The Left Handed Gun is a 1958 American Western film and the film directorial debut of Arthur Penn, starring Paul Newman as Billy the Kid and John Dehner as Pat Garrett.

The screenplay was written by Leslie Stevens from a teleplay by Gore Vidal, which he wrote for the television series The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse 1955 episode "The Death of Billy the Kid", in which Newman also played the title character. Vidal revisited and revised the material for the 1989 TV movie titled Billy the Kid. The title refers to the belief that Billy the Kid was left handed, and he shoots left-handed in the film, though this was a false conclusion drawn from a reversed photograph. The film attempts to portray Billy the Kid as a misunderstood youth who got mixed up in a cattle war and was dragged down by the hostile population of New Mexico.

Plot
Drifter William Bonney (Paul Newman), known as "Billy the Kid", befriends a cattle boss named John Tunstall, who is known as "The Englishman".  Tunstall is murdered by corrupt rival cattlemen led by the local sheriff in the Lincoln County War. Bonney plans to avenge the crime by hunting down those responsible and killing them in provoked gunfights.  His violent actions endanger his surviving friends and the territorial amnesty proclaimed by New Mexico Territory governor Lew Wallace.  Billy's former friend, Pat Garrett, becomes a sheriff and sets out to hunt him down.

Billy's worshipful companion, Moultrie, lionizes Billy's actions, fueling a series of dime novels that transform Bonney into a legend. Billy is disgusted with his fictionalization, and he rejects Moultrie. Embittered, Moultrie betrays Bonney to Garrett. In a final showdown, Garrett ambushes and kills the exhausted Bonney, who faces his nemesis unarmed in the hopes of ending his own life.

Cast
Paul Newman as Billy The Kid
Lita Milan as Celsa
John Dehner as Pat Garrett
Hurd Hatfield as Moultrie
James Congdon as Charlie Bowdre
James Best as Tom Folliard
Colin Keith-Johnston as John Tunstall
John Dierkes as Alexander McSween
Robert Anderson (credited as Bob Anderson) as Hill
Wally Brown as Deputy Moon
Ainslie Pryor as Joe Grant
Martin Garralaga as Saval
Denver Pyle as Ollinger
Paul Smith as Smith
Nestor Paiva as Pete Maxwell
Jo Summers as Bride
Robert Foulk as Sheriff Brady
Anne Barton as Mrs. Hill
George Bell as Deputy
Joe Bell as Peddler
Orlando Beltran as Mexican Farmer
George Berkeley
Lane Chandler as Townsman on Street with Mason
Mary Lou Clifford as Gypsy woman
Stephen Coit as Alexander Ganz, Photographer
Cecil Combs as Deputy
Jess Franco as Young Gypsy Man
Terry Frost as Angry Townsman
Robert Griffin as Morton
Norman Leavitt as General Store Clerk
Eve McVeagh as Mrs. McSween
Tina Menard as Mexican Woman
Boyd 'Red' Morgan as Soldier
Tessie Murray as Gypsy Woman
Joseph V. Perry as Clerk
Stephanie Pond-Smith
Henry Rowland as Man on Street with Deputy
Oreste Seragnoli as Priest
Morgan Shaan as Man in Crowd
Dan Sheridan as Bucky
Fred Sherman as Clerk
Jorge Treviño as Ramírez
Glen Turnbull as Sergeant
Ernesto Zambrano as Old Gypsy Man

Reception
The film was a flop in the United States, but was praised by French film critics for its bold experimentation with the stereotyped American Western genre. In 1961 it won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association.

Comic book adaptation
 Dell Four Color #913 (July 1958)

See also
 List of American films of 1958

References

External links

1958 films
1958 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Biographical films about Billy the Kid
Lincoln County Wars
Films directed by Arthur Penn
Films set in New Mexico
American black-and-white films
Warner Bros. films
Films based on works by Gore Vidal
Films based on television plays
Films adapted into comics
Revisionist Western (genre) films
Cultural depictions of Pat Garrett
1958 directorial debut films
Cockfighting in film
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language Western (genre) films

The Left Handed Gun


Ankuri Mahadev is a Hindu temple located in Mahadeva in the Saptari District of Nepal. The place has Shiva Linga in the main temple, as well as Goddess Parvati and God Hanuman in other temples. The Shiva Linga has a dent of size of fist on the top. It is said that the place was a crematorium long ago and was an isolated place. Some cowherds from nearby villages used to go there. They brought it several times to their home, but the Shiva Ling used to return to its own place. It is also said that whoever tried to take the Shiva Linga their home, misery befell upon them and a member of their family fell sick or died. Later the master of the cowherds heard about these and built a temple for Shiva Linga on the same place.

It is a well known site of pilgrimage for Lord Shiva devotees and every year there are big fairs on festivals like Shivaratri and Anant Chaturdashi. It is a holy place to perform sacred yajna.

Hindu temples in Madhesh Province
Shiva temples in Nepal
Saptari District

Ankuri Mahadev


Pulp fiction is a kind of literature. It gets its name from the cheap, wood pulp paper it was printed on.  Pulp fiction covered several genres: romance, western, science fiction, horror, detective, adventure, etc. It was most popular in the United States during the 1920s–1940s. Publication then decreased, perhaps because television took over the evening hours for readers and magazines were not read as often. Pulp fiction was published in a cheap magazine format often with gaudy covers. Stories were sometimes serialized, meaning the reader had to buy each monthly issue over a period of time to complete a particular story.

Fiction books

Pulp fiction


A plastic is a material that can change its shape easily. Many things are made of plastics, usually because making them to the right shape is easy. There are many types of plastic. Some can be shaped only when they are freshly made; then they become hard.  Others are thermoplastic and can be softened by heating them. These plastics can be used for 3D printing, because the plastic will become soft enough to form into different shapes, and then become hard again when they cool down.

Most plastics are man-made; they do not occur in nature. The process of making plastics is usually quite complicated. Most of the materials that are called plastic are polymers. Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to each other. In most plastics, the long chain is a chain of carbon atoms with other atoms attached to them. The different atoms and the shape and length of the chains change how the plastic looks and works.

People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for a very long time. Alexander Parkes, an English inventor (1813-1890), created an early form of plastic in 1855. It was hard but flexible and transparent. He called it "Parkesine" but now it is called "Celluloid."

Old plastics are usually thrown away and put in landfills. Some plastics release toxic fumes when heated. Some plastics are recycled so they won't become waste. Some plastics have other materials added to them, like glass, because they make the plastic stronger and stiffer.

Plastics are mostly petrochemicals, made from natural gas or from petroleum, a type of oil. Chemical engineers refine the petroleum which goes through a heating process. It develops ethylene and propylene, which are the chemical building blocks for many plastics. These chemicals are then combined with other chemicals to produce a polymer.

Today, some of these plastics are also being made without oil. Instead, other sources like plants and bacteria are used to make the plastic. These plastics are called bioplastics. They are useful because they can be eaten by other bacteria instead of throwing them away.

Well-known plastics, and their use
 Polyamide (usually called nylon)  Women's stockings, gears, car parts, toothbrush bristles
 Polycarbonate – bulletproof glass, compact discs, DVDs.
 Polyethylene – tubes, bottles, shopping bags, milk jugs, body armor (made with polyethylene with especially long chains)
 Polyethylene terephtalate (called PET when used for bottles, and polyester when used for clothes or other materials)
 Polypropylene - food containers, chairs
 Polystyrene - CD cases, plastic cups, plastic forks and knives
 Polyurethane - rubber, foam, shiny coatings on wood and tile
 Polyvinyl chloride (called PVC, usually) - pipes (chemicals can make PVC softer for toys and cushions)
 Polylactic acid (PLA) - 3D printing

References

Polymers
Polymer chemistry

Plastic


A candidate, or nominee, is a person (or a thing) which is being considered for something. For a person, it might be an award or honor or membership of a group. An election, for example, often chooses one or a few, among two or more candidates. The word comes from a Latin word for white, because men who wanted to be chosen would wear white so everyone would notice them.

The word is also used in problem-solving. In chess, a distinction is made between legal moves and candidate moves. The candidate moves are those selected for a more detailed examination.

Related pages
Candidatus

Politics

Candidate


The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are two sections that are in some Bibles inside chapter three of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel.

In chapter three of the Book of Daniel, King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon builds a statue from gold, and he tells everyone to worship it. Some Jews living in Babylon named Azariah, Hananiah, and Mishael refuse to worship the statue. The king gets mad so he has them put into a big furnace to kill them. An angel protects them from the fire, and the king decides to let them go.

That story is in all Hebrew and Christian Bibles. Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Bibles have a longer version of the story.

In the longer version of the story, Azariah's prayer is put after the three men are put into the furnace, starting at verse 24. In the prayer, Azariah says that he and the other people of Judah (part of ancient Israel) have sinned against God. He says that they are sorry and asks for God's protection.

The Song of the Three Holy Children is another part of the longer version of the Book of Daniel. It is sung by Azariah, Hananiah, and Daniel, who praise God and want everyone else to join them in prayer.

Other websites
 in the NAB
 in the NIV, a translation lacking this section for comparison.
Text and commentary in the NETBIBLE

Old Testament books
2nd-century BC works


The cryosphere is the part of the Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). It often overlaps with the hydrosphere, the water on, under and over the surface of the Earth. The cryosphere is an important part of the global climate system. It influences surface energy, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and the way both air and water move about in the atmosphere and oceans. The cryosphere is important to understanding how the climate of Earth works and how it affects global climate. The word cyrosphere comes from the Greek word cryo meaning "cold" or "to cold".

Earth

Cryosphere


The San Benito AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in San Benito County, California. It is part of the larger Central Coast AVA.  San Benito has a moderate climate with cooling breezes from the Pacific Ocean arriving via gaps between the Gabilan Range and the Santa Lucia Mountains.  The region was once the principal source of grapes for Almaden Vineyards before the business was acquired by Constellation Brands in 1984.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of San Benito County, California
1987 establishments in California

San Benito AVA


In linguistics, declension is the changing of the form of a word. This  shows its function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. The inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation.

Declensions may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and articles to indicate number (e.g. singular, dual, plural), case (e.g. nominative case, accusative case, genitive case, dative case), gender (e.g. masculine, neuter, feminine), and a number of other grammatical categories.

For example, in English, if there is more than one boy, the word must become boys. For example, "My family has two girls and one boy, but my wife's family has two girls and three boys". The form boy is singular, meaning there is only one of the noun, and the form boys is plural, meaning there is more than one of the noun. You must know the noun's singular form if you want to find it in an English dictionary.

Also in English, a noun can change if it owns something. For example, if a toy belongs to one boy, the toy is the boy's toy, but if it belongs to two or more boys, it becomes the boys' toy. Both numbers of the noun have this word case, which is called the genitive case. Word case is when a word form changes depending on what part of the sentence it is.

References

Grammar

Declension


The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was one of the first computers. It was designed in 1937. It was not able to be programmed, and it was designed only to solve groups of linear equations. It was successfully tested in 1942. It was very amazing technology for the time. It was the first machine to use many important things used in modern computing.

Historical computers

Atanasoff–Berry Computer


Esther Waters is a novel by George Moore first published in 1894.

Overview
Set in England from the early 1870s onward, the novel is about a pious young woman from a poor working-class family who, while working as a kitchen maid, is seduced by another employee, becomes pregnant, is deserted by her lover, and against all odds decides to raise her child as a single mother. Esther Waters is one of a group of Victorian novels that depict the life of a "fallen woman".

Written in a naturalistic style similar to that of Émile Zola, the novel stands out among Moore's publications as the book whose immediate success, including William Ewart Gladstone's approval of the novel in the Westminster Gazette, brought him financial security. Continuously revised by Moore (1899, 1917, 1920, 1931), it is often regarded as his best novel.

Esther Waters is dedicated to T. W. Rolleston.

Plot summary
Esther Waters is born to hard-working parents who are Plymouth Brethren in Barnstaple, Devon. Her father's premature death prompts her mother to move to London and marry again, but Esther's stepfather turns out to be a hard-drinking bully and wife-beater who forces Esther, a natural beauty, to leave school and go out to work instead, thus greatly reducing her chances of ever learning how to read and write, and Esther remains illiterate all her life.

Her first job outside London is that of a kitchen maid with the Barfields, a nouveau riche family of horse breeders, horse racers and horse betters who live at Woodview near Shoreham. There she meets William Latch, a footman, and is seduced by him. Dreaming of a future with Latch, she is dismayed to find that he is having an affair with the Barfields' niece, who is staying at Woodview. After Latch and his lover have eloped together, Esther stays on at Woodview until she cannot hide her pregnancy any longer. Although she has found a kindred soul in Mrs Barfield, who is also a Plymouth Sister and abhors the betting on horses going on all around her, Esther is dismissed ("I couldn't have kept you on, on account of the bad example to the younger servants") and reluctantly goes back to London.

With the little money she has saved, she can stay in a rented room out of her stepfather's sight. Her mother is pregnant with her eighth child and dies giving birth to it at the same time Esther is at Queen Charlotte's Hospital giving birth to a healthy boy she calls Jackie. Still in confinement, she is visited by her younger sister who asks her for money for her passage to Australia, where her whole family have decided to emigrate. Esther never hears of them again.

Learning that a young mother in her situation can make good money by becoming a wet nurse, Esther leaves her newborn son in the care of a baby farmer and nurses the sickly child of a wealthy woman ("Rich folk don't suckle their own") who, out of fear of infection, forbids Esther any contact with Jack. When, after two long weeks, she finally sees her son again, realises that he is anything but prospering and even believes that his life might be in danger, she immediately takes him with her, terminates her employment without notice and then sees no other way than to "accept the shelter of the workhouse" for herself and Jack.

But Esther is lucky, and after only a few months can leave the workhouse again. She chances upon Mrs Lewis, a lonely widow living in East Dulwich who is both willing and able to raise her boy in her stead, while she herself goes into service again. However, she is not able to really settle down anywhere: either the work is so hard and the hours so long that, fearing for her health, she quits again; or she is dismissed when her employers find out about the existence of her illegitimate son, concluding that she is a "loose" woman who must not work in a respectable household. Later on, while hiding her son's existence, she is fired when the son of the house, in his youthful fervour, makes passes at her and eventually writes her a love letter she cannot read.

Another stroke of luck in her otherwise dreary life is her employment as general servant in West Kensington with Miss Rice, a novelist who is very sympathetic to her problems. While working there, she makes the acquaintance of Fred Parsons, a Plymouth Brother and political agitator, who proposes to Esther at about the same time she bumps into William Latch again while on an errand for her mistress. Latch, who has amassed a small fortune betting on horses and as a bookmaker, is the proprietor of a public house in Soho and has separated from his adulterous wife, waiting for his divorce to be completed. He immediately declares his unceasing love for Esther and urges her to live with him and work behind the bar of his pub. Esther realises that she must make up her mind between the sheltered, serene and religious life Parsons is offering her—which she is really longing for—and sharing the financially secure but turbulent existence of a successful small-time entrepreneur who, as she soon finds out, operates on both sides of the law. Eventually, for the sake of her son's future, she decides to go to Soho with Latch, and after his divorce has come through the couple get married.

A number of years of relative happiness follow. Jack, now in his teens, can be sent off to school, and Esther even has her own servant. But Latch is a gambler, and nothing can stop him from risking most of the money he has in the  hope of gaining even more. Illegal betting is conducted in an upstairs private bar, but more and more also across the counter, until the police clamp down on his activities, his licence is revoked, and he has to pay a heavy fine. This coincides with Latch developing a chronic, sometimes bloody, cough, contracting pneumonia, and finally, in his mid-thirties, being diagnosed with tuberculosis ("consumption"). However, rather than not touching what little money he still has for his wife and son's sake, the dying man puts everything on one horse, loses, and dies a few days later.

With Miss Rice also dead, Esther has no place to turn to and again takes on any menial work she can get hold of. Then she remembers Mrs Barfield, contacts her and, when asked to come to Woodview as her servant, gladly accepts while Jack, now old enough to earn his own living, stays behind in London. When she arrives there, Esther finds the once proud estate in a state of absolute disrepair, with Mrs Barfield the only inhabitant. Mistress and maid develop an increasingly intimate relationship with each other and, for the first time in their lives, can practise their religion unhindered. Looking back on her "life of trouble and strife," Esther, now about 40, says she has been able to fulfil her task—to see her boy "settled in life," and thus does not see any reason whatsoever to want to get married again. In the final scene of the novel, Jack, who has become a soldier, visits the two women at Woodview.

Critical reception
Moore's fellow late nineteenth-century novelist George Gissing wrote there was "some pathos and power in latter part, but miserable writing. The dialogue often grotesquely phrased".

In a 1936 review of a series of books published by The Bodley Head and Penguin Books, appearing in The New English Weekly, George Orwell described Esther Waters as "far and away the best" of the 10 books in the series. Describing the novel as Moore's best and comparing it to W. Somerset Maugham's Of Human Bondage, Orwell noted certain stylistic flaws but argued its "fundamental sincerity makes its surface faults almost negligible."

Stage and film adaptations

The reason why Moore chose Esther Waters rather than one of his lesser known novels (which he might have been able to promote that way) to be adapted for the stage may have been its "Englishness". The subject-matter of Esther Waters was the most "English" of his novels, and Moore had just returned to England after abandoning his brief interest in the Irish Renaissance theatre movement. 1911, then, saw the première, at the Apollo Theatre in London's West End, of Esther Waters: a play in five acts, which Moore had adapted from his own novel. Although it did not receive good reviews, Moore was pleased with the production. In 1913 Heinemann published the playscript.

There are, however, two more versions of the play. One was the result of an unsuccessful collaboration, in 1922, between Moore and theatre critic Barrett H. Clark; a third version of the play was written by Clark in the same year, but never performed. The two 1922 versions were first published in 1984.

Esther Waters was filmed in 1948 by Ian Dalrymple and Peter Proud with Kathleen Ryan (in the title role), Dirk Bogarde (as William Latch), Cyril Cusack, Ivor Barnard and Fay Compton. It was partly filmed at Folkington Manor, East Sussex. Two television dramas (miniseries) were produced in 1964 and 1977 respectively.

In 1964 the BBC produced a four-part miniseries of Esther Waters, with Meg Wynn Owen in the title role. A further television adaptation Esther Waters aired on the BBC in 1977, featuring Gabrielle Lloyd as Waters.

See also

 Women in the Victorian era
 New Woman
 The Millstone (1965), a novel by Margaret Drabble in which unmarried young academic becomes pregnant after a one-night stand in early 1960s London and decides to give birth to her child and raise it herself
 Tales from the Vienna Woods (1931), a play by Ödön von Horváth in which a naive young woman must pay bitterly when she breaks off her reluctant engagement with a butcher after falling in love with a fop who, however, has no serious interest in returning her love
 Therese (1928), a novel by Arthur Schnitzler in which woman toils to provide for her illegitimate son, who in the end turns against her

Footnotes

References
 Skilton, David (1983) "Introduction", in George Moore, Esther Waters, Oxford University Press, vii–xxii.
 Woolf, Virginia, "A Born Writer. Review of Esther Waters, by George Moore", The Times Literary Supplement (29 July 1920). Retrieved 17/8/07.
 Youngkin, Molly (2002) "Men Writing Women: Male Authorship, Narrative Strategies, and Woman's Agency in the Late-Victorian Novel", PhD dissertation (Ohio State University, 2002). Retrieved 19/8/07.
 Youngkin, Molly (2007) Feminist Realism at the Fin de Siècle: the influence of the Late-Victorian woman's press on the development of the novel Columbus OH: Ohio State University Press. Excerpt retrieved 19/8/07.

External links

1894 novels
Novels set in London
Irish novels adapted into films
19th-century Irish novels

Esther Waters


Kagenna is an alternative magazine from South Africa. It started life as an underground zine published shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and grew into an irregular, irreverent and entertaining read at the newsstand. Published in Cape Town, the magazine carried articles by activists, anarchists, ecologists and hackers and was considered subversive and revolutionary for its time. The last issue was published electronically in 1993.

Origin
The name Kagenna derives from "Gehenna", the Jewish Hell, and !Cagn, the mantis god of the !kung San People.

The project started out as a collective experiment in Cape Town after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Advocating a combination of ecology, art and technology whose offshoots became part of a global technogaian movement. The first issue had a silk-screened cover and was photocopied. Subsequent issues became more sophisticated and the magazine developed a life of its own, spawning other experiments and in particular a thriving small press.

Contents
Kagenna #1 (silk-screened cover) 101 Green things to do; Beyond Environmental Conflict; Women as practical Utopists; Hyperdelic Exploration; Artvark Interview; Garbage Ecology; Ten Key Values of the Green Movement; Jim Jute and the Night People; Tristam and Them comic.(24pp) out of print

Kagenna #2 (silk-screened cover): "Reclaiming Celebration; Busking;Towards a Green South Africa" by Jacklyn Cock; "Dioxin Factsheet"; "Siyabona Theatre"; "The Word Becomes Cassette" by William Levy; "Tristam and Them" comic.(28pp) out of print.

Kagenna #3: "Plastic Propaganda"; "Art and Change"; "Ozone-Friendly Might Just Kill You"; "Global Warming Factsheet"; "Camphill Bus"; "African Hip Hop interview"; "Fax for Freedom"; "Recycling and Toxics guide"; "The Kitchen Revolution"; Beezy Bailey poster. (28pp + poster) R12.50

Kagenna #4: "Do You Have to be White to be Green" by Albie Sachs; "Steve Newman's alternative reality"; "German Green party interview"; "Radical Radio"; "Disrupting Trivia and Tapping the Information Highway"; "The Reality of Meat; Hobos Recycle"; "CO-OP cutup"; "Kwangoma"; P. Clark-Brown poster. (36pp) R13.50 Kagenna #5

Kagenna #5: "Planetary Dance"; "Do Trees Have Rights?" Albie Sachs; "San Survival"; "Eco-Architecture"; "Power Crisis on the Cape Flats"; "Kicking the Automobile Habit"; "25 Difficult things you can do to save the Earth"; "Mike van Graan interview"; "Indigenous Plant users outlawed"; "The Mad-Dogs of the Media", "Justin Wells poster". (40pp)

Kagenna #6: "Cyberpunk by Timothy Leary; Subversive Television; Bleeding by the Moon; Interconnectedness by Mike Cope; "The History of Hemp"; "Permaculture"; "Benjamin Zephaniah interview"; "Street-kid Theatre"; "Tristam and Them" comic; Jane Thompson poster. (40pp)

Other SA alternative magazines
 Vula

See also
Alternative media in South Africa
Alternative Press
Alternative Media
Underground Press
Samizdat
Self publishing
Counterculture

External links
An archive of images exists at http://www.kagenna.blogspot.com
Index of contents at http://deity.digitalzones.com/kagenna/kagenna.html
View copies of the actual magazine, at the South African National Library in Cape Town, Mayibuye Centre at UWC, and African Studies Library at UCT.

Issue 7 available from scribd https://www.scribd.com/doc/2388332/Kagenna-007

Issue 6 available from scribd https://www.scribd.com/doc/14332116/Kagenna-Issue-Six

Issue 5 available from scribd https://www.scribd.com/doc/14453568/Kagenna-Magazine-Issue-Five

Issue 4 available from scribd https://www.scribd.com/doc/14489198/Kagenna-Magazine-Issue-Four

Issue 3 available from scribd https://www.scribd.com/doc/14567740/Kagenna-Magazine-Issue-Three

David Robert Lewis - Kagenna, insert for 1992 Green Trust Awards https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfrEaetmEAQ

1989 establishments in South Africa
1993 disestablishments in South Africa
Alternative magazines
Defunct magazines published in South Africa
Defunct political magazines
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines disestablished in 1993
Mass media in Cape Town

Kagenna Magazine


Julian Lombardi (born November 11, 1956) is an American inventor, author, educator, and computer scientist known for his work with socio-computational systems, scalable virtual world technologies, and in the design and deployment of deeply collaborative virtual learning environments.

Biography

Lombardi was born to a concert pianist and an Italian actress living in New York City. His family soon moved back to Rome, Italy, where he lived until the age of six. He went on to attend Buckley Country Day School and public schools in Great Neck, New York and elsewhere on Long Island. In 1974 Lombardi began his undergraduate studies at Dowling College and graduated cum laude in the biology major and physics minor in 1977. He attended graduate school at Clemson University, where he received his MA in 1980 and was granted a PhD in zoology in 1983.

Upon graduation, Lombardi accepted a postdoctoral appointment and lectureship in the biological sciences at the University of North Carolina which he held until 1986. In 1986, Lombardi was appointed an assistant professor of biology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. In 1990, he received tenure and was named director of graduate studies in biology. He served on the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro until 1999. Lombardi also served as director of the university's Analytical Visualization Center from 1993 to 1999. From 2002 to 2005, Lombardi managed a research and development group at the University of Wisconsin–Madison that specialized in the design and development of open source virtual learning environments and digital media technologies for learning and instruction. Currently Lombardi is an assistant vice president with Duke University's Office of Information Technology. He is also a senior research scholar with Duke University's program in information science and information studies, and an adjunct professor with Duke University's Department of Computer Science.

Work
Lombardi's early research program centered on the evolution of complex organismal function in vertebrates and the evolution of maternal-embryonic physiological relationships. An advocate of the use of imaging technologies and early adopter of information technology in university teaching and learning, in 1987 Lombardi began writing HyperTalk-based software applications in support of learning and instruction in anatomy and physiology. In the mid-1990s, Lombardi combined his interests in information technology, complex systems, and the phenomenon of emergence in biological systems to begin designing and developing computer-supported collaboration systems involving self-optimizing massively multiuser online 3D environments.

The Bone Box
In 1989 he developed and marketed The Bone Box, a commercial 3D auto-tutorial program for use in learning human skeletal anatomy with the early Macintosh computer.

ViOS
Lombardi eventually founded ViOS, Inc. where, during the period from 1999 to 2001, he served as the venture capital-backed company's first CEO and then chief creative officer/software architect. There, he and his team designed and implemented ViOS, a client–server technology that enabled the first 3D user interface to network deliverable resources (including the Internet) in the form of a highly customizable and massively multi-user online virtual environment – essentially a very large scale social software system/3D wiki.

Croquet Project
Lombardi is one of the six principal architects of the Croquet software developer's toolkit and from 2006 to 2008 he served as executive director of the Croquet Consortium, a not-for-profit organization to promote the adoption of Croquet open source software technologies.

Open Cobalt
Lombardi led a National Science Foundation funded effort to develop Open Cobalt, an open source and multi-platform metaverse browser and toolkit application and toolset to support the large scale visualization and simulation needs of educators and researchers. Open Cobalt is being made available in the open source as a way of fostering a viable community-based software development effort leading to open virtual world technologies supporting the needs of research and education.

Publications
Books:
 1998. Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston Mass.

Selected papers and articles
 2004. "Design for an extensible Croquet-based framework to deliver a persistent, unified, massively multi-user, and self-organizing virtual environment". With Mark P. McCahill. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Creating, Connecting, and Collaborating through Computing. Edited by Y. Kambayashi, K. Tanaka, and K. Rose.
 2005. "Annotation authoring in 3D collaborative virtual environments". With others. In: 15th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence (ICAT 2005).
 2006. "3D model annotation from multiple viewpoints for Croquet". With others. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Creating, Connecting, and Collaborating through Computing, Edited by K. Tanaka, and K. Rose. IEEE.
 2010. "Opening the Metaverse".  With Marilyn Lombardi. In: Online Worlds: Convergence of the Real and the Virtual. Edited by W. S. Bainbridge.  Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 318 pp.

Patents:
 Lombardi, J. 1999.  — Systems, methods, and computer program products for accessing, leasing, relocating, constructing and modifying internet sites within a multi-dimensional virtual reality environment

References

External links

 Julian Lombardi's Blog
 Open Cobalt website
 Croquet Consortium website

 DBLP bibliography entries for Julian Lombardi

Living people
1956 births
American computer businesspeople
American computer scientists
American inventors
American technology writers
Buckley Country Day School alumni
Duke University faculty
Human–computer interaction researchers

Julian Lombardi


Victorious (stylized as VICTORiOUS) is an American sitcom creatit bi Dan Schneider that oreeginally aired on Nickelodeon frae Mairch 27, 2010 tae Februar 2, 2013. The series revolves aroond aspiring sangster Tori Vega (portrayed bi Victoria Justice), a teenager who attends a performing airts heich schuil cried Hollywood Airts High School, efter takkin her aulder sister Trina's (Daniella Monet) place in a showcase while getting intae screwball situations on a daily basis. On her first day at Hollywood Airts, she meets Andre Harris (Leon Thomas III), Robbie Shapiro (Matt Bennett), Rex Powers (Robbie's puppet), Jade West (Elizabeth Gillies), Cat Valentine (Ariana Grande), an Beck Oliver (Avan Jogia). The series premiered efter the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards. The series won for Favorite TV Shaw awaird at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards an 2013 Kids' Choice Awards, even beatin oot iCarly. Victorious haes haed fower Emmy nominations.

On August 10, 2012, Victoria Justice stated that the series wad nae be renewed. An aa, efter the announcement o the series' spin-off Sam & Cat wis made, fans o Victorious expressed dismay that its spin-off series wis the reason for its endin, but Dan Schneider himsel stated otherwise. Awtho the Victorious cast anly filmed three seasons, when the decision tae end the series wis made, Nickelodeon split the third series in hauf, makin a fowert saison.

Plot
The series follows Tori Vega, a teenager who is acceptit intae Hollywood Airts High School (a schuil for talented teens in various performing-airts fields) efter takkin her aulder, much less-talented sister Trina's place in a showcase efter Trina haes an allergic reaction tae a Cheenese yerb product designed tae help mak fowk sing better. The plot follows Tori as she finds her place within Hollywood Airts while getting intae crazy situations an adventures, an meetin friends tae help her alang the wey. Ither students at Hollywood Airts, an the students who mak up Tori's group o friends, include Andre Harris, a muisical prodigy who becomes Tori's best friend at Hollywood Airts efter encouraging her tae stay at the schuil an helpin her realize her talent; Robbie Shapiro, a socially awkward ventriloquist who cairies aroond his puppet Rex Powers, who is seen bi Robbie (an generally everyone else) as a livin person; Jade West, a sarcastic an Gothic "mean girl" who haes a complicated frenemy relationship wi Tori an eften threatens her; Cat Valentine, a sweet an innocent but naive an somewhat dim-witted girl; an Beck Oliver, a doun-tae-earth an handsome guy who is Jade's boyfriend. Thay hae been a couple syne afore the stairt o the series until the Saison 3 episode "The Worst Couple", but got back thegither in the Saison 4 episode, "Tori Fixes Beck and Jade". Beck an Tori hae an aa haed moments whaur thay war attracted tae ilk ither (thay awmaist kissed twice), but Tori did nae want tae risk her smaw friendship wi Jade ower this. Ither characters include Erwin Sikowitz, the performing-airts teacher for Hollywood Airts; Lane Alexander, the schuil's guidance counselor; an Sinjin Van Cleef, an odd classmate who is maistly in charge o A/V.

Cast

Main
 Victoria Justice as Tori Vega
 Leon Thomas III as Andre Harris
 Matt Bennett as Robbie Shapiro
 Elizabeth Gillies as Jade West
 Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine
 Avan Jogia as Beck Oliver
 Daniella Monet as Trina Vega

Recurring
 Eric Lange as Erwin Sikowitz
 Lane Napper as Lane Alexander
 Michael Eric Reid as Sinjin Van Cleef
 Jim Pirri as David Vega
 Jennifer Carta as Holly Vega
 Marilyn Harris as Andre's grandmother
 Marco Aiello as Festus
 Susan Chuang as Mrs. Lee
 Darsan Solomon as Burf

References

Freemit airtins

 Victorious  at Nick.com

2010s American televeesion series
2010 televeesion series debuts
2013 American televeesion series endins
2010s Nickelodeon shaws
American bairns' televeesion sitcoms
American muisical televeesion series
Cultural depictions o fowk
Inglis-leid televeesion programmes
Heich schuil televeesion series
Sony Music Entertainment
Teen sitcoms
Televeesion series aboot actors
Televeesion series aboot freendship
Televeesion series based on sangsters and muisickers
Televeesion series creatit bi Dan Schneider
Televeesion series bi Schneider's Bakery
Televeesion shaws set in Los Angeles

Victorious


Josei anime is anime intended for women older than high school age. Josei means "women". It is the next female demographic after shōjo. Much like shōnen and seinen there is a little overlap. Some anime fitting both demographics.

Josei might share some traits with shôjo, but josei tends to be more realistic. The stories portrayed in Josei anime are usually more like real life than the stories found in shôjo. This is because the Josei audience is more mature, and want more mature anime.

Anime

Josei


Sichuan Normal University (SICNU; ) is the oldest normal university (teacher's college) located in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. It is the largest provincial key university with the most complete courses offered among the provincial universities and colleges in Sichuan province. It has about 35,000 students with 32,000 full-time undergraduates and 3,000 graduate students. There are about 3,000 faculty and staff, of whom 770 are professors and associate professors, and 150 have Doctorates. 17 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering have accepted SICNU positions as chief, part-time or emeritus professors.

History
The origin of SICNU can be traced back to the National Northeastern University, which was exiled out of Northeast China after the Mukden Incident in 1931 and relocated to Santai in 1938 after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the subsequent Japanese invasion of North China.  After the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937–1945) was over, the Northeastern University moved back to its home in Shenyang, but some of its faculties and staff remained in Sichuan, and in 1946, they established Northern Sichuan Workers and Peasants College on the same Santai campus.  Later, it was renamed as Northern Sichuan University and moved to Nanchong City. In 1952, during the period of the merger of universities and colleges across the country, Sichuan Teachers College (STC) came into being. It mainly grew out of Northern Sichuan University, and at the same time, it merged with Eastern Sichuan College of Education and some specialties from Sichuan University and West China University. In 1956, STC moved to Chengdu, and in 1985, approved by the State Commission of Education, STC was renamed as Sichuan Normal University.

Campus
SICNU is located southeast of downtown Chengdu, and is outside Chengdu's 2nd Ring Road. It now has four campuses, the main campus, the Eastern Campus, Chenglong Campus and Shizishan Campus. The campus which is located in Jinjiang () District is the main campus, and it covers an area of 3,000 mu. Its library is the third largest in Sichuan Province, and it has a collection of bound volumes of 300,000 titles.

Colleges and Schools
SICNU consists of 18 colleges: Chinese Language and Literature, Mathematics and Software, Continuing Education and others. Approved by the Ministry of Education, SICNU set up two separate colleges. These campuses have 21 research institutes and sectors, 69 undergraduate specialties and 42 specialties entitled to grant master's degrees. SICNU is also authorized to enroll students for master's degree in education and students for certificates in various specialties at graduate level. In addition, SICNU has 29 key disciplines and laboratories as well as personnel training centres.

Achievements
In the past five years, SICNU faculty staff have undertaken over 400 research projects that come from the National Social Sciences Foundation, the National Natural Sciences Foundation, the Xinhuo Program at national level, the National 863 Key Program of High Technology, the Tenth-Five Years Planning of the National Education Science as well as other scientific and technological programs at ministerial or provincial level. In addition, SICNU faculty staff have published over 500 academic books and 5,000 academic theses and papers. 380 of these were printed  by SCI, EI, or ISTP journals. SICNU faculty staff also have obtained 130 prizes in the name of Scientific and Technologic Awards at national or provincial level, Invention Awards, Philosophy and Social Sciences Achievement Awards and High Quality Teaching Achievement Awards.

References

External links
http://www.sicnu.edu.cn/ Sichuan Normal University
https://web.archive.org/web/20070307095438/http://web.sicnu.edu.cn/en/ Sichuan Normal University

Universities and colleges in Chengdu
Teachers colleges in China
Universities and colleges established in 1938
1938 establishments in China

Sichuan Normal University


A turbocharger, or turbo, is a gas compressor. It is used to force air into an internal combustion engine. A turbocharger is a form of forced induction. It increases the amount of air entering the engine to create more power. A turbocharger has the compressor powered by a turbine. The turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the engine. It does not use a direct mechanical drive. This helps to improve  the performance of the turbocharger.

Names
Early builders of turbochargers called them as "turbosuperchargers". A supercharger is an air compressor used for forcing air into an engine. They thought that by adding a turbine to turn the supercharger, it would yield a "turbosupercharger". The term was soon shortened to "turbocharger". This can now create some confusion. The term "turbosupercharged" is sometimes used to refer to an engine that uses both a crankshaft-driven supercharger and an exhaust-driven turbocharger. This is also called twincharging.

Some companies such as Teledyne Continental Motors still use the term turbosupercharger to refer to their turbochargers.

Operation
An engine creates power by burning a mixture of air and fuel. The air and fuel are put into the cylinders to burn. When they burn, they push the piston down. The piston turns the crankshaft and creates power. For car engines, this is measured horsepower.

Naturally Aspirated (Normally Aspirated) engines
An engine that does not use a turbocharger or a supercharger is called a naturally aspirated or normally aspirated engine. Normally, when engine specifications are listed, a note is only made if the engine uses a turbocharger or supercharger. Most car engines are naturally aspirated. The power they can create is limited by the amount of air the pistons can pull into the cylinders.

Turbocharged engines
A turbocharger is a small fan pump that spins around a shaft. The pump is driven by the pressure of the exhaust gas. A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a compressor. They are both mounted on the same shaft. The turbine is a heat engine. It converts exhaust heat and pressure to rotation. This rotation is used to turn the compressor. The compressor takes in the draws in the outside air. It squeezes or compresses the air. It then sends the air to the engine. Because the air pressure has been increased, more air and fuel may be put into the cylinders. This is sometimes called boost pressure.With more fuel to burn, the engine can create more power. This increases the horsepower of the engine.

Engine damage
The engine can be damaged if the air pressure in the cylinders gets too high. If there is too much exhaust gas sent to the turbine, the compressor can create too much pressure. To stop this from happening, a wastegate is used. The wastegate will limit amount of exhaust gas sent to the turbine.

History
The turbocharger was invented by Swiss engineer Alfred Büchi. His patent was applied for use in 1905. Diesel ships and locomotives with turbochargers began appearing in the 1920s.

Aviation
During the First World War French engineer Auguste Rateau fitted turbochargers to Renault engines powering various French fighters with some success.

In 1918, General Electric engineer Sanford Moss attached a turbocharger to a Liberty aircraft engine. The engine was tested at Pikes Peak in Colorado at . The test was to show that the turbo could add the power airplanes lose at high altitude.  Internal combustion engines lose power because at high altitude, the outside air pressure is low. Less air and fuel can be drawn into the engine.

Turbochargers were first used in production aircraft engines in the 1930s.

Production automobiles

The first turbocharged diesel truck was built by the "Swiss Machine Works Saurer" in 1938. The first production turbocharged automobile engines came from General Motors in 1962. The Oldsmobile Cutlass Jetfire was fitted with a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger and the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder with a TRW turbocharger.

In 1974, at Paris Auto Show, Porsche displayed the 911Turbo. This was during the height of the oil crisis. The 911Turbo was the first production sports car with exhaust turbocharger and pressure regulator. The pressure regulator was the wastegate.
The first production turbo diesel automobiles were the Mercedes 300SD with a Garrett turbocharger, and the Peugeot 604. Both were introduced in 1978. Today, most automotive diesels are turbocharged.

Racing cars
The first successful turbocharged racing engine appears to have been in 1952. Fred Agabashian in a diesel-powered Cummins Special qualified for the pole position at the Indianapolis 500. He led for . Then the turbo was damaged by tire debris. Offenhauser's turbocharged engines first came to Indianapolis in 1966. Their first victory came in 1968 using a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger. Turbocharged cars dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans between 1976 and 1988, and then from 2000-2007.

Formula One had a "Turbo Era" from  until . Engines with a capacity of 1500 cc could produce as much as 1500 hp (1119 kW). In 1977, Renault was the first to use turbocharged engines F1. The performance made up for the high cost. Other engine manufacturers started building turbos. The turbocharged engines took over the F1 field. They ended the Ford Cosworth DFV era in the mid 1980s. the FIA decided that turbochargers were making the sport too dangerous and expensive. In 1987, the FIA decided to limit the maximum boost of the turbos. In 1989, turbochargers were banned completely.

World Rally Car racers have long preferred turbocharged engines. They offer a very high power-to-weight ratios. Turbo power started to rise to the levels of F1 cars. The FIA did not ban turbos. They restrict the turbo power by limiting the inlet diameter.

Multiple turbochargers

Parallel
Some engines use two turbochargers. They will both be the same size. They are normally smaller than used on single-turbos engines. They are often used on V-type engines, such as V6s and V8s. Each turbo is powered by a separate exhaust pipe from the engine. Because they are smaller, they reach their optimal boost more quickly. This setup of turbos is normally called a parallel twin-turbo system. The first production car with parallel twin turbochargers was the Maserati Biturbo of the early 1980s.

Sequential
Some car builders avoid turbo lag (below) by using two small turbos. The normal setup is to have one turbo working all the time. The seconds turbo will only start working at higher RPM. Because the turbos are smaller, they do not have as much turbo lag. The second turbo will be able get to full speed before it is required. This setup is normally called a sequential twin-turbo. Porsche first used this technology in 1985 in the Porsche 959.

Applications

Diesel
Turbocharging is very common on diesel engines in automobiles, trucks, locomotives, ships, and heavy machinery. Diesels are particularly suitable for turbochargers for several reasons:
 Turbocharging can dramatically improve an engine's power and power-to-weight ratio.
 Truck and industrial Diesel engines normally run at their maximum speed. This reduces problems with turbo lag.
 Diesel engines have no engine knock. The diesel fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke, and ignited by compression heat. Diesel engines can use much higher boost pressures than gasoline powered engines.

Motorcycle
Using turbochargers to increase performance was very appealing to the Japanese builders in the 1980s. The first example of a turbocharged motorcycle is the 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC. It used a Rayjay ATP turbo kit to build 0.35 bar (5 lb) of boost. This raised the power up from  to . It was only slightly faster than the standard model. Several other motorcycles were built with turbos. Turbo applications for motorcycles increased their price. The small gains in performance were not worth the extra cost. Since the mid 1980s, no manufacturers have produced turbocharged motorcycles.

Aircraft
A natural use of the turbocharger is with aircraft engines. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes, the pressure of the surrounding air quickly decreases. A turbocharger fixes this problem by compressing the air to higher pressures.

Temperature considerations
Compressing the air increases its temperature. This causes several problems. Increased temperatures can lead to engine knock because of increased cylinder head temperatures. Hot air cannot burn as much fuel as cold air. This will decrease the power produced.

The common method of dealing with the hotter air is to cool it. The most common way is to use an inter-cooler or after-cooler. These coolers reduce the temperature of the air before it enters the engine.

Modern turbocharged aircraft usually do not need to cool the incoming air. Their turbochargers are generally small and the pressures created are not very high. Thus, the air temperature is not increased very much.

Comparison to supercharging
To run a supercharger, it needs to take away some power from the engine. The power it adds is more than the power it uses. A turbocharger uses the exhaust gases. This is heat energy that would be wasted.

Properties

Reliability
Turbochargers can be damaged by dirty or poor oil. Most manufacturers recommend more frequent oil changes for turbocharged engines. The turbocharger will heat when running. Many recommend letting the engine idle for several minutes before shutting the engine off. This gives the turbo time to cool down. This will increase the life of the turbo.

Turbo lag
The time required for the turbo to build up the needed pressure is called turbo lag. This is noticed as a hesitation in engine response. This is caused by the time taken for the exhaust system to speed up the turbine. The directly-driven compressor in a supercharger does not have this problem.

Lag can be reduced by using lighter parts. This allows the turbine to start faster. Other mechanical changes can reduce turbo lag, but at an increase in cost.

References

Other websites

Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc.'s Oil Free Turbocharger
 NASA Oil Free Turbocharger

Motors
Aircraft engines

Turbocharger


"Sunday Moring" is a song by the pop/rock band Maroon 5. The single is the 4th single off the album Songs About Jane and is the 8th track. "Sunday Morning" was released in 2004.

The music video was filmed at Abbey Road Studios in London. It features Maroon 5 performing the song, interspensed with scenes of numerous people singing it at a karaoke bar. The song has also been featured on the soundtracks of Something's Gotta Give and Love Actually (although the latter was the 1.22.03.Acoustic version). The song is also featured in the 2005 film Cheaper by the Dozen 2. Additionally, it is featured on the Xbox 360 karaoke game Lips, as downloadable content. Andrew Garcia covered the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show after his 2010 elimination from American Idol.

Track listing
 "Sunday Morning"
 "Shiver (Live from Hard Rock Live)"
 "Through With You (Live from Hard Rock Live)"

2004 songs
Pop rock songs

Sunday Morning (Maroon 5 song)


The United States Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) promotes energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources at federal sites,  helping agencies save energy, save taxpayer dollars, and demonstrate leadership with responsible, cleaner energy choices, because as the largest energy consumer in the United States, the federal government has both a tremendous opportunity and a clear responsibility to lead by example with smart energy management.

Equipment procurement
Use FEMP's product recommendations and other useful tips to help you buy the most efficient equipment for your offices and facilities and programs.

New constructions and retrofits
Learn about how to design high performance buildings that save energy, save money, enhance indoor environmental quality, and help preserve the environment.

Operations and maintenance
Learn how effective operations and maintenance can help you ensure reliability, safety, and energy at relatively low cost.

Utility management
Find up to date information about energy markets, utility restructuring, renewable power purchasing, and load management opportunities that can help you manage costs, improve reliability, and reduce environmental impacts.

See also
 Cognizant Contracting Officer
 White House Council on Environmental Quality
 Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC)
 Indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ)
 Re-compete
 RFP

External links
 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/
 GovEnergy Workshop and Trade Show

United States Department of Energy
Renewable energy in the United States

Federal Energy Management Program


Copyright law of Ireland is applicable to most typical copyright situations (films, sound recordings books etc.). Protection expires 70 years after the death of the author/creator. Irish law includes a provision for "fair dealing," similar to that used by other countries. In 2012, a copyright law was proposed that Wired compared to SOPA and suggested could pass without parliamentary vote.

History
Irish copyright law is subject to EU directive 2001/29/EC – Harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, most of the provisions of which were transposed into Irish law under the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000.  Irish copyright law was brought into further compliance with the EU directive by the amendment act European Communities (Copyright and Related Rights) Regulations 2004.

The 2000 Act repeals much earlier Irish copyright law, but not all. Related acts are referenced in section 10 of the 2000 Act, and these may also be accessed online in the Irish Statute Book.

Until 93/98/EEC the term of copyright protection on a work was the life of the author and 50 years after death.

From the foundation of the State to 1927, when the first Irish copyright law was passed, there were holes in Irish copyright law.

Duration
Broadly, Irish copyright applies to books for seventy years from the end of the year of death of the author, editor or creator. The term for films is also seventy years, but the expiry conditions are more complex.

Unless it is specifically stated in the contract commissioning the work, ownership will vest in the first owner of copyright which will be the person or organisation that was asked to create the work. Notwithstanding the ownership of the copyright, where the employer is a newspaper or periodical, the author may use the work freely for any purpose other than publication in another newspaper or periodical.

Where a work is genuinely anonymous or pseudonymous, copyright expires seventy years from the end of the year of creation.

Recordings, broadcast and cable programmes
Sound recordings, and broadcast and cable programmes, are protected for fifty years from first transmission. Musicians' copyright was extended from 50 to 70 years by the Irish Government in 2013.

Typographical arrangements
The arrangement of a publication is protected for fifty years.

Government copyright
Any work created by any officer or employee of the Irish Government or State is protected by Government copyright, which is regulated somewhat differently from general Irish copyright law, and which lasts fifty years from the end of the year in which the work is created.  The position of State companies is not clear, so, for example, Ordnance Survey mapping up to the reconstitution of OSi as a state company is copyright for fifty years, while mapping published after that time may, or may not, be subject to a longer term.

Since 2005 Government organisations, local authorities and state-sponsored bodies are obliged by law to have a permissive reuse policy for copyrighted material under the Directive on the re-use of public sector information. The Government has a dedicated website on the re-use of public sector information at psi.gov.ie.

Oireachtas (parliamentary) copyright
Any Bill or Act of the Oireachtas is protected by Oireachtas copyright for fifty years from the end of the year in which it was made available lawfully to the public. Any work made by or under the direction of a House or Houses of the Oireachtas enjoys similar protection, the copyright vesting in the relevant House, or Houses jointly.

DVD / video copyright
Despite most DVDs' and video cassettes' copyright warnings in Ireland claiming that performance in schools is prohibited, Irish copyright law has a provision that showing "for the purposes of instruction" (i.e. for educational purposes) does not constitute infringement of the copyright of the work.

General expiry
A work whose copyright term is not calculated from the author's death and which is not lawfully made available to the public within 70 years of creation, loses copyright protection.

Copyright libraries
The publisher of any publication in Ireland must deliver within one month of publication copies of the work to the National Library of Ireland, the British Library, and the libraries of Trinity College Dublin, Dublin City University, the University of Limerick, and of the four constituent universities of the National University of Ireland; these nine bodies do not need to request such copies.  Where such a publication is a serial work, a copy of every issue must be provided.  In addition, four other libraries, those of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the National Libraries of Scotland and Wales, may require copies to be provided to them.  All of the named bodies may also require an electronic copy of the work, which must be provided if it exists.

See also
 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)
 Copyright law of the European Union
 Newspaper Licensing Ireland

References

External links
Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 – Irish Statute Book.
European Communities (Copyright and Related Rights) Regulations 2004 (amends the 2000 Act) – Irish Legal Information Initiative.

Law of Ireland
Irish intellectual property law
Ireland

Copyright law of Ireland


Schönhausen Palace () is a Baroque palace at Niederschönhausen, in the borough of Pankow, Berlin, Germany. It is surrounded by gardens through which the Panke river runs. The palace is maintained by the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg and reopened to the public in 2009 after extensive restoration.

History

Brandenburg-Prussia
In 1662 Countess Sophie Theodore, a scion of the Holland-Brederode family and wife of the Brandenburg general Christian Albert of Dohna, acquired the lands Niederschönhausen and Pankow, then far north of the Berlin city gates.  In 1664 she built a manor at Niederschönhausen in "Dutch" style. Minister Joachim Ernst von Grumbkow acquired it in 1680 and, in 1691, his widow sold it for 16,000 Thalers to the Hohenzollern elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, who had fallen in love with the property earlier.

Frederick put the manor under the care of the Amt Niederschönhausen and had it remodeled into a palace from 1691 to 1693 based on plans designed by Johann Arnold Nering.  In August 1700 the Prince-elector prepared and planned his coronation as King in Prussia at Schönhausen Palace. In 1704 the now King Frederick I in Prussia contracted  to again enlarge the palace and its gardens.  However, after the king's death in 1713, his son and successor Frederick William I did not care much for the place.  As a result, civil servants, such as Minister Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow, moved in to use it as office space, part of the land was leased and both the palace and the park slowly became dilapidated in the ensuing years.

Under King Frederick II of Prussia, also known as "Frederick the Great", the palace was once again turned into a royal residence for his wife, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, who used it as her regular summer residence from 1740 to 1790. Artist Johann Michael Graff most probably contributed the lavish stucco decorations executed during this time. As Frederick's relations with his wife were strained, he never visited Niederschönhausen and spent his summers at Sanssouci in Potsdam.

During the Seven Years' War in 1760, while the queen retreated to the Magdeburg fortress, Russian troops pushed deep into Prussia, occupied Berlin and devastated Niederschönhausen Palace. After 1763 it was rebuilt in its current form according to plans by Johann Boumann and the gardens were remodeled in a Rococo à la française style.

After the death of Queen Elisabeth Christine in 1797 the palace was seldom used. At times Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, widow of Prince Louis Charles of Prussia, lived at Schönhausen and had the gardens again remodeled, this time by Peter Joseph Lenné into an English landscape garden. Apart from that it served mainly as a storage facility for furniture and paintings.

It was rumored that King Frederick II had his favorite horse Condé buried in the gardens, but whether the hill in question actually is a horse's grave has not been proven. In fact Condé outlived its owner and died in 1804, aged 38. Its skeleton is kept at the veterinary department of the Free University of Berlin.

20th century
The Prussian ruling Hohenzollern dynasty owned Schönhausen Palace until it was dispossessed and became a property of the Free State of Prussia in 1920, following the end of the monarchy in the course of the German Revolution of 1918–1919. It was then opened to the public and used for numerous art exhibitions as well as the government's official art department during the Nazi era, when several paintings of banned so-called "degenerate art" were stored here.  During the Battle of Berlin at the end of World War II, the palace suffered some damage but was repaired almost immediately by a Pankow Künstlerinitiative so that it could be used for an exhibit as early as September 1945. Soon thereafter the Soviet Military Administration confiscated the palace and turned it into an officer's mess. Later it served as a boarding school for Soviet students.

When the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was established in the Soviet occupation zone on 7 October 1949, the Soviets turned Schönhausen Palace over to the East German authorities and until 1960 it served as the official seat of the GDR president Wilhelm Pieck, where he received state guests like Nikita Khrushchev and Ho Chi Minh. For this purpose, it was again renovated and expansion of the complex took place to the north for garages for the vehicle fleet of the President and to the south for a casino and a chancellery in a prestigious courtyard with two gatehouses. The castle garden was separated by a wall into an inner, no longer public, and an outer, public part. The interior design of the garden was done by architect Reinhold Lingner as a cheerful, open-looking garden in the typical style of the 1950s. After the death of the first and only President of the GDR in 1960 it served at first as the seat of the newly established East German State Council, which moved to the  at Mitte in 1964. It was then used by the GDR government as its official guest house and officially renamed Schloss Niederschönhausen. Numerous state visitors lodged here, among them Indira Gandhi, Fidel Castro, the last Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, and his wife Raisa Gorbachova, in October 1989 on the eve of the East German Peaceful Revolution. At that time, the palace and part of the gardens were closed to the public and surrounded by a tall wall.

After German reunification
While German reunification was in progress in 1989 and 1990, the so-called Round Table met in the palace's outbuildings.  Major portions of the negotiations leading to the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany also took place here, and a plaque now memorializes this period.

After German reunification, the palace became the property of the Bundesvermögensamt, the division of the German treasury in charge of managing government-owned real estate.  In 1991 the state of Berlin became the new owner of the palace and its gardens, and in 1997 the state put the property up for sale.

In 1994, 100 years after the revival of the Olympic Games, the representatives from Argentina, Austria, China, Cyprus, Ecuador, France, Germany, Greece, Kazakhstan, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United States, who arrived to the founding congress of the International Delphic Council to establish the Delphic Games of the modern era, met at the palace.

In 2003 there was some discussion about using the palace as the temporary residence of the President of Germany until the renovation of Schloss Bellevue would be completed, but this plan fell through because of the high cost (approximately €12 million) that would have been required to bring the palace sufficiently up to standards.  Furthermore, due to impregnation of the roof structure with chemicals to protect the wooden beams, for several years only the two lower floors could be used for occasional celebrations and guided tours.

On 24 June 2005, ownership of the palace was transferred to the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg.  At the same time, €8.6 million in federal funds was earmarked for renovation work.  The palace was reopened to the public on 19 December 2009. In addition to the historic rooms dating to the time of the Prussian queen, the rooms used by the GDR President were reopened. Refurnishing the office used by Wilhelm Pieck and building a café for museum guests are also being considered. Furthermore, artworks from the collection of Elisabeth Christine are exhibited as are the Dohna-Schlobitten collection, which used to be housed at Charlottenburg Palace.

Restoration of the gardens to their layout when the President of the GDR worked here is also planned. Thought is also being given to the future of the garage, which enjoys protection as a historic landmark.

Since 2003 the Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik (BAKS) has been housed in two of the palace's auxiliary outbuildings.

See also
List of castles in Berlin and Brandenburg
List of castles in Germany

References

External links

 Images and citizens' initiative

Houses completed in 1664
Buildings and structures in Pankow
Castles in Berlin
Palaces in Berlin
Royal residences in Berlin
Baroque palaces in Germany
Baroque architecture in Berlin
Museums in Berlin
Historic house museums in Germany
1664 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Frederick I of Prussia

Schönhausen Palace


Azerbaijani food is what people cook and eat in Azerbaijan. Foods from different cultures have influenced Azerbaijani food. However, it remained different from foods in other countries. Many foods that started in Azerbaijan are now part of other cultures. For the Azerbaijanis, food is an important part of the country's culture and is very connected with the history, traditions and values of the nation.

Out of 11 climate types in the world, Azerbaijan has nine. This adds to the fertility of the soil, so there are many kinds of vegetables used according to seasons and the dishes. The climate helps to create the richness of the food. Fresh herbs, including mint, coriander, dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leek, chive, thyme, marjoram, green onion and watercress, are very popular and are often put in the main dishes. The Caspian Sea has many edible species of fish, including the sturgeon, Caspian salmon, kutum, sardines, grey mullet, and others. Black caviar from the Caspian Sea is one of Azerbaijan's best known delicacies wanted in many parts of the world.

The main courses of Azerbaijani cuisine are over 30 kinds of soups, including those prepared from plain yogurt. One of the most famous dishes is plov. Plov is a saffron-covered rice, served with different herbs. The Azerbaijani cuisine has more than 40 different plov recipes. Other second courses include many kinds of kebabs and shashliks, including lamb, beef, chicken, and fish (baliq) kebabs. Sturgeon, a common fish, is normally skewered (skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together) and grilled as a shashlik, being served with a tart pomegranate sauce called narsharab.  Dried fruits and walnuts are used in many dishes. The traditional condiments are salt, the spices black pepper, sumac, and especially saffron. Much of the saffron comes from the Absheron Peninsula.

Black tea is the national drink, and is drunk after food is eaten. It is also popular on its own or with dried fruits.

Another popular drink is sherbet, a sweet cold drink made of fruit juice mixed or boiled with sugar, often perfumed with rose water. Azerbaijani sherbet is not sorbet, the cold dessert.

Other websites

 Comparison of Cuisine between North and South Azerbaijan , Azerbaijan International, Autumn 2000, pp. 24–27.
 Proverbs about Food in Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan International, Autumn 2000, pp. 36–37.
 Food! Glorious Food!, Special issue of Azerbaijan International, Autumn 2000.
 Azerbaijani dishes: Photographs and descriptions
 Azerbaijani cuisine: Descriptions of dishes by category on Advantour.com
 Cuisine of Azerbaijan based on the book Azerbaijani Cooking  published in Baku
 Selected recipes from Azerbaijani cuisine
 Farida's Azerbaijani Cookbook
 Azerbaijani Food

Azerbaijani food


Heavy metal is a loud, aggressive style of rock music. The bands who play heavy metal music usually have one or two guitars, a bass guitar and drums. In some bands, electronic keyboards, organs, or other instruments are used. Heavy metal songs are loud and powerful-sounding, and have strong rhythms that are repeated. There are many different types of heavy metal, some of which are described below.

Common features of heavy metal include slackened (downtuned) instruments and unusual key changes and time signatures (metre).

Heavy metal bands sometimes dress in jeans, leather jackets, and leather boots, and have long hair. Heavy metal bands sometimes behave in a dramatic way when they play their instruments or sing. However, many heavy metal bands do not like to do this.

History

1960s and 1970s

In the very late 1960s and 1970s, rock and roll turned into a harder, louder form of music called rock. In the 1970s, rock music bands played huge, loud concerts in outdoor stadiums. In the early 1970s, many rock bands played psychedelic rock, a type of rock music with lyrics and sounds that were intended to give the listener some idea of what it felt like to be on so-called "mind-expanding" (and usually illegal) drugs, and which some believe even enhanced the experience of being on the drugs themselves. Many bands from Britain played blues music mixed with rock music, such as The Animals, The Kinks, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, and Jeff Beck.

In the late 1960s, a harder and heavier form of rock music called "heavy metal" was first played. The first use of the term was in a 1968 song by Steppenwolf, "Born to be Wild", and other early heavy metal bands appeared in the same year. Many historians believe that Black Sabbath invented heavy metal music in the late 1960s. The band played loud, hard rock music based on blues music. Heavy metal music was mostly based on the sounds of the electric guitar. The electric guitar in heavy metal is always amplified through powerful amplifiers so that it has a loud, distorted, angry sound. Other bands such Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Eric Burdon and Alice Cooper played even louder, harder forms of heavy metal rock music.

Many debate which played heavy metal first, Black Sabbath or Led Zeppelin, however it is generally accepted in the metal community that both created heavy metal.

1980s
In the 1980s more sub-genre's of Heavy Metal bands were created, one of which was "Hair-Metal" with Bands such as Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P. and Ratt became popular. Heavy Metal rock bands had long hair and the men wore make up (lipstick and eyeshadow) and tight leather pants and boots. Many metal songs were about love, sex, partying, having a good time, illegal drug use, and drinking alcohol. Rarely, but sometimes, metal songs were also politically and socially critical. In the late 1980s, groups such as Poison and Warrant were very successful, smashing the field with songs like "Talk Dirty to Me," and "Cherry Pie."

Another type of heavy metal in the 1980s was thrash metal, also known as thrash. Thrash metal bands played a faster, more aggressive type of metal. Thrash metal bands  Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax and Slayer are considered "The Big Four of Thrash."

1990s
In the 1990s, a new form of heavy metal developed, called alternative metal. Alternative metal combined thrash metal and grunge rock with hip-hop music and industrial music.
Also in the 1990s was nu metal, a shortening of "new metal". Nu metal mixed rap and hip hop style singing with metal music. Nu metal bands also often include DJ decks, synthesizers and other electronic instruments. Nu metal was very successful and made a lot of money, especially bands such as Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot and Disturbed.

Two more aggressive styles of heavy metal music, death metal and black metal, are louder and faster than other types of metal.The singers usually do not sing, but instead they growl or roar to make the songs more intense. These lyrics often tell of suffering, dying, and war. The guitars are usually distorted and drum sets containing double bass drums.

Other important styles of metal are: power metal, a style whose music often is about fiction and epics like The Lord of the Rings, and gothic metal, which has melancholy songs about abstract subjects like pain, life, death, faith and religion.

References

Rock music

Heavy metal music


The AMC 34 was a French tank originally built for the French Army's cavalry units. Its production was cut short, and the few vehicles produced were out of service by the time of the Battle of France in the Second World War.

Development
Alarmed by the rapid build-up of the Red Army, the French Army, on 24 December 1931, conceived a preliminary plan for the mechanisation of the Cavalry. This foresaw the development of several types of automitrailleuses — the official term for cavalry tanks because chars ("tanks") were by law part of the infantry arm — among which an Automitrailleuse de Combat (AMC), a lightly armoured (weighing no more than nine tons) but swift (30 km/h cruise speed) and strongly armed (47 mm gun) combat tank, capable of fighting enemy armour. The plan was affirmed by the French Supreme Command on 23 January 1932, and approved by the ministry of defence on 9 December.

Even before Plan 1931 was put on paper, Louis Renault was informed of its probable contents. In the autumn of 1931, he ordered his design team to build an AMC. The team proposed to use welded steel plates, but Renault refused as this entailed hiring expensive professional welders. Nevertheless, the team took the initiative to build the Renault VO, a fully welded prototype of a Char Rapide, that could also serve as an alternative for the AMR 33 developed at the same time. When the vehicle was finished in 1932, Renault was charmed by the proposal, but after long consideration decided against it and ordered a riveted version to be built. This quickly proved to be much too heavy and this caused a complete redesign of the project into a much smaller vehicle, the Renault YR, which was presented to the French materiel commission, the Commission de Vincennes, on 12 October 1933, still fitted with the welded turret of the Renault VO. After testing by the Section Technique de la Cavalerie the prototype was improved by installing larger fuel tanks and a stronger clutch and gearbox. On 9 March 1934, an order was made for a pre-series of twelve hulls of the AMC 34; later a choice would be made from the range of standard turrets. The first was delivered on 17 October 1935.

Description
The AMC 34 is a small vehicle with a length of 3.98 m and a width of 2.07 m. The suspension of the prototype is identical to that of the AMR 33; the production vehicles use a type that was originally envisaged for the AMR 35: a central bogie with a vertical spring; two other wheels in front and behind with an oil-dampened horizontal spring. The engine, a 7.125 litre V-8 120 hp with a fuel tank of 220 litres rendering a top speed of 40 km/h and a range of 200 kilometers, is located on the right; the driver on the left with a hatch in front of him and an escape door behind him. The armour is 20 mm on the vertical plates; the weight — of the hull only — 9.7 metric tons.

Operational history

Plan 1934
Before the first vehicle was even delivered, it was decided on 26 June 1934, as part of the Plan 1934 to improve both quantity and quality of French tank production, to change the specifications for an AMC: its armour had to be immune to anti-tank guns. As the AMC 34 was not strong enough to carry the extra weight it was redesigned into the AMC 35. No more orders of the original type were made.

France and Morocco
France, however, had such a dearth of modern tanks that it could not afford to forget the twelve pre-series vehicles. In January 1936 they were taken into use with the 4th Cuirasssiers, at first fitted with gun turrets removed from Renault FTs and then with the APX1 turret also used for the Char D2s, armed with an SA34 47 mm gun. By 1937 the growing production of more modern tanks allowed the AMC 34 hulls to be shipped from France to Morocco to be used by the 1e Régiment Chasseurs d'Afrique, which received them on 15 December 1937. They were at the time the most modern armoured vehicles in the colonies, but were refitted with the two-man APX2 turret. It took many months before 25 mm guns could be fitted as well; until that time the tanks drove around with just the 7.5 mm machine guns. The tanks used the ER 28 short wave radio (all AMCs were supposed to have radio sets); also a better protected fuel tank at the back was installed together with a safer horizontal ventilation grille on the back engine deck. In November 1939 the AMC 34 was replaced by the "H 39"; three vehicles were taken by 5 RCA and used for driver training. These and the other nine vehicles do not appear on the armistice control lists, so they were either already scrapped in the summer of 1940 or hidden.

Order by Belgium
In 1935 the Belgian cavalry started a mechanisation programme. It was planned to equip all six cavalry regiments with an organic squadron of twelve tanks: eight T-15 and four guntanks. To fill the latter position on 13 September 1935, 25 AMC 34 hulls were ordered with Renault, at a unit price of 360,000 French francs, and 25 turrets with APX. The AMC 34 had been chosen over the competing Vickers Medium Tank Mark F after testing the prototype from 7 until 10 November 1934. It was stipulated that the production vehicles would be of an improved configuration and be delivered in a rate of three per month from October 1935 onwards. However, due to technical and financial problems, Renault was unable to deliver. Only after a delay of over three years, ten hulls were exported of the more modern AGCI1 or AMC 35. The ordered APX2 turrets were refitted with Belgian 47 mm guns and 7.65 mm Hotchkiss machine guns; thirteen were used on coastal defence pillboxes.

See also
Tanks in France

References

External links

WWII vehicles
Chars-francais.net old page
Chars-francais.net

Sommaire des matériels de guerre de Renault

World War II tanks of France
Light tanks of France
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s

AMC 34


The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA,  ; , before 1990, the Israel Department of Antiquities) is an independent Israeli governmental authority responsible for enforcing the 1978 Law of Antiquities. The IAA regulates excavation and conservation, and promotes research. The Director-General is Mr. Eli Escusido, and its offices are housed in the Rockefeller Museum.

The Israel Antiquities Authority plans to move into a new building for the National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in Jerusalem, next to the Israel Museum.

History
The Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM) of the Ministry of Education was founded on July 26, 1948, after the establishment of the State of Israel. It took over the functions of the Department of Antiquities of the British Mandate in Israel and Palestine. Originally, its activities were based on the British Mandate Department of Antiquities ordinances.

IDAM was the statutory authority responsible for Israel's antiquities and for the administration of small museums. Its functions include curation of the state collection of antiquities, storing of the state collection, maintaining a list of registered antiquities sites, inspecting antiquities sites and registering newly discovered sites, conducting salvage and rescue operations of endangered antiquities sites, maintaining an archaeological library (the state library), maintaining an archive.

The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) was created from the IDAM by the Knesset (Israeli parliament)  in a 1990 statute. Amir Drori became its first director. The IAA fulfilled the statutory obligations of the IDAM and in its early days was greatly expanded from the core number of workers in IDAM to a much larger complement, and to include the functions of the . The period of expansion lasted for a number of years, but was followed by a period in which diminished fiscal resources and a reduction in funding led to large cutbacks in the size of its work force and its activities.

Publications
It published the results of excavations in three journals:
Booklet of the Department of Antiquities (Hebrew), now defunct
IAA Reports monograph series, started in the late 1990s (English)
Atiqot (Hebrew and English), still published
Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (HA-ESI; Hebrew and English), still published, online.
Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible (Hebrew), published by Israel Exploration Society together with the IAA.
 Archaeological Survey of Israel. A GIS database of tiled maps covering  of the State of Israel. Descriptive texts and media of surveyed sites. A continuous project, published online only (previously in print).

The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel

The Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel is the future building of the IAA, aiming to concentrate all centralized administrative offices into one structure. The campus is planned on 20,000 square meters between the Israel Museum and the Bible Lands Museum in Jerusalem by Architect Moshe Safdie.

Organizational structure
The IAA's organization consists of:
Management
Deputy Director for Archaeology
IAA Regional Offices (Northern Region, Central Region, Jerusalem Region, Southern Region and maritime archaeology Unit)
Excavations and Surveys Department
Artifacts Treatment Department
Conservation Department
National Treasures Department
Information Technology Department
Publications Department
Antiquities Robbery Prevention Unit
Archives Department
library
IAA Internet Sites Unit
Finance Administration
Planning, Coordination and Control Administration
Administrative and Security Services Branch
Staff Officer for Archaeology – Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria

Directors

Shmuel Yeivin, 1948–1961
Avraham Biran, 1961–1974
Avraham Eitan, 1974–1988
Amir Drori, 1988–2000
Yehoshua (Shuka) Dorfman, 2000–July 31, 2014
Yisrael Hasson, 2014–2020
Eli Escusido he  2021-

Other staff
Levi Rahmani, archeologist and Chief Curator during the 1980s

Restoration work
The IAA's six-member restoration team restores potsherds, textiles, metal objects and other objects related to the material culture of the country discovered in archaeological excavations. Unlike their peers around the world, the team in Israel is barred by Israeli law from working with human remains.

See also
Council for Conservation of Heritage Sites in Israel, preserves sites from 1700 onwards not covered by the Antiquities Law

References

External links

 Eisenbrauns - Official distributor for IAA publications in North America
 The Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel on the Israel Antiquities Authority website.

National archaeological organizations
Archaeology of Israel
Antiquities Authority
Organizations based in Jerusalem
Government agencies established in 1948
1948 establishments in Israel

Israel Antiquities Authority


Hydrogen sulfate, also known as bisulfate, is an ion. Its chemical formula is HSO4-. It is formed as part of sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

Chemical compounds containing this ion are known as bisulfates or hydrogen sulfates. An example would be sodium bisulfate. Hydrogen sulfates are acidic. They can be used as a weaker form of acid than sulfuric acid. It is a salt of sulfuric acid. In these compounds, sulfuric acid is deprotonated once. In the sulfate ion, it is deprotonated twice.

Related pages
Sulfur
Sulfite
Sulfurous acid

Sulfur compounds
Ions

Hydrogen sulfate


Shaddād (), also known as Shaddād bin ʽĀd (), was believed to be the king of the lost Arabian city of Iram of the Pillars, an account of which is mentioned in Sura 89 of the Qur'an. Various sources suggest Shaddad was the son of 'Ad al-Miltat ibn Saksak ibn Wa'il ibn Himyar.

His story is found in the 277th through 279th nights of the Tales of the Arabian Nights (The Book of One Thousand and One Nights) the tale described him as a universal king who ruled over the world and the one who built the city of gold.

Brothers Shadīd () and Shaddād are said to have reigned in turn over the 1,000 Adite tribes, each consisting of several thousand men. It is said Shaddad brutally subdued all Arabia and Iraq. Many Arab writers tell of an expedition of Shaddād that caused the Canaanite migration, their settling in Syria, and the Shepherd invasion of Egypt.

According to the Quran, Iram of the Pillars was a city of occult worshippers of stone idols, who defied the warnings of the prophet Hud. To punish them, God sent a drought. But the people would not repent, so they were destroyed by a furious wind, from which only Hud and a few believers emerged.

References

External links
  Iram Negeri Kaum Aad yang Dibinasakan in KisahMuslim.com

One Thousand and One Nights characters
Mythological kings
Arabian mythology

Shaddad


Venom is a kind of poison used by animals. It is made in an animal's body. It is injected into the body of another animal by a bite or sting. Animals that use venom include some kinds of insects, fish, reptiles, and even mammals.

Some animals use venom to kill another animal that they are going to eat. One animal that does that is the rattlesnake. Some animals use venom to protect themselves.  Some animals that do that are bees, ants and stingrays.  Some animals use venom for both of these things.

Poisons

Venom


Alfredo Catalani (19 June 1854 – 7 August 1893) was an Italian operatic composer. He is best remembered for his operas Loreley (1890) and La Wally (1892). La Wally was composed to a libretto by Luigi Illica, and features Catalani's most famous aria "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana." This aria, sung by American soprano Wilhelmenia Fernandez, was at the heart of Jean-Jacques Beineix's 1981 film Diva. Catalani's other operas were much less successful.

Life and career

Born in Lucca, Catalani came from a musical family. He was trained at the Milan Conservatory, where his teachers included Antonio Bazzini. Despite the growing influence of the verismo style of opera during the 1880s and early 1890s, Catalani chose to compose in a more traditional manner, which had traces of Wagner in it. As a result, his operas (La Wally excepted) have largely lost their place in the modern repertoire, even compared to those of Massenet and Puccini, whose style his own periodically resembles. (Catalani much resented Puccini's emergence and even accused Puccini, falsely, of plagiarism.)

The influence of Amilcare Ponchielli can also be recognized in Catalani's output. Catalani's reputation, like Ponchielli's, now rests almost entirely on one work. However, while La Wally enjoys occasional revivals, Ponchielli's La Gioconda has always been the more popular opera of the two (287 performances, most recently in 2008 at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, as opposed to only four for La Wally, not produced there since 1909).

In 1893, upon his premature death from tuberculosis in Milan, Catalani was interred in the Cimitero Monumentale, where Ponchielli and conductor Arturo Toscanini also lie. A passionate admirer of Catalani's music, Toscanini even named one of his daughters Wally. Toscanini recorded the prelude to Act IV of La Wally and the "Dance of the Water Nymphs" from Loreley in Carnegie Hall in August 1952 with the NBC Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor.

In 1981, his work was highlighted by the release of Diva, a thriller directed by Jean-Jacques Beineix which employed the aria from La Wally.

Operas
La falce ("The Sickle"), Milan, 19 July 1875
Elda, Turin, 31 January 1880 (radically revised as Loreley)
Dejanice, Milan, 17 March 1883
Edmea, Milan, 27 February 1886
Loreley, Turin, 16 February 1890
La Wally, Milan, 20 January 1892

Symphonic works
Sinfonia a piena orchestra ("Symphony for Full Orchestra"), 1872
Il Mattino, sinfonia romantica ("Morning", Romantic symphony), 1874
Ero e Leandro, poema sinfonico ("Hero and Leander", Symphonic tone poem), Milan, 9 May 1885

References

Further reading
 Berrong, Richard M. (editor and translator). The Politics of Opera in Turn-Of-The-Century Italy: As Seen Through the Letters of Alfredo Catalani. 1992. (Studies in the History and Interpretation of Music)
 Pardini, Domenico Luigi, Relton, Valentina (translator), Chandler, David (editor), Alfredo Catalani: Composer of Lucca, 2010.
 Paolo Petronio, Alfredo Catalani, (in Italian language), coll. "Personaggi della Musica" 14, pagine VII+536, ill., Zecchini Editore, Varese, 2014.

External links
Opera Italiana Detailed biography

Paolo Petronio, Alfredo Catalani, musical biography, Ed.Italo Svevo, Trieste,2009

1854 births
1893 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century Italian male musicians
Burials at the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Milan Conservatory alumni
Academic staff of Milan Conservatory
Musicians from Lucca
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Lombardy

Alfredo Catalani


Charles Rozanski (born March 11, 1955) is a German-American retailer and columnist, known as the President and CEO of the Denver, Colorado-based Mile High Comics Inc., and a columnist for the Comics Buyer's Guide.

Early life
Rozanski was born March 11, 1955, in Goldbach, Bavaria, West Germany, and later moved to the United States with his mother and stepfather, an American Army officer.

Career

Mile High Comics
In 1969, when Rozanski was 13, he began working out of his parents' Colorado basement, selling back issues of comic books by running mail order ads in the magazine Rocket's Blast Comicollector. The following year, he began promoting comics as the youngest seller ever to exhibit at the Colorado Springs Antiques Market. In 1971, he founded the Colorado Springs Comics Club. The following year, he attended his first national comics convention, Multicon in Oklahoma City, where he sold $1,800 USD in comics in three days. It was this point that he realized comics retailing could be a career. He opened his first store in Boulder, Colorado, in 1974 with $800 in cash and 10,000 comics. By 1977, he had expanded to four stores in the greater Denver area. In December of that year, he purchased the Edgar Church Collection, the largest and highest-quality Golden Age comics collection ever discovered. The cache had been preserved due to the unvarying 60 degree temperature and minimal humidity, and consisted of 16,000 comic books dating from 1937 to 1955, including the first Superman comic and the first Marvel Comic. The purchase of the Church Collection helped Mile High Comics expand its influence nationally, and helped bring a geometric rise to the price of rare comic books, which became a legitimate investment. Rozanski once sold a batch of comics from the Church Collection and used the profits to put a down payment on a 22,000 square-foot warehouse.

In 1979 Rozanski purchased Richard Alf Comics' mail order division, with which he gained systems and methods for greatly expanding his mail order sales. To that end, he created Alternate Realities Distributing, Inc., a wholesale distributor run by Rozanski's wife Nanette. The Rozanskis eventually sold Alternate Realities to Bud Plant in 1987.

In 1980, Rozanski purchased a double-page ad in mainstream Marvel comics, listing prices for back issues he had for sale. This ad, which was the first of its kind, was a departure from the general practice of the time for its inclusion of prices, which Rozanski explains was a way to educate non-collectors as to the value of their collections. The ad affirmed that back issues were a valid commodity for the collector's market, and led not only to a boom to Mile High Comics, but to the entire back issue market.

In 1991 Rozanski and Mile High Comics opened the first comics mega-store in Denver, which measured 11,000 square feet. The company eventually expanded to eight stores, and has grown to become one of the most successful comics specialty shops in the United States.

Writing
In 2002 Rozanski began writing the column "Tales from the Database" for the Comics Buyer's Guide.

Appearances
Rozanski drives all over the U.S. to local comics shops in order to stock Mile High's back issue inventory. He is also a frequent attendee at comic book conventions across the country.

Rozanski was one of five people whose journey to and experiences at the San Diego Comic Con were depicted in the 2011 Morgan Spurlock documentary Comic-Con Episode IV: A Fan's Hope. In the film, Rozanski seeks to sell a copy of Red Raven #1 for $500,000 in order to pay off his debts. Although he does not sell the comic book, his booth at the convention generates more profit than the previous year's, allowing Mile High Comics to move into a new 65,000 square foot warehouse.

Awards and recognition
Rozanski is widely recognized as an industry leader, and in 2003 he was awarded the Defender of Liberty Award by the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund for his long-standing dedication to the protection of free speech.

Personal life
Rozanski and his wife, Nanette, live in Boulder, Colorado with their four daughters, Rowan, Aleta, Tanith, and Elsbeth.

References

External links

Mile High Comics
"Tales from the Database" by Chuck Rozanski

American columnists
1955 births
Living people
American retail chief executives
American people of German descent

Chuck Rozanski


A public company is a company whose shares are sold to the general public. The owners of public company are its shareholders. Sometimes a private company "goes public" so it can sell more shares to more shareholders.

The Dutch East India Company is often called the first public company.

Companies

Public company


Enthalpy of fusion is the measure of the energy needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid. Extra energy is needed, more than what is obvious by the temperature scale. For example, ice at 0°C needs to absorb heat before it converts (changes) to water at 0°C. The temperature does not change, but energy is absorbed to change from solid to liquid.

Related pages
 Enthalpy of vaporization

Physics

Enthalpy of fusion