Richard David Briers  (14 January 1934 – 17 February 2013) was an English actor whose five-decade career encompassed film, radio, stage and television.

Briers first came to prominence as George Starling in Marriage Lines (1961–66), but it was a few years later, when he narrated Roobarb (1974–76) and Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk (1976–77) and played Tom Good in the BBC sitcom The Good Life (1975–78), that he became a household name. He starred as Martin in Ever Decreasing Circles (1984–89), and had a leading role as Hector in Monarch of the Glen (2000–05). From the late 1980s, with Kenneth Branagh as director, he performed Shakespearean roles in Henry V (1989), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), Hamlet (1996) and As You Like It (2006).

Early life
Briers was born on 14 January 1934 in Raynes Park, Surrey, the son of Joseph Benjamin Briers (1901–1980) and his second wife Morna Phyllis (1909–1992), daughter of Frederick Richardson, of the Indian Civil Service. He was the first cousin once removed of actor Terry-Thomas (Terry-Thomas was his father's cousin). He spent his childhood at Raynes Park in a flat, Number 2 Pepys Court, behind the now demolished Rialto cinema, and later at Guildford. His father, Joseph Briers, was the son of a stockbroker, of a family of Middlesex tenant farmers; a gregarious and popular man, he contended with a nervous disposition, and drifted between jobs, spending most of his life as a bookmaker but also working as, amongst other things, an estate agent's clerk and a factory worker for an air filter manufacturer, as well as being a gifted amateur singer who attended classes at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. His mother, Morna Briers, was a concert pianist and a drama and music teacher, and a member of Equity, who wished for a showbusiness career, having acted in her youth. The couple had met when Joseph Briers asked Morna to stand in for his regular pianist for a performance; by this time his first marriage had collapsed and six months later they had entered a relationship. The family occasionally received money from a wealthy relation, and Briers' maternal grandparents paid for his education, despite not being particularly well-off, and having lived in slightly reduced circumstances in India before returning to England and coming to live at Wimbledon.

Briers attended Rokeby School in Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, and, having failed the examination for King's College School, the Ridgeway School in Wimbledon, which he left at the age of 16 without any formal qualifications.

Early career
Briers' first job was a clerical post with a London cable manufacturer, and for a short time he went to evening classes to qualify in electrical engineering, but soon left and became a filing clerk.

Aged 18, Briers was called up for two years' national service in the RAF, during which he was a filing clerk at RAF Northwood, where he met future George and Mildred actor Brian Murphy. Murphy introduced Briers, who had been interested in acting since the age of 14, to the Dramatic Society at the Borough Polytechnic Institute, now London South Bank University, where he performed in several productions.

When he left the RAF, Briers studied at RADA, which he attended from 1954 to 1956. Placed in a class with both Peter O'Toole and Albert Finney, Briers later credited academy director John Fernald with nurturing his talent. Graduating from RADA with a silver medal, he won a scholarship with the Liverpool Repertory Company, and after 15 months moved to the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry for 6 months. He made his West End debut in the Duke of York's Theatre 1959 production of Gilt And Gingerbread by Lionel Hale.

Television career

In 1961, Briers was cast in the leading role in Marriage Lines (1961–66), with Prunella Scales playing the role of his wife. In between the pilot and the series itself, Briers appeared in Brothers in Law (from the book by Henry Cecil) as callow barrister Roger Thursby in 1962. He was cast in this role by adaptors Frank Muir and Denis Norden, who had seen him in the West End.

His other early appearances included The Seven Faces of Jim (1961) with Jimmy Edwards, Dixon of Dock Green (1962), a production of Noël Coward's Hay Fever (1968) and the storyteller in several episodes of Jackanory (1969). In 1970, he starred in the Ben Travers farce "Rookery Nook", shown on the BBC.  In the 1980s he played several Shakespearean roles, including Twelfth Night.

Briers was a subject of This Is Your Life on two occasions, in May 1972  and March 1994.

In a role specifically written for him by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, Briers was cast in the lead role in The Good Life (1975–78), playing Tom Good, a draughtsman who decides, on his 40th birthday, to give up his job and try his hand at self-sufficiency, with the support of his wife Barbara, played by Felicity Kendal. Briers persuaded the producers to cast his friend Paul Eddington, a fellow council member of Equity, in the role of Jerry. An enormously successful series, the last episode in 1978 was performed in front of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1977, he starred with his The Good Life co-star Penelope Keith in the televised version of Alan Ayckbourn's trilogy The Norman Conquests. He also starred as Ralph in 13 episodes of The Other One (1977–79) with Michael Gambon.

During the 1980s and 1990s, Briers had leading roles in several television shows, including Goodbye, Mr Kent (1982), a rare failure also featuring Hannah Gordon; the lead role of Martin Bryce in Ever Decreasing Circles (1984–89); and as Godfrey Spry in the BBC comedy drama If You See God, Tell Him (1993). He also starred in All in Good Faith (1985), Tales of the Unexpected as Albert Dobson (in episode 9/4 "The Verger" – 1988), and the first episode of Mr. Bean (1990) as Mr. Sprout. In 1987, he appeared as the principal villain in the Doctor Who serial Paradise Towers, a performance which was described by Radio Times writer Patrick Mulkern as Briers' "career low". In 1995, he played the character Tony Fairfax in the BBC comedy Down to Earth. In the Inspector Morse episode "Death is Now My Neighbour", he played the evil master of Lonsdale College, Sir Clixby Bream.

During the 2000s, Briers was the curmudgeonly and extravagant father Hector MacDonald in the BBC television programme Monarch of the Glen (2000–05), appearing in series 1, 2, 3 and 7. Also in the 2000s, specifically 2006, he appeared in an episode of New Tricks entitled Old Dogs playing a character called James Farlow.

Stage work
Briers spent much of his career in the theatre, including appearances in plays by Shakespeare and George Bernard Shaw. In 1967, one of his earliest successes was playing alongside Michael Hordern and Celia Johnson in the London production of Alan Ayckbourn's Relatively Speaking.

After a long career in television sitcom, and looking to expand his career, his daughter Lucy took him to Stratford-upon-Avon to watch Kenneth Branagh in Henry V. After meeting Branagh backstage after the performance, Branagh offered Briers the role of Malvolio in the Renaissance Theatre Company production of Twelfth Night. Briers joined the company, and went on to play title parts in King Lear and Uncle Vanya. Briers also appeared in many of Branagh's films, including  Henry V (1989, as Bardolph), Much Ado About Nothing (1993, as Signor Leonato) and Hamlet (1996, as Polonius). The theatre production of Twelfth Night (1988) was adapted for television, with Briers reprising his role as Malvolio.

In 2010, Briers played in the Royal National Theatre revival of Dion Boucicault's London Assurance, alongside Simon Russell Beale and Fiona Shaw. A performance of this was broadcast live to cinemas round the world as part of the NT Live! programme. He also played the character of Captain Bluntschli, in George Bernard Shaw's play Arms and the Man.

Film
Briers made his film début in the British feature film Bottoms Up (1960). He then took parts in Murder She Said (1961), The Girl on the Boat (1962), A Matter of WHO (1962), The V.I.P.s (1963); and Raquel Welch's spy spoof Fathom (1967).

He latterly appeared in Michael Winner's A Chorus of Disapproval (1988) and the film Unconditional Love (2002), as well as the Kenneth Branagh adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing (1993), in which he played the role of Leonato. In 1997 he played the Archbishop of Canterbury, a minor role in the film Spice World. His last film was Cockneys vs Zombies (2012).

Radio and voice work
He was a familiar voice actor. Briers narrated the animated children's TV programme Roobarb (1974). Originally shown on BBC1 just before the evening news, each five-minute cartoon was written by Grange Calveley and produced by Bob Godfrey. He was the original narrator and voice actor for all the characters in the Noddy (1975) TV series based on the Enid Blyton character, and then another series with Godfrey, Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk (1976). He also provided the voice of Fiver in the animated film adaptation of Watership Down (1978). In 1990 Briers provided the narration and voiced all the characters in the five-minute animated series Coconuts about a monkey, a king lion and a parrot who lived on a tropical island. The series ran for ten episodes and first aired on ITV on 23 April 1990. In the 1990s, he voiced the part of Mouse, opposite Alan Bennett's Mole in the TV series Mouse and Mole, based on books by Joyce Dunbar and James Mayhew. He latterly starred alongside Neil Morrissey in Bob the Builder (2005) as Bob's Dad, Robert to his credit. As well as performing all 12 of Fiona Waters' stories on the 1995 Stories For Bedtime book for audio cassette, he recorded all 4 of the seasonal Percy the Park Keeper stories for a grand CD release based on the books by Nick Butterworth, creating memorable voices for all of the animal characters as well as Percy the Park Keeper himself. Briers also featured in the television series adaptation of Watership Down (1999–2001), this time voicing a series exclusive character called Captain Broom, and was one of the very few actors who stayed for all three series.

His work in radio included playing Dr. Simon Sparrow in BBC Radio 4's adaptions of Richard Gordon's Doctor in the House and Doctor at Large (1968), and a retired thespian in a series of six plays with Stanley Baxter Two Pipe Problems (2008), and later the play Not Talking, commissioned for BBC Radio 3 by Mike Bartlett. In 1986 he narrated Radio 4's Oh, yes it is!, a history of pantomime written by Gerald Frow. Between 1973 and 1981, Briers played Bertie Wooster in the radio series What Ho! Jeeves with Michael Hordern as Jeeves.

Briers narrated numerous commercials, including adverts for the Midland Bank in which he was the voice of the company's Griffin symbol. Between 1984 and 1986 he made a series of commercials for the Ford Sierra done in a sitcom style portraying the Sierra as "one of the family". Briers narrated the public information film Frances the Firefly, about the dangers of playing with matches, firstly in the mid 1990s when first made, and then in the early 2000s when re-made by the Government fire safety campaign Fire Kills. He also recorded the voice of a satnav specifically designed for senior citizens in BBC 2's TV Show Top Gear, Series 19, episode 5, which aired only a week after his death. Presenter Jeremy Clarkson paid a brief tribute to his memory at the end of the episode.

Later career
After 1990, he appeared in Lovejoy, Inspector Morse, Midsomer Murders "Death's Shadow" as Stephen Wentworth in 1999, Doctors, New Tricks, Kingdom, and If You See God, Tell Him. Richard Briers starred as Hector in the first three series of Monarch of the Glen from 2000 to 2002 (and as a guest in series 7 in 2005), a role which saw him return to the limelight. He contributed "Sonnet 55" to the 2002 compilation album, When Love Speaks, which features famous actors and musicians interpreting Shakespeare's sonnets and play excerpts. In 2005, he appeared alongside Kevin Whately in Dad, a TV Film made by BBC Wales exploring issues of elder abuse. In 2006, he made an appearance in an episode of Extras, and portrayed the servant Adam in Kenneth Branagh's 2006 Shakespeare adaptation, As You Like It. He made a cameo appearance as a dying recluse in the 2008 Torchwood episode "A Day in the Death". In 2009 he appeared in Agatha Christie's Marple "Why didn't they ask Evans?" as Wilson.

On 17 December 2000, Briers was the guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. Among his musical choices were "Di quella pira" from Il trovatore by Giuseppe Verdi, "I Feel A Song Coming On" by Al Jolson and "On the Sunny Side of the Street" by Louis Armstrong. His favourite piece was the Organ Concerto in F major "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale" by George Frideric Handel.

Personal life
Briers met Ann Davies while both were at Liverpool Rep. Davies was employed as a stage manager, and had acted on television and in films from the mid-1950s. Soon after meeting, he borrowed £5 from his mother, bought an engagement ring and they were married within six months. They had two daughters, one of whom, Lucy, is also an actress; Kate (or Katie) has worked in stage management, and is a primary school teacher.

Briers and his friend Paul Eddington shared a similar sense of humour, and knew each other before being cast in The Good Life. After Eddington was diagnosed with skin cancer, Briers accepted a role opposite him in David Storey's play Home in 1994, agreeing to take on all of the publicity interviews to allow Eddington time for his treatment. At Eddington's memorial service, Briers read both from Cymbeline and Wodehouse; he later read chapters from Eddington's autobiography on BBC Radio 4.

In 2014, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Memories of a Cad, an affectionate comedy drama by Roy Smiles about the relationship between Terry-Thomas and Briers, played by Martin Jarvis and Alistair McGowan respectively. Set in 1984 when he had suffered from Parkinson's disease for many years, Terry-Thomas is delighted by the visit to his home in Ibiza of the much younger Briers, whom he recognises from television, and who proves to be his first cousin once removed. Briers cheers him up by recalling the career the film-star has long forgotten. It was re-broadcast in 2016.

As a result of Terry-Thomas's Parkinson's, Briers became President of Parkinson's UK. He also helped to launch a Sense, The National Deafblind and Rubella Association campaign. Briers was also a non-medical patron of the TOFS (Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula Support) charity, which supports children and the families of children born unable to swallow.

Interviewed by The Daily Telegraph in 2008, Briers admitted that, while on holiday, he enjoyed being recognised, saying, "I'm gregarious by nature, so I love chatting to people. It really cheers me up."

Briers was a keen visitor of Britain's historic churches, and visited over one hundred for his book English Country Churches, which was published in 1988. From his national service in the RAF, he was a supporter for a national memorial for RAF Bomber Command.

Briers was appointed OBE in 1989, and CBE in 2003.

Death
According to Lucy Briers, his daughter, he quit smoking in 2001 immediately after a routine chest X-ray suggested he would otherwise soon be in a wheelchair. He was diagnosed with emphysema in 2007. He died at his home in Bedford Park, London, on 17 February 2013 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His funeral was held at the local church of St Michael and All Angels in Chiswick on 6 March 2013.

Tributes
The BBC referred to Richard Briers as "one of Britain's best-loved actors". Sir Kenneth Branagh paid tribute to him, saying, "He was a national treasure, a great actor and a wonderful man. He was greatly loved and he is deeply missed."

Briers's agent, Christopher Farrar, said: "Richard was a wonderful man, a consummate professional and an absolute joy to work alongside. Following his recent discussion of his battle with emphysema, I know he was incredibly touched by the strength of support expressed by friends and the public."

Fellow television star Penelope Keith said, "He was always courteous, always generous and always self-deprecating" adding, "He was also such a clever actor that he made you feel secure. You believed he was who he was portraying on the screen or on the stage... I just think of Richard and smile."

Writing in The Guardian, critic Michael Coveney described Briers as "always the most modest and self-deprecating of actors, and the sweetest of men," and noted: "Although he excelled in the plays of Alan Ayckbourn, and became a national figure in his television sitcoms of the 1970s and 80s, notably The Good Life, he could mine hidden depths on stage, giving notable performances in Ibsen, Chekhov and, for Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance company, Shakespeare."

On 30 March 2013, BBC Two broadcast a one-hour long review of Briers' life and career, with tributes from many friends and colleagues.

Ever Increasing Wonder
On Christmas Day 2013, BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast a day of tribute to Briers titled "Ever Increasing Wonder", with a variety of his BBC Radio recordings, many of them introduced by those who knew him and worked with him. Guest speakers included: Prunella Scales, Stephen Fry, Michael Chaplin, Alan Bennett, Michael Ball, Kenneth Branagh, Ed Harris as well as Briers's widow Ann Davies and their daughters.

Programmes included:
Brothers in Law (radio adaptation of the TV series)
Doctor in the House (radio adaptation of the TV series)
Marriage Lines (radio adaptation of the TV series)
Largo desolato (by Václav Havel)
What Ho! Jeeves: Joy in the Morning (radio adaptation of the novel by P. G. Wodehouse)
 The Wind in the Willows (by Kenneth Grahame, dramatized by Alan Bennett)
 Aled Jones's interview of Briers

Selected filmography

 Girls at Sea (1958) – 'Popeye' Lewis
 Bottoms Up (1960) – Colbourne
 Murder, She Said (1961) – 'Mrs. Binster'
 A Matter of WHO (1961) – Jamieson
 Marriage Lines (1961–1966, TV sitcom) – George Starling
 The Girl on the Boat (1962) – Eustace Hignett
 The V.I.P.s (1963) – Met. Official (uncredited)
 Doctor in Distress (1963) – Medical Student (uncredited)
 The Bargee (1964) – Tomkins
 A Home of Your Own (1965) – The Husband
 Fathom (1967) – Timothy
 Rookery Nook (1970, TV drama) – Gerald Popkiss
 All the Way Up (1970) – Nigel Hadfield
 Birds on the Wing (1971, TV sitcom) – 	 Charles Jackson
 Rentadick (1972) – Miles Gannet
 The Three Musketeers (1973) – King Louis XIII (voice, uncredited)
 Roobarb (1974) – All voices
 The Good Life (1975–1978, TV sitcom) – Tom Good
 Watership Down (1978) – Fiver (voice)
 The Other One (1977–1979, TV sitcom) – Ralph Tanner
 Goodbye, Mr Kent (1982, TV sitcom) – Travis Kent
 Ever Decreasing Circles (1984–1989, TV sitcom) – Martin Bryce
 All in Good Faith (1985–1988, TV sitcom) – Reverend Philip Lambe
 Doctor Who (1987) – Chief Caretaker/Kroagnon
 A Chorus of Disapproval (1989) – Ted Washbrook
 Henry V (1989) – Lieutenant Bardolph
 Mr. Bean (1990) – Mr. Sprout
 Peter's Friends (1992) – Lord Morton
 Much Ado About Nothing (1993) – Leonato
 If You See God, Tell Him (1993, TV sitcom) – Godfrey Spry
 Frankenstein (1994) – Grandfather
 A Midwinter's Tale (1995) – Henry Wakefield (Claudius, the Ghost, and the Player King)
 Hamlet (1996) – Polonius
 Spice World (1997) – Bishop
 Inspector Morse (1997), (Episode: Death is Now My Neighbour) – Sir Clixby Bream
 Midsomer Murders (1999), (Episode: "Death's Shadow) – Stephen Wentworth
 Love's Labour's Lost (2000) – Sir Nathaniel
 Monarch of the Glen (2000–2005, TV Series) – Hector MacDonald
 Unconditional Love (2002) – Barry Moore
 Peter Pan (2003) – Smee
 Bob the Builder: The Knights of Can-a-Lot (2003) - Robert (voice; UK dub)
 Roobarb and Custard Too (2005) – All voices
 Bob the Builder: When Bob Became a Builder (2005) - Robert (voice; UK dub)
 As You Like It (2006) – Adam
 Bob the Builder: Scrambler to the Rescue (2007) - Robert (voice; UK dub)
 Bob the Builder: Race to the Finish (2008) - Robert (voice; UK dub)
 National Theatre Live: London Assurance (2010) – Mr. Adolphus Spanker
 The Only One Who Knows You're Afraid (2011) – Narrator
 Run for Your Wife (2012) – Newspaper Seller
 Cockneys vs Zombies (2012) – Hamish
 Top Gear (Series 19 episode 5) – Sat Nav voice (posthumous release)

References

Bibliography

External links

Richard Briers at the British Film Institute

Richard Briers at BFI ScreenOnline
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson

1934 births
2013 deaths
Military personnel from Surrey
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of RADA
Audiobook narrators
English male comedy actors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from emphysema
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Surrey
People from the London Borough of Merton
Royal Air Force airmen

Richard Briers


The cell nucleus (plural: cell nuclei) contains the cell's genes and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It has a double layered nuclear membrane round it. The nucleus is usually the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is small and round, and works as the cell's control center. It contains chromosomes which house the DNA. The human body contains billions of cells, most of which have a nucleus.

All eukaryote organisms have nuclei in their cells, even the many eukaryotes that are single-celled. Bacteria and Archaea, which are prokaryotes, are single-celled organisms of a different type and do not have nuclei. Cell nuclei were first found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.

The nucleus has a membrane around it but the things inside it do not. Inside it are many proteins, RNA molecules, chromosomes and the nucleolus. In the nucleolus ribosomes are put together. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA into proteins.

When a cell is dividing or preparing to divide, the chromosomes become visible with a light microscope. At other times when the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleolus will be visible.

Nuclear membrane
Large molecules cannot get through the double-layer nuclear membrane. However, nuclear pores exist. They control the movement of molecules across the membrane. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel. The larger molecules are actively transported by carrier proteins, and there is free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes.

Nucleolus
Within the nucleus is a structure called a nucleolus. It is made at a nucleolus organizer region (NOR). This is a chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. Inside the nucleolus ribosomes are made. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm. There they  work to build proteins. They become attached to the endoplasmic reticulum if they are making membrane proteins.

References

Cell biology
Organelles

Cell nucleus


The College of Visual Arts (CVA) in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, was a private, accredited, four-year college of art and design offering a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in fine arts, graphic design, illustration, and photography. The fine arts degree offered concentrations in drawing, painting, printmaking, and sculpture.

CVA began as one of the first learning environments in the Twin Cities specifically designed to ignite the creativity of artists and designers.  CVA was one of a handful of art and design colleges in the U.S. that provided an arts education steeped in the liberal arts.  With an enrollment of approximately 200 students and a faculty of 50, CVA offered a low student-teacher ratio.  The college was one of only two private art and design colleges in Minnesota. The college announced in January 2013 that its doors would be closing forever effective in June. President Ann Ledy resigned on January 23, 2013, and Dr. Susan Short served as Acting President until the college closed on June 30, 2013.

History
In 1948 Lowell Bobleter acquired Mills College of Art and Advertising and transformed it into what would become the College of Visual Arts. Bobleter, a prominent Saint Paul artist and educator then serving as chairman of the fine arts department at Hamline University, based the new curriculum on the Bauhaus model: an integrated program including both fine and applied arts, and general courses in the humanities, natural sciences, and aesthetics. As president, Bobleter renamed the institution the School of Associated Arts (SAA). In 1969 the school assumed non-profit status. During the 1970s the school achieved national accreditation with the National Association of Trade and Technical Schools (NATTS) and began to participate in federal financial aid programs. In 1989 the college changed its name to the College of Associated Arts and began the process of seeking accreditation from the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (HLC). To clarify that the college was a four-year institution, the administration adopted the name "College of Visual Arts" (CVA) in 1995. CVA was granted candidacy status by HLC in August 1994, and was granted full accreditation in 1998. In October 2011, CVA also acquired accreditation by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD). In January 2013, CVA announced that it would be closing its doors forever effective in June of that year.

Campus
The campus was located in Saint Paul's historic Ramsey Hill and Summit Avenue neighborhoods and comprised five buildings: the 1915 Watson P. Davidson House on Summit Avenue (which housed administrative offices, classrooms, computer labs, and printmaking and sculpture studios); a public gallery at Selby and Western avenues; and three buildings near the gallery that housed the library, additional classrooms and studios, and a photography lab.

Mission
The College of Visual Arts provides a collaborative environment that focuses on individual student development by fully integrating the study of the liberal arts and the visual arts. We cultivate a worldview that recognizes the value of art and design in promoting pride in place and responsible citizenship.

Academic program
All first year students participate in a clearly sequenced yearlong foundation program consisting of a strong standardized curriculum in studio arts, liberal arts, and an orientation to art and design. It provides a required introduction to the essential visual vocabulary, concepts, and technical skills necessary for success in all the upper level programs. This program provides all first year students with the information necessary to make an informed choice of major at its conclusion.

What students learn in the first year, and expand upon in courses in their major, culminates in the Senior Thesis Program. Thesis work includes the development of a mature body of studio work for exhibition and a written analysis of the student's collection, a professional portfolio, website, and opportunities to develop presentations for public address. This program also equips students with career-focused skills and experience—from interviewing for art and design positions, teaching, and applying for public commissions to writing grant proposals, launching and promoting a freelance business, and applying for graduate school.

Integration of liberal arts coursework in all of the art and design majors is a distinguishing feature of the College of Visual Arts; CVA offers a robust selection of liberal arts courses to enhance the student's learning experience. Extensive study in art history helps the students understand their own work in the context of the larger world of art and design. Active learning through the arts is employed in many areas such as math and science courses. Oral presentation and critical reading, thinking, and writing are important skills across the curriculum.

Notable alumni and faculty
 Terry Redlin (1958)
 Michael Birawer (1993)
 Lynda Monick-Isenberg, Professor of Fine Arts and Foundation Studies Chair
 Valerie Jenkins, Associate Professor and Fine Arts Chair
 Jesse Draxler (2007)
 Jane Wunrow (2007)

See also

 List of colleges and universities in Minnesota
 Higher education in Minnesota

References

 St. Paul: College of Visual Arts alumni, supporters give up fight to save school Pioneer Press
 Board of trustees to discuss rescue plan for St. Paul arts college Star Tribune
 CVA supporters urge board for a second chance Minnesota Public Radio
 Group has plan to keep St. Paul College of Visual Arts open Pioneer Press
 Art school supporters seeking reprieve for St. Paul college Star Tribune
 College of Visual Arts in St. Paul faces questions as president abruptly quits Star Tribune
 St. Paul's College of Visual Arts students, alumni seek to save school Pioneer Press
 Can St. Paul's College of Visual Arts be saved? Twin Cities Daily Planet

External links
CVA website
MN Office of Higher Education website

1948 establishments in Minnesota
2013 disestablishments in Minnesota
Art schools in Minnesota
Universities and colleges established in 1948
Educational institutions disestablished in 2013
Private universities and colleges in Minnesota
Universities and colleges in Saint Paul, Minnesota

College of Visual Arts


Sodium bicarbonate is baking soda, bicarb or bicarbonate of soda. It is a chemical compound, sodium hydrogen carbonate, with the formula NaHCO3. The elements within it are sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen. It is a white crystalline  powder.

Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid. It is sometimes used to relieve acid indigestion, a sickness caused by lots of acid in one's stomach. This was usually done by mixing sodium bicarbonate with water and drinking it.  When there is too much acid, it causes heartburn, an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach. It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. It also reacts with bases to reduce their harmful effects.

When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it releases carbon dioxide and water vapor (gas) and turns into sodium carbonate.

Baking soda is rarely found in the earth. It can be manufactured artificially, though.

Sodium compounds
Carbonates

Sodium bicarbonate


Ukhulliy qillqapi, Ukhulliy icha Pakay is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can decipher a ciphertext back to plaintext and access the original information. Encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.

For technical reasons, an encryption scheme usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm. It is possible to decrypt the message without possessing the key but, for a well-designed encryption scheme, considerable computational resources and skills are required. An authorized recipient can easily decrypt the message with the key provided by the originator to recipients but not to unauthorized users.

Historically, various forms of encryption have been used to aid in cryptography. Early encryption techniques were often used in military messaging. Since then, new techniques have emerged and become commonplace in all areas of modern computing. Modern encryption schemes use the concepts of public-key and symmetric-key. Modern encryption techniques ensure security because modern computers are inefficient at cracking the encryption.

Pukyukuna

Ukhulliy

Ukhulliy


The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in mathematics that says that any solid shape can be reassembled into any other solid shape. It was made by mathematicians Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski. For example, a sphere can be split up into a limited number of parts which can then be put back together again to make two identical copies of the original sphere. The Banach–Tarski paradox can also be used to turn a small sphere into a huge sphere. It is important when thinking about this to realize that the parts that the solid shape is being split into are not solid shapes themselves; they are infinite sets of points spread around the solid shape. For the Banach–Tarski paradox to work, you need to use the axiom of choice.

This is called a paradox because no stretching or bending of the parts takes place and no new material is added, yet by the end the volume can be doubled. This goes against our geometric intuition. However, it is mathematically possible and it turns out that in this case our intuition is not correct.

Other websites
 The Banach-Tarski Paradox

Mathematical paradoxes

Banach–Tarski paradox


Acuminite is a colorless mineral made from crystals.  It is named for the Latin word "acuminis" (meaning "sharp point" or "spearhead") for the way the crystals are made.  It is easily found in Greenland in the Ivigtut cryolite deposit.  It is easily scratched with a copper penny.

References

Minerals

Acuminite


William Joseph Green III (born June 24, 1938) is an American politician from Pennsylvania. A Democrat, Green served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1964 to 1977 and as the 94th Mayor of Philadelphia from 1980 to 1984.

Youth
Green grew up in the Kensington neighborhood's 33rd Ward with his brothers and sisters Mary, Anne, Michael, Dennis and Patrick. His father, William J. Green Jr., the dean of U.S. congressmen from Philadelphia at his death, was among the most powerful Democratic members of the U.S. House. This upbringing gave Green and his siblings extraordinary access to top Democratic Party leaders. The Harry Truman Presidential Library website, for instance, contains a picture of the Green family meeting with Harry Truman in the White House. And the records of the administration of President John F. Kennedy frequently mention the senior Green as well.

William J. Green III attended St. Joseph's Prep School and received his bachelor's degree from Saint Joseph's University in 1960. He also graduated from Villanova Law School.

Congressional career

At the age of 25, Green was elected as a Democrat in a special election on April 28, 1964, to the Eighty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father. He was reelected to six successive Congresses and served until January 3, 1977.

Upon his election to Congress, Green and his wife Pat moved to Frankford. As a congressman in Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" era, Green assumed leadership on issues such as meat inspection, rat control, and tax reform and led the charge in Congress to eliminate the oil depletion allowance. He voted for the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Fair Housing Act of 1968, the Immigration Reform Act of 1965, and the Medicare Act of 1965, other pieces of President Johnson's sweeping program of domestic reform, and was one of the original cosponsors of the Equal Rights Amendment. He had a 100 percent rating from the AFL-CIO, the NAACP, and the Americans for Democratic Action for his fourteen years in Congress.

Green served from December 1967, through December 1969, in his father's old post as Democratic city chairman but resigned after the Democratic City Committee refused to adopt his reform plan following a Republican sweep led by District Attorney and future U.S. Senator Arlen Specter.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for mayor of Philadelphia in 1971, losing to former Police Commissioner Frank Rizzo's "law and order" candidacy. In the 1972 congressional redistricting, Green's opponents tried to gerrymander him out of his seat, placing him in the same district as Congressman James Byrne, in office since 1952. The newly merged district had voted heavily for Rizzo in the mayoral election and had been represented mainly by Byrne, for whom Rizzo campaigned actively. The grassroots organization Green put together for his mayoral campaign, however, enabled him to defeat Byrne decisively. He was then easily re-elected in the overwhelmingly Democratic year of 1974.

Senate campaign

In 1976, U.S. Senator Hugh Scott, the Senate Republican leader, announced his retirement after being tarred in a campaign finance scandal and facing pressure from fellow Republicans Arlen Specter and John Heinz, who each coveted his seat. Green did not seek re-election to the House, and instead sought Scott's Senate seat.

Backed by Governor Milton Shapp, Green won the Democratic nomination for the seat, defeating State Senator Jeanette Reibman of Northampton County. Green's fundraising skills, however, proved to be no match for the millions available to Heinz from his personal fortune after he defeated Arlen Specter in the Republican Senate primary. Heinz blasted Green for voting against defense budgets Green considered too expensive, implying that Green was weak on U.S. defense. Political cartoons of the time show Heinz pouring money from a giant ketchup bottle over Green's head. Even so, and with Carter at the top of the Democratic ticket, Heinz barely reversed the Democratic tide and defeated Green, 52–48 percent.

After losing to Heinz, Green was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar, and he joined the now-defunct Philadelphia law firm Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen, known for its lobbying and government relations practice. He moved out of his district to the Germantown section of Philadelphia and into the home of his mother-in-law, Margaret Sharpless Kirk, with his wife and children. They later moved to Chestnut Hill.

As mayor
He declined to run in the 1978 gubernatorial election but won the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Philadelphia in 1979, defeating runner-up Charles Bowser, former deputy mayor. Other candidates for the nomination, former City Controller William Klenk and former Commerce Director Al Gaudiosi, withdrew near the end of the primary.

In the general election, Green defeated Republican David Marston, a former United States Attorney, and former City Councilman Lucien Blackwell, a future U.S. Congressman and the Consumer Party nominee, to win election as mayor.

As mayor, Green was often forced by circumstances to make difficult and unpopular choices. He was required to balance a city budget still at a record high $285 million deficit inherited from Mayor Rizzo, the largest ever inherited by an incoming Philadelphia mayor. The resulting disputes with municipal labor unions, open battles with City Council, quiet disputes with campaign contributors, and an adversarial relationship with the mass media sapped his morale. "Reporters are the type of people who tore the wings off flies when they were young," he complained at the time. His efforts to balance the budget were successful, however, and for the first time in years new businesses were choosing to relocate to Philadelphia, which won a national marketing award during the Green administration. In a city divided by race, Green appointed the first African American managing director, future Mayor Wilson Goode, aggressively supported Joseph Coleman as the first African American president of City Council, and appointed the first African American superintendent of the Philadelphia public schools, Constance Clayton. Another member of his cabinet was the city's first female city solicitor. The Green administration is also remembered for having brought young talent into the City government: Chaka Fattah received his first government job in Green's Commerce Department, one headed by Dick Doran; Ed Deseve, Green's finance director, went on to head the U.S. Office of Management and the Budget in the administration of President Bill Clinton; Bill Marrazo, a Green commissioner of the Philadelphia Water Department, is now president of WHYY, Philadelphia's principal public television station.

Green decided not to seek re-election during the Democratic primary and concentrated on his family when his wife Patricia became pregnant. Pat Green was 40 and Green feared for her health and the health of his unborn child if she faced the stress of a political campaign during the pregnancy. After his youngest child, Maura Elizabeth Green, was born healthy near the end of his term, Green joked, "I am the winner" of the 1983 mayoral contest.

Material in Mayor Green's city archives files include correspondence, reports, and other materials relating to the various city departments, boards, commissions, and other city offices. Information is also available on the General Business Tax, the Mayor's Tax Committee, the Mayor's Scholarship Program of 1979–1980, cable TV, Century IV celebration, CETA, the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, energy, the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers Strike of 1981, the Educational Nomination Panel of 1981–1982, Mayor's and Cabinet members' schedules for 1980–1982, Conversation Hall renovations that were started by Green, council legislation, Freedom Festival, among many other topics.

Post-mayoral career
After his term as Mayor expired, Green practiced law, opened two restaurants in the emerging Manayunk section of Philadelphia, and passed up opportunities to run for the U.S. Senate in 1986 and 1991. He established himself as a Washington, D.C., lobbyist and purchased a home in suburban Virginia.

In the late 1980s, the 1990s, and the 2000s, Green pursued a successful career as vice president of government relations for MacAndrews & Forbes, a large holding company that includes Revlon.

In 2003, Green retired from MacAndrews & Forbes and returned with his wife to Philadelphia, where he has since kept a low political profile. Some of his associates while he was mayor have dominated Republican mayoral politics in the decades since he has left office, but none has won election in an overwhelmingly Democratic city.

His son, William J. "Bill" Green, IV, was elected to Philadelphia City Council in 2007.

References

External links

|-

St. Joseph's Preparatory School alumni
Saint Joseph's University alumni
1938 births
Living people
Mayors of Philadelphia
Villanova University alumni
Pennsylvania lawyers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania

William J. Green III


A Cyclic redundancy check (often shortened to CRC) is a way to calculate a checksum, based on a polynomial. In computer science, CRCs are used to check that no errors occurred transmitting the data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. The remainder of the calculation is appended onto and sent with the computer recalculates the remainder. If it does not match the transmitted remainder, an error is detected. At this point, the data is re-sent. Ethernet packets have a (CRC) code.

For example:

If 'm' is your message of 16 bits, and you are calculating a CRC of 8 bits (CRC-8), then let 'x' be message 'm' appended by 7 zeroes. Let 'y' be a "magic" number. Divide 'x' by 'y', until you obtain a remainder that is not divisible further. Take this remainder and subtract it from the "magic" number 'y' and add this result to 'x' to obtain 'z'. 'z' is now a multiple of the "magic" number 'y' and dividing 'z' by 'y' will give a zero remainder. 'z' can now be transmitted to the receiver. The receiver will perform this division and check if the remainder is zero to confirm that there were no errors in transmission. The message can be recovered by simply reading the most significant 16 bits in the 24 bit transmission.

In real world systems, these long division operations are performed in hardware by bit-shifting and XORing, a feat which is trivial for digital electronics to perform at extremely high speeds.

Computer science
Binary arithmetics
Algorithms

Cyclic redundancy check


A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing. Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton. They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War to keep them warm. Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.

As a fashion
In the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item. In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians. There have been many remodels of it.

Protective clothing

Trench coat


Herman M. Chapin (July 29, 1823 – May 24, 1879) was the mayor of Cleveland from 1865–1866.

Chapin was born in Walpole, New Hampshire to Nathaniel and Fanny Bowen Brown Chapin.  He was educated locally and eventually moved to Cleveland in 1848 where he became a partner in the grocery business.  In 1852, he established his own meat packing company.  He initially moved to Chicago but decided to move back to Cleveland after a few years.  Chapin raised money for the Union during the Civil War and was elected as mayor in 1865 without having known that he was even nominated.  The Metropolitan Police Act, which transferred the police powers of the mayor, police marshal, and city council to a board of police commissioners, was passed during his term.  Chapin was also president of the Cleveland Library Association in 1854 and 1858 and helped to establish the First Unitarian Church of Cleveland in 1854.  Chapin built the Chapin Block at Public Square in 1854 where Chapin Hall is located.  Chapin died in Cleveland and is buried in Lake View Cemetery.

Chapin married Matilda Fenno, from Boston on October 15, 1849 and the two had five children:  Erving, Matilda, Fanny, Jeanie, and Agnes.

References
 The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History by Cleveland Bicentennial Commission (Cleveland, Ohio), David D. Van Tassel (Editor), and John J. Grabowski (Editor)

1823 births
1879 deaths
People from Walpole, New Hampshire
Mayors of Cleveland
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
19th-century American politicians

Herman M. Chapin


Twenty-four is a number. It comes between twenty-three and twenty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24.

24 is also the name of a popular television show in the United States.

Integers

24 (number)


The Golem is the name of a number of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. These include:

Monster

Publication history
The Golem first appeared in Strange Tales #174 (June 1974), and was created by Len Wein and John Buscema.

The character also appears in Strange Tales #176-177 (October, December 1974), Marvel Two-in-One #11 (September 1975), The Hood #3 (September 2002), #5-6 (November–December 2002), and Nick Fury's Howling Commandos #2 (February 2006).

Fictional character biography
Golem is a humanoid creature that was made in the 16th century by Judah Loew Ben Bezalel.  It was made from purple stone or clay and protected the Jewish people from persecutors in Prague.  In later years it was reanimated by Professor Abraham Adamson's life force as Adamson died.

Golem later became a member of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Howling Commandos Monster Force.

Powers and abilities
Golem is  tall and has superhuman strength which it draws from the land as long as it is in contact with the Earth.

Invaders ally

Publication history
This character first appeared in Invaders #12 (January 1977) as Goldstein, and was created by Roy Thomas, Frank Robbins and Frank Springer; he appeared in Invaders #13 (February 1977) as Golem.

The character subsequently appears in The Invaders #2-4 (June–August 1993).

Fictional character biography
Jacob Goldstein, the brother of the Blue Bullet, was a resident of the Jewish ghetto of Warsaw, Poland, during World War II.  He mystically transformed himself into a Golem in order to fight the Nazis. He assisted the Invaders when his brother was kidnapped by Doctor Death.

Powers and abilities
In Golem form, Jacob was a hulky humanoid of   in height. His skin was hard as stone, giving him a good degree of invulnerability. His strength was greater than Captain America's but less than Namor's.

Hood foe

Dennis Golembuski was the grandson of a Polish freedom fighter who immigrated to America. Dennis may or may not have killed a man at the age of eight. He spent some time working as an underboss for Kingpin, but he quit. He began to work for a mysterious new master.

Later he had Mosh brought to him for robbing a liquor store under his "protection". Mosh refused to hand over a percentage of his take from the robbery. So Golem and his assistant Madame Rapier kill Mosh. He recruited the Constrictor, Shocker and Jack O'Lantern to help protect a batch of "bloodstones". After the Hood arrived and stole half the diamonds, he gave Madam Rapier a list of pawn shops for them to scout, in case Hood tried to sell them. Hood arrived at the Golem's office and asking for a cut of the diamonds if he returned the rest undamaged. Golem agreed, but after the Hood left, told Rapier to kill the thief at their rendezvous.

After the Hood double-crossed Rapier, knowing she planned to double-cross him, she was killed in a hail of police gunfire. The Hood confronted Jack O'Lantern and the other super villains. He handed the diamonds over to them, telling them to tell Golem to just leave him alone. After they reported back to him, he promised that nothing was ended between him and the Hood.

Powers and abilities
Dennis apparently possesses no powers beyond those of a normal man his age.

Other Golems
Joseph, a resident of Yancy Street, was known as Golem.  Joseph was brought over to the United States from the old country by Loew, the creator of the original Golem.  Joseph was buried under a building as persecutors dropped away and unearthed decades later with the building's destruction.  He began mimicking the protective/defensive actions of the Yancy Street Gang against outsiders but was confronted by the Thing.  He was then sent to sleep in the East River by Grimm. Golem first appeared in Marvel Knights 4 #22 (November, 2005). He was created by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa (writer) and Valentine De Landro (artist).
In Warheads #2, a being known as Golem briefly possessed Leona MacBride and then Mr. Grant.
A member of the Vampire Hunters is Inspector Judiah Golem.  He first appeared in Tomb of Dracula vol. 3 #4.
Agents of Cagliostro were known as the Golems.  They first appeared in Dr. Strange Annual #2.

Reception
The Golem was ranked #26 on a listing of Marvel Comics' monster characters in 2015.

Bibliography
Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #134
Marvel Handbook: The 1970
Marvel Two-In-One #11
Nick Fury's Howling Commandos #1-6
Strange Tales #174, 176-177

See also

References

External links

Articles about multiple fictional characters
Characters created by Brian K. Vaughan
Characters created by Eric Powell
Characters created by Frank Robbins
Characters created by John Buscema
Characters created by Kyle Hotz
Characters created by Len Wein
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics characters introduced in 1974
Comics characters introduced in 1977
Comics characters introduced in 2002
Fictional golems
Fictional characters from the 16th century
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Fictional Polish Jews
Fictional Polish people
Jewish-related comics
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics demons
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel Comics supervillains
it:Golem (personaggio)

Golem (comics)


Jenny Lind (Johanna Maria Lind, Stockholm, 6 October 1820 –  Wynd's Point, Herefordshire, 2 November 1887) was a Swedish opera singer. She was nicknamed the "Swedish Nightingale". She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and became the protégée of Felix Mendelssohn. After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29.

In 1850, Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P. T. Barnum. She gave 93 concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She donated her proceeds to charities, mainly the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, she returned to Europe in 1852. They had three children. She gave occasional concerts over the next two decades, settling in England in 1855.  From 1882, for some years, she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London. She was the inspiration for Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale". Lind died on 2 November 1887 in Herefordshire, England, of cancer. She is buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery.

Other websites
 Profile about Jenny Lind
 The jennylind.org website

Academics of the Royal College of Music
Swedish opera singers
Singers from Stockholm
1820 births
1887 deaths

Jenny Lind


Dinas is a large hamlet near Bontnewydd, Caernarfon, in Gwynedd, north-west Wales.

It is in the ancient parish and modern community of Llanwnda and is served by the parish church of St. Gwyndaf in Llanwnda village, which is about a quarter of a mile to the south.

The hamlet developed with the opening of the turnpike Toll roads from Caernarfon first to Pwllheli in 1805, then to Porthmadog in 1810. Two coaching inns were built to serve the roads, Y Mount, which is now an Indian restaurant and Tafarn Hen, which is now a private residence.

The Carnarvonshire Railway was built in 1866 on the route of the horse drawn Nantlle Railway. The building in 1878 of the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways (later part of the Welsh Highland Railway) resulted in the opening of Dinas Junction station complete with slate transshipment facilities, which brought the construction of houses for the railway staff. The 20th century saw the development of suburban housing for Caernarfon.

The present Dinas railway station, on the site of the Dinas Junction, was reopened in 1997 as a base for rebuilding the Welsh Highland Railway from Caernarfon to Porthmadog. It is a visitor attraction and local passenger facility that also links Dinas to Waunfawr, Beddgelert, Pont Croesor and beyond.

External links

 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Dinas and surrounding area

Villages in Gwynedd
Llanwnda, Gwynedd

Dinas, Gwynedd


The "Alabama Song" comes from the 1930 operetta Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. The music is by Kurt Weill; officially the lyrics are by Bertolt Brecht, but were probably actually written by Elisabeth Hauptmann. The lyrics for the "Alabama Song" are in English (although a specific type of English) and are performed in that language even when the opera is performed in its original German.

The song has often been covered, perhaps most famously in 1967 by The Doors; unsurprisingly, Jim Morrison changed the lyric "Show us the way to the next pretty boy" to "Show me the way to the next little girl."

1930s songs
1930 works
The Doors songs
David Bowie songs

Alabama Song


The House of Savoy was the ruling dynasty of the Duchy of Savoy, then the Kingdom of Sardinia and later Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946.

The House of Savoy began in Switzerland in the Middle Ages. The Savoy rose to power in Sicily War of Spanish Succession then gave up Sicily for Sardinia in 1720 later adding Piedmont to their kingdom.

In 1792 they joined the alliance against Napoleon Bonaparte. They were defeated at first but had their kingdom restored after Napoleon was defeated.

In 1859, King Victor Emmanuel II led the unification of Italy and ruled until 1878. His grandson Victor Emmanuel III came to power in 1900 after King Umberto I was assassinated. Victor Emmanuel III was king during both World War I and World War II. He also appointed Benito Mussolini Prime Minister in 1922.

After World War II, public support for the monarchy fell and Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1946. His son Umberto II was king for a month before a referendum abolished the monarchy. Today the leadership of the House of Savoy is contested between Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, who is the son on Umberto II, and his cousin Prince Amedeo, Duke of Asota.

There was also a branch of the family that settled in France they were known as the Dukes of Nemours and often had close ties with the Court of Louis XIV.

From 2006 until his death in 2021, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta was the disputed head of the House of Savoy.

Links
 Church of the Castle of Lierna Lake Como
 Lierna
 Order of Saint Maurice and Saint Lazarus
 Emanuele Filibert of Savoy

House of Savoy


Neil McMahon (born 1949) is the author of ten novels, as well as a collaboration with James Patterson—Toys—which was a New York Times #1 Bestseller.  He has written two series: the Carroll Monks books (Twice Dying, Blood Double, To The Bone, Revolution No. 9), and the Hugh Davoren books (Lone Creek, Dead Silver). In the late 1980s he wrote three horror novels (all originally published under the pseudonym "Daniel Rhodes") that have been reissued as ebooks.

McMahon was a Stegner Fellow at Stanford.  His novels have been praised by fellow writers Michael Connelly, James Crumley, Annick Smith, William Kittredge, C.J. Box, Deirdre McNamer, Andrew Schneider and many others.  He lives in Missoula, Montana.

A complete list of McMahon's published novels:

 Next, After Lucifer — 1987 — originally published under the pseudonym "Daniel Rhodes" — reissued as ebook in 2011
 Adversary — 1988 — originally published under the pseudonym "Daniel Rhodes" — reissued as ebook in 2011
 Kiss of Death — 1990 — originally published under the pseudonym "Daniel Rhodes" — reissued as ebook in 2011 with new title, Cast Angels Down to Hell
 Twice Dying — 2000 — first of four novels featuring the protagonist Carroll Monks
 Blood Double — 2002
 To The Bone — 2003
 Revolution No. 9 — 2005
 Lone Creek — 2007 —  first of two novels featuring the protagonist Hugh Davoren
 Dead Silver — 2008
 L.A. Mental — 2011
 Toys — 2011 — collaboration with James Patterson

External links
 Interview with author and his editor at Shelf Awareness
 Previous book list and photo at HarperCollins Publishers  (Official publisher website)

1949 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American thriller writers
Writers from Missoula, Montana
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

Neil McMahon


Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was written by J. K. Rowling and published on 16 July 2005. The book is the sixth Harry Potter book.

In the sixth book Harry begins his sixth year at the magical school Hogwarts with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. During the year he has help in his worst class by the mysterious Half-Blood Prince (also known as Severus snape), he has his first romance and learns several very important facts about his enemy, Voldemort.

Film
The film, based on the book, was to be released on 21 November 2008, but on 14 August 2008, it was announced that the film would be pushed back to 17 July 2009. On 8 January 2009, the film was given a PG rating by the MPPA. The previous two installments, Goblet of Fire and Order of the Phoenix, were rated PG-13.

Plot

The book starts at Severus Snape's house. Narcissa Malfoy is very unhappy that Voldemort has made her son, Draco, put on a mission. Voldemort is a very bad man who does not like half-blood or Muggle (non-magical) wizards and witches. He wants to kill them. Bellatrix, Narcissa's sister, and Narcissa go to Snape's house. There, Snape agrees and says he will help Malfoy complete whatever his mission is.

Headmaster Albus Dumbledore comes by Harry Potter's place to ask him to come with him. Harry says okay. They go to Horace Slughorn's house. Slughorn was the former professor of Potions over at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He does not want to come back, but when Dumbledore shows Harry, he says okay. On the train to Hogwarts, Slughorn gets together his club again. Slughorn likes to take a back seat and has a lot of influence, or power. Harry is one of the most famous wizards ever and Slughorn wants to be his friend. When school starts, the first thing Slughorn does is recreate his old Slug Club, filled with people who have power or a good name.

The Half-Blood Prince is of great mystery to Harry. Harry finds a book with the Prince's name on it and finds that it has many helpful tips for making potions. He follows the tips and is seen as very smart to Professor Slughorn. His friend Hermione is mad that Harry is getting credit for information that he does not really know. The old professor, Professor Snape, is now teaching Defense of the Dark Arts.

Dumbledore gives private lessons to Harry. They usually involve looking into a Pensieve, which holds old memories. In flashback, Harry learns that Voldemort was the product of an unhappy witch and a Muggle father that never loved him. The witch was named Merope and she had an older brother and father that were very bad to her. They made her work and crushed her spirit. A Ministry of Magic wizard came and arrested the father and brother. Merope left the house and gave a love potion to a young man she liked named Tom Riddle.

After she was pregnant with the baby, she stopped giving him the potion and he left her. Soon afterwards, she goes to an orphanage and gives birth to Voldemort, naming him Tom Marvolo Riddle, and dies shortly afterwards. Voldemort is a very bad kid. He steals items from the other kids and uses magic against them. Dumbledore comes one night to tell him that he has magic and invites him to attend Hogwarts.

One final memory shows Voldemort trying to apply for a job at Hogwarts. Dumbledore, who was the Transfiguration teacher at the time, was just made Headmaster. Voldemort wanted to be the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher. Dumbledore refused to make him a teacher. This angered Voldemort. Since then, no professor has held the Defense Against the Dark Arts job for more than a year and Dumbledore thinks it is because of this meeting.

Dumbledore tells Harry that Voldemort has six "Horcruxes," or pieces of his soul. While Voldemort has these Horcruxes, nobody can kill him. A couple of them have been destroyed. In Harry's second year, he stabbed Riddle's diary with a fang, destroying one. Before Harry's sixth year started, Dumbledore visited the old Marvolo home and found a ring and destroyed it but lost his hand as a result.

One night, Dumbledore and Harry go out to a cave area. Dumbledore thinks there is another Horcrux there. After getting there, they find a goblet. Dumbledore drinks the entire potion, which makes him dizzy. They find the locket and go back to Hogwarts, where they find that the Death Eaters and Malfoy have attacked. They take broomsticks and land at the top of one of the towers. Malfoy bursts where Harry and Dumbledore are. Harry is hiding under an invisibility cloak. Soon, other Death Eaters come up, but Malfoy cannot kill Dumbledore as Voldemort ordered him to do. Snape comes up and kills Dumbledore.

The Death Eaters all escape afterwards. Harry tries to get Snape, but Snape is too fast. When Harry tries to use some curses he found in the Half-Blood Prince's book, Snape fights back and then declares that he is the Half-Blood Prince. Later, Hermione says this is true, having found a newspaper article about a girl named Eileen Prince (a witch) marrying a man named Tobias Snape (a Muggle), making Snape a half-blood wizard.

Hogwarts holds a funeral for Dumbledore. Harry opens the locket, only to find that someone named R.A.B was there earlier and found and destroyed the Horcrux. He also says he will not be coming back to Hogwarts next year.

2005 books
Harry Potter books

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince


Priam (Priamos or (Latin) Priamus) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Troy during the Trojan War.

Priam had several wives, but his principal wife was Hecuba. With her he had his favourite son Hector; and Paris the cause of the war.

In Book II of Virgil's Aeneid, he was killed during the destruction of Troy by Achilles' son Neoptolemus.

Other websites

Priam

Priam


The Port au Port Peninsula (; ) is a peninsula in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Roughly triangular in shape, it is located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland.

Geography

The peninsula extends into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is joined to Newfoundland by a narrow isthmus connecting at the town of Port au Port. It is bounded on the south by Bay St. George, on the western side by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the northwestern side by Port au Port Bay.

With a rocky shoreline measuring approximately 130 km in length, the peninsula extends approximately 40 km west from its isthmus to Cape St. George and northwest 50 km to the fingerlike Long Point which by itself is approximately 25 km in length. The eastern shore of the peninsula is irregular, jutting into Port au Port Bay.

The Port au Port Peninsula is located on the western edge of the heavily eroded Appalachian Mountain chain which runs along Newfoundland's west coast. There are no natural harbours along the peninsula's rocky coastline. The peninsula was once heavily forested, but many areas along its shores have been cleared for subsistence farming.

The southern shore is hilly, with the northern shore having a sloping lowland extending to a low rise along the centre of the eastern part of the peninsula. The geological structure is complex, with the peninsula's sedimentary strata dating to the middle Cambrian to early Ordovician continental margin, creating a carbonate platform of limestone, shale, and sandstone. The heavily folded geological structure in the area has been identified as having an unknown amount of petroleum reserves.

History
The area was named "Ophor portu" (port of rest) by Basque fishermen during the 16th-17th centuries. French and Basque fishermen used the west coast of Newfoundland, including the Port au Port Peninsula, for seasonal fishing settlements; however, some began permanently inhabiting the area. Mi'kmaq families, who came from Nova Scotia with the French to fight the British in the Thirty Years' War, were also present in the area.

During and after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and Treaty of Paris in 1763, France retained the right to use the west coast of the island. This area came to be known as the "French Shore," and the Port au Port Peninsula was at its centre.

Scattered settlement continued in the area until 1904, when France relinquished its right of use to the "French Shore". The Port au Port Peninsula represents the most varied ethnic and linguistic mix in the entire island of Newfoundland, including Mi'kmaq families with the highest proportion of French-speaking settlement on the island (15%).

The French minority, a mix of Mi'kmaq, Acadian, French and Basque, has had an important influence on the area's culture. Newfoundland's unique folk music has been somewhat influenced by musicians from the Port au Port Peninsula, notably Émile Benoît. Additionally, the area's strong Roman Catholic tradition is reflected in the high visibility accorded to churches throughout the peninsula's communities.

As the centre of the province's Franco-Newfoundlander community, the peninsula has been designated the only bilingual district on the island of Newfoundland since 1971.

Economy
The Port au Port Peninsula's economy is based on natural resources, namely fishing. Limited forestry takes place in the unsettled areas of the interior, and a small amount of subsistence farming takes place along coastal areas. Many residents of the peninsula, particularly the communities at the eastern end near the isthmus, work in nearby Kippens and Stephenville.

Beginning in 1900, a limestone quarrying operation was established at Aguathuna, near the peninsula's isthmus, where the Table Head mountain ridge extends from the Lewis Hills. The limestone was used by Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation at a steel mill in Sydney, Nova Scotia. The quarry was closed in 1966 following DOSCO's financial difficulties.

From 1941 to 1966, many people in the eastern end of the peninsula were employed at Ernest Harmon AFB in nearby Stephenville.

From the 1970s to present, a major limestone quarry began operating at Lower Cove employing 30-40 people.

In the 1980s-1990s, petroleum companies began exploring the peninsula for oil. Some deposits were discovered in recoverable quantities, and limited production wells are in place at some locations. Geologists have estimated that a much larger deposit exists deeper and possibly off shore from the peninsula in the 400-500 billion barrel range; however, exploration drilling has not yet confirmed this theory.

The primary employer in Stephenville was a paper mill, which closed in 2005.

A Canadian energy company may soon get the green light to begin drilling for oil off Newfoundland's southwest coast.
The Canadian Imperial Venture Corporation (CIVC) is waiting for approval from the federal-provincial oil regulator – the Canada Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board – to drill a test well on Shoal Point, near the Port Au Port Peninsula.
The company has been exploring in the area over the last few years. It discovered some oil there in 2008.
"At the turn of the century there were several wells on the Port Au Port Peninsula, and Shoal Point, that produced somewhere between 20 to 25 barrels a day," said Kirby Mercer, CIVC's vice-president.
"Now, we're going in with modern technology, modern tools. So we hope to extract the black gold using modern technology."
Mercer said if the company receives approval for a test well and drilling is successful, CIVC hopes the Offshore Petroleum Board will then approve a significant discovery licence. That would bring the company one step closer to establishing an oil-producing well in western Newfoundland.

In 2022, a "hydrogen alliance" was forged between Canada and Germany. As part of this project, a network of 164 wind turbines was announced, taking advantage of the favorable wind conditions in Port au Port. However, the project has yet to undergo full environmental review.

Today travellers access the area using the Marine Atlantic ferry service to Channel-Port aux Basques or with the Stephenville International Airport.

Communities
The Port au Port Peninsula is a relatively insular region and contains a collection of approximately 20 communities:

Southern Shore
Following Route 460:
 Port au Port
 Bellmans Cove
 Felix Cove
 Man of War Cove
 Campbells Cove
 Campbells Creek
 Abraham's Cove
 Jerry's Nose
 Ship Cove
 Lower Cove
 Sheaves Cove
 Marches Point
 De Grau
 Red Brook
 Grand Jardin
 Petit Jardin
 Cape St. George

Northern Shore
Following Route 463:
 Cape St. George
 Mainland
 Three Rock Cove
 Salmon Cove
 Lourdes
 Winterhouse
 Black Duck Brook
 Blue Beach
 Long Point

Eastern Shore
Following Route 463 and local roads:
 Lourdes
 Tea Cove
 West Bay Centre
 Piccadilly
 Boswarlos
 Aguathuna

See also
Le Gaboteur
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Peninsulas of Newfoundland and Labrador
French Canada

Port au Port Peninsula


The , also referred to as the "Imperial family", is made up of the extended family of the reigning Emperor of Japan.

History
In 1947, membership in the Imperial family was limited to the male line descendants of the Emperor Taishō, excluding females who marry outside the Imperial family.

Eleven branches of the Imperial House were removed in 1947.

Article 5 of the  defines who is an official member of , including
 the
 the
 the
 the  and .
 the
 the  and
 the .

List of current members

There are 17 members of the Imperial Family.

 The Emperor, the eldest son of Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko, was born at the Tsugo Palace in Tokyo on 23 February 1960. He became heir apparent upon his father's ascension to the throne and succeeded him as emperor on 1 May 2019. Naruhito was married on 10 June 1993 to Masako Owada.
 The Empress was born on 9 December 1963, the daughter of Hisashi Owada, a former vice minister of foreign affairs and former permanent representative of Japan to the United Nations. The Emperor and Empress have one daughter:
 The Princess Toshi (born 1 December 2001)
The Emperor Emeritus was born at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo on 23 December 1933, the elder son and sixth child of the Shōwa Emperor and Empress Kōjun. He was married on 10 April 1959 to Michiko Shōda. Emperor Akihito succeeded his father as emperor on 7 January 1989.
The Empress Emerita, formerly Michiko Shōda, was born in Tokyo on 24 October 1934, the eldest daughter of Hidesaburo Shōda, president and honorary chairman of Nisshin Flour Milling Inc..
 The Prince Akishino, the Emperor's second son, was born on 11 November 1965. His childhood title was Prince Aya. He received the title Prince Akishino and started a new branch of the imperial family upon his marriage to Kiko Kawashima on 29 June 1990.
 The Princess Akishino was born on 11 September 1966, the daughter of Tatsuhiko Kawashima, professor of economics at Gakushuin University. Prince and Princess Akishino have two daughters and a son:
 Princess Kako of Akishino (born 29 December 1994)
 Prince Hisahito of Akishino (born 6 September 2006)
The Prince Hitachi was born on 28 November 1935, the second son and seventh child of the Emperor Shôwa and Empress Kojun. His childhood title was Prince Yoshi. By getting the title Prince Hitachi, he started a new branch of the imperial family on 1 October 1964, the day after his wedding.
The Princess Hitachi was born on 19 July 1940, the daughter of former Count Yoshitaka Tsugaru. Prince and Princess Hitachi have no children.
The Princess Mikasa is the widow of The Prince Mikasa (born on 2 December 1915, died 27 October 2016), the fourth son of the Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei, and a younger brother of Emperor Shōwa. The princess was born on 6 June 1923, the second daughter of Viscount Masanori Takagi. Prince and Princess Mikasa married 22 October 1941. They have two daughters and three sons.
 Princess Tomohito of Mikasa is the widow of Prince Tomohito of Mikasa (born 5 January 1946, died 6 June 2012), the eldest son of the Prince and Princess Mikasa and a first cousin of Emperor Akihito. The princess was born on 9 April 1955, the daughter of Takakichi Asō, chairman of Asō Cement Co. and his wife, Kazuko, a daughter of former prime minister Yoshida Shigeru. Has two daughters with the late Prince Tomohito of Mikasa:
 Princess Akiko of Mikasa (born 20 December 1981)
 Princess Yōko of Mikasa (born 25 October 1983)
 The Princess Takamado is the widow of The Prince Takamado (born 29 December 1954, died 21 November 2002), the third son of the Prince and the Princess Mikasa and a first cousin of Emperor Akihito. The princess was born 10 July 1953, the daughter of Shigejiro Tottori. She married the prince on 6 December 1981. Originally known as Prince Norihito of Mikasa, he received the title Prince Takamado and started a new branch of the imperial family on 1 December 1981. Princess Takamado has three daughters:
 Princess Tsuguko of Takamado (born 6 March 1986)

Cadet branches
 Akishino-no-miya
 Hitachi-no-miya
 Mikasa-no-miya
 Takamado-no-miya

Living former members

The living former imperial princesses are:
 Atsuko Ikeda, born 7 March 1931, fourth daughter of Emperor Shōwa and elder sister of Emperor Akihito.
 Takako Shimazu, born 2 March 1939, fifth daughter and youngest child of Emperor Shōwa and younger sister of Emperor Akihito.
 Yasuko Konoe, born 26 April 1944, elder daughter and eldest child of Prince and Princess Mikasa.
 Masako Sen, born 23 October 1951, younger daughter and fourth child of Prince and Princess Mikasa.
 Sayako Kuroda, born 18 April 1969, third child and only daughter of Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko.
 Noriko Senge, born 22 July 1988, second daughter of Prince and Princess Takamado.
 Ayako Moriya, born 15 September 1990, third daughter of Prince and Princess Takamado.
 Mako Komuro, born 23 October 1991, elder daughter and first child of Prince and Princess Akishino.

Succession

Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan provides that "the Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet."
The Imperial Household Law allows only males in the Japanese order of succession.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan

References

Other websites
 Imperial Household Agency website
 JapanZone, The Imperial Family

Imperial House of Japan


Flavor text is text for action figure character backgrounds, video games, playing cards, or within the pages of a role-playing game's rulebook. While appropriate to the product's or game's story concept, it usually has no effect on the mechanics of the game, but instead serves to add realism or characterization or lore to the item in question. Flavor text is often the last text on a card or on the rear of a toy card or package, and is usually printed in italics or written between quotes to distinguish it from game-affecting text.

Background
Flavor text was popularized by the dossiers of 1980s toys, primarily G.I. Joe filecards and Transformers tech-specs, but is now more commonly associated with games such as Magic: The Gathering. The term itself was coined by the production manager at Wizards of the Coast in early 1993 during the production of it.

Format
In most cases, the flavor text attempts to add depth or background to the item, providing a form of context. This helps to establish the universe to which the item belongs.

Flavor text can also be a quotation, such as from related media (e.g., Star Wars movie quotes on a Star Wars card) or from literature. Some Magic: The Gathering cards' flavor text comes from public domain sources such as Shakespeare's plays and poetry.

A unique spin on flavor text in a card game can be seen in the long-lived Star Wars Customizable Card Game. Many cards with flavor text also include special keywords (such as Spy, Hologram, or Bounty Hunter) that can be spotted by other cards for bonuses or penalties. The flavor text on character cards is also one of the few ways of distinguishing that character's species (which is an important factor in most decks). The video game series Borderlands contains weapons and other items with flavor text which hint to the item's hidden ability, such as restoring health equal to damage output.

In puzzles
The term "flavor text" may also refer to a blurb describing or offering clues to a puzzle. This is most frequently seen in puzzles which are non-traditional, lacking literal instructions on how to solve them. Part of the challenge for such puzzles is determining the solving method, which is often non-obvious and can involve cutting and folding paper, deciphering shapes or patterns using braille or Morse code, substituting rhyming words, etc. The flavor text for such puzzles, unlike the flavor text for card games, often provides crucial hints at the approach to take. The hints may be thickly veiled, but can not easily be ignored.

A common and well-known occurrence of flavor text in the context of puzzles is the title of crosswords. Most crosswords have a theme, and the title often hints at what the theme is. The puzzle can be solved without figuring out the theme, but knowing the theme often expedites the solving process.

See also
Epigraph (literature)
National Puzzlers' League
Puzzle hunt

References

Collectible card games
Puzzles

Flavor text


Licheń Stary is a village. 1,200 people live there. It is on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, 15 km north of Konin, Poland. It is often referred to as simply Licheń. Legends trace the name to the ancient Slavic pagan deity Licho, whose sanctuary was allegedly located nearby.

It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń hosting Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland.

Villages in Poland
Greater Poland Voivodeship

Licheń Stary


The Surrey Advertiser is a newspaper for Surrey, England which was established in 1864 and gradually evolved into the Surrey Advertiser Group of seven more localised titles. Guardian Media Group sold the Group to Trinity Mirror in 2010. The owners are now known as Reach plc. The head office is in Stoke Mill, Guildford.

In March 2009 the News and Mail Series ended in the light of the more recent parallel titles within the same group which covered the same areas, principally the  Surrey Herald: (various locality editions) and Guardian series.  These three current titles, altogether, have the highest local paper circulation in Surrey.  The series has moved universally to colour format.  The Group is collectively branded also as the Get Surrey group, particularly its web presence.

Its history is one of multiple acquisitions to expand its territory. The largest single expansion was in 2009 when GMG bought the Esher News & Mail Group another broadsheet weekly newspaper first published in 1936.  This added five editions, covering towns in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey.

Newspapers

Surrey Advertiser
The primary newspaper is the weekly Surrey Advertiser itself with seven regional versions (Guildford, Cranleigh, Godalming, Woking, Elmbridge, Leatherhead, and Dorking).
The group also produces other, more local, series including the
Aldershot News & Mail series. The Surrey Advertiser and the Woking News & Mail were acquired by Surrey and Berkshire Media, a branch of the Guardian Media Group. However, The Surrey Advertiser and associated papers were sold to Trinity Mirror in April while the latter title and the Review series are the only regional paper that remain with the Guardian Media Group.

Surrey Herald
The more localised series covers the less rurally buffered north of the county and its titles are:
 Surrey Herald:
 Walton and Weybridge edition
 Sunbury and Shepperton edition
 Staines, Ashford & Egham edition
 Chertsey & Addlestone edition

Surrey Times Series
Surrey Times currently refers to three newspapers: the Guildford Times, Godalming Times, and the Cranleigh Times. The papers, established in 1855 and now published and printed by Surrey & Berkshire Media Ltd, are distributed free to local residents, with a verified free distribution over thirty-two thousand copies.

Operational aspects

Website

In 2008 the Surrey Advertiser group of Trinity Mirror Group launched its website: Get Surrey which is also used to describe the Group succinctly and its jobs site: GetTheJob.

In 2018 the online website was rebranded to Surrey Live while still retaining the original domain name.

Awards

In October 2009 the Surrey Advertiser won two awards at the EDF Energy London and the South of England Media Awards 2009.

The Surrey Advertiser was joint winner of the Community Campaign of the Year award, alongside the Gravesend and Dartford Messenger.

At just under 17 months old, Get Surrey won its award at the first time of asking, the judges remarking that the website "turned a weekly into a daily".

History

Former News and Mail Series
The Esher News & Mail was a broadsheet weekly newspaper first published in 1936.

It grew beyond its initial parochial catchment into five editions for towns in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey, England.

The editions were:
 Esher News & Mail
 Walton and Hersham News & Mail
 Cobham News & Mail
 Molesey News & Mail
 Weybridge News & Mail

It was part of the Surrey Advertiser Group, owned by the Guardian Media Group

In March 2009 its closure was announced as part of the restructuring plans of the owning group who opened parallel titles which cover the same areas, principally instead its Surrey Herald: (various locality editions) and Guardian series.  The relevant replacements have moved to colour, tabloid format.

See also

References

External links
 Surrey Advertiser Website
 GetTheJob Website

Newspapers published in Surrey
Newspapers established in 1864
1864 establishments in England
Newspapers published by Reach plc

Surrey Advertiser


Popsicle is a popular brand of ice pop in the United States and Canada. It is made of colored, flavored ice on a wooden stick. The brand name includes more than 30 different versions of the snack.

History
The Popsicle was accidentally invented in 1905 by 11-year-old Frank Epperson. Epperson left a mixture of powdered soda and water and a stirring stick in a cup on his porch. That night San Francisco went through unusually low temperatures, and Epperson awoke the next morning to find a frozen pop that would eventually become a favorite American snack.

At first, Epperson named his frozen snack the "Epsicle", and it became popular with his school friends. In 1923, while running a lemonade stand at an amusement park in Oakland, California, Epperson realized that he could earn money from his invention. Epperson changed the name of his treat to "Popsicle", after his children always asked for "Pop's 'sicle", and signed up for a patent. The patent for frozen ice on a stick was issued August 19, 1924.

Around 1925, Epperson sold the popsicle rights to the brand name Popsicle to the Joe Lowe Company in New York. By 1928, Epperson had earned royalties on more than 60 million Popsicle ice pops.

Other websites
Popsicle History

Desserts

Popsicle


Flint, or flintstone, is a kind of sedimentary rock, made of silica.

Bands of flint are found embedded in chalk and other kinds  of soft limestone.

When the chalk is eroded, the hard flint nodules survive as pebbles on a shingle beach. It may happen that the pebbles later get cemented into another rock, such as a puddingstone. In this way, they make up a sedimentary rock for the second time.

Technical description
Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert. It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in  chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.

Uses
Flintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dark glass. It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.

Flint was used by hominins for over three million years. Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya, are dated as 3.3 million years old. This predates the genus Homo by half a million years. The oldest known Homo fossil is 2.8 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools.

When flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper.  When flint and an iron-containing material such as pyrite or steel are hit together, they can make a spark. For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire. People would carry a little box called a "tinder box" which had some tinder along with flint and pyrite or steel. The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire. Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark. Flints were later used to make a spark to fire a gun. A gun that used flint was called a "flintlock" gun.

Flintstones are used in some countries for building. In England the flintstones used for building were often "knapped" which means they were broken to show the inside, like the stones used for the tower of Long Melford Church (below). This gave a better finish to the building that the dull knobbly stones would have made.

Gallery

Related pages
 Chalk
 Palaeolithic

References

Sedimentary rocks

Flint


Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove is a compilation album produced by Paul Heck of the Red Hot Organization (RHO) to celebrate the 100th birthday of George Gershwin. This compilation is the twelfth entry from the international organization's Red Hot Benefit Series. As with other compilations toward the series, this release serves as a fundraising tool for the RHO's AIDS awareness efforts.

Notable acts contributing to the album include: Bobby Womack, David Bowie, The Roots, Morcheeba, Duncan Sheik, Natalie Merchant, Jovanotti and a host of others. Sinéad O'Connor, who contributed on Red Hot + Blue (the first album in the benefit series), returned for this album as both a performer and as co-producer alongside Heck and Phil Ramone.

Track listing
"Summertime", performed by Morcheeba + Hubert Laws
"It Ain't Necessarily So", performed by Finley Quaye
"But Not for Me", performed by Natalie Merchant (featuring Chris Botti)
"They Can't Take That Away From Me", performed by Smoke City
"I Got Plenty o' Nuthin", performed by Spearhead + Ernest Ranglin
"Summertime", performed by Bobby Womack + The Roots
"I Was Doing All Right", performed by Davina
"Embraceable You", performed by Duncan Sheik (featuring Chris Botti)
"Let's Call The Whole Thing Off", performed by Clark Terry
"I've Got a Crush on You", performed by Luscious Jackson
"I Got Rhythm", performed by Jovanotti
"Peter Sellers Sings George Gershwin", performed by Money Mark
"Nice Work if You Can Get It", performed by Majestic 12
"The Man I Love", performed by Sarah Cracknell + Kid Loco
'S Wonderful / Rhapsody in Blue", performed by Skylab
"Someone to Watch Over Me", performed by Sinéad O'Connor
"Bess, You Is My Woman Now", performed by Baaba Maal
"A Foggy Day (In London Town)", performed by David Bowie + Angelo Badalamenti

References

External links
Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove Album information, as listed by Discogs.
The memory of Gershwin prompts host of albums news story on CNN
Alternate link for Village Voice review provided by reviewer, Robert Christgau

Red Hot Organization albums
Albums produced by Phil Ramone
1998 compilation albums
Jazz fusion compilation albums
George and Ira Gershwin tribute albums

Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove


The Ramsey House is a two-story stone house in Knox County, Tennessee, United States.  Also known as Swan Pond, the house was constructed in 1797 by English architect Thomas Hope for Colonel Francis Alexander Ramsey (1764–1820), whose family operated a plantation at the site until the U.S. Civil War.  In 1969, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and its role in the region's early 19th-century history.

Francis Alexander Ramsey arrived in what is now Greene County in 1783, and shortly thereafter made a surveying trip down the Holston River, where he first identified the future site of the Ramsey House.  Throughout the 1780s, he served as an official of the fledgling State of Franklin, and later served in various capacities in the governments of the Southwest Territory and the State of Tennessee.  Ramsey's children included early Knoxville mayor, W. B. A. Ramsey, and early Tennessee historian and businessman, J. G. M. Ramsey, both of whom occupied the Ramsey House at various times.  Due to their Confederate sympathies, the Ramseys fled Knoxville when the Union Army occupied the city during the Civil War, and the family sold the house in 1866.

The Knoxville Chapter of the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities (APTA) purchased the Ramsey House in 1952, and currently maintains the house and grounds as a museum.

Location

The Ramsey House is situated in a broad valley just over a mile east of Forks-of-the-River, where the Holston River and French Broad River join to form the Tennessee River.  The property managed by APTA, which includes the Ramsey House, a visitor's center, and gardens, covers .  The house and grounds are located at 2614 Thorngrove Pike, just off John Sevier Highway (TN-168).

History

Early history and development

Francis Alexander Ramsey was born in Pennsylvania in 1764 to Scotch-Irish parents, and moved to Greene County, Tennessee in 1783.  That year, North Carolina (which controlled what is now East Tennessee) opened up Cherokee lands north of the French Broad to settlement, and Ramsey, James White, and several other explorers began making excursions into what is now the Knoxville area in search of new land.  On one such expedition, Ramsey discovered a game-rich beaver dam pond which he named "Swan Pond."  He was issued a grant for Swan Pond and its surrounding land in November 1786.

Ramsey's rise to prominence in the failed State of Franklin (1784–1788) kept him occupied for the remainder of the decade, and it wasn't until 1792— after he had been appointed clerk for the newly formed Southwest Territory— that he decided to move to Swan Pond, which lay just outside the territory's new capital at Knoxville.  Ramsey chose to build his new house on a peninsula in the pond, although due to malaria concerns, he was forced to drain the pond before the house was constructed.  London-trained architect Thomas Hope designed the house, and probably built it between 1795 and 1797.

In the years after its completion, the Ramsey House came to be part of a sizeable plantation.  Upon Ramsey's death in 1820, the house passed to his eldest son, W.B.A. Ramsey.  In 1840, W.B.A Ramsey sold the house to his brother, J.G.M. Ramsey (1797–1884), who had taken an active interest in the region's history, and had built a large mansion nearby to the east, known as "Mecklenburg," overlooking the fork of both the French Broad River with the Holston River and the no longer extant Lebanon In The Fork Presbyterian Church, along the nearby and present-day Asbury Road.  Mecklenburg was noted for its 4,000-volume library containing numerous 18th-century documents pertaining to the settlement of Tennessee.  In 1857, J.G.M. Ramsey gave the Ramsey House to his son, also named Francis Alexander Ramsey, as a wedding  present.

The Civil War

J.G.M. Ramsey played an active role in the economic development of East Tennessee.  He helped establish the region's first medical society, served as president of the Bank of East Tennessee, and fought to bring railroads to the region.  In the late 1850s, as one of the directors of the Bank of East Tennessee, Ramsey ran afoul of Knoxville's fiery newspaper publisher, William G. "Parson" Brownlow.  Brownlow relentlessly accused the bank's directors, who along with Ramsey included Ramsey's brothers-in-law, John H. Crozier and A.R. Crozier, of defrauding the bank's clients.  He also accused Ramsey's son, John Crozier Ramsey (1824–1868), whom Brownlow called "a few degrees removed from an idiot," of creating false pension funds for employees.  His continued attacks helped Horace Maynard defeat John Crozier Ramsey for the district's Congressional seat in 1859.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Ramseys, who were states' rights Democrats, sided with the Confederacy, drawing them further into conflict with Brownlow, who was a radical anti-secessionist.  In December 1861, John Crozier Ramsey, who had been appointed Knox County's district attorney, had Brownlow jailed on charges of conspiring to burn railroad bridges in East Tennessee.  The Ramseys demanded Brownlow be hanged, but the Confederate Army, fearing a public backlash, released him.  Due in part to Brownlow's influence, J.G.M. Ramsey's Mecklenburg mansion— with its invaluable  library— was burned when the Union Army occupied Knoxville in 1863.

With Mecklenburg in ruins, the Ramseys, who had fled to South Carolina on approach of the Union Army in 1863, decided not to return to Knoxville.  The Ramsey House was sold to William Spurgien in 1866, and afterward began to deteriorate.  J.G.M. Ramsey eventually moved back to Knoxville in the 1870s, and was deeply saddened at the state of the Ramsey House.  His autobiography, written during this period, included a poem lamenting the house's decline.

Preservation

In 1927, the Bonnie Kate Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a marker at the Ramsey House commemorating the site as the birthplace of J.G.M. Ramsey, whose book, the Annals of Tennessee, had become an important work on the state's early history.  In the following decade, the house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey.  In 1952, APTA's Knoxville Chapter purchased the house with the help of state and local governments, and began restoring it.  The roof and windows were replaced, and an old log cabin was moved to the site to represent the cabin used by the Ramseys in the 1790s while the main house was being built.

Design

The Ramsey House is a two-story Late Georgian house, built primarily of local pink marble with blueish-gray limestone trim.  This blueish-gray limestone forms a "belt" around the house about midway up the walls, and also forms the house's four corners.  The house has a "dogtrot" kitchen wing, with the southwest corner of the kitchen wing joining the northeast corner of the main house.  Exterior ornamentation includes hand-carved cornices and window arches consisting of nine narrow stones each.

The house's interior follows a central hall floor plan.  The front door opens into a hallway, with a library/parlor room to the left and a dining room to the right.  The second floor has two bedrooms, a bonus room, and a door which used to lead to the roof of the porch (the porch is no longer there).  The kitchen wing is also two stories, although there is no passage from the second story of the main wing to the second story of the kitchen wing.  The house has three chimneys— one at both ends of the main wing, and one at the end of the kitchen wing— and six fireplaces in all.  The interior has been outfitted with period furniture, most notably two Chippendale chairs given to Francis Alexander Ramsey and his wife, Peggy, as a wedding present.

See also
Alexander Bishop House
Blount Mansion
Craighead-Jackson House
James Park House
Statesview
History of Knoxville, Tennessee

References

Resources
 Isenhour, Judith Clayton.  Knoxville - A Pictorial History. (Donning, 1978), page 20.
 Rothrock, Mary U., editor.  The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee. (Knox County Historical Committee; East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946).
 Knoxville: Fifty Landmarks. (Knoxville: The Knoxville Heritage Committee of the Junior League of Knoxville, 1976), p. 9.

External links

 Ramsey House Plantation — official site
 Library of Congress - Historic American Buildings Survey: Ramsey House
 Knoxville MPC Historic Buildings

Houses in Knox County, Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Historic American Buildings Survey in Tennessee
Historic house museums in Tennessee
Museums in Knox County, Tennessee
Scotch-Irish American culture in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Knox County, Tennessee

Ramsey House (Knox County, Tennessee)