The Russian–American Telegraph, also known as the Western Union Telegraph Expedition and the Collins Overland Telegraph, was an attempt by the Western Union Telegraph Company from 1865 to 1867 to lay a telegraph line from San Francisco, California, to Moscow, Russia.

The route of the $3,000,000 undertaking (equivalent to $ today) was intended to travel from California via Oregon, Washington Territory, the Colony of British Columbia and Russian America, under the Bering Sea and cross the broad breadth of the Eurasian Continent to Moscow, where lines would communicate with the rest of Europe. It was proposed as a much longer alternative to the challenge of long, deep underwater cables in the Atlantic, having only to cross the comparatively narrow Bering Strait underwater between North America and Siberia.

Laying the cable across Siberia proved more difficult than expected.  Meanwhile, Cyrus West Field's transatlantic cable was successfully completed, leading to the abandonment in 1867 of the trans-Russian effort. A Government of Canada historic plaque adds these specifics:
"In 1867 ... construction ceased at Fort Stager at the confluence of the Kispyap and Skeena rivers. The section from New Westminster to the Cariboo was bought by the Canadian Government in 1880."

In spite of the project's economic failure, many regard aspects of the effort a success on the weight of various benefits the exploration brought to the regions that were traversed. To date, no entities have attempted a communications cable across the Bering Sea, with all extant submarine communications cables that travel westbound from North America following more southerly routes across much longer stretches of the North Pacific Ocean, connecting to Asia in Japan and then on to the Asian mainland.

Rival plans

By 1861 the Western Union Telegraph Company had linked the eastern United States by electric telegraph all the way to San Francisco. The challenge then remained to connect North America with the rest of the world.

Working to meet that challenge were two telegraph pioneers, one, Cyrus West Field, seeking to lay an undersea telegraph cable west to east across the Atlantic from North America, and the other, Perry Collins, proposing a west to east link going the opposite direction, overland from the west coast of North America across the Bering Strait and Sibera to Moscow.

Field's Atlantic Telegraph Company laid the first transatlantic cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858. However, it had broken three weeks afterwards and attempts to repair it had been unsuccessful.

Meanwhile, entrepreneur Perry Collins visited Russia and took note that it was making good progress extending its telegraph lines eastwards from Moscow over Siberia.
Upon his return to the States, Collins approached Hiram Sibley, head of the Western Union Telegraph Company with the idea of an overland telegraph line that would run through the Northwestern states, the colony of British Columbia and Russian Alaska. Together, they worked on promoting the idea and obtained considerable support in the US, London and Russia.

Preparations

On July 1, 1864, the American president Abraham Lincoln granted Western Union a right of way from San Francisco to the British Columbia border and assigned them the steamship Saginaw from the US Navy.
The George S. Wright and the Nightingale, a former slave ship, were also put into service, as well as a fleet of riverboats and schooners.

To supervise the construction, Collins chose Colonel Charles Bulkley, who had been the Superintendent of Military Telegraphs. Being an ex-military man, Bulkley divided the work crews into "working divisions" and an "Engineer Corps."

Edward Conway was made the head of the project's American route and British Columbia sections. Franklin Pope was assigned to Conway and given the responsibility for the exploring of British Columbia. The task of exploring Russian America went to the Smithsonian naturalist Robert Kennicott. In Siberia, the construction and exploration was under the charge of Russian nobleman Serge Abasa. Assigned to him were Collins Macrae, George Kennan, and J. A. Mahood.

Exploration and construction teams were divided into groups: one was in British Columbia, another worked around the Yukon River and Norton Sound with headquarters at St. Michael, Alaska, a third explored the area along the Amur River in Siberia, and a fourth group of about forty men was sent to Port Clarence to build the line that was to cross the Bering Strait to Siberia.

The Colony of British Columbia gave the project its full and enthusiastic support, allowing the materials for the line to be brought in free of duties and tolls. Chosen as the British Columbia terminus, New Westminster gloated over its triumph over its rival, Victoria, and it was predicted in the British Columbian newspaper that "New Westminster, traduced and dreaded by its jealous neighbor, will now be at the centre of all these great systems." The right of way for the telegraph line followed the shoreline west from the US border, then traversed the high ground of what is now White Rock and South Surrey to the Nicomekl River. From Mud Bay the telegraph line followed the Kennedy Trail northwest across Surrey and North Delta to the Fraser River.

At Brownsville, a cable was laid across the river to New Westminster. The surveying in British Columbia had started before the line reached New Westminster on March 21, 1865. Edward Conway had walked to Hope and was dismayed by the difficulty of the terrain. In response to Conway's concerns, the Colony of British Columbia agreed to build a road from New Westminster to Yale where it would meet the newly completed Cariboo Road. The telegraph company's only responsibility would be to string wires along it.

Route through Russian America

Work began in Russian America, in 1865 but initially, little progress was made. Contributing to this lack of success was the climate, the terrain, supply shortages and the late arrival of the construction teams. Nevertheless, the entire route through Russian America was surveyed by the fall of 1866. Rather than waiting until spring, as was the usual practice, construction began and continued through that winter.

Many of the Western Union workers were unaccustomed to severe northern winters and working in frigid conditions made erecting the line a difficult experience. Fires had to be lit to thaw out the frozen ground before holes could be dug to place the telegraph poles. For transportation and to haul the supplies, the only option the work crews had was to use teams of sled dogs.

When the Atlantic cable was successfully completed and the first transatlantic message to England was sent in July 1866, the men in the Russian American division were not aware of it until a full year later.

By then telegraph stations had been built, thousands of poles were cut and distributed along the route and over  of line had been completed in Russian America. Despite the fact that so much progress had been made, in July 1867, the work was officially ceased.

Route through British Columbia

When that section of the line reached New Westminster, British Columbia, in the spring of 1865, the first message it carried was of the April 15 assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

In May 1865 construction began from New Westminster to Yale and then along the Cariboo Road and the Fraser River to Quesnel. Winter brought a halt to construction, but resumed in the spring with 150 men working northwest from Quesnel.

In 1866, the work progressed rapidly in that section, fifteen log telegraph cabins had been built and line had been strung  from Quesnel, reaching the Kispiox and Bulkley Rivers. The company's sternwheeler, Mumford, traveled  up the Skeena River from the Pacific Coast three times that season, successfully delivering  of material for the telegraph line and 12,000 rations for its workers.

The line passed Fort Fraser and reached the Skeena River, creating the settlement of Hazelton when it was learned that Cyrus West Field had successfully laid the transatlantic cable on July 27.

In British Columbia, construction of the overland line was halted on February 27, 1867, as the whole project was now deemed obsolete.

Nevertheless, left behind in British Columbia was a usable telegraph system from New Westminster to Quesnel, which later would be run to the Cariboo Gold Rush town of Barkerville, and a trail that had been beat through what had largely been uncharted wilderness.

In addition, the expedition left behind a vast store of supplies that were put to good use by some of the First Nations inhabitants. Near Hazelton, Colonel Bulkley had been impressed by the bridge the Hagwilgets had built across the Bulkley River, but was reluctant to let his work party cross it until it had been reinforced with cable.

After the project was abandoned, the Hagwilgets at Hazelton built a second bridge from cable that the company had left behind. Both bridges were considered marvels of engineering and were credited as being "one of the romances of bridge building."

Legacy

In the long run, the telegraph expedition, while an abject economic failure, provided a further means by which America was able to expand its Manifest Destiny beyond its national boundaries and may have precipitated the US purchase of Alaska. The expedition was responsible for the first examination of the flora, fauna and geology of Russian America and the members of the telegraph project were able to play a crucial role in the purchase of Alaska by providing useful valuable data on the territory.

The Colony of British Columbia meanwhile could further explore, colonize and communicate with its northern landscapes beyond what had been done by the Hudson's Bay Company.

Many of the towns in Northwestern British Columbia can trace their initial European settlement back to the Collins Overland Telegraph. Some examples of these are Hazelton, Burns Lake, Telkwa and Telegraph Creek.

The expedition also laid a foundation for the construction of the Yukon Telegraph line which was built from Ashcroft to Telegraph Creek and beyond to Dawson City, Yukon in 1901.

Portions of the telegraph route became part of the Ashcroft trail used by gold seekers during the Klondike gold rush. Of all the trails used by the stampeders the Ashcroft was among the harshest. Of the over fifteen hundred men and three thousand horses left Ashcroft, British Columbia, in the spring of 1898, only six men and no horses reached the goldfields.
Walter R. Hamilton was among those who completed the route. In his book The Yukon Story he describes the state of the trail thirty years after it was abandoned All evidence of the right-of-way and poles were gone, but in a few instances we found pieces of old telegraph wire imbedded several inches in the spruce, jack-pine and poplar trees that had long-since grown up and over the wires that touched them.  I found one of the old green glass insulators still attached to a galvanized wire. I kept it as a souvenir but lost it later with a camera and some clothing when a scow was nearly overturned on Lake Laberge.

Places named for the expedition or its members
 Mount Pope in British Columbia was named for Franklin Pope, who was the assistant engineer and chief of explorations, responsible for surveying the 1,500 miles section from New Westminster to the Yukon River.

 Kennecott, Alaska and the Kennicott Glacier are named for the expedition's naturalist, Robert Kennicott. Although Kennicott died on the expedition, on May 13, 1866, his work was publicized by W. H. Dall, another naturalist hired by Robert Kennicott. This publication and the publicity about Kennicott's death at the age of thirty-one helped Secretary of State William H. Seward convince Congress to purchase Alaska from Russia in 1867.
 The Bulkley River, Bulkley Valley, Bulkley Mountains (now named the Bulkley Ranges) and the settlement of Bulkley House in British Columbia are named after Colonel Charles Bulkley.  The name of the Bulkley-Nechako Regional District, a regional government in that area, is derived from the geographic names.
Burns Lake was named after Michael Byrnes, scout for the Collins Overland Telegraph scheme who explored the route from Fort Fraser to Skeena Forks (Hazelton, BC)
Decker Lake was named after Stephen Decker, construction foreman in British Columbia.
the Telegraph Range in the Ootsa Lake area is one of several landforms whose name is associated with the project

Books and memoirs written about the expedition
Several major works are available documenting the expedition. The scientific travelogue by Smithsonian scientist W. H. Dall is perhaps the most referenced, while an English travelogue by Frederick Whymper provides additional information. Among personal accounts members of the expedition are a diary of Franklin Pope.

George Kennan and Richard Bush both wrote of the difficulties they encountered during the expedition. Kennan would later become notable for influencing American opinion of the Russian Empire. Originally very much for Russian settlement of the far East, on visiting the exile camps in the 1880s he changed his mind and later wrote Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia. Richard Bush, aiming to emulate Kennan's success, wrote "Reindeer, Dogs and Snowshoes".

All documents and books relating to the expedition are of historical value, not only from a travel and discovery perspective but also from a cultural studies standpoint. The ethnocentric descriptions of aboriginal peoples in the places now known as British Columbia, Yukon Territory and Alaska, as well as the general region of Eastern Siberia, typify those attitudes of the time. Telegraph records provide evidence for native land claims such as those of the Gitxsan Nation of northern British Columbia. Dall's records have helped locate Smithsonian exhibits returned to their original native domiciles.

Notes

Further reading

Kennan, George1870;reprint 1986

External links

 Finding Aid to Western Union Telegraph Expedition Collection, 1865–1867

History of California
History of British Columbia
History of Yukon
Russian Empire–United States relations
Russian America
History of the telegraph
History of telecommunications in the United States
Telecommunications in Russia
History of science and technology in Russia
Military expeditions of the United States
Pacific expeditions
Telegraph companies
Western Union
1865 establishments in the United States
19th century in technology
Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
1865 in British Columbia

Russian–American Telegraph


Hamid Drake (born August 3, 1955) is an American jazz drummer and percussionist.

By the close of the 1990s, Hamid Drake was widely regarded as one of the best percussionists in jazz and improvised music. Incorporating Afro-Cuban, Indian, and African percussion instruments and influence, in addition to using the standard trap set, Drake has collaborated extensively with top free jazz improvisers. Drake also has performed world music; by the late 1970s, he was a member of Foday Musa Suso's Mandingo Griot Society and has played reggae throughout his career.

Drake has worked with trumpeter Don Cherry, pianist Herbie Hancock, saxophonists Pharoah Sanders, Fred Anderson, Archie Shepp and David Murray and bassists Reggie Workman and William Parker (in many lineups)

He studied drums extensively, including eastern and Caribbean styles. He frequently plays without sticks, using his hands to develop subtle commanding undertones. His tabla playing is notable for his subtlety and flair. Drake's questing nature and his interest in Caribbean percussion led to a deep involvement with reggae.

Early life
Hamid Drake (birth name Henry Lawrence Drake) was born in 1955 in Monroe, Louisiana, and his family moved to Evanston, Illinois, when he was a child. There he started playing with local rock and R&B bands, which eventually brought him to the attention of Fred Anderson, an older saxophonist who had also moved to Evanston from Monroe as a child decades before. Drake worked with Anderson from 1974 to 2010 including on Anderson's 1979 The Missing Link. At Fred Anderson's workshops, a young Hamid met Douglas Ewart, George E. Lewis and other members of Chicago's Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM). Another of the most significant percussion influences on Drake, Ed Blackwell, dates from this period. Hamid's flowing rhythmic expressions and interest in the roots of the music drew like-minded musicians together into a performance and educational collective named the Mandingo Griot Society, which combined traditional African music and narrative with distinctly American influences.

Career
Don Cherry, who Drake first met in 1978, was another continuing collaborator. After meeting Don Cherry, Hamid and fellow percussionist Adam Rudolph travelled with Don to Europe, where they explored the interior landscape of percussion and shared deeply in Mr. Cherry's grasp of music's spiritually infinite transformational possibilities. Drake worked extensively with him from 1978 until Cherry's death in 1995.

Drake was one of the founders, along with Foday Musa Suso and Adam Rudolph, of The Mandingo Griot Society. His other frequent collaborators include New York bassist William Parker, saxophonist David Murray, composer and percussionist Adam Rudolph, German free jazz saxophonist Peter Brötzmann and drummer Michael Zerang.   Hamid Drake has played and/or recorded with: Don Cherry, Pharoah Sanders, Fred Anderson, Herbie Hancock, Archie Shepp, bassist William Parker (in many lineups), Reggie Workman, Yusef Lateef, Wayne Shorter, Bill Laswell, David Murray, Joe Morris, Evan Parker, Paolo Angeli, Peter Brötzmann, Jim Pepper, Roy Campbell, Matthew Shipp, Sabir Mateen, Rob Brown, Mat Walerian, Marilyn Crispell, Johnny Dyani, Dewey Redman, Joe McPhee, Adam Rudolph, Hassan Hakmoun, Joseph Jarman, George E. Lewis, John Tchicai, Iva Bittová, Ken Vandermark, and almost all of the members of the AACM. These diverse artists all play in a broad range of musical settings which allows Drake to comfortably adapt to north and west African and Indian impulses as well as reggae and Latin. Although engaged as sideman, he has also devoted his energies and creativity as a band leader; focusing on his own groups and projects such as Bindu and Indigo Trio.

Drake has frequently appeared with jazz legend Archie Shepp in various configurations. The most common is the group Phat Jam along with human beat boxer and rapper Napoleon Maddox. Drake also works with Maddox in the jazz hip hop group ISWHAT?!. Drake performs with European jazz groups, recording with Hungarian musicians such as Viktor Tóth and Mihály Dresch. In addition to the drum set, Drake performs on the frame drum, the tabla, and other hand drums.

Winter solstice concerts by Drake & Zerang Duo
Since 1991 Drake has collaborated with fellow percussionist Michael Zerang to present annual winter solstice concerts. Both musicians have been committed to return to Chicago, from wherever they may be performing, to stage the solstice event which commemorates the northern hemisphere's shortest day. (In most years, about a week later Drake performs again in Chicago with the DKV Trio.) About the winter event Drake has said,
Occasionally, including in 2020, the Hamid Drake & Michael Zerang Duo have also performed a summer solstice concert in Chicago.  The duo has released two albums – Ask the Sun (1996) and For Ed Blackwell (2015, recorded in 1995).

Partial discography

As leader/coleader
 Emancipation Proclamation: A Real Statement of Freedom (Okka Disk, 1999, [2000]) with Joe McPhee
 The All-Star Game (Eremite, 2000, [2003]) with Marshall Allen, Kidd Jordan, William Parker, and Alan Silva
 Reggaeology (RogueArt, 2010)
 Blissful (RogueArt, 2008)
 Bindu (RogueArt, 2005)
 Hu: Vibrational Universal Mother (Soul Jazz)
 Live at Okuden (ESP-Disk, 2016)
 Some Good News (Otoroku, 2021)
with DKV Trio
 See also: Ken Vandermark discography#DKV Trio

with Indigo Trio
 The Ethiopian Princess Meets the Tantric Priest (RogueArt, 2011)
 Anaya (RogueArt, 2009)
 Live in Montreal (Greenleaf, 2007)

with Mandingo Griot Society
 Mandingo Griot Society
 Mighty Rhythm
 Watto Sitta

with Adam Rudolph
 Contemplations
 12 Arrows
 Dream Garden

with Pharoah Sanders and Adam Rudolph
 Spirits (Meta, 2000)

with Irène Schweizer
 Celebration (Intakt, 2021)

with Spaceways Inc.
See also: Ken Vandermark discography#with Spaceways Inc.

with The Turbine! (Harrison Bankhead, Benjamin Duboc, Drake, Ramon Lopez)
 Entropy/Enthalpy (RogueArt, 2015)

Various duos
 Drake/Stewart – Timelines
 Drake/Mateen – Brothers Together
 Drake/McPhee – Emancipation Proclamation
 Drake/Tsahar – Live at Glenn Miller Café
 Drake/Tsahar – Soul Bodies vol. 1
 Drake/Zerang – Ask the Sun (1996, Okka Disk/Pink Palace)
 Drake/Zerang – For Ed Blackwell, recorded 1995 (2015, Pink Palace)

As sideman
With Fred Anderson
 Another Place (Moers, 1978)
 Dark Day (Message, 1979); reissue as Dark Day + Live in Verona (Atavastic, 2001)
 The Missing Link (Nessa, 1979, issued 1984)
 The Milwaukee Tapes Vol. 1 (Atavistic, 1980, issued 2000)
 Destiny (Okka Disk, 1995)
 Birdhouse (Okka Disk, 1996)
 Live at the Velvet Lounge (Okka Disk, 1999)
 2 Days in April (Eremite, 2000)
 Fred Anderson Quartet Volume Two (Asian Improv, 2000)
 On the Run, Live at the Velvet Lounge (Delmark, 2001)
 Back Together Again (Thrill Jockey, 2004)
 Blue Winter (Eremite, 2005)
 Timeless, Live at the Velvet Lounge (Delmark, 2006)
 From the River to the Ocean (Thrill Jockey, 2007)

with Irene Schweizer and Fred Anderson
 Willisau & Taktlos (Intakt, 2007)

with Malachi Thompson
Freebop Now! (Delmark, 1998)

with Scott Fields
 Five Frozen Eggs (Music and Arts/Clean Feed, 1997/2011)
 Dénouement (Geode/Clean Feed, 1999/2011)

with William Parker
 Painter's Spring (Thirsty Ear, 2000)
 Piercing the Veil (AUM Fidelity, 2001) – reissued in 2007 as Piercing the Veil + First Communion
 O'Neal's Porch (AUM Fidelity, 2000)
 Eloping with the Sun (Riti, 2001) – with Joe Morris and William Danced
 Raining on the Moon (Thirsty Ear, 2002)
 Scrapbook (Thirsty Ear, 2003)
 Sound Unity (AUM Fidelity, 2005)
 Summer Snow (AUM Fidelity, 2005 [2007])
 Corn Meal Dance (AUM Fidelity, 2007)
 Alphaville Suite (RogueArt, 2007)
 I Plan to Stay a Believer (AUM Fidelity, 2010)
 Double Sunrise Over Neptune (AUM Fidelity, 2007)
 Petit Oiseau (AUM Fidelity, 2007)
 Essence of Ellington (Centering, 2012)
 Wood Flute Songs (AUM Fidelity, 2013)
 Organic Grooves [Parker/Drake] – Black Cherry
 Palm of Soul – Jordan/Parker/Drake
 The Last Dances – Drake/Gahnold/Parker

with Roy Campbell
 Ethnic Stew and Brew

with Herbie Hancock
 Sound-System
 Jazz Africa

with David Murray
 Gwotet
 Live in Berlin
 Waltz Again

with Rob Brown
 The Big Picture (Marge, 2004)

with Albert Beger and William Parker
 Evolving Silence Vol. 1 (Earsay's Jazz, 2005)
 Evolving Silence Vol. 2 (Earsay's Jazz, 2006)

with Chicago Trio
 Velvet Songs (RogueArt, 2011)

with Peter Brotzmann
 Brötzmann/Drake – The Dried Rat–Dog
 Brötzmann/Drake – Brötzmann/Drake
 Brötzmann/Kessler/Drake – Live at the Empty Bottle
 Brötzmann/Mahmoud Gania/Drake – The Wels Concert
 Brötzmann/Moukhtar Gania/Drake – The Catch of a Ghost
 Brötzmann/Kondo/Parker/Drake – Die Like a Dog: Fragments of Music, Life and Death of Albert Ayler
 Brötzmann/Parker/Drake – Never Too Late But Always Too Early
 Brötzmann Chicago Tentet – Broken English
 Brötzmann Chicago Octet/Tentet – The Chicago Octet/Tentet
 Brötzmann Chicago Tentet – Images
 Brötzmann Chicago Tentet – Short Visit to Nowhere
 Brötzmann Chicago Tentet – Signs
 Brötzmann Chicago Tentet – Stone/Water
 Brötzmann/Die Like a Dog – Aoyama Crows
 Brötzmann/Die Like a Dog – Close Up
 Brötzmann/Die Like a Dog – From Valley to Valley
 Brötzmann/Die Like a Dog – Little Birds Have Fast Hearts No. 1
 Brötzmann/Die Like a Dog – Little Birds Have Fast Hearts No. 2
 Parker/Brötzmann – The Bishop's Move
 Drake/Brötzmann/Hopkins – The Atlanta Concert

with Marilyn Crispell and Peter Brötzmann
 Hyperion (Music & Arts, 1995)

with Steve Swell
 Swimming in a Galaxy of Goodwill and Sorrow (RogueArt, 2007)

with IsWhat?!
 You Figure It Out (Hyena, 2004)
 The Life We Chose (Hyena, 2006)

with Painkiller
 50th Birthday Celebration Volume 12 (2003)

with Beans
 Only (with William Parker) (2006)

with Yakuza
 Transmutations (Prosthetic, (2007)

with Joshua Abrams
 Magnetoception (Eremite Records MTE-63/64, (2015)

with Mako Sica
 Ronda (Feeding Tube co-released with Astral Spirits/Instant Classic, (2018)
 Balancing Tear (Feeding Tube co-released with Astral Spirits, 2020)
 Ourania featuring Tatsu Aoki & Thymme Jones (Feeding Tube/Instant Classic, 2021)

with Chico Freeman / George Freeman
 All in the Family (Southport, (2015)

with Pharoah Sanders
 Message from Home (Verve, 1996)

with David S. Ware
 Live in the World (Thirsty Ear, 2005)

with Hugh Ragin
 Revelation (Justin Time, 2004)

with Natural Information Society
 Since Time Is Gravity (Eremite, 2023)

References

External links
 Complete discography
 Hamid Drake at drummerworld.com
 Hamid Drake at RogueArt jazz label
 FMP releases
 Hamid Drake at Allmusic.com
 Hamid Drake/Iswhat?! video interview at Allaboutjazz

Avant-garde jazz musicians
American jazz drummers
American percussionists
American reggae musicians
Jazz musicians from Chicago
1955 births
Living people
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Painkiller (band) members
ESP-Disk artists
AUM Fidelity artists
RogueArt artists
FMR Records artists
Okka Disk artists

Hamid Drake


Büyükada () is an island in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul, Turkey.

Büyükada is a tourist location for people from Istanbul for holidays. In Büyükada there are no cars allowed. The only cars are owned by the police, fire department and the other local authorities. The bicycle is the most common transport used in the island. Romanlar live there and works as Coachmen.

Islands of Turkey

Büyükada


The Fundació Antoni Tàpies (, 'Antoni Tàpies Foundation') is a cultural center and museum, located in Carrer d'Aragó, in Barcelona, Catalonia. It is dedicated mainly to the life and works of the painter Antoni Tàpies.

The Fundació was created in 1984 by the artist Antoni Tàpies to promote the study and knowledge of modern and contemporary art. It combines the organisation of temporary exhibitions, symposia, lectures and film seasons with a range of publications to go with the activities and periodic shows of Tàpies' work.

The Fundació owns one of the most complete collections of Tàpies' work, mostly made up of donations by Antoni and Teresa Tàpies.

The building
The Fundació opened in June 1990 in the building of the former Montaner i Simon publishing house, a work of the architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner, restored and refurbished by the architects Roser Amadó and Lluís Domènech Girbau. Constructed between 1880 and 1885, at an early stage of the evolution of Catalan Modernisme style, the building was the first in the Eixample district to integrate industrial typology, combining exposed brick and iron.

Recent Exhibitions
Susan Meiselas. Mediations Until January 14, 2018
Antoni Tàpies. Objects Until January 14, 2018

Website

Fundació Antoni Tàpies museum, Barcelona

Transport
Barcelona Metro station Passeig de Gràcia (L2, L3, L4)

See also
List of museums in Barcelona

References

External links

Visitor Report (in German)

Art museums and galleries in Catalonia
Biographical museums in Spain
Museums in Barcelona
Foundations based in Catalonia
Eixample
Art museums established in 1990
1990 establishments in Spain
Tapies

Fundació Antoni Tàpies


Sérgio de Oliveira Cabral Santos Filho (born January 27, 1963) is a Brazilian politician and a journalist

He was elected governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro in the 2006 Brazilian general election and sworn into office on January 1, 2007. Cabral Filho was a representative in the Rio de Janeiro state legislature from 1991 to 2002 and its president from 1995 to 2002. In the 2002 general elections, he was elected senator for the state of Rio de Janeiro, a position he occupied from January 2003 until December 2006, when he resigned to run in the Rio de Janeiro gubernatorial elections, having been replaced in Brazilian Senate by .

He ran for mayor of Rio de Janeiro in 1996 on a PSDB Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) ticket, but his election as governor happened after he switched to the PMDB (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party). He and his running mate, Luiz Fernando de Sousa, won 68% of the valid votes (5,129,064 votes) in the second round of voting against the Popular Socialist Party (PPS) candidate Denise Frossard, who received only 32% of valid votes.

Cabral was selected to make formal apologies to 120 individuals, including Dilma Rousseff, Brazil's 36th president, for human rights abuses inflicted on them during the dictatorship that was in power in Brazil from 1964 to 1985.

On November 17, 2016, Cabral was arrested on charges of corruption. He has been sentenced to jail.

Tenure as governor
Cabral became governor at a time of uncertain economic prospects and serious security challenges in his state of Rio de Janeiro.  During the election campaign for governor in 2006, he had praised the "zero tolerance" security model touted by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and pledged to root out police corruption and improve services in Rio's favelas.

After visiting Colombia in 2007 to observe that country's success in the realm of public safety, Cabral secured additional funding for the police and tasked Public Security Secretary, José Mariano Beltrame with spearheading a plan to improve security.  In 2008, the state and city governments launched a community policing program called Pacifying Police Units, or UPPs, in Rio. In contrast to previous police practices, UPPs created a sustained, long-term police presence in favelas, including the Cidade de Deus, Complexo do Alemão and Santa Marta. Their operations made use of Rio military police's BOPE units in fighting urban crime and also use their Police Pacification Units for extended policing.  These methods led to decreased homicide rates in the favelas where UPPs were set up.

The magazine Brasil de Fato described him in 2007 as a political figure who " relentlessly justifies police violence in poor areas of the city. His latest statement was to claim that people living in the favelas are being paid by drug traffickers to complain about police raids."

In healthcare, Cabral launched a mobile health unit that travels around the state giving free tests to the public in local areas.

Cabral also streamlined management of the state's finances through tax adjustments and adoption of strict modern management techniques such as electronic bidding. These measures led Rio de Janeiro to become the first Brazilian state to be ranked as "investment grade", by the world's most important risk rating agency, Standard & Poor's. At the time, the agency announced that "the strong management that has prevailed in the State over the past three years" and the fact that the state was "backed by a strong and diverse economy with an estimated GDP per capita of around 25% above the average in Brazil" made it achieve a global rating of "BBB-" and a "brAAA" credit rating on national scale.

His first tenure as governor was also marked by achievements for the LGBT community, especially the creation of Rio Sem Homofobia (Rio Without Homophobia), a program that aims to combat homophobia in public policies in the state. Cabral was also the first governor of Rio de Janeiro to participate in an LGBT parade.

In transportation, Cabral renovated the fleet of SuperVia trains, which had only ten trains in 2007 with air conditioning. Today, all 100 trains have air conditioning. He was also the governor who built most kilometers of underground metro lines since the subway began operation in the 1970s.

Security improvements, economic growth and Rio winning the bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics helped to increase Cabral's popularity and led him to an easy re-election victory in the 2010 Rio de Janeiro gubernatorial election, with more than 66% of the vote. He was seen as a key ally to Presidents Lula and Dilma and was regarded as potential vice presidential candidate.

Awards

On September 14, 2009, Sérgio Cabral received the Légion d'honneur (National Order of the Legion of Honor), the highest award of the French government. The medal ceremony took place in Paris in the French Senate.

On May 8, 2008, Cabral received an award as the 2008 Personalidade Cidadania, or Good Citizen Award, for the roster of his political and social achievements during his tenure in the legislative and executive branches of government. He was selected by 4,327 representatives from various segments of civil society, by direct voting. The prize is an initiative of Unesco, Folha Dirigida and Associação Brasileira de Imprensa (ABI).

In 2013, Cabral received the Brazilian Person of the Year award from the Spain-Brazil Chamber of Commerce for his contribution to health and public safety in state of Rio through the projects of the public health assistance units and UPPs.

Corruption charges and arrest

Recently, he was accused of charging 5% on every contract awarded to Odebrecht, including those for restoring the Maracanã stadium and the Coperj railroad.
According to the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, he was implicated in Operation Car Wash by Benedicto Barbosa da Silva Júnior, the companies' director.

On November 17, 2016, the Federal Police of Brazil arrested Sérgio Cabral and seven other persons (including former secretaries of his government), as part of Operation Car Wash.

He was accused of embezzling 224 million Brazilian reals, more than $80 million US. On December 6, 2016, the court heard charges filed by the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF), then charged Sérgio Cabral with corruption, racketeering and money laundering.
On the same day, Adriana Ancelmo, Cabral's wife, was also arrested.

In February 2017, the MPF-RJ accused Cabral as part of Operation Efficiency, another operation connected to Operation Car Wash.

On 13 June 2017, he was sentenced to 14 years and two months of imprisonment for passive corruption and money laundering. On 20 September 2017 he was sentenced to an additional 45 years imprisonment for embezzlement.

On July 3, 2018, within the scope of the Carwash probe; failed Brazilian businessman Eike Batista was convicted of bribing Cabral for state government contracts, paying him US$16.6 million. Held at the Gericinó penitentiary in Bangu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Batista was sentenced to 30 year imprisonment; Brazilian law limits sentences to 30 years served.

References

1963 births
Living people
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Governors of Rio de Janeiro (state)
Brazilian journalists
Brazilian male journalists
Members of the Federal Senate (Brazil)
Brazilian Social Democracy Party politicians
Brazilian Democratic Movement politicians
Brazilian politicians convicted of corruption
Bribery scandals
Money laundering

Sérgio Cabral Filho


Wild Heart is the first studio album from Urban Rescue. Sparrow Records alongside Rend Family Records released the album on May 6, 2016.

Critical reception

Matt Conner, indicating in a four star review from CCM Magazine, writes, "The potential here is great." Awarding the album four and a half stars by New Release Today, Caitlin Lassiter describes, "[on] a stunning offering of praise...The newcomers have already mastered their sound, finding the perfectly refreshing balance between fun moments of praise and intimate times of worship. This album is truly an enjoyable listen both sonically and lyrically from beginning to end" Jonathan Andre, giving the album four and a half stars at 365 Days of Inspiring Media, believes, "these honest songs written and performed with much grace, honesty and emotion are sure to be a step in the right direction for the band if they are to become noticed, by fans, other artists and management alike in the upcoming weeks and months ahead." Rating the album four and a half stars for The Christian Beat, Chris Major suggests, "Each song on Wild Heart presents a beautiful array of acoustic and electronic songs, complemented by words of energetic praise and reverent worship." Alex Caldwell, signaling in a three star review by Jesus Freak Hideout, says, "With some nice individual moments of creativity alongside a few more dull ones, Wild Heart shows Urban Rescue is a band that has it in them to create a truly unique work of praise the next few times around, worthy of the song that the Lord is singing to His people."

Track listing

Chart performance

References

2016 debut albums
Urban Rescue albums
Sparrow Records albums

Wild Heart (Urban Rescue album)


Deptford ( ) is a district of south-east London, England, within the London Borough of Lewisham. From the middle of the 16th century to the late 19th century, Deptford was home to Deptford Dockyard which was the first Royal Navy dockyard. The area declined as the Royal Navy moved out and commercial docks closed. The last dock, Convoys Wharf, closed in the year 2000.

Areas of London

Deptford


René Descartes (31 Mairch 1596 – 11 Februar 1650) wis a kenspeckle French philosopher mathematician, writer. He wrote beuks that are gey important in maths, pheesics, an especially filosofie. His thocht on dualism soudered sowel, mynd, bouk, an elements intae a dualistic idea o mynd an maiter.

Descartes and pheesics (the study o the warld)
In his Screed on Method (1637), Descartes clarkit aboot the scienteefic method anent scienteefic approach, thinkin, a method that he hae clecked. He an aa wrate anen shapes (Geometry), licht (Dioptrics), an the wather (Meteorology). He syne shapit a wey o descriving shapes bi notin coordinates, an forby a theory o what a wattergaw is. Descartes' feesics wis important for a later kenspeckle thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, that said anent him, sae daed James Hook: "Gif A'v seen faurer it is acause A wis stuiden on the shouders o etins!"

Descartes an filosofie (the study o abstract ideas)
In his Meditations on First Filosofie (1641), Descartes uised his scienteefic method tae leuk at filosofical quaistens. He argied forenenst skepticism (the view that the warld wis na real, an daed na exist).

He fand that he hissel buist be real (exist), acause he feelt that he wis thinkin; an gif he wis thinkin, syne he buist be real. This is acause gif he war na real, then hou wad he hae this feelin that he wis thinkin. He shortened this view, sayin in Laitin, "Cogito ergo sum," meanin "A think, syne A am."

He thocht he coud kythe that God exists an aw, in the same wey that he feelt that he wis thinkin. Descartes said that God wis the same as infineety an that he coud clearly see infineety acause he coud think o ilka muckler object but no muckle maist object. Descartes said that gif God exists syne the warld buist exist an aw, acause God wis good an wad na lat us think the warld is real (exists) gif it daed na.

At lang an last, Descartes thocht that acause he ken he wis thinkin, but coud anerlie ken ochtlins ense aboot hissel (for ensaumple that he haed twa airms an twa legs) acause he ken that God exists, then he buist in fact be shapit o twa things: the mynd that thinks an the bouk that is independent o thocht process but unitit. This is cried "dualism".

Descartes uised a lot o ideas relatit tae Plato, whaurby maist fowk at that speal uised ideas relatit tae Aristotle. He is aften cried a raitionalist, acause he leukit in o his mynd for answers tae his quaistens. Awtho Descartes socht tae fecht skepticism, his descriving o it in the meditations haes acome gey kent an is aften cried Cartesian dout for him.

1596 births
1650 daiths
17t-century French writers
17t-century Laitin-leid writers
17t-century French mathematicians
17t-century philosophers
Buirials at the Aibey o Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Christian philosophers
Consciousness researchers an theorists
Creetics o ainimal richts
Daiths frae pneumonia
Early modren filosofers
Enlichtenment philosophers
French expatriates in Swaden
French expatriates in the Netherlands
French mathematicians
French muisic theorists
French philosophers
French scientists
French Roman Catholics
History o neuroscience
Humor researchers
Infectious disease daiths in Swaden
Leid creators
Leiden Varsity alumni
Metaphysicians
Naitural filosofers
Fowk frae Indre-et-Loire
Fowk o the Dutch Gowden Age
Filosofers o mynd
Filosofers o science
Rationalists
Roman Catholic filosofers
Varsity o Poitiers alumni
Epistemologists

René Descartes


Video games were introduced as an entertainment medium in 1971, becoming the start for a big entertainment industry in the late 1970s/early 1980s in the United States, Japan, and Europe. After a bad industry collapse in 1983 and a rebirth two years later, the video game industry has experienced large growth for over twenty years. Now, it is a $10 billion industry and it earns almost as much money as the motion picture industry.
Nowadays, we have companies such as Xbox, PlayStation, and Nintendo that are very popular in most countries.

Video games

History of computer and video games


Ahmed Sekou Toure () adalah Presiden pertama Guinea. Ia menjadi presiden pada periode 1958-1984.

Pada Oktober 2021, pada peringatan 50 tahun pembantaian Oktober 1971, kerabat dari 70 orang Guinea yang dieksekusi di bawah rezim Sekou Touré meminta Presiden Mamady Doumbouya untuk rehabilitasi dan pemakaman yang bermartabat bagi para korban.

Referensi

 Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African. 'Ahmed Sékou Touré pp1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999). ISBN 0-465-00071-1
 Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Sage Publications (2005) ISBN 0-7619-2762-X
  Ibrahima Baba Kake. Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
 Lansiné Kaba. From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957-1984; in Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960-1980. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis(eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
 Phineas Malinga. Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy in African Communist. 1985 N° 100, pp. 56–64.
 Baruch Hirson. Communalism and Socialism in Africa: The Misdirection of C.L.R . James. Communalism and Socialism in Africa, 1989.
 John Leslie. Towards an African socialism, International Socialism (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp.15–19.
  Alpha Mohamed Sow, Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen), in Les ethnies ont une histoire, Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp. 386–405, KARTHALA Editions (2003) ISBN 2-84586-389-6
 Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's :fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré.

Artikel Berita

 New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and GuineaBy THOMAS F. BRADY Special to The New York Times. May 2, 1959, Saturday Page 2, 339
 GUINEA SHUNS TIE TO WORLD BLOCS; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By JOHN B. OAKES, The New York Times, October 25, 1959, Sunday Page 16, 576 words
 Red Aid to Guinea Rises By HOMER BIGART Special to The New York Times. March 6, 1960, Sunday Page 4, 608 words
 HENRY TANNER. REGIME IN GUINEA SEIZES 2 UTILITIES; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation, Special to The New York Times. February 2, 1961, Thursday, Page 3, 336 words
 TOURE SAYS REDS PLOTTED A COUP; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), New York Times. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, Page 14, 247 words
 Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Guinea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam July 8, 1962, Sunday The New York Times Magazine, Page 146, 3783 words
 GUINEA RELAXES BUSINESS CURBS; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), The New York Times, December 8, 1963, Sunday Page 24, 333 words
 U.S. PEACE CORPS OUSTED BY GUINEA; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By RICHARD EDER Special to The New York Times, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, Page 11, 655 words
 Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, The New York Times, January 26, 1968, Friday Page 52, 578 words
 ALFRED FRIENDLY Jr. TOURE ADOPTING A MODERATE TONE; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. New York Times. April 28, 1968, Sunday, Page 13, 525 words
 Ebb of African 'Revolution', The New York Times, December 7, 1968, Saturday Page 46, 305 words
 Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), The New York Times, January 16, 1969, Thursday Page 10, 139 words
 Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), The New York Times, March 22, 1969, Saturday Page 14, 146 words
 12 FOES OF REGIME DOOMED IN GUINEA Special to The New York Times May 16, 1969, Friday Page 2, 213 words
 Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea by Portuguese By The Associated Press, The New York Times, November 23, 1970, Monday Page 1, 644 words
 Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, The New York Times, November 29, 1970, Sunday, Page 194, 717 words
 GUINEAN IS ADAMANT ON DEATH SENTENCES, The New York Times, January 29, 1971, Friday. Page 3, 145 words
 Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; GUINEA IS SEEKING HELP ON BAUXITE, The New York Times, February 15, 1971, Monday Section: BUSINESS AND FINANCE, Page 34, 897 words
 Political Ferment Hurts Guinea, The New York Times, January 31, 1972, Monday Section: SURVEY OF AFRICA'S ECONOMY, Page 46, 464 words
 GUINEAN, IN TOTAL REVERSAL, ASKS MORE U.S. INVESTMENT By BERNARD WEINRAUB, The New York Times,, ; Foreign Desk July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 5, 592 words
 GUINEA IS SLOWLY BREAKING OUT OF ITS TIGHT COCOON By ALAN COWELL, The New York Times,, ; Foreign Desk, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1098 words
 IN REVOLUTIONARY GUINEA, SOME OF THE FIRE IS GONE By ALAN COWELL, The New York Times,, ; Foreign Desk, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1181 words
 GUINEA'S PRESIDENT, SEKOU TOURE, DIES IN CLEVELAND CLINIC By CLIFFORD D. MAY, The New York Times,, ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, 1253 words
 THOUSANDS MOURN DEATH OF TOURE By CLIFFORD D. MAY The New York Times, ; Foreign Desk, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 1, 591 words
 AHMED SEKOU TOURE, A RADICAL HERO By ERIC PACE The New York Times, ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 6, Column 1, 1249 words
 IN POST-COUP GUINEA, A JAIL IS THROWN OPEN. CLIFFORD D. MAY. Special to The New York Times. Foreign Desk, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 4, 1336 words.
 TOPICS; HOW TO RUN THINGS, OR RUIN THEM, The New York Times, March 29, 1984.
 Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm, The New York Times, April 7, 1984.
 Guinea Frees Toure's Widow, REUTERS, The New York Times, January 3, 1988.
 How France Shaped New Africa, HOWARD W. FRENCH, The New York Times, February 28, 1995.
 Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution, KAREN DE WITT, The New York Times, April 14, 1996.
 Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times, November 16, 1998.
 'Mass graves' found in Guinea. BBC, 22 October 2002.
 Stokely Speaks (Book Review), ROBERT WEISBROTThe New York Times Review of Books, November 23, 2003.

Pranala luar

 More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)
 BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule (1959).
 Conflict history: Guinea , 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group.
 WebGuinee: Camp Boiro Memorial . Extensive list of reports and articles on the human rights history of Guinea, maintained by AfriQ*Access, Inc., a privately held, Washington, DC-based digital communications and information company.

Presiden Guinea
Pemimpin Perang Dingin

Ahmed Sekou Toure


The Bundesversammlung, or Federal Convention, is a special federal body in Germany.

It is made up of all of the members of the Bundestag, plus an equal number of delegates elected by the parliaments of the Länder. Those delegates don't have to be memebers of the Länder parliaments; sometimes celebrities are chosen.

The convention usually has for about 1200 members. The only task of the Bundesversammlung is to elect the Federal President.

Meeting

The Bundesversammlung is called to meet by the President of the Bundestag, and the President of the Bundestag acts as Chairman of the Bundesversammlung.

The Bundesversammlung meets at least thirty days before the end of the Federal President's term of office ends, in order to elect the next president.  If the Federal President dies or is impeached, the Bundesversammlung meets within 30 days.

Electing the President
The Bundesversammlung does not hold debates or question any of the candidates for president.
It chooses the next Federal President by an absolute majority vote.  If no-one has an absolute majority on the first and second ballot, then they hold a third ballot, and the winner is the person who has the highest number of votes.

German Bundestag
Government of Germany
President of Germany
Electoral colleges

Federal Convention (Germany)


Conducting in music means beating time to help a group of musicians to sing or play well together.

If an orchestra is playing music, it is important that they all play exactly together.  They need to know exactly when to start, what tempo (speed) to go, how loud or quietly to play, and what the mood of the music should be.  If a small number of people play music together (like in a chamber orchestra), they can talk about this amongst themselves. One person can nod with his/her head or with the bow of a string instrument to help the group to start and finish together.

With larger orchestras, such as a symphony orchestra, there are so many people (almost a hundred of them in some cases) that they need a separate person to lead. This person is called the conductor.

History

In the 17th century, orchestras were usually small enough that they did not need a conductor. Often they were directed by the keyboard player or lead violinist. But as orchestras grew in size and began using a wider variety of instruments, it became a convention of having someone who was not playing any instrument to stand, facing the orchestra, as the director or conductor. One early conductor was the French composer Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687), who beat time by banging a big stick (like a walking stick) on the floor to the time of the music. One day he banged his stick so hard, it went through his foot, and he died of gangrene.

Conducting as we know it today had become normal by the 19th century. The composer Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) was known to be a very good conductor as well. Some conductors in Victorian times behaved like they wanted to show off. At around the same time, Louis Antoine Jullien (1812-1860) was a French conductor who wore white gloves, which were presented to him on a silver tray at the start of the concert. He dressed in expensive clothes and his long black hair waved all over the place as he conducted. He was very successful, in France at first, in the UK afterwards, and then even in the US, where he worked with the showman P.T. Barnum. His concerts were a mix of dance and "classical" music, always with the best musicians. His life was so strange that a biography (in French) has been published ( ).

The British conductor Sir Henry Wood (1869-1944), who was famous for conducting The Proms, was a well-liked man who was respected and loved by orchestras and audiences.

Technique of conducting

Conductors usually beat time with their right hand.  This leaves their left hand free to show the various instruments when they come in (when they start playing) and to give interpretative gestures, such as indicating when to play louder or softer, or faster or slower.  Most conductors have a stick called a "baton".  It makes it easier for people at the back of large orchestras or choirs to see the beat.  Other conductors, such as those who lead singers, prefer not to use a baton.  A conductor stands on a small platform called a "rostrum".

To be a good conductor is not easy. It is not just a question of giving a steady beat. A good conductor will know the music extremely well, understand how the composer wanted the music to sound, be able to figure out the technical details, and know how to be able to work with the orchestra to create great music everyone would want to listen to. Having good communication skills would help a lot, but some conductors speak very little during their rehearsals. They make everything clear through the way they conduct.

Famous conductors

Some of the most famous conductors of the past were: Gustav Mahler, Hans Richter, Arthur Nikisch, Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter,  Wilhelm Furtwängler, Herbert von Karajan, Leopold Stokowski, Georg Solti, John Barbirolli, Otto Klemperer, George Szell and Leonard Bernstein.

Some of the most famous conductors today are: Marin Alsop, Riccardo Chailly, Gustavo Dudamel, Sir Simon Rattle, Andris Nelsons, Valery Gergiev and Bernard Haitink.

Titles
The main conductor who is in charge of an orchestra is often given the title "musical director".  This will usually mean that he or she has a lot of power in the organization of the orchestra, such as choosing the music that will be performed at each concert or inviting soloists to perform with the orchestra. Orchestras may give honorary titles to their conductor, such as "conductor laureate".

A "guest conductor" is one who conducts an orchestra regularly, but is not the main conductor. Typically, he or she would be invited by the main conductor to conduct a performance now and then. An "assistant conductor" will often be a young conductor who helps the main conductor and gets the chance to conduct some of the concerts. Leonard Bernstein became famous in 1953 as the assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic when he led a concert, which was being broadcast nationally on CBS Radio, without having time to prepare for it. He would be the main director of that orchestra from 1958 to 1969.

References

Musical performance techniques

Conducting


[[File:thesos.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of RMS Titanics captain and radio operator, titled "The S.O.S"]]SOS (· · · — — — · · ·) is a Morse code. It is used as distress code, to signal danger. It was introduced by the German government in radio regulations on April 1, 1905. It became the worldwide standard when it was included in the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906. The convention became effective on July 1, 1908.

From the beginning, the SOS distress signal has actually been a continuous sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, all run together without letter spacing. In International Morse Code, three dits form the letter S, and three dahs make the letter O, so "SOS" became an easy way to remember the correct order of the dits and dahs. In modern terminology, SOS is a "procedural signal" or "prosign", and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters. It should be written SOS.

In popular usage, SOS became associated with phrases such as "Save Our Souls," "Save our Ship", and others. It is mostly known by "Save Our Ship". However, these phrases were a later development, most likely as a Mnemonic to help remember the correct letters—something known as a backronym.  In reality the signal SOS is not an acronym and doesn't stand for anything.

Many songs have been made of the distress signal SOS, such as Message in a Bottle by The Police, "SOS" by ABBA, "SOS" by Rihanna, "S.O.S." by the Jonas Brothers, "Stranger" by Gamma, "S.O.S" by The Suicide Machines, "S.O.S" by Ola Svensson and "SOS" by Avicii.

 Early developments
Before radio communication was developed in the early 1890s, seagoing ships had already adopted many different visual and audio distress signals. They used such things as semaphore flags, signal flares, bells, and foghorns. In the beginning, radio was called wireless telegraphy. It used Morse code, the dit-and-dah system originally developed for landline telegraphy.When radio communication was made available to ships, there was a need for standardized communication. Cooperation was somewhat limited by national differences and rivalries between different radio companies.

The first International Radiotelegraphic Conference was held in Berlin, Germany in 1903. At the time, Captain Quintino Bonomo, an Italian representative, discussed the need for common operating procedures. He also had the suggestion that "ships in distress... should send the signal SSS DDD at intervals of a few minutes", according to "The Wireless Telegraph Conference", in the November 27, 1903, issue of The Electrician. Question on how to do things were beyond the scope of the 1903 Conference. Although Article IV of the Conference's Final Protocol, signed August 13, 1903, said that "Wireless telegraph stations should unless practically impossible, give priority to calls for help received from ships at sea," no standard signal was adopted at the time.

Because there were no international regulations, each ship was left to develop its own practices. For example in 1905 the crew of a sinking lightship off Nantucket transmitted the word "HELP" to call for rescue. Perhaps the first international radio distress call adopted was "CQD" ( — · — ·    — — · —    — · · ).
This was announced on January 7, 1904 by "Circular 57" of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company. It became effective for Marconi installations on February 1, 1904. Another suggestion appeared in the 1906 edition of S. S. Robison's "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians," published for use by the United States Navy. This stated that the standard visual flag signals, known as the International Code of Signals, would likely also be adopted for radio use. Therefore, the flag signal "NC" ( — ·     — · — · ), which stood for "In distress; want immediate assistance", would also likely become the radio distress call.

 SOS created in Germany
A third standard resulted in the creation of the SOS distress signal. The German government issued a set of national radio regulations. These were used from April 1, 1905. They introduced three new Morse code sequences, including the SOS distress signal:
 Ruhezeichen ("Cease-sending signal"), consisting of six dashes ( — — — — — — ). The signal was sent by shore stations to tell other local stations to stop transmitting.
 Suchzeichen ("Quest signal"), made of three-dits/three dahs/one-dit, all run together (· · · — — — · ). The signal was used by ships to get the attention of shore stations.
 Notzeichen ("Distress signal"), consisting of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits (· · · — — — · · · ), also in a continuous sequence, "to be repeated by a ship in distress until all other stations have stopped working".

SOS was developed from the general German radio call "SOE", with the 3 dits of a "S" easier to hear in static than the one dit of an "E". The string has no other meaning. It was also selected because it is easy to recognize and can be sent rapidly. Comparing SOS (di-di-di-dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit) with the older CQD (dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-di-dah dah-di-dit) (— ·—· /—— ·—/—· ·) it is obvious how much simpler the new code is. It would not be mistaken for CQ,either. CQ is the radio code for "calling anyone" used in casual circumstances.

In 1906, the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention was held in Berlin. This convention developed many Service Regulations to be added to the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen distress signal as the international standard, reading: "Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · — — — · · ·  repeated at brief intervals". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been the Cunard liner Slavonia on June 10, 1909, according to "Notable Achievements of Wireless" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics. However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators about adopting the new signal, and, as late as the April, 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. But with the need for consistency for public safety, the use of CQD appears to have generally disappeared after this point.

In both the April 1, 1905 German law, and the 1906 International regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents. However, in International Morse three dits make the letter S, and three dahs the letter O, and it soon became common to refer to the distress signal as "SOS." An early report on "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention" in the January 12, 1907 Electrical World said that "Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals." (In American Morse code, which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral "5", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as "S5S").

In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter, the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits-and-dahs, and not as individual letters. There was no problem as long as operators were aware that "SOS" was technically just a convenient way for remembering the proper sequence of the distress signal's total of nine dits and dahs. In later years, the number of special Morse symbols increased. In order to designate the proper sequence of dits-and-dahs for a long special symbol, the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters which contain the same dits-and-dahs in the same order, with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission. Thus, under the modern notation, the distress signal becomes SOS. (In International Morse, VTB, IJS and SMB, among others, would also correctly translate into the · · · — — — · · ·  distress call sequence, but traditionally only SOS is used).

SOS has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal, consisting of three-short/three-long/three-short light flashes, or with "SOS" spelled out in individual letters, for example, stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach. The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down became important for visual recognition if viewed from above.

 Famous SOS calls
 RMS Lusitania
 RMS Titanic
 HMHS Britannic
 SS Andrea Doria

 Later developments
Additional warning and distress signals were introduced after SOS. On January 20, 1914, the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( —  —  —), three letter T's (—) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (- - -'''), as the "Safety Signal," used for messages to ships "involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character." When radio transmitters that could send audio were developed, there was a need for a spoken distress phrase, and "Mayday" was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS. For TTT the equivalent audio signals are "Pan-pan" for urgency and "Securite" for navigational safety.

During the Second World War, additional codes were used to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels, especially in the Battle of the Atlantic. The signal SSS signalled attacked by submarines, whilst RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider, QQQ warned of an unknown raider (usually an auxiliary cruiser), and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft. They were usually sent in conjunction with the SOS distress code. All of these codes later switched from three repeats of the letter to four repeats ("RRRR", etc.).

References

 "The Wireless Telegraph Conference", The Electrician, November 27, 1903, pages 157–160, 214.
 Final Protocol, First International Radio Telegraphic Conference, Berlin, 1903.
 Regelung der Funkentelegraphie im Deutschen Reich , Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, April 27, 1905, pages 413–414.
 German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy , The Electrician, May 5, 1905, pages 94–95.
 Robison, S. S., "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians", 1st edition, 1906.
 1906 International Wireless Telegraph Convention , U.S. Government Printing Office.
 "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention", Electrical World, January 12, 1907, pages 83–84.
 "S 5 S" Rivals "C Q D" for Wireless Honors , Popular Mechanics, February, 1910, page 156.
 Notable Achievements of Wireless , Modern Electrics, September, 1910, page 315.
 Collins, Francis A., Some Stirring Wireless Rescues , from "The Wireless Man", 1912, pages 104–141.
 Turnball, G. E., "Distress Signalling" , The Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1913, pages 318–322 (includes text of "Circular 57").
 Dilks, John H. III, "Why SOS?" in QST'', June, 2007, pages 88–89.

Signalling
Radio
Encodings

SOS


Ernesto Basile (31 January 1857 – 26 August 1932, in Palermo) was an Italian architect and an exponent of modernisme and Liberty style, the Italian variant of Art Nouveau. His style was known for its eclectic fusion of ancient, medieval and modern elements.

Life
He was born in Palermo to a father Giovanni Battista Filippo Basile was also an architect and a professor at the University of Palermo. Ernesto graduated in 1878 as an architect in Palermo in the Royal School of Engineering and Architecture (). During the 1880s he lived in Rome. There in 1887 he married Ida Negrini and became assistant professor at the University of Rome. In the following years he was appointed professor of technical architecture in the University of Rome. At that period of his life he travelled in Brazil and in Spain. In 1890 he succeeded his father Giovanni, who died in 1891, as a professor of architecture. Ernesto Basile died on 26 August 1932 in Palermo.

Career
After graduation Basile took part in many architecture competitions. Ernesto Basile created a stylistic hybrid consisting of Roman, Norman and Arab influences. His father had started the construction of the opera house Teatro Massimo Vittorio Emanuele in Palermo on 12 January 1874 but it was stopped for eight years from 1882 until 1890. From 1891 until the completion of the project on 16 May 1897 Basile was the supervising architect of the building. In 1881 Basile took part in a competition held by Francesco Crispi the President of the Council of Ministers of Italy,  regarding the reconstruction of Palazzo Montecitorio, seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. In 1903 his project for the new parliamentary hall was selected and presented by the Prime Minister of Italy Giovanni Giolitti. Basile fused the Roman classicist and Baroque elements of the building with Art Nouveau imagery. The construction of the Italian parliament in the Art Nouveau style was one of the most important moments of early modernism in architecture. It was completed in 1927. In 1911 he was the architect of the construction of the town hall of Reggio Calabria. From 1907 until 1912 he built the Palazzo della Cassa Centrale di Risparmio in Palermo. In 1913-14 he built the Kursaal Biondo theatre, which had asymmetrical Baroque elements, in Palermo.

Notable works

Villino Basile in collaboration with his father Giovanni Basile, 1874–78.
National Exhibition in Palermo, in Arab-Norman style, 1891–92.
Memorial in Calatafimi-Segesta, in order to commemorate the victory of Giuseppe Garibaldi against the Bourbons, 1892.
Teatro Massimo in Palermo, 1891–97.
Villa Firriato in Canicattì, 1898.
Social theatre in Canicattì, 1898.
Florio Vincenzo villa in Palermo, 1899.
Grand Hotel Villa Igiea in Palermo, 1899–1900.
Villino Florio in Palermo, 1899–1902.
Tomba Raccuglia in Palermo, 1900.
Cappella Lanza di Scalea, 1900.
Palazzo Montecitorio, seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies in Rome, 1903–27.
Villino Fassini in Palermo, 1903.
Villino Ida Basile (named after his wife Ida Negrini), 1903–04.
Villa dei Principi Deliella, 1905–07.
Stand Florio in Palermo, 1906.
Municipal Hall of Licata, 1906.
Palazzo Bruno di Belmonte in Ispica, 1906.
Florio Pavilion in Milan, 1906.
Centre of electric power in Caltagirone, 1907.
Expansion of Grand Hotel in Palermo, 1907.
Palazzo della Cassa Centrale di Risparmio in Palermo, 1907–12.
Square of the Sardinian in Messina, 1909.
Villa Manganelli in Catania, 1909–14.
Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali Venezia in Palermo, 1912.
Town Hall of Reggio Calabria, 1918–21.
Kursaal Biondo theatre in Palermo, 1913–14.
Cassa di Risparmio in Messina, 1926–27.
Church of Saint Rosalia in Palermo, 1928.

Writings
 Sculptures and plasters of Giacomo Serpotta (), 1911.
 Architecture and the beginnings of its renewal (), 1882.

References

External links

1857 births
1932 deaths
20th-century Italian architects
Architects from Palermo
Art Nouveau architects
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
Academic staff of the University of Palermo

Ernesto Basile


Software architecture describes the high-level components a software is made of, as well as how they interact with each other. Each component of the system has a well-defined function, as well as a number of interfaces. Using a certain architecture for a system also means making choices. Changing it later on may be difficult and expensive.

Computer science

Software architecture


The Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is an American orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts.  It is one of the great orchestras of the world. They give concerts in the Symphony Hall, Boston.  They also play every summer at the Tanglewood Festival.

The orchestra was started in 1881. Many of the conductors it had during its history were extremely famous, including Arthur Nikisch from 1889 to 1893, and Pierre Monteux from 1919 to 1924 who gave the orchestra a reputation for a "French" sound which many people think it still has today. Serge Koussevitzky was their conductor for many years and made them a world-class orchestra. With Koussevitzky, the orchestra gave  radio broadcasts and made its summer home at Tanglewood, where Koussevitzky founded the Berkshire Music Center, which is now the Tanglewood Music Center.

Koussevitzky asked many famous composers to write music for the orchestra. Works written especially for them include Symphony No. 4 by Sergei Prokofiev and the Symphony of Psalms by Igor Stravinsky. They also gave the first performance of Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra. Since then many other composers have written for the orchestra including Roger Sessions, Andrzej Panufnik and Elliott Carter.

When the conductor Charles Munch took over from Koussevitzky he gave the orchestra their first tour overseas. He was followed in 1962 by Erich Leinsdorf, then  William Steinberg, Seiji Ozawa and, since 2004, James Levine who is the first American-born conductor of the orchestra.

As well as the Boston Symphony Orchestra there is also the Boston Pops Orchestra, founded in 1885, which plays light music, e.g. from show tunes.  Arthur Fiedler conducted them from 1930 until 1979.  He was followed by the film composer John Williams.  Today their conductor is Keith Lockhart.

A small group of principal players from the BSO form the Boston Symphony Chamber Players.  They have being playing since 1964 and perform in Boston, Tanglewood and in other places in USA and Europe.  They have made many recordings.

The Boston Symphony have made many recordings with their conductors since 1917 when they made one of the earliest music recordings conducted by Karl Muck.

Conductors
1881-1884 George Henschel
1884-1889 Wilhelm Gericke
1889-1893 Arthur Nikisch
1893-1898 Emil Paur
1898-1906 Wilhelm Gericke
1906-1908 Karl Muck
1908-1912 Max Fiedler
1912-1918 Karl Muck
1918-1919 Henri Rabaud
1919-1924 Pierre Monteux
1924-1949 Serge Koussevitzky
1949-1962 Charles Munch
1962-1969 Erich Leinsdorf
1969-1972 William Steinberg
1973-2002 Seiji Ozawa
2004-present James Levine

Other websites
 Boston Symphony Orchestra official website

American orchestras
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts

Boston Symphony Orchestra


Siegfried Sassoon (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English poet and novelist, who became widely known as a result of a protest against the First World War that he made in 1917.

Background
Sassoon's father, Alfred, came from a very rich family, but they did not approve of his marriage and as a result he did not inherit any of the family fortune. Sassoon's mother, Theresa, came from a family of artists.  She and Alfred had three sons: Michael, Siegfried and Hamo, but Alfred left her when the children were still very young.  Alfred himself died not long afterwards, leaving Theresa to bring up the three boys. Although they were not as wealthy as Alfred's family, they were able to live comfortably in a large house near the village of Matfield in Kent.

Early life
As a young man, Siegfried could afford to keep a horse and became a very inspiring and a very good professional  rider, but his greatest ambition was to be a millionaire and a poet. He did not succeed in finding a publisher for any of his work until just before the First World War broke out. At that point, he joined the army. He chose the Sussex Yeomanry, in order that his horse could go with him rather than being taken by the authorities for other uses. As a result of a riding accident during training, he was out of action for a while, and he then decided to join an infantry regiment and become an officer. The regiment he joined was the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and he began with the rank of lieutenant.

Eventually Sassoon was sent out to France to fight on the Western Front and was shocked by his experiences there.  He became friends with another poet, Robert Graves, who, although younger than Sassoon, had been at the Front for longer and had grown used to it. He suggested that Sassoon's poetry could be improved if he began to write in a more realistic way about the things he saw and experienced in France, and Sassoon took his advice and changed his style a lot.

By 1917, many of Sassoon's friends, and his brother, had been killed and he had become very angry about the war.  As a result of several acts of bravery, he had been awarded the Military Cross, but he did not see this as a great honour.  When he was sent home to get better from a wound, he met people who were against the war, and, after listening to their ideas, he began to believe that the politicians were making the war last longer than it needed to, instead of using chances to make peace with the Germans.  He decided not to return to his regiment at the end of his time away from the war.  Feeling very depressed and angry, he wrote a letter to his commanding officer, explaining that he was not coming back because he wanted to protest about the war.

When soldiers acted against orders like this, they were normally made to appear at a court-martial.  However, because of Sassoon's good record as a soldier, he was given a chance to change his mind.  His friend Robert Graves told the senior officers how depressed Sassoon was and said that he was too ill to fight. It was decided to send him to a hospital in Edinburgh, which specialised in dealing with officers who were suffering from mental illness. Sassoon did not like being there, because he felt that he was not really ill. He was greatly influenced by his doctor, W. H. R. Rivers, who became a kind of father figure to him. While he was a patient in Edinburgh, he met another young officer, called Wilfred Owen. Owen admired Sassoon's poetry and the two became close friends.  Sassoon helped Owen to write better poetry; this is known because the manuscript of one of Owen's greatest poems, Anthem for Doomed Youth, still exists showing corrections in Sassoon's writing.  Sassoon and Owen were separated after a few months, when Sassoon came to the end of his time at the hospital and agreed to go back to his regiment.

Sassoon was not sent back to France immediately, but fought for a few months in Palestine, where the troops were in less danger of being killed. After that, he returned to France, but after only a short time he was wounded again, and this time it was serious enough to stop him from being sent back.  He stayed in touch with Wilfred Owen. While Sassoon was away fighting, Owen had also been released from hospital, and was being sent back to his regiment in France. Several days before the end of the war, Owen was killed.

During the war, Sassoon's poetry had become very successful. After the war, however, he went through a period of great unhappiness.  His friend Rivers died suddenly, and he felt he had nothing left to write about. He realised that he was homosexual, but he was unable to find a partner he could rely on. He thought of becoming a politician, but began writing for the newspapers instead.  After a few years, a friend suggested that he should write about his experiences in a novel.  Sassoon did so, writing about his early life and calling the book Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man (1928). He published the book without using his name, because he was well known as a poet and did not know if he could write prose. He called the hero of his book "George Sherston", but the character was based on Sassoon himself. The book turned out to be a huge success, and Sassoon wrote two sequels to it. He later wrote three more prose books about his life. This time he did not disguise any of the characters. These books were also very successful.

Later life
At the age of 47, after several homosexual love affairs, Sassoon married. His wife, Hester, was much younger than him, but Sassoon wanted to become a father. They moved into Heytesbury House in Wiltshire, a large house that he had bought with money inherited from his aunt, Rachel Beer. Two years after their marriage, Hester became pregnant with their son George (1936-2006). Hester did not want to have any more children. This became the cause of many quarrels between the couple. After the Second World War, they agreed to divorce, and Hester went to live in Scotland, taking George with her. Sassoon continued to see his son, but he was unable have the close relationship with George that he would have liked.

He continued to be a respected writer until his death, and had many friends in the world of literature, including another poet, Edmund Blunden, whom he had met during the 1920s. In 1951, he was awarded the CBE and in 1957 the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry.

Sassoon had been brought up by his mother in the Church of England, although his father was Jewish. His war experiences made him doubt the existence of God, and he was not interested in religion until towards the end of his life. In 1957, after much heart-searching, he became a Roman Catholic, and remained so until his death at the age of eighty. He was buried in the churchyard at Mells in Somerset.

References

1886 births
1967 deaths
Bisexual Christians
English LGBT writers
English novelists
English poets
English Roman Catholics
Writers from Kent

Siegfried Sassoon


Tezpur is a town in Assam, India. It is on the northern bank of the river Brahmaputra. In a census taken in 2004, about 58,240 people lived there.

Local areas/sites of interest

 Agnigarh hill - Agnigarh - Also Usha-Aniruddha Udyan
 Bhairabi Temple - Durga shrine also known as Maithan or Bhairabi Devalaya
 Cole Park - Also known as Chitralekha Udyan
 Kolia Bhomora Setu - The 3.015 km long road bridge across the Brahmaputra
 Ketakeshwar Dewal - Shiva shrine
 Mahabhairav Temple - Shiva shrine
 Padum Pukhuri - Central lake with an island in the middle
 Rudrapath - Shiva shrine
 Bamuni Pahar
 Da Parbatia Gate of Gupta period
 Hazara pukhuri- Pond of gupta period
 Nag Shankar- Temple of lord Shiva

Nearby areas of interest

 From Tezpur by road Tawang (12 Hrs) / Bomdila (5 Hrs) / Kaziranga National Park (40 km) / Orang National Park (30 km)/ Nameri National Park (35 km) are very easily accessible.
 For Orchid lovers the Orchid sanctuary nearby i.e. Bhalukpung will be a bonus point for the hundreds of orchid varieties that are cultivated there.
 PAKKE (a Tiger sanctuary) & EAGLENEST (a birding point) are also nearby.
 Moreover the Bharali River is an anglers delight as angling / water rafting are allowed during winter seasons.
 Chariduar also host a number of Tourist Lodge amidst of tea garden.
 ECO camps are also present in Bhalukpung / Nameri .

Moreover the Bharali River is an anglers delight as angling / water rafting are allowed during winter seasons. Chariduar also host a number of Tourist Lodge amidst of tea garden.
ECO camps are also present in Bhalukpung / Nameri.

Education and Research

Tezpur has a central university (Tezpur University), apart from numerous colleges and schools.It has now received the tag "UNIVERSITY AT PAR EXELLENCE" from UGC (university grants commission). Tezpur also has many school, colleges of very high repute. Darrang college, Tezpur College are the leading colleges.

The Assam Valley School, around 15 km from Tezpur, is a very high standard residential school established by Williamson Magor Group. The school was ranked as the 7th best boarding-school in the country in a survey by an independent magazine. Further, it earned national laurel out of the board performance of its once Head Boy, Gaurav Agarwal, who topped the country in the ISC board in 2008-2009 with 98 percent. Gaurav had, in his class X board exams, secured the first rank in northeast India. In general too the school posts high standards in academics.

Other schools viz. Don Bosco High School,Sacred Heart High School, St. Joseph's Convent High School, Govt Boys Higher Secondary School, Govt Girls Higher Secondary School, Bengali Boys' H S School, Bengali Girls' High School, Guru Nanak Model School, Tezpur Academy, Children's Paradise School and Carmel Residential School are the leading institutes offering good education in the town of Tezpur. By the side of the National Highway[NH-37] at Nikamul,Tezpur, Don Bosco High School has been doing exceptionally good in the educational sector producing exceptional results in the High School Leaving Certificate(H.S.L.C) conducted by the Board Of Secondary Education Assam(SEBA).

Other Institutes

 LGBRIMH (Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health)
 Tezpur Medical College
 NERIWALM (North Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management)
 Third Eye College (Study centre of Sikkim Manipal University)
 DOEACC Centre (Formerly CEDTI)
 DRL (Defence Research Laboratory)
 ISI (Indian Statistical Institute)
 New NIIT Mission Chariali Centre,Tezpur
 Vivekananda Kendra Shiksha Prasar Vibhag - Educational wing of Vivekananda Kendra Kanyakumari, a Spiritually oriented service organisation, to administer the Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya of the entire Northeast India. (Save Arunachal Pradesh, where Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Arunachal Pradesh Trust another educational wing of VKK, is administering 33 schools now)

Settlements in Assam
Towns in India

Tezpur


The outback is the remote areas of Australia. The outback is not a defined area, it is only a term used to refer to locations that are far away from big cities.
The fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle farming.
Agriculture, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.

Medicine in the outback
Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.

Tourism
Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of  several vehicles. Deaths of tourists are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.

Geography of Australia

Outback


The Pécrot rail crash was a rail accident in the village of Pécrot (part of the municipality of Grez-Doiceau), Belgium, that occurred on 27 March 2001 when two passenger trains collided head-on. The crash left 8 dead and 12 injured and was Belgium's worst rail disaster in a quarter of a century.

Timeline of events

 08:41 — In Wavre station, a signalman noticed an empty passenger train departing from Track No. 4 against a red signal, towards Leuven.
 08:42 — The Wavre signalman contacted the Leuven signalman, to inform him about the train. However, the Wavre signalman spoke only French while the Leuven signalman spoke only Dutch, so the latter did not understand the message fully.
 08:43 — The Wavre signalman tried to have the overhead wire current cut off on the erroneously departed train's track. Whenever the power on the overhead wire is cut for more than 20 seconds, the train driver is required by operational rules to recognise this as an emergency situation and start a procedure to bring his train to a halt as soon as possible. However, that could not be done from Wavre. The signalman had to contact the Electrical Current Controller in Brussels about the problem.
 08:46 — The Brussels controller tried to contact the driver of the train, but was unable to reach him. The Brussels controller also tried to contact the driver of a passenger train that had just departed from Leuven towards Wavre, traveling on the same track as the other train, in the opposite direction. Again, the controller failed to reach the driver. The area where the accident happened is quite remote, with heavy vegetation and terrain further impacting train radio reception.
 08:47 — The overhead wire current was cut off, which is a last resort measure to have all impacted train drivers stop their trains as per the operational rules, but unfortunately too late.
 08:50 — The two trains collided head-on in the village of Pécrot. 8 people were killed, including both drivers, and 12 were injured.

Causes

The accident had two main causes. The first was the inexperience of the driver of the train which departed from Wavre. The train had stopped with the driver's cab past the signal, so the driver could not see that the signal was red when he departed. The other cause was the language barrier between the signalmen at the Wavre and Leuven cabins. Both French and Dutch are official languages in Belgium, and rail staff were only required to speak one. NMBS/SNCB, the Belgian national railway company, admitted that the accident was caused solely by human error. Judge Philippe Ridelle presided the trial and pronounced the sentence.

See also

 List of railway stations in Belgium
 List of rail accidents (2000–2009)

References

External links
 BBC News report

Railway accidents in 2001
2001 disasters in Belgium
Railway accidents and incidents in Belgium
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
History of Walloon Brabant
Grez-Doiceau
Accidents and incidents involving SNCB
Linguistic controversies
Linguistic error
Failure
Interpersonal communication

Pécrot rail crash


Doom are an English hardcore punk band from Birmingham whose first lineup were together from 1987 to 1990. Despite its short existence, the band is considered pivotal in the rise of crust punk, a genre of punk rock that takes influence and elements from extreme metal. They recorded for Peaceville Records and are cited as an early precursor to grindcore. Doom were also a favourite of BBC Radio DJ John Peel.

History

Early history
Doom began as The Subverters with Jon Pickering (bass/vocals), Bri Doom (guitar) and Jason Hodges (drums). After Jason was replaced by new drummer Mick Harris the band changed their name to Doom.

This lineup played several concerts in a crossover metal style. Bri and Jon decided this wasn't the direction they wanted the band to move in. Consequently, they left the metal style of music and decided to move toward a Discharge-influenced crust punk-style that Doom became known for. At this time, Pickering dropped bass to concentrate on vocals, and Pete Nash replaced him on bass. Harris also left the band and was replaced by Tony "Stick" Dickens. The band began rehearsing with this line-up in mid 1987.

1987–1990
About this time a small label called Peaceville Records was starting up. They heard about Doom through word of mouth and asked if they were interested in contributing songs to the first Peaceville compilation A Vile Peace. Doom went into the studio to record their first demo on 28 August 1987. Nash unfortunately broke his wrist just before Doom's recording debut, so bass player Jim Whitley (of Napalm Death and Ripcord fame) filled in on the recording. Three songs were recorded (two of which appeared on A Vile Peace).

On the strength of this first recording Peaceville asked Doom if they would record a full LP for them, which they agreed to do. The War is Big Business demo was recorded on 27 November 1987, which the band sold as a cassette at gigs. In February 1988, Doom went into "Rich Bitch" studios and recorded 21 songs for their debut album War Crimes (Inhuman Beings). All this time the band gigged constantly in the UK building up a following on the way. Another demo Domesday was also produced.

At the end of 1988, due to personal commitments Bri announced that he would be leaving the band. He stayed long enough to record the split LP Bury the Debt – Not the Dead (with Swedish band No Security) on the Peaceville label. The Police Bastard EP (on discarded records) was also recorded at the same session. Doom were also invited to record two sessions for Radio One's John Peel show around this point. Bri left the band in April 1989 after completing a lengthy European tour.

Doom continued with different guitarists, most notably with Dave Talbot who co-founded UK doom metal band Solstice with Sore Throat's vocalist Rich Walker, but did not settle with four members for long playing numerous gigs as a three piece, as Pickering turned to vocal and guitar duties. This line up continued until a final split in August 1990. Following the group's demise Pickering formed Cain, then Police Bastard, whilst drummer Stick and bassist Nash joined Extreme Noise Terror. Stick then joined DIRT and Nash joined Filthkick and Cain.

1990s
The band reformed in 1992 with the earlier line up of Bri, Jon, Pete and Stick. They toured Japan and recorded a 12-inch of new songs released on the label Vinyl Japan. This proved to be the last recording with this line up. About this point the band almost split up but Bri and Stick decided to continue with two new members. These being Tom Croft from Genital Deformities on vocals and Paul "Mall" Mallen on bass guitar. This line up recorded the split album with Selfish and a split 7-inch EP with Hiatus. Mall left shortly afterwards (an amicable parting). He was replaced by bassist Scoot from Largactyl.

This line up recorded the split 7-inch EP Doomed to Extinction with Extinction of Mankind, the Fuck Peaceville double LP, and the Hail to Sweden 7-inch EP. This is also the line up who appear on the Videodoom video on MCR recorded on a European tour in 1994

A tour of Scandinavia was organised for September 1995, however Scoot decided not to go due to problems at home, so he was replaced by Chris Gascoigne of Blood Sucking Freaks, moving to second guitar after the tour. Tom Croft also left just before the tour and was replaced by Wayne Southworth (also of Blood Sucking Freaks). While on the Scandinavian tour Doom recorded the Monarchy Zoo 7-inch EP at Sunlight Studios.

The band, now composed of, Stick, Bri, Wayne and Chris, went into the studio in June 1996 and recorded a full LP for Flat Earth, Called Rush Hour of the Gods.

Bri would go on to join Khang, this band then evolving into Lazarus Blackstar. moved to Sweden and formed Murdered Cop and then Gloomy Sunday. Stick is also part of the band RUIN. Pickering went on to form Police Bastard and Haxan and Nash later formed Corvus.

2000s
On 18 March 2005 Wayne Southworth (lead singer) was found dead in his home by a friend. The cause of death was an epileptic seizure.

The band then played at the 1 in 12 club in Bradford, England one last time without Wayne Southworth in tribute to their friend.

In 2013 Doom toured Canada for the first time and released a new track ("Stripped, Whipped & Crucified, Part I") from their upcoming LP ("Corrupt Fucking System") on a compilation entitled "25 Years of Crust" via Moshpit Tragedy.

In 2015 while Doom was on their South American tour, a stampede formed outside their show in Chile and resulted in the death of five fans.

Members

Current members
Brian "Bri Doom" Talbot – guitar (1987–1989, 1992–2005, 2010–present)
Tony "Stick" Dickens – drums (1987–1990, 1992–2005, 2010–present)
Michael "Scoot" Gladok – bass (1992–1995, 1995–2005, 2010–present); guitar (1995)
Denis Boardman – vocals (1995–2000, 2010–present); guitar (1995–2000)

Touring members
Jim Whitley – bass (1988)

Former members
Jon Pickering – vocals (1987–1990, 1992); bass (1987); guitar (1989–1990, 1992)
Karl Willetts – vocals (1988)
Paul Halmshaw – vocals (1989)
Tom Croft – vocals (1992–1995)
Wayne Southworth – vocals (1995–2005; died 2005)
David Talbot – guitars (1989)
Pete Nash – bass, vocals (1987–1990, 1992)
Paul "Mall" Mallen – bass (1992)
Chris Gascoigne – bass (1995)
Andy Irving – bass (2004–2005)
Jason Hodges – drums (1987)
Mick Harris – drums (1987)
David "Sned" Sneddon – drums

Timeline

Discography

Albums
War Crimes (Inhuman Beings) LP (1988, Peaceville Records)
Bury the Debt – Not the Dead split LP w/ No Security (1989, Peaceville Records)
The Greatest Invention LP/CD (1993, Vinyl Japan)
Pro-Life Control split LP/CD w/ Selfish (1994, Ecocentric Records)
Rush Hour of the Gods LP/CD (1996, Flat Earth)
World of Shit LP/CD (2001, Vinyl Japan)
Corrupt Fucking System LP (2013, Black Cloud)

EPs/Demos
War is Big Business Demo Tape (1987, discarded tapes)
Police Bastard 7-inch (1989, Profane Existence) (More than 20,000 copies sold. Second best selling crust 7-inch, after Aus-Rotten's "Fuck Nazi Sympathy")
Lost the Fight 7-inch (1993, Flat Earth/Nabate)
Doomed to Extinction split 7-inch w/ Extinction of Mankind (1994, Ecocentric Records)
Hail to Sweden 7-inch (1995, Pandora's Box)
Pissed Robbed & Twatted – Live in Slovenia 7-inch (1996, Nuclear Sun Punk)
Monarchy Zoo 7-inch/CD EP (1996, Vinyl Japan)
split 10-inch w/ Cress (1998, Flat Earth)
Consumed to Death (2015, Black Cloud)

Compilations/re-issues
Total Doom CD (1989, Peaceville Records) Jon Pickering (vocals); Bri (guitar); Peter Nash (bass guitar); Stick (drums).
Doomed from the Start LP/CD (1992, Vinyl Japan)
Fuck Peaceville 2xLP/CD (1995, Profane Existence)
Peel Sessions CD (1996, Vinyl Japan)
Doomed Again (2012, Agipunk)
25 Years of Crust Digital Sampler (2013, Moshpit Tragedy)

Live
Live in Japan 7-inch (1992, Ecocentric Records)
Back & Gone Double Live CD & DVD Live video (2006, MCR)

Compilation appearances
A Vile Peace LP (1987, Peaceville Records)
Hardcore Holocaust (The 87-88 Peel Sessions) LP (1988, Strange Fruit Records)
Spleurk! LP (1988, Meantime Records)
Volnitza: The Worst of the 1 in 12 Club Vol. 6/7 2×LP (1989, 1 in 12 Records)
Hardcore Holocaust II LP/tape (1990, Strange Fruit Records)
Vile Vibes CD – (1990, Peaceville Records)
Hardcore Resistance Tape (1991, Heed the Ball!)
Endless Struggle: The Worst of the 1 in 12 Club vol. 12/13 2×LP (1995, 1 in 12 Records)
Gay Pride 7-inch (1995, Rugger Bugger Records)
Aftermath LP/CD (1999, Aftermath Records)

References

External links

British crust and d-beat groups
Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
Musical groups reestablished in 2010
Peaceville Records artists

Doom (British band)