Harold Wayne Smith (December 7, 1930 – January 9, 2020) was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 879 games in Major League Baseball from 1955 to 1964 — mostly as a catcher, but also as a third baseman and first baseman. Smith played with five different MLB teams but is most notable for his integral role during the 1960 World Series as a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates.

During his playing career, he threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall, and weighed .

Early Major League career
Smith was signed as an amateur free agent by the New York Yankees in 1949, but he never played for the Yankees. He was included in an enormous 17-player trade (being one of the largest in Major League annals) to the Baltimore Orioles after the 1954 season and made his big-league debut with the Orioles as their starting catcher on Opening Day 1955, going hitless in three at bats against Bob Porterfield of the Washington Senators. Just a week into his first season, the Associated Press was calling him one of the eight best rookies thus far in 1955, observing that he had four hits in his first 10 at bats.

During his rookie season, Smith appeared in a career-high 135 games, 113 as a starting catcher, but in 1956, he lost his regular job to Gus Triandos (who had also been traded by the Yankees to the Orioles in that 17-player deal).

Smith was swapped to the Kansas City Athletics for fellow backstop Joe Ginsberg in August 1956; he would play in Kansas City through 1959 as a catcher and third baseman, batting over .300 in 1957. Inter-league trading without waivers was inaugurated after the 1959 season, and on December 9, Smith was dealt to the Pirates for pitcher Dick Hall and two other players.

Place in history
The right-handed-batting Smith platooned with left-handed-hitting Smoky Burgess behind the plate during the Pirates' pennant-winning 1960 regular season. On August 29, he hit a three-run home run against Johnny Podres in a 10–2 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers. In 95 games, 66 as a starting catcher, Smith set a career high in runs batted in (45), while swatting 11 home runs and hitting .295. During the World Series against the Yankees, Smith started Games 3 and 6 against ace left-hander Whitey Ford and went 2-for-7 as Ford shut out the Pirates in each outing.

Smith began Game 7 on the bench, then entered the contest in the eighth inning after starter Burgess was removed for a pinch runner. The Pirates were trailing 7–6 when Smith came to bat in the bottom of the eighth with two outs and Dick Groat and Roberto Clemente on the corners. With two balls and two strikes, Smith hit a dramatic three-run home run off right-hander Jim Coates to give the Pirates a 9–7 lead. His home run electrified the Forbes Field crowd, who thought his blast would win the World Series for the Pirates. However, his hit would be overshadowed, as the Yankees then battled back to tie it up in the top of the ninth, leading to Bill Mazeroski's walk-off homer to win the Series in the bottom of the inning. However,  the eighth-inning blow was pivotal, and Smith would always be remembered as one of the heroes of the 1960 World Series. According to an analysis by Grantland, Smith's hit was the single most important in baseball history, as measured by Championship Probability Added, as it single-handedly boosted Pittsburgh's odds of winning the World Series from 30% to 93%.

Career after 1960
Smith and Burgess returned as the Pirates' platoon catchers in 1961, although Smith slumped to a .223 average with only three home runs. Left unprotected in the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft, he was selected by the Houston Colt .45s in the premium phase of the lottery. Smith was the catcher for the first Major League game in Houston baseball history, going 2-for-4 with a home run and a double in an 11–2 rout of the Chicago Cubs on April 10, 1962. He was the Colt .45s' regular catcher during their maiden National League season and hit 12 home runs, third on the club, but batted only .235. In 1963, rookie John Bateman claimed the starting catcher job and Smith split his season between Houston and the Colt .45s' Oklahoma City 89ers affiliate. He then wrapped up his MLB career in 1964 as a backup catcher with the Cincinnati Reds, hitting only .121 in 32 games.

Smith appeared in 879 games over ten Major League seasons, with his 715 hits including 148 doubles and ten triples. In addition, during the 1960–61 seasons, he was one of two Hal Smiths catching in the National League. The other, Harold Raymond Smith, toiled for the St. Louis Cardinals.

Smith died on January 9, 2020, in Columbus, Texas. He was 89 years old.

References

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1930 births
2020 deaths
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Illinois
Beaumont Exporters players
Birmingham Barons players
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Red Birds players
Houston Colt .45s players
Kansas City Athletics players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball third basemen
People from West Frankfort, Illinois
Oklahoma City 89ers players
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Newark Yankees players

Hal W. Smith


First aid is promptly helping people who are suddenly sick (illnesses) or hurt (injuries or body damage).  For example, first aid is used at accidents to help an injured person until they get medical treatment (help by doctors, nurses or ambulances).  First aid is also used to help people who suddenly become sick, until help arrives or they can be taken to medical care.

A person does not need much equipment to give first aid. A package of things useful to give first aid is called a first aid kit. Lives can be saved even without a first aid kit. What is required is basic knowledge. First aid can be done just about anywhere that an emergency requires. In places far from hospitals, first aid may be the only help possible until the person can be taken to a hospital or clinic.

Emergency medical dispatchers are trained in first aid, so that if there is an emergency, they can give the caller some information on what to do until the ambulance arrives.  This can include the "C–A–B" listed below.

Goals of first aid
First aid skills are kept simple on purpose so that people can remember and use them in an emergency to save at least one life.

One set of goals of first aid is called the "Three P's":
 Preserve life – stop the person from dying
 Prevent further injury – stop the person from being injured even more.  If possible, an injured person should not be moved.  First aid can include how to safely move injured people  or move them anyway with less harm if there is no choice.
 Promote recovery – try to help the person heal their injuries
Another set of goals for keeping a badly hurt person alive is sometimes called "C–A–B" :
 circulation (or Compressions) – keep blood inside the body and the heart beating.  Compressions refers to a part of CPR called Hands Only CPR, where someone pushes with their hands on the center of a person's chest over and over again to keep blood flowing to the brain.  This requires no kit and only a little training.  Emergency medical dispatchers can tell a person how by telephone or radio.
 Keeping blood inside the body can be done using a piece of cloth (which soaks up blood) to apply firm pressure to the bleeding area(s).  This "direct pressure" is the simplest and most effective way to stop bleeding.  Others such as a tourniquet, are taught in first aid classes.  If a first aid kit is not there, a cloth "dressing" for direct pressure can be made from ripped or cut clothing.  Traditionally it was taught to use the patient's clothing, if practicable, as any bacteria will be familiar to the patient.
 Airway – keep a path open for air to go from the mouth to the lungs.  Turning an ill person on their side if they have vomited ("thrown up") may help keep the airway open so they can breathe.  Moving a hurt person can make their injuries worse.  But without an airway, a person cannot breathe and will soon die unless an airway can be re-opened.  A choking person with no airway can be helped with abdominal thrusts, sometimes called the Heimlich maneuver.
 Breathing – move air from the outside into the lungs.  "Giving breaths" is blowing air into someone else's mouth while holding their nose shut and watching their chest rise from the air you blow in.  This is taught as part of CPR.  A helper could get sick from "giving breaths" to someone who has a disease.  A CPR class can teach how to use a CPR mask to make this much safer.  A first aid kit may include a CPR mask or barrier device.

Training

People can learn about first aid from books ("manuals") and videos.  A good first aid kit will often include a simple First Aid Guide.

It is best to have good training to give first aid.  In addition to books and videos, good training includes a good teacher and the chance to practice.  For example, CPR is practiced on a dummy called a mannequin, so a student can learn to push down on someone's chest in an emergency without actually doing it to a person.  The teacher makes sure the first aid student is doing the skill correctly.

Training can be given by an organization or by a professional medical person, like a doctor, a nurse, or a paramedic.  Organizations that teach first aid include the International Red Cross, schools, hospitals, the military, Scout groups, and rescue groups such as fire departments.

The level of training needed to be a first aid helper changes from country to country.  For example, in the United Kingdom and the United States, you can go on a 1-day course to become a first aid giver.  In the U.K., you can go on a 4-day course for emergencies in a place of work.  All firefighters, police officers, and soldiers are trained in first aid during their basic training.

First aid kits
First aid kits may be kept in cloth bags or plastic or metal boxes.  They are often labeled with a symbol such as those on the upper right.  A first aid kit may contain many items, but basic items that can help with first aid include:
 Gloves for the helper's hands made of vinyl, latex or nitrile to protect the helper's hands from blood
 Dressings of cloth that can be put on wounds to stop bleeding, much like gauze pads or sanitary napkins
 Bandages of gauze or cloth which hold dressings tightly over wounds; but these are in rolls
 Rolls of tape to hold on dressings and bandages
 Scissors that can be used to cut tape, to open clothing and to make more bandages and dressings
 CPR masks or barriers to make it sanitary for a helper to breathe into someone's mouth, which is one part of CPR
 Blanket made of cloth or Mylar ("space blanket") to cover a sick or hurt person to keep them warm
 A small first aid book which shows how to do first aid and reminds people who have been trained
 Adhesive strips (a small piece of tape with a bit of cloth in the center), special dressings such as moleskin for blisters, and antiseptic creams for small wounds
 Tweezers to remove stingers, splinters and thorns

More reading

Emergency medicine

First aid


Middle Scots wis the Anglic leid o the Scots Lawlands in the period frae 1450 tae 1700. By the end o the 13t century its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax an vocabulary haed sindered merkedly frae Early Scots, whilk wis virtually indistinguishable frae early Northumbrian Middle Inglis. Syne its orthography differed frae that o the kythin Early Modren Inglis staundart. Middle Scots wis fair uniform throu oot its mony texts, aw bes it wi some variation endue tae the uise o Romance forms in owersettins frae the Laitin or French, echas o Chaucerian wirds, turns o phrases an grammar in recensions o soothren texts or the writins o Scots in exile in Ingland influenced by soothren forms, misunnerstaunds an mistaks made by fermit printers in Paris or the likes o Chepman an Myllar's Inglis craftsmen in Edinburgh an the uise o archaisms in poetry.

By the early 16t century Scottis (previously uised for tae descrive Gaelic in Ireland as well as Scotland) haed been adoptit for whit haed become the naitional langage o the Stewart kinrick. The term Erse wis uised insteid for Gaelic, while the previously uised term Inglis wis increasingly uised tae refer tae the leid sooth o the mairch. The first kent instance o this terminology wis by an unkent man in 1494. In 1559 William Nudrye wis grantit a monopoly by the coort tae produce schuil textbeuks, twa o thir war Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung an Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin.

Frae 1610 tae the 1690s, durin the Plantation o Ulster, some 200,000 Scots settled in the north o Ireland, takkin whit war tae become the Ulster Scots byleids wi thaim.

Scots leid

Middle Scots leid


The Prussian House of Lords () was the first chamber of the  Parliament of the Kingdom of Prussia between 1850 and 1918. The second chamber was the Prussian House of Representatives (Preußisches Haus der Abgeordneten, also called the Abgeordnetenhaus).

The House of Lords was created on 31 January 1850. Its seat was on Leipziger Straße in Berlin at a building rebuilt by the architect Friedrich Schulze in 1904.

A member of the House of Lords was known as a pair, or officially as a member of the Prussian House of Lords (Mitglieder des preußischen Herrenhauses, or MdH).

The House consisted of hereditary peers, life peers appointed by the King of Prussia, peers by virtue of position, representatives of cities and universities, etc. The majority of members were nobles, although the House also had commoners as members, especially among the representatives of cities and universities.

1918 disestablishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Politics of Germany
National upper houses
1850 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Germany

Prussian House of Lords


The Greater London Council (GLC) was the top-tier local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area. The GLC was dissolved in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its powers were devolved to the London boroughs and other entities. A new administrative body, known as the Greater London Authority (GLA), was established in 2000.

Background
In 1957 a Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London had been set up under Sir Edwin Herbert to consider the local government arrangements in the London area.

It reported in 1960, recommending the creation of 52 new London boroughs as the basis for local government. It further recommended that the LCC be replaced by a weaker strategic authority, with responsibility for public transport, road schemes, housing development and regeneration. The Greater London Group, a research centre of academics within the London School of Economics, also had a significant effort on the commission's report and the eventual creation of the GLC.

Most of the commission's recommendations were accepted, but the number of new boroughs was reduced to 32. Greater London covered the whole County of London and most of Middlesex, plus parts of Essex, Kent, and Surrey, a small part of Hertfordshire and the County Boroughs of Croydon (Surrey) and East and West Ham (both in Essex), all of which had been independent of county council control since 1889.

Some areas on the boundaries of the area recommended by the Herbert Commission, fearing increased local taxation, fought successfully not to come under the new Greater London Council, notably the urban districts of Chigwell in Essex; and Sunbury-on-Thames, Staines and Potters Bar in Middlesex. Other areas recommended for inclusion that were never part of Greater London included Epsom and Ewell, Caterham and Warlingham, Esher, and Weybridge.

The elections for the new Greater London Council took place on April 9, 1964, and at that point the old London County Council passed into history.

Creation
The GLC was established on 1 April 1965 by the London Government Act 1963, which sought to create a new body covering more of London rather than just the inner part of the conurbation, additionally including and empowering newly created London boroughs within the overall administrative structure.

Within the new Greater London administrative area the council replaced Essex County Council, Hertfordshire County Council, Kent County Council, London County Council, Middlesex County Council and the councils of the county boroughs of Croydon, East Ham and West Ham.

GLC councillors elected for Inner London electoral divisions (the former County of London) became ex officio members of the new Inner London Education Authority, which took over the LCC responsibility for education. By contrast in Outer London, which was the rest of Greater London, the 20 London borough councils each became a local education authority, akin to a county council or county borough in the rest of England.

Powers
The GLC was responsible for running strategic services such as the fire service, emergency planning, waste disposal and flood prevention. The GLC shared responsibility with the London boroughs for providing roads, housing, city planning and leisure services. It had a very limited role in direct service provision with most functions the responsibility of the London boroughs. The GLC did not take control of public transport from the London Transport Board until 1970 and lost control to London Regional Transport in 1984.
Under the 1963 Act, the GLC was required to produce a Greater London Development Plan. The plan included in its wide-ranging remit: population changes, employment, housing, pollution, transport, roads, the central area, growth and development areas, urban open spaces and the urban landscape, public services and utilities and planning standards. The plan included the comprehensive redevelopment of Covent Garden and creating a central London motorway loop. The plan was subject to an Inquiry which lasted from July 1970 until May 1972. The campaign to save Covent Garden along with various opposition on other matters largely derailed the plan.

Composition and political control

Each of the six GLC elections was won by the leading national opposition party, with the party in government nationally coming second in the GLC elections.

The first GLC election was on 9 April 1964. Each of the new boroughs elected a number of representatives under the bloc vote system. Despite Conservative hopes, the first GLC consisted of 64 Labour and 36 Conservative councillors and Labour Group leader Bill Fiske became the first Leader of the council.

At the next election in 1967 the unpopularity of the national Labour government produced a massive Conservative victory with 82 seats, to Labour's 18. Desmond Plummer became the first Conservative leader of London-wide government in 33 years. The Conservatives retained control in 1970 with a reduced majority.

In 1972 the electoral system was reformed to introduce single-member constituencies for the election after the 1973 contest, and extend the term of office to four years. Labour fought the 1973 election on a strongly socialist platform and won with 57 seats to 33 for the Conservatives. The Liberals won two seats.

The GLC's hopes under the Labour administration of Reg Goodwin were badly affected by the oil crisis of 1974. Massive inflation, combined with the GLC's £1.6 billion debt, led to heavy rate increases (200% in total before the next election in 1977) and unpopular budget cuts. Some months before the 1977 elections the Labour Group began to split. A left group, including Ken Livingstone, denounced the election manifesto of the party.

The Conservatives regained control in May 1977, winning 64 seats under their new Thatcherite leader Horace Cutler against a Labour total of just 28. Cutler headed a resolutely right-wing administration, cutting spending, selling council housing and deprioritising London Transport. In opposition the Labour Party continued to fractionalise: Goodwin resigned suddenly in 1980 and in the following leadership contest the little-regarded left-winger Ken Livingstone was only just beaten in an intensely tactical campaign by the moderate Andrew McIntosh. However, the Labour left were strong at constituency level and as the 1981 election approached they worked to ensure that their members were selected to stand and that their democratic socialist anti-austerity convictions shaped the manifesto.

The May 1981 election was presented as a clash of ideologies by the Conservatives – Thatcherism against a "tax high, spend high" Marxist Labour group, claiming that Andrew McIntosh would be deposed by Ken Livingstone after the election. McIntosh and Labour Party leader Michael Foot insisted this was untrue, and Labour won a very narrow victory with a majority of six. At a pre-arranged meeting of the new Councillors the day after the election, the Left faction won a complete victory over the less-organised Labour right. McIntosh lost with 20 votes to 30 for Ken Livingstone. Livingstone, dubbed "Red Ken" by some newspapers, managed to gain the guarded support of the Labour deputy leader Illtyd Harrington and the party Chief Whip and set about his new administration. Livingstone's deputy leader of the GLC from 1985 to 1986 was John McDonnell, future Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer under Jeremy Corbyn. Livingstone's Technology Director was Mike Cooley who established The Greater London Enterprise Board (GLEB).

Elections to the GLC
The first election was held on 9 April 1964, a year before the creation of the council. Subsequent elections were held every three years for a three-year term in 1967, 1970 and 1973. The first three elections were for 100 councillors from 32 multi-member constituencies. This was revised to 92 councillors from single-member constituencies from the 1973 election. The electoral cycle was switched to four-yearly in 1976 and those elected in 1973 had their term extended by another year. Elections were held for a four-year term in 1977 and 1981. In 1984 the elections that were due to happen in 1985 were cancelled and those elected in 1981 had their term extended by another year. The results were as follows:

Aldermanic elections
In addition to the councillors, there were aldermen elected by the council at the ratio of one alderman to every six councillors. Initially there were 100 councillors and sixteen aldermen elected by the council. The eight aldermen elected with the least votes in 1964 were for a three year term and other eight had a six year term. Eight aldermen were elected for a six year term in 1967 and 1970. In 1973, to coincide with the reduction in the number of councillors to 92, the number of aldermen was reduced to fifteen and seven aldermen were elected by the council that year. In 1976 the post of alderman was abolished, taking effect from the 1977 election. Aldermen elected in 1970 had their term extended to seven years and those elected 1973 had their term shortened to four years.

Notable schemes

The most notable and successful scheme of the GLC was the construction of the Thames Barrier that took place between 1974 and 1982 at a cost of £534 million. Some saw it as a GLC vanity project but over time people's opinions have changed: the barrier was used 35 times in the 1990s and was raised 75 times in the first decade of the 21st century, due to rising sea-levels.

In 1969, the GLC announced its plans for the London Ringways which were three motorways that were proposed to solve London's traffic problem once and for all. However, the scheme met with heavy opposition as it would have included the demolition of 30,000 homes. The Westway road scheme was opened in 1970 and hailed as a vision of the future. A review into the planned Ringways took place between 1970 and 1972. It concluded that construction should begin on the controversial Ringway One to relieve congestion in central London, but that the others needed a re-think. The Outer Ringway was given the go-ahead in 1973 and opened in 1986 as the M25 motorway. The remainder of the GLC's Ringway plans were finally killed off in the 1980s due to public opposition. This meant that the capital was left on a much more human scale than it might have been, but also meant that London was left with an eternally unsolved traffic problem.

In 1983, GLC considered investing £230,000 into Lucas rail-bus, which could run on roads and rail tracks. The original concept was developed by Lucas Aerospace workers in the 1970s. In 1980–1981, the workers' combine built a prototype out of a second-hand Bristol bus. The enthusiasm arose from the opportunity to cut costs on rail vehicle production by partially integrating bus parts. Two challenges had to be solved — collision consequences with much heavier rail vehicles and supervision of the transition from road to rail.

After World War II large areas of homes in London remained derelict after being bombed in the war and some housing that remained standing was often squalid and overcrowded. The GLC, with new housing powers, sought to resolve this but the results were mixed: efforts to relocate Londoners from the dilapidated inner-city areas to the suburbs or satellite towns were met with resistance from the residents of those areas.

In addition to the Thames Barrier, other notable successful GLC transport schemes which changed London included the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel second bore and the improvements to the Woolwich Ferry service.

Abolition
Ken Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Conservative government. He antagonised Thatcher through a series of actions: these included posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of County Hall (directly opposite Parliament), as well as the Fares Fair policy of reducing Tube and bus fares using government subsidies, and meeting Sinn Féin MP Gerry Adams at a time when Adams was banned from entering Great Britain due to his links with the Provisional IRA.

By 1983, the government argued for the abolition of the GLC, claiming that it was inefficient and unnecessary, and that its functions could be carried out more efficiently by the boroughs. The arguments for this case which were detailed in the White Paper Streamlining the cities. Critics of this position argued that the GLC's abolition (as with that of the metropolitan county councils) was politically motivated, claiming that it had become a powerful vehicle for opposition to Margaret Thatcher's government. Livingstone and three other Labour councillors resigned in protest, and won back their seats easily in the September 1984 by-elections because the Conservatives refused to stand.

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986. It also cancelled the scheduled May 1985 elections. GLC assets were assigned to the London Residuary Body for disposal, including County Hall, which was sold to a Japanese entertainment company and now houses the London Aquarium and the London Dungeon, amongst other things.

The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) continued in existence for a few years, and direct elections to it were held, but ILEA was finally also disbanded in 1990, with the Inner London boroughs assuming control over education as the outer boroughs had done on their creation in 1965.

Replacement

Most of the powers of the GLC were devolved to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs – see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bringing back London-wide government. In 1998 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000 and was effectively a scaled down version of the GLC. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, consisting of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly. The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago ...".

In February 2020, Labour's Tom Copley, supported by the Conservative's Tony Arbour, both members of the London Assembly, called for the GLC's coat of arms to be adopted by the GLA but this has not materialised. Since the abolition of the GLC in 1986 the London Fire Brigade has continued to use the GLC coat of arms.

The archives of the Greater London Council are held at London Metropolitan Archives.

Leaders of the GLC

Ken Livingstone resigned on 2 August 1984, triggering the 1984 Paddington by-election. He was re-elected on 20 September 1984. During this time Ken Livingstone was not a member and John Wilson (Labour, Newham North East) acted as leader of the council.

Timeline

See also

History of local government in London
 List of electoral divisions in Greater London
 List of Greater London Council committee chairs
 Members of the Greater London Council
 Greater London Council Staff Association
 Greater London Area War Risk Study
 OXO Tower – controversially sold by the GLC for £750,000 to Coin Street Community Builders in 1984
 GLC: The Carnage Continues... – satire of the GLC politics by The Comic Strip
 Gay Rights Working Party – part of the Greater London Council

References

1965 establishments in England
1986 disestablishments in England
Organizations established in 1965
Organizations disestablished in 1986
20th century in London
Defunct organisations based in London
Fire authorities in London

Greater London Council


Samir Kassir (, 5 May 1960 – 2 June 2005) was a Lebanese-Palestinian journalist of An-Nahar and professor of history at Saint-Joseph University, who was an advocate of democracy and prominent opponent of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon. He was assassinated in 2005 as part of a series of assassinations of anti-Syria Lebanese political figures such as Rafic Hariri and George Hawi.

Early life and education
Samir Kassir was born on 5 May 1960. His father was a Lebanese-Palestinian and his mother was a Lebanese-Syrian. He hailed from an Antiochian Greek Orthodox family.

Kassir received his degree in political philosophy in 1984. He gained a DEA (roughly equivalent to a Master's degree in the British university system) in philosophy and political philosophy from Pantheon-Sorbonne University in the same year. He obtained his PhD in modern and contemporary history from Paris-Sorbonne University in 1990, with a thesis on the Lebanese Civil War.

Journalism
Kassir's journalistic career began when he was a seventeen-year-old secondary school student at the Lycée Français de Beyrouth with unsigned contributions to the Lebanese Communist Party newspaper Al Nidā. The same year, he began contributing to the French-language daily L'Orient-Le Jour. From 1981 to 2000, he contributed to the French international political review Le Monde Diplomatique. In 1982 and 1983 he edited the newsletter Le Liban en Lutte (Struggling Lebanon), which was dedicated to the Lebanese resistance against the Israeli occupation. From 1984 to 1985 he edited the weekly Al-Yawm as-Sābi''', and from 1986 to 2004 he was a member of the editorial board of the Revue des Etudes Palestiniennes, the French-language journal of the Institute for Palestine Studies. From 1988 to 1989 he contributed to the London-based pan-Arab daily Al-Hayat.

In 1995 he founded a new monthly political and cultural review, L'Orient L'Express, which he edited until it ceased publication in 1998, from lack of interest and pressure from the advertising industry. From that year on he was a professor at the "Institut des sciences politiques de l'Université Saint-Joseph" in Beirut. It was also in 1998 that Kassir became an editorial writer for the daily Al-Nahar newspaper. He became widely known for his popular weekly column in which he wrote strong articles against the pro-Syrian government. He also made frequent appearances on several television stations as a political analyst on news programs.

Assassination and funeral
Kassir was assassinated using a car bomb in Beirut on 2 June 2005, just a few days after the general elections. The investigation into his assassination is still underway, but to date no one has been indicted. Since he had been constantly receiving threats from Lebanese and Syrian Intelligence Officers, there is widespread speculation in Lebanon that the perpetrators were the Lebanese-Syrian security apparatus or remnants of this force (as Syria has claimed that all its intelligence officers were out of Lebanon; in addition, the head of the Lebanese security forces had resigned). The Syrian government has denied these charges.

On 4 June, a funeral ceremony was performed for him in Beirut with the attendance of hundreds.

Aftermath
There was widespread condemnation for the killing and many prominent opposition figures blaming the blast on the Lebanese and Syrian governments. Among them were Hariri's son, Saad Hariri, who said "the blood-stained hands that assassinated Rafiq Hariri are the same ones that assassinated Samir Kassir." Moreover, Elias Atallah, Secretary General of the Democratic Left Movement, urged his allies to the presidential palace and remove president Lahoud. However, the calls remained unanswered. Years later, 14 March allies admitted that had Lahoud been removed, Lebanon would have been spared the later political assassinations.

Kassir was among the first victims in the growing list of political assassinations that occurred in Lebanon from 2004 to 2008. These began with the attempted assassination of Marwan Hamadeh and followed with the killing of Rafik Hariri in 2005. After Kassir, George Hawi, the former head of the Lebanese Communist Party was targeted by another car-bomb; this was followed by failed assassination attempts at former Interior Minister and former Syrian ally Elias Murr and popular LBCI TV anchorwoman and journalist May Chidiac who survived, but lost an arm and leg. On 12 December 2005, Samir Kassir's colleague, An Nahars chief editor, and top anti-Syria legislator Gebran Tueni, was killed by a car bomb. Pierre Amine Gemayel, the former Minister of Industry, was another victim in the series of assassinations. MP Walid Eido from the Hariri-led Future movement was killed near the Military Bath of Beirut on 13 June 2007. Shortly afterwards, MP Antoine Ghanem of the Lebanese Phalanges Party (aka Kataeb Party), was killed in another car bomb on 19 September 2007 in the Sin al-Fil suburb of Beirut. Then, second-in-command of the Lebanese Armed Forces, General François al-Hajj was killed in the military-secured suburb of Baabda on 12 December 2007. One month later, security chief and top Lebanese investigator into the International Tribunal for the Hariri assassination was killed in January 2008. Many have blamed Syria for all the recent assassinations of its opponents.

Views
A prominent left-wing activist, Kassir was a strong advocate of freedom for the Palestinians, democracy in Lebanon and Syria and a vocal critic of the Syrian presence in Lebanon. He was a keen advocate of secular democracy in the Middle East.

" ... What [Arab-American] reconciliation needs, if the United States were really willing to reach such reconciliation, is first [America's] revision of its understanding of Arab democracy, which has been restricted until now, to the American convention that mandates Arabs give up their pan-Arab ties... and the issues that steer their feelings most, on top of them the Palestinian issue ..."

Known for his unrelenting courage, Kassir was unafraid of expressing trenchant opinions. He continuously spoke for the rights of the Palestinians. He recognised courage and determination in others and took under his wing leading young pro-democracy and human rights activists such as Wissam Tarif, with whom Kassir developed a warm and close friendship. It was his non-compromising views on the Ba'ath government that many believe led to his assassination.

He maintained a keen and sympathetic interest in Syria despite his criticism of its involvement in Lebanon, and was on close terms with many Syrian intellectuals, including those involved in the Damascus Spring. He was a founding member of the Democratic Left Movement, which won a seat in the Lebanese parliamentary elections of 2005. Kassir and the party he helped establish were both very influential in triggering the popular upheavals following Prime Minister Rafik Hariri's killing.

Works
Kassir's books, in French and Arabic, include a history of Beirut and a study of the Lebanese Civil War. He also co-authored a book about the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and Palestinian-French relations. His last book in Arabic concerned with the "Damascus Spring" and the consequences for Lebanon of Syrian political developments; Syrian dissident film-maker Omar Amiralay penned its introduction. Before his assassination, he was working on another book about the "Beirut Spring" that aimed to discuss the recent momentous developments in Lebanon, that was supposed to be published by Actes Sud. In February 2006, a book was published with the same title, by Actes Sud, but contained translations of Arabic articles written mainly after Hariri's assassination.

 Itinéraires de Paris à Jérusalem. La France et le conflit israélo-arabe, 2 volumes, Paris, Revue des études palestiniennes, 1992 et 1993 (with Farouk Mardam-Bey).
 La guerre du Liban; De la dissension nationale au conflit régional (1975-1982), Paris, Karthala/Cermoc, 1994.
 Histoire de Beyrouth, Paris, Fayard, 2003.
 Askar 'ala mén? Lubnan al-jumhúriyya al-mafqúda, Beirut, Dár al-Nahár, 2004. (Soldiers against whom? Lebanon, the lost republic).
 Dímúqrátiyyat súria wastiqlál lubnan; al-ba`th 'an rabí' dimashq, Beirut, Dár al-Nahár, 2004. (Syrian democracy and Lebanese independence: in search of the Damascus Spring).
Considerations sur le malheur arabe, Paris, Actes Sud, 2004. Translated and published by, Dár al-Nahár, in November 2005.
 Liban: Un printemps inachevé, Actes Sud, 2006. Translated from Arabic by Hoda Saliby.
L'infelicità araba , Giulio Einaudi editore s.p.a. Torino 2006.
 Primavere per una Siria Democratica e un Libano Independente, Mesogea by GEm s.r.l. 2006.
Das Arabische unglück, Schiler 2006
De la desgracia de ser árabe, Almuzara 2006
Being Arab, Verso, London 2006
 Den arabiska olyckan, Ruin, Stockholm 2006
 At være araber, Informations Forlag, Købehavn 2009
Arap Talihsizliği, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2011

Personal life
Kassir was married to Giselle Khoury (1961–2023), a former talk-show host on Al-Arabiya television, at the time of his death. He had two daughters, Mayssa and Liana, from a previous marriage.

Legacy
His wife, Giselle Khoury, and a group of Kassir's friends, students and colleagues from l'Orient Express, including writer Elias Khoury, created the Samir Kassir Foundation. One of the foundation's objectives would be translating his works into English, Italian, and Norwegian. A special edition of l'Orient Express was published in November 2005 to celebrate its tenth anniversary under the title "The Unfinished Spring" and was dedicated in memory of Kassir. This project was initially Kassir's idea who was working on it before he was assassinated. A square in downtown Beirut, behind the Annahar building, was named in Kassir's honor.

The EU Delegation to Lebanon and the Kassir Foundation initiated a journalism prize in 2006. Dina Abdel Mooti Darwich, an Egyptian journalist, won the first Samir Kassir Prize in 2006. The Kassir Foundation erected a bronze statue of the journalist there on 2 June 2006, exactly a year after his assassination.

See also
 List of assassinated Lebanese politicians

References

Notes
Journalist's murder rattles Beirut, Christian Science Monitor, 3 June 2005
Death in Beirut, New York Sun, 3 June 2005
Hundreds mourn Beirut journalist, BBC News, 3 June 2005
Adam Shatz - The principle of hope: Samir Kassir 1960-2005, The Nation, 4 July 2005
Anti-Syria journalist killed by car bomb, Ramsay Short - The Telegraph'', 3 June 2005
Petition Urges Justice for Samir Kassir, iFEX, 5 July 2005.

External links
Samir Kassir Website done by members of the Democratic left movement (inactive since January 2006)
Samir Kassir's articles
Samir Kasir Prize for the freedom of the press
Connecting the dots in Lebanon

20th-century journalists
1960 births
2005 deaths
Assassinated Lebanese journalists
Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon
Greek Orthodox Christians from Lebanon
Lebanese democracy activists
Lebanese left-wing activists
Lebanese people of Palestinian descent
Lebanese people of Syrian descent
Lebanese secularists
Lebanese socialists
Members of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
Palestinists
Paris-Sorbonne University alumni
Saint Joseph University alumni
Academic staff of Saint Joseph University
Terrorism deaths in Lebanon
Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon) politicians

Samir Kassir


The Roman Villa Borg is a reconstructed Roman villa rustica located near the villages of Borg and Oberleuken in the municipality of Perl in Saarland, Germany. Discovered at the end of the 19th century, the site was excavated in the late 1980s. Reconstruction work, which began in the mid-1990s, was virtually completed in late 2008 although further excavation work is still continuing. The site is a popular tourist attraction with some 50,000 visitors per year.

History

It was Johann Schneider, a local schoolteacher, who around the year 1900 first came across the site after noticing unnatural mounds in the area. He soon discovered the remains of walls as well as Roman pottery. Partly as a result of the World Wars, little was done until the mid-1980s when the Saarland authorities fenced the site off after illegal excavations started to threaten its survival. Systematic excavation work began in 1987. The excavations soon revealed evidence of pre-Roman inhabitation directly below the foundations of the Roman villa. Not only were there traces of Iron Age structures but also of Beaker culture settlements. Tools dating from the Neolithic period were also found on the site.

The site

The site is that of a villa rustica or agricultural facility consisting of a large palatial residence or pars urbana and a pars rustica or economic area. There had been very little activity on the site since Roman times with the result that the Roman remains are still in very good condition.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction work was designed to present an authentic representation of the buildings as they originally stood so that visitors could better appreciate archaeology and antiquity. In addition to the findings of excavation work, similar sites (such as Echternach in Luxembourg) were taken into account as was pertinent ancient (e.g. Vitruvius) and modern literature. The reconstructed buildings now stand on the Roman foundation walls, revealing their probable appearance in the 2nd to 3rd century.

The current buildings comprise: the baths which are fully functional consisting of a frigidarium (cold bath), caldarium (hot bath) and tepidarium (tempered bath) together with latrines, a dressing room and a relaxation area; the manor or main building with a large reception hall and a number of adjacent rooms in which the most important finds from the site are displayed; the Roman kitchen (completed in 2008); a residential building; and a tavern, which was not part of the original villa but which serves meals based on ancient Roman recipes.

The gardens

The gardens, which have been designed as authentically as possible on the basis of pollen analysis and relevant literature, consist of a herb garden with spices and remedial plants as well as a kitchen garden with fruits and vegetables. The rose garden and the inner court garden are also based on Roman models and give an idea of Roman garden architecture with their fountains and footpaths.

Annual Roman days
The "Roman Days" (Römertage), a weekend with shows of Roman-era historical reenactment, have been held annually at the villa for one weekend in August since 1997.

References

Roman villas in Germany
Archaeological museums in Germany
Museums in Saarland
Roman sites in Germany
Reconstructions of Roman sites
Museums of ancient Rome in Germany
Replica buildings
Borg

Roman Villa Borg


Tom Vanderbilt (born 1968) is an American journalist, blogger, and author of the best-selling book, Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us).
His traffic book was published on November 13 2009, made in various parts of the world: some like Barcelona Spain, Mexico City, New York United States, Tokyo Japan, etc.

Career
A freelancer, Vanderbilt has contributed articles on a broad range of subjects encompassing design, technology, science, and culture to such publications as  Slate, Wired, The London Review of Books, Artforum, The Financial Times, Rolling Stone, New York Times Magazine, Harvard Design Magazine, Cabinet, Metropolis, Design Observer, The Wilson Quarterly, and Popular Science.

In 2002, he published his first full-length book, Survival City: Adventures Among the Ruins of Atomic America. H-Net Reviews said of the book, "Survival City offers an insightful exploration of the ruins of atomic America that demands attention in our current moment. In the poignant aftermath of September 11 the futility of Cold War architecture suggested throughout the book takes on new resonance."

After three years of research, in 2008 he released Traffic which, according to the publisher Knopf's promotional material, had a first run printing of 150,000 copies and was a feature of the Book of the Month Club. The Wall Street Journal called Traffic, "a fascinating survey of the oddities and etiquette of driving". The Boston Globe wrote of the book's genesis: "He found no serious general books about [driving] but did find a mountain of research. So for three years he immersed himself in the subject, traveled around the world, interviewing drivers, researchers, and traffic engineers. With almost 90 pages of footnotes, the book is a bottomless compendium of research."  Some of this research began by asking a question on the community weblog  Metafilter in 2005.  While Vanderbilt found the responses useful, mentioning the site during a Boing Boing ingenuity lecture; he referred to the site's users as "overeducated and over-opinionated geeks." His publisher, Knopf, neglected to request the right to reprint comments from the site from Metafilter's staff or from the quoted users.

He is a contributing editor to I.D. and Print, and a contributing writer for the blog Design Observer. He is also a visiting scholar at New York University's Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management.

Personal life
Tom Vanderbilt was born in Oak Forest, Illinois and raised in Wisconsin. He is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He now resides in Brooklyn, New York. He is married to Jancee Dunn, a former features writer for Rolling Stone.

Vanderbilt was a contestant on the game show Jeopardy!, appearing on an episode which aired on December 30, 2011.

Publications

As author
 The Sneaker Book: Anatomy of an Industry and an Icon, The New Press, 1998
 Survival City: Adventures Among the Ruins of Atomic America, Princeton Architectural Press, 2002
 Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us), Knopf, 2008
 You May Also Like: Taste in an Age of Endless Choice, Penguin Random House, May 2016
 Beginners: The Curious Power of Lifelong Learning, Knopf, 2021

As contributor
He has also contributed to a number of books, including:
 Season's Gleamings: The Art of the Aluminum Christmas Tree, Melcher Media, 2004 (afterword)
 Supercade: A Visual History of the Videogame Age, The MIT Press,
 Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from the Baffler, W.W. Norton,
 Boob Jubilee: The Mad Cultural Politics of the New Economy (W.W. Norton), and
 The World and the Wild (University of Arizona Press).

References

External links

 Tom Vanderbilt's Twitter page
 Tom Vanderbilt's Flickr page
 NPR article and interview (audio), July 28, 2008
 Google Lecture, August 15, 2008
 Video discussion with Vanderbilt about his works on Bloggingheads.tv

Online articles
 Harvard Design Review, It's a Mall World After All: Disney, Design, and the American Dream, Fall 1999
 New York Times, Walker in the Wireless City, November 24, 2002
 New York Times, When Pedestrians Get Mixed Signals, February 1, 2014
 Slate, Courier, Dispatched: How the U.S. State Department put the kibosh on the typewriter font., February 20, 2004
 Slate U.S. Army's New ClothesWhy has the Army redesigned its uniforms?, Sept. 8, 2004
 The Guardian Is this Bush's secret bunker?, August 28, 2006

1968 births
Living people
Journalists from Brooklyn
Writers from Wisconsin
Date of birth missing (living people)
American male writers
People from Oak Forest, Illinois
Jeopardy! contestants

Tom Vanderbilt


The Musical Offering (German title Musikalisches Opfer or Das Musikalische Opfer), BWV 1079, is a collection of several pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach. It consists of canons, fugues, ricercars and a trio sonata. All the music is based on a tune made up by King Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). Bach dedicated the work to him.

How Bach composed the work

The idea for this music started at a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on 7 May 1747. One of Bach's sons, Carl Philipp Emanuel, was one of the king's court musicians. The king wanted to show Johann Sebastian Bach a new instrument that had recently been invented. This was the piano. The king invited Bach to his palace at Potsdam.

During the visit the king gave Bach a theme and asked him to write a 3 part fugue based on it. Bach was good at improvisation so he made up a 3 part fugue. The king wondered whether he could make up a 6 part fugue. That would be very difficult, and people thought he was joking, but Bach said he would think about it.

Two months later, after he had gone home to Leipzig, Bach made up a six-voice fugue based on the king's theme. He put it together with other compositions based on the theme and sent them to the king. This music became known as the "Musical Offering". We do not know what the king thought of it.

At the top of the music Bach wrote some Latin words: "Regis Iussu Cantio Et Reliqua Canonica Arte Resoluta" (this means: "the theme given by the king, with additions, resolved in the canonic style"). The first letters of these words spell out the word ricercar, which was a form of music well-known at the time.

The Musical Offering consists of a collection of ricercars, canons, fugues and a trio sonata. The trio sonata was written for flute, violin and basso continuo, but most of the other music does not show what instruments should play it. They are often played on keyboard instruments, or as chamber music by small groups of instruments. Bach did not show what order he wanted the pieces to be played in.

Riddles

Bach also put riddles at the top of some of the pieces. Some of these riddles have been explained, but some have more than one solution. One of these riddle canons, "in augmentationem" (i.e. augmentation) has notes which get longer and longer. Bach wrote: "Notulis crescentibus crescat Fortuna Regis" ("may the fortunes of the king increase like the length of the notes"). Another one is a modulating canon which ends a tone higher than it starts. Bach wrote over the music: "Ascendenteque Modulationis ascendat Gloria Regis" ("as the modulation rises, so may the King's glory").

20th century adaptations
Several composers have made arrangements of some of the music from the "Musical Offering". In 1935, Anton Webern arranged Bach's six-part ricercar for orchestra. In 1980 Sofia Gubaidulina used the Royal Theme of the Musical Offering in her violin concerto. She turns the notes into a Russian Orthodox hymn.

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Chamber music compositions

The Musical Offering


Rootes Arrow wis the manufacturer's name for a range o caurs produced unner several badge-ingineered marques bi the Rootes Group (later Chrysler Europe) frae 1966 tae 1979. It is amangst the last Rootes designs, developed wi nae influence frae future awner Chrysler. The range is sometimes referred tae bi the name o the maist prolific model, the Hillman Hunter.

A substantial number o separate marque an model names applied tae this single caur platform. Some wur gien different model names tae juistify trim differences (Hillman GT, Hillman Estate) an that frae time tae time all models wur selt in some European markets unner the Sunbeam marque (Sunbeam Sceptre for instance), an at ither times uised UK marque/model names. To add complication, Singer Gazelle/Vogue models wur also selt in the UK for ane saison badged as Sunbeams efter the Singer brand wis wi'drawn.

The models selt – no all concurrently – wur, alphabetically bi marque:
 Chrysler Hunter
 Dodge Husky
 Hillman Arrow, Hillman Break de Chasse, Hillman Hunter an Hillman Minx
 Humber Sceptre
 Singer Gazelle an Singer Vogue
 Sunbeam Alpine an Sunbeam Rapier fastback coupés
 Sunbeam Arrow, Sunbeam Break de Chasse, Sunbeam Hunter, Sunbeam Minx, Sunbeam Sceptre, an Sunbeam Vogue

The maist prolific model wi'in the Arrow range, the Hillman Hunter, wis the Coventry-based company's major competitor in the medium family caur segment. In its 13-year production run, its UK market contemporaries includit the Ford Cortina, Morris Marina an Vauxhall Victor, although model positionin wi'in the range meant competition wi some lairger caurs as well, includin the BMC ADO17.

The Arrow range extendit tae several body styles: saloon, estate, fastback coupé an a pick-up (selt mainly in Sooth Africae as the Dodge Husky). Depending on the model, they haed twa doors or fower doors. Not all marques wur representit in all body styles, wi the coupés being reserved for Sunbeam.

Arrow
Vehicles introduced in 1966
Rootes Arrow

Rootes Arrow


The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact, or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany, on September 27, 1940, which set up the Axis Powers of World War II. On that date, it was signed by three countries: Germany, Italy, and Japan.

The pact was later joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, 1940), Slovakia (November 24, 1940), Bulgaria (March 1, 1941), Yugoslavia (March 25, 1941) and Croatia (April 10, 1941). Japan included some countries that were under its control.

The countries that signed the pact agreed to give ten years of political, economic, and military help to one another. Also, if any country that signed the pact was attacked by another other country that had not joined the war, such as the United States or the Soviet Union, all of the other countries in the pact countries would declare war and help.

In 1943, the pact began to fall. Many countries had ended the war or joined the Allies. Although the pact remained in effect until Japan's surrender in August 1945, Germany's surrender three months earlier had made the pact meaningless.

Related pages
 Anti-Comintern Pact

Other websites
The text of the Tripartite Pact

World War II

Tripartite Pact


Thandiani (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort  in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan.

History
Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold  to some members of the famous Battye family  in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.

Location
Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.

Tourism
Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season.

Forests and wildlife
The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.

Hill stations in Pakistan
Abbottabad District

Thandiani


Charles Ray Ritcheson (26 February 1925 – 8 December 2011) was an American historian, diplomat, and university administrator.

Early life and education
The son of Charles Frederick Ritcheson and Jewell Vaughn, Ritcheson was raised in Oklahoma and attended the University of Oklahoma. Interrupting his studies, he served in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1945, becoming a Lieutenant, Junior Grade. When Admiral Elliott Buckmaster took command of Task Force 74 operating in the South China Seas, Ritcheson joined his staff as Signal Officer.  After the end of the war, Ritcheson returned to his studies and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and classics in 1946. After postgraduate study in history at Zurich University in 1947 and Harvard University in 1948, he went to St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he was awarded his D.Phil. in 1951 with a thesis on "The impact of the American problem on British politics, 1760–1780".

Academic career
In 1951, Oklahoma College for Women appointed him assistant professor of history and then promoted him to associate professor in 1952. Kenyon College appointed him associate professor in 1953 and professor in 1960. In 1964–65, he served as chairman of the history department at Kenyon, before taking up an appointment as chairman and director of graduate studies in history at Southern Methodist University, a position he held until 1970. During that period, he was also director of the Center for Ibero-American Civilization, 1967–68. In 1970–71, he served as director with rank of dean library advancement. In 1971–74, he served as Colin Rhys Professor of British History at the University of Southern California, and then became cultural attaché (Foreign Service Officer Grade 1) at the American Embassy, London. Returning from his diplomatic assignment in the United Kingdom, he became Lovell Distinguished Professor, 1977–1984 and was awarded the university prize for creative scholarship. Between 1984 and 1990, he was the university professor, university librarian, and dean and special advisor to the university's president. Upon his retirement in 1990, the University of Southern California appointed him university professor emeritus, and university librarian and dean emeritus. In 2000, he was additionally appointed distinguished emeritus professor.

Ritcheson served as founding president of the Southern Conference on British Studies, 1967–70, and of the Pacific Coast branch Conference on British Studies, 1971–73, then executive secretary, National Conference of British Studies (today the North American Conference on British Studies), from 1973 to 1974. In 1978, he founded (with Sir John Plumb) the British Institute of the United States. He was twice a presidential appointee to the National Council on Humanities, 1982–1986, and 1988–90, and a presidential appointee also to the board of foreign scholarships.

Ritcheson served as chairman, U.S.-U.K. Educational Commission, 1974–77, and official observer, British Bicentennial Liaison Committee, 1974–1976. He has been a member of the advisory council of the Ditchley Foundation, 1974–2002, the international advisory council of University of Buckingham, member of the board of the Friends of the Royal Opera and Ballet, Covent Garden, and vice president of the American Friends of Covent Garden, 1982–85. When he retired from the University of Southern California in 1991, he became executive vice-president of the not for profit Fund for Arts and Culture in Eastern Europe from 1991 to 1996, and was country director for Hungary and subsequently Poland. In 1997 he became executive vice president for planning for the Trust for Museum Exhibitions based in Washington, D.C.

Ritcheson is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the Texas Institute of Letters, the Société Française d'Archeologie, Association pour le rayonnement de l'Opéra national de Paris, Brooks's, the Beefsteak Club, London, and the Cosmos Club, Washington, D.C.

Honours
Pe-Et Society (Oklahoma U.), 1943, Phi Beta Kappa (Oklahoma U., alumnus membership, 1961); Eli Lilly Research Fellow, 1954; research fellow, American Council of Learned Societies, 1955–57; Fulbright Scholar, Oxford University, 1949–50; Fulbright Professor, Edinburgh and Cambridge Universities, 1962–63; Honorary Fellow in History, University College, London, 1974; Watson Lecturer, Leicester University, 1975; Hon. Member, Senior Common Room, St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, 1974–77; Hon. D.Litt., Leicester U., 1976; honorary grant of arms by special command, the College of Heralds, London; the University Award for Creative Scholarship, USC, 1980; Citation by Korean Community of Southern California for founding the USC Korean Heritage Library; the Ritcheson Executive Suite, Leavey Library and portrait; and Ritcheson Special Collection funded by Friends of the USC Libraries; Crystal Book Award for founding Scriptor to recognize the year's best realization of a book in film; at his retirement from USC in 1990, Joint Resolution by the board of trustees, president, Faculty, and Student Body expressing thanks for his leadership in founding the modern USC Library System. University professor, university librarian and dean emeritus, 1990. In 1992, he was additionally named distinguished emeritus professor, and in 2000, USC gave him the Faculty Lifetime Achievement Award.  The Ritcheson Fellowship in History at St Edmund Hall, Oxford was named for Charles and Alice Ritcheson.

Published works
 British politics and the American Revolution, Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1954; Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.
 Aftermath of revolution: British policy toward the United States, 1783–1795, Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press, 1969.
 The American Revolution: the Anglo-American relation, 1763-1794: interpretive articles and documentary sources, Edited by Charles R. Ritcheson. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., [1969].
 Edmund Burke and the American Revolution, The Sir George Watson Lecture for 1976. [Leicester]: Leicester University Press; [Atlantic Highlands] N.J.:distributed by Humanities Press, 1976.

About 100 articles and reviews in learned journals.

References
 Who's Who in the United States; Who's Who in Britain.
 Obituary USC News

1926 births
2011 deaths
People from Maysville, Oklahoma
University of Oklahoma alumni
United States Navy officers
People associated with the University of Zurich
People associated with the University of Buckingham
Harvard University alumni
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma faculty
Southern Methodist University faculty
University of Southern California faculty
Kenyon College faculty
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
American diplomats
Historians from California

Charles Ritcheson


Woodleigh MRT Station (NE11) is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is along the North East MRT Line. The station is built on part of the former Bidadari Cemetery.

The station was built in 2003. It remained closed for 8 years, with the train passing through without stopping, until it opened in 2011 to facilitate for recent developments around the area

Timeline
20 June 2003: Station built
20 June 2011: Station opened along with Damai (PE7)

Former Codes
Formerly the code was: P5 (before opening)

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Woodleigh MRT station


The Elgon languages are languages of the Southern Nilotic Kalenjin family spoken in the Mount Elgon area in western Kenya and eastern Uganda. According to the Ethnologue, there are two main Elgon languages: Kupsabiny (spoken by about 120,000 people) and Sabaot (spoken by about 134,000 people). Sabaot is a common name assumed by various related peoples, including the Kony, Pok, and Bong'om (after whom the Western Kenyan town of Bungoma is named), whose respective languages are considered separate languages by Rottland (1982).

The Terik people, living east of Lake Victoria wedged in between the Nandi, Luo and Luyia, spoke or speak a dialect closely related to Pok and Bong'om. According to their own oral history they are "people of Mount Elgon"; this is confirmed by Bong'om traditions that "the people who later called themselves Terik were still Bong'om when they left Elgon and moved away in a southern direction" (Roeder 1986:142). Recently many of them have assimilated to neighbouring Nandi, leading to a decline in the use of the Terik language in favor of Nandi. Although they live in two countries, both groups speak the same language but with slightly different pronunciations.

References

Kalenjin languages
Languages of Kenya
Languages of Uganda

Elgon languages


Corrosion is the breakdown of materials due to chemical reactions. It is usually oxidation with air molecules and often in the presence of water. Corrosion also occurs when an acidic/basic corrosive substance touches another material. When a material corrodes, its physical properties change. Problems with corrosion are mostly with metal, though other materials can corrode. Corrosion is a form of erosion. Some materials, such as stainless steel, are highly resistant to corrosion. Metals that may corrode can be protected by plating, painting, and other means.

One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of compacted oxide layer glazes, which under certain circumstances reduces wear.

Iron corrosion is called rusting.

Chemical processes
Metallurgy

Corrosion


Prevalence is a measure from the statistics of epidemiology. The prevalence of a disease in a certain population tries to answer the question of how common the disease is. A simple way to do this is to see how many members of the population have the disease, and divide by the total number of people in the population.

Statistics
Epidemiology

Prevalence


Xiu Xiu is an American band formed in 2002. The members are Jamie Stewart, the band's only constant member, Shayna Dunkelman, Ches Smith, and Angela Seo. They have released 9 studio albums.

Career
They released their first album, Knife Play, in 2002. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.3/10. In 2008 they released Women As Lovers. The sixth song on the album, "Under Pressure", is a cover of a 1981 song by Queen and David Bowie. Michael Gera sings in it. The version of the album on American iTunes has seven extra tracks.

They released their ninth album, Always, in 2012. On December 2 2012 they released an album of covers of Nina Simone songs called Nina. Xiu Xiu released their ninth studio album Angel Guts: Red Classroom on February 4, 2014. Unclouded Sky will be released later in 2014.

Other websites
Official website

American musical groups
2002 establishments in the United States

Xiu Xiu


Craig Federighi (born May 27, 1969) is an American engineer and business executive who is the senior vice president (SVP) of software engineering at Apple Inc. He oversees the development of iOS, iPadOS, macOS, visionOS, watchOS, and Apple's common operating system engineering teams. His teams are responsible for delivering the software of Apple's products, including the user interface, applications and frameworks.

Early life and education
Federighi was born on May 27, 1969, in San Leandro, California. He graduated from Acalanes High School in Lafayette, California.

Federighi received a bachelor of science in electrical engineering and computer science and a master of science in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1991 and 1993, respectively.

Career

NeXT and Ariba
Federighi worked at NeXT, where he led development of the Enterprise Objects Framework. He joined Apple when it acquired NeXT in 1996, but then left it in 1999 for Ariba, where he held several roles including Chief Technology Officer.

Return to Apple
Federighi returned to Apple in 2009 to lead macOS engineering, at a time when Apple had just finished developing Mac OS X Snow Leopard, which was highly regarded for its focus on speed and quality. In March 2011, Federighi succeeded Bertrand Serlet as vice president of Mac Software Engineering at Apple, and in August 2012 he was promoted to senior vice president, reporting to CEO Tim Cook. Upon Scott Forstall's departure from Apple, his role was expanded to encompass iOS in addition to macOS. In the following decade of Federighi's leadership, many observers noted a marked decline in the quality of Apple's software products.

Federighi was reported to own more than 500,000 shares of Apple stock worth about US$180 million as of June 2020.

Public image
Within the community of Apple users and developers, Federighi is known for his energetic presentations of new Apple software, frequently featuring absurdist humor such as references to his hair, use of new software features to organize events such as office karaoke parties and camping trips, and his claimed love of the band Rush. A running gag in Federighi's macOS presentations involves him describing the fictional exploits of the "crack product marketing team," venturing naked through California in a Volkswagen Minibus and ultimately arriving at the location after which the version of the operating system is named. Federighi has some notable nicknames around Apple, such as "Hair Force One". Additionally, Apple CEO Tim Cook has called him "Superman".

His first appearance onstage during a major Apple event was at WWDC 2009, where he helped Bertrand Serlet introduce Mac OS X Snow Leopard. He made another appearance during 2010's 'Back to the Mac' presentation, showing off Mac OS X Lion. He introduced iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks at Apple's WWDC 2013 developer conference, and iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite at WWDC 2014. At WWDC 2015, he delivered most of Apple's 2-hour main opening-day presentation, introducing iOS 9 and OS X 10.11 "El Capitan", and revealing plans to release Apple's new programming language Swift as an open-source project. In September 2015, he demoed 3D Touch in the new iPhone 6S.

At WWDC 2016, Federighi introduced iOS 10 and macOS 10.12 "Sierra" and said that the 15-year-old OS X would be rebranded as "macOS" in tune with the naming scheme used for iOS, tvOS, and watchOS. He emphasized the use of widgets on the iOS lock screen and announced new APIs for Siri and iMessage that would be open to all developers. In March 2016, Federighi wrote an article for The Washington Post, stating that "I became an engineer because I believe in the power of technology to enrich our lives" as his motivation.

In 2017, Federighi announced that the Safari web browser would block cookies from following people from site to site.

At an Apple Special Event in September 2017, Federighi initially failed to properly demo the Face ID feature on the iPhone X. Apple stated that before the event, some Apple employees had inadvertently triggered Face ID on one of the demonstration phones, causing it to instead prompt for a passcode when Federighi attempted to unlock it.

At WWDC 2018, Federighi introduced iOS 12 and macOS 10.14 "Mojave."

At WWDC 2019, he introduced iOS 13, iPadOS and macOS 10.15 "Catalina."

At WWDC 2020, he was the lead presenter showcasing many of Apple's recent advancements. He also introduced iOS 14, iPadOS 14, and macOS 11 "Big Sur".

He made a cameo appearance within the September 2020 Apple Event, appearing briefly during a segment. However, he did not speak.

At the November 2020 Apple Special Event, a video of him "setting the mood" by waking a MacBook from sleep instantly became a meme.

In November 2021, he appeared at the Web Summit talking about the dangers of allowing sideloading in the iOS ecosystem

At WWDC 2022, Federighi introduced iOS 16 and iPadOS 16, as well as macOS 13 "Ventura."

At WWDC 2023, he announced iOS 17, iPadOS 17, macOS 14 "Sonoma", and the developer and public betas for each operating system.

Personal life
Federighi is of Italian descent. Federighi is married as of 2014 and has four children.

References

Living people
Apple Inc. executives
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
NeXT
American software engineers
American computer scientists
American people of Italian descent
1969 births
Acalanes High School alumni

Craig Federighi


Catcleugh Reservoir is a reservoir in Northumberland, England adjacent to the A68 road; just north of Byrness; and to the south of the border with Scotland.

History
The reservoir was constructed between 1884 and 1905 for the Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company. The reservoir forms part of a series of reservoirs along the A68, which are connected by tunnels and aqueducts from Catcleugh Reservoir to Whittle Dene; from where drinking water is supplied to Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, and some surrounding areas. The reservoirs that form the chain are, from northwest to southeast: Catcleugh Reservoir → Colt Crag Reservoir → Little Swinburne Reservoir → Hallington Reservoirs → Whittle Dene. The reservoir is fed by the River Rede. The steam shovel was a large factor in building this reservoir as it could easily do the work of many men.

Flora and fauna
Catcleugh Reservoir has been designated as a Local Wildlife Site, and is surrounded by a mixture of native and conifer woodlands. The surrounding moorland is a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of the mosaic of heather and upland grassland.  The higher moorland is home to breeding golden plover and dunlin. Osprey are known to have used this site for roosting; buzzards are regular visitors, and there are occasional records of golden eagle.

A variety of mammals occur here including otter, red squirrel, badger, roe deer, and bat.  Red squirrels live in the conifer plantations around the reservoir where mature trees provide a good supply of seeds.  The young and mature conifer plantations are also good habitat for roe deer whilst the network of watercourses provides excellent habitat for the otter.

References

Drinking water reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in Northumberland
Rochester, Northumberland

Catcleugh Reservoir


Peter Lipton (October 9, 1954 – November 25, 2007) was the Hans Rausing Professor and Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, and a fellow of King's College, until his unexpected death in November 2007. According to his obituary on the Cambridge web site, he was "recognized as one of the leading philosophers of science and epistemologists in the world."

Career
Lipton was an undergraduate at Wesleyan University and a graduate student at Oxford University. Before coming to Cambridge, he taught at Clark University and Williams College. He was a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics and chaired the working party that produced Pharmacogenetics: Ethical Issues. He was also on the AskPhilosophers panel. In 2004, Lipton had the honour of being the Medawar Prize Lecturer of the Royal Society.

Lipton's research interests focused on the philosophy of science, including topics such as explanation, inference, testing, theory change, laws of nature, and scientific realism. Lipton's research in philosophy of science led him to do work in other related areas of philosophy; in epistemology, Lipton also investigated the philosophy of induction and testimony. Likewise in philosophy of mind Lipton researched notions of mental content and the mind-body problem.

He was a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2003–2007).

Personal life
Lipton lived with his wife Diana and two sons Jonah and Jacob. He was a self-confessed "religious atheist" and "progressive Jew"; he held that he could follow the customs and culture of a Jewish lifestyle, and use the teachings of Judaism to help him tackle moral problems in life, without simultaneously believing in the metaphysics of such a religion (such as the existence of God).

On 25 November 2007, Lipton suffered a fatal heart attack after playing a game of squash.  He was succeeded in his capacity as Head of Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge by Professor John Forrester.

Selected publications
 "Wouldn't It Be Lovely: Explanation and Scientific Realism", Metascience 14, 3 (2006) 331-361. (Review Symposium on the second edition of Inference to the Best Explanation, with James Ladyman, Igor Douven and Bas van Fraassen.)
 "Science and Religion: The Immersion Solution", in Andrew Moore & Michael Scott (eds) Realism and Religion: Philosophical and Theological Perspectives (Ashgate, forthcoming).
 "Waiting for Hume", in Marina Frasca-Spada & P.J.E. Kail (eds) Impressions of Hume, Oxford University Press, 2005, 59-76.
 "The Truth about Science", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360 (2005), 1259-1269.
 "Testing Hypotheses: Prediction and Prejudice", Science 307 (14 January 2005), 219-221.
 Inference to the Best Explanation, Routledge, 1991; expanded second edition, 2004. .
 "Epistemic Options", Philosophical Studies 121 (2004) 147-158.
 "What Good is an Explanation?", in G. Hon & S. Rackover (eds.), Explanation: Theoretical Approaches, Kluwer, 2001, 43-59. Reprinted in J. Cornwell (ed.) Understanding Explanation, Oxford University Press, 2004, 1-22.
 "Genetic and Generic Determinism: A New Threat to Free Will?", in D. Rees and S. Rose (eds.) Perils and Prospects of the New Brain Sciences (CUP, 2004).
 "The Reach of the Law", Philosophical Books, 43, 4, October 2002, 254-260.
 "Quests of a Realist", Metascience, 10, 3 (2001), 347-353.
 "The History of Empiricism", International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences, Pergamon, 2001, 4481-4485.
 "Is Explanation a Guide to Inference?", in G. Hon and S. Rackover (eds.), Explanation: Theoretical Approaches, Kluwer, 2001, 93-120.
 "Inference to the Best Explanation", in W.H. Newton-Smith (ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, Blackwell, 2000, 184-193.
 "Tracking Track Records", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume LXXIV (2000), 179-205.
 "The Epistemology of Testimony", Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 29A (1998), 1-31.
 "All Else Being Equal", Philosophy 74 (1999), 155-168.
 "Binding the Mind", in J. Cornwell (ed.), Consciousness and Human Identity, Oxford University Press, 1998, 212-224.
 "Cambridge Contributions to the Philosophy of Science", in S. Ormrod (ed.), Cambridge Contributions, Cambridge University Press, 1998, 122-142.
 "Is the Best Good Enough?", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society XCIII (1993), 89-104; reprinted in D. Papineau (ed.), Philosophy of Science, Oxford Readings in Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1996.
 "Popper and Reliabilism", in A. O"Hear (ed.), Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems, Royal Institute of Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 31-43.
 "Making a Difference", Philosophica, Vol. 51, No. 1, 1993, 39-54. Reprinted in Revue Roumaine de Philosophie, 38, 3.4, 1994, 291-303.
 "Contrastive Explanation", in D. Knowles (ed.), Explanation and its Limits, Cambridge University Press, 1990, 247-266; reprinted in D. Ruben (ed.), Explanation, Oxford Readings in Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1993.
 "Causation Outside the Law", in H. Gross & T.R. Harrison (eds.), Jurisprudence: Cambridge Essays, Oxford University Press, 1992, 127-148.

References

External links

 Obituary on the University of Cambridge site
 Obituary in The Guardian, 13 December 2007
 Obituary in The Telegraph, 17 December 2007
Obituary in The Times, 4 January 2008 [Archived by Wayback Machine]
 Obituary in The Independent, 9 January 2008
 Nuffield Bioethics
 AskPhilosophers Forum
 Peter Lipton Polish Language

1954 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Jewish American atheists
20th-century American Jews
American atheists
Epistemologists
Jewish philosophers
Philosophers of science
Wesleyan University alumni
21st-century American Jews

Peter Lipton


The Mastère Spécialisé, also called the Specialized Master or Advanced Master is a French post-graduate specialization degree created in 1986 by the French Conférence des Grandes Écoles.
It is a full-time, one-year program (75 ECTS) which includes formal teaching (in French or English), an internship, and the preparation of an individual thesis. It is usually aimed at young professionals who already have a master's degree, but would like either to specialise or expand their knowledge and experience in a domain where the private sector has identified a real need.

In 2008-2009, 418 Mastères Spécialisés were offered by the 90 Grandes écoles which are part of the "Conférence des Grandes Écoles". They cover a wide variety of specialised subjects: aeronautics, business, informatics etc.

Since 1986, 82,000 students have graduated with a Mastère Spécialisé.

The Mastère Spécialisé should not be confused with the Executive Mastère Spécialisé which is another post-graduate program offered by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles. The Executive Specialized Masters is similar to the Specialized Masters in that the normal entry requirement is a Master's level degree. However, unlike the Specialized Masters it is a part-time program, designed for professionals who would like to consolidate and expand their expertise in a specific domain, while continuing to work full-time. In addition to their degree, participants usually have at least three years professional experience, and are often sponsored by their employers. The program takes fifteen months, at the end of which the student is expected to submit an individual thesis.

History

The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986. During the end of the 1980s, the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur required that a student spend three years in a grande école to graduate with the French Diplôme d'ingénieur. But a lot of foreign students sometimes came to study in France's grandes écoles for only a year, and came back to their own country without a degree. Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.

In the meantime, many companies in France were looking for graduated students with specialized skills, for jobs in key sectors. As a consequence, the French Conférence des Grandes Écoles created the Mastère Spécialisé.

Sources

External links
 Blog of Mastère Spécialisé from Conférence des grandes écoles
 Conférence des grandes écoles website

.
Master's degrees
Grandes écoles

Mastère spécialisé


Insa-dong (인사동, 仁寺洞) is a neighborhood (also called a dong) of Jongro District, Seoul, South Korea. The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to many alleys that lead deeper into the district.

Insa-dong is a popular tourist spot in Seoul. It is mainly one long street, and is known for its many art galleries, restaurants, and shops that sell traditional Korean items and art. There is also plenty of street food and sometimes there are public performances of dancing or a traditional display of criminals. Winding side streets are home to a variety of traditional restaurants.

Seoul
Subdivisions of South Korea

Insadong


Peacemakers are people or a group of people involved in peacemaking. It is often in countries affected by war, violent conflict, and political instability under international law. There can be different levels of peace makers. Presidents or Prime ministers trying to reach a deal, activists, and even authors. People who are involved in peacemaking can win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Other websites
UN Peacemaker, United Nations

Peace

Peace makers


In mathematics, trailing zeros are a sequence of 0 in the decimal representation (or more generally, in any positional representation) of a number, after which no other digits follow.

Trailing zeros to the right of a decimal point, as in 12.340, don't affect the value of a number and may be omitted if all that is of interest is its numerical value. This is true even if the zeros recur infinitely. For example, in pharmacy, trailing zeros are omitted from dose values to prevent misreading. However, trailing zeros may be useful for indicating the number of significant figures, for example in a measurement.  In such a context, "simplifying" a number by removing trailing zeros would be incorrect.

The number of trailing zeros in a non-zero base-b integer n equals the exponent of the highest power of b that divides n. For example, 14000 has three trailing zeros and is therefore divisible by 1000 = 103, but not by 104.  This property is useful when looking for small factors in integer factorization.  Some computer architectures have a count trailing zeros operation in their instruction set for efficiently determining the number of trailing zero bits in a machine word.

Factorial
The number of trailing zeros in the decimal representation of n!, the factorial of a non-negative integer n, is simply the multiplicity of the prime factor 5 in n!.  This can be determined with this special case of de Polignac's formula:

where k must be chosen such that

more precisely

and  denotes the floor function applied to a. For n = 0, 1, 2, ... this is

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, ... .

For example, 53 > 32, and therefore 32! = 263130836933693530167218012160000000 ends in

zeros. If n < 5, the inequality is satisfied by k = 0; in that case the sum is empty, giving the answer 0.

The formula actually counts the number of factors 5 in n!, but since there are at least as many factors 2, this is equivalent to the number of factors 10, each of which gives one more trailing zero.

Defining

the following recurrence relation holds:

This can be used to simplify the computation of the terms of the summation, which can be stopped as soon as q i reaches zero. The condition  is equivalent to

See also

 Leading zero
 Trailing digit

References

External links
 Why are trailing fractional zeros important? for some examples of when trailing zeros are significant
 Number of trailing zeros for any factorialPython program to calculate the number of trailing zeros for any factorial

Elementary arithmetic
0 (number)

Trailing zero


A shotgun is a type of gun.  To make a shotgun work, gunpowder is lit by a primer inside a shotgun shell.  The gas from the burning gunpowder pushes whatever is being fired out of the barrel (usually a bullet).  Originally, a shotgun shell would have small lead balls called a "buckshot" or "birdshot". Now, instead of lead shots, the cartridges have iron or steel balls, because lead in the environment can poison wildlife. The balls spread out when they are fired. Sometimes a shotgun shell will have bigger shot, of bullet size, called a "slug".

A shotgun usually has one or two barrels, each with a chamber to hold a shell. These barrels can be next to each other ('side-by-side') or on top of each other ('over-and-under'). There are many types of shotguns with different ways of loading and shooting. Some will snap open, and shells can be put inside until they are shot again. These are called break-open shotguns. Others hold more shells and are pumped back and forth to shoot. These are called pump-action shotguns. Some shotguns are semi-automatic, so each time the trigger is pulled, one shot is fired without any need to use a pump or a lever. These are semi-automatic shotguns. Some shotguns are fully automatic, meaning that pulling and holding the trigger back will keep shooting the gun without needing to reload until the shotgun is out of ammunition. These are automatic shotguns. However, these types of shotguns are not common.

Shotguns can also fire things that do not kill people. Police use small things like rubber balls and beanbags filled with the small metal balls instead, to cause non-deadly injuries.

Other websites

Shotgun


The Herero language (Herero: Otjiherero) is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo group. It is spoken by the Herero people in Namibia and Botswana. There are about 237,000 Herero speakers in both countries, 206,000 in Namibia and the rest in Botswana.

The language is spoken in an area called Hereroland. This area includes the regions of Omaheke, Otjozondjupa, and Kunene. The Himba people, who are related to the Herero people, speak a dialect that is very close to Herero. A large minority of people in Windhoek (the capital of Namibia) speak Herero.

The Herero language is written in the Latin alphabet. The first written work in Herero was a translation of the Bible by missionary Gottlieb Viehe (1839-1901). Father Peter Heinrich Brincker (1836-1904), another missionary, translated several religious works and songs into Herero.

Herero is taught in Namibian schools and at the University of Namibia. It is one of the six minority languages used in broadcasts by the Namibian State Radio (NBC). Gamsberg Macmillan, , has published the only dictionary in Herero.

Bibliography
 Brincker, Peter Heinrich (1886, 1964). Wörterbuch und kurzgefasste Grammatik des Otji-Herero. Leipzig (reprint 1964 Ridgwood, NJ: The Gregg Press).
 Hahn, C. Hugo (1857). Grundzüge einer Grammatik des Hereró. Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz.
 Lutz, Marten (2006). "Locative inversion in Otjiherero: more on morpho-syntactic variation in Bantu." In: Laura Downing, Lutz Marten & Sabine Zerbian (eds.), Papers in Bantu Grammar, ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 97—122.
 Marten, Lutz & Nancy C. Kula (2007). "Morphosyntactic co-variation in Bantu: two case studies." SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 15.227-238.
 Möhlig, Wilhelm, Lutz Marten & Jekura U. Kavari (2002). A Grammatical Sketch of Herero (Otjiherero). Köln: Köppe (Grammatische Analysen afrikanischer Sprachen; v.19).

References

Other websites

Bantu languages

Herero language


A platform game, or platformer, is a genre of video game. Platformer gameplay is about jumping between platforms or over obstacles. The player controls these jumps and must use skill to avoid their character falling off of platforms or missing jumps.  This kind of gameplay, even in other genres, is called "platforming". Games where jumping is not controlled by the player, such as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, are not thought of as platform games.

Platform games began as 2D in the early 1980s, and 3D platformers became popular in the mid-1990s. The name describes games where jumping on platforms is a large part of the gameplay. However, platforming is not a pure genre, and often there are other types of genres mixed into it. For example, in a game like Metroid, the player controls a character not only to navigate obstacles, but to fight enemies.

As long as the actually jumping remains a main part of the gameplay, the game can still correctly be called a platformer. Because of this, there are many different types of platformers.

Types of video games
Video game genres

Platform game


is a type of thin Japanese noodle. It is made from buckwheat flour. It is served either chilled with a dipping sauce, or in hot broth as a noodle soup. Moreover, it is not uncommon in Japan to refer to any thin noodle as soba in contrast to udon which are thick noodles made from wheat.

Because noodles made out of pure buckwheat can easily fall apart when boiled, the buckwheat flour is usually mixed with binders - often wheat flour. Under the Japan Agricultural Standards regulations, the noodles must contain at least 30% buckwheat in order to be called soba but noodles with a high buckwheat content are seen as more desirable. The raw noodles are made by making a dough out of buckwheat flour and binder. The dough is then spread out flat. After that, strands of noodles are sliced off with a special knife. The quality of noodles is highly dependent on the skill of the maker, especially for soba noodles with high buckwheat content. The raw noodles are boiled before being served hot or cold.

In Japan, soba noodles are served in a variety of situations. They are a popular inexpensive fast food at train stations throughout Japan, they are served by exclusive and expensive specialty restaurants, and they are also made at home. Markets sell dried noodles and men-tsuyu, or instant noodle broth, to make home preparation easy.

Some establishments, especially cheaper and more casual ones, may serve both soba and udon (thick wheat noodles) as they are often served in a similar manner. However, soba is traditionally the noodle of choice for Tokyoites. This tradition originates from the Edo period. At that time, the population of Edo (Tokyo) was much richer than the rural poor, were more susceptible to beriberi because of  their high consumption of white rice which is low in thiamine. They are thought to have made up for this by regularly eating thiamine-rich soba. Every neighbourhood had one or two soba establishments, many also serving sake, which functioned much like modern cafes where locals would drop by casually.

Serving soba
Soba is almost always eaten with chopsticks, and in Japan, it is traditionally considered polite to slurp the noodles noisily. This is especially common with hot noodles, as drawing up the noodles quickly into the mouth acts to cool them down.

Common soba dishes
Like many Japanese noodles, soba noodles are often served drained and chilled in the summer, and hot in the winter with a soy-based dashi broth. Extra toppings can be added onto both hot and cold soba. Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons and to balance with other ingredients. Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried. Most of these dishes may also be prepared with udon. Soba noodles often have a witdh of around 1.5 mm.

Cold
Chilled soba is often served on a sieve-like bamboo tray called a zaru, sometimes garnished with bits of dried nori seaweed, with a dipping sauce known as soba tsuyu on the side. The tsuyu is made of a strong mixture of dashi, sweetened soy sauce and mirin. Using chopsticks, the diner picks up a small amount of soba from the tray and swirls it in the cold tsuyu before eating it.  Wasabi, scallions, and grated ginger are often mixed into the tsuyu.

Mori soba  – Basic chilled soba noodles served on a flat basket or a plate.
Zaru soba  – Mori soba topped with shredded seaweed.
furikake soba– Cold soba served with various toppings sprinkled on top, after which the broth is poured on by the diner.  It may include:
tororo – puree of yamaimo (a Japanese yam with a slimy texture)
oroshi – grated daikon radish
natto – sticky fermented soybeans
okra – fresh sliced okra
Soba maki – Cold soba wrapped in nori and prepared as makizushi.

Hot
Soba is also often served as a noodle soup in a bowl of hot tsuyu. The hot tsuyu in this instance is thinner than that used as a dipping sauce for chilled soba. Popular garnishes are sliced scallion and shichimi toragashi (mixed chili powder).

Kake soba  – Hot soba in broth topped with thinly sliced scallion, and perhaps a slice of kamaboko (fish cake).
Kitsune soba (in Kanto) or Tanuki soba (in Kansai) – Topped with abura age (deep-fried tofu).
Tanuki soba (in Kanto) or Haikara soba (in Kansai) – Topped with tenkasu (bits of deep-fried tempura batter).
Tempura soba  – Topped with tempura, usually a large shrimp.
Tsukimi soba ("moon-viewing soba") – Topped with raw egg, which poaches in the hot soup.
Tororo soba – Topped with tororo, the puree of yamaimo (a potato-like vegetable with a slimy texture).
Wakame soba – Topped with wakame seaweed

Soba served on special occasions
Soba is traditionally eaten on New Years Eve in most areas of Japan, a tradition which survives to this day. In the Tokyo area, there is also a tradition of giving out soba to new neighbours after a house move, although this practice is now rare.

Varieties of soba noodles

The most famous Japanese soba noodles come from Nagano. Soba from Nagano is called Shinano Soba or Shinshu soba. Ni-hachi (two-eight) soba, consists of two parts of wheat and eight of buckwheat.

Sarashina soba – thin, light-colored soba, made with refined  buckwheat
Inaka soba – "country soba", thick soba made with whole buckwheat

By location
Shinshu soba – named after the old name of Nagano Prefecture. Also known as Shinano soba. (Shinano=Shinshu)
Etanbetsu soba – named after the central region of Hokkaidō (Asahikawacity)
Izumo soba – named after Izumo in Shimane
Izushi soba – named after Izushi in Hyogo
Miyako soba - named after the Miyako Island in Okinawa

By ingredients
Tororo soba or Jinenjo soba – flavored with wild yam flour
Cha soba – flavored with green tea powder
Mugi soba – flavored with mugwort
Hegi soba – flavored with seaweed
Ni-hachi soba – soba containing 20% wheat and 80% buckwheat
Towari soba or Juwari soba – 100% buckwheat soba

Other uses of the word soba
Soba is also the Japanese word for buckwheat. Roasted buckwheat kernels may be made into a grain tea called sobacha, which may be served hot or cold. Buckwheat hulls, or sobakawa, are used to fill pillows.

Soba is occasionally used to refer to noodles in general.  In Japan, ramen is sometimes called chūka soba or shina soba (both mean Chinese noodles).  Parboiled chūka soba is stir-fried to make yakisoba. Note that these noodles do not contain buckwheat.

In Okinawa, soba usually refers to Okinawa soba, a completely different dish of noodles made out of flour, not buckwheat. Okinawa soba is also quite popular in the city of Campo Grande (Brazil), due to influence of Japanese (Okinawan) immigrants. It is eaten at street markets or in special restaurants called "sobarias".

Related pages
Ramen
Udon
Japanese cuisine
Chinese cuisine

Other websites

Tokyo soba chef making noodles by hand from scratch - illustrated article in English
A Soba and Tofu recipe  (with photo)

Noodles

Soba