In economics, the word competition means that there are at least two competitors (¨players¨) who want to get a share of a market. The market is divided between all the economic players; this means that if a player gets a higher market share, another player will get a smaller share of the market. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith says that all players uses the resources they have so that they will get the most profit from these resources. According to Smith, this encourages efficiency.
Game theory looks at competition, from a mathematical point of view.

Different forms of competition
 Products that perform the same function, and that are interchangeable, compete against each other; this is known as Direct competition
 Products that are substitutes compete; an example might be butter competing with margarine
 The broadest form is usually called budget competition: People have an amount of money they can spend each month; all the different products the consumers spend their money on, in a given month compete with each other.

Limiting competition
Note that competition does not necessarily involve different companies; in the 1920s, General Motors had divisions that overlapped, and that competed for resources. Procter & Gamble introduced the competition between different brands in the 1930s.

Also note that competition is limited: In some areas, there are monopolies, often granted by the state. The state may also apply taxes or pay subsidies as a way to protect its own economy.

Other factors that limit competition include the existence of cartels.

Economics

Competition (economics)


Ivor Callely is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the pairty Fianna Fáil. He represents the North Central Dublin consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1958 births
Livin fowk
Fianna Fáil politeecians
Teachtaí Dála
Members o the 26t Dáil
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 23rd Seanad
Local cooncillors in Dublin (ceety)
Independent politeecians in Ireland
Meenisters o State o the 29t Dáil
Fowk eddicatit at St Paul's College, Raheny

Ivor Callely


Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren (21 January 1908 – 4 July 1987) was a Danish astronomer and astrophysicist.

Life and career
Bengt Strömgren was born in Gothenburg. His parents were Hedvig Strömgren (née Lidforss) and Elis Strömgren, who was professor of astronomy at the University of Copenhagen and director of the University Observatory in Copenhagen. Bengt grew up in the professor's mansion surrounded with scientists, assistants, observers and guests. His father paced and promoted Bengt into a life with science, and Bengt's first paper was published already at the age of 14. He graduated from high school in 1925 and enrolled at the Copenhagen university. Only two years later, he graduated in astronomy and atomic physics, and during the following two years, he completed a doctoral degree, which was evaluated with the best marks in December 1929, when he was 21 years old.

He gained a great deal of useful experience from his studies in theoretical physics at Niels Bohr's Institute close by, and he was at the right place at the right time. He soon found out that he intended to use the fresh theoretical framework of quantum physics in space, and investigate the applications of quantum mechanics in stars. Obviously, questions of nepotism were in play when he applied for an assistantship already in 1925, which he didn't get. But only one year later it was given to him anyway — he was the best, regardless of his employer being also his own father.

After being appointed as lecturer at the university in 1932, Strömgren was invited to the University of Chicago in 1936 by Otto Struve. Going abroad for 18 months meant a lot to the young researcher, and when he went back to Denmark and to the rising national socialism in Europe, he succeeded his father's professorship in 1940. During five years of isolation, under the German occupation of Denmark, he initiated the building of a new Danish Observatory, the Brorfelde Observatory. But after the Second World War, Bengt Strömgren became tired of lacking state funding for the project, and with a stagnant national economy, he felt that he had to leave Danish research, which he did in 1951.

He went to the United States and became director of the Yerkes and McDonald Observatories, and stayed there for six years. In 1957, he was appointed the first professor of theoretical astrophysics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he got Albert Einstein's office.  He stayed at Princeton with his family until 1967, when he went back to his homeland Denmark, and became the next to the last resident in a series of great Danish scientists of the Carlsberg Mansion and Honor, which had earlier been occupied by Niels Bohr among others. In 1987, he died after a short period of illness.

Science
Bengt Strömgren made momentous contributions to astrophysics. He found that the chemical composition of stars was very much different than previously assumed. In the late 1930s, he found the relative abundance of hydrogen to be nearly 70%, and helium to be about 27%. Just before the war, he discovered the so-called Strömgren Spheres — huge interstellar shells of ionized hydrogen around stars. And in the 1950s and 1960s, he pioneered photoelectric photometry with a novel four-colour system, now called Strömgren photometric system. Apart from the Danish observatory of Brorfelde, Strömgren was active in the early organisation of the joint European observatory of ESO at La Silla in Chile.

Honors

Awards
Bruce Medal (1959)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1962)
Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1965)
Janssen Medal from the French Academy of Sciences (1967)

Memberships

 Member of the American Academy of Arts an Sciences (1955)
 Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1971)
 Member of the American Philosophical Society (1973)

Named after him
Asteroid 1846 Bengt
Strömgren age
Strömgren photometry
Strömgren spheres
Strömgren integral

Miscellaneous
Asteroid 1493 Sigrid, named after his wife

References

Sources
 Svend Cedergreen Bech (ed.): Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (1979–84), 3rd ed. Put on-line by Den Store Danske in 2011.
 Bengt Strömgrens life among the stars, Niels Bohr Institute
 Bruce Medalist Bengt Strömgren
 Autobiography in a celebrative commemorative published by University of Copenhagen November 1930 (176-78) (Berlingske Tidende id. 17.9.1962).
 Knude, Jens, Bengt Stromgren's Work in Photometry, in A.G.D. Philip, A.R. Upgren and K.A. Janes, eds., "Precision Photometry: Astrophysics of the Galaxy", Proceedings of the conference held 3–4 October 1990 at Union College, Schenectady, NY (Davis Press, Schenectady, NY, 1991).
 Rebsdorf, Simon Olling (May 2003): Bengt Strömgren: growing up with astronomy, 1908 - 1932, Journal for the History of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286), Vol. 34, Part 2, No. 115, pp. 171 – 199 (2003)
 Rebsdorf, Simon Olling (August 2004): The Father, the Son, and the Stars: Bengt Strömgren and the History of Twentieth Century Astronomy in Denmark and in the USA. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Aarhus.
 Rebsdorf, Simon Olling (February 2007): Bengt Strömgren: Interstellar Glow, Helium Content, and Solar Life Supply, 1932–1940. Centaurus, Vol. 49, Issue 1, pages 56–79.
 Gustafsson, Bengt (2009): Bengt Strömgren's Approach to the Galaxy, in J. Andersen, J. Bland-Hawthorn & B. Nordström, eds., "The Galaxy Disk in Cosmological Context." Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 254 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 3–16.

External links
Bibliography of Bengt Strömgren
Bruce Medalist Bengt Strömgren

1908 births
1987 deaths
20th-century Danish astronomers
University of Copenhagen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
Danish people of Swedish descent
University of Chicago faculty
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Science teachers
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Gothenburg
Presidents of the International Astronomical Union
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Bengt Strömgren


An electrical outlet or receptacle, frequently called a wall outlet, is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Adapters are available to convert between the different types.

Other websites

 International power cords technology
 Glossary of standards terms
 Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
 Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
 Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
 IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format)
 South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug
 Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
 Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units

Electrical wiring

Electrical outlet


They Dare Not Love is a 1941 romantic war drama film directed by James Whale and starring George Brent, Martha Scott and Paul Lukas. Whale left the picture before the end of production; it was the last film released to credit him as director.

Plot
A prince flees Austria when the Nazis take over and settles in London. He encounters a beautiful Austrian émigré who makes him realize his mistake in leaving. He strikes a deal with the Nazis to return in exchange for some Austrian prisoners, but discovers that the Nazis are not to be trusted.

Cast
George Brent – Prince Kurt von Rotenberg
Martha Scott – Marta Keller
Paul Lukas – Baron von Helsing
Roman Bohnen – Baron Shafter
Kay Linaker – Barbara Murdoch

Rest of cast listed alphabetically:

Sig Arno – Louis
Georgia Backus – German secretary
Edgar Barrier – Capt. Wilhelm Ehrhardt
Don Beddoe – Second sailor
Nicholas Bela – First sailor
Leon Belasco – Pierre
Olga Borget – Stewardess
Egon Brecher – Prof. Keller
Lloyd Bridges – Blonde officer
Stanley Brown – Michael
Jack Chefe – Deck steward
Peter Cushing – Sub-Lieutenant Blackler
Leslie Denison – English father
Paul Deno – Doorman
Eddie Fetherston – Reporter
Richard Fiske – Photographer
Hans Fuerberg – Waiter
Jack Gardner – Photographer
Gregory Gaye – Von Mueller
Jac George – Orchestra leader
Robert Heller – German attendant
Brenda Henderson – English girl
Erwin Kalser – Klaus
Cy Kendall – Major Kenlein
Richard Lyon – English boy
Philo McCullough – Photographer
David Oliver – Photographer
Gerald Pierce – Messenger boy
Paul Power – Society man
Frank Reicher – Captain
Georges Renavent – Belgian captain
John Rogers – Noncommissioned officer
Bodil Rosing – Leni
Hans Schumm – Bruckner
Walter Stahl – Count Marlik
Marguerita Sylva – Countess Marlik
Phil Taylor – Hugo
Philip Van Zandt – Radio operator
Frederik Vogeding – Carl Schmidt
Charles Wagenheim – Valet
Poppy Wilde – Society girl
Fred Wolff – Waiter

Production
A The Hollywood Reporter article, toward the end of production, reported that Charles Vidor took over from director James Whale, who had fallen ill with the flu. Later, reports of difficulties on set surfaced, including allegations that Whale was abusive toward the cast. Writer Charles Bennett blamed Columbia head Harry Cohn, speculating about a personality conflict and saying that the firing was "... utterly ridiculous, because James Whale was a magnificent director."

They Dare Not Love was Whale's last completed film. He directed a segment of the 1952 RKO film Face to Face, "Hello Out There", but it was not included in the released film.

Critical reception
The New York Times wrote, "with all the proved talent Columbia put behind the manufacture of They Dare Not Love it is hard to understand why the new film at Loew's State should turn out to be the disappointment it is. Granting that James Whale's direction is pedestrian, that the performances of Martha Scott, George Brent and Paul Lukas are no better, we still feel that the root of all evil in this case sprouted back in the story department presided over by Charles Bennett, Ernest Vajda and James Edward Grant. Though the plot they whipped up probably is no more fantastic than some of the things happening in the world today it does not rouse either one's imagination or emotions ... They Dare Not Love is vapid fare."

References

External links

1941 films
1940s war drama films
Films directed by James Whale
Films produced by Samuel Bischoff
Columbia Pictures films
Films set in London
American war drama films
American black-and-white films
American romantic drama films
1941 romantic drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

They Dare Not Love


Paul Williams can be:
 Paul Williams (songwriter) (born 1940), songwriter for the Carpenters and many other groups; also film and television actor
 Paul Williams (saxophonist) (1915–2002), rhythm and blues saxophonist
 Paul Williams (The Temptations) (1939–1973), one of the lead singers of the popular Motown act The Temptations
 Paul Williams (stage name for Paul Humphries), mandolinist and harmony singer for bluegrass legend "Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys"
 Paul Williams, birth name of soul musician Billy Paul
 Paul Williams (British singer), vocalist and keyboardist for 1970s bands Tempest and IOU.
 Paul Williams (Composer / Pianist) (born 1940), a Composer and Pianist in the UK
 Paul Williams (Crawdaddy! creator) (born 1948), American author who created the music magazine Crawdaddy!
 Paul Williams (writer), a British writer associated with Doctor Who
 Paul L. Williams, former FBI consultant, journalist and author
 Paul O. Williams (born 1935), American science-fiction author and poet
 Paul Williams (Irish journalist), is an Irish journalist and non-fictioncrime  writer
 Paul Williams (footballer), English association football (soccer) player for Stoke City F.C.
 Paul Williams (Australian rules footballer) (born 1973), Australian rules football player for the Sydney Swans
 Paul Williams (boxer) (born 1981), American welterweight boxer
 Paul Williams (architect) (1894–1980), prominent African American architect in Los Angeles, California
 Paul Williams (director) (born 1943), American film and television director
 Paul Williams (politician) (born 1922), former British Member of Parliament
 Paul Williams (professor), professor at American University and director of the Public International Law & Policy Group
 Paul Williams (British professor), professor of Indian and Tibetan Philosophy at the University of Bristol, UK.
 Paul Williams (Y&R), a fictional character on The Young and the Restless

Paul Williams


Visual Instruction Set, or VIS, is a SIMD instruction set extension for SPARC V9 microprocessors developed by Sun Microsystems. There are five versions of VIS: VIS 1, VIS 2, VIS 2+, VIS 3 and VIS 4.

History
VIS 1 was introduced in 1994 and was first implemented by Sun in their UltraSPARC microprocessor (1995) and by Fujitsu in their SPARC64 GP microprocessors (2000).

VIS 2 was first implemented by the UltraSPARC III. All subsequent UltraSPARC and SPARC64 microprocessors implement the instruction set.

VIS 3 was first implemented in the SPARC T4 microprocessor.

VIS 4 was first implemented in the SPARC M7 microprocessor.

Differences vs x86

VIS is not an instruction toolkit like Intel's MMX and SSE. MMX has only 8 registers shared with the FPU stack, while SPARC processors have 32 registers, also aliased to the double-precision (64-bit) floating point registers.

As with the SIMD instruction set extensions on other RISC processors, VIS strictly conforms to the main principle of RISC: keep the instruction set concise and efficient.

This design is very different from comparable extensions on CISC processors, such as MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, 3DNow!.

Sometimes, programmers must use several VIS instructions to accomplish an operation that can be done with only one MMX or SSE instruction, but it should be kept in mind that fewer instructions do not automatically result in better performance.

Functionality
VIS re-uses existing SPARC V9 64-bit floating point registers to hold multiple 8, 16, or 32-bit integer values. In this respect, VIS is more similar to the design of MMX than other SIMD architectures such as SSE/SSE2/AltiVec.

VIS includes a number of operations primarily for graphics support, so most of them are only for integers. These include 3D to 2D conversion, edge processing and pixel distance.

There are four ways to use VIS in code:
The GCC - option
Use inline assembly
Use inline template in VSDK, similar to compiler intrinsics, which have C function like interfaces
Use the mediaLib multimedia library, which has C function interfaces. It uses VIS on SPARC platforms (and MMX/SSE/SSE2 on x86/x64 platforms) to accelerate multimedia application execution

References

 Gwennap, Linley (5 December 1995). "UltraSparc Adds Multimedia Instructions". Microprocessor Report.
 Tremblay, Marc et al. (August 1996). "VIS Speeds New Media Processing". IEEE Micro.

External links
An introduction to SPARC's SIMD offerings (small tutorial)
 UltraSPARC and VIS Instruction Set Extensions
 GCC SPARC VIS Built-in Functions

SIMD computing
Sun Microsystems hardware
SPARC microprocessor architecture

Visual Instruction Set


Grundtvig's Church () is located in the Bispebjerg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is a rare example of expressionist church architecture. Due to its originality, it is one of the best known churches in the city.

History
The commission for the construction of a church to be named after the Danish philosopher, pastor and hymn writer N. F. S. Grundtvig was decided through a competition, won by Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint in 1913. The foundation of the new church was only laid after World War I, on 8 September 1921, Grundtvig's birthday.  Building took place mainly from 1921 to 1926 when the tower section was completed, leading to the initial inauguration of the so-called Tower Church in 1927. Further work on the interior and on adjacent buildings continued until 1940 and was completed by Klint's son Kaare Klint after his father's death in 1930. The church stands at the centre of a residential development (1924–36), also in yellow brick, designed by Jensen-Klint in harmony with the church.

Architecture
Jensen-Klint's design for Grundtvig's Church is a synthesis of architectural styles. In preparation for the project, the architect studied many Danish village churches, particularly those on the island of Zealand with stepped gables. Their traditional building techniques, materials and decoration inspired his design. Klint merged the modern geometric forms of Brick Expressionism with the classical vertical of Gothic architecture.

The most striking feature of the building is its west façade, reminiscent of a westwork or of the exterior of a church organ. It includes the 49 m (160 ft) tall bell tower. The imposing façade with its strong verticality guides one's eyes towards the sky. The bottom half of the tower is simple brick while the upper reaches present the appearance of one solid, rippling surface.

Klint decorated the nave with a version of the stepped gables common on Danish churches, but reinterpreted by doubling the apex. The nave was designed with generous dimensions: the triple-aisled hall church is 76 m (259 ft) long in total and 35 m (115 ft) wide; the nave has a height of 22 m (72 ft).

Interior
The interior, inspired by Gothic architecture and comparable in size to Copenhagen cathedral, holds a congregation of 1,440. Some five million yellow bricks, a typical Danish building material, were used for the edifice. In its floor plan, the interior resembles that of a typical Gothic church with a nave, two lateral aisles and a small transept. Its proportions are also Gothic: a long, narrow nave, an extremely high ceiling, the columns which rise up to pointed arches and the ribbed groin vaults above the nave and aisles. But it is the yellow brick and the lack of ornamentation which contribute to the Gothic verticality while adhering to the minimalist modern aesthetic.

The two organs
The church has two organs. The one on the north side of the nave near the chancel was built in 1940 by Marcussen & Søn, the façade being designed by Kaare Klint. It has 14 stops, two manuals and a pedalboard. The much larger Marcussen instrument at the western end of the nave was added in 1965 with a façade designed by Kaare Klint's son, Esben Klint. It has 55 stops, four manuals and a pedalboard. The largest of its pipes weighs 425 kg (937 lb) and, with a length of 32 feet (11 m), is the longest organ pipe in Scandinavia.

Integration and flanking buildings
The scheme also included the construction of a number of buildings collectively known as On the Hill (da. På Bjerget) on each side of the church, placing it in a symmetrical context to enhance its visual impact. Designed by Jensen-Klint in collaboration with  Vilhelm Wittrup, Charles I. Schou and Georg Gøssel, the buildings contain the parish hall and apartments and were built from 1924 to 1926.

A long tree-lined road leads through Bispebjerg cemetery directly towards the church and the flanking buildings, creating a viewing axis similar to those of the Baroque period.

Grundtvig's church today
The church is open to visitors all year, not just at the times of services. The great Marcussen organ is regularly used for concerts.

The church is equipped with a wheelchair stair lift for the disabled people.

Gallery

See also
Hallgrímskirkja in Reykjavík, begun a few years after Grundtvig's Church, is a comparable synthesis of Gothic and modern stylistic elements.

References

20+C+M+B+20

Bibliography
 .

External links

 Renderings in the Danish National Art Library
 Source

Churches in Bispebjerg
Lutheran churches in Copenhagen
Churches completed in 1940
20th-century Lutheran churches
20th-century Church of Denmark churches
Brick Expressionism
Landmarks in Copenhagen
Churches in the Diocese of Copenhagen
N. F. S. Grundtvig

Grundtvig's Church


Frederick William Green (March 31, 1911 – March 1, 1987) was an American swing jazz guitarist who played rhythm guitar with the Count Basie Orchestra for almost fifty years.

Early life and education
Green was born in Charleston, South Carolina on March 31, 1911. He was exposed to music from an early age, and learned the banjo before picking up the guitar in his early teenage years.

A friend of his father by the name of Sam Walker taught Freddie to read music, and keenly encouraged him to keep up his guitar playing. Walker gave Freddie what was perhaps his first gig, playing with a local community group of which Walker was an organizer. Another member of the group was William "Cat" Anderson, who went on to become an established trumpeter, working with notable figures such as Duke Ellington.

Career
It was around this time that Green's parents died, and he moved to New York City to live with his aunt and continue his education. The move opened up a new musical world to Freddie. While still in his teens, he began to play around the clubs of the city, earning money and a reputation. In one of these gigs, he was noticed by the legendary talent scout John H. Hammond, who realized the potential of Green and introduced him to Basie.

In 1937, Basie and his ensemble went to one of Green's gigs on the advice of an associate. Basie was an immediate fan, and approached Green with a job offer. Except for a brief interruption, Freddie Green would remain a pivotal fixture of the Count Basie Band for the next fifty years.

  Throughout his career, Green played rhythm guitar, accompanying other musicians, and he rarely played solos. "His superb timing and ... flowing sense of harmony ... helped to establish the role of the rhythm guitar as an important part of every rhythm section."  Green did play a solo on the January 16, 1938, Carnegie Hall concert that featured the Benny Goodman big band. In the jam session on Fats Waller's "Honeysuckle Rose," Green was the rhythm guitarist for the ensemble, which featured Basie, Walter Page (Basie's bassist), and musicians from Duke Ellington's band. After Johnny Hodges' solo, Goodman signalled to Green to take his own solo, which the musician Turk Van Lake described in his commentary on the reissued 1938 Carnegie Hall concert as a "startling move."

He rapidly changed chords, often with every beat, rather than every measure. His chord fingering often involved him covering four strings with his fingers, while depressing only a subset of the notes. He dampened the unsounded notes from chords with his left hand. Green's  playing on his signature Stromberg guitar was the model for Ralph Patt's big-band playing.

Green was not a prolific composer, but he did make two major contributions to Count Basie's repertoire, "Down for Double" (recorded in 1941) and "Corner Pocket" (recorded for the album April in Paris in 1955).

On March 1, 1987, Green died of a heart attack in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 75.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
Mr. Rhythm (RCA Victor, 1955)
Rhythm Willie  with Herb Ellis (Concord Jazz, 1975)

As sideman
With Count Basie
 The Original American Decca Recordings (GRP, 1992) – rec. 1937–39
 The Count! (Clef, 1955) – rec. 1952
 Basie Jazz (Clef, 1954) – rec. 1952
 The Swinging Count! (Clef 1956) – rec. 1952
 Dance Session (Clef, 1953)
 Dance Session Album #2 (Clef, 1954)
 Basie (Clef, 1954)
 Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings with Joe Williams (Clef, 1955)
 April in Paris (Verve, 1956)
 The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards with Joe Williams (Verve, 1956)
 Metronome All-Stars 1956 with Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Williams (Clef, 1956)
 Hall of Fame (Verve, 1956 [1959])
 Basie in London (Verve, 1956)
 One O'Clock Jump with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald (Verve, 1957)
 Count Basie at Newport (Verve, 1957)
 The Atomic Mr. Basie (Roulette, 1957) – aka Basie and E=MC2
 Basie Plays Hefti (Roulette, 1958)
 Sing Along with Basie with Joe Williams and Lambert, Hendricks & Ross (Roulette, 1958)
 Memories Ad-Lib with Joe Williams (Roulette, 1958)
 Basie/Eckstine Incorporated with Billy Eckstine (Roulette, 1959)
 Basie One More Time (Roulette, 1959)
 Breakfast Dance and Barbecue (Roulette, 1959)
 Everyday I Have the Blues with Joe Williams (Roulette, 1959)
 Dance Along with Basie (Roulette, 1959)
 String Along with Basie (Roulette, 1960)
 Not Now, I'll Tell You When (Roulette, 1960)
 The Count Basie Story (Roulette, 1960)
 Kansas City Suite (Roulette, 1960)
 First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (Columbia, 1961)
 Count Basie and the Kansas City 7 (1962, Impulse!)
 Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
 Basie in Sweden (Roulette, 1962)
 On My Way & Shoutin' Again! (Verve, 1962)
 This Time by Basie! (Reprise, 1963)
 More Hits of the 50's and 60's (Verve, 1963)
 Pop Goes the Basie (Reprise, 1965)
 Basie Meets Bond (United Artists, 1966)
 Live at the Sands (Before Frank) (Reprise, 1998) – rec. 1966
 Sinatra at the Sands with Frank Sinatra (Reprise, 1966)
 Basie's Beatle Bag (Verve, 1966)
 Basie Swingin' Voices Singin' with the Alan Copeland Singers (ABC–Paramount, 1966)
 Broadway Basie's...Way (Command, 1966)
 Hollywood...Basie's Way (Command, 1967)
 Basie's Beat (Verve, 1967)
 Basie's in the Bag (Brunswick, 1967)
 The Happiest Millionaire (Coliseum, 1967)
 Half a Sixpence (Dot, 1967)
 The Board of Directors with The Mills Brothers (Dot, 1967)
 Manufacturers of Soul with Jackie Wilson (Brunswick, 1968)
 The Board of Directors Annual Report with The Mills Brothers (Dot, 1968)
 Basie Straight Ahead (Dot, 1968)
 How About This  with Kay Starr (Paramount, 1968)
 Standing Ovation (Dot, 1969)
 Basic Basie (MPS, 1969)
 Basie on the Beatles (Happy Tiger, 1969)
 High Voltage (MPS, 1970)
 Loose Walk with Roy Eldridge (Pablo, 1972)
 Satch and Josh (with Oscar Peterson)
 Kansas City 8: Get Together (Pablo, 1979)
 Me and You (Pablo, 1983)
 Mostly Blues...and Some Others (1983, Pablo)

With Buck Clayton
 The Huckle-Buck and Robbins' Nest (Columbia, 1954)
 How Hi the Fi (Columbia, 1954)
 Jumpin' at the Woodside (Columbia, 1955)
 All the Cats Join In (Columbia 1956)

With Al Cohn
 The Natural Seven (RCA Victor, 1955)
 That Old Feeling (RCA Victor, 1955)
 Four Brass One Tenor (RCA Victor, 1955)

With Harry Edison
 The Swinger (Verve, 1958)
 Harry Edison Swings Buck Clayton (Verve, 1958)With Paul Quinichette For Basie (Prestige, 1957)
 Basie Reunion (Prestige, 1958)
 Like Basie! (United Artists, 1959)With Joe Newman All I Wanna Do Is Swing (RCA Victor, 1955)
 I'm Still Swinging (RCA Victor, 1955)
 Salute to Satch (RCA Victor, 1956)
 I Feel Like a Newman (Storyville, 1956)
 The Midgets (Vik, 1956)
 Joe Newman with Woodwinds (Roulette, 1958)With Sarah Vaughan Sarah Vaughan in Hi-Fi (Columbia, 1949)
 No Count Sarah (with the Count Basie Orchestra) (EmArcy, 1958)
 Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan (with the Count Basie Orchestra) (Roulette, 1961)
 Send in the Clowns (with the Count Basie Orchestra) (Pablo, 1981)With others' Lorez Alexandria, Early in the Morning (Argo, 1960)
 George Benson, 20/20 (Warner Bros., 1985)
 Bob Brookmeyer and Zoot Sims, Stretching Out (United Artists, 1958)
 Judy Carmichael, Two–Handed Stride (Progressive, 1982)
 Al Grey, The Thinking Man's Trombone (Argo, 1960)
 Coleman Hawkins, The Saxophone Section (World Wide, 1958)
 Jo Jones, The Main Man (Pablo, 1977)
 Gerry Mulligan, The Gerry Mulligan Songbook (World Pacific, 1957)
 Charlie Parker, Big Band (Clef, 1954)
 Buddy Rich, The Wailing Buddy Rich (Norgran, 1955)
 Charlie Rouse and Paul Quinichette, The Chase Is On (Bethlehem, 1958)
 Sonny Stitt, Sonny Stitt Plays Arrangements from the Pen of Quincy Jones (Roost, 1955)
 Sonny Stitt, Sonny Stitt Plays (Roost, 1955)
 Teri Thornton, Devil May Care (Riverside, 1961)
 The Manhattan Transfer, Vocalese (Atlantic, 1985)
 Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Clean Head's Back in Town (Bethlehem, 1957)
 Big Joe Turner, The Boss of the Blues (Atlantic, 1956)
 Big Joe Turner, Big Joe Rides Again (Atlantic, 1960)
 Frank Wess, Opus in Swing (Savoy, 1956)
 Frank Wess, Jazz for Playboys'' (Savoy, 1957)

References

External links

 Freddie Green recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

1911 births
1987 deaths
African-American jazz guitarists
American male guitarists
American jazz guitarists
Count Basie Orchestra members
Musicians from Charleston, South Carolina
Swing guitarists
20th-century American musicians
Guitarists from South Carolina
20th-century American guitarists
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians

Freddie Green


Ebola virus or Ebola virus disease (EVD), often shortened to Ebola, is a very dangerous virus. It belongs to the family Filoviridae. Four different types of Ebola virus can cause a severe disease which is often fatal. Ebola infection causes hemorrhagic fever which starts suddenly. "Hemorrhagic" means that the victim will bleed a lot, inside and outside of their body. The virus attacks almost every organ and tissue of the human body, causing multiple organs to fail at once. Out of every 100 people who get Ebola, on average 25 to 90 die.

The virus was first found in Sudan. It is mostly found in Africa, with very few cases in Europe and the United States.

Transmission

The Ebola virus that makes people sick lives in the blood and other liquids and organs in some kinds of non-human animals without killing them. Scientists think the animals it lives in are mainly some kinds of monkeys or fruit bats. When people touch animals that have the virus, or secretions that came out of those animals, they can get sick.

Ebola cannot be caught through the air, or by being near sick people. The virus can only go from liquids into people's bodies. This means Ebola can be caught by touching a sick person's blood, saliva, mucus, semen, diarrhea, vomit, or other fluids that come out of a sick person's body.

If a person does not die from the disease, he can still give other people the infection by having sex for nearly another two months after they stop being sick. This is because the virus can still be in the man's semen after a long time.

1. Once the virus enters the human body via mucosal surfaces, abrasions or injuries in the skin or by direct parental transmission, it fuses with the cells lining the respiratory tract, eyes, or body cavities.

2. It invades the macrophages and dendritic immune cells and releases its genetic content. The cell explosion triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines initiating a 'cytokine storm'. The genetic material takes over the cell machinery to replicate itself; new copies of the virus are formed and released into the system.

3. The virus then, goes on to attack spleen, kidneys and even the brain. The blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the surrounding tissues. This atypical clotting and bleeding at the same time manifests externally in the form of rashes.

4. The virus causes the shutdown of other vital organs such as liver and lungs too. In fact, it is able to invade almost all human cells through different attachment mechanisms for each cell type (except for lymphocytes). The very cells that are meant to fight infection are used as carriers to spread infection to other body parts

5. It has been found that the ebola-infected cells do not undergo normal apoptosis, but exhibit vacuolization and signs of necrosis.

Symptoms
When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get a fever and feel very tired. Their head, stomach, joints, and throat might hurt. Sometimes, people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever.

Later, people get much sicker. They bleed both inside and outside their bodies. They have blood in their diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals/sex organs. They get shock: low blood pressure, fast pulse (heart rate), and low blood circulation to the body. Their organs might stop working. Ebola also causes stiffness throughout the body which makes it hard for sick people to move.

Five to nine out of every ten people who get sick with Ebola die.

Treatment
There is no cure for Ebola, but if people get care quickly from doctors and nurses at a hospital, more of them live. People with Ebola need a lot of fluids to replace fluids lost from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding. The most important care is giving them water with a very small amount of salt and sugar in it. This is called oral rehydration. It helps to replace their fluids and blood. It is also important to give medicines in case they get bad blood pressure and blood circulation.

Prevention
In December 2016, a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be very effective (in the neighborhood of 70–100%) against the Ebola virus, making it the first vaccine against the disease.

Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but as of October 2014, none had yet been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans.

Research
World Community Grid is a computing project that is seeking possible drug treatments. People donate the spare time on their computers to the project.

Reference

Viruses
Diseases caused by viruses
Zoonoses

Ebola virus


Royal warrants of appointment  are given by members of the British Royal Family to companies and other people who supply them with goods.

The warrant does not mean that the things are the best, only that the Royal family has been buying then for at least five years.

Only three members of the Royal Family issue warrants now.  They are
The Queen
The Duke of Edinburgh
Charles, Prince of Wales

The Queen Mother also issued royal warrants.  They were all expired in 2007, five years after her death

Many royal families in Europe issued similar awards, Sweden still does, but they are for supplying the "Royal Swedish Court" , that is the royal palace rather than a named member of the royal family.

Other websites

Royal Warrants explained on the royal.gov.uk website
The Royal Warrant Holders Association*
Royal Warrant Holders Denmark

British monarchy

Royal Warrant


Electronic Program(me) Guide (EPG) atawa Interactive Program(me) Guide (IPG) atawa Electronic Service Guide (ESG) nyaéta hiji panduan dina layar keur ngajadwalkeun program televisi atawa radio siaran, ilaharna kalayan fungsi anu ngamungkinkeun ka nu nempo pikeun nganavigasi, milih, tur manggihan eusi dumasar kana wanci, judul, saluran (kanal), golongan, jeung sajabana maké kadali jaarak jauh (remote control), keyboard atawa parabot asupan lianna kawas keypad telepon.

Sajarah

Dina Juni 1988,  dibikeun ka Eli Reiter, Michael H. Zemering, jeung Frank Shannon. Patén ieu patula-patali jeung implementasi panduan acara éléktronik (EPG) nu bisa disungsi.

Kajadian penting

Taun 1953, kaluar majalah TV Guide nu ngadaptar warta hiburan jeung acara televisi nasional mingguan nu terbit di AS.

Taun 1985, 35 taun satuluyna, kaluar Electronic Program Guide (EPG) nu mangrupa stasion kabel leutik nu dipibanda sacara independen, nu nyadiakeun daptar keur 24 jameun dina layar nu nembongkeun informasi acara keur unggal sistim kabel.

Taun 1988, Prevue Networks (nu asli nyieun electronic program guide) ngabejaan ka lolobana pausahaan kabel leutik nu masih kénéh maké saluran versi heubeul, pikeun ngaganti layanannana ku versi Prevue Channel nu geus di-update.

Sabelas taun satuluyna, taun 1999, TV Guide jeung Prevue Channel sapuk pikeun ngahiji jadi TV Guide Channel. Kiwari, TV Guide Channel mawa 24 jam panduan acara na layarna sorangan (nu ngagampangkeun panongton nu teu boga akses kana Internet, langganan majalah, atawa kabel digital atawa TV satelit keur ngakses eusi daptar TV). TV Guide Channel maké sistim satelit hususna sorangan nu sarua jeung sistim WeatherSTAR bogana The Weather Channel (biasana midangkeun perkiraan cuaca lokal).

Aplikasi kiwari

Although completely different from the on-screen program scroll on the TV Guide Channel in the United States, the technology is based upon broadcasting data to an application usually residing within middleware in a set-top box which connects to the television set and enables the application to be displayed.

EPG technology is predominant in the digital television and radio world, but equally EPGs exist that rely upon analogue technology. Guide Plus+, for example, uses the vertical blanking interval. These signals may arrive via cable TV, satellite TV, cable radio, satellite radio, or via over-the-air terrestrial broadcast radio and television stations.

By navigating through an EPG on a receiving device, users can see more information about the current program and about future programs. When EPGs are connected to PVRs, or personal vidéo recorders they enable a viewer to plan his or her viewing and record broadcast programs to a hard disk for later viewing.

Typical elements of an EPG comprise a graphical user interface which enable the display of program titles, descriptive information such as a synopsis, actors, directors, yéar of production, and so on, the channel name and the programs on offer from subchannels such as pay-per-view and VOD or video-on-demand services, program start times, genres and other descriptive metadata.

EPG information is typically displayed on a grid with the option to select more information on éach program. Radio EPGs offer more text-based displays of programme name, programme Description, genre, on-air or off air, Series. artist, album, and track title information.

An EPG allows the viewer to browse program summaries, search by genre or channel, immediate access to the selected program, reminders, and parental control functions.

If the device is capable of it, an EPG can enable one-touch recording of programs, as some DirecTV IRDs can do with a VCR using an attached infrared emitter (which emulates a remote control).

The latest revolution in EPGs is a personalised EPG which uses semantics to be able to advise one or multiple viewers what to watch based on their interests. iFanzy is such an EPG that is completely personal. It allows users to use or créate custom skins (like a personal computer's desktop image) and knows what they like to see. It also records these programs so that the viewer no longer has to depend on a broadcaster's time schedule but watch a programme at the moment of choice.

EPGs are typically sent within the broadcast transport stream or alongside it in a special data channel. The ATSC standard for DTV uses tables sent in éach station's PSIP, for example. These tables are méant to contain the program start time and title, and additional program descriptive "metadata". In the U.S., these devices receive time signals from local PBS members, so that they can record on time.

Most EPG systems, however, rely upon third party "metadata aggregators" (companies such as Tribune TV Data, Gemstar-TV Guide in the U.S. and Europe, and Broadcasting Dataservices in Europe), to provide good quality data content. Newer media centres (PC based multi-channel TV recorders) and Digital Vidéo Recorders may use an internet feed for the EPG.  This enables two-way interactivity for the user so that media download can be requested via the EPG, or related link, and remote programming of the media centre can be achieved.  Examples include IceTV and MythTV.

Tempo ogé
 NexTView

Rujukan

Tumbu luar

ESG (Electronic Service Guide) digital
 EXPWAY FastESG Léader in Mobile TV Electronic Service Guide over a variety of networks - DVB-H/3G/MediaFlo/Wimax.

EPG digital
 TVTV.co.uk
 zingzing.co.uk
 TV-Browser - Open Source EPG software

EPG analog
 Broadcasting Dataservices
 Sourceforge/NextView Info

Istilah televisi
Televisi digital

Electronic program guide


The Abitur (from Latin abire = go away) is a final exam in Germany, Lithuania and the Czech Republic at the end for the secondary education. The Abitur takes usually 12 or 13 years. The official term in Germany for this certificate is Allgemeine Hochschulreife. The Abiturzeugnis get pupils when they passed the final exams. It formally enables the possibility to attend a university.

es:Sistema de educación de Alemania#Sector secundario II
Examinations

Abitur


Leeland Dayton Mooring (born June 16, 1988) is an American worship musician, singer and songwriter known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the band Leeland, as well as serving a brief tenure as an ensemble worship leader with Bethel Music.

Leeland became a Christian at the age of five. He is married to Amanda Louise Mooring. He has two siblings; older brother Jack Mooring and younger sister Shelly Roberts. Jack Mooring is married to Michael W. Smith's daughter, Whitney Katherine Smith-Mooring. Leeland co-wrote six songs on Stand, Michael W. Smith's 2007 release, and wrote a seventh entirely.

Inspiration
When asked what inspires his songwriting he said, "A lot of my songs are birthed out of prayer. The ones that we've received the best response from have been the ones God just kind of dropped in my lap while I was spending time in His presence. That's my main inspiration."

On describing a scene reflecting God's glory through nature as said in "Yes You Have" said, "We were driving through Washington. I had my headphones on, listening to some Irish Celtic music. A choir was in the background, and while I was listening, I looked outside the van, and we were driving through beautiful mountains. The culmination of the music and the mountains was just incredible. It shows you how small you are and how much of a human you still are and need God."

When pressed about having hard times in his own life, and if there've ever been times when things were overwhelming, like that of which one of the more serious songs from Sound of Melodies, "Too Much", says, he stated, "I've always grown up in a strong Christian family, so I've never gone through a lot like a lot of kids have. I'm very blessed with that. But that two-year stint [on the road] was some of the best times and some of the most striving times. I was only 11, 12 and 13 during those years. We constantly had to trust God week to week for finances so we could live. The last week we traveled [as a family], my mom was put in the hospital and almost had a heart attack. She physically couldn't take it, because we weren't getting a lot of sleep. It was hard on us. I look at the pictures now, and it was by God's grace that she got out and that nothing serious happened. I don't know what I'd do with myself if my mom ever died, because she's the pillar in our lives. I couldn't picture myself without her wisdom, guidance and love."

When asked about the story behind "Carried to the Table", said, "One of the evangelists [my family] traveled with for two years had a message that spoke about that story of Mephibosheth in 2 Samuel. His message moved me so much that I fell in love with that story and couldn't get it out of my head. He related [the story] in the message to how God carries us to the table. Things I can't get out of my head, I make songs out of them. I sat in my room and prayed to God about it. I worked on [the song] two days and finally finished it."

In 2008, Leeland married his girlfriend, Mandy, who he had been dating for a year and a half.

He has written the song "Decoy" with Paramore's members Hayley Williams and Josh Farro which is on Paramore's live album. He has also co-written the song "Stronger (Back on the Ground)" with Jack Mooring and Nick Jonas for the album "Who I Am" of Nick Jonas and The Administration.

He co-wrote and contributed vocals to "Young" for RaeLynn's 2017 debut album, WildHorse.

On April 23, 2018, he and his wife welcomed their first child, a daughter named Journey Shipp Mooring, via adoption.

References

External links
Leeland's Personal Myspace
Leeland Interview with ChristianMusicToday.com

1988 births
Living people
People from Baytown, Texas
Singers from Houston
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas

Leeland Dayton Mooring


A flywheel is a heavy disk or wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft. Flywheels are used for storage of kinetic energy. The momentum of the flywheel causes it to not change its rotational speed easily. Because of this, flywheels help to keep the shaft rotating at the same speed. This helps when the torque applied to the shaft changes often. Uneven torque can change the speed of rotation. Because the flywheel resists changes in speed, it decreases the effects of uneven torque. Engines which use pistons to provide power usually have uneven torque and use flywheels to fix this problem.

It takes energy to get a wheel (any wheel) to rotate. If there is little friction (good bearings) then it will keep rotating a long time. When energy is needed, it can be taken from the wheel again. So it is a simple mechanical means of storing energy. The amount of energy stored is a function of the weight and the speed of rotation - making a heavier wheel rotate faster takes more energy. Another factor is the radius (size) because the farther from the axis a part of the wheel is, the more energy it takes to make is rotate. These three factors can be represented by M (mass),  (angular velocity), and R (radius). Combining the two equations below gives 2MR2/4. A fly-wheel is not just any wheel, but specifically designed to store energy. So it should be heavy and/or rotate fast. For example, some buses have a fly-wheel that is used for stopping and starting. When the bus stops (e.g. for a traffic light), the fly-wheel is connected to the wheels, so the rotational energy is transferred to it, so the bus will slow down while the fly-wheel speeds up. Then, when the bus has to start driving again, it is connected again and the energy is transferred back. Of course, you wouldn't want to lug a heavy wheel around on a bus, so it is made of a lighter material that can withstand extremely fast rotation.

Mathematics of flywheels
The kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel is

Where the moment of inertia of center mass is equal to

where  is the moment of inertia of the mass about the center of rotation and  (omega) is the angular velocity in radian units.

History
The flywheel has been used since ancient times, the most common traditional example being the potter's wheel. In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel.

Other meanings
In the world of venture capital, the term "flywheel" is used to represent the recurrent, margin-generating heart of a business.

Energy
Engineering

Flywheel


The Khoisan is the name for two peoples of Southern Africa: the San and the Khoikhoi. The San are foraging bushmen, and the Khoi are a pastoral people previously known as the Hottentots. The relationship between the two groups is not very clear. The San are generally smaller than other humans in the area. They also look very different than other groups of people there. As of 2018, between 90.000 and 100.000 San are left.  Most of them live in Botswana and Namibia. There are San minorities in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The San were some of the original (indigenous) inhabitants of Southern Africa. Then the southward Bantu migrations from North and East Africa reached the region 700 years ago. The Bantu populations displaced the Khoi and San to become the predominant inhabitants of Southern Africa.

The Khoisan "was the largest population on Earth at some point", according to one evolutionary geneticist. The evidence of the Khoisan's original presence in South Africa is the distribution of their languages today. Khoisan language groups often have extreme differences in structure and vocabulary despite close proximity, which demonstrates a long period of settlement and co-evolution of languages in the same region.

Charles Darwin wrote about the Khoisan and sexual selection in The Descent of Man in 1882, commenting that their steatopygia evolved through sexual selection in human evolution, and that "the posterior part of the body projects in a most wonderful manner".

In the 1990s, genomic studies of the world's peoples found that the Y chromosome of San men share patterns of polymorphisms that are different from those of all other populations. Because the Y chromosome changes little, this type of DNA test is used to determine when different human subgroups separated from one another. This shows their last common ancestry. The authors of these studies suggest that the San may have been one of the first populations to differentiate from the most recent common ancestor of all living humans, estimated to have lived 60,000 to 90,000 years ago.

References

Ethnic groups in South Africa
Ethnic groups in Africa

Khoisan


DB Netze (English: DB Networks) is a brand of the German national rail holding company Deutsche Bahn (DB). It was formed in December 2007 along with DB Schenker, the logistic department, and DB Bahn, the passenger services arm.

The original intent was that DB Netze would coordinate the delivery of infrastructure and operations in order to provide long-term transport systems. As a subsidiary of DB, it was to develop and operate a comprehensive range of transport, energy, data and service networks. In June 2008, however, in light of the planned partial privatisation of services, the DB's management board decided to break out the service providers from the DB Netze brand and only leave it with the infrastructure elements. The service providers are now brigaded within the DB Dienstleistungen business area under the DB brand.

Today DB Netze comprises the following business areas:

 DB Netze Fahrweg
 DB Netze Personenbahnhöfe
 DB Netze Energie
 DB Netze Projektbau
 DB Station&Service AG

DB Station&Service runs about 5,400 stations with 2,400 buildings. It delivers services to passengers, hires station real estate, and markets station stops even for other railway companies. DB Energie procures electricity and diesel for engines and stationary users across the entire DB concern. Its customers also include other companies.

References

External links

Deutsche Bahn
Railway infrastructure companies

DB Netze


Canoe racing is a water sport. The sport normally takes place on water that is moving very slowly or not moving at all. The goal of the sport is to move the canoe a given distance in the shortest time. This sport is an Olympic event. At one time, wooden boats were used for racing. Over time, people started using boats made of carbon fibers. These boats are lighter and tougher than wooden boats.

Classes
There are two main types of races. These are canoe (C1, C2, C4) and kayak (K1, K2, K4). The number tells how many people are on the boat. In a kayak, a person sits. In a canoe, a person kneels on one knee. A kayak has a rudder. It is used to steer the boat. A canoeist (person who uses a canoe) uses the paddle to move the boat. This is done by moving the paddle from the bow to the stern (front to back). After each race, the boats are looked at to make certain they are legal. If a boat does not have enough weight, the racer is disqualified and cannot win the race.

Races
Races are divided into several groups based on how long they are.

Short distance
In short distance races, the races are either 200 m, 500 m or 1000 m long. The path of the race is laid out using buoys. Each person has a separate path to follow from the starting line to the finish. On longer races, there may be a point where the paths cross each other to let the person turn their boat.

Long distance and marathon
Long distance races are 5000 m long. Marathon races are at least 15 km. Men's marathon has a minimum length of 20 km. Women's marathon has a minimum of 15 km. Most major races are 30 km or longer. There is no maximum distance for marathon races. There is a marathon race that is about 1000 km long on in the Yukon. The longer races are usually broken up into several parts and may be raced over several days. In long distance and marathon races, all racers start at the same time. They do not use intervals where the racers are started at different times.

Canoeing
Boat racing

Canoe racing


Jean-Luc Picard is a Star Trek: The Next Generation character. Patrick Stewart played him. He was the captain of the USS Enterprise-D, and later of the USS Enterprise-E. He was born in la Barre, France, on Earth. He had a brother, named Robert Picard. Jean-Luc was proud of being French.

As a character, Picard is very similar to James T. Kirk, albeit slightly older. While Picard is understood to be French, Kirk is of Irish heritage.

Both require equal discipline of their crews, but are also fair toward them. Both are ready to sacrifice themselves for their crews when need be. Their encounter in the movie Star Trek – Generations gave the surviving Picard a great deal of newfound strength to carry on his demanding mission.

Picard was also known as Locutus of the Borg in the episodes "Best of Both Worlds" 1 and 2.

Other websites
 Jean-Luc Picard at Memory Alpha

Star Trek: The Next Generation characters

Jean-Luc Picard


New Deal (Türkçe: Yeni Düzen), 1933 ve 1938 yılları arasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yürürlüğe giren ekonomi ağırlıklı  bir dizi yerli programdır. ABD Başkanı Franklin D. Roosevelt'in ilk döneminde Kongre tarafından onaylanan yasaların yanı sıra başkanlık yürütme emirlerini de içermektedir. Programın asıl amacı Büyük Buhran sonrası ekonomik düzelmeyi sağlamaktır. Program "3 R" şeklinde özetlenmektedir: Relief, Recovery ve Reform (rahatlama, iyileşme, reform). Yani işsiz ve yoksullar için rahatlama; normal seviyelere gelerek ekonominin toparlanması; ve tekrar çöküşü önlemek için finansal sistemin reformu amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
Araştırmalar
 Badger, Anthony J. The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940. (2002) general survey from British perspective
 Chafe, William H. ed. The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and its Legacies (2003)
 Conkin, Paul K. The New Deal. (1967), a brief New Left critique.
 Dubofsky, Melvyn, ed. The New Deal: Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. (1992), reader
 Eden, Robert, ed. New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal (1989), essays by scholars
 Hiltzik, Michael. The New Deal: A Modern History (2011), popular history by journalist; 512pp
 Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940. (1963). A standard interpretive history.
 Kennedy, David M. "What the New Deal Did," Political Science Quarterly, 124 (Summer 2009), 251–68.
 Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. (1999), survey; Pulitzer Prize
 Kirkendall, Richard S. "The New Deal As Watershed: The Recent Literature", The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 4. (Mar., 1968), pp. 839–852. in JSTOR , historiography
 McElvaine Robert S. The Great Depression 2nd ed (1993), social history
 Polenberg, Richard. "The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945 A Brief History with Documents" ISBN 0-312-13310-3
 Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, 3 vols, (1957–1960), the classic narrative history.
 Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (2007)
 Sitkoff, Harvard. ed. Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated. (1984). A friendly liberal evaluation.
 Wecter, Dixon. The Age of the Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1948), social history

Biyografiler
 Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, Henry R. Beasley. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001)
 Brands, H.W. Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008)
 Charles, Searle F. Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression (1963)
 Cohen, Adam, Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America (2009)
 Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times. (1985). An encyclopedic reference.
 Ingalls, Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York's Little New Deal (1975)
 Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2011); 35 essays by scholars; many deal with politics

Ekonomi, çiftlikler, işgücü, rahatlama
 Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 (1970), cover labor unions
 Best, Gary Dean. Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938. (1990) ISBN 0-275-93524-8; conservative perspective
 Blumberg Barbara. The New Deal and the Unemployed: The View from New York City (1977).
 Bremer William W. "Along the American Way: The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed". Journal of American History 62 (December 1975): 636–652. in  JSTOR
 Brock William R. Welfare, Democracy and the New Deal (1988), a British view
 Burns, Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms, 1933–1935 (1974)
 Folsom, Burton. New Deal or Raw Deal? : How FDR's Economic Legacy has Damaged America (2008) ISBN 1-4165-9222-9, conservative interpretation
 Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920–1935 (1994)
 Grant, Michael Johnston. Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945 (2002)
 Hawley, Ellis W. The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly (1966)
 Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943)
 Huibregtse, Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919–1935; (University Press of Florida; 2010; 172 pages)
 Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) 553–83. in JSTOR
 Leff, Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation (1984)
 Lindley, Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley. A New Deal for Youth: The Story of the National Youth Administration (1938)
 Mathews, Jane De Hart. "Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy", Journal of American History 62 (1975): 316–39, in JSTOR
 Malamud; Deborah C. "'Who They Are—or Were': Middle-Class Welfare in the Early New Deal" University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 No. 6 2003. pp 2019+.
 McKinzie, Richard. The New Deal for Artists (1984), well illustrated scholarly study
 Meriam; Lewis. Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution. 1946. Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs
 Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941 (1947), survey by economic historian
 Parker, Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression (2002) interviews with 11 leading economists
 Powell, Jim FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (2003) ISBN 0-7615-0165-7
 Rosenof, Theodore. Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993 (1997)
 Rosen, Elliot A. Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery (2005) ISBN 0-8139-2368-9
 Rothbard, Murray. America's Great Depression (1963). ibertarian critique
 Saloutos, Theodore. The American Farmer and the New Deal (1982).
 Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000)
 Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal". Political Science Quarterly 97 (1982): 255–78. at JSTOR
 Skocpol, Theda, and Kenneth Finegold. "Explaining New Deal Labor Policy" American Political Science Reform (1977) 84:1297–1304 in JSTOR
 Zelizer; Julian E. "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938" Presidential Studies Quarterly (2000) 30#2 pp: 331+.

Politika
 Alswang, John. The New Deal and American Politics (1978), voting analysis
 Alter, Jonathan. The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (2006), popular account
 Badger, Anthony J. FDR: The First Hundred Days (2008)
 Badger, Anthony J. New Deal / New South: An Anthony J. Badger Reader (2007)
 Bernstein, Barton J. "The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform". In Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History, pp. 263–88. (1968), an influential New Left attack on the New Deal.
 Best, Gary Dean. The Critical Press and the New Deal: The Press Versus Presidential Power, 1933–1938 (1993) ISBN 0-275-94350-X
 Best, Gary Dean. Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years (2002) ISBN 0-275-94656-8
 Brinkley, Alan. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. (1995) what happened after 1937
 Cobb, James and Michael Namaroto, eds. The New Deal and the South (1984).
 Conklin, Paul K. "The Myth of New Deal Radicalism" in Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, ISBN 1-881089-97-5
 Domhoff, G. William,  and Michael J. Webber. Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats, and the Liberal-Labor Coalition (Stanford University Press; 2011) 304 pages; uses class dominance theory to examine the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Labor Relations Act, and the Social Security Act.
 Ekirch Jr., Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought (1971)
 Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, (1989), essays focused on the long-term results.
 Garraty, John A. "The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression", American Historical Review, (1973) 78#4 pp. 907–44. in JSTOR
 Higgs, Robert. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (1987), libertarian critique
 Ladd, Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s (1975), voting behavior
 Lowitt, Richard. The New Deal and the West (1984).
 Manza; Jeff. "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" Annual Review of Sociology: 2000, 26 (2000): 297–322.
 Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism (2002)
 Patterson, James T. The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition (Princeton UP, 1969).
 Sitkoff, Harvard. A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (2008)
 Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 (2005).
 Sternsher, Bernard ed., Hitting Home: The Great Depression in Town and Country (1970), essays by scholars on local history
 Szalay, Michael. New Deal Modernism: American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State (2000)
 Tindall George B. The Emergence of the New South, 1915–1945 (1967). survey of entire South
 Trout Charles H. Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal (1977)

 Ware, Susan. Beyond Suffrage: Women and the New Deal (1981)

Birincil kaynaklar
 Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951 (1951) full of useful data; online
 Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (1976) part 1 online ; part 2 online
 Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls
 Carter, Susan B. et al. eds. The Historical Statistics of the United States (6 vol: Cambridge UP, 2006); huge compilation of statistical data; online at some universities
 Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
 Lowitt, Richard and Beardsley Maurice, eds. One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression (1981)
 Moley, Raymond. After Seven Years (1939), conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster
 Nixon, Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs (3 vol 1969), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries.
 Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945.
 Zinn, Howard, ed. New Deal Thought'' (1966), a compilation of primary sources.

Dış bağlantılar

 The Smithsonian American Art Museum's Exhibition "1934: A New Deal for Artists"
 The New Deal Original reports and pictures from The Times
 Art, Culture, and Government: The New Deal at 75  Kongre Kütüphanesi, American Folklife Center Documentation of March 13–14, 2008 Symposium including webcasts of presentations
 Hannsgen, Greg E.and  Papadimitriou, Dimitri B. Lessons from the New Deal: Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression? Working Paper No. 581, The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. October 2009
 California's Living New Deal Project, database of the lasting effects of the New Deal in California
 New Deal by Alan Brinkley on History.com
 Robert E. Burke Collection.  1892-1994. 60.42 cubic feet (68 boxes plus 2 oversize folders and one oversize vertical file). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains material collected by Robert E. Burke on the New Deal from 1932 to 1959.

New Deal


The Randstad is a conurbation in the western Netherlands. It covers the provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Flevoland and Utrecht. Big cities in the Randstad are Amsterdam, Haarlem, Leiden, Den Haag, Delft, Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Gouda, Utrecht, Hilversum and Almere. The term Randstad was first used by Albert Plesman, the founder of KLM. When he looked at it from the air, he saw that cities nearly form a circle. The Randstad covers about 20% of the area of the Netherlands. More than 40% of the population of the Netherlands live there. The cities in the Randstad are between  (Den Haag - Rotterdam) and  (Amsterdam - Rotterdam) apart. In the center is an area known as Groene Hart. Relatively few people live there.

Regions of the Netherlands
Regions of South Holland
Flevoland
North Holland
Utrecht (province)

Randstad


The Tyndale Bible generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale. Tyndale's Bible is credited with being the first English translation to come directly from Hebrew and Greek texts. The term Tyndale's Bible is not strictly correct, because Tyndale never published a complete Bible. Prior to his execution Tyndale had only finished translating the entire New Testament and roughly half of the Old Testament.

History
The chain of events that led to the creation of Tyndale's New Testament started in 1522. It was in this year that Tyndale illegally acquired a copy of Martin Luther's German New Testament. Tyndale was inspired by Luther's work and immediately set out to imitate Luther's work but in English. He made his purpose known to the Bishop of London at the time Cuthbert Tunstall. However Tunstall rejected Tyndale's offer of creating an up-to-date modern English Bible. After this rejection Tyndale moved to the continent and ended up in Hamburg where he completed his New Testament in 1524.

The first recorded complete edition of his New Testament was published in 1526. Two revised versions were latter published in 1534 and 1536, both personally revised by Tyndale himself. After his death in 1536 Tyndale's works have been revised and reprinted numerous times.

Reaction of the Catholic Church
Tyndale's translations were condemned by both church and state in England, where it must be said it took longer for the reform movement to take hold. Tyndale was forced to flee England for the continent where he found safe haven in pro-reform areas. The church and state reacted strongly against Tyndale's work, banning his New Testament of 1526 from England. In addition any copy of his work found in England was to be burned.

Legacy
The legacy of Tyndale's Bible cannot be overstated. His translations laid the foundations for many of the English Bibles which followed his. His work made up a significant portion of the Matthew Bible which was the first authorized version of the English Bible. The Tyndale Bible also played a key role in spreading reformation ideas to England which had been reluctant to embrace the movement.

Notes

References
Coggan, Donald. The English Bible. Essex: Longmans, Greeb & Co. Ltd., 1968.

Kenyon, Sir Frederic. The Story of the Bible. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd., 1947.

Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 1996.

Luther, Martin. "The Freedom Of A Christian: Doctrine of Justification by Faith Alone", in The Freedom Of A Christian, edited by Hans J. Grimm and W. A. Lambert. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1957.

Partridge, A.C. English Biblical Translations. London: Andrè Deutsch Limited, 1973.

Pollard,Alfred W., ed. Records of the English Bible. Wm. Dawson & Sons Ltd., 1974.

Thompson, Craig R. The Bible in English. New York: Cornell University Press, 1963.

"Tridetine Creed." http://individual.utoronto.ca/mmilner/history2p91/primary/Tridentine_Creed.html

Other websites
Studylight version of Tyndale New Testament, actually from the 1534 edition Searchable by phrase or chapter/verse reference.
Online version of Sir Frederic G. Kenyon's article in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, 1909
Tyndale New Testament article, with zoomable image, on British Library website

Bible versions

Tyndale Bible


William John Irvine (born 18 June 1943) is a Northern Irish former professional footballer who played as a centre forward. Born in Eden, County Antrim, into a large family, he grew up in the nearby town of Carrickfergus. He did well at school, but chose to pursue a career in professional football and initially played for local club Linfield. After a spell in amateur football, Irvine travelled to England for a trial with Burnley at the age of 16. He was offered a professional deal and spent three years playing for the youth and reserve teams, before making his senior debut at the end of the 1962–63 season. Over the following seasons, Irvine became a regular feature of the Burnley team and in the 1965–66 campaign, he scored 29 goals and was the highest goalscorer in the Football League First Division.

Irvine lost his place in the Burnley team after suffering a broken leg during a cup tie in 1967, and never properly regained his form for the club. He was later transfer listed, and joined local rivals Preston North End in March 1968. In the Football League Second Division, he began to score goals again and was Preston's top goalscorer in the 1968–69 season despite suffering a serious leg injury which forced him to miss much of the campaign. When Alan Ball was named Preston manager in the summer of 1970, Irvine found himself out of the team. He joined Brighton & Hove Albion in July 1971 after impressing during a loan spell earlier in the year. He moved to Halifax Town midway through the 1972–73 season, but left the club after six months. Irvine ended his football career with a spell at semi-professional Great Harwood, before retiring at the age of 29.

In addition to playing club football, Irvine also represented the Northern Ireland national football team. He won 23 caps for his country, scoring eight goals. After retiring from football, he ran his own do-it-yourself shop but suffered from severe depression when the
business collapsed. Irvine spent time in hospital after taking an overdose of medication, but recovered and later worked as a community worker before becoming a window cleaner. As of 2010, he works full-time in an aerospace factory, and also gives guided tours of Burnley's stadium, Turf Moor, on matchdays.

Early life
Willie Irvine was born on 18 June 1943 in the village of Eden, County Antrim, on the east coast of Northern Ireland. He was born to Alex and Agnes Irvine, and had 17 half-brothers and half-sisters from his mother's previous marriages. Irvine was 11 months old when his father, who had played football for Distillery, died after being involved in a motorcycle accident. He came from a poor background and when he was young the family resided in a small wooden bungalow that had neither electricity nor running water. His mother worked often, and Irvine was looked after by his elder siblings. At the age of one, he started to attend Eden School so that he could be looked after by the teachers while his sisters earned money. When he was seven years old, the family moved to the Sunnylands estate in nearby Carrickfergus after his mother was sent to Omagh Prison for falsely claiming benefits.

Irvine soon warmed to his new neighbourhood; he enjoyed visiting Carrickfergus Castle and often spent time at the harbour. In 1950, he moved to Sunnylands Primary School and began to play football seriously. He initially concentrated on playing as a goalkeeper for the school team. In 1953, the team reached the final of the County Cup, but were defeated 0–3 by an older side from Carrick Technical School. Irvine's elder brother Bobby, who went on to represent Stoke City and was also a Northern Ireland international, played for the opposition. Along with his schoolmate William Donnelly, Irvine often frequented Windsor Park to watch the Northern Ireland national team, and he idolised players such as Jimmy McIlroy and Danny Blanchflower.

At 14, Irvine enrolled at Carrick Technical School, where he studied German, physics, chemistry and woodwork. He excelled in his studies and was urged to go to university, but his family could not afford the fees. His interest in football increasing, he started to play in a midfielder position for the Carrickfergus-based Barn United and was selected to represent the East Antrim Schoolboys as well as the Irish Schools team. His performances while playing for Northern Ireland in the Victory Shield led to him signing junior terms with Belfast-based club Linfield, where his brother Bobby was the first-team goalkeeper. Several months later, Irvine left Linfield and joined local men's team Barn United, who competed in the Northern Ireland Amateur League. Several clubs, including Manchester United, Arsenal and Wolverhampton Wanderers showed an interest in him and in 1959, Jimmy McIlroy invited Irvine to a trial at English side Burnley.

Playing career

Burnley
Irvine joined the Burnley youth team initially on a month's trial, along with other young players including Brian O'Neil and Willie Morgan. He suffered an injury to his ankle but recovered in time for the final trial match against local rivals Blackburn Rovers. His performances during the month had sufficiently impressed manager Harry Potts, and Irvine was offered a permanent contract. He became a full member of the youth team and was an understudy to the team that won the Football League First Division in the 1959–60 season. As an apprentice footballer he earned a basic wage of £7 per week. While in the youth squad, Irvine was converted into a centre forward and in his first match in the position scored a hat-trick for the Burnley C team. He scored more than 40 goals for the A team in the Lancashire League during the 1961–62 season, including 6 in an 8–3 win against a Blackburn Rovers representative team. On 14 October 1961, Irvine made his debut for the Burnley reserve side, scoring a hat-trick in the 6–1 victory over Barnsley. Both the A team and the reserves were crowned champions of their respective divisions at the end of the season, and Potts singled out Irvine for particular praise, stating that Burnley had not "had a more consistent goal getter than Willie for a very long time."

Going into the 1962–63 campaign, Irvine returned to the Burnley A team and scored a hat-trick against Bury early in the season. After Andy Lochhead was promoted to the first team in October 1962, Irvine became the reserve side's first-choice centre forward. He continued to score regularly, netting 8 goals in 15 appearances, although he was forced to stop playing for a period in the winter of 1963 when adverse weather caused the postponement of several matches. After his Northern Ireland debut in April that year, he made several more appearances for the reserves, and his goal against Blackpool was described by journalist Keith McNee as "the finest goal [he had] seen". On 11 May 1963, Irvine was asked by manager Potts to travel with the first team for their final away fixture of the season at Arsenal. He was a boot boy, and was originally only intended to assist Ray Bennion in transporting the team kit to and from the game. It was reported in the Burnley Express the day before the match that he would be making his professional debut against Arsenal, although Irvine himself only found out just before the match. He started at centre forward in place of Lochhead, who was unable to play because of a leg injury. Irvine had a successful introduction to senior football and scored a headed goal after 20 minutes of play, the first goal in a 3–2 win for Burnley. He was again selected three days later for the last game of the campaign at home to Birmingham City and scored a hat-trick as Burnley ended the season with a 3–1 victory.

Irvine started the first match of the 1963–64 campaign, a 1–3 defeat away to Ipswich Town. However, he suffered a broken hand during the game, which left him unable to play throughout the following months. Even after recovery, he remained sidelined, unable to regain his place in the starting eleven. Irvine did not play again for Burnley until 30 March 1964, when he was chosen to play at inside-right in the away tie against Bolton Wanderers. Despite Irvine's fifth goal in four league starts, Burnley were beaten 1–2. He retained his place in the team for the next two matches, before returning to his more preferred centre forward position for the 0–3 loss at home to Liverpool on 14 April 1964. He scored three more goals in the final two matches of the season, including two in the 7–2 win against Tottenham Hotspur. His frequent goalscoring led to him becoming a more integral part of the Burnley side during the following campaign, in which he scored three goals in the first six matches, although the team achieved only four draws and two losses. He was dropped from the starting line-up for the away match at Birmingham City on 12 September 1964. The team suffered three defeats in the following four fixtures, and Irvine was reinstated to the team for the trip to West Bromwich Albion two weeks later. He immediately marked his return with both Burnley goals in a 2–1 win, the team's first away victory of the season. Irvine retained his place in the side for most of the remainder of the campaign, and in December he scored seven goals in four games, including a hat-trick in the 4–0 win over Fulham. Despite missing a small portion of the campaign through injury, Irvine ended the season with a total of 22 goals in 37 league and cup matches, one more goal than centre forward partner Lochhead.

The Irvine–Lochhead partnership continued into the 1965–66 campaign. Irvine scored a goal in a 2–1 win against Lausanne Sports on a pre-season tour of Switzerland, and his first competitive goal of the season came on 24 August 1965 in the 3–1 home victory against Blackpool. He scored two in the return match at Bloomfield Road the following week, and two matches later he netted a hat-trick in the 4–1 defeat of Northampton Town. Between the 1–1 draw away at Leeds United on 30 October 1965 and the 5–2 win against Fulham on 11 December 1965, Irvine scored in seven consecutive league matches. In the 3–1 win against West Ham United, Irvine and Lochhead both scored in the same match for the first time, despite having played together for almost three seasons. Irvine took his goalscoring form into the cup competitions, netting five times in three FA Cup ties, and scoring the winning goals against Southampton and Stoke City as the team reached the fifth round of the EFL Cup before being knocked out by Peterborough United. During the second half of the season, he went through a somewhat barren spell, failing to score in the league between 8 January 1966 and 26 March 1966. He ended his poor run of form with a hat-trick in the 4–1 win over Nottingham Forest at Turf Moor. He subsequently got on the scoresheet in the next six league games, including two goals against Sheffield Wednesday which took him to 27 league goals, the joint-highest total since George Beel's 30 in the 1928–29 season. Irvine's 29th and final goal of the season came on 23 April 1966 in the 2–0 home victory against Liverpool. He was the highest scorer in the Football League First Division that season, the first, and to date only, time a Burnley player had achieved the feat.

In June 1966, Irvine had an altercation with Burnley chairman Bob Lord after returning late from a Northern Ireland match. Nevertheless, he retained his place in the starting line-up at the start of the 1966–67 campaign, and scored in the first match of the season against Sheffield United. After a pre-season tour of Austria, throughout which Burnley remained undefeated, the team were confident of a successful season and especially looked forward to European competition in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. On 20 September 1966, Irvine scored the sole Burnley goal in the 1–1 draw against German side VfB Stuttgart. The following month, he scored in consecutive league matches against Leicester City and Manchester City at Turf Moor. Irvine was on the scoresheet again in the next round of the Fairs Cup as Swiss team Lausanne Sports were beaten 5–0 in Burnley on 25 October 1966. By the middle of the season, Irvine had scored 13 goals in the league, four fewer than the same stage of the previous campaign. He scored his first goal of the new year on 31 January 1967 in the FA Cup third round replay against Everton at Goodison Park. However, early in the second half, Irvine was tackled by Everton defender Johnny Morrissey. The challenge—not deemed a foul by the referee—broke his shin bone, and Irvine was immediately substituted and replaced by fellow Irishman Sammy Todd. The injury meant that he did not play again for Burnley for the remainder of the season. He was forced to remain on the sidelines as Burnley finished 14th in the First Division and reached the fourth round of the Fairs Cup before being knocked out by Eintracht Frankfurt.

Irvine regained his place in the Burnley team at the start of the 1967–68 campaign, and scored in the first two league matches of the season. However, he was dropped from the starting eleven after four games. On 7 October 1967, in the 1–1 draw with Nottingham Forest, he became the first ever Burnley player to score after coming on as a substitute, after replacing Martin Dobson. Irvine made six consecutive starts throughout October and November 1967, before again being dropped following the 2–0 home win against Newcastle United. After this, he played less often and scored his final goal for the club on 5 December 1967 in the 1–2 defeat to Arsenal in the fifth round of the League Cup. Just over two months later, on 24 February 1968, Irvine made his last appearance for Burnley when he played in an unfamiliar inside-right position in the 0–1 loss away at Nottingham Forest. In the same month, he formally requested to be placed on the transfer list after becoming increasingly unhappy at Burnley. The request was granted by Potts, who set a price of £60,000 for Irvine. Altogether, he had scored 97 goals in a total of 148 first-team matches for Burnley during his eight years with the club.

Preston North End
In March 1968, Irvine signed for Preston North End, who were struggling at the bottom of the Football League Second Division, for a transfer fee of £45,000 and a signing-on fee of £5,000. He was one of five Burnley first-team players to leave the club during that year. Irvine made his debut for Preston North End on 14 March 1968 in the 0–4 defeat away at Ipswich Town. He scored his first goal for the club in the following match, a 2–1 win against Aston Villa at Deepdale. The team subsequently went on a run of eight games without defeat in the league, including a 3–1 win over Huddersfield Town in which Irvine scored a hat-trick. On the morning of 27 April 1968, the Preston North End team were each offered £2,500 to purposely lose the match against Bristol City in order that Bristol City could improve their chances of avoiding relegation. Irvine, along with teammate Derek Temple, refused, saying: "I'm a professional. I want no part of this". Irvine scored the team's only goal in a 1–4 defeat that day, and by the end of the 1967–68 season he had scored six times in eleven matches for his new side. He carried his goalscoring form into the new campaign, scoring the winner against Oldham Athletic in the first round of the League Cup, and netting a consolation goal in the 1–3 defeat to Crystal Palace.

After 16 matches of the 1968–69 season, Irvine had scored 13 goals. However, he suffered a knee injury midway through the season in the FA Cup fourth round tie against Chelsea. He was injured ten minutes into the match but played for most of the first half before being substituted. He had a chipped bone and ligament damage, requiring him to undergo an operation in February 1969 that forced him to miss the rest of the campaign. Despite missing many games, he was Preston's top scorer that season with 20 goals in all competitions. Irvine never fully recovered from the injury, and played only 16 games the following season, scoring five goals. Preston North End were relegated to the Football League Third Division in 1970 after finishing bottom of the league. Manager Bobby Seith was dismissed following the relegation, and replaced by former Halifax Town coach Alan Ball in May 1970. Ball was reluctant to play Irvine after discovering the knee injury from the previous season. Nevertheless, he appeared in the first three matches of the 1970–71 campaign, scoring in the 1–0 win against Stockport County in the first round of the League Cup. He was dropped from the team after missing several chances in the 1–3 defeat to Torquay United on 22 August 1970. After this, Irvine did not feature regularly for Preston North End and from October 1970, he played mostly for the reserve team. He made his final senior appearance for the club on 26 December 1970 in the 3–3 draw with Tranmere Rovers at Deepdale. During a three-year spell, he played 81 league games for Preston North End, scoring 27 goals in the process.

Later career
In March 1971, Ball offered Irvine the opportunity of a three-month loan spell at fellow Third Division side Brighton & Hove Albion. Irvine made his debut for Brighton on 10 March 1971 in the 3–2 win against Fulham. He scored in the match, and manager Pat Saward was effusive in his praise of his new signing. Irvine became a regular starter for Brighton, and scored again in the 1–1 draw with Plymouth Argyle at the Goldstone Ground on 28 April 1971. During the loan spell, he played 14 league games and scored six goals. At the end of the season, Irvine temporarily returned to Preston but a transfer fee of £7,000 took him to Brighton on a permanent deal in July 1971. Irvine became known as "late-goal Willie" after scoring a succession of last-minute goals. On 11 December 1971, he scored against Walsall in the second round of the FA Cup to take the tie to a replay. He scored the equaliser in the 2–2 draw away at Bristol Rovers on 22 January 1972, followed by a late winner in the 2–1 defeat of Wrexham two weeks later.

Irvine added to his tally with home and away goals against Halifax Town, where he would go on to play the next season, and a strike against Aston Villa that was named as runner-up in a Goal of the Season competition by television programme Match of the Day. With the forward partnership of Irvine and Kit Napier, Brighton performed better than expected in the 1971–72 season. At the end of the campaign, following a 1–1 draw with Rochdale the team was promoted to the Second Division, after finishing as runners-up behind Aston Villa. Irvine continued to score in a higher division, netting five times in the first eleven matches of the season. However, he was then dropped from the team and never regained his place in the starting line-up. Several clubs became interested in his services, including West Ham United, a number of American teams, and Scottish side Heart of Midlothian, where Bobby Seith was the manager. Irvine played his last match for Brighton on 18 November 1972, when the team lost 0–1 at home to his former club Burnley.

After turning down potential transfers to West Ham and Torquay, because neither he nor his wife wanted to live in either place, Irvine decided to sign for Third Division outfit Halifax Town in December 1972. Despite taking a considerable pay cut, he chose Halifax to enable his family to return to live near Burnley. Irvine made a total of 11 first-team appearances for Halifax Town, scoring one goal for the club. He played his last competitive game for the club in the 1–0 win against York City on 13 March 1973, after manager George Mulhall accused Irvine of not trying and not deserving his wage. At the end of the 1972–73 season, the team avoided relegation to the Fourth Division on goal difference. After failing to report for the away game at Walsall on 1 May 1973, to play in a testimonial match for Burnley defender John Angus, he was fined two weeks' wages and forced into extra training sessions. In the summer of 1973, Irvine left Halifax Town by mutual consent, his professional football career over at the age of 29. Despite having the option to sign for Rochdale, he joined semi-professional side Great Harwood, who played in the Northern Premier League. At Great Harwood, he played alongside two former Burnley teammates; goalkeeper Adam Blacklaw and midfielder Les Latcham. Irvine remained at the club for a number of months, before leaving midway through the 1973–74 season and retiring from football altogether.

International career

Irvine's first taste of international football came in 1958, when he represented the Northern Ireland schoolboy team in the Victory Shield. Five years later, he made his debut for the Northern Ireland national under-23 football team, when he played alongside his brother Bobby in the 1–5 defeat to Wales on 27 February 1963. During the next two years, he played twice more for the under-23 team, scoring three goals for the side. Irvine received his first call-up to the Northern Ireland senior team in April 1963, one month before he made his professional debut for Burnley. He went straight into the team and won his first cap on 3 April 1963 in the 1–4 loss to Wales in the British Home Championship. He received his next cap the following month and scored his first international goal on 30 May 1963 in the 1–1 draw with Spain in the first round of the 1964 European Nations Cup. It was over a year before Irvine was selected to represent his country again, when he was included in the squad for the 1–2 defeat to Switzerland in a qualification match for the 1966 FIFA World Cup. On 25 November 1964, he scored his second Northern Ireland goal in the loss to Scotland in the British Home Championship. Irvine was involved in his first win with the Northern Ireland team when they defeated the Netherlands in a World Cup qualifying game on 17 March 1965. During the remainder of the 1964–65 season, he won a further three caps for his country.

Between 2 October 1965 and 30 March 1966, Irvine scored in four consecutive international fixtures. The run started with a goal against Scotland in the British Home Championship, followed by a goal in the 1–2 loss to England on 10 November 1965. Two weeks later, he netted in a World Cup qualifier against Albania before scoring in the 4–1 win against Wales to complete the run. Irvine continued to play for Northern Ireland, winning caps against Mexico, England and Scotland, but it was almost two-and-a-half years before he scored again in international football. His two goals in a friendly match against Israel were his last for Northern Ireland, although he did win another five caps for his country. After leaving Burnley in 1968, his inclusion in the Northern Ireland squad became less frequent and between 1969 and 1972 he did not make an appearance for the team. After three years out of the side, he returned for the 0–2 loss to Scotland on 20 May 1972. He played against England three days later before winning his 23rd and final cap in the goal-less draw with Wales, the team against which he had made his international debut, on 27 May 1972.

International goals

Under–23
Scores and results list Northern Ireland U23's goal tally first.

Senior team
Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first.

Style of play
As a youngster, Irvine played as a goalkeeper until his elder brother Bobby, who went on to keep goal for the Northern Ireland national team, threatened to "batter" him. He subsequently moved into a midfield position, before becoming a centre forward during his time in the Burnley youth team. Described as a natural and instinctive goalscorer, Irvine stated that one of his main strengths as a striker was the ability to anticipate where the ball was going to land.

Outside football
Irvine is married to wife Rita, whom he met in a public house in Burnley. The couple were wed on 3 October 1966 and have three sons; Darren, Stephen and Jonathan, who played semi-professional football for Nelson and Colne. He has lived in the village of Worsthorne since retiring from football in 1974. Following his retirement he rented a warehouse from a friend and started a do-it-yourself retail business in the centre of Burnley. The shop was reasonably successful, and Irvine opened a second branch in Keighley, West Yorkshire. However, the business became untenable after several years and left Irvine owing £44,000 to the bank after a potential buyer for the shop pulled out of the deal. Following the collapse of the business, Irvine suffered severe depression and at one stage attempted suicide by taking an overdose of paracetamol tablets. He was discovered in time by his wife and admitted to Burnley General Hospital, where he underwent an emergency procedure to pump his stomach. After the attempt, he got a part-time job with Burnley Borough Council, working with young people at local community centres. He later worked as a window cleaner for 12 months before selling the round for a profit. Irvine then took a job in an engineering factory, where he worked for 14 years, before joining electrical firm LED. From there, he moved to Aeropia, an aircraft parts manufacturer, where he has worked as a stores manager ever since. On matchdays at Turf Moor, he gives guided tours of the ground to supporters.

Notes

A.  The Northern Premier League is a semi-professional league; individual players' appearances and goals are not available in either contemporary or modern sources.

References
General

Specific

External links
Willie Irvine career stats at the Post War Players Database
Willie Irvine biography at ClaretsMad

1943 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Carrickfergus
Men's association football forwards
Association footballers from County Antrim
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Burnley F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Great Harwood F.C. players
English Football League players
First Division/Premier League top scorers

Willie Irvine


Cognitive distortions are irrational or exaggerated thoughts that can cause some psychological problems to become worse. By following these wrong thought, they make if very hard to do the things they want to do. This may cause problems such as depression.

There are many forms of cognitive distortions. Some of these include:
"All or nothing thinking": This is when a person believes that everything can be grouped into two lists. One list is good. The other list is bad. The person sees everything as either good or bad. There is no other option. Also known as black or white thinking.
Overgeneralization: People who over generalize make fast opinions with little knowledge. They think experiences from their past will decide the future.
Filtering Out the Positive: People who filter out the positive make small things seem more important than they are.
Mind Reading: These people think they know what other people are thinking. They believe that their negative guesses are facts.
Fortune Telling: These people think they can guess the future and that their negative guesses are facts.
Emotional Reasoning: People who reason emotionally believe that their negative feelings are facts.
Should Statements: These people think that they should be able to act at a certain level. If they can not act at that level, they can feel shame.
Labeling: People who label give people general tags that might not define the person very well.
Personalization: People who think that someone is personally responsible for anything that goes wrong.

Related pages
 Cognitive bias

Reference
http://www.ananddhillon.com/blog/2008/06/cognitive-distortions/
http://www.uwec.edu/counsel/pubs/defn.htm
Cognition

Cognitive distortions