Anwar M. Shaikh (born 1945) is a Pakistani American heterodox economist in the tradition of classical political economy and Marxian economics.

He is Professor of Economics in the Graduate Faculty of Social and Political Science at The New School for Social Research in New York City, where he has taught since 1972.

Early life and education

Shaikh was born in Karachi, in 1945. He traveled extensively at an early age
and attended schools and lived for various lengths of time in Ankara, Washington, D.C., New York City, Lagos, Kuala Lumpur, and Kuwait.

He graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City in 1961, received a B.S.E from Princeton University in 1965, worked for two years in Kuwait, and then returned to the United States to study at Columbia University, from which he received his Ph.D. in Economics in 1973. In 1972 he joined the Economics Department at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research.

He taught mathematics, physics and social sciences at the Kuwait-American School in Kuwait City in 1966–67 and worked as a teacher of social science and mathematics at Harlem Prep in Harlem, NY, while in graduate school.

His major political influences stem from the New Left, including the civil rights movement and feminist movement in the US, and national liberation movements abroad. He always found neoclassical economics unpersuasive, and the quest for more solid foundations led him to the works of John Maynard Keynes, Roy Harrod, Wassily Leontief, Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Piero Sraffa and Luigi Pasinetti, and subsequently to Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx. The quest for a modern political economy of developed capitalism became a central theme of his subsequent work.

Academic career
Carrying on teaching and research that originated in the context of New Left social movements, Shaikh's political economy has focused on the laws of motion and empirical patterns of industrialized capitalism, based on a theory of competition independent of neoclassical economics.

In specific fields, he has written on the labor theory of value, production functions, international trade, neoliberalism, the welfare state, economic growth, inflation, the falling rate of profit, long waves, inequality on the world scale, and past and current global economic crises.

In 2016, Shaikh published Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crisis.

Critique of perfect competition
Shaikh has argued in various publications that neither neoclassical economics nor the great bulk of heterodox economics provides an adequate foundation for the analysis of developed capitalism. The former is based on a vision of a perfect capitalism which is claimed to optimally and efficiently serve the interests of all of its participants.

At the heart of this vision is the theory of perfect competition. Much of heterodox economics is in turn based on the theory of imperfect competition, i.e., on departures from perfect competition. But the theory of imperfect competition is intrinsically dependent on the theory of perfect competition. Shaikh argues that even neo-Ricardian economics, whose revival was sparked by Sraffa's classic work, relies heavily on the neoclassical concepts of perfect competition and of equilibrium as an attained-and-held state.

In place of these notions, Shaikh proposes the theory of real competition and the theory of turbulent regulation. Real competition is competition-as-war, with individual firms seeking to undermine each other by lowering costs and cutting prices. Turbulent regulation is the resulting process of perpetual overshooting and undershooting of actual economic variables (such as prices, wages and profit rates) around their ever-moving centers of gravity.

Shaikh has utilized this framework to develop alternate theories of industrial, financial and international competition (the latter rejecting the standard theory of comparative costs). The key element in all cases is the turbulent equalization of profit rates in various spheres of investment. He uses his theoretical structures to explain the actual patterns of industrial prices, profit rates, stock market prices, and exchange rates in the developed world.

Theory of the profit rate
The second strand of Shaikh's work concerns macrodynamics. Once again, the profit rate is the key variable. He argues that capitalist growth is driven by profitability, not by the requirements of full employment as in neoclassical theory, by exogenous demand as in Keynesian theory, or by the savings rate as in Harrodian theory.

In his earlier work, he used this notion to develop a theory of long waves and crises based on the Marxian concept of falling rate of profit. Subsequently, he showed that the link between growth and the profit rate can also provide an alternate theory of inflation, which he showed to work very well for the US in the postwar period.

In more recent work, he has developed a formal classical profit-driven model of growth and contrasted its structure and its policy implications to those of the standard models in the other traditions.

Empirical measures of profit
A third strand of his work is the relation between theoretical categories and empirical measures. His 1994 book Measuring the Wealth of Nations: The Political Economy of National Accounts, co-authored with Ahmet Tonak, developed a mapping between the national accounts corresponding to neoclassical and Keynesian concepts and those corresponding to classical and Marxian ones. It is now a classic reference on the subject.

More recently, he has argued that it is crucially important to distinguish between the average rate of profit on all capital invested, which includes old and new investments, and the rate of return on new investment alone. It is only the latter, he argues, which is turbulently equalized among alternative uses of capital. He showed that one can approximate the rate of return on new investment via the incremental rate of profit.

Using this, he demonstrated that, contrary to the "irrational exuberance" claim of Robert Shiller, the rate of return in the stock market does indeed oscillate around the incremental rate of return in the corporate sector. In more recent work, he demonstrates that the same turbulent equalization holds for manufacturing sectors within the US and even across OECD countries.

Production function critique
The final strand of his work is a critique of the neoclassical aggregate production function and its associated marginal-productivity theory of income distribution, dating back to his earliest work 'Laws of Production and Laws of Algebra: The Humbug Production Function' (1974). This was a stinging critique of Robert Solow's famous article on the measurement of technical change, following up on a similar criticism of cross-section production functions by Simon and Levy (1963).

To combat the notion that production functions, if not theoretically sound, are at least empirically well-supported, Shaikh fitted a function to a set of data points that spell out "HUMBUG" when plotted, then showed that the result was a proper production function.

The Simon-Shaikh critique of production functions was taken up by Jesus Felipe, J. S. L. McCombie and others in a series of articles over the years. Further articles by Shaikh in this vein appeared in 1980, 1986, and 2005, the last being in a special journal issue devoted to the subject that included contributions by Felipe, McCombie, and Franklin M. Fisher. Expressing the importance of Shaikh's result, J. E. King remarked that "[i]f there was any justice in the world of economics," Shaikh should have gotten the Nobel Memorial Prize for the humbug production function.

Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crises
Shaikh's 2016 book Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crisis is a graduate-level textbook that attempts to revitalize classical political economy, by deriving theoretical and empirical results from classical assumptions. It synthesizes much of his earlier work into a comprehensive theory of micro- and macroeconomics, while critiquing both mainstream neoclassical economics and post-Keynesian alternatives.

Publications

 Capitalism. Competition, Conflict, Crises (2016), Anwar Shaikh, Oxford University Press
 "Globalization and the Myth of Free Trade" (2007), in Globalization and the Myths of Free Trade: History, theory, and empirical evidence, Anwar Shaikh (ed.) Routledge, New York, NY.
 "Nonlinear Dynamics and Pseudo-Production Functions" (2005) in The Eastern Economics Journal, Special Issue on Production Functions.
 "Explaining the Global Economic Crisis: A Critique of Brenner" (1999), Historical Materialism, No. 5.
 "Explaining Inflation and Unemployment: An Alternate to Neoliberal Economic Theory" (1999), in Contemporary Economic Theory, Andriana Vachlou (ed.), Macmillan, London.
 "The Stock Market and the Corporate Sector: A Profit-Based Approach" (1998), in Markets, Unemployment and Economic Policy: Essays in Honour of Geoff Harcourt', Volume Two, Malcolm Sawyer, Philip Arestis, and Gabriel Palma (eds.), Routledge, London.
 "The Empirical Strength of the Labor Theory of Value" (1998), in Conference Proceedings of Marxian Economics: A Centenary Appraisal, Riccardo Bellofiore (ed.), Macmillan, London.
 "The Falling Rate of Profit as the Cause of Long Waves: Theory and Empirical Evidence" (1992), in New Findings in Long Wave Research, Alfred Kleinknecht, Ernest Mandel, and Immanuel Wallerstein (eds.), Macmillan Press, London.
 "Wandering Around the Warranted Path: Dynamic Nonlinear Solutions to the Harrodian Knife-Edge" (1992), in Kaldor and Mainstream Economics: Confrontation or Convergence? (Festschrift for Nicolas Kaldor), Edward J. Nell and Willi Semmler, The Macmillan Press Ltd.
 "The Falling Rate of Profit and the Economic Crisis in the U.S." (1987), in The Imperiled Economy, Book I, Union for Radical Political Economy, Robert Cherry, et al. (eds.)
 "The Transformation from Marx to Sraffa" (1984), in Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa, The Langston Memorial Volume, Ernest Mandel, and Alan Freeman (eds.)
 "On the Laws of International Exchange" (1980), in Growth, Profits and Property, Edward J. Nell (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 "An Introduction to the History of Crisis Theories" (1978), in U.S. Capitalism in Crisis, U.R.P.E., New York.
 "Laws of Production and Laws of Algebra: The Humbug Production Function" (1974),  The Review of Economics and Statistics'', Volume 56(1), February 1974, p. 115-120.

References

External links
 Anwar Shaikh home page (with full publication list)

Economists from New York (state)
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
American expatriates in Kuwait
Marxian economists
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
Princeton University alumni
Stuyvesant High School alumni
The New School faculty
Living people
1945 births
American academics of Pakistani descent
21st-century American economists
Socialist economists
People from Karachi

Anwar Shaikh (economist)


Faramarz-nama or Faramarz-nameh () is a Persian epic recounting the adventures of the hero Faramarz who is the son of Rustam.

Manuscripts
The history book Tarikh-i Sistan (history of Sistan) mentions an account of Faramarz (akhbar-e Faramarz) in twelve volumes, but this work, which was likely in prose, has been lost.  Instead, two Faramarz-namas (epic of Faramarz), both in the form of epic poems, are extant.

First manuscript
The first manuscript, which appears to be older, is written by an anonymous poet who introduces himself as an admirer of Ferdowsi and is dated between the mid-11th and 12th centuries.  In the manuscript he introduces himself as a villager from Piruzabad (or possibly an orthographical error in the text for Forsabad, a town near Marv in Khorasan).  The poet states that he composed the Faramarz-nama at the age of thirty-six and his major source is a book by Azadsarv.  Like other Persian writers of epic poetry who came after Ferdowsi, the author of this work was heavily influenced by the style of the Shahnameh.

Second manuscript
The second Faramaz-nama is a known book in 464 pages and containing between nine and ten thousand distichs.  It was printed in Bombay in 1906 by the Zoroastrian scholar named Rostam, son of Bahrām Soruš of Taft, a contemporary of Moẓaffar-al-Dīn Shah (r. 1896-1907) who traveled to India to gather stories about Farāmarz.

Plot based on the first set of manuscripts
The plot is about the voyage of Faramarz to India in order to help the Indian king Nowshaad(Nowšād) Shah on the orders of the Iranian King Kay Kavus.   Faramarz was ordered by Kay Kavus to help the Indian king Nowšād Shah.  While there, he slays Konnās Dīv (a carrion-eating demon who had abducted the daughter of the Indian king), Karg-e Gūyā (a talking rhinoceros), Aždahā (q.v.; a dragon), and thirty thousand rhinoceroses.  He then leaves for the land of Jaypāl where he has to accomplish seven labors or tasks. (compare with Ferdowsi who in his Shahnama has also mentioned the seven labors of Rustam).  The cycle of seven stages or labors is a model for heroic epics in Persian literature.  The sixth labor of Faramarz is a debate with an Indian Brahman; upon its conclusion the Brahman abandons his belief in idols and becomes a worshipper of Yazdān.  This concludes the Faramaz-Nama which finishes without an account of Faramarz's seventh labor or his journey to Jaypāl.

Plot based on the second set of manuscripts
The story begins with the Iranian hero Rustam.  During Rustam travels to India, Faramarz is born from the union of Rustam and the daughter of the king of India.  The second section recounts the exploits of Banu Gushasp, the daughter of Rustam.  Here Faramaz is cast as a secondary role and story mainly focuses on Banu Gushasp.  The third section comprises the version of Faramarz-nama discussed in the first set of manuscripts above.  The fourth section of the book contains about 6000 couplets of poetry, which gives
another version of Faramarz's aventures in India and Qīrvān.  These exploits occur during the reign Kay Khusraw, and this section of the story may be considered a continuation of the first set of manuscripts.  This fourth sections contains many episodes of Faramarz's adventure including:
 His battle with the warrior Tovorg
 His battle with the warrior Rāy
 His battle with a demon called Tajānū
 The return of Faramarz to Iran
 The second trip of Faramarz to India to vanquish Mahārak
 His trip to the island of Kahīlā1
 His slaying of the black demon who held the daughter of the king of Kahīlā captive
 The wedding of Faramarz with the daughter of the king of Kahīlā captive
 His travels to the lands of the East of India
 His battle with the people of the island of Fīlgušān (literally Elephanet ears)
 His debate with the Indian Brahmans
 The slaying of a roc and a dragon
 His journey to Qīrvān and the slaying of a dragon, a wolf, and a lion
 His acquisition of Garshasp's treasures; his travels to the lands of bāḵtar (west)
 His visit to the tomb of Hushang
 His falling in love with the daughter of Fartur-tush, the king of the fairies, the disappearance of the girl in a spring, and his search for her.
 His accomplishment of the seven tasks to reach the kingdom of fairies.
 The seven tasks include the slaying a lion, a wolf, a rhinoceros, a dragon, and an ogre (ḡūl), and traveling through cold and hot climes.
 Farāmarz reaches the land of Farṭūr-tuš and marries his daughter
 Farāmarz return to Iran where his wives give birth to two noble sons, Sām who is the daughter of the king of the fairies and Āḏar-Borzīn, whose mother is the daughter of the king of Kahīlā.

The exploits of Sām are the subject of Khwaju Kermani's Sām-nāma (8th/14th century). The adventures of Āḏar-Borzīnare are recounted in the last part of the Bahman-nama.

Notes

11th-century poems
12th-century poems
Persian mythology
Persian poems
Epic poems in Persian
Roc (mythology)

Faramarz-nama


William R.W. Murphy (born May 9, 1981) is an American professional baseball left-handed pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Toronto Blue Jays, with an 0–0 record in the Major Leagues. He has also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chiba Lotte Marines being one of the most highly known pitchers in Japan during the 2010 season. Murphy and Yu Darvish were both the top leading Aces in Japan for the 2010 season, yet Murphy being the dominant force for his team, the Chiba Lotte Marines to win the 2010 Japan Series. He has also played in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) for the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions. Bill Murphy is the only player in Major League Baseball history to be traded three times in less than a 24-hour time period, in the Paul Lo Duca, Brad Penny, Hee-seop Choi, Juan Encarnacion and Guillermo Mota trade.

Murphy attended Arlington High School in Riverside, California. After graduating from high school, Murphy was granted a baseball scholarship to CSU Northridge. Before attending college, he was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 24th round (738th overall) in the 1999 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign with them.

After attending California State University, Northridge for three years, Murphy was selected as the 98th overall pick in the third-round of the 2002 famous Moneyball draft.

Career

Oakland Athletics
He was drafted again by the Oakland Athletics in the third round (98th overall) of the 2002 "Moneyball" draft. He spent two seasons in the Athletics organization, pitching for the Vancouver Canadians (2002), Kane County Cougars (2003) and Midland RockHounds (2003).  On June 10, 2003,  Bill pitched a no-hitter for the Kane County Cougars.

Florida Marlins
On December 23, 2003, he was sent to the Florida Marlins as the player to be named later that had sent Mark Redman to the Athletics and Mike Neu to the Marlins in a trade on December 16, 2003.

Murphy began the 2004 season with the Carolina Mudcats, the Marlins Double-A affiliate. In 20 starts with the Mudcats, he was 6–4 with a 4.08 ERA.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On July 30, 2004, Murphy was traded along with Hee-Seop Choi and Brad Penny to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Paul Lo Duca, Juan Encarnación, and Guillermo Mota. The next day, on July 31, 2004, he was traded once again, this time to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with Koyie Hill and Reggie Abercrombie for Steve Finley and Brent Mayne. He finished the season with the Double-A El Paso Diablos.

Murphy spent the whole 2005 season with the Triple-A Tucson Sidewinders but performed poorly as he had a 5.65 ERA in 23 games (21 starts). He began the 2006 season back in Double-A with the Tennessee Smokies. He was later promoted back up to Triple-A.

In 2007, Murphy once again began the year in Triple-A. He started nine games in which he went 2–2 with a 4.05 ERA. He was mainly a relief pitcher however as he pitched 45 games out of the bullpen. He went 1–1 with a 3.35 ERA with 1 save out of the bullpen. His good performance earned him a September 1 call-up by the big league club.

He made his Major League debut against the San Diego Padres on September 3, working 1.2 innings in relief and allowing three earned runs on 3 hits and 3 walks.  In 10 games for the Diamondbacks in 2007, he had a 5.68 ERA.

In , during spring training, the Diamondbacks designated Murphy for assignment and placed him on waivers.

Toronto Blue Jays
The Toronto Blue Jays claimed him off waivers on March 17.

Murphy did not make the 25-man Toronto 2009 roster out of spring training, and was assigned to Triple-A Las Vegas 51s. On April 14, 2009, Murphy was called up to the Toronto Blue Jays to replace the injured Jesse Litsch. Murphy made his Toronto debut on April 15 in relief, in a win over the Minnesota Twins. On November 3, 2009, he was designated for assignment to make room for Jarrett Hoffpauir. In 8 games with the Blue Jays, he worked in 11.1 innings with a 3.18 ERA.

Chiba Lotte Marines
On November 15, 2009, it was announced that Murphy would take a tryout for the Japanese team Chiba Lotte Marines. In 2010 Murphy led the Chiba Lotte Marines to the Japan World Series helping the team to win the championship along with being one of the top pitchers starting off the year undefeated 6-0 until his first loss against Yu Darvish. In 2010 Murphy eventually held one of the best records finishing with 12 wins and 6 losses, with a better record than most in Japan including pitchers like Yu Darvish, with a 3.75ERA on the season. He played with the Marines in 2010 and 2011, appearing in 48 games, with 30 starts. In both seasons with the Chiba Lotte Marines he finished with a combined 14–11 record and an overall 3.81 ERA. He made history in 2010 by winning 6 consecutive games in Japan without a loss.

Return to the Blue Jays
He returned to the Blue Jays on a minor league contract on January 17, 2012, and was assigned to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s. Murphy spent the entire 2012 season with the Las Vegas 51's with another winning record of 8-5 and an overall 4.38 ERA. Being one of the top pitchers with innings pitched in the PCL that season, Murphy was not granted a September call-up though his performance as starter/reliever is difficult in itself in the Pacific Coast League Triple-A, leaving many second guessing the Major League Affiliated Club of the Toronto Blue Jays.

Long Island Ducks/Camden Riversharks/7-Eleven Lions
Murphy played the 2013 season for the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, helping lead them to yet another championship. In August 2014, it was announced that Murphy signed with the Camden Riversharks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 2 starts of the 2014 season, Murphy has started 2 games, pitched 10 innings with 0 runs, 0.00 ERA and is 1–0 on the year in the 2014 Atlantic League.

After performing 2 scoreless starts with the Riversharks, going 1–0 with 10 scoreless innings, the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions of Taiwan purchased his contract for the remainder of the 2014 season in hopes of obtaining another championship.

References

External links

1981 births
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Living people
Baseball players from Anaheim, California
Major League Baseball pitchers
Vancouver Canadians players
Midland RockHounds players
Cal State Northridge Matadors baseball players
Kane County Cougars players
Carolina Mudcats players
El Paso Diablos players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
Azucareros del Este players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Tennessee Smokies players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Las Vegas 51s players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Chiba Lotte Marines players
Long Island Ducks players
Camden Riversharks players
Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions players

Bill Murphy (pitcher)


In biochemistry, a substrate is the molecule acted on by an enzyme to produce a product.p37

The general equation for an enzyme reaction is:
Substrate + Enzyme –> Substrate:Enzyme –> Product:Enzyme –> Product + Enzyme

An example: Sucrase, 400 times the size of its substrate sucrose, splits the sucrose into its constituent sugars, which are glucose and fructose. The sucrase bends the sucrose, and strains the bond between the glucose and fructose. Water molecules join in and make the cleavage in a fraction of a second.
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction up to 10 billion-fold and are effective in tiny amounts. One enzyme molecule may convert 1000 molecules of substrate a minute, and some are known to convert 3 million in a minute.p39
A substrate may be capable of many reactions. One enzyme will only carry out one of the many reactions of which a substrate is capable.

References

Biochemistry

Substrate (biochemistry)


Doctor of Letters (; D.Litt.; Litt.D.; D. Lit.; or Lit. D.) is an academic degree. It is a higher doctorate which, in some countries, may be considered to be beyond the Ph.D. and equal to the Doctor of Science (Sc.D. or D.Sc.). It is awarded in many countries by universities and learned bodies. It is given in recognition of achievement in the humanities, original contribution to the creative arts or scholarship and other merits. Cambridge University requires a candidate to "give proof of distinction by some original contribution to the advancement of science or of learning." When awarded without an application by the conferee, it is awarded as an honorary degree. A Doctor of Letters is a commonly awarded honorary degree.

References

Academic degrees
Academia

Doctor of Letters


Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets and Kings) and Tafsir al-Tabari.

Name
Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".

Biography
He was born in Amol, Tabaristan, some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea, in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious. He left home to study in A.H. 236  (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

Related pages
List of historians by continent

References

Bibliography
 Bosworth, C.E., Encyclopedia of Islam, "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid"
 Rosenthal, Franz, "The Life and Works of al-Tabari" pp. 5–134 of volume one of the English translation of the History.

Other websites
 http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=114
 http://www.answering-ansar.org/biographies/abu_jaffar_muhammad_tabari/

838 births
923 deaths
Tabari
Muslim scholars
Iranian historians
Quran

Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari


The Gulf of Thailand is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.

Geography
The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf is about 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast.

The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow. Its average depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow.  The strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

Tourism
The Gulf of Thailand has many coral reefs, and several diving resorts. Due to the tropical warmth of the water, it is popular with tourists. Some of the most important tourist places in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani province, Pattaya in Chonburi province, Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province,  Hua Hin in  Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Ko Samet in Rayong Province,and Ko Chang in Trat Province

References

Other websites

Thailand
Pacific Ocean
Geography of Thailand

Gulf of Thailand


Freetown Christiania, commonly just called Christiania, is a Danish special community. The village is partially self-governing with 850 inhabitants, and has an area of 85 acres near the capital of Denmark, Copenhagen. The Freetown has often been in the centre of controversies since its creation in an empty military area in 1971. In the Freetown, cannabis was legal until 2004. Inhabitants of Christiania are called "Christianites". Christiania has become home to several businesses such as carpenters, blacksmiths, a bikeshop, as well as several cafés, restaurants, jazz, blues and night clubs.

Area protection
In 2007, the National Heritage Agency proposed protection status for some of military buildings, now in Christiania. These are:
 Den grå hal ('The grey hall')
 Den grønne hal ('The green hall'), originally a smaller riding house
 Mælkebøtten ('The dandelion')
 The Commander's house
 The 17th and 18th century powder magazines on the bastions.

Born of Christiania
After the military had left, the area was only guarded by a few watchmen and sometimes of homeless people went in the area for sleep or for living there.On 4 September, 1971, neighbours of the area broke down a wall for making a place where their children could play.On 26 September, 1971, Christiania was opend to people by Jacob Ludvigsen, a well-known provo and journalist who published a magazine called Hovedbladet ('The main paper'). In the paper, Ludvigsen wrote an article in which he and five others went on exploration into what he called 'The Forbidden City of the Military'. The spirit of Christiania quickly developed into one of the hippie movement, the squatter movement, collectivism and anarchism, in contrast to the site's previous military use.

The Community
Meditation and yoga have always been popular activities for the Christianites, and for many years Christiania had their own internationally acclaimed theater group Solvognen, who, beyond their theater performances, also staged many happenings in Copenhagen and even throughout Sweden. Ludvigsen had always talked about drugs, hard drugs (now are illegal in Christiania) and soft drugs. The "problem" of drugs made Christiania really famous, and the most know part of the Freetown.
The neighbourhood of the Freetown is accessible through many entrances and cars are not allowed.Danish authorities have repeatedly removed the large stones blocking the main entrance claiming they need access to the area for fire trucks and ambulances in the event of a fire or medical emergency, yet the residents respond by placing them back each time as they feel attacks by the authorities. The people in Christiania have developed their rules, without the Danish government. The rules forbid stealing, violence, guns, knives, bulletproof and hard drugs. A famous street in the Freetown is known as Pusher Street, where hash and Skunk weed were sold openly from permanent stands until 2004, it nevertheless does have rules forbidding hard drugs, such as cocaine, speed, ecstasy and heroin. The commerce is not really clean, but since the rules require a consensus they cannot be removed unless everybody agrees. The Since 1994, residents have paid taxes and fees for water, electricity, trash disposal, etc. The future of the area remains in doubt. In the street photos are forbidden.

Important pieces of the Freetown's History

2005 shooting and murder
On April 24, 2005, a 26-year-old Christiania resident was killed and three other residents injured in a violent gang assassination on Pusher Street. The reason for this was a fight between few Christianites and people from the hash, market of Copenhagen.

Riots after demolition of house
On May 14, 2007 workers from the governmental Forest and Nature Agency with help from the police, entered Christiania to destroy the abandoned building of Cigarkassen ('the cigar box'). They were met by angry and scared Christianites who feared that the police were going to demolish other houses too. Road blocks were built and the trucks were sabotaged so that they could not move. After the police then entered the Freetown and Christianites attacked the policemen with fireworks and stones, and built barricades in the street outside Christiania gate. The police used tear gas on the people. The police later had to retreat from Christiania. The riot continued over night. At the entrances the Christianites bombarded the police with stones and Molotov cocktails forcing them to retreat. More than 50 Christiania activists and rioters from outside were arrested.

Gay house
Since the 1970s the Gay House (Bøssehuset), one of Christiania's autonomous institutions, had been a centre for gay activism, parties and theatre. The house was very famous in Denmark for humorist and artistic variety shows, and became a meeting point for all homosexuals in Copenhagen. During the 1980s and 1990s the original pioneers aging and some deceased, the house was left with little activity which was not revived until the early 2000s, when a group of young gay performers and activists, Dunst, were invited to take over the house so it could remain a centre for gay creativity. However, after 9 months they were asked to leave Christiania again. Primarily due to noise complaints. According to Dunst, neighbors would never readily accept them and the newcomers were accused of not understanding "the Christiania lifestyle" despite Dunst claim that they introduced a democratic management form and established open workshops for photography, art, music, dance, video. In 2004 Dunst participated in 'Christiania Distortion' (an event supported by Christiania) in a bus circling around the Freetown.

A Biker gang in the Freetown
Around 1984 a biker gang had arrived in Christiania and conquered a part of the hash market. Violence on the premises increased at this period and many Christianites felt unsafe and unhappy with the new residents. This resulted in sabotage acts directed towards the bikers as well as the publication of several provocative manuscripts urging the Christianites to throw out the powerful and armed bikers. This tension culminated when the police found a murdered individual who had been sliced to pieces and buried beneath the floor of a building. Christiania reacted with two colossal community meetings—one outside the building—where it was agreed that the bikers had to leave. They did, and have never returned.

Cars in the Freetown
In Christiania cars are prohibited. However, 132 cars are owned by residents and need to be parked on the streets near the Freetown. In 2005, a parking space for only 14 cars outside the Freetown was created. In 2001 a few residents in one of Christiania's sections proposed to construct a parking lot for their cars which was rejected by other Christiania residents.

Drugs

Since its opening, Christiania has been famous for its open cannabis trade, taking place in the famous central street called 'Pusher Street' - now Green Zone. Since 2003, however, the 'officially' open hash trade has been ended by authorities. However cannabis is still sold in the Freetown. Hard drugs, including heroin and cocaine, have been banned from Christiania since 1979 by the community's own rules.

Governmental measures
In January 2006, the government proposed that Christiania would be turned into a mixed alternative community and residential area adding condominiums for 400 new residents. Current residents, now paying DKK 1450 (USD 250) per month, would be allowed to remain but need to begin paying normal rent for the facilities. Christiania has rejected this, fearing the Freetown would turn into a normal Copenhagen neighborhood. In particular, the concept of privately owned dwellings is claimed to be incompatible with Christiania's collective ownership.

Architectural competition
In order to present a reasonable use of area after an eventual "cleaning", the Danish government commissioned an architectural competition. 17 proposals were received, of which only eight have met the formal competition requirements. All of the proposals were rejected by ojudges. The cost of the architectural competition was 850,000 Danish Kroner (113,000 Euro, 145,000 USD).

Related pages
 Squatting
 Ungdomshuset

Other websites
 Christiania you have my Heart , Documentary 1991 (google video)
 Danish Palaces and Properties Agency about Christiania
 Loppen - Rock and blues venue in Christiania
 Article about Christiania , The Independent (UK), May 31, 2007.

Buildings and structures in Denmark
Politics of Denmark

Freetown Christiania


In telecommunications, Baud is the unit to measure the symbol rate. If one symbol can be transmitted per second, this is equal to one Baud. The unit is named after Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot a French telecommunications engineer who invented the Baudot code. The Baud rate is different from the gross bit rate, measured in bits/second.

Various electric signal schemes invented in the 20th century such as Phase-shift keying can make bit rates much higher than signal rates. In another example, gigabit ethernet has a symbol rate of 125MBd. Gigabit ethernet uses pulse-amplitude modulation and can transmit two bits of payload data per symbol. Gigabit ethernet uses four balanced pairs for transmission.

It can transmit .

Telecommunications

Baud


ISO 3166-2:NF is the entry for Norfolk Island in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Norfolk Island. The territory has no defined subdivisions.

Norfolk Island is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code .

External links
 ISO Online Browsing Platform: NF
 Norfolk Island, Statoids.com

2:NF
Geography of Norfolk Island

ISO 3166-2:NF


A damage deposit or deposit is a sum of money that is paid when one  rents an item. It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition. It is very common with rented accommodation. There it may also be called a tenancy deposit or in some places a tenancy bond.

The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant). If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit. If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.

Other websites
 Tenants' information guide on deposits from Shelter
 Tenants' information guide on deposits  aimed at students, but useful for most types of tenants.
 Tenancy Deposit Scheme for Regulated Agents  - a scheme aiming to aid fairness in tenancy deposits.

Property

th:มัดจำ

Damage deposit


Immanuel Nobel  (24 March 1801 – 3 September 1872), the younger, was a Swedish engineer and inventor. He was the inventor of the rotary lathe used in plywood manufacturing. He was the father of Robert Nobel, Ludvig Nobel and Alfred Nobel. He also often experimented with nitroglycerin with his sons.

Nobel moved to Russia from Sweden in 1838. This was to sell his inventions in St. Petersburg. He lived there for two decades with his family. Immanuel founded a successful war supplies factory. The end of the Crimean War in 1856 brought about a shift in Russian policies. Tsar Alexander II ordered a severe cut in the military budget. Immanuel's company lost money. In 1859, Immanuel returned to Sweden. He left his factory to his son Ludvig. In 1862 Immanuel's firm was finally sold by his creditors.

References

1801 births
1872 deaths
Engineers
Inventors
Swedish scientists

Immanuel Nobel


Wayne Gino "Chief, The Enforcer" Odjick (September 7, 1970 – January 15, 2023) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. Odjick played a career total of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Vancouver Canucks, New York Islanders, Philadelphia Flyers, and Montreal Canadiens.

Before playing in the NHL, Odjick played 2 seasons with the Laval Titan of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He was drafted 86th overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. He played 8 years with the Canucks and played the role of an enforcer.

On March 23, 1998, Odjick was traded to the New York Islanders for Jason Strudwick. He would play 3 years with the Islanders. On February 15, 2000, he was traded to Philadelphia Flyers for Mikael Andersson and a 5th round pick in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. After two seasons with the Flyers, He was traded to the Montreal Canadiens for P. J. Stock and a 6th round pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He was only able to play two seasons with the Canadiens and missed most of the 2002–03 NHL season because he suffered a concussion when a puck hit him in the back of the head during a pre-season practice. He was also suspended by the Canadiens when he failed to report to the minors. Odjick retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2002.

Odjick was born just outside of Maniwaki, Quebec on an Algonquin Native Reserve named Kitigan Zibi. In 2003, he moved back to Vancouver and partnered with the Musqueam First Nation to manage the Musqueam Golf & Learning Academy. On June 26, 2014, Odjick announced that he had been diagnosed with a rare terminal disease called AL amyloidosis.
Odjick died from a heart attack on January 15, 2023, at the age of 52. Odjick's parents, Joe and Marie-Antoinette, predeceased him. He had eight children and five sisters.

References

Other websites

1970 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
First Nations people
Ice hockey people from Quebec
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Laval Titan players
2023 deaths
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Islanders players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Quebec Citadelles players
Vancouver Canucks players

Gino Odjick


135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making pictures, rather than films. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film.

It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.

Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film.

References

Photographic film formats

135 film


The French Suites are six suites composed by Johann Sebastian Bach between 1722 and 1725. They were written to be played on the harpsichord or clavichord.  A suite is a group of dances. Bach did not call them French Suites. That title was given to the group by someone else. They were called the French Suites to distinguish them from another group of suites by Bach called the English Suites.

The French Suites are largely based on Italian models, and are written in the keys of D minor, C minor, B minor, E-flat major, G major, and E major. All six suites open with an Allemagne and are followed by a Courante and a Sarabande. All six suites end with a Gigue (jig). Between the Sarabande and the Gigue are found a variety of dances that include Minuets, Bourrées, Gavottes, and others.

There is no definitive manuscript. The ornamentation varies from one manuscript to another. Two other suites  one in A minor and the other in E-flat major  sometimes appear in the manuscripts. Bach's French Overture is also a suite but is not connected to the French Suites.

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Suites

French Suites


John Mark Painter (born c. 1967) is an American multi-instrumental musician, composer and arranger. He is best known for his role, with his wife, singer Fleming McWilliams, in the rock duo Fleming and John.

Painter grew up in Miami, and began playing trumpet, saxophone, bass, guitar and piano by age 11.

Painter met McWilliams while attending Belmont College in Nashville, and immediately began collaborating on songs. While pursuing a record contract, Painter began playing studio sessions for artists like Indigo Girls, Nanci Griffith and Jewel.

Fleming and John released its first album, Delusions of Grandeur, in 1995 for independent label R.E.X. Records, then Universal Records. Their second album, The Way We Are in 1999 notably showcased Painter's skills as arranger and as instrumentalist on a panoply of uncommon instruments.

Painter continues to work heavily in the Nashville area as a studio musician, performing on albums by Carolyn Arends, Ben Folds Five, Fear of Pop, Owsley, Rich Creamy Paint (Rich Painter, who is John Mark Painter's nephew), Sixpence None the Richer, Gabe Dixon Band, Sevendust, Jon Foreman, Frally Folds and others.

Also producing artist such as Shapiro, Pantana, and Alva Leigh for Dweeb Records at IHOF Studio.

Painter was the composer for the 2005 animated film "Hoodwinked", the 2006 film "The Second Chance" starring Michael W. Smith, and the VeggieTales DVD "The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's".

He is currently a member of the alternative rock band Steve Taylor & The Perfect Foil with Steve Taylor, Jimmy Abegg and Peter Furler. Their first album, Goliath was released in November 2014.

References

External links

Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
American male songwriters
1967 births
Living people
Musicians from Miami
Belmont University alumni
Songwriters from Tennessee
Songwriters from Florida
Steve Taylor & The Perfect Foil members

John Mark Painter


The Hudson River is in the State of New York in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson.

The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now.

The lower part of this river separates New York from New Jersey and is sometimes called the North River.

Bridges that cross the Hudson River
 George Washington Bridge
 Tappan Zee Bridge
 Bear Mountain Bridge
 Hamilton Fish Newburgh-Beacon Bridge
 Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge
 Kingston Rhinecliff Bridge
 Rip van Winkle Bridge
 New York Thruway (Interstate 90-Interstate 87) Bridge
 Interstate 90 Bridge

Hudson River

Hudson River


The London Borough of Enfield is the northernmost of the Outer London boroughs. The borough lies within the Metropolitan Green Belt, and several of its 123 or more parks and open spaces  are part of it. The ancient Enfield Chase, remnants of which still exist, occupied much of the area. In addition to many playgrounds and sports facilities (including a number of golf courses), the main areas of public open space are:

 Albany Park: Enfield Wash,  formally opened 1902, since extended; west of Enfield Lock railway station
 Arnos Park, Arnos Grove:  opened in 1928; north of Arnos Grove tube station; Pymmes Brook Trail passes through it
 Beech Hill Park, Hadley Wood: includes Hadley Wood Golf Course
 Broomfield Park, Palmers Green: , purchased 1903
 Bullsmoor Playing Fields, Freezywater
 Bury Lodge Gardens Edmonton
 Bush Hill Park Recreation Ground Bush Hill Park was officially opened on 18 April 1911
 Churchfields Recreation Ground Edmonton
 Craig Park, Edmonton
 Cunningham Park, Freezywater
  Ryans Park, Enfield Highway
 Durants Park, Enfield Highway created in 1903.
 Forty Hall Park: an estate of  managed by Enfield Borough, includes woodlands and grounds around Forty Hall
 Firs Farm, (Firs Lane Winchmore Hill London N21 2PJ)'
 Grovelands Park, Southgate
 Hilly Fields, near Gordon Hill railway station:  purchased 1911
 Hollywood Gardens, Edmonton
 Jubilee Park, Lower Edmonton
 King George's Field, Enfield Highway, opened in 1939, to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of King George V and Queen Mary in 1935.
Minchenden Oak Garden, Southgate
 Montagu Road Recreation Ground, Edmonton
 Oakwood Park:  purchased 1927
 Ponders End Recreation Ground ( Ryans Park), Ponders End
 Plevna Road Open Space, Edmonton
 Pymmes Park, Edmonton:  purchased 1899
 Tatem Park, Edmonton
 Town Park, Enfield Town, which incorporates the last public remnant of Enfield Old Park.
 Trent Park: country park
 Whitewebbs Park

Apart from those open spaces, there are the two large reservoirs. The King George V and the William Girling collectively known as the Chingford Reservoirs situated alongside the River Lea in the east of the Borough.

Covert Way is Enfield's only Local Nature Reserve.

References

External links
 Enfield parks and open spaces
 Enfield's "palaces, parks and open spaces"

Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Enfield


Jeffrey Fuller (1917–1970) worked for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) from 1948 to 1966 and also served in the U.S. Army during World War II. At the ACLU, Fuller was responsible for membership development and fundraising and also edited their monthly newsletter Civil Liberties.

Career

Background
Jeffrey Eastman Fuller was born on March 19, 1917, to Walter Fuller and Crystal Eastman, a cofounder of the ACLU. Both died when he was 10. He graduated from Harvard University in 1938 with an A.B. degree in Slavic Languages, History and Literature. He also studied radio and television production at New York University from 1940 to 1941.

Following graduation, Fuller was self-employed as a music dealer specialized in collector-item records and also worked as a guide at the 1939 World's Fair in New York, as assistant radio editor at the New York Post from 1939 to 1940, and as the Public Relations Assistant for the Norris-LaGuardia Independent Citizens Committee for Roosevelt and Wallace in October and November 1940.

Army service
In January 1941, Fuller joined the U.S. Army, serving in an MP battalion and at infantry regimental headquarters. He was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in October 1942 and served as aide-de-camp to Major General D. H. Connolly, the commanding general at the Persian Gulf Command, traveling extensively with the general and translating Russian and French for him. He served in this capacity until May 1943.

Next, Fuller became Russian liaison officer and civilian personnel officer in Qazvin, Iran, where he worked daily with the Russian command. He returned to the United States in October 1944 for additional training, studying the theory and practice of military government and Japanese language, history and culture at the School of Military Government in Charlottesville, Virginia, and the Civil Affairs Training School at the University of Chicago.

However, his next post continued to utilize his expertise in Russian. From May 1945 to March 1946, Fuller was an OSS field operative, serving in the Research and Analysis Branch of the U.S.S.R. Division in Washington, Berlin, and Central Europe. Fuller was discharged from the Army in June 1946 with the rank of Major, but continued to serve as a major in the reserve, where he specialized in psychological warfare.

Private sector
With Michael Bodkin, Fuller founded the Bodkin Research & Manufacturing Co., Inc. in July 1946. He served as vice-president and general partner. The company produced organic plant food and failed in February 1948.

ACLU
In 1948, Fuller joined the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) staff as the Membership Director, responsible for fundraising and membership promotion and maintenance. The majority of his work was conducted through the mail and involved the preparation of letters, leaflets and other promotional material, and he also served as the general financial secretary of the organization. While at the ACLU, he developed an integrated membership system to distribute contributions between the national organization and the member's affiliate, organized new affiliates, and oversaw the Indian Civil Rights Committee. During his tenure, the ACLU grew from 9,000 combined national and affiliate members with 7 affiliates to 48,000 combined members with 27 affiliates.

Fuller left the ACLU in 1959 to serve as the manager of the fundraising department of a direct mail firm. However, Fuller continued as editor of Civil Liberties, the ACLU's monthly publication, a post he held from 1951 to 1966. Civil Liberties was a 4-6 page monthly publication that reported on the ACLU's activities and accomplishments and on current civil liberties issues. Fuller was succeeded as editor by Claire Cooper in 1966.

Death
Fuller died on the 24th of February 1970.

External links
 Jeffrey E. Fuller Papers held by Princeton University Library Special Collections

1917 births
1970 deaths
Harvard College alumni
People of the Office of Strategic Services
American Civil Liberties Union people
 United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II

Jeffrey Fuller


Norman Worker (1927 – 5 February 2005) was a British comic book writer, best known for his work on comic books featuring Lee Falk's The Phantom.

Norman was born in Kent, England, in 1927. When he was 17 years old, he fought in World War II in India. After that, he worked in his father's furniture factory until it went bankrupt in the 1950s.

It was his cousin, Modesty Blaise-creator Peter O'Donnell, who suggested that Norman could become a comic book writer. This led to Norman writing stories featuring The Saint and Buffalo Bill for Semic, a Swedish comic book company.

It was on Semic that Norman started writing stories with The Phantom. At first, he used the pen-name "J. Bull", but he quickly started to sign the stories with his real name.

Norman was arguably the most popular writer of the Scandinavian Phantom production; who ended up writing 127 stories before he retired in 2004. Norman is credited for being responsible for providing backstories to many of the previous Phantoms of other centuries, which was a result of his love for history.

External links
 Norman Worker biography on Scandinavian Chapter

1927 births
2005 deaths
English comics writers
People from Kent

Norman Worker


Cathare is a goat's milk cheese from the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France. The cheese comes in flat discs whose face is covered in charcoal powder with the Occitan cross inscribed.  Under the rind, Cathare is pure white with a soft, creamy texture.  Its goat-milk flavor intensifies as it ages, and reaches its prime after two to three weeks, which makes it typically unavailable in the United States, due to the Food and Drug Administration's stance that raw milk soft cheeses can pose a health risk.  The sale of raw milk cheese aged under 60 days is illegal in the United States.

See also
 List of goat milk cheeses

References

French cheeses
Occitan cheeses
Goat's-milk cheeses

Cathare


Phewa Tal (Phewa Lake or Fewa Lake) is a lake in Nepal and is the biggest lake in the Pokhara. It is famous for having a lot of domestic and international tourists who visit and sail, swim and fish on the Phewa lake. The shadow of a nearby white mountain can be seen on the surface of the lake.

There is also a Talbarahi Temple Hindu temple on the center of the lake. If people want to visit the temple they must take a boat.
Phewa Lake is the second largest lake in the Nepal. It is the only lake in Nepal, that have a Temple in the centre of the lake. And that temple is called Barahi Mandir.

Other websites

Lakes of Asia
Geography of Nepal

Phewa Lake


Poxviridae are family of large complex DNA viruses, including the vaccinia and variola viruses, that are pathogenic to humans and animals and have an affinity for skin tissue. Smallpox is in the family Poxviridae.

Four genera of poxviruses may infect humans: orthopox, parapox, yatapox, molluscipox. Orthopox: variola virus, vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, smallpox (eradicated); Parapox: orf virus, pseudocowpox, bovine papular stomatitis virus; Yatapox: tanapox virus, yaba monkey tumor virus; Molluscipox: molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV).

Viruses

Poxviridae


Shirley Jackson (December 14, 1916, San Francisco, California – August 8, 1965, Bennington, Vermont) was an important American author. A popular writer in her time, her work has received even more attention from literary critics in recent years. She has influenced such writers as Neil Gaiman, Stephen King, Nigel Kneale and Richard Matheson.

Life

Born Shirley Hardie Jackson in San Francisco in 1916 to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson, Shirley and her family lived in Burlingame, California, a wealthy middle-class suburb. Shirley spent most of her early life in California. The Jackson family then moved to Rochester, New York, where Shirley attended Brighton High School and graduated in 1934. For college, she first attended the University of Rochester before graduating from Syracuse University in 1940.

She got married in 1940 to Stanley Edgar Hyman who met in campus literary magazine, literary critic, and have four children who are Laurence (Laurie), Joanne (Jannie), Sarah (Sally), and Barry. The Hyman family lived in Vermont, in a quiet rural community and far away from city life. In 1965, Shirley Jackson died of heart failure in her sleep at the age of 48. Shirley suffered all through her life from various neuroses and psychosomatic illness. These illnesses, along with the various prescription drugs used to treat them, overweight and heavy smoking, may have led to her declining health and early death.

Literary works

She is best known for "The Lottery" (1948), which suggests a deeply unsettling dark underside in human nature who lives in suburban small-town in America. This is easily the best adaptation of the famed Shirley Jackson short story, first published in The New Yorker (June 28, 1948). Jackson may even have taken pleasure in the destructive impact of her work, as evidenced by Hyman's statement that she "was always proud that the Union of South Africa banned "The Lottery", and she felt that they at least understood the story. Larry Yust made this story into a short film which was banned in Boston.

With information for Jackson's first novel, The Road Through the Wall (1948), her husband who also is a literary critic, described Shirley Jackson as someone who practiced witchcraft. Shirley later wrote about witchcraft accusations in her book for young readers, The Witchcraft of Salem Village (1956).

Her other novels include Hangsaman (1951), The Bird's Nest (1954), The Sundial (1958) and The Haunting of Hill House (1959), regarded by many as one of the important horror novels of the 20th Century.

When the Hymans eventually settled in Vermont, Shirley continued to publish novels and short stories while caring for their children Laurence, Joanne, Sarah and Barry. Eventually her four children would come to their own brand of literary characters as fictionalized versions of themselves in their mother's short stories; In a series of the short stories, later collected in the books Life Among the Savages and Raising Demons, she presented a fictionalized version of her marriage and the experience of raising four children.

In addition to her adult literary novels, Shirley also wrote a children's novel, Nine Magic Wishes as well as a children's play based on Hansel and Gretel and entitled The Bad Children.

Shirley Jackson Awards

The first annual Shirley Jackson Awards for "outstanding achievement in the literature of psychological suspense, horror and the dark fantastic" were presented July 20, 2008. The jurors were John Langan, Sarah Langan, Paul G. Tremblay and F. Brett Cox.

The winners were:

Novel: Generation Loss by Elizabeth Hand
Novella: "Vacancy" by Lucius Shepard
Novelette: "The Janus Tree" by Glen Hirshberg
Short Story: "The Monsters of Heaven" by Nathan Ballingrud
Collection: The Imago Sequence and Other Stories by Laird Barron
Anthology: Inferno edited by Ellen Datlow

References

 Shirley Jackson Awards
 Potrzebie: Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery"
 Kosenko, Peter. "A Reading of Shirley Jackson's The Lottery". New Orleans Review, vol. 12, no. 1 (Spring 1985), pp. 27–32.
 Murphy, Bernice. Shirley Jackson: Essays on the Literary Legacy.
 Oppenheimer, Judy. Private Demons: The Life of Shirley Jackson. New York: Putnam, 1988.
 Shapiro, Laura. Something from the Oven: Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America.
 Shirley Jackson Papers. Library of Congress, Washington DC.

1916 births
1965 deaths
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Vermont

Shirley Jackson


Tapeworms are the class Cestoda of segmented flatworms (Platyhelminthes).They are parasitic, which means that they need another larger creature as a host. Tapeworms live inside the intestines of vertebrate animals. This includes humans. When a vertebrate has a tapeworm, they may lose weight and become weaker.

Tapeworms can be up to 30 or 36 feet (10–12 metres) long. They eat by absorbing material directly through their epidermis (outside layer). The head of a tapeworm has four suckers and two rings of hooks. The body of a tapeworm is in segments (pieces that are like each other). Each segment can produce eggs. Little segments of the tapeworm sometimes break off and pass out through the stool of the host, with the eggs. Little segments of its body fall off. They go out of the host body, and are eaten by the next host, which is another type of vertebrate.

Tapeworms are hermaphrodite, with both sexes. Cross-fertilization occurs between two tapeworms in the same intestine. They have a life cycle with a secondary or intermediate host. For example, human tapeworms have cows or pigs as intermediate hosts. The 'definitive' host (humans in this case) is the one where fertilization takes place.

Tapeworms don't have a gut, so they have to absorb nutrients directly across their skin.

Flatworms
Parasites

Tapeworm


The Nürnberg Ice Tigers are a professional ice hockey club located in Nuremberg, Germany. They play in the country's premier league, the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

History
The roots of the team can be traced back to SG Nürnberg, an ice hockey club that played in the 2nd Bundesliga from 1958 until it was closed in 1980 due to financial issues. Today's team was founded in 1980 as EHC Nürnberg 1980 e.V., as a non-profit organization. Play started in 1980–81 in the Bavarian state ice-hockey league (). After a single season, the team moved up to the Southern Regional league (), and was promoted again after just one season in 1983 to the 3rd tier German Ice Hockey league ().

By 1987, EHC Nürnberg 1980 moved up to the 2nd Bundesliga. In the early 1990s, financial uncertainty around German professional ice-hockey lead to the foundation of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga – DEL. The DEL was modeled after the NHL, with hopes of providing financial stability through licensing and franchising of teams.

EHC Nürnberg 1980 was admitted to the DEL as a founding member on 13 June 1994, one of 6 teams from the 2nd Bundesliga. As the DEL replaced the 1st Bundesliga and now represents the highest level of German professional ice-hockey, this in effect resulted in a promotion. In the first DEL season, the EHC 80 Nürnberg finished the regular season on the 12th place, only to be eliminated in the first playoff round.

For the next season, the professional team was broken out of the non-profit organization and incorporated as the Nürnberg Ice Tigers, with the youth and amateurs keeping the old name. In the 1998–99 DEL season the Tigers finished the regular season in first place, but lost in the playoff finals to the Adler Mannheim, who dominated German Ice Hockey in the late 1990s.

In 2006, the Ice Tigers and Bionorica AG, signed a three-year agreement giving Bionorica the naming rights to the team. Starting with the 2006–07 DEL season, the team was renamed to Sinupret Ice Tigers, after a Bionorica product.

During the 2008–09 season it became obvious that the Ice Tigers were in a dire financial situation. On 25 November 2008 preliminary insolvency was filed and, on 30 December, declared. This led to the corporate sponsor Bionorica pulling their support in March 2009. An investor group led by local jeweler Thomas Sabo intervened on 3 April 2009, pre-empting bankruptcy proceedings and ensuring participation in the 2009–10 season. The team was known as the Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers for eleven years until April 2020. Once the sponsorship by Thomas Sabo ended, the team changed its name back to Nürnberg Ice Tigers.

Logos

Players and personnel

Current roster

Head coaches

Jozef Golonka, 1994–95
Jan Eysselt, 1995–97
Vladimir Vasiliev, 1997–98
Peter Ihnačák, 1998–00
Bob Murdoch, 2000–02
Mike Schmidt, 2002–03
Greg Poss, 2003–05
Benoît Laporte, 2005–08
Andreas Brockmann, 2008–12
Bengt-Åke Gustafsson, 2012–13
Tray Tuomie, 2013–14
Martin Jiranek, 2014
Rob Wilson, 2015–18
Kevin Gaudet, 2018
Martin Jiranek, 2018–19
Kurt Kleinendorst, 2019–20
Frank Fischöder, 2020–21
Tom Rowe, 2021–present

All-time records
 The most DEL games for the club: 524 Patrick Reimer
 The most DEL goals for the club: 218 Patrick Reimer
 The most DEL penalty minutes for the club: 576 John Craighead

References

External links
Official website

Ice hockey teams in Germany
Ice hockey clubs established in 1980
Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers
Sport in Nuremberg
1980 establishments in West Germany
Ice hockey teams in Bavaria

Nürnberg Ice Tigers


The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States and the first family. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., and it has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800.

Early History (1789-1800)
President George Washington occupied two private houses in New York City as the executive mansion. He lived at the first, known as the Franklin House and owned by the Treasury Commissioner  through late February 1790.

The executive mansion moved to the larger quarters of the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway where he stayed, with his wife and a small staff until August 1790.

In May 1790, New York began construction of a proper house for the presidential mansion, Government House. Washington never used the mansion because it was not completed until after the national capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 1790.

The July 1790 Residence Act designated the capital be permanently located in the new Federal District, and temporarily in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for ten years while the permanent capital was built.

Philadelphia rented the mansion of the wealthy merchant Robert Morris at 190 High Street as the President's House, which Washington occupied from November 1790 to March 1797. Since the house was too small to accommodate the thirty people who made up the presidential family, staff, and servants, Washington had it enlarged.

President John Adams also occupied the High Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On Saturday, November 1, 1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House.

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set on fire by the British Army in the Burning of Washington. Some of the soldiers who burned it were former slaves who had run away to fight with the British. The fire destroyed the inside of the house and charred much of the outside and reconstruction began almost immediately.

President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829.

Layout and amenities
Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations.

The White House includes six stories and 55, of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a bowling alley, a movie theater, a jogging track, and a swimming pool. The White House receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.

Executive Residence
The original residence is in the center. Two colonnades, one on the east and one on the west designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining.

The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase. The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.

The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room. The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, and a Linen Room.

West Wing
The West Wing holds the Oval Office and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets, as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.

East Wing
The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the first lady and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

Grounds
The White House and grounds cover just over . Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, the grading and planting of which was ordered by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue.

During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon.

The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the first family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.

References

Official websites
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-grounds/the-white-house/

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/

Other websites
 The White House Historical Association, with historical photos, online tours and exhibits, timelines, and facts
 President's Park (White House) part of the National Park Service
 The White House Museum, a detailed online tour

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.

White House


An LC circuit is an electronic circuit made up of an inductor and a capacitor.

LC circuit's resonant frequency is equal to:

The angular frequency ω has units of radians per second.

LC circuits are used for creating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. An ideal LC circuit does not have resistance.

At LC circuit energy saves in the capacitor's electric field.

U is energy and q is electric charge.
At LC circuit energy also save in the inductor's magnetic field.

U is energy and i is electric current that flows in inductor.

Let's analyze an LC circuit's vibration. Vibrating LC circuit's total energy is U.

Because circuit's  resistance is 0, there is no energy that transmits to heat energy, and U is maintained regularity.

So LC circuit's vibration is shown like that

First consider the Electrical impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of the inductive and capacitive impedances

By writing the inductive impedance as  and capacitive impedance as

 .

Resultingly the series connected circuit, when connected to a circuit in series, will act as a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuits.

The same analysis may be applied to the parallel LC circuit. The total impedance is then given by

and after substitution of  and  we have

which simplifies to

 .

Resultingly the parallel connected circuit will act as band-stop filter having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

Other websites
Understanding Destructive LC Voltage Spikes

Electronic circuits

LC circuit


A guild is an association of craftspeople or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a town.

Many groups of people started as guilds, including scholars, and religious guilds. Many modern organisations, like universities, started as guilds. However, the basic idea of a guild was to control the training and practice of a trade or business. In Europe, guilds were given authority by the monarch. New young members had to serve as apprentices to a master for a certain length of time (such as seven years). At the end they became full members of the guild, and could set up on their own, and take apprentices of their own. That is the way the European world worked up to and including the first part of the 20th century.

There were guilds of weavers and dyers in the wool trade, of masons and architects in the building trade. There were guilds of painters,  blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, and so on. The Corporation of the City of London includes the "livery companies". These companies were originally guilds. The senior members of the livery companies choose the Lord Mayor of London, the sheriffs and certain other officers.

Guilds were common in the cities of the Middle Ages. After that, around 1700 to 1800 their influence lessened somewhat. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith were much opposed to the idea of guilds. They believed that guilds hindered economic development and free trade.

References

Middle Ages
Organizations by type

Guild


The Dassault Super-Étendard is a French single-turbojet military aircraft. It is a fighter and attack aircraft. The French Navy started using it in 1978. In 2013, it is the second most important combat aircraft (after the Dassault Rafale). From 1995, all Dassault Super-Étendard of the French Navy are modernized as SEM or Super-Étendard Modernisés. It can carry many kinds of weapons like Exocet's missile, laser-guided bombs and a nuclear missile ASMP.

Foreign operators of this aircraft are Argentina and Iraq. Argentina used it in the Falklands War, destroying the British destroyer HMS Sheffield.

The Dassault Super-Étendard is a modernized variant of the Dassault Étendard IV.

Super Etendard
French military aircraft

Dassault Super-Étendard


Emperor Go-Daigo or Go-daigo Tennō (1288-1339) was the emperor of Japan from 1318 to 1339.  He was the 96th emperor of Japan.  When he lived, the shoguns had a lot of power in Japan.  Emperor Go-Diago tried to take power from them so he could rule Japan.

When Go-Daigo lived, Japan had two governments.  There was one government set up by the emperors of Japan, who lived in Kyoto.  There was another government run by the shoguns, the bakufu.  The law said the emperors were rulers, but the bakufu had more power than they did. Neither the emperor's government nor the shogun's government was powerful enough to rule very well.

Early life

Go-Daigo was born with the name Takaharu on November 26, 1288.  He was born on Mount Yoshino, near the town of Yoshino in Nara.

Emperor

Go-Daigo became emperor in 1318 when he was 30 years old.  This was not usual for the time.  Usually, small boys were made emperor.  When they became adult men, they went to religious communities for men, where they would set up a government and rule even though they stayed in the monastery.  A new boy from the imperial family was put on the throne.  This system, with a boy on the throne in public and a "former" emperor ruling from a monastery, was called cloistered rule or insei.

Go-Daigo wanted to rule Japan himself.  The bakufu government was weak because they had not been able to reward their warriors.  When the Mongols invaded, the bakufu brought an army and kept them from invading.  But the usual way to reward warriors was to give them the defeated enemy's lands and treasure.  Because the Mongols were invaders, they had no lands for the shoguns to give to their warriors.  This made the warriors unhappy with the shoguns.  Go-Daigo began to quietly raise an army to defeat the bakufu and take control of Japan, but he was found out.  The shogun caught him and imprisoned him on the Oki Islands.

Go-Daigo's supporters fought for him while he was on the Oki Islands.  One of the shogun's generals, Ashikaga Takauji changed sides.  Go-Daigo's side won, and Go-Daigo ruled.  His rule is called the Kemmu Restoration.

Go-Daigo did not reward Ashikaga Takauji with a high rank, only the rank of counsellor.  He did not reward many of his other supporters either.  In 1335, Takauji declared himself shogun and rebelled.  Takauji and his army captured Kyoto and set up one of Go-Daigo's relatives as an emperor there.  Go-Daigo ran away from Kyoto and set up a court Yoshino, south of Nara.  Go-Daigo's court only ruled the land nearby.  So for many years, there were two men who said they were emperor of Japan.

Legacy

After Go-Daigo's time as ruler, the line of emperor was split in two, one northern and one southern.  They were made one line again in 1392.

References

1288 births
1339 deaths
Emperors of Japan

Emperor Go-Daigo


The Sheik is a 1921 silent movie. It was  directed by George Melford. It stars Rudolph Valentino. The movie was based on the book The Sheik by Edith Maude Hull. The movie is about a British lady who is captured by an Arab chieftain (a sheik). She is held in his camp, and grows to love him. The Sheik made Valentino a superstar. Reviews were mixed. Some critics liked the movie. Some did not. Women loved it. Most men did not like it. They either walked out or stayed away.

Roles
 Rudolph Valentino as the Sheik
 Agnes Ayres as Lady Diana Mayo
 Frank Butler as Sir Aubrey Mayo, Diana's brother
 Lucien Littlefield as Gaston, the Sheik's valet
 Adolphe Menjou as Raoul de Saint Hubert, the Sheik's friend
 Walter Long as Omair, a bandit

Story

Lady Diana Mayo is headstrong and independent. Against her brother's advice, she plans a trip into the desert with only native guides. That night Diana sneaks into an 'Arabs Only' casino wearing a dancer's costume. The Sheik is there. He discovers she is white. He is amused, but sends her away. He learns that she is taking a trip into the desert the next day. He sneaks into her room and tampers with the bullets in her revolver. Later, the Sheik and his men find Diana riding alone. She tries to flee while shooting at the Sheik. He easily captures her. He takes her to his camp. He orders her about. He tells her she will learn to love him. He wants to raping her, but decides against it.

The Sheik receives a visit from his friend, Raoul St. Hubert. Raoul befriends Diana.  He chides the Sheik for treating her roughly. Diana gradually warms to the Sheik. She is allowed to go into the desert with his servant. She escapes. She sees a caravan. It belongs to the bandit Omair. The Sheik and his men reach her just in time. The Sheik is in love with Diana. He allows her to ride out again with his servant. She writes "I love you" in the sand. Omair captures her.

The Sheik gathers his men to attack Omair's camp. Omair tries to rape Diana. The Sheik and his men rush in. The Sheik kills Omair, but he is injured. Diana discovers that the Sheik is not an Arab. His father was British and his mother Spanish.  They died in the desert. Their child was raised by the old Sheik. When the old man died, the Sheik returned to rule the tribe. The Sheik recovers from his injury. Diana confesses her love.

Reception
Reviews were mixed. Many critics felt the toned-down rape scene ruined the original message. It was a great success with audiences however. Attendance records were broken.  One newspaper estimated that 125,000 people had seen the movie in its first weeks. Producer Lasky declared the last week of November 1921 'The Sheik Week'. He had the movie open in 250 theatres across the United States on 20 November.  The movie ran for six months in Sydney, Australia. It ran for 42 weeks in one theatre in France. It was the first Valentino movie to show in his native Italy. Within the first year, The Sheik made more than $1 million.  The film cost $200,000 to make.

Female moviegoers loved Valentino. Male moviegoers loathed him. Men refused to see the movie. If they did, they laughed at the love scenes. Men walked out during the movie. They felt threatened by Valentino's style of lovemaking. Many called him effeminate for the long robes he wore in the movie. Dick Dorgan harshly criticized Valetino in the magazine Photoplay. He thought Valentino was too pretty for a male. He even wrote a song about Valentino called "A Song of Hate!"

References

 Leider, Emily W. Dark Lover: The life and death of Rudolph Valentino.

1921 romance movies
American silent movies
1920s American romance movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by George Melford
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in Algeria
Movies about interracial romance

The Sheik (movie)