Autechre () is an English electronic music duo consisting of Rob Brown and Sean Booth, both from Rochdale, Greater Manchester. Formed in 1987, they are among the best known acts signed to UK electronic label Warp Records, through which all of Autechre's full-length albums have been released beginning with their 1993 debut Incunabula. They gained initial recognition when they were featured on Warp's 1992 compilation Artificial Intelligence.

Influenced by styles such as 1980s electro and hip hop, the music of Autechre has evolved throughout their career from early, melodic techno recordings to later works often considered abstract and experimental, featuring complex composition and few stylistic conventions. Their work has been associated with the 1990s electronic genre known as intelligent dance music (IDM), though Booth has dismissed the label as "silly."

History

Early years (1987–1992)
Brown and Booth met through Manchester's graffiti scene in 1987 when they both lived in Rochdale. Heavily influenced by electro-funk, hip-hop, and acid house, they began trading mixtapes and then creating their own compositions while collecting a handful of cheap equipment, most notably a Casio SK-1 sampler and a Roland TR-606 drum machine. Their first release was Lego Feet, a 12" recorded under an alias of the same name brought out by Manchester's Skam Records.

Their first release as Autechre was the single "Cavity Job" in 1991, released on Hardcore Records. Booth and Brown pronounce the name Autechre with a Rochdale accent ( ). However, they have explained that the name can be pronounced in any way one sees fit. Booth said: "The first two letters were intentional, because there was an 'au' sound in the track, and the rest of the letters were bashed randomly on the keyboard. We had this track title for ages, and we had written it on a cassette, with some graphics. It looked good, and we began using it as our name."

Two more tracks appeared in 1992 under the now finalised Autechre name, on the Warp Records compilation Artificial Intelligence, part of the series of the same name. The compilation contained "The Egg", later reworked for their first full-length release under the title "Eggshell".

Two hours of early material was broadcast live on NTS Radio during Warp's 30th anniversary weekend, called Warp Tapes 89-93. It is distributed for free on Autechre's Bleep Store in digital audio format.

Incunabula and Amber (1993–1994)
In 1993 Warp released their debut album, Incunabula, which became a surprise success, reaching the top of the UK Indie Chart. The album had a cool, calculated feel, with clear techno and electro roots, but also showed hints of the rhythmic flourishes and tuned percussion that would later become an important feature of their work. An EP of remixes of Incunabula's "Basscadet" was released in 1994, with animated computer graphics for the Bcdtmx version created by Jess Scott-Hunter. This music video featured on MTV Europe's Party Zone when Autechre were interviewed during the show in September that year. 1994 also saw the release of Amber, an album featuring a more ambient, less percussive approach than their debut.

The Anti EP was released shortly before Amber and is, as of yet, the only Autechre release to have an explicit purpose: it was a protest against the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, which would prohibit raves, defined as any gathering of nine or more people where rave music is played. Rave music was defined as music which "includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterized by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats". The record came wrapped in a seal, on which was printed a legal warning: "Flutter has been programmed in such a way that no bars contain identical beats and can therefore be played at both forty five and thirty three revolutions under the proposed new law. However we advise DJs to have a lawyer and musicologist present at all times to confirm the non repetitive nature of the music in the event of police harassment."

In a 2008 interview with Pitchfork Media, Rob Brown mentioned that Incunabula and Amber retrospectively sounded "cheesy". Brown later clarified that "they were perhaps more simple, but not in a shit way."

Tri Repetae, Chiastic Slide, and LP5 (1995–1999)

1995 saw the release of Tri Repetae, their third album, as well as the EPs Anvil Vapre and Garbage, featuring a monochrome cover designed by The Designers Republic, with whom Autechre have long held a close association. Tri Repetae and its associated EPs were combined into a two disc set entitled Tri Repetae++, which was released in the United States. An official promotional video was created for "Second Bad Vilbel" from Anvil Vapre by English visual artist Chris Cunningham (his first). The "Second Bad Vilbel" video featured rapidly cut shots of industrial machinery and robotic movement, synchronised with the music. Cunningham later re-edited the video in 2002, following his disappointment with the original: "It was intended to be completely abstract but it didn't quite work out that way". A two track vinyl-only EP entitled We R Are Why, was available to buy during certain concerts and via mail order during 1996. Also in 1995, Autechre's track "Nonima" was featured on Mind The Gap Volume 5, a Belgian compilation of electronic music.

Autechre released three records in 1997: the full length Chiastic Slide, and the EPs Envane, and Cichlisuite (pronounced "sickly sweet"). The latter EP consists of five remixed versions of "Cichli" from Chiastic Slide. Radio Mix was also released in 1997; a rare CD-only promotional recording, it contains an hour-long DJ mix of other artists' tracks, some of them remixed by Autechre, as well as a short interview edited sometimes to the point of incomprehensibility.

An untitled record (typically known as LP5 or simply Autechre) followed in 1998. It has been seen as a transitional work, with Brown commenting in 2005 that "a lot of people have cited it as a classic Autechre album because it bridges the gap between the guys who liked our old stuff and the guys who got propelled on to our new stuff."

1999 saw the release of their first Peel session EP, consisting of three tracks broadcast on John Peel's show for BBC Radio 1 in October 1995, as well as a vinyl-only limited edition promotional EP entitled Splitrmx12. 1999 also saw EP7, which is classed by the group as an EP despite the CD version being over an hour in length.

Confield, Draft 7.30, and Untilted (2000–2007)

The new millennium brought about a drastic change in Autechre's style, demonstrated by Confield (2001) and Draft 7.30 (2003), as well as the Gantz Graf EP (2002). The title track from Gantz Graf inspired an iconic video by British designer Alex Rutterford, featuring an object (or an agglomeration of objects) synchronised to the music as it morphs, pulsates, shakes, and finally dissolves. Rutterford, who had previously created an unofficial video for the Tri Repetae track "Eutow" as part of the Channel 4 music programme Lo-Fi in 2001, claimed the idea for the "Gantz Graf" video came during one of his LSD trips. The second Autechre Peel session EP was also released in 2002, containing four tracks broadcast in 1999, named by John Peel himself. Autechre released three collaborative albums with Andrew M. McKenzie's Hafler Trio collective during the following five years (see collaborations).

Metacritic rated the critical reviews to Confield as "universal acclaim". According to Sean Booth, "most of Confield came out of experiments with Max that weren't really applicable in a club environment." In contrast, 2003's Draft 7.30 was seen by some as an easier record to grasp. Booth stated in an interview around the release of Draft 7.30 that "[rhythm] doesn't seem to limit us in the way it did when we first started. Now I think we just get it, we're totally fluent in it and can be more expressive."Untilted (a play on the word "untitled"), the duo's eighth album, was released in 2005. It roughly continued the sound of their previous two LPs, though featured compositions that mutated greatly during their duration, typically alternating between passages of ambience and heavily processed, precise beats, such as on "Ipacial Section". Its final track, "Sublimit", is at almost sixteen minutes; Autechre's longest composition to feature on any of their albums until 2016's elseq 1-5. The release of Untilted was followed by a two-month tour that took the group around Europe, America and Japan, but withdrew them from studio work for an unusual length of time. The outcome of this, coupled with a forced change in studio setup, was a gap of three years between releases, longer than ever before.

Quaristice, Oversteps, and Exai (2008–2013)
Their ninth album, Quaristice, was released in early 2008. In contrast to Untilted, it is made up of twenty tracks, more than any other Autechre release, each typically around 2–5 minutes in length. The download-only Quaristice.Quadrange.ep.ae EP that accompanies it (as well as the Versions bonus disc and three tracks released exclusively through the Japanese iTunes Store) brings the total length of music released during their Quaristice era to over five hours. Among this is the hour-long "Perlence subrange 6-36" that closes the EP. Each track on Quaristice was edited down from lengthy improvised sessions between Booth and Brown, some of which were released in longer versions on Quaristice. Quadrange.ep.ae. Although Sean Booth has stated that the FLAC release of Quaristice is the actual product, the album was also released by Warp Records as a double LP and a single CD as well as an elaborate two CD edition by Warp Records. Limited to only 1000 copies, and containing both the regular album and Quaristice (Versions), this special edition was packaged in a photo-etched steel case. It sold out within 12 hours of being announced.

On 13 January 2010, Warp Records announced Oversteps, Autechre's tenth album. Originally slated to be released in March, it was released a month early in digital form on Bleep.com to those who preordered it; the CD and deluxe vinyl editions were released on 22 March 2010. A two-month European tour occurred in support of the album, followed by limited shows in Japan and Australia, the latter breaking a 15-year absence. Autechre then compiled a mix for the magazine FACT, released in February of the same year, that consisted of tracks by artists such as J Dilla and Necrophagist. On 25 May 2010, Warp Records announced the ten track Move of Ten, an EP by the duo in conjunction with the release of Oversteps. The digipack CD and the two 12" vinyl version, as well as a digital download, was released on 12 July 2010.

In April 2011 a boxset of EPs entitled EPs 1991 – 2002 (excluding Move of Ten) was released, with artwork from the Designers Republic. It includes a CD copy of their debut EP, Cavity Job, the first time it has been released on the format. In 2011 as part of Warp's 'Made in Japan' relief concert for the victims of the 2011 Sendai earthquake, an eleven-minute piece was released entitled '6852', possibly part of a previous live recording.

The eleventh studio album entitled Exai was released on 5 March 2013, having been available for download from the official website as of Valentine's Day, 14 February 2013. The duo announced their 14th EP L-Event on 17 September 2013, which was released on 28 October 2013.

AENA tour, AE_LIVE, elseq 1–5, NTS Sessions (2014–2019)
During 2015, the duo embarked on a tour across North America, marketed as AENA. The tour was officially announced on the Warp Records website on 25 May 2015 but promotional material (specifically the logos for the upcoming tour) can be found that was released on 13 August 2014. On 29 October 2015 members of the Autechre mailing list were given invite-only permission to download a live recording from the duo titled , a collection of 4 hour-long soundboard recordings of a series of concerts that took place in 2014. On 1 November 2015 a Bleep.com substore opened up giving the public the ability to purchase and download the collection.

On 13 May 2016 a new Autechre track by the title of "feed1" was played on Tom Ravenscroft's late evening show on BBC 6 Music after an announcement made on the Warp Records Twitter feed which was accompanied by a piece of geometric album art. On 18 May 2016 a second new track was played on KSUA, an Alaskan student radio station, again announced in a tweet by Warp. Afterwards, Warp released the snippet of the Autechre song on their Soundcloud account under the title "c16 deep tread". On 19 May 2016, their twelfth studio album, elseq 1-5, on Autechre's AE_STORE_ page. Warp Records have stated that there are no plans to release the album on a physical medium, making the album Autechre's first digital-only studio album release.

On 6 April 2018, a livestream of new material was broadcast on NTS Radio, marking the first of four live streams released every week of the month. On 9 April 2018, it was unveiled that the sessions, totalling eight hours of material, would be packaged and released as NTS Sessions 1–4 with a listing on the AE_STORE, including 12xLP and 8xCD boxsets. The livestreams coincided with the announcement of live sets in Japan and Australia, including their first ever performance in Tasmania at the Dark Mofo Festival.

In November 2018, Richard Devine joined the user chat room of the electronic music forum We Are The Music Makers and hinted at an easter egg on the AE_STORE website. Following a partially hidden link, the user could download instrument parameter files for Elektron's hardware which Autechre used for the 2008 Quaristice tour. When loaded into a Monomachine or Machinedrum these files allowed the user to create their own Quaristice tour soundboard.

SIGN and PLUS (2020–present)
In April 2020, Autechre released AE_LIVE_2016/2018, a set of tour recordings from those respective years. On 1 September 2020 Warp Records announced that fans should sign up to the Autechre mailing list. The following day Autechre announced their next album SIGN, which was released on 16 October 2020.

In 2020 interviews, the duo stated that they had been recording material for SIGN since the summer of 2018, after their Australian tour, up to February that year. Booth remarked that the songs were more emotional than other works, and that this was the first album recorded with their revamped systems.

Another album titled PLUS was surprise released digitally on 28 October, with physical and streaming releases planned on 20 November.

Influences
A wide variety of influences have been noted as discernible in Autechre's music. The duo's roots in tagging, early hip-hop and electro music, and b-boy culture in general are still evident, with many reviews noting hip-hop rhythms—sometimes heavily obscured or processed, and sometimes explicit even in later work. All of Autechre's live webcasts have featured large amounts of early hip-hop and electro. In a review of Oversteps, The Wire noted "Treale" as being "a reminder of Booth and Brown's musical apprenticeship as teenage B-boys". As Autechre's music and studio setup evolved, reviews started to note influences from farther afield; experiments in and generative synthesis, musique concrète, and FM synthesis drew comparisons with Iannis Xenakis, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Bernard Parmegiani from critics such as Paul Morley. The group have mentioned musique concrète composers Tod Dockstader and Edgard Varèse as influences. Autechre also cite Coil as a major influence, with an unfinished collaboration of unknown completeness occurring around the release of LP5 and EP7. Chris Richards of The Washington Post stated in 2015 that Autechre create "some of the most complicated music you could ever hope to drown in" and are "recognized as pioneers in experimental music". Autechre's work has been described as "music that sounds like it designed itself, with audio fractals that change constantly like living organisms."

Recording
Booth and Brown record tracks collaboratively, but in separate studios with identical software and equipment. The process, as Booth describes in a 2020 interview with the New York Times, involves one sending a track to another, which is sent back with revisions before it is deemed finished. Brown remarks that, although they "behave differently, we sometimes try to achieve the same goal, but with greatly differing approaches (as) we really do get off on the fact that we're on the same page most of the time."

Equipment
Autechre use many different digital synths and a few analogue synths in their production, as well as analogue and digital drum machines, mixers, effects units and samplers. They have also made extensive use of a variety of computer based sequencers, software synthesisers, and other applications as a means of controlling those synths and processing the synthesised sounds. Much of the hardware and software they use has been customised by the band themselves. Autechre have also experimented in depth with development environments such as Max/MSP, and Kyma, amongst others, from 1997 onwards. From 2005 until 2009, they have used the Elektron Machinedrum and Monomachine, alongside Akai MPC and Nord Modular in their live performances. It has also been rumoured that Autechre have used military equipment in their work. In 2008, Sean Booth reported that if he were locked in a cell for a year with only one piece of software and one piece of hardware, he'd "probably take a copy of Digital Performer and an AKG C1000 microphone."

Other machines that Autechre have repeatedly mentioned in interviews are appreciated for their interface and aesthetics as much as their sound, including the Roland TR-606 and MC-202, and the Nord Lead. According to the 2016 interview to Resident Advisor, both members haven't bought a piece of equipment "in the last 5 years", making MAX/MSP a primary production method, with Sean Booth stating that "in Max I can generally build the thing I need, and if I don't know how to do that it'll generally be worthwhile learning." Booth said that they use MAX as MIDI "only handles a limited set of information" and that instruments like the piano "separates the artist from the string."

Collaborations, remixes and covers
Both Booth and Brown are known to have been heavily involved with the majority of releases by the mysterious Gescom collective, although Booth admitted in an interview that around 20-30 musicians overall are connected with what he describes as an "umbrella project". Three elaborately packaged albums (æ³o & h³æ, æo³ & ³hæ, and ha³oe & ah³eo) have been made by Autechre in collaboration with Andrew M. McKenzie's ongoing Hafler Trio project. These albums are significantly more minimal than any other Autechre release, featuring dense, claustrophobic and noisy drones. A track called "Elephant Gear", credited to both Autechre and Canadian breakcore musician Venetian Snares under the alias AEVSVS, was released on a compilation in tribute to Elektron co-founder Daniel Hansson, who died in a car accident. Autechre have collaborated with several artists for live performances, including Zoviet France, Fennesz and Roedelius 3. Telepathics Meh In-Sect Connection, an album by Sean Booth in collaboration with Mika Vainio of Pan Sonic and Kouhei Matsunaga, was released in early 2010.

In 2009 they contributed a cover of an LFO song to the Warp20 compilation, as well as having their song "Tilapia" covered by John Callaghan.

The compilation CD The Only Blip Hop Record You Will Ever Need, Vol.1, issued in 2002 by David Byrne's Luaka Bop Records, contains a cover version of "Gnit" performed by Marie + Scratch.  It is performed using only human voice samples.

The band Pink Freud has performed covers of several Autechre numbers, including Basscadet, Cichli, and Bike.  These live performances are available on YouTube.

Autechre helped initiate the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in 2000, and curated the 2003 festival.

Radio
Autechre have been involved with radio since their early days, originally spinning for IBC Radio, a Manchester pirate radio station in 1991, where they had their own show playing Belgian techno alongside their own demos. Later they would appear as part of Gescom for their weekly "Disengage" show on Manchester's Kiss FM.

Booth & Brown are also known to have contributed (anonymously) to the weekly pirate radio show which aired live at midnight Saturday night in Sheffield from 1994-5, hosted by DJ Jez Potter (who went on to found the noted 'Fear Of A Crap Planet' club night in Brighton) alongside fellow Sheffield residents Robert E. Baker, Mark Fell and Mat Steel. No official recordings of these sometimes particularly lengthy broadcasts, often extending to many hours - which featured the above named artists performing using vinyl, tape, CDs, MiniDisc, as well as various hard-and-software - are known to exist.

Webcasts
Autechre have streamed exceptionally long live DJ mixes as webcasts to coincide with the release of four albums so far:
 A nearly nine-hour live mix on 1011 April 2005 (GMT) to coincide with the release of Untilted.
 A twelve-hour live stream on 2324 February 2008 to coincide with the release of Quaristice.
 A twelve-and-a-half-hour live stream spanning 6pm6:30am (GMT) on 23 March 2010 to coincide with the release of Oversteps.
 Two separate ten-hour live streams from 8pm to 6am (GMT) on 2 and 3 March 2013 to coincide with the release of Exai.
 A 12-hour mix via radio streaming platform Mixlr on 13 October 2019.
 A broadcast of SIGN on October 8 to the Autechre website.
 A 5.5 hour long mix on Mixlr streamed on 30 December 2022.

Discography

 Incunabula (1993)
 Amber (1994)
 Tri Repetae (1995)
 Chiastic Slide (1997)
 LP5 (1998)
 Confield (2001)
 Draft 7.30 (2003)
 Untilted (2005)
 Quaristice (2008)
 Oversteps (2010)
 Exai (2013)
 elseq 1–5 (2016)
 NTS Sessions 1–4 (2018)
 SIGN (2020)
 PLUS'' (2020)

References

External links
  – official site

Mainstream references

 Autechre at Warp Records

Interviews and other
 Autechre TV Interview on MTV Europe's Party Zone (September 1994)
 Sean Booth Interview with Disquiet (November 1997)
 Autechre interview with Sound on Sound (April 2004)
 Rob Brown interview with BBC Collective (April 2005)
 Sean Booth interview with KultureFlash (April 2005)
 Sean Booth interview with Cyclic Defrost (May 2005)
 Rob Brown Interview about Quaristice with Barcode Magazine (January 2008)
 Interview with Sean Booth in The List
 Autechre, "Oversteps" by Billboard
 Sean Booth Interview with Fail (April 2010)

English electronic music duos
Intelligent dance musicians
Warp (record label) artists
TVT Records artists
Nothing Records artists
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Music in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
English experimental musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987
English techno music groups

Autechre


The northern crombec (Sylvietta brachyura) is a species of African warbler, formerly placed in the family Sylviidae.
It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
Its natural habitat is dry savanna.

References

northern crombec
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
northern crombec
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Northern crombec


Hurricane Ioke (also Typhoon Ioke, international designation 0612, JTWC designation 01C also sometimes called Super Typhoon Ioke) is the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific. The first storm to form in the Central Pacific in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season, Ioke is a long-lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific, reaching Category 5 status twice as a hurricane. As a typhoon, Ioke managed to achieve Category 5-equivalent one-minute sustained winds one more time before weakening.

Ioke did not affect any permanently populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon, but the storm passed over Johnston Atoll as a Category 2 hurricane and Wake Island as a Category 5 typhoon. Despite its strength, Ioke only caused moderate damage to Wake Island, and was not responsible for any fatalities.

Storm history

The system began in the third week of August as a persistent tropical disturbance south of the Hawaiian Islands. It was initially embedded in a trough, but gained convection and developed into a tropical depression about 775 miles south of Honolulu on August 19. It continued to strengthen, and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center designated the system with the name Ioke (IPA /iːˈəʊ.keɪ/), which is Hawaiian for the name Joyce, becoming the first tropical storm to form in the Central Pacific since 2002.

Ioke quickly began to enter a process of rapid development; strengthening into a hurricane just 24 hours after it had formed. While safely avoiding the Hawaiian Islands, it continued to rapidly intensify and became a major hurricane (Category 3 or greater) on the morning of August 21. Later that day, Ioke intensified even further into a Category 4 hurricane. On August 22, it began to weaken as a result of cooler water and eyewall replacement cycle, and was downgraded back to a Category 2. As a Category 2 storm, Ioke affected Johnston Atoll.

The storm began to rapidly deepen again late on August 23 as it moved over increasingly warm water, reaching major hurricane status for the second time while moving to the west-northwest. From there, conditions would become even more favorable for development.

Overnight between August 24 and August 25, Ioke strengthened rapidly, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the 25th - the first system originating from the Central Pacific to reach that intensity while still in the Western Hemisphere. Ioke then began to travel over a large environment highly favorable for hurricane development, and would maintain its strength for an extended period of time. Ioke also became the most intense hurricane ever to develop in the Central Pacific, with a central pressure of 921 mbar (27.19 inHg) at that point (which dropped to 920 mbar at its Central Pacific peak).

Ioke began to fluctuate in intensity afterward; weakened back to a Category 4 while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle, regaining Category 5 strength on August 26. Ioke held that intensity until crossing the International Date Line that evening (August 27 after the crossover), becoming Typhoon Ioke in the process. The storm weakened to Category 4 strength according to the JTWC, but by 2100 UTC on August 29, the JTWC advised that Ioke had regained Category 5 strength for the third time.

After maintaining Category 5 strength for 12 hours, Ioke weakened back to a Category 4 for the final time on August 30 while approaching Wake Island. Ioke passed almost directly over the island on early September 1 and continued tracking to the west-northwest while slowly weakening over gradually cooling waters. On September 3, under the influence of an approaching trough, the typhoon began to recurve to the northwest, then to the north and away from Japan, while weakening more rapidly. Ioke  began to transition into an extratropical storm late on September 4 due to increased wind shear and rapidly cooling seas, and the JTWC issued its last advisory at 1200 UTC on September 5 after it was decided that Ioke had begun extratropical transition. The JMA followed suit early on September 7 after Ioke had become completely extratropical east of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The remnant extratropical low is currently monitored by National Weather Service and is expected to be near Alaska in 48 hours.

Records

 Ioke was the first Category 5 hurricane ever to form in the Central Pacific and reach that intensity while still in the Central Pacific. It was also only the fifth Category 5 hurricane on record in the Central Pacific (the other four formed in the Eastern or Western Pacific), and the first one since Hurricane John in 1994.
 Ioke was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific with a recorded pressure at its peak of 920 mbar (27.179 inHg).
 Ioke tied Hurricane Emilia of 1994 by reaching Category 5 status twice, both as hurricanes in the Northern Pacific east of the International Date Line. Ioke would go on to restrengthen to a Category 5-equivalent typhoon.
 Ioke spent longer at Category 4 and higher than any other Central or East Pacific hurricane with a total of 34 (31 consecutive) 6 hourly reports at that strength. The previous record was held by Hurricane Paka with 27 (25 consecutive) 6 hourly reports.

Impact
Despite Ioke's extreme intensity and impacting two small land masses, damage was surprisingly moderate. Little damage was done on Johnston Atoll, and damage to infrastructure on Wake Island was less than expected, despite Ioke's eyewall brushing the island.

Johnston Atoll
The National Weather Service reported that the eastern eyewall of Ioke passed over the uninhabited Johnston Atoll, buffeting it with hurricane-force winds.

Twelve people on a United States Air Force vessel in the Pacific were forced to abandon ship and take shelter in a hurricane-proof bunker on the island. They were reported safe the next day, and a reconnaissance flight reported little damage on the island.

Wake Island

Due to Typhoon Ioke's projected path near Wake Island, all 188 people who live and work there were evacuated in two C-17 Globemaster IIIs to Oahu in Hawaii. The typhoon's powerful winds, estimated to gust as high as 190 mph, damaged weather sensors on the island, causing them to fail after the instruments reported a 100 mph gust. A reconnaissance mission by the Coast Guard indicated the typhoon caused moderate damage on the island, including blown off roofs, damaged sides of buildings, and downed trees. However, the damage was repairable, and the major infrastructure on the island was intact.

Minami Torishima
The JMA issued evacuation orders for its staff on Minami Torishima on September 1 in view of the approaching typhoon, but so far, no damage has been reported.

References

2006 Pacific hurricane season
East Pacific hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names

Hurricane Ioke


Andert-et-Condon is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2009, 336 people lived in the commune. The local economy is mostly based around agriculture and wine. The most important monument in the commune is the Château d'Andert, a 15th-century castle that is listed as a monument historique.

Communes in Ain

Andert-et-Condon


Nitric oxide also known as nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound. It contains nitrogen in its +2 oxidation state. It contains nitrogen and oxide ions. Its chemical formula is often given as ·N=O.

Properties
It is a colorless gas. It is easily oxidized to nitrogen dioxide by air. It can react with a mixture of air and water to make nitrous acid. It glows when reacted with ozone.

Preparation
It is made by reacting ammonia with oxygen with a catalyst. It is also made in lightning. It can be made in small amounts by reacting copper with nitric acid. It can also be made by reducing nitrous acid with compounds such as iron(II) sulfate.

Uses
Nitric oxide is used in making nitric acid from ammonia. Ammonia is reacted with air to make nitric oxide, and the nitric oxide is oxidized by air to make nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to make nitric acid and more nitric oxide.

It is also used as a stimulant in the human body. It has many actions in the human body that are being studied.

Safety
Nitric oxide is toxic when breathed in. It also easily is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, a toxic brown choking substance.

Related pages
Nitrous oxide
Nitrite
Sodium nitrite

Nitrogen compounds
Oxides

Nitric oxide


The word toll has several meanings.

Road transportation infrastructure
 "Toll" is sometimes used as a synonym for tariff
 A fee charged to use some roads and bridges
 Toll road, a road for which road usage tolls are charged
 Toll plaza, a facility where tolls are collected, on modern toll roads, tunnels, and bridges
 Toll bridge, a bridge for which road usage tolls are charged
 Toll tunnel, a tunnel for which road usage tolls are charged
 Toll house, a place where road usage tolls are collected
 Electronic toll collection, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically
 High occupancy toll, a toll on single-occupant vehicles using high-occupancy vehicle lanes to reduce traffic congestion
 Shadow toll, payments made by government to the private sector operator of a road based on the number of vehicles using the road
 Road toll, the number of deaths caused annually by road accidents

Other
 Funeral tolling is the slow, solemn ringing of church bells at funerals
 Toll (gene), encode members of the Toll-like receptor class of proteins
 Toll-like receptor, a class of proteins which play a key role in the innate immune system
 Toll switching trunk, in telephone communications systems
 Toll (telecommunications), refers to connection charges, for instance note Trunk vs Toll charging and toll-free telephone numbers

Toll


Harry Douglas Yates (July 21, 1903 in Buffalo, Erie County, New York – October 9, 1996 in Menands, Albany County, New York) was an American banker and politician from New York. He was for a short time Acting New York State Comptroller in 1941.

Life
Yates was the son of Mary Theresa Duffy (1874-1956) and Harry Yates (1870-1956).He graduated B.S. from Hamilton College in 1925.

On April 27, 1932, he was appointed First Deputy Comptroller by Morris S. Tremaine. After Tremaine's death in office on October 12, 1941, Yates acted as Comptroller for a week until Governor Herbert H. Lehman appointed American Laborite Joseph V. O'Leary to fill the vacancy. Yates continued in office as First Deputy under O'Leary until November 1942 when he resigned to enter the U.S. Army and help with the war effort during World War II. He joined the Adjutant General's Corps stationed at Washington, D.C. While on leave in 1944, he married Anita Pohndorff (1914-1991) of Saratoga, New York.

He left the Army as a captain, and after his return to Albany, New York, managed the Dutch Village Apartments in Menands, NY, and became President of the Albany Home Savings Bank.

He was a trustee of Hamilton College, the Albany Institute of History and Art, and Siena College. He was awarded an honorary L.H.D. from Siena College in 1972, and the Distinguished Service Award from the Episcopal Bishop of Albany in 1973.

References
 Appointment, in NYT on April 28, 1932 (subscription required)
 Tremaine's funeral in NYT on October 14, 1941 (subscription required)
 Resigned and entered Army, in NYT on November 1942 (subscription required)
 The Pohndorff Yates Collection, at Skidmore College
 The Yates Gallery, at Siena College
 Bio at Hamilton College Library

1903 births
1996 deaths
New York State Comptrollers
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
United States Army officers
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Politicians from Albany, New York
20th-century American politicians
People from Menands, New York
Businesspeople from Albany, New York
Businesspeople from Buffalo, New York
Military personnel from Buffalo, New York
20th-century American businesspeople

Harry D. Yates


Robert W. "Robby" Gordon (born Januar 2, 1969) is an American racecaur driver who currently competes in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series as an awner-driver, drivin the #7 Speed Energy Dodge Charger for Robby Gordon Motorsports, an an' a' competes pairt-time in the Nationwide Series. He haes an aa raced in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, Champ Car, the IRL, Trans-Am, IMSA, IROC an Dakar Rally. Gordon is regardit as ane o the best road course drivers in NASCAR.  Alang wi Tony Stewart, Joe Nemechek an Michael Waltrip, Gordon participates in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series as an awner/driver. He is no relatit tae fellae Sprint Cup driver, Jeff Gordon. Robby an his Robby Gordon Motorsports team are currently the starns o a reality TV series follaein the daily operations o his organization cried SpeedFactory.tv

1969 births
American racin drivers
American rally drivers
Dakar Rally drivers
Champ Car drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
International Race of Champions drivers
Indy Racing League drivers
Livin fowk
NASCAR drivers
NASCAR awners
Sportsfowk frae Californie
Trans-Am drivers
Livin fowk

Robby Gordon


Dananananaykroyd was a Scottish six-piece, self-dubbed 'Fight Pop' band formed in 2006 in Glasgow, Scotland. Their name is a play on the name of Canadian-American actor Dan Aykroyd. They announced via Facebook and Twitter on 29 September 2011 that they would be disbanding after one farewell tour.

Career
In 2006, Dananananaykroyd released two limited edition 7" singles, "Totally Bone" and "Some Dresses" on Moshi Moshi and Jealous Records respectively. A Japan-only CD EP, collecting both singles, was later released on Tokyo's Klee/Rallye records. Singer Giles Bailey left the group and was replaced by drummer Calum Gunn while John Baillie Jnr joined the band on drums and additional lead vocals.

Dananananaykroyd released their first EP, Sissy Hits, on London-based Holy Roar Records in June 2008. Shortly after, they introduced ex-Rumsfeld drummer Paul Carlin as their new (other) drummer after James Hamilton of Errors left the band. Dananananaykroyd signed to the independent London label Best Before Records shortly thereafter, and recorded their debut full-length album Hey Everyone! in the US with producer Machine which was released in April 2009.

The band have toured the UK extensively with bands such as Foals, Queens of the Stone Age and in 2009 completed a European tour with the Kaiser Chiefs. They played at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2009 and 2011.

In June 2009, the band announced that bass player Laura Hyde had left, and would be replaced on tour by bassist Ryan McGinness.

In August 2009 near the beginning of the band's gig in Sydney, singer John Baillie Junior jumped off stage and broke his arm causing the band to cancel the remainder of their Australian tour, as well as appearances at Pukkelpop and Belladrum festivals. Baillie snapped both bones that run from the wrist to the elbow, shearing a large chunk of bone from his elbow. Emergency surgery was needed in Sydney to fix the injury, leaving four metal screws in his arm permanently. His return show (with Calum and John sharing vocals duties) was Reading Festival only three weeks later which the band opened, playing to 10,000+ people on the Radio 1/NME stage. The band returned to the venue in Sydney two years later (to the day) and continued the show from the floor where he fell.

The song "Black Wax" is featured in the football video game FIFA 10.

In 2010, Dananananaykroyd performed on Australian radio station Triple J's Like a Version where they performed their own song "Black Wax" and a cover on "Whip It" (originally by Devo) while they were in Sydney; it was recorded the same day as JBJ's accident which saw the rest of the tour being cancelled. The band played a short UK tour in May 2010 under the name 'The Sissy Hits', in which they debuted tracks from the forthcoming record.

Over November and December 2010, the band recorded their second album in Los Angeles with producer Ross Robinson, on 16 March 2011 Dananananaykroyd announced details of the album, titled There is a Way, which was released in June 2011.

On 30 September 2011 it was announced the band will be splitting, their final tour took place in October/November. Their final show took place on 12 November 2011.

Related bands
Since then members John Baillie Jnr, David Roy, Ryan McGinness as well as Paul Bannon who played drums on their last tour have formed a band called Alarm Bells. They released their first EP Part One on limited edition 12" vinyl via bandcamp.

Duncan Robertson and Paul Carlin have gone on to form a band called Ex Teens.

Calum Gunn was a part of the punk band, Her Parents, who released their first album, Physical Release, on 20 August 2012.

John Baillie Jnr later formed Bossy Love with singer Amandah Wilkinson from Operator Please.

Final line-up
Duncan Robertson - guitar
David Roy - guitar
Calum Gunn - vocals
John Baillie Junior - vocals
Paul Bannon - drums
Ryan McGinness - bass

Discography

Albums
Hey Everyone! (6 April 2009)
There Is a Way (13 June 2011)

Singles
"Totally Bone" / "Hey Giles" on Moshi Moshi Records
"Some Dresses" / "Genuine Lbs" on Jealous Records
"Pink Sabbath" / "Chrome Rainbow" on Best Before Records
"Black Wax" / "No Wage" on Best Before Records (23 March 2009)
"Some Dresses" / "America Runs On Duncan" on Best Before Records
"Muscle Memory" on Pizza College (6 June 2011)
"Think & Feel" on Pizza College (7 November 2011)

EPs
Sissy Hits (Holy Roar Records) (9 June 2008)
"Shrapnel!" (exclusive HMV 'There Is a Way' bonus EP)

Music videos
"Black Wax" (2009)
"Some Dresses" (2009)
"Muscle Memory" (2011)

References

External links
 Dananananaykroyd page on Myspace
 Drowned In Sound interview  with the band
 Nuts and Seeds

Scottish pop music groups
British indie rock groups
Scottish indie rock groups
Best Before Records artists

Dananananaykroyd


Hertha BSC is a German football club based in Berlin. They started in 1892.  Hertha Berlin was one of the founding clubs of the DFB (Deutscher Fußball Bund or German Football Association) in Leipzig in 1900.

History

Early years
BFC Hertha 92 (Berlin Foortbal Club Hertha 92) was formed in 1892. Its name and team colours were taken from a steamship with a blue and white funnel. One of the men who founded the club had taken a day trip on this ship with his father. Hertha is a variation on the name Nerthus, a Germanic fertility goddess.

Hertha always played well, but were not financially successful. They won the first Berlin championship final in 1905. Because of money troubles in 1920 Hertha merged with the richer Berliner Sport-Club to form Hertha Berliner Sport Club. The new team was still successful, but never the best. Hertha BSC was in the German championship final every year from 1926 to 1930, but were only able to win in 1930. Hertha and BSC split in 1930, and Hertha won the championship again in 1931.

Hertha was Germany's second most successful team during the inter-war years.

Play under the Third Reich
German football was re-organized under the Third Reich in 1933 into sixteen top-flight divisions, which saw Hertha playing in the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg. The club continued to be successful in their division, regularly finishing in the upper half of the table and capturing the divisional title in 1935, 1937, and 1944. However, they did not do well nationally, and never got past the early rounds of the national championshipships.

Postwar play in divided Berlin
After World War II, occupying Allied authorities banned most organisations in Germany, including sports and football clubs. Hertha restarted at the end of 1945 as SG Gesundbrunnen (named after a district of northern Berlin) and resumed play in the Oberliga Berlin - Gruppe C. The thirty-six teams of the first season of the postwar Oberliga Berlin were reduced to just 12 the next year and the club found itself out of first division football and playing in the Amateurliga Berlin. By the end of 1949, they had become Hertha BSC Berlin again.

In the 1949/50 season the Soviets would not allow Hertha to play against East German teams, because they had signed some players and a coach who had left the Dresden club SG Friedrichstadt for West Berlin. A number of sides from the eastern half of the city were forced from the Oberliga Berlin to the newly established DDR-Liga beginning with the 1950-51 season.

Throughout the 1950's there was a rivalry with Tennis Borussia Berlin, but the idea of the two merger between the two clubs in 1958 was rejected.

Bundesliga
Hertha was a founder of the Bundesliga in 1963 and was Berlin's reigning champion. But Hertha was demoted after the 1964-65 season because the club had tried to bribe players to play in the city after the Berlin Wall had been built, and players did not want to move to the city. To keep a Berlin team in the Bundesliga, Tasmania 1900 Berlin, were promoted instead. Tasmania were the worst side ever in the Bundesliga history. Hertha returned to the Bundesliga in 1968-69 and became Berlin's favourite side.

Hertha had to sell the team's former home ground in 1974 when investigations about the match fixing scandal of 1971 showed that the club was 6 million DM (€3 million) in debt.

The team continued to enjoy a fair measure of success during the 70s but gradually slipped down into the third tier Amateur Oberliga Berlin where they spent two seasons (1986-87 and 1987-88).

After two turns in the Bundesliga (1982-83 and 1990-91) Hertha was immediately relegated after poor performances. Herthas amateur side was more successful, getting to the final of the German Cup in 1993 where they lost 0:1 to Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen.

By 1994 Hertha BSC was 10 million DM (€5 million) in debt. More land had to be sold and a new sponsor and management team were found. By 1997 Hertha got back into the Bundesliga. The y were the first Berlin club in 10 years to be in the top division. Since then they have generally finished in the top third of the Bundesliga.

Most recently, bright spots for the side have been a continuous string of appearances in international play in the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League beginning in the 1999 season, and the signing of players such as Sebastian Deisler and Brazilian international Marcelinho, named the Bundesliga's player of the year in May of 2005. Hertha has also invested heavily in its own youth football academy, which has produced several players with Bundesliga potential.

The team was close to relegation in the 2003-04 season, but managed to finished 4th the following season. Hertha only missed out on the Champions League after they were held to a draw on the final day by Hannover 96, which saw Werder Bremen over take them for the spot on the final day. As a thank-you gesture, Werder sent the Hannover squad ninety-six bottles of champagne. In 2005-06 the Herthaner finished 6th, and qualified for the UEFA Cup by defeating FK Moskva in the Intertoto Cup.

 Stadium

Hertha BSC plays its matches in Berlin's Olympiastadion. It is biggest stadium in Germany except for Borussia Dortmund'''s Westfalenstadion.

The Olympiastadion hosts the annual German Cup final and was the site for six matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup as well as the tournament final.

From 1904 to 1963, Herthas home ground was the Plumpe in Wedding's Gesundbrunnen district. A new stadium was built there in 1923. BSC'' left that site when it joined the Bundesliga in 1963. It was the sale of the Plumpe site in 1974 helped the club avoid bankruptcy

Players

Current squad (2009/10)

(captain)

Players out on loan 2007/08

Squad Changes 2009/10
In:

Out:

Famous Past Players

Honours
 German Champions: 2
 1930, 1931
 2. Bundesliga Champions: 2
 1990, 2011
 Oberliga Berlin Champions: 8
 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933
 Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg Champions: 3
 1935, 1937, 1944
 Premiere League Cup Champions: 2
 2001, 2002
 UEFA Intertoto Cup Champions: 1
 2006

Other websites

 Official website
 Abseits Guide to German Soccer
 Hertha Berlin statistics
 HerthaUnser official Fanclub
 Hertha Berlin formations at football-lineups
 "the old lady" Hertha-Ship

References

Fußball-Bundesliga
Football clubs in Berlin
1892 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Germany

Hertha BSC


Copyleft is a name for a type of a license for free content or free software. It is not the opposite of copyright, but its purpose is the opposite of the purpose of the frequently seen copyright type of license (which uses copyright to forbid changing, giving, or selling something). A copyleft license uses copyright to forbid forbidding changing, giving, or selling something.

Both copyleft and non-copyleft ("permissive") licenses for free content or free software can be used for things like documents (for example books, art, music and software); they always allow people to change the works, and to give or sell them to other people. It should be noted that, although people might think that copyleft content is not copyrighted, that's a myth. Copyleft is a form of licensing: it is not just another name for public domain.

However, in a copyleft license, when a person gives or sells a work (changed or not changed) to a friend, the person must allow the friend to do the things which the author of the original work has allowed in the license to the person. This often means, for example, that if another person licensed a book under a copyleft license, and you changed it into a new book, you would have to license your new book under the same license.

Some copyleft licenses that are used a lot are the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

References

Copyright

Copyleft


The Landmark Theatre, originally known as Loew's State Theater, is a historic theater from the era of movie palaces, located on South Salina Street in Syracuse, New York, United States. Designed by Thomas W. Lamb, it is the city's only surviving example of the opulent theatrical venues of the 1920s. The Landmark is on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The Loew's Corporation announced plans for a new theater on February 19, 1926. It would be built at the intersection of South Salina Street and West Jefferson Street, previously the location of the Jefferson Hotel. The Loew's State Theatre opened on February 18, 1928, and offered double bills of famous vaudeville stage acts and first-run films.  During the Great Depression and World War II it continued to do good business, as theater patrons escaped for a few hours into its plush grandeur.  However, by the 1970s, the theater suffered from low attendance and was in disrepair. It closed in 1975 and was in danger of demolition.  In 1976, Syracuse Area Landmark Theatre, or SALT, was formed to preserve and renovate the venue. With the help of an October 11, 1977 benefit concert by Harry Chapin, the group successfully raised $65,000 to purchase the property, at which time Loew's State was renamed the Landmark Theatre. SALT gained ownership of the theater while the remainder of the building including the upper floors remained with then-owner Sutton Real Estate.

The Landmark eventually purchased the first two floors of the building and a $16 million renovation project lasting from October 2010 to November 2011 expanded the backstage area, also providing new dressing rooms and green rooms in a plan to try to attract larger, longer-running events to the theater. The aging, recessed loading dock in the theater's rear on South Clinton Street was removed and replaced with a new two-bay dock. The box office was relocated from Jefferson Street to Salina Street, next to the lobby entrance and the original wooden ticket booth, both disused since its Loews State days. Awnings over the street-level storefronts were removed.

In addition to the theater, the building also includes several storefronts and offices on the upper floors. The Clinton Street storefronts were eliminated during the backstage expansion, the display windows now used for event posters. The upper floors have a separate entrance on West Jefferson Street and are collectively referred to as the Loews Building. Three floors have been converted by developer Robert Doucette into 24 condominium apartments.
On September 12, 2008, the Landmark hosted the world premiere of The Express, a fictionalized account of the life of Syracuse University alumnus Ernie Davis, attended by stars Rob Brown and Dennis Quaid. Several blocks of South Salina Street, normally a main thoroughfare through downtown, were closed to traffic for the event.

Architecture and decor

According to Peter Baum of SALT, Loew's State was the first great "Oriental-style" movie theater, predating two of Loew's "Oriental palaces" in New York City. Architect Thomas Lamb described the theatre as "European, Byzantine, Romanesque – which is the Orient as it came to us through the merchants of Venice." A large chandelier once hung in the lobby, originally designed by Louis Tiffany for Cornelius Vanderbilt's mansion. The chandelier was sold during the 1970s. A 1,400-pipe Wurlitzer organ was also once a major feature of the venue, but was also gone by the time SALT purchased the property. The promenade lobby, reached via a grand staircase, once held a fishpond with a Japanese pagoda fountain.  The Landmark's red and gold decor and several large murals have been preserved and restored. The restored lobby is closed to the public and is only open for special events.

References

External links

Landmark Theatre official site
Landmark Theatre at Cinema Treasures
Landmark Theatre Archives

Concert halls in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Syracuse, New York
Movie palaces
Culture of Syracuse, New York
Theatres completed in 1928
Tourist attractions in Syracuse, New York
Loew's Theatres buildings and structures
1928 establishments in New York (state)
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Onondaga County, New York
Thomas W. Lamb buildings

Landmark Theatre (Syracuse, New York)


Nijinsky is a 1980 American biographical film directed by Herbert Ross. Hugh Wheeler wrote a screenplay that explores the later life and career of Vaslav Nijinsky; it was based largely on the premier danseur's personal diaries (a bowdlerized 1936 version was edited and published by his wife, Romola de Pulszky), and her 1934 biography of Nijinsky, largely ghostwritten by Lincoln Kirstein, who later co-founded the New York City Ballet.

Plot
The film suggests Nijinsky was driven into madness by both his consuming ambition and self-enforced heterosexuality. He became involved with Romola de Pulszky, a society girl who joined impresario Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes specifically to seduce Nijinsky. After a series of misunderstandings with Diaghilev, who is both his domineering mentor and possessive lover, Nijinsky succumbs to Romola's charms and marries her. After this, his gradual decline from artistic moodiness to a diagnosis of schizophrenia begins.

Principal cast

Alan Bates ..... Sergei Diaghilev
George de la Peña ..... Vaslav Nijinsky
Leslie Browne ..... Romola de Pulsky
Carla Fracci ..... Tamara Karsavina
Ronald Pickup ..... Igor Stravinsky
Vernon Dobtcheff ..... Sergei Grigoriev
Frederick Jaeger ..... Gabriel Astruc
Janet Suzman ..... Emilia Marcus
Siân Phillips ..... Lady Ripon
Alan Badel ..... Baron de Gunzburg
Colin Blakely ..... Vassili
Ronald Lacey ..... Léon Bakst
Jeremy Irons ..... Mikhail Fokine
Anton Dolin ..... Maestro Cecchetti
Hetty Baynes ..... Magda

Principal production credits

Producers ..... Harry Saltzman, Nora Kaye
Musical Conductor ..... John Lanchbery
Cinematography ..... Douglas Slocombe
Production Design ..... John Blezard
Art Direction ..... George Richardson
Costume Design ..... Alan Barrett
Ballet mistress ..... Irina Baronova

Soundtrack

"Invitation to the Dance" from Le Spectre de la Rose by Carl Maria von Weber
Scheherazade by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Prelude à l'Après-midi d'un faune by Claude Debussy
Jeux by Claude Debussy
Carnaval by Robert Schumann
The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky
Prince Igor by Alexander Borodin
Petrushka by Igor Stravinsky

Production notes
 Harry Saltzman purchased the rights in 1969 from film director Charles Vidor's widow. Saltzman had originally promised to let Ken Russell direct the film, but due to a falling out, Saltzman hired Tony Richardson to direct. The film was canceled during pre-production. After the success of Herbert Ross's ballet film The Turning Point, Saltzman approached Ross to direct; Ross was initially unenthusiastic.
 This was Herbert Ross' second film to focus on the world of ballet. In his 1977 film he had worked with Mikhail Baryshnikov and other members of the American Ballet Theatre. Baryshnikov turned down the role of Vaslav Nijinsky as the American Ballet Theatre had promoted him to the role of Artistic Director.
 Nijinsky was the film debut of Jeremy Irons. It was the second to last film produced by Harry Saltzman.
 The Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Festival Ballet were featured in the dance sequences. David Hersey of the National Film Theatre in London designed the theatrical lighting in these scenes.

Critical reception
Reception to Nijinsky is mixed.

In his review in Time, Richard Schickel opined, "Some people will be titillated by the openness with which homosexual love is portrayed in the film. But this is mostly a slow, cautious biography, elegantly attentive to Edwardian decor and dress. It slights Nijinsky's melodramatic story and, finally, offends with its relentless reductionism. There are times when excesses of good taste become a kind of bad taste, a falsification of a subject's spirit and milieu. This is never more true than when the troubles of a genius are presented in boring and conventional terms."

Time Out London calls it "the best gay weepie since Death in Venice … the first major studio film to centre on a male homosexual relationship (albeit a doomed one) without being moralistic … director Ross and writer Hugh Wheeler … do right by their male characters (Alan Bates, in particular, is a plausibly adult Diaghilev), their grasp of the historical reconstructions seems more than competent, and their dialogue and exposition are unusually adroit. Best of all, they never show ballet for its own sake, and have the courage to keep emotional dynamics in the forefront throughout."

Channel 4 says, "What could have been a powerful period drama quickly descends into soap opera territory … but it's always watchable, and director Ross … laces the action with some well-choregraphed dance."

Director Tony Richardson, who had intended to direct the planned 1970 film on Nijinsky, considered this 1980 film a "travesty".

References

External links

1980 films
1980 LGBT-related films
1980s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American LGBT-related films
Films about ballet
1980s English-language films
Films directed by Herbert Ross
Films set in 1912
Films set in 1913
Films set in Budapest
Films set in Buenos Aires
Films set in Genoa
Films set in Greece
Films set in Italy
Films set in London
Films set in Monaco
Films set in Paris
Films set in Switzerland
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films produced by Harry Saltzman
Cultural depictions of Igor Stravinsky
1980 drama films
Paramount Pictures films
Biographical films about dancers
1980s American films
Biographical films about LGBT people

Nijinsky (film)


Year 276 (CCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire
 Emperor Tacitus doubled the silver content of the Roman currency.
 Marcus Annius Florianus defeats the Goths and Alans who have invaded Asia Minor. Tacitus dies of illness or is murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia.
 Florianus becomes Roman Emperor. He stops his battles against the Heruli and marches from the Bosporus.  He has support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.  No one is the winner in a battle with Marcus Aurelius Probus in Cilicia.
 Florianus keeps power for some weeks.  Then he is assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus (Turkey). Probus, age 44, is the new Emperor of Rome.
 Probus  picks Marcus Aurelius Carus to Prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

Asia
 King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.
 Reign of Mahasena in Ceylon. He tries to introduce Mahayana Buddhism to the country.

By topic

Religion
 Mani, a sage from Persia, dies at Gundeshapur.

Births
 Gregory the Elder, bishop of Nazianzus (approximate date)
 Guo Pu, Chinese writer (d. 324)
 Jin Yuandi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 323)
 Wang Dao, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 339)

Deaths
 Bahram I, king of Persia
 Mani, prophet and founder of Manichaeism
 Marcus Annius Florianus, Roman Emperor
 Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor

270s

276


Managua has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua in 1811. Before 1855, León and Granada were the capital cities. The word managua comes from the Nahuatl language mana-ahuac. It means near water. About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.

The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.

Cities in Nicaragua
1811 establishments in North America
National capitals in North America

Managua


In 1918–1920, a series of incidents took place at Spalato (now Split) between Dalmatian Italians and local South Slavs fighting -with ethnic disturbances, revolts and bloody clashes- for the control of the city.

Political background

The incidents of Spalato were a group of violent fights -related to antiitalianism- that happened in Spalato between 1918 and 1920 and that resulted in the murder of the Italian military ship "Puglia" captain, Tommaso Gulli (and a sailor named Aldo Rossi). He was hit on July 11, 1920 and was dead the next morning.

These battles belong to a centuries long struggle for the control of the Adriatic eastern coast between Slavs (mainly Croats and Slovenians) and Italians. A struggle that hugely increased during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when the Italian irredentism and the Yugoslavian nationalism at the end of the XIX century created a bloody confrontation in the Adriatic area.

Indeed, during the second half of the XIX century in Spalato there was the struggle between the "Autonomist Party" pro-Italians and the "National Party" pro-Slavs: the last Italian major was Antonio Bajamonti in 1882 and since then the city had experienced a process of Croatization. Bajamonti, the most prominent Dalmatian Italian in History, once remarked:

World War I and the related Italian victory, not welcomed by the Yugoslavians, were the events preceding the incidents of Spalato.

Italians of Spalato

In the city of Spalato there was an autochthonous Italian community, which was reorganized in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not to be confused with Fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem from the ashes of the "Autonomist Party", dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.

There were 2,082 Italians in Spalato according to the 1910 Austrian Census and they were only the 9.73% of the total population, but they had the best economic status in the Spalato society.

This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed, following the Treaty of Rapallo, the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of the Yugoslavian one, while maintaining residence: despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians. Furthermore, in 1927 was carried out a Census of Italians living outside Italy: in Spalato and surrounding area were counted 3,337 Italian citizens.

So, given that about 1,000 Italians (with their families) left the city following its incorporation into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and estimating a certain percentage of Italians who accepted the "forced" Yugoslavian citizenship, it is really possible that 7,000 Italians in the Spalato area -as said by Antonio Tacconi- obtained membership in Italian associations of Spalato in 1918/1919: this amount is more than 3 times the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.

History

After the Austrian defeat, in the first half of November 1918 Italian troops occupied the Dalmatian territories assigned to Italy by the 1915 Pact of London. Spalato (the city was officially called "Split" only after the 1919 Paris Peace Conference) was not one of those areas, but the Italians sent some ships and occupied the city as agreed with the Allies.

The Yugoslavian nationalists, who controlled the city with their "National Guard", soon showed huge hostility toward the Italian troops, fearing they could remain forever in the city. Even the arrival of slav refugees from the London Pact Italian-occupied areas increased the tensions: those refugees were responsible for most of the incidents in the next 2 years.

On November 9, 1918 two French destroyer entered the port of Spalato. The Italians - mostly concentrated within the old city - exposed on the windows of their homes the Italian tricolor and went to the harbor to celebrate the Triple Entente.  But the reaction of the Yugoslavian National Guard was immediate: they entered by force in the apartments, tore down the flags, beat some of those present and damaged the furniture. Meanwhile, the Austrian commander of a ship already docked at the port (and now with Yugoslavian flag) ordered with the megaphone to remove the flags, threatening to open fire.

This was the first of a long series of incidents, which also saw the creation of a classic pattern of propaganda that would be found very often in the next months: the Croatian newspapers - and especially the most extreme of them, Novo Doba, denounced the "Italian provocation". The Italians, however, created a complaint report and forwarded it to the Allies. In the following days the municipal Croatian authorities of Spalato were forced to submit a formal apology for the incident.

But other incidents and demonstrations against Italy and the Dalmatian Italians happened in other cities, like Trau and the "Castelli". The worst happened on December 23 when groups of fanatical Slavs destroyed the offices of the main Italian institutions in Spalato (the "Fascio Nazionale", the "Gabinetto di Lettura" and the "Società Operaia") and hit many dozens of Italians on the streets, while destroying a lot of Italian-owned shops. The same happened on January 6, 1919 in Trau.

Italian Admiral Enrico Millo, who was just promoted to Governor of Dalmatia for the area occupied by Italy, quickly sent ships to defend the Italians of Spalato: on January 12 arrived the destroyer "Puglia" in the port of the city, between huge protests from the Slav community.

On February 24, while an "Allies Commission for the Adriatic" (made of US admiral Albert P. Niblack, French admiral Jean-Etienne-Charles-Marcel Ratyè, British admiral Edward Burton Kiddle and Italian admiral Umberto Cagni) was visiting Spalato, a huge group of Slavs -in order to show that they were the majority in Spalato and rejected the Italians- attacked the Italian sailors of the "Puglia": the captain Giulio Menini was hit together with some Italians walking on the nearby streets, and again were damaged some shops owned by the Italian community. The Croatian authorities were forced to do another apology and until summer there were only minor incidents.

But on September 12 Gabriele D'Annunzio occupied Fiume (actual "Rijeka") and later went even to Zara. As a consequence the Italian count Fanfogna organized a similar tentative of occupation in Trau. and the Slavs of Spalato feared something similar was going to happen in their city: tensions arose and other incidents against the Italians happened in Spalato in November (the "Caffe Nani" was destroyed and many Italian owned shop were damaged.)

The murder of Captain Tommaso Gulli

Until the beginning of 1920 the Italians of Spalato never attacked the Slavs (even because of obvious numerical inferiority) and were harassed by Croatian nationalists continuously, as has happened since the end of the XIX century in all Dalmatia.

But after the attack of January 27, 1920 in which were damaged nearly all the Italian-owned shops and the offices of Italian institutions, some Italian sailors of the "Puglia" now under the command of captain Tommaso Gulli, started to defend themselves and the Dalmatian Italians menacing to use their guns.

On July 27 another attack against the Italians of Spalato was done and a group of officials of the "Puglia" found refuge in a place near the docks: captain Gulli ordered a boat to rescue them, but it was blocked by some Slavs and was forced to fire "alarm shots" in the sky to get help.<ref>G.Menini, Passione adriatica. p.207</ref>

Soon Gulli went to the rescue with a MAS, but approaching the docks found a huge crowd of nationalist Slavs. Shots were fired to the Italians and for the first time they returned fire. A hand granade was thrown to the Mas and hit the sailor Aldo Rossi and others.

Another shot hit captain Gulli, while the Italians killed a man on the docks, whose name was Matej Mis. Anyway, many versions about what happened were done in the next days, by the Yugoslavians and by the Italians.

Captain Gulli was helped in a Hospital but died the next day, while sailor Rossi survived only a few hours.

In the Kingdom of Italy the reaction to what happened in Spalato was of rage and indignation: in Trieste fascists and nationalists attacked the Hotel Balkan (called in Slovenian "Narodni dom" and center of the Slav activities in Trieste) the next day.

In the following years the Italians of Spalato - under the Yugoslavian rule renamed "Split", as was officially called the city since 1919- were continuously harassed in their institutions, schools and shops & business: they declined in a slow but steady way.

Actually they are only one hundred in Croatian Split, with their association called Comunitá italiana di Spalato.

References

Bibliography
 Dalbello M.C.; Razza antonello. Per una storia delle comunità italiane della Dalmazia. Fondazione Culturale Maria ed Eugenio Dario Rustia Traine. Trieste, 2004.
 Lederer, Ivo. La Jugoslavia dalla conferenza di pace al trattato di Rapallo 1919-1920. Il Saggiatore. Milano, 1964.
 Menini, Giulio. Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918-1920. Zanichelli. Bologna, 1925.
 Monzali, Luciano. Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato. Editore Scuola Dalmata dei SS. Giorgio e Trifone. Venezia, 2007.
 Monzali, Luciano. Italiani di Dalmazia. 1914-1924 Le Lettere Firenze, 2007.
 Salza, Silvio. La marina italiana nella grande guerra (Vol. VIII). Vallecchi. Firenze, 1942.
 Tacconi, Ildebrando. La grande esclusa: Spalato cinquanta anni fa'' (in "Per la Dalmazia con amore e con angoscia"). Editore Del Bianco, Udine, 1994

Related pages
 History of Dalmatia
 Italian irredentism in Dalmatia
 Italian irredentism in Istria
 Antonio Bajamonti
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia

Other websites
 Gli incidenti di Spalato 1, in Prassi italiana di diritto internazionale, 1426/3 (in Italian)
 L'incidente di Spalato 2, in Prassi italiana di diritto internazionale, 1416/3 (in Italian)
 L'incidente di Spalato e reazione a Trieste, in Prassi italiana di diritto internazionale, 1356/3 (in Italian)
 Italian Navy: Torpediniera "Puglia"

20th century in Italy
20th century in Croatia

1918–1920 unrest in Split


Jehan Alain (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February, 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer.  He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built.  In his short life he composed many works.  His most famous organ pieces are Trois Danses (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called Litanies.

Alain was killed fighting in World War II.

His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works.

1911 births
1940 deaths
20th-century French composers

Jehan Alain


IGN is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000. It has FAQ's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on GameCube, PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and the PlayStation 4, as well as older systems. IGN's main competitor is GameSpot, another gaming website.

IGN also features a popular message board, with a lot of members.

Other websites
 Official website

Entertainment websites

IGN


A constellation is a group of stars which make up imaginary outline or pattern in the night sky (the celestial sphere). Usually they are said to represent an animal, mythological person or creature in a shape. When seen, the group of stars seem to make a pattern.

The word constellation comes from Latin: con-, meaning together and stella- meaning stars. Some examples of constellations are Ursa major, Orion, Taurus, Draco, Cancer etc.  Constellations were used to group stars.  Different places in the world may have different constellations, but today astronomy has a fixed set of 88 constellations.  This set is based on the Greek set and later some southern constellations were added, for example Antlia - the air pump.  Most constellations have names that come from Greek mythology, like Orion or Andromeda.

There are 12 constellations in the Zodiac. The Sun travels through the Zodiac once each year. There is also a thirteenth constellation Ophiuchus - the carrier of a serpent, which the Sun goes through. However, most people do not think that it is in the Zodiac.

History
No one knows who first saw the constellations. Ancient civilizations, like the Mayans, drew their own star maps of the skies with their constellations, very few of which we use today.
Ptolemy's 48 constellations are still recognized by the IAU today, and the rest of the constellations were added later

Constellation


In photography, a shutter is the part of a camera that opens for a controlled period of time to let light in during taking a picture.

A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp.

Camera shutters
Camera shutters can be fitted in two positions:
Central shutters are mounted within a lens assembly, or more rarely behind or even in front of a lens and shut off the beam of light where it is narrow. A leaf mechanism is usually used.
Focal plane shutters are mounted near the focal plane and move to uncover the film or sensor.

Shutters immediately behind the lens were used in some cameras with limited lens interchangeability. Shutters in front of the lens were used in the early days of photography.

Related pages
 Photographic lens

Photography

Shutter (photography)


Gravitropism (also known as Geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant, fungus, or animal in response to gravity. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants and also in other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first people to say that roots grow downward and stems grow upward in response to gravity.

Plant physiology

Gravitropism


Punch and Judy is a very popular puppet show in Britain. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself "The Professor". He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.

Characters
Punch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a swazzle. There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called "slapstick".

History
The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories ("stock characters"). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called Punchinello in English. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".

May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.

The British show developed into "Punch and Judy". In other countries the stories developed differently.  In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called Jan Klaassen and Judy is Katrijn; in Denmark Mester Jackel; in Italy Pulcinella (with Teresina as the female part); in Russia Petruschka; in Romania Vasilache; and in France Polichinelle.

In 1827, The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

References

Comedy

Traditions
Puppets

Punch and Judy


The Korea baseball organization (KBO) manages and administrates Korean professional baseball League. In addition, KBO works on many things about baseball. First of all, KBO collects and keeps baseball records. Second, KBO supports amateur baseball. Third, KBO works for international exchange or activities such as Olympic game and World Baseball Classic(WBC) and so on. Fourth, KBO supplies and develops baseball skills. KBO was established with Korean professional baseball league in 1982. KBO's main office is located in 946-16, Do-kok dong (), Kang-nam ku (), Seoul (), South Korea. In Korean league, there are 10 teams which are Lotte Giants, Samsung Lions, SK Wyverns, LG Twins, Doosan Bears, Hanwha Eagles, KIA Tigers, Nexen Heroes, NC Dinos, and KT Wiz.

Korean league
Each team plays totally 133 games per one year. These 133 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.

Organizaion
The president of KBO is Gu boneneung in 2011. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

Other websites
 KBO history page
 BaseballGuru.com

Baseball leagues

Korea Baseball Organization


A herbal is a collection of plant descriptions: Very often, it also lists the properties of each plant, or its use, for example for medicine or alchemy. A herebal can also classify the plants it describes. One of the oldest known herbals is the Vienna Dioscurides dating from the 6th century. Physicians and Apothecaries were the main users of such books. Herbals were also important for the study of botany. Hieronymus Bock descrived the plants of southwestern Germany, in his 16th century herbal; he was the first to mention certain morphological features.

Related pages
Herbarium or Herbar - a collection of plant specimens

Herbs
Biology books

Herbal


Solid perfumes or cream perfumes are perfumes in solid state rather than the liquid mix of alcohol (ethanol) and water used in eau de parfum, eau de toilette, eau de cologne, etc.  Normally the substance that gives the cream its base comes from a type of wax that is initially melted. Once melted, a scent or several scents may be added.

Solid perfume is used either by rubbing a finger or dipping a cotton swab against it and then onto the skin. Sometimes solid perfume can take more time for the deeper notes to come out than a spray perfume.

The latest solid perfumes are designed as handbag aromas, so a compact way of making perfume more portable.

Historically, ointment-like unguents have been used as a type of solid perfume since Egyptian times.

See also
 Head cone

References

Further reading
 Mandy Aftel, Scents & Sensibilities: Creating Solid Perfumes for Well-Being, Gibbs Smith, 2005,

Perfumery
Perfumes

Solid perfume


Mechanical banks are small containers with a decorative mechanical action, used to store coins. They were originally intended to promote saving money among children in the mid-19th century. Frequently made of cast iron, mechanical banks were often creatively designed, depicting historical, legendary or everyday events to increase their appeal. Each bank performed a stunt or an action when a coin was dropped into a slot and a lever was pulled. The banks quickly became popular with children and adults alike and soon became a sought-after collector's item.

See also
 Piggy bank

External links
 Guide to Identifying and Valuing Vintage Mechanical Banks

References

Banks
Coins
Containers
Mechanical toys
Traditional toys

Mechanical bank


The English Reformation was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from  Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers.

Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would  also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.

There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.

The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe.

16th century in England
Protestant Reformation

English Reformation


John Rudd (Yorkshire c. 1498 – Durham 1579) was a Tudor cartographer and clergyman.

In 1561 he was given two years' leave from his duties as Vicar of Dewsbury (1554-1570) and Rector of Thornhill (1558-1570/78) to travel the country with the objective of mapping England. Although he does not appear to have completed this objective, it was completed by his apprentice, Christopher Saxton.  Saxton was employed by Rudd as a servant and it seems likely that he accompanied him on these trips, and learned draughting and surveying skills from his master.

As well as various benefices, Rudd held a prebend at Durham. He and his wife Isabel (whom he had to renounce during Mary's reign) had at least three daughters and three sons, of whom John (1568-1640) followed his father in ministry. After becoming embroiled in controversy at Cambridge, leading to an appearance before the High Commission, the younger John settled down as Vicar of Shephall (near Stevenage) in Hertfordshire, where his memorial takes the form of a map cartouche, with a depiction of him as the Good Shepherd, brandishing a very episcopal-looking crook! He left bequests to Durham Cathedral School and various churches in Durham and Hertfordshire.

External links
British Library Online Gallery

1490s births
1579 deaths
English cartographers
16th-century English Anglican priests
Clergy from Yorkshire
16th-century English cartographers

John Rudd (cartographer)


In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of linear equations involving the same set of variables.

Description
Mathematicians show the relationship between different factors in the form of equations.  "Linear equations" mean the variable appears only once in each equation without being raised to a power. A "system" of linear equations means that all of the equations are true at the same time. So, the person solving the system of equations is looking for the values of each variable that will make all of the equations true at the same time. If no such values can satisfy all of the equations in the system, then the equations are called "inconsistent."

For example,

is a system of three equations in the three variables , , . A "solution" to a linear system is a choice of numbers for each variable such that every equation is true at the same time. The following is a solution to the equation above:

It works because it makes all three equations true:

In mathematics, the theory of linear systems is a branch of linear algebra, a subject which is fundamental to modern mathematics. Computer algorithms for finding the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra, and such methods play a prominent role in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science, and economics. A system of non-linear equations can often be approximated by a linear system (see linearization), a helpful technique when making a mathematical model, computer model, or computer simulation of a relatively complex system.  For complex systems, there are many equations and many variables, not just two or three. In many cases, the number of equations and variables in the system are the same.  In some cases, there are more variables than equations, and the solution will be a range of different values rather than one exact solution.

Simple example
The simplest kind of linear system involves two equations and two variables:

One method for solving such a system is as follows. First, solve the top equation for  in terms of :

Now substitute this expression for x into the bottom equation:

This results in a single equation involving only the variable . Solving gives , and substituting this back into the equation for  yields :

This method generalizes to systems with additional variables.

Using Matrices
Very often, all the coefficients are written in the form of a matrix A, which is called a coefficient matrix.

In much the same way, the variables can be written in the form of a vector:
.
This makes it possible to write
.
Mathematically, the vector defined above is a 1-by-n matrix. The system of equations can then be solved using the multiplication operation defined on matrices. A, x and b are all part of the same algebraic field.

Solving a system of linear equations
There a three cases when looking for solutions to a system of linear equations:
There is no solution
There is exactly one solution
There are many solutions; the exact number depends on the properties of the field. In many cases there will be an infinite number of solutions.

There are two categories of methods for solving a system of linear equations. Iterative methods use many steps to get a solution, direct methods only need one step:
An example for a direct method is to solve the system for one variable; this variable can be eliminated and replaced by an expression that only uses other variables, or a number. Doing this for all variables of the equation will lead to a solution of the system if it exists.
Another method is to transform two equations so that one of the sides of the equations is the same in both cases; it is then possible to write another equation, which replaces the two equations and reduces the number of equations by one.
Gaussian elimination
QR decomposition
Cholesky decomposition
Cramer's rule
Examples for iterative methods are:
Relaxation, including the Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi methods
Multigrid method
Krylow method

There are examples such as geodesy where there are many more measurements than unknowns. Such a system is almost always overdetermined and has no exact solution. Each measurement is usually inaccurate and includes some amount of error. Since the measurements are not exact, it is not possible to obtain an exact solution to the system of linear equations; methods such as Least squares can be used to compute a solution that best fits the overdetermined system. This least squares solution can often be used as a stand-in for an exact solution.

Solving a system of linear equations has a complexity of at most O (n3). At least n2 operations are needed to solve a general system of n linear equations. The best algorithm known to date was developed by Don Coppersmith and Shmuel Winograd and dates from 1990. It has a complexity of  n2.376 Unfortunately, it is of little practical use.

Uses
Using computers to solve systems of linear equations is used every day.  For example, it is used in weather forecasting models.  Hot dog factories use it to make small changes in the receipe as food ingredient prices change.  College cafeterias use it to figure out how much food to cook based on past experience when the cafeteria gives students the choice between multiple entrees.

References

Textbooks

Other websites
 WebApp descriptively solving systems of linear equations with a number of methods
 Solving system linear equations online matrix calculator and tutorial.
 Online Equations Solver
 Online linear solver
 Online Calculator of System of linear equations

Related pages
 Matrix analysis
 Numerical linear algebra

Equations
Algebra
Computer science
Linear algebra

System of linear equations


Spoken language is language in its spoken form.  It is different from written language. Many spoken languages have no written form. The term spoken language is sometimes used for oral language.  This is not quite right because sign language is also sometimes said to be 'spoken'.

Children get their first language from whichever language is spoken around them.  Usually this comes from their mothers. Spoken language is much richer than written language.  Spoken language can have different rules than written language.

References

Language

Spoken language


Scoutcraft is a form of woodcraft skills used in the woods and the "backcountry."  Though it has been practiced for hundreds of years, it was first called "scoutcraft" by Robert Baden-Powell and Ernest Thompson Seton, who wrote books about it about a hundred years ago.   What scoutcraft is has varied throughout the years and from country to country.  For example, in England, scoutcraft once included citizenship, while in America, it once included indian lore and signaling.  At present, scoutcraft includes camping, hiking (walking through the woods or backcountry), backpacking (a combination of camping and hiking), orienteering (use of a map and compass to find ones way through the backcountry), pioneering (building structures out of logs using knots), first aid, and wilderness survival.

References

Scouting

Scoutcraft


Joseph Medjuck (born February 17, 1943) is a Canadian film producer in Hollywood.

Life and career
Medjuck was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. He received his BA in Honours English from McGill University and his MA and PhD from the University of Toronto where he taught for 12 years and founded the Cinema Studies Program at Innis College.

While teaching at University of Toronto  Medjuck also worked as a journalist for the film magazine Take One, Canadian Forum, The Times Literary Supplement, The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and TVOntario.

Often working with Ivan Reitman, his producing credits include the films Stripes, Heavy Metal, Ghostbusters, Legal Eagles, Twins, Beethoven, Kindergarten Cop, Dave, Junior, Commandments, Father's Day, Private Parts, Space Jam, Six Days, Seven Nights, Road Trip, Old School, Eurotrip, Disturbia, Chloe, Up in the Air, No Strings Attached, Hitchcock and Draft Day.

In television, his producing credits include the cartoon shows The Real Ghostbusters, Beethoven and Mummies Alive! as well as the Emmy nominated HBO film The Late Shift.

Medjuck was one of the founders of The Criterion Collection. He  lives in Montecito, California with his wife Laurie Deans.

References

External links

1943 births
Film producers from New Brunswick
Living people
People from Fredericton
University of Toronto alumni

Joe Medjuck


The Moor of Peter the Great (, The Blackamoor of Peter the Great or The Negro of Peter the Great) is an unfinished historical novel by Alexander Pushkin. Written in 1827–1828 and first published in 1837, the novel is the first prose work of the great Russian poet.

Background
Pushkin started to work on the novel towards the end of July, 1827 in Mikhailovskoye and in spring 1828 read some drafts to his friends, including poet Pyotr Vyazemsky. During Pushkin's lifetime, two fragments were published: in the literary almanac Severnye Tsvety (1829) and in the newspaper Literaturnaya Gazeta (March 1830). All the extant parts were first published after Pushkin's death by the editors of the journal Sovremennik in 1837, who also gave the novel its current title.

The main character of the novel, Ibrahim, is loosely based on Pushkin's maternal great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a black African who was brought to Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. Pushkin's interests in history and genealogy combined to depict the transformation of Russia at the beginning of 18th century; the period of Russian history to which Pushkin returns in the narrative poem Poltava in 1829. The influential Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky maintained that "had this novel been completed... we should have a supreme Russian historical novel, depicting the manners and customs of the greatest epoch of Russian history."

Plot summary
The novel opens with a picture of morals and manners of the French society of the first quarter of 18th century; with the Moor's life in Paris, his success in French society, and his love affair with a French countess. But "summoned both by Peter and by his own vague sense of duty" Ibrahim returns to Russia. The following chapters, full of historical color and antiquarianism, sketch the different strata of the Russian society: ball at the Winter Palace and boyars' dinner at the boyar Gavrila Rzhevsky's place. The latter is interrupted by the arrival of the Tsar, who wants to marry Ibrahim to the Gavrila's daughter, Natalia.

Adaptations
1961 – The Blackamoor of Peter the Great, opera, by Arthur Lourie
1976 – How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor, film, USSR, directed by Alexander Mitta, starring Vladimir Vysotsky.

Translation history
1875 – The Moor of Peter the Great (translated by Mrs. J. Buchan Telfer) in Russian Romance, London: H. S. King.
1892 – Peter the Great's Negro (transl. by Mrs. Sutherland Edwards) in The Queen of Spades and Other Stories, London: Chapman & Hall.
1896 – Peter the Great's Negro (translated by T. Keane) in The Prose Tales of A. Pushkin, London: G. Bell and Sons.
1933 – Peter the Great's Negro (transl. by Natalie Duddington) in The Captain's Daughter and Other Tales, London: J. M. Dent & Sons, (Everyman's Library).
1960 – The Negro of Peter the Great (transl. by Rosemary Edmonds)  in The Queen of Spades and Other Stories, London: Penguin,  (Penguin Classics).
1962 – The Negro of Peter the Great (transl. by Gillon Aitken) in The Captain's daughter and other stories, London: The New English Library Limited.
1966 – Peter the Great's Blackamoor  (transl. by Gillon R. Aitken)  in The Complete Prose Tales of Alexandr Sergeyevitch Pushkin,  London: Barrie & Rockliff.
1983 – The Blackamoor of Peter the Great  (translated by Paul Debreczeny) in Complete Prose Fiction, Stanford: Stanford U.P.
1999 – Peter the Great's Blackamoor (transl. by Alan Myers) in The Queen of Spades and Other Stories, Oxford: Oxford U.P., (Oxford World Classics).
2016 – The Moor of Peter the Great (transl. by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky) in Novels, Tales, Journeys: The Complete Prose of Alexander Pushkin, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2021 – Peter the Great's African : experiments in prose (transl. by Robert Chandler & Elizabeth Chandler and Boris Dralyuk) in Peter the Great's African : experiments in prose, New York, New York Review Books

Sources
Debreczeny, Paul.  "The Blackamoor of Peter the Great: Pushkin's Experiment with a Detached Mode of Narration."  Slavic and East European Journal.  18.2 (1974): 119–31.
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky. The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought. Oxford, Oxford UP, 1992.

External links

 «Арап Петра Великого» available at Russian Virtual Library
link to interview with Robert Chandler about translating "Peter the Great's African": https://open.spotify.com/episode/2KAE9MtyRbxztLRTkjZjuQ

1837 novels
Novels by Aleksandr Pushkin
Historical novels
Unfinished novels
Works originally published in Sovremennik
Novels set in Russia
Novels set in Paris
Novels set in the 18th century
Novels adapted into operas
Russian novels adapted into films
Cultural depictions of Peter the Great
Black people in literature
Fictional African people
Fictional slaves
Literary characters introduced in 1837
Male characters in literature

The Moor of Peter the Great