Ing Kakinada  (Telugu: కాకినాడ) metung yang lakanbalen o ciudad ampong metung a municipal corporation king distritu ning Aslagang Godavari king estadu ning Andhra Pradesh, India. Iti ing pun tanggapan (headquarters) ning distritu ning Aslagang Godavari

Dalerayan

Suglung palual
 About Kakinada
 Kakinada Port

Cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh
Railway stations in East Godavari district
Mandals in East Godavari district

is a city and a municipal corporation in East Godavari district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is also the headquarters of East Godavari district.
Ing

The city has a population of about 504,920(agglomeration 803,340) as per 2001 census. This coastal city is witnessing rapid growth thanks to the recently granted Special Economic Zone status.  It is one of the largest tier-2 cities of India and the fourth largest city in A.P.  The city also has a deep-water port which is expanding rapidly.

The presence of a small island called Hope Island  about 5 km from Kakinada coast, makes Kakinada a natural Harbor. Prior to construction of the deep water port, the old anchorage port operated for several decades as the largest minor port in India. At present, both deep water port and older anchorage port operate side by side.

Origin of the name
 Kakinada is relatively a younger city compared to other major cities in Andhra pradesh. The city itself grew into prominence in the last 300 years after the European settlers arrived here and the British made it an administrative headquarters for the local area they ruled.

 Several theories exist regarding the origin of the name Kakinada. The most popular and probably correct theory is that the place where the city was built was called 'Kaki nandiwada' during the reign of Nandi kings who ruled prior to the arrival of the Europeans. The name was truncated to Kakinada over the passage of time.

 The first European settlers in this port city were the Dutch, followed by the British and then the missionaries of the Canadian Baptist Mission in 1874

 After Independence, it was renaturalized to Kakinada, although a few organisations established during the British colonial rule retain the old name (e.g., Cocanada Chamber of Commerce).

 Kakinada is known as Second Madras. The original city that includes the central business district is a well planned city that is divided in several grids with main roads that are straight and are parallel which run across the city.

 Kakinada is famous for the sweet named "Kakinada kaja "

 Kakinada is the first place in Asia where the Bio Diesel plant is constructed.

Geography
Kakinada is located at . It has an average elevation of 2 metres (6 feet).

The 82 1/2 degrees east longitude, with respect to which IST (Indian Standard Time) is calculated, passes through Kakinada.

Distances to other cities
Bangalore 856 km
Chennai 684 km
Guntur 248 km
Kolkatta (Howrah) 1028 km
Hyderabad 523 km
Mumbai 1234 km
New Delhi 1848 km
Rajahmundry 60 km
Vijayawada 223 km
Visakhapatnam 145 km

Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Kakinada had a population of 504,920. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kakinada has an average literacy rate of about 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 65%. In Kakinada, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Civic administration
The city of Kakinada is run by the Kakinada Municipal Corporation, run by elected representatives and a commissioner. The city is divided into 56 wards and each ward elects a corporator.A mayor is elected for the entire city. The commissioner who is a (IAS) officer is appointed by the state government. It has a dedicated Collector's office for Administration of State and Central Government Programmes.

Transport

 Air
The nearest airport is located at Rajahmundry, about 65-km from the city has services to Hyderabad, Chennai and Visakhapatnam. Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines are the two airlines operating here. The nearest International airport is at Visakhapatnam at a distance of 145-km and has the services of all major airline operators to all big cities in the country.

 Rail
Kakinada has two railway stations namely Kakinada Junction(3km) and  Kakinada Port(8km). Both stations not on the Chennai-Visakhapatnam-Howrah line. One has to get down at Samalkot Junction(12km) where a few express and super fast trains stop to connect Kakinada with the important places of the country.

 Road
Good roads connect Kakinada with all the places within the state and also with major cities like Chennai and Bangalore. Transport by road from Kakinada to all the places of interest is in the form of Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) buses.There are non-stop services to Visakhapatnam and Rajahmundry 365 days-a-year. City buses, Taxis, Autorickshaws are the major means of transport within the city.Private bus operators provide transport services to various parts of the country. National Highway-214 runs through the heart of the city.

 Sea
Kakinada deep water port is the third largest in the state after Visakhapatnam's 2 ports(Visakhapatnam Port and Gangavaram Port) is operated by Kakinada Seaports Limited . Before the deep water port was built, the anchorage port was the largest of the forty minor-ports operating in India. It is well connected to all major sea-ports in the country. Currently both deep water port and older anchorage port operate side by side.

JSW Infrastructure and Logistics, an infrastructure and logistics company owned by the JSW group is building ship repair and shipyard facilities near kakinada port with an investment of about US$250 million.

Also, a second port is being planned to be built exclusively to serve KSEZ (Kakinada Special Economic Zone).

Industry

In the late 1940s (around the time of  Indian Independence) there was little industry in and around Kakinada and local economy mainly comprised of agricultural and fishing industry.
Six decades later, Kakinada's economy has a diverse Industrial base.

 Fertilizer Industry
Kakinada is often called the "Fertilizer City" of Andhra Pradesh. The city is home to two Fertilizer companies.
Nagarjuna Fertilizers  is the biggest Urea manufacturer in coastal Andhra.  Another company, Godavari Fertilizers , produces DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate).
 Auto and Iron/Steel ancillary industries
There are several auto and iron/steel ancillary industries in Kakinada  which include  Sri Ramadas Motor Transport Limited , Sri Bhavani Castings Ltd etc.
 Sugar Industry
The Murugappa Group-owned EID Parry (India) Ltd and Cargill International SA have announced their plans to enter into a joint venture to set up a port-based stand-alone sugar refinery in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh. EID Parry vice-chairman A Vellayan said the investment was estimated at Rs 325 crore.  The plant was expected to be commissioned by December 2008, with an initial refining capacity of 6 lakh tonnes and ultimately 1 million tonnes.  Reliance is also planning to set up a sugar mill.
 Petroleum Products
There is an LPG Bottling plant set up by Shri Shakti LPG Limited
Kakinada has been in the news recently after several oil companies decided to use it as a transit point for oil and gas shipments. The economic value of these investments has increased considerably after the recent gas finds by ONGC [Oil and Natural Gas Corporation], Reliance in the KG basin. ONGC is currently working on setting up a refinery in Kakinada.

Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure Ltd (RGTIL), is implementing a 1,440-km pipeline project from [Kakinada] to Baruch (Gujarat) to transport gas from KG Basin fields owned by Reliance

 Edible Oil Refineries and Biofuel Plants
In 2002 several edible oil refineries established themselves in Kakinada and the refining capacity has touched 3000 tons per day. Kakinada port is facilitating the imports of crude palm oil, crude soyabean oil. Kakinada is having an edible oil  per day refining capacity of more than 3000 MTS Major refineries are Acalmar Oils & fats limited, Ruchi Infrastructure, Nikhil refineries ltd, etc.

The Vakalapudi Industrial park in  Kakinada has attracted investments worth over US$ 10 million from bio-diesel companies such as Reliance Industries, Naturol Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel.  Andhra Pradesh has entered into a formal agreement with Reliance Industries for Jatropha planting. The company has selected 200 acres of land at Kakinada  to grow jatropha for high quality bio-diesel fuel.
 Electronics Industry
Kakianada is home to the an electronic components manufacturing company that started operations since 1977 called  Andhra Electronics Ltd. ,
 IT / ITeS Industry
Kakinada is one of the 4 tier-II cities in Andhra Pradesh where Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) had setup a facility in 2007.  About 12 companies are currently operating in Kakinada and four of them were incubated in the STPI facility.

Currently, Infotech Enterprises , a Hyderabad based multinational software company has opened a facility in the STPI, Kakinada in February, 2007 with about 120 employees.

Apart from Infotech Enterprises, there are several small to mid-size software companies that operate in Kakinada which include Aaspire Technologies , ForeTell Technologies Private Limited , Nyros Technologies, 3One Technologies  , Easty Solutions  etc

Avineon Inc, an US based  technology company that provides geospatial and engineering  services, has announced in April, 2008 that it would set up a new facility at Kakinada that can accommodate about 100 employees.
 Fishing and Aqua culture Industry
There are about 28 landing centers and also a large fishing wharf in Kakinada. The area surrounding Kakinada is home to several aqua farms.  There are also several units that process and export fish, shrimp and other marine products. Recognizing the importance of fishing and aquaculture industry to the local economy, Andhra Pradesh state government established a research and training center on fisheries in 1958 called APSIFT (Andhra Pradesh State Institute of Fisheries Technology)  in Kakinada  in cooperation with FAO. The CIFE   (Central Institute of Fisheries education), a deemed university established by Indian government in 1961 has one of its three campuses in India in Kakinada. The CIFE is the first fisheries university in India and provides post-graduate education and training, to in-service fisheries personnel not only from India but also many African and Asian countries
 Rice Mills
Several Rice mills exist in and around Kakinada and some of the rice is exported to other countries

 Power Generation Industry
Spectrum Power Generation Ltd. has a 208MW Power plant at kakinada.
Very soon, Kakinada poised to have a floating power plant (FPP) .Industry major GMR Energy will be taking over the prestigious 220 MW FPP at an estimated cost of Rs 600 crore. GMR will supply power to the State power grid as per the terms and conditions of the Government.

Economy
Until early 1980s (before the fertilizer companies started their operation here), local economy was mainly based on autoparts, steel industry related ancillary units, agriculture and fishery industries.

Exports consist of fish and fish related products, agricultural products like rice, corn,oilmeals etc,  processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder , biofuel etc

Imports consist of chemicals, edible oils, agricultural products (wheat, sugar etc)

Education

Kakinada is a major hub fulfilling the growing educational demand of people within the district. The past decade has witnessed exponential growth and many residential colleges have established themselves to offer quality secondary education. There are also several professional colleges in and around the city offering courses in Engineering, Medical, IT and Management at the graduate and post graduate level.

The city is home to the Government College of Engineering, (currently called Kakinada campus of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU)), is the second oldest engineering college in Andhra Pradesh (Established on 1946) and Rangaraya Medical College, one of the oldest of its kind.

A comprehensive list of educational institutions in Kakinada is available at

People
People from Kakinada can easily be identified by their characteristic Godavari Telugu accent. They have gained a reputation for being hospitable, polite and cultured in their interaction with people.
The city of kakinada is a major educational center with with several schools, colleges and Universities. A large part of the younger generation are migrating to the cities and out of the country in search of opportunities that meet their scale of ambition. However, there are significant parts of the society that ride the boom by expanding their businesses and investments. The local population is supplemented by immigrants who leave their villages to seek work and opportunity in this bustling city.

Food
East Godavari is famous for traditional Andhra cuisine and Kakinada is no different - mouth watering pickles (Aavakaaya) made from mango, vegetables (e.g. Caulifower Aavakaaya), chicken, shrimp, mutton and even fish. Interestingly, a few people here swear by the pungent taste of dried fish (Endu Chepa) and shrimp (Endu Royya).

One of the well known restaurants include that serve local style Andhra Cuisine is Sri Krishna Vilas popularly known as Subbiah Hotel.

This city is also famous for its unique Kakinada Kaaja which later was very popular not only in Andhra but also in far away places like Bihar and U.P.. Kotiah Sweets (founded in the year 1900) is locally the most famous and possibly the earliest known maker of Kakinada Kaaja, a sweet made from maida and dipped in sugar syrup.

The locals frequent the innumerable carts strategically located at populous street corners to get their share of bhajis and a delightfully tasty mixture of onions, toasted rice, and sev (Pidatha Kindha Pappu).

Kakinada is also one of the few regions in the entire Andhra Pradesh where Chekkarakeli aratipandu (banana) and Kothapalli kobbari maamidipandu (mango) are available.Kakinada is also famous for its delicious pesarattu, a breakfast or brunch item formed into crepes from moong daal (pesara pappu), green chillies, ginger and cumin. These are sold in restaurants as well as street stalls.

Sports
Cricket is the most popular game followed by football and Athletics. The city is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in various district and zonal events. Gully cricket - a form of cricket played in empty streets or maidans is a popular pastime for local school/college going kids in the evenings. Kakinada has a cricket stadium used for Ranji Trophy matches. The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh (SAAP) has a sports and recreation centre which is the key for the district's sports activities.

References

External links
 About Kakinada
 Kakinada Port

Cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh
Railway stations in East Godavari district
Mandals in East Godavari district

Kakinada


Po Lin Monastery is a Buddhist monastery, located on Ngong Ping Plateau, on Lantau Island, Hong Kong.

The monastery was founded in 1906 by three monks visiting from Jiangsu Province on the Chinese mainland and was initially known simply as "The Big Hut" ( Tai Mao Pung). It was renamed to its present name in 1924. The main temple houses three bronze statues of the Buddha – representing his past, present and future lives – as well as many Buddhist scriptures.

Tian Tan Buddha, a giant Buddha statue completed in 1993, is an extension of the monastery.

The Ngong Ping 360, consisting of the Ngong Ping village and a gondola lift running between Tung Chung (東涌) and Ngong Ping (昂坪), was built near to the Po Lin Monastery. The monastery boasts many prominent architectural structures, such as the Main Shrine Hall of Buddha, the Hall of Bodhisattva Skanda.

This monastery is also noted for making wooden bracelets that are only sold near the Tian Tan Buddha statue.

In 1918, three nuns ordained at this monastery established a private nunnery called Chi Chuk Lam () on Lantau's Lower Keung Hill (). The nunnery is dedicated to Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy. There were about 20 jushi and nuns residing there in the 1950s, but now only an elderly abbess remains.

See also
Buddhism in Hong Kong
Buddhist Fat Ho Memorial College
The Big Buddha (Hong Kong)

References

External links

Official website

Buddhist temples in Hong Kong
1906 establishments in Hong Kong
Buddhist monasteries in Hong Kong
Ngong Ping
Religious organizations established in 1906

Po Lin Monastery


The Museum of Gothenburg () is a local history museum located in the city centre of Gothenburg in western Sweden. It is located in the East India House (), originally built as the Swedish East India Company offices in 1762. The city museum was established in 1861.

The City Museum is a cultural history museum. It displays Gothenburg and West Sweden's history, from the Viking Age to the present day. There is a permanent exhibition about the Swedish East India Company.

History
The museum was founded in the East India House in 1861. Modelled on the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, it initially comprised natural history, art and books and covered art, science and industry. Its founders were Sven Adolf Hedlund, AF Ericsson, August Malm and Victor von Gegerfelt. The merchant John West Wilson paid for a fourth wing which opened in May 1891 shortly after his death.

At the time of the Gothenburg Exhibition in 1923 the city's collections were split in two, with the art housed in the Göteborgs konstmuseum and the rest in the Göteborgs naturhistoriska museum. Between 1993 and 1996, several of the city's museums on archaeology, general history and the history of industry, education and theatre merged to form the Göteborg City Museum.

References

External links
Official website

Museums in Gothenburg
Gothenburg
History museums in Sweden
Swedish East India Company
Listed buildings in Gothenburg
Government buildings in Sweden
1861 establishments in Sweden

Museum of Gothenburg


Thistle is a group of flowering plants which have sharp prickles on around the flower and are in the Asteraceae family. The prickles often all over the plant – on the stem and flat parts of leaves. This protects the plant against herbivorous animals, stopping them from eating the plant.

The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean exactly those plants in the group Cynareae (synonym: Cardueae), especially the genera Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum.  However, plants outside this group are sometimes called thistles, and if this is done thistles would form a polyphyletic group.

Thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland.

Taxonomy
Genera in the Asteraceae with the word thistle often used in their common names include:
Arctium – Burdock
Carduus – Musk Thistle and others
Carlina – Carline Thistle
Centaurea – Star Thistle
Cicerbita – Sow Thistle
Cirsium – Common Thistle, Field Thistle and others
Cnicus – Blessed Thistle
Cynara – Artichokes, Cardoon
Echinops – Globethistle
Notobasis – Syrian thistle
Onopordum – Cotton Thistle, also known as Scots or Scotch Thistle
Scolymus – Golden Thistle or Oyster Thistle
Silybum – Milk Thistle
Sonchus – Sow Thistle

Plants in families other than Asteraceae which are sometimes called thistle include:
Salsola – Saltwort, Tumbleweed, or Russian Thistle (family Chenopodiaceae)

Heraldry

The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286) and was used on silver coins issued by James III in 1470. It is the symbol of the Order of the Thistle, a high chivalric order of Scotland. It is found in many Scottish symbols and as the name of several Scottish football clubs. The thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, is the symbol of seven of the eight Scottish Police Forces (the exception being the Northern Constabulary). The thistle is also the emblem of Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland. Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest.

Origin as a symbol of Scotland
According to a legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years. Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours Cotton Thistle Onopordum acanthium, perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in mediaeval times; the Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare, an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate. Other species, including Dwarf Thistle Cirsium acaule, Musk Thistle Carduus nutans, and Melancholy Thistle Cirsium heterophyllum have also been suggested.

Medical uses
Maud Grieve recorded that Pliny and medieval writers had thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the early modern period it had been believed to be a remedy for headaches, plague, canker, sores, vertigo, and jaundice.

Notes and references

Other websites

Asteraceae
National symbols of Scotland

Thistle


Lager (which is short for Lager beer) is a kind of beer. It is made from a kind of yeast. Fermentation will be a slow process. It usually has a clear color. That color comes from the beer being stored for some time. During that time, the yeast can settle at the bottom of the barrel. The yeast is removed before the beer is bottled or served.

Lagers are usually drunk while they are cold.
Types of beer

Lager


The Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway (DSS&A)  was an American railroad serving the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the Lake Superior shoreline of Wisconsin. It provided service from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and St. Ignace, Michigan, westward through Marquette, Michigan, to Superior, Wisconsin, and Duluth, Minnesota. A branchline stretched northward from Nestoria, Michigan, up to the Keweenaw Peninsula and terminating at Houghton, Michigan, with two branches extending further to Calumet, Michigan, and Lake Linden, Michigan.

The first predecessor of the DSS&A began operations in 1855. The railroad fell under the control of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in 1888 and was operated from 1888 until 1960 as an independently nameplated subsidiary of the CPR. In 1949, a reorganization of the DSS&A took place, creating new heralds and designating the company a railroad instead of a railway. In 1961, the DSS&A was folded into the CPR-controlled Soo Line Railroad. Since 2001, the remaining operating trackage of the former DSS&A has been operated by the Canadian National Railway (CN). Short stretches of original DSS&A trackage are still operated between Trout Lake and Munising Junction, from Ishpeming to Baraga, and between White Pine and Marengo Junction.

Independent railroad

The development in the 1850s of hematite iron ore mines in the Upper Peninsula hills above Marquette encouraged the development of numerous railroad plans for spur lines and connecting routes between mines, local boom towns, and the shores of the Great Lakes.  While most of the Upper Peninsula's iron ore and Keweenaw copper was shipped to the rest of the United States by lake boat, the inability of water-based shippers to offer service to northern Michigan in winter encouraged railroad promoters to launch numerous plans for lines in the Upper Peninsula.

By the 1870s, a maze of corporate charters and tiny stub lines had been created or built in the central Upper Peninsula, primarily to carry iron or copper ore from the mines down to smelters and docks on the shores of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan.  In 1879-81, venture capitalists led the construction of the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette (DM&M), a standard-gauge mainline from St. Ignace, on the Straits of Mackinac, to Marquette on Lake Superior.  The roadbed included a surveyor-straight  east-west section, the ancestor of today's "Seney stretch". Although the state of Michigan granted the DM&M more than 1.3 million acres (5,300 km) of state land, almost 9000 acres-per-mile (23 km/km) as a construction subsidy, by 1886 the new DM&M went into receivership.

The DM&M was reorganized by venture capitalist James McMillan of Detroit, who led the rapid consolidation of the DM&M and many of the UP's smaller railroads during the early 1880s.  The new Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic went into operation as a merger of these lines in December 1886.

Canadian control
The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), a transcontinental line, took control of the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic in 1888.  In 1892-94, CPR funds financed the construction of the DSS&A westward from the Keweenaw Peninsula to Duluth.

During the 1890s, the timber industry reached the peak of its operations on the Lake Superior shoreline properties adjacent to the DSS&A's new mainline, with irreplaceable old-growth white pines falling to the lumbermen's saws and axes.  After white pines were exhausted, local cutters began to turn to high-quality hardwoods such as sugar maple, and then to pulpwoods such as paper birch and aspen.

At the height of the railroad's operations in 1911, the DSS&A operated  of track, of which  were main line and  were branch lines and trackage rights.  The railroad operated 3,121 pieces of rolling stock, including 82 locomotives, 67 passenger cars, 35 cabooses, and 2,957 freight cars.

In 1913 the DSS&A's freight operations peaked at almost 1 million short tons (900,000 metric tons), of which more than half were forest products.  In the late 1910s, timber yields began to decline all over the Upper Peninsula.  This was a blow from which the DSS&A could not recover as an independent nameplate.  Its story from 1920 onwards was that of the American railway industry as a whole, with negative factors intensified by unfavorable local business conditions in northern Michigan.

In 1957, the State of Michigan opened the Mackinac Bridge, a  long suspension bridge carrying an all-weather hard road across the Straits of Mackinac into the Upper Peninsula.  The DSS&A responded by ending its remaining passenger rail service in January 1958.  In 1961, its Canadian owners merged it with the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie, and the DSS&A became part of the Soo Line.

Nicknames and challenges
The DSS&A's own "official" nickname for itself was "South Shore", referring to the railroad line's route along the south shore of Lake Superior.

However, the DSS&A's allegedly poor-quality service throughout much of the 20th century inspired angry customers to impose several uncomplimentary backronyms on the struggling railroad, such as "Dead Slow Service & Agony" and "Damn Slow, Shabby Affair".  Dissatisfied workers, meanwhile, suggested that the railroad's initials stood for "Damn Small Salary & Abuse".

The DSS&A's thinly settled service area made it difficult for the railroad to raise adequate revenue to maintain its trackage in good condition, especially in winter.  The region served by the railroad receives more snowfall in one year than other sections of the United States east of the Rockies receive in several years combined.  From 1957 through 2005, the average snowfall on the Keweenaw Peninsula has been  per year.  Every winter, the DSS&A had to plow this snow off its tracks.

Legacy
Parts of the former DSS&A alignment have been converted to rail trails.  The St. Ignace–Trout Lake Trail preserves a  section of roadbed from St. Ignace to Trout Lake.

See also

 Upper Peninsula of Michigan

References

Further reading

External links

Railway companies established in 1887
Railway companies disestablished in 1949
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Predecessors of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Defunct Michigan railroads
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Transportation in Marquette County, Michigan
Defunct Minnesota railroads
Defunct Wisconsin railroads
Transportation in Houghton County, Michigan
American companies disestablished in 1961


Un medico in famiglia (in ) is an Italian drama TV series. It aired on Rai 1 and started in 1998. It is now in its ninth season.

The TV series focuses around the lives of the Martini family. They live in Rome. Lele Martini is a doctor and a widower with three children: Maria, Francesco "Ciccio" and Anna "Annuccia". He falls in love with his sister-in-law, Alice Solari. At the end of the second season, they get married and have two twins. Lele hires Cettina as their au pair. Cettina is a Neapolitan woman (she comes from Mondragone) who pretends to be Polish in order to be hired. Eventually the Martinis find out that Cettina is actually Italian, but they do not fire her. At the beginning of the third season Lele, Alice and their twins leave Italy in order to live in Australia. Lele puts his children in the hands of their grandpa, Nonno Libero. Cettina falls in love with Torello, a funeral director. They get married at the end of the third season. Maria falls in love with Guido, a doctor. They get married at the end of the fourth season.

In the sixth season Lele, who divorced from Alice, returns home with his children, Bobo and Elena. Cettina is disappeared in a shipwreck: she is supposed to be dead, but this is not true. In fact, she lost her memory and became a very rich woman in the United States. She decided to go to Italy for an holiday and here she meets the Martinis. She gradually recovers her memory and joins her husband and her son, Eros. Lele in this season has two girlfriends: the doctress Funny and the chocolate seller Bianca. Eventually he decides to get engaged to Bianca. Melina, Cettina's cousin, is hires as the Martinis new au pair. She falls in love with Dante Piccione, a gauche man who gambles on the horses.

1998 television series debuts
Italian television

Un medico in famiglia


Hans Gillisz. Bollongier or Boulenger (1600 – 1645) was a Dutch Golden Age still life flower painter.

Biography

Bollongier was born and died in Haarlem.  According to the RKD little is known of his early life. He became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1623, and in 1675 his younger brother Horatio was named as his beneficiary.
He was a specialist in bouquets of blooms. Paintings attributed to him that are not flower- or fruit still lifes are likely the work of his brother Horatio. He was an important influence on the later flower painters known as the monogrammist JF and Anthony Claesz II. He painted during a period of great productivity for Haarlem painters, during the decades after Karel van Mander published his Schilderboeck there. In Karel van Mander's book, there were a set of rules to follow to create good paintings and good drawings. Bollongier developed his own style and still observed all of these rules. His paintings were very popular, but his work was not regarded as such by contemporary Haarlem painters. As a genre, still life painting was considered inferior to historical allegories.

His work today is considered part of the proof that Tulip Mania took place, although there is reason to believe that this is also just part of early Haarlem tourist propaganda. Even as early as the 17th century, gentry from Amsterdam, Leiden, and places farther away enjoyed visiting the tulip fields of Haarlem in the Spring, and paintings of tulips were as popular as the bulbs.

References

Hans Bollongier on Artnet

1600 births
1645 deaths
Dutch still life painters
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Haarlem
Flower artists

Hans Gillisz. Bollongier


Hydraulic lime (HL) is a general term for calcium oxide, a variety of lime also called quicklime, that sets by hydration. This contrasts with calcium hydroxide, also called slaked lime or air lime that is used to make lime mortar, the other common type of lime mortar, which sets by carbonation (re-absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air). Hydraulic lime provides a faster initial set and higher compressive strength than air lime, and hydraulic lime will set in more extreme conditions, including under water.

The terms 'hydraulic lime' and 'hydrated lime' are quite similar and may be confused but are not necessarily the same material. Hydrated lime is any lime which has been slaked whether it sets through hydration, carbonation, or both.

Calcium reacts in the lime kiln with the clay minerals to produce silicates that enable some of the lime to set through hydration. Any unreacted calcium is slaked to calcium hydroxide which sets through carbonation. These are sometimes called 'semi-hydraulic lime' and include the classifications feebly and moderately hydraulic lime, NHL 2 and NHL 3.5.

Types
There are two basic types of hydraulic limes:

Natural hydraulic lime (NHL)
Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is produced by heating (calcining) limestone that naturally contains clay and other impurities: no materials may be added to create the hydraulicity. In the United States NHL may be called 'hydrated hydraulic lime' (HHL) per ASTM C-141 Standard Specification for Hydrated Hydraulic Lime for Structural Purposes.

Artificial hydraulic lime (AHL)
Artificial hydraulic lime (AHL) or artificial lime (AL) becomes hydraulic when hydraulic and/or pozzolan materials are added either before or after burning in a lime kiln. Artificial limes are more specifically identified as 'hydraulic lime' (HL), as defined European Norm 459 (EN-459), "Consists of lime and other materials such as Portland cement, blast furnace slag, fly ash, limestone filler and other suitable materials."; 'formulated lime' (FL) (EN-459) consists of "...mainly of hydrated lime and or NHL with added hydraulic and/or pozzolanic material. It is identical to HL but its composition must be declared on the CE marking.". 'Pozzolanic hydraulic lime' (PHL) (ASTM C-1707) is "very similar to HL or FL. Consists mainly of hydrated lime with one or more pozzolans with possible inclusion of inert filler. When Portland cement, even traces, is present (can be up to 20% of binder weight), it has to be labeled as 'PHLc'."

Characteristics

Hydraulic lime is a useful building material for the following reasons:

 It has a low elastic modulus.
 There is no need for expansion (movement) joints.
 It allows buildings to "breathe", and does not trap moisture in the walls.
 It has a lower firing temperature than Portland cement, and thus manufactured consuming less energy.
 Stone and brickwork bonded with lime is easier to re-use.
 Lime acts sacrificially in that it is weaker and breaks down more readily than the masonry, thus saving weaker stone such as sandstone and limestone from the harmful effects of temperature expansion and mortar freeze.
 It is less dense than cement, thus less cold bridging.
 Lime re-absorbs the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by its calcination (firing in a kiln), thus partially offsetting the large amount emitted during its manufacture. The more hydraulic a lime, the less CO2 is reabsorbed during set, for example, 50% of CO2 is reabsorbed by NHL 3.5 during the set, compared to 100% of CO2 being reabsorbed by pure calcium hydroxide (fat lime putty).

Hydraulic lime concrete
Hydraulic lime concretes have been in use since Roman times, either as mass foundation concretes or as lightweight concretes using tufa or pumice as aggregates and a wide range of pozzolans to achieve different strengths and speeds of set. This meant that lime could be used in a wide variety of applications including floors and even vaults or domes. An example is the Pantheon in Rome, which has survived for nearly two thousand years. The dome's diameter is equal to its height from the floor. It is constructed from six different lime mixes, which change the properties and lightness of the material.

Classification
Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is classified for different uses the first two of which are sometimes called semi-hydraulic lime because they initially set with water but continue to set in contact with carbon dioxide in the air.

Feebly hydraulic lime
Feebly hydraulic lime (NHL 2) is used for internal work and external work in sheltered areas.

Feebly hydraulic lime contains up to 10% clay / clay mixed with other impurities. It might take one week or more to set after the addition of water. Setting is the process of permanently taking the shape into which lime has been moulded.

Moderately hydraulic lime
Moderately hydraulic lime (NHL 3.5) can be used for external work in most areas.

Moderately hydraulic lime contains clay in the range of 11% to 20%. This type of lime sets (assumes given shape) within a few days after the addition of water.

Eminently hydraulic lime
Eminently hydraulic lime (NHL 5) is used for external work in exposed areas, such as chimneys and for floor slabs/underpinning.

Eminently hydraulic lime contains clay in the range of 21% to 30%. Properties of eminently hydraulic lime are close to those of cement. Eminently hydraulic lime sets within one day after the addition of water.

Benefits
 Hydraulic limes gain strength over time hence providing flexibility and avoiding the need for expansion joints.
 Considered to be more environmentally friendly than portland cement as they are burnt at a lower temperature and uniquely re-absorb some of the carbon dioxide given off during burning as they cure/carbonate in/on the wall.
 Enable building components to be reclaimed and reused as they are 'softer' than cement.
 Set under water hence making them ideal for applications in contact with the sea, canals, rivers etc.

See also
Lime plaster
Lime mortar
Hempcrete

References

External links
 The Technology and Use of Hydraulic Lime, by John Ashurst
 The National Lime Association (US & Canada)
 How to use hydraulic lime and PDF application fact sheets
 The Scottish Lime Centre

Building materials

Hydraulic lime


The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) () is an American not-for-profit performance-rights organization (PRO) that collectively licenses the public performance rights of its members' musical works to venues, broadcasters, and digital streaming services (music stores).

ASCAP collects licensing fees from users of music created by ASCAP members, then distributes them back to its members as royalties. In effect, the arrangement is the product of a compromise: when a song is played, the user does not have to pay the copyright holder directly, nor does the music creator have to bill a radio station for use of a song.

In 2021, ASCAP collected over US$1.335 billion in revenue, distributed $1.254 billion in royalties to rights-holders, and maintained a registry of over 16 million works. ASCAP membership surpassed 900,000 and revenues exceeded $1.5 billion in 2022.

History

ASCAP was founded by Victor Herbert, together with composers George Botsford, Silvio Hein, Irving Berlin, Louis Hirsch, John Raymond Hubbell and Gustave Kerker, lyricist Glen MacDonough, publishers George Maxwell (who served as its first president) and Jay Witmark and copyright attorney Nathan Burkan at the Hotel Claridge in New York City on February 13, 1914, to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, who were mostly writers and publishers associated with New York City's Tin Pan Alley. ASCAP's earliest members included the era's most active songwriters—George M. Cohan, Rudolf Friml, Otto Harbach, Jerome Kern, John Philip Sousa, Alfred Baldwin Sloane, James Weldon Johnson, Robert Hood Bowers and Harry Tierney. Subsequently, many other prominent songwriters became members. Composers who could not read and write musical notation were ineligible for membership. This requirement, since dropped, excluded many songwriters in such genres as country. However, an exception was made to admit Irving Berlin.

In 1919, ASCAP and the Performing Rights Society of Great Britain (since 1997 known as PRS for Music), signed the first reciprocal agreement for the representation of each other's members' works in their respective territories. Today, ASCAP has global reciprocal agreements and licenses the U.S. performances of hundreds of thousands of international music creators.

The advent of radio in the 1920s brought an important new source of income for ASCAP. Radio stations originally only broadcast performers live, the performers working for free. Later, performers wanted to be paid, and recorded performances became more prevalent. ASCAP started collecting license fees from the broadcasters. Between 1931 and 1939, ASCAP increased royalty rates charged to broadcasters more than 400%.

Boycott

In 1940, when ASCAP tried to double its license fees again, radio broadcasters formed a boycott of ASCAP and founded a competing royalty agency, Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI). During a ten-month period lasting from January 1 to October 29, 1941, no music licensed by ASCAP (1,250,000 songs) was broadcast on NBC and CBS radio stations. Instead, the stations played regional music and styles (like rhythm and blues or country) that had been rejected by ASCAP. Upon the conclusion of litigation between broadcasters and ASCAP in October 1941, ASCAP settled for a lower fee than they had initially demanded.

Consent decree
In the late 1930s, ASCAP's general control over most music and its membership requirements were considered to be in restraint of trade and illegal under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The Justice Department sued ASCAP in 1937 but abandoned the case. The Justice Department sued again in 1941, and the case was settled with a consent decree in which the most important points were that ASCAP must fairly set rates and not discriminate between customers who have basically the same requirements to license music, or "similar standing." Also, anyone who is unable to negotiate satisfactory terms with ASCAP, or is otherwise unable to get a license, may go to the court in the Southern District of New York overseeing the consent decree and litigate the terms they find objectionable, and the terms set by the court will be binding upon the licensee and ASCAP. BMI also signed a consent decree in 1941.

Membership expands
ASCAP's membership diversified further in the 1940s, bringing along jazz and swing greats, including Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, and Fletcher Henderson. The movies also soared in popularity during the 1930s and 1940s, and with them came classic scores and songs by new ASCAP members like Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer, Cole Porter, Morton Gould, and Jule Styne. Classical-music composers Aaron Copland, Igor Stravinsky, Florence Price, and Leonard Bernstein brought their compositions into the ASCAP repertory in the 1940s. In the 1940s, it was common for ASCAP and BMI to send out field representatives to sign new songwriters and music publishing companies, as the firms were not household names; one such ASCAP employee was Loring Buzzell, who later formed the music publishing company Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music.

The rise of rock and roll derived from both country music and rhythm and blues music caused airplay of BMI licensed songs to double that of ASCAP licensed songs. ASCAP officials decided that the practice of payola was the reason. So ASCAP spearheaded a congressional investigation into the practice of payola in 1959.

In the 1950s and 1960s, television was introduced as a new revenue stream for ASCAP, one that maintains its importance today. With the birth of FM radio, new ASCAP members, including John Denver, Jimi Hendrix, Quincy Jones, Janis Joplin, and Carly Simon scored massive hits. Many Motown hits were written by ASCAP members Ashford & Simpson, Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson, and Stevie Wonder. Both The Beatles and The Rolling Stones licensed their works through ASCAP, and the very first country Grammy Award went to ASCAP writer Bobby Russell for "Little Green Apples". During this period, ASCAP also initiated a series of lawsuits to recover the position they lost during the boycott of 1941, without success.

The early 1960s folk music revival, led by ASCAP member Bob Dylan (later switched to SESAC) made ASCAP a major player in that genre.  Dylan's expansion into rock music later that decade gave ASCAP a foothold in that genre. At the same time, ASCAP member Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. started having country hits for ASCAP.

By 1970, a new generation of ASCAP board members decided to launch a campaign to attract more songwriters and music publishers away from BMI. The campaign led to Motown Records switching most of its music publishing from BMI to ASCAP in 1971.

During the last three decades of the 20th century, ASCAP's membership grew to reflect every new development in music, including the funk, punk rock, heavy metal, hip-hop, techno, and grunge music genres. Creators ranging from Lauryn Hill and Dr. Dre to the Ramones, Slayer, and John Zorn joined. ASCAP launched a Latin membership department to serve ASCAP Latin writers—Marc Anthony, Joan Sebastian, and Olga Tañon among them–with the Spanish-speaking world as their audience. In 1981, ASCAP prevailed against CBS in an eleven-year-old court case challenging the ASCAP blanket license.

ASCAP licenses over 11,500 local commercial radio stations, more than 2500 non-commercial radio broadcasters and hundreds of thousands of "general" licensees (bars, restaurants, theme parks, etc.). It maintains reciprocal relationships with nearly 40 foreign PROs across six continents, and licenses billions of public performances worldwide each year. ASCAP was the first U.S. PRO to distribute royalties for performances on the Internet and continues to pursue and secure licenses for websites, digital music providers and other new media.

Awards
ASCAP honors its top members in a series of annual awards shows in seven different music categories: pop, rhythm and soul, film and television, Latin, country, Christian, and concert music. Awards are presented through a "vote online" that makes up 50% of the judging criteria. The other 50% came from different music critics where in addition, ASCAP inducts jazz greats to its Jazz Wall of Fame in an annual ceremony held at ASCAP's New York City offices and honors PRS members that license their works through ASCAP at an annual awards gala in London, England. ASCAP also gives annually the special accolades Vanguard Award, Songwriter of the Year, and Publisher of the Year.

In 1979, to honor composers of concert music (Classical) in the early stages of their careers, ASCAP created The ASCAP Foundation Young Composer Awards which, upon the death of ASCAP President Morton Gould in 1996, were renamed the ASCAP Foundation Morton Gould Young Composer Awards to honor Gould's lifelong commitment to encouraging young creators as well as his own early development as a composer.

Beginning in 1986, ASCAP created the Golden Soundtrack Award to honor composers for "outstanding achievements and contributions to the world of film and television music." In 1996, it was renamed the Henry Mancini Award to pay tribute to the late composer's history of achievements in the field.

ASCAP also bestows the near-annual Deems Taylor Awards to writers and music journalists. Named after the first president of ASCAP, Deems Taylor, they were established in 1967 to honor his memory. The Deems Taylor Award "recognizes books, articles, broadcasts and websites on the subject of music selected for their excellence."

Criticism
ASCAP attracted media attention in 1996 when it threatened Girl Scouts of the USA and Boy Scouts of America camps that sang ASCAP's copyrighted works at camps with lawsuits for not paying licensing fees. These threats were later retracted. However, it has drawn negative attention for cracking down on licensing fees on other occasions as well, such as when it demanded that open mic events need to pay licensing (even if most or all of the songs are original).

ASCAP has also been criticized for its extremely non-transparent operations, including the refusal to release attendance records for board members, the notes from board meetings, and the reasoning behind their weighting formulas which determine how much money a song or composition earns for use on television or radio.

In 2009, an ASCAP rate court case regarding ringtones generated considerable public attention. Critics claimed that ASCAP may seek to hold consumers responsible for a ringtone public performance. In statements to the press, ASCAP noted the following:

It is seeking to ensure that wireless carriers pay ASCAP members a share of the substantial revenue that mobile operators derive from content (like ringtones) that uses ASCAP members' music. This content includes the delivery of full track songs, music videos, television content, ringtones and ringback tones.
It has been licensing wireless carriers and ringtone content providers since 2001, and that it is not in any way seeking to charge consumers.
It is striving to license those that make a business of transmitting its members' music. This holds true for any medium where businesses have been built by using this music as content or a service – whether terrestrial broadcast, satellite, cable, Internet or wireless carriers providing audio and video content.

On October 14, 2009, a federal court ruled that "when a ringtone plays on a cellular telephone, even when that occurs in public, the user is exempt from copyright liability, and [the cellular carrier] is not liable either secondarily or directly." The ruling made clear that playing music in public, when done without any commercial purpose, does not infringe copyright. (US v. ASCAP, US District Court, Southern District of New York).

Further controversies arose involving ASCAP in 2009 and 2010. The organization requested that some websites pay licensing fees on embedded YouTube videos, even though YouTube already pays licensing fees, and demanded payment from Amazon.com and iTunes for 30-second streaming previews of music tracks, which traditionally does not require a license, being considered a promotional vehicle for song sales.

In 2009, Mike Masnik, the founder and CEO of Floor64, accused ASCAP of keeping some royalties instead of passing them on to artists. He claimed ASCAP collects royalties from all sizes of live performance on behalf of all the artists it represents but passes on the royalties only to artists whose music is represented in one of "the top 200 grossing US tours of the year." This is true in accordance with ASCAP's membership agreement, which states that top performing writers and publishers receive, "bonus incentives," which are taken from the untraceable revenue brought in by bars, nightclubs, and similarly situated venues.

In June 2010, ASCAP sent letters to its members soliciting donations to fight entities that support weaker copyright restrictions, such as Public Knowledge, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Creative Commons, creating notable controversy as many argued that these licenses are a form of copyright and offer the artist an extra choice. Lawrence Lessig, a co-founder of Creative Commons, responded stating that they are not aiming to undermine copyright, and invited ASCAP for a public debate. The offer was turned down by ASCAP's Paul Williams.

It was reported in April 2020, that songwriters and composers were facing delays in receiving royalties. This was delivered via a memo to hundreds of thousands of members from CEO Elizabeth Matthews, who said the global disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic was to blame. This raised contention as those critical of the announcement wondered why the pandemic at that time would affect payments related to the third quarter of 2019. Further, it was revealed that publishers were still being paid royalties on time.

See also
BMI
Copyright collective
United States v. ASCAP
PRS for Music, a British music copyright collective

References

Bibliography
 ASCAP (1948) The ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, 1st ed., 483 p. ("1,890 writers, 309 publishers: 1,887 biographies") .
 ASCAP (1952) The ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, 2nd ed., 636 p. ("2,297 writers (including 203 women), 453 publishers: ? biographies") LC: 52-7038 .
 ASCAP (1966) The ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., 845 p. ("8,500 writers, 2,800 publishers: 5,238 biographies') LC: 66-20214 .
 ASCAP (1980) The ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, 4th ed., 589 p. ("? writers, 7,000 publishers: 8,200 biographies") LC: 80–65351,  .

Further reading
Blume, Jason (2006).  This Business of Songwriting. Billboard Books (New York City).  .
Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
Passman, Donald S. (2003).  All You Need to Know about the Music Business. Free Press (New York City).  .
Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  This Business of Music. Billboard Books (New York City). .

External links

ASCAP archives, 1914-1986 – Music Division, The New York Public Library

Music licensing organizations
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 1914

American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers


Hockey East is a group of American colleges and universities who play NCAA Division I hockey against one another every season. Before the Notre Dame men's hockey team (in Indiana) joined in 2013, all of the members were in New England. The champions are automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's and women's hockey tournaments.

In all, 12 schools are members of Hockey East. Seven of these have men's and women's teams that both play in the conference. Four do not have a women's team playing at the NCAA level, although one of these four will move its women's club team to the NCAA level in 2015. One school has its women's team only in Hockey East, with its men's team in another conference.

The current members are listed below. Unless otherwise noted, these schools have both men's and women's teams in the conference.
Boston College
Boston University
University of Connecticut (women only; men play in Atlantic Hockey through the 2013–14 season)
University of Maine
University of Massachusetts Amherst (sometimes called "UMass") (men only)
Merrimack College (men only; women will join in 2015–16)
University of New Hampshire
Northeastern University
University of Notre Dame (men only)
Providence College
University of Massachusetts at Lowell (often called "UMass Lowell") (men only)
University of Vermont

In July 2014, Connecticut, now a member only for women's hockey, will move its men's team into Hockey East. One year later, Merrimack, a member in men's hockey only, will upgrade its women's team from club to full varsity status and move that team into the conference.

References

1984 establishments in the United States

Hockey East


Skin is the outside covering of mammals and some other animals. It has many purposes. First of all, it is a defense against the entry of pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. Second, it regulates (keeps in control) the body's temperature. It allows evaporation from its surface, and adjusts it. It is a physical defense, very strong in some animals, but rather weak in humans. The skin and hair on mammals has several purposes. In addition to temperature regulation and defense, some hair is used for signaling.

Most animals add other defenses to their skin. Mammals have hair or fur on their skin. Birds have feathers on their skin. Most fish, and reptiles, like snakes and lizards, have scales on their skin.

Humans can have different skin colours like black people and white people depending on their race and has to do with genetics.

The skin is actually the largest organ of the human body. Without skin, humans would easily get infected with diseases. Skin helps regulate body temperature. Skin lowers the potentially harmful effects of UV rays. As part of the immune system, skin can help warn people to certain diseases.

Clean skin is important to health, and all mammals groom their hair and skin. Skin care is much work.

Skins can be made into leather. Leather is sometimes used to make shoes, bags, and balls.

Related pages
 Human skin colour

References

Basic English 850 words

Skin


Upsala is an unincorporated community and geographic township in Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is located along the Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 17,  west of Thunder Bay, part of the Unorganized Thunder Bay District.

It was named after the city of Uppsala in Sweden.

When established in 1882, Upsala was an important fuel and water stop for trains travelling on the then newly constructed Canadian Pacific Railway system.

The Upsala area is  situated just north of Lac des Mille Lacs, which was an important fur trade waterway and today is home to many fishing and hunting resorts.

History
The town of Upsala, in Northwestern Ontario, was established in 1882 in the township of Upsala, to serve as a station stop on the new Canadian Pacific Railway.  It took its name from the township, which in turn was named for the Swedish city of Uppsala, reflecting the Nordic background of many area immigrants.

In 1914 a survey of the township was completed, but the planned settlement was interrupted by the outbreak of World War One.  The area was finally opened for settlement in 1922, at the request of employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway, who appreciated its possibilities.

Pioneer settlers included Hans Nordal, H.D. Wiseman, Hugo Carlson, C. Nordstrom, S. Kenuck, O. Hakanson, A. Greenland, G.R. Johnston and Elmer and Esther Aho.  The first school in the town was established in 1925.  Sybil Nordal was one of the pupils in the first class.  Entertainment revolved around the "house party set": neighbours who gathered in each other's homes or at the schoolhouse to dance to the fiddle.  A forest fire in 1928 threatened the township and burned the Aho home.

The Women's Institute was organized by Mrs. D.B. Frazer in 1935 with charter members Mrs. Kailik and Mrs. Greenlund.  In 1939 the Agricultural Society was established in a hall located half a mile east of Upsala on property owned by C. McGuire.  The society arranged to purchase fertilizer in quantity at low prices, and sponsored potato growing competitions.  Mr. Harrison, the proprietor of the Victoria Hotel in Fort William, donated a cup called the Harrison Trophy which became the property of three time winner, Harold Johnston, the son of pioneer farmers.

By the 1930s the town consisted of many homes on both sides of the tracks and alongside roads. Until 1937, when the highway went in, there were no roads in the centre of town, just paths between the buildings on the north and south sides of the CPR tracks.  The station and pump house and the Catholic church were north of the tracks, with the cemetery further back.  To the south there was the Upsala Inn, J.R. Ellat Store, SS#1 (the school), the community hall and Lake Milton.  Mail and supplies were delivered to the station on trains as they came through.

Until 1937, all travel to the town was by rail.  Then a section of the Trans-Canada Highway was built on the site of a wagon trail in the town, connecting it to the twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur (now one city, Thunder Bay).

References

Geographic townships in Ontario
Communities in Thunder Bay District
Local services boards in Ontario

Upsala, Ontario


The Kampen Lighthouse is located on the geestland core of the German island of Sylt, south of Kampen. It is a white conical stone tower with a broad black band.

History

When Sylt belonged to the Danish realm in 1853, King Frederick VII ordered the construction of a lighthouse on Sylt's highest elevation, the red cliff. The tower was first lit in 1856. Its original petroleum lantern was at the time a technical revolution and was displayed at the Paris World Exhibition in 1855.

The tower was originally constructed from yellow Bornholm bricks and was reinforced with iron rings in 1875.

Until 1953, the lighthouse used to be greyish-yellow, the colour of the whithered bricks. Only then was it painted with its characteristic black and white.

In the early years after its inauguration, the facility became popular with locals and tourists. Specifically, guest books from the 1970s and 80s bear witness to this. Unlike today, the tower could then still be accessed and visited by the public and provided views across the island.

In 1929 the so far greatest modification was made when the entire lantern house was altered and the light source was changed from petroleum to electricity.

There are no lighthouse keepers any more since 1977, like all active lights on Sylt, the Kampen lighthouse is remotely controlled by a time switch in Koblenz. It is lit an hour prior to sunset and doused one hour after sunrise.

Only once in its 150 years of existence, the lighthouse was severely threatened. Wehrmacht plans proposed the expansion of an airfield on the nearby Braderup heath and the tower would have to be detonated. With the occupation of Denmark and Norway in 1940 these plans became obsolete though as the strategic importance of Sylt had significantly decreased.

From 2004 to 2005 the lighthouse was elaborately renovated and was therefore completely scaffolded for several months. On 4 June 2006, the 150th anniversary was celebrated with a Turmfest and the rare opportunity was provided to scale the newly renovated tower. Admission tickets were drawn.

In popular culture
Due to its characteristic black and white marking the tower has become a popular motive for painters.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Germany

References

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1855
Lighthouses in Schleswig-Holstein
Buildings and structures in Nordfriesland
Sylt

Kampen Lighthouse


One Thousand and One Nights is an old cycle (or group) of stories that mostly come from Arabia and Persia, and a few also from India, Central Asia and China. All these stories were later collected together. There are different layers of the stories:

 Uppermost is the story of Queen Scheherazade who needs to entertain her husband, the Sultan or King Sheheryar, or she would be put to death.
 The next layer is made up of the actual stories, such as Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, etc.
 In those stories, there is often also a narrator who tells the story.

It is similar to 101 Nights, also known as The Book with the Story of the 101 Nights, another Arabic story collection. The collections only have two stories in common - "The Ebony Horse" and "The King's Son and the Seven Viziers," popularly known as "The Book of Sinbad."

Related pages
 Sinbad the Sailor

References

Other website links
 The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations, including unexpurgated version by Sir Francis Burton, and John Payne translation, with additional material.
 Stories From One Thousand and One Nights, (Lane and Poole translation): Project Bartleby edition
 The Arabian Nights (includes Lang and (expurgated) Burton translations): Electronic Literature Foundation editions
 The Medieval Arabic Nights  - a study
 Jonathan Scott translation of Arabian Nights
 Notes on the influences and context of the Thousand and One Nights
 1001 Resources and Links for A Thousand and One Nights  University of Houston
 The Book of the Thousand and One Nights  by John Crocker
 (expurgated) Sir Burton's ~1885 translation, annotated for English study.
 Arabian Nights' Tales  Dedicated site with just the stories of 1001 nights listed in order.

Persian literature
Arabic literature

One Thousand and One Nights


Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet. Together with his friend William Wordsworth, Coleridge is often said to have started the Romantic movement in English literature. He was also a literary critic, philosopher and theologian.

Coleridge was born in Ottery St Mary, Devon. He was the son of a minister, and the youngest of ten children. He attended the University of Cambridge, Jesus College, though he never earned his degree. He met Wordsworth, another young poet, in 1795. They became close friends, and in 1798 they published their poems in a book called Lyrical Ballads, which many critics consider a key event in English Romanticism. Most of the poems in the book were written by Wordsworth, though it also contained Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which many people call his masterpiece and one of the great poems in English. (In it, Coleridge used old-fashioned spellings, like "rime" for "rhyme," to give the poem an antique feeling.)

In 1796, Coleridge wrote his poem Kubla Khan — along with the Ancient Mariner, it is his best-known work. At about the same time, in the later 1790s, Coleridge became addicted to opium. At that time the drug was legal, and was widely used as a painkiller. Coleridge's addiction to opium marked the rest of his life. His health suffered, and he had trouble supporting his wife and children. He also had a hard time finishing the writing projects he started.

Coleridge had a reputation as a great talker, and people often invited him to their dinner parties to hear him speak. He was a successful lecturer at times in his later life. He gained a reputation as a thinker and philosopher as well as a poet. He died in Highgate, Middlesex.

Scholars and critics of English literature have regarded Coleridge as a major figure. In his 1927 book The Road to Xanadu, John Livingston Lowes used Coleridge's poetry, especially Kubla Khan, to study the working of the human imagination. Critics have argued about the role that opium addiction played in the poet's life and work. In his 1971 book Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel, Norman Furman showed that Coleridge was guilty of plagiarism in many of his later works. His opium addiction may have left Coleridge unable to tell when he was repeating the work of other writers that he had read.

1772 births
1834 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English Anglicans
English poets
Royal Society of Literature
Writers from Devon

Samuel Taylor Coleridge


Continental drift is the movement o the Yird's continents relative tae ilk ither bi appearin tae drift athort the ocean bed.  The speculation that continents micht hae 'drifted' wis first put forrit bi Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept wis independently an mair fully developed bi Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory wis rejectit bi some for lack o a mechanism (tho this wis supplied later bi Holmes) an ithers acause o prior theoretical commitments. The idea o continental drift haes been subsumed bi the theory o plate tectonics, which explains hou the continents move.

References

Plate tectonics
Geological history o Yird

Continental drift


Wayne Siegel (b. Los Angeles, California, 14 February 1953) is an American composer living in Malling, Denmark.

From 1971 to 1974 Siegel studied composition and philosophy at the University of California, Santa Barbara.  After three years there he decided to complete his Bachelor of Arts degree in Århus, Denmark, where he studied with the noted Danish composer Per Nørgård.  Remaining in Århus, in 1977 he received his degree in composition from the Royal Academy of Music in Århus.

In 1978 Siegel was awarded a three-year grant in composition from the Danish Art Council, working as a free-lance composer in the years that followed.  After two years as administrative director of the West Jutland Symphony Orchestra and its affiliated chamber ensemble, the Esbjerg Ensemble, he was in 1986 appointed director of the newly founded national electronic music center, DIEM (The Danish Institute of Electroacoustic Music) in Århus.  In 1994 he chaired the 19th International Computer Music Conference (ICMC) in Århus.  From 1996 to 1998 he served as chairman of the two music committees of the Danish State Arts Foundation. In 2003 DIEM became part of the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus, and Siegel was appointed professor of electronic music.

Siegel's works show the influence of minimalism (particularly the pulse-based work of Steve Reich), as well as folk, blues, and rock music.

His works have been commissioned by the Kronos Quartet, Evelyn Glennie, Harry Sparnaay, Singcircle, and the Safri Duo.

References

1953 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Royal Danish Academy of Music alumni
Pupils of Per Nørgård
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Wayne Siegel


Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves of the peripheral nervous system suffer damage due to disease, trauma to the nerves or through side effects of a certain illness. The four patterns of this condition are polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, nononeuritis mp and autonomic nerve damage. The most common of these is polyneuropathy which affects the feet and legs. The actual forms may be broken down by causes. Losses of muscle bulk and muscle twitches may be seen. Damage to the sensory nerves may lead to numbness, strong tingling or burning pain that is described as electric-like, freezing and burning. Autonomic nerve damage leads to issues, such as hypertension, sexual troubles, bladder dysfunction and abnormal heart rate. Neuropathy can happen with or without the presence of diabetes mellitus.

Diseases and disorders of the nervous system

Peripheral neuropathy


Sukiyaki is a very popular one-pot meal in Japan. The main ingredient (or stuff) is thin sliced beef, and it is simmered in a skillet or pan in the sukiyaki sauce with many vegetables and other ingredients. The word "yaki" means "sautee" or "grill" in Japanese. The word is used because the beef in sukiyaki is sauteed in the hot skillet.

History
In Japan, because of religious beliefs people were forbidden to eat beef, venison, horse, mutton and other meat from Asuka era to Meizi era. issue of religion. Cattle and horse were also work animals, therefore if people eat cattle and horse meat, people were punished. This custom was publicly decided by the then emperor on April 1, 675. But it is said that the real intention of this custom was to raise cultivation of rice product. This is a commandment (or rule) of Buddhism. But difficulty in making a living meant that people secretly ate boar and venison meat. Over time  people ate beef secretly.

The first sukiyaki store opened in Kyoto at the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Meiji emperor ate beef. He liked taste of sukiyaki. After that, the emperor lifted the ban on eating beef. People were allowed to eat beef publicly. In the west it is called "Sukiyaki", in the east it is called "Gyunabe". It is popular all over Japan. Sukiyaki's contents do not change now. It is thinly sliced beef cooked in an iron pot, with bean curd, sliced onion, mushroom and other kinds of seasoning. Then the beef and vegetables are picked directly from the pan by chopstick and eaten by dipping them into a small bowl containing raw egg. Sukiyaki became symbol of cultural enlightenment.

Preparation
Each Japanese region has a preferred way of cooking sukiyaki. Japan can be divided into two regions. The big variation is between Kansai (western Japan) and Kanto (eastern Japan). In the Kanto (Tokyo) region, sukiyaki is based on Gyunabe that was in fashion in Meiji period. Before cooking sukiyaki, people prepare the soup stock mixing a seasonings (soy sauce, sugar, sake and mirin) together. They then stew beef in it.

In the Kansai region, people grill meat in the pan greased with lard. After that, they put the other ingredients over these, and the liquid is poured into the pan. They do not grill meat and the ingredients that make the meat tough, and they do not grill the meat and watery vegetables at a same time. This is the Kansai style of cooking sukiyaki.
The border between the styles of cooking sukiyaki is becoming unclear. Some people say that the border between eastern and western is in Aichi. But recently, ready-made stock, pre-mixed with seasoning used to flavor sukiyaki is sold all over Japan, so the border is no longer clear.

References

Other websites
JAPAN MEAT INFORMATION SERVICE CENTER in English
財団法人 日本食肉消費総合センター  in Japanese

Japanese food

Sukiyaki


Argentina is almost 3,700 km long from north to south, and 1,400 km from east to west (maximum values). It can be divided into three parts: the Pampas in the central part of the country, Patagonia in the southern part down to Tierra del Fuego; and the Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point located in the province of Mendoza. Cerro Aconcagua, at 6,960 metres (22,834 ft), is the Americas' highest mountain.

The most important rivers include the River Plate, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná.

Geography of Argentina


A plan view is an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object above the plane is omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper part of the walls may be left out. Basically, a plan view is just another name for the top view of a 3D object.

Architecture

Plan view


Consumer electronics, or home electronics, are electronic equipment intended for use by everyday use, typically in private homes.

Some categories of consumer electronics include telephones, audio equipment, televisions, calculators, home appliances and playback and recording of video media such as DVD or VHS.

Many consumer electronics have planned obsolescence, resulting in E-waste.

Electronics
Industries

Consumer electronics


Technopolis (Gazi) is an industrial museum and a major cultural venue of the City of Athens, Greece, in the neighborhood of Gazi, next to Keramikos and very close to the Acropolis. It is dedicated to the memory of the great Greek composer Manos Hatzidakis, which is why it is also known as "Gazi Technopolis Manos Hatzidakis". It has been in operation since 1999 and is situated in the city's former gasworks which were founded in 1857, occupying an area of about 30.000 m2. Numerous exhibitions, seminars, music concerts and other cultural activities take place in the grounds. Eight of the buildings of the compound bear the names of famous Greek poets: Andreas Embirikos, Angelos Sikelianos, Yannis Ritsos, Kostis Palamas, Takis Papatsonis, Constantine Cavafis and Kostas Varnalis. On the second floor of the Angelos Sikelianos building is a museum dedicated to the renowned opera singer Maria Callas.

Notes

External links

Official website
Gazi - Technopolis
Athens Info Guide
City of Athens - Technopolis Venues
City of Athens - Technopolis
The History of Gazi
Making gas from coal

Museums in Athens
Gas museums
Industry museums in Greece
1999 establishments in Greece
Gasworks

Technopolis (Gazi)


An improper rotation can be understood as an inversion followed by a proper rotation.

Equivalently it is the combination of a rotation and an inversion in a point on the axis. Therefore it is also called a rotoinversion or rotary inversion.

A simple example of an improper rotation in 3D (but not in 2D) is a coordinate inversion: x goes to −x, y to −y and z to −z. Under this transformation, a and b go to −a and −b (by the definition of a vector), but p clearly does not change. (It follows that any improper rotation multiplies p by −1 compared to the rotation's effect on a true vector.)

Geometry

Improper rotation


Adrianus Petit Coclico (1499 in Flanders – after September 1562 in Copenhagen) was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance.

Biography
Like many Renaissance composers, very little is known about Coclico's early life. He was raised Catholic but became a Protestant and left Flanders for Germany. The earliest known reference to him in official documents is at Wittenberg University in 1545, and though he later claimed to have been a pupil of Josquin des Prez and to have worked for Henry VIII, the French royal court, and the Pope, scholarship has not been able to substantiate any of these claims.

In 1546, Coclico applied for a position as chair of music at Wittenberg, composing a lost piece on a text by Philipp Melanchthon, and was denied the position. He married around this time, though his wife soon left him, and his attempts to have the union dissolved failed.

He then moved to Frankfurt an der Oder and founded a musicians' society with members of the circle of humanist Jodocus Willich. In poor financial straits, Coclico left Frankfurt for Stettin in 1547, where he was again denied a position; in September of that year he graduated from Königsberg University and entered into the service of the Duke of Prussia. Coclico was involved in religious disputes with Lutherans there and claimed to have been imprisoned on account of his religion. Nevertheless, he retained his post until 1550, at which time he was found to have sired a child with his housekeeper.

Coclico then moved to Nuremberg, where he taught students and had a collection of his motets, Consolationes piae, and a music theory treatise, Compendium musices, published by Johannes Berg in 1552. Nothing is known of his subsequent whereabouts until 1555, when records show he was in Schwerin; he had little luck finding work there and moved on to Wismar, where he held a position as a choirmaster for a short time. He lost this position after demanding too high a salary and moved to Copenhagen, where he became a singer and musician at the courts of Christian III and Marcellus Amersfortius. After the death of his wife, he remarried and disappears from the court record books in September 1562; it is assumed he died soon thereafter.

Works
Consolationes piae: musica reservata (41 motets, Nuremberg, 1552)
Disc bone clerices (4vv)
Nulla quidem virtus (5vv)
Si consurrexistis (8vv)
Venite exultemus Domino (5vv)

References
Dunning, Albert. "Adrianus Petit Coclico". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.

External links

1499 births
1560s deaths
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Flemish composers
16th-century Franco-Flemish composers
Renaissance composers
Dutch music theorists
University of Königsberg alumni

Adrianus Petit Coclico


A tentacle is a part of the body of an animal or plant that can move freely. They are like arms. Some invertebrates, like squid, sea anemones or hydras have them. They use the tentacles to catch food, or to grip the sourroundings. Some carnivorous plants, such as the Drosera, also may have tentacles.

Animal anatomy

Tentacle


Horst Köhler (born 22 February 1943) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union. He was President of Germany from 2004 to 2010. He was the candidate of the two Christian Democratic sister parties, the CDU and the CSU, and the liberal FDP, for becoming president. Köhler was elected to his first five-year term by the Federal Assembly on 23 May 2004. He was reelected to a second term on 23 May 2009. About one year later, on 31 May 2010, he resigned from his office in a controversy over his comment on the role of the Bundeswehr in light of a visit to the troops in Afghanistan.

Köhler is an economist by profession. Prior to his election as president, Köhler had a career in politics, the civil service and as a banking executive. He was President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1998 to 2000. He also served as the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2000 to 2004.

Although the office of President is less influential than that of the Chancellor and is mostly concerned with ceremonial matters, Köhler was a highly popular politician during his term. He has called for more influence for the President and has suggested the President should be directly elected. This was the case under Germany's Weimar Constitution.

Early life
Köhler was born in Skierbieszów (later named Heidenstein), in the General Government area of German-occupied Poland. He was the seventh child of Elisabeth and Eduard Köhler. His family were Bessarabian Germans from Rîşcani in Romanian Bessarabia (near Bălţi, present-day Moldova). Horst Köhler's parents had to leave their home in Bessarabia in 1940. As part of the Generalplan Ost, they were resettled in 1942 at Skierbieszów. This was a village near Zamość, Poland (then part of the General Government). When the Wehrmacht was pushed back during World War Two, the Köhler family fled to Leipzig. In 1953, they left the Soviet Zone to escape from the communist regime. The family lived in refugee camps until 1957. Then, they settled in Ludwigsburg. Horst Köhler hence spent most of his first 14 years as a refugee.

Studies and military service
A teacher proposed that the refugee boy should apply for the Gymnasium. Köhler took his Abitur in 1963. After a two-year military service at a Panzergrenadier battalion in Ellwangen, he left the Bundeswehr as reserve officer. He studied and finally earned a doctorate in economics and political sciences from University of Tübingen. There, he was a scientific research assistant at the Institute for Applied Economic Research from 1969 to 1976.

Career in the civil service
Köhler joined the civil service in 1976, when he was employed in the Federal Ministry of Economics. In 1981, he was employed in the Chancellery of the state government in Schleswig-Holstein. He served there under Prime Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg. In 1982, Köhler was made head of the Ministers office in the Federal Ministry of Finance. He rose to head of department in 1987, with responsibility for financial policy and federal industrial interests. In 1989, he became head of the department for currency and credit.

Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance
He is a member of the CDU since 1981. He was Secretary of State in the Federal Ministry of Finance from 1990 to 1993. In that capacity, he served as a "sherpa" (personal representative) for Chancellor Helmut Kohl, preparing  G7. He also served as the primary German negotiator in the Maastricht Treaty negotiations.

Career in banking 1993–2000
Between 1993 and 1998 he served as President of the association of savings banks in Germany. In 1998, he was appointed president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. He settled in London, where the headquarters of the bank is located.

Head of the International Monetary Fund

Köhler was appointed managing Director and Chairman of the executive board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2000. The government of Gerhard Schröder nominated him. This was because their first nominee, Caio Koch-Weser, was rejected by the United States.

He lived in Washington, D.C., from 2000 to 2004.

President of Germany

On 4 March 2004, Köhler resigned his positions, because he was nominated as presidential candidate. Köhler defeated Gesine Schwan on the first ballot by 604 votes to 580. 20 votes were cast for minor candidates, while one elector was absent because of a heart attack. Köhler succeeded Johannes Rau as president on 1 July 2004, for a five-year term. Germany's presidency is a largely ceremonial office. However, it is also invested with considerable moral authority. From 2004 until early 2006, Charlottenburg Palace was the seat of the President of Germany. This was because Schloss Bellevue has been renovated.

Upon his election, Köhler said that "Patriotism and being cosmopolitan are not opposites". Presenting his visions for Germany, Köhler also said that "Germany should become a land of ideas".

In July 2005, he suspended the Bundestag at Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's request. Schröder had lost a motion of confidence in the Bundestag. This led to early election for the Bundestag in September 2005.

In October 2006, he made a far-reaching decision by vetoing a bill. It would transfer Germany's Air Safety Administration Deutsche Flugsicherung into private ownership. The Bundestag passed this legislation but as president, Köhler was authorized to not sign it into law if, in his opinion, it contravenes the constitution. In December 2006, he did not sign the Consumer Information Law, because the constitution does not allow the federal government to instruct municipal authorities. This can only be done by the German states. There had only been six previous occasions when Germany's president had chosen to reject bills. In most instances less important legislation was involved. His vetoes were the first notable examples in recent German history.

In his 2007 Christmas address to the nation, Köhler urged the government to push ahead more quickly with reforms. He was also critical of the introduction of the minimum wage in the postal sector, stating that "a minimum wage that can not be paid by competitive employers destroys jobs".

On 22 May 2008, Köhler said, that he wants to be the candidate for a second term as president. On 23 May 2009, he was re-elected by the Federal Assembly, and was sworn into office for a second term on 1 July 2009.

In November 2009, Köhler refused to sign the "Zugangserschwerungsgesetz" (Access Impediment Act) into law without further information.  The law, which aims to make it more difficult to access sites on the World Wide Web with child pornography, is considered by many legal experts to be unconstitutional.

Resignation
On 31 May 2010, Köhler announced his resignation as President of Germany. This came after German politicians criticised comments made by Köhler in relation to overseas military deployments:

He came under criticism for his statement that Germany's military missions abroad also served to secure trade. He afterwards stated that his comments referred to piracy off the coast of Somalia. Köhler stated that there was no substance to accusations that in the interview he had overstepped his formal role by favouring an unconstitutional position. After getting no support in the dispute, Köhler stepped down on 31 May 2010. He made a statement saying "I declare my resignation from the Office of President, with immediate effect." The resignation was considered a "surprise". The following days he was criticized for not being able to handle criticism while being a rigorous critic himself. His unprecedented act of immediate resignation was also considered showing a lack of respect for his position.

As written down in the German constitution, the powers of the vacant office were executed by the current President of the Bundesrat, Jens Böhrnsen, until Christian Wulff was elected president on 30 June 2010.

Personal life
Horst Köhler is married to Eva Köhler, a teacher. They have two children, a daughter Ulrike (born in 1972) and a son Jochen (born in 1977). His daughter, who suffers from retinitis pigmentosa, became blind as a teenager. Horst Köhler is a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany.

References

Other websites

 Horst Köhler's Official Website
 Official page of the German President
 Biographical information (from the IMF)
 Horst Köhler's speech in Berlin upon his election as president (MP3)

1943 births
Living people
Managing Directors of the International Monetary Fund
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Refugees

Horst Köhler