Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983), is a Fourth Amendment case. Gates overruled Aguilar v. Texas and Spinelli v. United States, thereby replacing the Aguilar–Spinelli test for probable cause with the "totality of the circumstances" test.

Facts and procedural history
In May 1978, the Bloomingdale, Illinois Police Department received an anonymous letter. The letter stated:

Detective Mader decided to follow up on the tip, obtaining further information that an "L. Gates" had purchased an airline ticket leaving from Chicago's O'Hare Airport and arriving in West Palm Beach, Florida. Working with the DEA, Mader was able to ascertain that Gates had boarded the plane and arrived in West Palm Beach. The DEA surveillance team determined that Gates had met a woman at a Holiday Inn room registered to Susan Gates and that the couple had gotten into a car together driving toward the Chicago area. They estimated the pair due back in Bloomingdale within 22 to 24 hours.

Mader signed an affidavit laying down the events as they had unfolded, in addition to the anonymous letter. A judge of the Circuit Court of DuPage County issued a warrant. Upon the Gates' arrival home, the Bloomingdale Police searched the car, recovering over 350 lb. of marijuana. A search of the Gates' residence led to the discovery of additional marijuana and weapons.

The Illinois Circuit Court decided that the search was unlawful based on the test established in the Supreme Court ruling in Spinelli v. United States. In essence, the affidavit did not provide enough evidence to establish probable cause, which led to the exclusion of evidence obtained on the basis of that warrant. This ruling was upheld by both the Illinois Appellate Courts and the Supreme Court of Illinois.

The case was brought to the United States Supreme Court when the state and several amici curiae, friends of the court, asked them to review the decision. The main question that was presented was, "May a judge issue a search warrant on basis of partially corroborated anonymous informant's tip?"

Holding
The Supreme Court overturned the ruling of the Illinois courts. Justice William Rehnquist delivered the decision in favor of the State of Illinois. Justice Rehnquist stated:

This rejected the Aguilar–Spinelli test and put in place a totality-of-the-circumstances standard. This was put into place because the court recognized that there was more evidence that the Gateses were involved in drug trafficking than just the letter standing alone. The court agreed that if the letter had just stood alone it would not be probable cause to get a warrant. The court also recognized that under the Aguilar–Spinelli two-pronged test, it would be very hard for the "reliability" prong to ever be satisfied from an anonymous tip so it therefore should be abandoned.

This case is a landmark case in the evolution of probable cause and search warrants. In this case, the Supreme Court abandons the Aguilar–Spinelli test.

Dissent
In dissent, Justice Brennan, joined by Justice Marshall, stated that "Only one of the cases cited by the Court in support of its 'totality of the circumstances' approach, Jaben v. United States, 381 U.S. 214 (1965), was decided subsequent to Aguilar. It is by no means inconsistent with Aguilar." The dissent argued that the two pronged test of the honesty of the informant and the basis of knowledge was more protective of a citizen's rights, leaving less chance of a warrant being issued based upon the claims of a dishonest or unreliable "informant." The dissenters believed that the Aguilar–Spinelli test was effective and should not have been replaced; that tests and laws that protect the rights of accused are too easily disregarded because the court and law enforcers are eager to prosecute suspects; and that the rights of the suspects also have to be protected. The dissenters stated,"By replacing Aguilar and Spinelli with a test that provides no assurance that magistrates, rather than the police, or informants, will make determinations of probable cause; imposes no structure on magistrates' probable-cause inquiries; and invites the possibility that intrusions may be justified on less than reliable information from an honest or credible person, today's decision threatens to obliterate one of the most fundamental distinctions between our form of government, where officers are under the law, and the police-state, where they are the law."  Justice Brennan and Justice Marshall also argued that the court did not show any persuasive reasoning for rejecting Aguilar and Spinelli, saying that the Court "reflects impatience with what it perceives to be overly technical rules governing searches and seizures under the Fourth Amendment." The dissenters supported their opinion by stating that, "Words such as practical, nontechnical, and common sense, as used in the Court's opinion, are but code words for an overly permissive attitude towards police practices in derogation of the rights secured by the Fourth Amendment." In other words, taking away suspects' rights is not a correct way to enforce drug laws, even though drug trafficking is reprehensible. The dissenters would have affirmed the Illinois court and excluded the evidence.

Concurring
Justice White concurred in the judgment. He wrote that in this case, the search and seizure was consistent with the Fourth Amendment. He stated that it was reasonable for the search of the Gateses' house. He stated that the exclusion of the evidence would have set the criminals free and it would not have served "any constitutional interest in securing compliance with the important requirements of the Fourth Amendment." Justice White does not believe that the exclusionary rule should be used in any case where law enforcement officials reasonably believe their actions are consistent with the Fourth Amendment.

Additional points
In Illinois v. Gates, probable cause was achieved for the warrant under the new "totality-of-the-circumstances" standard because the investigation by DEA and Detective Mader would have, on its own, been probable cause for a search warrant. The Gateses' actions were suspicious because Florida is a known source of illegal drugs. Lance Gates' stay at a motel for one night and immediate return to Chicago suggests that he was not going for a vacation and also implies that he might be involved in something illegal. The Court, after having heard oral argument, furthermore requested in November 1982 that the parties and amici submit briefs on the broader issue of whether the exclusionary rule should be modified.  When the opinion in Gates was rendered, however, the Court declined to rule on the issue, stating that the issue was "not pressed or passed upon below" and that the exclusionary rule had become too difficult as an issue of great public importance to have been re-examined at the time.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 462
 Aguilar–Spinelli test

References

Epstein, Lee. "Illinois v. Gates." Constitutional Law for a Changing America.Third Ed. p. 490.1998.

External links

United States controlled substances case law
United States Fourth Amendment case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
1983 in United States case law
Bloomingdale, Illinois
20th-century American trials
Cannabis in Illinois

Illinois v. Gates


Light rail or light rail transit (LRT) is a form of urban rail public transportation. Generally it can carry fewer people and has a lower speed than heavy rail/metro systems, but it can carry more people and has a higher speed than street-running tram systems. The term is normally used to refer to rail systems with rapid transit-style features that usually use electric rail cars operating mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. Modern light rail technology is highly flexible in how it can be used, and whether any given system is considered a true rapid transit system or not depends on its implementation.

Related pages
 Rapid transit
 Subway
 Tram

Light rail


Coney Island is a peninsula (formerly an island) in Brooklyn, New York. It is famous for its beaches, amusements like the Cyclone wooden roller coaster, Parachute Jump, and Wonder Wheel ferris wheel, boardwalk, and hot dogs. It became a seaside resort in the 19th century.

It is unsure how Coney Island got its name. It may be because when the Dutch people arrived in New Netherland, this island had many rabbits, so they named it 'Konijn Island', which became 'Coney Island', using the archaic term for rabbit in English. It also may have been named by an Irish pirate, for islands in Sligo bay!

Islands of New York (state)
Brooklyn
Neighborhoods of New York City

Coney Island


The pollen tube is the tube through which sperm from the pollen reaches the egg cell, and fertilises the plant to form seeds.

The pollen tube of most seed plants acts as a passageway. It transports sperm cells from the pollen grain, from the stigma (in flowering plants) to the ovules at the base of the pistil. Like ferns, other basal land plants, and many algae, some gymnosperms have flagellate sperm, which swim through a watery fluid to fertilize the egg cells.

In angiosperms the pollen tube germinates from the pollen grain and grows the entire length through the stigma, style, ovary and ovules to reach the eggs. In maize, this single cell can grow longer than 12 inches to traverse the length of the pistil. The sperm cells by themselves are not motile and are carried within the tube. As the tip of the tube reaches an egg it bursts and releases two sperm cells leading to a double fertilization. One sperm unites with the egg cell to produce the embryo of a new plant, while a second sperm unites with the central cell (polar nuclei) to produce the endosperm of the seed. The endosperm is rich in starch, proteins and oils and is a major source of human food (e.g., wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn)

Plant anatomy
Plant physiology

Pollen tube


King's Counsel (postnominal KC), during the reign of a female sovereign known as Queen's Counsel (QC), are senior lawyers in various Commonwealth countries.

They are appointed by letters patent to be one of "His Majesty's Counsel learned in the law".  They are not a separate type of lawyer. They are more than long serving lawyers,  because their status is given by the Crown and recognised by the courts.

King's Counsel have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court, and wear silk gowns of a special design (hence the informal title Silks).   The special robes are the reason why becoming a
KC is often called "taking silk".

In order to "take silk" a lawyer usually has to serve as a barrister or a Scottish advocate for at least 10 years. Recently solicitors have also been appointed King's Counsel.

A KC's status means they generally charge higher fees than ordinary barristers, and always have another barrister as an assistant.  This assistant is called a "junior" even if the junior has been a lawyer longer than the "silk".

King's Counsel


Priapus was a minor fertility god in Greek mythology, who was also the protector of livestock, fruit plants, and male genitals. He was depicted as having an oversized and permanent erection. Sources differ as to who his parents were. Some say he was the son of the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite; Dionysus and Chione; Hermes and Aphrodite; Zeus and Aphrodite; or Pan and Aphrodite. According to the myth, Hera cursed him while he was still in the womb of Aphrodite, because she was jealous that the Trojan prince Paris had picked Aphrodite as being the most beautiful of the goddesses and had given the Golden Apple of Eris to her. Hera's curse made Priapus impotent, ugly and foul-minded. The gods did not want Priapus to live with them on Olympus, and he was left on a hillside on Earth. There, he was taken by shepherds who raised him. Priapus later tried to rape the goddess Hestia, but was hit by a donkey, and this caused Priapus to lose his erection.
He also became the patron god of merchant sailing, protecting and guiding them through rough seas. It was common for merchants to carry a Priapus figure or a phallus on their ships as protection.

Related pages

 Mutunus Tutunus - Roman mythology version of Priapus

Greek gods and goddesses

Priapus


The Imaginary Invalid is a play by Molière. It was first performed on February 10, 1673 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris. It is about a man who thinks he is very ill and spends his money on doctors. The play has short ballets with music by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

Plays by Molière
1670s plays

The Imaginary Invalid


Bigpoint GmbH is a game developer based in Hamburg, Germany which produces browser based MMORPG games that are unique in that do not require any downloads to play.

Founded by Heiko Hubertz  in December of 2002, Bigpoint has experienced record growth (more than 4500% in 5 years) since its creation and won numerous business awards including the Red Herring Award in 2007 - placing it among the top 100 most innovative businesses - and the Ruban d'Honneur at the European Business Awards in 2009.

In June of 2008 a 70% controlling share of Bigpoint GmbH was purchased by NBCU's and GE's joint venture Peacock Equity Fund  and UK PE Firm GMT Communications Partners in a $110m (€70m) deal that gave each a 35% share of the company.

This allowed the three initial venture capital investors -  Aurelia Private Equity, European Founders Fund and United Internet Beteiligungen - to sell out while CEO Heiko Hubertz  re-invested his share of the sale to retain a 30% stake in the company.

Heiko Hubertz  currently acts as the company's Managing Director.

Bigpoint has a portfolio of more than 40 games translated into 20 languages, with the two largest being SeaFight with approximately 15.7 million registered users and Dark Orbit with approximately 14.2 million registered users.

The company claims to receive more than 200,000 new user registrations each day.

A complete list of Bigpoint's games can be found Here

Related Links
Bigpoint Homepage
Bigpoint Gaming Portal
Heiko Hubertz Profile
Red Herring Award
European Business Awards
Peacock Equity Fund
GMT Communications partners

Sources

GMT and NBC Universal take over Bigpoint
Bigpoint's Sale to NBC-GMT a Big Deal
Peacock Equity Fund, GMT in $110 Million Buyout of Bigpoint
NBCU's Peacock And PE Firm GMT Take $110 Million Majority Stake In German Gamer Bigpoint
Bigpoint GmbH Company Profile

Related Information

Online games

Bigpoint GmbH


Clark Glymour é professor do Departamento de Filosofia da Universidade Carnegie Mellon.

Publicações

Livros
Theory and Evidence (Princeton, 1980)
Examining Holistic Medicine (with D. Stalker), Prometheus, 1985
Foundations of Space-Time Theories (with J. Earman), University of Minnesota Press, 1986
Discovering Causal Structure (with R. Scheines, P. Spirtes and K.Kelly) Academic Press, 1987
Causation, Prediction and Search (with P.Spirtes and R. Scheines), Springer, 1993, 2nd Edition MIT Press, 2001
Thinking Things Through, MIT Press, 1994
Android Epistemology (with K. Ford and P. Hayes) MIT/AAAI Press, 1996
The Mind's Arrows: Bayes Nets and Graphical Causal Models in Psychology, MIT Press, 2001
Galileo in Pittsburgh Harvard University Press, 2010.

Artigos
When is a Brain Like the Planet?, Philosophy of Science, 2008.
(com David Danks) Reasons as Causes in Bayesian Epistemology, Journal of Philosophy, 2008.
Markov Properties and Quantum Experiments, in W. Demopoulos and I. Pitowsky, eds. Physical Theory and Its Interpretation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Bub, Springer 2006.
(com Chu, T. and David Danks) Data Driven Methods for Granger Causality and Contemporaneous Causality with Non-Linear Corrections: Climate Teleconnection Mechanisms, 2004.
Review of Phil Dowe and Paul Nordhoff: Cause and Chance: Causation in an Indeterministic World, Mind, 2005.
(with Eberhardt, Frederick, and Richard Scheines). N-1 Experiments Suffice to Determine the Causal Relations Among N Variables, 2004.
(com F. Eberhardt and R. Scheines), Log2(N) Experiments are Sufficient, and in the Worst Case Necessary, for Identifying Causal Structure, UAI Proceedings, 2005
(com Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, David Peters, Robert O'Doherty, Melvin Field, Larry Wasserman, Peter Spirtes, and Richard Scheines), Evidence of systematic expressed sequence tag IMAGE clone cross-hybridization on cDNA microarrays, Genomics, Vol. 83, Issue 6 (June, 2004), 1169-1175.
(com Handley, Daniel, Nicoleta Serban, and David G. Peters). Concerns About Unreliable Data from Spotted cDNA Microarrays Due to Cross-Hybridization and Sequence Errors, Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (October 6, 2004), Article 25.
Comment on D. Lerner, The Illusion of Conscious Will, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, in press.
Review of Joseph E. Early, Sr. (Ed.): Chemical Explanation: Characteristics, Development, Autonomy, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 3 (July, 2004), 415-418.
(com Spirtes, and Peter Glymour). Causal Inference, Encyclopedia of Social Science, in press
We believe in freedom of the will so that we can learn, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 5 (2004), 661-662.
The Automation of Discovery, Daedelus, Vol. Winter (2004), 69-77.
(com Serban, Nicoleta, Larry Wasserman, David Peters, Peter Spirtes, Robert O'Doherty, Dan Handley, and Richard Scheines). Analysis of microarray data for treated fat cells, (2003).
(com Danks, David, and Peter Spirtes). The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search, (2003).
(com Silva, Ricardo, Richard Scheines, and Peter Spirtes). Learning Measurement Models for Unobserved Variables, UAI '03, Proceedings of the 19th Conference in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, August 7–10, 2003, Acapulco, Mexico (2003), 543-550.
(com Danks, David and Peter Spirtes). The Computational and Experimental Complexity of Gene Perturbations for Regulatory Network Search, Proceedings of IJCAI-2003 Workshop on Learning Graphical Models for Computational Genomics, (2003), 22-31.
(com Frank Wimberly, Thomas Heiman, and Joseph Ramsey). Experiments on the Accuracy of Algorithms for Inferring the Structure of Genetic Regulatory Networks from Microarray Expression Levels, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop, 2003
A Semantics and Methodology for Ceteris Paribus Hypotheses, Erkenntnis, Vol. 57 (2002), 395-405.
Review of James Woodward, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation, British Journal for Philosophy of Science, Vol. 55 (2004), 779-790.
(com Fienberg, Stephen, and Richard Scheines). Expert statistical testimony and epidemiological evidence: the toxic effects of lead exposure on children, Journal of Econometrics, Vol 113 (2003), 33-48.
Learning, prediction and causal Bayes Nets, Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2003), 43-47.
(com Alison Gopnik, David M. Sobel, Laura E. Schulz, Tamar Kushnir, and David Danks). A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets, ''Psychological Review, Vol. 111, No. 1 (2004).
e muitas outras publicações anteriores a 1970.

Ligações externas
IHMC website
Carnegie Mellon Department of Philosophy faculty page
TETRAD Project

Professores da Universidade Carnegie Mellon
Filósofos da ciência
Lógicos dos Estados Unidos
Filósofos do século XX

Clark Glymour


The fingerboard is a part of most stringed instruments, such the guitar and the violin. It is a long strip of material, usually wood, that protrudes from the body of the instrument. Strings are stretched across the length of the fingerboard, raised slightly by the bridge. The player pushes the strings against the fingerboard to create different notes. On some fingerboards, there are ridges called frets. This kind of fingerboard is called a fretboard.

Stickers can be placed on the fingerboard to show the chords for each string. Fret stickers were introduced as a way to help beginners learn to play guitar. They have become helpful for music teachers and professionals in their teachings. Stickers are labeled A-G and can be placed to show notes, chords or scales effectively and efficiently.

String instruments

Fingerboard


The Line Islands are an island chain in the central Pacific Ocean near the equator. Three of the islands are territories of the United States of America. These islands are Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Island. The rest of the islands are part of Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific ocean. The Islands that are part of Kiribati are Washington Island, Tabuaeran, Kiritimati, Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Caroline Island, Flint Island, and Vostok Island. The islands are sometimes grouped into the southern line islands (Caroline, Vostok, and Flint islands), central line islands (Jarvis Island, Malden Island, and Starbuck islands), and northern line islands (Kingman Reef, Kiritimati, and Palmyra, Washington, and Fanning islands).

Pacific islands
Archipelagos

Line Islands


Christopher Funk (born November 28, 1971) is an American musician and multi-instrumentalist best known as a member of the Portland, Oregon, indie rock band The Decemberists. He plays guitar, pedal steel, piano, violin, dobro, hurdy-gurdy, mandolin, saxophone, the theremin and many other instruments. According to Colin Meloy, as stated at the Pilgrimage Festival in Franklin, TN on September 27, 2015, Funk was originally given the middle name "Ryman" but a clerical error on his birth certificate resulted in his middle name being recorded as "Lyman."

Early life

Funk attended Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and is originally from Valparaiso, Indiana.

Musical career

Funk joined the Decemberists after meeting Colin Meloy at a solo show Meloy was performing. He has been a member of the band since its formation, appearing on every Decemberists record since. Funk most commonly contributes guitar, pedal steel, and mandolin tracks to the band's songs, though he has laid down tracks with several other instruments as well. After an incident in which the band's equipment trailer was stolen in 2005, Funk wrote "This Machine Kills Thieves" on his banjo, in reference to Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie.

He is a member of Knock-knock with DJ Rev. Shines (from the hip-hop group Lifesavas on Quannum Projects).  He is also a member of the string band Black Prairie who released their first album, Feast of the Hunter's Moon, in 2010.  He plays in the country rock group Blue Giant.  He has produced records for The Builders and The Butchers, Langhorne Slim, and Red Fang, and curated the Portland edition of Burn to Shine DVD released in 2006.

On December 20, 2006, Funk appeared on Comedy Central's The Colbert Report to end a longstanding mock feud with the show's host, Stephen Colbert. A contest ensued in which Funk and Colbert would each play a guitar solo while a panel of judges decided the winner. After Funk's solo, Colbert (who cannot play the guitar) feigned an injured hand, having Peter Frampton fill in for him instead. The contest ended with Colbert/Frampton being decided the winners by show guests Eliot Spitzer and Henry Kissinger, and Colbert was awarded The Crane Wife by The Decemberists as the grand prize. Funk then performed an "all-guitar jam" alongside Frampton, Robert Schneider (of The Apples in Stereo), and Rick Nielsen.

Discography

The Decemberists

See: The Decemberists discography

Black Prairie
 Feast of the Hunter's Moon (Sugar Hill Records, 2010)
 The Storm in the Barn (self-released, 2012)
 A Tear in the Eye Is a Wound in the Heart (Sugar Hill Records, 2012)
 Wild Ones (Captain Bluegrass, 2013)
 Fortune (Sugar Hill Records, 2014)

Flash Hawk Parlor Ensemble

 Plastic Bag in the Tree (Hush Records, 2007)

Knock-knock

 Busted in Borstle (Barsuk, 2007)
 To Elliott, From Portland (contributed cover of Elliott Smith's "Speed Trials")

Guest artist
 Langhorne Slim "Be Set Free"
 Laura Veirs "July Flame"
 The Minus 5 "Killngsworth"
 Mirah, "(a)spera"
 The Shins, "Wincing the Night Away"
 The Long Winters, "Putting the Days to Bed"
 Lifesavas, "Gutterfly"
 Norfolk & Western, "Dusk in Cold Parlours" & "If You Were Born Overseas"
 Tracker, "Blankets" & "Polk"
 Blanket Music, "Cultural Norms"
 Casey Neill, "Brooklyn Bridge"
 Typhoon, "White Lighter"
 Markus Ello, "Winesburg, Ohio", "Big Charade", "Rock In My Head", "As Fucked As Me"
 Your Neighbors, "4184"

Producer
 Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks - Sparkle Hard (2018)
 Langhorne Slim
 Y La Bamba
 The Builders and The Butchers
 Peter Wilde - "Carnival"
 Red Fang
 Ashleigh Flynn  - "A Million Stars"

References

External links
Chris Funk Myspace

American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Living people
The Decemberists members
Coe College alumni
Guitarists from Oregon
Black Prairie members
1971 births

Chris Funk


The Klondike is a region of Yukon in northwest Canada. It is around the Klondike River, a small river that enters Yukon from the east at Dawson City. The Klondike Gold Rush took place there from 1897 to 1899.

The summers in the Klondike are short and very hot. The winters are long and very cold. There are snow storms between September and May.

Jack London's novel The Call of the Wild, published in 1903, was set in the Klondike.

Yukon

Klondike, Yukon


An epitaph is a short text honouring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it is text that is carved on a tombstone or plaque. Usually it gives the person's name and dates of birth and death. Some epitaphs say what the person did, and other things. Some people write their own epitaphs before they die.

Related pages
Eulogy

Death customs
Writing

Epitaph


Margaret of Anjou (; 23 March 1430 – 25 August 1482) was the Queen consort of England by marriage to King Henry VI from 1445 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471. She was born in the Duchy of Lorraine into the House of Valois-Anjou. Margaret was the second eldest daughter of René, King of Naples and Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine.

Margaret was important in the Wars of the Roses. At times, she personally led the House of Lancaster into battle. Her husband had several nervous breakdowns. They were seen as insanity, so  Margaret ruled the kingdom in his place. It was she who called for a Great Council in May 1455 that excluded the House of York headed by Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York. This started a civil conflict that lasted for more than thirty years. This conflict caused the deaths of thousands of men. One of those who died was her only son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.

Margaret was taken prisoner by the  Yorkists after the Lancastrian defeat at Tewkesbury. In 1475, she was ransomed by her cousin, King Louis XI of France. She went to live in France as a poor relation of the French king. She died in France at the age of 52.

Early life and marriage
Margaret was born on 23 March 1430 at Pont-à-Mousson in Lorraine. Margaret was the second daughter of René, King of Naples and of Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. She had five brothers and four sisters, as well as three half-siblings from her father's relationships with mistresses. Her father, popularly known as "Good King René", was duke of Anjou and titular king of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem; he has been described as "a man of many crowns but no kingdoms". Margaret was baptised at Toul in Lorraine. She spent her early years at the castle at Tarascon on the River Rhône in Provence and in the old royal palace at Capua, near Naples in the Kingdom of Sicily. Her mother took care of her education and may have arranged for her to have lessons with the scholar Antoine de la Sale, who taught her brothers. In childhood Margaret was known as la petite créature.

On 23 April 1445, Margaret married King Henry VI of England, at Titchfield Abbey in Hampshire.  Henry was eight years older than she was. The king and queen of France were the uncle and aunt of the groom and the bride respectively: Henry's late mother, Catherine, had been the sister of King Charles VII, whose wife Marie of Anjou was a sister of Margaret's father René. Further, Henry claimed for himself the Kingdom of France. He also controlled parts of northern France. Due to all this, the French king agreed to the marriage of Margaret to his rival on the condition that he would not have to provide the customary dowry and instead would receive the lands of Maine and Anjou from the English. The English government, fearing a highly negative reaction, kept this provision secret from the English public.

Margaret was crowned Queen Consort of England on 30 May 1445 at Westminster Abbey by John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury at the age of fifteen. She was described as beautiful, and furthermore "already a woman: passionate and proud and strong-willed". Those that anticipated the future return of English claims to French territory believed that she already understood her duty to protect the interests of the Crown fervently. She seems to have inherited this indomitability from her mother, who fought to establish her husband's claim to the Kingdom of Naples, and from her paternal grandmother Yolande of Aragon, who actually governed Anjou "with a man's hand", putting the province in order and keeping out the English. Thus by family example and her own forceful personality, she was fully capable of becoming the "champion of the Crown".

Birth of a son
Henry was more interested in religion and learning than in military matters and was not a successful king. He had reigned since he was only a few months old. Many of his actions had been done by people who ruled in his place. When he married Margaret, his mental condition was already unstable. At the time their only son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales was born (on 13 October 1453), Henry had already suffered a complete breakdown. There were rumours that he was incapable of fathering a child and that the new Prince of Wales was the result of an adulterous liaison. Many have speculated that either Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, or James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond was the young prince's actual father. Both were faithful allies of Margaret.

Although Margaret was aggressively partisan and had a volatile temperament, she shared her husband's love of learning because of her cultured upbringing. She also gave her patronage to the founding of Queens' College, Cambridge.

Elizabeth Woodville (born ca 1437), later Queen of England as future wife of Margaret's husband's rival, King Edward IV, purportedly served Margaret of Anjou as a maid of honour. However, there is to little evidence to permit historians to establish this with absolute certainty: several women at Margaret's court bore the name Elizabeth or Isabella Grey.

Beginnings of the dynastic civil wars

Enmity between Margaret and the Duke of York

After retiring from London to live in lavish state at Greenwich, Margaret was occupied with the care of her young son and did not display any signs of political will until she believed her husband was threatened with deposition by the ambitious Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, who, to her consternation, had been appointed Lord Protector while Henry was mentally incapacitated from 1453 to 1454. The duke was a credible claimant to the English throne and by the end of his protectorship there were many powerful nobles and relatives prepared to back his claim. The Duke of York was powerful; Henry's advisers corrupt; Henry himself trusting, pliable, and increasingly unstable; Margaret defiantly unpopular, grimly and gallantly determined to maintain the English crown for her progeny. Yet at least one scholar identifies the source of the eventual Lancastrian downfall not as York's ambitions nearly so much as Margaret's ill-judged enmity toward York and her over-indulgence in unpopular allies. Nevertheless, Queen Margaret was a powerful force in the world of politics. King Henry was putty in her hands when she wanted something done.

Margaret's biographer Helen Maurer, however, disagrees with earlier historians having dated the much-vaunted enmity between the Queen and York to the time he obtained the office of the protectorship. She suggests the mutual antagonism came about two years later in 1455 in the wake of the First Battle of St Albans, when Margaret perceived him as a challenge to the king's authority. Maurer bases this conclusion on a judicious study of Margaret's pattern of presenting gifts; this revealed that Margaret took a great deal of care to demonstrate that she favoured both York and Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) equally in the early 1450s. Maurer also claims that Margaret appeared to accept York's protectorship and asserts there is no substantial evidence to back up the long-standing belief that she was responsible for the Yorkists' exclusion from the Great Council following Henry's recovery (see below).

The late historian Paul Murray Kendall, on the other hand, maintained that Margaret's allies Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) and William de la Pole, then Earl of Suffolk, had no difficulty in persuading her that York, until then one of Henry VI's most trusted advisers, was responsible for her unpopularity and already too powerful to be trusted. Margaret not only convinced Henry to recall York from his post as governor in France and banish him instead to Ireland, she repeatedly attempted to have him assassinated during his travels to and from Ireland, once in 1449 and again in 1450. Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) and Suffolk's joint responsibility for the secret surrender of Maine in 1448, and then the subsequent disastrous loss of the rest of Normandy in 1449 embroiled Margaret and Henry's court in riots, uprisings by the magnates, and calls for the impeachment and execution of Margaret's two strongest allies. It also might have made an ultimate battle to the death between Margaret and the House of York inevitable by making manifest Richard's dangerous popularity with the Commons. Richard of York, safely returned from Ireland in 1450, confronted Henry and was readmitted as a trusted advisor. Soon thereafter, Henry agreed to convene Parliament to address the calls for reform. When Parliament met, the demands could not have been less acceptable to Margaret: not only were both Edmund Beaufort (Somerset) and Suffolk impeached for criminal mismanagement of French affairs and subverting justice, but it was charged as a crime against Suffolk (now a duke) that he had antagonised the king against the Duke of York. Further, the demands for reform put forward included that the Duke of York be acknowledged as the first councillor to the king, and the Speaker of Commons, perhaps with more fervour than wisdom, even proposed Richard, Duke of York, be recognised as heir to the throne. Within a few months, however, Margaret had regained control of Henry, Parliament was dissolved, the incautious Speaker thrown in prison, and Richard of York retired to Wales for the time being.

In 1457, the kingdom was again outraged when it was discovered that Pierre de Brézé, a powerful French general and an adherent of Margaret, had landed on the English coast and burnt the town of Sandwich. As leader of a French force of 4,000 men from Honfleur, he aimed at taking advantage of the chaos in England. The mayor, John Drury, was killed in this raid. It thereafter became an established tradition, which survives to this day, that the Mayor of Sandwich wears a black robe mourning this ignoble deed. Margaret, in association with de Brézé, became the object of scurrilous rumours and vulgar ballads. Public indignation was so high that Margaret, with great reluctance, was forced to give the Duke of York's kinsman Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, a commission to keep the sea for three years. He already held the post of Captain of Calais.

Leader of Lancastrian faction
Hostilities between the rival Yorkist and Lancastrian factions soon flared into armed conflict. In May 1455, just over five months after Henry VI recovered from a bout of mental illness and Richard of York's protectorship had ended, Margaret called for a Great Council from which the Yorkists were excluded. The Council called for an assemblage of the peers at Leicester to protect the king "against his enemies". York apparently was prepared for conflict and soon was marching south to meet the Lancastrian army marching north. The Lancastrians suffered a crushing defeat at the First Battle of St Albans on 22 May 1455. Edmund Beaufort (Somerset), the Earl of Northumberland and Lord Clifford were killed, Wiltshire fled the battlefield and King Henry was taken prisoner by the victorious Duke of York. In March 1458 along with her husband and leading nobles of the warring factions, she took part in The Love Day procession in London.

In 1459, hostilities resumed at the Battle of Blore Heath, where James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, was defeated by a Yorkist army under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury.

The Wars of the Roses

Early campaigns

While Margaret was attempting to raise further support for the Lancastrian cause in Scotland, her principal commander, Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, gained a major victory for her at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460 by defeating the combined armies of the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury. Both men were beheaded and their heads displayed on the gates of the city of York. As Margaret was in Scotland at the time the battle had taken place, it was impossible that she issued the orders for their executions despite popular belief to the contrary. She followed up with a victory at the Second Battle of St Albans (at which she was present) on 17 February 1461. In this battle, she defeated the Yorkist forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and recaptured her husband. It was after this battle that she, in a blatant act of vengeance, ordered the execution of two Yorkist prisoners of war, William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and Sir Thomas Kyriell, who had kept watch over King Henry to keep him out of harm's way during the battle. The king had promised the two knights immunity, but Margaret gainsaid him and ordered their executions by decapitation. It is alleged that she put the men on trial at which her son presided. "Fair son", she allegedly asked, "what death shall these knights die?" Prince Edward replied that their heads should be cut off, despite the king's pleas for mercy.

Stay in France
The Lancastrian army was beaten at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 by the son of the late Duke of York, the future Edward IV of England, who deposed King Henry and proclaimed himself king. Margaret was determined to win back her son's inheritance and fled with him into Wales and later Scotland. Finding her way to France, she made an ally of her cousin, King Louis XI of France, and at his instigation she allowed an approach from Edward's former supporter, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had fallen out with his former friend as a result of Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, and was now seeking revenge for the loss of his political influence. Warwick's daughter, Anne Neville, was married to Margaret's son Edward, Prince of Wales, in order to cement the alliance, and Margaret insisted that Warwick return to England to prove himself before she followed. He did so, restoring Henry VI briefly to the throne on 3 October 1470.

Final defeat at Tewkesbury

By the time Margaret, her son and daughter-in-law (Anne) were ready to follow Warwick back to England, the tables had again turned in favour of the Yorkists, and the Earl was defeated and killed by the returning King Edward IV in the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. Margaret was forced to lead her own army at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, at which the Lancastrian forces were defeated and her seventeen-year-old son Edward of Westminster was killed. The circumstances of Edward's death have never been made clear; it is not known whether he was killed in the actual fighting or executed after the battle by the Duke of Clarence. If he died in battle, he would have been the only Prince of Wales ever to do so. Over the previous ten years, Margaret had gained a reputation for aggression and ruthlessness, but following her defeat at Tewkesbury and the death of her only son, she was completely broken in spirit. After she was taken captive by William Stanley at the end of the battle, Margaret was imprisoned by the order of King Edward. She was sent first to Wallingford Castle and then was transferred to the more secure Tower of London. Henry VI was also imprisoned in the Tower in the wake of Tewkesbury and he died there on the night of 21 May; the cause of his death is unknown, though regicide was suspected. In 1472 she was placed in the custody of her former lady-in-waiting Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk, where she remained until ransomed by Louis XI in 1475.

Death
Margaret lived in France for the next seven years as a poor relation of the king. She was hosted by Francis de Vignolles and died in his castle of Dampierre-sur-Loire, near Saumur (Anjou) on 25 August 1482 at the age of 52. She was entombed next to her parents in Angers Cathedral, but her remains were removed and scattered by revolutionaries who ransacked the cathedral during the French Revolution.

Margaret's letters
Many letters, written by Margaret during her tenure as queen consort, still exist. One was written to the Corporation of London regarding injuries inflicted on her tenants at the manor of Enfield, which comprised part of her dower lands. Another letter was written to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Margaret's letters, which were typically headed with the words "By the Quene," are compiled in a book edited by Cecil Monro, which was published for the Camden Society in 1863.

Ancestors

Citations

References

Other websites

 Comprehensive catalogue of depictions of Margaret, from the 15th century to modern times.

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1430 births
1482 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of England
French royalty
House of Lancaster

Margaret of Anjou


11001 was one of the first British Railways diesel locomotives. It was built in 1949 at British Railways' Ashford Works. It was designed by O. V. S. Bulleid when he was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway. It was powered by a Paxman RPH Series 1 engine, capable of delivering 500 bhp at 1,250 rpm. It was driven via a Vulcan Sinclair fluid coupling to an SSS (Synchro-Self-Shifting) Powerflow gearbox. The gearbox provided three forward and reverse gears in either high or low range. It gave a top speed ranging from 5 mph (8 km/h) in 1st gear, low range up to 36 mph (58 km/h). It had an 0-6-0 wheel formation.

11001
C locomotives
Individual locomotives

British Rail 11001


Arizona Opera is an opera company which operates in both Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona.

History
Arizona Opera was established in 1971 as the Tucson Opera Company, under founding general director James P. Sullivan, and presented its first production, of Rossini's The Barber of Seville, in 1972. By 1976 the company had expanded to include performances in both Tucson and Phoenix. Arizona Opera is now permanently headquartered in Phoenix. The company has a subscriber base of approximately 10,000 drawn from the two metropolitan areas, and an annual expenditure of $5.8 million, according to the company's 2011 IRS Form 990. According to the Form 990 filed by the company in 2017, revenues for the 2016 tax year were $7,704,444 and expenses were $6,211,715.

The appointment of Glynn Ross as general director in 1983 initiated a period of growth during which the company expanded its season from three to five productions. In 1996 and 1998 the company gained notice by staging Wagner's Ring Cycle as a summer festival in Flagstaff, Arizona. Ross retired in 1998 and was succeeded by David Speers, who increased spending on rehearsals, chorus, and orchestra in an effort to improve the quality of the company's productions. Under Speers' leadership subscriptions and single-ticket sales increased. In addition to the company's regular productions, Speers brought singers Samuel Ramey, Kiri Te Kanawa, Denyce Graves, and Jerry Hadley to Arizona for recital performances.

During the 2000–2001 season, the company appointed its first principal conductor, Cal Stewart Kellogg. Kellogg remained in that position through 2004, and is now director of the Symphony of the Southwest.

David Speers left the company in 2003 and was succeeded by Joel Revzen, a Juilliard-trained musician, conductor, and music-organization administrator. Revzen continued Speers' practice of mixing standard repertory with productions of less-often-performed works, e.g., Menotti's The Consul, Brecht and Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and Handel's Semele. Revzen was succeeded as general director by Scott Altman in 2009, and Revzen has been named the company's conductor laureate. Altman oversaw the design and construction of the company's new office and production complex, the Arizona Opera Center, across Central Avenue from the Phoenix Art Museum in midtown Phoenix. The company announced Altman's resignation in April 2013. Arizona Opera artistic director Ryan Taylor was appointed interim general director upon Altman's departure, and then permanent general director in June 2013. Arizona Opera's current President and General Director is Joseph Specter, who was appointed in May 2016.

In February–May 2017 Arizona Opera presented the world premiere of Craig Bohmler's opera Riders of the Purple Sage, based on  Zane Grey's novel of the same name. The production was also broadcast nationwide on November 25, 2017 on the WFMT Radio Network's American Opera Series, and broadcast internationally in 2018 via distribution to the European Broadcasting Union.

In late 2017, Arizona Opera announced a shift from their traditional season model. While retaining five productions per opera season, the fall and spring performances were split into two distinct performance series.

Arizona Opera offers five productions with five performances each per season. The McDougall Arizona Opera RED Series is performed in the fall at the Herberger Theater Center (802 seats) in Phoenix and The Temple of Music and Art in Tucson (627 seats). The spring Main Stage Series is presented at Phoenix Symphony Hall (2,312 seats) and the Tucson Convention Center Music Hall (2,289 seats).

Labor relations
The Arizona Opera Chorus is composed of professional singers from both Phoenix and Tucson.  Choristers have been affiliated with the American Guild of Musical Artists (AGMA) since 1995. Union representation has resulted in improvements in chorus compensation and working conditions, and a concomitant improvement in the quality of new chorister candidates.

The Arizona Opera Orchestra is composed of music professionals from three major cities in Arizona — Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff — and is affiliated with the American Federation of Musicians (AFM). Like the chorus, union representation resulted in improvements in working conditions under a collective bargaining agreement. In 1998 orchestra members formed the Arizona Opera Orchestra Musicians Association (AZOOMA) to support the musicians and the company.

General directors
 James P. Sullivan (1971–1981)
 Richard J Woitach (1981–1983)
 Glynn Ross (1983–1998)
 David Speers (1998–2003)
 Joel Revzen (2003–2009)
 Scott Altman (2009–2013)
 Ryan Taylor (2013–2016)
 Joseph Specter (2016–present)

References

External links
 Arizona Opera
 Phoenix Symphony Hall
 Tucson Music Hall
 Herberger Theater

Musical groups established in 1971
Music of Phoenix, Arizona
American opera companies
Music of Tucson, Arizona
Performing arts in Arizona
1971 establishments in Arizona

Arizona Opera


Brodolom u najširem smislu označava svaki događaj, a u užem smislu udes (nesreću) koja za posljedicu ima trajno ili privremeno onesposobljivanje broda ili drugo plovila za plovidbu. Brod, odnosno plovilo koje je pretrpilo brodolom se naziva olupina. U pomorskom pravu se za štete nastale brodolomom koristi izraz avarija (havarija).

Vanjske veze

 WRECKSITE Worldwide free database of + 65.000 wrecks with history, maritime charts and GPS positions
 UNESCO page on underwater cultural heritage
 UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
 Ethics in Underwater Archaeology (Capitalism versus Socialism in Underwater Archaeology) by E. Lee Spence
 Sea Research Society (shipwrecks, cannon, and underwater archaeology)
 More than 3 million shipwrecks rest beneath the world's waters
 Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine, Florida
 Database of 100,000+ North American shipwrecks from 25 years of documenting wrecks
 Database of 10,000 submerged wrecks and obstructions in the coastal waters of the United States
 National Underwater and Marine Agency
 Florida Shipwrecks: 300 years of Maritime History, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
 Flinders University Maritime Archaeology Program
 Maritimequest Shipwreck Database (Downloadable Excel file)
 Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve
 Shipwrecks and Smuggling - a learning resource from the British Library archives
 Shipwrecks UK, providing context, thematic information and detail for more than 45,000 shipwrecks in the seas surrounding Britain and Ireland, including revealing maps.
 Documents relating to shipwrecks off the Welsh coast
 BSAC List of wrecks on the UK South coast with GPS co-ords
 Shipwreck Central
 Daniel Frank Sedwick, expert on shipwreck related artifact and coins
 Website of The Elizabethan Shipwreck off the island of Alderney, Channel Islands
 Above and Underwater virtual tour of a ship (the Buccaneer) sank in 2010 in Lake Michigan as an artificial reef

Pomorsko pravo

Brodolom


A country's foreign policy (also called the international relations policy) is a set of goals about how the country will work with other countries economically, politically, socially and militarily. It includes such matters as international trade, foreign aid, military alliances, and war.

Foreign policy also involves dealing with groups that are not countries but that are still important. These are called non-state actors, and might include religious groups, large companies, or even terrorist groups. The study of foreign relations is known as foreign policy analysis (FPA) and the work is called diplomacy. Most counties have a foreign minister who directs these things, with help from other officials.

Foreign policy is basically the way a government deals with other nations. The policy and behavior of other states, as well as domestic consideration and interests is what influences the development of foreign policy. According to Lumen Learning, foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its own goals through relations with other countries. This means that foreign policies are arrangements made by the government to benefit them.

References

International relations

Foreign policy


Alltel was a landline, wireless and general telecommunications services provider, primarily based in the United States. Before its wireless division was acquired by Verizon Wireless and AT&T, Alltel provided cellular service to 34 states and had approximately 13 million subscribers. As a regulatory condition of the acquisition by Verizon, a small portion of Alltel was spun off and continued to operate under the same name in six states, mostly in rural areas. Following the merger, Alltel remained the ninth largest wireless telecommunications company in the United States, with approximately 800,000 customers. On January 22, 2013, AT&T announced they were acquiring what remained of Alltel from Atlantic Tele-Network for $780 million in cash.

At its peak, Alltel operated a network in 34 states, with a wireless coverage footprint comprising the largest network in the United States by area. The company focused on small to medium size cities providing wireless services to residential and business customers in all 50 states through roaming agreements with Verizon and Sprint. These agreements gave Alltel customers access to nationwide service, while providing those carriers coverage in rural areas.

On June 5, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced it would acquire the majority of Alltel Wireless in a deal valued at $28.1 billion. The merger was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on the condition that Verizon divest 105 Alltel markets. On May 8, 2009, AT&T announced it would acquire 79 of the divested wireless properties, including licenses, network assets, and 1.5 million current subscribers, primarily in rural areas across 18 states.

On April 26, 2010, Atlantic Tele-Network acquired the remaining 26 divested Alltel markets, including licenses, network assets and 800,000 subscribers. These remaining markets continued to be operated by Allied Wireless, a subsidiary of ATN, under the Alltel name. On September 20, 2013, AT&T announced they had completed the acquisition of Alltel from Atlantic Tele-Network. AT&T immediately began plans to upgrade the former Alltel network and to move customers to the AT&T network by midyear 2014. The transition completed in February 2015 with all Alltel customers becoming a part of the AT&T network. In early 2016, AT&T dissolved Alltel Wireless.

History
In 1943, the Allied Telephone Company, a small business specializing in installing telephone poles and cabling for telephone companies across Arkansas, was founded by Charles Miller and Hugh Willbourn, Jr. In 1945, they opened a storefront in the Hillcrest district of Little Rock. The business sold electrical appliances in the front of the building, and the company enabled Wilbourn and Miller to buy telephone equipment wholesale.

Alltel's modern history begins in 1983 when Allied Telephone and Mid-Continent Telephone merged. Mid-Continent Telephone was originally a theatre company and started in 1931 by Eddie Ruben and Joe L. Floyd in Minnesota. In 1985, Alltel launched its first wireless system in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1993, Alltel opened its first wireless retail store. In 1997, the company's wireless and wireline businesses were combined into a single organization.

On December 9, 2005, Alltel announced that it would become a wireless-only company, simultaneously merging and building a spin-off company for its wireline services.  The wireline services business of Alltel merged with Valor Telecom and was named Windstream Communications on April 10, 2006. The merger-spinoff process ended July 17, 2006 when Windstream began operations.

On May 20, 2007, Alltel announced an agreement to be sold to two private-equity firms: TPG Capital and GS Capital Partners. Under the deal, the two firms paid $71.50 a share in cash, or $27.5 billion, a 10% premium over Alltel's May 18, 2007 closing price.

Mergers and acquisitions
1990

 Systematics, Inc – founded in 1968 by Arkansas investor Jackson T. Stephens.  Became Alltel Information Services (AIS), and later sold to Fidelity National Information Services.

1997

 Standard Group, Inc. (Cornelia, Georgia) – merger adds more than 71,000 local telephone lines
 Aliant Communications (Lincoln, Nebraska) – $1.8 billion merger
 Liberty Cellular (Kansas) – $600 million merger

1998

 360 Communications (Illinois) – wireless properties and assets, merger adds 2.6 million customers in 15 states

2000

 SBC Communications (Louisiana) – wireless properties
 GTE Wireless (assets in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Ohio, New Mexico, South Carolina and Texas), following GTE's merger with Bell Atlantic to form Verizon

2002

 Verizon (Kentucky) – $1.9 billion for local access lines (Kentucky ALLTEL)
 CenturyTel – $1.5 billion, 700,000 wireless customers

2003

 Cellular XL (Mississippi) – wireless properties
 U.S. Cellular and TDS Telecom – wireless assets

2005

 Cingular Wireless-divested AT&T Wireless properties (Oklahoma) (Connecticut) (Kentucky) (Mississippi) – wireless properties
 Public Service Cellular, Inc. of Georgia – wireless properties
 Cellular One brand by Western Wireless (Washington) – wireless properties
 Alltel/Valor (merger) – Alltel spins off wireline business and merges it with Valor to form Windstream Communications

2006

First Cellular of Southern Illinois (Illinois) – Alltel purchased First Cellular for $14-15 million in cash.
 Palmetto MobileNet, L.P. (North Carolina) (South Carolina) – Alltel purchased from Palmetto MobileNet, L.P. wireless partnerships that cover approximately 2.3 million people in North and South Carolina. Alltel already managed and owned 50 percent of each of the 10 partnerships and has purchased the remaining interests from Palmetto. The partnerships include 34 counties across South Carolina and seven counties in Western North Carolina.
 Midwest Wireless (Minnesota) – Alltel purchased Midwest Wireless for $1.083 billion in cash, adding 433,000 wireless customers
 In Summer 2006 Alltel's Simple Freedom Wireless, customers were migrated in non-Alltel markets. (see article below)

2007

 Alltel agrees to be acquired by TPG Capital and GS Capital Partners, the private equity division of Goldman Sachs for $27.5 billion.
 Simple Freedom Wireless merges with Alltel "U Prepaid" to form Alltel U Personalized Prepaid.
 Simple Freedom Wireless customers in ( Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, & Florida) are merged with Verizon Wireless Prepaid.

2008

 Verizon Wireless announced to acquire Alltel from TPG Capital and GS Capital Partners for $28.1 billion.
 Connecticut RSA 1 (Litchfield, Connecticut) market acquired from AT&T Wireless in 2005, was sold to Verizon Wireless.  Terms were not disclosed.

2009

 Verizon Wireless closes merger on January 9.
 AT&T announces acquisition of 79 of the 105 divested markets.
 Atlantic Tele-Network announces acquisition of the remaining 26 divested markets.

2010

 Atlantic Tele-Network completes acquisition of 26 markets and continues to operate as Alltel in six states.
 Element Mobile buys RSA #7, the remaining Alltel customers in Central Wisconsin.

2013

 AT&T Mobility completes acquisition of AWCC/Alltel from ATNI on September 30.

2016

AT&T Mobility dissolves Alltel Wireless.

Executive team (after ATN acquisition)

 President and CEO, Frank O'Mara
 Chief Financial Officer, Brian Taylor
 Chief Administrative Officer, Wade McGill
 Chief Marketing Officer, Lesa Handly
 Chief Information Officer, Lewis Langston

Executive team (after AT&T acquisition)

 Area Vice President for Acquired Markets, Ramon P. Carroll
 Chief Marketing and Sales Officer, Lesa Handly

Wireless network technology
Alltel's networks consisted of analog and digital systems operating primarily on the 850 MHz (3GPP2 Band Class 0) cellular band, much like Verizon Wireless. Native Alltel markets consisted of both analog (AMPS) and digital (CDMA) technologies. Virtually 100 percent of markets had been outfitted with 3G 1xEV-DO digital technology, which allows for additional battery life and faster download times when using Internet or BREW-based applications. Alltel posted a three phase turn down schedule in response to the FCC decision stating that by March 1, 2008 A and B side carriers are no longer required to support analog. The analog systems were retired by the end of 2008. While Alltel had not outlined its future path, merger partner Verizon Wireless had already announced plans to switch to GSM-based LTE.

Wireless network coverage
There were Alltel-owned and -operated networks in parts of 6 states. Alltel utilized roaming agreements with competing providers to provide coast-to-coast service. Roaming agreements in the United States were primarily with Verizon and Sprint until the completion of the migration of all customers to the AT&T network.

Handset and technical specifics

 Handsets were typically manufactured by Motorola, LG, Research In Motion (i.e., BlackBerry), Nokia, HTC, Samsung, Palm, and Pantech Curitel.
 Network equipment was manufactured by Lucent Technologies, Motorola, Nortel, Juniper Networks and Cisco.
 Phones used the Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless interface.

Wireless services
 Alltel Family Finder: Similar to Verizon Wireless's "Family Locator" service, Alltel offered a service dubbed Alltel Family Finder where users on family plans could download software to their children's phones and use GPS technology to acquire real-time location information either directly on their phone or on the computer. Users could also set up scheduled, automatic notifications of their child's location at set times, or use on-demand location checks to display the child's location on an interactive map.
 My Circle, launched on April 20, 2006, was a feature offered by Alltel Wireless that enabled customers to make and receive unlimited free calls to and from different phone numbers, including landlines. Initially, "My Circle" gave customers 10 different numbers per account. Customers were later given a choice of how many circle numbers they get (1, 5, 10, 15 or 20) based on the cost of their rate plan. On April 22, 2008, Alltel announced that all customers celebrating their second anniversary with "My Circle" would automatically receive one free "bonus" number added to their "My Circle" plan. In addition, on every second subsequent anniversary on an eligible "My Circle" plan, another bonus number would be added at no additional cost. Verizon Wireless adopted a My Circle-like feature called Friends & Family in February 2009. As Alltel customers are integrated and converted to Verizon Wireless' billing system, My Circle is being converted to Friends & Family.
 U Prepaid, introduced on January 30, 2006,'  was similar to other prepaid services like Boost Mobile, Virgin Mobile or AT&T GoPhone. Features that made U Prepaid unique are that it allowed the customer to customize their plan with text messaging and unlimited calls to a certain number. U Prepaid allowed roaming on Sprint, Verizon, US Cellular, and other CDMA networks.
 Alltel Wi-Fi, introduced on September 28, 2007, provided laptop access to Wi-Fi hotspots in North and South America. Alltel Wi-Fi was available for purchase by anyone regardless of whether they reside in a traditional Alltel territory. Alltel also had bundled pricing of their 'Wireless Internet' service and 'Wi-Fi', allowing users to roam from one network to another on their laptop.
 Alltel Voice2TXT, introduced on December 17, 2007, was a feature that was available on any Alltel Wireless SMS text message capable phone which quickly converted incoming voicemails to text messages in the customer's inbox.
 PhotoCopter, introduced on April 16, 2008, was a feature that saved every camera phone picture customers' snap to their home computers and favorite web photo albums. PhotoCopter automatically transferred the taken picture to the PC.
 Alltel Wi-Fi mobile hot spot launched July 7, 2011. This service allows customers to connect 5 devices for internet service at the same time.

Commercials
After Alltel's November 2004 announcement that Campbell-Ewald of Detroit would be their primary advertising agency, Alltel used lookalikes of rival cell phone companies' primary advertising characters along with Alltel's spokesman, played by comedian Chad Brokaw. After competing networks complained, the promotional campaign featured this notice on television and the website: "Our lawyers would like to inform you some of the characters you see here are not associated with Alltel. They are look-alikes. The characters, not our lawyers." In the first commercial, at an Alltel store, Alltel representative Chad spoke to representatives of five competitors to his circle. A second commercial was set in a bowling alley. The third commercial took place in a court room, with the faces of the other carriers blurred. In "The Century's Trial of the Century", Edward Maxwell Von Houten, attorney for the People Against My Circle Foundation, sued Chad for attempting to force people into calling circles.

After that, Alltel started a series of commercials involving Chad, bragging about Alltel's service and using the theme music "Come and Get Your Love". The parodied competitors, called "Sales Guys" are perpetually frustrated by their failures and less popularity, even going so far as to harass and threaten him, albeit with less than effective results. The Sales Guys are played by professional actors Matthew Brent (Verizon), Scott Halberstadt (Cingular/AT&T), Ian Gould (T-Mobile), and Michael Busch (Sprint), who was later replaced by Adam Herschman. Each representative wears a shirt with the color of the company they represent, as well as name tags to represent their company. Most ads in 2007 had the Cingular/AT&T guy wearing two name tags—one each for Cingular & AT&T—while that brand was transiting to AT&T. As of 2008, they added a snobbish wizard into the ads. The Christmas 2007/2008 ads uses stop-motion animation, parodying the Rankin-Bass Christmas specials.

The campaign included a MySpace page, and Campbell-Ewald Digital created The Man Cave with its own web site. The fourth and fifth commercials features employees of other carriers' mall stores trying to convince Chad to end My Circle with $8.00. The sixth has Chad giving RAZRs as Christmas gifts to them. Since this service and advertising campaign started, other carriers started adding similar services. For example, T-Mobile introduced "My Faves" in the fall of 2006.

In 2010, markets sold to Verizon Wireless aired a special commercial with both Chad and Paul Marcarelli as the real "Verizon Guy". Alltel and Chad produced a Christmas edition commercial later that year for remaining Alltel markets, featured at Longbranch Coffee House located in Carbondale, Illinois.

Sponsorships

Former structure naming rights

 Alltel Stadium (formerly Jacksonville municipal stadium, now TIAA Bank Field) Jacksonville, Florida
 Alltel Pavilion at Walnut Creek, Raleigh, North Carolina
 Alltel Arena, North Little Rock, Arkansas
 Alltel Ice Den, Scottsdale, Arizona
 Alltel Pavilion at the Stuart C. Siegel Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
 Maxwell Field at Alltel Stadium, Winona State University, Winona, Minnesota
 Alltel Center, Mankato, Minnesota

Racing Teams

NASCAR

 Herzog Motorsports #92, (Jimmie Johnson, 2000)
 Penske Racing South #02, 12, and 39, (Ryan Newman 2000-2008)

References

External links
Alltel/AT&T Merger Information
Windstream Communications (former Alltel landline business)
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
Archive of Alltel Intercept Messages

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1943
Mobile phone companies of the United States
1943 establishments in Arkansas
Companies based in Little Rock, Arkansas
Defunct companies based in Arkansas
American companies established in 1943
Retail companies established in 1943
AT&T
Verizon Wireless
TPG Capital companies
2016 disestablishments in Arkansas
2016 mergers and acquisitions
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2016
American companies disestablished in 2016

Alltel


Albert Reiss also Albert Reiß (22 February 1870  – 19 June 1940) was a German operatic tenor who had a prolific career in Europe and the United States. He spent much of his career performing at the Metropolitan Opera where he sang in more than 1,000 performances, including several premieres, between 1901 and 1919. Excelling in the tenor buffo repertoire, Reiss was particularly associated with the roles of David in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and Mime in Der Ring des Nibelungen, two roles he sang in numerous houses internationally.

Life

Early life and career
Reiss was born in Berlin and began his career as an actor. He appeared in several plays in Berlin and Strasbourg before deciding to pursue an operatic career under the encouragement of Bernhard Pollini and Ernestine Schumann-Heink. He proceeded to study singing with Wilhelm Vilmar and later Julius Lieben and Benno Stolzenberg. He made his professional operatic debut in 1897 as Peter Ivanov in Lortzing's Zar und Zimmermann at Königsberg. The following year he joined the opera house at Posen where he sang roles for only one season. In 1899 he began performing at the Wiesbaden Opera House where he performed roles until the fall of 1901 when he left to join the roster at the Metropolitan Opera.

Mid to late career
Reiss began his association with the Met touring throughout North America from October–December 1901.  His first performance with the company was in Toronto on 12 October as Remendado in Bizet's Carmen. He made his first appearance at the company's house in New York City on December 23, 1901, as both the Shepherd and the Steersman in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde. This was the beginning of a long association with the Met for Reiss, who appeared with the company every year for the next eighteen years in mostly tenor buffo roles.

Most notably he sang in several world premiers with the company including: Nick in Puccini's La fanciulla del West, the Broom-maker in Humperdinck's Königskinder, Nial in Horatio Parker's Mona, the offstage male lover in Puccini's Il Tabarro, Richard II of England in Reginald de Koven's The Canterbury Pilgrims and Ragueneau in Walter Damrosch's Cyrano. His farewell performance on 14 April 1919 – again as Remendado – was his 1,070th performance with the company.

In addition to performances with the Met, Reiss returned periodically to Europe to appear in operas. From 1902 to 1907 he sang in several productions at the Bavarian State Opera. He also sang at the Hamburg State Opera (1904) and the Palais Garnier (1910). Reiss made his only other American appearances with the Chicago Grand Opera Company in 1911 and 1912. He appeared at the Royal Opera House in London at various times between 1902–1905 and 1924–1929, where he sang the roles of Valzacchi in Der Rosenkavalier, Mime in Der Ring des Nibelungen and David in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.  After leaving the Met, he sang at the Volksoper Berlin (1923–25) and Berlin State Opera (1925–1930).

Upon retiring from the stage in 1930, Reiss resettled in Nice, France, where he lived until his death in 1940.

Notes

External links

1870 births
1940 deaths
Singers from Berlin
German operatic tenors
19th-century German male opera singers
20th-century German male opera singers

Albert Reiss


Network forensics is a sub-branch of digital forensics relating to the monitoring and analysis of computer network traffic for the purposes of information gathering, legal evidence, or intrusion detection. Unlike other areas of digital forensics, network investigations deal with volatile and dynamic information. Network traffic is transmitted and then lost, so network forensics is often a pro-active investigation.

Network forensics generally has two uses. The first, relating to security, involves monitoring a network for anomalous traffic and identifying intrusions. An attacker might be able to erase all log files on a compromised host; network-based evidence might therefore be the only evidence available for forensic analysis. The second form relates to law enforcement. In this case analysis of captured network traffic can include tasks such as reassembling transferred files, searching for keywords and parsing human communication such as emails or chat sessions.

Two systems are commonly used to collect network data; a brute force "catch it as you can" and a more intelligent "stop look listen" method.

Overview

Network forensics is a comparatively new field of forensic science. The growing popularity of the Internet in homes means that computing has become network-centric and data is now available outside of disk-based digital evidence. Network forensics can be performed as a standalone investigation or alongside a computer forensics analysis (where it is often used to reveal links between digital devices or reconstruct how a crime was committed).

Marcus Ranum is credited with defining Network forensics as "the capture, recording, and analysis of network events in order to discover the source of security attacks or other problem incidents".

Compared to computer forensics, where evidence is usually preserved on disk, network data is more volatile and unpredictable. Investigators often only have material to examine if packet filters, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems were set up to anticipate breaches of security.

Systems used to collect network data for forensics use usually come in two forms:
"Catch-it-as-you-can" – This is where all packets passing through a certain traffic point are captured and written to storage with analysis being done subsequently in batch mode. This approach requires large amounts of storage.
"Stop, look and listen" – This is where each packet is analyzed in a rudimentary way in memory and only certain information saved for future analysis. This approach requires a faster processor to keep up with incoming traffic.

Types

Ethernet

Apt all data on this layer and allows the user to filter for different events. With these tools, website pages, email attachments, and other network traffic can be reconstructed only if they are transmitted or received unencrypted. An advantage of collecting this data is that it is directly connected to a host. If, for example the IP address or the MAC address of a host at a certain time is known, all data sent to or from this IP or MAC address can be filtered.

To establish the connection between IP and MAC address, it is useful to take a closer look at auxiliary network protocols. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) tables list the MAC addresses with the corresponding IP addresses.

To collect data on this layer, the network interface card (NIC) of a host can be put into "promiscuous mode". In so doing, all traffic will be passed to the CPU, not only the traffic meant for the host.

However, if an intruder or attacker is aware that his connection might be eavesdropped, he might use encryption to secure his connection. It is almost impossible nowadays to break encryption but the fact that a suspect's connection to another host is encrypted all the time might indicate that the other host is an accomplice of the suspect.

TCP/IP

On the network layer the Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for directing the packets generated by TCP through the network (e.g., the Internet) by adding source and destination information which can be interpreted by routers all over the network. Cellular digital packet networks, like GPRS, use similar protocols like IP, so the methods described for IP work with them as well.

For the correct routing, every intermediate router must have a routing table to know where to send the packet next.
These routing tables are one of the best sources of information if investigating a digital crime and trying to track down an attacker. To do this, it is necessary to follow the packets of the attacker, reverse the sending route and find the computer the packet came from (i.e., the attacker).

Encrypted Traffic Analytics
Given the proliferation of TLS encryption on the internet, as of April 2021 it is estimated that half of all malware uses TLS to evade detection. Encrypted traffic analysis inspects traffic to identify encrypted traffic coming from malware and other threats by detecting suspicious combinations of TLS characteristics, usually to uncommon networks or servers. Another approach to encrypted traffic analysis uses a generated database of fingerprints, although these techniques have been criticized as being easily bypassed by hackers and inaccurate.

The Internet
The internet can be a rich source of digital evidence including web browsing, email, newsgroup, synchronous chat and peer-to-peer traffic. For example, web server logs can be used to show when (or if) a suspect accessed information related to criminal activity. Email accounts can often contain useful evidence; but email headers are easily faked and, so, network forensics may be used to prove the exact origin of incriminating material. Network forensics can also be used in order to find out who is using a particular computer by extracting user account information from the network traffic.

Wireless forensics
Wireless forensics is a sub-discipline of network forensics. The main goal of wireless forensics is to provide the methodology and tools required to collect and analyze (wireless) network traffic that can be presented as valid digital evidence in a court of law. The evidence collected can correspond to plain data or, with the broad usage of Voice-over-IP (VoIP) technologies, especially over wireless, can include voice conversations.

Analysis of wireless network traffic is similar to that on wired networks, however there may be the added consideration of wireless security measures.

References

External links
Overview of network forensic tools and datasets (2021)
Forensics Wiki (2010)

Computer networking
Digital forensics

Network forensics


Virtual Iron Software, was located in Lowell, Massachusetts, sold proprietary software for virtualization and management of a virtual infrastructure. Co-founded by Alex Vasilevsky, Virtual Iron figured among the first companies to offer virtualization software to fully support Intel VT-x and AMD-V hardware-assisted virtualization.

 Oracle Corporation agreed to acquire Virtual Iron Software, Inc., subject to customary closing conditions. Oracle now declines to offer any updates or patches for current customers, even updates and patches developed before the purchase.  On June 19, 2009, The Register reported that Oracle had killed the Virtual Iron product.

Virtual Iron platform
Virtual Iron software ran unmodified 32-bit and 64-bit guest operating systems with near-native performance. A virtualization manager offered access to control, automate, modify and monitor virtual resources. Virtualization services were automatically deployed on supported hardware without additional software. The platform was based on the open source Xen hypervisor.
Virtual Iron, like other virtualization software, provided server consolidation, business continuity and capacity management.

The Virtual Iron platform consisted of a virtualization manager, virtualization servers and a hypervisor. The virtualization manager (VI-Center), a Java-based application, allowed for central management of the virtualized servers. A physical server could have many virtualized servers, which ran as unmodified guest operating systems.

Virtual Iron could use both physical-storage or virtual-storage access models.  However, the use of a virtual-storage access model leveraged SAN storage to create a fault-tolerant iSCSI or Fibre Channel based cluster of virtual nodes.  The VI Center installed on both Windows and Linux.  After installation, the administrator had to configure a "management network" for the purpose of communicating with nodes in the cluster.  The VI Center used the management network to PXE boot any server that was connected and correctly configured (for PXE boot).

The included LiveRecovery tool could configure high availability.  Additionally, CPU or power-consumption load-balancing was configurable using the LiveCapacity or LivePower tools respectively.  Additional features included disk and virtual machine cloning (snapshots), IPMI/ILO support, etc.

"Native virtualization"
Virtual Iron had implemented full virtualization (requiring hardware-assisted virtualization which it called native virtualization) over paravirtualization. Native virtualization allowed for unmodified guest operating systems and had the advantage of hardware advances for better performance. Virtual Iron, Inc claimed to have pioneered the implementation of native virtualization.
Virtual Iron discussed paravirtualization and native virtualization in its blog:

Virtual Iron has decided against paravirtualization in favor of "native virtualization." With hardware advances coming out of Intel and AMD, we see native virtualization capable of matching physical hardware performance without any of the complexity and engineering efforts involved in paravirtualizing an OS. From our discussions with a broad range of users, they simply do not want to roll out modified OSs unless the trade-off is heavily in their favor. This Faustian trade-off is no longer necessary.

See also
 Comparison of platform virtualization software
 Virtual machine
 Platform virtualization
 x86 virtualization

References

External links
 Virtual Iron Home Page
 Virtual Iron Virtualization News and Support and Training Resources

Defunct software companies of the United States
Virtualization
Companies established in 2003

Virtual Iron


Kureva (talk; speak; gossip).

Kurevanya (babble; chatter or talk too much).
Kurevesa (cause to speak; speak to; tell the truth).
Kurevera (to report someone to an authority figure).
Kureverera (to speak in defence of).

Kureveteka
Kurevetera
Marevo (things spoken; character of being one who tells on others). Uyu mukomana ane marevo.
Murevi (one who speaks or tells). Satani murevi wenhema.
Mureverwi (one to who it is told).
Murevereri (one who speaks in defence of).

Dzidzo

Kureva


The Estates Theatre or Stavovské divadlo in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.

The Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (Národní divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).

History

The Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz's Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy Emilia Galotti by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.

Although the building is almost the same it always was, the organisation of the Estates Theatre has changed several times in its history. In 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl). In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.

Productions and artistes

Many of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. Mozart's opera La Clemenza di Tito was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler.

Czech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.

Today the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre.

Other websites
 Estates Theatre web site

Opera houses
Theatres
Buildings and structures in Prague
18th-century establishments in Europe

Estates Theatre


A monk is a man  who devoted part or all of his life to a religion. The word comes from Ancient Greek, and can be translated as solitary. In Greek, the word can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly used for men. The word nun is usually used for female monastics. Monks practice asceticism. They either live alone, or together with other monks who share the same ideals. Monks can be found in different religions, most often in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Taoism.

The monks who live on their own are usually called  hermits, those living with other monks do so in monasteries. Nuns living together do so in a convent.

Some laws monks might choose to obey:
 Poverty: the monk cannot own anything.
 Chastity: the monk cannot have sex or a sexual relationship and cannot start a family or get married.
 Solitude: the monk should always be alone. Some monks choose to not follow this law.
 Silence: the monk shall not speak unless it is necessary.
 Generosity: the monk should always help other people.
 Stillness: the monk cannot travel far unless it is necessary. Sometimes this means that the monk must be cloistered which means that they must not leave their monastery (especially Warsa period). Sometimes they can be allowed to leave, but must not go very far.
 Duty: The monk must do some things every day. For example, the monk must pray or meditate and must do some work.

Religious occupations

Monk


"RPG" redirects here, for the gaming genre, see role-playing game.

A rocket-propelled grenade or an RPG is the name for any kind of weapon, held on the shoulder that fires rockets that have an explosive warhead. These warheads are attached to a rocket motor and the rocket has fins which help it to fly straight. Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are used only once and then thrown away. RPGs, with the exception of self-contained versions, are muzzleloaders, loaded from the front end.

RPGs with High explosive anti-tank warheads are very effective against armored vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs). They can also be used against tanks, as long as the shooter targets a weak part of the tank, such as the tracks or the top door of the turret.

In general, the front armour on a tank is too thick to be penetrated by an RPG warhead. In some cases, teams attacking tanks with RPGs will have multiple RPG users fire at the same tank, which may penetrate the armour. Insurgents have sometimes successfully used RPGs to shoot at helicopters.

Related pages
 Bazooka

Explosives

Rocket-propelled grenade


A pocket is a bag which is part of an item of clothing, reached through an opening in the clothing. The fabric of the clothing is shaped to make these little pouches or purses which are very handy for keeping small amounts of money and other small objects for daily use.

Pockets can be on pants, shirts, skirts, or dresses. Pockets come in very different styles, shapes, closed or unclosed with zippers or buttons. Some styles of clothing though, do not have pockets.

Basic English 850 words

Pocket


The Master (1961–1984) is a chronological box set album looking back at American R&B/soul Marvin Gaye's 23-year recording career. Spanning four discs, the box set goes over all portions of Gaye's career with a repertoire that spanned doo-wop, R&B, soul, psychedelic soul and funk with a mixture of themes including dance songs, love ballads, duets, socially conscious material, sensual material and autobiographical revelations. The set includes rarities such as a recorded 1981 live track of Gaye and Gladys Knight & the Pips each singing their seminal hit "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", Gaye's famed 1983 performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at an NBA All-Star game and an a cappella performance of "The Lord's Prayer" taped during Gaye's exile in Belgium.

In 2006, Universal re-released the boxset as part of its Universal Earbook series, issuing it as an LP-sized hardback coffee table book.

Track listing

Disc one
"Stubborn Kind of Fellow"
"Pride and Joy"
"Hitch Hike"
"Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)"
"What Do You Want With Him" (Previously unreleased)
"Once Upon a Time"
"What's the Matter with You Baby" (with Mary Wells)
"Can I Get a Witness"
"Couldn't Ask for More" (Previously unreleased)
"You're Wonderful" (Previously unreleased)
"I Wonder"
"You're a Wonderful One"
"It's Got to Be Love" (previously unreleased)
"Try It Baby"
"Leavin (Previously unreleased)
"My Love for You" (Previously unreleased)
"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)"
"Baby Don't You Do It"
"Just Like a Man" (Previously unreleased alternative mix)
"Pretty Little Baby"
"Talk About a Good Feeling" (Previously unreleased)
"I'll Be Doggone"
"Little Darling (I Need You)"
"One More Heartache"
"Ain't That Peculiar"
"You're the One for Me"
"Take This Heart of Mine"
"Your Unchanging Love"

Disc two
"It Takes Two" (with Kim Weston)
"I Couldn't Help Falling for You" (Previously unreleased)
"Lonely Lover" (Previously unreleased)
"Without Your Sweet Lovin (Previously unreleased)
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" (with Tammi Terrell)
"If I Could Build My Whole World Around You" (with Tammi Terrell)
"Your Precious Love" (with Tammi Terrell)
"If This World Were Mine" (with Tammi Terrell)
"Without You (My World Is Lonely)" (Previously unreleased)
"Together We Stand (Divided We Fall)" (Previously unreleased)
"You"
"Chained"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
"You're What's Happening (In the World Today)"
"This Love Starved Heart of Mine (It's Killing Me)"
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (with Tammi Terrell)
"Keep On Lovin' Me Honey" (with Tammi Terrell)
"You're All I Need to Get By" (with Tammi Terrell)
"Too Busy Thinking About My Baby"
"More Than a Heart Can Stand"
"How Can I Forget"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Yesterday"
"The End of Our Road"
"Good Lovin' Ain't Easy to Come By" (with Valerie Simpson, credited to Tammi Terrell)
"What You Gave Me"

Disc three
"What's Going On"
"Save the Children"
"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)"
"Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)"
"I'm Going Home" (Previously unreleased alternative mix)
"Piece of Clay" (Previously unreleased)
"You're the Man (Pt. I & II)"
"Checking Out (Double Clutch)" (Previously unreleased)
"Trouble Man"
"Let's Get It On"
"Come Get to This"
"Just to Keep You Satisfied"
"Pledging My Love"
"My Mistake (Was to Love You)" (with Diana Ross)
"Distant Lover (Live)"
"I Want You"
"After the Dance"

Disc four
"Got to Give It Up, Pt. I"
"Here, My Dear"
"When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You"
"Anger"
"Anna's Song"
"A Funky Space Reincarnation"
"When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You (Reprise)"
"She Needs Me" (Previously unreleased)
"Why Did I Choose You" (Previously unreleased)
"Life Is for Learning"
"Funk Me"
"Love Me Now or Love Me Later"
"Ego Tripping Out"
"The Star-Spangled Banner" (Live)
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (Live) (with Gladys Knight & The Pips)
"Rockin' After Midnight"
"Sexual Healing"
"The Lord's Prayer"

References

1995 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Norman Whitfield
Albums produced by Hal Davis
Albums produced by Harvey Fuqua
Albums produced by Smokey Robinson
Albums produced by Marvin Gaye
Albums produced by Leon Ware
Marvin Gaye compilation albums
Albums produced by Frank Wilson (musician)
Motown compilation albums
1995 albums
Albums produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson
Albums produced by Ashford & Simpson

The Master (1961–1984)


Swat District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.  The capital of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main city in Swat is Mingora. It was a princely state until 1969, when it was dissolved and made part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the third largest district in KPK with a population of 2,309,570.

With many lakes, green meadows and mountains, it is popular with tourists.

Location
Swat is surrounded by Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Dir in the West, Gilgit-Baltistan in North, Upper and Lower Kohistan, Buner and Shangla in the East and south East.

Administrative divisions
The District of Swat is subdivided into 7 Tehsils i.e.
 Tehsil Babuzai
 Tehsil Matta
 Tehsil Khwaza Khela
 Tehsil Barikot
 Tehsil Kabal
 Tehsil Charbagh
 Tehsil Bahrain

Demographics
Swat is populated mostly by ethnic Pashtuns and Gujjar and Kohistani communities. The main language spoken is Pashto, with a minority of Torwali and Kalami Kohistani speakers in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat.

According to 1981 census, Pashto is main language and spoken by 90.28% of population while Kohistani is spoken by 8.67%.

References

Districts of British India

Swat District


A dilemma (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition") is when two solutions or possibilities are present. If both solutions are undesirable or impossible, this may put a person on the horns of a dilemma, neither outcome is comfortable.

The dilemma is sometimes put as a choice "you must accept either A, or B". Here A and B are each leading to some undesirable conclusion.

In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs from everyday usage.  Two options are still present, but choosing between them is immaterial because they both imply the same conclusion.  Symbolically expressed thus:

This can be translated informally as "one (or both) of A or B is known to be true, but they both imply C, so regardless of the truth values of A and B we can conclude C."

Horned dilemmas can present more than two choices.  The number of choices of horned dilemmas can be used in their alternative names, such as two-pronged (two-horned) or dilemma proper, or three-pronged (three-horned) or trilemma, and so on.

Constructive dilemmas

1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2. X or W.
3. Therefore, Y or Z.

Destructive dilemmas

1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2. Not Y or not Z.
3. Therefore, not X or not W.

Responses to a dilemma

In Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert Pirsig outlines possible responses to a dilemma. The classical responses are to either choose one of the two horns and refute the other or alternatively to refute both horns by showing that there are additional choices. Pirsig then mentions three illogical or rhetorical responses. One can "throw sand in the bull's eyes" by, for example, questioning the competence of the questioner. One can "sing the bull to sleep" by, for example, stating that the answer to the question is beyond one's own humble powers and asking the questioner for help. Finally one can "refuse to enter the arena" by, for example, stating that the question is unanswerable.

Related pages
 Prisoner's dilemma
 False dilemma
 Contradiction
 Paradox
 Trilemma

Logic

Dilemma