This list of Russian biologists includes the famous biologists from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia. Biologists of all specialities may be listed here, including ecologists, botanists, zoologists, paleontologists, biochemists, physiologists and others.

Alphabetical list

A
Johann Friedrich Adam, discoverer of the Adams mammoth, the first complete woolly mammoth skeleton
Igor Akimushkin, biologist
Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii, paleontologist
Nicolai Andrusov, paleontologist
Andrey Avinoff, entomologist
Anatoly Andriyashev, ichthyologist, zoogeographist

B
Karl Ernst von Baer, naturalist, founder of the Russian Entomological Society, formulated embryological Baer's laws
Alexander Barchenko, notable for his research of Hyperborea
Jacques von Bedriaga, prominent herpetologist, described Bedriaga's rock lizard and Bedriaga's skink
Andrey Belozersky, founder of molecular biology
Dmitry Belyayev, domesticated silver fox
Lev Berg, ichthyologist of Central Asia and European Russia
Yuli Berkovich, experimented with seed germination in zero gravity
Nikolai Bernstein, neurophysiologist, coined the term biomechanics
Vladimir Betz, discovered giant pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex
Anatoli Petrovich Bogdanov, biologist
Andrey Bolotov, major 18th-century agriculturist, discovered dichogamy, pioneered cross-pollination
August von Bongard, botanist of Alaska, discoverer of Sitka spruce and red alder
Antonina Borissova, botanist
Zinaida Botschantzeva, botanist
Alexander Bunge, major botanist of Siberia (especially Altai)
Alexey Bystrow, paleontologist

C
Alexander Catsch, medical doctor and radiation biologist
Mikhail Chailakhyan, researcher of flowering, described the florigen hormone
Maria Cherkasova, ecologist
Evgeny Chernikin, biologist
Feodosy Chernyshov, paleontologist
Sergei Chetverikov, pioneer of modern evolutionary synthesis
Pyotr Chikhachyov, naturalist
Alexander Chizhevsky, founder of heliobiology and modern air ionification

D
Ilya Darevsky, biologist
Nikolay Dubinin, studied the genetic basis of the human individuality in different populations; studied variability and heritability of neuro, and psychodynamic parameters

E
Vladimir Efroimson, Soviet geneticist
Kirill Eskov, biologist, discovered several new genera of spiders
Eduard Eversmann, biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fauna of southern Russia

F
Andrey Famintsyn, plant physiologist, inventor of grow lamp, developer of symbiogenesis theory
Mikhail A. Fedonkin, paleontologist
Yuri Filipchenko, entomologist, coined the terms microevolution and macroevolution

G
Oleg Gazenko, zoologist
Johann Georg Gmelin, first researcher of Siberian flora
Vadim G. Gratshev, paleontologist
Viktor Grebennikov, naturalist and entomologist, claimed to have built a levitation platform by attaching dead insect body parts to the underside
Ilya Gruzinov, discovered the source for deep vocal sound is the membrane
Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, zoologist and geographer, obtained two Przewalski's horses and more than 1000 bird specimens from his travels in Central Asia
Alexander Gurwitsch, originated the morphogenetic field theory and discovered the biophoton

I
Ilya Ivanov, researcher of artificial insemination and the interspecific hybridization of animals, involved in controversial attempts to create a human-ape hybrid
Dmitry Ivanovsky, discoverer of viruses

J
Hans Johansen, zoologist
Hermann Johansen, zoologist

K

Georgii Karpechenko, inventor of rabbage, an early experimental allopolyploid and non-sterile hybrid obtained through crossbreeding of distant species
Karl Fedorovich Kessler, zoologist
Alexander Keyserling, zoologist
Nikolai Koltsov, discoverer of cytoskeleton
Vladimir Komarov, plant geographer, President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, founder of the Komarov Botanical Institute
Aleksei Alekseevich Korotnev, zoologist
Alexander Kovalevsky, embryologist, major researcher of gastrulation
Vladimir Kovalevsky, studied the effect of meteorological, hydrological, and temperature factors on harvest
Alexey Kondrashov, works on evolutionary genetics. Developed the deterministic mutation hypothesis explaining the maintenance of sexual reproduction, sympatric speciation, and evaluated mutation rates
Boris Kozo-Polyansky, botanist, and evolutionary biologist. First to support the theory of symbiogenesis with Darwinian evolution, and first director of The B.M. Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden of Voronezh State University.
August David Krohn, pioneer in marine biology and published essential works on Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
Peter Kropotkin zoologist
Ludmila Kuprianova, botanist
Andrei Kursanov, major physiologist and biochemist
Sergei Kurzanov, paleontologist
Nikolai Jakovlevice Kusnezov, entomologist

L
Alexander Lebedev, known for his work on the biochemical basis of behavior
Olga Lepeshinskaya, advocate of spontaneous generation
Ivan Lepyokhin, botanist
Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education, one of the founders of theoretical anatomy
Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky, botanist
Dmitry Litvinov, botanist
Trofim Lysenko, agronomist, developer of yarovization, infamous for lysenkoism

M
Evgeny Maleev, discoverer of Talarurus, Tarbosaurus, and Therizinosaurus
Karl Maximovich, pioneer researcher of the Far Eastern flora
Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocytosis, coined the term gerontology, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
Zhores Medvedev, biologist
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, botanist
Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, ethnologist
Sergei Mirkin, DNA researcher
Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov, entomologist
Mikhail Menzbier, major ornithologist, discoverer of the Menzbier's marmot
Konstantin Merezhkovsky, major lichenologist, developer of symbiogenesis theory, a founder of endosymbiosis theory
Ivan Michurin, pomologist, selectionist and geneticist, practiced crossing of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit cultivars
Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of permafrost on living beings, coined the term "radula", horse breeder
Victor Motschulsky, coleopterologist (researcher of beetles)
Dmitrii Mushketov, paleontologist

N
Sergei Navashin, discovered double fertilization
Alexander Mikhailovich Nikolsky, zoologist

O
Vladimir Obruchev, paleontologist
Sergey Ognev, for his work on mammalogy
Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of telomerase, suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere relations to cancer
Aleksandr Oparin, biologist and biochemist, proposed the "primordial soup" theory of life origin, showed that many food production processes are based on biocatalysis
Yuri Ovchinnikov, proponent of using molecular biology and genetics for creating new types of biological weapons

P
Heinz Christian Pander, embryologist, discoverer of germ layers
Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist and explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas's squirrel, and Pallas's gull
Vladimir Pasechnik, biologist
Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
Alexander Petrunkevitch, eminent arachnologist of his time. Described over 130 spider species
Nikolay Pirogov, founded field surgery. Was one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anaesthetic
Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain
Yevgenia Georgievna Pobedimova, botanist and plant collector, notably in Russia, Ukraine and North Asia
Maria Prokhorova, biologist and physiologist, did a research on gas gangrene during the Great Patriotic War
Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer and naturalist, brought vast collections from Central Asia, discovered the only extant species of wild horse

R
Tikhon Rabotnov, made ground breaking studies in the regeneration of natural plant communities
Leonty Ramensky, studied biotic communities
Alexandr Pavlovich Rasnitsyn, paleontologist
Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, discoverer of Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus
Vasiliy E. Ruzhentsev, paleontologist

S
Ivan Schmalhausen, developer of modern evolutionary synthesis
Leopold von Schrenck, ethnographer, zoologist, discovered the Amur sturgeon, Manchurian black water snake and Schrenck's bittern
Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II
Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology
Andrey Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, entomologist
Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov, paleontologist
Pyotr Shirshov, hydrobiologist, participant of many arctic expeditions including the first drifting ice station, North Pole-1, researched plankton in polar regions and proved there is life in high altitudes of the Arctic Ocean, founded and headed the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
Victor Shmidt, zoologist, leading Russian specialist in microscopic anatomy and embryology
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shmuk, studied the biochemistry of tobacco
Julian Simashko, zoologist
Norair Sisakian, biochemist, one of the founders of space biology, pioneer in biochemistry of sub-cell structures and technical biochemistry
Alexey Skvortsov, botanist
Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov, paleontologist
Alexander Spirin, made significant contributions to the biochemistry of nucleic acids, and protein biosynthesis
Yaroslav Starobogatov, zoologist
Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, discoverer of Steller's jay, Steller's eider, extinct Steller's sea cow and multiple other animals
Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier and first female full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Vladimir Sukachev, geobotanist

T
Armen Takhtajan, developer of Takhtajan system of flowering plant classification, major biogeographer
Valery Taliev,  the founder of concept of the role of man in the spreading of plants during Holocene, geobotanist
Aleksandr Tikhomirov, zoologist
Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll
Nikolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky, major researcher of radiation genetics, population genetics, and microevolution
Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel, mycologist, expert on rust fungi
Lev Tsenkovsky, pioneer researcher of the ontogenesis of lower plants and animals
Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography
Mikhail Voronin, major researcher of fungi and plant pathology

V
Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist, gathered the world's largest collection of plant seeds, identified the centres of origin of main cultivated plants
Vladimir Vernadsky, founded biogeochemistry, pioneered research into the noosphere
Olga Vinogradova, accomplished neuroscientist
Sergey Vinogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist, pioneered the biogeochemical cycle concept, discovered lithotrophy and chemosynthesis, invented the Winogradsky column for breeding of microorganisms
Roman Vishniac, biologist

W
Sergei Winogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle of life concept

Y
Gennady Yakovlev, botanist
Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded taphonomy

Z
Sviatoslav Zabelin, biologist, awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize
Sergey Zimov, creator of the Pleistocene Park
Nikolai Zograf, zoologist
Valeriy Zyuganov, formulated the concept of freshwater pearl mussel - Atlantic salmon symbiosis

See also

List of biologists
List of Russian physicians and psychologists
List of Russian explorers
List of Russian Earth scientists
List of Russian scientists
Science and technology in Russia

References

Biologists
Russian
Russian biologists

List of Russian biologists


Cobra is a  name of a snake and a girl cobra is called 'cobra Kai.' In English it is the common name for various venomous snakes. Most of those species are in the family Elapidae, and most of them can spread their neck ribs to form a flattened, widened hood.

The name "cobra" is short for cobra de capelo or cobra-de-capelo, which is Portuguese for "snake with hood", or "hood-snake".

Cobras usually live in tropical and desert regions of Asia and Africa. When feeling threatened, cobras can tilt back and flatten their heads into their warning posture. The rest of the time their heads are symmetrical and they look much like any other snakes.

Cobra may refer to:
 The genus Naja, the typical or "true" cobras (they raise the front part of the body and flatten their neck in a warning signal when alarmed). They are a group of elapids found in Africa and Asia. They include over 270 species, including Naja nivea, the Cape cobra, a medium-sized, highly venomous cobra which lives in biomes across southern Africa; Cleopatra's "asp" (the Egyptian cobra, Naja haje); and the Asiatic spectacled cobra Naja naja; and the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia.
 Spitting cobras, a subset of Naja species which squirt venom from their fangs in self-defence.

Most so-called, and all "true", species of cobras belong to the family Elapidae

References

Elapidae

Cobra


The 1948 Palestine War, also known as the War of Independence to Israelis (people from Israel), was a war between the new state of Israel, the east Israelian Arabs, and the other states around Israel. The war began in 1947 after the announcement (tell information) of the end of the British Mandate in Palestine (the British control of the region) and the separation of the land into two countries of the same size. By the end of the war in 1949, Israel had expanded (made bigger) its land beyond its given borders. The Arab state created in the UN Partition Plan (UN Separation Plan) never came into existence as its two largest parts of land, the Gaza Strip (small piece of land south of Palestine on the coast) and the West Bank (region east of Jerusalem and west of the Jordan River), went into the control of Egypt and Jordan one by one. The war continues to be an issue in the Middle East today. For Israelis, it shows the change from the Yishuv (the Jewish group in Palestine) to the state of Israel (even though the War of Independence took place). Other countries had to deal with the idea of loss and the difficulties of local diplomacy (arguments) caused by the creation of a special Jewish State in a highly Arab region. Palestinians remember the war as The Nakba (lit. Catastrophe (bad event), , al-Nakba), or the war that broke up a growing nation and pushed its people away.

Background

Jewish settlement
Beginning in 1881, European Jews began to move to Palestine in large numbers. These new immigrants mainly settled in the region under the banner of Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism. The goal of this nationalist movement was the creation of a Jewish state. Although at first friendly, relations between Arabs in Palestine and Jews from Europe became more bitter as the number of Jews moving grew.

Palestinian Nationalism and the Great Revolt
During World War One, Arabs and Jews were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. To weaken the Empire, her enemies (Britain and France), began to offer land to peoples in sections of the Empire for launching resistance to the Ottomans. This included offering Palestine to various Arab leaders (including the Husayn family of Saudi Arabia). At the same time, the British offered control of Palestine to a Jewish state that didn't yet exist. Although this action led to nothing, it still encouraged greater movement of Jews to Palestine as well as a fear of losing regional control for the Palestinians. In 1936, responding to the growing Jewish population, Palestinian Arabs led an armed revolt against the British and Jews in Palestine. The revolt, led by the mufti and head of the Arab Higher Committee Hajj Amin al-Husayni, was the first large-scale expression of a sense of Palestinian nationalism. Though it ended with the British and Jews putting down the revolt, the resulting White Paper of 1939 proved it had been an influential piece of resistance. Under the 1939 White Paper, Jews could only send a further 75,000 immigrants over 5 years and the goal of giving over Israel to Palestine. This situation, two cultures competing against each other for Palestine, continued to be the case throughout World War Two. At the end of that conflict, the British Mandate in Palestine was near ending and the peoples of the region wanted a solution to the issue.

UN Resolution
In 1947, the British gave the issue of competing peoples within Palestine to the United Nations. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine was tasked with fixing the issue of violence between the two groups and treating each side with fairness in the giving-out of land. On November 29, 1947, the Partition Plan was announced. Palestine would be divided into separate Jewish and Arab states of roughly equal size. Jerusalem would remain an independent city run by the UN. Finally, the British would leave the Mandate of Palestine by May 1948. At first, most of the international community supported the plan (including both the US and USSR) as well as the Yishuv. Palestinian Arabs, as well as the nations of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan (now Jordan) argued against the plan and pushed for a new one with an Arab state and a recognized Jewish minority. When that was not accepted, these nations moved for war by raising armies to fight the new state of Israel.

Armed forces

Jewish Community (Israel after May 15, 1948)
Given its recent status as a state, the Yishuv actually had one of the most well-organized and well-armed military forces in the region. This force fell under the control of the Haganah, a single state army and the army that would become the modern Israeli Defense Force (IDF)(the switch was made in late May 1948). By mid-May, the state of Israel had called up an army of 35,000. As the war continued into July, that number trended up to 65,000. At the end of the war, Israel had successfully brought up and armed 96,441 men to fight against the Palestinians and Arab nations. Additionally, Israel was unique for having a developed strategic plan and a simple command system. Under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion, the minister of defense, the state of Israel could count on a force with unified leadership and a plan.

Palestinian Forces
Unlike the Yishuv, the Palestinians had no unified force before the war began in late 1947. There were several paramilitary groups, but no single leader, structure or plan. Al-Husayni and the Arab Higher Committee tried to give the fighters a system. Yet, many disliked his leadership and did not think of the committee as the voice of Palestinians. Still, al-Husayni successfully created a rag-tag force known as the Holy War Army made up of new volunteers and paramilitary forces. This army and the other Palestinian fighters, however, lacked modern weapons and supplies. Though al-Husayni pushed the Arab League (a collection of majority Arab nations) for greater support and control to direct the course of the war, the League blocked him.

Arab League Forces
The nations of the Arab League that joined in the war against Israel were Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria (there was a smaller force from Saudi Arabia and Yemen under Egyptian command). Despite having the League to bind them, at the start of the war there was no single League commander. Each country mobilized its own force for its own goals. The force was thus not one League force but a collection of forces. The final force from the Arab League, the Arab Liberation Army, was a force of 4,000 volunteers from across the Middle East which worked out of Syria. While the nations of the Arab League surrounded Israel, they did so as different countries.

Objectives

Yishuv/Israel
Israel's objectives for the war were originally based on the Haganah's 1946 Plan and run by David Ben-Gurion. The plan called for the rapid build-up of forces to fight against what the army saw as the greatest threat: invasion from the many Arab states. By using the 1946 Plan, Ben-Gurion hoped to secure the land given to Israel in the UN Partition Plan. As the war went on, the goals changed slightly with the introduction in March 1948 of Plan Dalet (Plan D). Instead of simply holding the lands given to Israel, the plan now commanded Israel's forces to work remove Arabs from Jewish-controlled land, defend Jewish settlements in Arab Palestine, and to take Arab land at particular positions for a strategic advantage. A possible reason for the change is given by historian David Tal, who points out that it was probably a response to the stiffer resistance from Palestinians and a general desire to put Israeli forces in the most defensible positions. Yet, as Tal also points out, this strategic plan has never been without some controversy, particularly the part of the plan which forced Palestinian movement.

Palestine
The principal objective for the Palestinians, as expressed by the Arab Higher Committee, was the creation of a single Arab state in Palestine.

Transjordan/Jordan
While Transjordan outwardly agreed with the rest of the Arab League in creating an Arab state in Palestine, that seems to have not been Transjordan's ultimate goal. According to the records of Transjordan, King Abdullah, Transjordan's Hashemite (royal family) monarch, was interested in using the war as an excuse to put Palestinian Arabs under Jordanian control. This would then put him into a position to seize Syria and create a Greater Syria. This means that Transjordan's objectives were seemingly in opposition to those Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and the Palestinians themselves.

Syria and Egypt
Like Transjordan, both Syria and Egypt supported creating a single Arab state in Palestine. Their reasoning, however, was more about stopping the spread of Jordanan, who both nations feared (should Transjordan take the region).

Course of the War

Phase 1: The Civil War
The first part of the conflict pitted the Yishuv's forces against those of the Palestinian's Arab Higher Committee. The civil war began with three days of strikes on November 30, 1947. It then changed into a guerrilla campaign against Jewish supply trucks. In January 1948, the Arab Liberation Army entered Palestine. This stiff resistance caused the Israelis to adapt their plan and to introduce Plan Dalet. On April 5th, the Haganah launched Operation Nahshon, a fifteen-day operation to secure routes to Jerusalem by seizing hills along the main roads. After the success of Operation Nahshon and smaller Jewish offensives, Palestinian resistance began to fall apart.

Phase 2: The Arab League countries invade
The second part of the war began with the invasion of Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Syria in May 1948. Each invasion force basically entered Palestine on the nearest border. Fighting in the West Bank and around Jerusalem dominated this phase of the war. Jewish forces moved into Jerusalem to secure the western section of the city. To shore up this position, Israeli forces also tried to take Latrun, a hill to the north of Jerusalem. This proved unsuccessful. In other areas, the Israelis found greater success. Two Egyptian forces, one moving along the coast and the other across the Negev towards Jerusalem, were both halted. The Iraqi force was pushed back. Though Syrian and Lebanese forces made an advance into Israeli territories, Israelis made counter advances into Syrian and Lebanese territory. Fighting was brought to an end by a UN truce on June 11.

Phase 3: Israeli Push Against Transjordans
On July 9th, the Israelis launched a new series of operations against the Jordanians in the West Bank. The hope was to end the conflict in this front against what Israelis considered to be the most well-trained and armed Arab army, Transjordan's Arab Legion. The offensives were largely a success and although other Arab nations tried to take advantage of Israel's focus on the West Bank, their advances were small. This phase of the war ended with another truce on July 18, 1948.

Phase 4: Israeli push against Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon
With the Jordanians stuck in the West Bank, Israelis launched two more offensives on October 15th. These forced Egyptian forces out of the Negev Desert and pushed back Syrian and Lebanese forces into their own countries. Following these last offensives, the military part of the war ended. Still, it would take until January 7, 1949 for Israel to complete signing treaties with each warring nation.

Results
Through the war, Israel gained a large amount of land. While the original separation lines gave about equal land to Jewish and Arab states, the treaty lines of 1949 gave Israel a much larger state, limiting Arab-controlled land to the small Gaza strip and a smaller West Bank (than in 1947. Yet, these were not controlled by any Palestinian government. Instead, Egypt controlled the small Gaza Strip while Jordan controlled the West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem.
An additional aspect to the aftermath of the war was the Palestinian refugee crisis. By the end of the war, there were approximately 720,000 refugees living in camps in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Although much of this can be attributed to war-time fear, some historians, like James Gelvin, assert that Israeli policy in Plan Dalet partially contributed to this crisis. The policy, which encouraged Israeli forces to seize Arab property in Jewish territory, exacerbated the refugee issue. As of 2015, the right of these refugees to return to their former homes or to receive reparations remains uncertain.

Notes

Bibliography

1947 in Asia
1948 in Asia
1949 in Asia
1940s in Egypt
Arab–Israeli conflict
20th century in Jordan
History of Palestine
Wars involving Egypt
Wars involving Iraq
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Lebanon
Wars involving Syria
Wars of independence
1940s in Israel
1940s conflicts

1947–1949 Palestine war


A tip (also called a gratuity) is an amount of money given as gratitude to somebody who has provided a service. It is normally in addition to any fee that is charged. It is a custom in many societies. For example, after people finish eating dinner at a restaurant, even after they have paid the bill for the food, they leave some extra money on the table to thank the server.

Tipping and the amount of money that people give as tips varies between countries. In some locations tipping is discouraged and considered insulting. In other locations tipping is expected from customers. The tip can be a specific range of money or a percentage of the bill, such as 15 percent or 20 percent. In some circumstances, such as with government workers in some areas, giving tips is against the law. Some restaurants charge a service charge and add it onto the bill. In this case, you do not have to leave a tip. For many service workers, like servers, bartenders, and taxi drivers, tips are an important part of their income.

Income

Tipping


Ruffano (Salentino: ) is a town and comune in the province of Lecce, located in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

Main sights
Mother church of Natività della Beata Maria Vergine (1706–1713)
Church of Madonna del Carmine, built in the 16th century above a Byzantine cave church from the 12th century
Castello Brancaccio, a castle overlooking the town (1626)
Crucifix Crypt, near the boundary with Casarano
Grotta della Trinità ("Trinity Grotto"), used since Neolithic times. Starting from the 9th century, it housed a community of hermit monks and in the 11th century, it was turned into a religious place, as testified by remains of Byzantine frescoes.

References

Cities and towns in Apulia
Localities of Salento

Ruffano


Dallas McKinley Williams (born February 28, 1958), is a former professional baseball outfielder and coach. He played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball with the Baltimore Orioles and Cincinnati Reds, and one season in Nippon Professional Baseball in 1988. Since 1989, he has been a baseball coach at various minor league levels, including serving as first base coach for the Colorado Rockies and Boston Red Sox. He is currently the hitting coach for the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican Baseball League.

Playing career
Williams was selected by the Orioles with the 20th pick in the first round of the 1976 Major League Baseball Draft. He played for several years in their minor league system, but only had one brief cup of coffee at the major league level in 1981, when he went 1-for-2 in 2 games. Earlier in 1981, Williams played in the longest game in professional baseball history, Rochester's 3-2 33-inning loss at Pawtucket. Williams went 0-for-13 in the game. Williams' 0-13 line is also a record in futility in any single professional baseball game.

The following spring, the Orioles traded Williams to the Reds along with another minor leaguer in exchange for catcher Joe Nolan. Williams got a slightly more extended shot with Cincinnati, playing in 18 games in September, 1983, but he managed just 2 hits in 36 at bats. The following spring, Williams was traded to the Detroit Tigers, and from there he bounced around the minors for several more years. Following a season in Japan for the Hankyu Braves, Williams retired at the end of the 1988 season.

Coaching career
In 1989, Williams' coaching career began with the Kinston Indians. He spent the next several years as a roving minor league instructor for the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox organizations, then returned to coaching at various minor league levels. In 2000, Williams secured his first coaching job at the major league level, serving as first base coach for the Rockies for three seasons. After spending 2003 as first base coach for the Boston Red Sox, Williams once again returned to coaching in the minors. He served as third base coach for the Gary SouthShore RailCats of the Northern League in 2010, but stepped down prior to the 2011 season. He is always a welcomed guest instructor at the New York Baseball Academy. Williams' was hired as the hitting coach for the EDA Rhinos 2013-2015 and picked up a new contract with Brother Elephants 2016–Present, also of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (Taiwan).

References

External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota

1958 births
Living people
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baltimore Orioles players
Boston Red Sox coaches
Bluefield Orioles players
Charlotte O's players
Cincinnati Reds players
Colorado Rockies (baseball) coaches
Evansville Triplets players
Gary SouthShore RailCats coaches
Hankyu Braves players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Expos players
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball outfielders
Miami Orioles players
Minor league baseball coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Rochester Red Wings players
Baseball players from Brooklyn
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
EDA Rhinos coaches
EDA Rhinos managers
American expatriate baseball people in Taiwan

Dallas Williams


Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recognise that each other shares the same communion and the same essential doctrines. That does not mean that there would be no differences at all between them.

The meaning of full communion is different in, on the one hand, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian theology, and, on the other hand, in the theology of other Western Christians.

The Roman Catholic Church (which follows the so-called Latin Rite) is in full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church, for example. The Chaldean Catholic Church follows the East Syrian tradition. In other words: Both churches celebrate mass differently, but they agree completely on all ideas.
The Roman Catholic Church is in partial communion with the Protestant Churches. There are many things both Churches agree on; but in some things they are different; As an example: a Catholic priest can forgive sins; a Protestant priest cannot.

All the Eastern Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Oriental Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Churches in the Union of Utrecht are in full communion with the Anglican Church

Related pages
Communion (Christian)

References

Christian terminology
Church organization

Full communion


Henry Archibald Hertzberg Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922) was an Australian writer and bush poet. Along with his contemporary Banjo Paterson, Lawson is among the best-known Australian poets and fiction writers of the colonial period and is often called Australia's "greatest short story writer".

A vocal nationalist and republican, Lawson regularly contributed to The Bulletin, and many of his works helped popularise the Australian vernacular in fiction. He wrote prolifically into the 1890s, after which his output declined, in part due to struggles with alcoholism and mental illness. At times destitute, he spent periods in Darlinghurst Gaol and psychiatric institutions. After he died in 1922 following a cerebral haemorrhage, Lawson became the first Australian writer to be granted a state funeral.

He was the son of the poet, publisher and feminist Louisa Lawson.

Family and early life

Henry Lawson was born 17 June 1867 in a town on the Grenfell goldfields of New South Wales. His father was Niels Hertzberg Larsen, a Norwegian-born miner.  Niels Larsen went to sea at 21 and arrived in Melbourne in 1855 to join the gold rush, along with partner William Henry John Slee. Lawson's parents met at the goldfields of Pipeclay (now Eurunderee, Locality Mudgee). Niels and Louisa Albury (1848–1920) married on 7 July 1866 when he was 32 and she 18. On Henry's birth, the family surname was Anglicised and Niels became Peter Lawson. The newly married couple were to have an unhappy marriage.  Louisa, after family-raising, took a significant part in women's movements, and edited a women's paper called The Dawn (published May 1888 to July 1905). She also published her son's first volume, and around 1904 brought out a volume of her own, Dert and Do, a simple story of 18,000 words. In 1905 she collected and published her own verses, The Lonely Crossing and other Poems. Louisa likely had a strong influence on her son's literary work in its earliest days. Peter Lawson's grave (with headstone) is in the little private cemetery at Hartley Vale, New South Wales, a few minutes' walk behind what was Collitt's Inn.

Lawson attended school at Eurunderee from 2 October 1876 but experienced an ear infection around this time. It left him with partial deafness and by the age of fourteen he had lost his hearing entirely. However, his master John Tierney was kind and did all he could for Lawson, who was quite shy. Lawson later attended a Catholic school at Mudgee, New South Wales around 8 km away; the master there, Mr Kevan, would teach Lawson about poetry. Lawson was a keen reader of Dickens and Marryat and Australian novels such as Marcus Clarke's For the Term of His Natural Life (1874) and Rolf Boldrewood's Robbery Under Arms (1882); an aunt had also given him a volume by Bret Harte. Reading became a major source of his education because, due to his deafness, he had trouble learning in the classroom.

In 1883, after working on building jobs with his father in the Blue Mountains, Lawson joined his mother in Sydney at her request. Louisa was then living with Henry's sister and brother. At this time, Lawson was working during the day and studying at night for his matriculation in the hopes of receiving a university education. However, he failed his exams. Lawson lived in a boarding house along William Street and wrote a poem titled William Street. Lawson also spent time in Newcastle at the Wickham School of Arts while working for the Hudson Brothers branch railway workshops. He remarked that he "haunted the School of Arts, still with an idea of learning before it was too late." At around 20 years of age Lawson went to the eye and ear hospital in Melbourne but nothing could be done for his deafness.

In 1890 he began a relationship with Mary Gilmore. She writes of an unofficial engagement and Lawson's wish to marry her, but it was broken by his frequent absences from Sydney. The story of the relationship is told in Anne Brooksbank's play All My Love.

In 1896, Lawson married Bertha Bredt, Jr., daughter of Bertha Bredt, the prominent socialist. The marriage ended very unhappily. Bertha filed for divorce and in her affidavit she stated:

A judicial separation was granted and was declared in June 1903. They had two children, son Jim (Joseph) and daughter Bertha.

Poetry and prose writing

Henry Lawson's first published poem was 'A Song of the Republic' which appeared in The Bulletin, 1 October 1887; his mother's republican friends were an influence. This was followed by 'The Wreck of the Derry Castle' and then 'Golden Gully.' Prefixed to the former poem was an editorial note:

Lawson was 20 years old, not 17.

In 1890-1891 Lawson worked in Albany. He then received an offer to write for the Brisbane Boomerang in 1891, but he lasted only around 7–8 months as the Boomerang was soon in trouble. While in Brisbane he contributed to William Lane's Worker; he later angled for an editorial position with the similarly named Worker of Sydney, but was unsuccessful. He returned to Sydney and continued to write for the Bulletin which, in 1892, paid for an inland trip where he experienced the harsh realities of drought-affected New South Wales. He also worked as a roustabout in the woolshed at Toorale Station. This resulted in his contributions to the Bulletin Debate and became a source for many of his stories in subsequent years. Elder writes of the trek Lawson took between Hungerford and Bourke as "the most important trek in Australian literary history" and says that "it confirmed all his prejudices about the Australian bush. Lawson had no romantic illusions about a 'rural idyll'." As Elder continues, his grim view of the outback was far removed from "the romantic idyll of brave horsemen and beautiful scenery depicted in the poetry of Banjo Paterson".

Lawson's most successful prose collection is While the Billy Boils, published in 1896. In it he "continued his assault on Paterson and the romantics, and in the process, virtually reinvented Australian realism". Elder writes that "he used short, sharp sentences, with language as raw as Ernest Hemingway or Raymond Carver. With sparse adjectives and honed-to-the-bone description, Lawson created a style and defined Australians: dryly laconic, passionately egalitarian and deeply humane." Most of his work focuses on the Australian bush, such as the desolate "Past Carin'", and is considered by some to be among the first accurate descriptions of Australian life as it was at the time. "The Drover's Wife" with its "heart-breaking depiction of bleakness and loneliness" is regarded as one of his finest short stories. It is regularly studied in schools and has often been adapted for film and theatre.

Lawson was a firm believer in the merits of the sketch story, commonly known simply as 'the sketch,' claiming that "the sketch story is best of all." Lawson's Jack Mitchell story On the Edge of a Plain is often cited as one of the most accomplished examples of the sketch.

Like the majority of Australians, Lawson lived in a city, but had had plenty of experience in outback life, in fact, many of his stories reflected his experiences in real life. In Sydney in 1898 he was a prominent member of the Dawn and Dusk Club, a bohemian club of writer friends who met for drinks and conversation.

Later years

In 1903 he bought a room at Mrs Isabel Byers' Coffee Palace in North Sydney. This marked the beginning of a 20-year friendship between Mrs Byers and Lawson. Despite his position as the most celebrated Australian writer of the time, Lawson was deeply depressed and perpetually poor. He lacked money due to unfortunate royalty deals with publishers. His ex-wife repeatedly reported him for non-payment of child maintenance. He was gaoled at Darlinghurst Gaol for drunkenness, wife desertion, child desertion, and non-payment of child support seven times between 1905 and 1909, for a total of 159 days and recorded his experience in the haunting poem "One Hundred and Three" (his prison number) which was published in 1908. He refers to the prison as "Starvinghurst Gaol" because of the meagre rations given to the inmates.

At this time, Lawson became withdrawn, alcoholic, and unable to carry on the usual routine of life.

Mrs Byers (née Ward) was an excellent poet herself and, although of modest education, had been writing vivid poetry since her teens in a similar style to Lawson's. Long separated from her husband and elderly, Mrs Byers was, at the time she met Lawson, a woman of independent means looking forward to retirement. Byers regarded Lawson as Australia's greatest living poet, and hoped to sustain him well enough to keep him writing. She negotiated on his behalf with publishers, helped to arrange contact with his children, contacted friends and supporters to help him financially, and assisted and nursed him through his mental and alcohol problems. She wrote countless letters on his behalf and knocked on any doors that could provide Henry with financial assistance or a publishing deal.

It was in Mrs Isabel Byers' home that Henry Lawson died, of a cerebral hemorrhage, in Abbotsford, Sydney in 1922. He was given a state funeral. His death registration on the NSW Births, Deaths & Marriages index is ref. 10451/1922 and was recorded at the Petersham Registration District. It shows his parents as Peter and Louisa.  His funeral was attended by the Prime Minister Billy Hughes and the (later) Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang (who was the husband of Lawson's sister-in-law Hilda Bredt), as well as thousands of citizens.  He is interred at Waverley Cemetery Lawson was the first person to be granted a New South Wales state funeral (traditionally reserved for Governors, Chief Justices, etc.) on the grounds of having been a 'distinguished citizen'.

Honours and legacy

A bronze statue of Lawson accompanied by a swagman, a dog and a fencepost (reflecting his writing) stands in The Domain, Sydney. The Henry Lawson Memorial committee raised money through public donation to commission the statue by sculptor George Washington Lambert in 1927. The work was unveiled on 28 July 1931 by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Philip Game.

In 1949 Lawson was the subject of an Australian postage stamp.

Lawson's "The Drover's Wife" short story was featured on a 1991 $1.20 stamp, and a 2017 $1.00 stamp, both from Australia Post.

In 2017 Lawson was again featured on two Australian postage stamps, one featuring Mitchell: A Character Sketch and the other The Drover's Wife and family, including dog, pitted against the snake.

He was featured on the first (paper) Australian ten-dollar note issued in 1966 when decimal currency was first introduced into Australia. Lawson was pictured against scenes from the town of Gulgong in NSW. This note was replaced by a polymer note in 1993; the polymer series had different people featured on the notes.

Lawson's treatment (or lack thereof) of Aboriginal Australians in his work has been criticised and debated. Author Ryan Butta writes that there are some "glaring omissions" in Lawson's writings about Bourke, in particular the Afghan cameleers who were there at the time, and being written about in local newspapers, and who were responsible for opening up the interior of the continent.

Henry Lawson Festivals
Currently the NSW towns of Gulgong and Grenfell both host Henry Lawson Festivals, with the Grenfell Festival also incorporating a literary competition.

Bibliography

Collections

 Short Stories in Prose and Verse (1894) - short stories, prose, poetry
 While the Billy Boils (1896) - short stories
 In the Days When the World was Wide and Other Verses (1896) - poetry
 Verses, Popular and Humorous (1900) - poetry
 On the Track (1900) - short stories
 Over the Sliprails (1900) - short stories
 On the Track, and, Over the Sliprails (1900) - short stories
 Popular Verses (1900) - poetry
 Humorous Verses (1900) - poetry
 The Country I Come From (1901) - short stories
 Joe Wilson and His Mates (1901) - short stories
 Children of the Bush (1902) - short stories, prose, poetry
 When I Was King and Other Verses (1905) - poetry
 The Elder Son (1905) - poetry
 When I Was King (1905) - poetry
 The Romance of the Swag (1907) - short stories, prose
 Send Round the Hat (1907) - short stories
 The Skyline Riders and Other Verses (1910) - poetry
 The Rising of the Court and Other Sketches in Prose and Verse (1910) - short stories, prose, poetry
 For Australia and Other Poems (1913) - poetry
 Triangles of Life and Other Stories (1913) - short stories
 My Army, O, My Army! and Other Songs (1915) - poetry
 Song of the Dardanelles and Other Verses (1916) - poetry
 Selected Poems of Henry Lawson (1918) - poetry

Posthumous collections

 Poems of Henry Lawson (1973)
 The Best of Henry Lawson for Young Australians (1973)
 The Drover's Wife and Other Stories (1974)
 The World of Henry Lawson (1974)
 The Poems of Henry Lawson (1975)
 Poems of Henry Lawson : Volume Two (1975)
 Favourite Stories (1976)
 Henry Lawson : favourite verse (1978)
 Henry Lawson Poems (1979)
 Henry Lawson's Mates : The Complete Stories of Henry Lawson (1979)
 The Essential Henry Lawson : The Best Works of Australia's Greatest Writer (1982)
 A Camp-Fire Yarn: Henry Lawson Complete Works 1885-1900 (1984)
 A Fantasy of Man: Henry Lawson Complete Works 1901-1922 (1984)
 Henry Lawson Favourites (1984)
 Henry Lawson, The Master Story-Teller : Prose Writings (1984)
 The Penguin Henry Lawson Short Stories (1986)
 The Songs of Henry Lawson (1989)
 The Roaring Days (1994) (aka The Henry Lawson Collection Vol. 1)
 On the Wallaby Track (1994) (aka The Henry Lawson Collection Vol. 2)

Popular poems, short stories and sketches

 "A Song of the Republic" (poem, 1887)
 "Australian Loyalty" (essay, 1887)
 "Faces in the Street" (poem, 1888)
 "Andy's Gone with Cattle" (poem, 1888)
 "United Division" (essay, 1888)
 "The Roaring Days" (poem, 1889)
 "The Teams" (poem, 1889)
 "A Neglected History" (essay)
 "The Song of Old Joe Swallow" (poem, 1890)
 "Freedom on the Wallaby" (poem, 1891)
 "The Babies of Walloon" (poem, 1891)
 "The Bush Undertaker" (short story, 1892)
 "The City Bushman" (poem, 1892)
 "Up The Country" (poem, 1892)
 "The Grog-an'-Grumble Steeplechase" (poem, 1892)
 "The Drover's Wife" (short story, 1892)
 "Saint Peter" (poem, 1893)
 "The Union Buries Its Dead" (short story, 1893)
 "Steelman's Pupil" (short story, 1895)
 "The Geological Spieler" (short story, 1896)
 "The Iron-Bark Chip" (short story, 1900)
 "The Loaded Dog" (short story, 1901)
 "A Child in the Dark, and a Foreign Father" (short story, 1902)
 "Triangles of Life, and other stories" (short stories, 1916)
 "Scots of the Riverina" (poem, 1917)

Recurring characters

 Joe Wilson
 "Brighten's Sister-in-law"
 "A Double Buggy at Lahey Creek"
 "Water Them Geraniums"
 "Joe Wilson's Courtship"
 Jack Mitchell
 "Mitchell: A Character Sketch"
 "On the Edge of a Plain"
 "'Some Day'"
 "Shooting The Moon"
 "Our Pipes"
 "Bill, the Ventriloquial Rooster"
 "Enter Mitchell"
 "Mitchell Doesn't Believe in the Sack"
 "Another of Mitchell's Plans"
 Steelman and Smith
 "The Geological Spieler"
 "Steelman's Pupil"
 "An Oversight of Steelman's"
 "How Steelman told his Story"
 "A Gentleman Sharper and Steelman Sharper"
 Dave Regan, Jim Bently and/or Andy Page
 "The Loaded Dog"
 "The Iron-Bark Chip"
 "Andy Page's Rival"
 "The Mystery of Dave Regan"
 "Poisonous Jimmy Gets Left"
 Brummy Hewson

Lawson in popular culture
 While the Billy Boils by Beaumont Smith
 Trooper Campbell by Raymond Longford
 Taking his Chance by Raymond Longford
 Bulletin Debate
 Recording of Henry Lawson's works by actor Jack Thompson
The Drover's Wife: The Legend of Molly Johnson: a play, novel and film by Leah Purcell
Lawson by John Schumann

Notes

References

 Elder, Bruce (2008) "In Lawson's Tracks" in Griffith Review (19): 93–95, 113–115, Autumn 2008
 Falkiner, Suzanne (1992) Wilderness (The Writers' Landscape), Sydney, Simon & Schuster

Further reading

 Clark, Manning (1978). In Search of Henry Lawson. Melbourne. The MacMillan Company of Australia Pty. Ltd.
 Ollif, Lorna (1978). 'Louisa Lawson - Henry Lawson's Crusading Mother'. Rigby Limited.

External links

 Works by Henry Lawson at Project Gutenberg Australia

 Page of Henry Lawson at Poeticous.com

 Henry Lawson - Essays, Short Stories and Verse Collections
 Henry Lawson and Louisa Lawson Online Chronology
 Jack Thompson reads The Poems of Henry Lawson
 Lawson, Henry (1867-1922) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Henry Lawson
 Poetry Archive: 125 poems of Henry Lawson
 The Drover's Wife at jbrowley.com

1867 births
1922 deaths
Australian people of Norwegian descent
Australian male short story writers
Writers from New South Wales
19th-century Australian poets
20th-century Australian poets
Australian male poets
Australian nationalists
Australian republicans
19th-century Australian short story writers
19th-century male writers
Deaf poets
Beggars
Burials at Waverley Cemetery
20th-century Australian short story writers
Australian deaf people
20th-century Australian male writers
Colony of New South Wales people

Henry Lawson


The Warren Bridge connected downtown Boston, Massachusetts with Charlestown from its construction in the 1820s until its demolition in 1962.  It was replaced by the Charles River Dam in 1978.

The Warren Bridge was requested in 1823 and chartered in 1828 by John Skinner and Isaac Warren, in response to the politically unpopular tolls on the 1786 Charles River Bridge. Its proprietors were authorized to collect tolls until they were reimbursed the cost of building the bridge and the other necessary expenses, with five per cent interest thereon, when the bridge was to revert to the Commonwealth. They were expressly limited from taking tolls for a longer period than six years.

The bridge opened for travel on December 25, 1828. It connected Beverly Street in the North End of Boston to the then-independent city of Charlestown at City Square.  The Charles River Bridge also terminated at City Square, with the Boston side at Charlestown Street (now North Washington Street, the site of the current Charlestown Bridge).  This prompted a lawsuit, in which Daniel Webster served as attorney for the Charles River Bridge proprietors, which eventually reached the United States Supreme Court as Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge.

The Commonwealth in 1833, assumed the control of the bridge, and tolls were received to its use until April, 1836, when the bridge was declared free. The Warren Bridge devolved to a state-owned, toll-free bridge on March 2, 1836. The receipts from tolls charged by the State on the Charles River Bridge and Warren Bridge, were sufficient to establish a fund of $850,000; and on the 1st December, 1843, the bridges were declared free, and so remained until June 1, 1854, when the income of the fund being found insufficient to sustain the bridges, and a large portion of the principal having been expended, tolls were again imposed on both bridges, to continue until a sufficient sum should be received to rebuild the Charles River Bridge, and repair the Warren Bridge, and to leave in the treasury of the Commonwealth a fund of $100,000 for the future maintenance and repair of the bridges. This was accomplished in 1858, and since April 30, 1858, both bridges were free.

References

Sources
 Ordinances and rules and orders of the city of Boston: together with the general and special statutes of the Massachusetts legislature relating to the city, Alfreid Mudge & Son, printers, Boston, 1869, pages 71–73.

External links

 1928 photos

Bridges in Boston
Road bridges in Massachusetts
Former toll bridges in Massachusetts
Bridges over the Charles River

Warren Bridge


Kirthar National Park is in Kirthar Mountains range. It is second biggest National Parks of Pakistan, the Hingol National Park being the biggest. It is also the first National Park from Pakistan to be included in the 1975 United Nation's list of National Parks around the world.

National parks in Pakistan

Kirthar National Park


The Rolling Stones are an English rock band that formed in London in 1962. The band members were: Mick Jagger (rhythm guitar and vocals), Keith Richards (lead and rhythm guitar and vocals), Brian Jones (lead guitar), and Bill Wyman (bass guitar). The band has been influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Howlin' Wolf,  Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters. In the beginning they had their first hits with covers versions of songs of those artists. Along with the Beatles and the Kinks, they helped to lead the British Invasion of the early to mid 1960s.

Their fame rose quickly in 1965 with the song "The Last Time." The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" became a world-wide hit for the band. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the 1967 they experimented with a psychedelic music style. But in 1968 they went back to a harder rock style with songs like "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Honky Tonk Women."

In 1969, Brian Jones was fired from the band due to his growing drug addictions. A few weeks later Jones was found dead in his swimming pool. A highly respected young blues guitarist named Mick Taylor was named as his replacement. Taylor played on some of the band's most successful songs of the late 1960s and early 1970s including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock n' Roll." Taylor left the band in 1974. Ronnie Wood was hired as Taylor's replacement and he has been with the band ever since. Long time bassist Bill Wyman retired from the band in 1992.

The band remained active as a consistently successful recording and touring act throughout the 1980s and 1990s and into the 2000s. In total they have released 30 studio albums, 33 live albums 121 singles, 29 compilation albums, 32 box sets, 48 video albums and 77 music videos.

In 1989 The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. And in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."

In 2013 the group performed on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival for the first time.

The Rolling Stones member Charlie Watts died in 2021.

Notable LP-albums
 England's Newest Hit Makers (1964)
 12 X 5 (1964)
 The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965)
 Out of Our Heads (1965)
 December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965)
 Aftermath (1966)
 Between the Buttons (1967)
 Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967)
 Beggars Banquet (1968)
 Let It Bleed (1969)
 Sticky Fingers (1971)
 Exile on Main St. (1972)
 Goats Head Soup (1973)
 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
 Black and Blue (1976)
 Some Girls (1978)
 Emotional Rescue (1980)
 Tattoo You (1981)
 Undercover (1983)
 Dirty Work (1986)
 Steel Wheels (1989)
 Voodoo Lounge (1994)
 Bridges to Babylon (1997)
 A Bigger Bang (2005)
 Blue and Lonesome (2016)
 Hackney Diamonds (2023)

References

Other websites
Hear the Rolling Stones on the Pop Chronicles

1960s British music groups
1962 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2020s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from London

The Rolling Stones


In biology, a species (plural: species) is ane o the basic units o biological classification an a taxonomic rank. A species is aften defined as the lairgest group o organisms that can interbreed an producin fertile affspring. While, in mony cases, this defineetion is adequate, the difficulty o definin species is kent as the species problem. Differin measures is aften uised, lik similarity o DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. Presence o specific locally adaptit traits mey forder subdivide species intae "infraspecific taxa" lik subspecies (an in botany ither taxa is uised, lik varieties, subvarieties, an formae).

Biological concepts
Biology terminology
Species
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Species


A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for locomotives and multiple units operated by British Railways (BR), and this page explains the principal systems. This section also covers the post-privatisation period, as the broad numbering and classification arrangements have not altered since the break-up of BR.

Related pages
For further information on individual classes of locomotive or multiple unit, see these pages:
 List of British Rail classes
 Steam locomotives of British Railways
 Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
 Locomotives of the Southern Railway
 Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
 Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway

Related pages on BR numbering and classification include:
 British Rail TOPS first arrangement
 British Rail Regional Multiple Unit Numbering
 British Carriage and Wagon Numbering and Classification
 Route availability

British Rail
Locomotive classification systems

British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification


GIS may stand for Geographic Information Sciences or for Geographic Information System. These are two different but related things in geography. The Geographic Information Sciences include many fields of knowledge that help to understand geographic information while a Geographic Information System is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data and allow for the study of "layers" of geographic information.

GIS also known as geographic information system is a computer system made for capturing and displaying positions on the earth's surface and portraying data in many different ways on maps.  Its main job is to help in analyzing groups of data and in finding correlations or patterns.  For example a map could use GIS to find out the amount of rubbish in one area, and also include how many factories and types of factories are in that area.

GIS can store information about a location and help provide knowledge on many different topics in a location.  Users can specify a place via latitude and longitude, postal code or address.  Then GIS can provide information about the people in that area including: income, population and education levels.  It can also tell about physical things such as soil types, vegetation, water sources, manmade structures like buildings and roads.

Acronyms
Branches of geography

GIS


Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck (née Galton, 25 November 1778 – 29 August 1856) was a British writer in the anti-slavery movement.

Early life
Born at Birmingham, she was eldest child of Samuel "John" Galton and his wife, Lucy Barclay. Both parents were members of the Society of Friends, and brought up their children strictly. In 1785 the family moved to Barr, Staffordshire. There among their frequent visitors were James Watt, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Thomas Day, Joseph Priestley, Samuel Parr, and Erasmus Darwin whose daughter Violetta married Mary Anne's eldest brother, Samuel Tertius Galton.

When about eighteen Mary Anne visited her cousins, the Gurneys of Earlham Hall, and Catherine Gurney, the eldest daughter, remained her friend through life. She was also the guest of Anna Barbauld; and the winter of 1799 was spent in London. Mary Martha Butt met her at Bath about 1801, and described her as simple, agreeable, and unaffected.

On 29 September 1806 Mary Anne Galton married Lambert Schimmelpenninck of Berkeley Square, Bristol, a member of a branch of a noble Dutch family in the shipping trade at Bristol. The newly married couple settled in the city. Mrs. Schimmelpenninck took part in local charities and education, holding classes for young people at her own house. About 1811 her husband fell into money troubles. At the same time a dispute regarding her settlements led to a breach between her and all the members of her family, which was never healed.

Writer
Schimmelpenninck turned her attention to literature for a livelihood. Hannah More had, about this time, sent her some of the writings of the Port-Royalists. In 1813 she published a compilation based on one of those volumes, Narrative of a Tour to La Grande Chartreuse and Alet, by Dom. Claude Lancelot. A second edition was soon called for, and others followed. She pursued her investigations into the work of the Port-Royalists, and in 1815, during a tour on the continent, she visited Port Royal. In 1816 appeared, in 3 vols., Narrative of the Demolition of the Monastery of Port Royal des Champs. This work and its predecessor were republished, with additions, in 1829 under the title of Select Memoirs of Port Royal.  A fifth edition appeared in 1858.

Among her books on other subjects was Theory on the Classification of Beauty and Deformity, 1815. She also developed a system for recording findings during phrenological examinations, published in 1827 as Phrenographic Register, or Phrenologist's Assistant in Recording Manipulations with Facility, Accuracy, and Despatch. Schimmelpenninck had prepared the phrenology report used in the prosecution of accused murderer John Horwood in 1821.

She also studied Hebrew with Mrs. Richard Smith, "her more than sister for forty-three years", and embodied the result in Biblical Fragments, 1821–2, 2 vols.

Views
Schimmelpenninck passed through various phases of religious belief. Even as a child, when attending the Friends' meetings with her parents, she was troubled with doubts. She told Caroline Fox that she had "suffered from an indiscriminate theological education". In 1818 she joined the Moravian Church; and although towards the end of her life she was attracted to the Roman Catholic church, she remained a Moravian until her death.

Later life
In 1837 Schimmelpenninck was attacked with paralysis, and moved to Clifton. Her health improved slowly. After her husband's death, in June 1840, she led a retired life. She died at Bristol on 29 August 1856, and was buried in the burying-ground of the Moravian chapel there.

Works
Other works by Schimmelpenninck are:

 Asaph, or the Herrnhutters; a rhythmical sketch of the modern history of the Moravians, 1822.
 Psalms according to the Authorised Version, 1825.
 Some Particulars relating to the late Emperor Alexander, translated from the French, 1830.
 The Principles of Beauty, as manifested in Nature, Art, and Human Character, edited by Christiana C. Hankin, 1859.
 Sacred Musings on the Manifestations of God to the Soul of Man, edited by  Hankin, 1860.

Bibliography
 Life of Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck vol 1 Autobiography; ed. Christiana C Hankin; London, Longman, Green et al., 1858.
 Life of Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck vol 2 Biographical Sketch and Letters; ed. Christina C. Hankin; London, Longman, Green et al., 1858.
 Narrative of a Tour to La Grande Chartreuse and Alet
 Narrative of the Demolition of the Monastery of Port Royal des Champs

References

External links
 The Literacy Encyclopedia profile page for Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck
 People from the Somerset Village of Loxton

Attribution

1778 births
1856 deaths
English abolitionists
19th-century English writers
Writers from Birmingham, West Midlands
People from Great Barr

Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck


A sidekick is someone who regularly travels with, and helps, another person. In fiction, the other person is often a crimefighter or superhero, such as Batman and his sidekick Robin. Some people consider Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's ever-faithful companion, to be a type of sidekick, even though the book was written long before the word sidekick was invented. Annabeth Chase is nobody's sidekick.

+

Sidekick


Gills are what fish, amphibians, and some other animals use to breathe in water. They have feathery parts which cause water to move across the animal's body, which contains dissolved oxygen, after the animal has swallowed the water. The oxygen is absorbed into the animal's blood, causing carbon dioxide moves out of the animal's blood and into the water through the gills.

Fish and frog gills are hidden on the sides of their heads. Sharks have many gills slits on their necks. Baby salamanders have gills that stick out like leaves from their heads.

In mushrooms, gills are the spore-bearing structure in agarics (gilled mushrooms) while fish and some young amphibians use them to get oxygen others breath.

Some insects that live in water have a plastron, which is a kind of gill. It is a patch of special hairs that keeps the water away from the insect's spiracles. This allows them to continue to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide while they are under water.

Animal anatomy
Anatomy of the respiratory system

Gill


Swishing refers to swapping an item or items of clothing or shoes or an accessory with friends or acquaintances. Parties must willingly give an item to participate in the transaction, once they have given an item they are free to choose something of interest from what others have offered. Value does not come into the equation, as swappers do not necessarily get an item of equal value and are free to choose anything that the other person if offering (without having to pay). Swishing is now being more widely practiced throughout the world and has evolved to include other items such as books and furniture. Not only do people hold 'swishing parties' either as a charity event or simply for the enjoyment of it (while recycling and saving money at the same time), but there are several websites where online swishes take place.

History
Swishing (deriving from the dictionary definition of 'to rustle, as silk' - which in the eyes of the swishing team means 'to rustle from friends') began in 2000 when Lucy Shea, founder of green PR firm Futerra, and her colleagues wanted to come up with a way to combine a love of retail shopping without contributing to increased consumption. It has since been endorsed by fashion model Twiggy in Twiggy's frock exchange, and as a result has become one of the most popular ways of swapping clothes.

Practice
A swishing party usually has a host who lays out guests' items at the venue after the guests have arrived. The host sends one group of guests to look at the items while other groups wait or do an activity. When an allocated amount of time has passed, the groups rotate. When all guests have seen the items, the host places everyone's name into a hat or bowl and draws them one at a time; when a guest's name is called, he or she claims an item. The host waits for only a few seconds before calling out the next name. The remainder of the items are them donated to charity by the host.

There are several types of variations.  If the swish is for charity, attendees have their names placed into the bowl along with an extra amount for a donation; swishes can be focused on specific items like clothes, crockery, shoes, handbags, and accessories; they can be held for family, friends, or workmates; or they can be less orderly, as a free-for-all instead of a drawing by name.

External links
BBC: "Twiggy's Frock Exchange"
The Guardian: "Swap till you drop", 5/18/2007

Charity fundraisers
Fashion
Recycling

Swishing


The Zhili–Anhui War was a 1920 conflict in the Republic of China between the Zhili and Anhui cliques for control of the Beiyang government.

Prelude
Tensions between the two factions developed during the Constitutional Protection War of 1917. Duan Qirui, leader of the Anhui clique, favored aggressive action against the South, and after becoming premier of the state department (Guwu Zongli, 国务总理) advocated a military solution. His plan was to rid southern China of rival warlords, as well as unify the country. The Zhili clique favored compromise and negotiations, hoping to sway rival warlords to their side with financial and political support. Duan refused to acknowledge the Zhili's efforts and favored his own officers and politicians over others. After building a de facto private army using the Nishihara Loans, he used it to occupy Outer Mongolia. Feeling threatened, Manchuria's Fengtian clique allied with the Zhili clique and began courting those warlords in southwestern China who had previously been threatened by Duan's Anhui armies. Obtaining British and American backing, the Zhili and Fengtian cliques had President Xu Shichang dismiss Gen. Xu Shuzheng, the leader of the Mongolia expedition. Having publicly lost face and been undermined by a less powerful but still dangerous pair of ex-allies and hangers-on, Gen. Xu and Duan denounced the actions and prepared for war.

In November 1919 Zhili clique leader Gen. Wu Peifu met with representatives of Tang Jiyao and Lu Rongting at Hengyang, where they signed a treaty entitled "Rough Draft of the National Salvation Allied Army" (救国同盟军草约). This formed the basis of a true anti-Anhui clique alliance. In April 1920, while visiting a memorial service at Baoding for soldiers who died in Hunan, one-time presidential-candidate Cao Kun added more warlords to the anti-Anhui clique alliance, including the rulers of Hubei, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhili. The conflict became public as both sides began deploying for the coming war.

Paoting-fu Telegram
Various Zhili and Fengtian generals—such as Cao Kun, Zhang Zuolin, Wang Zhanyuan, Li Shun, Chen Guangyuan, Zhao Ti and Ma Fuxiang—signed a denunciation of the Anhui clique and its political arm, the Anfu Club, which was led by Xu Shuzheng and Duan Qirui. This denunciation was circulated through a telegram called Paoting-fu on July 12, 1920.

Strategies
In early July 1920 the Anhui clique gathered five divisions and four combined brigades to form the so-called National Stabilization Army (定国军), with Duan Qirui as its commander-in-chief. The army was deployed in two fronts, the western covering the regions of Zhuozhou, Laishui (涞水) and Gu'an (固安), while the eastern covered the regions of Liang (梁) Hamlet and Beijimiao (北极庙), just to the west of Yang (杨) Hamlet.

Zhili and allied forces gathered a division and nine combined brigades to form their own "Traitor Suppression Army" (讨逆军), with Wu Peifu as its front-line commander-in-chief. This, too, was deployed on two fronts, with an eastern zone in the region of Yang (杨) Hamlet and a western front in the region of Gaobei (高碑).  Meanwhile, Zhang Zuolin ordered a detachment of his troops to enter Shanhaiguan, taking up positions at Machang ( 马厂) and Junliangcheng (军粮城).

Battle
On July 14, 1920, the Anhui army attacked the Zhili army on both fronts. Zhili troops were forced to abandon Gaobei (高碑) and retreated. Two days later, with help from Japanese troops, the Anhui army also succeeded in taking Yang(杨) Hamlet, forcing Zhili forces to form a second line of defense in the region of  Beicang(北仓). Here the Anhui army's advance was finally halted.

On July 17 Wu Peifu personally commanded the Zhili army's western front, performing a daring maneuver, outflanking the enemy and taking the western zone's Anhui headquarters. He captured the Anhui army's front-line commander-in-chief Qu Tongfeng (曲同丰) and many of his officers, including the 1st Division commander. After taking the town of Zhuozhou, Wu pursued the retreating enemy toward Beijing. With the exception of the 15th Division, the remainder of the Anhui army on the western front was annihilated. On the same day the Fengtian army attacked the Anhui eastern front. Upon learning of the collapse of the western zone, Anhui's eastern commander, chief of staff Gen. Xu Shuzheng, fled Langfang to Beijing, leaving his troops to surrender to the combined might of the Fengtian and Zhili cliques.

On July 19, 1920, Duan Qirui realized the fight was over and resigned from his post. On July 23 the combined Fengtian and Zhili cliques entered Nanyuan (南苑) for the takeover of Beijing, concluding with the defeat and surrender of the Anhui clique.

Conclusion

Slightly more than a week of fighting led to the unexpected defeat of the Anhui clique and the permanent breakup of the Beiyang Army. Wu Peifu was nationally credited as the strategist behind the Zhili clique's victory, while the Fengtian clique provided token support and were allowed to form a joint government, an arrangement which would last until the First Zhili-Fengtian War in 1922.

See also
List of battles of the Chinese Civil War
National Revolutionary Army
Chinese Civil War
Warlord Era

References

Ke-Wen Wang. Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. Taylor & Francis, 1997. ; pp. 419–420
Zhang, Tongxin History of Wars between Nationalist New Warlords, 1st Edition, published by Heilongjiang People's Publishing House in Harbin & distributed by New China Bookstore Heilongjiang branch, 1982.

Conflicts in 1920
Wars involving the Republic of China
Warlord Era
1920 in China
Anhui clique

Zhili–Anhui War


Electoral districts in Canada (also called a "constituency" or "riding") are what Canada's representative democracy is based on. In Canadian French, it is called a circonscription, but is also called a comté (county). Every single federal electoral district is represented by one Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada. In provincial or territorial electoral districts, the person that represents the riding might be called a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), Member of the National Assembly (NLA), Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP), or a Member of the House of Assembly (MHA).

Right now, federal and provincial electoral districts are only represented by one person. In the past, however, some have been represented by more than one person.

Electoral district (Canada)


Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900 – March 30, 1954) was a German born physicist and professor at Duke University. His fundamental contributions to the theories of chemical bonding and of intermolecular forces (London dispersion forces) are today considered classic and are discussed in standard textbooks of physical chemistry. With his brother Heinz London, he made a significant contribution to understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors with the London equations and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on five separate occasions.

Biography
London was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) as the son of Franz London (1863-1917). Being a Jew, London lost his position at the University of Berlin after Hitler's Nazi Party passed the 1933 racial laws. He took visiting positions in England and France, and emigrated to the United States in 1939, of which he became a naturalized citizen in 1945. Later in his life, London was a professor at Duke University. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1953. He died from a heart ailment in Durham, North Carolina, in 1954.

Academic achievements

London's early work with Walter Heitler on chemical bonding is now treated in any textbook on physical chemistry. This paper was the first to properly explain the bonding in a homonuclear molecule such as H2. It is no coincidence that the Heitler–London work appeared shortly after the introduction of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg and Schrödinger, because quantum mechanics was crucial in their explanation of the covalent bond. Another necessary ingredient was the realization that electrons are indistinguishable, as expressed in the Pauli principle.

Other early work of London was in the area of intermolecular forces. He coined the expression "dispersion effect" for the attraction between two rare gas atoms at large (say about 1 nanometer) distance from each other. Nowadays this attraction is often referred to as "London force". In 1930 he gave (together with R. Eisenschitz) a unified treatment of the interaction between two noble gas atoms that attract each other at large distance, but repel each other at short distances. Eisenschitz and London showed that this repulsion is a consequence of enforcing the electronic wavefunction to be antisymmetric under electron permutations. This antisymmetry is required by the Pauli principle and the fact that electrons are fermions.

For atoms and nonpolar molecules, the London dispersion force is the only intermolecular force, and is responsible for their existence in liquid and solid states. For polar molecules, this force is one part of the van der Waals force, along with forces between the permanent molecular dipole moments.

London was the first theoretical physicist to make the fundamental, and at the time controversial, suggestion that superfluidity is intrinsically related to the Einstein condensation of bosons, a phenomenon now known as Bose–Einstein condensation. Bose recognized that the statistics of massless photons could also be applied to massive particles; he did not contribute to the theory of the condensation of bosons.

London was also one of the early authors (including Schrödinger) to have properly understood the principle of local gauge invariance (Weyl) in the context of the then new quantum mechanics.

London predicted the effect of flux quantization in superconductors and with his brother Heinz postulated that the electrodynamics of superconductors is described by a massive field. I.e. that whilst magnetic flux is expelled from a superconductor, this happens exponentially over a finite length with an exponent which is now called the London penetration depth.

London also developed a theory of a rotational response of a superconductor, pointing out that rotation of a superconductor generates magnetic field London moment. This effect is used in models of rotational dynamics of neutron stars.

Fritz London Memorial Lectures and Prize

Since 1956, the Fritz London Memorial Lectures have brought to the scientific community at Duke University a distinguished group of lecturers including twenty Nobel laureates. The scientific interests of each lecturer impinge at one or more points upon the various fields of physics and chemistry to which Fritz London contributed. In December 1972, John Bardeen, two-time winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, established an endowment fund "to perpetuate the memory of Fritz London, distinguished scientist and member of the Duke faculty from 1939 to the time of his death in 1954, and to promote research and understanding of Physics at Duke University and in the wider scientific community". The fund is to be used to underwrite the Fritz London Memorial Prize, given in recognition of outstanding contributions in Low Temperature Physics, and provide support for the London Memorial Lectures at Duke University.

References

External links

 Gavroglu, Kostas Fritz London: A Scientific Biography (Cambridge, 2005)
 Fritz London: A Scientific Biography , by Kostas Gavroglu, Cambridge University Press (1995).  .
 Article about Fritz London
 Article from Duke Physics Dept.
 Key Participants: Fritz London - Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History

1900 births
1954 deaths
People from Durham, North Carolina
Scientists from Wrocław
Scientists from the Province of Silesia
20th-century American physicists
Duke University faculty
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Jewish American scientists
Jewish physicists
Lorentz Medal winners
Quantum physicists
Theoretical physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Fritz London


The Ford Transcontinental is a heavy goods vehicle tractor and rigid unit that was manufactured between 1975 and 1984 by Ford Europe in the Netherlands and Britain. A total of 8735 units were produced, 8231 in Amsterdam and another 504 at the Foden VAP in Sandbach, Cheshire UK.

Assembled almost entirely from bought in OEM component parts (e.g., cab shell from Berliet, engine from Cummins, transmission from Eaton) it was introduced to fill a perceived gap in the market in anticipation of the relaxation of weight restrictions on HGVs, and as such had a very strong chassis and heavy duty suspension. The Berliet KB 2400 cab was also used by Renault for their R-series.

Recognizable by its high cab, it was an extremely advanced vehicle for its time offering a high standard of driver comfort and a high power output for its time, courtesy of the well proven 14 litre Cummins engine with typical outputs of 290-350 HP. The engines were originally of the Cummins NTC generation, but were gradually updated to the new "big-cam" (NTE) generation - a process completed by 1979. Also, the Ford Transcontinental is noted for having oil and water meters on the dashboard, another example of the unit being ahead of its time.

Sales did not live up to expectations, mainly because the tractor unit with its heavy duty construction was too heavy for the 32 ton weight limit in the  UK at the time, although it was a popular vehicle with drivers, particularly those who were engaged on long distance continental work. The model was updated continuously, with much work carried out to lighten the heavy chassis.

Today the Transcontinental is a particularly rare vehicle, much in favour with collectors of vintage commercials, although a few do remain in revenue earning service throughout Europe.

See also
 Ford Cargo

References

External links
 Dedicated website about Ford Transcontinental

Transcontinental
Ford trucks
Vehicles introduced in 1975
Cab over vehicles

Ford Transcontinental


Zahlé Destrict () is an admeenistrative destrict in the Beqaa Govrenorate o the Republic o Lebanon.
The fowk o Zahle destrict are amaist entirely Christian, it is the caipital o the Biqa region in Lebanon, wi a destrict population o aroond 500,000. Aboot hauf o the fowk are Maronites, 25 % catholic, an 25% Greek Orthodox. The surroondin veelages on the border wi Baalbek Destrict are mainly Muslim. Zahle is famous for its wine an vineyards which produces mony jobs in the province o the Beeqa. Zahle is kent for its clean air all year roond.

Zahle simmers can reach up tae 50 degrees in the simmer, winters are characterized bi hivy snaws.

Ceeties
Zahlé
Kabelias
Chtaura
Anjar
Rayak
Bouarij

See an aa
2011 Estonian cyclists abduction

Destricts o Lebanon

Zahlé Destrict


Mattertal is a valley in the Alps of Switzerland which begins on the side of the Matterhorn. The Matterhorn is one of the most famous mountains in the world because of its beauty, and because it is hard to climb.

The Mattertal is a valley that was made by a glacier (a slowly-moving river of ice) moving down from the mountain. This can be seen from the deep U shape of the valley. (Valleys made by a fast-running stream are V-shaped). Because the sides of the valley are very steep, there are often landslides. One can be seen in the photo taken near Randa village. Many houses in the villages are called chalets. These can be seen in the picture of Täsch village.

In the Mattertal are villages which include Zermatt, Täsch, Randa, Grächen, and St. Niklaus. Many tourists like to stay in the villages to see the view, to go walking, skiing or mountain climbing. The traditional work of the people is dairy farming, but many people work in the tourist industry.

Geography of Valais
Valleys of Switzerland

Mattertal


Greenbrier State Forest is a  state forest between Lewisburg and White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United States. Greenbrier State Forest is located on Harts Run, a tributary of Howard Creek, and contains historic Kate's Mountain (3,330 feet/1,015 m).

Greenbrier State Forest features  of hiking trails, many of which are also suitable for mountain biking.  There is a heated pool, numerous picnic sites with two shelters, archery range, muzzleloading rifle range, horseshoes, 18 basket disc golf course, and volleyball.  A naturalist provides nature and recreational events during the summer months.

Hunting and fishing are permitted; state licenses are required.

Accommodations include 12 one- and two-bedroom cabins, 1 handicapped accessible cabin, and 16 campsites with electric hookups and water available at the central bathhouse.

References

External links

Protected areas of Greenbrier County, West Virginia
West Virginia state forests
Campgrounds in West Virginia

Greenbrier State Forest


Wikipedia is a wiki, meaning anyone can edit nearly any page and improve articles immediately. You do not need to register to do this, and anyone who has edited is known as a Wikipedian or editor. Small edits add up, and every editor can be proud to have made Wikipedia better for all. There are two editing interfaces: the new VisualEditor (VE) and classic wikitext editing (wiki markup), which uses the Source Editor.

Editing articles

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Editing most Wikipedia pages is simple. Wikipedia uses two interface methods: classic editing with the Source Editor through wikitext (wiki markup), and a new VisualEditor (VE).

Wikitext editing using the Source Editor is chosen by clicking the Edit source tab at the top of a Wikipedia page (or on a section-edit link). This opens an editable copy of the page, showing all the wikitext used there, and the Source Editor toolbar offers simple menu options to add or change the formatting. Wikitext is used extensively throughout Wikipedia for such things as hyperlinks, tables and columns, footnotes, inline citation, special characters and so on. The Source Editor lets users toggle on 'wikitext highlighting' which uses different colours to help differentiate article text from wikitext.

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An Article Wizard is available to help you create articles — it is not required but will help you construct better articles. Note: The ability to create articles directly in mainspace is restricted to autoconfirmed users, though non-confirmed users and non-registered users can submit a proposed article through the Articles for Creation process, where it will be reviewed and considered for publication. Before creating an article, please search Wikipedia first to make sure that an article does not already exist on the subject, and please also review the article titling policy for guidance on what to name the article.

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Protected pages and source code

Some pages are protected from editing. These pages have a "View source" tab instead of an "Edit" tab. You can still edit these pages indirectly by submitting an edit request—an editor with the permission to edit the protected page will respond to it.

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See also

Helpful tips
 Wikipedia: The Missing Manual—Editing for the first time
 Wikipedia:Article size#If you have problems editing a long article
Smartphone editing (User essay): a Wikipedia administrator's personal experiences and advice about phone editing
Naming and moving
 Wikipedia:Article titles
 Moving a page to a new name
 Wikipedia:Namespace
Style and layout
 Wikipedia:Annotated article
 Wikipedia:Layout
 Wikipedia:Manual of Style
Tools
 Draft:Sandbox
 Help:Text editor support
 Wikipedia:Tools

Related
 Wikipedia:WikiProject: if you are writing an article about something that belongs to a group of topics, check here first!
 Wikimedia Bookshelf: learning materials, videos, and handouts
 Wikipedia:Glossary: a glossary for Wikipedia editors

Notes

Editing, Help
Editing, Help

H:E