Musée Marmottan Monet () is an art museum in Paris, France, dedicated to artist Claude Monet. The collection features over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings by Claude Monet, including his 1872 Impression, Sunrise. The museum's fame is the result of a donation in 1966 by Michel Monet, Claude's second son and only heir.

History

Originally a hunting lodge for the Duke of Valmy, the building at the edge of the Bois de Boulogne was purchased in 1882 by Jules Marmottan, who later left it to his son, Paul Marmottan. The latter moved into the lodge and, with an interest in the Napoleonic era, he expanded his father's collection of paintings, furniture and bronzes. Marmottan bequeathed his home and collection, as well as his library (the Bibliothèque Marmottan in Boulogne), to the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The Académie opened up the house and collection as the Musée Marmottan in 1934.

1985 theft
On October 27, 1985, during daylight hours, five masked gunmen with pistols threatening security and visitors entered the museum and stole nine paintings from the collection. Among them were Impression, Sunrise  (Impression, soleil levant) by Claude Monet, the painting from which the Impressionism movement took its name. Aside from that also stolen were Camille Monet and Cousin on the Beach at Trouville, Portrait of Jean Monet, Portrait of Poly, Fisherman of Belle-Isle and Field of Tulips in Holland also by Monet, Bather Sitting on a Rock and Portrait of Monet by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Young Woman at the Ball by Berthe Morisot, and Portrait of Monet by Seiichi Naruse. The stolen paintings were valued at $12 million.

A tip-off led to the arrest in Japan of a yakuza gangster named Shuinichi Fujikuma who had spent time in French prison for trafficking heroin and was sentenced for five years. There he met Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun who were part of an art syndicate. Fujikuma, Jamin and Khimoun planned the Marmottan theft.  In Fujikuma's house, police found a catalog with all the stolen paintings from the museum circled. Also found were two paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot stolen in 1984 from a museum in France. This led to the recovery of the stolen paintings in a small villa in Corsica in December 1990.

Collections
Though originally a showcase for pieces from the First Empire, the nature of the museum's collection began to change with two major donations.  In 1957, Victorine Donop de Monchy gave the museum an important collection of Impressionist works that had belonged to her father, Doctor Georges de Bellio, physician to Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley and Renoir, and an early supporter of the Impressionist movement.  In 1966, Claude Monet's second son, Michel Monet, left the museum his own collection of his father's work, thus creating the world's largest collection of Monet paintings. In 1985, Nelly Duhem, adopted daughter of the painter Henri Duhem, donated his large collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works (which included several Monets) to the museum.

Since 1975 the museum has organized two exhibitions annually dedicated to an individual or collections, including Toulouse-Lautrec in 1976, Boilly in 1984, Daumier in 1989, Goya in 1990, Boldini in 1991 and Pissarro in 2017. The museum's paintings from late in the career Claude Monet were exhibited at the New Orleans Museum of Art and Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in 1995.  The works later traveled to the Walters Art Museum, San Diego Museum of Art and Portland Museum of Art in 1998–1999.

The museum also contains works by Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. It also houses the Wildenstein Collection of illuminated manuscripts and the Jules and Paul Marmottan collection of Napoleonic era art and furniture.

Design and layout

Jacque Carlu, then curator of the museum, built a special exhibition space for the Monet collection in a lower level of the museum.  Inspired by the hall designed for Monet's Water Lilies murals in the Musée de l'Orangerie, the large, open room allows visitors to see a progression of Monet's work, as well as to view his canvases both up close and from afar. One of the most notable pieces in the museum is Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, Soleil Levant), the painting from which the Impressionist movement took its name. The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan in 1985 but recovered five years later and returned to the permanent exhibit in 1991.

Location
The museum is located at 2, rue Louis Boilly in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. The nearest métro station is La Muette, on line 9.

See also
 Fondation Monet in Giverny, Monet's home, studio, and gardens
 List of museums in Paris
 List of single-artist museums

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Musee marmottan monet
Art museums established in 1934
1934 establishments in France

Musée Marmottan Monet


Johan Kievit (1627–1692) was an Orangist Rotterdam Regent, who may have been one of the instigators of the murder of former Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, of the Dutch Republic, and his brother Cornelis de Witt on 20 August 1672, together with his brother-in-law, Cornelis Tromp.

Biography

Early life
Johan Kievit (first name sometimes spelled Joan or Johannes; last name variously given as Kievidt or Kiewit) was the son of Nicolaas Kievit and Dieuwertje Pauw, both of well-known Rotterdam families. He married Alida Tromp, the daughter of lieutenant-admiral Maarten Tromp on 27 April 1653 when she was only 16 (and he 26). He practiced law before the Hof van Holland (the main law court of the province of Holland), before going into politics in 1659, when he became a member of the Rotterdam vroedschap. In May 1666 he was appointed a member of the Gecommitteerde Raden (Committed Councillors - the Executive) of the States of Holland and West Friesland.

The Buat-conspiracy
Kievit was a partisan of the young Prince of Orange, William III, who had been excluded from high office by the States-Party regent faction of Johan de Witt during the First Stadtholderless Period. As such he became involved in the treasonous correspondence of Henri de Fleury de Coulan, lord of Buat, better known as "cavalry-captain Buat," with the English court of William's uncle Charles II of England, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Buat was executed for treason, but Kievit managed to escape to England. He was sentenced to death for his part in the conspiracy in absentia. In England he became a favorite of Charles who made him a baronet.

Even before the conspiracy was discovered, Kievit was fired from his position in the gecommitteerde raden, because he published  a libelous pamphlet, entitled Brief van den heer van Sommelsdijk ("Letter of Lord Sommelsdijk"), in which he defended his brother-in-law lieutenant-admiral Cornelis Tromp's conduct during the St. James's Day Battle, disparaging lieutenant-admiral Michiel de Ruyter at the same time.

The murder of the De Witt brothers
When the Dutch Republic was attacked by France, England, and two German principalities in 1672, Kievit's political fortunes changed again. The attack caused a severe political crisis in the Dutch Republic during this Rampjaar ("Year of disaster"). Because of the military disaster the De Witt regime was forced to retract the Perpetual Edict (1667) and to appoint Prince William first Captain general (in January), and later (in early July) Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Kievit returned to the Republic and asked to be pardoned and get his office in the Rotterdam vroedschap back. He indeed received a full pardon, in August 1672, from the Prince (Johan de Witt had resigned his office of Grand Pensionary on 4 August). This enabled him to take part in the conspiracy with his brother-in-law Cornelis Tromp (who held a grudge against De Witt, after having been dismissed from the navy in 1666 because of the quarrel with De Ruyter), and several members of the Hague civic militia, who were close associates of Kievit, against the De Witt brothers, which resulted in their torture, lynching and mutilation on 20 August 1672.

Later career
Like other conspirators, such as Johan van Banchem (who became baljuw of The Hague), Kievit was rewarded for his crime by the new regime. He was first appointed Pensionary of the city of Rotterdam. After only one year in this prestigious office he was appointed advocaat-fiscaal of the Admiralty of Rotterdam. As such he supervised the collection of the customs duties (Convooien en licenten). This office apparently offered good possibilities for corrupt practices. Kievit was arrested on suspicion of embezzlement in 1686 and after a lengthy trial in which his main defense was "that everybody did it," convicted and sentenced to banishment in 1689. However, his daughter Debora, who was married to a son of the governor-general of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Batavia, Cornelis Speelman, ransomed him for 20,000 guilders, which enabled him to live out his years in Rotterdam till his death in 1692.

Legacy
The Dutch poet and playwright , who worked as a clerk at the Rotterdam Admiralty at the time Kievit was advocaat-fiscaal wrote a laudatory Verjaargedicht ("Birthday poem") in Kievit's honor, probably in 1678.
The Dutch writer of humoristic works Aernout van Overbeke wrote burlesque letters "Buyten gaets" to among others Alida Tromp, the wife of Kievit, who himself is mentioned in these "letters".
He was played by Derek de Lint in the 2015 Dutch film Michiel de Ruyter.

References

Sources
  Entry "Kievit, Johan" in:  (1862) Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige personen, die zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons Vaderland hebben vermaard gemaakt. Zevende deel, letter I, J en K, pp. 52–53.

External links
  Rijksmuseum
 Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis

1627 births
1692 deaths
Dutch Orangists
Mayors of Rotterdam

Johan Kievit


Esteban Huertas López (1876-1943) was a Colombian military leader from Panama.

He was born in Boyacá, Colombia. When he was 8 years old he ran away from home and he joined the army. He won many medals and in 1902 he became general. In 1900 he lost an arm when he fired a cannon.
In 1903 he was one of the people who made Panama independent. A year later president Manuel Amador forced Huertas to retire because he was afraid Huertas wanted to become dictator. Huertas died in Panama City in 1943.

Panamanian people
1876 births
1943 deaths
Boyacá

Esteban Huertas


Michael Jerome Young (9 October 19368 April 1996) was an Australian politician. He rose through the Australian Labor Party (ALP) to become its National Secretary, before serving as a Labor member of the House of Representatives from the 1974 election to 1988. He was a senior minister in the Hawke government, and was a prominent political figure during the 1970s and 1980s. Young was also President of the Australian Labor Party from 1986 to 1988.

Early life
Born in Sydney to Irish Catholic parents, Young attended school at Marist Brothers College in the Sydney suburb of Mosman. After his high school days he worked as a shearer and roustabout before becoming an organiser with the Australian Workers' Union in South Australia.

Early political involvement
He was appointed as the party's South Australian state organiser in 1964, and his role in the first Labor electoral win for 30 years at the 1965 state election (the election resulted in Frank Walsh becoming Labor Premier) led first to his election as Secretary of the state branch in 1968 and later secretary of the federal party in 1969. Gough Whitlam, then Opposition Leader, hired Young as an adviser during this period.

Young again showed his substantial campaign management skills in the 1972 federal election, playing a significant role in the first ALP federal election win since 1946. He devised Labor's "It's Time" slogan, still considered one of the most effective vote-winning phrases in Australian history.

Federal politics
Touted as a potential successor to Whitlam as Labor leader, Young gained preselection for the safe Labor seat of Port Adelaide and was comfortably elected to parliament at the 1974 election. Labor under Whitlam suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat in late 1975; Young was promoted to the shadow ministry in 1976, and was given the Immigration and Ethnic Affairs portfolios.

Young has been credited with keeping Labor's spirits up during its time in opposition from 1975 to 1983. A future party leader, Kim Beazley Jr., considered Young on a par with Paul Keating as the most effective baiter of Liberal politicians, although Young "was much funnier, but gentler as well". One of Young's attacks on the Liberals targeted Alexander Downer, who was seen as a wealthy snob by the ALP; Young said "His gatehouse is bigger than The Lodge" (the official home of the Australian Prime Minister).

Following the landslide ALP victory at the 1983 federal election, Young was initially appointed Special Minister of State (and Vice-President of the Executive Council until July 1983), but was forced to stand down in 1983 when he breached Cabinet security, as part of the Combe-Ivanov affair. This did not do him lasting political damage, though, and five months later he became Special Minister of State again. He was forced to step down again in 1984 when he neglected to declare at Customs a large stuffed Paddington Bear toy that was in his wife's suitcase. He resumed his place in Cabinet when he was cleared of wrongdoing by a judicial inquiry.

In February 1987 he was appointed Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs.  He was also made Leader of the House of Representatives.  He became Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs in July 1987, when he also took on the position of Vice-President of the Executive Council again.  While immigration minister, he introduced the custom of conducting formal briefings for the press gallery, based on the idea that it was preferable to freely provide information to the media with your own spin than for them to gain the information from other sources and put their own spin on it.

As a member of parliament, Young remained actively involved in social justice issues. In 1984, during a contentious national ALP conference where nuclear issues were under debate, he openly spoke out against uranium mining, and invited anti-uranium mining activists to use his office as a base. He also made available copies of the secret Fox Report on Ranger Uranium to anti-nuclear protesters and supported their campaign to have the City of Port Adelaide declared a Nuclear Free Zone. In addition he was active in supporting refugees and multiculturalism, and launched an inquiry on immigration policy aimed at reforming the system during his term as minister.

In 1987, Young faced controversy over his alleged handling of campaign donations during the 1987 election. He subsequently resigned from parliament on 12 February 1988, sparking the 1988 Port Adelaide by-election, though he was later cleared of any wrongdoing.

Later life
Following his resignation from parliament, Young worked as a lobbyist, chaired the Federal Government Multicultural Advisory Council and completed a review for the ALP following the 1995 Queensland state election.  He also continued to serve as guide to promising Labor politicians, including Beazley, who considered Young his best friend.

Young's premature death in Sydney, of leukaemia, on 8 April 1996, was felt greatly by the Labor Party and his state funeral was well attended. An annual scholarship was set up in his name to assist disadvantaged children and adults in furthering their education.

References

 FitzSimons, P. Beazley: a Biography, HarperCollins, Pymble, NSW, 1998.
 McMullin, R. The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1991.
 Faulkner, J. et al. (ed.) True believers : the story of the federal parliamentary Labor Party,  Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW., 2001.

1936 births
1996 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Port Adelaide
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Leaders of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Australian trade unionists
Combe–Ivanov affair
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Labor Party officials

Mick Young


The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).

History
The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.

The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.

Players
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.

References

Other websites
Official website

1967 establishments in California
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Los Angeles Kings

Los Angeles Kings


The rupee is the name of a currency amount ("denomination" of money) in various countries.

It is used in the Republic of India and Pakistan. It was also used in British India, the former East Pakistan until 1971, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa. The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver. The rupiah of Indonesia and the rufiyah of the Maldives are kinds of money that also got their name from this word. All of these were previously Spanish dollars.

Related pages
Indian rupee
Pakistani rupee

Currency of Africa
Currency of Asia
Mauritius
Nepal
Seychelles
Sri Lanka

Rupee


Saint-Florent () is a commune in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is a fishing port located near the gulf of the same name (Saint-Florent Gulf).

Today, it is a popular summer vacation spot for many tourists for one of the most beautiful beaches on the Mediterranean coast, Saleccia.

Climate

Saint-Florent has a typically Mediterranean climate - mild winters with temperatures rarely under zero, warm, dry summers with temperatures at around 35°C in July and August.

History

Saint-Florent was created by the Genoese in the 16th century as a base for to fight the Corsican patriots in their villages. The colonial state and imperialist France later used it for getting troops of mercenaries and colonists during August 1764. After the defeat at Ponte Novu Bridge, the army of Pasquale Paoli, helped by Horatio Nelson, reconquered Saint-Florent in 1793 during the brief Anglo-Corsican rule.

Important places
The Genoise citadel constructed in 1440.

Gallery
View of Saint-Florent

Other websites
 Picture of Saint-Florent Cathedral

Communes in Haute-Corse

Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse


A land bridge is a term in biogeography. It is a narrow land connection between otherwise separate areas, sometimes called an isthmus.

Its significance is that animals and plants may cross over it when the sea level is lower. They cannot easily cross when the sea level is higher, and water covers the land bridge. The separation of a once connected population often leads to speciation, the splitting of one species into two and the two species change over time to be different but have distant similarities.

Several kinds of change can cause a land bridge to rise above or sink below the water. Plate tectonics may cause the rise or lowering of land. The causes of general sea level changes are not fully understood, but often big polar ice caps lower sea level by locking up much of the water. When sea levels fall, shallow sections of continental shelf may get exposed. Sometimes the sea floor rises due to "post-glacial rebound" after an ice age.

Notable examples
 The Bering land bridge, which connected Asia with North America when the sea level dropped in the ice age, but went under water when the ice melted.
 Doggerland, a former landmass in the southern North Sea which connected the island of Great Britain to mainland Europe during the last ice age
 The Isthmus of Panama whose appearance three million years ago allowed the Great American Interchange
Adam's Bridge (known as Rama Setu), connecting India and Sri Lanka.

Landforms
Biology

Land bridge


Joshua Brand is an American television writer, director, and producer who created St. Elsewhere, I'll Fly Away and Northern Exposure with his writing-and-producing partner John Falsey. He was also a writer and consulting producer of FX's 2013–18 series The Americans.

Early life
Joshua Brand was born to a Jewish family and raised in Kew Gardens, Queens, New York City. He graduated magna cum laude from City College of New York, after which he was given a fellowship to Columbia University, where he received a Master of Arts degree with honors in English Literature.

Career
His play Babyface was produced in Los Angeles in 1978 and was selected as a semi-finalist in the Great American Play Contest sponsored by the Louisville Actors Theater. Another play, Grunts, was produced Off-Broadway at the Wonderhouse Theatre in New York City. In 2012, his full-length play The Real Me was a finalist at the O'Neill National Playwrights Conference.

Brand's early television career was spent writing scripts for MTM Enterprises' The White Shadow, where he and John Falsey met.  The two of them then created St. Elsewhere for MTM in 1982 and wrote the story for every episode in the first season except one before leaving the show.  He and Falsey then wrote and produced Amazing Stories for Steven Spielberg and the Emmy winning miniseries A Year in the Life before developing their other two signature series. At the 44th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1992, Brand and Falsey captured 15% of all nominations with 16 Emmy nominations for Northern Exposure and 15 for I'll Fly Away.  During this time, Brand and Falsey also won three Emmys: outstanding miniseries in 1987 for A Year in the Life; outstanding writing in a miniseries or special for the I'll Fly Away pilot in 1992; and outstanding drama series for Northern Exposure that same year. In an unprecedented move by Public Broadcasting, PBS bought the rights to I'll Fly Away and rebroadcast the series in its entirety in the leadup to their original two-hour movie based on the show.

Brand and John Falsey created the short-lived series Going to Extremes, which was filmed entirely on the island of Jamaica. He has been nominated for eleven Emmy Awards (winning three, as noted above), as well as winning two Peabody Awards (Northern Exposure, I'll Fly Away), two Golden Globe Awards (Northern Exposure), along with the Humanitas Prize, the Producers Guild of America Award, and the Environmental Media Award for Ongoing Commitment.  In 2013, Brand and Falsey received the Laurel Award for TV Writing Achievement from the Writers Guild of America.

Since 2013, Brand has been a writer and consulting producer of the acclaimed FX series The Americans; he wrote or co-wrote four episodes during the first season and has written two episodes in each subsequent season. The writers of the series, including Brand, received the Best Dramatic Series award at the 69th Writers Guild of America Awards, and they were also nominated for that award in 2015.

His directing credits include the feature film A Pyromaniac's Love Story, the television movies Wall to Wall Records and Homeward Bound, the television pilot Gemini Man, and episodes of thirtysomething and Joan of Arcadia. Brand was also nominated for an Emmy and a DGA Award for directing the two-hour I'll Fly Away pilot.

References

External links

Joshua Brand at FilmReference.com

American television producers
American television directors
American male screenwriters
Jewish American screenwriters
Primetime Emmy Award winners
City College of New York alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
1952 births
Showrunners
American male television writers
People from Kew Gardens, Queens
21st-century American Jews
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Joshua Brand


The silvery lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus), also known as the silvered leaf monkey or the silvery langur, is an Old World monkey.  It is arboreal, living in coastal, mangrove, and riverine forests in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and other nearby islands.

It is the type of its species group.

Description
The silvery lutung is a medium-sized monkey with a long, non-prehensile tail. It has grey-tipped, dark brown or black fur, giving it a uniform silvery appearance. Unlike some related species, there are no paler markings on the face or body, except for a patch of whitish hair on the groin of females. A crest of fur runs along the top of the head, and the hair on the cheeks is long, often obscuring the ears. The hands and feet are hairless, with dark coloured skin, and have opposable thumbs and toes.

Females range from  in head-body length, with an average weight of  and a tail length of . Males are slightly larger, from  in length, with an average weight of  and a tail length of .

Like other langurs, the silvery lutung has a large three-chambered stomach to digest the cellulose found in its herbivorous diet. This allows for fermentation of food, and has some similarities with the stomach of ruminants. The intestine is unusually long, even compared to those of other langurs, and has a number of pouches along its length, which carry out further fermentation of plant matter. The teeth have grinding ridges and other modifications to allow the more efficient processing of tough leaves.

Distribution and habitat
The silvery lutung is found across Borneo, Sumatra, and Java, as well as in parts of the south-western Malay peninsula, the Natuna Islands, and other nearby islands. It inhabits mangrove swamps and nearby forest regions, and generally avoids travelling far from coasts or rivers.

The number and identity of subspecies of the silvery lutung is currently debated. A 2008 analysis confirms the presence of only two subspecies:

 Trachypithecus cristatus cristatus - Borneo, Sumatra, Natuna Islands
 Trachypithecus cristatus selangorensis - Malay Peninsula

The Malay Peninsula form has been subsequently elevated to a separate species, the Selangor silvered langur T. selangorensis

However, some older sources, such as Mammal Species of the World, as well as some much newer ones such as the 2021 edition of the IUCN Red List, distinguish the silvery lutungs of the Natuna Islands as a separate subspecies, designated T. c. vigilans.

Ecology

Diet
The silvery lutung is a specialist folivore, including a higher proportion of leaves in its diet than any other colobine monkey. Although it does also eat fruit, and some seeds and flowers, these comprise only 9% of the diet, and it is also able to feed on tougher and more mature leaves than any of its close relatives. Because of these differences, silvery lutungs do not normally live in the same parts of the forest as other monkeys. Where other species are found in the same area, silvery lutungs are more commonly found in the middle canopy of the forest, leaving the higher branches to monkeys with a more frugivorous diet.

Predators
Local predators able to feed on silvery lutungs include leopards, tigers, dholes, and some large snakes. Binturongs, and various other small carnivores are probably able to feed on infants.

Diseases
Silvery lutungs are unusually susceptible to human diseases, including AIDS, and have therefore been widely used in medical research.

Behaviour

Silvery lutungs are diurnal, and travel in groups of around 9-40 individuals with one adult male and many adult females communally caring for infants. They rarely leave the trees, which provide them protection from ground-dwelling predators, and rapidly flee if threatened. Each group occupies a home range of , although these may overlap with those of neighbouring groups. During the day, individuals may travel up to  through the forest, with some forming all-female subgroups that separate from the group containing the male. The entire group shelters in a single tree at night.

The social structure of silvery lutungs is matrilineal and harem based. Females remain in the group for life, while males leave shortly after reaching adulthood, living in small groups of their own until they can take over an established harem. Within the group, males dominate the females, and females with young dominate those without. However, there is relatively little aggression within the group compared with some related species.

Because group ranges often overlap, different groups frequently come into contact with one another. The adult male protects his group and territory from competing males, communicating his dominance to other males via vocalizations and fighting. In the absence of males, however, females from different groups are more likely to interact peacefully. The most serious conflicts occur when a male intrudes directly on the territory of another male, which may result in the intruder displacing the resident and taking control of the group. In many other primates, such a displacement would normally be followed by the male killing any infants sired by his predecessor; although this may occur in silvery lutungs, it has not been directly observed, and may be less common than in some other species.

Although less vocal than other closely related species, silvery lutungs make at least thirteen different vocalisations, with the most common being used by adult males defending their territory. Other vocalisations express fear, anger, excitement, and satisfaction, in addition to various calls made by infants.

In Sabah, Malaysia, silvery lutungs have been observed in mixed-species groups with proboscis monkeys, and interspecific mating and a possible hybrid has been observed.  Researchers believe this may be a result of the two species being confined to a small patch of riverine forest due to deforestation in order to plant oil palm trees.

Reproduction

Silvery lutungs breed year round, with no clear breeding season, although each female typically gives birth no more than once every 18 to 24 months. The female attracts the male by making side-to-side motions with her head, and copulation may occur several times during a bout. Unusually, females have been reported to reach menopause in the wild, and may survive up to nine years after last giving birth.

The female gives birth to a single young after a gestation period of 181 to 200 days. The young weigh about , measure about  and are well developed, with a strong grip for holding onto the mother. Silvery lutungs are born with orange fur, and with white hairless skin on the face, hands, and feet. The skin rapidly changes to the dark adult colour, but the fur does not reach the adult pattern for three to five months after birth. The young are cared for by females communally, and are not weaned for 18 months, even though the biological mother stops lactating after just 12 months. The young are sexually mature almost as soon as they finish weaning, and, on average, females first give birth at 35 months of age.

Silvery lutungs have lived up to 31 years in captivity.

Evolution
Genetic analysis has shown that the silvery lutung probably first evolved during a rapid speciation event that occurred between 0.95 and 1.25 million years ago, during which all the living species of the T. cristatus species group evolved. Because of the relative speed and diversity of this event, the species of the group are difficult to distinguish genetically, and there is some uncertainty as to which represent genuinely distinct species. However, the closest living relative of the silvery lutung may be the Javan lutung, although silvery lutungs have also been reported to produce hybrids with Phayre's leaf monkey, generally considered to belong to a different species group.

Fossils of the species are known from the late Pleistocene onwards, and occupy the same geographic range as today. Some of these fossils had significantly larger cheek teeth than living animals, although they have not been assigned to a distinct subspecies.

Conservation
The silvery lutung is classed as vulnerable by the IUCN, and is listed in Appendix II of CITES. Its habitat is heavily threatened throughout its range by logging and the development of oil plantations. The species is also threatened by hunting for meat and by capture for the pet trade.

References

External links

BBC: Silvered Langur
  Lotong Kelabu

silvery lutung
Primates of Southeast Asia
Mammals of Indonesia
Mammals of Malaysia
Mammals of Borneo
Near threatened animals
Near threatened biota of Asia
silvery lutung
Taxa named by Thomas Stamford Raffles

Silvery lutung


Iodized salt (also spelled "iodized salt") is table salt mixed with tiny amounts of iodide and is used to prevent disease of the thyroid gland.

People only need a very small amount of iodine to prevent disease. Food crops usually get iodine from the soil, but some places around the world have low amounts of iodine. Iodized salt is a very cheap and good way of getting the necessary iodine.

Ordinary table (cooking) salt is a chemical compound called "sodium chloride" (its chemical formula is NaCl). "Sodium iodide" (NaI) is added to the NaCl to make iodized salt.

Condiments

Iodised salt


In astronomy, the term compact star or compact object is used to refer collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, other exotic dense stars, and black holes.

Most compact stars are at the end of their stellar evolution. They are called stellar remnants: the form of the remnant depends mainly on the mass of the star when it formed. These objects are small for their mass. Astronomic objects with an unknown nature are often called compact star, when evidence suggests that they are very massive and that they have a small radius.  A compact star which is not a black hole is sometimes called a degenerate star.

Types of stars

Compact star


Foz do Iguaçu (fɔs do igwa'su) is the 4th largest city of Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil. 309,000 people live there. It is about  west of Curitiba, Parana's capital city, on the border with Argentina and Paraguay. The people who live there are known as iguaçuenses.

The city is known for the Iguaçu Falls and the Itaipu Dam, the largest dam of the world was built.

Cities in Paraná State

Foz do Iguaçu


"Bad" is a song by Michael Jackson. "Bad" was released by Epic Records in September 1987. It was the second single from Jackson's album Bad. "Bad" got great reviews. Some critics noted that "Bad" helped Jackson's image become edgier during the Bad-era.

Music video
A music video for "Bad" was directed by Martin Scorsese and released in late 1987. In the video, Jackson and a group of background dancers are shown doing dance routines throughout a subway station. The single has sold 8.5 million copies. "Bad" was originally intended to be a duet between Jackson and musician Prince.

"Weird Al" Yankovic did a spoof of this song called, "Fat".

On August 14, 2012 "Bad (Afrojack Remix) (DJ Buddha Edit)" was released as a single from Bad 25. It got very bad reviews.

It was featured in the trailer of Megamind and Despicable Me 3.

Michael Jackson songs
1987 songs

Bad (song)


Thatched House Lodge is a royal residence in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in London, England.

It was the London home of Dwight D. Eisenhower in World War II.

Since 1963 Thatched House Lodge has been the residence of Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy. It was acquired by her late husband, Sir Angus Ogilvy, on a lease from Crown Estate Commissioners following their marriage.

References

Royal residences in the United Kingdom

Thatched House Lodge


The Great Dictator, "the Greit Dictator" in Scots, is a pictur directit bi an starrin Charlie Chaplin. First released in 15 October, 1940, it is a satire on fascism an in parteecular Adolf Hitler an Nazism. Chaplin's pictur is kenspeckle fae this pre-Warld Weir II period (1940) for its fearless saitirisation an condemnation o Hitler an Nazism, an for its gleg shawin o the plicht o Jews in Europe. It wis Chaplin's first talkin pictur, an hauds the disteenction o bein baith his maist controversial an sonsefu pictur. Apairt fae the pictur itssel, this public confront o the maist-loued hallion o his times (Chaplin) against the maist laithed leader (Hitler) is historically unique.

Fremmit airtins

1940 films
1940s comedy-drama films
American films
American comedy-drama films
American parody films
American poleetical comedy films
American poleetical satire films
Inglis-leid films
Esperanto-leid films
Films directit bi Charlie Chaplin
Adolf Hitler in fiction
Anti-fascist propaganda films
Anti-war films aboot Warld War II
Black-an-white films
Films aboot fascists
Films set in a feectional European kintra
Films shot in Californie
Films shot in Los Angeles
Militar humour in film
Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films
United Artists films

The Great Dictator


John Wilfrid Hinde (17 May 1916 – 26 December 1997) was an English photographer, whose idealistic and nostalgic style influenced the art of postcard photography and was widely known for his meticulously planned shoots.

His interest in colour photography arose during the 1940s. From the later half of the 1940s to the middle half of the 1950s, he entered the circus life, where he met his future wife. However, he soon returned to photography and, in 1956, he left the circus and founded John Hinde Ltd. in Dublin to produce and distribute his colour pictures of Ireland. Hinde's most famous work is that of the Butlin's holiday camps, in which he portrayed a welcoming and jubilant environment. In 1972, he sold his company to pursue his love of painting. The Irish Museum of Modern Art recognised his work with a retrospective in Dublin in 1993. In 1997, Hinde died in Dordogne, France. At the time of his death, millions of his postcards had been sold worldwide.

Early life
John Wilfrid Hinde was born in Street, Somerset on 17 May 1916, in a close-knit Quaker community. He stuck to his Quaker values during the war by becoming a photographer for the civil defence forces instead of a soldier. Some of his photography was published in colour magazines and books, such as Of Cabbages and Kings, Citizens of War, and British Circus Life. His interest in photography would lead him to become an important pioneer in colour photographs.

The circus
Hinde briefly switched professions when he became a circus publicity manager in 1944. Here, he met his wife Antonia "Jutta" Falnoga, a trapeze artist for the circus; they married in 1952 and had five children, three sons and two daughters. In 1954, he and Antonia started their own travelling circus company in Ireland named "The John Hinde Show." This venture quickly failed however and Hinde quit the circus business in 1956. He returned to his life as a photographer, and that same year, he founded John Hinde Ltd in Dublin.

Ireland photography
While travelling with the circus for twelve years, and in the years after, he began to take colour photographs of the Irish countryside. During this time, Ireland was becoming a popular destination for tourists. Black and white postcards were favoured because it was felt that this method could better capture the romantic landscape of Ireland. Hinde, a colour photographer, tried to find a way in which he could achieve the same or better effect with the addition of colour, something that would set his pictures apart from all the others. He hoped to capture the vividness of the Irish countryside, as well as the imagination of his audience. With much thought, he came up with a method that blended Irish stereotypes (donkeys, red-headed children, etc.) and the lush, seemingly endless, landscape with bright colours.

Hinde would sometimes enhance colours in his studio to get a desired effect. He was well known for setting up, or changing a scene so that it would fit his strict style. If he found something unpleasant or out of place in his pictures, he could simply cover it up or move it to get the best shot. So common was this practice that he kept a saw in the back of his car so that, if there happened to be an unsightly object in the view of his camera, he would chop down a nearby rhododendron bush and use it to conceal the eyesore. Needless to say, many rhododendron bushes appear in Hinde's Ireland postcards. This series of photographs was a huge success, not only with tourists, but also with the Irish people who enjoyed being reminded of the vibrant environment in which they lived.

Butlin's
From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, Hinde worked on his most widely known production: the Butlin Holiday Camps postcards. Billy Butlin had founded the camps as a place for working-class people to go for vacation, complete with high excitement and low cost. Butlin hired Hinde to produce postcards that reflected the spirited and enjoyable environment found at his camps. By this time, Hinde worked more as an art director than an actual photographer, so he hired two German photographers, Elmar Ludwig and Edmund Nägele, and one British photographer, David Noble. They travelled to the different camps and set up the necessary lights and photography equipment, often taking a whole day to make them just right.

Hinde's pictures portrayed holiday makers taking advantage of all of the things Butlin's had to offer, having a grand old time in the process. The photographers used large format cameras and Ektachrome film to capture the optimistic tone that Butlin was looking for. Scenes from the postcards included people eating in lavishly decorated dining halls, large indoor swimming pools, themed bars, and amusement park rides. Actual holiday makers were used in the shots, but like the Ireland pictures, the sets were often added to, to capture the energetic feeling of the setting. Hinde would often enhance certain colours later on so that the result would be a lively, idealistic view of a Butlin vacation. The combination of the images of a fun-filled family vacation and the vivacious colour produced a nostalgic portrait for the masses.

Legacy
Hinde's postcards were immensely popular, despite Hinde's view that the photographs held no artistic value. In 1972, he decided to sell his company to the Waterford Glass Group to pursue his love of landscape painting.

Even though Hinde never viewed his photographs with much reverence, the Irish Museum of Modern Art recognised his photographic works with a retrospective in Dublin in 1993. Since his death in 1997, exhibits of his photography have travelled all over the world and he proved to be the most successful postcard producer in the world. His works have also been compiled into books, including Hindesight, a collection of the Ireland postcards and Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight, a collection of the Butlin's postcards.

Some of his postcards form the basis for an Irish 30-minute television programme called Cartai Phoist which selects 3 postcards per episode, and using a contemporary Irish artist/celebrity/TV personality, recreates the postcard by finding the original individuals (or their next-of-kin) and standing at the exact spot where the original postcard shot was taken.

Publications
 Hindesight: John Hinde Photographs and Postcards by John Hinde Ltd. 1935–1971. Irish Museum of Modern Art, 1993. .
 Our True Intent Is All for Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs. By Martin Parr. London: Chris Boot, 2002. .
 Nothing to Write Home About: Celebrating the Heyday of the British Holiday Postcard: a Collection of John Hinde Postcards and Their Messages. Compiled by Michelle Abadie & Susan Beale. Friday Books, 2007. .
 Postcards – by Martin Parr and Thomas Weski. London: Chris Boot, 2008. Contains a selection of John Hinde cards among others. .

References

General references
 http://www.recirca.com/reviews/johnhinde/johnhinde.shtml "Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin Photographs", Sarah Browne
  "The Gallery Of Photography Dublin- Presents The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs"
 http://www.wesseloconnor.com/exhibits/hinde/index.php "John Hinde: The Butlin's Holiday Camp Photos"
 http://www.photonet.org.uk/index.php?id=24,138,0,0,1,0 "Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs"
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/culture/2003/01/openeye_butlins/Butlins.shtml "Butlins Delight at the Open Eye", BBC
 http://www.abadie.co.uk/postcards  (currently the only book of classic John Hinde postcards with the senders messages transcribed)
 Tribune Magazine, Hinde sight, the people in the postcards of a lost Ireland, 25 May 2008, pp10–12.

External links
 John Hinde Postcards and art edition prints from the digitally restored original transparencies
 John Hinde Postcards, and the messages sent with them

1916 births
1997 deaths
People from Street, Somerset
English Quakers
Photographers from Somerset
Postcard publishers
Butlins
20th-century Quakers

John Hinde (photographer)


The Skagit River is a river in Canada and the United States. It flows about  from British Columbia to the state of Washington, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean north of Seattle. The river begins by flowing south. It then enters North Cascades National Park, where it is dammed by Ross Dam, which forms Ross Lake, a reservoir.

Geography
The river then leaves the lake and flows into Diablo Lake, also a reservoir. It then keeps flowing southwest through a deep river canyon, known as the Skagit Gorge. It then meets its largest tributary, the Sauk River, and then turns west. The Sauk is about 45 miles long, flowing northwest.

After turing west, the Skagit parallels the North Cascades Highway, leaving the national park. It meets another tributary, the Baker River, from the north. The Baker flows south about 30 miles and is dammed twice, in Baker Lake and Lake Shannon. The river then flows out to the sea near Mount Vernon, Washington. The total extent of the basin is 1,505 square miles (3,900 square kilometers).

References

Rivers of Washington (state)

Skagit River


The Walking Dead is an American zombie horror television series. It was adapted and developed by Frank Darabont. The show is based on the comic book series, The Walking Dead by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore and Charlie Adlard.

The series follows Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, sheriff's deputy. Rick wakes up in a hospital after being in a coma to find the world is filled with "walkers". These walkers are similar to the zombies of George A. Romero's horror movies. He leaves to find his family and others who are still alive.

The Walking Dead was first broadcast on October 31, 2010. on the cable television channel AMC in the United States. The second season of the series was first shown on October 16, 2011. The show is now in its eleventh season.

The series has been acclaimed by critics and has been nominated for many awards. These include a Writers Guild of America Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award nomination for "Best Television Series Drama". It has won two Emmy Awards. The series has also had extremely good ratings. The most watched season to date is season 5, with an average of 14.38 million viewers. The most recent season averaged 7.82 million viewers, which is just over half of season 5's average.

Series overview
The Walking Dead is based on the comic book series of the same name. It tells the story of a small group of people living in a zombie apocalypse.  Most of the story takes place in the near Atlanta, Georgia. The group looks for  safe place which is not near the very large groups of deadly zombies. The zombies are called "walkers" in the series. Walkers will eat any living thing they can catch. They also infect anything they bite. The first episode deals mainly with the problems the group have as they try to keep their humanity and still survive.

The group is led by Rick Grimes. He was a sheriff's deputy before the zombies. The group must always deal with the  horror and danger of the walkers. They must also deal with changes in their group as new people join them and others are killed.

Season 1 (2010)
Season one is about Rick Grimes as he tries to find his family and take them to safety. The series starts with Rick waking up from a coma. He awakes to a world overrun by the walking dead ("walkers"). Rick leaves the hospital. He goes to his home and learns that his wife and son are not there. Rick hears a rumour from a fellow survivor. He goes to the police station and gets weapons. He goes to Atlanta. He was told that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention created a "safe-zone" in the city. He thinks this is where his family would have gone.  During his travel, Rick sees the damage to both society and infrastructure caused by the disaster. When he gets to Atlanta, he sees that the city is overrun by the undead. It is no longer a safe zone.

A few miles outside the city, Rick's wife Lori and son Carl have been hiding from the walkers with Shane Walsh. Shane was a deputy who worked with Rick. He was also his best friend. Shane and Lori are in a camp with a small group of survivors. Rick meets Glenn in the city. Glenn helps him leave Atlanta and takes him to the camp where he finds Lori and Carl. Rick takes command of the group with Shane. Part of the group goes back into Atlanta to get weapons. While there, they have a conflict with other survivors. When the group returns to their camp, they find that many walkers are now there. One of their group is injured and needs medical treatment. The group chooses to go back to Atlanta and try to get help from the CDC.

Only one person is left in the CDC. This person is Dr. Edwin Jenner. Everyone else has either left or killed themselves. Dr. Jenner tells the group that his research into the infection has not led to a cure. The CDC building is not the safe place the group thought it would be. The next day, the safety protocols are started when there is not enough fuel for the generators. An explosion will destroy the CDC. The explosion is to stop the escape of any deadly diseases in the CDC. Dr. Jenner tells the group that the French may have found a cure. He thinks this is possible since they survived the longest in their labs. Dr. Jenner choses to stay in the CDC and die in the explosion. A member of the group, Andrea, tries to stay as well. Her sister Amy had just died and Andrea did not want to live anymore.  Dale stays with her. He tells her that if she does not leave, he will not leave also. To stop him from dying, Andrea choses to leave with the group. Before the group leaves, Dr. Jenner whispers something into Rick's ear.  The group leave just as the CDC explodes.

Season 2 (2011–2012)
The second season starts with Rick and his group leaving the CDC.  They think that they should go to Fort Benning. While going there, they find that I-85 is blocked by many empty vehicles. The group searches some of the vehicles and takes things that could be useful. While they are searching, a very large group of walkers moves along the road towards them. They have to hide under the vehicles so the walkers do not see them. Sophia is seen by a walker and runs into the woods to get away from it. After the walkers leave, the group starts to look for Sophia. During the search, Carl is shot by a man hunting a deer.  Otis, the man who shot Carl, takes Rick and Shane to a large farm. The farm is owned by a veterinarian named Hershel Greene. Hershel removes the bullet from Carl. The group go to the farm while Carl heals. Secrets and issues about who should lead the group causes problems. During this time, many relationships are dealt with and the group continues to look for Sophia. Glenn starts a romantic relationship with one of Hershel's daughters, Maggie. He learns that Hershel's barn is full of walkers. Some of these are Hershel´s family members. Hershel thinks they are just sick and could be cured someday. When Shane lets the walkers out of the barn and the group shoots them all. After the last of the walkers is killed, one last walker leaves the barn. It is Sophia. She is then shot by Rick.

Hershel tells Rick and his group that they have to leave his farm.  Rick and Glenn go looking for Hershel. They find him in a local tavern. He is drinking large amounts of alcohol.  After trying to get Hershel to go back to the farm, two other men enter the bar. They are with another group of survivors. This meeting does not go well and both men are killed in a gunfight. Other members of the group the dead men were with come looking for them. They find Rick, Hershel, and Glenn at the bar and begin shooting at them. The noise of the guns attracts a large group of walkers. While trying to get away from the walkers, the other group leaves one of their group, Randal, behind. Rick does not want to leave Randal to be killed by walkers. He cover his eyes and take him to the farm. Once they get him to the farm, they think that he could lead the rest of his group to the farm. Rick wants to drive Randall far away and set him free. While He and Shane are doing this, they are attacked by walkers when Rick and Shane get into a fight. Before the walkers attacked, Randall tells Rick and Shane that he knew Maggie. He knows where the farm is at. Rick thinks the location of the farm should be a secret to keep them safe. Since Randal knows where it is, they take him back to the farm until they know what to do with him. Rick and Shane talk about the fact that they will probably have to kill Randal.  Back at the farm, Hershel's daughter Beth tries to kill herself. Seeing so many people in her family die, she does not want to live in this world anymore. The group talks about what to do with Randall. Only Dale thinks they should not kill him. While they are talking about Randal, Carl takes a gun from Daryl's motorcycle and goes into the woods. He sees a walker with its legs trapped in mud. Rather than shooting it, he starts throwing rocks at it. After a while, the walker gets free of the mud but Carl runs away. Later that night, the Rick and Shane go to kill Randal. As they are doing this, Carl enters the barn and tells Rick to shoot him. This causes Rick to stop and try to find a different way to deal with the problem.  Soon after this, Dale is badly injured by a walker and will die soon. It is the same walker that Carl ran from earlier. Dale is then shot in the head by Daryl. This ends his suffering and stops him from coming back as a walker. Shane goes to the building where they are keeping Randal. He sets him free and takes him into the woods. Shane tells Randal he want to leave Rick's group and join Randal's group. Instead of this, Shane leads Randal from the farm and kills him by breaking his neck.  The group sees that Randal is gone and starts to look for him. Shane goes back to the camp and tells them that Randal had gotten free, attacked him and taken his gun. Daryl, Glenn, Rick and Shane go looking for him. They separate into two groups. Daryl and Glenn are one group, Rick and Shane are the other. Daryl and Glenn find Randall. He has become a walker. They look at his body and see that he was never bitten. They understand that the dead can come back without being bitten. Shane uses the search for Randall to try to kill Rick. His plan does not work and Rick kills Shane. Just minutes later, Shane turns into a walker and stands up. Carl shoots him.

A very large number of walkers in the woods hear the noise caused by Carl's gun. They all start to walk in that direction. Rick and Carl run to the barn. Rick tells Carl to set the barn on fire after the walkers come inside. Rick and Carl leave the barn from an upper level while the walkers burn. With walkers all over the farm, a large battle takes place. Jimmy and Patricia are killed and  Andrea is left behind. The rest drive away from the farm. Andrea runs into the woods. She is chased by many walkers. She kills many of them and is later rescued by a hooded woman. This woman, Michonne, is carrying a sword to kill walkers. She also has two walkers with her. These two walkers have had both of their arms and their lower jaws cut off. Michonne leads the armless walkers around with chains around their necks. The survivors all meet back on the highway where they lost Sophia. They drive off but must soon make camp when Rick's vehicle has no more fuel. Rick tells them that "this isn't a democracy any more" after he tells them what Dr. Jenner told him. Jenner told him that all of the survivors are infected. A large prison is shown in the be background as the episode ends.

Season 3 (2012–2013)
The group have been on the road for months and Lori is far into her pregnancy. Rick finds a prison which was seen in the final scene in season 2. They decide to go to the prison and stay there. They kill the walkers outside and then go inside to kill some more. Hershel gets bitten in the leg and Rick has to cut it off. The group meet prisoners who had been in the prison's cafeteria for months. The prisoners had no idea what had been going on in the world since the outbreak started and Rick tells them about it. Some of the prisoners try to kill members of the group and so Rick kills Tomas and leaves Andrew to die while Oscar and Axel are put in another block away from the group. Andrew is still alive and rings an alarm which brings walkers to the prison. A huge battle happens. T-Dog is killed by walkers trying to protect Carol. Lori is about to give birth to her baby as this is happening. Maggie cuts her open to take the baby out but Lori dies. Carl is then forced to shoot his mother in the head. Rick finds Andrew and is nearly killed when Oscar shoots Andrew, killing him and saving Rick. After the attack, Maggie and Carl bring the baby to Rick. Rick finds out Lori died and starts crying.

After Lori has died, Rick starts to see visions of her. At the same time, Andrea and Michonne are found by Merle, who is Daryl's brother. Merle takes them to a town called Woodbury. The leader of Woodbury is a man who everyone calls The Governor. Michonne doesn't trust Woodbury and goes to the prison where Rick is. At the prison, Michonne meets Rick and his group. Glenn and Maggie are captured by Woodbury, so Michonne takes Rick's group to Woodbury to save them. In the battle, people on both sides die, but the prison group finds a way to escape. The Governor says to Woodbury that Rick and his group are terrorists.

Daryl reunites with his brother Merle after the battle and chooses to leave Rick's group with Merle. He changes his mind later and goes back to the prison group. Rick goes to his hometown to get weapons, and thinks about his morals when he sees Morgan again. Andrea convinces The Governor to speak to Rick and make an agreement for peace; secretly, The Governor plans an attack, and Merle risks his life to stop the attack. Andrea runs away from Woodbury but is caught by The Governor. He locks her in a room with a walker and attacks the prison. They are stopped by Rick's group, and The Governor kills his own people for not fighting. The Governor escapes, and Rick's group returns to Woodbury to bring in the survivors but are too late to save Andrea.

Season 4 (2013–2014)
Several months later, the prison community has gotten bigger. Many people in the prison get sick with the flu at once. The flu kills many people who come back as walkers. Rick sends Carol away for murdering two sick residents. Walkers attack the prison fence and break it but are stopped afterwards. The Governor meets the Chambler family, and they join another group of survivors led by Martinez, who was in Woodbury before. The Governor kills Martinez and takes lead the group to attack the prison. Rick offers to share the prison, but The Governor calls Rick a liar and kills Hershel. The Governor fights Rick and is killed by Michonne, but the prison is taken over by walkers and Rick's group is divided.

Separated into small groups, the survivors see signs along railway lines that say that there is a safe place at Terminus. Glenn and Tara Chambler join a group of people including Eugene Porter – who says he knows how to stop the walkers if he can get to Washington, D.C. They meet up with Maggie and are the first to get to Terminus. Carol helps two sisters she taught to use weapons in secret. After one of them kills the other, Carol kills the living sister. Beth Greene is taken away from Daryl by unknown people. Daryl meets and joins a gang that later say they want to kill Rick. Daryl helps Rick, and Carl and Michonne to defeat them. Then they reach Terminus. They are welcomed by the residents of Terminus first, but are forced to give up their weapons and locked inside a railway boxcar.

Season 5 (2014–2015)
Rick's group find out that the residents of Terminus are cannibals. Carol uses walkers to attack Terminus so the others can escape. Reunited, they soon encounter Gareth and a small group of Terminus survivors who try to eat Rick's group but are defeated. Abraham and Rosita continue their mission to get Eugene to Washington, D.C., joined by Glenn, Maggie and Tara. After facing a number of problems, Eugene says that he made up the story about a cure in order to get protection. Daryl and Carol follow a marked car to Atlanta, where Beth has been kept in a nearby hospital ruled by untrustworthy police officers. Carol is taken, and Daryl gets the rest of his group to help. They capture police officers to make a trade but a brief standoff ends with Beth killed.

The reunited group continue toward Washington, D.C. and meet Aaron who offers them shelter at the Alexandria Safe Zone, a community led by Deanna Monroe. Feeling the sheltered residents can't survive against walkers or other survivors, Rick and Carol discuss taking over the community while others begin to take leadership roles. A series of problems scare residents, and during a meeting deciding Rick's fate he kills a resident who accidentally killed Deanna's husband. Rick's friend Morgan arrives to see the execution.

Cast and characters

Main

*  This actor/actress is not featured in the opening credits, and instead is credited as "also starring", but is otherwise considered by AMC as a series regular.

Recurring

Darabont connections
The series features several actors whom Walking Dead developer Frank Darabont has worked with previously, including Laurie Holden (Andrea), Jeffrey DeMunn (Dale Horvath), Melissa McBride (Carol Peletier), Sam Witwer (the dead soldier in the tank where Rick hides in "Days Gone Bye"), and Juan Gabriel Pareja (Morales). All five appeared in his 2007 movie The Mist, along with Thomas Jane, who originally was set to star in the series when it was pitched to HBO. Jane was later in talks with Darabont to possibly guest star on the series as of fall 2010, but with Darabont's departure, it is unknown whether the guest spot will happen or not. Laurie Holden also appeared in the 2001 movie The Majestic (as Adele Stanton, Jim Carrey's character's love interest), which Darabont directed. DeMunn has also appeared in several of Darabont's movies; in addition to The Mist and The Majestic, he appeared in The Shawshank Redemption (1994) and The Green Mile (1999). It was planned that Witwer (Private Jessup in Darabont's The Mist) would reprise his "Days Gone Bye" role in the original conception of The Walking Dead'''s season two premiere and in a webisode, but both plans were discarded.

 Production
 Development

On January 20, 2010 AMC said that it had ordered a pilot for a series based on The Walking Dead comic book series. Frank Darabont and Gale Anne Hurd were the producers. Darabont was also the writer and director. The entire series was to be made because the television network liked how good the comic series and the television scripts were. They also liked Darabont's being a part of the project. In January 2010 a review of the pilot episode's script caused more people to be interested in the series. The pilot began filming in Atlanta, Georgia on May 15, 2010/ At this time, AMC had ordered a six episode first season. The series' other episodes began filming on June 2, 2010. On August 31, 2010, Darabont said that The Walking Dead had been picked up for a second season. Production of the second season was to start in February 2011. On November 8, 2010, AMC said that there would be a second season. They said that the season would have 13 episodes. He would also like to include some of the "environmental elements" that take place during Volume 2 of Kirkman's book.

On October 25, 2011, AMC said that there would be a third season of The Walking Dead. They said "Season two continues to deliver the strongest telecasts for any drama in basic cable history."

 Writing
On July 17, 2010, Darabont said who would be writing and directing the six episodes of the first season. Darabont wrote/co-wrote the first three episodes. He also directed the first episode. Michelle MacLaren directed the second episode. Charles H. Eglee and Jack LoGiudice wrote the third episode with Darabont. It was directed by Gwyneth Horder-Payton. The fourth episode was written by Robert Kirkman. He is the creator and writer of the comic book. It was directed by Johan Renck. The fifth episode was written by Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson. The sixth episode was written by Adam Fierro and directed by Guy Ferland.

On December 1, 2010, Deadline.com reported that Darabont had fired his writing staff. he planned to use freelance writers for the second season. Kirkman said that this had not happened yet. He said that no  plans had been made about the writing staff for season two.

In July 2011, Frank Darabont stepped down from his position as showrunner (the person who "runs the show" - the person in charge of the production) for the series. It was believed that he could not handle the schedule of running a television series. The Hollywood Reporter reported he had been fired over issues about  budget cuts and problems with executives . Glen Mazzara became the new showrunner.

 Filming

The series is filmed on 16 mm film. David Tattersall was the director of photography for the pilot episode with David Boyd as the director of photography on the other episodes. Production design is done by Greg Melton and Alex Hajdu. The effects team includes makeup designer Gregory Nicotero, special effects coordinator Darrell Pritchett, and visual effects supervisors Sam Nicholson and Jason Sperling.

 Reception
 Critical reception
The first season was reviewed very well by critics. It got a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 25 reviews).
Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com had the show on their list of "9 new TV shows not to miss". It was given a grade of "A", with the author saying "A film-quality drama series about zombies? Somebody pinch me!"

The second season received mostly good reviews as well. It had a score of 80 out of 100 based on 22 reviews on Metacritic. Several critics did not think the second season was as good as the first. These include Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly.

 Awards and nominations The Walking Dead'' was nominated for "Best New Series" for the 2011 Writers Guild of America Awards. It was nominated for "Best Television Series Drama" at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. It was also named during the American Film Institute Awards 2010 as one of the top 10 television programs of 2010. For the 2011 Saturn Awards, the series had six nominations. These included "Best Television Presentation", Andrew Lincoln for "Best Actor in Television", Sarah Wayne Callies for "Best Actress on Television", Steven Yeun for "Best Supporting Actor in Television", Laurie Holden for "Best Supporting Actress in Television", and Noah Emmerich for "Best Guest Starring Role in Television". The series was nominated for "Best Drama Series" at the 1st Critics' Choice Television Awards. The pilot episode "Days Gone Bye" got three nominations for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. It was nominated for "Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series" and "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series". It won for "Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special".

References

Other websites

2010 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
American horror television series
Atlanta in fiction
Emmy Award winning programs
Saturn Award winners
The Walking Dead
English-language television programs
2022 American television series endings

The Walking Dead (TV series)


Béla Lugosi (20 October 1882 – 16 August 1956) born in what is now Lugoj, Romania, was a Hungarian-American actor of the theatre and movies. He is best known for playing Count Dracula in the Broadway play and the movie version.  He was a character actor who played many different kinds of roles, but was most often seen in horror movies including White Zombie. He is one of the first actors to enter drug rehabilitation for a drug addiction. In the last years of his career he acted in several low-budget B-movies, some by director Ed Wood. He died in Los Angeles, California of a heart attack when he was 73 years old.

Bela G. Lugosi is his son.

Other websites

1882 births
1956 deaths
American movie actors
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian stage actors

Béla Lugosi


A petal is a coloured part of a flower. With bright colours and scent, they often bring insects and birds to pollinate the flowers. Petals are made of cellulose and other organic matter.

Petals are modified leaves which surround the reproductive parts of flowers. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a corolla.

The role of petals and the evolution of flowers is an important part of botany. It has been studied from the 18th century to the present day.

The most common types of pollination are:
Wind pollination: flowers are small and dull, with little or no scent, and often no petals at all. They produce large amounts of pollen which is scattered by the wind.
Insect pollination: flowers show well in the ultraviolet range, and often have honey guides. These are lines leading from the petal to the nectar. Use of scent is also common.
Bird pollination: large, colourful flowers with nectar.

References

Flowers
Plant anatomy

Petal


Ndoengrum baugvaq ndoengrum dienseng caeuq diegrum goengrengz, danq itbuen ceij gaiqgonq.

Doenghgo
Grassland vegetation can vary in height from very short, as in chalk where the vegetation may be less than  high, to quite tall, as in the case of North American tallgrass prairie, South American grasslands and African savanna.

Woody plants, shrubs or trees, may occur on some grasslands – forming savannas, scrubby grassland or semi-wooded grassland, such as the African savannas or the Iberian dehesa. Such grasslands are sometimes referred to as wood-pasture or woodland.

As flowering plants, grasses grow in great concentrations in climates where annual rainfall ranges between . The root systems of perennial grasses and forbs form complex mats that hold the soil in place.

Yenjvaq
The appearance of mountains in the western United States during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, a period of some 25 million years, created a continental climate favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined, and grasslands became much more widespread. Following the Pleistocene Ice Ages, grasslands expanded in range in the hotter, drier climates, and began to become the dominant land feature worldwide.

Dienheiq
Natural grasslands primarily occur in regions that receive between  of rain per year, as compared with deserts, which receive less than  and tropical rainforests, which receive more than . Anthropogenic grasslands often occur in much higher rainfall zones, as high as  annual rainfall. Grassland can exist naturally in areas with higher rainfall when other factors prevent the growth of forests, such as in serpentine barrens, where minerals in the soil inhibit most plants from growing.

Average daily temperatures range between −20 and 30 °C. Temperate grasslands have warm summers and cold winters with rain or some snow.

Biodiversity and conservation
Grasslands dominated by unsown wild-plant communities ("unimproved grasslands") can be called either natural or 'semi-natural' habitats. The majority of grasslands in temperate climates are 'semi-natural'. Although their plant communities are natural, their maintenance depends upon anthropogenic activities such as low-intensity farming, which maintains these grasslands through grazing and cutting regimes. These grasslands contain many species of wild plants – grasses, sedges, rushes and herbs – 25 or more speerican prairie grasslands or lowland wildflower meadows in the UK are now rare and their associated wild flora equally threatened. Associated with the wild-plant diversity of the "unimproved" grasslands is usually a rich invertebrate fauna; also there are many species of birds that are grassland "specialists", such as the snipe and the Great Bustard. Agriculturally improved grasslands, which dominate modern intensive agricultural landscapes, are usually poor in wild plant species due to the original diversity of plants having been destroyed by cultivation, the original wild-plant communities having been replaced by sown monocultures of cultivated varieties of grasses and clovers, such as Perennial ryegrass and White Clover. In many parts of the world "unimproved" grasslands are one of the least threatened habitats, and a target for acquisition by wildlife conservation groups or for special grants to landowners who are encouraged to manage them appropriately.

Human impact and economic importance

Grasslands are of vital importance for raising livestock for human consumption and for milk and other dairy products.

Grassland vegetation remains dominant in a particular area usually due to grazing, cutting, or natural or manmade fires, all discouraging colonisation by and survival of tree and shrub seedlings. Some of the world's largest expanses of grassland are found in African savanna, and these are maintained by wild herbivores as well as by nomadic pastoralists and their cattle, sheep or goats.

Grasslands may occur naturally or as the result of human activity. Grasslands created and maintained by human activity are called anthropogenic grasslands. Hunting peoples around the world often set regular fires to maintain and extend grasslands, and prevent fire-intolerant trees and shrubs from taking hold. The tallgrass prairies in the US Midwest may have been extended eastward into Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio by human agency. Much grassland in northwest Europe developed after the Neolithic Period, when people gradually cleared the forest to create areas for raising their livestock.

Faendingz

Tropical and subtropical grasslands
These grasslands are classified with tropical and subtropical savannas and shrublands as the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. Notable tropical and subtropical grasslands include the Llanos grasslands of northern South America.

Temperate grasslands
Mid-latitude grasslands, including the Prairie and Pacific Grasslands of North America, the Pampas of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, calcareous downland, and the steppes of Europe. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. Temperate grasslands are the home to many large herbivores, such as bison, gazelles, zebras, rhinoceroses, and wild horses. Carnivores like lions, wolves and cheetahs and leopards are also found in temperate grasslands. Other animals of this region include: deer, prairie dogs, mice, jack rabbits, skunks, coyotes, snakes, fox, owls, badgers, blackbirds (both Old and New World varieties), grasshoppers, meadowlarks, sparrows, quails, hawks and hyenas.

Flooded grasslands
Grasslands that are flooded seasonally or year-round, like the Everglades of Florida, the Pantanal of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay or the Esteros del Ibera in Argentina.They are classified with flooded savannas as the flooded grasslands and savannas biome and occur mostly in the tropics and subtropics.

Watermeadows are grasslands that are deliberately flooded for short periods.

Montane grasslands
High-altitude grasslands located on high mountain ranges around the world, like the Páramo of the Andes Mountains. They are part of the montane grasslands and shrublands biome and also constitute tundra.

Tundra grasslands
Similar to montane grasslands, polar arctic tundra can have grasses, but high soil moisture means that few tundras are grass-dominated today. However, during the Pleistocene ice ages, a polar grassland known as steppe-tundra occupied large areas of the Northern hemisphere. These are in the tundra biome.

Desert and xeric grasslands
Also called desert grasslands, this is composed of sparse grassland ecoregions located in the deserts and xeric shrublands biome.

Doenghduz

Mites, insect larvae, nematodes and earthworms inhabit deep soil, which can reach  underground in undisturbed grasslands on the richest soils of the world. These invertebrates, along with symbiotic fungi, extend the root systems, break apart hard soil, enrich it with urea and other natural fertilizers, trap minerals and water and promote growth. Some types of fungi make the plants more resistant to insect and microbial attacks.

Grassland in all its form supports a vast variety of mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects. Typical large mammals include the Blue Wildebeest, American Bison, Giant Anteater and Przewalski's Horse.

While grasslands in general support diverse wildlife, given the lack of hiding places for predators, the African savanna regions support a much greater diversity in wildlife than do temperate grasslands.

There is evidence for grassland being much the product of animal behaviour and movement; some examples include migratory herds of antelope trampling vegetation and African Bush Elephants eating Acacia saplings before the plant has a chance to grow into a mature tree.

Canhgauj

deihleix

Ndoengrum


Shorena Janiashvili (,  or Šorena Janiašvili; born 12 July 1988, in Tbilisi) is a Georgian singer who's currently active in Lithuania.

Janiashvili studied law in Georgia, learned to play piano and guitar but never took formal musical training. She participated in GMiri, the Georgian version of reality show Survivor, where she survived for 40 days on a desert island in Malaysia. After the show she was hired by Imedi TV station. She traveled to Lithuania to host a Georgian TV show Laimės valanda (Hour of Happiness), which would be transmitted from Vilnius to Tbilisi, but the transmission was interrupted by the 2008 South Ossetia war and she stayed in Lithuania.

Janiashvili was a strong supporter of her native country during the war advocating the end of the war. This inspired her to record bilingual song Karas (The War; in Georgian: ომი) which was critical of the authorities. During one of the anti-war protests in front of the Russian embassy, she sang Tavisupleba (Georgian national anthem) and was spotted by a producer from LNK who invited her to participate in Muzikos akademija (Academy of Music), a music competition. She was quickly voted off, but was subsequently invited to another singing competition Žvaigždžių duetai 3 (Star Duets 3), where she was paired up with Stano and took third place. Janiashvili and her partner Deividas Meškauskas won Šok su manim (Dance with Me), a celebrity dance competition on TV3. In 2009, she was awarded the Lithuanian version of Fun Fearless Female of the Year Award by the Cosmopolitan.

In August 2010, Janiashvili released her debut single Tu žinai (You Know). Starting January 2011, she on a solo tour Mano širdies muzika (Music of My Heart) across Lithuania with a program of traditional Georgian songs. In September 2011, she announced a refreshed program and a world music/jazz album in the works.

References

1988 births
Living people
21st-century women singers from Georgia (country)
Pop singers from Georgia (country)
Musicians from Tbilisi
Lithuanian television people
Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Lithuania

Shorena Janiashvili