William Henry Stark (March 19, 1851 – October 8, 1936) was an industrial leader whose contributions helped the city of Orange, Texas develop financially. Stark was the president of the Lutcher Moore Cypress Lumber Company of Lutcher, Louisiana.

Stark was born March 19, 1851, to John Thomas and Martha Ann (Skidmore) Stark. Originally from San Augustine County, Stark lived in Burkeville, Texas and Newton, Texas before moving to Orange in 1870 to seek employment in the sawmills. He worked in the early area sawmills and would soon become a leader of the local lumber industry. In 1881, Stark married Miriam Melissa Lutcher (1859–1936), the daughter of Henry J. Lutcher, a partner in the Lutcher and Moore Lumber Company. In the early 1880s, Stark's expertise in the lumber business would soon land him the position of managing two mills belonging to his father-in-law's firm in Louisiana. Stark's success in the lumber industry led him to invest in other businesses such as iron and coal production, real estate, and ranching. His innovative ideas, including development of the deep water ports on the Sabine River and an irrigation system that provided needed resources for the region's rice industry, led to increased population growth for the city of Orange.

Stark also served as a regent for the University of Texas System, 1911–15, an office later held by his son H.J.Lutcher Stark, who became chairman of the University Board.

Stark died on October 8, 1936, and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Orange, Texas.
The Texas Historical Commission has constructed a marker to commemorate his contributions to the city.

References

1851 births
1936 deaths
People from San Augustine County, Texas
People from Orange, Texas
American businesspeople in timber
People from Newton, Texas

William Henry Stark


Fritz Fiedler (born Potsdam 9 January 1899: died Schliersee 8 July 1972), was an automotive engineer. His projects included the BMW 328 sports car, the ex-BMW Bristol straight-six engine, and the BMW New Class sedan.

Career to 1945
Fiedler began his career in engineering at Stoewer and moved to Horch in 1924, where he eventually became chief engineer. He designed 8-cylinder and 12-cylinder cars at Horch. He left in 1932 when Horch became part of Auto Union. He then went to  BMW on the recommendation of his former assistant Rudolf Schleicher, who had joined Horch from BMW in 1927 and returned to BMW in 1931. Fiedler became chief engineer at the age of 32 over former chief engineer Alfred Böning who became head of the automotive drawing office.

In 1933 Fiedler was given the project to design the M78 six-cylinder engine for the BMW 303. The first car that Fiedler was fully responsible for was the BMW 326 saloon that was shown at the International Automobile Ausstellung in Berlin in 1936.

While Schleicher was at Munich on motorcycle development and the competition side of BMW motor car activity, Fiedler was at Eisenach in overall command of the car side of BMW, specialising in chassis, suspension and aerodynamic design and development. His last automotive design from Eisenach was the 3.5-litre 6 cylinder BMW 335 saloon, a fine 90 mph car for the German autobahns. During the war he was occupied with military vehicle design and development and finished up at Munich, so that after the war he was in the American zone. During the war he was a Director of BMW, but left the board in 1945.

In  England
In 1947 Fiedler joined AFN Ltd at the persuasion of H.J. Aldington. Although he was lent to Bristol as a consultant on their Type 400 project, he did most of his work in England at Isleworth, where he was always known as Dr Fiedler, although he did not have that title in Germany. He was very popular with the workforce at AFN, most people describing him as a kindly and charming man, and everyone admired his engineering qualities. He took charge of the development of the post-war Frazer Nash, dealing with chassis, suspension, body design and construction and development of the FNS Bristol engine. On the Isleworth dynamometer he got over 100 bhp from the Bristol engine before the Bristol men did.

Return to Germany and BMW

After three years with AFN Ltd, Fiedler returned to Germany. He returned to BMW as chief engineer in 1952 after working at Opel for a short time. He took over responsibility for the ongoing V8 engine project and was responsible for the BMW 503 and BMW 507. He was chairman of BMW AG from 1955 to 1956 and he finally retired in 1966, after a long and active life devoted to BMW, but he attended the firm each day as a consultant for a further two years and died in 1972.

Notes

References
"From Chain Drive to Turbocharger- The AFN Story", Denis Jenkinson, 1984.

External links
 BMW Designers  Fritz Fiedler among the BMW automotive designers.

German automobile designers
BMW people
1972 deaths
1899 births

Fritz Fiedler


Yang Hao (; November 22, 586?-October 23, 618), often known by the title of Prince of Qin (秦王), was one of the claimants of the throne of the Chinese Sui Dynasty at the dynasty's end.

Background

Yang Hao was a grandson of Sui's founder Emperor Wen.  His father Yang Jun was the Prince of Qin. Yang Hao was one of Yang Jun's two sons, and his mother was Yang Jun's wife Princess Cui.  In 597, angry and jealous over Yang Jun's favor for his concubines, Princess Cui poisoned melons that he was eating.  Yang Jun grew ill, and went back from his defense post at Bing Province (并州, roughly modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) to the capital Chang'an for treatment.  After he did so, Princess Cui's poisoning of him was discovered.  Emperor Wen ordered that she be divorced and sent back to the household of her brother Cui Hongdu (), and then ordered her to commit suicide.

Yang Jun never completely recovered from his illness.  He died in 600.  Emperor Wen, reasoning that Princess Cui's crime tainted Yang Hao and that his brother Yang Zhan () was born of a concubine and therefore unfit to inherit the title, did not allow either to inherit the title of Prince of Qin, and in fact ordered that Yang Jun's staff members serve as his mourners, suggesting that both Yang Hao and Yang Zhan were excluded from the funeral proceedings.

During Emperor Yang's reign
Emperor Wen died in 604, and Yang Hao's uncle Yang Guang took the throne as Emperor Yang.  In 606, he created Yang Hao the Prince of Qin and Yang Zhan the Marquess of Jibei.  By 613, Yang Hao was serving as the commander of the militia in Heyang Commandery (河陽, roughly modern Jiaozuo, Henan) when the general Yang Xuangan rebelled nearby.  Emperor Yang, then at the front of a campaign against Goguryeo, sent the general Yuwen Shu back to Sui territory to attack Yang Xuangan, and Yuwen and Yang Hao exchanged letters, and they further met and joined forces against Yang Xuangan.  However, after Yang Xuangan's rebellion was suppressed, Yang Hao was indicted for communicating with imperial officials—an act not allowed for imperial princes—and removed from his post.

In spring 618, with the Sui state engulfed in various rebellions, Yang Hao was with Emperor Yang at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), when a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji (Yuwen Shu's son) killed Emperor Yang.  The coup leaders also killed many of Emperor Yang's relatives and high-level officials.  However, as Yang Hao was friendly with Yuwen Huaji's brother Yuwen Zhiji (), Yuwen Zhiji persuaded Yuwen Huaji to spare Yang Hao, and subsequently, Yang Hao was declared emperor by an edict issued in the name of Emperor Yang's wife Empress Xiao, although Yuwen Huaji wielded actual powers, as regent.

Reign

There was no evidence that suggested that Yuwen Huaji permitted Yang Hao to actually exercise any imperial powers.  Yuwen Huaji soon abandoned Jiangdu and led the remaining Sui court and the elite Xiaoguo Army () north.  During the procession, Yang Hao was effectively put under house arrest at the mobile executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), under heavy guard.  Edicts were signed by Yang Hao, but he was not even permitted to meet with the officials.  Yuwen Huaji soon engaged the rebel leader Li Mi but suffered several defeats against Li and eventually forced to withdraw to Wei (魏縣, in modern Handan, Hebei).  As he saw his military power waning, he became depressed.  He then resolved to be emperor while he was still alive, and therefore poisoned Yang Hao, declaring himself emperor of a state of Xu.

Personal information
 Father
 Yang Jun, Prince Xiao of Qin
 Mother
 Princess Cui (forced to commit suicide 597), Yang Jun's wife, sister of Cui Hongdu ()

References

 Book of Sui, vol. 45.
 History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 71.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 179, 180, 185, 186.

|-

Sui dynasty emperors
586 births
618 deaths
7th-century Chinese monarchs
Political office-holders in Henan
Transition from Sui to Tang

Yang Hao (Sui dynasty)


Robert "The Grinder" Baker (October 26, 1926 – April 23, 2002) was a heavyweight boxer whose professional career spanned from 1949 until 1960. Baker was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and originally fought out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Career

Amateur career
In Baker's amateur career he only lost one fight and won the 1949 Intercity Golden Gloves championship in the heavyweight division.

Professionals
He started his professional career with twenty-six consecutive wins. However, his winning streak came to an end when he was defeated by another leading contender, Clarence Henry, in 1954. In his previous fight, only days before, he drew with bulky Kid Riviera. He also lost to Bob Satterfield, Archie Moore and other contenders during this era. After his defeat to Archie Moore in 1954, he never lost by a knockout again. There was talk of Baker facing heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano in early 1956. However, even though Baker defeated Nino Valdez on December 7, 1955, the championship bout never materialized. The bout against Valdez was a rematch of a bout fought in May 1953 and both were won by Baker by unanimous decisions.

Before losing a split decision to Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson on February 3, 1956, Baker won thirteen straight bouts and was ranked as a top contender for Marciano's heavyweight title. After defeating another leading contender, John Holman, in Miami Beach Auditorium, Florida, on May 9, 1956, he lost a rematch with Jackson on September 26, 1956. Again it was a split decision. A majority of the ringside press felt Baker won, although the Associated Press scored it for Jackson.

After 1957, his fighting skills diminished, although Baker defeated George Chuvalo, a future Canadian champion and multiple world heavyweight title contender in the 1960s and 1970s, by unanimous decision, on September 9, 1957 in Canada.

Personal life
Baker served in the Navy prior to becoming a boxer. He was an only child and had only one child himself, Robert Baker, Jr.

After his boxing career, Baker was a foreman for a PennDOT road crew in Penn Hills in the 1980s. He was well regarded for his honesty, humility and fair treatment of his crew. He never spoke of his fame or accomplishments.

References

External links

1926 births
2002 deaths
People from Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Washington County, Pennsylvania
Heavyweight boxers
Boxers from Pennsylvania
African-American boxers
American male boxers
Boxers from Pittsburgh
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
United States Navy sailors
African-American United States Navy personnel

Bob Baker (boxer)


Roy Clive Abraham (16 December 1890, Melbourne, Australia - 22 June 1963, Hendon, London) was a key figure in African language scholarship during the twentieth century. He worked for over thirty years on a wide range of disparate languages.

Education
 University College School
 Clifton College, Bristol
 Various establishments in Germany

From 1923 to 1924 he was at Balliol College, Oxford.  He received a first-class honours degree in Arabic and Persian; he asked to be examined in Ethiopic, but no examiner was available.  He took a certificate in anthropology from University College, London in 1927, and a diploma in (classical) Arabic from the School of Oriental Studies in 1930.

Career
He was granted a temporary commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Infantry (he was assigned to the East Surrey Regiment) on 22 January 1915. He relinquished his commission on appointment to a cadetship at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst on 19 January 1916. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant on the Unattached List for the Indian Army on 16 August 1916. He was attached to the 1st battalion, 109th Infantry on 10 November 1916. By late 1918 he was acting as Assistant Censor, Rangoon. He was appointed an Assistant Embarkation Staff Officer on 1 November 1919. He was promoted Captain 20 August 1919 and retired on 5 October 1922.

From 1925 to 1944, he worked for the administrative service of the northern provinces of Nigeria.  He researched the local languages, and assisted George Percival Bargery to compile the latter's monumental and authoritative Hausa-English Dictionary, published in 1934.  In his Principles of Hausa (1934), Abraham simplified Bargery's six-tone system to the correct three-tone system for Hausa.

In this period, he also published The Grammar of Tiv (1933) and The Principles of Idoma (1935), the first detailed linguistic description of an eastern Kwa language. Abraham's grammars and dictionaries represented major descriptive and analytical contributions to the study of African languages. In 1941-2, he taught Hausa to soldiers in the Royal West African frontier force.  Later in World War II, he served in Ethiopia, teaching Amharic and Somali; he was also based in Kenya, South Africa, France, and Italy, and with the British military mission in Moscow, being promoted to major.

In 1945, Abraham was awarded a Leverhulme research fellowship to research the languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea (including Amharic and Ge'ez). In 1946 he failed to succeed Bargery as lecturer in Hausa at the School of Oriental and African Studies. However, in 1948 he was appointed to a new lectureship in Amharic; he also taught Tigrinya and began research into Berber, Oromo, and Somali.  His Dictionary of Hausa was published in 1949 and The Principles of Somali in 1951.  He retired in 1951.  In 1952, Abraham embarked on a study of Yoruba. His Dictionary of Modern Yoruba appeared in 1958. His linguistic work was based on fieldwork conducted amongst a number of groups of people: Hausa, Tiv, Idoma, Oromo, Somalis, Yoruba, and Berbers.

A commemorative volume in honour of his outstanding contribution to the understanding of African languages was published in 1992.

References

 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 R. G. Armstrong, 'Roy Clive Abraham, 1890-1963', Journal of West African Languages, 1/1 (1964), 49-53
 P. E. H. Hair, 'A bibliography of R. C. Abraham - linguist and lexicographer', Journal of West African Languages, 2/1 (1965), 63-6
 P. J. Jaggar, ed., Papers in honour of R. C. Abraham (1890-1963) (1992)

Archives
 The archive of Roy Clive Abraham is held at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/

1890 births
People educated at Clifton College
1963 deaths
Linguists from Australia
Australian Jews
Alumni of University College London
People educated at University College School
Academics from Melbourne
British Army personnel of World War I
Indian Army personnel of World War I
East Surrey Regiment officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
British Indian Army officers
Royal West African Frontier Force officers
British expatriates in Nigeria
Linguists of Yoruba
Linguists of Hausa
20th-century linguists
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British military personnel in colonial India

Roy Clive Abraham


Warren Hastings (December 7 1732 - August 22 1818) was the first Governor-General of India, from 1773 to 1785. He was born at Churchill, Oxfordshire.  He attended Westminster School before joining the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk.  In 1757 he was made the British Resident (administrative in charge) of Murshidabad. He was appointed to the Calcutta council in 1761, but was back in England in 1764. He returned to India in 1769 as a part of the Madras council and was made governor of Bengal in 1772. In 1773, he was appointed the first Governor-General of India.

For ten years Hastings managed to help expand British control across India that had been stated by Robert Clive.

Hastings resigned in 1784 and returned to England, however when he arrived in England he was charged with corruption by Edmund Burke. Burke was encouraged by Sir Philip Francis who had been wounded by Hastings in a duel in India. The trial took seven years and Hastings was acquitted.

He still had supporters though and on August 22 1806, the Edinburgh East India Club held a party to honour Hastings, asking for "Prosperity to our settlements in India".

Places named after him
The city of Hastings, New Zealand and the Melbourne outer suburb of Hastings, Victoria, Australia were both named after him.

Hastings is a Senior Wing House at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after colonial-age military figures.

References

Governors-General of India
1732 births
1818 deaths

Warren Hastings


Rösti () or röschti is a Swiss potato dish. It was originally a common breakfast eaten by farmers in the canton of Bern, but is now eaten all over Switzerland. Many Swiss people consider rösti a national dish. Today it is more commonly served to accompany other dishes, rather than for breakfast. It is sometimes considered unhealthy because of the amount of butter or oil used.

Potatoes
Swiss food
Fried foods
Canton of Bern

Rösti


A birdbox is a human-made, usually wooden box used as a house for birds. It is suitable as a bird home because it is similar to a natural bird home, such as a hollow tree, and birds often make nests inside birdboxes. Birdboxes are often put on trees. They are often made by people who are fond of birds, but they are also useful for studying birds. For domesticated birds, birdboxes are often used for breeding.

Most birdboxes feature a simple design with of six planks ordered in a cube, with a hole in a wall where birds can go in and out. Common additions include a small stick outside the hole on which birds can sit on, and a sloping roof to make rainwater run off. Some can however be highly detailed and decorated, depending on the maker's preferences. They can also be made from things like logs or gourds. They come in many sizes, depending on the size of the bird type the box is made for. Most birdboxes are small, but some, such as ones made for owls or parrots, can be quite large.

Although birdboxes are intended for birds, many other animals can inhabit them as well. Examples include bees that make beehives inside them, and squirrels.

Images

Videos

Birds

Birdbox


The Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival was a festival of classical music that used to be held in Birmingham, England.  It was started in 1784 and continued until 1912.  "Triennial" means that it happened once every three years.

History
The first music festival was held for three days in September 1768.  It helped to raise money to complete the new General Hospital on Summer Lane.  Another festival was held in 1778 to get more money. The hospital opened in September 1779.

From September 1784 the festival was held every three years.  It continued to raise money for the hospital.

The church and theatre where the festival was held became too small, so in 1834 they built Birmingham Town Hall which had much more room.

Many famous musicians performed at the festival.  In 1837 Felix Mendelssohn conducted a performance of his oratorio St. Paul, played the organ, and played the piano part in the first performance of his Piano  Concerto No. 2 which had been especially commissioned by the Festival.  In the next festival he played his Piano Concerto No. 1.  In 1846  (a year before he died) the festival commissioned him to write his oratorio Elijah.  It was a huge success.  He was paid 200 guineas.  Elijah was played at every festival after that.

The festival commissioned other composers to write works, these included: Arthur Sullivan, Max Bruch, Charles Gounod and Antonín Dvořák.

The great conductor Hans Richter was made principal conductor in 1885.

Edward Elgar wrote several works for the festival.  In 1900 his oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was given its first performance.  In 1903 he performed The Apostles, and 1906  The Kingdom. In 1912 he wrote The Music Makers.  The principal conductor for 1912 was Henry Wood.

The 1909 and 1912 festivals lost a lot of money and they could not give any money to the hospital.  This was soon followed by  World War I, so the festival stopped and did not continue after the war.

Birmingham
Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
1784 establishments
1780s establishments in England
1912 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in England

Birmingham Triennial Music Festival


The Microsoft Windows operating system supports a form of shared libraries known as "dynamic-link libraries", which are code libraries that can be used by multiple processes while only one copy is loaded into memory. This article provides an overview of the core libraries that are included with every modern Windows installation, on top of which most Windows applications are built.

Internal components
HAL.DLL is a kernel-mode library file and it cannot be used by any user-mode program. NTDLL.DLL is only used by some programs, but it is a dependency of most Win32 libraries used by programs.

HAL.DLL

The Windows Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) is implemented in hal.dll. The HAL implements a number of functions that are implemented in different ways by different hardware platforms, which in this context, refers mostly to the chipset. Other components in the operating system can then call these functions in the same way on all platforms, without regard for the actual implementation.

For example, responding to an interrupt is quite different on a machine with an Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) than on one without. The HAL provides a single function for this purpose that works with all kinds of interrupts by various chipsets, so that other components need not be concerned with the differences.

The HAL is loaded into kernel address space and runs in kernel mode, so routines in the HAL cannot be called directly by applications, and no user mode APIs correspond directly to HAL routines. Instead, the HAL provides services primarily to the Windows executive and kernel and to kernel mode device drivers. Although drivers for most hardware are contained in other files, commonly of file type .sys, a few core drivers are compiled into hal.dll.

Kernel mode device drivers for devices on buses such as PCI and PCI Express directly call routines in the HAL to access I/O ports and registers of their devices. The drivers use HAL routines because different platforms may require different implementations of these operations. The HAL implements the operations appropriately for each platform, so the same driver executable file can be used on all platforms using the same CPU architecture, and the driver source file can be portable across all architectures.

On x86 systems prior to Windows 8, there are several different HAL files on the installation media. The Windows installation procedure determines which ones are appropriate for the current platform and copies it to the hard drive, renaming it to hal.dll if necessary. Among the criteria for this selection are: the presence of an ACPI-compatible BIOS, the presence of an APIC, and whether or not multiple processors are present and enabled. (The multiple cores of a multi-core CPU, and even the "logical processors" implemented by a hyperthreading CPU, all count as "processors" for this purpose.) On x86-64 and Itanium platforms there is just one possible hal.dll for each CPU architecture. On Windows 8 and later, the x86 version also only has one HAL.

HAL is merged (or statically linked) into ntoskrnl.exe starting with version 2004 of Windows 10, and the dll only serves as a stub for backwards compatibility.

NTDLL.DLL
NTDLL.DLL exports the Windows Native API. The Native API is the interface used by user-mode components of the operating system that must run without support from Win32 or other API subsystems. Most of this API is implemented in NTDLL.DLL and at the upper edge of ntoskrnl.exe (and its variants), and the majority of exported symbols within these libraries are prefixed Nt, for example NtDisplayString. Native APIs are also used to implement many of the "kernel APIs" or "base APIs" exported by KERNEL32.DLL. The large majority of Windows applications do not call NTDLL.DLL directly.

Applications that are linked directly against this library are said to use the native subsystem; the primary reason for their existence is to perform tasks that must run early in the system startup sequence before the Win32 subsystem is available. An obvious but important example is the creation of the Win32 subsystem process, csrss.exe. Before the csrss.exe process exists, no Win32 processes may be created, therefore the process that creates it (Smss.exe, the "session manager") must use the native subsystem. csrss.exe itself is such an application.

Despite having an ".exe" file extension, native applications cannot be executed by the user (or any program in the Win32 or other subsystems). An example is the autochk.exe binary that runs chkdsk during the system initialization "Blue Screen". Other prominent examples are the services that implement the various subsystems, such as csrss.exe.

Unlike Win32 applications, native applications instantiate within the Kernel runtime code (ntoskrnl.exe) and so they must have a different entry point (NtProcessStartup, rather than (w)(Win)MainCRTStartup as is found in a Win32 application), obtain their command-line arguments via a pointer to an in-memory structure, manage their own memory using the Rtl heap API, (which the Win32 heap APIs are just wrappers around—no real difference there) and return execution with a call to RtlExitUserProcess (as opposed to ExitProcess). A common library linked with Native applications is nt.lib, which contains startup code for Native applications, similar to how the C runtime provides startup code for Win32 apps.

Though most of the API is undocumented, Native Applications can be built using the Windows Driver Development Kit; many antivirus software and other utility software vendors incorporate Native Applications within their products, usually to perform some boot-time task that cannot be carried out in userspace.

Win32 API

The libraries in this section each implement various subsets of the Win32 API.

KERNEL32.DLL
KERNEL32.DLL exposes to applications most of the Win32 base APIs, such as memory management, input/output (I/O) operations, process and thread creation, and synchronization functions. Many of these are implemented within KERNEL32.DLL by calling corresponding functions in the native API, exposed by NTDLL.DLL.

GDI32.DLL
GDI32.DLL exports Graphics Device Interface (GDI) functions that perform primitive drawing functions for output to video displays and printers. It is used, for example, in the XP version of Paint. Applications call GDI functions directly to perform low-level drawing (line, rectangle, ellipse), text output, font management, and similar functions.

Initially, GDI supported 16 and 256 color EGA/VGA display cards and monochrome printers. The functionality has expanded over the years, and now includes support for things like TrueType fonts, alpha channels, and multiple monitors.

USER32.DLL

USER32.DLL implements the Windows USER component that creates and manipulates the standard elements of the Windows user interface, such as the desktop, windows, and menus.
It thus enables programs to implement a graphical user interface (GUI) that matches the Windows look and feel. Programs call functions from Windows USER to perform operations such as creating and managing windows, receiving window messages (which are mostly user input such as mouse and keyboard events, but also notifications from the operating system), displaying text in a window, and displaying message boxes.

Many of the functions in USER32.DLL call upon GDI functions exported by GDI32.DLL to do the actual rendering of the various elements of the user interface. Some types of programs will also call GDI functions directly to perform lower-level drawing operations within a window previously created via USER32 functions.

COMCTL32.DLL

COMDLG32.DLL
COMDLG32.DLL, the Common Dialog Box Library, implements a wide variety of Windows dialog boxes intended to perform what Microsoft deems 'common application tasks'. Starting with the release of Windows Vista, Microsoft considers the "Open" and "Save as" dialog boxes provided by this library as deprecated and replaced by the 'Common Item Dialog API'.

WS2_32.DLL
WS2_32.DLL implements the Winsock API, which provides TCP/IP networking functions and provides partial, broken compatibility with other network APIs. wsock.dll and wsock32.dll are older versions for Win3.11 and Win95 compatibility.

ADVAPI32.DLL
ADVAPI32.DLL, the Advanced Windows 32 Base API DLL, provides security calls and functions for manipulating the Windows Registry.

NETAPI32.DLL
NETAPI32.DLL provides functions for querying and managing network interfaces.

OLE32.DLL
OLE32.DLL provides the Component Object Model, as well as Object Linking and Embedding.

Other APIs

SHSCRAP.DLL
SHSCRAP.DLL is part of the Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) mechanism. It implements support for shell scrap files, which are automatically created when you drag selected content from an OLE-capable application into an Explorer window or desktop, but you can also use the Object Packager to create them. They can then be dragged into another OLE-capable application.

This functionality was removed from Windows Vista (and therefore later versions) to improve security and rid the operating system of generally unused functionality. Scrap (.shs) files have been used by viruses because they can contain a wide variety of files (including executable code), and the file extension is not shown even when "Hide file extensions from known file types" is disabled. The functionality can be restored by copying registry entries and the DLL from a Windows XP system.

WINMM.DLL
WINMM.DLL provides access to the original WinMM audio API.

IMM32.DLL
IMM32 is responsible for invoking and interacting with the Input Method Editor.

Runtime libraries

MSVCRT.DLL, MSVCP*.DLL and CRTDLL.DLL
MSVCRT.DLL is the C standard library for the Visual C++ (MSVC) compiler from version 4.2 to 6.0. It provides programs compiled by these versions of MSVC with most of the standard C library functions. These include string manipulation, memory allocation, C-style input/output calls, and others. MSVCP*.DLL is the corresponding C++ library.

It has shipped with Windows versions since Windows 95 OSR2.5 for use by other Windows components; earlier versions shipped with the CRTDLL.DLL library instead. In older versions of Windows, programs which linked against MSVCRT.DLL were expected to install a compatible copy in the System32 folder, but this contributed to DLL Hell because many installers failed to check the library version against the installed version before replacing it.

Versions of MSVC before 4.0 and from 7.0 to 12.0 used differently named DLLs for each version (MSVCR20.DLL, MSVCR70.DLL, MSVCR71.DLL, MSVCP110.DLL, etc.). Applications are required to install the appropriate version, and Microsoft offers Visual C++ Redistributable packages for this purpose, though Windows typically comes with one version already installed.

This runtime library is used by programs written in Visual C++ and a few other compilers (e.g. MinGW). Some compilers have their own runtime libraries.

With Version 14.0 (Visual Studio 2015), most of the C/C++ runtime was moved into a new DLL, UCRTBASE.DLL that is strictly C99 compliant. Universal C Run Time (UCRT) from Windows 10 onwards become a component part of Windows, so every compiler (either non MS, like GCC or Clang/LLVM) can link against UCRT. However, C/C++ programs using UCRTBASE.DLL are forced to link against another new DLL, the VCRuntime. At Version 14.0, this was VCRUNTIME140.DLL. The name has the potential to change at future versions, but has not done so as far as of Version 17.0.

Source code for runtime libraries is included in Visual C++ for reference and debugging (e.g. in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\VC\crt\src).

Other runtime libraries
 ATL*.DLL – Active Template Library
 MFC*.DLL – Microsoft Foundation Classes
 MSVBVM60.DLL – Visual Basic 6.0 Virtual Machine (Visual Basic.NET programs require .NET Framework instead)
 VCOMP*.DLL – Microsoft OpenMP runtime
 VCRUNTIME*.DLL – Microsoft VCRuntime, for MSVC 14.0+
 MSVCIRT.DLL – Microsoft C++ Library, contains the deprecated C++ classes from <iostream.h> (note the file extension) for MS C 9 and 10 (MSVC 2.x, 4.x) (Back then, the draft C++ Standard Library was integrated within MSVCRT.DLL. It was split up with the release of Visual C++ 5.0)

.NET Framework libraries
Programs written in C#, Visual Basic.NET, C++/CLI and other .NET languages require the .NET Framework. It has many libraries (one of them is mscorlib.dll Multilanguage Standard Common Object Runtime Library, formerly Microsoft Common Object Runtime Library) and so-called assemblies (e.g. System.Windows.Forms.dll).

See also
 Architecture of Windows NT
 Windows NT startup process
 List of Microsoft Windows components
 Windows API
 Dynamic link library

References

External links

 API calls list (USER32.DLL)  Tips for using the User API Client Library with Visual Basic
 API calls list (KERNEL32.DLL)  Tips for using the Kernel API Client Library with Visual Basic
 Native API reference
 Unofficial website that documents most of the Native API methods
 Retrieving the KERNEL32.DLL base address

Microsoft application programming interfaces
Library files
Windows files

Microsoft Windows library files


Balap mobil sport adalah bentuk ajang lomba balap mobil dengan mobil sport yang memiliki dua kursi dan roda tertutup. Biasanya balap mobil sport menggunakan mobil yang hampir mirip dengan mobil yang dijual/dipakai di jalan raya biasa.

Contoh ajang balap mobil sport yang terkenal diantaranya Le Mans 24 Jam.

Bacaan lebih lanjut
 Denis Jenkinson, "Automobile Year Book Of Sports Car Racing" (photographic history of sports car racing from the early 1950s to the 1970s)
 János Wimpffen, "Time and Two Seats" – 2 vols. Extensive history of World Championship sports car racing from 1952 to the late 1990s.
 János Wimpffen, "Open Roads And Front Engines" – a photographic companion to the above, covering the early 50s-early 60s.
 János Wimpffen, "Winged Sports Cars and Enduring Innovation" – a sequel to the above covering the early 60s-early 70s.
 János Wimpffen, "Spyders and Silhouettes" – a sequel to the above covering the early 70s-early 80s.
 John Wyer, "The Certain Sound" – memoirs of Aston Martin and Ford GT40 team manager
 Chris Nixon, "Racing With The David Brown Aston Martins", 2 vols.
 Anthony Pritchard, "Sports Racing Cars" – profiles of 25 sports racers through history.
 Brooklands Books, "Le Mans" – 5 volumes of contemporary race reports
 Brooklands Books, "Mille Miglia" – 2 volumes of contemporary race reports
 Brooklands Books, "Targa Florio" – 5 volumes of contemporary race reports
 Brooklands Books, "Carrera Panamericana" – 1 volume of contemporary race reports
 Ian Briggs, "Endurance Racing 1982–1991" – the Group C and IMSA GTP years, race by race.
 Michael Cotton, "Directory of World Sports Cars" – IMSA and GpC car histories outlined in detail.
 Andrew Whyte, "Jaguar: Sports Racing and Works Competition Cars" – 2 vols. Authoritative history of the marque.
 Ian Bamsey, ed. "Super Sports: The  Le Mans Cars" – technical summary of large-capacity coupés.
 Chris Nixon – "Sports Car Heaven" – Aston Martin vs Ferrari
 Karl Ludvigsen – "Quicksilver Century" – competition history of Mercedes-Benz
 Karl Ludvigsen – "Porsche: Excellence Was Expected" (3 vols) – extensive history of Porsche
 Vic Elford, "Reflections on a Golden Era of Motorsport" – covers Vic's rallying, single seater and mostly sports car career in depth.
 Norbert Singer, "24:16" – his role in Porsche's Le Mans wins
 John Horsman, "Racing In The Rain", an account of his engineering career with Aston Martin, John Wyer and Mirage.
 Curami/Vergnano, "'La Sport' e i suoi artigiani" – Italian domestic sports car competition from the 1930s–1960s and the 'specials' that competed in it.
 J. A. Martin & Ken Wells, "Prototypes: The History of the IMSA GTP Series" – team by team account of various racing teams and manufacturers that competed in the top flight IMSA series.
 Mike Fuller & J. A. Martin, "Inside IMSA's Legendary GTP Race Cars: The Prototype Experience", ISBN 0-7603-3069-7, Motorbooks International, 25 April 2008. Technical and historical overview of IMSA GTP racers

Balap mobil
Seri balap mobil sports

Balap mobil sport


Sir Francis Pettit Smith (9 February 1808 – 12 February 1874) was an English inventor and, along with John Ericsson, one of the inventors of the screw propeller. He was also the driving force behind the construction of the world's first screw-propelled steamship, .

Early life
He was born at Hythe, Kent, where his father was the postmaster. He was educated at a private school in Ashford run by the Rev. Alexander Power, before working as a grazing Farmer on Romney Marsh, later moving to Hendon in Middlesex where he continued to farm for 37 years.

Career
As a boy he had acquired great skill in the construction of model boats and took special interest in their means of propulsion.  This fascination with boats remained with him and in 1834 on a reservoir near his farm, he perfected the propulsion of a model boat by means of a wooden screw driven by a spring.  He became utterly convinced that this form of propulsion was greatly superior to the paddle wheel which was in use at the time.  The following year he built a superior model with which he performed a number of experiments at Hendon and in 1836 took out a patent for propelling vessels by means of a screw revolving beneath the water at the stern.

After securing the financial backing of several parties, he helped organize the Propeller Steamship Company which in 1839 built the world's first successful screw-propelled steamship, .
A short time later, he was instrumental in persuading Isambard Kingdom Brunel to change the design of the SS Great Britain from paddle to screw propulsion, by lending Brunel the Archimedes for several months. He also helped persuade the British Admiralty to adopt screw propulsion.

Smith travelled on the SS Great Britain in May 1852, between Liverpool and New York.

Later life
Between 1864 and 1870 he resided in an elegant Victorian house at 17 Sydenham Hill SE26, near Crystal Palace Park, a fact noted on a Blue Plaque.

In 1860 the government appointed him to the post of curator of the Patent Museum at South Kensington. In 1871 a knighthood was conferred upon him.

Smith died at 15 Thurloe Place, South Kensington in February 1874, and is buried in St Leonards Cemetery, Hythe, Kent.

Personal life
Smith married twice and had children by each marriage.

Legacy
Smith negotiated with the Governors of Dulwich College for the lease of a plot of land on Sydenham Hill where he built his house named Centra House in 1864.  The house was designed by Charles Barry, Jr. (the eldest son of Sir Charles Barry).  The house still stands today. In the grounds Smith had planted a considerable shrubbery and had use of woodlands down to College Road.  A later resident added a Pulhamite fountain and small grotto to the rear of the residence and renamed the house Dilkoosh. It was later renamed to its present title – Fountain House.

Notes

External links

1808 births
1874 deaths
British marine engineers
English inventors
English curators
Knights Bachelor
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
People from Hythe, Kent

Francis Pettit Smith


Ophiolatry is a Brazilian death metal band formed in 1998. The name was derived from a term meaning "the worship of serpents".

Biography
Ophiolatry  was formed in 1998 by Jhorge "Dog" Duarte, Antonio Cozta, Fabio Zperandio and Tiago Nunes. They recorded their first demo, Opposite Monarchy, in 1999, and also released a split on Mutilation Records with the band Ancestral Malediction. In 2000, Relapse Records included Opposite Monarchy on their compilation album Brazilian Assault, which was released in Europe and North America. After signing on the North American record label Evil Vengeance Records, they recorded their first full-length album, Anti-Evangelistic Process, in 2001. This album was mastered by Erik Rutan (Morbid Angel, Hate Eternal) and released in 2002. In 2003, the band did a 50-day tour of Europe after recording the new EP Misanchristianthropy. This EP was released in 2003, by US record label Deathgasm Records, as a split with Infernal Dominion. After releasing two more split albums in 2005 and 2006, the band signed on Forces of Satan Records, the Norwegian record label run by Gorgoroth guitarist and founder Infernus. Their latest full-length album, Transmutation was released in early 2008 through Forces of Satan Records and Regain Records. 2002's Anti-Evangelistic Process was also re-released in the summer that year.

Members

Former
Tiago Nunes - vocals (1998–2002)
Jhorge "Dog" Duarte - drums (1998–present)

Discography

Albums
Anti-Evangelistic Process (2002, re-released in 2008)
Transmutation (2008)

Demos
Opposite Monarchy (demo) (1999)

Split albums
Opposite Monarchy (with Ancestral Malediction) (1999)
Misanchristianthropy (with Infernal Dominion) (2004)
Impaling the Christian Race (with Abhorrence) (2005)
Satancore (with Sacramental Blood) (2006)

Compilation albums
Brazilian Assault (2000)

References

External links
Official MySpace profile

Brazilian death metal musical groups
Forces of Satan Records artists
Musical groups established in 1998
Brazilian musical trios
1998 establishments in Brazil

Ophiolatry (band)


William Penn Charter School (commonly known as Penn Charter or simply PC) is an independent school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1689 at the urging of William Penn as the "Public Grammar School" and chartered in 1689 to be operated by the "Overseers of the public School, founded by Charter in the town and county of Philadelphia" in Pennsylvania. It is the oldest Quaker school in the world, the oldest elementary school in Pennsylvania, and the fifth oldest elementary school in the United States following The Collegiate School ("claimed" 1628), Boston Latin School (1635), Hartford Public High School (1638), and Roxbury Latin (1645).

History
Penn Charter is among the first schools in the United States to offer education to all religions (1689), financial aid (1701), matriculation to girls (1754), and education to all races (1770). The "Charter" in the school's name does not, as might be assumed, mean that it is a modern "charter school".  Rather, it is a reference to the historic document signed by William Penn to establish the first Quaker school in America. Originally located on the east side of Fourth Street below Chestnut, the school officially consolidated in 1874 as an all-boys College-preparatory school at 12th and Market Streets. Penn Charter moved to its current forty-seven acre East Falls campus in 1925. In 1980 the school became fully co-educational by allowing girls to continue past the second grade, thus graduating the first co-ed senior class in 1992.

Traditions
While the school is not under the care of a formal monthly Meeting, in keeping with the school's Quaker heritage, the Overseers, a board of 21 trustees established by William Penn, still governs the school affairs through Quaker consensus. Jeffrey Reinhold is the current clerk of the Overseers. All students attend a weekly meeting for worship.  Faculty meetings and all-school assemblies, and some classes begin with a moment of silence.

Service-learning is integral to the school and incorporated into the pre-K to 12 curriculum. The school's Center for Public Purpose engages students in service and community-based work by addressing Philadelphia's most pressing social issues, particularly education, food insecurity, and poverty. To earn an activity credit, many Upper School students complete 40 hours of community service a year; a van carrying students leaves the campus after school every day to perform community service in various locations throughout the Philadelphia area.

Color Day, celebrated on the Friday before Memorial Day, is a tradition in which two teams sporting the school's colors, blue and yellow, compete against each other in playful contests, concluding with a 12th-grade rope pull.

The school's Senior Stairs are a central stairway that only current seniors, faculty, and alumni can use during school hours.

A Penn Charter graduate is known as an "OPC."  The honorific "OPC 1689" is bestowed rarely by the Overseers upon significant faculty and staff in recognition of their service to Old Penn Charter.

Activities
The school newspaper, "The Mirror", is the oldest secondary school student newspaper in the United States, having been published since 1777.

The Upper School Quakers Dozen is the school's select co-ed a cappella group. During the last week of classes before the winter recess, the group greets the community with holiday music on the Senior Stairs in the morning.

In the summer months, the school runs a day camp for children.

Sports
Penn Charter is a member of the Inter-Academic League (Inter-Ac), the nation's oldest high school sports league, and shares the nation's oldest continuous football rivalry with Germantown Academy, celebrated every year since 1886 during GA/PC Day. As of 2018 the game has been played 133 times, more times than the Army–Navy Game (116) and just two fewer times than the Harvard–Yale Game (132).

Campus
On the  campus, the three divisions of the school (Lower, Middle, and Upper Schools) have their own designated buildings.

Leadership
John Flagg Gummere, scion of prominent Quaker educators, was headmaster from 1941 to 1968. He was a noted Latin scholar (Ph.D., Penn) and author of several widely used textbooks. He was followed by Wilbert L. Braxton, a longtime dedicated Penn Charter faculty member and administrator. Braxton was headmaster from 1968 until 1976. He was followed by Head of School Earl J. Ball III. After 31 years as head, Ball retired in June 2007.  Darryl J. Ford, former director of the Penn Charter Middle School, was appointed as Head of School by the Overseers after a national search.  Ford was the school's first African-American head. On March 17, 2022, Ford announced his resignation. Later that year, on October 22, 2022, the Board of Trustees announced the selection of Karen Warren Coleman as the next Head of School, who started in the fall of 2023. Coleman is the school's first woman to serve as Head of School.

In popular culture
The ABC show The Goldbergs features a fictional school that the Goldberg children attend called William Penn Academy, which is based on William Penn Charter School.  The show's creator, Adam F. Goldberg, is an alumnus of William Penn Charter School, an OPC 1994.  The show features Germantown Academy as the chief rival of the school.  The show also features actual teachers and students who attended the school in the '80s and '90s.

Schooled, a spin-off of The Goldbergs also features the fictional William Penn Academy as the primary setting for the show.

Notable alumni

Penn Charter has notable alumni in the arts, sciences, government, and business, including Rubén Amaro Jr., David Sirota, Jesse Watters, Matt Ryan, Robert Picardo, Adam F. Goldberg, Leicester Bodine Holland, Richard B. Fisher, Arthur Ingersoll Meigs, Richard Lester and Vic Seixas.

References

External links

1689 establishments in Pennsylvania
Quaker schools in Pennsylvania
Private elementary schools in Pennsylvania
Private middle schools in Pennsylvania
Private high schools in Pennsylvania
High schools in Philadelphia
East Falls, Philadelphia
Educational institutions established in the 1680s

William Penn Charter School


Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar y de la Guerra (January 19, 1920March 4, 2020) was a Peruvian diplomat who served as the 5th Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from 1982 to 1991. From 2000 to 2001, he served as the 135th prime minister of Peru.

In 1995, he ran unsuccessfully against Alberto Fujimori for President of Peru. He was the president of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister), as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs, between November 2000 and July 2001, during the unstable period following Fujimori's resignation over corruption charges. In 2004, he stepped down from his position as Peru's ambassador to France.

From the death of Kurt Waldheim in 2007 until his own death in 2020, Pérez de Cuéllar was the oldest-living former secretary-general of the UN.

Education
He studied in Colegio San Agustín of Lima, and then at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

Diplomatic career
Pérez de Cuéllar joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940 and the diplomatic service in 1944, serving subsequently as Secretary at Peru's embassies in France, where he met and married his first wife (the former Yvette Roberts); the United Kingdom; Bolivia; and Brazil. Later, he was ambassador to Switzerland, the Soviet Union (at the same time in Poland), and Venezuela. From his first marriage, Perez de Cuellar had a son (Francisco, born in Paris) and a daughter (Agueda Cristina, born in London).

He was a junior member of the Peruvian delegation to the General Assembly at its first session, held in London in 1946, and a member of the delegations to the 25th through 30th sessions of the Assembly. In 1971, he was made permanent representative of Peru to the United Nations, and led his country's delegation to all sessions of the Assembly from then until 1975.

In 1973 and 1974, he represented his country in the Security Council, serving as its president at the time of the events in Cyprus in July 1974. On 18 September 1975, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Cyprus, a post he held until December 1977, when he rejoined the Peruvian Foreign Service. During his time in Cyprus, Perez de Cuellar married his second wife, the former Marcela Temple Seminario.

United Nations Secretary-General
On December 31, 1981, Pérez de Cuéllar succeeded Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General and was re-elected for a second term in October 1986. During his two terms, he led mediations between Britain and Argentina in the aftermath of the Falklands War and promoted the efforts of the Contadora Group to bring peace and stability to Central America. He also interceded in the negotiations for the independence of Namibia, the conflict in Western Sahara between Morocco and the Polisario Front, and the Cyprus issue.

Shortly before the end of his second term, he was unofficially requested by members of the Security Council to run for a third term of two years, to give time for a successor to be found.

Death
Pérez de Cuéllar died in Lima on March 4, 2020, at age 100.

References

Other websites

 Official U.N.S.G biography

1920 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Lima
Prime Ministers of Peru
Peruvian Roman Catholics
Ambassadors to France

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar


The 2000 Atlantic hurricane season was an Atlantic hurricane season. The season officially started on June 1, 2000, and it ended on November 30, 2000. This time period is when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.

Storms

Tropical Depression One

Tropical Depression One started on June 7 in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Tropical Depression One moved around for a little bit before it died on June 8. The depression caused rain affects in Mexico.

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical Depression Two started on June 23 near Cape Verde. Two was forecast to become a tropical storm, but two didn't. Tropical Depression Two died on June 25, before it could come near any land.

Hurricane Alberto

Hurricane Alberto was a long lived hurricane, it lasted for nearly three weeks. Its track was the second longest for an Atlantic hurricane. Alberto moved almost 6,500 miles. Hurricane Alberto started on August 3 and died on August 23. The remains of Alberto were last seen about 85 miles east of Jan Mayen.

Tropical Depression Four

On August 8, a very small depression started. The depression headed for Florida, but moved back almost the same direction. Four died on August 11. Tropical Depression Four only caused rain in Florida.

Tropical Storm Beryl

Beryl was a tropical storm that started on August 13. Later, on August 15 it made landfall in Mexico, while winds were at 50 miles per hour. Tropical Storm Beryl quickly died over Mexico. The storm killed one person and caused $27,000 in damage.

Tropical Storm Chris

Chris was a weak tropical storm that started on August 17. Tropical Storm Chris was a tropical storm for not very long before wind shear destroyed it on August 19.

Hurricane Debby

Hurricane Debby started on August 19. During its life it moved mostly west. On August 22, Debby made three landfalls in: Barbuda, St. Barthelemy, and Virgin Gorda. The hurricane moved just a bit north of Dominican Republic, causing light damage. At first, Debby was forecast to strike Florida, possibly as a category 4 hurricane. Debby instead stayed south and died to the south of Cuba. The hurricane killed one person and caused $735,000 in damage.

Tropical Storm Ernesto

Tropical Storm Ernesto was like Tropical Storm Chris earlier in the season. It was short lived, it was a weak tropical storm, and it died because of wind shear. Ernesto started on September 1 and died on September 3.

Tropical Depression Nine

Tropical Depression Nine was a tropical depression that made landfall in Texas. It did not get much of a change to become a tropical storm before landfall. It died on September 9, shortly after landfall.

Hurricane Florence

Hurricane Florence started on September 10 and died on September 17, near Newfoundland. Florence caused high waves in North Carolina, which killed 3 people.

Hurricane Gordon

Hurricane Gordon started just east of the Yucatan Peninsula, as a tropical depression. It was landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula not long after. Gordon moved into the Gulf of Mexico and became a tropical storm. On September 17 it became a hurricane. But it weakened to a tropical storm before it made landfall on Cedar Key, Florida. Gordon weakened fast and died on September 21. Gordon killed 26 people and caused $10.8 million in damage.

Tropical Storm Helene

On September 15, a tropical depression with the number "Twelve" started. It died not long after starting. The remains moved west and became a depression again on September 21. The depression became a tropical storm and was named "Helene". On September 22, Helene made landfall in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. Tropical Storm Helene weakened fast over land. It later on got back to the Atlantic Ocean before it died on September 25. As a result of Helene, 2 people were killed and there was $16 million in damage.

Hurricane Isaac

Hurricane Isaac was a powerful hurricane that peaked as a category 4 For all of its life it stay far from land. But, it caused high waves sunk a boat and drowned one of the passengers off of Long Island in New York.

Hurricane Joyce

Joyce started as a depression on September 25. Hurricane Joyce peaked as a category 1 hurricane. It weakened back to a depression before it passed between some of the Windward Islands. Joyce died on October 2 in the southeast Caribbean Sea.

Hurricane Keith

Hurricane Keith was the strongest hurricane of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. Keith struck Belize and Mexico before it died on October 6. Keith killed 40 people and left $319 million in damage. Most of this damage happened in Belize. It was because it struck Belize while stronger than when it struck Mexico.

Tropical Storm Leslie

Tropical Storm Leslie started as a subtropical depression over Central Florida. Leslie did got very strong before it died on October 7. The low pressure that made Leslie start, caused almost $1 billion in damage.

Hurricane Michael

Michael started on October 15 as a subtropical depression, and it moved slow at first. It moved faster and got stronger at the same time. It made landfall in Newfoundland as a category 1 hurricane. Michael died very shortly later. No damage or deaths reported.

Tropical Storm Nadine

Nadine started as Tropical Depression Eight on October 19, it was located 600 miles from land at the time and it would never get closer than that. Nadine became a tropical storm and died on October 21.

Unnamed Subtropical Storm

This Subtropical Storm was the final storm in 2000. It started on October 25 as a subtropical storm. It headed near Nova Scotia and Nefoundland, but it died on October 29, before reaching those places.

Storm names
The names below is the full list of storm names for use in 2000. This list if exactly the same as the one in 1994, because no names were retired in 1994.

Retirement
In spring 2001, the name Keith was retired. It was replaced by Kirk in 2006.
Other Hurricane Seasons

Atlantic hurricane seasons
2000
2000s in weather

2000 Atlantic hurricane season


The London Sinfonietta is an English contemporary chamber orchestra founded in 1968 and based in London.

The ensemble has headquarters at Kings Place and is Resident Orchestra at the Southbank Centre. Since its inaugural concert in 1968—giving the world premiere of Sir John Tavener's The Whale—the London Sinfonietta's commitment to making new music has seen it commission over 300 works, and premiere many hundreds more.

The core of the London Sinfonietta is its 18 Principal Players. In September 2013 the ensemble launched its Emerging Artists Programme.

The London Sinfonietta's recordings comprise a catalogue of 20th-century classics, on numerous labels as well as the ensemble's own London Sinfonietta Label.

Directors
David Atherton and Nicholas Snowman founded the orchestra in 1968. Atherton was its first music director, from 1968 to 1973 and again from 1989 to 1991. Snowman was its general manager from 1968 to 1972.

Michael Vyner served as the artistic director from 1973 to 1989. Paul Crossley took over and served from 1989 until 1994. Markus Stenz served as music director from 1994 to 1998; he was succeeded by Oliver Knussen from 1998 to 2002. Following 10 years as the ensemble's Education Officer, Gillian Moore became artistic director of the ensemble from 1998 until 2006. Since 2007, Andrew Burke has been the Chief Executive.

Repertoire and commissions
The ensemble has commissioned and performed many works by both emerging and established composers. In its first concert on 24 January 1968 conducted by its co-founder David Atherton, the ensemble premiered John Tavener's The Whale. In 1970 it recorded that work for The Beatles' label Apple Records. Since then, its list of over 300 commissions reaches from its early support of Sir Harrison Birtwistle, Iannis Xenakis and Luciano Berio to pieces from Magnus Lindberg, Thomas Adès, George Benjamin, Steve Reich, Tansy Davies, Dai Fujikura, Jonny Greenwood, Django Bates, Roberto Carnevale, Kenneth Hesketh and Mark-Anthony Turnage. In more recent years the ensemble has continued its commissioning relationship with a diverse range of composers including Birtwistle, Colin Matthews and Steve Reich, while giving numerous opportunities to early career composers such as Martin Suckling, Luke Bedford, Edmund Finnis and Elspeth Brooke through concert commissions and cross-art form development programmes.

In its early years, the ensemble also included classical music in its programming, before its focus moved mainly to music of the latter 20th century. In the early 2000s the ensemble's programming embraced collaborations with pop and electronica artists as it sought to connect the sound-worlds across different genres of contemporary music. Most recently, the ensemble has again updated its focus, placing a priority on music of the 21st century and its connections with other art forms. In recent years its commissions have included works by Gerald Barry, Bryn Harrison and Michel van der Aa; it has worked and recorded with experimental musicians such as Mica Levi and Matthew Herbert, and produced collaborations with contemporary artists such as Martin Creed and Christian Marclay.

The London Sinfonietta has worked with a range of conductors, not least its past music directors David Atherton, Markus Stenz and Oliver Knussen. It has had long-standing relationships with Sir Simon Rattle (in his early career), Elgar Howarth, Diego Masson, George Benjamin and Martyn Brabbins. It now appears regularly with Thierry Fischer, Sian Edwards, Baldur Bronnimann and André de Ridder.

Residence and festivals
The Sinfonietta is a resident ensemble of the Southbank Centre, where it performs much of its London season producing events in the Royal Festival and Queen Elizabeth Halls and the Purcell Room. Since August 2008 the ensemble's headquarters have been at the new Kings Place complex in Kings Cross, London, also home to the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment and The Guardian newspaper. It has performed concerts at the venue since October 2008; it also regularly performs at the BBC Proms. Its concerts in London are complemented by a national and international touring schedule. International visits include the Time of Music festival in Finland, 2023.

Recording
The Sinfonietta's acclaimed discography includes seminal recordings of many 20th-century classics, including the premiere recording of Hans Werner Henze's song cycle Voices under the baton of the composer. The ensemble was featured on EMI's 1988 3-CD authentic recording of Kern and Hammerstein's Show Boat. It made a 1991 recording of Górecki's Third Symphony for Nonesuch which sold over 700,000 copies in its first two years of release. The ensemble's discography has recently been expanded by releases on the London Sinfonietta Label, focussing on live performances of otherwise unavailable repertoire. These CDs include 50th birthday tributes to Oliver Knussen, and Toru Takemitsu's Arc and Green. Between 2006 and 2009, the London Sinfonietta Label—in conjunction with the Jerwood Foundation and NMC Recordings—released the Jerwood Series of six CDs featuring London Sinfonietta players' performances of new compositions by young composers, which include Richard Causton, Dai Fujikura, Ian Vine and Larry Goves. In 2006 a collaboration with Warp Records, featuring recordings of the music of Warp Records artists such as Aphex Twin, as well as modern classical music composers such as John Cage, was released as Warp Works & Twentieth Century Masters.

The ensemble now releases recordings in partnership with different labels, which recently have included Thomas Adès' In Seven Days and Louis Andriessen's Anais Nin (on Signum), music by Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen (on Da Capo) and a collaboration with Mica Levi, Chopped and Screwed (on Rough Trade).

Discography
 Jerome Kern: Show Boat, conducted by John McGlinn, EMI, 1988

References

Sinfoniettas (orchestras)
London orchestras
Musical groups established in 1968
Contemporary classical music ensembles
Deutsche Grammophon artists

London Sinfonietta


A wheel loader or a shovel uses a controlled arm to put materials into a dumptruck, onto a conveyor belt or a feed hopper. Possible materials are: asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, wood chips, etc.
There are many types and brands of wheel loaders. The most popular brands are Caterpillar, Volvo, Case, Ahlmann and Komatsu. The type most used is a front end loader.

Construction

Wheel loader


Sphenacodontidae (Greek: "wedge point tooth family") is an extinct family of small to large, advanced, carnivorous, Late Pennsylvanian to  middle Permian pelycosaurs.  The most recent one, Dimetrodon angelensis, is from the late Kungurian or early Roadian San Angelo Formation. However, given the notorious incompleteness of the fossil record, a recent study concluded that the Sphenacodontidae may have become extinct as recently as the early Capitanian. Primitive forms were generally small (60 cm to 1 meter), but during the later part of the early Permian these animals grew progressively larger (up to 3 meters or more), to become the top predators of their environments. Sphenacodontid fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe.

Characteristics

The skull is long, deep and narrow, an adaptation for strong jaw muscles.  The front teeth are large and dagger-like, whereas the teeth in the sides and rear of the jaw are much smaller (hence the name of the well-known genus Dimetrodon – "two-measure tooth", although all members of the family have this attribute).

Several large (~3 meters) and advanced members of this group (Ctenospondylus, Sphenacodon, Secodontosaurus and Dimetrodon) are distinguished by a tall sail along the back, made up of elongated vertebral neural spines, which in life must have been covered with skin and blood vessels, and presumably functioned as a thermoregulatory device.  However, possession of a  sail does not appear to have been essential for these animals.  For example, there is the case in which one genus (Sphenacodon – fossils known from New Mexico) lacks a sail, while a very similar and closely related genus (Dimetrodon – fossils known from Texas) has one.  During the Permian, these two regions were separated by a narrow sea-way, but it is not clear why one geographically isolated group should evolve a sail, but the other group not.

Classification

The family Sphenacodontidae is actually paraphyletic as originally described, defined by shared primitive synapsid characters; these animals constitute an evolutionary gradation from primitive synapsid to early therapsid.  The clade Sphenacodontia is used to designate the monophyletic group that includes sphenacodontids and all their descendants (including mammals), while Sphenacodontidae in the strict sense includes only specialised pelycosaurs, and not earlier more primitive members of the family like Haptodus, Palaeohatteria, Pantelosaurus, and Cutleria (in pre-cladistic classifications all included under the genus Haptodus). The clade Sphenacodontoidea is used by Laurin and Reisz 1997 to designate the most recent common ancestor of Sphenacodontidae and Therapsida and all their descendants, and is defined by certain features of the skull.

See also
 Evolution of mammals

References

 Carroll, R. L. (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co.
 Colbert, E. H., (1969), Evolution of the Vertebrates, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
 Laurin, M. and Reisz, R. R., 1997, Autapomorphies of the main clades of synapsids
 Reisz, R. R., 1986, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie – Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 17A Pelycosauria  Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil,
 Romer, A. S., (1947, revised ed. 1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
 Romer, A. S. and Price, L. I., (1940), Review of the Pelycosauria, Geological Society of America Special Papers, No 28

External links
 Synapsida: Sphenacodontia
 Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Pelycosauria/Sphenacodontidae.htm Sphenacodontidae - list of species

Prehistoric synapsid families
Pennsylvanian first appearances
Guadalupian extinctions
Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh

Sphenacodontidae


Survivor is a popular reality television game show produced in many countries throughout the world. In the show, contestants are isolated in a remote location and compete for cash and other prizes. The format for Survivor was created in the UK in 1992 by Charlie Parsons, and the first production of it was the  Swedish show Expedition: Robinson in 1997. The US version is commonly considered the mother of American reality TV shows because it was the first highly rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the USA. The show even has its own "reality coaster" at Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, CA, called Survivor: The Ride!.

Other websites
 Survivor news and blogs

Survivor (TV series)


An online educational or e-learning service is a website which teaches and helps students improve in certain subjects such as Maths, English and Science. These are normally used by schools to let students learn from home and complete online homework. Website owners who own good online educational services may charge schools to use these websites, however, many websites such as Bitesize, run by the BBC, are open to the public.

Related pages
Distance education
Learning

Educational websites

E-learning


Josef Mysliveček (born Prague, 9 March 1737; died Rome, 4 February 1781) was a Czech composer in the classical music period. Although his music is not often performed these days he composed a lot of attractive music which often sounds like Mozart. During the 1770s he was a good friend of the Mozart family.

Life
Josef Mysliveček was born near Prague. He was a twin. His father was a miller who had quite a lot of money. After he left school he became a miller in the family business. He also studied music. He had already been a chorister in the choir of St Michal's church where Felix Benda was choirmaster. From 1760 he studied counterpoint with František Habermann and organ with Josef Seger. He started to compose. He wrote six sinfonias which were called after the first six months of the year (in the Czech language the months have names which are about the seasons).

When his father died Mysliveček decided to become a composer. He left the family business to his younger brother. He wanted to learn more about composing so, in 1763, he travelled to Venice to study with Giovanni Pescetti. In Italy he became known as Il Boemo ("the Bohemian") and also "Venatorini", "the little hunter," which is what his name means literally. Most composers in those days were employed by rich nobles or rulers, but Mysliveček earned his living through teaching, performing, and composing music. He often got sums of money from rich people who liked his music. Although he came from a rich family he was careless with his money. When he died he was very poor.

Mysliveček stayed in Italy for the rest of his life. He only revisited Prague once (in 1767-68). Several of his operas were performed there. He also went to Vienna in 1773 and Munich from 1776-1778. He composed operas for several Italian theatres. He met Mozart in Bologna in 1770. Mozart was only 14 at the time. He was good friends with the Mozart family until 1778 when the Mozarts broke off their friendship because Mysliveček promised, but then did not arrange for Mozart to write an opera for the theatre in Naples.

Mysliveček had many sexual relationships during his life, although we do not know the names of his lovers. In the end he became ill with syphilis. He was very ill during the last part of his life. His face became a very strange shape, apparently because he was operated on by a bad surgeon. Mozart was very upset when he saw him looking so ill.

His music
A lot of his music sounds like some of the early works of Mozart. Mozart, in return, uses several musical themes from compositions by Mysliveček. He also made an arrangement of an operatic aria by Mysliveček's: "Il caro mio bene". Mozart changed the words and wrote "Ridente la calma," KV 152 (K⁶ 210a) for soprano with piano accompaniment.

He wrote twenty-six opera seria, more than any other composer at that time. They are full of da capo arias in which the singers can show off their technique. His orchestral music does not sound Czech, it is much more Italian in style. However, some of his chamber music has some Czech folk tunes.

His other pieces include oratorios, symphonies, concertos, and chamber music, including some of the earliest known string quintets composed with two violas. He was also one of the first composers to write good music for wind ensemble. He wrote some excellent violin concertos.

Bibliography

Freeman, Daniel E.  Josef Mysliveček, "Il Boemo": the Man and His Music.  Sterling Heights, Mich.: Harmonie Park Press, 2009.

References
 New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980,

1737 births
1781 deaths
Classical era composers
Czech composers

Josef Mysliveček


Brad Sham (born August 16, 1949) is a radio sportscaster currently with the Dallas Cowboys with Babe Laufenberg. He has done freelance announcing for the NFL on Fox and NFL on CBS as well. Sham also called NFL games for Westwood One before returning to the Cowboys. Other football duties Sham called are NFL Europe games for Fox, Texas Longhorns football, College Football on CBS Radio/Westwood One/Dial Global, and the Dallas Desperadoes of the Arena Football League. Sham has also done basketball announcing. He calls college basketball tournaments for ESPN Plus, ESPN, and Dial Global formally Westwood One and CBS Radio. He formally called college basketball games for CBS and the Texas Longhorns men's basketball team as well as the Dallas Chaperalls of the American Basketball Association and called Texas Rangers games. He also called soccer games for the Dallas Burn and the Dallas Tornado.

National Football League broadcasters
Arena Football League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
American Basketball Association announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Association football broadcasters
Living people
1949 births

Brad Sham


Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while "statute" is also used to refer to a single law. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, which is typically also known as "legislation" while it remains under active consideration.

Under the Westminster system, an item of legislation is known as an Act of Parliament.

Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended.
Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators, the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to interpret legislation.

Other means of law-making

The act of making legislation is sometimes known as legislating. Under the doctrine of separation of powers, the law-making function is primarily the responsibility of the legislature. However, there are situations where legislation is enacted by other means (most commonly when constitutional law is enacted). These other forms of law-making include referenda and constitutional conventions. The term "legislation" is sometimes used to describe these situations, but other times, the term is used to distinguish acts of the legislature from these other lawmaking forms.

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutional economics
Democracy
Legal rights

Legislation

Legislation


Stanley Alexander de Smith FBA (27 March 1922 – 12 February 1974) was an English academic lawyer and author.

Biography
De Smith was born in London and educated at Southend High School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge (BA 1942, MA 1946); he received his doctorate from the University of London in 1959. After distinguished war service with the Royal Artillery—during which he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Order of Leopold II and the Croix de Guerre (1940) with palms—he taught from 1946 at the London School of Economics, University of London, successively as Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer, Reader and (from 1959 to 1970) as Professor of Public Law. He taught LLM courses on "Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth I" (focusing on Canada, Australia and either India or Pakistan) and, from 1957, "a second course on constitutional laws of the Commonwealth, with a syllabus excluding those countries already covered by the established course and devoting special attention to the constitutions of Ghana, the Federation of Malaya, the Federation and Regions of Nigeria, the Federation of the West Indies, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Singapore, Uganda and Kenya". In 1954 he accompanied Sir Keith Hancock, acting as secretary to the Namirembe Conference in Uganda.

In 1970, de Smith returned to the University of Cambridge as Downing Professor of the Laws of England and a Fellow of Fitzwilliam College. In 1971 he was elected to a Fellowship of the British Academy. He was editor of the Cambridge Law Journal from 1973 to 1974. He died in February 1974, aged 51. During the 1960s he served on a part-time basis as Constitutional Commissioner for Mauritius. He drafted its constitution at the time the country attained independence on 12 March 1968. His work for Mauritius is commemorated by a memorial in the Pamplemousses Botanical Gardens; his ashes were scattered in that country.

Publications
De Smith's research and writing in the field of constitutional law focused in particular on the constitutional problems of developing countries: his advice in this area was frequently sought by the United Kingdom and other governments, and his work led to the publication of The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions in 1964, and after a stay as visiting fellow at the Center for International Studies and as visiting professor at the Law School of New York University, of Microstates and Micronesia in 1970. To the end of his career he continued to be active as a consultant upon the constitutional problems of emergent states and nations.

A second area of interest was administrative law. From the publication in 1959 of the first edition of Judicial Review of Administrative Action, his reputation rapidly became established. He produced two further editions of this work in 1968 and 1973. A fourth edition was prepared in 1980 by Professor John M. Evans. Two subsequent editions of de Smith's ground-breaking work have been written by an editorial team led by Lord Woolf, Professor Jeffrey Jowell QC and Professor Andrew Le Sueur.

Among his other works was a popular student text, Constitutional and Administrative Law, with subsequent editions prepared by Barbara de Smith (de Smith's widow), Professor Harry Street and Professor Rodney Brazier. de Smith was joint-editor of "Commonwealth and Dependencies" in the third edition of Halsbury's Laws of England and editor of "Administrative Law" in the fourth edition of that work.

An obituary in the Cambridge Law Journal paid tribute to "a legacy of outstanding scholarship. He reshaped administrative law as an academic subject in the United Kingdom, and his wide-ranging contributions to the literature of public law were consistently incisive and constructive. His style was both elegant and distinctive: like Blackstone – as Jeremy Bentham put it – he spoke the language of the scholar and the gentleman". The Cambridge Law Journal noted that de Smith "was at his happiest in postgraduate teaching and the supervision of research students, but he cared deeply about all aspects of teaching and tripos reform ... Those that knew him will remember him as a somewhat reserved person with a quiet sense of humour, though they will not have known that the appearance of reserve was the result of deafness caused by his artillery service in the war; he was invariably encouraging to his students and younger colleagues and he was generous in his assessment of others". A notice in the Modern Law Review, a journal for which he served as secretary for many years, gave the following assessment:
His work in administrative law has been of seminal significance in the development of the principles of judicial review by courts throughout the Commonwealth. With characteristic modesty, he was astonished by the success of his major books. ... Stanley de Smith was a scholar and legal writer of exceptional quality. He was shy and gave a—perhaps deceptive—impression of diffidence, but his conversation was enlivened by a dry humour, sometimes rather reminiscent of his hero, Maitland, with whom as a constitutional lawyer he will certainly stand comparison

Select bibliography
 The Vocabulary for Commonwealth Relations (London: Published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies by the Athlone Press, 1954).
 Judicial Review of Administrative Action (London: Stevens) – 1st edn 1959; 2nd edn 1968, 3rd edn 1973. .
 The Lawyers and the Constitution: an Inaugural Lecture (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 1960).
 The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions (London: Stevens, 1964). .
 Report of the Constitutional Commissioner [for the Mauritius Legislative Assembly] (Port Louis: Govt Printer, 1965).
 Microstates and Micronesia: Problems of America's Pacific islands and other Minute Territories (New York: New York University Press, 1970). .

References

1922 births
1974 deaths
20th-century English lawyers
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
English legal writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
English constitutionalists
Academics of the London School of Economics
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery officers
Recipients of the Order of Leopold II
Downing Professors of the Laws of England
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century English historians

Stanley Alexander de Smith


William Wallace ( 127023 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who fought the King of England (Edward I) in the Middle Ages. He was born in c. 1270, and was hanged by the English on 23 August 1305 and had died on the same day. Scotland had been claimed by Edward, and Wallace refused allegiance to Edward.

Origins
Wallace was probably born around 1270-1272. Little is known about his birth or childhood. Exactly where and when Wallace was born is not very clear. Some people say he was born about 1272, but a book printed in the 16th century called History of William Wallace and Scottish Affairs says he was born in 1276. Tradition says he was born in Elderslie, near Paisley in Renfrewshire. There are links with Ayrshire as well, and it is not clear whether Wallace first fought the English in Ayrshire or Lanark. Tradition sees Wallace as a being a 'commoner', or normal person. Robert the Bruce, who also fought the English, was seen as being more noble. But this is not strictly true because Wallace's family were minor nobles.

The struggle
King Edward offered Scotland a deal which allowed them to have a Scottish king so long as King Edward was still in charge. This required the Scottish nobles to kneel, and swear allegiance to his sovereignty. Wallace refused, and led the resistance which followed. A series of battles were fought:
Battle of Stirling Bridge, 11 September 1297: won by Wallace against a much larger force. In the six months following Stirling Bridge, Wallace led a raid into northern England. His intent was to take the battle to English soil to demonstrate to Edward that Scotland also had the power to inflict the same sort of damage south of the border.
Battle of Falkirk, 1 April 1298: won by Edward because of his army's heavy armour. Wallace escaped into the mountains to continue the fighting.

Capture and execution
Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305 when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow. Wallace was taken to London at Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason. He replied to the charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject". Wallace was however found guilty.

After the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall, stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield. He was hanged, drawn and quartered–the most terrible execution in English law. It meant he was strangled by hanging but released while he was still alive, his body cut open, and his bowels burnt before him. Then he was beheaded, and his body cut into four parts. His preserved head (dipped in tar) was placed on a pike atop London Bridge. It was later joined by the heads of the brothers John and Simon Fraser, who had been colleagues of Wallace. Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling, and Aberdeen.

Notes
A book called The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie was written by a minstrel named Blind Harry in the 15th century. The book is written more like a story than a true version of his life, and has led to much of the legends around William Wallace. The film Braveheart is based on the novel.

A plaque stands in a wall of St Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield. In 2002 William Wallace was ranked as number 48 of the 100 Greatest Britons in an extensive UK poll conducted by the BBC.

See also
 Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), a French military leader and martyr.

References

 Peter Polack, Guerrilla Warfare; Kings of Revolution,Casemate,

1270s births
1305 deaths
Scottish nobility
People from Paisley, Renfrewshire

William Wallace


Françoise Hardy is a French singer, actress and model. As a celebrity in various fields, she has been an icon in France.

Early life
Hardy was born at 17 January 1944 in Paris and grew up in rich family. From her childhood, she was so interested in literature that she was attracted to Simone de Beauvoir and Albert Camus. She received a guitar from her mother as a present for her passing baccalaureat at 16. It caused her to get interested in Chanson. Hardy mastered guitar by herself and showed an interest in composing chanson. Trying to be a singer was hard, she failed many times. After entering the University of Sorbonne in Paris, she kept studying a chanson in Petit conservatoire de la chanson, a chanson school founded by Mireille  who was a famous singer at that time.Soon, she contracted with the record label Vogue in November 1961.

Success
In June 1962, she made a great debut with her famous chanson Tous les garçons et les filles which became a hit all over Europe at her age of 18. The song made the wave of Yé-yé music in France with two million sales. It was when another famous song Comment te dire adieu appeared that Hardy estalished her as a singer in 1968. The song received a favorable review from many critics who were indifferent to young singers without precedent. Since then, she has been a cultural iconic figure in France. All of almost her songs were self written, and they have been translated into English, Spanish, Italian and German. As an actress, she appeared in many films - Château en Suède (1963), Une balle au cœur (1965), What's new pussycat? (1966) Masculin- Féminin (1966) and Grand prix (1967)

She has a son, Thomas Dutronc in 1973 and married his father Jacques Dutronc. Now, they remain a couple.

Singers from Paris
French singer-songwriters
1944 births
Living people
Musicians from Paris

Françoise Hardy


Henry Ludwell Moore (November 21, 1869 – April 28, 1958) was an American economist known for his pioneering work in econometrics. Paul Samuelson named Moore (along with Harry Gunnison Brown, Allyn Abbott Young, Wesley Clair Mitchell, Frank Knight, Jacob Viner, and Henry Schultz) as one of the several "American saints in economics" born after 1860.

Biography
Moore was born in Charles County, Maryland, the first of 15 children. He received a B.A. from Randolph-Macon College in 1892 and a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1896. His thesis was on von Thünen's theory of the natural wage. The visiting lecturers included Simon Newcomb and J. B. Clark and he may have learned some mathematical economics from them. While doing the Ph.D., he spent a year at the University of Vienna. At that time study in Europe was quite usual; Americans often went to Europe, usually to Germany, for their entire graduate education. Moore was an early U.S. Ph.D. His academic career proceeded through an instructorship and lectureship at Johns Hopkins, a professorship at Smith College from 1897 to 1902 and finally to positions at Columbia University. He retired from Columbia in 1929 due to ill health.

Moore's earliest interest seems to have been in the history of economic thought but in 1901 he turned to the project of providing a "statistical complement to pure economics." Although he had studied with Carl Menger in Vienna, his "pure economics" belonged rather to the Marshallian and Walrasian branches of marginal economics. In 1903, 1909 and 1912, Moore visited Walras, Pareto and Bortkiewicz respectively. To improve his knowledge of statistical techniques, he attended the lectures of Karl Pearson in 1909 and 1913. In 1917 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

Moore's first book, on testing the marginal productivity theory of wages, was well received as a pioneering venture, although Alfred Marshall refused to read it, telling Moore that "it proceeds on lines which I deliberately decided not to follow many years ago." Moore wrote two books on economic cycles, in which the economic cycle is presented as a reflection of a physical cycle. Economic Cycles argues that a rainfall cycle affects agricultural markets, which affect industrial markets. Generating Economic Cycles traces the rainfall cycle back to an astronomical cycle. There is a strong family resemblance between this cycle work and the earlier sunspot research of William Stanley Jevons. Moore's last book Synthetic Economics aimed to provide a statistical counterpart to Walras's general equilibrium theory.

With his contemporaries, Wesley Mitchell and Irving Fisher, H. L. Moore pioneered new kinds of quantitative economics in the United States. Unlike them, Moore was not a great public figure. He was a private, sensitive person who suffered from long periods of illness. At the end of his essay on Moore, Stigler writes "In general one can say that Moore was as much a founder of this movement [statistical economics] as any one man is likely to be a founder of a great movement toward which a science has been steadily moving."

Works
 Laws of Wages: An Essay in Statistical Economics, 1911.
 Economic Cycles: Their Law and Cause, 1914.
 Forecasting the Yield and Price of Cotton, 1917.
 Generating Economic Cycles, 1923.
 Synthetic Economics, 1929
There is a full bibliography in Stigler's article below.

Notes

References

External links
 New School: Henry Ludwell Moore
 Two of Moore's books are available at the Archive for the History of Economic Thought
 Laws of Wages
 Economic Cycles
 Columbia University Library: Henry Ludwell Moore Collection

1869 births
1958 deaths
People from Charles County, Maryland
Randolph–Macon College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Smith College faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Economists from Maryland

Henry Ludwell Moore


David Malcolm Potts, FRCOG, FREng is an American human reproductive scientist and emeritus Professor of Public Health at the School of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley.

He was the first holder of the Fred H. Bixby-endowed chair in Population and Family Planning and founding director of the Bixby Center for Population, Health, and Sustainability at the School of Public Health.

Biography
Potts completed a medical degree and a PhD in embryology (on the electron microscopy of mammalian implantation) at the University of Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he co-founded the first clinic offering contraception to young people. He advised David Steel on the UK's 1967 Abortion Act. He was the first male doctor at the Marie Stopes Clinic in London.

He became the first Medical Director of the International Planned Parenthood Federation in 1968. In 1972, he was the first physician to promote the technique of uterine manual vacuum aspiration. He then moved to the United States and became CEO of Family Health International (FHI) from 1978 to 1990. During this period, FHI became the largest global AIDS prevention programme outside of the World Health Organization.

He has published ten books and over 350 scientific papers and articles. His books include Abortion (co-written with Peter Diggory and John Peel, 1977), Textbook of Contraceptive Practice (1st edition co-written with John Peel, 1969; 2nd edition co-written with Peter Diggory, 1983; long the key textbook in the field), Queen Victoria's Gene (written with his brother Prof. William Potts), Ever since Adam and Eve: The Evolution of Human Sexuality (written with Dr Roger Short, 1999) and Sex and War: How Biology Explains Warfare and Terrorism and Offers a Path to a Safer World (co-written with Thomas Hayden, 2008). He has worked as a consultant to the World Bank and the British, American, Canadian and Egyptian governments.

He has served as:
Founding Director, The Bixby Center for Population, Health, and Sustainability, 1992–2013.
Board member, Population Services International, Washington, DC.
Board Member, Venture Strategies for Health and Development, Berkeley, CA.
Chair, Division of Community Health and Human Development, School of Public Health.
Chair, Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, University of California, Berkeley.
Head, Global Health Specialty Area, School of Public Health.
Fellow, Royal Academy of Engineering, 2003.

Potts has been married four times, including to Dr. Caroline Deys in 1966, and has three children. He is currently married to Dr. Martha Campbell.

References

External links
Bixby Center for Population, Health, and Sustainability
UC Berkeley faculty home page
Publications from PubMed

Living people
American public health doctors
21st-century British medical doctors
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Year of birth missing (living people)
People associated with Planned Parenthood
UC Berkeley School of Public Health faculty

Malcolm Potts


Roy Lee Jefferson (born November 9, 1943) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for twelve seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Colts, and Washington Redskins.  During 162 regular season games, he had 451 receptions for 7,539 yards and 52 touchdowns.

Early years
Born in Texarkana, Arkansas, Jefferson grew up in southern California and graduated from Compton High School in 1961. He played college football at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, where he was named the Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year in his senior season in 1964 under head coach Ray Nagel.

Jefferson played on both sides of the ball and also was the placekicker; and led the Utes to 32–6 victory in the Liberty Bowl over favored West Virginia to finish with a 9–2 record. The game was played indoors on natural grass at the convention center in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and featured shortened end zones.

Playing career
Selected in the second round of the 1965 NFL draft, 18th overall, Jefferson spent his first five NFL seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers (1965–1969).  In 1968, Jefferson led the NFL in receiving yards with 1,074. His 58 receptions and 11 touchdowns were both 2nd highest in the NFL that season. He was named 1st Team All-Pro by Associated Press (AP), the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), New York Daily News and  UPI in 1969. Jefferson finished that season with 67 receptions for 1,079 yards and nine touchdowns and became the first Steelers receiver to post back-to-back 1,000-yard seasons.

Despite being the Steelers' best offensive player, conflicts with head coach Chuck Noll as the team's player representative resulted in a trade to the Baltimore Colts for Willie Richardson and a 1971 fourth-round selection (104th overall–Dwight White) in an exchange of receivers who had fallen out of favor with their old teams on August 20, 1970. With the Colts for only one season, Jefferson helped them reach and win Super Bowl V. He finished the 1970 regular season with 44 receptions for 749 yards and seven touchdowns. He caught a 45-yard touchdown pass from Johnny Unitas in the Colts 17–0 divisional playoff win over the Cincinnati Bengals and had three receptions for 52 yards in the Colts 16–13 victory over the Dallas Cowboys in the Super Bowl.

A contract dispute with the Colts ended with Jefferson being dealt along with ninth-round draft picks in 1973 (218th overall–Rick Galbos) and 1974 (213th overall–traded to Los Angeles Rams for Joe Sweet) to the Washington Redskins for Cotton Speyrer and a 1973 first-rounder (25th overall–traded to San Diego Chargers for Marty Domres) on July 31, 1971. He spent six seasons with the Redskins under head coach George Allen, helping them reach Super Bowl VII in 1972, and retired after the 1976 season.

Jefferson was named to the Pittsburgh Steelers Legends team in 2007, as one of the best 24 Steelers players prior to 1970.

After football
After his retirement from football, Jefferson has remained in the Washington, D.C. area. He had a leading role in the 1976 blaxploitation feature film Brotherhood of Death. In the ensuing years, his endeavors have included owning a chain of barbecue restaurants with the last closing in 1992 and owning a catering business. As of 2006, he was working in the real estate business. He reported that he and his wife, had three children and four  grandchildren.

Personal life
Jefferson is the cousin of tight end Marv Fleming; they were teammates in high school and college, but were on opposing sides during Super Bowl VII. Jefferson left Utah for the NFL in 1965, but returned to school in the off-seasons and completed his bachelor's degree in June 1970.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
People from Texarkana, Arkansas
American football wide receivers
Compton High School alumni
Utah Utes football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Baltimore Colts players
Washington Redskins players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers

Roy Jefferson