Roger Chapin is an American businessman turned fundraiser living in San Diego, who calls himself a "nonprofit entrepreneur", according to Forbes magazine.  He has launched more than 20 charities, and until 2009 was the president of Help Hospitalized Veterans, an American charity, whose stated purpose is, "Making time live for America's hospitalized veterans." The New York Times has labelled two of the organizations he founded, Help Hospitalized Veterans and Coalition to Salute America's Heroes as being " among a dozen military-related charities given a grade of F in a study last December by the American Institute of Philanthropy, a nonprofit watchdog group. These and other charities have collected hundreds of millions of dollars from kind-hearted Americans and squandered an unconscionable amount of it on overhead and expenses — 70 percent or 80 percent, or more."

Background

Chapin, 76 in 2008, is a graduate of Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont and a veteran of the U.S. Army Finance Corps.

Among Chapin's private accomplishments, he was a successful real estate developer in San Diego County, founder of "Fun Art" creative coloring sets, founder of USAopoly – creator and distributor of the very popular special editions of the board game Monopoly. Chapin is married to Elizabeth and they have four children and two grandchildren. They are longtime residents of San Diego, California.

Chapin founded Help Hospitalized Veterans (HHV) after a successful business career. Chapin has also founded Coalition to Salute America's Heroes Foundation in Ossining, New York, the project G.I. Gift Pac, and Citizens for a Drug Free America, and is active in other advocacy endeavors and community works. According to Forbes magazine, early in its reporting on Chapin and his works, there have been dozens of organizations, often with similar and fast-changing names and goals.

In March 2009, in a commentary in the Washington Times, Chapin wrote of the risks of negotiating with Iran and the possibilities of Iran launching an electromagnetic pulse weapon against the United States. Hoping to "prevent a looming nuclear doomsday," Chapin proposed a two part plan:
(1) Urgently initiate a massive buildup of the conventional weaponry needed to destroy Iran's nuclear facilities and wipe out its retaliatory capabilities as well as arm Israel to the teeth. Also station Aegis anti-missile ships along our coasts while beefing up homeland security and taking steps to mitigate the effects of an EMP attack. To do any less would be totally irresponsible and reckless.
(2) Launch a massive series of preemptive strikes on Iran as soon as possible and send in special ops forces to ensure the mission was accomplished.
At the time, Chapin was identified as "founder and president of Make America Safe, a new San Diego-based policy and educational organization focused on the threat posed by radical Islamics to U.S. national security."

Criticism
On September 3, 2007, a Forbes magazine article by William P. Barrett titled "Shell Game" reported that Chapin and his wife Elizabeth are accused of spending the money raised by their non-profit organizations to fund their own lifestyles, vehicles, and real estate investments—rather than to benefit troops or wounded veterans at the 97% efficiency rate that the charity claims.

Other Forbes reporting in regard to the HHV organization claims that of every dollar given, only nine cents went to therapeutic arts-and-crafts kits for wounded GIs (a primary purpose of the charity), while another five cents went towards associated overhead and for counselors to visit hospitals and nursing homes.  Forty-seven cents of spending was for direct-mail expenses, with the remainder going for the salaries of the charity staff, etc.

On November 9, 2007, ABC News reported that Chapin and his wife, as founders and employees of the charitable organization, Help Hospitalized Veterans, paid themselves more than half a million dollars a year in salary.  The American Institute of Philanthropy claims that of the $70 million that HHV received in contributions last year, only 31% went to the charitable cause, leading to a grade of "F" from the watchdog group.

According to Daniel Borochoff, the president of AIP, "[Chapin] is a charity entrepreneur.  He's very good at setting up charities that don't do so much charitable but bring in lots, lots of money."

AIP followed up on Chapin with an article in its December 2010 issue of the Charity Rating Guide & Watchdog Report.  According to AIP, "After enjoying years of generous, multiple six-figure salaries and perks paid with the charity's funds, such as use of a $444,600 condo in northern Virginia owned by HHV, access to a $17,000 country club membership, and large reimbursements for hotel, restaurant, and other expenses, Chapin's retirement from HHV was marked by a $1.9 million payout to the exiting president."

After the Washington Times commentary ran in March 2009, Forbes found that Chapin's new foundation had been incorporated in 2008 and granted IRS 501(c)3 non-profit status in 2009. Forbes also noted at this time that a lawsuit against two former employees of Coalition to Salute America's Heroes Foundation, Raymond and John Clifford, had been reinstated. Both sides were then involved in pre-trial activities. "The lawsuit says the Cliffords, fired by Chapin in 2007, took 'confidential financial information' and made disparaging remarks about the coalition to reporters. The nonprofit seeks unspecified money damages and a court order barring further disclosures. The Cliffords assert a First Amendment right to speak out and say they've done nothing wrong."

In 2010, looking at the latest 2008 figures, Forbes again found high fund-raising expenses relative to actual program work at the Coalition. Of "$26.2 million spent for calendar year 2008, ... the Coalition by its own accounting spent just $5.7 million--22 cents of every dollar--on its two signature programs." Looking at Chapin's own financial gain and management position, Forbes found he "received total compensation of $364,000 from [HHV] but reported drawing no pay from the other organizations. The [HHV] Web site says he retired in August 2009 and left its board; a protégé, Mike Lynch, assumed Chapin's presidency. Chapin's current pay arrangements with his nonprofits haven't been revealed." Also:
"the $25 million in contributions received represented a 15% drop from 2007;
"although the Coalition plays up its efforts to provide injured soldiers with homes, only four residences were provided during 2008, at a total cost of $403,000;
"and the Coalition paid nearly as much, $358,000, in fees to Williams and Connolly, the high-profile Washington law firm it hired to sue John and Raymond Clifford."

In August 2012 the California Attorney General's office sued HHV, saying that Chapin and his successor, Michael Lynch, "grossly overpaid" and approved lavish perks for themselves from donated funds.  According to the attorney general, when Chapin retired in 2009, the charity's board retroactively inflated his annual salary in order to justify giving him a $2 million retirement pension.

References

External links
Background
Roger Chapin Profile on Help Hospitalized Veterans website
"The Only Way to Win in Iraq" Article by Roger Chapin in Human Events
2002 Middlebury Alumni Achievement Award Profile
Nonprofit organizations
Help Hospitalized Veterans website
Coalition to Salute America's Heroes website
Report on Coalition to Salute America's Heroes Foundation from the Better Business Bureau
'An Intolerable Fraud,' critical New York Times editorial, and letters to the editor in response by Chapin and a Salute America's Heroes official
 , and   from hearing on veterans' charities by House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

American philanthropists
Middlebury College alumni
Living people
Philanthropists from California
Businesspeople from San Diego
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)

Roger Chapin


Donald Henry Floyd (18 April 1892 – 15 June 1965) was a British painter known for his work in South East Wales.

Biography

Floyd was born in Plymouth. He trained under Frederick John Snell and John Noble Barlow for five years with such success that he was exhibiting at the Walker Art Gallery when he was 21. Snell, who was the Art Master at Blundell's School, taught him water colours, whilst Barlow introduced him to the painting of the St Ives School. He trained to be a teacher but the First World War interfered with his plans. Floyd insisted on remaining a private whilst he served in Palestine, Egypt and India where he was tasked to sketch enemy positions, but he still painted in his free time.

After the war he married Annie (a teacher who had trained under Maria Montessori) who was also a teacher and they moved to the South Wales border area
around Caldicot, Chepstow and finally Tintern. Annie gave birth to a son called Roger in 1927.  When Sri Lanka gained its independence in 1948 he was able to gain a commission to record that event for posterity, which he did with over sixty paintings. This was despite having to learn to use his left arm after losing the use of his right arm due to illness.

Floyd had 16 paintings exhibited at the Royal Academy as well as regular exhibits in the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists and the Royal West of England Academy exhibitions. His subjects included his travels to Ireland, England and Holland but he was known for the paintings around Monmouthshire including 250 of the Wye Valley, which he painted in all weathers. His family would sit warm inside whilst Floyd would don an extra overcoat to capture an image before it changed.

Floyd died on 15 June 1965. He has paintings in Chepstow Museum, Monmouth Museum, Newport Museum and the
National Library of Wales.

References

1892 births
1965 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century Welsh painters
Artists from Plymouth, Devon
Welsh male painters
20th-century English male artists
20th-century Welsh male artists
British Army soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I

Donald Henry Floyd


A bar chart is a type of chart which shows the values of different categories of data as rectangular bars with different lengths. A histogram is a bar chart that shows how data is spread over its categories.

It is another one dimensional diagram also known as pillar diagram or column graph. These bars do not have any specific width but the height of the bar is proportionally to the value of an element. When the variations are small this method is very efficient.

Charts

Bar chart


Rachel Louise Carson (born May 27, 1907 – died April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist and nature writer.  Carson worked for 15 years as a biologist, scientist and editor in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and then the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Her books were very important in helping the environmental movement grow.  She was famous for writing Silent Spring.  She also wrote a set of three books about the ocean and what lives in and around it.

Silent Spring caught the attention of many Americans.  Before this not many worried about environmental problems and conservation.  The book looked at problems with DDT and other pesticides (chemicals that kill pests, like mosquitoes and flies). It was thought these pesticides were safe, but they were actually causing many birds to die.  DDT stayed in insects and fish which were eaten by birds.  The birds then laid eggs with thin shells that would break. Some birds, like the Bald Eagle almost disappeared from the United States.  In her book Carson said that without changes in how we use pesticides, there may not be birds left at some time in the future.  Instead of hearing birds sing in the spring, it would be quiet, and that is how the book got its title.

This book led to a change in the national pesticide policy and a ban on DDT and some other pesticides.  This new grassroots environmental movement, inspired by the book, led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.  After her death, Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Jimmy Carter. There is a National Wildlife Refuge in Maine named after her.

Life and work

Early life and education
Rachel Carson was born on May 27, 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania and grew up on a family farm. It was on the Allegheny River, near Pittsburgh. Carson liked to read, and was a talented writer from a young age. She also spent a lot of time exploring around her  farm. She began writing stories (often with animals in them) at age eight, and had her first story published at age eleven. She liked to read the St. Nicholas Magazine, which published her first stories.  It also published stories by Beatrix Potter, and the books of Gene Stratton Porter, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson.  The natural world, particularly the ocean, was a common part of her favorite books.  Carson graduated high school in 1925, at the top of her class of forty-four students.

At the Pennsylvania College for Women (now known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was a bit of a loner.  She originally studied English, but switched her major to biology in January 1928. She continued writing in the school's student newspaper.  Though accepted to graduate school at Johns Hopkins University in 1928, she had to remain at the Pennsylvania College for Women for her senior year because of money problems. She graduated magna cum laude (highest honors) in 1929.  After a summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, she continued her studies in zoology and genetics at Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929.

After her first year of graduate school, Carson worked in a laboratory with rats and Drosophila, to earn money for tuition.  She wrote her dissertation for her master's degree on how the pronephros in fish developed early in their life.  She earned a master's degree in zoology in June 1932.  She wanted to continue for a doctorate, but in 1934 Carson had to leave Johns Hopkins to find a full-time teaching job to help support her family.  In 1935, her father died suddenly, and Carson had to take care of her aging mother.  This made the money problem even bigger (this was during the Great Depression, when jobs were hard to find).

Working as a biologist
Her biology mentor from college helped her get a part-time job with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.  Here she wrote for a educational broadcast called Romance Under the Waters on the radio (this was before television).  It was a seven-minute program that ran once a week for a year. It was about aquatic life (mostly fish), to increase public interest in fish biology and in what the Bureau of Fisheries did. This was a job several people before Carson had not been able to do.  Carson also began submitting articles on marine life in the Chesapeake Bay to local newspapers and magazines.

Carson's boss liked what she did, and asked her to write the introduction to a public brochure about the fisheries bureau. He also had her apply to the first full-time job that became available.  When she took the civil service exam, she outscored all other applicants. In 1936 she became only the second woman to be hired by the Bureau of Fisheries for a full-time, professional position, as a junior aquatic biologist.
Carson worked for 15 years in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and then the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

As author
Her 1951 bestselling book The Sea Around Us allowed her to work full-time as a nature writer. People recognized her as a gifted writer.  Her next book, The Edge of the Sea, and the republished version of her first book, Under the Sea Wind, were also bestsellers.  Together, the three books explore all parts of ocean life, from the shores to the surface to the deep sea.

In the late 1950s, Carson became interested in conservation and the environmental problems caused by new pesticides.  At first, she did not want to write about it, but nobody else would write about the problems of pesticides.  So she studied the problem, and wrote Silent Spring (published in 1962).

Death
Rachel Carson died young, at the age of 56.  She had breast cancer earlier.  It was treated, but after several years cancer came back.  She died April 14, 1964.

References

Writers from Pennsylvania
American environmentalists
American ecologists
1907 births
1964 deaths
American biologists
Marine biologists

Rachel Carson


Ted Gayer (born May 8, 1970) is an American economist and the president of the Niskanen Center. He is formerly the executive vice president of the Brookings Institution, where he also once served as the vice president and director of the Economic Studies Program and the Joseph A. Pechman Senior Fellow. On June 12, 2022, Gayer was appointed acting president of the Brookings Institution following the resignation of John R. Allen that same day.

Gayer was an associate professor at Georgetown Public Policy Institute from 2004-2009, previously served as deputy assistant secretary for Microeconomic Analysis at the Department of the Treasury from 2007-2008, and was a senior economist on the President's Council of Economic Advisers from 2003-2004. He is a former member of the EPA's Science Advisory Board and has served on the EPA's Superfund Benefits Analysis Advisory Committee and as an expert evaluator of the natural resources management indicator for the Millennium Challenge Corporation. From 1999 to 2001, Gayer was a Robert Wood Johnson Scholar in Health Policy Research at the University of California, Berkeley. In the summer of 2006 he was a Lone Mountain Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center. From 2006 to 2007 he was a visiting fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, and from 2004 to 2006 he was a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.

His work has been published in the Review of Economics and Statistics, Science, the Journal of Economic Literature, the Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, the Journal of Human Resources, the Journal of Regulatory Economics, Regulation, and other journals. He has also co-edited (with W. Kip Viscusi) the two-volume Classics in Risk Management and has co-authored (with Harvey Rosen) the 8th and 9th editions of the textbook Public Finance.

References

External links
Brookings Institution biography.
American Enterprise Institute biography.
Georgetown University biography.

1970 births
21st-century American economists
Brookings Institution people
Duke University alumni
Emory University alumni
Living people
McCourt School of Public Policy faculty

Ted Gayer


Vernon A. Carey Sr. (born July 31, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for eight seasons with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Dolphins with the 19th overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft after playing college football for the Miami Hurricanes.

Early years
Carey lettered in football and basketball at Miami Northwestern High School in Miami, Florida. He did not allow a sack during his junior and senior seasons, and was named as a Parade and USA Today first-team All-America pick as a senior. He also earned first team Class 6A All-State honors, and helped guide Northwestern to the Florida Class 6A state title.

College career
Carey was a four-year letterman at the University of Miami from 2000 to 2003. In 1999, Carey was redshirted and was a member of the Hurricanes' scout team.

He played in eight games as a redshirt freshman in 2000. As a sophomore, Carey played in every game including one start, when he stepped in for injured left tackle Bryant McKinnie for the season finale against Virginia Tech. He started all 12 games at right offensive tackle as a junior, collecting eight touchdown-resulting blocks and 79 key blocks (42 pancakes). For his efforts, he was named as a second-team All-Big East Conference selection. He started 11 games as a senior, moving to left guard in spring drills after starting at right tackle as a junior. As a senior, he was named as a third-team All-America choice by the Associated Press and College Football News. He also earned second-team All-Big East Conference honors from the media. Carey led the Hurricanes in key blocks (knockdowns/pancakes) as both a junior and senior.

Professional career

Miami Dolphins

2004 season
Carey was a first round draft choice (19th overall) of his hometown Miami Dolphins in the 2004 NFL Draft. He was the third offensive lineman selected, behind only Iowa offensive tackle Robert Gallery (second overall) and Arkansas offensive guard Shawn Andrews (16th overall). In order to select Carey, the Dolphins traded up one selection in the draft. The Dolphins signed Carey to a five-year, $8.6 million deal. Carey earned $6.3 million in total salary in his first year.

Carey was tried at both tackle and guard during training camp his rookie season. He went on to play in 14 games, including two starts. The first of his NFL career came when he opened at right tackle in place of the injured John St. Clair (ankle) at the New England Patriots on October 10, 2004. He also opened at that spot the following week at the Buffalo Bills. Carey struggled at times during his rookie campaign, but showed enough promise to be a solid starter in the near future.

2005 season
Carey was originally planned to be the starter at left tackle in 2005, but he was shifted to right tackle in August 2005. He went on to play in all 16 games, including 14 starts at right tackle. He secured the right tackle job following the benching of Stockar McDougle after Week 6. Carey was part of a line that yielded just 26 sacks—the fourth-lowest total in the NFL—and led a running game that averaged 118.6 yards an outing and 4.3 yards per rush attempt, which ranked seventh and fourth in the AFC. He took part in all but one offensive snap over the final 11 weeks of the season.

2006 season
The team once again considered moving Carey in 2006 – this time to right guard; however, that notion was quickly abandoned. During a season when the Dolphins' offensive line struggled early in the year, Carey was the lone bright spot. Starting all 16 games of the year at right tackle, Carey was by far the Dolphins' most consistent and productive offensive lineman.

2007 season
During a news conference that occurred during the first day of the 2007 NFL Draft, head coach Cam Cameron announced Carey as the team's starting left tackle.

2008 season
With the Dolphins drafting Jake Long first overall, Carey was moved to the right tackle spot where he started all 16 games in 2008. According to Pro Football Focus, Carey was rated the seventh-best tackle in the NFL. He only yielded six sacks during the entire season with six hits and 13 pressures to quarterbacks.

2009 season
In 2009, Carey started all 16 games for the Dolphins at the right tackle spot. At the end of the 2009 season Carey has started 74 straight games for the Dolphins heading into the off-season.
Carey gave up only four sacks in 2009.

2010 season
In 2010, Carey started just 12 games for the Dolphins at right tackle and missed four games due to injuries.

2011 season
In 2011, Carey started 15 games at right guard position while missing just one game.

Retirement
On August 5, 2012, Carey announced his retirement from football. He became an assistant football coach at Miami Northwestern High School. On April 19, 2018, he signed a one-day contract to retire as a member of the Dolphins.

Personal life
Vernon wedded LaTavia, his long-time girlfriend, in October 2004. The couple has a son, Vernon Carey Jr. and twins, son Jaylen and daughter Taelynn. They reside in Miramar, Florida. Growing up, the Miami Dolphins were his favorite sports team and Reggie White was his favorite athlete. Carey lists "Martin" as favorite television show, The Notorious B.I.G. as favorite recording artist and the Bible as favorite book. He holds a B.A. in liberal arts from Miami.

References

External links
 Miami Hurricanes bio
 Miami Dolphins bio

1981 births
Living people
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Miami Dolphins players
Miami Hurricanes football players
People from Miramar, Florida
People from Southwest Ranches, Florida
Players of American football from Miami
Miami Northwestern Senior High School alumni

Vernon Carey


Haemorrhage is a five-piece goregrind baund frae Madrid, Spain.

History
Formit in 1990 as Devourment, Haemorrhage began its life as a trio, wi Jose on bass an vocals, Luisma on guitar, an Emilio on drums, tho this anerlie lastit till the simmer o 1991, when Emilio left the baund. The group suin reformit, this time as duo, wi Luisma again playin the role o guitarist an Jose takkin ower as drummer, wi baith performin vocals, an released thair first demo as Haemorrhage, Grotesque Embryopathology. Near the end o 1993, Lugubrious an Ramon jynt the baund as vocalist an bassist, respectively. Atween 1994 an 1995, Haemorrhage recordit a seiven sang promo tape, which wis sent tae Morbid Records an resultit in a twa-album contract, walcomit guitarist Ana, an recordit thair first release, Emetic Cult. Housomeivver, Jose left in the follaein year due tae personal issues an wis replacit bi Rojas. Efter releasin five studio albums on Morbid Records the baund get signed tae Relapse Records which put oot thair new disc "Hospital Carnage".

Haemorrhage are, lik mony goregrind baunds, hivily influencit bi Carcass, yet still hae an identity aw thair awn. Live shows teepically featur baund members sportin surgeon's ootfits an vocalist Lugubrious covered in bluid, which is common in goregrind an daith metal scenes. Airtwirk is amaist exclusively done bi guitarist Luisma.

Members

Luisma—guitar, vocals
Ramon—bass
Lugubrious—vocals
Ana—guitar
Jose—drums

Discography

Studio albums
Emetic Cult (1995)
Grume (1996)
Anatomical Inferno (1998)
Scalpel, Scissors, and Other Forensic Instruments (2000)
Loathesongs (2001)
Morgue Sweet Home (2002)
Apology for Pathology (2006)
Haematology-the singles collection(2008)
Hospital Carnage (2011)

Demos, singles an EPs
Grotesque Embryopathology Demo (1992)
Obnoxious Split wi Christ Denied (1994)
Split wi Exhumed (1995)
Split wi Damnable (1996)
Grind Over Europe '96 Split wi Clotted Symmetric Sexual Organ/Dead Infection (1996)
The Cadaverous Carnival Split wi Denak (1998)
Surgery for the Dead Split wi Groinchurn (1998)
Split with Ingrowing (1999)
Rotten to the Gore Split wi Embolism/Suffocate/Obliterate (2000)
Do You Still Believe in Hell? Split wi Gonkulator (2001)
Dawn in the Rotting Czech Split wi Mastic Scum (2001)
Live in the Morgue Split wi Depression (2001)
Split with WTN (2002)
Dementia Rex split with Impaled (2003)
Live to Dissect Split wi Terrorism (2004)
Feasting on Purulence Split wi Nunslaughter (2005)
Furtive Dissection split wi Embalming Theatre (2006)
Chainsaw Necrotomy split wi Dead (2008)
In Gore we trust split wi Dead Infection (2009)
Morgue Metal" split wi Disgorge (2011)
''Hospital Thieves" split wi Gruesome Stuff Relish (2011)

External links
 Offeecial Haemorrhage wabsteid
 Offeecial Haemorrhage Myspace profile
 Haemorrhage Interview at Diabolical Conquest Webzine
 Morbid Records

Goregrind muisical groups
Deathgrind muisical groups
Spaingie daith metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1990

Haemorrhage


Woodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire.

The title of "palace" was first used to refer to it during the twelfth century, when it was favoured by King Henry I of England. In about 1120 he created a zoo in the grounds. His grandson, Henry II was also fond of Woodstock, and spent time here with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford.

Woodstock Palace was destroyed during the English Civil War.

Royal residences in the United Kingdom

Woodstock Palace


Gunther Gerzso (June 17, 1915 – April 21, 2000) was a Mexican painter, designer and director and screenwriter for film and theatre.

Biography
Gerzso was born in Mexico City, in the times of the Revolution. His parents were Oscar Gerzso (), a Hungarian immigrant, and Dore Wendland, German by birth. After his father's death a few months after Gunther was born, his mother married a German jeweler. The economic crisis during the revolution caused the family to flee to Europe in 1922. The family returned to Mexico two years later and her mother divorced. Not being able to provide for the children, she sent Gunther to Lugano, Switzerland to live with his uncle Dr. Hans Wendland, who was an influential name in the art world. Gunther, then a teenager, met Paul Klee and lived among his uncle's collection of paintings which included works by Pierre Bonnard, Rembrandt, Paul Cézanne, Eugène Delacroix and Titian. During his time in Lugano, he also met Nando Tamberlani, noted set designer who would introduce him to the world of theater.

In 1931, due to the impact of the Great Depression in Europe, Dr. Wendland sent the boy back to his mother in Mexico City. Back home he started doing sketches for set designs and writing plays influenced by Mr. Tamberlani. Two years later he started working in a local theater production company run by Fernando Wagner. In 1935 he was offered a scholarship to study at the Cleveland Play House where he made more than 50 set designs over the course of four years. During the 1940s and '50s he made various set designs for Mexican, French and American films. He won a total of five Premios Ariel (The Mexican Equivalent of the Oscars) for Best Production Design as well as two more honorary Ariel Awards in 1994 and 2000. During this time he collaborated with directors like Emilio "El Indio" Fernández in Un Día de Vida (1950), Luis Buñuel in Susana (1951), Una Mujer sin Amor (1952) and El rio y la muerte (1955), Yves Allégret in Les Orgueilleux (1953), and John Huston in Under the Volcano (1984).

In the late 1930s Gerzso also started painting as a hobby. The steady parade of beautiful actresses and interesting people he met in show business provided him with a great inspiration for his canvases which showed a mix of European and Mexican influences. His friend, Bernard Pfriem, convinced him to enter the annual Art Exhibition at the Cleveland Museum of Art where two of his works were selected. It was then that Gunther Gerzso started considering himself a painter more than a set designer. In 1941 Gerzso and his wife moved permanently to Mexico City and in 1944 he joined a group of surrealist painters that had taken refuge from the Second World War in Mexico. These artists were Benjamin Péret, Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo, Alice Rahon and Wolfgang Paalen. His works from this period show a clear surrealist influence, which he later abandoned when he started working his famous abstracts.

According to Octavio Paz, Gunther Gerzso was one of the greatest Latin American painters, since it was he, along with Carlos Mérida and Rufino Tamayo, who opposed the ideologist aesthetic movement into which muralism had degenerated.

Gunther Gerzso was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1973 and later in 1978 he was the recipient of the Premio Nacional de Bellas Artes. Gunther Gerzso died on April 21, 2000.

Selected filmography
 A Family Like Many Others (1949)
 Confessions of a Taxi Driver (1949)
 The Magician (1949)
 They Say I'm a Communist (1951)
 The Atomic Fireman (1952)
 The Photographer (1953)
 The Price of Living (1954)
 The River and Death (1955)
 To the Four Winds (1955)
 The King of Mexico (1956)
 El ataúd del Vampiro (1958)
 Sonatas (1959)

References

Artspawn. "Biography of Gunther Gerzso", Biographical information about Gunther Gerzso on Artspawn.

External links

1915 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
Golden Ariel Award winners
Mexican people of Hungarian descent
Mexican people of German descent
Mexican production designers
Artists from Mexico City
Mexican surrealist artists
Modern painters
20th-century Mexican screenwriters
20th-century Mexican male writers
20th-century Mexican male artists

Gunther Gerzso


An artisan (from , ) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand. These objects may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative art, sculpture, clothing, food items, household items, and tools and mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker. Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist.

History
The adjective "artisanal" is often used in describing hand-processing in contrast to an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining. Thus,  "artisanal" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food products, such as bread, beverages, cheese or textiles. Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas.

Artisans were the dominant producers of commodities before the Industrial Revolution.

In ancient Greece, artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby.

Medieval artisans
During the Middle Ages, the term "artisan" was applied to those who made things or provided services. It did not apply to unskilled manual labourers. Artisans were divided into two distinct groups: those who operated their own businesses and those who did not. The former were called masters, while the latter were the journeymen and apprentices.

One misunderstanding many people have about this social group is that they picture them as "workers" in the modern sense: employed by someone. The most influential group among the artisans were the masters, the business owners. The owners enjoyed a higher social status in their communities, and often organised into guilds.

Shokunin
Shokunin is a Japanese word for "artisan" or "craftsman", which also implies a pride in one's own work. In the words of shokunin Tashio Odate:Shokunin means not only having technical skill, but also implies an attitude and social consciousness... a social obligation to work his best for the general welfare of the people, [an] obligation both material and spiritual. Traditionally, shokunin honoured their tools of trade at New Year's – the sharpened and taken-care of tools would be placed in a tokonoma (a container or box still found in Japanese houses and shops), and two rice cakes and a tangerine (on top of rice paper) were placed on top of each toolbox, to honour the tools and express gratitude for performing their task.

Gallery

See also
 Applied arts
 Artist
 Arts and Crafts movement
 Caste – Tarkhan
 Guild
 Handicraft
 Job security
 Tradesperson

References

External links

History of Artisans

Arts occupations

Artisan


The coat of arms of Brazil was adopted on November 19, 1889, four days after Brazil became a republic.

The coat of arms has the central emblem bordered by coffee (at the left) and tobacco (at the right) branches, which are important crops in Brazil.

In the blue circle in the center, the Southern Cross () can be seen. The ring of 27 stars around it represents Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District.

The blue ribbon has the official name of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil — Federative Republic of Brazil) in its first line. In the second line, the date of the federative republic's establishment (November 15, 1889) is written.

Brazil

National symbols of Brazil

Coat of arms of Brazil


The Mindless Ones are fictional monsters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Their first appearance was in Strange Tales #127 (Dec. 1964).

They are extra-dimensional creatures summoned via magic to do the bidding of others (they have no will of their own). They appear to have a thick, roughly humanoid shape standing taller than most men and a hide that appears to be made of rock. They have no faces to speak of except a single glowing eye. They have savage dispositions and minimal intelligence.

Publication history
The Mindless Ones first appeared in Strange Tales #127 (Dec. 1964), and were created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.

The Mindless Ones have also appeared in Darkhawk #19-20 (Sept.–Oct. 1992), Sleepwalker #17 (Oct. 1992), Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme #82 (Oct. 1995), Marvel Boy vol. 2, #5-6 (Dec. 2000, March 2001), Fantastic Four #70 (Aug. 2003), The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #57-#58 (Nov. 2003), The Amazing Spider-Man #500 (Dec. 2003), and Nextwave: Agents of H.A.T.E. #7-8 (Nov. 2006), among other comics.

Fictional history
Long ago, the wizard King Olnar sat on the throne of the Dark Dimension. He is visited by Umar and Dormammu, siblings of a race of magical energy beings called the Faltine. During this time, Olnar melds the Mindless Ones' home dimension to the Dark Dimension. They rampage throughout the lands, killing many, including Olnar, and almost slaying the two Faltine. The siblings create a barrier to keep them contained.

From that point they are most often seen in the employ of Dormammu, who develops an ability to slightly control their actions. They have also been utilized by others such as Doctor Doom, Dr. Midas (in the pages of Marvel Boy) and a fellow Faltine named Rorkannu (in Nextwave: Agents of H.A.T.E.).

Dr. Doom uses them after gaining high levels of magical power via a deal with demonic entities. The Mindless Ones are utilized to beat on Ben Grimm, a member of the Fantastic Four, in a test of Grimm's durability.

Sleepwalker
When Spider-Man is banished to the Dark Dimension by a brainwashed Portal, he is attacked by a group of Mindless Ones. To rescue him, Darkhawk and Sleepwalker battle the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and break Sauron's control over Portal so they could retrieve Spider-Man. A gang of Mindless Ones follow Spider-Man through the portal leading back to Earth, but the three heroes beat  them back through the gateway before Portal seals it.

Amazing Spider-Man
In another, separate incident, they invade and destroyed much of New York City's famed Times Square. A force that consists of Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, Cyclops, Thor, Iron Man, Mr. Fantastic, Invisible Girl and the Human Torch help stop them, mainly by creating barriers. It is revealed this is the first instance Spider-Man has encountered these creatures. The Mindless Ones are temporarily defeated when Mr. Fantastic creates a machine that manipulates their magical energies, drawing them back to where they came from. This, unfortunately, results in the temporary return of Dormammu. Dr. Strange confronts the evil wizard. A punch from a single Mindless One sends Spider-Man straight into the magic Strange is utilizing, resulting in a time travel trip. Spider-Man sees a future where the Mindless Ones have reduced Times Square to rubble and killed Ben Grimm and Thor. A future Mary Jane is chased by a batch of Mindless Ones and despite Spider-Man's efforts, she is killed.

Further time-travel allows Spider-Man to prevent the usage of the machine in the first place. Doctor Strange's magic is what banishes the Mindless Ones, leaving Times Square damaged but still standing.

Around this time, a single Mindless One appears as a minion of the villain Doctor Midas.

Nextwave
Rorkannu, who physically resembles Dormammu and claims to be lord of the Dark Dimension, is stated to control a group of Mindless Ones. Emerging from a portal in a public restroom, they rampage through a small Colorado town, killing everyone they see, then wearing their clothing and behaving like them.

The group known as Nextwave slays the Mindless Ones. Rorkannu, in a monologue, reveals he is summoning the army because he feels their lack of distinguishing features and similar temperaments make them suitable to replace the human race. His lair is discovered by the hero known as the 'Captain'. His summoning circle is destroyed. Rorkannu himself is severely beaten and left to an uncertain fate.

Cable and Deadpool
The Mindless Ones appeared in an issue of Cable & Deadpool in which Deadpool and Bob, Agent of HYDRA encounter them in their own dimension. The two are being manipulated by Doctor Strange. The Mindless Ones alternately attack and worship the two protagonists, evidently mistaking the light from a glow stick for some sort of magical power, and revering whoever it seemed to be emanating from. Deadpool and Bob end up causing the deaths of several Mindless Ones as a needed sacrifice to close down a magical catastrophe threatening innocent lives.

Captain Britain and MI13
Plokta, a Duke of Hell, decided to conquer the world exponentially from a tower block in Birmingham. He used the collected magical energy of people captured within its rooms to create an army of Mindless Ones, but was eventually stopped by Captain Britain and MI13. Plokta was revealed to be the original creator of the Mindless Ones, responsible for them within the hierarchy of Hell.

Nova
They are also referenced here as Neutron Slaves. They were used to mine Neutron Stars and many other ultra-dense gravity sites. They rebelled against their slave masters and began manufacturing a drug called "Krush" from the surface of Neutron Stars. They are members of the Black Hole Sons and it seems they are led by a being called The Mind who is currently held prisoner in a Nova Corps ship.

Mindless Ones are used when Dormammu invades the realm of Limbo, an area usually ruled by Illyana Rasputin.

Original Sin
During the "Original Sin"' storyline, a Mindless One was wrecking New York and smacking the Thing around. Spider-Man shows up to give Thing a hand. Spider-Man recognizes the Mindless One and realizes that they are not supposed to be telepathic. The Mindless One screams in agony over the things he has seen and the things he has done. Thing realizes he is wielding the Ultimate Nullifier and tries to talk the Mindless One down. However, it doesn't work and the Mindless shoots himself with it. By this time, Nick Fury and the Avengers arrive. Captain America wants the Ultimate Nullifier left alone until it is contained and Fury declares the battle zone a murder scene. Elsewhere, a group of villains realize the other Mindless Ones are evolving.

Several Mindless Ones, now with sentience, are seen assisting in a mystical teaching academy run by Doctor Stephen Strange.

Powers and abilities
Mindless Ones are capable of firing energy blasts from the hole that makes up their faces. They are superhumanly strong and durable, although their exact power levels vary from appearance to appearance.

In other media

Television
 The Mindless Ones appear in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Enter Dormammu".
 The Mindless Ones appear in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H..
 The Mindless Ones appear in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Cloak and Dagger".
 The Mindless Ones appear in Avengers Assemble.

Video games
The Mindless Ones appear as enemies in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.

References

External links
 Mindless Ones at Marvel.com
 Character Biography of Dormammu including info on Mindless Ones

Characters created by Stan Lee
Characters created by Steve Ditko
Comics characters introduced in 1964
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics supervillains

Mindless Ones


Elizabeth Wydeville was the wife of King Edward IV of England. She was the mother of King Edward V of England. She was also the mother of Elizabeth of York, the queen consort of King Henry VII of England.

Elizabeth was born some time around the year 1437, at Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire.  Her parents were Sir Richard Woodville and his wife, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, a foreign noblewoman who had first been married to the Duke of Bedford.  After her first husband died, Jacquetta fell in love with Sir Richard, who was not very rich or important even though he was a knight.  Jacquetta's friends and family felt that it was an unsuitable marriage and that he was not good enough for her.  They had fourteen children altogether.

When Elizabeth first met Edward, she was a widow.  Elizabeth and her first husband, Lord Grey, had two sons, Thomas and Richard.  Then Lord Grey was killed in battle, fighting on the opposite side to King Edward.  Because she was a widow who already had children, and because her family had supported King Edward's enemies, she was thought to be an unsuitable wife for the king.  Elizabeth and Edward were married in secret, because the king did not want to quarrel with his great friend the Earl of Warwick, who wanted Edward to marry a princess.  At the time of their marriage, Edward was 22 and Elizabeth a few years older.

When the Earl of Warwick discovered that the young king had married Elizabeth without his permission, he was furious.  Although he was forced to accept the marriage, he became angry at the way Elizabeth's family grew powerful as a result of her becoming queen.  A few years later, he turned against Edward and tried to put his rival, King Henry VI of England, back on the throne.  While Edward was fighting to get his throne back, Elizabeth went to Westminster Abbey to find sanctuary; this meant that, because the abbey was a holy place, she could not be captured by her enemies as long as she remained there.  While there, she gave birth to her first son, who was named Edward after his father.  After a while, her husband returned and rescued her and her children, defeating the Earl of Warwick in battle and killing him.

Elizabeth and Edward had ten children altogether.  Their eldest son, Edward, should have become king when his father died.  However, King Edward died suddenly, and his own younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, snatched the throne.  Richard hated the Woodville family, and killed Elizabeth's brother Anthony, who had been the guardian of her son Edward.  Both Edward and Elizabeth's younger son, Richard, were placed in the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace).  After a few months, they disappeared, and it was thought that King Richard had killed them.  This rumour made the new king unpopular with many of his people, and two years later, Henry Tudor took the throne from him in battle and became King Henry VII of England.  Henry VII married Elizabeth's eldest daughter, who was also called Elizabeth.  Elizabeth Woodville herself died a few years later at Bermondsey Abbey.

References

1437 births
1492 deaths
House of York
Kings and Queens consort of England
People from Northamptonshire

Elizabeth Woodville


In politics, a congress is a political meeting of leaders or representatives of groups of people. Until the 19th century it was usually a meeting of kings or their representatives, for example the Congress of Vienna. Today it often means the main legislature that makes the laws for a state. The word congress can also mean a meeting of associations, as in the Trades Union Congress (TUC), of the United Kingdom, a meeting of trade unions.

Related pages
United States Congress

Legislatures

Congress


Frederic Lamond (5 July 1931 – 24 May 2020) (also known by the craft name Robert) was a prominent English Wiccan. He was an early member of the Gardnerian tradition having been initiated into the Bricket Wood coven in 1957. He became involved in a number of Pagan organisations, including the Fellowship of Isis, and participated in the interfaith movement. He wrote a number of books on the subject of Wiccan theology and history.

Biography

Early life: 1931–1956
Lamond was born an only child and when he was only two years old his parents divorced, leaving him to live with his maternal grandparents. After the start of World War II, his grandmother, who was of Jewish ethnicity, took him to live in Switzerland, which was then one of the only neutral countries in Europe.

Lamond was raised in a relatively free religious environment and was not forced to follow any religion. His grandmother had repeated on numerous occasions that "all religious dogmas are lies!". However, she still sent him to Protestant catechism to learn Biblical history when he was thirteen. She believed it necessary for any educated European. He would later remark that whilst he admired Jesus Christ, he did not think him any more holy than any other good men in history – and he disliked the God that was presented in the Old Testament. Nonetheless, he received his Christian confirmation at fifteen and spent his next two years at an Anglican boarding school, in England. It was there he realised his beliefs did not agree with those of Christianity and ceased identifying as a Christian.

From here, Lamond went to Cambridge University, where he became involved in the cause for European federalism and joined the Progressive League. In 1954, he first partook of sexual intercourse with a local girl, Mary, with whom he had fallen in love, an experience that he said allowed him to encounter the goddess Aphrodite, who he felt as a presence near to him. The two planned to be married, but the engagement was ended after opposition from Mary's parents.

Involvement with Wicca: 1957–2020
After his experience with Aphrodite, and his lifetime belief in pantheism, Lamond became further interested in paganism, and it was through this that he read Gerald Gardner's book Witchcraft Today (1954). Lamond wrote to Gardner, who invited him to meet him at his flat in Holland Park, London. The two became friends, and Lamond was introduced to other members of the Bricket Wood coven. They invited him to join them, and he was initiated, alongside another new figure, who has remained nameless, at the Sabbat of Imbolc.

In 1959, Lamond met his future wife, Gillian, and they moved into a flat together in September of that year. In August 1960 they married, and a party was held by coven member Jack Bracelin at Fiveacres nudist club, where the marriage was blessed by Lois Bourne, the coven's High Priestess. The historian Ronald Hutton remarked that this was the first known example of a Wiccan marriage ceremony. From October 1961 to August 1964, the Lamonds lived in Greater Manchester, where Frederic worked for a computer company, and they only circled with the Bricket Wood coven on occasional visits back to London. In October 1965, Fred was posted to work in Prague to lead a technical support group, and whilst Gillian at first went with him, she returned to England in 1966 to care for their daughter, who had been diagnosed as being deaf. In April 1967 Lamond too returned home.

In 1981, Lamond met with the controversial American Wiccan Aidan Kelly in California, and seven years later Lamond once again visited Kelly, taking part in a ritual with Kelly's coven. In July 1986, Lamond's first wife, Gillian, died. After this, Lamond joined two different occultic groups, the Companions of the Rainbow Bridge, and the Fellowship of Isis. In winter 1993, Lamond and his new wife Hildegard visited Lamond's father in Austria. In August 1994 they moved to Austria permanently. Lamond met very few neopagans in the country, but in 2000 he started meeting a few at a monthly pub moot, and in 2003 initiated three Austrian women into the craft.

Bibliography
Lamond published three books about Wicca and Neopaganism :
The Divine Struggle (1990).
Religion Without Beliefs: Essays in Pantheist Theology, Comparative Religion and Ethics (1997). Janus Publishing. .
Fifty Years of Wicca (2004). Green Magic. .

References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

English Wiccans
Wiccan priests
English occult writers
2020 deaths
1931 births
British male writers
English people of Jewish descent
Wiccans of Jewish descent
Male non-fiction writers

Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)


See an aa Mazda 121 for ither caurs uisin this name

The Autozam Revue wis a subcompact caur frae Mazda's Autozam marque, introduced in October 1990 in Japan. The demise o that marque led tae the caur's being renamed the Mazda Revue frae 1994 till 1998. The caur wis an aa sold in Europe, Australie, Chile an some ither export markets as the Mazda 121, where it replaced the previous 121 based on the first-generation Ford Festiva.

The Revue wis available as a sma 4-door sedan wi an optional canvas sunroof addit in 1992.  1.1 L, 1.3 L an 1.5 L ingines wur affered, wi either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.

In 1996, the 121 name wis shiftit tae export versions o the Mazda Demio, a tall, five-door hatchback, which became exportit as the Mazda2 in its seicont generation. A Ford Fiesta, assembled at Ford's Valencia plant barely modified, but rebadged as the Mazda 121, wis an aa sauld in some markets efter 1996 (where the Demio wis sauld at the same time wi its original name). Sales o the Revue endit in Japan in Juin 1998.

In Australie, The Mazda 121 wis aften referred tae as the Bubble caur or Jellybean wi the caur's colour aften addit tae the latter, for example: The little green jellybean. It wis hichtlie awardit in Australie, toppin its class in mair nor ane year frae a range o automotive magazines, motorin associations an motorin programs on television.

The Revue wis sauld in Breetain as the Mazda 121, but its unconventional compact saloon body style saw it competin in a virtually non-existent market in Breetain, as caurs o the size haed amaist universally been hatchbacks for some years prior tae the 121's arrival. Some buyers likent it tae the Austin A35, but whitiver qualities it haed tae affer wur inadequate for attractin sales, as it wis a rare sicht on Breetish roads frae stairt tae feenish.

Specifications

Ingines
1990-1994 : 1.1 L (1138 cc) B1, 8-valve, carburetor, SOHC.
1990-1998 : 1.3 L (1323 cc) B3, Inline 4-cylinders, SOHC 16V, SPFI, 1323 cc, 73 PS (54 kW; 72 hp) /5600 rpm, 10.5 kg·m (103 N·m; 76 ft·lbf) /3600 rpm
1991-1998 : 1.5L (1498cc) B5, 16-valve, injector, SOHC, 88 PS (65 kW; 87 hp)

Revue
Subcompact caurs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 1991
1990s automobiles

Autozam Revue


"Lilla stjärna" (; literally "Little star") performed by Alice Babs was the  entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 1958 held in Hilversum, the Netherlands. This was Sweden's first song in the contest, and the first time that the Swedish language was performed on the Eurovision stage.

Sweden's first participation in the contest was the source of some controversy between the artist Alice Babs and the composer; the song was originally titled "Samma stjärnor lysa för oss två" ("The same stars shine for the two of us"), but neither Sveriges Radio nor Babs approved of the lyrics and commissioned journalist and lyricist  (at the time an employee of the TV station) to rewrite the song as well as providing it with a new title: "Lilla stjärna" – this without the knowledge or approval of original composer Åke Gerhard. As a result of this, Gerhard in turn would not allow Alice Babs to make a studio recording of what legally still was his work, albeit in considerably rewritten form. The only existing audio recording of "Lilla stjärna" is consequently sourced from the TV footage of Babs' live performance at the Contest in Hilversum, which had its first commercial release as part of the Swedish CD compilation Rätt Låt Vann?! – Vinnarna in 1994.

Dressed in the Leksand national costume, Babs performed 5th in the running order on the night of the contest, following 's Solange Berry with "Un grand amour" and preceding 's Raquel Rastenni with "Jeg rev et blad ud af min dagbog". The song received 10 points, placing 4th in a field of 10.

The song was succeeded as Swedish representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 by Brita Borg with "Augustin".

In popular culture

The name of John Ajvide Lindqvist's novel Lilla stjärna is taken from the song title.

References

Eurovision songs of 1958
Eurovision songs of Sweden
Alice Babs songs
1958 songs
Songs written by Åke Gerhard

Lilla stjärna


Lancaster University is a British university in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It consistently rated among the top universities in the United Kingdom for research and teaching. It is ranked in the top one percent of universities in the world. All students are a member of a college. There are eight undergraduate colleges and a ninth college for postgraduates.

Universities in England
City of Lancaster

Lancaster University


Haixinsha Island () is an island in Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is located to the south of Zhujiang New Town, newly developed CBD of the city, to the north of Canton Tower and to the east of Ersha Island.

The island had been used as garrison and warehouses of the People's Liberation Army until the local government decided it was to be redeveloped and used as the venue of the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2010 Asian Games. The island also sat at a strategic point of the new city centre, bordered by the new CBD on the north and the Pearl River on the south. Besides allocating a piece of land to the military, local government reportedly compensated another ¥1 billion in order to acquire land of the island. A viewing stand which seated 35,000 in three tiers of seating, was erected on western end in November 2010 for the opening ceremony. Other infrastructures include an apm station and a large underground complex linked directly to the CBD.

The future of the island is a subject of heated debate at the moment. When construction first started, the government claimed the area would serve as a civic square after the Asian Games. However, immediately after the games was finished, the whole island was turned into an Asian Games park, which charged an entry fee. Although the park attracted mainly tourists, the entry fee affected people who used the metro station as all entrances and exits of the station were located within the park. This sparked a public outcry and the entry fee was eventually lifted in September 2012. Moreover, the viewing stand was supposed to be a temporary structure which should ultimately be demolished. But in 2012, it was reported that a local real estate company was planning to turn it into a luxury hotel with a rooftop swimming pool.

Transport
Haixinsha station, a station on APM line of Guangzhou Metro.

See also
Haixinsha Island (Haizhu District): another island with the same name in Haizhu District, Guangzhou

References

Tianhe District
Islands of Guangzhou

Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)


The Battle of Albarracín took place in Albarracín and surrounding areas (Teruel) between 5 July and 11 August 1937, during the Spanish Civil War.

Background

The Aragon front was, from the beginning of the war, a secondary front, but also a primary objective for the Republicans. The Nationalists maintained a weak position, defending a large line which stretched from the Pyrenees to the city of Teruel, and from there down to the Montes Universales and the birth of the Tagus. Thus, it was a tempting target to the numerically superior Republican troops, especially Huesca and Teruel, which were besieged. In order to support the Republican offensive at Brunete and to force the Nationalists to maintain their troops in this front, the Republicans in Aragon planned to launch a small offensive at Albarracín.

Developments of the operations

Republican offensive
In rapid deployment on the heights that surround Albarracín, forces of the 42nd Republican division took positions to attack the city. The town was weakly garrisoned and the Republicans were in a commanding position.

On 5 July the Republicans broke through enemy lines and on the 7th they made it into the city. The inhabitants were conquered quickly and almost in its entirety, with the exceptions of two concentrated pockets of resistance in the barracks of the Guardia Civil and the cathedral, composed of civilians with some Nationalist military support. The 60th mixed brigade did most of the operation, being supported by the other two brigades. On the other hand, the majority of the 59th Brigade was directed towards Gea de Albarracín to reinforce the positions while the 61st brigade went to Monterde (which it took control of). After the Republican advance, most of the Francoist defenders took positions on the higher part of Albarracín while the Aviación Nacional bombarded the Republican enclaves; from this point on, the Republicans were on the defensive.

Rebel Counterattack
The rebel forces, composed largely of units of the Legion and Moroccan Regulars, began their advance on the roads penetrating the Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. On 9 July the Nationalist troops reorganized to form three columns under the command of General Miguel Ponte. The Republican troops received orders on 11 July to maintain their position in Albarracín at all costs and to wipe out the Francoist resistance which remained in some of the buildings of the city, which had been without food or water since the 8th. The Nationalists mounted a counterattack which beat back Republicans, and on 14 July Ponte's troops broke through the Republican positions and retook Albarracín.

On the 16th, amid fierce Republican resistance (who were taking advantage of the area's terrain) and hard fighting, the Nationalists recovered all the positions they had lost at the beginning of the offensive.

Taking advantage of the momentum from the counterattack, the Nationalists moved towards the Montes Universales and again broke through the Republican resistance, which was unable to cope with the rebel advance, and on the 21st the rebels took over several Republican towns. On 31 July the Republicans forces disintegrated in the face of the Nationalist offensive, which continued through the Montes Universales. The Nationalists halted their advance and military actions ended on 11 August.

Result
The battle had no influence on either the Aragon front or the Battle of Brunete, although the nationalists moved forward a few kilometers and conquered some inhabitants, reinforcing their defensive positions on the southern flank of Teruel. This area remained fairly calm until the end of the war.

See also

 List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
 List of classes of Spanish Nationalist ships of the Spanish Civil War

References

Battles of the Spanish Civil War
1937 in Spain
Conflicts in 1937
Battles in Aragon
Province of Teruel
July 1937 events
August 1937 events

Battle of Albarracín


Lawrence Counselman Wroth (January 14, 1884 – December 25, 1970) was an American historian and the author of The Colonial Printer, the definitive book on the American printing trade during the period of 1639 through 1800. Though he wrote hundreds of articles or books, Wroth was also a librarian and research professor.

Early years
Wroth was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1884, the son of an Episcopal clergyman. He served with the 110th and 111th Field Artillery in World War I during the period of 1917 to 1919 in France.

Career
In 1905, Wroth graduated from Johns Hopkins University and wrote his first published article, "Sanitation in the Country House", which appeared in the magazine Country Life in America. His first book, published in 1911, Parson Weems; a biographical and critical study, was a biography of George Washington's biographer. His last book, published in 1970, The voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524-1528, was also a biography.

Though Wroth wrote over 550 pieces, he is most notable for two books on colonial printing: A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland: 1686-1776, published in 1922,  a study of printing in colonial Maryland; and The Colonial Printer, published in 1931, a study in the printing trade during the American colonial period. Both books detailed the first colonial printing presses, colonial printing houses, typeset, printing ink, paper, journeymen, apprentices, conditions of the trade, and bookbinding. The content and finish of the completed books, pamphlets, and papers of the period are also discussed.

In his publications on printing in colonial America, Wroth notably included the history of colonial women printers, such as: Dinah Nuthead, Anne Catherine Hoof Green, Sarah Updike Goddard, Clementina Rind, and Mary Goddard.

Wroth expressly stated that the book was written "as a discussion of certain fundamental aspects of cultural history" and that the book was not intended as an "essay in bibliophilism", though his love of books is evident:
"To love the contents of a book and care nothing about the volume itself, to love the treasure and to be unmindful of the earthen vessel that loyally holds and preserves it, is to be only half a lover, deaf to a whole series of notes in the gamut of emotion.  The book lover, more richly endowed, broods over the hand that fashioned the volume he reads, and, like the Tramp-Royal, he goes on until he dies observing the different ways that different things are done, the materials, the processes, the how and what and why of the ancient mysteries of printing, paper making, type founding, ink making, press building, and binding."

In addition to writing, Wroth had a parallel career as a librarian. He worked at the Maryland Diocesan Library in Baltimore from 1905 to 1912 before becoming assistant librarian at Baltimore's Enoch Pratt Free Library from 1912 to 1923. While at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, Wroth served as librarian of the John Carter Brown Library for 35 years (1924 — 1957), and held a university post as Research Professor of American History (1932–1965).

References

1884 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American librarians
Brown University faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Writers from Baltimore
Historians of the Thirteen Colonies
20th-century American Episcopalians
Historians from Maryland
20th-century American male writers
AIGA medalists
Presidents of the Bibliographical Society of America

Lawrence C. Wroth


Frédérick Raynal (, born 1966) is a French video game designer and programmer, notable for his game developments in Infogrames, Adeline Software International and No Cliché. He is married to Yaël Barroz, a fellow game designer, with whom he has two children.

He is perhaps best known for Alone in the Dark, a game that established many conventions of the survival horror genre. Raynal also has a cult following for his Little Big Adventure series.

Raynal and other former Adeline members have repeatedly told fans that creating the third installment is made difficult by having to license or reacquire the rights to the franchise, which currently belong to Delphine Software International. However, Raynal has hinted that his current company, Ludoïd, which Raynal owns jointly with his wife, is attempting to negotiate the rights for a game to be called Little Big Adventure 3: Genesis of the Stellar Entity, and at least one sketch, by Didier Chanfray, related to development of the title has been leaked to the public, later to be confirmed as appurtenant by Raynal.

Career
Frederick Raynal was born in 1966 in Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze (France). Beginning in his high school years, Raynal made early LED games including Laser (1979) for the ZX81. Shifting to software programming and working at his father's computer shop, Raynal's first commercial game, Robix 500 (1983), sold around 80 copies. During his time working here, Raynal also designed a suite of Minitel emulators: Minitelec (1986) for the Amstrad 464 through 6128 (Minitelec and Transmitelec), the Amstrad CPC6128 (Servitelec), and the PC-1512 (Minitelec Pro). He also produced graphics for the game PopCorn (1988), which was a moderate commercial success.

After joining the infant Infogrames he ported Alpha Waves (1990), a game which pushed new boundaries in gaming and is considered the first true 3D platform game. The port, from Atari ST to DOS, was actually a complete rewrite in C of the original Motorola 68000 assembly language code written by Christophe de Dinechin, after Raynal convinced Infogrames to make an exception to their policy of not porting assembly-language games. Convinced by his experience with Alpha Waves that the time was ripe for 3D graphics, he and his team soon went on to produce Alone in the Dark (1992), and worked on parts of the direct sequel (Alone in the Dark 2) before leaving the company. Alone in the Dark was a major contributor to the growth and success of Infogrames, and has since come to be widely regarded as a forefather of the survival horror genre. More importantly to Raynal himself, he became romantically involved with the game's graphic artist, Yaël Barroz, who gave birth to his first child shortly before Alone in the Dark was released.

Raynal formed Adeline Software International in 1993 with several former Infogrames members. With this new team, Raynal produced Little Big Adventure (1994), Time Commando (1996), and Little Big Adventure 2 (1997). He was also given special thanks on the PlayStation port of Fade to Black (1995).

Adeline was purchased by Sega in 1997 and became No Cliché. With No Cliché, Raynal and his team produced Toy Commander (1999), and Toy Racer (2000) both for Sega's Dreamcast system, and also helped Raster Productions into coding localisation for the European release of its Dreamcast Quake III Arena port (2000). During this time No Cliché also produced a spin-off entitled Toy Commander: Christmas Surprise (2000) as a free bonus with issue #10 of OD Magazine. For a time Raynal was also working on a survival horror game Agartha, which was cancelled due to Sega's decision to stop development on the Dreamcast. No Cliché remained together for a little while after the cancellation, attempting to create a PC port of Toy Commander. However, the group split before it could be finished.

Raynal went on to form F4-Toys (later F4) with Bruno Heintz where he began work on an action adventure game Trium Planeta. The game was to follow the style of Little Big Adventure, but was cancelled after a few months. Raynal also worked briefly at Little World Studio before forming his current company, Ludoïd. In 1997, Raynal was credited in the short film, Double Jeu.

On March 13, 2006, Raynal along with Shigeru Miyamoto and Michel Ancel were knighted by French Minister of Culture and Communication, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, as Knights of Arts and Literature. It was the first time that video game developers were honored this distinction.

Later, Raynal was involved as a consultant in the design of Soul Bubbles, a game for the Nintendo DS,  published by Eidos Interactive. He left the project in the spring of 2006 to start a new game with Ubisoft Montpellier: Battle Tag, a laser tag shooter game, which was released in November 2010. In 2010, he was linked to Treasure Hunter Institute, a MMO adventure game developed by Ubisoft. This project was canceled in April 2011.

In 2014, he founded a new studio, Gloomywood, and announced his new survival game 2Dark.

Several years later, on September, 2021, Raynal joined a newly formed studio named [2.21]  for the production of a new installment to the Little Big Adventure franchise. The release date is still unknown.

Games designed by Frédérick Raynal
Independent
Laser (1979, ZX81)
Robix 500 (1986, PC) (A.K.A. Robix)
PopCorn (1988, PC)

With Infogrames
The Toyottes (1990, PC port of an earlier Amiga game)
SimCity CDTV (1990, PC port of an earlier Amiga CDTV game)
Alpha Waves (1991, PC port of an Atari ST game by Christophe de Dinechin)
Alone in the Dark (1992, PC)

With Adeline Software International
Little Big Adventure (1994, PC/PlayStation) (A.K.A. Relentless: Twinsen's Adventure)
Time Commando (1996, PC/PlayStation/Sega Saturn)
Little Big Adventure 2 (1997, PC) (A.K.A. Twinsen's Odyssey)

With No Cliché
Toy Commander (1999, Dreamcast)
Toy Commander: Christmas Surprise (2000, Dreamcast)
Toy Racer (2000, Dreamcast)
Agartha (canceled, Dreamcast)

With F4
Trium Planeta (canceled)

With Mekensleep (as contractor)
Soul Bubbles (2008, Nintendo DS) – consultant (2006)

With Ubisoft
Battle Tag (2010) – creative director
Treasure Hunter Institute (canceled)

With Ludoïd (as developer)
bOxOn (2011, PC/iPad/iPhone/iPod)

With Gloomywood (as developer)
2Dark (2017, PC/PS4/Xbox One)

References

External links

Ludoïd official website

1966 births
French video game designers
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
People from Brive-la-Gaillarde
Living people
Video game programmers

Frédérick Raynal


Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon. It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917. Later it was also used against the French Second Army.

Most sulfur mustards are squishy liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature. When used in warfare, they have a color yellowish to brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.

Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s, by M.Depretz.

Its use during warfare was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. This protocol outlawed the use of poison gas (which was widely used in the First World War). An additional agreement, the Chemical Weapons Convention, was ratified in 1993. It also outlaws the production and stockpiling of such agents.  Despite these prohibitions it has been used in several wars.

Sulfur mustard is the organic compound with formula (ClCH2CH2)2S.
It is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).

Chemical warfare
Organosulfur compounds

Mustard gas


The Hortus Palatinus, or Garden of the Palatinate, was a Baroque garden attached to Heidelberg Castle, Germany. The garden was commissioned by Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1614 for his new wife, Elizabeth Stuart, and became famous across Europe during the 17th century for the landscaping and horticultural techniques involved in its design. At the time it was known as the 'Eighth Wonder of the World', and has since been termed 'Germany's greatest Renaissance garden.'

Construction

The Hortus Palatinus was commissioned by Frederick V, the ruler of the Palatinate, a leading member of the Holy Roman Empire and the head of the Protestant Union, with a martial family tradition stretching back several centuries. Frederick had spent the winter of 1612 in England, where he married Elizabeth Stuart, the daughter of King James I. Although the match had a political purpose – effectively uniting the Protestant lines of England, the Palatinate, the Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Denmark – the two were genuinely in love, and remained a romantic couple throughout the course of their marriage. Frederick returned to Heidelberg, his capital, ahead of his bride and set about transforming his castle, creating an 'English wing' for her, a monkey-house, a menagerie – and the beginnings of a new garden in the Italian Renaissance style popular in England at the time.

Frederick had met the English designer Inigo Jones and the French engineer Salomon de Caus at King James' court. De Caus had been involved in constructing a Baroque garden for the Prince of Wales, Prince Henry at Richmond Palace, but this project had been halted following the Prince's death in 1612. De Caus was also a favourite of Elizabeth Stuart's, having been her tutor before her marriage. From July 1614 onwards de Caus began work in Heidelberg on a new set of gardens. Some writers suspect that de Caus transferred many of his potential ideas from the Richmond project to Heidelberg, applying them on a larger scale.

One major challenge that the engineers faced was the uneven ground – the steep, mountainous terrain around the castle had to be flattened and levelled up into a huge multi-leveled terrace. The result – a large 'L' shape around the castle – was then furnished between 1614 and 1619 with statues, grottos, plants, flowers and tall trees, surrounded in turn by the Heidelberg forest. The lay-out of the various exotic plants, many from the then recently discovered tropics, reflects their geographical origins and religious connotations. De Caus was also particularly proud of the orange tree grove he created, populated with thirty sixty-year-old orange trees specially transferred using his own methods, a significant horticultural accomplishment during the period. Other dramatic features included a water organ in imitation of the Roman writer Vitruvius' design, clockwork-driven musical automata birds who sang as nightingales and cuckoos, mazes and a recreation of the legendary animated statue of Memnon. The result was a hugely impressive Baroque garden in the Italian Renaissance style, dubbed by contemporaries the 'Eighth Wonder of the World'.

Symbolism

The elaborate and ornate Hortus Palatinus have been interpreted in various ways. The dominant modern interpretation of the Hortus Palatinus is that is a 'magic' or 'hermetic' garden. In this model, drawing on de Caus's alleged mystical Rosicrucian background, the complex gardens become an allegory of Rosicrucian thought, a 'botanical cosmos', containing a coded secret deep in their design. In this interpretation, the gardens are intended to capture 'a universal vision, based on a union of the arts, science and religion', combined with 'an ancient tradition of secret wisdom handed down over the ages'.

Another popular modern interpretation believes that the gardens were designed consciously to communicate a powerful, symbolic political message. Frederick V had political ambitions beyond the Palatinate; as the head of the Protestant Union and the senior Elector within the Empire he had hopes for wider hegemony across Germany. In 1619 Frederick would challenge Emperor Ferdinand II for control of Bohemia. Frederick's gardens accordingly symbolised a hugely powerful ruler, mimicking the Roman emperors; the iconography stresses the role of Frederick as a powerful ruler driving the creation of the gardens, 'toppling the peaks of the mountains' and dominating nature as he restructures the world around him. Even the water in the garden, shown in the statues to be commanded by Neptune, is in turn surmounted by images of Frederick commanding Neptune himself.

An alternative interpretation of the gardens argues that – although made in the English style – de Caus designed them with the broad European late Renaissance style firmly in mind, drawing on his experiences of north Italian, and particularly Tuscan gardens. In this minority interpretation, the political symbols and metaphors of the garden are of less importance than the underlying topoi of similar looking gardens across Europe – de Caus was building a garden emulating – and trying to exceed in size and scope – other popular gardens of the day.

Destruction of the garden

By 1619, the Hortus Palatinate had become 'Germany's greatest Renaissance garden', although it was still not fully completed. 1619, however, saw Frederick V's war with Emperor Ferdinand II over the kingdom of Bohemia; soundly defeated at the Battle of White Mountain, Frederick and Elizabeth were forced to flee the Empire for a life in exile in the Hague. The Hortus Palatinate project was halted indefinitely, with de Caus leaving for Paris.

Heidelberg and the gardens suffered badly during the ensuing Thirty Years War; the ornate gardens were used as an artillery base for attacking the city. By the time that Frederick's son Charles Louis was returned to the lower Palatinate in 1648, the principality was in dire economic straits – pleasure gardens were a low priority for the new ruler. The Hortus Palatinate became ruins and today these are considered a popular, romantic tourist attraction. The gardens, as represented in de Caus' original designs, were recreated digitally at the European Media Laboratory in Heidelberg in 2003.

References

Bibliography
Davidson, Peter. The Universal Baroque. Manchester: Manchester University Press. (2007)
Grove, Richard H. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2006)
Hart, Vaughan. Art and Magic in the Court of the Stuarts. London: Routledge. (1994)
Hunt, John Dixon. (ed) Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods. Dumbarton Oaks. (1992)
Kassel, Richard. The Organ: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. (2006)
McIntosh, Christopher. Gardens of the Gods: Myth, Magic and Meaning. London: I.B.Tauris. (2005)
Morgan, Luke. Nature as model: Salomon de Caus and early seventeenth-century landscape design. University of Pennsylvania Press. (2007)
Smith, Evans Lansing. Ricorso and Revelation: an Archetypal Poetics of Modernism. London: Camden House. (1995)
Spencer, Charles. Prince Rupert: the Last Cavalier. London: Phoenix. (2008)
Turner, Tom. Garden History: philosophy and design, 2000 BC—2000 AD. Abingdon: Spon Press. (2005)
Zimmermann, Reinhard. Iconography in German and Austrian Renaissance Gardens. in Hunt (1992)

External links

Hortus Palatinus by Salomon de Caus 1620 – plans for the gardens.
The 3D digital recreation of the gardens by the European Media Laboratory in Heidelberg.

Gardens in Germany
Baroque gardens
Heidelberg
1614 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Gardens in Baden-Württemberg

Hortus Palatinus


Walter Horton (April 6, 1917 – December 8, 1981) was an American blues harp player. He is also known as Big Walter Horton or "Shakey" Horton.

Life
He was born in Horn Lake, Mississippi and started playing harp at the age of five. In his teens he went to Memphis and lived with little income and a lot of discrimination. In the 1930s he played with many musicians across the Mississippi delta region.
He made his first recording in Memphis with the guitarist Little Buddy Doyle. Due to poor health he worked outside the music industry in the 1940s. In the early 1950s he was one of the first musicians recording for Sam Phillips at Sun Records in Memphis, who would later record Elvis Presley. At this time he also was part of the Chicago blues scene, where he recorded amongst others with Eddie Taylor and Johnny Shines. After Junior Wells left the Muddy Waters Band he recorded one session with Waters. In the 1960s he recorded often as sideman for other musicians. He played frequently in the 1970s at blues and folk music festivals in the U.S. and Europe, often with Willie Dixon's Chicago Blues All-Stars. In 1977 he joined Johnny Winter and Muddy Waters on Winter's album I'm Ready. At that time he also recorded for Blind Pig Records. Horton appeared in the Maxwell Street scene in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers. His final recordings were made in 1980.

He got his nickname "Shakey" because while playing he moved his head. He did his own first recording not until 1964 because he was a humble and shy person who did not like to be a leader. He felt more comfortable as sideman for others. Big Walter Horton died from heart failure in Chicago in 1981 aged 64.

Discography

Own works
1964	 	The Soul of Blues Harmonica	 	Chess
1969	 	Southern Comfort	 	Sire Records
1972	 	Offer You Can't Refuse [1 Side]	 	Red Lightnin' (UK)
1973		Big Walter Horton with Carey Bell		Alligator
1973	        NowLive at the El Mocambo	 	Red Lightnin' (UK)
1974		With Hot Cottage		Stony Plain
1976		Can't Keep Lovin' You		Blind Pig Records
1979		Fine Cuts		Blind Pig Records
1980	 	Little Boy Blue [live]	 	JSP
1984	 	The Deep Blues Harmonica	 	JSP
1984            Can't Keep Lovin' You Blind Pig Records
1986	 	Walter Horton	 	Black Magic
1988           Mouth Harp Maestro    	Ace
1990	 	Horton	 	Blind Pig Records
1996	 	Ann Arbor Blues & Jazz Festival, Vol. 4 [live]	 	Schoolkids
1996		They Call Me Big Walter	 	Blues Alliance
1997            An Offer you Can´t Refuse Walter Horton und Paul Butterfield  Castle
1998           Toronto '73 M.I.L. Multimedia
1999		Walter "Shakey" Horton Live	 	Pacific Blues
2001		Live at the Knickerbocker		JSP
2001            With Hot Cottage  Stony Plain
2005            Memphis Recordings 1951  Megaphon Importservice
2008		Bocce Boogie: Live 1978		Topcat Records

As sideman
Chicken Shack Complete Blue Horizon Sessions  (2006)
Fleetwood Mac Blues Jam In Chicago, Vol. 2  (2004)
Buddy Guy This Is the Beginning: The Artistic and USA Sessions 1958-1963 (2003)
David "Honeyboy" Edwards  Don't Mistreat A Fool  (1999)
Johnny Shines 1915-1992  (1998)
Muddy Waters His Best 1956 bis 1964 (1997)
American Folk Blues Festival: 1962-1965  (1995)
Floyd Jones Masters Of Modern Blues  (1994)
J.B. Hutto Masters Of Modern Blues  (1995)
Jimmy Rogers Chicago Bound  (1976)
Fleetwood MacKiln House  (1970)
Koko Taylor 	Koko Taylor (1969)
Sunnyland SlimMidnight Jump (1969)
Fleetwood Mac Blues Jam In Chicago, Vol. 1  (1969)
Chicken Shack O.K. Ken?  (1969)
Johnny Shines Johnny Shines With Big Walter Horton  (1969)
Johnny Winter Johnny Winter  (1969)
Big Mama Thornton  Ball N' Chain  (1968)
Johnny Young Chicago Blues  (1968)
Otis Spann Otis Spann's Chicago Blues  (1966)
Big Mama Thornton Big Mama Thornton In Europe  (1965)

References

Blues musicians
Musicians from Mississippi
1917 births
1981 deaths
Chicago blues musicians
Blues harp players

Walter Horton


The Vinča script is a cache of symbols found belonging to the Vinča culture of the central Balkans over 7000 years ago. The symbols have been a topic of debate amongst historians.

The Tărtăria tablets are three tablets discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria(Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka). This is about 30 km (19 mi) from Alba Iulia in Romania.[10]The tablets, dated to around 5300 BC,[11] have symbols inclay: the Vinča symbols. Some claim they are a yet undeciphered language. If this is so, they would be the earliest known form of writing. In 1908 similar symbols were found during excavations, by Miloje Vasić (1869–1956) in Vinča. This is a suburb of Belgrade (Serbia), some 300 km from Turdaș. Later, more were found in another part of Belgrade. Since 1875 over one hundred and fifty Vinča sites have been found in Serbia alone. Many, including Vinča itself, have not been fully excavated. The culture of the whole area is called the Vinča culture. Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic,[12] they are generally regarded as a an original, independent development.[13]

Stone Age

Vinča script


"Ode to a Nightingale" (Lēoþ Nihtegalan on Englisce) is lēoþ þe John Keats on Þrimilcemōnþe 1819 wrāt, in þǣm gearde þæs Spaniards Inn, Hāmstede, Lunden. Cwæþ Keates frēond, Charles Armitage Brown, nihtegale betimbrode nēah his hām his nest, on ēostre 1819. Þurhblāwen þȳ briddes songe, Keats wrāt þæt lēoþ in ānum dæge. Hit sōna wearþ ān his 1819 ōdelēoðum and man hīe ǣrost cȳðde in Annals of the Fine Arts þǣm ōðrum Mǣdmōnðe. "Ode to a Nightingale" is selflīc lēoþ þe Keatses forþweg āmearcaþ intō ungewisses andfenges hāda.

Lēoþcræft
Englisc Lēoþcræft

Ode to a Nightingale


Chemical biology is a science that combines the fields of chemistry and biology. It involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems.

It is different from biochemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of biological molecules. For example, a biochemist studies the three-dimensional structure of a protein and how that structure relates to the chemistry of the protein. Also, biochemistry studies the way enzymes work. Chemical biologists use chemical principles to modulate systems. They do this to either investigate biology relationships or create new functions. In this way, the research done by chemical biologists is often closer to that of cell biology than biochemistry. Biochemists work in the chemistry of biology, but chemical biologists work in chemistry applied to biology.

Other websites
 Chemical Biology - BioChemWeb.org
 Chemical Biology Doctoral Training Centre, Imperial College London

Cells
Branches of chemistry

Chemical biology


Skandagupta () (died 467) was a Gupta Emperor of northern India. People do not know who his ancestors were. He faced some of the greatest challenges in the annals of the empire having to contend with the Pushyamitras and the Hunas (a name by which the "White Huns" were known in India). He died in 467.
467 deaths
Year of birth missing

Gupta emperors

Skandagupta