Wheeler Army Airfield , also known as Wheeler Field and formerly as Wheeler Air Force Base, is a United States Army post located in the City & County of Honolulu and in the Wahiawa District of the Island of O'ahu, Hawaii. It is a National Historic Landmark for its role in the 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Overview
Wheeler AAF comprises approximately  of land adjacent to Schofield Barracks and is home to a variety of Department of Defense activities including the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), the 169th Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron (169 ACWS) of the Hawaii Air National Guard, the 193rd Aviation Regiment (Medium Lift), Detachment 55 Operational Support Airlift (Det 55 OSA) of the Hawaii Army National Guard, the Regular Army's 25th Infantry Division's 25th Combat Aviation Brigade composed of the 25th Aviation Regiment, the 2nd Squadron-6th Cavalry Regiment, and the 209th Aviation Support Battalion, also located on wheeler is the Trial Defense Service-Hawaii.

History
On 6 February 1922, a detachment of 20 enlisted men from Luke Field, proceeded to Schofield Barracks, under Lieutenant William T. Agee, to clear the flying field on the grounds of the former 17th Cavalry Regiment drill grounds and construct housing for the divisional air service. Two canvas hangars were erected and the field cleared of weeds, guava and algaroba trees. Thus Wheeler Field got its modest start. It was named Wheeler Field on 11 November 1922 in honor of Major Sheldon H. Wheeler, former commander of Luke Field on Ford Island, killed in the crash of DH-4B, AAS Ser. No. 63525 on 13 July 1921.

In June 1923, 13 months after the designation of the new flying field, shop hangars, airplane hangars, and oil storage tanks were erected. In 1927, one of the wooden shop hangars was remodeled to provide space for a barracks and a mess hall incident to the formation of a pursuit group. It was not until 1930 that any permanent construction was started. Many different units were originally stationed at Wheeler Field. The first units of the Schofield Barracks divisional airdrome were the 4th Observation Squadron, Photo Section No. 11 and Branch Intelligence Office No. 11.

In October 1922, the photo section and intelligence units were returned to Luke Field. The following May, the 17th Composite Group was organized at Wheeler. It consisted of a Headquarters Squadron, the 19th Pursuit Squadron and the 4th Observation Squadron. These units operated from the field until January 1924, when the 17th Group was rendered inactive. Three years later, the foundation for the present 18th Pursuit Group was laid and the 6th and 19th Pursuit Squadrons were transferred from Luke Field. More squadrons were eventually added to the 18th Pursuit Group and Bellows Field was opened as an aerial gunnery camp for the use of tactical organizations. The 15th Pursuit Group was formed next and was made a permanent part of the airdrome. Hand in hand with this move came the formation of the 14th Pursuit Wing.

Wheeler Field was the site of several major historic aviation events prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, including the first transpacific flight from California in 1927; the great Dole Air Race from California to Hawaii; the first transpacific flight from the U.S. to Australia in 1928, and the first Hawaii-to-Mainland solo flight in 1935 by Amelia Earhart. Ms. Earhart visited Wheeler Field in 1935 in her Lockheed Vega and in 1937 in her Lockheed Model 10 Electra. Kingsford Smith, in his plane, the Southern Cross, also used the airfield on his historic flights across the Pacific.

By 1940, Wheeler Field had evolved into a primary base for Army Air Corps pursuit (i.e., "fighter") aircraft such as the P-40 Warhawk, responsible for air defense of the Hawaiian Islands Territory.

World War II

Wheeler Army Airfield was a primary target and site of the first attack on 7 December 1941, leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese attacked the airfield to prevent the numerous planes there from getting airborne and engaging them. Most of the planes were destroyed, but 12 pilots assigned to the 15th Pursuit Group at Wheeler (predecessor of the present day 15th Wing) succeeded in getting their P-36 Hawk and P-40 Warhawk aircraft off the ground, engaged the Japanese in furious dogfights, and scored some of the first American victories of World War II.

2nd Lieutenant Phil Rasmussen found an old, unscathed Curtiss P-36 Hawk and taxied it to a revetment where he had it loaded with ammunition. During a lull in the bombing, he took off with three other pilots. Lieutenant Rasmussen managed to shoot down a Mitsubishi A6M Zero and the American pilots subsequently engaged 11 Japanese aircraft.

The installation has a National Historic Landmark District in association with the attack on 7 December 1941. The 1941 Flightline, hangars and barracks survive today.

Casualties at Wheeler totaled 33 killed and 75 wounded. Of the 233 aircraft assigned to the Hawaiian Air Force, 146 were in commission before the attack; afterward, only 83 were in commission (including 27 P-40s) and 76 had been totally destroyed. During World War II as part of the US Army Air Forces and until 1949 as part of the newly established United States Air Force, Wheeler was assigned to the Seventh Air Force (former Hawaiian Air Force) and successor commands.

World War II USAAF units assigned
 7th Fighter Wing, 18 November 1946 – 1 May 1948
 15th Fighter Group, 1 February – 15 October 1946
 30th Bombardment Group, 1 March – 29 September 1945; 1 February – 25 January 1946
 41st Bombardment Group, 14 October 1944 – 7 June 1945
 81st Fighter Group, 15 October 1946 – 21 May 1949

 6th Pursuit Squadron, 11 January 1927 – 30 August 1942; 2 October 1945 – 31 May 1946
 19th Pursuit Squadron, 1 May 1923 – 15 January 1924; 11 January 1927 – 20 February 1942
 26th Attack (later Bombardment) Squadron, 1 September 1930 – 1 February 1940; 20 December 1941 – 19 July 1942; 11 May – 11 November 1943
 27th Bombardment Squadron, 23 May – 25 September 1945
 38th Bombardment Squadron, 17 March – 21 September 1945
 86th Observation Squadron, 1 February 1940 – 15 March 1941; 17 August 1942 – 28 June 1944
 Re-designated: 43d Reconnaissance Squadron, 22–28 February 1946
 44th Pursuit (later Fighter) Squadron, 12–27 December 1941; 25 January – 23 June 1942
 44th Troop Carrier Squadron, 29 September 1945 – 25 March 1946
 45th Troop Carrier Squadron, 29 September – 20 December 1945
 46th Pursuit (later Fighter) Squadron, 1 December 1940 – 6 February 1942; 17 February – 13 October 1944
 47th Bombardment Squadron, 5 November 1944 – 7 June 1945

 47th Fighter Squadron, 9 February – 16 October 1946
 48th Bombardment Squadron, 14 October 1944 – 20 May 1945
 72d Fighter Squadron, 21 October – 18 December 1943
 78th Pursuit (Later Fighter) Squadron, 1 February 1940 – 9 December 1941; 9 February – 15 October 1946
 91st Fighter Squadron, 15 October 1946 – 21 May 1949
 92d Fighter Squadron, 15 October 1946 – 21 May 1949
 93d Fighter Squadron, 15 October 1946 – 21 May 1949
 321st Bombardment Squadron, 12 September – 4 November 1942
 371st Bombardment Squadron, 2 November 1942 – 13 June 1943
 392d Bombardment Squadron, 23 May – 29 September 1945
 396th Bombardment Squadron, 14 October 9144-20 May 19 May 1945
 58th Bombardment Squadron, 1 January – 18 March 1941; 19 December 1941 – 18 June 1943
 819th Bombardment Squadron, 12 November 1943 – 9 July 1944; 17 March – 26 September 1945
 820th Bombardment Squadron, 14 October 1944 – 20 May 1945

Cold War
With the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, Wheeler Army Air Base was re-designated Wheeler Air Force Base under the operational control of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). The following year, the installation was placed on minimum caretaker status; however, with expansion of the Air Force during the Korean War, Wheeler AFB was restored to fully operational status in 1952.

On 24 February 1952, the 1508th Support Squadron was organized to provide administrative and logistical support to activities at Wheeler AFB. The unit was redesignated the 6487th Support Squadron on 1 April 1955, then inactivated on 1 November 1971, concurrent with activation of the 15th Air Base Squadron.

A subordinate unit of the 15th Air Base Wing, the 15 ABS served as the host organization at Wheeler AFB, which consisted of approximately 1,389 acres of land and facilities valued at over $37 million. Responsibilities of the 15 ABS included providing munitions service and support to all Air Force activities within the Hawaiian area, in addition to operating a small arms firing range where personnel of the Air Force, U.S. Customs and local law enforcement agencies were certified. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the installation hosted a number of Army and Air Force activities, including Army rotary-wing and fixed-wing aviation units and USAF fixed-wing air support / forward air control units flying the O-2 Skymaster and OV-10 Bronco.

In August 1987, the Secretary of the Interior designated Wheeler AFB as a National Historic Landmark, recognizing it as a site of national significance in the history of the United States and, in particular, World War II in the Pacific.

The 15th Air Base Squadron inactivated at Wheeler on 31 October 1991, one day before the U.S. Army assumed operational control of the installation in accordance with a memorandum of understanding signed by the Commander in Chief, Pacific Air Forces, and the Commander, US Army Western Command.

Return to Army control
On 1 November 1991, the Army held a simple ceremony to signify their takeover of the base, then changed the sign at the main gate to Wheeler Army Airfield. The installation, however, remained on the real property records of the 15th Air Base Wing until 15 March 1993 when an Action Memorandum signed by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Environment, Safety and Occupational Health) and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations and Housing) authorized the exchange of Wheeler AFB for Fort Kamehameha Military Reservation.

Design
Wheeler Army Airfield was constructed in the pattern of the Garden City. These type of neighborhoods are the inspiration of Sir Ebenezer Howard of England, who designed these type neighborhoods in re-action to the industrial company towns that had blighted his nation. The neighborhoods are designed in loops with ample green spaces that were to be shared in common among the residents. The homes within the loops are of the Spanish Colonial Revival style that was flourishing in the 1920s and 1930s.

Today, Wheeler Army Airfield comprises approximately  of land returned to the Department of the Army on 1 November 1991. As of the 2000 Census, the base had a total population of 2,829 military personnel and families.

Geography
Wheeler AAF is located at 21°28'56" North, 158°2'24" West (21.482216, −158.039959). The Wheeler Main Gate is located on Kamehameha Highway (State Rte 99) running north to Wahiawā (becoming State Rte. 80) and connecting westward to Wilikina Road (State Rte. 99) and Schofield Barracks. Proceeding south on Kamehameha Hwy. provides access to Interstate H-2 and Milillani Town. The Wheeler Kunia Gate is off Kunia Road directly across from the Schofield Lyman Gate. Kunia Road (State Rte. 750) continues south to Kunia, and eventually Waipahu.

Wheeler is directly adjacent to Schofield Barracks across Kunia Road and to Wahiawā on the central plateau of the Island of O'ahu. The U.S. postal code for Wheeler Army Airfield is 96786.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the base has a total area of  none of which is covered by water.

Demographics
Wheeler AFB-cum-Wheeler AAF is delineated for statistical purposes as a census-designated place (CDP). At the 2010 Census, the CDP had a resident population of 1,634.

As of the 2000 Census, there were 2,829 people, 739 households, and 724 families residing on the base. The population density was . There were 855 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the base was 57.02% White, 21.60% African American, 1.10% Native American, 3.99% Asian, 1.87% Pacific Islander, 6.33% from other races, and 8.09% from two or more races. 13.15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 739 households, out of which 77.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 89.7% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.0% were non-families. 1.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.36 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the base the population was spread out, with 36.8% under the age of 18, 20.9% from 18 to 24, 40.9% from 25 to 44, 1.3% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females there were 119.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.8 males.

The median income for a household in the post was $32,485, and the median income for a family was $32,264. Males had a median income of $22,961 versus $22,151 for females. The per capita income for the post was $12,364. 7.9% of the population and 5.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.9% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Current Units
Army
  Trial Defense Service-Hawaii
  25th Infantry Division Combat Aviation Brigade
  25th CAB's HHC
  2nd Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment (UH-60) "Diamond Head"
  3rd Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment (CH-47) (UH-60) "Hammerhead"
  2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment (AH-64) "Lightning Horse"
  209th Aviation Support Battalion (ASB) "Lobos"
  Hawaii Army National Guard
  193rd Aviation Regiment (Medium Lift)
 Detachment 55 Operational Support Airlift (Det 55 OSA)
 Air Force
  Detachment 2, 1st Combat Weather Squadron
  Hawaii Air National Guard
  169th Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron (169 ACWS)

Education
Hawaii Department of Education operates Major Sheldon Wheeler Elementary School and Major Sheldon Wheeler Middle School on Wheeler AAF.

See also

 Hawaii World War II Army Airfields
 Phil Rasmussen

References

External links

 Wheeler Army Airfield Historic Guide
 Wheeler Army Airfield  by Pearl Harbor hq
 Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

United States Army airfields
Buildings and structures in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Airports in Hawaii
National Historic Landmarks in Hawaii
Installations of the United States Army in Hawaii
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Transportation in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Hawaii
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Airports established in 1941
1941 establishments in Hawaii
National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Airports on the National Register of Historic Places

Wheeler Army Airfield


Burlington is a city in Ward County, North Dakota, United States. It was founded in 1883, the third in a series that included two earlier settlements. Despite this, Burlington is still the oldest city in Ward County, as well as north-western and north central North Dakota. On February 28, 1884, as it was the only city in the then-newly formed Imperial Ward County (now split into Ward, Renville, Mountrail, and Burke counties), it was made the county seat, a position it held until 1888. The population was 1,291 at the 2020 census.  Burlington is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History

Burlington and its former settlements were founded by James Johnson and James Colton (the men who also settled Larimore, North Dakota) in Dakota Territory in the late 1870s. Earlier settlements were The Forks, and later Colton (named after James Colton), which are considered forerunners of the city. Its current name was given to it by James Johnson during the creation of the post office, and was the name of his hometown of Burlington, Iowa. "The Forks" was used as a name for Burlington, alluding to its geographic location at the confluence of the Des Lacs and Mouse Rivers.

In the early 1890s, the Burlington Reporter became the first newspaper in western North Dakota. It would in the future be renamed to the Minot Daily News.

In 1997, Raymond Kuntz from Burlington testified before the United States Senate that he believed his son, Richard, committed suicide due to the influence of the band Marilyn Manson.

On January 18, 2002, a severe train derailment east of the city sent a gigantic cloud of anhydrous ammonia toward Minot and Burlington. Power to Burlington, Des Lacs, and Berthold was knocked out due to damage to poles near the derailment site. The power company serving these towns built a temporary connection to a neighboring electric cooperative's system to provide limited power until the site was sufficiently cleaned up to permit permanent repairs to be completed. Residents were unable to access radios or televisions due to this, although messages went out advising people to stay inside. One man died and many of the area's citizens were sickened by the noxious gas. The incident was one of the more major chemical spills in the country. In early 2006, court cases were heard in Minneapolis, Minnesota, against Canadian Pacific Railway, the owner and operator of the derailed train. The anhydrous ammonia spill was the largest such spill in U.S. history. This incident was used by Eric Klinenberg in his book Fighting for Air: The Battle to Control America's Media as an example of the failure of mass media, specifically local radio stations, to disseminate information to the public in an emergency.

On June 24, 2011, 80% of the city was evacuated when floodwaters swept through the town during the flooding of the Mouse River, in flooding which also greatly affected Minot. In some cases, many homes were not accessible for months afterward, and some damage to homes and infrastructure still wasn't fully repaired as of 2016. Post-flood, most of the homes that were directly next to the Mouse River (and some next to the Des Lacs) were demolished as part of a new flood control plan.

Geography
Burlington is located on the Drift Prairie of north central North Dakota directly next to the confluence of the Des Lacs and the Mouse Rivers, in Burlington Township, North Dakota, and Kirkelie Township, North Dakota. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Burlington has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,060 people, 399 households, and 293 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 410 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.2% White, 0.1% African American, 2.7% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 399 households, of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.11.

The median age in the city was 33 years. 28.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 7.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,096 people, 369 households, and 298 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 388 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.08% White, 0.55% African American, 2.01% Native American, 0.18% Asian, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91% of the population.

The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are German (48.8%), Norwegian (32.3%), Irish (7.5%), Swedish (4.9%), English (4.7%), French (3.6%).

There were 369 households, out of which 51.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 14.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 35.9% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,078, and the median income for a family was $42,639. Males had a median income of $24,922 versus $19,179 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,250. About 2.7% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Burlington's school district merged with Des Lacs' school district in the late 1960s to form United Public School District 7, thus Des Lacs-Burlington High School now serves students living in Burlington. This means that it has since shared a school system with nearby Des Lacs. Children in grades kindergarten through sixth attend school in Burlington, while those in seventh through twelve attend high school in Des Lacs.
Before 2000, there was a lack of room for the possibility of the seventh and eighth grades being located in Burlington, as the room needed for those grades was not completed until that year in the form of a new junior high wing. Des Lacs-Burlington Elementary School had approximately 500 enrolled students as of the 2008 school year.

Culture

Sports

Championships
 ND Region 16 Legion baseball (as "Burlington Bulldogs"): 2007

Runner-up
 State women's softball (as "Burlington"): 1946, 1947, 1948

National championships
 Central Plains Super-Region baseball (as "Burlington Bulldogs") : 2007

Media

Radio
AM
 910 KCJB – "91 Country" (classic country/talk)
 1320 KHRT – "K-Heart" (gospel music)
 1390 KRRZ – "Cars" (oldies)

FM
 88.9 KMPR – Prairie Public Radio (incl. NPR, PRI, APR)
 91.1 HBN Radio (Christian)
 91.9 K-LOVE (Christian)
 93.7 KIZZ – "Z94" (Top 40)
 94.9 KTZU – "The Zoo" (classic rock)
 97.1 KYYX – "97 Kicks" (country)
 98.1 KOWW-LP – "The Cowlip" (eclectic community broadcaster) (tower also in Burlington)
 99.9 KMXA-FM – "Mix 99.9" (adult contemporary)
 102.9 KWGO – "W-G-O" (adult contemporary) (tower also in Burlington)
 104.1 KSAF-LP – (Christian)
 105.3 KZPR – "The Fox" (mainstream rock)
 106.9 KHRT – "K-Heart" (Christian)

Transportation
 U.S. Route 2
 U.S. Route 52

Railroads
The railroads remain in Burlington today, and are becoming more important to the local oil and gravel industries, though Great Northern is now part of the BNSF Railway and the Soo Line is run by the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Airports
There are three private airstrips and landing strips within a three-mile radius of Burlington. One, Pietschtree airstrip, is located directly next to Burlington to the north. Otherwise, major aerial transportation is through Minot International Airport.

Sites of interest
 Burlington Recreational Park
 Burlington Walking Path, which starts on U.S. routes 2 and 52 and goes on for more than eight miles until finally connecting with Minot
 Minot Country Club
 Old Settlers Park & Campground
 Peace Lutheran Church & Burlington Cemetery
 Wildwood Golf Course

Pioneer Village Museum relocation
One of the first buildings in Burlington was the first Ward County Courthouse, built by James Johnson, and was used originally as a granary. It was moved to the North Dakota State Fair fairgrounds in the mid-20th century and served as one of the three buildings of the Ward County Historical Society's Pioneer Village Museum. In 2019, the Ward County Historical Society announced that the building was to be moved back to Burlington along with the entirety of Pioneer Village Museum due to legal issues with the State Fair Association. The other two buildings, the Immanuel Lutheran Church and the Sundre Log Cabin, will also be moved.

References

External links
 City of Burlington

Cities in North Dakota
Populated places established in 1883
1883 establishments in Dakota Territory
Minot, North Dakota micropolitan area
Cities in Ward County, North Dakota

Burlington, North Dakota


A wife is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride.

In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).

There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king.

A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.

Related pages
 Marriage
 Husband
 Homemaker
 Divorce

Family
Marriage

Wife


Theodore Stark "Ping" Wilkinson (December 22, 1888 – February 21, 1946) was a Vice-Admiral of the United States Navy during World War II. He also received the Medal of Honor for his actions in Veracruz, Mexico.

Early life and career

After attending St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, where his writings for school publications evinced an early interest in naval and amphibious warfare, Wilkinson entered the United States Naval Academy in 1905 and graduated first in the class of 1909. He served the two years of sea duty then required by law prior to commissioning, in the battleships  and , before he received his ensign's commission on June 5, 1911. He enrolled at George Washington University, Washington, D.C., joining Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity, and was instructed under the auspices of the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd). Wilkinson reported to the battleship  on July 25, 1913, for sea duty. During his time in that dreadnought, Ens. Wilkinson led Floridas 2d Company in action during the landings on 21 and April 22, 1914, at Veracruz, Mexico. For his skillful and courageous leadership of that unit of the battleship's landing force and his exhibition of "eminent and conspicuous" conduct, he received the Medal of Honor.

World War I and interwar years
On August 4, he was transferred to the armored cruiser , and two days later sailed eastward in her across the Atlantic. Tennessee and  were ordered to European waters to evacuate Americans trapped on the continent by the outbreak of World War I. On September 3, he became an assistant to the naval attaché at Paris and a month later left that post to join North Carolina in the Mediterranean. Subsequently, the young officer had tours of sea duty: first as aide, to Commander, 2d Division, Atlantic Fleet, and then as aide to the commander of the 7th Division.

From July 1916 to July 1919, Wilkinson served with distinction as the head of the Experimental Section, Bureau of Ordnance, where he developed ordnance materials and devices, most notable being a noxious gas filler for shells and an "exceptionally satisfactory smoke screen". Additionally, he was deemed largely responsible for the successful design of a depth charge and for the development of the firing mechanism of the Mark VI mine used in the North Sea Mine Barrage.

Following that tour ashore—for which he received a letter of commendation—Wilkinson went to sea, first serving as gunnery officer in the battleship Kansas and later as fire control officer in . In 1921 and 1922, Wilkinson commanded, in succession, the destroyers , , and , before he returned to BuOrd's experimental section.

After commanding the destroyer  from January 1925 to December 1926, Wilkinson headed the Records Section of the Bureau of Navigation (BuNav) Officer Personnel Division. In June 1930, he became fleet gunnery officer and aide to Commander, Scouting Fleet (later, Commander, Scouting Force), Rear Admiral A. L. Willard. Detached from that duty in December 1931, he soon assumed the duties of secretary to the Navy's General Board. While in that assignment, Wilkinson had additional duty during the arms limitation talks at Geneva in 1933 and in London in 1934.

From September 1934 to June 1936, Wilkinson served as executive officer of . Over the next three years, he headed the Planning Division of BuNav and then returned to Indianapolis, this time in a staff capacity, as Chief of Staff to Commander, Scouting Force. In January 1941, he fleeted up to command the battleship .

World War II

Detached from that duty and promoted to rear admiral, Wilkinson was assigned as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) on October 15. His new responsibilities inevitably embroiled him in the subsequent controversy over whether the US Pacific Fleet Commander at Pearl Harbor was sufficiently warned of the danger of a Japanese attack before December 7 – an issue on which Wilkinson testified for three days before a joint congressional committee in December 1945.

According to his testimony and that of others, ONI was responsible for collecting and evaluating intelligence,  but R. Adm. Richmond Kelly Turner, Director of War Plans, had sought and received the authority in 1940 to control information sent to the fleet on "enemy intentions" and "the strategic picture." Exercising this authority, Turner had prepared messages to fleet commanders on November 24 that "a surprise aggressive movement on the Philippines or Guam is a distinct possibility," and on November 27 stating that "this is a war warning…an aggressive move by Japan is expected within the next few days…indicates an amphibious expedition against either the Philippines, Thai or Kra Peninsula or possibly Borneo…execute appropriate defensive deployment."  Wilkinson had followed these messages up on December 2 with a message to the fleet commanders reporting that Japanese consuls were instructed to destroy their codes—a standard precaution for  hostilities.  No further warnings were sent to the US fleet until just before the attack on December 7, when hostilities had become even more clearly imminent from overnight decryption of Japanese "purple code" intercepts.

When asked for his opinion at the time about Japanese intentions, Turner said that he had always thought that there was a 50-50 chance that they would attack Pearl Harbor at the outset. The congressional committee noted that he was "the only officer in Washington in the higher echelons who thought so." Wilkinson, in contrast, admitted that he had believed it was more likely that Japan would strike first somewhere in the SW Pacific and avoid an immediate direct confrontation with the US – an opinion which the committee report found to have been widely shared by senior US officers before the attack.

South Pacific Campaign

From ONI, Wilkinson was assigned briefly as Commander, Battleship Division 2, Pacific Fleet, in August 1942, then as Deputy Commander, South Pacific, under Admiral William Halsey and General Douglas MacArthur as theater commander beginning in January 1943.  Halsey was designated Third Fleet Commander in March, and Wilkinson became Commander of the I Marine Amphibious Corps (later III Amphibious Corps) in July 1943.

In those positions, he is credited by naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison with developing  the US "leapfrogging" strategy designed to seize control of the Southwest Pacific islands occupied by Japan.  Rather than attack Japanese bases and fortifications frontally,  the strategy was to "hit them where they ain't," by occupying positions behind their forward outposts and cutting their supply lines. The strategy was so successful that Japanese war czar Tojo before his death told General MacArthur that it was one of the three principal factors that defeated Japan. (The other two factors were US submarine effectiveness and long-distance US carrier operations.)

Pursuing this strategy, Wilkinson earned the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) for commanding the amphibious forces in the assaults on New Georgia, Vella Lavella, and the Treasury Islands; and established a key position on the west coast of Bougainville.  He was promoted to vice admiral in 1944, and won a gold star in lieu of a second DSM for his leadership in the assaults that took Peleliu and Angaur in the Palaus, and Ulithi in the Carolines.

Subsequently, Wilkinson earned another gold star in lieu of a third DSM, for commanding Task Force 79 (TF 79) in action in the Philippines between October 1, 1944, and January 18, 1945—operations that included the landings conducted by the Southern Attack Force on Leyte in October 1944 and at Lingayen in January 1945.

Ordered to the Navy Department in September 1945 for temporary duty, Vice Admiral Wilkinson became a member of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in January 1946. He was serving in that capacity when he lost his life on February 21, 1946, in a tragic ferry accident at Hampton Roads, in which he was able to save his wife Catherine from drowning, but was unable to escape himself.

He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery and his grave can be found in section 2, Lot 3645.

Decorations
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Ensign, U.S. Navy. Born: December 22, 1888, Annapolis, Md. Appointed from: Louisiana. G.O. No.: 177, December 4, 1915. Other Navy award: Distinguished Service Medal with gold stars in lieu of 2 additional DSM's.Citation:'

For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and April 22, 1914. Ens. Wilkinson was in both days' fighting at the head of his company and was eminent and conspicuous in his conduct, leading his men with skill and courage.

Ribbon bar

Vice Admiral Theodore Stark Wilkinson´s ribbon bar:

Namesake
In 1952, the destroyer leader  was named in his honor.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)

References

1888 births
1946 deaths
People from Annapolis, Maryland
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy vice admirals
Road incident deaths in Virginia
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by drowning in the United States
Directors of the Office of Naval Intelligence
Battle of Veracruz (1914) recipients of the Medal of Honor

Theodore Stark Wilkinson


Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.

Resin
Most resin or "gum" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are spirit varnish (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.

Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it.

References
 Bob Flexner (1993). Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA.

Other websites
 The 17th century varnish of Lorenz Mizler
Tung and Linseed Oils  by Steven D. Russel

Materials

Varnish


A buzzard in biology is a member of the genus Buteo. In general talk it may be one of several large birds.

Old World
In the Old World buzzard can mean:
 One of several  medium-sized, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings.
 In particular, those in the genus Buteo. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" may be more common in North America.
 Specifically, in Europe, the common buzzard is Buteo buteo. Most people call this bird a 'buzzard'.
 Any other raptor with the word buzzard as part of its name.

New World
In the New World 'buzzard' may mean:
 A vulture.  Mostly the American black vulture and turkey vulture.  It may be used as a general name for vultures.
 In parts of the United States where they are thought to be a pest, the name is used in a bad way to mean a bird of prey.  Mostly it is used for the Cooper's hawk, the sharp-shinned hawk the red-tailed hawk or the duck hawk.

Buteo species
Scientifically, these are all buzzards.
 Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
 Steppe buzzard (Buteo buteo vulpinus)
 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
 Long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus)
 Rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus)
 Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis)
 Red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus)
 Broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus )
 Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
 Roadside hawk (Buteo magnirostris)
 Ridgway's hawk (Buteo ridgwayi)
 White-rumped hawk (Buteo leucorrhous)
 Short-tailed hawk (Buteo brachyurus)
 White-throated hawk (Buteo albigula)
 White-tailed hawk (Buteo albicaudatus)
 Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)
 Red-backed hawk (Buteo polyosoma)
 Puna hawk (Buteo poecilochrous)
 Gray hawk (Buteo nitidus)
 Zone-tailed hawk (Buteo albonotatus )
 Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius)
 Rufous-tailed hawk (Buteo ventralis)
 Mountain buzzard (Buteo oreophilus)
 Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus)
 Upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius)
 Red-necked buzzard (Buteo auguralis)
 Augur buzzard, Buteo augur
 Archer's buzzard, Buteo archeri
 Jackal buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus)

Other species known as "buzzard"
 Black-breasted buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternon)
 Lizard buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)
 Grasshopper buzzard (Butastur rufipennis)
 White-eyed buzzard (Butastur teesa)
 Rufous-winged buzzard (Butastur liventer)
 Grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus)
 Black-chested buzzard-eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus)
The honey-buzzards, genus Pernis, look something like Buteo buzzards.  They feed on wasp nests and larvae.
 European or Eurasian Honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus)
 Oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus)
 Barred honey-buzzard (Pernis celebensis)
Other genus of honey buzzards
 Black honey buzzard (Henicopernis infuscatus)
 Long-tailed honey buzzard (Henicopernis longicauda)

Accipitriformes

Buzzard


Thaddeus Reynolds Beal (1917-1981) was the United States Under Secretary of the Army from March 8, 1969, through September 21, 1971.

Born March 22, 1917, in New York City, Beal graduated from The Hotchkiss School in Connecticut and received a B.A. degree from Yale University, 1939. He served in U.S. Naval Reserve attaining rank of lieutenant commander, 1941–1945. He received an LL.B. degree from Harvard Law School, 1947 and was  admitted to Massachusetts bar, 1947.  He associated with the law firm of Herrick, Smith, Donald, Farley and Ketchum of Boston, Massachusetts, as associate and later as partner, 1947–1956.  He was president and chief executive officer, Harvard Trust Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1957–1969.  He was active in business and community organizations in greater Boston area as trustee, Cambridge Savings Bank and Boston Personal Property Trust, director of Middlesex Mutual Insurance Company, member of Cambridge Redevelopment Authority, and trustee of Radcliffe College.

In 1972, after his term as Under Secretary of the Army ended, he resumed practice of law as a member of the firm of Herrick, Smith, Donald, Farley and Ketchum. He died May 2, 1981.

References

1917 births
1981 deaths
Hotchkiss School alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
United States Navy officers
Radcliffe College people
Yale University alumni
United States Under Secretaries of the Army
20th-century American lawyers

Thaddeus Beal


Richard Schodde, OAM (born 23 September 1936) is an Australian botanist and ornithologist.

Schodde studied at the University of Adelaide, where he received a BSc (Hons) in 1960 and a PhD in 1970.  During the 1960s he was a botanist with the CSIRO Division of Land Research and Regional Survey in Papua New Guinea.  From 1970 to 1998 he was the foundation curator and director of the Australian National Wildlife Collection (ANWC) in the CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, following which he became a research fellow there.  During this time he led the flora and fauna surveys that helped establish Kakadu National Park and the designation of the wet tropics of north-eastern Queensland as Australia's first World Heritage Site.  These surveys resulted in the accession of almost 50,000 specimens to the ANWC, as well as 15,000 samples of frozen tissue for molecular studies. In the 2009 Queen's birthday honours, Schodde was awarded an OAM for his contribution to the natural sciences, particularly ornithology.

Schodde has also been a Corresponding Fellow, and later an Honorary Fellow, of the AOU, honorary vice president of the 25th International Ornithological Congress (2010), chair of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Committee, and convener of symposia on the origin and evolutionary radiations of Australasian birds at the 1974 and 1990 International Ornithological Congresses.

Publications
As well as numerous scientific papers, books authored, coauthored or edited by Schodde include:
 1975 – Interim list of Australian songbirds: Passerines. RAOU: Melbourne.
 1980 – Nocturnal Birds of Australia. (With Ian J. Mason. Illustrations by Jeremy Boot). Lansdowne Editions: Melbourne. (Whitley Medal 1981).
 1982 – The Fairy-Wrens. a Monograph of the Maluridae. (With illustrations by Richard Weatherly). Lansdowne Editions: Melbourne. . (Whitley Medal 1982).
 1983 – A Review of Norfolk Island Birds: Past and Present. (With P. Fullagar and N. Hermes). ANPWS Special Publication No.8.
 1988 – Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds. (Coeditor of 2nd edition with Sonia Tidemann). Reader's Digest: Sydney.
 1997 – Zoological Catalogue of Australia: Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae) v. 37. 2. (With Ian J. Mason). CSIRO Publishing.
 1998 – CSIRO List of Australian Vertebrates: A Reference with Conservation Status. (With M. Stanger, M Clayton, I. Mason and J. Wombey). CSIRO Publishing.
 1999 – The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. A taxonomic and zoogeographic atlas of the biodiversity of birds of Australia and its territories. (With Ian J. Mason). CSIRO Publishing.
 2006 – Proceedings of the 23rd International Ornithological Congress, Beijing, August 2002. (General editor). Acta Zoologica Sinica, Vol.52, Supplement. Science Press: Beijing.
 2006 – The Encyclopedia of Birds. A Complete Visual Guide. (With Fred Cooke). Fog City Press.

Notes

References
 Bright Sparcs entry on Richard Schodde, accessed 1 May 2009

20th-century Australian botanists
Australian ornithologists
Australian taxonomists
1936 births
Living people
Australian nature writers
Ornithological writers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
21st-century Australian botanists
21st-century Australian zoologists

Richard Schodde


The earliest hospital at Fort Drum was a 540-bed mobilization hospital in the old post 2400 area, constructed during the period of 1942-44 while the post was still known as Pine Camp.

When the post was redesignated as Camp Drum in 1951, parts of the hospital remained in order to support the reserve training mission of the installation. At that time, the facility was called the U.S. Army Health Clinic, Camp Drum, and staffed by military personnel and a civilian nurse. The facility provided medical support for the installation until the Wilcox Health Clinic was dedicated in November 1980.

During the 1980s, the clinic expanded to support the 10th Mountain Division when it was reactivated at Fort Drum in 1985. In 1987, the clinic became a United States Army Medical Department Activity (USA MEDDAC), and construction began on the Consolidated Troop Medical Clinic and an Ambulatory Health Clinic.

Guthrie Ambulatory Health Care Clinic opened in January 1991, and in May was dedicated to the memory of Dr. Samuel Guthrie (U.S. physician).

The clinic today is unique in that it supports an Army division but has no inpatient capabilities. Its 35,000 beneficiaries receive emergency and inpatient care at local civilian hospitals. Routine care is provided at the main clinic, the Conner Troop Medical Clinic, and the Wilcox Health Clinic.

The lack of inpatient care is mainly for political reasons; it was believed that several established hospitals in the area would lose too many patients to a military-run facility.

References

External links
 Guthrie Ambulatory Health Care Clinic
 Fort Drum

United States Army medical installations
Military hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, New York
Hospitals established in 1991
1991 establishments in New York (state)

Guthrie Ambulatory Health Care Clinic


The tooth fairy is a mythical figure found in modern folklore. Around the world, families have many different traditions to celebrate the loss of a child's tooth, especially a first tooth. Many of the traditions involve throwing a tooth on a roof, under a house, burying it under a tree, or leaving it for a rodent.

One of the most famous traditions is leaving a tooth under a pillow for the tooth fairy. This tradition is very popular in the United States as well as other countries. The tooth fairy is said to take the tooth away while the child is sleeping and leave some money in its place. Sometimes the tooth fairy may also leave a note. If the child does not go to sleep the tooth fairy will not come.

Some people tell the story that the tooth fairy is named Fatina and lives in Neverland. The belief is that Fatina creates a magic powder from children's teeth that protects the fairies from hawks who might otherwise eat them.

Fairies

Tooth fairy


A plane is a tool for shaping wood. Planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber. As the name implies, the tool turns the worked surface into a smooth plane, a level, even surface.

Hand planes are generally the combination of a cutting edge, such as a sharpened metal plate, attached to a firm body, that when moved over a wood surface, take up relatively uniform shavings, by nature of the body riding on the 'high spots' in the wood, and also by providing a relatively constant angle to the cutting edge, render the planed surface very smooth.

Hand planes are ancient, originating thousands of years ago. Early planes were made from wood and blades first from bronze and later from iron and even later from steel. The cutting blade or iron was held in place with a wooden wedge.

Parts of a Plane

Two styles of plane are shown with some parts labeled. The top of the image is a bench plane; the bottom is a block plane.
 A: The Mouth is an opening in the bottom of the plane down through which the blade extends, and up through which wood shavings pass.
 B: The Iron is a plate of steel with a sharpened edge which cuts the wood.
 C: The Lever cap holds the blade down firmly to the body of the plane.
 D: The Depth adjustment knob controls how far the blade extends through the mouth.
 E: The Knob is a handle on the front of the plane.
 F: The Chipbreaker or Cap iron serves to make the blade more rigid and to curl and break apart wood shavings as they pass through the mouth.
 G: The Lateral adjustment lever is used to adjust the iron so that the depth of cut is uniform across the mouth.
 H: The Tote is a handle on the rear of the plane.
 I: The Finger rest knob Block planes are held in the palm of the hand the tip of the user's index finger rests in the indentation on top of the knob.
 J: The Frog is a sliding iron wedge that holds the plane Iron at the proper angle. It slides to adjust the gap between the cutting edge and the front of the mouth. The frog is screwed down to the inside of the sole through two parallel slots and on many planes is only adjustable with a screwdriver when the plane iron is removed.

Types of Planes

Different types of bench planes are designed to perform different tasks, with the name and size of the plane being defined by the use. They are designed to be used in order:
 A scrub plane, which removes large amounts of wood quickly, is typically around 9 inches (230 mm) in length, but narrower than a smoothing plane.
 A jack plane is around 14 inches (350 mm) long, continues the job of roughing out, but with more accuracy than the scrub.
 A jointer plane (including the smaller fore plane) is between 18 and 24 inches (450–600 mm) long, and is used for jointing and final flattening out of boards.
 A smoothing plane, up to 10 inches (250 mm) long, is used to begin preparing the surface for finishing.

Planes may also be classified by the material of which they are constructed:
 A wooden plane is entirely wood except for the blade. The iron is held into the plane with a wooden wedge, and is adjusted by striking the plane with a hammer.
 A transitional plane has a wooden body with a metal casting set in it to hold and adjust the blade.
 A metal plane is largely constructed of metal, except, perhaps, for the handles. The planes in the image are metal planes.
 An infill plane has a body of metal filled with wood on which the blade rests. They are mainly used for cutting cross grained woods.

Some special types of planes include:
 The shoulder plane, which trims tenons and other joints.
 The moulding plane, which is used to cut mouldings along the edge of a board
 The rabbet plane, also known as a rebate or openside plane, which cuts rabbets (shoulders, or steps) and dadoes.
 The router plane, which cuts grooves and shallow mortises.
 The chisel plane, which removes wood up to a perpendicular surface such as from the bottom inside of a box.
 The finger plane, which is used for smoothing very small pieces such as toy parts, very thin strips of wood, etc.
 The bullnose plane, which has no 'front' on its body, and so can be used in tight spaces like the backs of drawers or on large joint-knobs.
 The combination plane, which combines the function of a moulding and rabbet planes, having different cutters and adjustments
 The circular or compass plane, which utilizes an adjustment system to control the flex on a steel sheet sole and create a uniform curve. A concave setting permits great control for planning large curves, like table sides or chair arms, and the convex works well for chair arms, legs and backs, and other applications.

Other websites
 Handplane Central  A valuable source of information for all types of hand planes, including wooden planes, infill planes and Stanley type planes. Also information on how to make hand planes.
 Getting a Hand Plane Ready for Use Instructions for lapping and sharpening a hand plane using a stationary belt sander
 Cataloque of American Patented Antique Tools A pictorial collection of antique planes and other tools showing some of the variety in styles.

Woodworking tools

Plane (tool)


Jeffrey "Jeff" Williams (born December 31, 1965) is an American former track and field athlete who specialized in the 200-meter dash. He was the bronze medalist at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics and reached the 200 m final at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He set an American record in the 200 m indoors in 1996.

He was a late bloomer and attended his first world championship competition at the age of 29. Williams was unusual for an elite male runner at the time in that he had a female coach: 1968 Olympic gold medallist Barbara Ferrell.

Career

College
Born in Los Angeles, California, Williams attended Washington Preparatory High School and graduated from Los Angeles City College in 1985. He joined Prairie View A&M University and began playing football for the Prairie View A&M Panthers. The team coach noticed his speed and asked if Williams would join the track team. He recorded bests of 10.3 seconds in the 100 meters and a wind-assisted 20.85 seconds in the 200 m during his time at Prairie View and was sixth in the heats of the 200 m of the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship.

Professional career
After graduating in 1987 with a degree in social sciences he was unusual for a track athlete in that he supported himself without help from a sponsorship deal. He began making regular appearances at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships: in 1989 he reached the 100 m semi-finals and the 200 m finals and improved the following year to finish seventh in the 100 m and sixth in the 200 m. Williams gained international experience at the 1991 Pan American Games where he took 100 m bronze behind compatriot Andre Cason, although he was disqualified with the US 4×100-meter relay team. He also ran on the European circuit that year and was selected for the 200 m at the 1991 IAAF Grand Prix Final, where he finished fifth.

Following advice from his father, Williams decided to take track seriously from 1992 onwards and he began working with 1968 Olympic silver medallist Barbara Ferrell – it was highly unusual for a woman to coach an elite male runner, but Williams was unperturbed, saying: "I've heard people say a woman can't coach a man, but they must be lying, because look what she has done for me". He made his first attempt to qualify at the United States Olympic Trials in 1992, but he was sixth in the 100 m semi-finals and finished last in the 200 m. Despite this, he was selected for the IAAF World Cup in Athletics and won the bronze in the 200 m and helped the US relay team to a gold medal. His performance at the 1993 US Championships was poor, but he countered this with success in Europe, winning the 200 m at the British AAA Championships, and doubling up at the 1993 IAAF Grand Prix Final with a fourth in the 100 and fifth in the 200 m. His 1994 season was a quiet one, although he was sixth in the 200 m at the US Championships and he ran a personal best of 20.19 seconds in Stockholm (the fifth fastest time of the year).

World and Olympic finals
The 1995 season was a breakthrough for Williams. He managed to reach the 100 m US final, but it was in the 200 m that he finally reached the national podium, taking the bronze behind Michael Johnson and Kevin Little. Reflecting on his performance at his seventh consecutive national championships, he said "I think persistence plays a little part in it. Luck is remnant of desire. Just hanging in there". After making appearances at European meets, he prepared for the 200 m at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics. After winning his heat and quarter-final races, he stepped up his performance to run 20.32 seconds for second place in the semi-finals behind Frankie Fredericks. In the final he ran a personal record time of 20.18 seconds and was rewarded with the bronze medal, having finished behind Fredericks and Johnson. Williams had won his first world medal at a major championships at the age of 29. He closed the season with a fifth place at the IAAF Grand Prix Final.

Williams hit his athletic peak in 1996, beginning with an American indoor record of 20.40 seconds over 200 m in the early stages of the season, which was the third fastest indoor time that year. He finished as runner-up in the event behind Kevin Little at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships. While competing at the Fresno Relays in California, Williams' 100 m race was spoiled when his shoe came off. Keen to check his competitive level, Williams opted to run an impromptu 200 m at the meet instead. He clocked a personal record time of 19.87 seconds into a headwind, a time that only Michael Johnson and Frankie Fredericks had beaten since 1992.

By the time of the 1996 US Olympic Trials, he had also run a 100-meter dash best of 10.14 seconds. He scored another personal record in the first round, running 10.02 seconds, and progressed to the final with similar marks. After a false start in the 100 m final, he finished fourth and just off the qualifying position for the Olympics. This was his best ever 100 m placing, but he was disappointed with his performance: "I had a mental breakdown and got called for a false start. I blew it". He fared better in the 200 m and came second with a time of 20.03 seconds, although he was some distance off the winner, Michael Johnson, who ran a world record time of 19.66 seconds.

Running at his first Olympics at the age of 30, he easily qualified through the early stages and was third in his semi-final. When it came to the final Williams, ran a time of 20.17 seconds, which would have been enough to medal at the previous Olympics. However, the 1996 Olympic 200 meter race was one of the fastest ever as Michael Johnson knocked a third of a second off the world record, Frankie Fredericks ran the third fastest time ever, and Ato Boldon finished in 19.80 seconds. Williams had to settle for fifth (behind Obadele Thompson) in his final appearance on the global stage.

Although retired from the elite scene, Williams still competes in masters athletics competitions, running in the M40 class.

Personal bests

 All information taken from IAAF/USATF profiles.

Competition record

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Track and field athletes from Los Angeles
American male sprinters
African-American male track and field athletes
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
World Athletics Championships medalists
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
 American Masters Athlete that competed in Olympics

Jeff Williams (sprinter)


Ancient Greek sculpture is the sculpture of Ancient Greece. There are  three major stages. Sculpture was used to show the battles, mythology, and rulers of the area known as Ancient Greece.

Archaic period

The Greeks began again to carve in stone as they came out of their Dark Age. They were inspired by the large stone sculptures of Mesopotamia and Egypt.  Free-standing figures share the solidity and front-facing stance of their Eastern models. However, their style is more dynamic than those of Egyptian sculpture. This is clear in the Lady of Auxerre and the Torso of Hera (Early Archaic period, c. 660–580 BC. Both are in the Louvre, Paris). After about 575 BC, figures such as these, both male and female, began wearing the so-called 'archaic smile'. This may have been a device to give the figures a distinctive human appearance.

Three types of figures are common – the standing nude youth (kouros, plural kouroi), the standing draped girl (kore, plural korai), and the seated woman. All emphasize and generalize the essential features of the human figure and show an increasingly accurate understanding of human anatomy.

Lady of Auxerre
The (75 cm high) limestone Cretan sculpture called the Lady of Auxerre, at the Louvre is a Greek goddess of c. 650–625 BC. It is a Kore ("maiden") whose her right hand touches her solar plexus and her left is stiffly at her side (Basel 2001).

Maxime Collignon, a Louvre curator, found the sculpture in a storage vault in the Museum of Auxerre, a city east of Paris, in 1907. No-one knows how it got there, according to the Louvre monograph.

This archaic sculpture has traces of coloured paint. It dates from the 7th century BC, when Greece was emerging from its Dark Age. The Lady of Auxerre still has the narrow waist of a Minoan–Mycenaean goddess, and her stiff hair suggests Egyptian influence.

Classical period

The Classical period saw better Greek sculpture. There was a big improvement in producing realistic human forms. Poses became more naturalistic, notably during the beginning of the period (see the Charioteer of Delphi for an example of the transition to more naturalistic sculpture).

From about 500 BC, Greek statues began increasingly to depict real people. The statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, set up in Athens mark the overthrow of the aristocratic tyranny, are said to be the first public monuments to show actual individuals.

Also, we begin to see references to the sculptors themselves in writings of the period. Examples include Phidias, known to have overseen the design and building of the Parthenon, and Praxiteles, whose nude female nude sculptures were the first to be considered artistically respectable.

The Classical period also saw an increase in the use of statues and sculptures as decorations of buildings. The temples of the Classical era included the Parthenon in Athens, and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. They had relief sculpture for decorative friezes, and sculpture in the round to fill the triangular fields of the pediments. Most of these works survive only in fragments, for example the Parthenon Marbles, roughly half of which are in the British Museum.

Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period is from 323 BC to 146 BC. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to this period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

All these statues show classical themes, but their treatment is far more sensuous and emotional than the Classical period would have allowed. Hellenistic sculpture was also marked by an increase in size, which culminated in the Colossus of Rhodes (late 3rd century), thought to have been roughly the same size as the Statue of Liberty. The combined effect of earthquakes and looting have destroyed this.

Almost all forms of Greek and Roman art were coloured in the original. Most Greek sculptures were painted in strong and bright colours. The clothing and hair were painted, with the skin left in the natural colour of the stone. Some sculptures were entirely painted. The polychromy of stone statues was paralleled by the use of different materials to distinguish skin, clothing and other details, and by the use of different metals for lips, fingernails, etc. on high-quality bronzes like the Riace bronzes.

References

Ancient Greek statues

Ancient Greek sculpture


In Japan, Fukurokuju (福禄寿) (From Japanese fuku, which means "happiness"; roku, which means "richness"; and ju, which means "long life") is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. He looks a lot like the Chinese star god Shou. Some people think that before becoming a god, he was a Chinese hermit and a reincarnation of a Taoist god.

Usually shown as being bald, with long whiskers, people say he is a living form of the Southern Polestar. In many pictures, Fukurokuju has a strangely high forehead. He stands with a crane and a turtle, which are symbols of long life. He is also sometimes with a black deer. Ancient legends say a deer turns black if it is over 2000 years old.

He is the only member of the Seven Lucky Gods with the ability to bring the dead back to life.

References
 Ashkenazi, Michael. Handbook of Japanese Mythology.ABC-CLIO, 2003.

Gods and goddesses of Japan

Fukurokuju


Something is modular when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together.

Basic English 850 words

Modular


James Barrett Yardley (born June 18, 1964) is an American journalist currently working in London.

Yardley is a graduate of Walter Hines Page High School in Greensboro, North Carolina and received a B.A. in history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, class of '86. He joined the Times in 1997 and first worked as a metropolitan reporter in New York, and then became the bureau chief in Houston in 1999. His topics have included social unrest, minority uprisings, and pollution issues in China. He was the South Asia bureau chief based in New Delhi until 2013, when he moved to Rome and became the bureau chief there. After 13 years as a foreign correspondent, Yardley and his family moved to London where he now works as the Europe editor.

From 1990 to 1997, Yardley was a national desk reporter for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, based in Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans.

He also worked for the Anniston Star and New York Times Company regional newspapers in Fairfax County, Virginia. As well, he has written magazine articles for The New York Times Magazine, Oxford American, Essence and Redbook.

Awards
In 2006, Yardley and his colleague, Times Beijing bureau chief Joseph Kahn, won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, for a series of eight articles on the "ragged justice in China as the booming nation's legal system evolves."

In 2007, a three-part article by Jim Yardley, "Crisis on the Yellow River" — published in three parts in the Asia edition of the International Herald Tribune — won the Society of Publishers in Asia award for explanatory reporting.

In 2014, Yardley won the George Polk Award for foreign reporting and the Gerald Loeb Award for Breaking News for a series of articles on unsafe work conditions in the garment industry in Bangladesh and the collapse of a factory building that killed more than 1,100 workers.

Family
Yardley is a son of Jonathan Yardley, a book critic for The Washington Post, and Rosemary Roberts. He and his father are one of two pairs of father-son Pulitzer Prize winners.

Yardley's brother Bill is the Seattle bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times.

Yardley, his wife and three children live in London.

Bibliography
 Brave Dragons: A Chinese Basketball Team, an American Coach, and Two Cultures Clashing New York: Random House, 2013.

Notes

External links
 Yardley's Pulitzer Bio Page

1964 births
Living people
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
American male journalists
George Polk Award recipients
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution people
The New York Times writers
20th-century American journalists
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Breaking News

Jim Yardley


John David Trasviña is a human rights attorney. He is the former dean of the University of San Francisco School of Law.  Previous to that, he was assistant secretary of the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, president and general counsel of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), and special counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices at the U.S. Department of Justice. He was named principal legal advisor at U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement in January 2021.

Career
Trasviña is a native of San Francisco, where he attended Lowell High School; he then received degrees from Harvard University and Stanford Law School.  He has focused his work at the local and federal levels on civil rights, voting rights, immigration policy, worker rights and education.

After graduating from Stanford Law School, Trasviña began his career as a deputy city attorney in San Francisco from 1983 to 1985, and then went to MALDEF in Washington, D.C., from 1985 to 1987 as a legislative counsel. From there he moved to Capitol Hill to work for Paul Simon in 1987 first as counsel and then in 1993 as general counsel and staff director for the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights.

During the Clinton Administration he was appointed to be Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices at the U.S. Department of Justice in 1997. He also served as deputy assistant attorney general for legislative affairs at the U.S. Department of Justice.

After leaving DOJ in 2001 he was the director of the Discrimination Research Center in Berkeley and taught at Stanford Law School.  He returned to MALDEF, and took the position of president and general counsel in November 2006.

On March 26, 2009, Trasviña was announced as President Obama's nominee to be assistant secretary of the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.  His nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 1, 2009.

In May 2013, Trasviña was named the dean of the University of San Francisco School of Law, effective June 17, 2013. He concluded his term as dean in June 2018.

Community involvement
Trasviña has been a member of the San Francisco Elections Commission, president of the Harvard Club of San Francisco. He has served on the boards of the La Raza Lawyers Association, CORO of Northern California, the Lowell High School Alumni Association (elected President in January 2016), the League of Women Voters and the Pacific Coast Immigration Museum, Latino Issues Forum, Campaign for College Opportunity and the Harvard Club of Southern California.

He has also been an officer with the D.C. Hispanic Bar Association, the Hispanic National Bar Association the Conference on Asian Pacific American Leadership, and the D.C. Commission on Asian and Pacific Islander Affairs.

He has been called one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the United States by Hispanic Business magazine. In 2000, he was honored with the MALDEF Award for Excellence in the Legal Profession and the Distinguished Service Award by the Conference on Asian Pacific American Leadership.

References

External links
 John Trasviña biography at University of San Francisco School of Law website
 Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
 File a Housing Discrimination Complaint

"Kanovsky, Kovar And Trasviña Sworn In As HUD Assistant Secretaries", HUD news release, May 5, 2009.
Biography of John D. Trasviña, Assistant Secretary at HUD website (retrieved June 2, 2009).

Harvard University alumni
Stanford Law School alumni
University of San Francisco faculty
Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights
Living people
American politicians of Mexican descent
1958 births
United States Department of Justice lawyers
Lawyers from San Francisco
Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
Clinton administration personnel
United States Assistant Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
Deans of law schools in the United States

John D. Trasviña


The Wario series is a series of games that star Wario and a spin-off of the Mario series. It started out with Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3, and has grown to have its new spin-off series with WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!

Characters
Wario - the main character in the games who often tries to get more money. Even though he's very greedy, he's helped a lot of people out, mostly because of a reward. In the WarioWare series, Wario owns his own video game company.

Wario Land
Captain Syrup - A female pirate who is Wario's first enemy besides Mario in Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins. She steals a Princess Peach statue in Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3, and Wario tries to steal it so that he can sell it to Mario and Peach. She later appears in Wario Land II and Wario Land: The Shake Dimension.
Rudy the Clown - Another enemy of Wario. He's a giant, ugly clown with floating hands. He first appears in Wario Land 3, but appears again in Dr. Mario 64 fighting Wario and Dr. Mario, and in Wario Land: The Shake Dimension.
Princess Shokora - A Princess in Wario Land 4 who gets turned into a cat by a woman called Golden Diva.
Golden Diva - A rich, evil woman who lives in a giant Pyramid in Wario Land 4.
Black Jewel - An evil jewel who takes over Wario's castle in Wario World and turns all his money into monsters.
Goodstyle - A talking wand who asks Wario to help him beat Count Cannoli in Wario: Master of Disguise.
Count Cannoli - A thief in Wario: Master of Disguise.
Carpaccio - A chemist and a thief in Wario: Master of Disguise.
Terrormisu - An evil demon sealed into a stone called a Wishstone in Wario: Master of Disguise.
Shay King - The villain of Wario Land: The Shake Dimension who steals a magic purse and a woman that makes a never-ending flow of gold, and Wario tries to defeat him to save the princess and steal the magic purse.

WarioWare
WarioWare adds many new characters who are employees of Wario's company, WarioWare.

Mona - A young girl who, while working for WarioWare, also does other jobs like delivering pizza, serving ice cream, cheerleading, and being a pop star. She rides on a vespa scooter and has a monkey, a pig, and an elephant to help her.
Jimmy T. - A dancer who's a fan of disco. He has a cell phone that he likes to play games on when he's not dancing. He has a blue afro, but it is also green and pink in WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$! He has four relatives - his parents are named Papa T. and Mama T., and he has a brother and sister named James T. and Jamie T. He also has a look-alike called Jimmy P.
Dr. Crygor - A scientist who helps Wario out often and makes inventions for him to use.
9-Volt and 18-Volt - 9-Volt and 18-Volt are two video game players in grade school.
5-Volt - 5-Volt is 9-Volt's mother.
Kat & Ana - Two ninja kindergarteners who fight evil.
Orbulon - A very smart alien who crash lands on Earth, and often gets into trouble in space.
Dribble and Spitz - A dog and a cat who also work as taxi drivers.
Ashley - A young witch who casts spells and makes potions. She has a friend and pet called Red, a tiny demon.
Mike - A robot made by Dr. Crygor. He uses a microphone.
Penny Crygor - Dr. Crygor's daughter. She's also very smart.
Young Cricket and Master Mantis - A student and his master. They practice martial arts.
Wario-Man - Wario's super-hero form. Wario can become him in more than one way, but one way is that he eats bad garlic.

Games
Mario & Wario 1993, Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 1994, Game Boy
Wario's Woods 1994, Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Wario Blast: Featuring Bomberman! 1994, Game Boy
Virtual Boy Wario Land 1995, Virtual Boy
Wario Land II 1998, Game Boy and Game Boy Color
Wario Land 3 2000, Game Boy Color
Wario Land 4 2001, Game Boy Advance
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$! 2003, Game Boy Advance
Wario World 2003, Nintendo GameCube
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$! 2003, Nintendo GameCube
WarioWare: Twisted! 2004, Game Boy Advance
WarioWare: Touched! 2004, Nintendo DS
WarioWare: Smooth Moves 2006, Wii
Wario: Master of Disguise 2007, Nintendo DS
Wario Land: The Shake Dimension 2008, Wii
WarioWare DIY 2009, Nintendo DS
Game & Wario 2013, Wii U
WarioWare Gold 2018, Nintendo 3DS
WarioWare: Get it Together 2021, Nintendo Switch
WarioWare: Move It! 2023, Nintendo Switch

Appearances in the Super Smash Bros. series
The series' first appearance in the Super Smash Bros. series was in Super Smash Bros. Melee, but it was only as a collectible trophy. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Wario is a playable character, and can be in both his biker outfit from WarioWare or his plumber outfit from Wario Land. There is also a level based on WarioWare, collectible trophies and stickers from his series, and music from the WarioWare series.

Wario

Wario (series)


Fort St. Catherine, or Fort St. Catherine's (as it is usually referred to), is a coastal artillery fort at the North-East tip of St. George's Island, in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda. Successively redeveloped, the fort was used first by Bermudian Militia and then by regular Royal Artillery units from 1612 into the 20th century. Today it houses a museum.

Militia forts

The first fort was built on the site from wood in 1612. This was replaced by a stone fort in 1614. It was one of a number of forts built immediately following the Virginia Company being given official sanction in 1612 for its possession of Bermuda, which it had occupied since the wreck of the Sea Venture in 1609. The first forts were built around St. George's Harbour, followed closely by forts on Castle Harbour, the Castle Islands Fortifications. These forts include the oldest surviving buildings, the oldest surviving fortifications, the oldest surviving house (a fort commander's house), also the first stone forts, the first stone house, and the first coastal artillery built by the English in the New World. While most of these forts were designed to prevent an enemy entering St. George's Harbour, either directly from the open Atlantic, or via Castle Harbour, Fort St. Catherine's,  was placed in a location to prevent vessels which had entered through the reefline from the open Atlantic via the main shipping channel from rounding St. George's Island and moving to Westward. Vessels passing this way are constrained by the surrounding reeflines, and must travel near to shore, and cannot take evasive manoeuvres, making the site a very useful one for coastal artillery.

Use by the Regular Army

The fort was rebuilt five times, the last time at the end of the 19th century, by when Bermuda had become the premier base for the Royal Navy in the Western Hemisphere, requiring a large military garrison with numerous forts and batteries to protect it.

Ultimately, the fort's exposed position made it more vulnerable than later forts, often designed to be protected from fire, and obscured from view, by earthworks. These included Fort Victoria and Fort Albert, on the hill directly behind Fort St. Catherines. In the 20th century, forts fell out of favour, and most of the coastal artillery still in use was placed in batteries with only minimal fortification, like the St. David's Battery, Alexandra Battery, and Warwick Camp Battery. The 10 inch RMLs at Fort St. Catherine were not replaced as the 9.2 inch RBLs placed at Fort Victoria made St. Catherine's and Fort Albert unnecessary. the RMLs were pushed over the side of the fort in the 1940s and have lain since rusting on the surrounding slopes and shoreline. The 10 inch RMLs now mounted in the fort were taken from Fort Albert in the 1960s.

Post-Military Use
In the 1950s, a production of Macbeth was staged at Fort St. Catherine's starring Charlton Heston. Today, the fort houses a museum dedicated to Bermudian history, particularly the military aspect.  As a result of their historical significance, with fortifications spanning the full four centuries of English settlement in the New World, the forts at the East End of Bermuda, together with St. George's Town (or the Town of St. George), have been made a UNESCO World Heritage Site (the Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications).

References

Bibliography
 Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, Jennifer M. Ingham (now Jennifer M. Hind), The Island Press Ltd., Pembroke, Bermuda.
 The Andrew And The Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795 – 1975, Lt. Commander Ian Strannack, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum, P.O. Box MA 133, Mangrove Bay, Bermuda MA BX.
 Bermuda Forts 1612–1957, Dr. Edward C. Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum.
 Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860-1920, Lt.-Col. Roger Willock, USMC, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum.

Installations of the British Army
Fortifications in Bermuda
Batteries in Bermuda
World Heritage Sites in Bermuda
Museums in Bermuda
Military and war museums
St. George's Parish, Bermuda
1612 establishments in the British Empire

Fort St. Catherine


Ghost was an experimental rock group formed in Tokyo, Japan, in 1984.

History
Core-member Masaki Batoh grew up in Kyoto, Japan where he attended a private school. During this time, he became interested in American and British rock music ranging from Bob Dylan and Pink Floyd to the Velvet Underground and Japanese rock bands such as the Taj Mahal Travellers and the Flower Travellin' Band.

Later, Batoh formed Ghost with a large and often varying lineup. According to reports posted on Allmusic, the group lived a nomadic existence, drifting from ruins of ancient temples to disused subway stations around the Tokyo area.

The band began releasing their work with the albums Ghost and Second Time Around, which were released, respectively, in 1990 and 1992. The American independent label Drag City licensed each of the albums for distribution, and the Los Angeles The Now Sound label picked up two of Batoh's solo albums, released together as well under the title Collected Works. Two albums, Tune In, Turn On, Free Tibet and Snuffbox Immanence, were released simultaneously in 1999.

As well as their own work, Ghost have recorded and performed with the ex-Galaxie 500 duo Damon and Naomi. Five years after releasing both Snuffbox Immanence and Tune In, Turn On, Free Tibet, Ghost returned with Hypnotic Underworld, and there were some changes in the band. Cellist Hiromichi Sakamoto and percussionist Setsuko Furuya left and were replaced by a rhythm section of Takuyuki Moriya (electric bass guitar, double bass, and cello) and Junzo Tateiwa (drums, tabla, and percussion).

In 2005, the Drag City label released a CD+DVD set titled, "Metamorphosis: Ghost Chronicles 1984-2004". The DVD is a career-spanning collection of footage featuring over two hours of improvisations, one-time-only band lineups, trances, freakouts, live shows and more. The CD features tracks from the previously undocumented 1980s era of studio improvs, live tracks, and outtakes from their debut album.

In January 2007, Ghost released a new album titled In Stormy Nights.

The year 2008 saw Batoh collaborating live and in the studio with cellist Helena Espvall, resulting in the album Helena Espvall & Masaki Batoh. Overloaded Ark followed a year later.

In 2014, Masaki Batoh announced on Facebook that the group had disbanded after 30 years of activity.

Members
 Masaki Batoh (馬頭將噐): vocals, acoustic guitar
 Kazuo Ogino (荻野和夫): piano, electronics
 Michio Kurihara (栗原道夫): electric guitar
 Junzo Tateiwa (立岩潤三): drums, percussion
 Takuyuki Moriya (守屋拓之): bass
 Taishi Takizawa (瀧澤大志, also known as Giant): theremin, flute, saxophone

Discography

Albums
 Ghost (1990)
 Second Time Around (1992)
 Temple Stone (1994)
 Lama Rabi Rabi (1996)
 Snuffbox Immanence (1999)
 Tune In, Turn On, Free Tibet (1999)
 Hypnotic Underworld (2004)
 Metamorphosis: Ghost Chronicles 1984–-2004 (CD/DVD set 2005)
 In Stormy Nights (2007)
 Overture: Live in Nippon Yusen Soko 2006 (2007)

Singles
 Moungod Air Cave b/w Guru in the Echo (1995) Both tracks recorded live in 1989 and 1994 respectively.
 Holy High b/w Filament (2003)

Collaborations
 Damon and Naomi with Ghost (2000)

Compilation Appearances
 Tama Yura on Tokyo Flashback Vol. 1 (1991)
 Sun is Tangging on Tokyo Flashback Vol. 2 (1992)
 Suspect Tells of Dog Under the Sun on Tokyo Flashback Vol. 3 (1993)
 Way to Coimbula on ALMS: A benefit for Ptolemaic Terrascope (1997)

Masaki Batoh solo
 A Ghost from the Darkened Sea (1995) Total Album Length: 23min & 39sec
 Kikaokubeshi (1996) Total Album Length: 31min & 42sec
 Collected Works 95-96 (2004) Above two albums on one CD.
 Brain Pulse Music (2012)

Helena Espvall / Masaki Batoh collaborations
 Helena Espvall & Masaki Batoh (2008)
 Overloaded Ark (2009)

External links
 [ Ghost] at Allmusic
 Official Site (Japanese)

Japanese psychedelic rock music groups
Drag City (record label) artists
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups from Tokyo
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
P.S.F. Records artists

Ghost (1984 band)


Stephen Collins Foster (July 4, 1826 - January 13, 1864) was an American composer. He was the first American composer to be paid for his music. He was born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania which is now part of Pittsburgh. His parents were wealthy. His most well-known and successful song is  "Oh! Susanna" which was first performed in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1847.

Foster married Jane Denny MacDowell in July 1850, They had one daughter named Marion. The marriage was troubled and the couple separated. Foster moved to New York City to do professional songwriting. He died in New York City on January 13, 1864 at the age of 37.

Foster wrote mainly in three musical genres: plantation songs ("Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races"), parlor songs ("Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair", "Beautiful Dreamer") and Civil War songs ("We Are Coming, Father Abraham").

Birth and family
Stephen Collins Foster was born on July 4, 1826 to William Barclay Foster (September 7, 1779 - July 27, 1855) and Elisa Clayland [Tomlinson] Foster (January 1788 - January 1855). Stephen Collins was born in his father's home, "The White Cottage", at Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh.

He was baptized on April 22, 1827 in Trinity Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of the Foster children, and was named for Stephen Collins, a child friend of the family who died at age 12, and for William Collins, a family friend and well known attorney.

The Fosters were married on November 14, 1807 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. William Barclay Foster was a leader on the western frontier of Pennsylvania. He had settled near Pittsburgh. The Fosters had several children: Charlotte Susanna (1809), Ann Eliza (1812), Henry Baldwin (1816), Henrietta Angelica (1818), Dunning McNair (1821), Morrison (1823), and Stephen Collins (1826). A son was born in 1829, but died in 1830.

William Barclay Foster had sired an illegitimate son before his marriage. This boy was raised in the Foster family.  The Fosters lived in an elegant cottage high on a hillside above the Allegheny River in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh planned and developed by William Barclay Foster.

Ancestry

Stephen's great-grandfather, Alexander Foster, migrated from Londonderry, Northern Ireland to the American colonies in 1725. He settled in Little Britain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. His son, James Foster, married Ann Barclay and moved to Virginia. Their son, James, Jr. served in the American Revolution, and sired Stephen's father William Barclay Foster in 1779.

After the Revolution, many of the Scots-Irish families of Virginia (including the Fosters) migrated to western Pennsylvania. William Barclay Foster settled near Pittsburgh. He was a merchant who sometimes traveled as far away as Louisiana. He returned to Pittsburgh via New York City or Philadelphia after buying supplies for his Pittsburgh store.

He met his wife, Eliza Clayland Tomlinson, in Philadelphia. She was a Scots-Irish aristocrat of Wilmington, Delaware. The couple were married in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and traveled 300 miles overland to Pittsburgh. The couple were among the social elite of the frontier and associated with the best families.

Boyhood and youth
William Barclay Foster had serious financial troubles. In 1827, The White Cottage and other Foster properties were seized by the government when Foster failed to pay the mortgages. Stephen thereafter was moved about, sometimes living with relatives. His mother remembered him later in her life as a boy marching about with a feather in his cap and pounding on a drum while whistling "Auld Lang Syne". She noted that there was something "original" about the boy.

Stephen's eldest sister died in October 1829. The morbid sorrow that afflicted the Foster family at this time probably marked Stephen's view of dead young women for the rest of his life. Beautiful dead young women appear in some of his best songs including "Little Annie", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" and "Beautiful Dreamer".

Stephen was five when he attended an "infant school". In 1833 he went to the Alleghany Academy, a school for the social elite founded by the Presbyterian clergyman Rev. Joseph Stockton. In 1834, Stephen went to a black church with Olivia Pise, a mulatto servant. In 1836, the family left The White Cottage for ever and moved to Allegheny City when Stephen's father was appointed Collector of the Pennsylvania Canal.

Family legends say Stephen played harmonies on a guitar at age two, and played a flageolet with perfection in a music store at age seven. At age nine, he sang and performed with other boys in their own neighborhood theatrical productions. African melodies were popular and Stephen sung these tunes with gusto.

Minstrel songs

The creation of the American minstrel show is credited to Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice, an actor whose performance of the song "Jump Jim Crow" in the dress of an aged African American created an overnight sensation in Pittsburgh. The tune was written down and given a piano accompaniment by W. C. Peters, a music shop owner in Pittsburgh.

For many years, minstrels performed with circuses and traveling zoos. In the 1830s, they organized themselves into quartets, bands, and other ensembles and performed in theatres and other halls. One Nelson Kneass performed as a minstrel, but disbanded his group in Pittsburgh about 1845. He opened a hall with a stage at one end, and served refreshments for the price of a ticket.

Prizes were offered for the best riddles, etc. and a silver cup for the best African song. Foster was living in Cinncinati in 1846 and 1847, but his brother Morrison wrote him asking for a song. Stephen sent him "Way Down South, Where the Cane Grows". The song did not win the contest but set Foster on the road to minstrel songwriting.

Foster wrote 28 songs for the minstrel stage. They differ substantially in subject matter and musical style from his household  songs. They are written in a negro dialect and their accompaniments suggest banjo-picking. Their musical style is sourced to African American music and the traditional and folk music of British Americans. Many of these songs were written for minstrel groups of the period such as the Sable Harmonists and the Christy Minstrels.

A typical minstrel song by Foster is set for solo voice with a four or five part chorus in the refrain and a short instrumental section intended for a dance on the stage. The best of these songs are "Oh! Susanna" (1848), "Nelly Bly" (1849), "Camptown Races" (1850), "Massa's in de Cold Ground" (1852), "Old Folks at Home" (1860), and "Old Black Joe" (1860).

Marriage and children
Foster married Jane Denny McDowell (1829 - 1903) on July 22, 1850 in Trinity Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh. She was the daughter of Andrew N. McDowell, a Pittsburgh physician, and Jane Denny Porter. The attraction between Foster and McDowell remains a mystery: Jane was on the edge of the Foster circle of friends, and had no special musical talents or interests. She may have broken an engagement to another man to marry Foster. The couple's only child Marion, a daughter, was born on April 18, 1850.

The marriage was troubled for unknown reasons, and the couple lived apart. They had separated for the first time by the spring of 1853. Jane took Marion to Lewistown, Pennsylvania, where her mother and sister lived. Stephen went to New York City to pursue songwriting. The couple reunited within a year, but separated again and again.

Jane and Marion returned to Pennsylvania by July 1861 after a stay in New York with Stephen. He was having money troubles, and his alcoholism was worsening. Jane moved to Greensburg, Pennsylvania, where she worked as a telegraph operator for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Her daughter was probably left with relatives elsewhere. Jane visited Stephen in New York City in September 1861, and several times thereafter.

At an unknown date after Stephen's death in 1864, Jane married Matthew D. Wiley, a baggage handler and express agent. She worked as a telegraph operator at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Allegheny depot. She supported several relatives including her daughter, her mother, and her grandchildren. She died in 1903 of burns suffered when a spark set her clothing on fire while she dozed near a fireplace. By that date, she and her daughter had received more than $4,100 in royalties from Stephen's songs. She is buried in the Allegheny Cemetery.

Marion Foster (1850 - 1935) married William Welsh and had three children. After living in St. Louis and Chicago, she moved in 1914 to a mansion (as caretaker) on the site of her grandparents' home in Lawrenceville. She was poor, gave piano lessons into her seventies, and battled the government unsuccessfully for repossession of a piece of land once belonging to her grandfather.

Death

In July 1863, the people of the United States saw the worst riots in the nation's history. In New York City, rioters protested America's first draft. They believed this draft was unfair. It weighed heavily against the poor and allowed the rich to buy their way out. Rioters destroyed several buildings, including the Colored Orphan Asylum, and lynched blacks from lamp posts. Between 105 and 128 people died during the four days of rioting.

Foster's songs had not been selling well in the months before the riots
. His best days as a songwriter were over. His audience had divided itself along political, economic, and racial lines. On Saturday 9 January 1864, Foster felt sick and went to bed early. He was staying in a poor but decent hotel on the Bowery. On Sunday morning, he spoke to a maid at his door, then turned and fell, breaking a piece of crockery that gashed his neck. His comrade George Cooper (who lived only four blocks away) was sent for. He found Foster naked in a pool of blood. The songwriter whispered, "I'm done for" and asked for a drink.

A doctor arrived and the gash was sewn up. Foster was dressed, and taken to a ward for the poor at Bellevue Hospital. He was entered in the register as a "laborer". He was uncomfortable and did not like the food. On 13 January, he was eating soup when he seemed to faint and then died. In his pocket was found a few coins and a scrap of paper reading, "Dear friends and gentle hearts".

The cause of his death is not known. It was probably a combination of alcoholism, poor diet, and loss of blood, a heart attack, or a stroke. Jane Foster and Stephen's brothers Henry and Morrison claimed the body and took it Pennsylvania for burial. The funeral service was held in Trinity Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, on 21 January. Foster's coffin was met at the Allegheny Cemetery by a brass band playing his tunes. He was buried near his father and mother.

His death was not recorded in most newspapers. The New York Post however compared his melodies to those of Donizetti. The Round Table wrote that Foster was "an amateur writer" barely familiar with the rules of musical composition. The Table did praise his pathos and humor though.

Many songs were promoted after Foster's death as his very last songs. "The Voices That are Gone" (published in 1865) and "Kiss Me Mother Ere I Die" (1869) are probably, indeed, his last works. In August 1864, a Prussian-born engineer bought The White Cottage and tore it down.

Notes

References

1826 births
1864 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American songwriters
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers from New York City

Stephen Foster


Suttungr or Saturn XXIII, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 12.

Suttungr is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,667,000 km in 1029.703 days, at an inclination of 174° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.131.

Suttungr may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe at some point in the past.

It was named in August 2003 from Norse mythology, where Suttung is a Jotun or giant who once owned the mead of poetry.

The name was said as Suttung in IAU Circular 8177. However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending -r to the base form Suttung.

References
 IAUC 7548: S/2000 S 12 2000 December 23 (discovery)
 MPEC 2000-Y33: S/2000 S 12 2000 December 22 (recovery/discovery and ephemeris)
 IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (naming the moon Suttung)
 IAUC 8471: Satellites of Saturn 2005 January 21 (correcting the name)

Saturn's moons

Suttungr (moon)