MTV is an Italian pay television network, owned by Paramount Networks EMEAA and operated by Sky Italia.

History
Prior to the launch of a 24-hour Italian speaking MTV, MTV viewers in Italy received the pan-European version of MTV. Regionalization of MTV in Europe began in March 1997 with the launch of a German-speaking MTV, followed by a UK branded channel in July of the same year. The Italian channel officially launched in London in September 1997, when its transmissions also entered into the television programming of Rete A.

In 2000, MTV Italy moved to the frequencies of the late TMC2 (already acquired by Telecom Italia and formerly known as Videomusic) thus becoming a standalone channel and getting more and more like every other "big" network in Italy, showing news, movie trailers and other things which would never have fit into the former schedules of the channel. The handover and the whole changing process was advertised with the name of "MTV Regeneration". The channel's operations moved from London to Milan.

On 5 July 2013, Telecom Italia Media announced it would be selling its 51% stake in MTV Italy to Viacom for €13.4 million. Telecom Italia Media committed to waiving its financial receivables of €9.7 million as part of the deal. The sale was completed on 12 September 2013.

On 13 June 2015, Italian newspaper La Repubblica anticipated the purchase of channel 8 occupied by MTV.

On 31 July 2015, Sky Italia took over ownership of the MTV free-to-air channel. The original MTV Italy changed its name to MTV8. On the same day, a new channel named MTV Next was launched, and then renamed to MTV.

Programming

Several shows were made up locally, featuring Italian music and artists. Some of the most popular shows on the channel were the Italian version of Total Request Live, LoveLine, Brand New, other are original ones like Very Victoria, Italo-Francese, Avere Ventanni and Hitlist Italia.
In 2016 MTV launched successful docu-reality Riccanza on rich kids of Italy, now on its third season, and in 2018 spinoffs Richissitudes - Riccanza Francia (co-produced with MTV France), Mamma che Riccanza! (on rich mums) and Riccanza - Vita da Cani (rich dogs).

MTV Italy also showed a variety of reality shows (mainly imported from MTV US) and TV series such as Scrubs, Less Than Perfect and The Office. From 1999 to 2010, the channel has shown several Japanese anime on a regular basis on the block Anime Night.

Main Italian hosts for MTV Italy were Victoria Cabello, Alessandro Cattelan, Carlo Pastore, and Elena Santarelli. Some of the former hosts of the channel are Andrea Pezzi, Camila Raznovich and Enrico Silvestrin (who are both also former MTV Europe VJs), Kris Grove, Kris Reichert, Giorgia Surina, Marco Maccarini, Paola Maugeri, Benedetta Zonca and Daniele Bossari.

Sister channels
MTV has six sister channels: MTV Hits, MTV Music, MTV Classic, MTV Rocks, MTV Dance and MTV Live HD.

In the summer of 2003, MTV Italy launched two satellite channels: MTV Hits, mainly dedicated to showing chart hits and classic clips from the MTV archives and MTV Brand New, devoted to showing all the best cutting-edge, indie, electronic, metal, experimental music out there. In 2006, a fourth channel was launched: Flux, creating a whole new concept of television consisting of showing eclectic / alternative music videos 24/7 along with some artistic footages sent in by the viewers through the channel's website and other bits taken from the MTV2 US programming.

On 30 November, the Italian version of Flux, was rebranded into QOOB and on April an international website was launched. QOOB showed no commercials and was distributed through DVB-T in Italy.

In 2007, MTV Italy launched MTV Gold (hosting music from the '70s, '80s and '90s), MTV Pulse (for commercial music) and VH1 (a local version broadcast from London).

MTV+ was launched in Italy in May 2010 which broadcast a selection of music and content largely from MTV US. It was replaced on 1 March 2011 as MTV Music, showing only music programming. The channel is exclusive to the digital terrestrial television network available in the majority of Italian homes.

On 10 January 2011, MTV Networks Italia replaced MTV Pulse and MTV Brand New with the pan-European versions of MTV Dance and MTV Rocks. MTV Gold was also rebranded as MTV Classic.

References

External links

MTV channels
Telecom Italia Media
Music organisations based in Italy
Television channels in Italy
Television channels and stations established in 1997
Italian-language television stations

MTV (Italian TV channel)


The CNE Cup of Champions was a one-off match played in June 1968 between Celtic and Milan. The match was played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to try to boost the popularity of football in the country.

Match summary
The match was played on 1 June 1968, in the Canadian National Exhibition Stadium with a crowd of 31,121 (a record for a football match in Canada at the time), although 20,000 were thought to be Celtic fans who had travelled from across North America.

Even though Celtic were without the injured Tommy Gemmell and the aviophobic Jimmy Johnstone, Celtic were able to adapt to the situation and both teams tried very hard to win the game from the first minute on and the game swung from end to end in a frantic first 45 minutes. Despite no goals being scored in the first half, Celtic scored a goal in the 49th minute. The first goal was scored after a ball was swung into the box and Bobby Lennox slotted past the keeper before he could react. The second goal was even more spectacular after the Celtic keeper threw the ball to winger John Hughes, the burly winger then started a rampaging run 60 yards across the field shoving aside the Italian defenders before passing the ball into the box for Charlie Gallagher who scored the goal that finished the game off.

References
 CNE The Celtic Wiki - Cup Of Champions

Celtic F.C. matches
AC Milan
1967–68 in Scottish football
1967–68 in Italian football
1968 in Canadian soccer
1968
Canadian soccer friendly trophies

CNE Cup of Champions


Exit-13 wis a grindcore baund frae Millersville, Pennsylvania. The baund wur formed in 1989 bi Relapse Records foonder an co-awner Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals), guitarist Steve O'Donnell an bassist Joel DiPietro. Their early recordins, includin the Disembowelling Party, The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup an Eat More Crust demos (aw 1989), their debut fully-length Green Is Good (1990) an the EPs The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup (1990) an Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth (1991) featured a line-up o Yurkiewicz, O'Donnell an DiPietro, wi drum duties being shared atween Bill Schaeffer an Pat McCahan.

Exit-13 unnerwent a line-up chynge prior tae 1994's Ethos Musick, an recruitit the rhythm section of Dan Lilker, famous for his wirk wi Anthrax, Nuclear Assault an Brutal Truth on bass guitar, an his Brutal Truth baund-mate Scott Lewis on drums. Brutal Truth's vocalist Kevin Sharp an aa providit backin vocals. Future line-ups wur tae include Bliss Blood (o Pain Teens), Richard Hoak (o Brutal Truth) an Dave Witte (o Burnt by the Sun, Discordance Axis an Municipal Waste), amangst ithers.

The band's leerics mainly focused on environmental issues (wi open support tae radical groups like Earth First!), but an aa concentrate on social issues. The baund an aa supportit the decreeminalization o marijuana.

Members

Last recordin line-up
 Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals)
 Bliss Blood (vocals)
 Dan Lilker (bass, piano, vocals)
 Steve O'Donnell (guitars, vocals)
 Richard Hoak (drums, piano, vocals)

Ither members
 Scott Lewis (drums)
 Joel DiPietro (bass)
 Pat McCahan (drums)
 Bill Shaeffer (drums)
 Dave Witte (drums)

Discography
 1989: Disembowelling Party (demo)
 1989: The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup (demo)
 1989: Eat More Crust (demo)
 1990: Green Is Good (Ecocentric Records)
 1990: The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup EP (Thrash Records)
 1991: Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth EP (Relapse)
 1993: Don't Spare The Green Love compilation (Relapse)
 1994: Ethos Musick (Relapse)
 1995: Split 7" EP with Multiplex (HG Fact)
 1995: ...Just A Few More Hits (Relapse)
 1996: Split CD with Hemdale (Visceral Productions)
 1996: Gout d'Belgium/Black Weakeners (Relapse)
 1996: Smoking Songs (Relapse)
 2004: Relapse Singles Series Vol. 4, split with Phobia, Goreaphobia an Amorphis (Relapse)
 2007: High Life! compilation (Relapse)

References

Freemit airtins
 Offeecial Exit-13 wabsteid
 Offeecial Exit-13 Myspace page
 Exit-13 biography @ Rockdetector
 Exit-13 @ Relapse Records

Hivy metal muisical groups frae Pennsylvanie
Grindcore muisical groups
Relapse Records airtists
Muisical groups established in 1989
Muisical groups disestablished in 1997

Exit-13


SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, such as a hard drive or CD or DVD drive. SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface, although the "small" is historic; SCSI is used on both large and small computers. SCSI is usually pronounced as "scuzzy".

Few peripherals (other than hard drives and tape drives) were made after the 20th century. Later ones used USB or in some cases Firewire.

Physical Structure

SCSI is realized by a bus slot on the motherboard. Just to put a card called host adapter to the motherboard. From this card is a managed data cable. This cable connects individual SCSI peripherals. Each of this peripherals has its own sequencer which is functional independent. Operation on data cable (bus SCSI) is controlled by the host adapter. This makes it possible to install internal or external components. Transferring data on the SCSI bus is managed by the host adapter. The CPU is not loaded by transferring data.

Advantages

Each peripheral has its own sequencer and host adapter. They can be used for communication with devices by a defined "computer" language. They could also cooperate with arbitrary peripherals of SCSI. At present there are hard disks, optical drives, tape adapter units, ZIP drives, scanners and printers using SCSI.

SCSI is not restricted by conditions (for example: by data capacity). One of the main advantages of SCSI is a possibility to daisy-chain devices. There is some device on the bus SCSI which controls this.

For example, hard disk defines "head's of operations" etc. At the same moment the other device could send data to other devices, (scanner). Operations of other device are not cancelled with origin connection. After transferring data to scanner device could continues with transferring data to hard disk. SCSI is faster because of this fact even maximal speed of transferring is not so different to EIDE.

Configured rules

Each peripheral of SCSI has to be identified. That is the reason why every peripheral must have a unique ID. This number is set by bond or shunt located on the case of components. In terms of a bus is enumerate from 0, hostname has as a rule ID 7. There cannot be two devices on the same bus with the same ID.

Buses have to be finished with resistances, in terminology called terminators. On the last devices is necessary to install terminators.

Host adapter has to be in connection with to assign system resources (addresses I/O, IRQ, DMA, reserved memory).

Progression
SCSI has a long progression. That is why there are many kind of SCSI in the present day. They are different in data width (8 or 16 bits) and working frequency (from 5 MHz to 80 MHz). With 8-bit data width, the parallel SCSI bus can be connected to 8 devices (used a 50 pin connector); with 16 bits, the SCSI bus can be connected to 16 devices.

Other SCSI interfaces
In addition to the parallel SCSI interface, there are also other interfaces that use the SCSI protocol but use different cables.
 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) - uses a cable similar to (but different from) the Serial ATA cable.
 USB attached SCSI - uses standard USB 3.0 (or sometimes USB 2.0) cables.
 ATA Packet Interface (ATAPI) - sends SCSI commands over SATA or PATA (IDE) bus. Works with any ATA controller and does not require an SAS controller. Used mostly for CD and DVD drives. (S)ATA hard drives don't use ATAPI.
 iSCSI - Sends SCSI commands over TCP/IP networks. Cable is usually Ethernet but can be any medium capable of carrying TCP/IP traffic, including wireless networks.
 Fibre Channel - Uses optical or copper cables.

Other websites
 HowStuffWorks "How SCSI Works"

Computer protocols
Computer buses

SCSI


Radium is a chemical element with the atomic number 88 and symbol Ra on the periodic table. It was discovered by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie in the form of radium chloride in 1898. It is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but when it is exposed to nitrogen, it turns black quickly. All isotopes of radium are radioactive, and it glows faint blue because of this.

It's used in several things, like luminous watches, which are now banned because they can cause radiation poisoning. This was caused because of a lawsuit that involved 5 women ( radium Girls ) that suffered from many disabilities because of the prolonged exposure they had to the element radium.

It can also be used in treating cancer.

References

Alkaline earth metals

Radium


"The Children of Spider County" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on 17 February 1964, during the first season.

Opening narration
"In light of today's growing anxieties, it has become more absolute that the wealth of a nation consists in the number of superior men that it harbors. It is therefore a matter of deep concern, and deeper consequence, when four of the most magnificent and promising young minds in the country suddenly disappear off the face of the Earth..."

Plot
A group of four young prodigies has mysteriously vanished, now all influential figures, and it is noted that they all hailed from the same remote area, Spider County, and that they share the same middle name of Eros, an obscure planet in the Krell galaxy orbiting the Orion constellation. A government agent is sent to investigate the one young prodigy, Ethan Wechsler, who is still in Spider County.  He has been incarcerated and accused of murdering a young girl's suitor after he telepathically "overhears" an ill-mannered remark made towards her, followed by a physical altercation between them where the suitor was killed by Ethan as an act of self-defense.

Because of his unique abilities and loner attitude, Ethan is ostracized by the citizens of Spider County, thus compelling his "father" to rescue him from his human captors and return him to Eros, together with his fellow prodigies, where they can be honored and revered for their special gifts, and not feared and despised. Following numerous attempts at escape and recapture, Ethan is finally reunited with his "brothers". He professes his love for the young girl, Anna Bishop, and is steadfast in his refusal to return with his father to Eros, having enjoyed his life on Earth despite encountering prejudice and mistrust throughout the years. The father reluctantly agrees to his son's wishes and, after Ethan convinces his brothers to remain on Earth with him, the alien patriarch departs for his homeworld in Orion without the passengers he had expected would have, unconditionally, accompanied him.

Closing narration
"The wealth of a nation, of a world, consists in the number of superior men that it harbors, and often it seems that these men are too different, too dreaming. And often, because they are driven by powers and dreams strange to us, they are driven away by us. But are they really so different? Are they not, after all, held by the same things that hold us-by strong love, and soft hands?"

Production
Interiors had to be filmed at the Samuel Goldwyn Studios, as production on 'The Unknown'/'Forms of Things Unknown' pilot/episode was using up the soundstages at KTTV.

Cast

References

External links

The Outer Limits (1963 TV series season 1) episodes
1964 American television episodes

The Children of Spider County


The Rhinelands used to mean an area on both banks of the Rhine, in Central Europe, but the Rhineland (or Rheinland in German) is now a general word for areas of Germany along the middle and the lower Rhine. It borders Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west and the Rhine to the east.

After the French were defeated in the early 19th century, the German - and the Dutch-speaking areas in the middle and the lower Rhine were added to the Kingdom of Prussia and were called the Rhine Province (or Rhenish Prussia).

After World War I, the western part of Rhineland was under Allied control and demilitarized, with no military activities allowed, under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces sent armies back to it in 1936, three years before World War II began.

Reference

Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Regions of Germany

Rhineland


In probability and statistics, a mean-preserving spread (MPS) is a change from one probability distribution A to another probability distribution B, where B is formed by spreading out one or more portions of A's probability density function or probability mass function while leaving the mean (the expected value) unchanged.  As such, the concept of mean-preserving spreads provides a stochastic ordering of equal-mean gambles (probability distributions) according to their degree of risk; this ordering is partial, meaning that of two equal-mean gambles, it is not necessarily true that either is a mean-preserving spread of the other. Distribution A is said to be a mean-preserving contraction of B if B is a mean-preserving spread of A.

Ranking gambles by mean-preserving spreads is a special case of ranking gambles by second-order stochastic dominance – namely, the special case of equal means:  If B is a mean-preserving spread of A, then A is second-order stochastically dominant over B; and the converse holds if A and B have equal means.

If B is a mean-preserving spread of A, then B has a higher variance than A and the expected values of A and B are identical; but the converse is not in general true, because the variance is a complete ordering while ordering by mean-preserving spreads is only partial.

Example

This example shows that to have a mean-preserving spread does not require that all or most of the probability mass move away from the mean.  Let A have equal probabilities  on each outcome  , with  for  and  for ; and let B have equal probabilities  on each outcome , with ,  for , and .  Here B has been constructed from A by moving one chunk of 1% probability from 198 to 100 and moving 49 probability chunks from 198 to 200, and then moving one probability chunk from 202 to 300 and moving 49 probability chunks from 202 to 200.  This sequence of two mean-preserving spreads is itself a mean-preserving spread, despite the fact that 98% of the probability mass has moved to the mean (200).

Mathematical definitions

Let  and  be the random variables associated with gambles A and B. Then B is a mean-preserving spread of A if and only if    for some random variable  having  for all values of .  Here  means "is equal in distribution to" (that is, "has the same distribution as").

Mean-preserving spreads can also be defined in terms of the cumulative distribution functions  and  of A and B.  If A and B have equal means, B is a mean-preserving spread of A if and only if the area under  from minus infinity to  is less than or equal to that under  from minus infinity to  for all real numbers , with strict inequality at some .

Both of these mathematical definitions replicate those of second-order stochastic dominance for the case of equal means.

Relation to expected utility theory

If B is a mean-preserving spread of A then A will be preferred by all expected utility maximizers having concave utility. The converse also holds: if A and B have equal means and A is preferred by all expected utility maximizers having concave utility, then B is a mean-preserving spread of A.

See also
Stochastic ordering
Risk (statistics)
Scale parameter

References

Further reading

Theory of probability distributions
Decision theory

Mean-preserving spread


Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shrimp, abalones, algae, and other seafood.  Aquaculture supplies fish, such as catfish, salmon, and trout.  It was developed a few thousand years ago in China.  Aquaculture supplies over 20% of all the seafood harvested.

Fish farming has been practiced, in some parts of the world, for thousands of years. Goldfish originated about a thousand years ago in carp farms in China, and the Roman Empire farmed oysters and other seafood.  Today, half of the seafood eaten in the U.S. is farmed.  To help meet the growing global demand for seafood, aquaculture is growing fast.

The environmental impact of fish farming varies widely, depending on the species being farmed, the methods used and where the farm is located. When good practices are used, it's possible to farm seafood in a way that has very little impact to the environment. Such operations limit habitat damage, disease, escapes of farmed fish and the use of wild fish as feed.

References

Aquaculture

Aquaculture


Augustus (; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) was the first Roman Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He led Rome in its transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire.

When Julius Caesar was assassinated, Augustus and his allies fought against the assassins and defeated them. Later, Augustus fought against his allies and defeated them.

Life
Octavian, as he was originally called, was the adopted son of the dictator of the Roman Republic, Julius Caesar. Octavian came into power in the Second Triumvirate. This was three men ruling over the Roman Republic: Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian.

All three were loyal to Julius Caesar, the assassinated dictator, killed in 44 BC. Following his death a civil war broke out across Rome, between those loyal to Caesar, and the conspirators, led by two of Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius.

At first, Octavian was the junior partner in the triumvirate. Lepidus was more experienced in government, and Mark Antony was a fine military leader. The triumvirate defeated Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi, 42 BC, largely due to Antony's leadership. Then they split the leadership of the Republic three ways. Antony took the east, Lepidus took Spain and part of North Africa, and Octavian took Italy.

Antony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support.

The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC. Lepidus was sidelined, blamed for a revolt in Sicily, and removed from government. He died peacefully in exile in Circeii in Italy in the year 13 BC.

After winning the power struggle, Octavian was voted as Emperor by the Roman Senate in 31 BC. He took the name "Augustus" (which meant 'exalted'). He ruled until AD 14, when his stepson and son-in-law Tiberius became Emperor in his place.

During his reign, some of those who were against his government were murdered (especially those senators who wanted to keep the Roman Republic). He promised to make Rome a Republic again, but instead proclaimed himself High Priest (Pontifex Maximus). Many temples in the provinces set up statues of him as one of their gods. The name of the month "August" in English (and most other European languages) comes from him.

His main accomplishment was the creation of the Roman Empire, a political structure that lasted for nearly five centuries more. He first recruited and set up the Praetorian Guard.

Ancient sources
Historians often use the Res Gestae Divi Augusti as a source for Augustus. It was written by him as an inscription on his tomb which recorded all his achievements.

The historian Tacitus is often used by historians. He gives an anti-Augustan perspective, whereas many other sources and histories were written to flatter Augustus (propaganda). Some examples of writers like these are Velleius Paterculus, Virgil, Ovid. The most famous work of Augustan propaganda is the Virgil's Aeneid

Cassius Dio presents a quite impartial account of Augustus as emperor: he was writing in the reign of a later emperor.

Portraits

References

63 BC births
14 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors

Augustus


Combination may mean:
in chess a sequence of forcing moves, usually involving a sacrifice.
in computer games it is called a combo.
in mathematics, combination is about finding the number of possibilities to pick a number of objects from a set.
in martial arts and combat sports it means a striking combination
in security, it is a list of numbers which opens a combination lock
in equestrian, a combination is several jumps one after the other
Combinations is the name of the band Eisley's second studio album
A motorcycle combination is also called a sidecar

Combination


Brantford is a city in Ontario, Canada.  There were 93,650 people in Brantford the last time the Government of Canada did a census count, in 2011.

Brantford is near Hamilton.

Brantford is sometimes called The Telephone City, because the inventor of the telephone lived in Brantford. Hockey player Wayne Gretzky was born in Brantford.

History

Brantford was settled by United Empire Loyalists led by Joseph Brant of the Iroquois in 1784. It became a city in 1877.

Business

From 1900 until 1950, Brantford had many companies that made equipment and machinery. Those items were sold in Canada and many other countries. Having the river and a railroad for transportation made it easier to ship the items made in Brantford. That helped Brantford change from a farming town to an industrial city.

By the 1980s and 1990s, business in Brantford was dropping and some companies like White Farm Equipment, Massey-Ferguson, Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and others stopped making products. Many people lost their factory jobs.

A new piece of highway (Highway 403) was built in 1997. The new highway made it easier to drive Hamilton and Toronto, and also to Detroit and Buffalo. So, in 2004, Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA moved to Brantford. Now other companies set up in Brantford because it is a good location for shipping products to eastern North America.

Education
40% of people in Brantford did not finish high-school.  In the rest of the province of Ontario, this number is 33%.

People in Brantford earn 9% less than people in the rest of Canada.

Universities and colleges
 Wilfrid Laurier University has a campus and offers programs in Brantford.
 Nipissing University offers a program with Laurier Brantford
 Conestoga College offers a Bachelor of Education program with Laurier Brantford.

Politics

The city council was elected on October 27, 2014, and is led by Mayor Chris Friel. The city council, in addition to Friel, includes Larry Kings and Rick Weaver (Ward 1), John Sless and John Utley (Ward 2), Greg Martin and Dan McCreary (Ward 3), Cheryl Antoski and Richard Carpenter (Ward 4), and David Neumann and Brian Van Tilborg (Ward 5). There are municipal elections every four years across the province of Ontario. The next election will be in October 2018.

Newspapers, radio and television (TV)
The Brantford Expositor, which began in 1852, is printed six times a week (everyday except Sunday). The Brant News is published weekly in Brantford.

 AM 1380 - CKPC (AM), oldies
 FM 92.1 - CKPC-FM, adult contemporary
 FM 93.9 - CFWC-FM, religious

Brantford has its own television service: Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable.  Other television stations come fromToronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.

Filming in Brantford
Brantford has been used to film parts of the Murdoch Mysteries television series because it has lots of old architecture that fits with the years that the stories take place.

Movies like Welcome to Mooseport and Where the Truth Lies were partly made in Brantford.  Part of Due South, "Dr. Long Ball", was made at Arnold Anderson Stadium in a park in Brantford. Also, Weirdsville, was made in Brantford in 2006.  "Silent Hill" was made in the downtown in 2005.

Airports, trains, buses and roads

Airports
Brantford Municipal Airport is in the west end of the city. It has an air show and sometimes the Snowbirds perform. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is about 35 km east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is in Mississauga, about 100 km north and east of Brantford.

Trains
The train station is located just north of downtown Brantford. VIA Rail has trains for people every day.  Trains travel between Windsor, Ontario and Union Station in Toronto, Ontario.

Buses
Brantford Transit has nine bus routes that go every half-hour from the middle of the city on Darling Street.  There are other buses for school times.

Greyhound Canada has buses that go to Toronto, Hamilton, London, Windsor, and other cities.

Main roads
 Highway 403, East Hamilton, West Woodstock.
 Highway 24, North Cambridge, South Simcoe.

Things to see and do
There are lots of parks and trails in Brantford
Brantford's parks are known for their beautiful gardens
Trails from the Hamilton, Simcoe and Cambridge areas all join up in Brantford so it is called the "Hub of Ontario Trails"
 Brantford has almost 70 kilometres of trails that can be used for walking or biking
 Harmony Square has lots of events all year 'round
Outdoor skating in the winter with family movies at the nearby Brantford Public Library
Festivals and shows
Summertime splash pad
Movies and music on summer evenings
Outdoor exercise sessions with yoga and Zumba
Brantford Public Library has more than books - it has programs for all ages
 Membership is free for all Brantford residents
Free music downloads for members
Free reading and craft programs for kids
Computers to use at the library
 A 3D printer
Brantford has a Casino Brantford OLG Casino
The Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts has live shows that include music, comedy and plays.
There are many clubs and bars that have live bands and DJs

Brantford's Canada Day Festival
Brantford has a big Canada Day Festival on July 1.  It has family events and Canadian  music. More than 35,000 people come to the Festival.

In the past, these people have sung:

2005 – Jeff Healy
2005 – Lighthouse
2007 – The Trews
2008 – Theory of a Deadman

Sports teams

Local teams
 Brantford Red Sox
 Brantford Jr. Braves
 Brantford Posse (minor lacrosse teams)
 Brantford Intercity Soccer (Bics)
 Brantford Saints (hockey team)
 Brantford 99er's (hockey teams)
 Brantford Ice Cats (girls hockey team)
 Brantford Bisons (football team)
 Brantford Red Sox (baseball team)
 Brantford City Soccer Club
 Brantford Briers (basketball team)
 Brantford CYO (basketball team)
 Brantford Aquatic Club

Bigger teams
 Brantford Red Sox of the Intercounty Baseball League who play at Arnold Anderson Stadium
 Brantford Braves of the Junior Intercounty Baseball League who also play at Arnold Anderson Stadium
 Brantford Blast of the Major League Hockey who play at the Brantford Civic Centre
 Brantford Golden Eagles of the Ontario Hockey Association who play at the Brantford Civic Centre
 Brantford Harlequins of the Ontario Rugby Union

Teams that don't play anymore
 Brantford Alexanders (1978 to 1984), used to play in the Ontario Hockey League at the Brantford Civic Centre.  They moved and became the Erie Otters.
 Brantford Smoke (1991-1998) of the CoHL, Colonial Hockey League who played at the Brantford Civic Centre. The team moved to Asheville until 2002.
 Brantford Blaze of the Canadian National Basketball League.

Tournaments
 The Wayne Gretzky International Hockey Tournament  is held in Brantford every year
 The Walter Gretzky House League Tournament is a tournament that is held every year
 Swim International is held every year in November

Other
 Brantford won the 2008 Allan Cup.
 The Brantford Golf & Country Club was started in 1879.  It is the fourth oldest golf club in North America.  It is 29th on Score Golf's "Top 100 Golf Courses in Canada" 2006 list.
Brantford has two municipal golf courses, Arrowdale Municipal Golf Course and Northridge Municipal Golf Course and Learning Centre

People

Service clubs
 Kinsmen Club of Brantford
 Kiwanis Club of Brantford
 Kiwanis Club of Grand River
 Rotary Club of Brantford
 Rotary Club of Brantford Sunrise
 Brantford Lions Club
 North Brantford Lions Club

Religion
Brantford has many churches and religious temples. It is thought that there are over 35 churches in Brantford, including  Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Salvation Army, Presbyterian, United, Christadelphian, and Mormon. There are two mosques - a Sunni mosque and a Sufi mosque. There is also one Sikh temple.

Twin city
Brantford is twinned with:

Related pages
 Brant (electoral district)
 Brantford City Council
 List of mayors of Brantford, Ontario
 Service Clubs

References

Other websites

 City of Brantford
 Brantford Heritage Inventory
 Brantford Kinsmen
 Brant Museum and Archives
 Brantford Public Library
 Laurier Brantford
 Assumption College School
 Brantford Collegiate Institute & Vocational School
 North Park Collegiate & Vocational School
 Pauline Johnson Collegiate & Vocational School
 St. John's College

Cities in Ontario

Brantford, Ontario


Agusta was an Italian helicopter manufacturer. It was based in Samarate, Northern Italy. The company was founded by Count Giovanni Agusta in 1923, who flew his first airplane in 1907. The MV Agusta motorcycle manufacturer began as an offshoot of the Agusta aviation company at the end of the Second World War, as a means to save the jobs of employees of the Agusta firm.

In July 2000, Agusta merged with Westland Helicopters to form AgustaWestland S.p.A., a multinational helicopter design and manufacturing company, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Finmeccanica.

History
From 1952, the company became involved in helicopter manufacturing, first building Bell helicopters under licence, but later Sikorsky, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas products as well. The company also had ambitions to design and build its own helicopters. The Agusta A.101 and the Agusta A.106 can be considered the best of its earlier attempts. Others included the AB.102, A.103, A.104, and A.115. It also produced a small line of aero engines such as the GA.70 and GA.140.

Developed in the 1970s, the Agusta A109 is a commercial and military twin-turbine helicopter, of which the latest variants are still in production.

In 1983, the Agusta A129 Mangusta anti-tank helicopter partook in its first official flight engagement. It was the first attack helicopter to be designed and produced in Western Europe. However, this helicopter has been a limited commercial success so far, seeing service with the Italian Army, and has also been a modernized variant being developed for the Turkish Army.

The 1980s saw the start of several collaborative projects for Agusta.  In 1981 Agusta and Westland of Britain started the EH101 medium-lift naval helicopter project in order to satisfy the requirements of the Royal Navy and the Italian Navy.  In 1985 the company started a collaborative programme with the aeronautic industries of France, Germany and the Netherlands in order to develop and produce the NHIndustries NH90, a nine-ton twin-engine multi-role medium helicopter in order to satisfy the requirements of their respective countries' armed forces.

1990s projects include the Agusta A109 Power, an improved version of the A109C series (1994) and the Agusta A119 Koala (1997), a single-engine design based on the A109.

Agusta became involved in the Belgian bribery scandal when it was revealed that the company had paid the two Belgian socialist parties who were then (1988/1989) in the government to assist the company in getting the contract for attack helicopters for the Belgian Army.

In 1998, Agusta formed a joint venture with Bell Helicopter Textron called the Bell/Agusta Aerospace Company. Its aim was to develop the Bell/Agusta AB139 helicopter and the Bell/Agusta BA609 tiltrotor aircraft. Bell later withdrew from the BA609 project, which is now known as the AgustaWestland AW609.

In July 2000, Finmeccanica and GKN plc agreed to merge their respective helicopter subsidiaries (Agusta and GKN-Westland Helicopters), forming AgustaWestland.

It was reported on 12 February 2013 that the chief executive, Giuseppe Orsi, was arrested on corruption charges. Prosecutors allege he paid bribes to ensure the sale of 12 helicopters to the Indian government, when he was head of the group's AgustaWestland unit.

On 13 February 2013, Finmeccanica's Board of Directors named Alessandro Pansa as chief executive officer and resolved to confer the role of vice chairman to Admiral Guido Venturoni.

Shortly after Pansa's appointment, Italian investigators discovered a case of bribery by Finmeccanica in its deal with India following which the government of India issued a show cause notice to the company.

A complaint was filed seeking an investigation into the sale of 21 civil helicopters worth over Rs 7,000 crore (US$1.6 billion) by AgustaWestland between 2005 and 2013 in India. As per the complaint Agusta Westland has been selling civil helicopters in India through. Tax authorities in India have been asked to probe the possibility of tax evasion by Sharp Ocean on the commission received for the sale of helicopters and foreign exchange deprivation to the country by off-shoring payments for the sale of helicopters in India.

Separately, the comptroller and auditor general, in its latest report, has indicted the Chhattisgarh government for overpaying Rs.65 lakh (US$120,000) for the purchase of a VVIP helicopter -an Agusta A-109 Power helicopter. Both companies are promoted by twin brothers Nayan Jagjivan and Nakul Jagjivan.

Products

Aircraft
 A.101 prototype transport helicopter
 A.103 prototype single-seat light helicopter
 A.104 Helicar prototype light helicopter
 A.105 prototype light helicopter
 A.106 light ASW helicopter
 A109/AW109 multi-purpose helicopter
 A.115 prototype light helicopter
 AW119 Koala utility helicopter
 A129 Mangusta attack helicopter
 AZ8-L prototype propliner/airliner
 EMA 124 prototype light utility helicopter
 CP-110 prototype light propeller aircraft

Joint ventures
 AgustaBell AB139
 Bell/Agusta BA609 (50% share)
 EHI Industries EH101
 NH90 (32% share)

Licensed production
 AB 47
 AB102
 AB204
 AB205
 AB206 Jet Ranger
 AB212
 AB412
 AS-61
 AS-61R

Aircraft engines
 Agusta GA.40
 Agusta GA.70

See also

 List of Italian companies
 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal

References

External links

 Official Leonardo-Finmeccanica website
 Helis.com: Agusta timeline
 Fondazione Museo Agusta - Agusta Museum—

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Italy
Defunct helicopter manufacturers
Helicopter manufacturers of Italy
Defence companies of Italy
Companies based in Lombardy
Province of Varese
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1923
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2000
Italian companies established in 1923
2000 disestablishments in Italy
.
Leonardo S.p.A.
Italian brands

Agusta


Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African politician and activist. On April 27, 1994, he was made the first President of South Africa elected in a fully represented democratic election. He was also the first black President of his country, South Africa.

Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Africa to a Thembu royal family.

His government focused on throwing out the legacy of apartheid by ending racism, poverty, inequality, and on improving racial understanding in South Africa. Politically a believer in socialism, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adopted new Constitution of South African in 1996 that prohibits all discrimination, based on language, religion, handicap and sexual orientation, not only on racism. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.

Mandela received more than 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as a hero, and his actions gave thousands of people hope.

Mandela was sick  for several years during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer of 2013 from a continuous lung infection. Mandela died on 5 December 2013 in Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from a respiratory tract infection. He was 95 years old.

Early life

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, South Africa. He had thirteen siblings by the same father, and two mothers. His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa and Nosekeni Nonqaphi . His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name meaning pulling the branch of a tree or informally, troublemaker. He was a member of the Thembu royal family. On his first day of school, he was given the name Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane. Giving children in Africa English names was a custom among Africans during that period.

Mandela's father died when he was twelve. Mandela then lived with the local regent who sent him to school. He was the first member of his family to go to a school. He was expelled from Fort Hare University in 1941, because he led a group of students on political strike. After he was expelled, Nelson found a job as a night watchman.

Anti-apartheid activity
In 1944, Mandela helped start the African National Congress Youth League. He was soon a high-ranked leader of the group.

He wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government started killing and hurting protesters. He then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and other people in the African National Congress that he admired, such as Mahatma Gandhi.

A trial was later held and became known as the Rivonia Trial. Mandela was on trial because of his involvement in sabotage and violence in 1962. He was sentenced to life in prison, and was sent to Robben Island, but was transferred to Victor Verster Prison in 1988. In 1990, he was let out of Victor Verster Prison after 26.5 years. He left prison after de Klerk removed a ban on the African National Congress. He ordered Mandela's release. He then received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President of South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk.

Presidency

Mandela won the general election in April 1994. His inauguration was in Pretoria on 10 May 1994. Many people around the world saw his inauguration on television. The event had 4000 guests, including world leaders from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South African President elected in a completely democratic election.

As South Africa's first black President, Mandela became head of the Government of National Unity which was under controlled by the African National Congress (or ANC). The ANC had no knowledge in politics, but had representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. In keeping with earlier promises, de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second.

Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for president, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki throughout his presidency. This allowed Mbeki to organize policy details. Mandela moved into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town. He would settle into the nearby Westbrooke Manor. Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal. Preserving his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu. He visited Qunu regularly, walking around the area, meeting with local people who lived there, and judging tribal problems.

He faced many illness at age 76. Although having energy, he felt left out and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls. He became friends with a number of rich business people, like Harry Oppenheimer and British monarch Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa. This resulted in strong judgment from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his $552,000 wealth to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995. In that same year, Mandela published his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.

Although in favor of freedom of the press, Mandela was important of much of the country's media because it was owned and run by many middle-class whites. Mandela became known for his use of Batik shirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on normal events. Mandela had never planned on serving a second term in office. Mandela gave his farewell speech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired. Mandela's term ended on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as President of South Africa.

Nobel Prize

He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993. After receiving the prize he said:

<blockquote>"We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social operation whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire people."</p>
</blockquote>

Personal life
Mandela was married three times and has six children. He had seventeen grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren. Though physically non-emotional with his children, he could be stern and demanding.

Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944. They had two children. Mandela remained married to Evelyn until they divorced in 1957. Evelyn died in 2004. He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had two daughters. The couple filed for separation in 1992. They divorced in 1996. Mandela married again  to Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in 1998. She was the widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the former Mozambican president and ANC ally who was killed in an air crash 12 years earlier.

Though publicly criticizing him on several events, Mandela liked United States President Bill Clinton. Mandela personally supported him during his impeachment trial in 1998.

Public retirement
In June 2004, Mandela announced that he was retiring from public life. Mandela said "Don't call me, I will call you". Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the Nelson Mandela Foundation denied invitations for him to appear at public events and most interview requests.

Health

On 27 March 2013, Mandela was hospitalized in Pretoria from a lung infection. It was reported on 28 March that he was responding well to treatment. Mandela was again hospitalized on 7 June from another lung infection, On 23 June, his condition was announced to be critical. On 26 June, it was announced that Mandela was put on life-support. On 4 July, Mandela's family announced that Mandela was under life-support and he was in a permanent persistent vegetative state. The next day, the South African government denied the fact that Mandela was in a vegetative state. Mandela was discharged from the hospital on 1 September 2013.

2013 death rumor

Many South Africans thought that Mandela died overnight on 26 June after he was removed from his life support. The South African government said that Mandela is still alive despite the rumor that he died. It was later reported that the rumor was just a death hoax. CNN also reported that Mandela died, but later fixed the report soon afterwards. Photos were taken with Mandela and First Lady Michelle Obama as proof that Mandela was still alive.

Death

Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at his home at Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from complications of a respiratory tract infection, aged 95. He was surrounded by his family when he died. His death was announced by President Jacob Zuma.

On 6 December, Zuma announced a national mourning for ten days. An event for an official memorial service was held at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December. He declared Sunday 8 December a national day of prayer: "We call upon all our people to gather in halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues and in their homes to pray and hold prayer services and meditation reflecting on the life of Madiba and his contribution to our country and the world."

Funeral

Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. A state funeral was held on Sunday 15 December in Qunu. David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Gates, and Oprah Winfrey were there.

Burial
On 28 June Mandela's family were arguing about where to bury Mandela. On 29 June the South African  government announced that a memorial service for Mandela will be held 10 to 14 days after his death at Soccer City. On 1 July it was announced that if Mandela were to die he might become the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey. Queen Elizabeth II honored Mandela with a thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey in early 2014. This made Mandela the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey. Mandela was buried in the village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Qunu is where he grew up.

Honors
In South Africa, Mandela is sometimes called by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba.
Nelson Mandela was honored with the following:
 In 1990, Mandela received the Bharat Ratna Award in India.
 In 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan.
 In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award, because of human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time. He later accepted the award in 1999.
 In 1993, Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk for their work during the civil rights revolution in South Africa.
 In 1993, Mandela received the key of the city of Chicago, Illinois from Mayor Richard M. Daley.
 In 2007, Mandela was honored with a statue in Westminster Abbey, London, England.
 In 2009, the United Nations made 18 July Mandela Day.
 In 2012, the Praia International Airport in Cape Verde was renamed as the Nelson Mandela International Airport.
 In 2013, a statue of Mandela was unveiled in the South African embassy outside of Washington, D.C..
 The city of Johannesburg awarded him Freedom of the City.
 Sandton Square in Johannesburg was renamed Nelson Mandela Square in March 2004.
 The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium was named in his honor.
 The Nelson Mandela Bridge, in Johannesburg was also named in his honor.
 Mandela was awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom by then-President of the United States George W. Bush.
 Mandela was awarded the Order of Canada.
 Mandela was the first living person made an honorary Canadian citizen.
 Mandela was the last recipient of the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.
 Mandela first recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
 Mandela was honored with the Order of the Aztec Eagle by the Mexican government.
 A park in Leicester, England was named Nelson Mandela Park was named after Mandela.
 Elizabeth II awarded him the Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St John.
 Mandela was also awarded the Order of Merit by Elizabeth II.

Movies
Mandela has been portrayed in movies and television. In the 1997 movie, Mandela and de Klerk, Sidney Poitier plays Mandela. Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela in Goodbye Bafana (2007). In the 2009 BBC television movie, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Mandela is played by David Harewood. In 2009, Morgan Freeman plays Mandela in Invictus (2009). Terrence Howard also plays Mandela in the 2011 movie Winnie Mandela. Mandela appeared as himself in the 1992 American movie Malcolm X. In Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom he was played by Idris Elba.

Legacy
By the time of his death, Mandela had come to be widely considered "the father of the nation" within South Africa. He is also seen as "the national liberator, the savior, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one". Throughout his life, Mandela had also faced criticism. Margaret Thatcher attracted international attention for describing the ANC as "a typical terrorist organization" in 1987. She later made favors to release Mandela from prison. Mandela has also been criticized for his friendship with political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Suharto.

References

Other websites

Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory
Mandela: An Audio History
The Elders
CBC Digital Archives – Nelson Mandela: Prisoner, president, peacemaker
Nelson Mandela Day – official site

1918 births
2013 deaths
South African autobiographers
Christians
Knights of the Order of St John
Mthatha

Order of Merit
Order of Prince Henry
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Presidents of South Africa
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African political writers
Time People of the Year
Eastern Cape

Nelson Mandela


Reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a computer program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language. A computable/addressable object—a resource—is created in a system as a proxy for a non computable/addressable object. By means of reification, something that was previously implicit, unexpressed, and possibly inexpressible is explicitly formulated and made available to conceptual (logical or computational) manipulation. Informally, reification is often referred to as "making something a first-class citizen" within the scope of a particular system. Some aspect of a system can be reified at language design time, which is related to reflection in programming languages. It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time. Reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledge representation.

Reflective programming languages
In the context of programming languages, reification is the process by which a user program or any aspect of a programming language that was implicit in the translated program and the run-time system, are  expressed in the language itself. This process makes it available to the program, which can inspect all these aspects as ordinary data. In reflective languages, reification data is causally connected to the related reified aspect such that a modification to one of them affects the other. Therefore, the reification data is always a faithful representation of the related reified aspect . Reification data is often said to be made a first class object. Reification, at least partially, has been experienced in many languages to date: in early Lisp dialects and in current  Prolog dialects, programs have been treated as data, although the causal connection has often been left to the responsibility of the programmer. In Smalltalk-80, the compiler from the source text to bytecode has been part of the run-time system since the very first implementations of the language.

 The C programming language reifies the low-level detail of memory addresses.Many programming language designs encapsulate the details of memory allocation in the compiler and the run-time system. In the design of the C programming language, the memory address is reified and is available for direct manipulation by other language constructs. For example, the following code may be used when implementing a memory-mapped device driver. The buffer pointer is a proxy for the memory address 0xB8000000. char* buffer = (char*) 0xB8000000;
 buffer[0] = 10;
 Functional programming languages based on lambda-calculus reify the concept of a procedure abstraction and procedure application in the form of the Lambda expression.
 The Scheme programming language reifies continuations (approximately, the call stack).
 In C#, reification is used to make parametric polymorphism implemented in the form of generics as a first-class feature of the language.
 In the Java programming language, there exist "reifiable types" that are "completely available at run time" (i.e. their information is not erased during compilation).
 REBOL reifies code as data and vice versa.
 Many languages, such as Lisp, JavaScript, and Curl, provide an eval or evaluate procedure that effectively reifies the language interpreter.
 The Logtalk framework for Prolog offers a means to explore reification in the context of logic programming.
 Smalltalk and Actor languages permit the reification of blocks and messages, which are equivalent of lambda expressions in Lisp, and thisContext in Smalltalk, which is a reification of the current executing block.
 Homoiconic languages reify the syntax of the language itself in the form of an abstract syntax tree, typically together with eval.

Data reification vs. data refinement
Data reification (stepwise refinement) involves finding a more concrete representation of the abstract data types used in a formal specification.

Data reification is the terminology of the Vienna Development Method (VDM) that most other people would call data refinement. An example is taking a step towards an implementation by replacing a data representation without a counterpart in the intended implementation language, such as sets, by one that does have a counterpart (such as maps with fixed domains that can be implemented by arrays), or at least one that is closer to having a counterpart, such as sequences. The VDM community prefers the word "reification" over "refinement", as the process has more to do with concretising an idea than with refining it.

For similar usages, see Reification (linguistics).

In conceptual modeling
Reification is widely used in conceptual modeling. Reifying a relationship means viewing it as an entity. The purpose of reifying a relationship is to make it explicit, when additional information needs to be added to it. Consider the relationship type IsMemberOf(member:Person, Committee). An instance of IsMemberOf is a relationship that represents the fact that a person is a member of a committee. The figure below shows an example population of IsMemberOf relationship in tabular form. Person P1 is a member of committees C1 and C2. Person P2 is a member of committee C1 only.

The same fact, however, could also be viewed as an entity. Viewing a relationship as an entity, one can say that the entity reifies the relationship. This is called reification of a relationship. Like any other entity, it must be an instance of an entity type. In the present example, the entity type has been named Membership. For each instance of IsMemberOf, there is one and only one instance of Membership, and vice versa. Now, it becomes possible to add more information to the original relationship. As an example, we can express the fact that "person p1 was nominated to be the member of committee c1 by person p2". Reified relationship Membership can be used as the source of a new relationship IsNominatedBy(Membership, Person).

For related usages see Reification (knowledge representation).

In Unified Modeling Language (UML)
 UML provides an association class construct for defining reified relationship types. The association class is a single model element that is both a kind of association and a kind of a class. The association and the entity type that reifies are both the same model element. Note that attributes cannot be reified.

On Semantic Web

RDF and OWL
In Semantic Web languages, such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), a statement is a binary relation. It is used to link two individuals or an individual and a value. Applications sometimes need to describe other RDF statements, for instance, to record information like when statements were made, or who made them, which is sometimes called "provenance" information. As an example, we may want to represent properties of a relation, such as our certainty about it, severity or strength of a relation, relevance of a relation, and so on.

The example from the conceptual modeling section describes a particular person with URIref person:p1, who is a member of the committee:c1. The RDF triple from that description is
  person:p1   committee:isMemberOf   committee:c1 .
Consider to store two further facts: (i) to record who nominated this particular person to this committee (a statement about the membership itself), and (ii) to record who added the fact to the database (a statement about the statement).

The first case is a case of classical reification like above in UML: reify the membership and store its attributes and roles etc.:

 committee:Membership        rdf:type              owl:Class .
 committee:membership12345   rdf:type              committee:Membership .
 committee:membership12345   committee:ofPerson    person:p1 .
 committee:membership12345   committee:inCommittee committee:c1 .
 person:p2                   committee:nominated   committee:membership12345 .

Additionally, RDF provides a built-in vocabulary intended for describing RDF statements. A description of a statement using this vocabulary is called a reification of the statement. The RDF reification vocabulary consists of the type rdf:Statement, and the properties rdf:subject, rdf:predicate, and rdf:object.

Using the reification vocabulary, a reification of the statement about the person's membership would be given by assigning the statement a URIref such as committee:membership12345 so that describing statements can be written as follows:
 committee:membership12345Stat   rdf:type        rdf:Statement .
 committee:membership12345Stat   rdf:subject     person:p1 .
 committee:membership12345Stat   rdf:predicate   committee:isMemberOf .
 committee:membership12345Stat   rdf:object      committee:c1 .
These statements say that the resource identified by the URIref committee:membership12345Stat is an RDF statement, that the subject of the statement refers to the resource identified by person:p1, the predicate of the statement refers to the resource identified by committee:isMemberOf, and the object of the statement refers to the resource committee:c1. Assuming that the original statement is actually identified by committee:membership12345, it should be clear by comparing the original statement with the reification that the reification actually does describe it. The conventional use of the RDF reification vocabulary always involves describing a statement using four statements in this pattern. Therefore, they are sometimes referred to as the "reification quad".

Using reification according to this convention, we could record the fact that person:p3 added the statement to the
database by
  person:p3    committee:addedToDatabase    committee:membership12345Stat .
It is important to note that in the conventional use of reification, the subject of the reification triples is assumed to identify a particular instance  of a triple in a particular RDF document, rather than some arbitrary triple having the same subject, predicate, and object. This particular convention is used because reification is intended for expressing properties such as dates of composition and source information, as in the examples given already, and these properties need to be applied to specific instances of triples.
Note that the described triple (subject predicate object) itself is not implied by such a reification quad (and it is not necessary that it actually exists in the database). This allows also to use this mechanism to express which triples do not hold.

The power of the reification vocabulary in RDF is restricted by the lack of a built-in means for assigning URIrefs to statements, so in order to express "provenance" information of this kind in RDF, one has to use some mechanism (outside of RDF) to assign URIs to individual RDF statements, then make further statements about those individual statements, using their URIs to identify them.

In Topic Maps
In an XML Topic Map (XTM), only a topic can have a name or play a role in an association. One may use an association to make an assertion about a topic, but one cannot directly make assertions about that assertion. However, it is possible to create a topic that reifies a non-topic construct in a map, thus enabling the association to be named and treated as a topic itself.

n-ary relations
In Semantic Web languages, such as RDF and OWL, a property is a binary relation used to link two individuals or an individual and a value. However, in some cases, the natural and convenient way to represent certain concepts is to use relations to link an individual to more than just one individual or value. These relations are called n-ary relations. Examples are representing relations among multiple individuals, such as a committee, a person who is a committee member and another person who has nominated the first person to become the committee member, or a buyer, a seller, and an object that was bought when describing a purchase of a book.

A more general approach to reification is to create an explicit new class and n new properties to represent an n-ary relation, making an instance of the relation linking the  individuals an instance of this class. This approach can also be used to represent provenance information and other properties for an individual relation instance.
 :p1
      a       :Person ;
      :has_membership _:membership_12345 .
 _:membership_12345
      a       :Membership ;
      :committee :c1;
      :nominated_by :p2 .

Vs. quotation
It is also important to note that the reification described here is not the same as "quotation" found in other languages. Instead, the reification describes the relationship between a particular instance of a triple and the resources the triple refers to. The reification can be read intuitively as saying "this RDF triple talks about these things", rather than (as in quotation) "this RDF triple has this form." For instance, in the reification example used in this section, the triple:
  committee:membership12345   rdf:subject   person:p1 .
describing the rdf:subject of the original statement says that the subject of the statement is the resource (the person) identified by the URIref person:p1. It does not state that the subject of the statement is the URIref itself (i.e., a string beginning with certain characters), as quotation would.

See also

 Denotational semantics
 Formal semantics of programming languages
 Meta-circular evaluator
 Metamodeling
 Metaobject
 Metaprogramming
 Normalization by evaluation
 Operational semantics
 Reflection (computer science)
 Resource Description Framework
 Self-interpreter
 Topic Maps

References

Object-oriented programming
Formal methods terminology
Knowledge representation

de:Reifikation#Informatik
fr:Réification

Reification (computer science)


Howard Finster (December 2, 1916 – October 22, 2001) was an American artist and Baptist minister from Georgia. He claimed to be inspired by God to spread the gospel through the design of his swampy land into Paradise Garden, a folk art sculpture garden with over 46,000 pieces of art. His creations include outsider art, naïve art, and visionary art. Finster came to widespread notice in the 1980s with his album cover designs for R.E.M. and Talking Heads.

Early life
Finster was born at Valley Head, Alabama, to Samuel and Lula Finster, and lived on the family farm as one of 13 children. He attended school from age six into the sixth grade. He said he had his first vision at the age of three years, when he saw his recently deceased sister Abbie Rose walking down out of the sky wearing a white gown. She told him, "Howard, you're gonna be a man of visions."

He became "born again" at a Baptist revival at the age of 13 and began to preach at 16. He gave the occasional sermon at local churches and wrote articles for the town newspaper, and became a full-time pastor at Rock Bridge Baptist Church in 1940. He later served at the Mount Carmel Baptist Church in Fort Payne, Alabama, shortly before venturing into full-time art.

Artistic works
Finster began building his first garden park museum in Trion, Georgia, in the late 1940s. It featured an exhibit on the inventions of mankind in which Finster planned to display one of everything that had ever been invented, models of houses and churches, a pigeon flock and a duck pond.

When he ran out of land in Trion in 1961, he moved to Pennville, Georgia, near Summerville, and bought  of land upon which to build the Plant Farm Museum "to show all the wonderful things o' God's Creation, kinda like the Garden of Eden." It features such attractions as the "Bible House," "the Mirror House," "the Hubcap Tower," "the Bicycle Tower," "the Machine Gun Nest," and the largest structure in the garden, the five-story "Folk Art Chapel." He also started putting up signs with Bible verses on them because "he felt that they stuck in people's heads better that way."

He retired from preaching in 1965 and focused all of his time on improving the Plant Farm Museum. In 1976, he had another vision to paint sacred art. According to Finster, "...one day I was workin' on a patch job on a bicycle, and I was rubbin' some white paint on that patch with this finger here, and I looked at the round tip o' my finger, and there was a human face on it... then a warm feelin' come over my body, and a voice spoke to me and said, 'Paint sacred art.'"

His diverse range of subjects include pop culture icons like Elvis Presley, historical figures like George Washington, Ronald Reagan, religious images like The Devils Vice and "John the Baptist," UFOs and aliens, war and politics. His paintings are colorful and detailed; they use flat picture plane without perspective and are often covered with words, especially Bible verses. Every painting also has a number: God had asked him to do 5,000 paintings to spread the gospel and Finster wanted to keep track.

He finished the 5,000 a few days before Christmas in 1985, but continued painting and numbering until the day he died. By 1989, he was already numbering in the ten thousands.

He first started receiving outside publicity in 1975. That year, Atlanta-based WAGA ran a story; he also appeared in an Esquire magazine article that first dubbed his museum Paradise Garden. He made his first exhibition appearance in 1976 and painted four paintings for the Library of Congress in 1977. He was also selected to be part of the Venice Biennale in 1984.  Several of Finster's pieces are on display at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C.

Finster gained national fame after his collaborative work with Athens, Georgia-based rock band R.E.M. The group filmed the video for the group's debut single "Radio Free Europe" in Finster's Paradise Gardens in 1983.  The following year, the band's singer Michael Stipe and Finster collaborated on a painting for the cover of their second album Reckoning. After that the band made the song "Maps and Legends" (in its third album Fables of the Reconstruction) as an homage to Finster. Along with R.E.M., Finster also appeared in the documentary film Athens, GA: Inside Out, filmed in 1985, in which he tells the story of how he came to be an artist. Finster (and his art) also appears in the band's video for Radio Free Europe.

The band Talking Heads commissioned a Finster painting for Little Creatures in 1985 that was subsequently selected as album cover of the year by Rolling Stone magazine. Other artists to use Finster as an album cover designer include Memory Dean, Pierce Pettis, and Adam Again. In 1994, a portion of his Paradise Garden was installed as part of the permanent collection of Atlanta's High Museum. Bill Mallonee of the Vigilantes of Love (also a Christian from Athens, Georgia) wrote a song inspired by Finster's artwork called The Glory and the Dream in 1994.

Howard Finster was responsible for introducing millions to outsider art, but even with his fame, he remained focused on religious outreach. He said of the Talking Heads album, "I think there's twenty-six religious verses on that first cover I done for them. They sold a million records in the first two and a half months after it come out, so that's twenty-six million verses I got out into the world in two and a half months!"

The classification of his creations overlap folk art and outsider art for the origin, naïve art and visionary art for the content.

Notes

References
Beal, T. (Timothy Beal) (2005). "Folk Art Church: Paradise Gardens," in Roadside Religion: In Search of the Sacred, the Strange, and the Substance of Faith. Beacon Press.
Finster, Howard and Patterson, Tom. (1989). Stranger From Another World: Man of Visions Now on This Earth. Abbeville Press. .
Turner, J.F. (1989). Howard Finster: Man of Visions. Alfred A. Knopf. .
Turner, J.F. "Howard Finster: Man of Visions",  The Clarion, Fall 1989.
Peacock, Robert (1996). Paradise Garden: A Trip Through Howard Finster's Visionary World, Chronicle Books. . .

External links

 official website for Rev. Howard Finster's Paradise Garden Foundation
 website for the Howard Finster Vision House Museum
"Mind on Heaven" audio recording with the Shaking Ray Levis, 1987
Howard Finster article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
 A Masters thesis which details the life of Finster and five other visionary environmental artists.
 Article on Finster's Paradise , Raw Vision Issue 35
Thesis on Salvation-Themed Visionary Art

1916 births
2001 deaths
People from DeKalb County, Alabama
Folk artists
Naïve painters
Georgia (U.S. state) culture
Artists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Painters from Alabama
People from Chattooga County, Georgia
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
Southern art
Baptists from Alabama
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
20th-century American male artists
Outsider artists
Visionary artists

Howard Finster


Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal (4 July 1666 – 22 May 1667) was the third son of James, Duke of York (later James II of England) and his first wife Anne Hyde.

Charles was born on 4 July 1666 at St James's Palace. His godparents were his three-year-old brother James, Duke of Cambridge, his cousin James, Duke of Monmouth, and Emilia von Nassau, Countess of Ossory. He was designated Duke of Kendal and was to have been created Duke of Kendal, Earl of Wigmore, and Baron of Holdenby, but no patent was ever enrolled. He died at St James's Palace at the age of 10 months on 22 May 1667 and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 30 May 1667.

Arms

Although he was only a grandson of a British Sovereign, by the time of his birth it had become obvious that his uncle would not have any children, so he received a coat of arms as if he were a son of the Sovereign. Said arms consisted of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, on each three torteaux gules.

Ancestry

References

Kendal, Charles, Duke of
Kendal, Charles, Duke of
17th-century English nobility
Charles
Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal
Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal
Kendal
Children of James II of England
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Royalty who died as children
Sons of kings

Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal


Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.

Objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "Fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "Disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "Factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "Nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.

The editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.

In many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. These stories may be either news or analysis. They may or may not be objective.

Definitions
Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality.  However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work.  In Discovering the News (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."  In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric.

Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)

Related pages
Objectivity
Objectivity (philosophy) for a general discussion of objectivity
Objectivity (science)

References
Herman, Edward and Noam Chomsky.  1988.  Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.  New York: Pantheon.
Mindich, David T. Z.  1998.  Just the Facts: How "Objectivity" Came to Define American Journalism.  New York: New York University Press.
Schudson, Michael.  1978.  Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.  New York: Basic Books.
Schudson, Michael.  1997.  "The Sociology of News Production."  In Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader.  Dan Berkowitz, ed.  Pp. 7-22. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Mass media
Journalism

Objectivity (journalism)


Harry McGurk (23 February 1936 – 17 April 1998) was a British cognitive psychologist. He is known for his discovery of the McGurk effect, described in a 1976 paper with his research assistant John MacDonald, while he was a senior developmental psychologist at the University of Surrey.

Biography
McGurk was born in Hillington, Glasgow on 23 February 1936. After training at the University of Glasgow, he became a probation officer in Edinburgh.

He married Betty Hannah. She was invited to go out to the Church of Scotland mission in Nigeria to use her accountancy skills and for two years he became involved with the management of the school and hospital.

On their return, he studied psychology at University of Strathclyde, gaining a BA, an MSc, and a PhD for his seminal work on infant perception.

Following a period as a Research Fellow at Princeton University, he joined the University of Surrey, as a lecturer in child development and later was appointed to a personal chair in the same subject.

Between 1990 and 1994 he was Director of the Thomas Coram Research Unit at the Institute of Education, University of London.  In 1994, he was appointed as Director of the Australian Institute of Family Studies in Melbourne.

Harry McGurk died on 17 April 1998, in Melbourne, aged 62, from complications after a heart operation.

Publications
The economic cost of child abuse and neglect in South Australia. 1998
Staff-child ratios in care and education services for young children. 1995
Project Charlie : an evaluation of a life skills drug education programme for primary schools. 1995
Childhood social development : contemporary perspectives / edited by Harry McGurk. 1992
Developmental psychology and the vision of speech. 1988
What next? 1987
Brain and behavioural development: interdisciplinary perspectives on structure and function / edited by Harry McGurk and John W. T. Dickerson. 1982
Issues in childhood social development / edited by Harry McGurk. 1978
 Ecological factors in human development by International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. Conference (3rd: 1975: University of Surrey). 1977
Growing and changing : a primer of developmental psychology. 1975
PhD Thesis: Oriental discrimination in infancy and early childhood. University of Strathclyde. Dept. of Psychology. Thesis, 1971

References

Academics of the University of Surrey
1936 births
1998 deaths
Health professionals from Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Princeton University fellows
Academics of the UCL Institute of Education
20th-century British psychologists

Harry McGurk


Falmouth is a  census-designated place (CDP) in Stafford County, Virginia,  United States. Situated on the north bank of the Rappahannock River at the falls, the community is north of and opposite the city of Fredericksburg. Recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), Falmouth's population was 4,274 as of the 2010 census.

History
Founded in 1728 by the same act of the Virginia General Assembly that established neighboring Fredericksburg, Falmouth was created as a port town on the Rappahannock to serve inhabitants living north of the river within the vast Northern Neck holdings of Lord Fairfax. His agent, Robert "King" Carter, promoted the establishment of the town, and the Carter family played a dominant role in the town's development throughout much of the colonial period.

Hunter's Ironworks, also known as Rappahannock Forge, was an iron furnace located near Falmouth. Thomas Jefferson made special provision to protect the ironworks during the American Revolution.

The Falmouth Road was a colonial road that served as the main route connecting Winchester in the Shenandoah Valley to the port of Falmouth. This road follows a northwesterly route that was originally called the Shenandoah Hunting Path and crossed through the Piedmont counties of Stafford and Fauquier before passing over the Blue Ridge Mountains at Ashby's Gap. Modern day US Highway 17 follows much of this route. Originally located within King George County, Falmouth became part of Stafford when county lines were redrawn in 1776.

It was a stop on the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad in the 19th century which was replaced by CSXT today.  During the American Civil War, Falmouth was occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863, and Northern commanders located their headquarters southeast of the town during the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns. In May 1864, Union wounded and Confederate prisoners from the Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House were transported through the area to the wharves at Belle Plain on Potomac Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, located east of Falmouth.

Today Falmouth is a residential community and a suburb of Fredericksburg. Among the community's significant historic structures is Belmont, the home of American artist Gari Melchers, now a historic house museum administered by University of Mary Washington. Chatham Manor, the 1771 home of William Fitzhugh and a Union headquarters during the Civil War, is located downstream from Falmouth, opposite the historic district of Fredericksburg. It is administered by the National Park Service as part of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park and now serves as park headquarters.

In addition to Belmont, Carlton, Clearview, Conway House, Falmouth Historic District, Hunter's Ironworks, Union Church and Cemetery, and White Oak Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
Falmouth is located at  (38.331790, −77.461361).

According to the United States Census Bureau, Falmouth has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.4 km2), of which, 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (3.09%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,624 people, 1,323 households, and 997 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,155.6 people per square mile (445.6/km2). There were 1,412 housing units at an average density of 450.3/sq mi (173.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.29% White, 6.46% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.61% from other races, and 2.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.15% of the population.

There were 1,323 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $57,697, and the median income for a family was $66,989. Males had a median income of $39,280 versus $31,202 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,544. About 5.9% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Recreation
Lake Mooney is a 520-acre reservoir in Falmouth, Virginia. Mooney is the newest lake in Virginia. The lake was named for Jason Mooney who was a Stafford sheriff's deputy who died in the line of work in 2007. The lake is primarily used for recreation. The lake is stocked with game fish and officially opened for sport fishing in July 2017.

Notable residents and natives

 Moncure Daniel Conway, abolitionist
 Bazil Gordon, America's first millionaire.
 Wellington Gordon, Virginia state legislator
 Brian Henderson, racing driver
 William J. Howell, Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
 Gari Melchers, artist.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Falmouth has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

References

External links

 Falmouth Union Church Historic Site

Census-designated places in Stafford County, Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia
Populated places established in 1728
1728 establishments in Virginia

Falmouth, Virginia


A generic drug is a drug that uses the same active ingredients than another drug, which is already on the market. This second drug often uses a brand name. The German company Bayer developed an analgesic based on acetylsalicylic acid in the late 19th century. It marketed the drug as Aspirin. The drug is no longer under copyright, and anyone can produce a drug with the same active substances, but they may not call that drug Aspirin, because that is a trade name. Very often, such drugs are marketed with the name of the main active substance, and the name of the company producing the drug. In most cases generic drugs are cheaper to buy than the branded alternatives.

Pharmacology

Generic drug


A bluecap is a mythical fairy or ghost in English folklore that inhabits mines and appears as a small blue flame. If miners treat them with respect, the bluecaps lead them to rich deposits of minerals. Like knockers or kobolds, bluecaps can also forewarn miners of cave-ins. They are mostly associated with the Anglo-Scottish borders. They were hard workers and expected to be paid a working man's wages, equal to those of an average putter (a mine worker who pushes the wagons). Their payment was left in a solitary corner of the mine, and they would not accept any more or less than they were owed. The miners would sometimes see the flickering bluecap settle on a full tub of coal, transporting it as though "impelled by the sturdiest sinews". Another being of the same type (though less helpful in nature) was called Cutty Soames or Old Cutty Soames who was known to cut the rope-traces or soams by which the assistant putter was yoked to the tub.

See also
Brownie
Coblynau
Cofgod
Hob
Muki
Redcap

References
Citations

Bibliography

Northumbrian folkloric beings
Northumbrian folklore
Goblins
Fairies
English ghosts
English legendary creatures
Supernatural legends
Mining spirits

Bluecap


Tower Works is a former factory notable for its three listed towers. It is located on Globe Road in Holbeck, Leeds, West Yorkshire, next to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.  The Italianate towers of the factory are a distinctive landmark on the Leeds skyline.

The factory was founded by T.R. Harding to make steel pins for carding and combing in the textile industry, and the original buildings, by Thomas Shaw, were erected in 1864–66.  Harding's son, Colonel Thomas Walter Harding, employed William Bakewell to extend the works in 1899.  The design of the extension was heavily influenced by Harding's love of Italian architecture and art.

The most notable features of Tower Works are the three towers that give it its name and served for dust extraction from the factory. The largest and most ornate tower (1899, by Bakewell) is based on Giotto's Campanile in Florence. The smaller ornate tower (1866, by Shaw) is styled after the Torre dei Lamberti in Verona. A third plain tower, built as part of Harding's final phase of expansion in 1919, is thought to represent a Tuscan tower house such as can be seen in San Gimignano. All three towers are listed structures, the two ornate towers being Grade II* and the plain tower Grade II.

The design for the Giotto Tower included ventilation systems that were way ahead of their time in terms of minimising pollution from the steel works. The chimney incorporated a filter to remove the excess steel dust.

In 1895 T. W. Harding & Son amalgamated with two other companies to become Harding, Rhodes & Co.

The factory sustained damage in World War II when neighbouring buildings were bombed during the air raids on the nearby Leeds railway station. It closed in 1981 after 117 years of operating on the site.

Present

Tower Works lies at the heart of the Holbeck Urban Village renovation area, it was acquired by Yorkshire Forward in 2005.
A masterplan for the site was drawn up by Yorkshire Forward, ISIS Waterside Regeneration and Bauman Lyons Architects for an exemplar sustainable mixed use development. The development agreement between Yorkshire Forward and ISIS fell through and Yorkshire Forward developed the first phase. With the winding up of the regional development agencies, ownership passed to the Homes and Communities Agency who oversaw the completion of the entrance range to provide accommodation for digital and creative companies.
In 2014 a new developer was sought to develop the rest of the site.

References

Towers completed in 1866
Buildings and structures in Leeds
Listed buildings in Leeds
Grade II listed buildings in Leeds
Grade II* listed buildings in West Yorkshire
Bell towers in the United Kingdom
1866 establishments in England

Tower Works


A production line is a sequence of tasks (or operations) done in a factory. The tasks process materials to make a useful product. An example is an assembly line, used in manufacturing.

History
Production lines were introduced with the development of the steam engine. It depended less on the power source.

Engineering

Production line


Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.

Rosidae as governed by the ICBN is in the Cronquist system in 1981.

This definition includes Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Fabidae (Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Huaceae, Oxalidales, Malpighiales, Rosales and Zygophyllales), Malvidae (Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales) as they are defined in the APG III system.

Rosids

Rosidae


This "List of Freemasons" page provides links to alphabetized lists of notable Freemasons. Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation which exists in a number of forms worldwide. Throughout history some members of the fraternity have made no secret of their involvement, while others have not made their membership public.  In some cases, membership can only be proven by searching through the fraternity's records. Such records are most often kept at the individual lodge level, and may be lost due to fire, flood, deterioration, or simple carelessness. Grand Lodge governance may have shifted or reorganized, resulting in further loss of records on the member or the name, number, location or even existence of the lodge in question. In areas of the world where Masonry has been suppressed by governments, records of entire grand lodges have been destroyed. Because of this, masonic membership can sometimes be difficult to verify.

The list is divided into two parts:

List of Freemasons (A–D)
List of Freemasons (E–Z)

See also
List of Tennessee Freemasons

Lists of people by activity

List of Freemasons