Wanda Nero Butler (born September 24, 1958 as Lawanda Marie Nero) is an American gospel musician. Her first album, Reach for His Love, was released by Sog Secret in 1987, and her second album, New Born Soul, was released by the label in 1989. The subsequent two albums, Wanda and Live in Atlanta, was released in 1991 by Light Records. She released, Chike-Anyabwille, All to the Glory of God, and Family Prayer, was released in 1994, 1996, and 1999 respectively by Sound of Gospel. All albums charted with the lone exception of Wanda on the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart.

Early life
Butler was born in Solano County, California, as Lawanda Marie Nero on September 24, 1958, whose father is Reverend Nero and her mother is Barbara Nero, whose maiden name was Fuller.

Music career
Her music recording career commenced in 1988, with the album, Reach for His Love, and it was released by Sog (Sound of Gospel) Secret, and it was her breakthrough album upon the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart at No. 34. The subsequent album, New Born Soul, was released by Sog Secret on January 11, 1990, and it placed upon the aforementioned chart at No. 11. She released, Wanda, with Light Records on July 1, 1991, yet this was her only album that failed to chart. Her fourth album, Live in Atlanta, was released by Light Records on August 29, 1991, and this peaked at No. 22 on the Gospel Albums chart. The album, Chike-Anyabwille, was released by Sound of Gospel on November 29, 1994, and it placed on the aforementioned chart at No. 11. She released, All to the Glory of God, on July 23, 1996 by Sound of Gospel, and this peaked at No. 12 on the Top Gospel Albums chart. The latest release, Family Prayer, released from Sound of Gospel on June 26, 1999 by Sound of Gospel, and this placed at No. 11 on the aforementioned chart.

Personal life
Butler is married to Reverend Zarak Butler, and together they have three children, who formerly resided in Detroit, Michigan, but presently reside in the Atlanta, Georgia area.

Discography

References

External links
 Official website

1958 births
Living people
African-American songwriters
African-American Christians
Musicians from California
Musicians from Atlanta
Musicians from Detroit
Songwriters from California
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Songwriters from Michigan
People from Solano County, California
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Wanda Nero Butler


Nigel David Short MBE (born 1 June 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest English chess player of the 20th century. He became a Grandmaster at age 19. He challenged for the World Chess Championship against Garry Kasparov at London 1993. Still active, Short continues to enjoy international success. He is also a chess columnist, coach and commentator.

Short's best achievement was in the World Candidates matches of 1992, when he beat world-class players Boris Gelfand, Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman to reach the final. In the World Championship match, London 1993, he was decisively beaten by the reigning World Champion, Gary Kasparov. The match caused controversy because the two players broke away from FIDE, for reasons mostly to do with the prize money.

Short has played 21 times for England in Chess Olympiads, and European and World Team championships. He has been living in Greece with his wife and children for a number of years.

References

1965 births
Living people
British chess players
Chess grandmasters

Nigel Short


The Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy (CCLP) at the University of Southern California promotes interdisciplinary research in communications between the USC School of Cinematic Arts, Viterbi School of Engineering, and the separate USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, also funded by Walter Annenberg.

Personnel

People affiliated with the CCLP include Julian Bleecker, John Seely Brown, Vinton Cerf, Bill Dutton, John Gage, Joi Ito, Merlyna Lim, Eli Noam, Howard Rheingold, Adrienne Russell, Larry Smarr,  Robert Stein, Douglas Thomas, and Robert Winter.

2007 reconfiguration

In March 2007, it was announced that, effective July 2007, the focus of the Annenberg Center for Communication funding strategy would undergo a major shift towards primarily funding graduate fellowships in interdisciplinary research with US$4 million annually planned for 100+ graduate fellowships.

References

Centers of the University of Southern California


In physics, a standing wave – also called a stationary wave – is a wave that oscillates in one constant position.

The word oscillate simply describes the vibrating movement of particles in a medium when acted upon by a wave, or the regular up and down motion shown in the animation. Oppositely to a progressive (moving) wave, stationary waves do not transfer energy in a given direction when they oscillate.

When a guitar string is plucked, for example, a stationary wave is formed. This happens because on releasing the string, two progressive waves move down the string in opposite directions. When they reach the point where the string is tied down, they cannot move beyond this boundary. At the boundary, the wave is reflected and travels back in the opposite direction. The two reflected waves meet and interfere with one another. Superposition occurs, the opposing directions of the reflected waves cancel out resulting in one stationary wave.

Wave physics

Standing wave


Music publishing is the business of creating, producing and distributing printed musical scores, parts, and books in various types of music notation, while ensuring that the composer, songwriter and other creators receive credit and royalties or other payment (where applicable). This article outlines the early history of the industry.

Printing
Music publishing did not begin on a large scale until the mid-15th century, when mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, the Mainz Psalter, dates from 1457, and is the second book to be printed on the Gutenberg Press after the Gutenberg Bible. Prior to 1501, music books were owned by the wealthy or religious institutions, and music had to be learned by ear or copied out by hand. This was a very labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was first undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy noblemen. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music. Hand copying persisted long after the invention of printing and music was widely disseminated in manuscript form well into the 18th century, both in personal copying and scribal publication.

Petrucci
The father of modern music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. His first collection was entitled Harmonice Musices Odhecaton and contained 96 polyphonic compositions, mostly by Josquin des Prez and Heinrich Isaac. He flourished by focusing on Flemish works, rather than Italian, as they were very popular throughout Europe during the Renaissance. His printing shop used the triple-impression method, in which a sheet of paper was pressed three times. The first impression was the staff lines, the second the words, and the third the notes. This method produced very clean results, though it was time-consuming and expensive.

Rastell
Around 1520 in England, John Rastell developed a single-impression method for printing music. With his method, the staff lines, words and notes were all part of a single piece of type, making it much easier to produce. However, this method produced messier results, as the staff lines were often inexactly aligned and looked wavy on the page. The single-impression method eventually triumphed over Petrucci's and became the dominant mode of printing until copper-plate engraving took over in the 17th century. This method was adopted and used widely by a Frenchman, Pierre Attaingnant.

Copyright

The concept of musical copyright had its beginnings in the reign of King Henry VIII of England who required copies of all printed matter to be sent to him and offered protection to printers in the form of licenses, primarily to produce a new source of revenue. In 1575 Elizabeth I granted Thomas Tallis and his pupil William Byrd a 21-year patent monopoly on the printing and publishing of polyphonic music. The first modern copyright law was the Statute of Anne (1709), which protected all published works for a period of fourteen years, later extended to twenty-eight years. The earliest attempt at a printed musical copyright notice appears in the "Shir Hashirim" of Salomone Rossi (Venice, 1623) which includes a rabbinical curse on those infringing the text, written by Leon of Modena.

1886 Berne Convention
The first international agreement involving copyright was the Berne Convention of 1886. The core principle of the Convention is its provision that each of the contracting countries shall provide automatic protection for works in all other countries of the union and for unpublished works whose authors are citizens of or residents in those countries. Performance rights are included in these provisions. As of March 2012, 165 countries had become parties to the convention.

United States
The first U.S. federal copyright law gave protections to "maps, charts, and books." Contrary to some scholarly accounts, the 1790 Act's protection of "books" did encompass musical compositions. The first registration in the U.S. for a musical composition was made on January 6, 1794 by Raynor Taylor for the original song "The Kentucky Volunteer." However, musical compositions were not explicitly protected until the Copyright Act of 1831, and then protection remained limited to reproduction rights. The copyright term was twenty-eight years plus a fourteen-year renewal period.

Performing rights

While England was a leader in the development of copyright, the French led the way in performing rights. In 1777, Pierre de Beaumarchais founded the "Bureau de Legislation Dramatique" which became the present Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques (SACD) in 1829. Many years later, in 1847, this inspired the composer and librettist Ernest Bourget  to claim payment for each performance of his works at Les Ambassadeurs, a leading Café-concert venue of that time. A lawsuit won by Bourget and others in 1851 led to the formation of the Société des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Editeurs de Musique (SACEM) – the first performing rights society in the world.

Other countries followed suit: The Italian Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori (SIAE) was founded in 1882 and the Spanish "Sociedad de Autores", predecessor of the current Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE), in 1899. The predecessor to the Gesellschaft für Musikalische Aufführungs und Mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) was formed in Germany by composer Richard Strauss in 1903. It became GEMA in 1915 when it merged with another small society. So, by the end of the 19th century, the foundation had been laid for the modern music publishing industry.

Early modern era: 18th century

German publishers
As England was a leader in developing copyright systems and France was ahead in developing performing rights, Germany was the pioneering country in modern music publishing. The first German music publishing enterprises date from the 18th century. Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf of Leipzig, a printer and general publisher, decided to specialize in music printing as of 1754.  He became successful by developing improvements in the setting of music type. Gottfried Christoph Härtel joined the firm in 1795, which soon became the partnership of Breitkopf & Härtel. They were the original publishers for a who's-who of great German composers, including Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Schumann and Wagner.

Schott Music of Mainz was founded in 1770 by Bernhard Schott and still exists today.  They specialized in French and Italian operas and, more recently, have published works by Hindemith, Stravinsky, Orff, Schoenberg and Henze. N. Simrock of Bonn, and later Berlin, was established in 1790 by Nikolaus Simrock.  Their original publications included works by Beethoven, Haydn, Meyerbeer, Weber, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms.

United States
In 1764, Josiah Flagg compiled the first collection of popular and religious music, printed on paper made in the colonies.  The post-revolutionary period was notable for the arrival of the first professional music publishers from Europe in the 1770s. They opened shops in Philadelphia, New York, Boston and Baltimore, bringing with them European technology. Benjamin Carr and James Hewitt were two important early American music publishers. The first song published under US copyright was The Kentucky Volunteer, by Carr's own house.

In the first quarter of the 19th century alone, 10,000 pieces of popular music were printed by U.S. publishers. The industry, however, did nothing to promote music or develop writers. Songs became popular by word-of-mouth. Most minstrel troupes and professional singers wrote their own music or had songs written to order. Stephen Foster was the first composer who tried to make a living as an independent professional songwriter but, in the 1850s, copyright protection was so lax and royalties so small (or non-existent) that he found himself living in poverty. This changed only gradually as young men involved in other business enterprises began to perceive the possibilities for enrichment in song publishing.

Prior to the 1880s, popular music publishing was a secondary function of music stores or "serious" (Classical) music publishers. After 1880, publishers in New York developed a promotional technique called plugging.  By 1900, most music publishers had clustered their businesses along 28th St. (between 6th Ave. and Broadway) in order to be closer to New York's thriving entertainment center. This area came to be known as Tin Pan Alley. The first decade of the 20th century saw the production of more popular music than had ever been written up to that time: about 25,000 songs annually. In 1893, sheet music for the song "After the Ball" sold one million copies and, over the next ten years, went on to sell a total of ten million.

Despite the enactment of new U.S. copyright legislation, including the 1891 Chace Act, which allowed for the international protection of copyrights, the provisions of the 1909 Copyright Act were generally ignored. To correct this situation, operetta composer Victor Herbert established the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), in 1914. It quickly attracted prominent composers such as Irving Berlin and John Philip Sousa, and was able to ensure that everyone was properly paid and credited for their work.

Licensing
There are many aspects to music publishing. Chief among them is the licensing of music for use in advertising, television, films and other purposes. Music publishing started out by just being the publishing of the actual sheet music, and not even the score. Song sheets were made which just had the lyrics of a popular song. In the 19th century, sheet music for songs began including a simple piano accompaniment and notation for the song's melody. In the 2010s, music publishing is the exploitation of compositions (songs, instrumental pieces, and other music) for various performance uses, including newer uses such as licensing for video games, for use by recording artists looking for their next hit single and for use in a range of licensing purposes.

Licenses
Within music publishing there are many different types of licenses. For instance:
Blanket license
Mechanical license
Performing Rights License (PRO)
Synchronization License or Sync Rights

A blanket license is an annual fee paid to one of the key performing rights organizations (PRO) (SESAC, ASCAP, or BMI). The blanket license paid to the PRO covers every work that is in the PRO's catalog. Blanket licenses are mostly used by television networks and radio stations so that they have the right to play any song or piece from one catalog instead of paying license fees for each song individually.

A mechanical license is issued when a recording artist wishes to sell their recording of a written composition.  It serves as a notice to the composition owners that sales are forthcoming and that royalties dictated by a statutory rate will be owed and paid to them.

A Performing Rights License (PRO) is the license that gives the licensee the right to publicly perform the song/work.

Lastly, a sync license grants the right to use the composition in the synchronization of a recording over a moving picture in a film, advertisement, television show or any other audiovisual work. For the same synchronization use, one must also obtain a master use license, which grants rights to use the sound recording, which is a separately owned asset from the composition.

A music publisher negotiates the uses and fees for the songwriters and composers on their roster. In the 2010s, publishing companies are a main source of revenue besides live touring, because sync licensing has persisted as a substantial income source while the music industry underwent changes that saw their previously dominant income source, record sales, steadily decline.

Technologies

Sound recording
The invention and development of sound recording resulted in a redefinition of the concept of publishing, much the same as online music stores in the 2000s would later revolutionize how recordings are purchased. Initially, popular music was slow to take advantage of the new technology. In 1910, when sales of the new disc format exceeded those of the old cylinder, more than 75% of the records sold were classical music. One factor in this may have been the expense, which would have concentrated sales among the more upscale purchasers. Until 1925, sheet music sales continued to surpass discs and were the primary source of revenue for publishers and composers. At that point, sheet music sales began to decline while records were still providing inadequate income to compensate. This led to short lived but serious economic problems for some publishers.

Film music
Samuel Fox (1884–1971) who founded the Sam Fox Publishing Company in 1906, was the first to publish original film scores. In 1927, after the release of The Jazz Singer (the first talkie), the need for music led movie studios to buy music publishing companies, gaining both catalogues of music and experienced composers at the same time. For example, in 1929, Warner Brothers paid 10 million dollars for Harms, Witmark and Remick; MGM bought Leo Feist Inc. and some smaller companies; Paramount started its own publishing division, Famous Music.

See also

 Music engraving
 Music publisher (popular music)
 Music publisher (sheet music)
 Sheet music
 Copyright
 Universal Circulating Music Library
 List of women music publishers before 1900
 List of best-selling sheet music
 Record label

References

Further reading
 Fisher, William Arms (c1933, reprint 1977). One Hundred and Fifty Years of Music Publishing in the United States: An Historical Sketch with Special Reference to the Pioneer Publisher, Oliver Ditson Company, Inc., 1783–1933. Scholarly Press.

 Kidson, Frank (1900). British Music Publishers, Printers, and Engravers – from Queen Elizabeth's Reign to George the Fourth's. London. (republished by Benjamin Blom, New York, 1967). Library of Congress Cat. Card No.67-23861
 Krummel, D. W. (1975). English Music Printing, 1553–1700.  Bibliographical Society.
 Lenneberg, Hans (c2003). On the Publishing and Dissemination of Music, 1500–1850. Pendragon Press.

External links
 Music Printing History. Excellent techniques overview.
 Music Dedications history. Lists of published music dedications in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Music publishing
Publishing
History of mass media
Music industry

History of music publishing


A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that has one or more columns (called towers or pylons), with cables directly supporting the bridge deck.

There are two main types of cable-stayed bridges. In the harp design, the cables are nearly parallel. This is done by attaching them to various points on the tower(s). The height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).

Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is best for longer spans than used for cantilever bridges, and shorter than those needing a suspension bridge. Cantilever spans become too heavy if they were made longer. A cable-stay bridge is cheaper to build than a suspension bridge over a short distance.

Bridge types

Cable-stayed bridge


A cable is  twa or mair weirs runnin side bi side an bondit, twistit, or braidit thegither tae furm a single assembly.   The term oreeginally referred tae a nautical line o speceefic length whaur multiple raips, each laid clockwise, are then laid thegither anti-clockwise an shackled tae produce a strang thick line, resistant tae watter absorption, that wis uised tae anchor lairge ships.  In mechanics, cables, otherwise kent as weir raips, are uised for liftin, haulin, an towin or conveyin force through tension. In electrical ingineerin cables are uised tae carry electric currents. An optical cable contains ane or mair optical feebres in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.

Electric cables discussed here are mainly meant for installation in biggins an industrial steids. For pouer transmission at distances greater nor a few kilometres see heich-voltage cable, pouer cables, an HVDC.

Cable


101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure is a 2002 direct-to-video sequel to the Disney animated movie One Hundred and One Dalmatians, which is voiced by Martin Short, Jason Alexander, and Barry Bostwick. It was released on January 21, 2003 and won awards for best animated feature, best director, best editing, and best musical score. Disney re-released the movie on September 16, 2008.

The movie tells the story of Patch, the loneliest dalmatian, who felt "lost in a sea of the spots" until he met his TV hero Thunderbolt. Unlike many of the Disney direct-to-video sequels that just retell the original movie's story, 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure takes characters from the original movie in some new directions.

The story
The family of Roger, Anita, and the dalmatians plan to move to Dalmatian Plantation, a home in the country with plenty of room for the 101 pups and far from the clutches of Cruella de Vil, located at Cherry Tree Farm, Little Devon. One of the dalmatians, Patch, feels lost in a sea of spots and wants to be a one-of-a-kind wonder dog like his TV hero, Thunderbolt. While watching the Thunderbolt Adventure Hour, Patch hears about a chance to appear on the show while it's filming in London. However, the family move will cause a problem for Patch's opportunity. However, he is accidentally left behind in the commotion. Patch heads for the audition to meet his hero and find out if he one of a kind, or just one of 101.

Meanwhile, Thunderbolt's "trusty" sidekick, Lil' Lightning, tells Thunderbolt the producers want to replace him with a younger dog. In order to save his job, Thunderbolt decides he will go into the real world and perform an act of true heroism to prove himself. A relible reference book to Thunderbolt's many adventures, Patch provides the perfect guide for the TV star in his attempts at real-life heroics. As for Cruella - she's back and more obsessed with Dalmatians than ever. At first, an artist named Lars can calm her down, but he cannot make the perfect spot painting, so she locks him up and returns to her old ways. Lil 'lightning tells Thunderbolt and Patch that Thunderbolt was not going to be replaced but it is just a trick to make him quit once and for all and make Lightning the star. Patch becomes heartbroken when he finds out that his favorite wonderdog just a TV actor.

Cast
 Bobby Lockwood as Patch
 Barry Bostwick as Thunderbolt
 Jason Alexander as Lil'Lightning
 Susan Blakeslee as Cruella de Vil
 Martin Short as Lars
 Tress MacNeille as Anita
 Frank Welker as Roger
 Jeff Bennett as Jasper
 Maurice LaMarche as Horace
 Michael Lerner as the Producer
 Tony Pope as Danny
 Michael Bell as Pongo
 Kath Soucie as Perdita
 Mary MacLeod as Nanny
 Jim Cummings as Coronel
 Ben Tibberas as Lucky
 Tara Strong as 2-Tone
 Kasha Kropinski as Penny

References

Other websites
 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure Disney DVD

2003 animated movies
Sequel movies
Disney animated movies
2000s English-language movies
101 Dalmatians
Movies about dogs
Disney direct-to-video movies


Full House is an American comedy television series set in San Francisco. It originally aired from 1987 to 1995. It told the story of Danny Tanner (Bob Saget), a man whose wife has died and is left alone with his three daughters, DJ (Candace Cameron), Stephanie (Jodie Sweetin), and Michelle (Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen). He recruits his best friend, Joey Gladstone (Dave Coulier), a childlike stand-up comedian, and his brother-in-law (and the girls' uncle) Jesse Katsopolis (John Stamos), a struggling musican, to move in and help look after the girls.

The series is often criticised for its sickly sweet and unrealistic plotline and corny jokes, even though it ran for many years; some episodes dealt with real problems such as child abuse, drinking, and lying. Yet it has remained, in recent years, one of the very few adult comedy series that parents can watch with their kids.

In August 2014 it was announced that plans were underway to reboot the series which would reunite most of the original cast. In 2016, Fuller House began airing on Netflix.

Characters

Jesse Katsopolis
Jesse Katsopolis is the brother-in-law of Danny, the younger brother of Pam and the uncle of her daughters D.J., Stephanie and Michelle. One day, Jesse marries Rebecca "Becky" Donaldson. He becomes a father of twins, Nicky and Alex. His real name is Hermes Katsopolis, but as a child, he was mocked. So he asked his parents to change his first name in Jesse. When he became an adult, he learnt to appreciate his real name. Nevertheless, he wants to be called Jesse. He is possessed by his hair. He often talks about it and treat it. In the beginning he had long hair. When Stephanie cut his long hair by mistake, Jesse was complete upset. In contrast to Danny, Jesse often tends to careless decisions and inappropriate behaviour, especially if it's about to be well off with his nieces. He allows the girls many things, which the father wouldn't approve it. In time Jesse shows his adult side. When he gets excitement, he often uses the saying: "Have Mercy". Apart from adoring his hair, Jesse is a big fan of Elvis Presley. He's also a musician and singer of the band "Jesse and the Rippers". Although they have a lot of minor gigs, their success is not remarkable. That's why he has to work for the company of his father as a pest controller on the side. In addition to that, Jesse strives for a career  in the advertising and composes jingles with Joey, which he sells to different companies. In the sixth season it becomes well known that Jesse has no high school diploma. He keeps it secret from his family. When the truth brings to light, he catches up on his final exam. Later, he presents the popular radio show "Rush Hour Renegades" with Joey. He becomes an owner of a nightclub called "The Smash Club" in the seventh season and after that he creates a new band "Hot Daddy" and "The Monkey Puppets".

Daniel "Danny" Ernest Tanner
Danny Tanner is the father of D.J., Stephanie and Michelle. His wife died in a traffic accident, which caused a drunk car driver. That's why he looks after his daughters many times. Besides, Jesse and Joey help him. Danny is shown as a demanding father of the nineties. He speaks to his daughters or his friends honest. When they have problems, Danny helps them to solve it. He brings up his children in an old-fashioned way. But Jesse and Joey have a modern way, which Danny's daughters prefer. Danny loves to clean his house, especially his furniture. He is enthusiastic to do the spring-cleaning every day. His daughters and his both friends are not very fascinated. Danny's characteristic is to digress from a topic talking too much. His fellow men don't like it. In the beginning Danny works for the local news broadcast "Canal 8". In the second season he becomes a co-moderator of Rebecca Donaldson, who marries Jesse later, at the morning show "Wake Up, San Francisco". During the series, Danny tries to find a new wife, but it always doesn't work, because he always criticize anyone woman. He gets to know his co-moderator Vicky Larson, who stands in for the pregnant woman Becky. Danny falls in love with her. In the sixth season, they get engaged to each other. But when Vicky gets an offer to work in New York, they separate. In the eighth season, he meets the single mother Claire Mahan and they become a pair.

Joseph "Joey" Alvin Gladstone
Joey Gladstone is the best friend of Danny Tanner from his childhood. When Danny's wife dies, he moves in with him helping him to bring up Danny's daughters D.J., Stephanie and Michelle. He settles the problems of the children very sensible and understanding. Because of it, it's abused his trust. Joey works as a Stand-up-Comedian. He likes to imitate comic-figure like Popeye, Bullwinkle J. Moose or Pepé Le Pew. In the beginning Joey doesn't have an own room in Danny's house. So, he sleeps in the niche of Danny's living room. So that Joey has privacy, Danny transforms his underground parking lot into a bedroom. Because he doesn't work normal, he takes care of Danny's children: He prepares the breakfast for them, he helps them to do the homeworks, he gets them to school and other activities. By the way, Joey often takes care of Michelle when she is a baby. But he never complains. He means, if he carries out the tasks, he feels a member of the family. Joey's father worked in the US Arms and brought up him very strict. Therefore, Joey had to suffer as a child and they hadn't a good contact. D.J. and Stephanie manage to end the argument. Pushing on with his job as a comedian. When the second season starts, he sells jingles with Jesse. On the side, Joey becomes a moderator of programme for children and plays in a popular daily soap. Later, he presents the popular radio show Rush Hour Renegades with Jesse. During the serie, Joey has a few relationships, but they don't work for a long time.

Rebecca "Becky" Donaldson-Katsopolis
Rebecca Donaldson-Katsopolis is the Co-Moderator of Danny at Wake Up, San Francisco and later she becomes the wife of Jesse Katsopolis. She grew up in a farm in Valentine, Nebraska. Becky makes friend with Danny. During the serie, she turns out to a kind of mother for the daughters. Becky falls in love with Jesse, but she doesn't want to admit her feelings. They become a pair after some events. At the end of the second season during a trip with the family to Lake Tahoe, Jesse and Becky get engaged each other and want to marry immediate. At the wedding ceremony Becky sees that they don't ready yet for it. Finally they marry on Valentine's Day in the fourth season. After the wedding Jesse moves in with Becky. But she notices that he misses his family. Therefore, she decides to live at the Tanners with Jesse. Creating a good place for them, Joey and Jesse change the loft of the house into an apartment. In the fifth season, she becomes mother of twins: Nicky and Alex. In the eighth season, Becky becomes the producer of Wake Up, San Francisco. Danny feels ignored and quits almost his job as moderator. During the Serie, Becky often tries to persuade Jesse travelling to Nebraska in holidays for visiting her parents. But Jesse doesn't like it. He recommends to travel to Graceland.

Donna Jo "D.J." Margaret Tanner
D.J. Tanner is the oldest daughter of Danny and Pam Tanner and the oldest sister of Stephanie and Michelle. In the beginning she is ten years old. D.J. is usually the daughter, who is shown as an example for her younger sisters. Although she often argues with them, she is very worried about them. D.J. is a straight-A student and Danny is very proud of it. In the first seasons, she often argues with her father, Jesse or Joey, because she doesn't always follow her limits. At the end she always realize her instructions and apologizes for her inappropriate behaviour. When Jesse and Joey move in with the family Tanner in the first episode, D.J. is forced to share her bedroom with Stephanie. Because she wants more privacy, she can convince her father to need an own room in the fifth season. Then Michelle gives her room D.J. and moves in with Steph. D.J.'s best friend is Kimmy Gibbler, a school friend. They're not similar. During the series, D.J. shows different interests, for example: music, ride a horse or karate. In the fourth season, she becomes an editor-in-chief of the school newspaper at her high school. In the course of growing up, D.J. takes care of seriously topics like puberty and boys. Her first real relationship is Steve Hale. They separate in the eighth season and decide to stay friends. During the last season, D.J. has relationships with the guitarist Viper and the rich Nelson. At the end, Steve accompanies D.J. to the final ball.

Stephanie "Steph" Judith Tanner
Stephanie Tanner is a sarcastic child of Danny and Pam Tanner. She's the younger sister of D.J. and the older sister of Michelle. Her mother died, when she was five years old. In the former seasons of the series, when she feels indignant, she often says "How rude!". Steph often spies on her sister D.J. For example, she reads her diary and listen into her telephone conversations. But she's always caught. Steph is the sportiest and most inquisitive of the Tanner family. Her best friends of the High School are Gia Mahan and Mickey. She meets them in the seventh season. She creates a girlband with Gia and two other friends, but the band disbands, because of her schooling. Stephanie is the only sister, who touches the hardest topics of young persons like the group pressure including smoking and flirting on parties. During the earlier years, her favorite toy is Mr. Bear (a soft toy), which means a lot to her, because it was the last gift of her mother before she died. Steph doesn't like D.J.'s best friend Kimmy Gibbler and often argues with her.

Michelle Elizabeth Tanner
Michelle Tanner is the youngest daughter of Danny and Pam Tanner. The younger sister of D.J. and Stephanie and the spoiled baby of the family. Michelle was a baby, when her mother died. Therefore, she is the only member of the family, who can't remember her. In the beginning of the series, Jesse and Joey's inexperience towards the contact of the baby causes a lot of funny situations. At first Michelle distinguishes with her childish manners. But her father often punishes her. When Michelle grows up, she becomes the centre of the series and is included in the series. Her best friends are the child next door Teddy and her classmate Denise. She also has other friends like Derek Boyd, Lisa Leeper and Aaron Bailey. Michelle's favorite toys are Barney (a furry teddy bear), which hangs on the wall above her bed, and her pink stuffed pig. Michelle has a close relationship to her uncle Jesse. He allows her many things. Michelle is well known to say sassy slogans like "Aw nuts", "You got it dude" and "You're in big trouble, mister".

Main cast

References

Notes

Other websites
FH4ever.com - Full House Community

1987 American television series debuts
1995 television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
1990s American sitcoms
Television series set in San Francisco
1980s American sitcoms
English-language television programs

Full House


Tempo is a computer program to analyze radio observations of pulsars.  Once enough observations are available, Tempo can deduce the pulsar rotation rate and phase, astrometric position and rates of change, and parameters of binary systems, by fitting models to pulse times of arrival measured at one or more terrestrial observatories.  This is a non-trivial procedure because much larger effects must be removed before the detailed fit can be performed.  These include:
 Dispersion of the pulses in the Interstellar medium, the solar system, and the ionosphere
 Observatory motion (including Earth rotation, precession, nutation, polar motion and orbital motion)
 Tropospheric propagation delay
 Gravitational time dilation due to binary companions and Solar system bodies.

Tempo is maintained and distributed on SourceForge.  There is a reference manual available, but no general documentation.

Tempo is a relatively old program, and is being replaced by Tempo2.  The main advantages of Tempo2, from the abstract, are:
We have developed tempo2, a new pulsar timing package that contains propagation and other relevant effects implemented at the 1ns level of precision (a factor of ~100 more precise than previously obtainable). In contrast with earlier timing packages, tempo2 is compliant with the general relativistic framework of the IAU 1991 and 2000 resolutions and hence uses the International Celestial Reference System, Barycentric Coordinate Time and up-to-date precession, nutation and polar motion models.

See also
Pulsar
Binary pulsar

References

Pulsars
Radio astronomy

Tempo (astronomy)


Reginald William Revans (14 May 1907 – 8 January 2003) was an academic professor, administrator and management consultant who pioneered the use of Action learning. He was also a long jumper who represented Britain at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam where he finished 32nd in the long jump event. At the first British Empire Games, in 1930, he won the silver medal in both the long jump and triple jump competition.

Early life
He was born at Portsmouth, where his father was a marine surveyor. As a boy he saw his father receive a visit from seaman's representatives after the wreck of the RMS Titanic. He recollected attending the memorial service for Florence Nightingale with his mother in 1910.

In the late 1920s he was a doctoral student in astrophysics at the University of Cambridge. A Commonwealth Scholarship in 1930 took him to study astrophysics and astronomy at the University of Michigan, and on his return to Cambridge as a fellow to Emmanuel he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory under Lord Rutherford and Sir J. J. Thomson. There were five Nobel prizewinners in the department, but Revans found them humble enough to share their puzzlements and to listen, rather than claiming to know and be able to instruct. Revans always remembered Albert Einstein saying to him: "If you think you understand a problem, make sure you are not deceiving yourself." It was here that Revans began to develop his thinking on the role of 'non-expert' in problem solving, distinguishing between knowledge and wisdom in so doing.

He moved into education to become assistant education officer for Essex (1935–1945) and then director of education for the National Coal Board from 1945 to 1950.

Action Learning

It was at the Coal Board that Revans did much of the early work on developing action learning, working alongside E. F. Schumacher (author of Small is Beautiful) and Eric Trist, whose theories about socio-technical systems have also had an important influence on organisation development. He then moved to the Acton Society Trust where he worked with Teddy Chester. He and Chester both moved to the University of Manchester where Revans became the first professor of industrial management (1955–1965) but left to develop the inter-university action learning programme in Belgium.

Revans strongly held that the key to improving performance lay not with 'experts' but with practitioners themselves. Hence he devised Action Learning as a process whereby the participant studies his own actions and experience in conjunction with others in small groups called action learning sets.

Belgium
After resigning from Manchester University, Revans moved to Belgium where he headed the Inter-University project, which had been set up to improve the ranking of Belgium in the organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development league. Working with five
universities and 23 of the country's largest businesses, Revans' collaborative approaches succeeded in raising Belgium's industrial productivity growth rate above that of the US, Germany and Japan.

Revans was subsequently awarded with the nation's top honour by the King of Belgium.

In 1969, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath.

Later life
During the 1970s and 1980s he travelled round the world several times and wrote his most famous books: Developing Effective Managers (1971); The Origins and Growth of Action Learning (1982) and ABC of Action Learning (1983). From the 1980s Revans worked with public and private sector organisations, in the UK and internationally, advocating the process of action learning as a way of enabling and empowering people to learn with and from each other.

In the 1990s he was associated with the City of London where he met Raymond Mahoney and Alan Wenham-Prosser who were using his techniques to solve peoples problems of managing their work load in the city, and other personal problems which had become long term when managing difficult situations.  Reg Revans was made a Freeman of the City of London for the work which he did.

Revans made furniture as a hobby, played the trumpet and painted – even illustrating small books for his children. As well as being knighted by the King of Belgium, in 1997 he was awarded the freedom of the City of London. Revans died in Wem, Shropshire on 8 January 2003.

Legacy
Revans is not remembered as one of the best known gurus of management education or organisational development, not least because of his scorn for experts and his championing of ordinary people. However, his ideas have been taught at the Revans Centre for Action Learning and Research (later the Revans Institute), part of the Salford Business School and they are applied in many organisations. His techniques have been applied in many organisations and by management consultants and academics including Richard Brimble, Mike Pedler, Alan Mumford and Richard Hale in the UK, and Michael Marquardt, Yury Boshyk, Robert Kramer and Joe Raelin in the United States.

Recently the Revans Centre has moved to Manchester Business School becoming the Revans Academy.  The Revans Collection is to be found at Salford University.

References and external links

1907 births
2003 deaths
Sportspeople from Portsmouth
University of Michigan alumni
Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Manchester
British business executives
British business theorists
British business writers
British consultants
British male long jumpers
British male triple jumpers
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1930 British Empire Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Medallists at the 1930 British Empire Games

Reg Revans


The Cardinals were an American R&B group of the 1950s. Sharing a legacy with the Orioles, The Cardinals are remembered as one of the best R&B ballad acts to come out of Baltimore.

Origins
The Cardinals' career began in 1946 (one year before The Orioles) when Leon Hardy and Meredith Brothers convinced Donald Johnson to join them in harmony on the corner of Gay Street and Forest. Johnson drafted his friend Ernie Warren to round out a quartet and the new group on the block became The Mellotones. They did the usual round of Baltimore bars and nightclubs for experience, singing the songs of black and white pop groups such as The Fortunes, The Ink Spots, and The Ames Brothers. They picked up a fifth member, Jack Aydelotte, when he and they were separately scheduled to perform on The Major Baumgartner Show, a local TV talent show. They never got on the air as the show ran overtime, but thanks to the booking they now had five members including an accompanist (Jack also played guitar).

Recording contract
The years passed and a record contract came their way with the help of Super Music Record Shop store owner Sam Azrael. With group member Donald Johnson working in the store for years, Azrael had had plenty of exposure to the crooners. When Herb Abramson, co-founder of Atlantic Records, passed through Baltimore in 1951 on a talent search, Azrael gave the act an audition, and it's reported the group left the shop that very night as the newest artists on Atlantic.

In March 1950 the group came to New York, cutting four sides for their first release and simultaneously becoming The Cardinals. Five months later Shouldn't I Know peaked at #7 on the Billboard Best Seller R&B chart. It is a pretty ballad that was written by Meredith Brothers, but in a maneuver that was typical of the music business at the time, store owner Azrael wound up listed as a co-writer.

Their next session of songs, recorded on October 6, 1950, included their second single I'll Always Love You, another ballad that featuring Warren's strong lead ably supported by the warbling Cardinals. They also recorded an R&B version of Wheel of Fortune later to be released as their 3rd single in March 1952. Between February and March 1952, various versions of the song were pop hits for Kay Starr (#1), Bobby Wayne (#6), The Bell Sisters (#10) and Sunny Gale (#13). The Cardinals (#6), along with Dinah Washington (#3), scored R&B hits.

Member changes
Right after the release of Wheel of Fortune, Warren was drafted and replaced by Leander Tarver. The new member led the group through their next single, "The Bump," released the first week of August 1952.

Toward the end of 1952 Tarver left and James Brown (not James Brown) joined. Warren returned on leave from the military just in time to record You Are My Only Love and three other tunes on January 13, 1953. With James Brown still in the lineup, this session benefited from six very good voices.

Next releases
The group had not had a single in five months and it was beginning to appear that Atlantic was either losing interest or waiting for Warren to return full-time from the army. This is at least one possible explanation for the release of only two singles in two years. They were You Are My Only Love, released the fourth week of May 1953, and Under a Blanket of Blue (a song recorded nearly  years earlier) released the third week of April 1954. Warren rejoined the group full-time in March 1954, but the septet wasn't brought in to record until January 18, 1955, more than two years after their last session. The primary yield of this four-song date was the Chuck Willis-penned The Door Is Still Open to My Heart, which was issued as a single in the fourth week of February 1955.

A stunning vocal interpretation of a deceptively simple melody gave the Cardinals their biggest hit as The Door Is Still Open (To My Heart) reached top 10 R&B Best Seller and #7 Jukebox for a total of 13 weeks. Billboard R&B charts later listed it as the 43rd best seller of 1955.

The Cardinals' records at this time were some of their best, though not their most popular. In July 1955 Atlantic released the group's 8th single, Come Back My Love, a song issued five months earlier by Rama Records artists The Wrens. Neither charted, though both would later become doo wop cult classics. December arrived with Here Goes My Heart to You, an ultra-smooth ballad that somehow escaped notice. The same happened to their all-time best ballad effort Offshore and The End of the Story, their next-to-last Atlantic single.

The group's last Atlantic single was another ballad titled One Love,  worth mentioning because of the writing team that created it, Lou Stallman and Joe Shapiro (the same pair who wrote Perry Como's hit "Round and Round"). It was released in January 1957, just around the time the group called it quits. Warren formed a new group in late 1957 with tenors Sonny Hatchett and Jimmy Ricks (not The Ravens' bass lead), baritone Richard Williams, and Jim Boone on bass. They recorded several sides, including the early 1950s-sounding ballad Have I Been Gone Too Long. These almost a cappella recordings stayed in the vaults for 17 years until Bim Bam Boom Records released an EP of the songs.

Group reformed
In 1958, Warren re-formed the original Cardinals with Johnson, Brothers, and Johnny Douglas, as well as Jim Boone. After a few months, the group added an all-white backup band, a strange combination for 1958.  This backup band featured Bob Passon on bass and Jerry Passon's vocals.

The Cardinals performed into the early 1960s and then drifted apart for the last time. Among rhythm and blues record enthusiasts the group is as popular today as they were in the mid-1950s. Their nine Atlantic recording sessions produced 36 sides of which only 24 have ever been released.

External links
 The Cardinals Biography I
 The Cardinals Biography II
 The Cardinals Biography III
 The Cardinals Discography

American rhythm and blues musical groups

The Cardinals


Andrew McGuire (born in 1945 in Oakland, California) is an American trauma prevention specialist and grassroots campaigner. He was the first Executive Director of Action Against Burns (Boston, 1973–75), founder and Executive Director of the Burn Council (San Francisco General Hospital, 1975–1981), which was renamed the Trauma Foundation, in 1981. He is currently the Executive Director of California OneCare, a campaign to establish a "Medicare for All" type health insurance for all residents of California.

Life
He was severely burned as a seven-year-old child when his pajamas ignited while standing next to a kitchen stove. He began his injury prevention work in 1973, where he was the first Executive Director of  Action Against Burns, which helped establish a state fire resistance standard for children's pajamas (sizes 7-14) that helped eliminate pajama-related burn injuries to children.  The Massachusetts state standard was adopted by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission as a federal standard in mid-1975. And, in 1973, he established one of the first self-help groups for burn survivors in the U.S.

After he returned to California in 1975, and established the Burn Council, he initiated an international campaign for self-extinguishing cigarettes (also known as Fire Safe Cigarettes). The Campaign for Fire Safe Cigarettes was officially launched on May 24, 1979.  As of April, 2010, all 50 states in the U.S. have passed identical laws mandating Fire Safe Cigarettes. The exact same mandating regulations are in effect in Canada, Finland, South Africa, Australia, and all 27 countries of the European Union, among other countries. Initial results in the U.S. show up to a major reduction in fires, fire deaths and injuries due to the mandatory sale of fire safe cigarettes.

Andrew broke a New Jersey state court protective order he was under and provided secret documents from Philip Morris tobacco company, entitled "Project Hamlet," to Lowell Bergman at CBS's 60 Minutes. These 1,400 pages of documents detailed nearly a decade of secret Philip Morris research, begun in 1979, developing Fire Safe Cigarettes. These documents were exposed to the world during a Bergman produced 60 Minutes episode in March, 1994, hosted by Mike Wallace.  This was the first "proof" from within the tobacco industry that it was possible to produce a commercially viable Fire Safe Cigarette.  In a deposition of a researcher at Philip Morris, it was explained that the secret research project was code named "Project Hamlet" as an "inside joke" at the research labs.  The joke they found amusing was that the research involved the concern: "To burn or not to burn."

As a footnote to his work campaigning for Fire Safe Cigarettes, Andrew introduced Jeffrey Wigand (the whistleblower and former head of Research and Development for Brown & Williamson Tobacco. Co.) to Lowell Bergman.  The relationship between Wigand and Bergman was the subject of the 1999 Hollywood film, The Insider, starring Russell Crowe (playing Wigand) and Al Pacino (playing Bergman).  Andrew also introduced Wigand to Dr. David Kessler's staff at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

In January, 1981, Andrew was asked to join the original Board of Directors of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and, in 1983, became Acting Executive Director for a brief period.  He was the Executive Director of the Million Mom March and chaired the march on the U.S. Capitol Mall on May 14, 2000 that was attended by over 700,000.  In California, during the 1990s he led the statewide campaigns to ban handguns (Saturday Night Specials) and .50 caliber sniper rifles. Currently, he is Executive Director of CaliforniaOneCare.org (a campaign for a "Medicare" type health care system for all residents of California).

He is also a filmmaker and has produced (or co-produced) 6 documentary films and 3 educational films that are directly related to his work in trauma prevention and self-help.  He has published numerous peer reviewed articles related to his advocacy work and has appeared in the media many times since 1974, including 60 Minutes, Good Morning America, the Today Show, MacNeil/Lehrer, CBS, ABC and NBC Evening News, BBC, Australian and Canadian Broadcasting Corporations and more.

Awards and honors
 1996-Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, California State University, conferred at Sonoma State University
 1989-Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of New England
 1985 to 1990- MacArthur Prize Fellow MacArthur Fellows Program
 1982 to 1985-Kellogg National Leadership Fellowship
 1982-Emmy Award for film, "Here's Looking At You, Kid" which aired on NOVA, PBS
 2005-"The John Joseph Moakley Award," from the Harvard School of Public Health
 2002-"Andrew McGuire CIR Watchdog Award," from the Center for Investigative Reporting, SF, CA

Works
"How the tobacco industry continues to keep the home fires burning", Tobacco Control, 1999,

References

External links
"The Cigarette Safety Act", Elizabeth McLoughlin, Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Jun., 1982), pp. 226–228

1945 births
MacArthur Fellows
Living people
Traumatologists

Andrew McGuire


Interlingua is a planned language. It uses words that are found in most West-European languages. It was made by IALA. They are a group of people (the most known was Alexander Gode) that worked on it for more than 20 years. The first dictionary for the language was finished and published in 1951. Interlingua was created on the base of languages: English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian.

Spelling
The vowels in Interlingua are pronounced like in Spanish or LFN (another planned language). The consonants are pronounced, for the most part, like in English or LFN.

Interlingua keeps much of the spelling of Latin words, more near to the forms in English and French than to them in the other Romance languages. For example, it keeps q ([k]), y ([i]), ch ([k]), ph ([f]), rh ([r]), and th ([t]). It keeps also the common use of double consonants. More, it allows versions like ch for [ʃ], s between vowels like [z], c before e/i like [ts], g before e/i like [ʒ], qu before e/i like [k], etc.

Accent is not indicated, even in exceptions, but it follows, for the most part, a system of rules similar to that of LFN.

Collateral spelling
Interlingua has also a "collateral" spelling, that simplifies the complications above to a system more like this of Spanish or LFN. This collateral spelling has the same status, but in reality it is not much used by adherents. The details:

double letters are simplified, except ss, for example ecclesia > eclesia, adducer > aducer, interrogar > interogar.
vowel y becomes i, for example tyranno > tirano.
ph becomes f, for example phonetic > fonetic.
ch, when pronounced like k, becomes c, except before e o i, for example christo > cristo.
rh and th become r and t, for example rhetoric > retoric, pathetic > patetic.
g and gi, when pronounced like French j, become j, for example sage > saje, sagio > sajo.
-isar and derivations become -izar, for example civilisar > civilizar.
-te becomes -t, except when the accent is on the third syllable from the end, for example animate > animat.
-nne, -lle, and -rre become -n, -l, and -r, for example perenne > peren, belle > bel, bizarre > bizar.

Articles
un - a/an
le - the
al - to the
del - of the

Nouns
The plural is -s after a vowel, -es after a consonant, but -hes after final c:
catto > cattos - cat > cats
can > canes - dog > dogs
roc > roches - rook > rooks (of chess)

Interlingua has no grammatical gender. Some words distinguish female from male by changing -o into -a, or by adding -essa. Other ones have two different forms. But the most of words do not distinguish:
puero > puera - boy > girl
tigre > tigressa - male tiger > female tiger
rege > regina - king > queen
jornalista - journalist (male or female)

Adjectives
Adjectives do not change for agreement with nouns. They can precede or follow the noun, except numbers, that always precede the noun. In general, short adjectives precede and long adjectives follow.
belle oculos = oculos belle - beautiful eyes
un bon idea, un idea ingeniose - a good idea, an ingenious idea

To compare, use plus or minus and le plus or le minus:
un plus feroce leon - a more ferocious lion
un traino minus rapide - a less rapid train
le plus alte arbore - the highest tree
le solution le minus costose - the less costly solution

One can use the suffix -issime for the absolute superlative:
un aventura excellentissime -  the most excellent adventure

The adjectives bon, mal, magne (big), and parve (little) have alternative irregular forms :

{|
|-
|bon › plus bon › le plus bon ||   || or ||   || bon › melior › optime
|-
|mal › plus mal › le plus mal ||   || or ||   || mal › pejor › pessime
|-
|magne › plus magne › le plus magne ||   || or ||   || magne › major › maxime
|-
|parve › plus parve › le plus parve ||   || or ||   || parve › minor › minime
|}

Adverbs
There are two kinds of adverbs: first form and second form. Adverbs of first form are a closed class of grammatical words, like quasi (almost), jam (already), and totevia (nevertheless). Adverbs of second form are an open class derived from adjectives by adding the suffix -mente (or -amente after final c):
felice > felicemente - happily
magic > magicamente - magically

Some common adverbs have short alternative forms that end with -o:
sol > solmente > solo - only

Like adjectives, adverbs use plus, minus, le plus, and le minus:
Illa canta plus bellemente que illa parla - She sings more beautifully than she speaks
Le gepardo curre le plus rapide de omne animales - The cheetah runs the most rapidly of all animals

The adverbs of bon and mal have alternative irregular forms:

{|
|-
|bonmente › plus bonmente › le plus bonmente ||   || or ||   || ben › plus ben › le plus ben ||   || or ||   || ben › melio › optimo
|-
|malmente › plus malmente› le plus malmente ||   || or ||   || mal › plus mal › le plus mal ||   || or ||   || mal › pejo › pessimo
|}

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

One can use the objective form for the direct object and the indirect object. Or, one can use the preposition a before the pronoun for the indirect object:
Le caffe es excellente: proba lo! - The cafe is excellent - taste it!
Dice me le conto; dice me lo (Dice le conto a me...) - Tell the story to me; tell it to me.

The reflective pronouns are used when the subject of the verb is the same as the object (direct or indirect). Like in the Romance languages, the reflective is used much more than in English:
Deo adjuta les, qui se adjuta - God helps these who help themselves
Io me sibila un melodia - I whistle a melody to myself
Tu te rasava? - Did you shave yourself?
Francese se parla in Francia - French is spoken in France

Regarding the forms of possession, the longer forms are used in constructions like le auto es le mie - the car is mine. But one can also use them more like strong adjectives than the short forms:
alicun amicos mie - some friends of mine
Matre mie! Es un piccante bolla de carne! - Mama mia! That is a spicy meatball!

Much speakers use vos instead of tu for courtesy in formal situations:
Esque vos passava un viage placente, Seniora Chan? - Did you have a nice journey, Mrs Chan?
Aperi vostre valise, Senior - Open your suitcase, sir

Use illes for groups of persons with both men and women. Illas can be used for groups of only women.

Impersonal pronouns
Il is an impersonal pronoun for using in constructions like il pluve (it rains). Il can also be used when the real subject is a clause that occurs later in the sentence.
Il deveni tarde - It is becoming late
Il es ver que nos expende multe moneta - It is true that we spend much money
Es bon que vos veni ora - It is good that you come now

On is the pronoun used when the identity of the subject is not clear. The form for objects is uno:
On non vide tal cosas actualmente - One is not seeing such things just now
On sape nunquam lo que evenira - One knows nothing that will happen
On construe un nove linea de metro al centro urban - One constructs a new line of subway to the centre of the city
On collige le recyclabiles omne venerdi - One collects the recyclables every Friday
Tal pensatas afflige uno in le profundo del depression - Such thoughts afflict one in the depth of depression

Demonstrative pronouns

The major forms are the adjective iste or ille and the pronoun iste, ista, and isto, that can be plural. When the subject of a sentence has two possible predecessors, iste refers to the second predecessor.
Iste vino es pessime - This wine is worst
Isto es un bon idea - This is a good idea
Janet accompaniava su soror al galeria - Janet accompanied her sister to the gallery
(a) Illa es un artista notabile - Janet is a notable artist
(b) Ista es un artista notabile - The sister is a notable artist

The adjective of distance is ille o aquelle. The pronouns are the same as the personal pronouns.
Io cognosce ille viro; ille se appella Smith - I know that man; his name is Smith
Illo es un obra magnific - That is a magnificent work

Relative and interrogative pronouns
The relative pronouns for persons and animals are qui (subject and after prepositions) and que (object):
Nos vole un contabile qui sape contar - We want an accountant who knows counting
Nos vole un contabile super qui nos pote contar - We want an accountant on who we can count
Nos vole un contabile que le policia non perseque - We want an accountant whom the police do not pursue

The relative pronoun for things is que for all uses:

Il ha duo sortas de inventiones: illos que on discoperi e illos que discoperi uno - There are two kinds of inventions: those which you discover and those which discover you

Cuje - "whose" or "of which" - is used for persons and things:
un autor cuje libros se vende in milliones - an author whose books are sold in millions
un insula cuje mysterios resta irresolvite - an isle of which mysteries remain irresolved

All they above can be replaced by le qual or le quales:
Mi scriptorio esseva in disordine – le qual, nota ben, es su stato normal - My desk were in disorder - which, note well, is its normal state
Duo cosinos remote, del quales io sape nihil, veni visitar - Two distant cousins, of which I know nothing, come to visit

The relative pronouns are also used as interrogative pronouns.

Verbs
These are the most common forms of verbs (note exceptions in underlined letters):

The verbs do not vary for persons and plural, except for alternative versions for esser. The tenses normal are used for the subjunctive and the command. Esse, habe, and vade have forms short for the present: es, ha, and va.

Infinitives
Infinitives are used for both the infinitive and the gerund, and can be pluralized if needed:
Cognoscer nos es amar nos - To know us is to love us
Il es difficile determinar su strategia - It is difficult to determine his strategy
Illes time le venir del locustas - They fear the coming of the locusts
Le faceres de illa evocava un admiration general - Her actions evoked the general admiration

Simple tenses
There are three simple tenses - past, present, and future. They are used for both the perfect (completed) and the imperfect, and for both the perfective and the non-perfective (continuing).
Io ama mangos; io mangia un justo ora - I love mangos; I am eating one right now
Mi auto es vetere e ha multe defectos: naturalmente illo va mal! - Me car is old and has many defects; naturally it goes badly!
Io vos diceva repetitemente: le hospites jam comenciava partir quando le casa se incendiava - I told you repeatedly: the guests were already beginning to leave when the house was set on fire
Nos volara de hic venerdi vespere, e sabbato postmeridie nos prendera le sol al plagia in Santorini - We will fly from here Friday evening, and Saturday afternoon we will be taking the sun at the beach in Santorini
Si ille faceva un melior reclamo, ille venderea le duple - If he made advertisings more good, he would sell twice

Participles
Participles formation in Interlingua follows this simple pattern:

un corvo parlante - a speaking crow
Approximante le station, io sentiva un apprehension terribile - Approaching the station, I felt an awful apprehension
un conto ben contate - a well told story
La Beltate dormiente - The Sleeping Beauty

Composed tenses
Instead of the simple tenses, one can use composed forms. For the past, one can use ha and other forms of habe, with the past participle:
Le imperio ha cadite - The empire has fallen

For the future, use va and other forms of vade, with the infinitive:
Io va retornar - I will return

Used rarely, velle with the infinitive is the hypothetical composed:
Io velle preferer facer lo sol - I would prefer to do it alone

The passive is formed by using es or other forms of esser with the passive participle:
Iste salsicias es fabricate per experte salsicieros - These sausages are made by expert sausage makers

The passive to the Past Perfect is created by using habeva essite with the passive participle:
Nostre planeta habeva essite surveliate durante multe annos - Our planet has been surveyed for many years

Other forms
Here are examples of various forms of commands:
Face lo ora! - Do it now!
Le imperatrice desira que ille attende su mandato - The empress wants him attend to her command
Va tu retro al campo; resta vos alteros hic - You: return to the camp; The rest of you: stay here
Cliccar hic - Click here
Que tu va via! - I want you to go away!
Que illes mangia le tortas - Let them eat cake / They can eat cakes
Que nos resta hic ancora un die / Vamos restar hic ancora un die - They must still remain here for a day / Let we still remain here for a day

Sia is the interrogative form and the subjunctive of esser:
Sia caute! - Be cautious!
Sia ille vive o sia ille morte... - Whether he is live or he is dead...
Que lor vita insimul sia felice! - Let their life together be happy!

Alternative versions of esser
Because the verb esser is irregular in many European languages, Interlingua allows the use of versions:
es - present
sia - command and subjunctive
era - past
sera - future
serea - hypothetical

Some persons use also these forms of esser in the present tense:
son - plural
me so, nos somos (much rarely)

Verbs with two roots
Because Interlingua is a "neo-Latin" language, it keeps any of the double roots of Latin that survive in the Romance languages and English. For example:
sentir ("to feel") > sentimento, sensor
repeller ("to repulse") > repellente, repulsive
ager ("to act") > agente, actor

Many speakers of Interlingua prefer the use of the more recognizable form in international vocabularies, and drop the other ones.

Syntax
The normal order of words in Interlingua is subject-verb-object, but one can use other orders if the meaning is clear:
Ille reface horologios - He repairs clocks
Amandolas ama io tanto, io comprava un amandoliera - I love almonds so much that I bought an almond orchard

But pronouns tend to follow the order of the Romance languages - subject-object-verb - except for infinitives and commands, that has the object after the verb:
Ille los reface - He repairs them
Nos vole obtener lo - We want to obtain it
Jecta lo via! - Throw it away!

If two pronouns - first the object direct and second the indirect object - occur with the same verb, the indirect object goes first:
Io les lo inviava per avion - I sent it to them by plane
Io la los inviava per nave - I sent them to her by ship

Questions
One can form questions in different ways:

1. By putting the verb before the subject:
Ha ille arrivate? - Has he arrived?
Cognosce tu ben Barcelona? - Do you know Barcelona well?
Te place le filmes de Quentin Tarantino? - Do you like the films by Quentin Tarantino?

2. By using a word of question instead of the subject:
Qui ha dicite isto? - Who has said this?
Que cadeva super te? Un incude - What fell on you? An anvil

3. By adding the particle esque (or, more rarely, an) to the beginning of the sentence:
Esque illa vermente lassava su fortuna a su catto? - Did she leave her fortune to her cat?

4. By change the tone of the sentence, or by adding a question mark, without change the normal order:
Tu jam ha finite tu labores? - Have you already finished your work?

References
Gode, Alexander, and Hugh E. Blair. Interlingua: a grammar of the international language. Storm Publishers, New York, 1951.

Interlingua
Grammars of specific languages

Interlingua grammar


Craft or handicraft is about making things with one's own hands and skills. The different types of crafts can be put in groups according to the material being used. In the Middle Ages the most common materials were metal, wood or clay.

A craftsman is a person who has the knowledge and skills of a craft.  When they have a lot of experience they may be called a master craftsman.  If they are young people learning a craft they are called an apprentice.

Craft


Admiral Charles Powell Hamilton (26 December 1747 – 12 March 1825) was an officer of the Royal Navy, who saw service during the American War of Independence, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of admiral.

Family and early life
Hamilton was born on 26 December 1747, the third and youngest son of Lord Anne Hamilton, who was the third and youngest son of James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton.; his middle name was from his mother, Anna Charlotta Maria Powell. He joined the navy and saw some service during the American War of Independence. After the Action of 13 May 1779 in which he commanded HMS Fortune, he was promoted to the rank of post-captain on 18 May 1779 and to command of the frigate HMS Apollo.

War with the French
With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793 Hamilton was assigned to command the 74-gun third rate . In November 1794 the Canada and the , the latter under Captain Richard Rodney Bligh, had been assigned to escort a convoy from England to Cape St Vincent. While the two warships were returning they were spotted by a French squadron under Joseph-Marie Nielly, consisting of five 74 gun ships of the line, three large frigates and a brig. Outnumbered the British ships attempted to escape, but began to be overhauled by the French. Bligh eventually turned and engaged the French, allowing Hamilton aboard the Canada to escape. After an unequal engagement during which the Alexander was reduced to a sinking condition, Bligh struck his colours. Shortly after Hamilton's return to England he was transferred to the 98-gun second rate . Hamilton and the Prince were assigned to the fleet under Admiral Alexander Hood, which in June 1795 came across a French fleet under Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, and which included the captured Alexander off Groix. The Alexander had been taken into the French navy after her surrender, and after an engagement termed the Battle of Groix, the British recaptured her. Though Hamilton was present, he was not directly engaged in the fighting.

Family and later life
Hamilton was promoted rear-admiral on 20 February 1797, vice-admiral on 1 January 1801 and admiral on 28 April 1808. He married Lucretia Prosser in May 1777, having two sons with her. The younger, Augustus Hamilton, also joined the navy, becoming a lieutenant. Correspondence between Vice-Admiral Hamilton and Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson in 1803 indicates that the elder Hamilton asked Nelson to find a place for his son aboard , but that Nelson was unable to oblige. Admiral Charles Powell Hamilton died at Fir Hill, near Droxford, Hampshire on 12 March 1825, at the age of 77.

Following the death in 1895 of William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton without male issue, Hamilton's great-grandson, Alfred Douglas Hamilton inherited the Dukedom of Hamilton.

Notes

References

1747 births
1825 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from the City of Winchester

Charles Powell Hamilton


Madness (or Insanity)  is a word that can have different meanings:
 Up to about the 19th century someone who acted strangely, or outside the socially accepted norms was called mad or insane. This could range from having weird  ideas to someone having delusions or hallucinations, as they are common in some mental illnesses, such as psychosis.
 Today, those having delusions or hallucinations (or other mental illnesses) are sometimes called mad or insane by people who are not doctors. Doctors say they have "mental disorders"
 Certain diseases, such as rabies, lead to a major change in behaviour.  An animal that suffers from rabies is sometimes called rabid or mad.

Being able to tell right from wrong is the base of a working society and of law; for this reason, the law treats those people differently who are not able to make this distinction. In the law, when people who can't understand that their crimes are crimes it's called the insanity defense.

Related pages
 Lunatic
 Psychiatry
 Insanity defense

Mental illnesses

Madness


Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman (April 23, 1889 in Utrecht - February 28, 1942) was a Dutch admiral (Dutch: schout-bij-nacht) during World War II.

In 1942 he was made commander of the combined American, British, Dutch and Australian fleet in the Dutch East Indies.

In February 1942, he led his fleet against a much stronger Japanese fleet in the Java Sea. This battle became a disaster for the Allies. Doorman became a hero in the Netherlands, partly of his last words to the fleet: "Ik val aan, volg mij!" (I am attacking, follow me).

Karel Doorman died when his ship De Ruyter (named after the famous Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter) was hit by a torpedo and sank. There was enough time to escape, but Doorman rather went under with his ship, according to old tradition.

1889 births
1942 deaths
Admirals
Dutch military personnel of World War II
Military people killed in World War II
People from Utrecht (city)

Karel Doorman


Grandma is a comic strip by Charles Kuhn that ran from April 14, 1947 to June 28, 1969. He usually signed the strip "Chas. Kuhn".

Publication history
Grandma began April 14, 1947. It was originally distributed by Duke Richardson's Indianapolis-based syndicate, Richardson Feature Service. A year later, Grandma was picked up by King Features Syndicate, which distributed it from June 28, 1948, until June 28, 1969.

The Sunday page began November 20, 1949. Kuhn used it to introduce an innovative, interactive device; a single panel in the middle tier was displayed minus colors, so that young readers could use crayons to complete the coloring. It was captioned "Color this one, kids!" or "Here's one to color, kids!"

By 1952, the strip ran internationally in 240 newspapers.

Characters and story
The strip depicted humorous events in the life of a friendly, fun-loving woman known to her friends and neighbors only as Grandma. As comics historian Don Markstein described the character:
Grandma was known by no other name, to children and grownups alike, despite the fact that she gave no evidence of having actual progeny of her own. Like the much earlier Lady Bountiful, she palled around day in and day out with the neighborhood kids; but unlike her, Grandma wasn't interested in improving them. She was just having fun. Otherwise, she kept busy around the house, but of course, the household chores included a lot of baking. Kuhn derived much of her character from his own mother, who, in her dotage by most standards, was always ready to dress up, sing, and even dance a jig to help out a small theatrical production put on by her friends, the children of the neighborhood.

Kuhn sometimes used Grandma to publicize Goodwill Industries in Indianapolis. He was so totally absorbed by and devoted to his strip that when he was asked about hobbies, he answered, "Grandma and creating toys for the kids." Toys belonging to the neighborhood kids were also a key topic in many Grandma strips; she sometimes reverted to a second childhood and played with the toys herself. Kuhn's other main interest was fishing.

Awards

At the 1958 Chicago convention of the Grandmothers Club of America, Charles and Lois Kuhn were named Foster Grandparents of the Year. In addition to a plaque from the National Grandmother and Grandfather awards committee, actress Jane Darwell presented the Kuhns with their awards: miniature gold rocking chairs with red plush seats.

References

External links
 Grandma at Comicstripfan.com

1947 comics debuts
1969 comics endings
American comics characters
American comic strips
Comics about women
Comics characters introduced in 1947
Female characters in comics
Gag-a-day comics
Works about old age

Grandma (comic strip)


A ledger line is a short line used in musical notation to write notes which would otherwise be too high or too low to put on any of the five lines on the staff. A short line (slightly longer than the note) is drawn parallel to the lines on the staff, and the note head is placed on that line or in the space below or above it.

Notes with at least three or four ledger lines are rarely used for composing and arranging. It is easier to change the clef or use the "8va" sign (called "ottava" sign), which means the notes should be played an octave higher or lower than it is written, depending on whether the sign is above or below the staff.

Related pages

 Transposition (music)

References
Anon. 2001. "Leger [Ledger] Line". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Godwin, Joscelyn. 1974. "Playing from Original Notation". Early Music 2, no. 1 (January): 15–19.
Read, Gardner. 1969. Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice, second edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted, New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979.

Musical notation

Ledger line


The Mazda MX-3 wis a fower-seat hatchback produced frae September 1991 tae 1998. It wis based on the EC platform. The MX-3 wis marketit as the Mazda MX-3 Precidia in Canadae, the Eunos 30X in Australie, an as the Eunos Presso, Autozam AZ-3 an Mazda AZ-3 in Japan.The MX-3 is quite popular for modification acause o the range o performance ingines which can be transplantit, sic as the KL-ZE.

The MX-3 wis notable for haein ane o the lawest displacement V6 ingines iver fittit tae a production vehicle wi its 1.8 L V6.

Ingine

The MX-3 came wi three ingine options: a 1.5 L I4 (ae foond in the Autozam AZ-3), a 1.6 L I4 an a 1.8 L V6. The 1.6 L wis available in twa versions, an 88 hp (66 kW)  SOHC/16-valve B6-ME unit which pouered 1992 an 1993 models, or a 106 hp (79 kW) DOHC/16-valve B6-D unit which wis foond in 1994 an later models. The Japanese mercat DOHC/16-valve B5-ZE produced 115 hp (86 kW) an the maist pouerful DOHC 24-valve V6 K8-DE produced 135 hp (101 kW) an 130 hp in North American models. Aw wur available wi a 5-speed manual or an optional 4-speed automatic transmission, dependin upon the mercat.

Performance
The V6 MX-3 haed a tap speed o approximately 212 km/h (132 mph). The MX-3 GS coud accelerate frae 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 8.4 seconds, an coud traivel a quarter mile in 16.4 seconds. Wi a turnin rate o 0.89 g (8.7 m/s²), its handlin capabilities wur ane o the best in its class.

The V6 ingine wis impressive for the time, belongin tae the Mazda K-series, which wur uised in a range o Mazda vehicles. Thir ingines wur designed tae be smooth, vera lang lastin, an hauld a hie torque athort the RPM range. Thir ingines uised a variable length intake manifold (VLIM), in order tae provide optimal torque uisin intake resonance. Mazda cawed thair seestem on the MX-3 the "Variable Resonance Induction System" (VRIS). This ingine haed a 7000 rpm redline, an a 7800 rpm fuel cutaff.

The MX-3 uised Mazda's proprietary Twin-Trapezoidal Link (TTL) for the rear suspension. It passively alloued the rear wheels tae turn slichtly in order tae enhance handlin. It haes been uised on a range o Mazda vehicles, providin a smooth ride, yet deliverin responsive handlin while minimizin body lean.

Freemit airtins

MX-3.com - Specifications an ither details

MX-3
Compact caurs
Front-wheel-drive sports caurs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Sport compact caurs
Hatchbacks
1990s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1991
Liftbacks
Coupes

Mazda MX-3


Comet vintages are years during which an astronomical event, involving generally a "Great Comet", occurs prior to harvest. Throughout the history of wine, winemakers have attributed successful vintages and ideal weather conditions to the unexplained effects caused by the comets. Some of the most heralded vintages in the last couple of centuries—such as the 1811, 1826, 1839, 1845, 1852, 1858, 1861, 1985, and 1989 vintages—have coincided with a notable appearance of a comet. There is no scientific basis for any effect of comets on viticulture, but the term nevertheless remains in use.

The term "comet wine" is sometimes used in the wine world to describe a wine of exceptional quality in reference to the high reputation that comet vintages have. The 1811 comet vintage, coinciding with the appearance of the Great Comet of 1811, is perhaps the most famous. The 1811 Château d'Yquem has exhibited what wine experts like Robert Parker have described as exceptional longevity with Parker scoring the wine a perfect 100 points when tasted in 1996. The 1811 vintage of Veuve Clicquot is theorized to have been the first truly "modern" Champagne due to the advancements in the méthode champenoise which Veuve Clicquot pioneered through the technique of remuage.

Effects of the comets
There is no accepted viticultural impact of comets on grapevines, and there have been many successful vintages throughout the world in years where there were no noticeable comet sightings. Over centuries a great number of events and phenomena have been attributed to the appearances of comets in the sky—such as devastating earthquakes, a 1668 epidemic among cats in Westphalia, or an increase in the birth of twins in a particular area. While many of the phenomena associated with comets tend to be negative, the association of comets and wine has almost always been held as beneficial by viticulturists and oenologists.

1811 vintage

The 1811 comet vintage has had the most lasting notoriety. The comet that year was the Flaugergues comet, named after Honoré Flaugergues who first spotted the comet in March. The comet was visible for most of the growing season, which saw optimal conditions for many of the world's major growing regions, but particularly for France. After a string of bad vintages at the start of the 19th century, the 1811 vintage was a reversal of fortune in regions like Bordeaux, Cognac, Champagne and Sauternes. For Cognac, the vintage was considered one of the greatest in history, with many producers today including images of stars on their labels as an homage to the 1811 vintage. Notable wines from this include the 1811 Château d'Yquem, which received a perfect 100-point wine rating by wine critic Robert Parker at a 1996 tasting over one hundred and eighty years after it was bottled. In Germany, the 1811 vintage was so successful that producers along the Rhine would label their wines as "comet hock".

The 1811 bottling of vintage Champagne from the Champagne house of Veuve Clicquot has been theorized to have been the first truly "modern" Champagne. The wine was one of the first to be described as "limpid" or sediment-free. This was due to the new technique of remuage or riddling developed by Veuve Cliquot that tackled the historical problem of how to remove the ill tasting and unpleasant looking sediments from the sparkling wine without losing the carbon-dioxide gas that makes it bubble. The development of riddling was a hallmark moment in the evolution of the modern Champagne industry. In the early 19th century, Veuve Clicquot tried to keep their techniques a secret, but the clarity and limpidity of their Champagne captured worldwide attention and eventually their secret escaped. In the summer of 1812, following Napoleon's invasion of Russia, despite a decree from Tsar Alexander I of Russia banning the importation of French wine in bottles, Louis Bohne, lead sales agent for Veuve Clicquot, was able to smuggle a large quantity of the 1811 Cuvée de la Comète into Königsberg. As word of the wine's quality spread, Bohne found eager customers among the Russian elite, with even the Tsar himself seeking out the wine.

Literary references
There have been several references in literature to the 1811 vintage, which was often described as the "Year of the Comet". It is referenced in the title of Ray Russell's 1967 short story "Comet Wine", and the vintage contributes to the story's plot. Ernst Jünger's 1939 novel On the Marble Cliffs has central characters drinking wine from the "year of the comet". In "The Adventure of the Stockbroker's Clerk" by Arthur Conan Doyle, Dr. Watson describes Sherlock Holmes, upon being told the clerk's story, as being pleased, "like a connoisseur who has just taken his first sip of a comet vintage." In the 1992 romantic comedy Year of the Comet, a bottle of 1811 Château Lafite is central to the story line. In The Uncommercial Traveller Charles Dickens refers to a clergyman as one "acquainted with 'Twenty port and comet vintages".

Other notable comet vintages

The 1858 comet vintage attributed to the Donati Comet was widely praised for the quality of Bordeaux claret that came out of that vintage. The 1874 comet vintage was considered especially favorable for the German wine regions of the Mosel and Rheingau.

1826 — Biela's Comet
1832 — Biela's Comet
1839 — Biela's Comet
1845 — Great June Comet of 1845
1846 — Biela's Comet
1852 — Biela's Comet
1858 — Comet Donati
1861 — Great Comet of 1861
1874 — Comet Coggia
1985 — Halley's Comet
1989 — Comet Okazaki-Levy-Rudenko

References

Viticulture
Wine terminology
History of wine

Comet vintages


Ernest "Ernie" Coombs, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called Mr. Dressup. 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called Butternut Square which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.

After "Butternut Square" ended Coombs started the "Mr. Dressup" TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his "Tickle Trunk".

Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

His TV show did not stop until February 1996.  The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada .

Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.

Other websites
Ernie Coombs' Order of Canada Citation
Ernie Coombs' CBC personalities page
Canadian Connections' Ernie Coombs page
The Mr. Dressup Pictures and Sound Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

Multimedia
CBC Archives Remembering Mr. Dressup - CBC News 2001

1927 births
2001 deaths
Musicians from Ontario
Canadian television actors
People from Lewiston, Maine

Ernie Coombs


Electronics is the study of electricity (the flow of electrons) and how to use that to build things like computers. It uses circuits that are made with parts called components and connecting wires to do useful things.  The science behind Electronics comes from the study of physics and gets applied in real-life ways through the field of electrical engineering.

Many people can name several simple electronic components, such as transistors, fuses, circuit breakers, batteries, motors, transformers, LEDs and bulbs, but as the number of components starts to increase, it often helps to think in terms of smaller systems or blocks, which can be connected together to do something useful.

One way of looking at an electronic system is to separate it into three parts:
 Inputs - Electrical or mechanical sensors, which take signals from the physical world (in the form of temperature, pressure, etc.) and convert them into electric current and voltage signals.
 Signal processing circuits - These consist of electronic components connected together to manipulate, interpret and transform the information contained in the signals.
 Outputs - Actuators or other devices that transform current and voltage signals back into human readable information.

A television set, for example, has as its input a broadcast signal received from an antenna, or for cable television, a cable.

Signal processing circuits inside the television set use the brightness, colour, and sound information contained in the received signal to control the television set's output devices. The display output device may be a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a plasma or liquid crystal display screen. The audio output device might be a magnetically driven audio speaker. The display output devices convert the signal processing circuits' brightness and colour information into the visible image displayed on a screen. The audio output device converts the processed sound information into sounds that can be heard by listeners.

Analysis of a circuit/network involves knowing the input and the signal processing circuit, and finding out the output. Knowing the input and output and finding out or designing the signal processing part is called synthesis.

History
People started experimenting with electricity as early as 600 B.C.E, when Thales of Miletus discovered rubbing fur on amber would cause them to attract each other.

Starting in the 1900s, devices used glass or metal vacuum tubes to control the flow of electricity. With these components a low power voltage can be used to change another. This revolutionized radio, and allowed other inventions.

In the 1960s and early 1970s transistors and semiconductor began replacing vacuum tubes. Transistors can be made much smaller than vacuum tubes and they can work using less energy.

At about the same time, integrated circuits (circuits that are integrated inside other circuits) became commonly used. Integrated circuits made it possible to reduce the number of parts needed to make electronic products and made the products much cheaper in general.

Analog circuits
Analog circuits are used for signals that have a range of amplitudes. In general, analog circuits measure or control the amplitude of signals. In the early days of electronics, all electronic devices used analog circuits. The frequency of the analog circuit is often measured or controlled in analog signal processing. Even though more digital circuits are now made, analog circuits will always be necessary since the world and its people work in analog ways.

Radar
Pulse circuits are used for signals that require rapid pulses of energy.  For example, a radar works by using pulse circuits to create and send high powered bursts of radio energy from radar transmitters.  Radar antennas are used to send ("transmit") the high powered bursts in the direction the antenna is pointed.

The radar transmitter's pulses or bursts of radio energy hit and bounce back (they are "reflected") from hard or big metallic objects.  Hard objects are things like buildings, hills, and mountains.  Big things made of metal include aircraft, bridges, or even objects in space, like satellites.  The reflected radar energy is detected by radar pulse receivers which use both pulse and digital circuits together.  The pulse and digital circuits in radar pulse receivers are used to show the location, distance, and speed of objects which have reflected the radar transmitter's high powered pulses.

Digital circuits

Digital circuits are used for signals that only turn on and off instead of often working at levels somewhere between on and off. Active components in digital circuits typically have one signal level when turned on, and another signal level when turned off. In general, in digital circuits a component is only switched on and off.

Computers and electronic clocks are examples of electronic devices that are made up of mostly digital circuits.

Basic blocks:
 Logic gates
 Flip-flops
 Multiplexer
 Binary adder
 Counters
 Arithmetic logic unit
 Floating point unit

Complex devices:
 Microprocessors
 Microcontrollers
 Digital signal processors

Related pages
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 Electricity

Other websites

Tutorials and projects

 Wikibooks Electronics
 ROHM's Electronics Basics
 Maker Pro Electronics Projects
 All About Circuits Lessons in Electric Circuits
 Electronics Infoline Directory for electronics projects
 Electronics tutorials.com
 Williamson Labs' Electronics tutorial
 Ian Purdie's Electronics tutorial  s
 Iguana Labs' Electronics Tutorials and Kits
 Electronic Meanings and Acronyms
 Lessons in Electric Circuits - A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics.
 Radio-Electronics.Com Free information and resources covering radio and electronics
 Electronic tutorials - Books and projects for self access learning
 Electronic MCQs - Find Best Objective Questions and Answers

Electronics


Islam is the religion of the majority of the Palestinian population residing in the Palestinian territories, with Muslims comprising 75% of the population of the West Bank, and 99% of the population of the Gaza Strip.

Jerusalem is Islam's third holiest city after Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. The Haram al Sharif (Temple Mount) of Jerusalem is believed by Muslims to be the location from which Muhammad ascended to Jannah (paradise); there is no mention of Jerusalem in the Koran, however.

This widely accepted Islamic belief raises the religious and spiritual importance to them of the Dome of the Rock and the adjacent al-Aqsa Mosque. Muslims are sensitive to and mindful of the circumstance that two mosques along with the rest of East Jerusalem are claimed and illegally occupied by the state of Israel.

References

Palestinian culture
Palestine

Islam in Palestine