Liberty Hall, also known as the Governor William Livingston House, located on Morris Avenue in Union, Union County, New Jersey, United States, is a historic home where many leading influential people lived. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in 1938. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark on November 28, 1972, for its significance in politics and government. It is now the Liberty Hall Museum.

Originally a fourteen-room Georgian-style house, it was built in 1772. Liberty Hall stands today as a fifty-room Victorian Italianate mansion. Liberty Hall has been home to many historical figures and was the home of William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, who served from 1776 to 1790; United States Supreme Court Justice Henry Brockholst Livingston; the Kean political dynasty, including Susan Livingston Kean, widow of Continental Congress delegate John Kean, United States Senator and Congressman John Kean, and Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean; and, in its first year of occupancy, future Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Liberty Hall has had visitors of such stature as George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette, Elias Boudinot, and John Jay, the latter of whom was married there.

The Liberty Hall Museum is located on the Liberty Hall Campus of Kean University in Union, New Jersey between the campus' Main Campus in Union and East Campus in Hillside, New Jersey.

History

The Livingstons
The Liberty Hall Museum was built as a Georgian-style house in 1772 by William Livingston, a lawyer who would go on to become a member of the First and Second Continental Congress, founding father, a signatory of the Constitution, and the first Governor of the State of New Jersey. During the first year of occupancy Alexander Hamilton, later the first Secretary of the Treasury, resided with Livingston. The house was built on a 120-acre property purchased by Livingston in 1760 in then-Elizabethtown, close to New York, New York where Livingston worked. The Livingston family moved into Liberty Hall full-time in 1773. The gardens and orchards first planted by Governor Livingston are still evident on the museum grounds today.
Guests at Liberty Hall included George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette and Elias Boudinot and the house was the site of the marriage of one of Livingston's daughters to John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
During the American Revolutionary War, in which Livingston fought, the house was damaged by both the American and British armies. After the war Livingston returned to the house and lived there until his 1790 death. Following the deaths of Governor Livingston and his wife, Susannah French Livingston, their son Henry Brockholst Livingston, a future United States Supreme Court Justice, inherited the home. In 1798 the home was purchased by George Belasise, Lord Bolingbroke and wife Isabella, who continued the Livingstons' tradition of enhancing the agriculture and grounds of Liberty Hall.

The Keans
In 1811 Liberty Hall was purchased by Peter Kean in trust for his mother Susan Livingston Kean Niemcewicz, a niece of William and Susannah Livingston (women could not own property in their own name in the United States until the second half of the nineteenth century). Susan's first husband, John Kean of South Carolina, had been a delegate to the Continental Congress who supported ratification of the United States Constitution in South Carolina, was the first cashier of the Bank of the United States and had been held prisoner during the American Revolution (a consequential respiratory disease lead to his death at age thirty-nine). Susan Livingston changed the name of Liberty Hall to Ursino, the name of her Polish second husband Count Julian Niemcewicz's Polish estate (Niemcewicz had returned to Poland after Napoleon's successful campaigns, having initially been exiled due to his role in unsuccessfully fighting for independence from the Russians.)

Colonel Peter Kean, the only son of Susan and John Kean, and his wife Sarah Sabina Morris, granddaughter of Lewis Morris, the first royal governor of New Jersey inherited Liberty Hall, followed by their son Colonel John Kean II. John Kean II lived at Liberty Hall for 60 years and made the most significant changes to the house and property, expanding the house to its current structure as a 50-room Victorian Italianate structure for the main reason of accommodating his large family, and introduced modern amenities such as running water, gravity hot-air heating, and gas lighting. The house passed to the oldest son of John and Lucinetta Halsted Kean, John, a two-term Congressman and Senator from New Jersey who continued to live and host affairs at Liberty Hall when home.

Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean and Katharine Winthrop Kean and nephew of Senator John Kean inherited the house upon his uncle's death and resided there with his wife, Mary Alice Barney after 1932. Mary Alice Kean motivated the restoration of Liberty Hall and other historic homes and was a researcher of Kean family history. Mary Alice Kean was the final resident of Liberty Hall before it became Liberty Hall Museum.

The structure
The building, in three sections, was built of frame over an elevated stone basement. The original two-story central portion had a modified gambrel roof and two interior chimneys and was flanked by one-story wings, built on the main axis, with polyangular ends, hipped roofs, and end chimneys. Exterior walls were flushboarded. Quoins marked the corners of the central section, and flat, key-blocked cornices topped the first-story windows.
In 1789 a second story was added to the west wing. In 1870 a third story was superimposed on the west wing and central section, and the second and third stories on the east wing. The rooms and tower at the northwest corner and the rooms at the northeast corner were also constructed at that time, as well as a gabled roof with bracketed eaves over the entire building.
Except for the additional levels, the south, or front, elevation retains its original appearance. Open-string steps, whose balusters are plain, lead to the pedimented front porch. A fanlight surmounts the paneled door. Shutters are paneled on the first floor and louvered on the second. Third-story windows lack any such adornment. The cornice of the porch, as well as its triangular pediment, are dentiled.
The floor plan and interior trim of the 18th-century portion of the mansion remain essentially intact within the larger present structure. The elaborate mantels date from the 19th century. While a number of rooms and their furnishings have been restored to their original condition, others have been added to meet the changing needs of different generations of the Kean family, and modifications have been made to add modern heating and plumbing systems.

National Landmark

In 1949 Mary Alice Kean began to transform the house into a museum and in 1974 Mrs. Kean restored the name "Liberty Hall" to the house. The museum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark. The building is part of Kean University and is located on the Liberty Hall Campus at Kean. Liberty Hall houses collections of furniture, clothing, manuscripts, books, portraits, pictures, and other historical artifacts, including a signed letter from George Washington, a pre-census, population count, and an invitation to Abraham Lincoln's inaugural. The Liberty Hall was one of the important points of interest of the "Young Immigrant Hamilton Tour" as part of the CelebrateHAMILTON 2014 hosted by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, New Jersey

References

External links

NPS Site

Kean University
National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Residential buildings completed in 1772
Biographical museums in New Jersey
Museums in Union County, New Jersey
Houses in Union County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, New Jersey
Union Township, Union County, New Jersey
Livingston family residences
Homes of United States Founding Fathers
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey

Liberty Hall (New Jersey)


Gunnar Brands (born 30 March 1956), is a German classical archaeologist.

He was born in Duisburg, Germany, and attended the classical Landfermann-Gymnasium, graduating in 1977. He then studied classical and Christian Archaeology, Ancient History and Latin at Bonn University (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität), Heidelberg University and Rome. He also worked on  early Roman architecture in Italy at  Bonn University under Hanns Gabelmann, and received his doctorate on Classical Archeology in 1985. He received a travel grant from the German Archaeological Institute in 1987, and was a research fellow working  on the site of Sana'a in the Yemen Arab Republic in a project operated by that Institute. From 1988 to 1994 he was an assistant at the Institute of Classical Archaeology at the Free University of Berlin, where he habilitated in 1994 with a thesis on the late antique architecture of Syria. In the same year he became assistant professor at the Department of Building and Art History at the Brandenburg Technical University in Cottbus. Since 1996, he has been professor of Christian Archaeology and Byzantine Art History at the Institute for Oriental Archaeology and Art History at the    In 1993/94 and 2000/01 he was a Fellow for Byzantine Studies at Dumbarton Oaks. and a Fulbright Fellow. He is a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute.

Brands conducts research on antique and early Christian architecture of the Eastern Roman Empire, especially Syria, Asia Minor and southern Arabia. He is particularly interested in  the architectural decoration of Late Antiquity and the topography of Eastern Christianity, but his interest extends to   Hellenistic and Roman architecture, and the heritage of  antiquity from the Renaissance and the 20th Century. He has done field research in   Antakya, Turkey, the present name of the ancient city of Antioch on the Orontes.

References

External links

 Official Web page at Halle University

German classical scholars
Living people
1956 births
Archaeologists from North Rhine-Westphalia
Academic staff of the Brandenburg University of Technology

Gunnar Brands


The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (also known as ITPGRFA, International Seed Treaty or Plant Treaty), is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, as well as the recognition of farmers' rights. It was signed in 2001 in Madrid, and entered into force on 29 June 2004.

Main features

Participating countries
There are 148 contracting parties to the Plant Treaty (147 Member States and 1 intergovernmental organization, the European Union) as of November 2020.

Farmers' rights
The treaty recognises farmers' rights, subject to national laws to: a) the protection of traditional knowledge relevant to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; b) the right to equitably participate in sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; and c) the right to participate in making decisions, at the national level, on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The Treaty establishes the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing to facilitate plant germplasm exchanges and benefit sharing through Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA).

However, as Regine Andersen of the farmers' rights project, among others, including Olivier De Schutter, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, argue, the interpretation and realisation of farmers' rights is weak and is not the same across all countries. Without a consistent, strong international focus on realising the rights of farmers who conserve and sustainably use PGRFA to save, use, exchange and sell seeds saved on-farm, genetic variety of crops and related agricultural biodiversity will suffer. India, for example, includes an interpretation of farmers' rights in its Plant Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001, allowing farmers a restricted right to save and sell seed they have produced on-farm as they always have, even if it contains genes from a protected variety.

In 2019, the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and other people working in rural areas reaffirmed the farmers' rights contained in the Plant Treaty.

Multilateral system
The treaty has implemented a Multilateral System (MLS) of access and benefit sharing, among those countries that ratify the treaty, for a list of 64 of some of the most important food and forage crops essential for food security and interdependence. The genera and species are listed in Annex 1 to the treaty.

The treaty was negotiated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) and since 2006 has its own Governing Body under the aegis of the FAO.  The Governing Body is the highest organ of the Treaty as established in Article 19. Composed of representatives of all Contracting Parties, its basic function is to promote the full implementation of the Treaty, including the provision of policy guidance on the implementation of the Treaty. The Governing Body elects its Chairperson and Vice-Chairpersons, in conformity with its Rules of Procedure. They are collectively referred to as "the Bureau".

Some believe the treaty could be an example of responsible global governance for ensuring that plant genetic resources essential for present and future food security can be kept accessible to all farmers and in the public domain. Chapter 7 of the Second Report on the State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SoWPGR-2) entitled "Access to Plant Genetic Resources, the sharing of benefits arising out of their utilization and the realization of Farmers' Rights" is mainly dedicated to the International Treaty.

Governing Body
 The Governing Body met for the first time in Madrid in June 2006. It had a ministerial segment and a ministerial declaration was adopted and included in the Report.
 The Second Session of the Governing Body was held in Rome in October/November 2007. This meeting discussed the implementation of Farmers' Rights, financial rules; the funding strategy, relationship with the Global Crop Diversity Trust; implementation of the Multilateral System (MLS) for access and benefit-sharing, among other issues.
 The Third Session of the Governing Body was held in Tunis in June 2009. This meeting continued the unfinished business of the previous meeting and discussed, among other issues, funding strategy, compliance, sustainable use, the implementation of Farmers' Rights, relationship with the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the CGRFA, implementation of the Multilateral System (MLS) for access and benefit-sharing.
 The Fourth Session of the Governing Body was held in Bali, Indonesia in March 2011. Prior to the Governing Body meeting, Ministers adopted the Bali Declaration on the Treaty that commits them to engage in further enhancing Treaty implementation to help meet the challenges of agricultural biodiversity erosion, food insecurity, extreme poverty and the effects of climate change; and calls upon parties and relevant stakeholders to prioritize activities relevant to the MLS, sustainable use of PGRFA, and Farmers' Rights, and to mobilize more funds. With the addition of 'compliance' mechanisms and financial rules, these issues took up most negotiating time in the Governing Body meeting. The relationship of the Treaty with the CGRFA, the CBD's Nagoya Protocol, the Global Crop Diversity Trust and Bioversity International were also included in resolutions.
 The Fifth Session of the Governing Body was held in Muscat, Oman in September 2013. The session was preceded by two days of regional consultations. The Fifth Session achieved:
a resolution on Farmers' Rights (FRs), which renewed the commitment of governments to implement Farmers' Rights;
a coded call to UPOV and WIPO to report on their impacts on Farmers' Rights;
warm acceptance of the offer by Farmers' Organisations to produce a report for GB6 on the state of implementation of Farmers' Rights;
actions designed to improve the sustainable use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, linked to commitments to realise Farmers' Rights;
commitments to review and change the multi-lateral Access and Benefit Sharing mechanism (MLS), to prevent pillaging of the System by patents on native traits, for example;
significant new voluntary financial contributions from Norway for the Global Crop Diversity Trust and for the benefit sharing fund to support on-farm conservation;
acceptance of the distinction between NGOs and Farmers' Organisations and the need to include representatives of farmers' social movements in negotiations;
a request to the Secretary to report on relevant discussions that relate to Farmers' Rights within other UN fora including the Committee on World Food Security. Civil Society including NGOs (e.g. CENESTA) and the International Farmers' Movement, La Via Campesina, were active throughout the Session.

List of crops covered in Annex 1
Even foods that have been part of a culture for centuries often are indigenous to a region on the other side of the world. This global dispersal shows the generosity with which farmers and farming communities have always shared seeds and genetic materials with neighbors or through trade. As people ventured forth, looking for new lands, their seeds were part of their diasporas. As a result, we now live in a world in which not one country can be considered self-sufficient in terms of being able to survive solely on crops indigenous within its borders. The Treaty facilitates the continued open exchange of food crops and their genetic materials.

The list of plant genetic material included in the Multilateral System of the Treaty is made of major food crops and forages.  The Forages are also divided in legume forages and grass forages. They were selected taking into account the criteria of food security and country interdependence.

History, negotiations, and entry into force
The treaty was under negotiation for 7 years. A previous voluntary agreement, the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IU), was adopted in 1983. However, the IU was reliant on the principle of genetic resources being the common heritage of humanity. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1993) brought genetic resources under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of national governments. However, the CBD recognised the special and distinctive nature of agricultural genetic resources: they were international – crossing countries and continents – their conservation and sustainable use requires distinctive solutions and they were important internationally for food security. Subsequently, the IU was renegotiated, to bring it in harmony with the CBD, and was renamed as a treaty. An account of the long process to achieve the treaty called Negotiating the Seed Treaty can be found at Wayback Machine.

The treaty was approved during the FAO Conference (31st Session resolution 3/2001) on 3 November 2001, with 116 votes and 2 abstentions (US and Japan). In accordance with its Article 25, it was opened for signatures until 4 November 2002 by all members of FAO or any state member of the United Nations or of the International Atomic Energy Agency. It was subject to ratification, acceptance or approval (Article 26), by all members.

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was open to accession a year after adoption and once closed to signatures (Article 27), i.e., on 4 November 2002. 77 countries and the European Union had signed the treaty by that date.

In accordance with Article 28, the treaty entered into force on the ninetieth day after the deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, provided that at least twenty instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have been deposited by Members of FAO. Having reached the required number of instruments in order for the treaty to enter into force (40) on 31 March 2004, on which date 13 instruments (including the European Union) were deposited with the Director-General of FAO, the date of entry into force was on 29 June 2004.

Discussions and criticism
Plant genetic resources are essential to a sustainable agriculture and food security. FAO estimates humans have used some 10,000 species for food throughout history. However, only about 120 cultivated species provide around 90% of food requirements and four species (maize, wheat, rice and potatoes) provide about 60% of human dietary energy for the world's population. Of the myriad of varieties of these crops developed by farmers over millennia, which form an important part of agricultural biodiversity, more than 75% have been lost in the past 100 years.

Some fear that corporate financial interests might prevent safeguarding of livelihoods, promotion of food security, biodiversity-rich farming under control of local communities, and implementation of Farmers' Rights.

Critics say many of the central issues are unresolved or open to interpretation. Some of the points raised are:

 to what extent will intellectual property rights be allowed on genetic resources in the MLS, within treaty rules: some argue an agreement aiming at open access to genetic resources for food and agriculture should not allow restrictive property rights, and the treaty says in Article 12.3.d that "Recipients shall not claim any intellectual property or other rights that limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or their genetic parts or components, in the form received from the Multilateral System";
 to what extent will farmers and communities be allowed to freely use, exchange, sell and breed the seeds, and what enforcement procedures will be used by national governments to ensure principles of Farmers' Rights will be respected;
The mechanism for dispute settlement under the Third Party Beneficiary and the role of FAO.
The first group of 11 projects funded by the treaty was announced during the Third Session of the Governing Body in Tunis in June 2009. The projects were funded according to criteria established by the Governing Body including regional balance: 5 from Latin America, 5 from Africa and 1 from Asia.  The ranking of the projects was done by a Group of Experts nominated by the 7 regional representatives of the Bureau and the final approval was done by the Bureau on behalf of the Governing Body.
 While the whole Brassica family (Cruciferae) including all its sub-species and varieties is in the MLS, the total number of food crops and forages and their relatives included in the treaty is very limited. Soya, sugar cane, oil palm and groundnut are among important crops missing from the list in Annex 1.

The treaty came into force on 29 June 2004, at which time there were more than 54 ratifications by countries. An article prepared on the occasion of the treaty becoming law is posted at International Seed Treaty becomes Law - 29 June 2004. From the entry into force, countries that previously signed are allowed to ratify the treaty, while countries that did not sign the treaty before it came into force can also accede to it. The instrument of ratification has to be deposited with the Director-General of FAO.

Further reading
  213 p.
  36 p.
  59 p.
  155 p.

See also
 Biopiracy
 Seedbank
 Plant genetic resources
 Germplasm
 Genesys
 Convention on Biological Diversity
 Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity
 UPOV Convention on New Varieties of Plants
 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants

External links
Official text of the Plant Treaty
www.planttreaty.com FAO's official website of the Plant Treaty
Genetic Imperialism? from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
https://web.archive.org/web/20110311020736/http://www.itpgrfa.net/ – Official website of the Treaty
FAO: Leipzig Global Plan of Action (GPA)
https://web.archive.org/web/20130721052109/http://globalplanofaction.org/ – Portal for PGRFA issues
FAO: Second Report on the State of the World's PGRFA
https://web.archive.org/web/20071226173200/http://www.croptrust.org/main/ – Global Crop Diversity Trust
UK Agricultural Biodiversity Copendium: Civil Society pages on the International Treaty and its negotiation
 http://www.bioversityinternational.org – CGIAR's agricultural biodiversity research centre's pages on the Treaty

References

Agricultural treaties
Food treaties
Biodiversity
Food and Agriculture Organization treaties
Food security
Intellectual property treaties
Plant conservation
Plant breeding
Seeds
Sustainable agriculture
Treaties concluded in 2001
Treaties entered into force in 2004
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
Treaties of Afghanistan
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Angola
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Bangladesh
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Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Bhutan
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Brunei
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of Cambodia
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Treaties of Canada
Treaties of the Central African Republic
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Treaties of Chile
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of the Cook Islands
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of North Korea
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Eritrea
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Ethiopia
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of India
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of Iran
Treaties of Iraq
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
2001 in Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
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Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
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Treaties of Sweden
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Treaties entered into by the European Union
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Bolivia


Sean William Green (born April 20, 1979) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.

Biography
Green grew up in east Louisville, Kentucky, in the Fincastle community.

Following his senior season at Louisville Male High School, Sean was selected by Toronto Blue Jays in 32nd round (959th overall) of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, but elected to attend the University of Louisville instead. He played baseball for the Louisville Cardinals from  to . He was drafted in the 12th round of the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft by the Colorado Rockies after his junior season at Louisville.

After spending his first professional season with the Portland Rockies of the Northwest League, the right-hander moved up the organizational ladder, pitching for the Asheville Tourists in the South Atlantic League in , Salem in the Carolina League in , and California League's Visalia Oaks before jumping to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers in  where he was 4–3 with a 3.03 ERA.

In an off-season trade, the Seattle Mariners acquired Green from the Rockies for pitcher Aaron Taylor, and Green flourished in the Mariners farm system, logging a Texas League-high 14 saves and posting a 2.96 ERA for the San Antonio Missions in  before being promoted to the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers.

He completed the 2005 season in Tacoma and pitched in seven spring training games with the big league squad in Arizona before opening  back in Tacoma. His spring training performance and 4–0 record and 1.38 ERA as the Rainiers' closer caught the eye of Mariners manager Mike Hargrove.

Green made it to the big leagues when the Seattle Mariners called him up on April 29, 2006, to replace reliever Julio Mateo. When Mateo was activated on May 20, it was thought that Green would return to Triple-A Tacoma, but the Mariners opted to instead send down pitcher Emiliano Fruto. He made his first Major League appearance on May 2 against the Minnesota Twins.

Green was a solid contributor out of the bullpen in 2007, logging 68 innings out of the bullpen with a 3.84 ERA in 64 games for the Mariners.

In , Green dominated before the All-Star break, with a 2.72 ERA, but after the All-Star break, Green had an 8.65 ERA. He would finish the season with a 4.67 ERA in a career high 79 innings.

New York Mets
On December 10, 2008, Green was sent to the New York Mets as a part of a 12-player, 3-team trade that sent reliever J.J. Putz to New York.

Despite hype for Green, he struggled in his first year and was eventually demoted to the Mets minor league, AAA affiliate. He would eventually make it back and provided the Mets with 79 relief appearances despite having an ERA of 4.52.

In early April 2010, Green was given the final bullpen spot but he was put on the DL with a broken rib. It was reported that Green has recovered from the injury but was still rehabilitating in the minors. Green returned to the Mets on September 6, 2010, as part of the Mets September callups.
On December 3, 2010, the Mets non-tendered Green, making him a free agent.

Milwaukee Brewers
On December 22, 2010, Green signed a non-guaranteed one-year contract worth $875,000 with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was designated for assignment on May 17, 2011.

Texas Rangers
Green signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers on January 23, 2012. He also received an invitation to spring training. Green allowed 21 runs in 27.1 innings at the AAA level for the Rangers, he was subsequently released.

References

External links

Hometown Newspaper Article (Courier Journal)
Gets Call to the Big Leagues
News Tribune article

1979 births
Living people
Seattle Mariners players
New York Mets players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Baseball players from Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville Cardinals baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Portland Rockies players
Asheville Tourists players
Salem Avalanche players
Visalia Oaks players
Tulsa Drillers players
San Antonio Missions players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Gulf Coast Mets players
St. Lucie Mets players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Nashville Sounds players
Round Rock Express players
Somerset Patriots players
Louisville Male High School alumni

Sean Green (baseball)


The Wash is the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia on the east coast of England, "where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire". It is among the largest estuaries in the United Kingdom. It is listed as a Ramsar site as being an important wetland area.

Geography
The Wash looks on the map like a large bite out of the coastline of eastern England.  It separates the curved coast of East Anglia from Lincolnshire. It is formed by a large bay with three roughly straight sides meeting at right angles, each about 25 kilometres (15 miles) in length. All the eastern coast of the Wash is in Norfolk, and goes from Hunstanton in the north to the mouth of the River Great Ouse at King's Lynn in the south. The coast on the opposite side goes from Gibraltar Point to the mouth of the River Welland and is all in Lincolnshire. The southern coast goes roughly northwest-southeast, joining these two river mouths.  In the middle is the mouth of a third river, the River Nene.

Historical story
The most famous thing that people remember about the Wash is that "King John lost his crown in the Wash".  This is because, according to reports from the time, King John travelled from Spalding in Lincolnshire to Bishop's Lynn, in Norfolk in the year 1216.  He became ill and decided to go back.  While he took the longer route through Wisbech, he sent his luggage, including his crown jewels, along the seashore and across the mouth of the Wellstream where the water was not deep. This route was only safe when the tide was low.  The horse-drawn wagons moved too slowly for the incoming tide, and many were lost. The whole area at the time was an extensive wetland known as The Fens, which was later drained. It is close to sea level.

Other websites
Flood warning status

East of England
Ramsar sites

The Wash


Peter, Paul and Mary were an American folk music group, most famous during the 1960s. The members are Peter Yarrow, Paul (Noel) Stookey and Mary Travers.

Their songs include "If I Had a Hammer" (also called "The Hammer Song"), "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Leavin' On a Jet Plane" written by John Denver, and "Blowin' in the Wind", written by Bob Dylan. They recorded other Dylan songs, helping his early career. They made records, toured to perform, and appeared on television shows, including The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.

Peter, Paul and Mary disbanded in 1970, but reunited later, made tours and recorded new music.

Mary Travers died on September 16, 2009, after chemotherapy treatments for leukemia.

Sources

1961 establishments in New York (state)
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
Folk music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 1961
Musical groups from New York City
Musical groups disestablished in 1970
1970 disestablishments in the United States
1970s disestablishments in New York (state)
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New York (state)
2009 disestablishments in New York (state)

Peter, Paul and Mary


Donold B. Lourie (August 22, 1899 – January 15, 1990) was an American businessman, government official, and college football player. He served for many years as the president of the Quaker Oats Company, and held various other executive positions there and for several other businesses. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Lourie to a position in the State Department, and he served in that capacity for one year. Lourie attended Princeton University, where he was a star quarterback, and he was named a consensus All-American as a junior. Lourie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1974.

Early life
Lourie was born on August 22, 1899, in Decatur, Alabama. He grew up in Peru, Illinois, where he attended LaSalle-Peru High School. He then attended boarding school at the prestigious Phillips Exeter Academy. He played football there, and in his junior season in 1916, scored the winning touchdown against his school's "ancient rival", Andover. On the first play in the fourth quarter, he went around the left end to rush 33 yards for the game's only score.

Education and college football
He attended college at Princeton University, where he played football and competed in track and field. In track, he won a broad jumping championship in the United Kingdom. In football, he played as a quarterback and was named a consensus All-American as a junior in 1920. Teammate and fellow All-American Stan Keck wrote a few years later that the 1920 Princeton–Yale game "stands out in my mind as that which offered the most stirring spectacle of my career." Princeton led in the last minute of the first half, 3–0, during which they had struggled against their opponent. With the ball on the Yale 40-yard line and only enough time remaining for one play, the Elis assumed that Princeton would attempt a field goal. Keck was set to be the kicker and Lourie the holder. When it became apparent Yale would attempt to block the kick, Lourie made an audible to fake a kick attempt and run the ball himself. Keck threw a block and allowed Lourie to run to the end zone for a touchdown. Princeton later extended their lead and won, 20–0, and finished the season with a 6–0–1 record. Walter Camp described Lourie as "the remarkable little general, disclosing every weak point of the opposition."

Lourie missed half of his senior season in 1921 because of an injury. He was awarded the Poe Memorial Cup for services rendered to the team both as a junior and a senior. Lourie was named to the all-time Princeton team in 1948, and in 1964, the National Football Foundation bestowed upon him its Gold Medal for lifetime achievement. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1974. In his honor, Princeton created the Donold B. Lourie Award, which is awarded annually to the team's most outstanding freshman. Lourie graduated as the president of his class in 1922. He declined an offer to play for the Chicago Bears in the fledgling National Football League, and instead, remained at his alma mater as its backfield coach.

Professional career
Lourie then went to work for the Quaker Oats Company. In 1923, he married Mary Edna King with whom he later had a son, Donold K. Lourie who became an attorney, businessman, and novelist. He became the president of Quaker Oats in 1947. In 1953, he took a leave of absence from Quaker when President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him as the Under Secretary of State for Administration where Lourie oversaw a reorganization of the department. He returned to Quaker the following year, and in 1956, he became the chief executive officer, and in 1961, the chairman. At different times, Lourie also acted as director for Illinois Central Industries, the International Paper Company, International Harvester, and the Northern Trust Company. In 1970, Lourie retired from Quaker and moved to Longwood, Florida. He died on January 15, 1990, at the age of 90 in Wilmette, Illinois.

References

1899 births
1990 deaths
American chief executives
Eisenhower administration personnel
Princeton Tigers football coaches
Princeton Tigers football players
American football quarterbacks
Princeton University alumni
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Sportspeople from Decatur, Alabama
People from Peru, Illinois
Players of American football from Alabama
Quaker Oats Company people
United States Under Secretaries of State
People from Longwood, Florida

Donold Lourie


Helen Adams Keller was an American writer and speaker. She was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama in 1880 to Arthur H. Keller and Kate Adams Keller. When she was nineteen months old she became sick and lost her eyesight and hearing. The doctor didn't know what it was, so he called it a "congestion of the stomach and brain." Some people say that it was scarlet fever or meningitis. Communicating with other people was hard for Helen, because she could not see or hear. She made up some home signs that she used to communicate with her family. The home signs were quite simple, pull meant "come", push meant "go" and so on. Sometimes Helen's family did not understand what Helen was meaning with her home signs. That made Helen frustrated and she had temper tantrums.

When Helen was seven years old, her family decided to find a teacher for her. They wrote to Michael Anagnos, who was the director of the Perkins Institute and Asylum for the Blind. They asked him to help them find a teacher for their daughter. He wrote to them and told them that he knew a young teacher and her name was Annie Sullivan. She had been blind, but a series of operations helped to restore her eyesight. Annie traveled to Alabama to live with Helen's family and to teach her. Annie went to live with the Keller family in March, 1887.

Annie helped Helen to learn how to communicate with other people. She taught her the names of things by writing the words on Helen's hand. At first Helen didn't understand the meaning of the words. The first word Helen understood was "water". She learned this word when Annie put Helen's hand under some water and wrote W,A,T,E,R on her hand. Then she learnt the words and sentences with this method. In 1890, Helen's family sent her to the Perkins Institute to learn how to speak and communicate. When she was nineteen years old, Helen went to Radcliffe College in Massachusetts. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1904. She was the first deaf and blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.

In 1903, Helen wrote a book about her life. It was called The Story of My Life. The movie The Miracle Worker, made in 1962, was based on Helen's book. She also wrote a book about Annie Sullivan called Teacher. She wrote twelve other books.

Helen tried to help poor people and other blind people during her life. She traveled to over 39 countries with Annie to talk about her life and experiences.  When Helen was in Japan, she met Hachiko, a famous Akita. She decided to adopt an Akita, and was the first person to bring an Akita to America.

Helen Keller wanted to get married. She fell in love with her secretary, but her mother didn't allow Helen to marry him. At that time, disabled people often could not marry. Helen Keller died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at Arcan Ridge in Connecticut.

References

1880 births
1968 deaths
Blind people
Industrial Workers of the World
Nonviolence advocates
People from Tuscumbia, Alabama
Writers from Alabama
Deaf people

Helen Keller


Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov (born 14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1824, Saint Petersburg; died 23 October [O.S. 10 October] 1906, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian art and music critic.  He wrote a lot about art and music in journals, newspapers and in letters to the press. He lived at a time when classical music and other forms of culture were quite new in Russia.  Russian artists were imitating European art, but Stasov encouraged them to create a culture which was typically Russian, showing its own nationalism.  People saw him as the champion of the new Russian school in all the Russian arts.  He knew most of the great Russian writers, artists and composers of his day, and he wrote many letters including letters to the press in which he stated his views very forcefully.

His life

Stasov's father was an architect.  Stasov graduated from the School of Jurisprudence in 1843.  In 1847 he began his career as a music critic.  He gave a lot of support to Glinka who was trying to compose music that reflected Russian nationalism.  In 1856 a group of five composers often got together to discuss ideas about music.  Stasov called this group Moguchaya kuchka ("The Mighty Handful").  The oldest one of the group was Balakirev who was like a leader and teacher to the others.  The other four were Mussorgsky, Cui, Borodin and Rimsky Korsakov.  They had ideas about music which were very different from those of Anton Rubinstein, the composer who had founded the Petersburg Conservatory.  Rubinstein thought that Russian composers such as Glinka were all amateurs and that music should be taught like it was in Germany.  Stasov and Balakirev were very angry about his views.  They started a Free Music School as a rival to the Conservatory.  They wanted music to reflect Russian folk singing, dancing and the tolling of Russian church bells.

Stasov gave a lot of encouragement to Russian composers and suggested ideas for compositions to them.  It is thanks to his suggestions that many great Russian operas were composed: Borodin's Prince Igor, Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov, Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tale of Tsar Saltan, Sadko and The Maid of Pskov and Tchaikovsky's The Tempest and Manfred.  Stasov wrote biographies of the composers Glinka, Dargomïzhsky, Musorgsky and Borodin.

Stasov wrote in an interesting way that made the reader become enthusiasic about the subject.  He talked a lot about 'nationalism' and 'realism'.  'Nationalism' meant that it should reflect the daily lives of the Russian people. He encouraged painters such as Repin, Kramskoi, Vasnetsov and Antokolsky to paint the lives of the Russian people instead of classical or biblical subjects that were popular with European artists. He became a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1859 and stayed there, even when he was offered better jobs, because he felt that the Academy gave him freedom to express his thoughts.  He was made honorary fellow of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1900, together with the great novelist Leo Tolstoy.

Footnotes

1824 births
1906 deaths
Russian writers
Art critics
Music critics

Vladimir Stasov


The British Movement (BM), later called the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM), is a British neo-Nazi organisation founded by Colin Jordan in 1968. It grew out of the National Socialist Movement (NSM), which was founded in 1962. Frequently on the margins of the British far-right, the BM has had a long and chequered history for its association with violence and extremism. It was founded as a political party but manifested itself more as a pressure and activist group. It has had spells of dormancy.

Formation
The NSM had come to an end sometime after Colin Jordan was imprisoned in early 1967 for distributing a racist leaflet The Coloured Invasion and following his release Jordan had met John Tyndall in Denis Pirie's house about the possibility of joining the National Front. These talks came to nothing however and with the Race Relations Act 1968 passed the notion of openly parading Nazi credentials in a party name had to be abandoned, leading to Jordan forming a new group to known as the British Movement. Whilst the new party intended to continue the old group's role of being Nazi apologists and endorsing anti-Semitism it aimed to do so within the restrictions brought in by the newly enacted law.

Violence

Not long after its formation the BM gained coverage in Leicester, where a growing Midlands branch was being organised by Ray Hill, when local members attacked students who were supporting an Anti-Apartheid Movement protest against a South African trade delegation visiting the city. Direct action activities such as this, which usually ended in violence, became the stock in trade of the BM during its early days. An underground cell, the National Socialist Group, was also established in Blackheath by David Courtney and this undertook paramilitary training exercises in Scotland whilst also seeking to build links between the BM and like-minded groups in Europe. The group vanished suddenly in 1969 when Special Branch began to investigate them, with Courtney in particular dropping out of the far-right scene for some time afterwards.

Despite this setback violence remained on the agenda as the party maintained a Leader Guard of violent members whom it encouraged to join the Territorial Army, as well as a Women's Division and a National Youth Movement. Members of the BM also took part in paramilitary training exercises in Germany. One of the BM's fiercest street fighters, Nicky Crane, led and organised several violent attacks by the BM on non-whites. Following a BM meeting in May 1978, Nicky Crane and other BM members took part in an assault on a black family at a bus stop in Bishopsgate, east London using broken bottles. In 1979, Crane and BM members were part of 200-strong skinhead mob that attacked Asians on Brick Lane, east London. Crane also led and instigated the Woolwich Odeon attack of 1980. After their intended victims ran inside the Odeon cinema to escape attack, Crane and BM members started smashing windows and doors. One Pakistani man was knocked unconscious.

Convictions were not uncommon. Crane was jailed in 1981 for his part in an ambush on black youths at Woolwich Arsenal station. An Old Bailey judge described Crane as "worse than an animal" after his part in the May 1978 bus stop attack in Bishopsgate. Other BM members felt the force of the law as was the case in January 1981 when three members, Rod Roberts, Harvey Stock and Robert Giles, were arrested for possession of illegal weapons and attempted arson with Roberts imprisoned for seven years as a result.

Political activity
The BM entered electoral politics in 1969 when Jordan put himself forward as a candidate for the Birmingham Ladywood by-election. The campaign made no attempts to hide the party's support for Nazism and violence became the hallmark, not least on the election night itself when scuffles at the count were televised nationally. The 3.5% vote share that the BM secured was treated as a success by activists who felt that it proved that even with a Nazi message nearly 300 people were still prepared to vote for an anti-immigration candidate. Indeed, the BM members had openly worn the German Nazi Swastika symbol, and party literature featured pictures of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler.

The BM contested the UK general elections in 1970 and in February 1974. The party failed to attract much support in those elections due to its openness about its support for Nazism, and because most of the far right vote went to the National Front (NF). The group's highest result was the 2.5% share which Jordan captured in Birmingham Aston in 1970. Nonetheless, contact between the BM and NF was not infrequent and in early 1972 John Tyndall had met with Jordan and discussed the possibility that the BM might form the basis of a new NF group in the Midlands, an area of BM strength and NF weakness. The proposal was soon dropped however and was largely made only because Tyndall was seeking to build a power-base in his attempts to replace John O'Brien as NF chairman. For his part, Jordan had a long-held ambition to unite the divided far-right and he personally oversaw the production of a BM leaflet, Nationalist Solidarity in '70, in which he called for personal disagreements to be set aside in favour of presenting a united front. There were occasional examples of individuals holding simultaneous membership of the BM and NF, although they were not linked at any official level.

Jordan's run as leader came to an end in 1975 when he was arrested in the Coventry branch of Tesco on a charge of shoplifting. Jordan declared that the event, and the reports that the item he had stolen were a pair of women's knickers, was a frame-up, but soon after he resigned as leader of the BM to take on an advisory role.

Post-Jordan
After Jordan stood down as leader of the BM, Michael McLaughlin, a former milkman from Liverpool, became the leader. McLaughlin, who was seen as a talented organiser but weak leader, was largely believed to have been chosen as little more than a "front" leader who could be controlled by Jordan from behind the scenes. McLaughlin quickly rejected this notion and made it clear that Jordan's time was over, resulting in the former leader retiring to Yorkshire from where he still published his own journal Gothic Ripples from time to time, the pages of which were regularly filled with criticism of McLaughlin.

McLaughlin, in contrast to Jordan, was under no delusions that the BM might gain a broad following and instead he felt that its best area of possible support was amongst young, working-class males. The BM journals, The Phoenix and British Patriot, thus changed to become much more simplistic and aggressive publications largely shorn of Jordan's pseudoscientific racialism in favour of more basic notions. The BM had also gained some publicity in 1976 when "race martyr" and sometime party activist Robert Relf went on hunger strike in protest at the Race Relations Bill but this proved short-lived as Tyndall quickly signed Relf up to the NF. Relf had gained national attention after he advertised his house as being "For Sale - to a white family only". Meanwhile, McLaughlin's baser ideas struck a chord with the growing White power skinhead movement and large numbers of these youths, many of whom were involved in regular acts of violence against non-Whites, flocked to the BM. By 1980 it claimed to have 4,000 members and 25 branches.

The notion of recruiting violent youths to form a street army appealed to Martin Webster who attempted to coax members away from the BM to the NF but the BM only lost a handful of members in this manner before NF leader John Tyndall, mindful of the desire to present a respectable NF image, called a halt to the scheme. A key strategy for gaining publicity and members was by encouraging violence at football matches and concerts. Nicky Crane, one of the leading figures of the neo-Nazi skinhead movement, joined the BM and became an organiser in Kent. By this time the BM had effectively given up mainstream politics in favour of provocative marches and violence, changes that appealed to the younger element who were disillusioned with the disintegrating NF.

Ray Hill's return
In 1980, Ray Hill, who had been a leading member of the BM under Jordan before emigrating to South Africa, rejoined the group and soon became one of its leading figures, a decision prompted by the anti-fascist magazine Searchlight, for whom Hill had become a mole. Hill was appointed Area Leader in the East Midlands where he was given responsibility for enticing disaffected NF members to join the BM. Before long Hill had added about thirty members in Leicester and had also built a close working relationship with the British Democratic Party in the city. Hill also managed to ensure publicity for the BM from the Leicester Mercury after a riot in the city, a fact that won him the admiration of McLaughlin.

Following an incident at a Birmingham hotel in which NF supporters had entered a room booked by the BM and daubed the walls with graffiti Hill suggested to McLaughlin that the breach in security had been the fault of Steve Brady, a leading figure in the League of St. George and the only non-BM member invited to the event. McLaughlin appointed Hill to head up an "anti-subversion unit" as a result, although a lack of funding ensured that the unit never actually convened. Nonetheless Hill continued to criticise Brady to McLaughlin and before long Hill had been promoted to the head of the entire Midlands region following the retirement of Birmingham chief Peter Marriner.

Under Searchlight direction Hill sought to take charge of the BM and he launched his campaign at a demonstration in Welling in October 1980 organised by Crane. Attending in McLaughlin's stead after the BM leader had asked him to Hill made frequent references to other organisers present about allegations that McLaughlin was letting them do the work whilst he stayed behind at BM headquarters in Lampeter collecting membership fees. A speech criticising the police at a BM rally in Paddington helped to cement Hill's popularity amongst the rank and file membership, most of whom held police in contempt.

After he opened contact with Jordan, Hill was expelled from the BM by McLaughlin in 1981. Hill was backed by his Leicester branch, London organiser Tony Malski and Robert Relf and his lieutenant Mike Cole, all of whom backed Hill to replace McLaughlin as leader. Hill released a statement to BM members rejecting the expulsion and threatening a court injunction to overturn the expulsion. With legal advice provided by British Democratic Party leader Anthony Reed Herbert, Hill soon issued the writ against McLaughlin, who attempted to get around the problems by renaming the BM the British Nationalist and Socialist Movement and claiming that the BM in fact no longer existed.

Collapse
About half of the members of the BM went with Hill out and joined the newly launched British National Party in 1982, a huge blow to McLaughlin's group. The party failed to contest the 1983 general election, although a single candidate had attempted to stand in Peterborough as a Labour Party candidate; he was barred by the returning officer after several signatures on the nominating papers were found to be invalid. McLaughlin finally announced the closure of the BM in September 1983 and in the statement blamed the court case brought by Ray Hill which had severely depleted BM funds.

New group
A group calling itself the British Movement continued to operate after September 1983 under the leadership of Stephen Frost, a Yorkshire member of the original BM. At its 1985 yearly meeting the BM established a new group to be known as the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM). Whilst the BM continued to exist alongside the BNSM the latter gave more freedom to activists by operating as a cell-based structure within the BM. The new group attempted to act as a rallying-point for white power skinheads, although this role was later filled more successfully by Blood and Honour. It also continued to have involvement in football hooliganism and BM members were amongst the rioters responsible for the Heysel Stadium disaster at the 1985 European Cup final.

The BNSM was soon attempting to re-activate the old BM membership and followed the old template of encouraging members to undergo military training through the Territorial Army or other means. The BNSM built up links with the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force and BNSM members served with the English companies of these Ulster loyalist paramilitaries. The group, which had about 300 members by 1990, also sought links with European groups and was close to the Dutch former SS man Et Wolsink who was variously connected to Dutch People's Union and the Dutch sections of the Wiking-Jugend and the Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists. Links were also built with the white power music scene of Blood and Honour and in particular with Ian Stuart Donaldson who, despite his previous membership of the NF, was close to Cat Mee, a BM organiser in Derbyshire. Donaldson's attempts to leave the skinhead scene and scale back his involvement in music soured the relationship, however, and links were severed in 1990 after a group of activists turned up at Donaldson's local pub and told him to play for them or face assault.

The progress of the BNSM was halted in the early 1990s by the emergence of Combat 18 with much of the membership switching allegiance to this new group. The new BM re-emerged during the mid-1990s by becoming heavily involved in the distribution of white power music. By this time Michael 'Micky' Lane had taken over as leader (BM National Chairman) of the group from Daniel Tolan (with Stephen Frost becoming BM National Secretary), a position that meant Lane's name appeared on an alleged Combat 18 hitlist due to the rivalries between the groups. Although a British Movement still exists, it has a tiny, largely inactive, membership. It does, however, maintain a presence on the internet, publishes a monthly newspaper called The Emblem, a monthly BM members' newsletter called The Sunwheel and a quarterly magazine called Broadsword, and is occasionally the subject of newspaper reports and media attention.

The Annual State of Hate Report for 2021 published by Hope Not Hate says that while the British Movement is a "mere shadow of its heyday self from the early 1980s" it has been "surprisingly resilient" and remains active during a period when many far-right groups have folded. "It has active units in south London and Kent, South Wales, the East Midlands, Yorkshire and Humber, Scotland and Northern Ireland," the report says. "Its activists hold meetings, host white power concerts, coordinate leafleting and postering sessions for activists and attend demonstrations and protests. It also produces a quarterly magazine and regular newsletters." A spokesperson for Campaign Against Antisemitism said, "The persistence of far-right activity is totally unacceptable. It is particularly worrying that many of these groups deliberately target and recruit impressionable youngsters. The apparent endurance of the neo-nazi British National Socialist Movement is especially disconcerting, as is the formation of newer groups peddling similar antisemitic and racist ideologies."

Footnotes

External links
Official website
A Century of British Fascism 1969-1979
Ladywood by-election film footage including an interview with British Movement leader Colin Jordan in 1969
Image of a British Movement demonstration in 1980
Film clip of a British Movement march in London in 1979
Thames News documentary about the British Movement produced in 1981
Excerpts of the Thames Television TV Eye programme broadcast in 1980 including interviews with British Movement supporters, representatives of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and archive footage of BM marches
Excerpts of the Channel 4 documentary The Other Face of Terror about the British Movement and other far-right groups broadcast in 1984

Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
Neo-Nazi political parties in Europe
Political parties established in 1968
Political parties disestablished in 1983
Fascist parties in the United Kingdom
Neo-Nazi organisations in the United Kingdom
1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
Far-right political parties in the United Kingdom

British Movement


Nmap is a computer program that is used for port scanning (finding out all the ways a computer communicates with other computers on a network). It was written by Gordon Lyon. It can also do other kinds of scanning. This is because Nmap is open source, so many people can help write it to make it better.

Nmap works on most operating systems. It works on Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, and BSD. Most people use it on Linux, but many people use it on Windows.

What Nmap can do
Here are some things Nmap can do:
 Find computers on a network
 Find open ports on those computers
 Find out what services are using those ports
 Find out what operating system is on the computers
 Let a programmer choose what to do with the services it finds. The programmer can write Nmap Scripting Engine programs in the Lua programming language. Then Nmap will use those programs to decide what to do.

Nmap also finds out other things about computers. It can find out DNS names, MAC addresses, and the kind of computer it is.

Software

Nmap


Bartholomew Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh KG (bef. 1329 – 5 April 1369), called 'the younger', was an English nobleman and soldier.

Life
He was the son of Bartholomew Burghersh the elder, adopted his father's profession of arms and rivalled him in military distinction.

His recorded career begins in 1339, when he accompanied Edward III in his expedition to Flanders and took part in the first invasion of French territory.
We find his name also as attending the king on his third inglorious and unprofitable campaign in Brittany in 1342–3.
In 1346, he was one of the retinue of Edward the Black Prince, then in his fifteenth year, in the Battle of Crécy, and in the following year was present at the Siege of Calais, being rewarded for his distinguished services there by a rich wardship. In 1349, he was in the campaign in Gascony.

On the institution of the Order of the Garter in 1348, he was chosen to be one of the first knights companions.
In 1354, he fulfilled a religious vow by taking a journey to the Holy Land.

On his return home, he joined the Black Prince in the expedition, in 1355.
He was one of the most eminent of the commanders of the invading army, and had a leading share in the events of the campaign, especially in the Battle of Poitiers, 19 September 1356.
A daring exploit of Burghersh is recorded by Froissart shortly before the battle.
In company with Sir John Chandos and Sir James Audley, and attended by only four-and-twenty horsemen, he made an excursion from the main body of the army, and, falling on the rear of the French army, took thirty-two knights and gentlemen prisoners.
His prowess and skill were again tried about the same time, when, on his return with a small foraging party at Romorantin near Berry, he was attacked from an ambuscade by a much more formidable force, which, however, he managed to keep at bay till relieved by the Black Prince.
During this campaign his father, Lord Burghersh, died, and he received livery of his lands as his heir.

In 1359, he again accompanied Edward III on his last and most formidable invasion of France, ending in the decisive treaty of Brétigny, 8 May 1360.
He was deputed to aid in the negotiation of this treaty between 'the firstborn sons of the kings of England and France' at Chartres, for which letters of protection were given him. He and his brother commissioners were taken prisoners in violation of the bond, and Edward had to interpose to obtain their liberation.
During this campaign Knighton records his successful siege of the castle of Sourmussy in Gascony, in which he appears to have evidenced no common skill.

In 1362, he was appointed one of the commissioners on the state of Ireland.
When, in 1364, King John II of France, to make atonement for the Louis I, Duke of Anjou's breach of faith, determined to yield himself back to captivity, to die three months alter his Landing at the Savoy Palace, Burghersh was one of the nobles deputed to receive him at Dover and conduct him by Canterbury to Edward's presence at Eltham.
In 1366, he was one of the commissioners sent to Urban V, who had rashly demanded the payment of the arrears of the tribute granted by King John.

His death took place in 1369.
By his desire, he was buried in the lady chapel of Walsingham Abbey.

Family
He married before 10 May 1335, Cecily de Weyland, by whom he had one daughter:
 Elizabeth Burghersh (c. 1342–1409), suo jure Baroness Burghersh, she married Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer before December 1364.

After the death of Cecily, he married Margaret Gisors, by whom he had no children.

Notes

Attribution

References
 Excerpt from The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, by Elias Ashmole
 Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard, William Ryland Beall, and Kaleen E. Beall. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals. Baltimore, Md: Genealogical Pub. Co, 2006.  Line 70–34.

Burghersh, Bartholomew de, 2nd Baron
Burghersh, Bartholomew de, 2nd Baron
14th-century English nobility
Barons Burghersh
Garter Knights appointed by Edward III
People of the Hundred Years' War

Bartholomew Burghersh the younger


The Ford Del Rio wis a full-size station wagon produced bi the Ford Motor Company in the Unitit States for model years 1957 an 1958. The model wis an aa marketit unner the name Del Rio Ranch Wagon.

The impetus for the creation o the Del Rio wis Ford's desire tae remain in the twa-door sport wagon mercat startit bi the Chevrolet Nomad an Pontiac Safari, an the decision tae discontinue the company's oreeginal attempt at sport wagon, the premium Parklane, which failed tae entice buyers during 1956, its ae year in production.

While the Nomad wis Chevrolet's maist expensive model, afferin a premium vehicle wi a show caur inspired body style, the Del Rio wis strictly based on an existin product, the utilitarian twa-door Ranch Wagon, Ford's least expensive station wagon.

Beginnin wi the basic body, buyers o the Del Rio offered a unique twa-tone paint scheme (optional), better quality interior an exterior brightwirk (includin gowd anodised aluminium accents) an a hichter grade vinyl upholstery. Del Rio buyers an aa haed thair choice o aither Ford's "Mile-Maker" 144 hp sax or its "Thunderbird" 212 hp V-8 pouer.

Lik aw ither Ford station wagons at that time, the Del Rio uised a twa piece tailgate – a featur that dealers emphasised wis an advantage ower GM's steeply raked rear-gate an self storin windae which wur kent for watter leaks in hivy rains.

While the Ford sauld mair Del Rio's in 1957 (46,105) than Chevrolet did wi its Nomad in its three year o production, Ford terminated the Del Rio program at the end o the 1958 model year efter selling anerlie 12,687 o its "sport wagons".

Del Rio
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Station wagons
Motor vehicles manufactured in the Unitit States

Ford Del Rio


The Cylons are fictional robots on the science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica.

The Story So Far

The people from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol created the Cylon robots. They told them to work for them and fight for them. The Cylons stood up to the people from the Colonies and fought against them. The Cylons went away after the war and changed into real people as well as robots. After forty years, the Cylons came back and almost killed all the people in the Colonies. They went after the people that were not killed in many ships.

Types of Cylons

Skinjob Cylons look the same as normal people. It is very hard to know if they are Cylons or normal people. There are many Skinjobs that look the same. There are only twelve looks. Cylons that look the same do not always act the same.

Centurions are metal robots with armor. Humans sometimes call them toasters because they are shiny like a toaster. Centurions fight and work.  They are the only type of Cylons to not be alive.

Cylon raiders are small ships that fight other small ships. The ship is actually a type of animal.

Fictional races
Battlestar Galactica

Cylon


Communism is a sociopolitical muivement that aims for a classless society structured upon communal awnership o the means o production an the end o wage labour an private property. The exact definition o communism varies an it is aften mistakenly uised interchangeably wi socialism, howsomeivver, communist theory contends that socialism is juist a transitional stage on the wey tae communism.

A variety o different forms o communism hae developt, each based upon the ideas o different politeecal theorists, uisually as additions or interpretations o various forms o Marxism, the collective philosophies o Karl Marx. Marxism-Leninism is the synthesis o Vladimir Lenin's contreibutions tae Marxism, sic as hou a revolutionary pairty shoud be organised; Trotskyism is Leon Trotsky's conception o Marxism an Maoism is Mao Zedong's interpretation o Marxism tae suit the conditions o Cheenae at that time.

Communist theory generally states that the ae wey tae solve the problems existin athin caipitalism is for the workin class, referred tae as the proletariat, who is the main producer o wealth in society an is exploitit bi the caipitalist class, as explained in theories sic as surplus value, tae replace the bourgeoisie as the rulin cless tae establish a society athoot cless divisions, cawed socialism, as a prelude tae attemptin tae achieve the final stage o communism.

Pure communism, or the stage in history efter socialism, refers tae a classless, stateless society, ane whaur decisions on wha tae produce an what policies tae pursue are made in the best interests o the collective society wi the interests o ivery member o society gien equal wecht in the practical decision-makin process in baith the politeecal an economic spheres o life.

Karl Marx, as well as some ither communist philosophers, purposely niver providit a detailed description as tae hou communism wad function as a social seestem. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx lays oot a 10-pynt plan advisin the redistribution o land an production tae achieve his social ideals. Housomeivver, Marx fervently denies that this plan is tae be carried oot bi ony specific group or "class". Accordin tae Marx, communal awnership o the means o production an the end o wage labour inevitably arises due tae contradictions an cless conflicts existin in caipitalism, an the communists are merely professors who help frame struggles in terms o cless struggle. In this wey, communism avoids the contradiction o creautin a new cless tae replace the auld ane.

The origins o communism are debatable, an thare are various historical groups, as well as theorists, whose beliefs hae been subsequently describit as communist. Some theorists hae considered hunter-gatherer societies tae adhere tae a form o primitive communism, whilst historical figures lik Plato an Thomas More hae been describit as espousin early forms o the ideology. The communist movement as it is kent the day lairgely teuk shape in the nineteent century, when it wis developt. In the twintiet century, revolutions led tae openly communist governments takin pouer in mony kintras, leadin tae the creation o states lik the Soviet Union, the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae an the Republic o Cuba.

In modren uisage, communism is aften uised tae refer tae the policies o thir governments, which wur ane pairty seestems operatin unner centrally planned economies an a state awnership o the means o production. Maist o thir governments based thair ideology on Marxism-Leninism. Thir seestems, whiles referred tae as state socialism are argued bi mony, includin those on the left, that states niver made an attempt tae transition tae a communist society, while ithers even argue that thay niver achieved socialism.

In the 20t an 21st centuries democratic elections led tae communist, an communist inspired, governments bein electit in ither pairts o the warld sic as in Chile an Venezuela. The day, awtho communism is a less influential politeecal force compared tae wha it wis in muckle o the twintiet century,  thare are still pouerful communist an aligned socialist movements in mony pairts o the warld, especially soothren Asie an Sooth Americae, an syne the Economic crisis o 2008 thare haes been a resurgence o interest in communist theory, especially the theories o Karl Marx.

Notes

Communism-pages
 Karl Marx
 The Communist Manifesto
 Soviet Union
 Vladimir Lenin
 Socialism
 Scots Socialist Pairty
 Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
 Cuba
 Che Guevara
 Proletarian Revolution

Anarchism
Anti-caipitalism
Anti-fascism
Economic ideologies
Faur-left politics
Poleetical ideologies
Poleetical cultur
Socialism
Wirds coined in the 1770s

Communism


Fumaric acid is a chemical substance that occurs in various plants. It also occurs as a by-product at various times in the human body. In chemistry it is used for food preservation. It is known as E 297. Usually it replaces citric acid. In medicine, it is used to treat various diseases of the skin, such as Psoriasis.

Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937 because of his work on Fumaric acid.

Carboxylic acids

Fumaric acid


Newton A. Perry (January 6, 1908 – November 22, 1987) was an American swimmer, attraction promoter, educator and swimming coach.

Early life

Perry was born in Valdosta, Georgia, in 1908.  After living in Tampa for several years, he and his family moved to the Ocala, Florida area in 1922.  His father was a railroad conductor, and Ocala represented the midpoint of his train route.  Perry was happy to discover that he could swim in the clean, clear water at Silver Springs, and he would walk the six miles from Ocala to the springs.  In order to earn pocket change, he started teaching local residents to swim for twenty-five cents per lesson.  In 1924, Perry became Ocala High School's swim coach and star swimmer; he was only 16 years old at the time.  He once swam 25 miles in seven hours, 28 minutes.

Perry attended the University of Florida in nearby Gainesville, and was a member of the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in 1933 and 1934.  He graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree in education, and later returned to complete a master's degree in education in 1958.

Career

Perry learned all he could about swimming, diving and life-guarding.  When the American Red Cross published their aquatics safety manual during the 1920s, they selected Silver Springs to shoot the underwater photographs for their manuals.  Perry served as the model in many of the Red Cross manual photographs.

Silver Springs in the 1920s and 1930s was not that well known and the attraction owners, Carl G. Ray, Sr. and W. M. "Shorty" Davidson, would invite journalists from all over the country to come visit their attraction.  Perry and his sisters would put on swimming exhibitions both the water's surface and under it.  Some of those snapshots would appear in newspapers in Atlanta, Washington, D.C., New York, Jacksonville, Tampa, and other large cities. Life magazine published several articles on Silver Springs and the Perry family.

Ray and Davidson invited American sportswriter and short movie producer, Grantland Rice, to vacation in the Ocala area and to be their guest on a tour of Silver Springs.  While Rice was visiting the springs, he witnessed the aquatic abilities of Perry and was interested in what he saw.  Rice set up his motion picture cameras to record the interesting footage of the swimmer both on the surface and under the surface of the water.  Perry demonstrated his powerful freestyle up stream and then dove underwater to perform swimming backwards, somersaults, eating a banana, drinking a soda and other unusual underwater skills.  He had stayed underwater for three minutes and 45 seconds.

Over the next thirty years, Perry helped produce over 150 of Grantland Rice's "Sportlight" series short films.  These films were human interest stories about fifteen minutes in length, which were shown before the featured movies at theaters across the country.  The subjects included different themes like picnics, weddings, school rooms, track meets, night clubs with bands, and bartenders among other story lines.  Rice once did a reel called "The Human Fish" featuring Perry, and proclaimed him as the "best swimmer in America."

Perry became a go-to consultant for Hollywood movies that involved on-location water scenes, and Florida's crystal-clear spring waters provided nearly ideal underwater filming locations.  He played a significant role in the production of MGM's Tarzan Finds a Son! (1939) at Silver Springs and Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941) at Wakulla Springs through his relationship with actor-swimmer Johnny Weissmuller who played Tarzan.  He also influenced Universal Studio's decision to film the Creature from the Black Lagoon and its sequels at Wakulla Springs and Silver Springs, as well as the hiring of Florida swimmer Ricou Browning to play the Creature in the movie's underwater sequences.  He worked with several noted actors including Weissmuller, W.C. Fields, Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, Gregory Peck, Jayne Mansfield, Ann Blyth, Lloyd Bridges.

In 1948, Perry spearheaded the development of the Weeki Wachee Springs attraction, and is credited with performing the first underwater shows there.  His daughter Margaret Eileen Perry performed as one of the youngest mermaids ever at the springs in 1948 at age 13.  It was later that year that Perry met his future wife Dot.  Perry was president of the Florida Attraction Association and attending a convention at Miami Beach.  Dot was training for the 1948 U.S. Olympic diving team in one-meter and tower diving.  A mutual friend and former Olympic diver, Kathryn Rawls, introduced the two.  An instant connection began when Perry climbed to the top of a 10-meter diving platform and started diving, dive for dive, with Dot.  Dot found that Perry could do almost anything in the water and that led to a year-long, long-distance romance.  Dot had signed with the "Water Follies," a local synchronized swimming act, after failing to qualify for the Olympic diving team.  She toured Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America as their star diver.

Later life

After Perry and Dot's wedding in the fall of 1950, they moved to San Marcos, Texas to develop Aquerena Springs, an underwater attraction similar to Weeki Wachee.  After completing the development of Aquarena, Perry and his wife returned to Ocala.  They founded an instructional swimming school in Ocala that remains in operation today.  Perry's most successful swimming student was his nephew, Don Schollander, a five-time Olympic gold medalist at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics.

Perry suffered strokes in 1975 and 1978 that left him partially paralyzed.  He was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1981.  He died in Ocala in 1987; he was 79 years old.

See also

 Florida Gators
 List of amusement parks in the Americas
 List of University of Florida alumni

References

Bibliography

 Hollis, Tim,  Glass Bottom Boats & Mermaid Tails: Florida's Tourist Springs, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania (2006).  .
 Vickers, Lu, and Sara Dionne, Weeki Wachee, City of Mermaids: A History of One of Florida's Oldest Roadside Attractions, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida (2007).  .

External links
  FloridaStateParks.org – Official webpage of Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park
  PerrysSwimSchool.com – Official website of Perry's Swim School
  WeekiWachee.com – Official website of Weeki Wachee State Park
 Photographs at Florida Memory

1908 births
1987 deaths
American male freestyle swimmers
American swimming coaches
Florida Gators men's swimmers
Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida
Sportspeople from Valdosta, Georgia
History of Silver Springs, Florida
University of Florida alumni

Newt Perry


Marcellus Ephraim Jones (June 5, 1830 – October 9, 1900) is reported as being the soldier who fired the first shot at the Battle of Gettysburg (1863).

Early life
Jones was born in Pawlet, Vermont, a son of Ephraim and Sophia (Page) Jones. In 1858, Jones moved to DuPage County, Illinois. He lived in Danby (now Glen Ellyn), until the American Civil War when Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers.

Civil War
Jones enlisted in Company E of the 8th Illinois Cavalry on August 5, 1861. He was commissioned a second lieutenant on December 5, 1862, first lieutenant July 4, 1864, and captain on October 10, 1864. All three commissions were signed by Illinois Governor Richard Yates.

On July 1, 1863, at Gettysburg, Jones commanded one of the regiment's sentry posts on the Chambersburg Pike, the road Robert E. Lee's Confederate army used to march from Cashtown to Gettysburg. About 7:30 a.m., Jones noticed a cloud of dust on the road to the west, indicating that the Confederates were approaching. At that point, Jones borrowed Corporal Levi S. Shafer's carbine, aimed it with the assistance of a fence rail, and fired a shot at "an officer on a white or light gray horse."

Honors

In 1886 a memorial was placed at the location where Jones fired the first shot of the battle. Jones was present for the dedication of the memorial, which remains on the north side of U.S. Route 30 (Chambersburg Pike) at the intersection of Knoxlyn Road.

Death
Jones died on October 9, 1900, and was buried at Wheaton Cemetery in Wheaton, Illinois.

References

External links
The Battle of Gettysburg: Who Fired the First Shot?
Marcellus Jones' Marker
Marcellus Jones' House
Biography of Marcellus E. Jones

1830 births
1900 deaths
Union Army officers
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
People from Poultney (town), Vermont
People from Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois

Marcellus Jones


The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops (investiture).

The controversy led to many years of bitterness and nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany. This war ended with the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the falling apart of the German empire in the end.

The dispute between Gregory VII and Henry IV
When Gregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073, the controversy between emperor and pope began.

Gregory had many enemies in the higher ranks of the German clergy, so Henry IV declared that Gregory was no longer pope and that the Romans should choose a new pope . When Gregory learned of this he excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor, and told his subjects that they no longer had to obey him as they had sworn to do.

The excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, his father Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he did not have the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.

To Canossa
Henry had been excommunicated by this point, and facing widespread opposition at home with Rudolf as the figurehead of this, Henry met the Pope at a fortress in the Southern Alps. Over three days he signals his penitence in the snow, barefoot and wearing a sack cloth, leading to a reconciliation with Pope Gregory VII.

Second excommunication of Henry
The opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Rudolf of Rheinfelden (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor and rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided for Rudolf after his victory at Flarchheim (27 January 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (7 March 1080).

This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolf died on 16 October of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna enthroned as Clement III (24 March 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal" Robert Guiscard.

References
 Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988). The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. University of Philadelphia Press.
 Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. HarperCollins
 Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford University Press.
 Jolly, Karen Louise. (1997). Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500. ME Sharpe.
 Tellenbach, Gerd (1993). The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Cambridge University Press.

Other websites
 "Investiture Constroversy", from Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
 "Conflict of Investitures", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 "Canonical Investiture", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 "Investiture" , from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
 "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy" , from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB).
 "Empire and Papacy", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.

Sources
 Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, Jan 24, 1076.
 Gregory VII: First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV (Feb 22, 1076)
 Gregory VII: Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV (March 7, 1080)
 Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1090
 Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078
 The Concordat of Worms 1122
 The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123
 Avalon Project, Yale University: Documents relating to the War of the Investitures

Popes
Holy Roman Emperors
Christianity of the Middle Ages
Controversies
11th century in Europe

Investiture Controversy


Simcoe is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada.

Buildings
It has a secular high school and a faith-based high school along with several primary schools, two shopping malls, two free clinics and a hospital.

The Internet is available in Simcoe in both dial-up and broadband forms. Although there are 3 video stores in the city, some people prefer satellite television over cable television or rented DVDs. The satellite television is cheaper than the local cable in this town. Basic cable starts out at over $100/month while satellite can range in price from free-to-air to expensive (but with more channels than basic cable). A Wal-Mart that opened on January 23, 2008 at the northeast end of Simcoe. A Shoppers Drug Mart and a Boston Pizza are currently open.

Festivals
During the summer, the town hosts the Friendship Festival, which is famous all over Ontario. In the fall, the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show brings carnival rides and midway attractions for 6 days. Simcoe is also a central area for migrant labour, to harvest tobacco, fruits and vegetables.

Religious festivals
Winter time brings the Panorama and a selection of religious and Christian dioramas for the town to see.

Famous people
For such a small town, Simcoe is famous for producing world class hockey talent. The town is famous for hockey players Rob Blake, Jassen Cullimore, Dwayne Roloson, Rick Wamsley, John Stevens (although not born in Simcoe, was product of Talbot Street arena hockey program), Geordie Kinnear, Ryan VandenBussche and more who play hockey in the National Hockey League in North America. Also it is the home of Red Kelly, who played in the NHL. The Stanley Cup was seen around Simcoe for 3 seasons in a row (over a 4-year period due to NHL Players strike that occurred). Barry Boughner was from local town Delhi, Ontario. Serious aspirational professional hockey player kids should strongly consider Simcoe as a starting point (in someone's opinion).

Towns in Ontario

Simcoe, Ontario


A panhandle is a word used in geography. What people mean when they talk about panhandles is a narrow strip of land, that is surrounded on all sides except one, by one or more countries or regions. The strip of land is connected to the country or region it belongs to on one side only. This looks like the handle of a frying pan.

Panhandles include:
Florida Panhandle
Oklahoma Panhandle
Alaska Panhandle is the state's southeast

Landforms

Panhandle


In Theocracy, a form of government, the institutions and people that govern the state are very close to the leaders of the main religion or are religious leaders themselves. If the religious leaders do not directly run some bodies of the state, they influence them very much. The word theocracy comes from two Greek words literally meaning God-government, and meaning the government is run by "The Church".

Modern-day states that are theocracies

Andorra
The Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgell as the Co-Prince, is one of the two heads of states of Andorra (the other Co-Prince as head of state is the President of France). His role is mostly ceremonial, and while Roman Catholicism is the official religion of the country, it is not a theocracy.

Iran
Iran is a theocratic Islamic republic. In Iran, two bodies, the Supreme Leader and Guardian Council consist of members who are not elected by the people. These two bodies are staffed by Shia clerics. The highest elected official is the President of Iran.

Mohammad Khatami, the former president, said that this model is an alternative to democracy, as it brings in religious elements. He called it a religious democracy.

Vatican City
The Vatican City is a true theocracy, with no separation of church and state. The head of the Catholic Church is the leader of the country.  The pope is elected by the Papal Conclave.   Most popes have stayed for the rest of their lives, but some have resigned.  One who resigned was Pope Benedict XVI.

State religion
Many states have a state religion (also called official religion). Israel, for example mixes some aspects of Halakha and civil law, even though Judaism is not a state or official religion of the country. Also, the state hires rabbis. In some such states, religious leaders also have civil duties, not only religious ones.

Some historic theocratic states

Some (now extinguished) states throughout history had characteristics of a Theocracy, as for example:

 In Ancient Egypt the Pharaoh was a god.
 In the Empire of Japan (1868 - 1947), Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, was the official state religion (State Shinto), besides, the Emperor of Japan was worshipped, and viewed as, a living deity.
 Bhutan was formerly governed as a Buddhist theocracy.
 Though the Byzantine Empire was not de facto a theocracy, it was caesaropapist, and the Greek Orthodox Church and in matters where the Church had a considerable interest, its concerns would have been taken into account and influenced the ruler's decision.

References

Forms of government

Theocracy


The Ostrogoths were the eastern branch of the later Goths. The other major branch was the Visigoths.

The Ostrogoths started with the Greutungi, a branch of the Goths that moved southward from the Baltic Sea during the 3rd and the 4th centuries.

They built an empire that stretched from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea and traded with the Roman Empire. Its peak was under King Ermanaric.

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths built a new kingdom in northern Italy centred in Ravenna.

Germanic tribes

Ostrogoths


Bedchamber crisis is the name given to a number of events that happened in 1839, when the Whigs lost the election, and only had a minority rule. As a consequence of the defeat, Lord Melbourne stepped down, and Robert Peel was given the task to form a new government. The Bedchamber crisis relates to the behaviour of Queen Victoria, who was twenty years old, at the time. The queen had a close relationship with the prime minister, and also listened to him, when it came to choosing Ladies-in-waiting. As a result, most ladies in waiting were the wives or relatives of leading Whig politicians. Peel, who was a Tory, asked the queen to re-elect the ladies, so that their allegiance to parties would be more neutral. This would have meant that some of the ladies would have to be replaced. Victoria saw the ladies as friends, and therefore refused. In addition, the queen had little sympathy for Peel. Given the circumstances, Peel refused the task to form a new government. Lord Ashley, who was to become  Lord Shaftsbury was offered the post of prime minister, but he also refused. As a result, the Whigs and Lord Melbourne stayed in power. The refusal of the queen to replace some of the ladies in waiting was met with criticism.

1830s in the United Kingdom
1839
Politics of the United Kingdom

Bedchamber crisis


Heilongjiang is the northeastern-most province in China. It is considered to part of the region known as Manchuria. It is bordered by Russia on the north and east. To the south is Jilin province, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region lies to the west.

The capital and largest city is Harbin. There had been a considerable foreign population in the region, particularly in Harbin, first by the Russians in the late 19th century, and then by the Japanese in the 20th century.

The land is largely of plains and rolling hills, with relatively few low mountainous areas. The climate is fairly dry with quite cold winters. There are some famous winter "ice festivals" with elaborate snow and ice sculptures.

Political divisions

Heilongjiang Province is divided into 12 municipalities and 1 prefecture.

 Harbin Municipality
 Daqing Municipality
 Hegang Municipality
 Heihe Municipality
 Jiamusi Municipality
 Jixi Municipality
 Mudanjiang Municipality
 Qiqihar Municipality
 Qitaihe Municipality
 Shuangyashan Municipality
 Suihua Municipality
 Yichun Municipality
 Daxing'anling Prefecture

Provinces of China

Heilongjiang


The Kia cee'd is a car produced by Kia since 2006.

It is based on the Hyundai i30's platform, and is available as 3- and 5-door hatchback and 5-door station wagon.

The engines available is 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 litre petrol engines with 80 kW/109 hp, 92 kW/125 hp and 105 kW/143 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in two versions with 66 kW/90 hp and 85 kW/115 hp respectively, and a 2.0 litre turbo diesel engine with 103 kW/140 hp.

The cee'd received a facelift in 2009. The 1.4 litre petrol engine was changed to 66 kW/90 hp instead of 80 kW/109 hp.

Cede

Kia cee'd


Wyethia mollis is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name woolly mule's ears. The plant is hairy to woolly in texture, sometimes losing its hairs with age.

Wyethia mollis is a coarse perennial herb native to the mountains of northern California, especially on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, and southeastern Oregon and western Nevada. It grows in forests and other mountain habitat such as dry open meadows with sagebrush. It grows from a tough taproot and caudex unit, producing a stem 30 to 40 centimeters tall, and reaching a meter in height at times. It thrives in volcanic soils because of its deep roots.

The leaves have lance-shaped or oval blades up to 40 centimeters long, which are glandular and coated in woolly hairs, especially when new. They usually grow up vertically from the base. The inflorescence is a solitary flower head or a cluster of 2 or 3 heads, each with up to 11 yellow ray florets which may be up to 4.5 centimeters long. The fruit is an achene about a centimeter long, not counting its pappus. The seeds are edible and taste similar to sunflower seeds.

Gallery

References

External links
Wyethia mollis. The Jepson eFlora 2012
Wyethia mollis. USDA PLANTS
Wyethia mollis. Flora of North America
Wyethia mollis. CalPhotos

mollis
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Nevada

Wyethia mollis