Butler W. Lampson, ForMemRS, (born December 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist best known for his contributions to the development and implementation of distributed personal computing.

Education and early life
After graduating from the Lawrenceville School (where in 2009 he was awarded the Aldo Leopold Award, also known as the Lawrenceville Medal, Lawrenceville's highest award to alumni), Lampson received an A.B. in physics (magna cum laude with highest honors in the discipline) from Harvard University in 1964 and a PhD in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967.

Career and research

During the 1960s, Lampson and others were part of Project GENIE at UC Berkeley. In 1965, several Project GENIE members, specifically Lampson and Peter Deutsch, developed the Berkeley Timesharing System for Scientific Data Systems' SDS 940 computer. After completing his doctorate, Lampson stayed on at UC Berkeley as an assistant professor (1967-1970) and associate professor (1970-1971) of computer science. For a period of time, he concurrently served as director of system development for the Berkeley Computer Corporation (1969-1971).

In 1971, Lampson became one of the founding members of Xerox PARC, where he worked in the Computer Science Laboratory (CSL) as a principal scientist (1971-1975) and senior research fellow (1975-1983). His now-famous vision of a personal computer was captured in the 1972 memo entitled "Why Alto?".  In 1973, the Xerox Alto, with its three-button mouse and full-page-sized monitor, was born.
It is now considered to be the first actual personal computer in terms of what has become the "canonical" GUI mode of operation.

All the subsequent computers built at Xerox PARC except for the "Dolphin" (used in the Xerox 1100 LISP machine) and the "Dorado" (used in the Xerox 1132 LISP machine) followed a general blueprint called "Wildflower", written by Lampson, and this included the D-Series Machines: the "Dandelion" (used in the Xerox Star and Xerox 1108 LISP machine), "Dandetiger" (used in the Xerox 1109 LISP machine), "Daybreak" (Xerox 6085), and "Dicentra" (used internally to control various specialized hardware devices).

At PARC, Lampson helped work on many other revolutionary technologies, such as laser printer design; two-phase commit protocols; Bravo, the first WYSIWYG text formatting program; and Ethernet, the first high-speed local area network (LAN).  He designed several influential programming languages such as Euclid.

Following the acrimonious resignation of Xerox PARC CSL manager Bob Taylor in 1983, Lampson and Chuck Thacker followed their longtime colleague to Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center. There, he was a senior consulting engineer (1984-1986), corporate consulting engineer (1986-1993) and senior corporate consulting engineer (1993-1995). Shortly before Taylor's retirement, Lampson left to work for Microsoft Research as an architect (1995-1999), distinguished engineer (2000-2005) and technical fellow (2005–present).

Since 1987, Lampson has been an adjunct professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Honors and awards
 In 1984, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
 In 1984, he won the ACM Software System Award for the Alto, along with Robert W. Taylor, and Charles P. Thacker.
 In 1986, he received an honorary Sc.D. from the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich.
 In 1992, he won the prestigious ACM Turing Award for his contributions to personal computing and computer science.
 In 1993, he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 In 1994, he was inducted as a Fellow of the ACM.
 In 1996, he received the IEEE Computer Pioneer Award.
 In 1996, he received an honorary Sc.D. from the University of Bologna.
 In 2001, he received the IEEE John von Neumann Medal.
 In 2004, he won the Charles Stark Draper Prize along with Alan C. Kay, Robert W. Taylor, and Charles P. Thacker for their work on Alto.
 In 2005, he was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences.
 In 2006, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for fundamental contributions to computer science, including networked personal workstations, operating systems, computer security and document publishing." Computer History Museum Fellow (2006).
 In 2006, he received the IFIP TC11 Kristian Beckman Award for information security.
 In 2016, he was inducted into the National Cyber Security Hall of Fame.
 In 2018, he was elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

Quotes
Lampson is often quoted as saying, "Any problem in computer science can be solved with another level of indirection," but in his Turing Award Lecture in 1993, Lampson himself attributes this saying to David Wheeler.

References

External links

 Lampson's website
 The milliLampson unit
 Butler Lampson. Oral history interview, 11 December 2014, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota

1943 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Computer designers
Engineers from Washington, D.C.
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Draper Prize winners
Turing Award laureates
Microsoft technical fellows
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Harvard University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Lawrenceville School alumni
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Scientists at PARC (company)
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Kernel programmers

Butler Lampson


Hivy is the tradeitional thick, daurk, strang beer o Scotland. Waiker Scots ales is cryed licht, an isna as common.

Aatho it's richt sert at room temperatur, it's aften sert chilled the day, in bottles, cans, pints or hauf-pints. Hivy is a hertie beer, kin o sweet, less shairp nor some ither kinds o ale.

The shillin gradin seestem
Hivy is gradit bi the shillin unner a seestem uised syne the 1870s for tae shaw the amoont o alcohol: the heicher the shillin merk /- is, the stranger or "hivier" the beer is.

Baith o the maist weel-kent Scots breweries, McEwan's an Tennents, maks monie diffferent hivies: McEwan's Special an Tennent's Velvet is kinds o 70/- ale, the biggest seller.

The 80/- varieties is mair rich and flavourfu. The maist notit mass-mercat version is McEwan's Export, packaged in its distinctive reid livery. It's cryed export acause Scots brewers wis the first tae perfect the technique o India Pale Ale, that first alloued beer to be transportit ower lang distances, oreiginally tae Indie.

The 90/- varieties shuid be teuk in moderation an traet wi respect.

60/- isna classifee'd as hivy, but as licht. It's mair for a niche mercat, but it's gey refreshin in the simmer.

Forbye the mass-produced kenmerks, the'r plenty hivies makkit bi smaa, unthirlt brewers:
Caledonian Brewery, Embra, operates frae Victorian era biggins uisin muckle o thair oreiginal graith an gear, includin the aesome direct-fired coppers left in the Unitit Kinrick
Belhaven, Dunbar
Broughton Ales, Scots Mairches, maks the Greenmantle hivy

Local micro-breweries is beginnin tae kythe again aa ower the kintra, for exemplar at Aviemore, the Black Isle, Arran, Skye, Orkney an Shetland.

Wee hivy
The'r a specialised, gey strang (6.0-10.0% abv) variety cryed wee heavy or scotch ale, that's gradit at 160/-, an that tradeitionally gaes throu a lang byle in the kettle for caramelisation tae happen. This maks a copper-coloured brew. Compared wi ither hivies thay ar sweeter an mair fou-bodied, wi a roastit maut gust. Tradeitionally sert in a thristle-shapit gless, near-haund aa o it is export, maistlins tae Belgium. A scotch in Brussels means ane o thae smaa, strang Scots beers, no a whisky.

Fremmit airtins
 http://eatscotland.visitscotland.com/scottish_food/drink/309810/

Beer
Scotland

Hivy (beer)


An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a kind of flask with a base in the shape of a cone and a short neck. It was first invented in 1861 by a German chemist named Richard Erlenmeyer. Erlenmeyer Flasks are used in laboratories.

This type of flask is used as a container for chemical substances, or to heat or boil liquids. It does not allow liquids to spill easily. It is also used in titration.

Laboratory equipment

Erlenmeyer flask


Occupy Wall Street was a protest that started in 2011 in New York City and spread into other cities all over the United States. Citizens protested against how poor and wealthy people have lived in different ways and are treated differently by other people, and also against the way corporations used their money. People in New York started protesting in Zuccotti Park on September 17, and some people decided to camp there overnight. It grew to include several thousand people, with many different political views. Protesters included some communists, political moderates, liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.

Many of the Occupy protests in the rest of the country only started as in the middle of October. In some places, like Denver, Oakland, and New York City itself, police acted violently. In some places, including Miami, the protests were peaceful and some police officers supported the protests.  After 2011 the numbers of people involved dwindled away.

2011 in New York (state)
2010s in New York City
2010s protests

Occupy Wall Street


Events

Europe
 May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae constituting the Augustinian monastic order at Lecceto Monastery.
 The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus.
 Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.
Abingdon School is founded.
Roger Bacon becomes a Franciscan Friar.

Asia
 October – Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.
 December 15 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran.
 Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.
 The Japanese Kenchō era ends, and the Kōgen era begins.

Births
 January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic
 Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (died 1317)

 Ibn al-Banna, Arab Mathematician (died 1321)

Deaths
 January 28 – William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany
 June 13 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (born 1173)
 September 1 – Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (born 1218)
 October 14 – Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (born 1239)
 William of Kilkenny, Lord Chancellor of England
 Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar

1256


Pizza is an Italian food that was created in Italy (The Naples area). It is made with different toppings. Some of the most common toppings are cheese, sausages, pepperoni, vegetables, tomatoes, spices and herbs and basil. These toppings are added over a piece of bread covered with sauce. The sauce is most often tomato-based, but butter-based sauces are used, too. The piece of bread is usually called a "pizza crust". Almost any kind of topping can be put over a pizza. The toppings used are different in different parts of the world. Pizza comes from Italy from Neapolitan cuisine. However, it has become popular in many parts of the world.

History
The origin of the word Pizza is uncertain. The food was invented in Naples about 200 years ago. It is the name for a special type of flatbread, made with special dough. The pizza enjoyed a second birth as it was taken to the United States in the late 19th century.

Flatbreads, like the focaccia from Liguria, have been known for a very long time. Pizzas need to be baked at temperatures of 200250 °C. Hardly any household oven could reach such temperatures at the time. Because of this, the pizza was made at home, and then given to the town bakery to bake. In June 1889, the Neapolitan chef Raffaele Esposito created the "Margherita" in honour of Queen Margherita, and was the first pizza to include cheese.

Pizza was brought to the United States with Italian immigrants in the late nineteenth century; and first appeared in areas where Italian immigrants concentrated. The country's first pizzeria (place that focuses in pizza), Lombardi's, opened in 1905.  Veterans returning from World War II's Italian Campaign were a ready market for pizza. Since then, pizza consumption has increased in the U.S. Pizza chains such as Domino's, Pizza Hut, and Papa John's, have outlets all over the nation. Thirteen percent of the U.S. population eats pizza on any given day.

Types
In the 20th century, pizza has become an international food. The toppings may be quite different depending on the local tastes. These pizzas consist of the same basic design. They also include many types of ingredients such as anchovies, egg, pineapple, banana, coconut, sauerkraut, eggplant, kimchi, lamb, couscous, chicken, fish, and shellfish. Sometimes, meats prepared in styles such as Greek lamb, Gyros or chicken tikka masala, and non-traditional spices such as curry and Thai sweet chili are added too. Pizzas can also be made without meat for vegetarians, and without cheese, for vegans.

Styles

Neapolitan pizza (pizza Napoletana). Authentic Neapolitan pizzas are made with local ingredients like San Marzano tomatoes, which grow on the volcanic plains to the south of Mount Vesuvius and Mozzarella di Bufala Campana, made with the milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio in a semi-wild state (this mozzarella is protected by its own European law).

The genuine Neapolitan pizza dough consists of Italian flour, natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer's yeast, salt and water.The dough must be kneaded by hand or with a low-speed mixer. After the rising process, the dough must be formed by hand without the help of a rolling pin or other mechanical device, and may be no more than 3 mm (1/8 in) thick.

Pizza is cooked in an oven. When cooked, it should be crispy, tender and fragrant. Neapolitan pizza has gained the status of "guaranteed traditional specialty" in Italy. This admits only three official variants: Pizza marinara, which is made with tomato, garlic, oregano and extra virgin olive oil (although most Neapolitan pizzerias also add basil to the marinara), Pizza Margherita, made with tomato,mozzarella, basil and extra virgin olive oil, and Pizza Margherita DOC made with tomato, buffalo mozzarella from Campania in fillets, basil and extra virgin olive oil.

Lazio style: Pizza in Lazio (Rome), as well as in many other parts of Italy is available in 2 different "flavors": 1) In take-away shops so-called "Pizza Rustica" or "Pizza a Taglio". Pizza is cooked in long, rectangular baking pans and relatively thick (1–2 cm). The crust similar to that of an English muffin and mostly cooked in an electric oven. When purchased, it is usually cut with scissors or knife and priced by weight. 2) In Pizza Restaurants (Pizzerias) it is served in a dish in its traditional round shape.

Other types of Lazio-style pizza include:

 Pizza Romana (in Naples): tomato, mozzarella, anchovies, oregano, oil;
 Pizza Viennese: tomato, mozzarella, German sausage, oregano, oil;
 Pizza Capricciosa ("Capricious Pizza"): mozzarella, tomato, mushrooms, artichokes, cooked ham, olives, and oil.
 Pizza Quattro Stagioni ("Four Seasons Pizza"): same ingredients for the Capricciosa, but ingredients are not mixed;
 Pizza Quattro Formaggi ("Four Cheese Pizza"): tomatoes, mozzarella, stracchino, fontina, gorgonzola.

Sicilian-style pizza has its toppings baked directly into the crust.

White pizza (pizza bianca) uses no tomato sauce, often substituting pesto or dairy products such as sour cream. Most commonly, especially on the East Coast of the United States, the toppings consist only of mozzarella and ricotta cheese drizzled with olive oil and basil and garlic. In Rome, the term pizza bianca refers to a type of bread topped only with olive oil. Some white pizzas use Alfredo sauce as the pizza sauce for a better flavor.

Pizza al taglio

Pizza al taglio or pizza al trancio was invented in Rome. It is usually rectangular, and sold by weight. The name translates to pizza by the slice. Stands selling pizza al taglio are common in Italy. It is also common in other areas of the world where there are many Italian immigrants.

Pizzerias

Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba, the first pizzeria in Italy, started making pizzas in 1738 and still serves pizza today.

Some global pizza franchises are Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza, Cici's Pizza, Papa John's and Little Caesars.

Frozen pizza

Frozen pizza is pizza that has been prepared beforehand, and is then deep-frozen, to be distributed in supermarkets. It is among the most successful and popular types of convenience food. It is prepared slightly differently: First the dough with the tomato sauce is pre-cooked, then the toppings are added. The dough of frozen pizza is different. Its dough also contains modified starch and leavening agents. This makes it possible to cook the pizza directly, without first defrosting it. One main frozen pizza brand is Digiorno.

References

Pizza


Astrometry is a part of astronomy that has to do with measuring the motion of objects in space such as stars. Two main ways to measure these objects are proper motion and parallax.

Proper motion is an object's change in position over time when seen from the Earth. Just like anything else that moves, a star's proper motion is measured by looking towards the same place at different times and seeing how far the star has moved. The difference with stars is that, from Earth, they seem to move very slowly so we have to measure in arcseconds per year.  When a star has a large proper motion, it usually means that it is nearby. Barnard's Star, the star with the largest proper motion, only moves 1 degree across the sky (3600 arcseconds) in 348 years.

Parallax is the apparent difference in position of an object when seen from two or more different places.  When an object is seen from a new place, there is a new line of sight going from the viewer to the object showing a different background in the distance.  Parallax is measured using the angle between two lines of sight.

Parallax can also be used to measure distances to the nearest few thousand stars.  These distances are measured in parsecs which are equal to about 3.26 light years.

References

http://www.answers.com/topic/proper-motion. Retrieved on 3 September 2009.
Rowan-Robinson, Michael. Cosmology: Third Edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 1996.

Astronomy

Astrometry


貝加爾海豹(Nerpa)(Pusa sibirica,obsolete: Phoca sibirica)係一種生活響西伯利亞貝加爾湖嘅海豹,唔單止係最細隻嘅海豹,重係世界上唯一生活響淡水水域嘅海豹。科學家認為佢哋係環斑海豹嘅部分祖先,喺幾百萬年前嚟到加爾湖之後,慢慢演化而成嘅。

統計

 體重:平均70公斤(155磅),最重150公斤(330磅)
 長度:平均1.3米(4尺3吋)
 嘢食:mainly golomyanka and goby
 Litter:usually one pup, sometimes two
 潛水時間:通常20至25分鐘(45至60分鐘最耐紀錄)

特徵
海豹公可生到1.3 米長(4 尺 3 吋),身體63至70公斤重(140 to 155 lb)。The animals show very little sexual dimorphism; 公大隻過乸少少。加爾海豹同其他海洋嘅親戚一樣,背脊灰褐色,然後向肚逐漸過渡為黃褐色,貝加爾海豹重有發達嘅前鰭同爪。

分佈
貝加爾海豹只住響貝加爾湖嗰度

The areas of the lake in which the Baikal seals reside changes depending on the season as well as some other environmental factors. Baikal seals are solitary animals for the majority of the year, sometimes living kilometers away from other Baikal seals. In general, there is a higher concentration of Baikal seals in the northern parts of the lake, because the longer winter keeps the ice frozen for longer, which is preferable for pupping. However, in recent years there have been migrations to the southern half of the lake. These are speculated to evade hunters. In winter, when the lake is frozen over, seals maintain a few breathing holes over a given area and tend to remain nearby, not interfering with the food supplies of a nearby neighbour. When the ice begins to melt, the Baikal seals tend to keep to the shoreline.

Abundance and trends
2007年,貝加爾海豹被列作"lower risk"  即係表示佢哋This means that while they are not currently threatened or endangered, it is possible and even likely they will be in the near future. At last official count, by the 根據俄羅斯政府喺1994年嘅研究指出,貝加爾海豹數目大約有104,000隻。喺2000年,「綠色和平」(Greenpeace)用佢哋嘅方法數出佢哋大約得番55,000至65,000隻海豹。 It is thought excessive hunting, as well as less severe problems of poaching and pollution, are quickly reducing the population.

In the last century, the kill quota for hunting Baikal seals was raised several times, most notably after the fur industry boomed in the late 1970s and when official counts began indicating there were more Baikal seals than previously known. The quota in 1999 was 6,000, lowered in 2000 to 3,500 which is still nearly 5% of the Baikal Seal population if the Greenpeace count is correct. In addition, new techniques, such as netting breathing holes, and seal dens to catch pups have been introduced. In one area, 3,000 out of 4,000 breathing holes had been netted, many probably illegally. One prime seal pelt will bring 1,000 rubles at market, more than a month's salary.

Lake Baikal has eight wildlife patrol officers, which amounts to one officer for roughly 2,500 square kilometers, making enforcement of regulations difficult. Even without poaching, hunting, even on a small quota, is a problem, because many of  the seals that are shot or injured still escape, and die later. These do not fall under the kill quota and are tacked on after. It is unlikely poaching and hunting will slow considerably without government intervention.

The other problem at Lake Baikal is the introduction of pollutants into the ecosystem. Pesticides such as DDT and Hexachlorocyclohexane, as well as industrial waste, mainly from the Baikalisk pulp and paper plant, have thought to have been the cause of several disease epidemics among the Baikal Seal. The speculation is that the chemicals work their way up the food chain, and weaken the Baikal seal's immune systems, making them susceptible to diseases such as canine distemper and the plague, which was the cause of a serious Baikal seal epidemic that resulted in the deaths of thousands of animals in 1997 and 1999.

繁殖
海豹乸到3至6歲時就到性成熟期。而公就要等到4至7年先到。 不論公乸The males and females are not strongly sexually dimorphic. Baikal seals mate in the water towards the end of the pupping season. With a combination of delayed implantation and a 9個月懷孕期。 gestation period, the Baikal seal's overall pregnancy is around 11 months. Pregnant females are the only Baikal seals to haul out during the winter. The males tend to stay in the water, under the ice, all winter. Baikal seals usually give birth to one pup, but they are the only seal with the ability to give birth to twins. The twins will often stick together for some time after being weaned. The females, after giving birth to their pups on the ice in late winter, will become immediately impregnated again, and will often be lactating while pregnant.

Baikal seals are slightly polygamous and slightly territorial, although not particularly defensive of this territory. Males will mate with around 3 females if given the chance. They then mark the female's den with a strong musky odor, which can be smelled by another male if he approaches. The female raises the pups on her own; she will dig them a fairly large den under the ice, up to 5 m (16 ft) )in length, and more than 2 m (6 ft) wide. Pups as young as two days old will then further expand this den by digging a maze of tunnels around the den. Since the pup will avoid breaking the surface with these tunnels, it is thought that this activity is mainly for exercise, to keep warm until they have built up an insulating layer of blubber.

The mother Baikal seal will feed her young for around 2.5 months, nearly twice as long as any other seal. During this time, the pups can increase their birth weight (around 4 kg {9 lb}) fivefold.  After the pups are weaned, the mother will introduce them to solid food, bringing shrimp, fish, and other edibles into the den.

In spring, when the ice melts and the dens usually collapse, the pup is left to fend for itself. Growth continues until they are 20 to 25 years old.

Every year in the late winter and spring, both sexes will haul themselves out and begin to moult their coat of fur from the previous year, which will be replaced with a new one. While moulting they do not eat and enter a lethargic state, during which time they often die of overheating, males especially, from lying on the ice too long in the sun. During the spring and summer, groups as large as 500 can form on the ice floes and shores of Lake Baikal. Baikal seals can live to over 50 years old, exceptionally old for a seal, although they are presumed to be fertile only until they are around 40.

食啲乜
貝加爾海豹主要食貝加爾湖嘅特產鮭魚,另外亦會食一啲無脊椎動物。佢哋主要喺夜晚搵食,花10至20分鐘時間潛水,然後等到啲魚游到離水面大約100米深嘅位置捉魚食。
The Baikal seal's main food source is the golomyanka, found only in Lake Baikal. Baikal seals eat more than half of the annual produced biomass of golomyanka, some 64,000 tons. Baikal seals also eat some types of invertebrates, and the occasional omul. They feed mainly at night, when the fish come within 100 m (330 ft) of the surface. They feed with 10-20 minute dives, although this is hardly the extent of their abilities. Baikal seals have two liters more blood than any other seal of their size and can stay underwater for up to 70 minutes if they are frightened or need to escape danger.

The Baikal seal is blamed for drops in omul numbers; however, this is not the case. The omul's main competitor is the golomyanka and by eating tons of these fish a year, Baikal seals cut down on the omul's competition for resources.

Baikal seals do have one unusual foraging habit. In the early autumn, before the entire lake freezes, they migrate to bays and coves and hunt sculpin, a fish that lives in silty areas and as a result usually contains a lot of grit and silt in its stomach. This grit scours out the seal's innards and gets rid of parasites..

Bibliography
 Peter Saundry. 2010. Baikal seal. Encyclopedia of Earth. topic editor: C. Michael Hogan; ed. in-chief: Cutler J. Cleveland. Washington, DC (Accessed May 21, 2010)
Earth Island Institute.  "The Lake Baikal Seal: Already Endangered" (on-line), Baikal Watch. (Accessed March 6, 2004; archive.org link added August 25, 2010.)

資料來源

睇埋
鰭足亞目
海豹

出面網頁
Harrold, A. 2002. "Phoca Sibirica" (on-line),  Animal Diversity Web. (Accessed August 27, 2007.)

海豹

貝加爾海豹


Pethidine or meperidine (often called Demerol in the United States) is a synthetic opioid - a man-made drug similar to morphine. It is a painkiller. It is used against moderate to severe pain. It can mix badly with other medicines, including muscle relaxants, some antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

Pethidine can be bad for people with liver disease, kidney disease, an enlarged prostate, trouble peeing, hyperthyroidism, asthma or Addison's disease. It can also be bad for people who have had seizures or epilepsy.

Opioids
Analgesics
Esters
Organonitrogen compounds

Pethidine


Wallace & Gromit: Curse of the Were-Rabbit is a 2005 stap-motion animatit film, the first featur-lenth Wallace & Gromit film. It wis fundit bi DreamWorks Animation an Aardman Animations, an lowsed bi DreamWorks Pictures. The film wis directit bi Nick Park an Steve Box an makkit hailie in Breetain. Hit wis released in the Unitit States in October 2005 tae naur-haund universally great reviews, includin "A" ratins fae Roger Ebert an Ty Burr.

The Curse of the Were-Rabbit is in pairt a parody o the horror genre, an conteens monie images that parodies or gies mense tae specific horror films. Ane o the telly advertisements for the film is a montage o thae parody images an scenes.

Peter Sallis (the vyce o Wallace) is jyned in the film bi Ralph Fiennes (as Lord Victor Quartermaine), Helena Bonham Carter (as Lady Tottington) an Peter Kay (as PC Mackintosh). Gromit bides lown.

Nick Park telt an interviewer that efter sindry Sey shawinss wi Breetish an American bairns, the picter wis chynged tae "tone down some of the British accents and make them speak more clearly so the American audiences could understand it all better  ."

The machine Wallace caws in the new film is an Austin A35 van. Thegither wi Aardman in the Spring o 2005, a road wirthy replica o the model wis creatit bi the brithers Mark an David Armé, foonders o the International Austin A30/A35 Register, for promotional ettles. In a 500 man oor customisation, an oreeginal 1964 van received a hail bodie restoration afore bein cloured for tae mak a perfit marrae o the smaw van uised in the film. The offeecial litt o the van is Preston Green, named in mense o Nick Park's hame toun. The name wis waled bi the Airt Director an Mark Armé.

Wallace and Gromit
2005 films
2005 animatit films
2000s comedy films
2000s fantasie films
Annie Awaird winners
Breetish films
Breetish animatit films
Breetish comedy films
Breetish fantasy films
Inglis-leid films
Animatit comedy films
Best Animatit Featur Annie Awaird winners
Best Animatit Featur Academy Awaird winners
Childer's fantasy films
Clay animation televeesion series an films
Fantasie-comedy films
Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters
Films set in Ingland
Films set in the 1960s
Stop-motion animatit films
DreamWorks Animation animatit films
Baist Animatit Featur Broadcast Film Critics Association Awaird winners

Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit


Ceanothus ophiochilus is a rare species of flowering shrub known by the common name Vail Lake ceanothus, native to Southern California. It was not described until 1991.

Distribution
The Ceanothus ophiochilus plant is endemic to California. It is only known from a few sites in the vicinity of Vail Lake and the Black Hills, east of Temecula and west of the Santa Rosa Mountains in southwestern Riverside County.

Ceanothus ophiochilus is a plant of the chaparral plant community, and in its small native range which currently is only a few acres, it grows in pyroxenite soil atop an ancient volcano. Its elevation range is .

One of the three remaining populations of this plant is on private property that may face development in the future.  It was listed as a threatened species on the federal level in 1998, and an endangered species by the state of California in 1994. There are up to 9000 individuals remaining, but some of these are hybrids with Ceanothus crassifolius.

Description
Ceanothus ophiochilus is an erect shrub reaching a maximum of  but generally shorter.  The young twigs are reddish and grow gray with age. The tiny evergreen leaves grow opposite on the branches and sometimes grow in clusters, and rarely reach a centimeter in length. They are thick, firm, and shiny.

The shrub flowers in short inflorescences of pale blue to white to pale pink flowers during February and March.

Fire ecology
This species grows only from seed, unlike other Ceanothus, which via an evolved fire ecology usually crown sprout from the lignotuber root crown after being reduced aboveground, such as by natural wildfires.

Cultivation
Ceanothus ophiochilus is cultivated by California native plant botanic gardens and plant nurseries, and available as an ornamental plant for: drought tolerant and native plant gardens, and natural landscape habitat gardens and larger landscape projects.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment - Ceanothus ophiochilus
USDA Plants Profile: Ceanothus ophiochilus
Center for Plant Conservation Profile
Ceanothus ophiochilus - Photo gallery

ophiochilus
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Flora of Riverside County, California
Temecula, California
Plants described in 1991
NatureServe critically imperiled species
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants

Ceanothus ophiochilus


A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage. For instance, a voltmeter can be used to see if there is more electricity left in a battery. The creation of voltmeters became possible when Hans Oersted invented the most simple voltmeter in 1819.

Connecting a voltmeter
The voltmeter can be connected by joining two wires to where the voltage is. One wire is the positive one, and the other the negative. With some voltmeters, one must make sure that the wires are connected to the right spots: the positive connection on the voltmeter to the more positive "part" of the voltage source, and the negative to the more negative "part". This way, the voltmeter is parallel to the electrical circuit.

One should also be careful about handling the connection: If there is a high voltage (many volts), one can get hurt or even killed by touching the metal connections with the voltage directly.

How voltmeters show the voltage
When the connections are made, the voltmeter shows the voltage. As there is no direct way to access the voltage, voltmeters are  designed as special sort of ammeter which can calculate the voltage by assessing the electrical current and applying Ohm's law.

There are two kinds of voltmeters. One kind has a needle, or "pointer", that points to a number that tells the number of volts. This is the kind of voltmeter where one has to be careful about making the positive and negative connections correctly – if the wrong connections are made, the voltmeter can be damaged.

The second kind of voltmeter shows the numbers in a "digital" way, just like digital clocks and calculators. This kind of voltmeter is not damaged from "wrong" connections; instead, they show a negative number.

Also, there are two types of voltmeters, based on the current type: some voltmeters are designed for use in direct current (DC) while others are designed for alternating current (AC). Modern voltmeters can work in both currents.

Using the right kind of voltmeter
All voltmeters have an upper limit, or a "maximum number" of volts they can "handle". If a voltmeter is used for bigger voltages than it was made to "handle", it may damage or destroy it.

Voltmeters with settings, and multimeters
Because it is important to use the right kind of voltmeter, they are most often made so they can be adjusted to measure all kinds of voltages. Such voltmeters usually have a "knob" or switch that can be set in different ways. If the voltmeter is set in one way, the voltmeter handles voltages up to, for example, 10 volts. If the switch is set in another way, the voltmeter can handle 100 volts, and so on. Inside the voltmeter, the switch usually works by changing resistors in a voltage divider.

In this way, one single voltmeter can be used for a lot of different voltages, large and small. Some modern voltmeters can do this setting all by themselves, one just has to make the connection and not worry about if the voltmeter can handle the voltage. It will automatically find a setting that can handle it.

Today, a voltmeter is usually part of a multimeter, an instrument that can work as both a voltmeter, an ammeter, and usually a few more measuring instruments. These also have switces, used to "tell" the multimeter to "be a voltmeter".

Multimeters often have more than two connections, and part of "telling" the multimeter what to measure (that is, whether to be a voltmeter or an amperemeter) is done by choosing the right two connections. This is explained in the manual for the multimeter, and often shown next to the connection points.

Use of amplifiers for sensitive measurement of voltage
The first type of voltmeters show the voltage using a needle or "pointer" pointing to the number of volts. These voltmeters take energy from the thing being measured to move the needle. Some very weak voltage sources might not have enough energy to move the needle to the right voltage. In that case, such a voltmeter shows too few volts. The voltmeter is not sensitive enough.

One solution to the above problem is to make the needle use as little energy as possible to move. However, there is a limit to how sensitive this kind of voltmeter can be. When vacuum tubes and transistors were invented, it became possible to build electronic amplifiers. By using an amplifier, a voltmeter can measure very small voltages from very weak sources. Modern voltmeters and multimeters normally have this kind of amplifier in them.

References

Measuring tools
Energy

Voltmeter


British Steel is the saxt album bi the Breetish hivy metal baund Judas Priest, released on 14 Aprile 1980. It saw the baund reprise the commercial soond thay haed established on "Killing Machine" ; housomever, this time, thay abandoned mony o the daurk leerical themes whilk haed been prominent on thair earlier releases. British Steel wis recordit at Tittenhurst Park, hame o umwhile Beatle John Lennon, efter a fause stairt at Startling Studios, a recordin studio locatit on Tittenhurst's grunds. Sampling didna exist yet at the time o recordin, sae the baund recorded the soonds o smashin milk bottles tae be included in "Breaking the Law", as weel as various soonds in "Metal Gods" produced bi "trays of cutlery"  an "billiard cues". It wis released in the UK at a discoont price o £3.99, wi the advertisements in the muisic press bearing the legend, "British Steal". Sangs "Breaking the Law", "United", an "Living After Midnight" war released as singles, while the track "Metal Gods" earned the baund members thair moniker.

The album wis remastered in 2001, wi twa bonus tracks addit. Bonus track "Red, White, and Blue" wis written in the earlier years o Priest's career. It wis recordit at Compass Point Studios in Nassau in Julie 1985. The seicont bonus track, a live performance o "Grinder", wis recorded on 5 Mey 1984, in Los Angeles during the Defenders o the Faith tour.

In 2009 Judas Priest kickit aff the 30t anniversary tour in the US playin the hale album live for the first time.

Anthrax guitar player Scott Ian said in an interview in the documentary Heavy Metal: Louder than Life that British Steel wis likely the album that really defined hivy metal, acause it, accordin tae him, did awa wi the "last shards o blues" that haed itherwise been characteristic o the genre. He said, "Even the title... how does it get more metal than that?"

The 30t Anniversary release o the album, came wi a Live DVD, an Live CD recorded on 17 August 2009 at the Seminole Hard Rock Arena in Hollywood, Florida as pairt o the British Steel 30t Anniversary tour. The Live versions o aw the British Steel tracks frae this release war an aa made available as downloadable content for the Rock Baund series beginnin 11 Mey 2010.

Track listin
Aw sangs written bi Rob Halford, K.K. Downing an Glenn Tipton

Original vinyl and remastered CD
 "Rapid Fire" - 4:08
 "Metal Gods" - 4:00
 "Breaking the Law" - 2:35
 "Grinder" - 3:58
 "United" - 3:35
 "Living After Midnight" - 3:31
 "You Don't Have to Be Old to Be Wise" - 5:04
 "Living After Midnight" - 3:31
 "The Rage" - 4:44
 "Steeler" – 4:30

Original US vinyl an original US CD issues
 "Breaking the Law" – 2:35
 "Rapid Fire" – 4:08
 "Metal Gods" – 4:00
 "Grinder" – 3:58
 "United" – 3:35
 "Living After Midnight" – 3:31
 "You Don't Have to Be Old to Be Wise" – 5:04
 "The Rage" – 4:44
 "Steeler" – 4:30

Bonus track (2001 re-issue)
 "Red White & Blue" (grabado en 1986 durante las sesiones de Turbo) - 3:40
 "Grinder" (en vivo) - 4:49

Judas Priest albums

British Steel (album)


Iceburn, known later as the Iceburn Collective, was a musical group formed in 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah, US, by guitarist/vocalist/composer Gentry Densley, the sole constant member through multiple personnel changes. They were known for their unique style that combined elements of jazz, heavy metal, punk, and classical music. Releasing albums on Revelation Records and Victory Records, Iceburn achieved little mainstream attention, but earned critical praise for their unusual music.

Band history
Their early output could be classified as jazzcore, blending the speed and energy of hardcore punk and metal with the intricacy of jazz and progressive rock. For their first few years and albums, Iceburn were, for the most part, a classic "power trio" of guitar, bass guitar and drums.

Around 1996, with the release of Meditavolutions, a 70-minute continuous piece in the form of a musical palindrome, the band began to go by the name the Iceburn Collective, to reflect the dynamic nature of the group's membership. The lineup expanded with a saxophonist, percussionist on conga drums, and a second guitarist. Critic Bret Love writes of the album, "the eclectic sound of this Utah-based septet flows so seamlessly that it may take a few songs before you realize you've never heard anything quite like it."

The band gradually introduced more and more improvisation. By the time they disbanded in about 2000, Iceburn was a completely improvised avant-garde jazz unit, featuring saxophone and other woodwind instruments.

Densley went on to participate in Ascend, a collaboration with Greg Anderson.

Most of their albums featured artwork by Californian Rich Jacobs.

Iceburn reunited for one concert in February 2007 to celebrate the 18th anniversary of Slug Mag (Salt Lake Underground, devoted to local music and arts), a longtime booster for Iceburn and Densely's music.

Discography

Albums
 Firon (1992), Victory Records
 Hephaestus (1993), Revelation Records
 Iceburn/Engine Kid split cd/12" (1994), Revelation Records
 Poetry of Fire (1994), Revelation Records
 Meditavolutions (1996), Revelation Records
 Polar Bear Suite (1997), Iceburn Records/Revelation Records
 Power of the Lion (1998), Iceburn Records/Revelation Records (Reissued on vinyl by Southern Lord in 2009)
 Speed of Light Voice of Thunder (1999), Iceburn Records
 Land of Wind and Ghosts (2000), Mountain Collective Records MTN-CIA
Asclepius (2021), Southern Lord

Singles
 Burn b/w Fall, Victory Records
 Moon b/w Brew No. 9, Art Monk Construction
 Leos 12", Lionhead Records
 Zu/Iceburn - PhonoMetak 10" Series No. 1, Odin's Beard 10" split with Zu  (2006), Wallace Records (Italy)

References

Musical groups from Utah
American post-hardcore musical groups
American avant-garde metal musical groups
Victory Records artists
Revelation Records artists
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in Utah

Iceburn


A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support. Civilian convoys may be organized, for example when driving through remote areas. A convoy also allows an organized group to arrive together with their equipment. They can start working together immediately, for example at an emergency. A convoy on land is sometimes called a caravan.

Convoys at sea came into widespread use when warships were made as a different kind of ship. They endangered enemy merchant ships that were not protected by friendly warships.

War
Transport

Convoy


A pirate code is a code of conduct for pirates - a set of rules for how to behave. Some of these codes were used by real pirates; others are from movies.

Historical articles of piracy
In the second half of the 17th century, pirates started following rules. These rules had many different names, including Chasse-Partie, Charter Party, Custom of the Coast, or Jamaica Discipline. Eventually, they became known as Articles of Agreement, or the pirate's code.  These changed from one captain to another. Sometimes they were different from one voyage (journey) to another. These rules included punishments for rule breakers and said how much treasure each crew member would receive.

Each crew member signed the articles (or if they could not write, they would make a mark to show they agreed). After the rules were signed, they were then posted in a common place, often the door of the grand cabin.

There are three known sets of these rules that still exist today. Most of these come from Charles Johnson's book A General History of the Pyrates. Part of a code from Henry Morgan, a famous British pirate, is remembered in a book called The Buccaneers of America by Alexandre Exquemelin, who probably sailed with Morgan as a ship's doctor. Very few of these rules still exist today, because often pirates burned the papers before being caught. They did this to prevent these papers from being used against them.

Bartholomew Roberts' articles
One of the most famous sets of pirate rules was written in 1720 by the famous Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts.

I. Every man has a vote in affairs of moment; has equal title to the fresh provisions, or strong liquors, at any time seized, and may use them at pleasure, unless a scarcity (not an uncommon thing among them) makes it necessary, for the good of all, to vote a retrenchment.

(This means that all crew members can vote on issues on the ship. All crew members can have any food or drink they have stolen, unless there is not much to go around.)

II. Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money, marooning was their punishment. If the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where he was sure to encounter hardships.

(When the pirates stole money or other treasure, every pirate would get a share.  But if one pirate defrauded the group by taking more than his share, he would be punished by marooning - being left alone on an island where there were no other people, with no food or water and no way to escape.  If a pirate stole from one other pirate, the guilty pirate would be punished by having his ears and nose cut, and left on shore.)

III. No person to game at cards or dice for money.

(This means that crew members cannot gamble using money while playing cards or dice)

IV. The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night: if any of the crew, after that hour still remained inclined for drinking, they were to do it on the open deck.

(This means that all fires had to be put out by 8:00 PM. If crew members wanted to drink after 8:00 PM, then they had to do it on deck.)

V. To keep their piece, pistols, and cutlass clean and fit for service.

(This means that crew members' weapons had to be kept clean)

VI. No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man were to be found seducing any of the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death;(so that when any fell into their hands, as it chanced in the Onslow, they put a sentinel immediately over her to prevent ill consequences from so dangerous an instrument of division and quarrel; but then here lies the roguery; they contend who shall be sentinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest bullies, who, to secure the lady's virtue, will let none lie with her but himself.)

(This means that no young boys or women were allowed to be crew members. If a crew member took a woman out to sea in disguise, then he would be killed as punishment.)

VII. To desert the ship or their quarters in battle, was punished with death or marooning.

(This means that if a crew member ran away from battle, he would be killed or left on a deserted island.)

VIII. No striking one another on board, but every man's quarrels to be ended on shore, at sword and pistol. (The quarter-master of the ship, when the parties will not come to any reconciliation, accompanies them on shore with what assistance he thinks proper, and turns the disputant back to back, at so many paces distance; at the word of command, they turn and fire immediately, (or else the piece is knocked out of their hands). If both miss, they come to their cutlasses, and then he is declared the victor who draws the first blood.)

(This means that the crew members were not allowed to fight on the ship. If they had to fight, they would fight on shore.  They would start with a duel where both pirates tried to shoot each other.  If both of them missed, they would fight with their swords. They were not allowed any help from other crew members in their fight.)

IX. No man to talk of breaking up their way of living, till each had shared one thousand pounds. If in order to this, any man should lose a limb, or become a cripple in their service, he was to have eight hundred dollars, out of the public stock, and for lesser hurts, proportionately.

(This means that no crew member was allowed to leave the ship's crew until each member had 1000 pounds' share of plunder (stolen money or goods). If a crew member became seriously injured, he would be given 800 dollars.)

X. The captain and quartermaster to receive two shares of a prize: the master, boatswain, and gunner, one share and a half, and other officers one and quarter.

(The captain and the quartermaster each receive two shares of stolen money or goods (double what the regular pirates got). The master, boatswain, and gunner each receive one and a half shares of stolen money or goods. Other officers receive one and one fourth shares of stolen money or goods.)

XI. The musicians to have rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six days and nights, none without special favour.

(Musicians could not play music on the Sabbath Day.)

Captain John Phillips's articles
Captain John Phillips, captain of the Revenge, also set a code for his men in 1724:

I.   Every Man Shall obey civil Command; the Captain shall have one full Share and a half of all Prizes; the Master, Carpenter, Boatswain and Gunner shall have one Share and quarter.

(Every pirate had to obey the rules and orders of the Captain and other people in charge.  The Captain would get one and a half shares of any stolen money or goods.  The Master, Carpenter, Boatswain, and Gunner would get one and a quarter shares.)

II.   If any Man shall offer to run away, or keep any Secret from the Company, he shall be marooned with one Bottle of Powder, one Bottle of Water, one small Arm, and Shot.

(If any pirate talked about running away from the ship, or kept any secret from the group, he would be marooned.  A pirate who was marooned by Captain Phillips would be left on a deserted island with one bottle of water, a small gun, a bottle of gunpowder and one bullet, so he could shoot and kill himself if he wanted to.)

III.  If any Man shall steal any Thing in the Company, or game, to the Value of a Piece of Eight, he shall be marooned or shot.

(If a pirate stole anything from the ship that was worth more than a piece of eight (a Spanish dollar), he would be marooned or killed.)

IV.  If any time we shall meet another Marooner that Man shall sign his Articles without the Consent of our Company, shall suffer such Punishment as the Captain and Company shall think fit.

V.   That Man that shall strike another whilst these Articles are in force, shall receive Moses's Law (that is, 40 Stripes lacking one) on the bare Back.

(A pirate who hit another pirate would be whipped 39 times on his bare back.)

VI.   That Man that shall snap his Arms, or smoke Tobacco in the Hold, without a Cap to his Pipe, or carry a Candle lighted without a Lanthorn, shall suffer the same Punishment as in the former Article.

(A pirate that fired a gun when not in battle, smoked tobacco in the hold (where gunpowder was kept), or carried a candle that was not in a lantern, would be whipped 39 times on the bare back.  These things were dangerous because they could start fires on the ship or make the gunpowder on the ship explode.)

VII.  That Man shall not keep his Arms clean, fit for an Engagement, or neglect his Business, shall be cut off from his Share, and suffer such other Punishment as the Captain and the Company shall think fit.

(If a pirate did not keep his weapons clean and ready for battle, or did not do his job, he would not get a share of any stolen money or goods.  He could also be punished in any other way that the Captain and other pirates decided.)

VIII.  If any Man shall lose a Joint in time of an Engagement, shall have 400 Pieces of Eight ; if a Limb, 800.

(A pirate who lost a joint in battle would be given 400 pieces of eight.  A pirate who lost an arm or a leg would be given 800 pieces of eight.)

IX.    If at any time you meet with a prudent Woman, that Man that offers to meddle with her, without her Consent, shall suffer present Death.

(Any pirate that tried to rape a woman would be killed.)

Articles of Edward Low and George Lowther
The Boston News-Letter, an old newspaper published in the 1700s, printed these rules and said they were set by Captain Edward Low.  The first eight of these articles are basically the same as the rules that Charles Johnson's book says Captain George Lowther used.  Since Lowther and Low are known to have sailed together from about January 1, 1722 to May 28, 1722, Low and Lowther probably did use the same articles. Low's two extra articles were probably ordinance, or amendment, adopted after the two crews separated.

I. The Captain is to have two full Shares; the [quarter] Master is to have one Share and one Half; The Doctor, Mate, Gunner and Boatswain, one Share and one Quarter.

II. He that shall be found guilty of taking up any Unlawful Weapon on Board the Privateer or any other prize by us taken, so as to Strike or Abuse one another in any regard, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall see fit.

(A pirate who was found guilty of taking a weapon onto the ship with the goal of hurting another pirate would be punished.  The punishment would be voted on by the pirates, and would be whatever the Captain and most of the pirates decided.)

III. He that shall be found Guilty of Cowardice in the time of engagements, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.

(A pirate who was found guilty of being a coward - not being brave enough - during battle would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)

IV. If any Gold, Jewels, Silver, &c. be found on Board of any Prize or Prizes to the value of a Piece of Eight, & the finder do not deliver it to the Quarter Master in the space of 24 hours he shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.

(If a pirate had any stolen money or goods that were worth more than a piece of eight, he had to give it to the Quarter-Master within 24 hours.  If he did not, he would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)

V. He that is found Guilty of Gaming, or Defrauding one another to the value of a Royal of Plate, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.

(If a pirate was found guilty of gambling for money, or stealing money from another pirate, he would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)

VI. He that shall have the Misfortune to loose a Limb in time of Engagement, shall have the Sum of Six hundred pieces of Eight, and remain aboard as long as he shall think fit.

(If a pirate lost an arm or a leg during battle, he would be given 600 pieces of eight.  The pirate could decide whether to stay on the ship or leave.)

VII. Good Quarters to be given when Craved.

VIII. He that sees a Sail first, shall have the best Pistol or Small Arm aboard of her.

(The first pirate to see a ship that the pirates could attack would be given the best gun the pirates were able to steal from that ship.)

IX. He that shall be guilty of Drunkenness in time of Engagement shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and Majority of the Company shall think fit.

(A pirate who was drunk during a battle would be punished however the Captain and most of the other pirates decided.)

X. No snapping of Guns in the Hold.

Pirate Code of Pirates of the Caribbean
In the Disney movie trilogy Pirates of the Caribbean, all the featured pirates are governed by a single Code.  While the Code has the force of law in Shipwreck Cove, where a codex containing the complete code is kept under the care of Captain Teague, elsewhere, the Code is treated more as a set of guidelines than as actual rules.

Related pages
 Piracy in the Caribbean

References
 Really Bad Eggs: Pirates of the Caribbean
 Pirate Articles of Capt. John Phillips 1724
 Charles Johnson, A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, London, 1724.
 Benerson Little, The Sea Rover's Practice: Pirate Tactics and Techniques, 1630-1730. Potomac Books, 2005.

Piracy
Ethics

Pirate code


USS Welles (DD-628), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Gideon Welles.

Welles was laid down on 27 September 1941 at Seattle, Washington, by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp. and launched on 7 September 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Suzanne Dudley Welles Brainard. The ship was commissioned on 16 August 1943.

Service history
Following shakedown training along the west coast of the United States, Welles returned to Puget Sound on 26 October. After post-shakedown availability there, she got underway on 15 November in company with two British escort carriers which she escorted as far as San Diego, California. Continuing on her way, the destroyer transited the Panama Canal on 28 November and set a course for New York. She stopped along the way at Norfolk and, upon her arrival at New York on 4 December, joined Destroyer Division 38 (DesDiv 38). Ordered farther north, the warship departed New York on 26 December and arrived in Boston harbor the following day. On the 28th, she and her division mates got underway for the western Pacific in the screen of the battleship . The task unit stopped briefly at Norfolk where New Jerseys sister battleship, , joined it for the voyage to the Pacific. The unit transited the Panama Canal during the first week in January 1944 and continued its voyage west on 8 January.

Southwest Pacific Area

Welles and her traveling companions arrived at Funafuti in the Ellice Islands on 21 January and remained there for a week before getting underway for New Guinea. The destroyer arrived at Milne Bay on 5 February and joined the U.S. 7th Fleet. Later in the month, she escorted a convoy of LSTs to Cape Gloucester on the island of New Britain. On 29 February, Welles provided gunfire support for elements of the Army's 1st Cavalry Division then landing on Los Negros Island in the Admiralties. During that operation, the destroyer came under fire from enemy automatic weapons and at least one field gun but sustained no damage. After completing her portion of the mission, she moved out to the transport area to provide antisubmarine defense. Periodically, she returned close to shore to provide all fire for American troops fighting ashore.

In March, she returned south to the area around Buna to prepare for operations to capture the remainder of the northern coast of New Guinea. During the Hollandia assault, the first of five leap frog steps to the Vogelkop, Welles was assigned to Task Group 77.2 (TG 77.2), the Central Attack Group which mounted its assault at Humboldt Bay on 22 April. About a month later, on 18 May, she supported the landings at Wakde Island and at Sarmi on the New Guinea mainland. From there, the warship continued with General Douglas MacArthur's amphibious jump to Biak Island where she provided gunfire support during the landings and consolidation operations from 27 May to 2 June. During that time, she destroyed several Japanese barges, harassed enemy ground forces, silenced a shore battery or two and helped to repel several air attacks.

Leaving Biak on 2 June, the warship screened logistics convoys along the New Guinea coast for about a month before arriving off Noemfoor Island, located just west of Biak, to support the capture of that island. At the end of July, she participated in the last amphibious operation in New Guinea when troops went ashore at Cape Sansapor on the Vogelkop.

She returned to Aitape early in August and then moved from there down the coast to Finschhafen whence she departed on 23 August, bound for the Solomon Islands. Welles arrived at Florida Island on 6 August and became a unit of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. She immediately plunged into preparations for the impending Palau attack. For the assault on Peleliu and Angaur, the destroyer initially screened the carriers providing air support. After the mid-September landings on the two islands, she was detached from the carriers and moved into the transport area to provide antisubmarine defense and to guard against any attempts to reinforce the two islands. At the conclusion of her participation in the Palau operation, she joined TG 77.2 and began preparations for the invasion of the Philippines at Leyte.

Western Pacific

She moved into Leyte Gulf on 18 October, two days before the actual landings, to cover preinvasion minesweeping and underwater demolition team operations. Her  shells also contributed to the preinvasion bombardment of the objective. After the 20 October landings, the warship delivered call fire in support of the troops advancing ashore and defended the invasion fleet against the heavy enemy air attacks launched against it. In the latter role, she claimed one unassisted kill. When the Japanese launched their three-pronged surface attack to break up the Leyte assault, Welles joined the screen of Vice Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's line of old battleships which virtually annihilated the enemy force which attempted to push through the Surigao Strait south of Leyte on the night of 24/25 October. Soon thereafter, she concluded her part in the Philippine operation and retired to Ulithi Atoll where she joined the screen of the Fast Carrier Task Force.

For the remainder of her participation in the war Welles cruised with either the fast carriers or with their logistics unit as the flattops launched air strikes on Japan's inner defenses and supported from a distance the invasions at Luzon, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.

In June 1945, she retired to Leyte for rest and upkeep. On the 21st of that month, she received orders to return to the United States for a major overhaul. Steaming via Eniwetok and Oahu, the destroyer arrived in Bremerton, Washington on 16 July. She remained there through the end of hostilities in August and until late September.

On 29 September, she got underway for the east coast. After a stop at San Pedro Harbor, she transited the Panama Canal on 14 October and headed for New York where she arrived on 20 October. In November, the ship moved south to Charleston, South Carolina, where she was placed out of commission on 4 February 1946. Welles was berthed with the Charleston Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet, until 10 February 1968 at which time her name was struck from the Navy list. On 18 July 1969, she was sold to the Union Minerals and Alloy Co. for scrapping.

Welles earned eight battle stars during World War II.

References

External links
        navsource.org: USS Welles
  hazegray.org: USS Welles

World War II destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Seattle
1942 ships
Gleaves-class destroyers of the United States Navy

USS Welles (DD-628)


A polity is a group of people who are brought together by any form of political agreement and who consider themselves as forming an autonomous unit. The political agreement uniting the group may be of different types: it can be a written constitution or even the unwritten recognition and respect of a hierarchy within the group. Depending on the size of the polity, it can be organized by a government or other, simpler forms of hierarchy. It is important to realize that the term polity can be used to refer to big entities like states, empires, and kingdoms, but also to smaller units like chiefdoms. What counts in calling a given group "a polity" is not its size nor the form of government it has. To be called "a polity" a group must be an organized and autonomous group that has exclusive rights of use of a specific portion of land.

Government

Polity


Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (often called just Bartlett's) is an American reference book. It is a collection of quotations. The book was first printed in 1855. Its eighteenth edition was published in 2012.

The quotations are listed by the name of the writer. That is different from other books of quotations that list by subject. The writers are listed by date of birth, not alphabetically. Quotations are arranged in order by time within each writer's entry. The book has an index of the main words used in the quotations. It gives the source of each quotation.

History
John Bartlett ran the University Book Store in Cambridge, Massachusetts. People often asked him for information on quotations. He began a book of them for reference.  In 1855, he privately printed his book as A Collection of Familiar Quotations. This first edition had 258 pages of quotations by 169 authors. Many of the quotations were from the Bible, William Shakespeare, and the great English poets.

The book was a great success. Bartlett issued three more editions before joining the Boston publishing firm of Little, Brown, and Company. Bartlett supervised nine editions of the work before his death in 1905.

The tenth edition (1914) was edited by Nathan Haskell Dole. It began with quotations originally in English. Most of these quotes were from literary sources. After those, there was a section of quotations from politicians and scientists (such as "fifty-four forty or fight!"). After that, there was a section of translated quotations. Those were mostly from the ancient Greeks and Romans. The last section had quotations from the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. Quotations were arranged in a single column.

The eleventh edition (1937) was edited by Christopher Morley (1890–1957) and Louella D. Everett. It had bigger pages and a two-column format. That is more like the format used today. A twelfth edition (1948) was also edited by Morley and Everett.

The thirteenth edition (1955) was called the "Centennial Edition." It was credited to the editors of Little, Brown, but the preface gives special thanks to Morley, Everett, and Emily Morison Beck (1915–2004). This edition included more recent quotations. The two youngest people quoted were cartoonist Bill Mauldin and Queen Elizabeth II. Beck also edited the fourteenth edition (1968) and the fifteenth (1980).

After Beck's retirement, Little, Brown made Justin Kaplan the editor for the sixteenth edition (1993). His book about Mark Twain, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, had won the 1967 Pulitzer Prize. Kaplan was criticized for including only three minor Ronald Reagan quotations in this edition, and for saying publicly that he despised Reagan. (Franklin D. Roosevelt had 35 entries and John F. Kennedy had 28.) Kaplan was also criticized for including pop culture material.

The seventeenth edition (2003) had similar criticism. It included entries for the first time from J.K. Rowling, Jerry Seinfeld, and Larry David. Classic quotations were cut, including eleven quotations by Alexander Pope. Kaplan did include six Reagan quotations. He told USA Today "I admit I was carried away by prejudice. Mischievously I did him dirty."

The eighteenth edition (2012) was edited by poet, critic, and editor Geoffrey O'Brien. O'Brien is also the editor-in-chief of the Library of America.

References

In addition to the prefaces of various editions of Bartlett's, the following sources were useful:
 Aram Bakshian, Jr.  "Bartlett's familiar quotas".  National Review.  v. 45, n. 22.  November 15, 1993.  60–61.
 "Bartlett's selective memory".  Alberta Report.  v. 21, n. 3.  January 3, 1994. 15.
 Caroline Benham.  "Cuts from 'Bartlett's Familiar Quotations'.  USA Today.  October 17, 2002.
 James Gleick.  "Bartlett Updated ".  New York Times Book Review.  August 8, 1993.  3.
 Roger Kimball.  "You Can Look It Up".  Wall Street Journal.  October 18, 2002.
 Douglas Martin.  "Emily Morison Beck, 88, Dies, Edited Bartlett's Quotations".  New York Times.  March 31, 2004.  C13.
 Adam Meyerson.  "Editing History".  Reader's Digest.  v. 144, issue 863.  March 1994.  104.
 Adam Meyerson.  "Mr. Kaplan, Tear Down This Wall".  Policy Review.  Fall 1993.  Issue 66.  4+.
 Robin Roger.  "Up to the minute".  Commentary.  v. 95, n. 5.  May 1993.  56–58.

Other websites
 Online copy of the 10th edition (1914) at Bartleby.com (text pages, searchable)
 Online copy of the 12th edition (1951) at Archive.org
 Online copy of the 14th edition (1968) at Archive.org (PDF, OCR text, TIFF)

Reference works
2003 books

Bartlett's Familiar Quotations


Wilhelm Henie (7 September 1872 – 10 May 1937) was a Norwegian sportsman and furrier. He was track cycling World Champion in 1894, and competed at the European Speed Skating Championships in 1896. Henie was coach and manager for his daughter Sonja, who became a famous figure skater and later film actress.

Cycling
Henie was an active track cyclist from 1889 to 1902. He represented the club Kristiania Velocipedklub. When he became World Champion in 1894, he was also the first Norwegian World Champion in any sport.

Early efforts
Henie started in his first race in June 1889, on the Majorstuen velodrome, and surprised by winning his class. In August 1889 he won the 2000 metre race on the Bygdø velodrome. In 1890 he represented his club at races in Copenhagen, and achieved a third place in 1 English mile.

Scandinavian success
In 1891 Henie experienced a lot of triumphs in Scandinavian races. He won races in Malmø and in Copenhagen, where he became Scandinavian Champion on 5000 metres. He also won 1st prizes at Majorstuen. He set Scandinavian records in  halfmile, in one English mile, in 4000 metres, in 5000 metres and in 5 English miles. Henie was appointed consul for Svenskt Hjulsportförbund in 1892. The consular connections were important at the time, as Norway was not a member of the International Cycling Association, and enrollment to international races had to go through member countries.

International career

Henie participated in 100 km motor pace at the 1894 Track Cycling World Championships for amateurs in Antwerp, and became World Champion. He did not have a motor pace as his hardest competitors, but was helped by Dutch tandem cyclists at the end of the race. Henie won the championship 13 rounds ahead of Green from England. He set two World Records in 1894, in two English miles and in ten English miles, both at the Herne Hill Velodrome in London. In 1895 he finished 3rd at the World Championships in Cologne, behind Mathieu Cordang and Witteveen. In 1900 he finished second at the World Championships in Paris, behind Bastien, with Hildebrand finishing third. He continued active cycling until 1902.

Speed skating
Henie was also a speed skater. He competed at the 1896 European Speed Skating Championships in Hamburg, where he finished second on 500m, third in 1500m, third in 5000m, and third in 10000m.

Coach and manager for Sonja
Henie was married to Selma Lochmann-Nielsen (1888–1961). They had two children, Leif and Sonja. Sonja started taking ballet lessons from she was five years old, and got her own skates when she was six. The family lived close to Frogner Stadion in Kristiania, and Sonja found her way to the ice, where she liked to play and experiment with the skates. When Sonja was only six years old, she was discovered by Hjørdis Olsen, a figure skater and coach for the skating club.

When Henie learned to know that his daughter had extraordinary talent, he decided to give her the best possible training. He found professional coaches for her, and travelled to the best training sites in Europe. Among her early coaches were former Norwegian champion and professional coach Oscar Holthe, and Martin Stixrud (10 times national champion, and Olympic medalist in 1920). In addition to training sessions with professional coaches, Henie himself coached her daughter. In her book Mitt livs eventyr Sonja says she had "the world's best manager, promotor, coach, helper and father". Later he also and arranged for performances at sports meetings. Sonja performed during intermissions at the large skating competitions in Oslo in 1921, 1922 and 1923, which gave her experience in performing in front of a large public.

Henie managed to get Sonja enrolled at the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, and followed her to preparations in St. Moritz prior to the games. Sonja was then only eleven years old. Henie and his wife Selma also designed Sonja's skating costumes. Sonja became World Champion in figure skating first time in 1927, and from then on every year until 1936. She became Olympic Champion in 1928, and again in 1932 and in 1936. She was European champion in 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 and 1936, and several times national champion. During this period Henie devoted much of his time and energy on his daughter's career.

After three Olympic gold medals and ten World Championships, Sonja gave up her amateur status and headed for a film career in Hollywood. The family travelled to America in 1936, when Sonja was 25 years old. Henie hired the skating stadion "The Polar Palace" in Los Angeles for an ice show, arranged for promotion in newspapers, and invited important persons from Hollywood. Sonja signed a lucrative five years' contract with film maker Darryl F. Zanuck, and her first film, One In A Million was finished late 1936. Parallel to the film career, Sonja also performed in popular ice revues.

Henie died in 1937.

References

Norwegian male cyclists
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Norwegian male speed skaters
Olympic coaches for Norway
Sportspeople from Oslo
1872 births
1937 deaths
Norwegian track cyclists
Norwegian figure skating coaches

Wilhelm Henie


William of Heytesbury, or William Heytesbury, called in Latin  Guglielmus Hentisberus or Tisberus (c. 1313 – 1372/1373), was an English philosopher and logician, best known as one of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, Oxford, where he was a fellow.

Life
Heytesbury had become a fellow of Merton by 1330. In his work he applied logical techniques to the problems of divisibility, the continuum, and kinematics. His magnum opus was the Regulae solvendi sophismata (Rules for Solving Sophisms), written about 1335.

He was Chancellor of the University of Oxford for the year 1371 to 1372.

Works
 1335 - Regulae solvendi sophismata (Rules for Solving Sophisms)
 1. On insoluble sentences
 2. On knowing and doubting
 3. On relative terms
 4. On beginning and ceasing
 5. On maxima and minima
 6. On the three categories (De tribus praedicamentis)
 1483 - De probationibus conclusionum tractatus regularum solvendi sophismata (On the Proofs of Conclusions from the Treatise of Rules for Resolving Syllogisms) - Pavia
 Liber Calculationum

Notes

Further reading
 Sylla, Edith (1982), "The Oxford Calculators", in Norman Kretzmann, Anthony Kenny & Pinborg (edd.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy.
 Murdoch, John (1982), "Infinity and Continuity", in Kretzmann, Kenny & Pinborg (edd.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy.
 Curtis, Wilson (1956), William Heytesbury. Medieval Logic and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

External links

14th-century English mathematicians
14th-century philosophers
14th-century English writers
14th-century writers in Latin
Scholastic philosophers
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford

William of Heytesbury


The Engineering Center is a research and educational area of Florida International University's main campus (eight blocks south of the Engineering Center) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It is located in Fontainebleau, a census-designated place, with a Miami postal address. It is home to the College of Engineering and Computing and the Motorola Nanofabrication Research Facility, the first centralized facility of its kind in Florida. The Motorola Nanofabrication Research Facility at Florida International University is an open-access initiative in support of nano-scale devices, systems and materials research that encompasses a broad range of technologies and capabilities. The facility provides nanofabrication, analytical instrumentation, materials characterization and process-development laboratories for students, faculty and industrial researchers.

References

External links

College of Engineering and Computing - Official website
Florida International University - Official website

Florida International University

Engineering Center


A blanket is a large, usually rectangular piece of cloth, generally used on a bed over a sheet to keep the sleeping person warm. Some blankets are knitted or crocheted while others are made of two layers of cloth sewn together with stuffing in the middle. Blankets can be made with hollow fibre or feathers.

Other names for blankets are quilts, duvets, and comforters, depending on their thickness, construction and/or stuffing.

The word blanket probably came from the 14th century. A special kind of fabric called Blanket fabric was created by a Flemish weaver who lived in Bristol, England.

Uses

Blankets may also be used on the ground for a picnic or other places where people want to sit without their clothing getting dirty or wet.

Firefighters use a special fire blanket to protect household items such as chairs from water damage.

Types of blankets
Electric blankets are heated by electricity. Blankets were traditionally made of wool because it is warm, naturally fire-retardant, and allows air to circulate well, while today synthetic fibers are frequently used. Throw blankets are smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and patterns, that can be used for extra warmth outside of bed.

Other kinds are horse blankets, used to keep horses warm, and saddle blankets, used to prevent the horse's saddle from rubbing on its skin.

Blanket terminology is also used in the printing industry. A blanket is a rubber coating over different layer of compressible material. It wraps around a cylinder and insures transfer of ink form the printed material (where the image is ink defined) to the paper. Blankets are used for offset, gravure, flexo, etc.

Home

Blanket


Tarun Gopi (born 10 April) is an Indian film director, scriptwriter and film producer. His first film as director was Thimiru (2006), which became one of the year's top-grossing Tamil films. He later ventured into acting roles, but has since prioritised his work as an actor below directorial duties.

Career
Tarun Gopi was born in Gudalu, in the Theni District of Tamil Nadu and was brought up in Madurai. Tarun Gopi had his schooling at the Government Higher Secondary School and then studied Bachelor of Accounting at Madurai Kamaraj University. Soon after completing his education, he joined as an assistant director and apprenticed under directors Sakthi Chidambaram and Upendra. Tarun Gopi made his debut with the masala film, Thimiru (2006) featuring Vishal in the lead role. He was keen on casting actress Sriya Reddy in a villainous role and was only successful in signing her on after several rounds of negotiation, with the casting subsequently winning acclaim post-release. The film opened in August 2006 to positive reviews, with a critic from The Hindu adding "Gopi's packaging and treatment make Thimiru engaging". Thimiru became a very successful venture at the box office and Tarun Gopi immediately began pre-production work on another script featuring Madhavan, but later discontinued work the project.

His next venture was Kaalai (2008) featuring Silambarasan and Vedhicka, which fared poorly at the box office and received negative reviews. During the making of the film, Tarun fell out with Silambarasan, with the pair reported to have had a brawl on the location of the shoot. Also during 2007, he announced that he would act as the antagonist in Silambarasan's directorial venture Kettavan and would work on a bilingual film, Nee Oda Naan Thuratha, with Prabhas, Lekha Washington, Ravi Krishna and Nila starring. However, the former venture was shelved after a single schedule and the latter project did not materialise. Tarun Gopi then set up his own production studio and began work on his home production venture, Kaatupaiya, where he would play the lead role himself. He was unsuccessful in bringing in Reemma Sen to play the heroine and subsequently found it difficult to continue the project, so accepted an offer to act and make his debut through Rasu Madhuravan's Mayandi Kudumbathar (2009), alongside nine other directors. The film had an average run at the box office, and during a press meet for the film, Tarun Gopi lashed out at actors Vishal and Silambarasan for treating him poorly in his earlier directorial commitments. He accused the pair of tearing promotional posters of Mayandi Kudumbathar and spoke of their continuous interference in their respective films. Tarun Gopi's outburst was widely criticised by his contemporaries in the film industry.

Tarun Gopi then planned to direct the Tamil remake of the successful Telugu film, Ullasamga Utsahamga in 2009, but the venture failed to take off. He also appeared in the films Jeeva Poonga directed by Azhagappan and Ennai Etho Seithu Vittai opposite Saranya Mohan during the period, but neither film had a theatrical release. Likewise in 2010, he worked on a multi-starrer film titled Gnani and Saravana Kudil opposite Saranya Nag, but again neither film was completed. Throughout the following years, he featured in further unreleased films such as Balamurugan's Pechiyakka Marumagan and Vadivudaiyaan's Kanniyum Kaalaiyum Sema Kadhal alongside Karan, and also issued a public apology to the actors he had upset previously. In 2015, he completed making Veri, a sequel to his previous film Thimiru, albeit with a smaller budget, which would feature a different cast lead by himself, Sandhya and Ramana. At the audio launch event of the film, he expressed his frustration at the unreleased state of several of his films and remarked that he would no longer prioritise work as an actor and would return to directing.

Filmography

As director

As actor

References

External links

Film directors from Chennai
Tamil film directors
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Male actors from Chennai

Tarun Gopi


Stanleya elata is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common name Panamint princesplume. It is native to the desert mountains of eastern California and western Nevada, where it grows in rocky and scrubby habitat types. It may also occur in Arizona. It is a perennial herb producing one or more erect stems reaching about 1.5 meters in maximum height. They are hairless and often waxy in texture. The thick, leathery leaves have lance-shaped or oblong blades with smooth or toothed edges measuring up to 15 centimeters long. They are borne on petioles. The top of the stem is occupied by a long inflorescence which is a dense, snaking raceme of many flowers. Each flower has four narrow, threadlike yellow or whitish petals each about a centimeter long and a millimeter wide. The fruit is a long, thin, wormlike silique which may be 10 centimeters in length. It contains tiny seeds.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
UC CalPhotos gallery

Brassicaceae
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Nevada
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Panamint Range
Endemic flora of the United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Stanleya elata


The Kunti Kingdom was the kingdom of Kunti-Bhoja, one of the prominent kings among the Bhoja-Yadavas.

Kunti, the mother of Pandavas and the first wife of Kuru king Pandu, was the adopted daughter of Kuntibhoja. Her given name was Pritha and she was a sister of Vasudeva, the father of Vasudeva Krishna. The Kunti kingdom was neighbour to the Avanti Kingdom. It was probably to the north of Avanti.

References in Mahabharata

The 18 tribes which fled due to attacks from Jarasandha

Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 14

Jarasandha was a powerful Ancient Indian king who ruled Magadha.

The eighteen tribes of the Bhojas, from fear of Jarasandha, have all fled towards the west; so also have the Surasenas, the Bhadrakas, the Vodhas, the Salwas, the Patachchavas, the Susthalas, the Mukuttas, and the Kulindas, along with the Kuntis. And the king of the Salwayana tribe with their brethren and followers; and the southern Panchalas and the eastern Kosalas have all fled to the country of the Kuntis. So also the Matsyas and the Sannyastapadas, overcome with fear, leaving their dominions in the north, have fled into the southern country. And so all the Panchalas, alarmed at the power of Jarasandha, have left their own kingdom and fled in all directions.

Kingdoms near Kuru Kingdom

Pandavas thought about selecting one among these kingdoms to spend their 13th year of exile in anonymity, forced upon them by Duryodhana.

Mahabharata, Book 4, Chapter 1

Surrounding the kingdom of the Kurus, are, many countries beautiful and abounding in corn, such as Panchala, Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, Malla, Salva, Yugandhara, Saurashtra, Avanti, and the spacious '-Rashtra (Kingdom).

 List of Kingdoms in Bharata Varsha (Ancient India)

Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 9

From the extract below, it seems there were two kingdoms with the name Kunti, one Kunti proper and the other Apara Kunti, which means a Kunti Kingdom farther away.

.......the Chedis, the Karushas, the Bhojas, the Sindhus, the Pulindakas, the Uttamas, the Dasharnas, the Mekalas, the Utkalas; the Panchalas, the Kausijas, the Nikarprishthas, Dhurandharas; the Sodhas, the Madrabhujingas, the Kasis, and the further-Kasis; the Jatharas, the Kukuras, the Kuntis, the Avantis, and the Apara-Kuntis; the Gomantas, the Mandakas, the Shandas, the Vidarbhas, the Rupavahikas; the Aswakas, the Pansurashtras, the Goparashtras, and the Karityas; the Adhirjayas,.....

 Bhargava Rama's Annihilation of Khsatrias

Mahabharata, Book 7, Chapter 68

The valiant son of Jamadagni, Bhargava Rama, proceeding against the Kashmiras, the Daradas, the Kuntis, the Kshudrakas, the Malavas, the Angas, the Vangas, the Kalingas, the Videhas, the Tamraliptakas, the Rakshovahas, the Vitahotras, the Trigartas, the Martikavatas, counting by thousand, slew them all by means of his whetted shafts.

 Kurukshetra War

Mahabharata, Book 8, Chapter 6

The Kuntis''' possessed of great prowess in battle, endued with great energy and great might, have been slain in fight by Bhishma, with all their kinsmen and advisers.

References

Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883–1896.

External links

Yadava kingdoms

Kunti Kingdom


Doddabasappa Temple () is a 12th-century Western Chalukyan architectural innovation in Dambal, Karnataka state, India. Dambal is about  southeast of Gadag city and  southwest of Ittagi in Koppal district. The sanctum contains a Shiva linga, the symbol of the presiding deity, God Shiva. The temple interior is a standard construction and consists of a sanctum (cella), a vestibule (antarala) and a main mantapa  (also called navaranga or hall). The vestibule connects the sanctum to the mantapa. The Western Chalukya monuments, regional variants of existing dravida (South Indian) temples, defined the Karnata dravida architectural tradition.

Temple plan

Stellate plan
The temple is based on a very original 24-pointed uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped) plan and uses soapstone as its basic building material. Contemporary stellate plans of the Bhumija shrines in central India where the inspiration for this temple came from, were all 32-pointed interrupted types. No temples of the 6-, 12-, or 24-pointed stellate plans are known to exist in Karnataka or Maharashtra, with the exception of the Doddabasappa temple, which can be described as a 24-pointed uninterrupted plan. In an 'interrupted' stellate plan, the stellate outline is interrupted by orthogonal (right-angle) projections in the cardinal directions, resulting in star points that have been skipped.

The Doddabasappa temple marks the mature development of the Chalukyan art which originated from basic dravida architecture of South India. Its departure from conventional dravida plan used in the Virupaksha temple in Pattadakal is so extreme that it would be very difficult to find similarities without detailed examination. A star shape is obtained by rotating a square about its centre. The star points form equidistant projections. The angles and re-entrant angles thus formed make the perimeter of the outerwall of the shrine.

The star projections are carried right up the superstructure (tower over the shrine — Shikhara), giving it an exotic look, though it loses strength in comparison to the square superstructures found in conventional dravida plans.  The storied arrangement of the superstructure found in dravida plans is not easily distinguishable here. The upper tiers of the seven-tiered (tala) superstructure look like cogged wheels with 48 dents.

Other details
The pillars in this temple are finely chiseled and "complicated" but lack the elegance of those at the Kasivisvesvara Temple in Lakkundi. The entrance to the shrine has above it a decorative architrave with space for images (now missing) of the Hindu Gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Depending on the dedication of the temple, either Vishnu or Shiva would take the central position in this arrangement. The entrance to the sanctum is elaborately decorated on either side with designs that are floral containing tiny images of dancers, musicians and even a mithuna couple (Gemini). In the main mantapa (hall) there are three images, one of the "five headed" Brahma and his vehicle (vahana), the goose, and two images are of Surya, the Sun God.

The temple has two doorways each with a porch, one facing south and the other facing east. The east facing door has on either side the remains of what must have been elegant lintel decoration, and an open hall type of pillared extension containing a large recumbent image of Nandi (bull) which faces the shrine.

Notes

External links
 Dambal
 Dambal a religious symphony

References

12th-century Hindu temples
Hindu temples in Gadag district
Chalukya dynasty
Western Chalukya Empire
12th-century establishments in India

Doddabasappa Temple


Vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation. Both arteries and veins are affected. Lymphangitis is sometimes considered a type of vasculitis. Vasculitis is primarily caused by leukocyte migration and resultant damage.

Although both occur in vasculitis, inflammation of veins (phlebitis) or arteries (arteritis) on their own are separate entities.

References

Blood disorders

Vasculitis


A nuclear meltdown describes a malfunction of a nuclear reactor. The term "nuclear meltdown" is commonly used by the public and by news media, but nuclear engineers usually refer to it as a core melt accident. A nuclear meltdown occurs when the middle portion of the nuclear reactor containing the fuel rods (its "core") is not properly cooled.   This can occur when the cooling system fails or is otherwise defective.  If this happens, uranium or plutonium or similar materials inside the nuclear reactor become hot and may start melting or dissolving.   It is this melting that is a nuclear meltdown. Due to decay heat, a nuclear meltdown can occur even in a reactor that is shut down. The uranium and plutonium liquified in a nuclear meltdown, mixed with fission products, melted zirconium from the fuel rod cladding, and other materials, is called corium. Corium is highly radioactive and remains hazardous for many centuries after a meltdown. The zirconium is a hazard because at high temperatures, it can react with the cooling water and make flammable hydrogen gas.

Meltdowns
Around the world, some nuclear meltdowns have occurred.  Some of them were mild, but few of them were very serious. Nuclear meltdowns can kill people from radiation poisoning.

The very last accident was the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. Four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had cooling problems after back-up diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami.

In 1986, a nuclear meltdown occurred in a place named Chernobyl (Ukraine). In this case, all the people living in the towns and the villages (near the defective nuclear reactor) had to move to far away places. The Chernobyl meltdown created a mass of corium which has been nicknamed "the Elephant's Foot" and is one of the most radioactive objects in the world.

Most large submarines get power from nuclear reactors inside them.  These are nuclear submarines. Some Russian nuclear submarines have faced nuclear meltdown.

Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may happen immediately. For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen. For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen.

A nuclear meltdown is sometimes called the "China syndrome", which refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the Earth "all the way to China". The movie The China Syndrome is named after this scenario. There is no way such an event could happen in the real world. A reactor core could not melt through the Earth's crust, and even if it did melt to the center of the Earth, it would not go back up to the surface against gravity.

Notes

Nuclear energy

Nuclear meltdown