was a sculptor, medallist, graphic artist and poster designer who created optical illusions. His art pieces usually portray deception, such as Lunch With a Helmet On, a sculpture created entirely from forks, knives, and spoons, that casts a detailed shadow of a motorcycle.

Fukuda was born on February 4, 1932, in Tokyo to a family that was involved in manufacturing toys. After the end of World War II, he became interested in the minimalist Swiss Style of graphic design, and graduated from Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music in 1956.

The New York Times described how Fukuda's posters "distilled complex concepts into compelling images of logo-simplicity". His commercial work included his creation of the official poster for the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka. A 1980 poster created for Amnesty International features a clenched fist interwoven with barbed wire, with the letter "S" in the word "Amnesty" at the top of the poster formed from a linked shackle. "Victory 1945", one of his best-known works, features a projectile heading straight at the opening of the barrel of a cannon. A pair of posters created to celebrate Earth Day include a design showing the Earth as a seed opening against a solid sea-blue background and "1982 Happy Earth Day", which shows an axe with its head against the ground and a small branch sprouting upwards from its handle.

In 1987, Fukuda was inducted into the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in New York City, which described him as "Japan's consummate visual communicator", making him the first Japanese designer chosen for this recognition. The Art Directors Club noted the "bitingly satirical commentary on the senselessness of war" shown in "Victory 1945", which won him the grand prize at the 1975 Warsaw Poster Contest, a competition whose proceeds went to the Peace Fund Movement.

His home outside Tokyo featured a  front door that would appear far away from someone approaching the house. This door was a visual trick, with the actual entrance to the house being an unornamented white door designed to blend in seamlessly with the walls of the house.

Fukuda died January 11, 2009, after suffering a subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Portfolio

Mural at the Gymnasium of Taishido Junior High School, Tokyo
Grapes
Love Story (1973)
Man (1974)
Woman (1974)
Cat/Mouse (1974)
Encore (1976)
Three-Dimensional Belvedere (1982)
Underground Piano (1984)
Venus in a Mirror (1984)
Disappearing Pillar (1985)
Three-Dimensional Model of Escher's Waterfall (1985)
Lunch With a Helmet On (1987)
Aquarium for Swimming Characters (1988)

References

External links
 Works of Shigeo Fukuda
 Brief biography
 Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work
Works by Shigeo Fukuda at the University of Michigan Museum of Art
Works by Shigeo Fukuda at the Museum of Modern Art
Works by Shigeo Fukuda at the Smithsonian Design Museum

1932 births
2009 deaths
20th-century Japanese artists
20th-century Japanese sculptors
Artists from Tokyo
Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage
Japanese graphic designers
Medallists
Op art
Japanese poster artists
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni

Shigeo Fukuda


Maslenitsa is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called "Maslenitsa" and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning "Maslenitsa" people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring.

Celebration

Every day of Maslenitsa plays a great role.  On Monday people greet the holiday with games such as sledding, snowballs, riding on swings and so on. Russian people believe that happiness and joy which they feel during this day will accompany them throughout a year. On Tuesday people play games and bake pancakes which are called "blini". Blini are the most popular food which is made during this holiday. These pancakes have a round form and symbolize the Sun and warmth. On Wednesday people usually visit their friends and relatives and treat each other with blini. On Thursday by tradition people try to drive away winter by riding on horses around the village or around the places they live. Friday is usually called "Mothers'-in-law evenings" because sons-in-law come to visit their mothers-in-law. On merry Saturday everyone goes to visit their relatives. All people drink and eat as much as they want and play different games. Sunday is the last day of the holiday. It is also called the Sunday of forgiveness because on this day everyone asks forgiveness from relatives and friends for offences and mistakes committed against them. The most appropriate answer is "God will forgive". After that people usually sing songs, dance and at the end of the day they burn the doll.

Wedding superstition
Maslenitsa is also considered as a family holiday because spring is a symbol of new life.  People who marry during this time are considered as very strong and happy couples who will give a birth to many children. During Maslenitsa some people even "punish" those who did not marry yet by throwing them into snow.

Religious holidays
Russian culture

Maslenitsa


The term grandparent means the parents of a person's father or mother. Grandparents have always been important members of a family. The role of a parent is often very different from the role of a grandparent. Parents are the providers and disciplinarians of their children. Grandparents are often much freer to enjoy and have fun with their grandchildren. A grandparent-grandchild relationship is usually much simpler than that of a parent and child.

The term 'grandparent' is used for both male and female genders. The male grandparent is called a grandfather. The female grandparent is a grandmother. When looking at the relationship from the point of view of the grandparent, the term grandchild is used. A grandchild is the child of a person's child. It can also be used based on gender. Grandchild is correct for either gender. Grandson is male. Granddaughter is female.

Definitions
 grandmother: parent's mother.
 maternal grandmother: mother's mother.
 paternal grandmother: father's mother.
 grandfather: parent's father.
 maternal grandfather: mother's father.
 paternal grandfather: father's father.
 grandparent: parent's parent.
 maternal grandparent: mother's parent.
 paternal grandparent: father's parent.
 granddaughter: child's daughter.
 grandson: child's son.
 grandchild: child's child.

Grandparents and grandchildren
For example: Bob has a son named Rick. Rick, in turn, has 2 children; a boy (Bill) and a girl (Mary). Bob is the grandfather (male grandparent) of both Bill and Mary. Bill is the grandson (male grandchild) of Bob, and Mary is the granddaughter (female grandchild) of Bob. Rick's mother would be the grandmother (female grandparent) of both Mary and Bill.

There are a number of nicknames for a person's grandparents. These include 'grandpa', 'grandpapa', 'papa' and 'pawpa' for a grandfather. Nicknames for grandmothers include 'grandma', 'grammy', 'granny', and 'nanna'. There are also many unique nicknames. An example is American actress Goldie Hawn who did not want to be called 'grandma', instead came up with the nickname 'Glamma.'

Traditionally, grandparents were highly respected in most cultures. Today many grandparent-grandchild relationships are declining. Much of the modern world does not value older people the way societies did in the past. Also, popular entertainment, especially programs and movies aimed at 'tweens' (children 10 to 12 years old) portray adults as being foolish. This makes the involvement of grandparents more important than ever.

Great-grandparents

A person's great-grandparent's parents would be that person's "great-great-grandparents". Commonly the prefix great- is added, one for each additional generation. To avoid having to add several "greats" when discussing a direct ancestors, ordinals are commonly used instead. For example, a "great-great-grandfather" would be a "second great-grandfather". A "great-great-great-grandfather" would be a third great-grandfather, and so on. Some sources also use cardinal numbers for numbering greats. For example, a great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother becomes "six times great grandmother". However, sixth great-grandmother would be most commonly used.

Not counting the individual person in the relationship, a parent is the first generation of the person's ancestors. A grandparent is the second generation (from the individual). A great-grandparent would be the third generation and so a great-great-grandparent would be in the fourth generation of ancestors, and so on. Another way of putting it is a person's second great-grandparent is a grandparent's grandparent.

In the past, many great-grandparents died long before their great-grandchildren were born. Today, people in many societies are living longer. This means many children get to know at least one of their great-grandparents.

Nuclear family vs close kin
The word 'family' is often used to mean the same as the term Nuclear family. Strictly speaking, a nuclear family is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children. It may also be used to include a stepparent, stepchildren or adopted children. However, the latter family unit is more commonly called a blended family. Close kin however extends the family unit. For example, second cousins are all descendants of one or both great-grandparents. Family units extending to second cousins are considered close kin. So the term includes great-grandparents as well. Third cousins (all those descended from second great-grandparents) are not considered close kin, but just family.

Distant grandparents and pedigree collapse
A person's ancestor tree is a binary tree. It is formed by the person, the parents (2), the grandparents (4), great-grandparents (8), and so on. With each increasing generation of great-grandparents the number doubles. In other words, a person's sixth great-grandparents (great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparents) would number 256 or  (2 to the 8th power). However, the number of individuals in such a tree grows exponentially and will eventually become impossibly high. For example, a single individual alive today would, over 30 generations going back to the High Middle Ages, have about  generations or just over a billion ancestors. That would be far more than the total world population at the time.

This paradox or impossible situation, is explained by having shared ancestors, which is called pedigree collapse. Instead of every person today having a family tree of all unique ancestors, many of these ancestors occupy more than one position in the pedigree. In other words, one's 15th great-grandfather may have been their 15th great-grandfather more than once if the person today is descended from children of both or all of his marriages. So in a typical family tree, the same ancestor may pop up in more than one place in the pedigree. Pedigree collapse is generally caused by close relatives marrying in the past, which was common in many societies. Even today, because most people do not know their ancestry beyond their grandparents, they are inadvertently marrying their own distant cousins. On average, a typical European marriage today is between sixth cousins (those descended from a common sixth great-grandparent). In closed societies the relationship is usually much closer.

Related pages
 Parent
 Father
 Mother
 Child
 Family tree

Notes

References

Family

Grandparent


Pierre-Louis Jean Casimir, Count of Blacas d'Aulps (10 January 1771 – 17 November 1839), later created 1st Duke of Blacas (1821), was a French antiquarian, nobleman and diplomat during the Bourbon Restoration.

Biography

Early life
He was baptized at Avignon on 11 January 1771. He was the son of an aristocrat from Provence and took an opposing view of the French Revolution. In 1790, while a sous-lieutenant in the Noailles dragoons from Tarn, he fled across the Var to Nice in the Kingdom of Sardinia. From there, he went to the German frontier town of Coblenz and joined the counter-revolutionary émigré army of Louis XVI's cousin, the Prince of Condé. Later, he went through Italy before entering the service of Russia and fighting the French Republic in Switzerland under Alexander Suvorov.

Serving the Bourbons
While in the pay of Austria, he then travelled to Warsaw and rejoined the court-in-exile of the pretender to the throne of France, King Louis XVI's younger brother, the Comte de Provence, who charged him with various missions, including one to Saint Petersburg. Despite the help of Joseph de Maistre, the King of Sardinia's diplomatic envoy to the court of the Russian tsar Alexander I, he was only able to gain small advantages for the future king. However, his willingness to do anything for the exiled prince, quickly gained Blacas the trust and confidence of his royal master. In 1809, Blacas was made the pretender's grandmaster of the wardrobe (grand-maître de la Garde-Robe du Roi). After the death of the Comte d'Avaray in 1811, he became Provence's closest advisor and favorite.

On 22 April 1814, he married a fellow exile, Henriette Marie Félicité du Bouchet de Sourches de Montsoreau, in London. She had been born in Paris on 20 February 1780 to Yves Marie du Bouchet de Sourches, Comte de Montsoreau, a maréchal de camp (major general) then lieutenant général during the Ancien Régime, and his wife Marie Charlotte Lallemand de Nantouillet. The Comte de Montsoreau was the nephew of the Marquise de Tourzel, the royal governess to the children of King Louis XVI of France and his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, during the French Revolution.

After Restoration
When the Comte de Provence became the actual king of France after the defeat and abdication of Napoleon I in 1814, Blacas was appointed to the position of minister in charge of the royal household (ministre de la Maison du Roi) in the government of the first Bourbon restoration and given the rank of maréchal de camp (major general). He assumed a dominant role in the new king's Conseil du Roi, essentially acting as prime minister. But, unskilled, he made an assortment of errors, favoring members of the Ancien Régime too often. In addition, his cool and aloof behavior alienated many.

On Napoleon's return from Elba, Blacas accompanied the new king on his flight to Ghent. Upon the king's return to Paris after the Battle of Waterloo, though, Blacas' unpopularity led to his dismissal. In compensation, he was named a peer of France with the title of Comte de Blacas d'Aulps. Soon, however, his place as royal advisor was taken over by the more moderate Élie Decazes.

Diplomatic service in Italy
A scapegoat for the royalist excesses of 1814, Blacas was unofficially exiled as the French ambassador to the court of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, whose capital was located in Naples. There, he negotiated the 1816 marriage of the Louis XVIII's nephew, the Duke of Berry, to Francis I of the Two Sicilies's daughter Caroline. Also in 1816, Blacas became a member of both the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Afterwards, he was appointed to be the French ambassador to the Holy See in Rome. He signed a concordat between Bourbon France and Pope Pius VII on 11 June 1817. In 1820, he received the Ordre du Saint-Esprit. While still ambassador in Rome, he was one of three French representatives to the Congress of Laibach in 1821.

Remaining in Rome for many years, he provided the French artist Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres in 1817 with his first official commission since 1814 and became a patron to the German classicist Theodor Panofka, who returned with him to Paris in 1828. In addition, he worked closely with Italian archaeologist Carlo Fea in the excavation of the Roman Forum. Together, they correctly identified the Temple of Castor and Pollux in 1816.

Return in France and final years
Louis XVIII raised his title of comte (Count) to that of Duke of Blacas (Duc de Blacas) on 30 April 1821. After his death, the new king, Charles X, chose him to be one of his premier gentilhommes de la chambre. Blacas was also appointed superintendent to the Crown properties (intendant général des Bâtiments de la Couronne). During his administration, he supported orientalist Jean-François Champollion and created the "Musée Egyptien" within the Louvre. In his lifetime, Blacas amassed a rich antiquities collection that Joseph Toussaint Reinaud described in part under the title "Description des monuments musulmans du cabinet du duc de Blacas" (Description of the Muslim objects in the cabinet of the Duke of Blacas) in 1828. In 1866, his descendants sold most of his remaining collection to the British Museum, where it is still today.

In 1830, Blacas followed the Bourbons into exile. Later, he was instrumental in the dismissal of the Duchess of Gontaut as the governess to the king's grandchildren in fear of her relatively liberal political views. In 1838, he was created Fürst von Blacas d'Aulps (Prince of Blacas and Aulps) by the Emperor of Austria on 16 May 1837. He died on 17 November 1839 and was buried next to the Bourbon crypt of the Kostanjevica Monastery in Görz, Austria, now on the Slovenian side of the border in Nova Gorica. His wife died in Paris on 10 October 1856.

He was succeeded as Duke of Blacas by his son Louis, who was also both an antiquarian and a Legitimist.

References

Extract from an article by the genealogist Pierre Nicolas, with his kind permission. To see the whole article site of the comte de Chambord, at the footnote "son entourage".
Geneall.net

1771 births
1839 deaths
Burials at Kostanjevica Monastery
Dukes of Blacas d'Aulps
French antiquarians
French classical scholars
French diplomats
French Egyptologists
French male writers
French Ultra-royalists
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Peers of France
People associated with the Louvre
People from Avignon
People of the Ancien Régime
People of the French Revolution
Princes of Blacas d'Aulps

Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas


The African Leopards are an African rugby union representative team, organised by the Confederation of African Rugby (CAR). The side will play an important role in promoting rugby in Africa. The Leopards are the first ever Pan-African representative rugby union team.

History
The concept came about in 2005, and the team played their first ever match against the South African Students on July 23 at Ellis Park as a curtain raiser to the second Mandela Challenge Plate match between the Springboks and Australia. The team for the inaugural match was represented by Botswana, Cameroon, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda and Zambia. Zimbabwe and Côte d'Ivoire were not included as they were playing a 2007 World Cup qualifying match. The students ran out to a 12 to nil lead after five minutes, the Leopards lost the match but clawed their way back to reach a 15 to 30 final score.

In their first overseas tour they beat the British Army Senior XV 20 to 10 at Aldershot on 23 November 2006. The match was part of the Army Rugby Union's (1906–2006) centenary celebrations.

Results

Scorers:

For South African Students:
Tries: Spies, Matsaung, Olivier, Booysen
Cons: Gallinetti 2
Pens: Gallinetti 2

For the African Leopards:
Tries: Lloyd, Duvenhage
Con: Sargos
Pen: Sargos

SA Students: 15 Michael Gallinetti (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University), 14 Pierre Spies (Tukkies), 13 Lafras Uys (Tukkies), 12 Thabang Molefe (TUT), 11 Mpho Matsaung (TUT), 10 Naas Olivier (Pukke), 9 Mthunzi Mashalaba (University of the Western Cape), 8 Nelis Nel (Pukke), 7 Craig Kleu (UCT), 6 Frikkie Maartens (Johannesburg), 5 Gerhard Mostert (Pukke), 4 Bosman Grobler (Tukkies), 3 Nico de Villiers (Maties), 2 Louwtjie Louw (Shimlas), 1 Kalafo Tlaitane (Tukkies).
Replacements: 16 Henoe Stoffberg (Maties), 17 Brendan Booysen (CPUT), 18 Michael Killian (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University), 19 Damien Cloete (CPUT), 20 Henry Grimes (TUT), 21 Tembelani Mayosi (UCT), 22 Pellow van der Westhuizen (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University).

African Leopards: 15 Steeve Sargos (Senegal), 14 Allan Musoke (Uganda), 13 Hicham Housni (Morocco), 12 Hendrik Meyer (Namibia), 11 Hary Nirina Jacquot (Madagascar), 10 Morné Steyn (SA), 9 Ismaeel Dolley (SA), 8 Abdel Boutati (Morocco), 7 Jean-Emmanuel Bahoken (Cameroon), 6 Jan Hendrik Duvenhage (Namibia), 5 Yogan Correa (Senegal), 4 John Lloyd (Tanzania), 3 Arnauld Tchoungong Kamga (Cameroon), 2 Jalil Narjissi (captain) (Morocco), 1 Heinke van der Merwe (SA).
Replacements: 16 Jeremy Desai (SA), 17 Harry Vermaas (SA), 18 Cliff Milton (SA), 19 Neorgeyundo Armitage (Zambia), 20 Ryan de la Harpe (Namibia), 21 Innocent Simiyu (Kenya), 22 Kais Aissa (Tunisia).

Referee: Deon van Blommestein (Western Province)

British Army Senior XV
November 23, 2006 Leopards 20-10 British Army Senior XV, Aldershot Military Stadium, Aldershot.
Tries were scored for the Leopards by the Captain, the lock from Tanzania, John Lloyd and by the scrumhalf from Morocco, Jawad.  The flyhalf from Namibia Emile Wessels went on to convert two conversions and scored a further two penalties. Malcolm Roberts scored the army's sole try which was converted by Mark Honeybun.

The score of this match is also listed as 20-12.  Perhaps the Army scored two tries and converted one of them?

Teams:

British Army Senior XV: 15 Sgt Malcolm Roberts (captain), 14 Spr Ben  Suru, 13 Spr Peceli Nacamavuto, 12 Cpl Andrew  Parkinson, 11 LCpl Eugene Viljoen, 10 LCpl James Balfrey, 9 LCpl Alipate Vakasawaqa, 8 Hldr Isoa Damudamu, 7 LCpl Maccu Koroiyadi, 6 Pte Joe Kava, 5 Pte  Ledua Jope, 4 Cpl Benjamin Hughes,  3 LCpl Melvin Lewis, 2 Cpl Jason Kemble, 1 Sig Ryan Grant.
Replacements: 16 Ben Hankinson, 17 Cpl John Beart, 18 Lt Mark Lee, 19 LBdr Gareth Gareth Libbey, 20 Capt Adrian Twyning, 21 Lt Mark Honeybun, 22 Slade-Jones

Coach: WO2 Andy Sanger

African Leopards: Steeve Sargos (Senegal), Thierry Park (Mauritius), John Musoke (Uganda), Allan Musoke (Uganda), JM Meyer (Namibia), Bakary Meite (Ivory Coast), John Lloyd - Captain (Tanzania), Arnauld Kamga (Cameroon), Jawad Ezyar (Morocco, Gareth Gilbert (Botswana), Shingai Chiwanga (Zimbabwe), Jacques Burger (Namibia), Edgar Babou (Ivory Coast), Harif Amid (Morocco), Kaiss Aissa  (Tunisia), Innocent Simiyu (Kenya), Yousri Souguir (Tunisia), Kalafo Tlialane (South Africa), Dan Weku (Kenya), Emile Wessels (Namibia)

Coaches: Brendan Venter (South Africa), Claude Saurel (France)

French Under 20 team
Wednesday 10 October 2007, Metz Saint Symphorien Stadium

The African Leopards won 17-12 in a friendly match.

Squad: Jacques Leitao, Cleopas Makotose (Zimbabwe), Nyondo George Armitage (Zambia),Joudoul Youssef, Boutataty Abdellatif, Abachri Abdelkafi, Dermouni Mohammed (Morocco), Jonathan Charles Francke, Wigan Marvin Pekeur, Steph Roberts (South Africa), Guerraoui Ali (Algeria), Derrick Wamalwa, Dan Weku (Kenya), Robert Sseguya, Allan Musoke (Uganda), Sargos Steeve, Koita Magname, Magassa Moussa (Senegal), Bobou Edgar, Meite Bakary (Côte d'Ivoire), Souguir Mouhamed Yosri (Tunisia) and Tchougong Arnold (Cameroon).

Officials: Said Zniber (Team Manager, Morocco), Muhammed Sahraoui (Coach, Tunisia), Abdelaziz Bougja (CAR President Chief De Mission) and Paul Sigombe (CAR Vice President, Coordinator)

References

External links
The Confederation of African Rugby
SA Students knock spots off the African Leopards
Beware the African Leopards

International rugby union teams
Multinational rugby union teams
Multinational sports teams

African Leopards


South Wales () is the region of Wales located near England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south, and Mid Wales and West Wales to the north and west. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom. It has a population of about 2.2 million people. The Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales. The park also contains Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia.

The region's boundary is not specifically known. It is considered that Glamorgan, Monmouthshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire are a part of it.  By the west, from Swansea westwards, local people would probably say that they lived in both South Wales and West Wales because of the overlap in the artificial boundaries.

References

Geography of Wales

South Wales


The Rape of the Lock is a poem written by Alexander Pope, mocking heros and heroines. It was first published anonymously in Lintot's Miscellany in May 1712.

Poem

The poem is sarcastically laughing at the epic world of the gods. It was based on an incident that was remembered by Pope's friend, John Caryll. Arabella Fermor and Robert Petre were both from Catholic families at a time in England when Anglicanism was very important. Petre, lusting after Arabella, had cut a lock of her hair to keep without permission, which made the two families have a big argument. This was because in those days, cutting off a lock of the lover's hair was scandalous and symbolized improper love. Pope, also a Catholic, wrote the poem to make the two families reconcile and be happy again. He made the character Belinda to represent Arabella in the poem.

Pope's poem mocks all the traditions of classics. Although the poem is funny at times, Pope keeps a sense that beauty is fragile, and that just because Belinda loses a lock of her hair she is very deeply hurt.

Three of Uranus's moons are named after characters from The Rape of the Lock: Belinda, Umbriel, and Ariel.

Other websites

 "The Rape of the Lock:" Study Guide With Complete Text and Detailed Explanatory Notes

References

18th-century British poems
1710s works

The Rape of the Lock


A worker is a person who works. This usually means a person who does manual labour, like manufacturing goods. In economics there are three factors of production. These are labour (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).

People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken).

May Day is an international holiday for workers' rights.

Related pages
Working class
Workers of the world, unite!

Labor

no:Blåsnipparbeider

Worker


The  – in English, the Condé Museum – is a French museum located inside the Château de Chantilly in Chantilly, Oise, 40 km north of Paris. In 1897, Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, son of Louis Philippe I, bequeathed the château and its collections to the Institut de France. It included rooms remodeled as museum spaces and those left as residential quarters in the styles of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Collections

The collection of old master paintings is among the most important in France. It consists predominantly of Italian and French works and includes three paintings by Fra Angelico, three by Raphael, five by Nicolas Poussin, four by Antoine Watteau and five signed by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.

The museum harbors a collection of 2,500 drawings and a library including 1,500 manuscripts, of which 200 are illuminated. The most renowned of the latter are the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. In addition to these, there are collections of prints, portrait miniatures, sculptures, antiques, old photographs, decorative arts, furniture and porcelain.

The collection may only be seen at Chantilly due to the conditions attached to the bequest by the Duke d'Aumale. These conditions forbid the loaning of artworks to other institutions as well as insisting that the exhibition spaces not be modified in any way. As a result, the museum remains almost unchanged since it was opened in 1898. About 250,000 visitors come to the museum each year.

Also in the museum's collection is the Chantilly codex (MS 564), the primary manuscript of  music.

See also
 Paul Dubois (sculptor)

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in France
Musee Conde
Art museums established in 1898
Museums in Oise

Musée Condé


The Iñupiat Heritage Center is a museum in Utqiaġvik in the U.S. state of Alaska. Dedicated in February 1999, it is an affiliated area of New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and recognizes the contributions of Alaska Natives to the history of whaling.

It houses exhibits, artifact collections, a library, a gift shop, and a traditional room where traditional crafts are demonstrated and taught. The North Slope Borough owns and manages the Heritage Center on behalf of the whaling villages of the North Slope. The Heritage Center is one of several associated partners that participate in telling the story of commercial whaling in the United States. Park partners operate independently but collaborate in a variety of educational and interpretive programs.

The Iñupiat Heritage Center (IHC) brings people together to promote and perpetuate Iñupiat history, language and culture. This dynamic interaction between the Iñupiat and their environment fosters the awareness, understanding and appreciation of the Iñupiat way of life from generation to generation.

History
In the late 19th and 20th centuries, more than 2,000 whaling voyages set out from New Bedford bound for the bowhead whaling grounds off Alaska's Arctic coast. The whalers developed the following route for their voyage of over 20,000 miles: to the Azore islands off the coast of Africa, around Cape Horn and the southernmost tip of South America, to the Hawaiian Islands, and finally to the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. They were often gone for years at a time, and processed the whales on board.

Many Alaska Natives, particularly Iñupiat Eskimo people, participated in commercial whaling. In addition to crewing on the American ships, they hunted for food for the whalers, provided warm fur clothing, and sheltered many crews who were shipwrecked on the Alaska coast.

External links
 Iñupiat Heritage Center official website
 Iñupiat Heritage Center, National Park Service

Inupiat culture
Natural history museums in Alaska
Native American museums in Alaska
New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park
Whaling in the United States
Museums established in 1999
1999 establishments in Alaska
Whaling museums
Buildings and structures in North Slope Borough, Alaska
Tourist attractions in North Slope Borough, Alaska

Iñupiat Heritage Center


Brian Thomas Littrell (born February 20, 1975) is an American singer. He is best known as a member of the Backstreet Boys. He is also a contemporary Christian recording artist, and released a solo album, Welcome Home (You), in 2006.

In the summer of 2005, Littrell solo single "In Christ Alone" went to #1 on the Christian Charts on July 4th. Littrell was the winner of the 2006 GMA Music Award for Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year, "In Christ Alone," which won both the 1993 award in this category (when recorded by Michael English) and the 1994 Song of the Year at the GMA Music Awards. Brian's first solo album, Welcome Home (You) was released on May 2, 2006. As with the Backstreet Boys albums, is a Sony BMG release.

Littrell and his wife Leighanne Littrell have one son together, Baylee Thomas Wylee Littrell, who was born in November 26, 2002.

Singers from Kentucky
Backstreet Boys members
1975 births
Living people

Brian Littrell


The Palermo Stone is one of seven pieces left of a much bigger stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The stele has a list of the kings of Egypt from the First Dynasty through to the early part of the Fifth Dynasty. It also listed important events in each year of their rule.  It was probably made during the Fifth Dynasty (about 2392–2283 BCE). The Palermo Stone is in the Antonio Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum in the city of Palermo, Italy, from which it gets its name.

The name "Palermo Stone" is sometimes used for all seven pieces of the Royal Annals, including those in museums in Cairo and London.  The pieces are also sometimes known as the "Cairo Annals Stone". The name "Cairo Stone" is also used to mean only those pieces kept in Cairo.

The Royal Annals are probably the oldest historical writing from Ancient Egypt. They are very important for the study of Egyptian history in the Old Kingdom.

Description
The Royal Annals stele, of which the Palermo Stone is one part part, was probably about 60 cm high and 2.1m wide. The pieces that are left are type of hard black stone, probably basalt.

The Palermo Stone itself is shaped like a shield. It is 43.5 cm high, 25 cm wide and 6.5 cm thick. The writing on the front of the stone is six lines of hieroglyphs.  The first line lists the names of the Early Dynastic Period kings of Lower Egypt, wearing the Red Crown ). The second and other lines has parts of the royal annals for pharaohs of the First to Fourth Dynasties. These annals are lists of the key events in each year of the rule of each king, arranged in date order. The second line on the Palermo Stone begins with the last details for a king of the First Dynasty. The name has been lost, but it would be either Narmer or Aha. The rest of the second row has the first nine annual entries for next king. Again the name is missing but is either Aha or his successor Djer.  The rest of the writing on this side has the royal annals down to the kings of the Fourth Dynasty.

There is writing on the back of the Palermo Stone. This lists events during the rule of pharaohs down to Neferirkare Kakai, third ruler of the Fifth Dynasty. From the pieces that are left it is unclear if the Royal Annals continued beyond this point in time. Where a king is named, the name of his mother is also recorded, such as Betrest mother of the First Dynasty king Semerkhet and Meresankh I mother of the Fourth Dynasty king Seneferu.

Details recorded in the Royal Annals includes the height of the annual Nile flood (see Nilometer), the Inundation, details of festivals (such as Sed festivals), taxation, sculpture, buildings, and warfare.

Archaeological history
It is not known where the stele came from. None of the seven pieces has a proper archaeological history. One piece
in Cairo is said to have come from at an archaeological site at Memphis. The three other pieces in Cairo were said to have been found in Middle Egypt. No one has ever said where the Palermo Stone was found.

The Palermo Stone was purchased by a Sicilian lawyer, Ferdinand Guidano, in 1859. It has been in Palermo since 1866.  On 19 October 1877, it was presented to the Palermo Archaeological Museum by the Guidano family.

There are five pieces of the Royal Annals in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Four of these were put in the Museum between 1895 and 1914. The fifth was purchased in 1963. One small piece is in the Petrie Museum of University College London, forming part of the collection of the archeologist Sir Flinders Petrie.

In 1895 a visiting French archaeologist realized the Palermo Stone was important. The writing on the stone was translated in 1902 by Heinrich Schäfer.

Problems
There are arguments about the date of the Palermo Stone and of the Royal Annals it records. Historians do not agree if the writing  was done in one go or was added to over time. There is no agreement about the date of the writing; was it written about the times it describes, or was it written much later? It has been argued that the stele was made much later, perhaps in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (747-656 BCE). It seems clear from the details that, even if the Royal Annals, on the Palermo Stone and other pieces, were not written soon after the time they describe, they are based on an Old Kingdom original.

There are also arguments about if all the pieces are part of the same stele or come from different copies. It has been suggested some of pieces in Cairo are not genuine.

The writing is difficult to read. This because of both the poor condition of some parts, and because of its great age. If the writing is a later copy, not from the Fifth Dynasty, there is also the chance that errors were made in the copying process.

Significance
The Palermo Stone and the other pieces of the Royal Annals are a very important for the history of the Old Kingdom. For example, they list the names of members of the royal families during the first five dynasties which are not listed anywhere else.

New Kingdom Egyptian king lists, such as the Turin Canon (13th century BCE) and the Abydos king list (reign of Seti I, 1294–1279 BCE), say that Menes (probably Narmer) (c. 3100 or 3000 BCE) was the first king of the first dynasty. They say that he was the person who unified Egypt. However, the top line of the Royal Annals names some earlier rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt. These must come from a time before Egypt was unified. Linking the names of these kings with historical persons is still being argued about.

The ancient historian Manetho must have used something like the Royal Annals stele to write his history of the early dynasties of Egypt. This was written during the third century BCE. The king list which is the best match to his work is the Turin Canon.

Related pages
 List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
 Turin King List

References

Sources
 Partial and dated English translation of the text in J.H. Breasted, (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, sections 76–167. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 St. John, Michael (1999). The Palermo Stone: An Arithmetical View. London: University Bookshop Publications.ISBN0-9536-8650-7
 Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000). Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press). .

Other websites
 Part of a lecture given by T.A.H. Wilkinson, University College London 2000
 Image of the London piece and translation, Petrie Museum
 Gallery of images of Palermo Stone and Cairo pieces (and more) by J.D. Degreef.

3rd millennium BC in Egypt
Palermo
3rd millennium BC works

Palermo Stone


Baabda Destrict (Arabic: قضاء بعبدا, translit: Qada' Baabda), sometimes spelled B'abda, is a destrict (qadaa) in Munt Lebanon Govrenorate, Lebanon, tae the sooth an east o the Lebanon's caipital Beirut. The destrict caipital is the toun o Baabda.

The region is popularly kent forby as Soothren Matn (Arabic: المتن الجنوبي, translit: ِAl Matn al Janoubi), as destinct frae Matn Destrict (Arabic: قضاء المتن الشمالي, translit: Qada' Al Matn ash Shimali),

Demographics
The inhabitants o the Baabda destrict are mainly Maronite Catholics, Shi'a Muslims an Druze. The Maronites are the lairgest group, follaed b Shi'a Muslims and Druze. Housomeivver, Sunni Muslims, Greek Catholics an Orthodox Christians inhabit the aurie an aa.
It is important tae note that Shiite Muslims in the Baabda destrict maistly inhabit the coastal area o the destrict which lies directly sooth o Beirut. This aurie is forby kent as "Dahye" or the soothren suburbs o Beirut. The Druze on the ither haund, live in the muntainous aurie further inland.

As o the 2005 elections, Baabda haes six seats allocatit tae it in the Lebanese Parliament. Three o these seats are allocatit tae Maronite Catholics, while twa are allocatit tae the Shi'a Muslims an ane tae the Druze.

Amber
Baabda is the source o Amber steids datin frae 120 million years ago that hae uncovered amang the auldest lizards includin the Baabdasaurus, an an aw mony insects.

Ceeties an touns
Baabda
Kfarshima
Hammana
Chiyah
Ras el Matn
Qarnayel
Araya
Qalaa
Btekhneih

References
Mapquest
Lizard in Amber
Insects in Amber

Destricts o Lebanon
Baabda Destrict

Baabda Destrict


The United States presidential doctrines are policy decisions toward other countries made by Presidents.

Examples of Presidential Doctrines
The first and most important presidential doctrine was the Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe stated that the United States declared the right to have influence over Latin America and the U.S. threatened war to any European country which interfered.

President Theodore Roosevelt expanded on the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Truman Doctrine by President Harry Truman during the Cold War stated that the United States will give aid to Turkey and Greece to help them resist the spread of communism.

The Carter Doctrine by President Jimmy Carter stated that the U.S. would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

The Reagan Doctrine was the name for Reagan's policy of giving weapons and money t who wanted to fight against communism.

President George W. Bush's policy of invading Iraq without being provoked was called the Bush Doctrine.=

History of the United States
Presidents of the United States

United States presidential doctrines


In Buddhism, the Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: ariya atthangika magga) is the path to the end of suffering. It is the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It can be summed up in three categories: wisdom (pañña), virtue (sila), and concentration (samadhi). It asks for the Right view and the right intention, as well as other things. It also asks for the right speech.

Here is a description of the path:

 Right Thought - Realizing the Four Noble Truths (samyag-dṛṣṭi, sammā-diṭṭhi)
 Right Understanding - Commitment to mental and ethical growth in moderation.

 Right Speech - One speaks in a non hurtful, not exaggerated, truthful way (samyag-vāc, sammā-vācā)
 Right Actions - Wholesome action, avoiding action that would do harm (samyak-karmānta, sammā-kammanta)
 Right Livelihood - One's job does not harm in any way oneself or others; directly or indirectly (weapon maker, drug dealer, etc.) (samyag-ājīva, sammā-ājīva)
 Right Effort - One makes an effort to improve (samyag-vyāyāma, sammā-vāyāma)
 Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness (samyak-smṛti, sammā-sati)
 Right Concentration - State where one reaches enlightenment and the ego has disappeared (samyak-samādhi, sammā-samādhi)

Other websites
 Notes on the Noble Eightfold Path
 Noble Eightfold Path, in Chapter 7: Success, in "A Young People's Life of the Buddha" by Bhikkhu Silacara
 The Noble Eightfold Path - The Middle Way by Ven Dr.K.Sri.Dhammananda
 The Fourth Noble Truth: The Middle Path: BuddhaNet's Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students

Religious ethics
Buddhist terminology

Noble Eightfold Path


The Kingdom of the Burgundians () or First Kingdom of Burgundy () was established by Germanic Burgundians in the Rhineland and then in eastern Gaul in the 5th century.

History

Background
The Burgundians, a Germanic tribe, may have migrated from the Scandinavian island of Bornholm to the Vistula basin in the 3rd century AD. However, the first documented King of the Burgundians, Gjúki (Gebicca), lived in the late 4th century east of the Rhine.

In 406 the Alans, Vandals, Suevi, and possibly the Burgundians, crossed the Rhine and invaded Roman Gaul. The Burgundians settled as foederati in the Roman province of Germania Secunda along the Middle Rhine.

Kingdom
In 411 AD, the Burgundian king Gunther (or Gundahar or Gundicar) in cooperation with Goar, king of the Alans, set up Jovinus as a puppet emperor. Under the pretext of Jovinus' imperial authority, Gunther settled on the western (i.e., Roman) bank of the Rhine, between the river Lauter and the Nahe, seizing the settlements of  (present day Worms), Speyer, and Strasbourg. Apparently as part of a truce, the Emperor Honorius later officially "granted" them the land. The Burgundians established their capital at . Olympiodorus of Thebes also mentions a Guntiarios who was called "commander of the Burgundians" in the context of the 411 usurping of Germania Secunda by Jovinus.

Despite their new status as , Burgundian raids into Roman upper Gallia Belgica became intolerable to the Romans and were ruthlessly brought to an end in 436, when the Roman general Flavius Aetius called in Hun mercenaries who overwhelmed the kingdom in 437. Gunther was killed in the fighting, reportedly along with the majority of the Burgundians. The campaign was the origin of the mediæval  poem.

Gunther was succeeded as king by Gunderic (or Gundioc or Gondioc) in 437. After 443, the remaining Burgundians were resettled by Aetius to the region of present-day northeastern France and western Switzerland, again as , in the Roman province of . Their efforts to enlarge their kingdom down the Rhone river brought them into conflict with the Visigothic Kingdom in the south. In 451, Gunderic joined forces with Aetius against Attila, leader of the Huns, in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.

When Gunderic died in 473, his kingdom was divided among his four sons: Gundobad (473–516 in Lyon, king of all of Burgundy from 480), Chilperic II (473–493 in Valence), Gundomar/Godomar (473–486 in Vienne) and Godegisel (473–500, in Vienne and Geneva).

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, King Gundobad allied with the mighty Frankish king Clovis I against the threat of the Ostrogothic king, Theoderic the Great. Gundobad was thereby able to secure the Burgundian acquisitions, and compile the , an Ancient Germanic law code. Later, when Rome was no longer able to afford protection to the inhabitants of Gaul, the Sequani became merged in the newly formed Kingdom of Burgundy.

According to Gregory of Tours (538–594), in 493 Gundobad slew his brother Chilperic II and exiled his daughter Clotilde, who was married to the Merovingian Clovis, King of the Franks, who had just conquered northern Gaul. The decline of the kingdom began when they came under attack from their former Frankish allies. In 523, the sons of King Clovis campaigned in the Burgundian lands, instigated by their mother Clotilde, in revenge for Gundobad's murder of her father. In 532, the Burgundians were decisively defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Autun, whereafter King Godomar was killed and Burgundy incorporated into the Frankish kingdom in 534.

List of kings
Gebicca (late 4th century – c. 407)
Gundomar I (c. 407 – 411), son of Gebicca
Giselher (c. 407 – 411), son of Gebicca
Gunther (c. 407 – 436), son of Gebicca

Flavius Aëtius moves the Burgundians into Sapaudia (Upper Rhône Basin).

Gunderic/Gundioc (436–473) opposed by
Chilperic I, brother of Gundioc (443–c. 480)
division of the kingdom among the four sons of Gundioc:
Gundobad (473–516 in Lyon, king of all of Burgundy from 480),
Chilperic II (473–493 in Valence)
Gundomar/Godomar (473–486 in Vienne)
Godegisel (473–500, in Vienne and Geneva)
Sigismund, son of Gundobad (516–524)
Godomar II or Gundimar, son of Gundobad (524–532)

References

Sources

Bury, J.B. The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians. London: Macmillan and Co., 1928.

Dalton, O.M. The History of the Franks, by Gregory of Tours. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1927.
Drew, Katherine Fischer.  The Burgundian Code.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.
Gordon, C.D. The Age of Attila. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1961.
Guichard, Rene, Essai sur l'histoire du peuple burgonde, de Bornholm (Burgundarholm) vers la Bourgogne et les Bourguignons, 1965, published by A. et J. Picard et Cie.
Murray, Alexander Callander. From Roman to Merovingian Gaul. Broadview Press, 2000.
Musset, Lucien. The Germanic Invasions: The Making of Europe AD 400-600. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975.
Nerman, Birger. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Generalstabens litagrafiska anstalt: Stockholm. 1925.
Rivers, Theodore John.  Laws of the Salian and Ripuarian Franks.  New York: AMS Press, 1986.
Rolfe, J.C., trans, Ammianus Marcellinus. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1950.
Shanzer, Danuta. 'Dating the Baptism of Clovis.' In Early Medieval Europe, volume 7, pages 29–57. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1998.
Shanzer, D. and I. Wood.  Avitus of Vienne: Letters and Selected Prose.  Translated with an Introduction and Notes.  Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2002.
Werner, J. (1953). "Beiträge zur Archäologie des Attila-Reiches", Die Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaft. Abhandlungen. N.F. XXXVIII A Philosophische-philologische und historische Klasse. Münche
Wood, Ian N. 'Ethnicity and the Ethnogenesis of the Burgundians'. In Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl, editors, Typen der Ethnogenese unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bayern, volume 1, pages 53–69. Vienna: Denkschriften der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990.
Wood, Ian N. The Merovingian Kingdoms. Harlow, England: The Longman Group, 1994.

411 establishments
States and territories established in the 410s
States and territories disestablished in the 530s

5th century in sub-Roman Gaul
5th century in Switzerland
Former countries in Europe
534 disestablishments
Barbarian kingdoms

Kingdom of the Burgundians


A United Free Will Baptist is a member of either of two African-American Free Will Baptist denominations: the United American Free Will Baptist Church or the United American Free Will Baptist Conference.

Free Will Baptists can be found in America as early as 1727, in connection with the labors of Paul Palmer in the Carolinas. Both slaves and free blacks became members of the predominantly white Free Will Baptist churches in the south. The first black minister ordained by the Free Will Baptists was Robert Tash, who was ordained by the General Conference in 1827 The first separate black congregation of Free Will Baptists was organized in North Carolina in 1867. The main strength of the two bodies remains on the eastern seaboard from North Carolina to Florida.

Free Will Baptist History

Free Will Baptists

United Free Will Baptist


The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island is a comedy adapted by John Dryden and William D'Avenant from Shakespeare's comedy The Tempest. The musical setting, previously attributed to Henry Purcell, and probably for the London revival of 1712, was very probably by John Weldon.

The Dryden–D'Avenant adaptation premiered at the Duke's Theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on 7 November 1667, and published in 1670. It is written partly in blank verse and partly in a sort of rhythmic prose. The play was revised and revived a number of times, and adapted as an opera by Thomas Shadwell in April 1674; Shadwell's revision had a musical score created by a team of composers that included Matthew Locke and Pelham Humfrey. This was the version of The Tempest most familiar to audiences up until William Macready's enormously successful production of Shakespeare's original on 13 October 1838. Shadwell's version was revived in 1701, in 1702 through 1704, in 1706 through 1708, in 1710, in 1712 through 1717, and more than 20 times between 1729 and 1747.

Dryden and D'Avenant keep a great deal of Shakespeare's verse, but generally tone the play down, simplifying grammar and language occasionally, removing much of the "mythic resonance" of the original, and adding a fair amount of their own invention. The added elements include new characters – Hippolito, a man who has never seen a woman, and Dorinda, a second daughter of Prospero. Hippolito and Dorinda, predictably, fall in love; their love parallels that between Miranda, Shakespeare's maiden who has never seen a man, and Ferdinand, son to the Duke of Mantua (or to the King of Naples in Shakespeare's version). Ariel is given an ethereal girlfriend in Milcha (Shadwell expanded her role in 1674). Even Caliban gets a sister.

Shadwell's 1674 operatic version of Dryden and D'Avenant's adaptation was mocked by Thomas Duffet in his farce The Mock Tempest, or the Enchanted Castle, also in 1674.

References

External links

1667 plays
English Restoration plays
Dryden
Plays by John Dryden
Plays by William Davenant

The Tempest (Dryden and D'Avenant play)


Philanthropy is doing something for the public good to improve other people's lives. A person who does that is called a philanthropist. Philanthropy often involves donating money for things that need to be done.

The word "philanthropy" comes from Greek words that mean "love of humanity". Former President of Uruguay, José Mujica donated 90% of his salary to charity. This is an example of philanthropy.

Today philanthropy is used for public good, focusing on quality of life. People owning big business donates their salary to charities such as Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Lee Miglin, Chuck Feeney and Ted Turner.

Related pages
Altruism
Charitable organization

Society

Philanthropy


Amahl and the Night Visitors is a one-act opera. The words and music were written by Gian Carlo Menotti. Menotti took inspiration from Hieronymus Bosch's The Adoration of the Magi, a painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

Career
It was the first opera written for television. Its first performance was on Christmas Eve 1951 on NBC. It was the first show in the famous Hallmark Hall of Fame series. About five million people watched the program. It was the largest audience to ever see an opera on television. Amahl was shown every year until 1966.

Menotti wanted Amahl to always be performed by a boy. He wrote, "It is the express wish of the composer that the role of Amahl should always be performed by a boy. Neither the musical nor the dramatic concept of the opera permits the substitution of a woman costumed as a child."

Story

Amahl is a crippled shepherd boy who uses a crutch. He sees a huge star in the night sky. His mother thinks he is lying and sends him to bed. She worries that they will become beggars.

There is a knock at the door. Three kings ask for a place to rest. They are on their way to Bethlehem to find a newborn child. Amahl pesters them with many questions. Shepherds arrive to dance for the kings. The kings grow sleepy and the shepherds go home.

The room is dark and everyone is asleep. The mother tries to steal a piece of gold from the kings. She is caught by their servant. Amahl wakes and beats the servant. He falls exhausted. The kings tell the mother to keep the gold. They tell her the wonderful baby they are seeking has no need for gold because his kingdom is Heaven.

Amahl offers his crutch to this wonderful baby. He takes a few stumbling steps. A miracle has occurred. He can walk. He leaves with the kings to give his crutch to the baby himself. His mother waves good-bye.

1950s operas
Compositions by Gian Carlo Menotti
1951 works

Amahl and the Night Visitors


Sherine Ahmed Abdel Wahhab (, born 8 October 1980) kent simply as Sherine (), is a Egyptian sangster an actress frae Cairo. Sherine began her career wi the single Ah Ya Leil in 2000, an haes syne released several albums that include 2 EPs an 3 LPs.

Early life
Sherine wis born on 8 October 1980 in Cairo, Egyp. She grew up next tae the Citadel in a vera modest an simple neebourheid. Though she wisna technically poor or livin in poverty, her lifestyle wis far frae luxurious. Syne her early beginnins she developit a strang inclination and passion towards singing. She cites airtists like Warda Al-Jazairia an Samira Said tae be her definitive muisical idols, influencin her singin style. She expresses her love for Shadia, Fayza Ahmad, Najat Al-Sagheera, Umm Kulthum, in addition tae Thekra an Assala Nasri frae the modren era an aw. She entered the Egyptian Music Institute an droppit oot the seicont year, optin tae perform for a livin an seekin a record company tae represent her an manage her muisical career. Sherine haes aaways demonstratit unthirldom an strang will syne the beginnins, fechtin mony obstacles an challenges till feenally makkin it tae the top.

Personal life

Sherine haes aaways been vera open aboot her love life. Afore profeesionally becomin a sangster, she wis marriet tae muisic arranger Medhat Khamis. The marriage lastit for a vera short time, an endit wi a divorce. Later on Sherine wis involvit wi twa men, being briefly engagit tae them.

In 2007, Sherine marriet muisic arranger Mohammad Mustafa. Accordin tae baith o them thare wis an on an aff relationship afore the marriage that spanned several years. The wedding was attended bi the couple's faimily members an close friends includin Asalah Nasri, Tareq Al Arian, Menna Shalabi, Waleed Saad, Hani Mahrous, Amir Abdul-Majid an Hani Rushdi. Sherine  haes twa dochters (Maryam an Hana) wi her husband an aw.

Her friends include Asalah, Angham, Samira Said, Nancy Ajram, Haifa Wehbe, Fadl Shaker, Ramy Sabry, Mohammed Hamaki, Ahlam, Nawal El Kuwaiti, Abdallah Al Rowaished, Nawal Al Zoghbi, an mony ithers.

Discografie
 Free Mix 3 wi Tamer Hosny (2002) Label: Free Music Art Production
 Garh Tany (translation: Anither Wound) (2003) Label: Free Music Art Production
 Lazem A'eesh (translation: A hae tae Live/Survive) (2005) Label: Free Music Art Production
 Bataminak (A'm Reassurin You) (2008) Label: Rotana
 Habeat (A Fell in Love) (2009) Label: Rotana
 Esaal Alaya (Ask Aboot Me) (2012) Label: Rotana

Singles
 "Ala Baly" (On my mind)
 "Ah Ya Leil" (Oh, night!)
 "Ma Btefrahsh" (You don't frolick)
 "Enak" (About you)
 "Sabri Aleel (Melody Remix)" (My patience is little)
 "Baladi" ft. Muhammad Noor (My Country)
 "Al'am Al Jadeed" ft. Fadl Shaker (The New Year)
 "Mish 'Aiza Gheirak Inta" (I don't want anyone but you)
 "Mish Hafdhal" (I won't keep on [like this])
 "Ana Mish Beta'it El Kalam Dah" (This is not my thing!)
 "Lebnan Fel Alb" (Dedicated to Lebanon) (Lebanon in the heart)
 "Albi Leek" ft. Hany Shakir (My heart's for you)
 "Ma Sherebtesh Mn Nelha" (Didn't you drink from its nile?)
 "Bahibik Ya Omi" (I love you, oh Mother)
 "Bekelma Menak" (With a single wird from you)
 "Akheran Etgaraat" (Finally, I dared)

Freemit airtins
 Sherin's Music Page  at Groodo.com

1980 births
Livin fowk
Egyptian female sangsters
Egyptian film actresses
Fowk frae Cairo
The Voice (TV series) judges

Sherine


Tonight was a British current affairs television programme, presented by Cliff Michelmore, that was broadcast on BBC live on weekday evenings from 18 February 1957 to 18 June 1965. The producers were the future Controller of BBC1 Donald Baverstock and the future Director-General of the BBC Alasdair Milne. The audience was typically seven million viewers.

BBC TV background
Tonight was, like Six-Five Special, created by the BBC to fill in the "Toddlers' Truce" closed period between 6.00pm and 7.00pm (the 'Truce' was officially abolished only a few days before Tonight was first broadcast). Tonight began broadcasting from the Viking studio in Kensington, known by the BBC as "studio M". It eventually transferred to one of the main studios in Lime Grove, Shepherd's Bush, west London.

Content and style
The programme covered the arts and sciences as well as topical matters and current affairs. There was a mixture of incisive and light-hearted items: unscripted studio interviews, by Derek Hart, Geoffrey Johnson-Smith and Michelmore himself; and filmed reports. Reporters included Alan Whicker, Fyfe Robertson, Kenneth Allsop, Chris Brasher, Julian Pettifer, Brian Redhead and Polly Elwes.

The programme received the Guild of Television Producers and Directors (now BAFTA) award for best factual programme in 1957 and 1958. The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a "topical calypso", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, "That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!"

It was during an edition of Tonight broadcast on the evening of Friday 22 November 1963 that BBC television broke the news of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy to UK viewers, although Granada Television had already broadcast the news in its northern ITV region.

In 1964, Bob Dylan appeared on the programme and sang With God on Our Side.

Later BBC series

A new programme under the name, presented by Sue Lawley, Denis Tuohy and Donald MacCormick, was launched on BBC1 in September 1975, in a late evening slot. When Lawley left to have a baby, Valerie Singleton replaced her on the show, which continued until July 1979. Newsnight, which was intended to launch two months later but ended up launching six months later in January 1980 on BBC2, was its replacement.

References

External links

BBC History of TV news in the 1950s
Museum of Broadcast Communications: Tonight
Whirligig TV, TV 1950s nostalgia: Tonight

BBC Television shows
British television news shows
BAFTA winners (television series)

Tonight (1957 TV programme)


Louis XII of France (June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) was the son of Charles, Duke of Orleans and Mary of Cleves. He was born on June 27, 1462 in the Chateau de Blois, France.

Louis's first wife was Jeanne of France, who was the daughter of Louis XI of France. At the time, Louis was not expected to become King of France. The King, Charles VIII, was a young man and could still have had children, but Charles had an accident and died suddenly. Charles was Jeanne's brother. Louis was Charles's cousin and next in line to the throne. When he became king, he had to end his marriage to Jeanne, partly because she was disabled and could not have children.

Louis's second wife was Anne of Brittany, who was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Anne had been married to King Charles VIII until his death, but all of their children had died. As a result of her marriage to Charles, the dukedom of Brittany had become part of the kingdom of France. Louis wanted to keep Brittany, but in order to do so he had to marry Anne. After her marriage to Louis, Anne had two daughters, who were called Claude and Renee.

In France, women were not allowed to rule the country, so Louis still wanted a son to become king after him. After Anne died, Louis married for a third time. His last wife was Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England. She was many years younger than he was. Louis only lived for three months after their marriage. Because Louis had no sons, the throne went to Francis, the husband of his daughter Claude.

1462 births
1515 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois

Louis XII


William Hammond Hall (1846–1934) was a civil engineer who was the first State Engineer of California, and designed Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, CA.

Biography
William Hammond Hall was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, on February 12, 1846.

After serving with the U.S. army engineers in the Civil War, Hall was assigned in the latter part of the 1860s to surveying the Western regions of the United States and preparing topographical maps.

During this same time, the citizens of San Francisco were considering building a grand park for their new and growing city. The city designated a tract of  stretching out to the ocean that was known as the "outside land." In 1870 the Park Commission solicited bids for a topographical survey which was awarded to Hall. After the successful completion of that task, he was appointed Golden Gate Park's first superintendent in 1871.

Hall devised a plan to improve the Park. The design included a Panhandle along with two main drives. Additionally, the outside land was covered with sand dunes which needed to be reclaimed and replaced by forest trees. 60,000 trees had been planted by 1875 (Blue Gum Eucalyptus, Monterey pine and Monterey cypress). Plantings continued and there were 155,000 trees planted by 1879.

In 1876, Hall was elected a member of the California Academy of Sciences, and was appointed California's first State Engineer. Despite his new responsibilities, he retained the position of consulting engineer to Golden Gate Park until he resigned in 1890, and was replaced by his assistant John McLaren.

As California's State Engineer, Hall worked on a comprehensive water supply and flood control system for the Sacramento Valley. Hall's study of California's hydrology lasted from 1878 through 1883. In that time, his staff installed an extensive flow gauging system along some of California rivers. He was also instrumental in designing projects to help San Francisco acquire adequate supplies of water from the western watershed of the Tuolumne River. Following the earthquake of 1906, San Francisco was able to secure the rights to the water, and it flooded Hetch Hetchy Valley.

Personal life
Hall married Emma Kate Fitzhugh in 1870, and they had three daughters.

He died in San Francisco on October 16, 1934.

List of projects
Golden Gate Park (Urban park in San Francisco, California)
Mountain Lake Park (Urban park in San Francisco, California)
 Gardens of 86 Sea View, Piedmont CA

References

External links
 Guide to the William Hammond Hall Papers at The Bancroft Library

1845 births
1934 deaths
American civil engineers
History of the San Francisco Bay Area

William Hammond Hall


Harry Lookofsky (1 October 1913 – 8 June 1998) was an American jazz violinist. He was also the father of keyboardist-songwriter Michael Brown, who most notably was a founding member of The Left Banke and Stories.

History
Harry Lookofsky was born in Paducah, Kentucky in 1913 and studied classical violin in St. Louis where he joined the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra in the mid-1930s. An early admirer of Joe Venuti, Lookofsky eventually became recognized as one of the earliest accomplished bebop jazz violinists. His technique became particularly recognized on his album Stringsville (1959, Atlantic). Lookofsky was one of many early jazz violinists who occasionally played tenor violin, an instrument he cited for its similar tonal qualities to the tenor saxophone. Another relatively unknown unique characteristic about Lookofsky's playing is that the bebop solos on Stringsville were completely written out and arranged as opposed to improvised as most jazz musicians do. An accomplished studio musician, Lookofsky also experimented heavily with multitrack recording in order to produce a unique sound with several overlaid violin tracks meant to imitate the sound of a horn section in a big band orchestra.

Following his departure from St. Louis in 1938, Lookofsky joined the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini for a time while continuing to play jazz on the side. He continued his career as a classical symphony violinist later as concertmaster at ABC following Toscanini's retirement in 1954.

Stringsville was Lookofsky's one major feature release. Aside from his classical and studio recording work, he was more often a contributing artist and/or arranger on other's albums. Over the years, his many jazz collaborators included Quincy Jones, Jaco Pastorius, Sarah Vaughan, George Benson, and Freddie Hubbard.

Lookofsky co-produced the pop hit, "Walk Away Renée", by The Left Banke, which was co-written by his son, Michael Brown, a founding member of the group. The arrangement was heavily influenced by classical music. Lookofsky also played strings on songs recorded by Stories, his son Michael's later band.

Lookofsky's archives are held at the American Roots Program at Berklee School of Music in Boston.

Selected discography
Stringsville (1958, Atlantic)
Together!/Miracle in Strings (1994 reissue, Columbia). Together! is an album by Herb Ellis and Stuff Smith

Selected albums appeared on
The Ballad Artistry of Milt Jackson (Atlantic, 1959) - Milt Jackson
Blues Shout (1960, Atlantic - Leo Wright)
The Song Is Paris (1962, Impulse! - Jackie Paris)
The Body & the Soul (1963, Impulse! - Freddie Hubbard)
The Individualism of Gil Evans (1964, Verve - Gil Evans)
Who Can I Turn To (1964, Sony Music - Tony Bennett)
Sarah Vaughn Sings the Mancini Songbook (1965, Verve - Sarah Vaughan)
Child Is Father to the Man (1968, Columbia - Blood, Sweat & Tears)
Stone Flower (1970, CTI - Antônio Carlos Jobim)
Smackwater Jack (1971, A&M Records - Quincy Jones)
Marlena (1972, Blue Note - Marlena Shaw)
Sophisticated Lou (1973, Blue Note - Lou Donaldson)
Polar AC (1974, CTI - Freddie Hubbard)
Night Lights (Elliott Murphy album) (1975, RCA - Elliott Murphy)
Windjammer (1977, Columbia - Freddie Hubbard)
Sounds...and Stuff Like That!! (1978, A&M Records - Quincy Jones)
In Your Eyes (1978, Collectables - George Benson)
"Collaboration" (1988 EmArcy, Helen Merrill / Gil Evans)
Standards (1998, Rhino - Ray Charles)

Sources

References

External links
Harry Lookofsky discography on CD Universe

1913 births
1998 deaths
American jazz violinists
American male violinists
Record producers from Kentucky
Musicians from Paducah, Kentucky
20th-century American violinists
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
Jazz musicians from Kentucky
American male jazz musicians
American people of Russian-Jewish descent

Harry Lookofsky


Nazism (or National Socialism; ) is a set of villainous political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany. It started in the 1920s, but the Nazi Party gained power in 1933 and started carrying out their ideas in Germany, which they called the Third Reich. They stayed in power in Germany until 1945, when they lost World War II.

National Socialism is an extreme right-wing, fascist, ideology that is heavily inspired from the works of Oswald Spengler. The Nazis believed that only the Aryan (German) race was capable of building nations and other races, notably the Jewish race, were agents of the corruptive forces of capitalism and Marxism, both of which the Nazis opposed. They considered the Aryan race the 'Master race', which meant that they thought that the Aryans were the most biologically evolved of humans. They adapted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to humans, the practical application of this was called eugenics.

The leader of the Nazis Adolf Hitler wanted to a create a country where all Aryans were treated equally. They spent heavily on poorer people and began several huge government programs to help Germany deal with the unemployment and economic crisis caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression which followed it. Some Nazis, such as Ernst Röhm, wanted the reforms to go further and called for a revolution, eliminating economic classes in Germany and for the government to take control of major businesses. Many of these Nazis were murdered on Hitler's orders during the Night of the Long Knives because they were a threat to his leadership of the Nazi Party.

The Nazis blamed the Jewish people for Germany's defeat in World War I. This is known as the Stab in the Back Myth. The Nazis also blamed the Jewish people for rapid inflation and practically every other economic woe facing Germany at the time as a result of their defeat in World War I. For this reason, the Nazis not only viewed the Jewish people as inferior to them, but as oppressors of the Aryan people who were creating inequality. The Nazis' tactic of lazily albeit effectively blaming the Jewish people for all of Germany's problems is a propaganda tactic known as scapegoating and was used to justify the great atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jewish people.

To implement the racist ideas, the Nuremberg Race Laws (created in 1935) banned non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service. They also forbid any sexual contact between 'Aryan' and 'non-Aryan' persons.

The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma, and other people to concentration camps and death camps, where they were killed. These killings are now called the Holocaust.

The word Nazi is short for Nationalsozialist (supporter of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) in the German language. This means "National Socialist German Workers' Party".

Nazi rise to power (1919–1934)
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wrote a book called Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). The book said that all of Germany's problems happened because Jews were making plans to hurt the country. He also said that Jewish and communist politicians planned the Armistice of 1918 that ended World War I, and allowed Germany to agree to pay huge amounts of money and goods (reparations).

In November 1923, the Nazis tried to overthrow the democratic German government that had been set up after WWI. Nazi thinking emphasises conflict and violence, and believes that these are the best way to sort out political problems. The Nazis had therefore set up their own private army, called the Sturmabteilung (SA) which were sometimes known as the 'Nazi stormtroopers' or simply the 'brownshirts'. Many political parties had their own private armies at this time in Germany to guard their events and meetings from the private armies of other political parties. The attempt to take power is referred to as the Munich Putsch or Beer Hall Putsch and was crushed after less than 24 hours.

After the Putsch, Hitler was imprisoned for six months and the Nazi Party briefly banned. It was allowed to exist again in if it promised to only be democratic. The Nazis agreed, but made it clear that if they took power in Germany, they would turn Germany into a dictatorship. The Nazis believed in something called the Führer Principle, which means that they believe that all groups should be organised like armies, with absolute loyalty shown to the leader of the group. They wanted to apply this principle to Germany. They disagreed with democracy, because they believed that it divided groups which made them weaker.

The Nazis performed very badly in elections until the early 1930s, where they became exceptionally popular. This can be partly explained by a massive increase in poverty in Germany caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and Nazi promises to rebuild German strength and pride. However, this is not the only reason for the Nazis coming to power, because it still took more than three years for Adolf Hitler to become Chancellor of Germany after the Crash.

On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, someone set the Reichstag building on fire. This was the building where the German Parliament held their meetings. The Nazis blamed the communists. Opponents of the Nazis said that the Nazis themselves had done it to come to power. On the very same day, an emergency law called Reichstagsbrandverordnung was passed. The government claimed it was to protect the state from people trying to hurt the country. With this law, most of the civil rights of the Weimar Republic did not count any longer. The Nazis used this against the other political parties. Members of the communist and social-democratic parties were put into prison or killed.

The Nazis became the biggest party in the parliament. By 1934, they managed to make all other parties illegal. Democracy was replaced with a dictatorship. Adolf Hitler became leader (Führer) of Germany, and had the power to make any laws he wanted.

Life in Nazi Germany (1934–1945)
The Nazis changed Germany to fit their ideas of what a country should be like. They created a totalitarian state, which is a country where the government tries to have total control over ordinary people's lives.

In schools, several subjects were changed to fit a Nazi interpretation. History was taught to emphasise German military victories and blames Jewish people and Marxists for defeat in WWI. Children were also taught racial hygiene lessons, where pseudo-scientific racist principles taught to them. In 1936, all German children had to be members of the Hitler Youth which was a Nazi version of the Scouting movement, and was designed to prepare them to be soldiers in wars against other races.

People who opposed the Nazis were seen as traitors. The Nazis created a very effective police state, led by Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich. They were in charge of an organisation called the Schutzstaffel (SS) that took control of all of the police forces in Germany. The SS also set up a new secret police organisation called the Gestapo which hunted down people who wanted to protest against the Nazi government. Enemies of the Nazis were regularly tortured, put in concentration camps or executed.

Attacking other countries

As the German leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, Hitler began moving Nazi armies into neighboring countries. When Germany attacked Poland, World War II started. Western countries like France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were occupied and to be treated by Germany as colonies. However, in Eastern countries, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, the Nazis planned to kill or enslave the Slavic peoples, so that German settlers could take their land.

The Nazis made alliances with other European countries, such as Finland and Italy. Every other European country that allied with Germany did it because they did not want to be taken over by Germany. Through these alliances and invasions, the Nazis managed to control much of Europe.

The Holocaust

In the Holocaust, millions of Jews, as well as Roma people (also called "Gypsies"), people with disabilities, homosexuals, political opponents, and many other people were sent to concentration camps and death camps in Poland and Germany. The Nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas. The Nazis also killed millions of people in these groups by forcing them to do slave labor without giving them much food or clothing. In total, 17 million people died, 6 million of them being Jews.

Victory of the Allies
In 1945, the Soviet Union took over Berlin after defeating the German army in Russia. The Soviet Red Army met the American and British armies, who had fought right across Germany after invading Nazi Europe from Normandy in France on June 6,1944. The Nazis lost because the Allies had many more soldiers and more money than them.

During the invasion of Berlin, Hitler  shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, Eva Braun. Other Nazis also killed themselves, including Joseph Goebbels just one day after Hitler named him as his successor. The Nazis surrendered after the Red Army captured Berlin.

Nuremberg Trials

After the war, the Allied governments, namely the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, held trials of the Nazi leaders. These trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany. For this reason, these trials were called "the Nuremberg Trials." The Allied leaders accused the Nazi leaders of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murdering millions of people (in the Holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organizations like the SS (called, "Schutzstaffel", in German). Most Nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or sentenced to death and executed.

Nazis after the war

There has not been a Nazi state since 1945, but there are still people who believe in those ideas. These people are often called neo-Nazis. Here are some examples of modern Nazi ideas:
 Germanic peoples are superior to all other races of people.
 Many neo-nazis change "germanic" to "all white people".
 They speak against Jews and sometimes other races. For example:
 They say that the Holocaust did not happen, and that it was made up by the Jews.
 They say that Hitler was right to blame Jewish people for Germany's problems after World War I;
 They tell people to hate Jewish people and other groups of people.
 They believe that Jews have too much power in the world.

After the war, laws were made in Germany and other countries, especially countries in Europe, that make it illegal to say the Holocaust never happened. Sometimes they also ban questioning the number of people affected by it, which is saying that not so many people were killed as most people think who wrote this? There has been some controversy over whether this affects people's free speech. Certain countries, such as Germany, Austria, and France, also banned the use of Nazi symbols. It is also banned to make a Nazi pledge position on a popular media source to stop Nazis from using them.

Related pages
 Adolf Hitler
 Mein Kampf
 Nazi eugenics
 The Holocaust
 Nazi concentration camps and death camps
 Holocaust victims

References

Other websites.

Fascism
Adolf Hitler

Nazism


The "Italian" Concerto (or, Concerto in the Italian style) is a piece of music for harpsichord composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was published in 1735 with the French Overture in the second volume of Bach's  (English: "Keyboard Practice"). Both pieces are Bach's interpretations of popular musical forms of the day. The Italian Concerto is a three-movement composition written specifically for a two-manual harpsichord (see image).

The first movement is written in F major. It has a time signature of 2/4, but has no tempo marking. It is always played Allegro (fast). The second movement is written in D minor. Its time signature is 3/4, and its tempo marking is Andante (slow). The third movement is written in F major. Its time signature is cut-time (2/2), and its tempo is marked Presto (very fast). The first and third movements are composed in ritornello style. This means a theme particular to the movement returns time and again. The second movement is a very florid arioso-like piece.

An orchestral Italian concerto relies upon contrasts between the full orchestra and a small group of instruments which act as soloists. Bach achieves this effect by using the lower manual on the harpsichord as the "full orchestra" and the upper manual as the "small group of instruments".

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. pp. 45–46. .

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Concertos

Italian Concerto


The government of France is  a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty defined by the Declaration of 1789."
France has 3 branches of government.

Government of France

Government of France