, graphics, and bots (if required – or modules in ASSS zones).

Flag Games

War – Standard flag game whose name is derived from its original zone (War Zone).  The objective is to claim all flags for one's own team.  Flags can be picked up by opponents only.  Flags that are picked up are dropped after a set time.  Flagging games usually involve bases to store flags and are heavily team-oriented.
Bounty Rabbit – One player is the rabbit, and has the 'flag'. The rabbit's kills are worth 101 points while a regular players' kills are only worth 1 point. Kill the current rabbit to become the new rabbit. The player with the most points at the end of the game wins.  This game is usually run by bots in a main arena or sub-arenas.
Turf – Territorial flag game in which flags are located at specific locations around the map.  Ownership is claimed by simply passing over the flag by any player. Turf games can either be won or involve periodic point rewards.
Basing – Similar to Turf, except there is a base with one flag. The team that controls that flag controls the base, and thus the base is often completely populated by the controlling team.  Trench Wars is an example of a popular basing game.
Running – Flags in running zones do not have drop timers, and may only be claimed by killing an opponent carrying flags or picking up neutral flags.  Variants include Rabbit Chase.

Kill Games

"Kill" games have no 'rounds' or 'games'; the objective is simply to kill as many opponents as possible while keeping one's own deaths to a minimum.  The original Alpha and Chaos zones followed this basic premise.

However, some zones offer their own variants of this style of gameplay:

King of the Hill – Each player starts off with a crown, which may be lost if the set amount of time runs out. A player's timer, which is displayed at the top right of the screen, is reset every time they kill another player. However, if a player has already lost their crown, they may only regain it by either killing a flagger with a crown (sometimes marked by a red dot on the radar), or by destroying any two players. Generally though, flaggers with low bounty do not give others their crown. The game is then won when there is only one crowned player left standing.
Speed – Each round of a Speed game has a time limit.  The winner of a round is the player with the most kills for the round.  In Speed Zone, ships began with a higher "bounty" (and more weapons and other power ups) than in other zones. Speed Zone proved to be less popular than the Jackpot/Running, Chaos, or "flag" zone games and support was discontinued shortly after SubSpace went to retail.

Ball Games

Ball games involve taking control of a ball and scoring it in the opposing team's goal.  Players cannot fire weapons or warp while carrying the ball, and can only carry the ball for a few seconds.  Before the ball timer runs out, they must pass the ball to a teammate (using Ins, Tab, or Ctrl keys), or the ball will shoot out from their ship in a random direction.  If a player dies while carrying the ball, the ball is dropped immediately and may be picked up by anyone.  A team wins a game when they achieve a certain number of goals, or the game may be timed, with the highest-scoring team winning when time expires.

Hockey  simulates futuristic ice hockey in a space setting. the "ball" is the equivalent of the hockey puck.  Each ship's settings have been modified to fit that ship into a unique role on the team; for instance, Lancasters and Sharks are "goalie" ships. the Warbird, Javelin and Weasel are Forwards, Spiders and Terriers make up the midfield, and the Levithan is a defensive beast. The rules of the game are based on real hockey rules with some variations due to the 2d nature of the game.
Powerball (Soccer) – is similar to hockey, in that it also features two teams (Warbirds and Javelins) and goals at opposite ends of a symmetrical map.  Powerball primarily uses SVS settings, except that the Warbird and Javelin have identical ship settings, creating two evenly matched teams.  Each ship starts with 100 bounty and comes "greened" with a number of basic upgrades and randomly selected special abilities (e.g. burst, repel, etc.).  It is not possible to choose any other type of ship.  Although scoring goals is the primary objective of Powerball, shooting and killing other players is very much an important part of the game.

Customization
A zone is a server to which players can connect using a client. Perhaps the most attractive feature of SubSpace is the extremely high degree of customization that zone sysops can implement. Almost every element of the game can be replaced, from the ship graphics to colors and sounds. Apart from a few basic settings, many game settings, such as ship speeds, energy levels, and such, can be changed. This allows a vast variety of zones to exist.

Game software
SubSpace utilizes a client–server architecture.  Initially, both the client and server were provided by VIE.  The client executable was titled SubSpace while the server was called SubGame.  A new client, titled Continuum, was created by reverse engineering without access to the original source code by the players PriitK (one of the creators of Kazaa) and Mr Ekted.  The original server software, heavily modified, is still the most common, although an open source alternative, A Small Subspace Server, is now available.

Continuum client

Continuum, first released in 2001, was developed as a clone of the SubSpace client, but now contains new original features exclusive to the client over the original. Continuum is the official client of the SubSpace Central Billing Server. It was developed primarily because of the original SubSpace client's failure to prevent hacking. As such, it has been adopted by several zones as a requirement in order to play.

A Small SubSpace Server
ASSS (A Small SubSpace Server) is an open source server designed for use on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, but can be configured for use on Microsoft Windows. Both are downloadable from Bitbucket.  ASSS is under active development.

Re-release
Continuum was released in the fan-reconstructed variant in digital distribution on Steam on July 3, 2015.

Reception
In 1997 Next Generation named SubSpace as number four on their "Top 10 Online Game Picks", reasoning that "Its minimal bandwidth requirements mean pretty damn good gameplay, and the software pings the various arenas to see where you'll receive the lowest latency. Nicely done: simple, addictive, and really multiplayer." During the inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards, SubSpace received a nomination for "Online Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

See also
Infantry
 Cosmic Rift
 Altitude (video game)
 List of MMOGs

References

External links
Subspace-Continuum.com
SubSpac3.net

1997 video games
Free online games
Massively multiplayer online games
Multidirectional shooters
Space combat simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Virgin Interactive games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Windows-only freeware games
Commercial video games with freely available source code

SubSpace (video game)


Boris Akunin () is the pen name of Grigori Chkhartishvili (; , born 20 May 1956), a Russian-Georgian writer. He is best known as writer of detective and historical fiction. He is also an essayist and literary translator. Grigory Chkhartishvili has also written under pen names Anatoly Brusnikin, Anna Borisova, and Akunin-Chkhartishvili. His characters include Erast Fandorin, Nicholas Fandorin and Sister Pelagia.

Life and career
Chkhartishvili was born in Zestaponi to a Georgian father and a Jewish mother and lived in Moscow from 1958 until 2014. Since then he has lived between Britain, France and Spain. Influenced by Japanese Kabuki theatre, he joined the historical-philological branch of the Institute of Asian and African Countries of Moscow State University as an expert on Japan. He was engaged in literary translation from Japanese and English. Japanese authors Yukio Mishima, Kenji Maruyama, Yasushi Inoue, Masahiko Shimada, Kobo Abe, Shinichi Hoshi, Takeshi Kaiko, Shohei Ooka were published in his translation, as well as representatives of American and English literature (T. C. Boyle, Malcolm Bradbury, Peter Ustinov, etc.).

He worked as assistant to the editor-in-chief of the magazine Foreign Literature, but left in October 2000 to pursue a career as a fiction writer.

Under his given name of Grigory Chkhartishvili, he serves as editor-in-chief of the 20-volume Anthology of Japanese Literature, chairman of the board of a large "Pushkin Library," and is the author of the book The Writer and Suicide (Moscow, The New Literary Review, 1999). He has also contributed literary criticism and translations from Japanese, American and English literature under his own name.

Since 1998 he has been writing fiction under the pseudonym "B. Akunin". Decoding "B" as "Boris" appeared a few years later, when the writer began to be frequently interviewed.

Under the pseudonym Boris Akunin, he has written many works of fiction, mainly novels and stories in the series The Adventures of Erast Fandorin, The Adventures of Sister Pelagia, The Adventures of the Master (following Nicholas Fandorin, Erast's grandson), all published in Russia by Zakharov Books, and the Roman-Kino ("Novel-Film") series set during World War I. Akunin's specialty is historical mysteries set in Imperial Russia. It was only after the first books of the Fandorin series were published to critical acclaim that the identity of B. Akunin (i.e., Chkhartishvili) was revealed.

Chkhartishvili "prefers to work with historical material" and has been called the "undisputed champion" of Russian crime fiction given that as Boris Akunin he "has written more than a dozen crime novels and has been widely appreciated by discerning readers ... and has been translated into many languages."

"Akunin" (悪人) is a Japanese word that translates to "great bad man". In his novel The Diamond Chariot, the author redefines an "akunin" as a great evil man who creates his own rules. He publishes critical and documentary works under his real name.

Akunin has been critical of Vladimir Putin's domestic and foreign policies, including the annexation of Crimea in 2014. In 2012, Putin attributed Akunin's critical attitudes to his Georgian background.

He resides in a flat near St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

Awards and honors
In the year 2000, Akunin was nominated for the Smirnoff-Booker Prize. In September 2000, Akunin was named Russian Writer of the Year and won the "Antibooker" prize 2000 for his Erast Fandorin novel Coronation, or the last of the Romanovs.

In 2003, the British Crime Writers' Association placed Akunin's novel The Winter Queen on the short list for the Dagger Award in Fiction. In 2004, he was a member of the jury at the 26th Moscow International Film Festival.

On 10 August 2009, for the contribution to the development of cultural ties between Russia and Japan, he was awarded the prize of the Japan Foundation acting under the auspices of the government.

Laureate of the Noma Prize (2007, Kodansha Publishing House, Japan) - "For the best translation from Japanese of works of the writer Yukio Mishima".

Adaptations
Three Fandorin novels, The Winter Queen, The Turkish Gambit, and The State Counsellor, were made into big-budget Russian movies. Azazel was re-updated as a TV Show named Fandorin. Azazel, produced by Yandex Studios and Kinopoisk streaming service.

An English remake of The Winter Queen was in production. It was set to start filming in 2007, but the leading actress, Milla Jovovich, became pregnant, and the production process was delayed to unknown date.

Pelagia and the White Bulldog was made into a TV mini-series in 2009, while The Spy Novel came out in a 2012 theatrical release as Spy.

List of works

Erast Fandorin series (publication dates in parentheses). Each historical mystery novel is assigned its own subgenre of detective fiction (conspiracy, political, etc.):
The Winter Queen, original title Azazel / Азазель (1998). A conspiracy mystery. 1876. The 20-year-old Fandorin begins his career by accidentally stumbling over a plot for world domination.
The Turkish Gambit / Турецкий гамбит (1998). A spy mystery. 1877. Fandorin takes part in the Russo-Turkish War and the Siege of Plevna as he is trying to uncover a Turkish spy.
Murder on the Leviathan, original title Leviathan / Левиафан (1998). A closed set-up mystery. 1878. Fandorin investigates a murder while traveling on a steamship headed from England to India.
The Death of Achilles / Смерть Ахиллеса (1998). A hired assassin mystery. 1882. Upon returning from diplomatic service in Japan, Fandorin tackles the mysterious death of Mikhail Skobelev (called Sobolev in the novel) in a Moscow hotel.
Special Assignments:
The Jack of Spades / Пиковый валет (1999). A novella about confidence men. 1886. Fandorin hunts down a clever gang of swindlers.
The Decorator / Декоратор (1999). A novella about a maniac. 1889. After ending his string of murders in England, Jack the Ripper surfaces in Moscow.
The State Counsellor / Статский советник (1999). A political mystery. 1891. Revolutionary terrorism in late 19th-century Russia takes center stage, as Fandorin is pursuing a group of daring radicals.
The Coronation / original title Coronation, or the Last of the Romanovs (Коронация, или Последний из Романов) (2000). A high society mystery. 1896. The plot surrounds the ascension of Tsar Nicholas II, whose family is being blackmailed by an international supervillain.
She Lover of Death / Любовница смерти (2001). A decadent mystery. 1900. A decadent suicide society causes a stir in Moscow.
He Lover of Death / Любовник Смерти (2001). A Dickensian mystery. Simultaneously with the decadent society investigation, Fandorin is looking into a series of murders in the slums of Khitrovka, Moscow.
The Diamond Chariot / Алмазная колесница (2003). An ethnographic mystery. Events of the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 set against a flashback to Fandorin's diplomatic service in Yokohama in 1878.
Ying and Yan /Инь и Ян (2006). A play about Erast Fandorin, set in 1882.
The Jade Rosary / Нефритовые четки (2006). Seven short stories and three novellas set between 1881 and 1900. Some of the "holes" in the narrative are filled, including Fandorin's service in Japan, his investigations in the 1880s while a Deputy for Special Assignments in the Moscow city administration and his adventures in America.
All the World's a Stage / Весь мир театр (2009). A theatrical mystery. 1911. The 55-year-old Fandorin has his life turned upside-down when investigating strange incidents in a fashionable Moscow theater.
The Black City / Черный город (2012). 1914. While pursuing a daring Bolshevik terrorist, Fandorin goes to the Azerbaijani capital Baku, where his wife is shooting a motion picture.
Planet Water / Планета Вода (2015). Three novellas set between 1903 and 1912: Planet Water (1903, a treasure hunt in the Atlantic), A Lonely Sail (1906, a cruel murder of an abbess from a distant monastery), and Where Shall We Paddle? (1912, a pursuit of a cruel train robber in Poland).
Not Saying Goodbye / Не прощаюсь (2018). A novel set between 1918 and 1921. In his final adventure, Erast Fandorin finds himself in a country radically transformed by the Revolution and the Russian Civil War.
Just Masa / Просто Маса (2020).  A novel set in 1923. New adventure of Masahiro Shibata after Fandorin's death.
Yama / Яма (2023). A novel set in 1900. Memories of Masahiro Shibata.

Note: (The Jack of Spades and The Decorator were published together in a single volume, Special Assignments: The Further Adventures of Erast Fandorin / Особые поручения.)

Sister Pelagia series (about a crime-solving nun in turn-of-the-20th-century provincial Russia):
Pelagia and the White Bulldog / Пелагия и белый бульдог  (2000). A bishop of a large Volga province sends an astute nun Pelagia to look into mysterious deaths of his aunt's prize-winning dogs.
Pelagia and the Black Monk / Пелагия и черный монах (2001). Mysterious events in a remote monastery force bishop Mitrofani to start an inquiry, which only leads to more tragedy.
Pelagia and the Red Rooster / Пелагия и красный петух (2003). A stranger who has started a new sect in provincial Russia becomes the focus of sinister and deadly plots.

Nicholas Fandorin series (about Erast Fandorin's grandson, a modern-day British historian):
Altyn Tolobas / Алтын-толобас  (2000). Nicholas visits Russia in 1995 to investigate artifacts left by his ancestor, Cornelius von Dorn, a German soldier in the service of the Russian czar in the 17th century. Cornelius's story is told in alternating chapters.
Extracurricular Reading/ Внеклассное чтение (2002). Nicholas' adventures in Moscow in 2001 are told together with a story of a 7-year-old prodigy entangled in a regicidal plot at the end of Catherine the Great's reign.
F.M. (2006). Nicholas is looking for a lost Dostoevsky manuscript, a fictional original draft of Crime and Punishment written as a detective novel.
The Falcon and the Swallow / Сокол и Ласточка (2009). Nicholas and his British aunt are looking for a treasure in the Caribbean. The origin of the treasure is told in a story about Laetitia von Dorn (Cornelius's niece) set in 1702.

The Genres Project (novels written in different fiction genres, each book's title refers to the particular genre):
Children's Book / Детская книга (2006). Erast Fandorin Jr. (Nicholas' ten-year-old son) goes on a time-travelling adventure.
Spy Novel / Шпионский роман (2005). Set in 1941, just before Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. State security officers are on the trail of a deeply embedded German spy.
Science Fiction / Фантастика (2006). Two young men cope with their mysteriously acquired superpowers in the Soviet Union's dying days.
Quest / Квест (2008). In 1930, an Indiana Jones-like American scientist and two of his colleagues go to Moscow in an attempt to disrupt Soviet eugenics experiments. The novel imitates a computer game. The second part of the narrative, called Codes to the Novel is set in 1812, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
Children's Book For Girls / Детская книга для девочек (2012). Co-authored with Gloria Mu. Angelina Fandorina (Erast Jr.'s twin sister) goes on a time-traveling, world-saving quest of her own.
Fairy Tales from Around the World / Сказки народов мира (2021)

Brüderschaft with Death (A "cinematic novel", written as a collection of ten novellas ("films") about the rivalry between Russian and German intelligence during World War I. Each "film" is written in a different cinematic genre. There are two main characters in the series: Alexei Romanov and Sepp von Theofels). The following "films" have been released in Russian:
The Infant and the Devil / Младенец и черт (2007). Comedy. July 1914. A German ace of espionage is trying to steal the plans of Russian military operations, as a young St. Petersburg student unexpectedly interferes.
The Torment of a Broken Heart / Мука разбитого сердца (2007). Melodrama. November 1914. Junior sergeant Alexei Romanov, sent away from the front after being wounded, takes part in an operation in Switzerland, where Russian intelligence is attempting to neutralize a "dealer in secrets."
The Flying Elephant / Летающий слон (2008). Aeronautic adventures. April 1915. Captain von Theofels infiltrates Russia's Special Aviation Corps in order to sabotage the development of the world's first heavy bomber, the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets.
Children of the Moon / Дети Луны (2008). A decadent étude: August 1915. Ensign Romanov, fresh after completing the Russian General Staff's counter-intelligence course, goes undercover into a Petrograd society of young decadents. One of the members is about to transfer a copy of secret military documents to a German spy.
The Wandering Man / Странный человек (2009). Mystical. December 1915. Major von Theofels is trying to discredit the head of Russian military intelligence. To achieve his goal he is trying to get close to a mysterious "Wanderer" who greatly resembles the historical Grigory Rasputin. The Russian title plays with the double meaning of the word "странный": wandering (archaic meaning) and strange, weird.
Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! / Гром победы, раздавайся! (2009). Front-line sketch. April 1916. Junior lieutenant Romanov's adventures at Russia's South-Western Front, as he is trying to ensure the secrecy of the plans for the impending Brusilov Offensive.
Mariya, Maria... / "Мария", Мария ... (2010). A true tale of the sea. October 1916. Major von Theofels has a new assignment, to sabotage the Russian battleship Imperatritsa Mariya.
Nothing Sacred / Ничего святого (2010). A hellish scheme of the Germans. November 1916. Von Theofels and his nemesis Alexei Romanov are about to meet again as the German spy is preparing an assassination of Czar Nicholas II. This time, Romanov, now a lieutenant, is a much more worthy opponent.
Operation Transit / Операция "Транзит" (2011). Preapocalyptic. April 1917. With Russia facing political turmoil after the February Revolution, the Germans hope to further the collapse by helping the Bolshevik leader V. I. Lenin return to the country. Major von Theofels' new assignment is to ensure his safe passage.
The Angels Battalion / Батальон ангелов (2011). Apocalyptic. Summer 1917. With Russia's ability to sustain the war at an end and the army demoralized, the Russian Provisional Government creates the Women's Battalion of Death in order to boost the soldiers' morale. Stabskapitän Alexei Romanov joins the strange outfit as an instructor.

History of the Russian State (История Российского государства). A series of non-fiction books documenting the history of Russia from the 9th century to 1917, complemented by a series of fictional works.
A Part of Europe - From the beginnings to the Mongol Conquest | Часть европы - От истоков до монгольского нашествия (2013). History of Russian statehood from its beginnings (9th century) up to the Mongol Conquest (early 13th century).
The Fiery Finger | Огненный перст (2013). Three historical novellas set between the 9th and 13th centuries: The Fiery Finger (the adventures of a Byzantine spy in the Slavic lands in 856 AD), The Devil's Spittle (political games at the court of Yaroslav the Wise in 1050) and Prince Cranberry (about a young ruler of a tiny duchy, located dangerously close to the Wild Steppe, in 1205).
A Part of Asia - The Horde Period | Часть Азии - Ордынский период (2014). History of Russian statehood under the Mongol rule (from early 13th century to mid-15th century).
Bosch and Schelm | Бох и Шельма (2014). Two historical novels. The first novel tells of a horrific invasion of Tartars (Mongols) in 1237 and is narrated from both the Russian and Mongolian perspectives, falling into the Tragic Genre. The second novel is about the adventures of a smart swindler who is wandering around Russia and the neighbouring countries on the eve of dramatic events – the great Battle of Koulikovo in 1380 where the united Russian army faced the army of the Golden Horde. The novel is comical and belongs to the Picaresque genre.
Between Asia and Europe - From Ivan III to Boris Godunov | Между Азией и Европой - От Ивана III до Бориса Годунова (2015). History of Russian statehood from Ivan III (mid-15th century) up to Boris Godunov (first years of the 17th century).
Widow's card or Widow's kerchief | Вдовий плат (2016). Two historical novels. Widow's card is set in the times of Ivan III, while The mark of Cain takes place during Ivan IV's reign.
Between Europe and Asia - The Seventeenth Century | Между Европой и Азией - Семнадцатый век (2016). Russia's emergence from The Time of Troubles and the reigns of the early Romanovs.
Sennight of the Three-Eyed | Седмица Трехглазого (2017). A historical detective novel, relaying the life of a 17th-century Moscow sleuth and a play To Kill The Snakelet about Peter the Great's coup to overthrow princess Sophia Alekseyevna.
Asiatic Europeization - Czar Peter Alexeyevich | Азиатская европеизация - Царь Пётр Алексеевич (2017). The reign of Peter the Great foundation of the Russian Empire.
Nutshell Buddha | Ореховый Будда (2018). A novel about the adventures of a Japanese monk and an orphan Russian girl in Peter the Great's Russia.
Eurasian Empire - The Era of Czarinas|Евразийская империя - Эпоха цариц (2018). Post-Peter 18th century Russia, including the reign of Catherine the Great.
Goodventures and Ruminations of Lucius Katin|Доброключения и рассуждения Луция Катина (2019). A novel set in the middle of the 18th century, focusing on an idealistic young man and his desire to bring about progress and enlightenment.
The First Superpower - Alexander the Blessed and Nicholas the Unforgettable|Первая сверхдержава - Александр Благословенный и Николай Незабвенный (2019). Russia's rise and fall as a European superpower during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I.

Non-series books:
The Seagull / Чайка, Комедия в двух действиях (2000). A reworking of Anton Chekhov's Seagull as a mystery
Comedy/Tragedy / Комедия/Трагедия (2000). Two plays, Hamlet, a Version and Mirror of Saint Germain
Fairy Tales for Idiots / Сказки для Идиотов (2000). A collection of short stories, not related to any of the series.
Screenplays / Сценарии (2006). Original screenplays written by Akunin for three of his novels.
Photos as Haiku / Фото как хокку (2011). A collection of biographical stories sent in by the readers of Akunin's blog.
The Most Frightening Villain and other stories / Самый страшный злодей и другие сюжеты (2012). A collection of blog posts from 2010 to 2011.
A Real Princess and other stories / Настоящая принцесса и другие сюжеты (2013). A collection of blog posts from 2011 to 2012.
 The most mysterious secret and other stories / Самая таинственная тайна и другие сюжеты (2014). A third collection of blog posts.
 The Northern sentry and other stories / Северный Часовой и другие сюжеты (2015). A fourth collection of blog posts.

As Grigory Chkhartishvili:
The Writer and Suicide / Писатель и самоубийство (1999). A non-fiction study of suicide in literary circles throughout history.
Cemetery Tales / Кладбищенские истории (2004). Written as both Boris Akunin and Grigory Chkhartishvili, the book consists of literary essays about cemeteries in different parts of the world, each accompanied by a macabre short story. One of the short stories (Shigumo) features Erast Fandorin, and is included in The Jade Rosary.

As Boris Akunin-Chkhartishvili:
Aristonomia / Аристономия (2012). Akunin's first attempt to write "serious literature", as opposed to genre fiction. The novel is set during the turmoil of the February and October Revolutions and the Russian Civil War, with philosophical ruminations on the nature and development of human dignity woven into the plot.
Another Way / Другой Путь ' (2015). The novel is set in 1927, as Joseph Stalin is consolidating power. The main character finds true love and continues his philosophical work, now on the subject of intimacy and love's transformative powers.
Happy Russia / Счастливая Россия (2017). The story continues in 1937, at the height of Stalin's purges. A secret society of Moscow freethinkers, who philosophized about an ideal future for their country, is investigated by the secret police.
Tresorium / Трезориум (2019). A novel theory of primary education is explored in the Warsaw Ghetto, and a young Soviet officer seeks his destiny in War-ravaged Europe.

Plans

As Akunin has indicated in interviews, the Sister Pelagia series is finished (only three books were ever planned) and so, in all likelihood, is the Nicholas Fandorin series. The Alexei Romanov/Sepp von Theofels series, planned for 10 novellas, was completed in 2011. The other two projects will continue. In particular, Akunin plans to write two more Erast Fandorin books, both collections of short stories and novellas, similar in structure to The Jade Rosary and taking place entirely during the 20th century.

The Genres project may continue as well, with Akunin possibly exploring new genres. He has also stated he may write more Akunin-Chkhartishvili novels to continue the story and to further develop the ideas from Aristonomy.

In March 2013, Akunin announced in his blog that he was going to wind down his career in detective fiction (though he still plans to finish the Erast Fandorin series as promised) and begin concentrating his energy on a new big project, History of the Russian State. He plans to write eight volumes of history, from the Middle Ages to the Russian Revolution, aiming to make it completely "non-ideological" yet interesting to read. Accompanying each volume of history, there will be a book of fiction taking place in the same time period. All the fiction pieces will be parts of one, long family saga. The first part of the project was released in November 2013. It includes two volumes, A Part of Europe (a volume of history, covering the period between the formation of the Kievan Rus in the 9th century and the beginning of the Mongol conquest of Russia in the 13th century) and The Fiery Finger (a collection of three novellas, set in the same time period). The second part was released in 2014, and the third part in 2015/2016.

Anatoly Brusnikin
In November 2007, AST, one of the publishing houses with which Akunin is affiliated, came out with a historical mystery novel by a new author, Anatoly Brusnikin, called Девятный спас (Devyatny Spas, The Ninth Savior). Despite the fact that Brusnikin was a complete unknown, AST spent lavishly on an advertising campaign for the book, which almost immediately resulted in rumors that Brusnikin might actually be Akunin in a new disguise.

The rumors about the authorship of Devyatny Spas were also fueled by the total secrecy surrounding the person of the author and the fact that his name, A. O. Brusnikin, is an exact anagram of Boris Akunin. AST has also released a photograph of Brusnikin, which greatly resembled Chkhartishvili's face.

In January 2012, two years after the second Brusnikin novel was published and just prior to the release of the third one, Chkhartishvili admitted in his blog that it was indeed him hiding under a new nom-de-plume. The reason for creating another alter ego was Akunin's desire to write historical novels without a mystery component and to attempt a "Slavophile" look at Russian history in lieu of his usual "Westerner" outlook. The Brusnikin "photograph" was revealed to be a combination of Chkhartishvili's face with the face of a studio designer who made the picture.

To date, three Brusnikin novels have been written.

The Ninth Savior / Девятный Спас (2007). Set in the beginning of Peter the Great's reign, it follows the lives of three friends (clearly modeled after the Three Bogatyrs of the Russian folk tales) and a scion of the Romanovs named Vasilisa (modeled after Vasilisa the Wise) and their involvement in a series of sinister plots.
A Hero of A Different Time / Герой иного времени (2010). An homage to Lermontov's A Hero of Our Times, it is set during the Caucasus War in the early 1840s.
Bellona / Беллона (2012). The Crimean War is the main subject.

Akunin has said he has no definite plans to write more Brusnikin novels, though he remains open to the possibility.

Anna Borisova
At about the same time as Brusnikin had made his appearance, Chkhartishvili's other disguise, Anna Borisova, hit the bookstores relatively undetected. In this literary experiment Chkhartishvili wanted to attempt to write as a woman and to get away from detective and adventure fiction. Similar to the Brusnikin ruse, the "photograph" of Borisova released by the publisher was actually a combination of Chkhartishvili's face with that of his wife.
Borisova's work, though not overly complicated, is more literary and philosophical in nature. There were three Borisova novels written.

There... / Там ... (2007). Victims of a terrorist attack in Moscow experience afterlife, each in accordance with their very different beliefs.
The Idea-Man / Креативщик (2009). A mysterious stranger walks the streets of Saint Petersburg, telling people strange and fascinating stories.
Vremena goda (2011). Set in a French retirement home for Russian-speaking clientele. The main characters are a young Muscovite doctor suffering from a potentially fatal brain aneurism and a supercentenarian owner of the home incapacitated by the locked-in syndrome.

Akunin has said that he will not write any more Borisova novels "unless I get a sex-change (surgery)."

References

External links

 Akunin's site (contains the full text of ten novels)
 Akunin's personal blog
 Fandorin.ru Official Site of Erast Fandorin and other Akunin characters
 The Erast P. Fandorin Virtual Museum
Akunin.net Akunin's published books in Russian, English, German and French, last updated in 2005
Times online interview with Boris Akunin
Boris Akunin: the Evil Spirit or Good Luck of Modern Russian Fiction?
2002 AEI paper analyzing Akunin's works
Russian library site containing the full texts of most of Akunin's novels, including all three Pelagia novels, two Nicholas Fandorin novels, and all Erast Fandorin books except The Jade Rosary and All the World's a Stage

in 2022 Boris Akunin co-founded True Russia - anti war charitable organization that supports Ukrainian refugees

1956 births
Living people
20th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century Russian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Russian translators
21st-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century Russian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Russian translators
Moscow State University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class
Russian people of Georgian descent
Russian people of Jewish descent
Writers from Tbilisi
Russian crime fiction writers
Russian historical novelists
Writers of historical mysteries
Russian-language writers
Detective fiction writers
Russian emigrants to France
Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Russian activists against the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Boris Akunin


Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso kent as Pablo Ruiz Picasso (; 25 October 1881 – 8 Aprile 1973) wis a Spaingie painter, draughtsman, an sculptor wha livit maist o his adult life in Fraunce. He is best kent for co-foondin the Cubist muivement an for the wide variety o styles embodied in his wirk. Amang his maist famous wirks are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) an Guernica (1937), his portrayal o the German bombin o Guernica durin the Spaingie Ceevil War.

Picasso demonstratit uncanny airtistic talent in his early years, paintin in a realistic manner throu his childhuid an adolescence; durin the first decade o the 20t century his style chynged as he experimentit wi different theories, techniques, an ideas. His revolutionary airtistic accomplishments brocht him universal renown an immense fortune throughoot his life, makin him ane o the best-kent figures in 20t century airt.

=

1881 births
1973 daiths
Ballet designers
Cubism
French Communist Pairty members
Lenin Peace Prize recipients
Modren penters
Fowk frae Málaga (ceety)
Fowk frae Paris
Spaingie communists
Spaingie expatriates in Fraunce
Spaingie penters
Spaingie fowk o the Spaingie Ceevil War
Spaingie potters
Spaingie sculptors
Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso


Above and Below is an installation by American artist Maya Lin, the designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. It is on display at and owned by the Indianapolis Museum of Art located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The artwork was inspired by underground water systems in Indiana.

Description

At  the sculpture hangs from the ceiling of the Museum's Fortune balcony which is accessible by the Asian Art gallery. It consists of different thicknesses of black painted wire aluminum tubing strewn together in a flowing-like manner as if to depict a river hanging above the viewers head. Above and Below is visible from the 3rd floor galleries and the 4th floor windows.

Acquisition

In 1990 the IMA moved their Asian art galleries to the third floor which featured a balcony overlooking the Virginia B. Fairbanks Art & Nature Park: 100 Acres. The IMA's Jane Weldon Myers Curator of Asian Art Jim Robinson sought to showcase Asian art on the balcony and immediately thought of Lin. The size of the . x  balcony caused curator and artist alike to struggle on what could be created for the space. At first Lin thought about creating an artwork for the floor of the balcony then she decided to create her installation for the ceiling which would unify the Asian Art and contemporary art galleries. The sculpture was purchased with funds from William L. and Jane H. Fortune with Maya Lin overseeing the installation. In 2008 a new stone floor was installed on the balcony, with stones selected by Lin.

Design and construction

Design
Maya Lin is known for her major installation works which incorporate terrain and topography – inspirations that assisted in the creation of Above and Below. After years of struggling with the balcony space and lack of topographical landscaping in central Indiana, Lin received a suggestion from an assistant from Indiana stating that "there isn't that much above ground, but did you realize there are these incredibly long underground river systems?"

Lin decided to create an underground river system out of wire, despite telling the IMA she was creating a landscape of rubber. Lin and her team researched the Bluespring Caverns, the Lost River, and the White River. Lin visited the Caverns and worked with U.S. Geological Survey scientists who created an ultrasound map of the tributaries for the artist. Lin said that "I don't think people really understand how intricate and beautiful some of these systems are."

The sculpture seeks to "recreate the experience and feeling" of the underwater landscapes through use of various thickness of wire. Three-fifths of the artwork depict the Bluespring Cavern with the last two sections depicting what is beneath the water level in the cave.

Construction
Above and Below was fabricated at Walla Walla Foundry in Washington utilizing the bathymetric data gathered from the river bottom and cavern ceiling. Lin's studio translated the data into a collection of contour curves and then sent them to the Foundry. The aluminum tubing was carefully bent to match the computer-generated templates created by the studio then hung within the Foundry. The artwork was then disassembled and shipped to the Indianapolis Art Museum and installed in the course of a freezing cold week on the outside balcony. Lin has created other artwork installations which she describes as "drawing in space" including Where the Land Meets the Sea (2008) in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

Reception

Art historians at the IMA have described the piece as being easily placed within the minimalist and postminimalist tradition due to artists of those movements bringing landscape and nature into the gallery through exploration of environments on a larger scale.

References

External links
Above and Below from the IMA's website.
Wide Awake in Walla Walla from the IMA's blog.

Sculptures in the Indianapolis Museum of Art
Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis
Environmental art
Installation art works
Topography
2007 sculptures
Aluminum sculptures in Indiana
2007 establishments in Indiana

Above and Below


Llancanelo Lake (Spanish: Laguna de Llancanelo) is a wetland with an area of 650 km2 located in the Malargüe Department in the south of Mendoza Province, Argentina, 75 km from the city of Malargüe, at 1,280 m above mean sea level, within the arid region near the Andes in the limit between the regions of Cuyo and Patagonia.

Llancanelo Lake is a provincial nature reserve. It hosts a variety of bird species, including flamingos, black-necked swans, herons and ducks. The lake is also a Ramsar Convention site (RS #759) since 8 November 1995.

References

 Laguna de Llancanelo — Information sheet on Ramsar Wetlands.
  Laguna de Llancanelo at PatrimonioNatural.com.

Lakes of Mendoza Province
Ramsar sites in Argentina
Nature reserves in Argentina
Wetlands of Argentina
Protected areas of Mendoza Province

Llancanelo Lake


USS Bosque (APA-135) was a Haskell-class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1973.

History
Bosque was a Victory ship design, VC2-S-AP5 and was named after Bosque County, Texas, United States. She was laid down on 7 August 1944 at Wilmington, California, by the California Shipbuilding Corporation under a Maritime Commission contract (MCV hull 51); launched on 28 October 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Donald F. Stace; delivered to the Navy on 17 December 1944; and commissioned on 17 December 1944.

For two months, Bosque visited various ports on the west coast before departing Portland, Oregon, on 18 February 1945 bound for the Hawaiian Islands. She reached the island of Oahu on the 25th and operated among the islands for about two weeks. On 11 March, the attack transport continued her voyage west. Bosque arrived at Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands on 20 March but departed the atoll the next day. From there, she moved to Saipan in the Marianas where she remained from 24 to 30 March.

She departed Saipan on the 30th and arrived at Guam on the 31st. The next day, Bosque returned to Saipan where she embarked troops bound for the Okinawa campaign. She left Saipan on 15 April, stopped at Ulithi in the Western Carolines from the 17th to the 22d, and arrived off Okinawa on 26 April. During her four-day stay in the Ryukyus, Bosque witnessed a number of Japanese air attacks. On several occasions, her antiaircraft battery opened fire, and she claimed to have splashed a "Frances" medium bomber on the night of the 28th. On 30 April, the attack transport headed back toward the United States. She stopped off at Saipan from 5 to 7 May and then continued on to San Francisco, where she arrived on 22 May.

At San Francisco, Bosque embarked troops bound for the Philippines before standing out of San Francisco on 31 May. She made brief stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi and arrived in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, on 23 June. Five days later, the attack transport embarked upon a circuitous voyage to the southwestern Pacific. During that voyage, the ship stopped at Hollandia on Dutch New Guinea, Noumea on New Caledonia, and back at Hollandia before returning to the Philippines at Cebu on 27 July. For the next month, Bosque steamed between various islands in the Philippines transporting cargo and passengers and participating in amphibious exercises preparatory to the expected invasion of the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese, however, agreed to capitulate on 15 August, and Bosque departed Subic Bay on 27 August carrying occupation troops to Japan. She arrived in Tokyo Bay on 2 September, the day the formal surrender document was signed on board . The attack transport remained in Japan only two days, getting underway on 4 September to return to the Philippines. She arrived at San Pedro Bay, Leyte, on 11 September and, for the next two weeks, visited several Philippine ports. On 22 September, the ship embarked upon another voyage to the Ryukyus. She arrived at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, on the 25th and operated from that port until early October. On the 3d, Bosque departed Okinawa with Japan-bound occupation troops embarked. The attack transport arrived at Iyo-nada, Japan, on 5 October and, on October 6, moved to Aki Nada where she disembarked the troops. She departed Japan on 11 October and headed south—first to the Russell Islands and thence to Nouméa, New Caledonia. From Nouméa, she shaped a course back to the United States on 26 October.

Bosque arrived on the west coast late in 1945 and, early in 1946, headed for the east coast. She entered port at Norfolk, Virginia, on 4 February 1946. She was decommissioned on 15 March 1946 and was turned over to the Maritime Commission's War Shipping Administration for disposal on 22 March 1946. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 28 March 1946. She was berthed in the James River, Virginia as part of the Maritime Commission's National Defense Reserve Fleet.

Fate
She remained in James River for the next 27 years, except when she was briefly withdrawn in 1955 as part of a Repair Program, GAA-T.J.Stevenson. On 9 April 1973, she was sold to the Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, of New York City, for scrapping.  On 14 May 1973 she was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet and sent to the breaker's yard. All that remains of Bosque is her brass builder's plate.

Awards
Bosque earned one battle star for World War II service.

References

Victory ships
Ships built in Los Angeles
Haskell-class attack transports
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Troop ships
Bosque County, Texas
1944 ships

USS Bosque