A feral organism is a plant or animal which has changed from being tame or cultivated to being wild.

A feral animal is one which has escaped from a domestic or captive status and is living more or less as a wild animal. Animals which were wild before they escaped from captivity are not regarded as feral. For example, a lion which has escaped from a zoo is not a feral animal. Some common examples of animals with feral populations are goats, cats, and pigs.

Domesticated plants that revert to wild are usually known as escaped, introduced or naturalized rather than feral. However, the changes seen in plants that go wild is similar to those of animals.

Some species go feral easily and successfully. Other species usually do not usually survive in the wild.

The introduction of animals or plants to new areas may break down ecosystems. In some cases it has caused the extinction native species. However, returning lost species to their environment can have the opposite effect, bringing damaged ecosystems back into balance. However, sometimes feral species may control other problem species such as rodents, harmful insects, or aggressive plants.

Examples of feral animals

Dogs can change to feral animals easily, becoming successful hunters.

The cat can easily become feral. Feral cats are pests in both rural and urban areas. They have seriously damaged bird, reptile and mammal populations. As feral cats breed quickly, it is difficult to control their populations. In rural areas,  feral cats are often shot. More recently, the "Trap-Neuter-Return" method has been used as an alternate means of managing the feral cat population.

The goat is one of the oldest domesticated animals, yet easily goes feral and does quite well on its own.

The dromedary camel, which has been domesticated for well over 3,000 years, will also readily go feral. Feral camels, descended from pack animals that escaped in the 19th and early 20th centuries, thrive in the Australian interior today.

Sheep are vulnerable to predation and injury, and do not usually survive as feral animals. However, in places where there are few predators, they get on well, for example in the case of the Soay sheep.

Water buffalo are found in the wetter parts of Western and Northern Australia. The Australian government encourages the hunting of feral water buffalo because of their large numbers.

Cattle have been domesticated since the neolithic era, but can survive for months or even years with little or no supervision. Their ancestors, the Aurochs, were quite fierce. Modern cattle, especially those raised on open range, are generally more docile, but when threatened can display aggression. Cattle, particularly those raised for beef, are often allowed to roam quite freely and have established long term independence in Australia, New Zealand and several Pacific Islands. There are small populations of semi-feral animals living the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Such cattle are called Mavericks, Scrubbers or Cleanskins. Most free roaming cattle, however untamed, are valuable and are usually rounded up in closely settled regions.

Horses and donkeys, domesticated about 5000 BCE, are feral in open grasslands worldwide (see feral horse). In Portugal, feral horses are called Sorraia; in Australia, they are called Brumbies;  in the American west, they are called Mustangs. Other isolated feral populations exist, including the Chincoteague Pony and the Banker Horse. They are often referred to as "wild horses," but this is not correct. There are truly "wild" horses that have never been tamed, most notably Przewalski's Horse. While the horse was originally indigenous to North America, the wild ancestor died out at the end of the last Ice Age. In both Australia and the Americas, modern "wild" horses have come from domesticated horses brought by European explorers and settlers that escaped, spread, and thrived.

The pig has feral populations all over the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. Pigs were introduced to the Melanesian and Polynesian regions by humans from several thousand to five hundred years ago, and to Australia and the Americas within the past 500 years. While pigs were brought to New Zealand by the original Polynesian settlers, this population had become extinct by the time of European settlement. All feral pigs in New Zealand today have come from European farm animals. Many European wild boar populations are also come from escaped domestic pigs and are technically feral animals, although they live in the native range of the ancestral species.

Rock doves are kept for their meat or as racing animals, and have established feral populations (called "feral pigeons") in cities worldwide.

Colonies of honey bees often escape into the wild. Their behavior, however, is no different from their behavior "in captivity", until and unless they breed with other feral honey bees of a different genetic stock, which may lead them to become more docile or more aggressive (see Africanized bees).

Large populations of feral parrots are present in various parts of the world. The Rose-ringed Parakeets, Monk Parakeets and Red-masked Parakeets (subject of the documentary movie, The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill) being particularly successful outside of their native habitats and adapting well to suburban environments.

Harmful and helpful effects of feral organisms

Ecological impact
A feral population can damage an ecosystem by eating vulnerable plants or animals, or by competition with indigenous species. Feral plants and animals are often invasive species, and can be a threat to endangered species.

Genetic pollution
Domestic animals can breed with native, wild animals. This interbreeding can threaten the existence of the original wild population. Examples include the mallard duck, wild boar, the rock dove or pigeon, the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) (ancestor of all chickens), carp, and salmon. Another example is the dingo, itself an early feral dog, which interbreeds with dogs of other origin. However it is unlikely that this will harm the ecosystems in which these dogs live and some regard the importance of this phenomenon as disputable. In some cases like rabbits, the interbreeding seems not to be noticed. There is much debate over the effect of interbreeding on changes to the genes of a wild species.

Economic harm
Feral animals compete for food with domestic livestock. They may damage fences, water sources, and vegetation (by overgrazing or introducing seeds of invasive plants). Though hotly disputed, some cite as an example the competition between feral horses and cattle in the western United States. Another example is of goats competing with cattle in Australia, or goats that damage trees and vegetation in environmentally-stressed regions of Africa. Accidental crossbreeding by feral animals may result in harm to breeding programs of pedigreed animals. Their presence may also excite domestic animals and push them to escape. Feral populations can also pass on diseases to domestic herds.

Economic benefits
Many feral animals can sometimes be captured at little cost and are therefore an important economic resource. Throughout most of Polynesia and Melanesia feral pigs are the main sources of animal protein. Prior to the Free-roaming Wild Horse and Burro Protection Act of 1971, American mustangs were often captured and sold for horsemeat. In Australia feral goat, pig and camel meat is exported. At certain times, animals were sometimes deliberately left to go feral, typically on islands, in order to be later recovered for profit or food use for travelers (particularly sailors) at the end of a few years.

Scientific value
Scientists can study populations of feral animals to learn about population dynamics, ecology and behavior (ethology) in a wild state of species known mainly in a domestic state. This can give useful information for farmers.

Genetic diversity
Feral populations sometimes have or develop characteristics which do not always exist in the fully domesticated equivalent. This helps domestic biodiversity and often deserves to be preserved, be it in their feral environment or as domestic animals. For example, feral species that are usually subjects of eradication in certain habitats could become the subject of study to determine if there is a need for their preservation.

Cultural or historic value
American Mustangs have been protected since 1971 in part due to their romance and connection to the history of the American West.

Related pages
Domestication
Invasive species

References

Other websites

National Wild Horse and Burro Program
Feral Camels , Information from Australian Department of Agriculture regarding Australia's estimated 300,000 feral camels.
Alley Cat Allies, a feral cat advocacy organization

Animals and humans
Plants

Feral


Phyllis Schlafly (August 15, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri - September 5, 2016 in Ladue, Missouri) was an American conservative. She was a political activist, author, and constutional attorney.

Her best-selling book, A Choice, Not an Echo, was written in 1964. The book was about corruption in the Republican Party and how people with lot of money unfairly influenced elections. She was a big supporter of Barry Goldwater, who was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964. Goldwater had beaten Nelson Rockefeller, a more moderate candidate backed by big money. Although Goldwater would lose the 1964 election to Lyndon Johnson, the campaign helped start the modern conservative movement. Starting in 1967, she published her own newspaper, the Phyllis Schlafly Report. When the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by congress, she organized a campaign against it. Schlafly argued that the amendment would not actually help women, often pointing out that it would force women to be drafted. After a long and controversial debate, the amendment was not added to the Constitution. Schlafly is usually considered the main force that stopped it. She is very critical of the feminist movement, saying that "it teaches women to be victims." She helped with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the presidency in 1980. Schlafly remained active in politics until her death.

Schlafly died at the age of 92 in Ladue, Missouri of pancreatic cancer.

1924 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American columnists
Lawyers from St. Louis, Missouri
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
American political activists

Phyllis Schlafly


Nāropā (956–1041) was an Indian Buddhist teacher. He was the disciple of Tilopa and also brother and pupil of Niguma. Naropa was the main teacher of Marpa, the founder of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Biography
Naropa was born a high status Brahmin and from an early age showed strong,  highly intelligent mind. At the age of 28 Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at Nalanda where he studied both Sutra and Tantra. He had the reputation of a great scholar and debater. Later Naropa became studend of Tilopa and spent twelve years with him. While studying and meditating with his teacher Naropa met and overcame twelve minor and twelve major hardships. Eventually he reached full realization and become teacher of Marpa.

Buddhism

Naropa


A  (plural ) is a manor house or castle of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry.

The term comes from French-speaking regions and is used most often for buildings in these regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a château fort. But the word is not used in the same way as  "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles.The Château de Montsoreau is the first Renaissance château to have been built in France, in the world famous Loire Valley. The Château de Montsoreau is also the only one to have been built in the Loire riverbed.

Other websites
Photos of Loire Châteaux
Château de l'Isle-Marie
Roquetaillade castle
Château de Ravignan
Château de Montreuil-Bellay
Château de Fontainebleau
Château de Bellocq Bearn (in french)
Château Saint-Aubin
Château of Gaston Phoebus at Morlanne in Bearn

Houses

Château


Propaganda is a form of communication to distribute information. It is usually biased. The information is designed to make people feel a certain way or to believe a certain thing. The information is often political.

It is hard to tell whether the information is true or false. Very often, the information is confusing and unfair. Propaganda does tend to make disputes last longer, and be more difficult to resolve. It can take the form of posters, TV advertisements, and radio announcements.

The word 'propaganda' comes from Latin. At first, it meant 'ideas to be spread around'. But in the First World War, it came to mean political ideas that are supposed to be misleading.

Propaganda is like advertising in some ways. For example, it uses the mass media to spread its ideas. But advertising is usually trying to sell something, whereas propaganda is about ideas. It is often political, and used by states or political parties, not private companies.

Uses
Propaganda is often used during wars.  There it can be very useful.  Sometimes it keeps the people of a country happy  telling them that their country is fighting well and telling them how important it is that the enemy is defeated. Sometimes it tries to make people hate the enemy. The information could tell people that the enemy is evil or make them seem not human. Sometimes a government gives propaganda to the enemy  telling them that the war is going badly for them and that they should stop fighting.

When a country is not at war, propaganda can still be used. The government may use propaganda to change what people think about a political situation. A group may try to change the way people act towards an issue.

Propaganda under some countries, like dictatorships, is used along with censorship. While propaganda tries to give people false ideas, censorship forces the ones who disagree with propaganda to keep quiet. Then the propaganda can say everything, because nobody can question it in public.

Propaganda is also used to win people by tricking them. Some people say that cults use propaganda to get people to join them.

Examples of propaganda:
 British propaganda against Germany in the First World War.
 German propaganda against Poland to start the Second World War, see Attack on Sender Gleiwitz
 Propaganda through mass media (print, radio and movies) was used by the Soviet Union from beginning to end. Some great artists, like Sergei Eisenstein and El Lissitzky, helped them do it. Many others, such as Solzhenitsyn, did not.

History
Propaganda has been used in every known civilisation. It was used by Rameses II on his monuments in Ancient Egypt; it was used by Ancient Greek orators; it was used by Julius Caesar, and all Roman Emperors. The word itself is formed from propagate, meaning to multiply.

Propaganda was carried much further  by the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide of the Catholic Church. This committee, founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV, had action branches in most European countries. These were the local branches of the Inquisition, which sought out heretics. With torture and the threat of death by burning at the stake, they forced heretics to recant (to publicly withdraw their previous beliefs). The objective was to remove all challenges to the supremacy of the Church in matters of belief. The 1578 handbook for inquisitors noted  "Punishment does not take place primarily and for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit".

References

Politics
Communication
Psychology

Propaganda


The state of Iowa is covered by five area codes.  The map to the right is clickable, click on any of the area codes on the map to go to the area code for that region or use the text links below.

None of the Iowa codes are expected to need relief in the immediate future.

 319: Cedar Rapids, Waterloo, Iowa City, and Cedar Falls (original area code created in 1947)
 515: Des Moines, Ames, West Des Moines, Urbandale and Fort Dodge (original area code created in 1947)
 563: Davenport, Dubuque, Bettendorf, Clinton, Muscatine (split from 319 in 2001)
 641: Mason City, Marshalltown,  Ottumwa, Tama (split from 515 in 2000)
 712: Sioux City, Council Bluffs (original area code created in 1947)

See also
State of Iowa

Area codes
Iowa

List of Iowa area codes


Ilminster is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.

Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church.  The church is known as the Minster.  It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name.  Ile and Minster became Ilminster.

Towns in Somerset

Ilminster, Somerset


A fork bomb is a way of stopping a computer from running by making many copies of a program. A fork bomb copies itself into more than two copies, which then copy themselves into four copies. Then both the original and the copy will keep making copies until the computer can no longer handle it and crash.

For example, a simple fork bomb using the bash shell script is :

 :(){ :|:& };:

Here, a function is defined by the name " : ". Inside the curly braces, this function is called and its output is given again to the same function. The " & " is used to run the process in background. The semicolon (" ; ") marks end of the function. The last colon (" : ") calls the function for first time. After that the function keeps on calling itself until computer runs out of memory.

Computer security

Fork bomb


An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. An application layer abstraction is specified in both the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. Although both models use the same term for their respective highest-level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.

Internet protocol suite

In the Internet protocol suite, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications across an Internet Protocol (IP) computer network. The application layer only standardizes communication and depends upon the underlying transport layer protocols to establish host-to-host data transfer channels and manage the data exchange in a client–server or peer-to-peer networking model. Though the TCP/IP application layer does not describe specific rules or data formats that applications must consider when communicating, the original specification (in ) does rely on and recommend the robustness principle for application design.

OSI model

In the OSI model, the definition of the application layer is narrower in scope. The OSI model defines the application layer as only the interface responsible for communicating with host-based and user-facing applications. OSI then explicitly distinguishes the functionality of two additional layers, the session layer and presentation layer, as separate levels below the application layer and above the transport layer. OSI specifies a strict modular separation of functionality at these layers and provides protocol implementations for each. In contrast, the Internet Protocol Suite compiles these functions into a single layer.

Sublayers
Originally the OSI model consisted of two kinds of application layer services with their related protocols. These two sublayers are the common application service element (CASE) and specific application service element (SASE). Generally, an application layer protocol is realized by the use of the functionality of a number of application service elements. Some application service elements invoke different procedures based on the version of the session service available.

CASE
The common application service element sublayer provides services for the application layer and request services from the session layer.
It provides support for common application services, such as:
 ACSE (Association Control Service Element)
 ROSE (Remote Operation Service Element)
 CCR (Commitment Concurrency and Recovery)
 RTSE (Reliable Transfer Service Element)

SASE
The specific application service element sublayer provides application-specific services (protocols), such as:
 FTAM (File Transfer, Access and Manager)
 VT (Virtual Terminal)
 MOTIS (Message Oriented Text Interchange Standard)
 CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol)
 JTM (Job Transfer and Manipulation)
 MMS (Manufacturing Messaging Specification)
 RDA (Remote Database Access)
 DTP (Distributed Transaction Processing)

Protocols
The IETF definition document for the application layer in the Internet Protocol Suite is RFC 1123. It provided an initial set of protocols that covered the major aspects of the functionality of the early Internet:
 Hypertext documents: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Remote login to hosts: Telnet, Secure Shell
 File transfer: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
 Electronic mail transport: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Networking support: Domain Name System (DNS)
 Host initialization: BOOTP
 Remote host management: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Common Management Information Protocol over TCP (CMOT)

Examples
Additional notable application-layer protocols include the following:

9P, Plan 9 from Bell Labs distributed file system protocol
AFP, Apple Filing Protocol
APPC, Advanced Program-to-Program Communication
AMQP, Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
Atom Publishing Protocol
BEEP, Block Extensible Exchange Protocol
Bitcoin
BitTorrent
CFDP, Coherent File Distribution Protocol
CoAP, Constrained Application Protocol
DDS, Data Distribution Service
DeviceNet
DNS, Domain Name Services
eDonkey
ENRP, Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol
FastTrack (KaZaa, Grokster, iMesh)
Finger, User Information Protocol
Freenet
FTAM, File Transfer Access and Management
FTP, File Transfer Protocol
Gemini, Gemini protocol
Gopher, Gopher protocol
HL7, Health Level Seven
HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Hypercore, formerly dat://
H.323, Packet-Based Multimedia Communications System
IMAP, Internet Message Access Protocol
IRC, Internet Relay Chat
IPFS, InterPlanetary File System
Kademlia
LDAP, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LPD, Line Printer Daemon Protocol
MIME (S-MIME), Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions and Secure MIME
Modbus
MQTT Protocol
Netconf
NFS, Network File System
NIS, Network Information Service
NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol
NTCIP, National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol
NTP, Network Time Protocol
OSCAR, AOL Instant Messenger Protocol
POP, Post Office Protocol
PNRP, Peer Name Resolution Protocol
RDP, Remote Desktop Protocol
RELP, Reliable Event Logging Protocol
RFB, Remote Framebuffer Protocol
Rlogin, Remote Login in UNIX Systems
RPC, Remote Procedure Call
RTMP, Real Time Messaging Protocol
RTP, Real-time Transport Protocol
RTPS, Real Time Publish Subscribe
RTSP, Real Time Streaming Protocol
SAP, Session Announcement Protocol
SDP, Session Description Protocol
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol
SLP, Service Location Protocol
SMB, Server Message Block
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNTP, Simple Network Time Protocol
SSH, Secure Shell
SSMS, Secure SMS Messaging Protocol
TCAP, Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TDS, Tabular Data Stream
Tor (anonymity network)
Tox
TSP, Time Stamp Protocol
VTP, Virtual Terminal Protocol
Whois (and RWhois), Remote Directory Access Protocol
WebDAV
WebRTC
WebSocket
X.400, Message Handling Service Protocol
X.500, Directory Access Protocol (DAP)
XMPP, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
Z39.50

References

External links

OSI model

Application layer


Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August, 1947) is the former Prime Minister of Cameroon, a country in central west Africa. H.E. Ephraim Inoni comes from the South West province in Cameroon, which is part of the Anglophone provinces in Cameroon. Ephraim Inoni is a member of the ruling party and a strong supporter of President Paul Biya. He was part of President Paul Biya's campaign team in 2006.

"Chief Inoni Ephraim claimed his innocence after the judge gave him a 20 years sentence for his alleged participation in funds embezzlement in the Albatross affair."

Inoni was found guilty of conspiracy in the embezzlement of about $31 million in a fouled up 2001 deal to purchase an airplane for the President Paul Biya of Cameroon. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Yaounde Special Criminal Tribunal.

References

1947 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Criminals
Prisoners

Ephraïm Inoni


A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a high quality computer printer that uses heat to make coloured images.
The ink is held on cellophane sheets that are the same size as the paper. A 6" x 4" printer would use 6" x 4" ink sheets. Each image uses 4 sheets - 3 ink sheets Cyan, Magenta and Yellow and a clear sheet.

Since each sheet of ink is printed one at a time, making multiple images takes a long time.

The images are very high quality. They waste a lot of ink. This means that the prints are very expensive.

Printers

Dye-sublimation printer


Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African American Physicist. He is best known for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT). He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his work. He shared the prize with Godfrey Hounsfield.

Life
Cormack was born on February 23, 1924 in Johannesburg, South Africa. During his early years, he attended the Rondebosch Boys' High School in Cape Town, and was a member of the debating and tennis teams. In 1944, Cormack received his BSc in physics from the University of Cape Town and in 1945, he received his MSc in crystallography in 1945 from the university. From 1947 to 1949, he attended University of Cambridge as a research student. While there, he met Barbara Seavey, an American physics student. Comack and Seavey would later get married.

After they got married, Cormack returned to lecture at the University of Cape Town in early 1950. After he took a break at Harvard from 1956 to 1957, Cormack and Seavey moved to the United States. He would then take a job as a professor at Tufts University in 1957. In 1966, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Even though he was mostly working on particle physics, he had a side interest in x-ray technology which led him to develop the theoretical underpinnings of CT scanning. The work that he did on this started at the University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital in early 1956. It continued shortly in mid-1957 after he returned from his break. His results were afterwards published in two papers in the Journal of Applied Physics in 1963 and 1964. The papers that had been published drew hardly any interest until the first CT scanner was built by Hounsfield and colleagues in 1971 which took Cormack's theoretical calculations into a real application. He was then the recipient of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Godfrey Hounsfield. In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Cormack and his wife had three children; Margaret, Jean and Robert. Cormack died on May 7, 1998 in Winchester, Massachusetts from cancer. On December 10, 2002, Cormack was posthumously awarded the Order of Mapungubwe for his outstanding achievements as a scientist and for co-inventing the CT scanner.

References

1924 births
1998 deaths
American biophysicists
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
Inventors
People from Johannesburg
Scientists from Massachusetts
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
White South African people

Allan McLeod Cormack


A stamp act is a law that puts a tax on the transfer of some documents. Those that pay the tax get an official stamp on their documents. Many products have been covered by stamp acts such as playing cards, patent medicines, cheques, mortgages, contracts and newspapers.  The items often have to be physically stamped at approved government offices following payment of the duty, although other methods with annual payment of a fixed sum or purchase of adhesive stamps are more practical and common. Stamp acts have been made common in many countries, like Australia, China, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The money raised by the tax, called stamp duty, was first used in the Netherlands in 1624 after a public competition to find a new form of tax.  However, it has more been used in Great Britain and its colonies.

The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765 was upsetting to some American colonists.  Colonists had to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used - ship's papers, legal documents, licences, newspapers and even playing cards were taxed.  It was one of the causes of the American Revolutionary War.

Taxation
Legislation

Stamp act


Sardine is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish. Another name for these fish is Pilchard. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring. The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named pilchard. There are over a dozen with the name of sardine.  Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.

The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.

Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) sardines. The can is filled in liquids like water or oil. Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.

Gallery

References

Clupeiformes
Edible fish

Sardine


A simulation is a way of seeing a thing happen without it actually taking place in the same way. A simulation can be used to predict what might happen without doing it, in case it is dangerous or too expensive or difficult. It can also be used to show people what will happen next, or what happened in the past. It can also show what people believe is happening in a place or time where it is impossible to know what really happens.

There are research institutions just devoted to simulations, like, e.g., The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation or NEES.

Simulations are used for many purposes, because in a simulation things can be controlled that might not be easy to control in real life.  They can use smaller versions of an object or system for testing or practice.  Smaller versions of things, like space ships or rooms, can simulate the real thing.  They can also be safer, in place of a thing that is dangerous, like when astronauts practice in a swimming pool rather than in outer space. Astronauts practiced in simulations of the moon before they went and landed there.  They use simulations of spaceships that move the way real spaceships do.  Simulations often use computers.  Computers are used to make simulations of what a spaceship's route might be on the way to the moon, to help plan the mission.

Video games
One type of video game is called simulator games". These games let the player simulate doing different things. For example, in the game Theme Hospital, players perform simulated surgery. SimCity'' lets players design and build their own simulated city.

Related pages

 Scientific model

 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
 Monte Carlo algorithm

Research
Scientific modeling

Simulation


Samir Azzouz (born 27 June 1986) is a Dutch national of Moroccan descent. He was incarcerated in Nieuw Vosseveld on suspicion of attempting to procure heavy firearms and planning terrorist attacks. He was also suspected to be closely related to the terrorist group the Hofstad Network, but has never been prosecuted for membership of the group.

Azzouz was born in Amsterdam and grew up in Amsterdam Nieuw-West, a relatively poor immigrant neighbourhood. He was a successful student in high school and started on VWO (the highest level in the Dutch secondary school system, granting access to university), but he left school before graduating. It was during his time in high school that he began following a radical form of Islam.

In January 2003, Azzouz was arrested in Ukraine. He and a friend were allegedly on their way to Chechnya to fight for the jihad against Russia. However, the 17-year-olds lacked proper passports and clothing and had to return to the Netherlands.

In October 2003, Azzouz and four others were arrested in the Netherlands. They were suspected of constituting a terrorist cell, but were released for lack of evidence.

On 30 June 2004, Azzouz was arrested again for the armed robbery of a supermarket. During a search of Azzouz's house, police found what they believed to be evidence that Azzouz had been involved in planning several attacks on Dutch targets, such as Schiphol Airport and the nuclear power plant in Borssele. Police found maps of these targets, some chemicals used in explosives, such as fertilizer, and ammunition.

However, at trial, the judge concluded there was insufficient evidence to convict Azzouz on the charge of planning terrorist attacks. He possessed a homemade bomb, but this proved faulty since he had used the wrong type of fertilizer. He was convicted on the charge of illegal possession of firearms and sentenced to three months in jail. After this sentence he was acquitted of the original terrorism charge.

On 14 October 2005, Azzouz was arrested again on suspicion of attempting to procure heavy firearms and planning terrorist attacks against national politicians and the headquarters of the Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) in Leidschendam.

On 14 September 2006, the Dutch television program Nova broadcast parts of a video-testament of Samir Azzouz.

On 1 December 2006, he was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment, along with three other militant Islamists. He was held in Nieuw Vosseveld. On 2 October 2008, The Hague Court of Appeal sentenced Azzouz to nine years' imprisonment for participation in a criminal organization and punishable preparation of a terrorist crime.

On 6 September 2013, Azzouz was released from jail on license, though he was not allowed to associate with certain people, go to certain towns or leave the country.

Sources
NOS news articles on Samir Azzouz (Dutch)

21st-century Dutch criminals
1986 births
Living people
Criminals from Amsterdam
Dutch people of Moroccan descent
Dutch Islamists
Hofstad Network
Dutch prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of the Netherlands
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Muslims with branch missing

Samir Azzouz


Equation solving is field of mathematics that is about finding the functions or values that will make an equation true. An equation says that two expressions are equal. These expressions contain one or more unknowns, which are usually called free variables.

There are a number of changes (transformations) that can be done to make it easier to find the solution. There are many kinds of equation, and some have no solution in the domain (field) where they are studied. Other kinds of equation cannot be solved exactly, and approximation needs to be used. Similarly, a system of equations may have no solutions, or an infinite number of solutions.

Methods of solution
Methods for solving equations include:
Brute force, trial and error, estimated guess: It is often possible to find a solution for equations where there are only a limited (usually small) number of possibilities. This is the case for some Diophantine equations.
Elementary algebra can be used for some simple equations
There are algorithms for solving Systems of linear equations. Very often, linear algebra can be used.
There are formulas for solving polynomial equations up to degree four. Except for special cases, polynomial equations of a degree higher than four need to be approximated, or solved numerically.
Taylor series and curve fitting can be used to approximate polynomials or other functions.

Equations

Equation solving


A child prodigy is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults. Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians. A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.

Prodigies
 The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy. He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent. Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.

 The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy. He could play God Save the King with both hands on the piano when he was two. But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart. He just grew up to be a good musician.

 There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous. Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.

 The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy. It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills. Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.

 In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukrainian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.

 Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators." Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont. At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head. At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power. His answer was 281,474,976,710,656. By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities. He was also already well known in Europe. His abilities declined as he got older. Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.

Intelligence

Child prodigy


Susan Sontag (born Susan Rosenblatt, January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer and political activist. Sontag was born in New York City to Jewish parents. She grew up in Tucson, Arizona and later in Los Angeles, California.

Early life
Sontag married writer Philip Rieff when she was 17. Sontag taught freshman English at the University of Connecticut for the 1952–53 academic year.

Career
Sontag's first book, The Benefactor, was published in 1966. Her first film Duett för kannibaler was released in 1969. In 2000 she won the National Book Award.

Personal life
She was openly bisexual. She married writer Philip Rieff (1922-2006) in 1950. Her only child is writer David Rieff (born 1952). The couple divorced in 1959. She was also partners with Cuban playwright María Irene Fornés.

Death
She died of leukemia in New York City. She is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris, France.

References

1933 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American feminists
American political activists
Bisexual Jews
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from leukemia
Harvard University alumni
Jewish activists
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
LGBT feminists
LGBT people from Arizona
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT people from New York City
American LGBT writers
Writers from Tucson, Arizona
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from New York City

Susan Sontag


Surtur or Saturn XLVIII (also known as S/2006 S 7) is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006.

Surtur is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 22,243,600 km in 1238.575 days, at an inclination of 166.9° to the ecliptic (148.9° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3680.

It was named in April 2007, after Surtr, leader of the fire giants of Norse mythology.

References
 Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
 IAUC 8727: Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 30 (discovery)
 MPEC 2006-M45: Eight New Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)
 IAUC 8826: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn (subscription-only) 2007 April 5 (Naming the moon)

Saturn's moons

Surtur (moon)


Horsham () is a market town on the upper reaches of the River Arun on the fringe of the Weald in West Sussex, England. The town is  south south-west of London,  north-west of Brighton and  north-east of the county town of Chichester. Nearby towns include Crawley to the north-east and Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill to the south-east. It is the administrative centre of the Horsham district.

History

Governance
Horsham is the largest town in the Horsham District Council area. The second, higher, tier of local government is West Sussex County Council, based in Chichester. It lies within the ancient Norman administrative division of the Rape of Bramber and the Hundred of Singlecross in Sussex.

The town is the centre of the parliamentary constituency of Horsham, recreated in 1983.  Jeremy Quin has served as Conservative Member of Parliament for Horsham since 2015, succeeding Francis Maude, who held the seat from 1997 but retired at the 2015 general election.

Geography

Weather

Horsham holds the UK record for the heaviest hailstone ever to fall. On 5 September 1958, a hailstone weighing 140g (4.9 oz) landed in the town. It was similar in size to a tennis ball and impact speeds have been calculated to be 100 m/s (224 mph).

Topography
Horsham is  above sea level. It is in the centre of the Weald in the Low Weald, at the western edge of the High Weald, with the Surrey Hills of the North Downs to the north and the Sussex Downs of the South Downs National Park to the south. The River Arun rising from ghylls in the St Leonard's Forest area, to the east of Horsham, cuts through the south of the town then makes its way through Broadbridge Heath. The Arun is joined by a number of streams flowing down from the north, which rises around Rusper.

Town centre
Horsham has grown up around the Carfax (an open pedestrianised square). To the south of the Carfax is the Causeway. This street consists of houses erected in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th century and is lined with ancient London Plane trees. The Horsham Museum is at the north end opposite to the recently developed former headquarters of the R.S.P.C.A. At the south end of the Causeway is the Church of England parish church of St. Mary: Norman in origin, rebuilt in the 13th century and restored in 1864–65 by the Gothic revival architect S.S. Teulon. The area immediately to the south of the parish church is known as Normandy. It was formerly an area of artisans cottages and an ancient well. Fifty metres south is the River Arun. On the northern bank is Prewett's Mill, and on the south side is the town's cricket field. A short walk along the banks of the Arun in a south-easterly direction is Chesworth Farm, an area of open public access.

To the north of the Carfax is a park, Horsham Park, the remnant of what was formerly the Hurst Park Estate. The park has football pitches, a wildlife pond and tennis courts. Leisure facilities, including a swimming complex and a gymnastic centre, have been built on land around the park.
To the east along Brighton Road is Iron Bridge named after the railway bridge that carries the railway from  to . The area consists of mainly Victorian and Edwardian houses to the north of Brighton Road, whilst to the south, there are areas of inter- and post-war housing. This area is known as the East Side.

Suburbs
Horsham has developed beyond the original boundaries to incorporate some of the smaller hamlets which now form part of the outer districts.

Holbrook
An area of Horsham named after a feeder stream of the River Arun. It consists of residential housing, the majority of which is of late 20th-century origin. The suburb is substantial enough for two council wards. The hamlet around Old Holbrook House is immediately to the north of the A264, which abuts Holbrook. Holbrook House was previously the home of Sir William Vesey-Fitzgerald, Governor of Bombay and M.P. for Horsham (1852–1875). The Tithe Barn at Fivens Green is the most notable building in the district.

Littlehaven

This hamlet dates back to the late 18th century, when a small number of houses were in existence, with an inn opening in the early part of the 19th century. A station opened in the area in 1907, originally called Rusper Road Crossing halt, but later renamed .

Needles
South-west of the town, the Needles estate was laid out from c. 1955, with a mixture of privately owned and council-built houses and bungalows. The land around Hills Farm nearby was sold for development in 1972 and further development took place in the 1980s. The Needles are named after a local farmhouse, built using timbers from ships wrecked on the Needles rocks off the Isle of Wight.

New Town
In keeping with many other towns, new developments to the east of the town centre were rapid in the early Victorian era, and that area of the town became known, as it is today, as New Town. The area contains the Iron Bridge, a steel structure that carries the railway to the south of Horsham.

North Heath
Originally used as a label to describe the northern part of the parish of Horsham (compared to Southwater to describe that part south of the River Arun), this area was developed as a district in the latter part of the 20th century.

Oakhill
This area was originally known as Grub Street, and developed south of Depot Road in the 19th century.

Roffey

Roffey is north east of the centre of Horsham and as a hamlet dates back to at least the 13th century, with taxation records of 1296 showing 18 liable people in the area. Kelley's Post Office Directory for 1867 describes 'Roughey' as consisting 'of a few farmhouses and cottages. Here is an iron church, capable of accommodating 80 persons'. Maps of the 1880s show Roffey Corner (still spelt Roughey), but appear to label the hamlet as Star Row, with Roffey in use again by the start of the 20th century.

A railway station opened as Roffey Road Halt in 1907, closing in 1937. The station is shown in the location now known as Wimland Road. Roffey is a separate ecclesiastical parish with its own parish church—All Saints' Church on Crawley Road, designed in 1878 by Arthur Blomfield. It replaced a temporary building which was licensed for worship in 1856. Roffey Park Institute is based just outside of Horsham, near Colgate.

Tower Hill
Tower Hill is a hamlet that lies one mile south from Horsham on a ridge of land containing a sandstone known as Horsham Stone rising above the town. A quarry existed here from 1830 to 1876. Tower Hill consists of housing dating from medieval to late 20th century. It has a public house called the Boar's Head, formerly the Fox and Hounds. The economic importance of quarrying Horsham Stone to Horsham in the 19th century has left a legacy of toponyms including Stone Pit Field, Stone Barn, Stonyhurst and Stone Pit Wood.

Trafalgar
An area of late 19th and early 20th centuries development on land west of the London Road at North Parade. It consists chiefly of semi-detached houses with corner shops, most of which have closed. Until the mid-20th century, it was known as "The Common", after a piece of common land that survived enclosure in Trafalgar Road for many years. Trafalgar forms one of the wards of Horsham Hurst (electoral division) of the Horsham District Council.

Economy
Horsham is a market town formerly trading in cattle, sheep, and corn. Its prosperity was built on industries that included brewing, brickmaking, iron-smelting, and printing. Although some of these survive, with the exception of iron smelting, they are on a small scale and no longer employ large numbers of workers. In 2014 the important industries were financial services, pharmaceuticals, and technology. Horsham is a commuter town serving London, Gatwick Airport and the South East Coast.

RSA Insurance Group, an insurance company, has its registered office in Horsham. Sun Alliance merged with Royal Insurance in 1996 to form Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Group, then renamed RSA Insurance Group in 2008. The company first came to the town in 1965 as Sun Alliance, becoming the town's biggest employer, at its peak, it employed 2,500 people, plus the specialised computer centre called Lennox Wood, sited in Southwater country park to which many of the original Horsham computer department staff were relocated. At its peak, the company occupied several smaller premises on the Carfax, Springfield House near St John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church, the building that is now a study centre in Hurst Road, Parkside and the whole of the St Mark's complex, and print and security centres in industrial estates sprinkled around Horsham, plus Tricourt House closer to the Carfax and now occupied by a housing association. West Sussex County Council has partially occupied parkside after Royal Sun Alliance vacated the building.

Until 2015 the Swiss-based multinational pharmaceutical company Novartis, formerly Ciba-Geigy before a 1996 merger, was a major employer in the town, but the plant is now closed and the site scheduled for redevelopment.

The RSPCA, an animal welfare charity, has a £16 million headquarters at Southwater near Horsham, built to replace its former headquarters in the centre of the town.

Horsham's town centre has many national chain stores, and although it has suffered the loss of some small and independent retailers, the town retains its reputation for individuality and attracts shoppers from a wide area.
In 1992 the town centre was redesigned to reduce significantly the flow of traffic through the town's main shopping streets, and West Street was pedestrianised by 1977. Much of the Carfax, which once consisted of two concentric rings of roads, was pedestrianised to create a new town square. The underground toilets that once served the Carfax are now underneath the war memorial. The bandstand was moved to its present site from the south corner of the Carfax. The Victorian drinking fountain now at the southern end of North Street originally stood on the Carfax.

On the northwest side of the Carfax is Swan Walk, a shopping centre which opened in 1976 and was enclosed with a glass roof in 1989 with the addition of Springfield Court. Swan Walk takes its name from the Swan Inn that once stood where the pedestrian area now enters West Street, the old name being honoured by the bronze swan statues to the back of the mall and a mosaic in the centre. The shopping centre once enclosed the Capital Theatre which was built in the 1930s and was sandwiched between shops and a multi-storey car park from 1976 until its demolition in early 1983 when Marks & Spencer bought the site to build their store that opened in 1984. A further shopping area and public square, the Forum, opened in 2003 to the south of West Street. There is a newly refurbished and partially rebuilt shopping and leisure area known as Piries Place to the South East of the Carfax and North of East Street. It features the town's second Premier Inn, an Everyman Cinema, bars and restaurants, plus independent shops. East Street, formerly part of the main throughway through the town, was pedestrianised in 2009.

Supermarkets serving the town include branches of Tesco, Sainsbury's, Marks & Spencer, Lidl and Waitrose. In 2015, a new £8 million "Waitrose" and "John Lewis at Home" joint facility was opened after the closure of the smaller Waitrose that was formerly located in Piries Place.

Landmarks

In the commercial centre of Horsham is an open pedestrianised square known as the Carfax. This area contains the Town's Memorial to the dead of the two world wars, a substantial, well-used bandstand and is the venue for Saturday and Thursday markets. The name Carfax is likely of Norman origin – a corruption of 'Quatre Voies' (four ways) or 'Carrefour', a place where four roads meet. The Carfax was formerly known as "Scarfoulkes", the derivation of which is uncertain. Two other places in England share the name: the Carfax in Oxford and the Carfax in Winchester.

At the west end of the town centre formerly stood a kinetic water sculpture called the 'Rising Universe', colloquially known as 'The Shelley Fountain'. It was designed by Angela Conner, and erected to commemorate the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley who was born at Field Place in Broadbridge Heath, near Warnham, two miles west from Horsham centre. The fountain was designed to release a torrent of six and a half tons of water periodically; it was 45 ft across at its base, standing 28 ft high. It carried a plaque bearing one of his poems 'Mont Blanc'.

The fountain was turned off in the spring of 2006 to save water. Despite recycling it used 180 gallons a day to cover evaporation and filtration losses. However, the council has made water saving efficiencies elsewhere and the fountain was turned on again on 13 November 2006, its tenth birthday but was turned off again after that Christmas. In May 2008 the fountain was turned off again due to the failure of its main hydraulic cylinder. On 19 January 2009 the fountain was fenced off for repairs. It was reopened without the fountain functioning. The fountain was again repaired at the start of March 2011 at a cost of more than £30,000 and was removed altogether in June 2016  with cost of upkeep being cited as the main reason.

The Parish Church of St. Mary the Virgin is the oldest building in Horsham, having been in continuous use for nearly eight centuries. It is located at the end of the Causeway in Normandy, the oldest existing part of Horsham. It has a ring of ten bells.

The earthworks of the eleventh century Horsham or Chennelsbrook Castle can be found near Chennells Brook.

The Town Hall in the Market Square is a much-adapted building originally dating from  when it was referred to as a 'Market House'. In 1721 a new construction of Portland Stone was built containing a poultry and butter market. The building fell into disrepair and was substantially rebuilt around 1812. In 1888 it became the property of Horsham Urban District Council and was again largely rebuilt. The present building is essential of late-Victorian construction, though preserving some aspects of the earlier buildings. It has been used as council offices and as a magistrates court and more recently housed the Horsham Registry Office on the upper floor. The ground floor was still used as an occasional market place until the Town Hall was closed to be let as a restaurant.

Transport

Road
Horsham lies at the junction of three main routes with the dual carriageway A24 running north to south route from London and Dorking to Worthing. The A264 links Horsham to Crawley and the M23 to the east by a modern dual carriageway and to the A29 to the west. The A281 runs between Guildford and Brighton.

Bus services are provided by Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Arriva Southern Counties and Compass Travel.

Railway
The railway station is run by southern, and is on the Arun Valley Line from Chichester to Crawley, Gatwick and London Victoria. Trains on this line start from Bognor Regis and Portsmouth & Southsea or Southampton Central, and divide or attach at Horsham. There are also services on the Sutton and Mole Valley lines which start from Horsham, and run to London Victoria via Dorking, Epsom and Sutton. Thameslink also serves the town with a service from Horsham to Peterborough via London Bridge. In 2012, work finished expanding and modernising the station.  Other stations within or near the town are Littlehaven (previously named Littlehaven Halt), in the northeast of the town on the Arun Valley Line, and Christ's Hospital station serving the west of Horsham.

Air
Horsham is  from Gatwick Airport and  from Heathrow Airport.

Other
Cyclists, pedestrians, and horseriders can reach Guildford and Shoreham via the Downs Link, a long-distance bridleway and cycle route which follows the now disused Horsham-Guildford, and Horsham-Shoreham railway lines and passes through Southwater, just to the south of Horsham.

Education
The main secondary schools in Horsham are:
 Tanbridge House School (mixed comprehensive)
 Millais School (girls' comprehensive)
 The Forest School (mixed' comprehensive)
 Bohunt Horsham (mixed comprehensive)

The College of Richard Collyer is the sixth form college serving Horsham. Founded in 1532, it is known more commonly as "Collyer's", and is situated on Hurst Road.

As of July 2020, West Sussex County Council announced proposals to alter The Forest School from a single sex boys' school to a co-educational school from September 2021 entry.

Horsham is home to the following well known independent schools:

 Christ's Hospital, one of the oldest schools in the country, established in 1552 by Edward VI. An independent co-educational 11–18 boarding and day school
 Farlington School, an independent day and boarding school for children aged 4–18 at Strood Green about three miles from Horsham travelling towards Rudgwick. Originally founded as a girls' school, from 2020, Farlington will be accepting boys as well as girls into certain year groups.

Local media
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sussex on 95.1 FM, Heart South on 97.5 FM, and Greatest Hits Radio West Sussex on 106.6 FM. Television programmes and local news are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals in the town are received from the Midhurst TV transmitter.

Sports

Cricket
Horsham Cricket Club play their home matches at Cricketfield Road, which used to be used twice a season by Sussex County Cricket Club for matches. Although cricket was played in Horsham before 1768, the first recorded game of a town side was on 8 August 1771, which is when Horsham Cricket Club was created. The Club has played various locations over the years, before settling at the present ground in 1851.

Horsham Cricket Club were national champions in 2005.  Current England international Jofra Archer is a notable recent alumnus. Founded in 1921, Horsham Trinity Cricket Club play at the Victory Road recreation ground (Trafalgar), with the 1st XI playing in Division 4 West of the Central Sussex Cricket League as of the 2022 season.

Football

Horsham F.C. is the town's senior football club and, as of the 2023–24 season, play in the Isthmian League Premier Division. They have had sporadic success through their history, winning the Sussex Senior Cup on seven occasions, winning the Isthmian League Cup in 2022 and reaching the first round proper of the FA Cup on five occasions, in 1947–48, 1966–67, 2007–08, 2021–22 and 2023-24. They reached the 2nd round in 2007–08, playing Swansea City, first drawing 1–1 at Queen Street, then losing 6–2 in a replay at the newly opened Liberty Stadium. The team currently play at the Hop Oast Stadium (known for sponsorship purposes as the Camping World Community Stadium), after it was opened in June 2019. This followed a period of homelessness after their  Queen Street stadium was demolished in 2008.

Horsham YMCA F.C., founded in 1898, currently play in the Premier Division of the Southern Combination Football League in 2022–23. They are nicknamed 'The YMs', and play their home games at Gorings Mead in the Iron Bridge part of Horsham.

Broadbridge Heath F.C. were crowned champions of the Southern Combination Football League Premier Division in 2022–23 and will play in the Isthmian League Division One South East for the 2023–24 season. They play at the High Wood Hill Sports Ground.

Roffey F.C. were promoted to the Southern Combination Football League Premier Division for the first time ever in 2021–22. The club were relegated the following season and will play in the Southern Combination Division One again. They play at Bartholomew Way in Roffey in the north of Horsham.

Rugby

Horsham RUFC who play at the Coolhurst Ground, are the town's premier Rugby Union team. They were founded in 1928 with their first headquarters at the Station Hotel opposite Horsham Station. Initially, the team played on farmland adjacent to the Warnham Park Estate, but from 1930 until 1968, they were settled at Horsham Cricket Club. The club grew considerably after the war with further pitches rented in Horsham Park. In 1972 they moved to their present home. At the end of the 2018–19 season, Horsham 1st XV was promoted to London 1 South, the highest level the club has ever achieved. Following the restructure of the leagues Horsham will play in Regional 2 South East in the 2022–23 season. Horsham RUFC runs teams at every level starting with U7s Horsham Rugby Club.

Holbrook RUFC is a smaller rugby club, based at The Holbrook Club in north Horsham. It was formed in 1971 as Sunallon RFC, which was the name of the Sun Alliance Sports & Social Club. This developed into Sun Alliance RFC and following a merger with the Liverpool-based Royal Insurance in 1996, into Royal & Sun Alliance RFC (RSA). Holbrook RFC now have two teams as of the 2014 season, with the 1sts in Sussex League 1, and 2nds in Sussex League 3.

Other sports

Horsham Hockey Club who play their home matches at Broadbridge Heath Leisure Centre.

Horsham Gymnastic Club have produced top female gymnasts a number of whom have progressed to the England and Great Britain national squads.

London 2012 Olympic Games

In the weeks preceding the London 2012 Olympic Games, the Grenadian Olympic Team trained at Broadbridge Heath Leisure Centre, which is on the outskirts of the town.

Public services

Horsham Hospital, is open weekdays, and is located on Hurst Road. The town has its own law courts, ambulance station, fire station, and police station, also located on Hurst Road. The Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service. The territorial police force for Horsham and surrounding areas is Sussex Police.

The Registry of births, deaths, and marriages is located in Park House, North Street in central Horsham.

Community facilities

Horsham Park immediately to the north of central Horsham is 24 hectares of open space for the use of the people of Horsham. It contains an 18th-century country house used in part by the Horsham District Council, formal gardens, and a maze. At the eastern side is The Pavilions in the Park leisure centre with a gym and a 25m swimming pool run by a private company for Horsham District Council. A BMX and Skate park is located on the Hurst Road side of Horsham Park. The remaining space is used extensively for leisure pursuits such as tennis, football and rugby.

Horsham Museum is located on the Causeway in a half-timbered medieval house. It has local history objects displayed in twenty-six galleries. Situated on North Street is The Capitol Theatre, Horsham, the venue (formerly Horsham Arts Centre) features a theatre, 2 cinema screens, a studio and gallery. On Lower Tanbridge Way is a two storey modernised library run by West Sussex County Council.

Cultural references
The first illustrated history of Horsham was written in 1836 by Howard Dudley at the age of 16. It includes descriptions of St Mary's Church and other buildings along with lithographs and wood-cut images of the town. The book entitled The History and Antiquities of Horsham has been reproduced in full to enable research online.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had the fictitious Openshaw family, in the Sherlock Holmes story The Five Orange Pips, residing in the town.

Notable deceased residents

Notable living residents

 Mark Alexander – British artist who was born in Horsham
 Carl Donnelly – comedian
 Mark Hawkins – Great Britain Handball player, represented Team GB at 2012 Summer Olympics
 Jamie Hewlett – Artist/cartoonist and creator of the comic strip Tank Girl (made into a film in 1995) and co-creator of the band Gorillaz (nominated for five Grammy Awards in December 2005). He attended both Tanbridge House School and the former Northbrook Art College
 Alan Mullery – Former footballer with Fulham and Tottenham Hotspur, former manager of Crystal Palace and Brighton and Hove Albion
 Chris Nash – Nottinghamshire CCC cricketer
 Simon Nye – Writer of Men Behaving Badly, attended Collyer's when it was still a grammar school
 Jolyon Palmer – Former British Formula One driver for Renault Sport
 Paul Parker – England and Sussex CCC cricketer (captain); attended Collyer's School
 Joshua Powell – Conservation biologist and #WWFVoices series host for World Wildlife Fund
 David Sedaris – Novelist/comedian
 Chris Simms – Crime thriller writer who was born in Horsham
 Jamie Taylor – Footballer whose former clubs include Dagenham and Redbridge FC and Lincoln City
 Michael Thornely – Leicestershire CCC cricketer
 Holly Willoughby – TV presenter and model attended Collyer's Sixth Form College

Comments

In October 2006, Horsham was pronounced the second best place to live in the UK, only beaten by Winchester. This was claimed by a Channel 4 show, The 10 best and worst places to live in the UK.

The programme mentioned that:

 Horsham was in the top 15% for low crime;
 About 70% of students gained 5 A* to C grades at GCSE;
 Over 85% of the workforce is economically active;
 Horsham has a high life expectancy of 76 years for men and 83 for women;
 There were two official homeless people living in Horsham.

In 2007, a Reader's Digest poll put Horsham as the 25th best place in mainland Britain to bring up a family.

On 27 September 2007, Horsham was awarded as the overall winner of Britain in Bloom in the large town / small city category a Gold Award. It also has the honour of being presented with the Royal Horticultural Society's 'Bloomin' Wild' award, which reflected the theme for year's national judging.

Twinning
Horsham District twinnings:
  St Maixent L'Ecole, Poitou-Charentes, France
  Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Horsham Town twinnings:
  Lerici, Liguria, Italy
  Horsham, Victoria, Australia

References

External links

 Horsham District Council – Local Government website

Towns in West Sussex
Market towns in West Sussex
Unparished areas in West Sussex
Former civil parishes in West Sussex

Horsham


Newton's method provides a way for finding the real zeros of a function. This algorithm is sometimes called the Newton–Raphson method, named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.

The method uses the derivative of the function in order to find its roots. An initial "guess value" for the location of the zero must be made. From this value, a new guess is calculated by this formula:

Here xn is the initial guess and xn+1 is the next guess. The function f (whose zero is being solved for) has the derivative f'.

By repeatedly applying this formula to the generated guesses (that is by setting the value of xn to the formula's output and recomputing), the value of the guesses will approach a zero of the function.

Newton's method can be explained graphically by looking at intersections of tangent lines with the x-axis. First, a line tangent to the f at xn is calculated. Next, the intersection between this tangent line and the x-axis is found. Finally, the x-position of this intersection is recorded as the next guess, xn+1.

Problems with Newton's Method
Newton's method can find a solution quickly if the guess value begins sufficiently near the desired root. However, when the initial guess value is not close, and depending on the function, Newton's method may find the answer slowly or not at all.

Further reading
 Fernández, J. A. E., & Verón, M. Á. H. (2017). Newton's method: An updated approach of Kantorovich's theory. Birkhäuser.
 Peter Deuflhard, Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Second printed edition. Series Computational Mathematics 35, Springer (2006)
 Yamamoto, T. (2001). "Historical Developments in Convergence Analysis for Newton's and Newton-like Methods". In Brezinski, C.; Wuytack, L. (eds.). Numerical Analysis : Historical Developments in the 20th Century. North-Holland. pp. 241–263.

Related pages
 Kantorovich theorem (Statement about the convergence of Newton's method, found by Leonid Kantorovich)

Functions and mappings
Numerical analysis

Newton's method


Energis Communications Limited, briefly Telecom Electric, or more usually just Energis, was a 'technology driven communications company' based in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, but subsequently went into administration, and then became a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless, in turn acquired by Vodafone.

History
The company was formed in July 1991, as Telecom Electric by way of a demerger from the United Kingdom's National Grid Company. Its national optical fibre network was partially deployed via the overhead power transmission network of the grid. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange, and the NASDAQ, in October 1997.

Energis acquired a number of companies in the United Kingdom and Europe, including Planet Online, ISION AG and others. At one point its Market capitalization was over £10 billion making it one of the largest companies by market capital. However, in the process the company over extended itself with borrowings to fund these acquisitions.

Planet Online, by then a subsidiary of Energis, worked with its new parent to help Dixons launch the Freeserve ISP. Energis provided the telephony services and Planet Online provided the e-mail, Internet access etc.

Energis plc was placed in administration in July 2002, with its operations in the United Kingdom immediately being transferred to Energis Communications Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of a new holding company owned by the banks, and known as Chelys. Archie Norman was hired as chairman to revive the business.

In November 2002 the Ision parts of the energis group were sold onto NDO with the remainder, mostly made up of Planet Online continued asEnergis Communications Ltd until August 2005. Cable & Wireless then made an offer to acquire the company for £594 million.

The bid was accepted by a binding majority of Energis debt holders, and the company became part of Cable & Wireless on 11 November 2005.

Operations
In its final form, Energis provided a number of services based around its core platforms of ISP, transmission, IP networking (Energis had a Nortel SDH network with Internet access provided via Cisco routers using MPLS technology), contact centre solutions and voice (traditional switched telephony).

Energis provided services to a number of businesses, a few of the more interesting were:
 Provided Fujitsu Services with a broad outsource for the Post Office Ltd branch and central network services.
 Provided the BBC with its distribution network for television and radio programmes.
 Provided service to support The AA and RAC helpline numbers.
 Provided Trinity Mirror with an ATM based network for its editorial to printing process.
 Provided network services to support the Wanadoo United Kingdom Internet Service Provider offering.

Senior management
Energis was led by a number of chief executive officers during its existence.
 Mar 1993 – Dec 1995: David Dey
 Dec 1995 – Aug 2001: Mike Grabiner
 Aug 2001 – Jul 2002: David Wickham
 Jul 2002 – November 2005: John Pluthero

References

Defunct telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies based in Reading, Berkshire
British companies established in 1991
British companies disestablished in 2005
Telecommunications companies established in 1991
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2005
1991 establishments in England
2005 disestablishments in England

Energis


Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (contrast with soft water).

The main components of these minerals usually are calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. But there are also dissolved metals, bicarbonates, and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4) in the form of several other mineral deposits. The main source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful and some hardness in water is a useful source of calcium for healthy bone development .

Other websites
Alcoa Chemical, Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) Calculator

Water

Hard water


Guido Nonveiller (5 June 1913, Rijeka Belgrade – 7 April 2002) was a Croatian entomologist, FAO expert and professor at the University of Belgrade. He fought in the International Brigades and French Forces of the Interior during World War II. In 1989 he was inducted as a Commander of the l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques. He was known for his political and scientific activism and perhaps as the world authority for the African and Palaearctic Mutillidae (velvet ants).

Life
His father Lino Nonveiller was a chemical engineer that travelled through Europe and educated Guido and his sister in Rijeka, Vienna and Split.  In 1927, he was introduced to Peter Novak, an early Croatian entomologist, who made a lasting impact on the young boy and stimulated a lifelong passion for insects.  At sixteen (1929) he discovered his first new insect species on Biokovo mountains.  The same year it was named after him - Trechus nonveilleri by Giuseppe Miller from Trieste.

In his early twenties, during probation work at the University of Belgrade, he engaged in different students movements that led him to fight in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. He was an officer in the International Brigades from 1937 until he was captured after Franco's victory in April 1939 and incarcerated in the prison of Castres.  He escaped in 1942 with 36 other Brigadists and joined the French Resistance.  After the war from 1944 to 1945, he was appointed at the Yugoslav Embassy in France.

In 1945, he returned to the University of Belgrade, where he taught from 1946 to 1960. He founded and directed for ten years the Federal Institute for Plant Protection of Yugoslavia. He also held a head of the Plant Protection Services and the Yugoslav Federal Ministry from 1947 to 1949. From 1960 to 1962 he worked in Tunisia as plant protection officer, and from 1962 to 1985 as United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization expert in Yaounde, Cameroon.

In 1989 he was inducted as a Commander of the l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques, the highest level of the academic honor given out by the French government. From 1992 to 1996, in his early eighties, he moved to Paris to work at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle and published over 20 papers on his work on Lepidoptera.

In 1996 the Spanish government recognized his endeavours to defend the Republic and declared him an honorary citizen of Spain. The same year, Jacques Chirac, then French President, granted him the legal status of former service personnel ("anciens combattants").

In 2006 the Croatian Entomological society named their bibliographical database Nonveilleriana in his memory.

Work
Nonveiller was internationally renowned for researching the African and Palaearctic Mutillidae and Bradynobaenidae (Hymenoptera), a leading specialist for several groups of Coleoptera of the Balkans and adjacent areas and a prominent expert in economic entomology and historiography of his time. During his 13-year-long stay in Cameroon he was one of the first proponents of the Integrated pest management.

In the late 1980, despite his age, Nonveiller was among the world pioneers in application of personal computers in entomology.  He started with Commodore 64 in 1983.

Publications
Nonveiller wrote and published in German, French, English, Italian, Spanish and Serbo-Croatian, resulting in more than 150 publications, description of 33 new general/subgenera and over 330 new species-group taxa assembling one of the world largest collection of African Mutillidae including more than 120,000 specimens collected by himself and his wife Nadezda in Cameroon.

Bibliography
 Nonveiller, Guido 1984. Catalogue commenté et illustré des insectes du Cameroun d'intérêt agricole / University of Belgrade / Institut pour la protection des plantes
 Nonveiller, G. (1995). Recherches sur les mutillides de l'afrique (hymenoptera, mutillidae).
 Guido Nonveiller (2001). Pioneers of the Research on the Insects of Dalmatia. Croatian Natural History Museum (Zagreb).
 G. Nonveiller (2004) "Memoirs of a 20th century citizen". University of Belgrade

External links
 At Amazon.com  https://www.amazon.com/Pioneers-Research-Insects-Dalmatia/dp/9536645041/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208324487&sr=8-2
 Croatian entomological Database  https://web.archive.org/web/20070218033112/http://www.agr.hr/hed/hrv/bibl/osobe/osobeFR.htm
 At Googlebooks: https://books.google.com/books?id=3RoJUIunQ-UC&dq=nonveiller&pg=PA827
 Family Mutillidae: http://www.zmuc.dk/EntoWeb/collections-databaser/Hymenoptera/Mutillidae%20first%20half%20of%20genera.htm
 Papers dedicated to the memory of Guido Nonveiller:

1913 births
2002 deaths
Croatian entomologists
Hymenopterists
Academic staff of the University of Belgrade
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
International Brigades personnel
Croatian people of the Spanish Civil War
Yugoslav zoologists

Guido Nonveiller


Glíma is an Old Norse word meaning glimpse or flash, and is
the name of the Scandinavian martial arts system used by the Vikings
over 1200 years ago.

Glima as a self-defence system contains throws, blows, kicks, chokes,
locks, and pain techniques, and is comparable with the best complete
martial arts systems from around the world. Glima as self-defence was
the foundation for the Viking warrior, and these techniques are still
practiced in Scandinavia, Europe, North America and South America.

Glima as a sport  is often called Viking wrestling and covers several types of Scandinavian folk wrestling: Lausatök, Brokartök and Hryggspenna. Lausatök (Loose-grip or Free-grip) is the most wide spread form of glima practiced in Norway. It is quite aggressive form of wrestling where the match the winner is considered the one who is standing up while the opponent is lying on the ground. Hryggspenna (Backhold) is a form of wrestling where the opponents take hold of each other's
upper body with a grip around the back; whoever touches the ground with any part of the body except
the feet has lost. Brokartök (Trouser-grip) the most widespread in Iceland and Sweden. In this type of Glima, the wrestlers hold each others trousers by the waistline, or by a special Brokartök glima belt, then attempts to trip and throw their opponent.

Christian priests regarded Glima as a pagan activity and tried to eliminate it when Scandinavia, became Christian. The people of Scandinavia however thought it good for physical and moral development and continued to practice the sport. Brokartök glima has been the national sport of Iceland for over 100 years.

References
 Craig, Steve. Sports and Games of the Ancients, pages 97-99, Greenwood Publishing Group.

Other websites

Wrestling
Iceland

Glima


The Black Cauldron is a fantasy novel written by Lloyd Alexander. It was published in 1965 as the second book in The Chronicles of Prydain series. The Black Cauldron was awarded a Newbery Medal. The Black Cauldron centers around Taran, an Assistant Pig-Keeper who lives in the fantasy land of Prydain.

Plot
The book begins with a meeting of many leaders. They make plans to stop the evil Arawn from taking over Prydain. The leaders decide to steal the Black Cauldron, a powerful tool, from Arawn. Prince Gwydion, the war lord of Prydain, leads a band of people into Annuvin, Arawn's country. When there, they learn that the cauldron has already been stolen. The Fair Folk (fairies) tell the group that the witches of Morva stole the cauldron. Prince Ellidyr, a poor youngest son, sneaks away from the group so that he can steal the cauldron for himself. The rest of the group follows to save him from Arawn's soldiers, but are attacked themselves. In the battle, Fflewddur Fflam and Doli are separated from the group. Also, Adaon, son of the chief bard, is wounded very badly. Before he dies, he passes on a brooch to Taran. The brooch has magical powers and Taran uses it to find Fflewddur and Doli. They continue to Morva, where Taran trades the brooch for the cauldron. The group then tries to smash it, but the witches tell them it can only be destroyed when a living person dies in it willingly. On the way back, Ellidyr attacks the group and steals the cauldron. The group is later found by King Morgant and his men, who have captured Ellidyr and beaten him. Morgant plans to use the cauldron to rule Prydain. Morgant ties up the entire group and offers to free them if Taran will join his service. While they are talking, Doli turns invisible and frees the whole group. During the fight that follows, Ellidyr throws himself into the cauldron, destroying it. King Smoit then comes and attacks Morgant, killing him. The group is rescued.

Main Characters
 Taran - an orphan who was raised by Dallben the Enchanter. His age is never specifically stated; he is referred to as a young man. He is the protagonist (hero) of the book.
 Princess Eilonwy - a princess of Llyr with some magical abilities. She lives at Caer Dallben after escaping from her evil aunt.
 Fflewddur Fflam - a king and wandering bard. He often joins Taran on his adventures.
 Doli - a dwarf from the realm of the Fair Folk. He has the ability to turn invisible.
 Prince Gwydion - crown prince of the ruling House of Don in Prydain.
 Prince Ellidyr - the poor youngest son of a king. He is arrogant and disagrees often with Taran.
 Adaon - the wise son of the chief bard. He possesses a magical brooch which helps him interpret dreams.

References

American fantasy books
1965 books

The Black Cauldron


The Red River Valley Research Corridor is the name that has been given to a region in the American state of North Dakota. It roughly comprises the corridor along the Red River of the North. The Research Corridor is anchored by North Dakota State University (NDSU) and the University of North Dakota (UND). The corridor was established in 2002 by United States Senator Byron Dorgan in an effort to draw research dollars to the state. Since that year, Dorgan has helped to direct $300 million to research in the corridor.

Research at NDSU
Areas of research at North Dakota State University include nanoscale science and engineering, microsensors (RFID tags), polymers and coatings, agriculture, combinatorial science, and spintronics. Research at NDSU includes the annual $100+ million NDSU research budget, $78.4 million in annual outlays, $234.9 million in annual direct and secondary impacts, as well as research budgets from other enterprises that are a part of the research park. Many of the research projects at NDSU use federally backed grants, including several from the United States Department of Defense.

The NDSU Research and Technology Park is a 55-acre (223,000 m²) site of innovation and technology; the site sits adjacent to the main NDSU campus. The Research and Technology Park is a public/private partnership between NDSU and private enterprises. As of 2006, the research park employed 511. The park's cornerstone anchor tenant is Phoenix International, a Deere & Company (John Deere) company. Phoenix International develops custom, integrated electronic systems. Other research park facilities include Research 1 (polymers and coatings), Research 2 (nanotechnology), Alien Technology (microsensors, RFID), the Center for High Performance Computing, the Center for Technology Enterprise, and an NDSU controlled Candlewood Suites hotel.

Research at UND

Areas of research at the University of North Dakota include biosciences and medicine, energy and the environment, aerospace sciences and engineering, and human health and nutrition.

The UND Technology Park is a 55-acre (223,000 m²) research and technology campus on the west end of the UND campus. Facilities at the research park include two business and technology incubators — the Skalicky Technology Incubator and the Ina Mae Rude Entrepreneur Center. Other buildings in the research park include COELSAT (Center of Excellence in Life Sciences and Technology), Ryan Hall, UND Aerospace Foundation office building, the National Weather Service, BioLife Plasma Services, and a Hilton Garden Inn.

In addition to the UND Technology Park, other research institutions at UND include the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) which includes the National Center for Hydrogen Technology, the UND School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the United States Department of Agriculture Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center.

From now until at least 2010, UND will play host to NASA's Douglas DC-8 "Flying Laboratory" research aircraft. The University's agreement with NASA is valued at $25 million. The aircraft's areas of research include tracking pollution, monitoring the hole in the ozone layer, and studying the atmosphere's chemistry.

One feature of the research park is the Center for Technology Enterprise. The Center is a . building that serves the needs of entrepreneurial endeavors. The center offers venture capital, networking and technical advice, as well as supply services, among others. The building offers wet and dry labs, tenant space, production/manufacturing areas, as well as internet/computer capabilities suitable for expansive research and development. One of the building's major tenants is the Bobcat Company.

Economic impact
Research at both NDSU and UND has an economic impact on the state of North Dakota. A 2007 study showed that research at UND had a statewide economic impact of $135.7 million. The same study showed that UND research generated a total of 1,649 jobs, of which 728 were on campus. Another 2007 study showed that research at NDSU had a statewide economic impact of $100 million. That study showed that NDSU research generated a total of 1,250 jobs, of which 950 were on campus.

References

External links
Red River Valley Research Corridor
NDSU Research Park
UND Research Park

Economy of North Dakota
North Dakota State University
University of North Dakota
Fargo–Moorhead
Greater Grand Forks

Red River Valley Research Corridor


Ishwar Chandra Gupta (; 6 March 1812 – 23 January 1859) was a famous Indian Bengali poet and writer. Gupta was born in Kanchrapara, in Bengal.

Early life
Ishwar Chandra Gupta was born in a Baidya family. He was brought up in his uncle's house after the death of his mother. Gupta spent most of his childhood in Kolkata. At that time, poets were named Kobiwala and the kobiwalas were not so civilized in language. Sexual words and clashes were common. But Ishwar Chandra Gupta created a different style of poetry.

He started the newspaper Sambad Prabhakar with Jogendra Mohan Tagore on January 28, 1831, which finally became a daily on June 4, 1839. Many Bengali writers of the 19th century started their careers with that magazine. He reintroduced into Bengali poetry the mediaeval style with double meaning (already seen in Sandhyakaranandi and Bharatchandra):
কে বলে ঈশ্বর গুপ্ত, ব্যপ্ত চরাচর,
যাহার প্রভায় প্রভা পায় প্রভাকর।

Ke bole Ishwar Gupta, byapta charachar,
Jahar prabhaye prabha paye Prabhakar.

'Ishwar' means God, 'Gupta' means hidden and 'Prabhakar' is the sun. So a translation runs:

Who says God is hidden? He is omnipresent
From Him the Sun gets its luminescence.

Also, Ishwar (Chandra) Gupta ran the journal Prabhakar.  So a second meaning of the poem, making a tongue-in-cheek reference to the author, runs:

Who says Ishwar (Gupta) is hidden? His reach touches the world
For his brilliance makes the Prabhakar luminescent.

Literary style
He brought modern era of poetry in Bengali. He did not describe the life of Gods and Goddesses, but the daily life of human beings. He also wrote biographies of many Bengali poets and musicians.

Ishwarchandra Gupta often satirized the so-called modern class who blindly followed the colonial British power.

Tumi ma kalpataru
Amra shob posha goru
Shikhi ni shing bankano
Khai kebol khol-bichuli-ghash
Jano ranga amla
Tule mamla
Na bhange gamla
Ma!
Pele bhushi
Tatei kushi
Ghushi khele bachbo na!

Political views
In his early days he was a conservative, opposing the Young Bengal movement as well as disapproving of widow remarriage. His views on widow remarriage put him at odds with Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. He was one of the earliest advocates of a Hindu view of Indian society. Later in his life, his views began to change and he championed the cause for the remarriage of virgin widows and women's education.

Important works
Life of Bharat Chandra Roy
Probodh Pravakara
Kobitabolir Saar Sangraha

References

19th-century Indian poets
Bengali male poets
Bengali-language poets
Bengali-language writers
1812 births
1859 deaths
Hindu poets
People from North 24 Parganas district
19th-century poets
Writers from West Bengal

Ishwar Chandra Gupta


Simultaneous multithreading, acronym SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with Hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern computer architectures.

Multithreading is similar in concept to multitasking but is implemented at the thread level of execution in modern superscalar processors.

In processor design, there are two ways to increase on-chip parallelism with less resource requirements:
 Superscalar technique: which tries to increase Instruction level parallelism (ILP) by executing multiple instructions at the same time (termed: simultaneously); by "simultaneously" dispatching instructions (termed: instruction dispatching) to multiple redundant execution units built inside the processor.
 Chip-level multithreading (CMT) technique: using Thread level parallelism (TLP) in order to executes instructions from multiple threads within one processor chip at the same time.

There are many ways to support more than one thread inside a chip, namely:
 Interleaved multithreading (IMT) : Interleaved issue of multiple instructions from different threads, also referred to as Temporal multithreading. It can be further divided into fine-grain multithreading or coarse-grain multithreading depending on the frequency of interleaved issues. Fine-grain multithreading issues instructions for different threads after every cycle, while coarse-grain multithreading only switches to issue  instructions from another thread when the current executing thread causes some long latency events (like page fault etc.). Coarse-grain multithreading is more common for less context switch between threads. For processors with one pipeline per core, interleaved multithreading is the only possible way, because it can only issue up to one instruction per cycle.
 Simultaneous multithreading (SMT): Issue multiple instructions from multiple threads in one cycle. The processor must be superscalar to do so.
 Chip-level multiprocessing (CMP or Multi-core processor): integrates two or more superscalar processors into one chip, each executes threads independently.
 Any combination of IMT/SMT/CMP

The key factor to distinguish them is to look at how many instructions the processor can issue in one cycle and how many threads from which the instructions come.

Examples of modern SMT CPUs
 The Intel Pentium 4 was the first modern desktop processor to implement simultaneous multithreading, starting from the 3.06GHz model released in 2002, and since introduced into a number of their processors. Intel calls the functionality Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT), and provides a basic two-thread SMT engine. Intel claims up to a 30% speed improvement compared against an otherwise identical, non-SMT Pentium 4.
 The latest MIPS architecture designs include an SMT system known as "MIPS MT".
 The IBM POWER5, announced in May 2004, comes as either a dual core DCM, or quad-core or 8-core MCM, with each core including a two-thread SMT engine. IBM's implementation is more sophisticated than the previous ones, because it can assign a different priority to the various threads, is more fine-grained, and the SMT engine can be turned on and off dynamically, to better execute those workloads where an SMT processor would not increase performance. This is IBM's second implementation of generally available hardware multithreading.
 The Intel Atom, released in 2008, is the first Intel product to feature SMT (marketed as Hyper-threading) without supporting instruction reordering, speculative execution, or register renaming.

Related pages
 Thread (computer science)
 Parallel computing
 Instruction-level parallelism
 Multi-core processors

References

LE Shar and ES Davidson, "A Multiminiprocessor System Implemented through Pipelining", Computer Feb 1974
D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, and H.M. Levy, "Simultaneous Multithreading: Maximizing On-Chip Parallelism," In 22nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June, 1995
D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, J.S. Emer, H.M. Levy, J.L. Lo, and R.L. Stamm, "Exploiting Choice: Instruction Fetch and Issue on an Implementable Simultaneous Multithreading Processor," In 23rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, May, 1996

Other websites
SMT news articles and academic papers
SMT research at the University of Washington
Timeline of multithreading technologies

Computer science

Simultaneous multithreading


Master race is an idea that one group of people is better than all other people. A group of people may believe themselves to be better because of their history, race, culture or some other reason. The idea first appeared in the 19th century. It was also used at different times in the 20th century, for example by the Nazi party and during Apartheid in South Africa.

History
This idea mostly began in the 19th century. It is not a theory liked by any scientists today. It claims there is a hierarchy of races (or that some races are better than others).  It was also claimed that at the bottom of the hierarchy were black-skinned people from Africa and Aborigines from Australia, while pale-skinned Nordic people were at the top of the hierarchy.

Writers who started this idea
Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882) believed that cultures become bad when races mix. In his book Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races (, 1853–55), de Gobineau states that the mix of races has a bad influence on culture. In his view, the development of culture is linked to that of race. When empires are created, this leads to a mixing of races. According to de Gobineau, this would lead to degeneration and the downfall of the respective empire.

During this time, Charles Darwin started to develop his ideas about evolution. Social Darwinism is the attempt to use these concepts to predict the development of societies. Houston Steward Chamberlain believed the Germanic race was there "to save the world".

In colonialism, the concept was helpful too. Germany and Great Britain had many colonies. They would pick an ethnic group and say that this was better than the other groups. This would then lead to an  indirect rule in the respective colony. People who conducted African studies in Germany developed a whole system, to make this easier. The Hamitic theory said that the Hamitic people were superior and should rule over the other Negroid people in Sub-Saharan Africa. John Hanning Speke (1827-64) and Charles Gabriel Seligman (1873-1940) were among the most prominent people with this idea. People such Johann Ludwig Krapf, Karl Richard Lepsius, or Carl Meinhof used the study of languages in this context. They said that languages that had a grammatical genus were Hamitic, those that did not were Negroid. Using these criteria to find suitable candidates for indirect rule also led to problems: According to the theory, the Maasai were Hamitic, and should rule in German East Africa. Fortunately, they were unable to make such a system for political and economic reasons. The explanation was that "out of bad luck", the Maasai were a Hamitic people kept at a lower level of social development. In their place, the Swahili were picked, as the "next-higher" people. In German South-West Africa, there was a similar problem: The theory identified the Khoikhoi as Hamitic, but they were too few to rule the country. For this reason, the Ovambo were picked for an indirect rule.

Arthur Schopenhauer liked this idea, but had the idea of "Übermensch":  He said that the White race had become what it was though hardship and bad conditions in the North. Others who liked his theory were Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels.

"Aryans", Hitler's "Master race"
Hitler and his supporters,  the Nazi party, took power in Germany in 1933. They were Social Darwinists, Social Darwinists believe that human races are stronger or weaker than each other. They believed that the stronger races would prove themselves better in the long run, this concept was called "survival of the fittest". Nazis believed that their race the Aryans were stronger than all the other races, because of this, they believed the Aryans would one day rule over the weaker races. The Nazis made laws that were based on their ideas of race. They prevented marriage between races so that the Aryan race would not become mixed with other "weaker" races because they believed it would weaken the master race. They claimed that "Aryans" were the "master race". They also made propaganda that blamed Jews for many things. Jews were considered by Nazis, a weak race whose weak values would infect the better values of the Aryan race. German Jews were not allowed to own property. In many cases, they were attacked and killed because of their Race. When Germany invaded other countries in Europe, they also started putting people into concentration camps. This systematic killing is known as The Holocaust today.

To help increase the numbers of Aryans, the Nazis set up special homes called "Lebensborn". These were for unmarried pregnant woman who were likely to have children that had Nordic or Aryan qualities. This mainly meant fair skin, blond hair, blue eyes. Though slight differences could still be considered Aryan as lots of people in Germany at the time had dark hair and eyes. Heinrich Himmler believed that this would help create more members of the master race. He arranged for nine Lebensborn homes to be built in Germany, and another ten in Norway. There were also Lebensborn in France, Belgium and Luxembourg. About 20,000 children were born in these homes during the Third Reich.

Related pages
 Mein Kampf
 Racism

References

Nazism
Race
Fascism

Master race