Potter Heigham is a village and civil parish on the River Thurne in the English county of Norfolk. It is situated  north-east of the city of Norwich on the A149 road, and within the Broads National Park.

The village is known for its medieval bridge and the Church of St Nicholas. There are two national nature reserves within the parish; the Ludham - Potter Heigham NNR is to the west of the village whilst the Heigham Holmes NNR is to the east. The Weavers Way, a long distance footpath, also passes through the village on its way from Cromer to Great Yarmouth.

History
The village's name means 'Hatch homestead/village' or perhaps, 'hedge homestead/village'. There is evidence for Romano-British pottery industry here hence the 'Potter' addition.

The parish of Potter Heigham (pronounced locally as Ham) has a number of features related to the World Wars. Hickling Broad, to the north of the parish, was used as a seaplane base during World War I. Part of Ludham Airstrip, a now shrunken remnant of a larger World War II airbase, is also built on parish lands, and there were a number of defensive structures around the medieval bridge.

The Museum of The Broads was opened in Potter Heigham in 1996, and moved to its current location at the Poor's Staithe in Stalham in 1999.

Government
The civil parish has an area of  and in the 2001 census had a population of 961 in 425 households, the population increasing to 1,043 at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk and the county of Norfolk.

As in other broadland villages, the areas adjacent to the river fall under the administration of the Broads Authority.

Main sights

Apart from the church of St Nicholas and the medieval bridge, Potter Heigham has a number of buildings of historic or architectural note. These include the Heigham Holmes windpump to the east of the parish, High's mill on the River Thurne, and Sunways corn mill, all of which are listed buildings. The village is home to Lathams of Potter Heigham, a department store opened in 1964, but now owned by the QD Stores group.

Church of St Nicholas

Potter Heigham church is dedicated to St Nicholas, the patron saint of fishermen and children. The earliest surviving feature is the round tower, which dates from the 12th century and has a 14th-century octagonal extension, one of the best preserved in the country.

It is famed for its hammerbeam roof and the almost unique 15th-century brick font. The church also contains a scheme of wall paintings dating from the 14th century, the most readable of which depicts the Seven Works of Mercy. When the roof was re-thatched it required about 1850 bundles of reed. It is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk.  The church is a Grade I listed building.

Potter Heigham Bridge
Potter Heigham Bridge is a medieval bridge, believed to date from 1385, famous for being the most difficult to navigate in the Broads. The bridge opening is so narrow that only small cruisers can pass through it, and then only at low water, usually with the help of resident pilots at Phoenix Fleet boatyard next to the Bridge - there is a fee of £20 - £10 each way for holiday craft in the summer. Hire boats from the main agencies pay 50%, i.e. £10 for both trips. A modern roadbridge is close by.

Folklore
A tale is told that in 1742 Lady Carew and her daughter Evelyn were taken away on Evelyn's wedding day by a phantom coach driven by skeletons. The coach reportedly caught alight as it crossed Potter Heigham bridge. It is also said that the ghost of a drummer boy skates across the Broad during the month of February.

Notable people
The Norfolk humourist Sidney Grapes lived and worked in Potter Heigham. He was famous for his collection of Norfolk dialect letters entitled The Boy John Letters, which were originally published in the Eastern Daily Press.
Arthur Ransome set his books Coot Club and The Big Six in the Norfolk Broads, and Potter Heigham features as a location in both.

Notes

http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Potter%20Heigham

External links

.
Information from Genuki Norfolk on Potter Heigham.
St Nicholas on the European Round Tower Churches website
Southall, A. (2006).'A Vision of Britain Through Time: Potter Heigham CP'

North Norfolk
Norfolk Broads
Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk

Potter Heigham


Jon Foster is an American freelance illustrator, penciler, and sculptor.

Biography
Foster is best known for his comic book covers (DC Comics, Dark Horse Comics) and other works featured in role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Alternity.

Jon Foster studied illustration at the Rhode Island School of Design and graduated in 1989. His paintings are oils on canvas and are known to have a dark or muted color palette. Typically, they incorporate subject matter like good vs. evil, anger, and adventure. Before a project is complete, Foster scans his paintings into a computer to add digital effects.

Earlier in his career, Jon collaborated with artists such as Rick Berry and Dave Dorman (well known Star Wars artist).

Foster has illustrated cards for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.

Some of his achievements include multiple awards from the prestigious Spectrum sci-fi and fantasy art publications.

Jon lives in Providence, Rhode Island.

Works

Books
 Progressions (February 2003)
 Revolution: The Art of Jon Foster (November 2006)

Book covers
 Star Wars: The New Jedi Order: Force Heretic Trilogy by Sean Williams and Shane Dix (Del Rey Books, 2003)
 The Uninvited (May 2004)
 Snake Agent by Liz Williams (Night Shade Books, September 2005)
 The Dragonback series by Timothy Zahn (Starscape Books, 2005)
 The Demon and the City by Liz Williams (Night Shade Books, August 2006)
 Dark Harvest by Norman Partridge (Cemetery Dance, 2006)
 Mistborn: The Final Empire, Mistborn: The Well of Ascension, and Mistborn: Hero of Ages by Brandon Sanderson
 The Chronicles of Master Li and Number Ten Ox by Barry Hughart (Subterranean Press, 2008)
 Fender Lizards by Joe R. Lansdale (Subterranean Press, 2015)

Comics
 Aliens vs. Predator vs. Terminator
 Batman: the Ring, the Arrow and the Bat
 Hunter
 The Nightmare Factory - Volume 2
 Species
 Star Wars
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Other references
 Spectrum 6 (December 1999)
 Spectrum 8 (November 2001)
 Spectrum 9 (December 2002)
 Spectrum 10 (October 2003)
 Spectrum 11 (November 2004)

References

External links

20th-century American male artists
20th-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
21st-century American painters
American illustrators
American male painters
American speculative fiction artists
Fantasy artists
Game artists
Living people
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
Role-playing game artists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jon Foster (artist)


Bottom quarks or beauty quarks are the second most massive of the elementary particles (particles that are so small that they can not be divided any more). All quarks are elementary particles. Bottom quarks have a charge of -1/3, similar to down quarks. Although bottom quarks are not very common, they are found in particles such as B mesons, among others. All bottom quarks will decay into charm quarks or up quarks in about 10–12, due to weak force.

Quarks

Bottom quark


In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a function on Euclidean space. It is usually denoted by the symbols ∇·∇, ∇2 or ∆.  The Laplacian ∆f(p) of a function f at a point p, up to a constant depending on the dimension, is the rate at which the average value of f over spheres centered at p, deviates from f(p) as the radius of the sphere grows. In a Cartesian coordinate system, the Laplacian is given by the sum of second partial derivatives of the function with respect to each independent variable. In other coordinate systems such as cylindrical and spherical coordinates, the Laplacian also has a useful form.

The Laplace operator is named after the French mathematician Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1749–1827), who first applied the operator to the study of celestial mechanics. In this case, the operator gives a constant multiple of the mass density—when it is applied to a given gravitational potential. Solutions of the equation ∆f = 0, now called Laplace's equation, are the so-called harmonic functions, and represent the possible gravitational fields in free space.

The Laplacian occurs in differential equations that describe many physical phenomena, such as electric and gravitational potentials, the diffusion equation for heat and fluid flow, wave propagation, and quantum mechanics.  The Laplacian represents the flux density of the gradient flow of a function.  For instance, the net rate at which a chemical dissolved in a fluid moves toward or away from some point is proportional to the Laplacian of the chemical concentration at that point; the resulting equation is the diffusion equation.  For these reasons, the Laplace operator is used in the sciences for modelling all kinds of physical phenomena. In image processing and computer vision, the Laplacian operator has been used for various tasks such as blob and edge detection.

Related pages

 Curl
 Vector Laplacian

References

Calculus

Laplace operator


Hussy is a 1980 British film starring Helen Mirren, John Shea, and Paul Angelis, and directed by Matthew Chapman.

Plot
Beaty (Mirren) is a prostitute working at a London cabaret where Emory (John Shea) is a sound/lighting technician. They begin an affair encumbered by Beaty's job as a call girl.
They eventually fall in love, but predictably he grows increasingly uncomfortable with her line of work. In addition Emory has a bit of a dark secret from his past involving the accidental death of his then-wife. To further complicate things, Beaty has shared custody of a young son.

Eventually a pair of unsavory characters from each of the lovers' pasts shows up and further endangers their love.
Emory's gay friend Max (Murray Salem) arrives and wants to cut Emory in on an upcoming drug deal. He is simultaneously foppish, arrogant and abrasive. Beaty's abusive former lover, the father of her son and possibly her pimp is Alex (Paul Angelis), a strong-arm gorilla type fresh out of prison also arrives, needing a place to stay. Alex is clearly a brutish psychopath who threatens Beaty and Emory's future. Emory and Beaty's two past companions could not be more different. Max is sophisticated, articulate, stylish and outspoken. Alex is a working class English thug, quiet, simple and burning with violent rage.
Beaty rebuffs Alex's desire to rekindle whatever they had and this enrages him. He does however agree to be part of Max and Emory's caper (believing it to be gun smuggling).

On the day of the caper, Max, Emory and Alex end up in a car together with Max continuously taunting Alex. Alex finally has enough and shoots Max dead in the car. Emory and Alex dispose of the body and it becomes apparent that Alex is aware of Emory's intention to take Beaty and her son away. He is resigned to this and insists that Emory take some surplus cash found on Max's body. Emory drops Alex off with the smuggled drugs where Alex promises to 'take care of' (kill) the drugs' intended recipients to keep them from bothering Alex, Emory or Beaty.
When Emory and Beaty first reunite, she refuses to leave the country with him, citing a concern about her son, clearly having trouble uprooting and letting go of her past even though with the proceeds from the smuggling, they will be well set up and she will never have to work at her past profession again.

The end shows Emory, Beaty and her child racing to catch a plane, free of their past encumbrances.

Cast
 Helen Mirren - Beaty Simons
 John Shea - Emory Cole
 Paul Angelis - Alex Denham
 Murray Salem - Max
 Jenny Runacre - Vere
 Daniel Chasin - Billy
 Imogen Claire – Imogen
 Patti Boulaye - Cabaret Singer
 Marika Rivera - French Singer

Publicity
The poster for Hussy was produced by noted poster artist Sam Peffer.

References

External links

 Review of the film in DVD Talk

1980 films
1980 drama films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about prostitution in the United Kingdom
Films directed by Matthew Chapman
Films set in London
British drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s British films

Hussy


Hail Holy Queen

ನಮಾನ್ ರಾಣ್ಯೆ,
ಕಾಕೂತೀಚೆ ಮಾಯೆ,
ತುಂಚ್ ಘೆ ಆಮ್ಚೆಂ ಜಿವಿತ್,
ಆಂರೂತ್ ಆನಿ ಭರ್ವಾನಸೊ.
ಆಮಿ ಪರ್ದೆಶಿ ಎವೆಚಿಂ ಬಾಳ್ಕಾಂ ತುಕಾ ಉಲೊ ಮಾರ್ತಾಂವ್,
ಹ್ಯಾ ದುಖಾಂಚ್ಯಾ ಖಂಡಾಂತ್ ಸುಸ್ಕಾರ್ ಸೊಡುನ್, ರುದೋನ್ ಕರುನ್,
ಮಾಯೆ, ತುಕಾ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥ್ತಾಂವ್, ಆಮ್ಚೆರ್, ದಯಾಳ್ ಶೆರಾತೀನಿ, ತುಜಿ
ಕಾಕೂತೀಚಿ ನದರ್ ಘಾಲ್, ತುಂ ಕೊಣ್ವಾಳೆ ಆನಿ ಮೊಗಾಳ್,
ದುಲೊವ್ ಆಂಕ್ವಾರ್ ಮಾರ್ಯೆ, ಹ್ಯಾ ಪ್ರದೆಸಾ ಉಪ್ರಾಂತ್ : ತುಜೊ ಪುತ್ ಜೆಜು
ಆಮ್ಕಾಂ ದಾಖಯ್, ಭಾಗೆವಂತ್ ದೆವಾಚೆ ಮಾಯೆ ಆಮ್ಚ್ಯಾ ಖಾತಿರ್ ಮಾಗ್.
ಜೆಜುನ್ ಭಾಸಾಯ್ಲಾಂ ತೆಂ ಆಮ್ಕಾಂ ಫಾವೊ ಜಾವನ್ಚ್ಯಾ.

ಆಮೆನ್

The Salve Regina, also known as the Hail Holy Queen, is a Marian hymn and one of four Marian antiphons sung at different seasons within the Christian liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at Compline in the time from the Saturday before Trinity Sunday until the Friday before the first Sunday of Advent. The Hail Holy Queen is also the final prayer of the Rosary.

Traditional English Translation (North America)
(in the version used by Catholics in the United Kingdom and in the Anglo-Catholic version, the wording "mourning and weeping in this vale of tears" is used in the 5th line)

Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
Hail our life, our sweetness and our hope.
To thee do we cry,
Poor banished children of Eve;
To thee do we send forth our sighs,
Mourning and weeping in this vale of tears.

Turn then, most gracious advocate,
Thine eyes of mercy toward us;
And after this our exile,
Show unto us the blessed fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
O clement, O loving,
O sweet Virgin Mary.

℣ Pray for us O holy Mother of God,
℟ that we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ, thy Son.

Let us pray:

Almighty, everlasting God, who by the co-operation of the Holy Spirit didst prepare the body and soul of the glorious Virgin-Mother Mary to become a dwelling-place meet for thy Son: grant that as we rejoice in her commemoration; so by her fervent intercession we may be delivered from present evils and from everlasting death. Through the same Christ our Lord. Amen.

The Salve Regina was one of the Leonine Prayers, in which context the collect at the end was replaced by different text:

Let us pray:

O God, our refuge and our strength, look down with mercy upon the people who cry to Thee; and by the intercession of the glorious and immaculate Virgin Mary, Mother of God, of Saint Joseph her spouse, of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and of all the saints, in Thy mercy and goodness hear our prayers for the conversion of sinners, and for the liberty and exaltation of our Holy Mother the Church. Through the same Christ Our Lord. Amen.

Latin text
<poem>
Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiæ,
vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve.
ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ,
ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes
in hac lacrimarum valle.

Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos
misericordes oculos ad nos converte;
et Iesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui,
nobis post hoc exsilium ostende.
O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria.

℣ Regina coeli, laetare, Alleluia
℟ Quia quem meruisti portare Alleluia
℣ Resurrexit, sicut dixit Alleluia.
℟ Ora pro nobis, Deo Alleluia
℣ Gaude et Laetare, Virgo Maria, Alleluia
℟ Quia surrexit Dominus vere Alleluia
</poem

In some cases, the following versicle, response, and collect are added:

 ℣ Ora pro nobis sancta Dei Genitrix.
 ℟ Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.
 Oremus.
 Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, qui gloriosæ Virginis Matris Mariæ corpus et animam, ut dignum Filii tui habitaculum effici mereretur, Spiritu Sancto cooperante præparasti: da, ut cuius commemoratione lætamur; eius pia intercessione, ab instantibus malis, et a morte perpetua liberemur. Per eumdem Christum Dominum nostrum. R/ Amen.

ಪಳೆಯಾತ್
Salve_Regina

ರೊಮನ್ ಕಾಥ್ಲಿಕ್ ಆಂಚಿಂ ಮಾಗ್ಣಿಂ
ಕನ್ನಡ್ ಪಾನಾಂ

ನಮಾನ್ ರಾಣ್ಯೆ ಮಾಗ್ಣೆಂ


Lincoln Logs is the name of a children's toy.  They are small logs made for children to build with. They were invented in Chicago, Illinois by John Lloyd Wright, son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Lincoln Logs were added into the United States National Toy Hall of Fame in 1999.

Toys
Chicago
History of Chicago

Lincoln Logs


Robert Morris Townsend (born April 23, 1948) is an American economist and professor; he is the Elizabeth & James Killian Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prior to joining MIT, he was the Charles E. Merriam Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago where he remained a research associate (professor) until 2018.

Biography
Robert Townsend was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1948. He is the brother of John S. Townsend, a professor of physics at Harvey Mudd College.

Townsend received his B.A. from Duke University in 1970 and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1975. He began teaching at Carnegie Mellon University in 1975, and became a Professor at the University of Chicago in 1985 where he stayed full-time until moving to MIT in 2008. From 1987 to 1989 Townsend was also editor of the Journal of Political Economy.

In addition to his professorships, Townsend is the Principal Investigator and Project Director of the Enterprise Initiative, funded by the John Templeton Foundation, and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Additionally, he is a consultant for numerous institutions, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the World Bank, and Banco de España.

Townsend is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of The Econometric Society, as well as an Elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences.  He was the recipient of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize in 2011, and a Frisch Medal in 1998 for his work on village India and in 2012 for the structural evaluation of a large-scale microfinance program in Thailand; Townsend is the award's only two-time winner.

Research
Townsend began his work as a theorist in general equilibrium models and contract theory/mechanism design, but is known primarily for his work on revelation principle, costly state verification, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, and forecasting the forecasts of others. His contributions in econometrics include the study of risk and insurance in developing countries.

Since 1997, Townsend's Thai Project has undertaken large scale village surveys in Thailand to analyze the interaction between household decisions and community behavior at the level of families, villages, regions, and the nation. The Townsend Thai study was the first of its kind and has been the stepping stone for many other applied and theoretical projects in economic development and contract theory. Townsend's work has demonstrated innovation in the combination of theory and data, as well as the ability to work across various sub-fields. A documentary film about his research and field work in Thailand, titled Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise, was created in 2012.

Films
In 2012, a series of documentary films was created about the people and research behind the Townsend Thai Project. The series consists of one main film and a set of smaller, shorter films that highlight the work of entrepreneurs in rural Thailand.

 Emerging Thailand: The Spirit of Small Enterprise (34:15)
 Portraits of Thailand: Silkworm Farmer (2:37)
 Portraits of Thailand: Rubber Farmer (3:05)
 Portraits of Thailand: Food Cart Owner (1:51)
 Portraits of Thailand: Dairy Farmer (2:21)

Books
(with  Sombat Sakunthasathien and Rob Jordan) "Chronicles from the Field: The Townsend Thai Project" (MIT Press, 2013).  (hard cover)   (Ebook)
 (with Krislert Samphantharak) Households as Corporate Firms: An Analysis of Household Finance Using Integrated Household Surveys and Corporate Financial Accounting (Cambridge University Press, 2010). .
 Financial Systems in Developing Economies: Growth, Inequality, Poverty and Policy Evaluation in Thailand (Oxford University Press, 2008). .
 The Medieval Village Economy: A Study of the Pareto Mapping in General Equilibrium Models (Princeton University Press, 1993). .
 Financial Structure and Economic Organization: Key Elements and Patterns in Theory and History (Basil Blackwell, 1990). .

References

External links
 Robert M. Townsend website at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Enterprise Initiative organized by Robert M. Townsend
 The Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty
 Townsend Thai Project
 UC-UTCC Research Center founded by Robert M. Townsend
 IDEAS/RePEc

1948 births
Living people
21st-century American economists
American development economists
Duke University alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Journal of Political Economy editors

Robert M. Townsend


Toby Goodshank is  a musician and visual artist based out of New York City. In addition to his solo work, he performs regularly with New York City-based bands Double Deuce, the Tri-Lambs, and the Christian Pirate Puppets.

Biography
Toby Goodshank is an American musician, singer, and songwriter.  Toby Goodshank made his high-profile musical debut playing acoustic guitar in The Moldy Peaches. He has a prolific solo career, recording 14 albums in a five-year span and touring Europe with artists including Jeffrey Lewis and Kimya Dawson. He has since become a prominent voice in the underground NYC music scene.

Goodshank is also adept at pen-and-ink drawing, and usually designs packaging for his records. He has written a number of comics, and has designed merchandise and cover art for several other artists.

Style
Goodshank's style, while usually centered on his solo guitar and singing abilities, draws from a variety of pop and underground art and musical influences and employs many instrumental textures. Unconventional song structures, humor, innuendo, and wordplay are staples of his music and artwork across the variety of forms they take.

Records
Many of Goodshank's records have been self-produced and distributed on home-pressed CD-Rs. In 2003, he founded a small record label called Unicornsounds. Cover and liner art is usually his own.

Partial discography
 untitled (10 year anniversary edition) (2019)
 Dream on Me (2018)
 Piper Laurie (2014)
 Minus Días (2013)
 Preston Spurlock / Toby Goodshank split 7-inch record (2011)
 Truth Jump Fall (2011)
 Samuel Locke Ward / Toby Goodshank split 7-inch record (2011)
 Rumcock (2010)
 (Untitled album, with the phrases "Baked Naturals" and "Johnny's Democracy" on the front and back covers) (2009)
 Half-Broken, Grotty Books Shop (Split with O'Folk Brothers) (2008)
 Pray to You (2008)
 Toby Goodshank Triumphant (2007)
 Everything Intertwingles (2007)
 Di Santa Ragione (2006)
 Mogo On The Gogo (2006)
 Untitled Covers Album (2006)
 Fall Tour EP (with Schwervon!) (2006)
 Jyunsangatsu (2005)
 Come Correct (2004)
 Safe Harbour (2004)
 We Can Build You (2003)
 Helmic Regulator (2003)
 Put The Devil Where You Hang Your Hat (2002)
 Compound (2002)
 Follow Me If You Want To Fuck (2001)
 This Is For John Word (2001)
 Toby Goodshank Live @ Trash (2001)
 A Christmas Placation (with Crystal Madrilejos)
 Music for Heroes Vol. I: The Danger Vat (2002)
 Music for Heroes Vol. II: St. Leno, I Have No Prayer
 Music for Heroes Vol. III: A Chronicle of the Fear
 Music for Heroes Vol. IV (2005)
 Music for Heroes Vol. V (2007)

Compilation appearances
 I Killed the Monster: 21 Artists Performing the Songs of Daniel Johnston (2006) – "Now"
 The Art Star Sounds Compilation – "Sunny Sunny Cold Cold Day" 2005 [www.cdbaby.com/artstarsounds]
 Anticomp Folkilation (2007) – "Black Eye"
 Smooth Sounds: Various Artists Play the Future Hits of Wckr Spgt – "No Cheese For Porthos" 2010 – Shrimper

References

External links
 Toby Goodshank at Olive Juice Music
 Yam Sacs and Unicorn Sounds Brooklyn Rail profile, 6/07

Living people
Songwriters from New York (state)
Musicians from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
The Moldy Peaches members

Toby Goodshank


A company is a type of business. The definition of the term varies by country. Some companies, usually larger ones, are organized as corporations. It is often a business organization which makes goods or services in an organized manner and sells them to the public for profit. It may also be a non-profit organization. A company may hire people to be the staff of the company.

The term is also used more broadly for any group who work together, such as the crew of a ship or the cast of a play.

Company


Henry Bradford Nason (born in Foxborough, Massachusetts, 22 June 1831; died in Troy, New York, 18 January 1895) was a United States chemist.

Biography
His father, Elias Nason (born at Walpole, Massachusetts, in 1768; died at Easthampton, Massachusetts, in 1853), was a manufacturer of straw and cotton goods, a merchant, and served his town, Foxborough, as justice of the peace and as representative in the Massachusetts General Court. The family moved to North Bridgewater (now Brockton) when Henry Bradford was 10.

Having attended school for a short time at Newburyport, Massachusetts, Henry Bradford entered the Adelphian Academy at North Bridgewater in 1843, where his attention was drawn to the study of natural science, and he began to make collections of the local minerals. He entered Williston Seminary in December 1847, where his taste for natural science grew; he also became interested in chemistry, and enriched his collections of plants and minerals.

Nason pursued his studies further at Amherst College. There, he visited the interesting geological points in the Connecticut River Valley, and, under the guidance of Professor Shepard, he spent most of his vacations in the mineralogically rich regions of western Massachusetts and Connecticut, making many of his expeditions on foot or on horseback. He studied analytical chemistry under Professor Clark, and assisted him in the preparations for his lectures. He graduated from Amherst in 1855.

Nason then studied chemistry at the University of Göttingen, Germany, where in 1857 he received the degree of Ph.D. for his original investigations on the formation of ethers. At Göttingen he also became a member of the Burschenschaft Hannovera (fraternity). He afterward spent some time with Robert Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg, and with Karl Friedrich Plattner at the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. He enriched his collections with many specimens of minerals and of art.

On his return to the United States in 1858, Nason was appointed professor of natural history at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, New York, and in the same year he became professor of chemistry and natural sciences in Beloit College, holding both of these appointments until 1866. He then became professor of chemistry and natural science at RPI.

In 1860, he made a second visit to Europe, and made a tour of geological study in the southern United States. In the next year, he traveled through Ireland, Scotland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and a part of Germany, and spent a semester in Göttingen in the study of geology and mineralogy, under Waltershausen. He then visited and studied the volcanic regions of Italy, ascended Mount Vesuvius, explored the regions of the solfatara, climbed Mount Etna, examined the glaciers of Switzerland and the configuration of the Alpine regions; and, in France, inspected the natural curiosities of the Puy-de-Dôme.

In 1872 and 1875 he made three visits to California, in the course of which he traveled in Nevada and Idaho, and the mining regions of Colorado and Utah, and included in his third trip the Yosemite Valley. He spent the summer of 1877 in Finland and Russia. He was appointed juror by U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes for the Paris Exposition of 1878, and was assigned the department of mineralogy and metallurgy.

From 1880 to 1890, he was an advising chemist for the Standard Oil Company. There he worked on the refining of petroleum, methods of testing, analysis of the composition of crude oils, and the abatement of nuisances arising from smoke, odors, and other products of refineries. That year Nason received the degree of M.D. from Union College, and the degree of LL.D. from Beloit College. In 1881 the New York State Board of Health selected him to be inspector of petroleum oils, and appointed him as commissioner to London to consider methods of dealing with petroleum nuisances.

Another visit to northern Europe, in the summer of 1884, embraced the fjords and glaciers of Norway, and was extended to the North Cape. In 1887, Nason was appointed director of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York.

Nason was a member of the chemical societies of Berlin and New York, and in 1878 he was made a fellow of the London Chemical Society. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Society of Chemical Industry; a member of the American Chemical Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the Troy Scientific Association; an honorary member of the Albany Institute; and a member of the Norwegian Trekking Association.

From 1872 to 1886, he was secretary of the General Alumni Association of RPI.  As such, his books of 1875 and 1887 were prepared. Nason hall, an undergraduate residence hall at RPI, is named in his honor. After his death in 1895, he was buried in Oakwood Cemetery were a plaque on his gravestone reads: "Co-founder of GSA and mentor of eminent GSA president Thomas C. Chamberlin, and inspirer of Roebling in mineralogy."

Works
 Table of Reactions for Qualitative Analysis (Troy, 1865)
 Friedrich Wöhler, Handbook of Mineral Analysis, translation (Philadelphia, 1868)
 Table for Qualitative Analysis in Colors (Troy, 1870)
 Elderhorst, Manual of Blowpipe Analysis, and Determinative Mineralogy, editor with Charles F. Chandler (Philadelphia, 1873; 4th ed., 1875; 5th ed., 1876; 1880)
 Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Celebration of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., with a Catalogue of Officers and Students, 1824-74 (1875)
 Biographical Record of Officers and Graduates of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1887)

Family
His cousin Elias Nason was a Massachusetts clergyman and author.

Notes

References

External links

1831 births
1895 deaths
American chemists
Amherst College alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Beloit College faculty
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
People from Foxborough, Massachusetts
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Troy, New York)

Henry Bradford Nason


The Arch of Septimius Severus () is at the northwest end of the Roman Forum. It is a white marble triumphal arch. It was dedicated in  203 AD after the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons. Two campaigns were fought against the Parthians in 194/195 and 197–199 AD.

The sons were Caracalla and Geta. After the death of Septimius Severus, his sons were initially joint emperors. Caracalla had Geta assassinated in 212; Geta's memorials were destroyed. All images or mentions of him were removed from public buildings and monuments. So, Geta's image and inscriptions were removed from the arch (damnatio memoriae).
203
Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome

Arch of Septimus Severus


Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is an 1865 childrens' story written by Charles Dodgson and illustrated by John Tenniel. Dodgson used Lewis Carroll as a pen name when writing poetry and fiction.

The story is more well known as Alice in Wonderland and is the basis for many adaptations in films, art and music.

One of the very commonly used phrases today - "down the rabbit hole" - comes from the beginning of the story. Alice is a young girl who, while falling asleep outside on a golden afternoon, sees a white rabbit and follows it into a rabbit hole. When she falls down the rabbit hole, she begins her fantastical adventures in Wonderland.

Her adventures include distortions of time and proportion. Throughout the story she shrinks and grows repeatedly as she meets characters of all kinds  and sizes, including the iconic Caterpillar who asks "Who are you?" and Cheshire Cat who asks her "Where do you want to go?"

Characters
 Alice (main character)
 The White Rabbit (always in a hurry)
 Dodo (stupid bird)
 Caterpillar (VERY wise and old)
 The Duchess
 Her Cook
 Cheshire Cat (knows the way through the wicked forest)
 Mad Hatter (funny and crazy as it seems, likes tea very much)
 March Hare (friend of the Mad hatters)
 Dormouse (friend of the Mad hatters)
 King, Queen, and Knave of Hearts (queen of heats and her guards with her husband)
 Mock turtle
 Dinah (Alice's cat)

Story
The story starts with Alice sitting with her sister beside a lake. Suddenly, a white rabbit runs by. Alice runs after him. She finds his rabbit hole. She falls through the hole.  She meets many characters underground and has some amazing adventures. She grows larger or smaller by eating different things like cakes and mushrooms. At the end, she enters a lovely garden.  The Knave of Hearts is charged with stealing some tarts. A trial is held. Alice thinks the trial is ridiculous. She says so. Everyone is offended. There is a great commotion. Alice suddenly wakes up. She is back where she started, sitting with her sister beside the lake.

Background

The story was told on a summer outing to three little girls. One of them was named Alice Liddell. Alice asked Dodgson to write the story down. Dodgson accepted the task. It took two years.

The story was first called Alice's Adventures Under Ground. When Dodgson prepared the Alice story for publication, he added more events, such as the Mad Hatters's Tea Party, new characters, such as the Cheshire Cat, and changed the title to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The story was so popular that Dodgson, (under the pen name Lewis Carroll), wrote a sequel called Through the Looking-Glass. The Alice stories, often known as Alice in Wonderland, are popular in music, movies and plays.

Adaptations
The book has been adapted many times to movies and television. These adaptations include:
 Tim Burton's 2010 movie version, Alice in Wonderland, starring Johnny Depp, Mia Wasikowska, Anne Hathaway, and Helena Bonham Carter.
 Director Jonathan Miller's 1962 version with Anne-Marie Mallik as Alice, Finlay Currie as Dodo, Sir Michael Redgrave as Caterpillar, and John Gielgud as Mock Turtle
 Disney's 1951 animated movie Alice in Wonderland with Kathryn Beaumont voicing Alice

Other websites

 Text with illustrations at the University of Adelaide

Books by Lewis Carroll
1865 books

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland


Nils Lid Hjort (born 12 January 1953) is a Norwegian statistician, who has been a professor of mathematical statistics at the University of Oslo since 1991. Hjort's research themes are varied, with particularly noteworthy contributions in the fields of Bayesian probability (Beta processes for use in non- and semi-parametric models, particularly within survival analysis and event history analysis, but also with links to Indian buffet processes in machine learning), density estimation and nonparametric regression (local likelihood methodology), model selection (focused information criteria and model averaging), confidence distributions, and change detection. He has also worked with spatial statistics, statistics of remote sensing, pattern recognition, etc.

An article on frequentist model averaging, with co-author Gerda Claeskens, was selected as Fast Breaking Paper in the field of mathematics by the Essential Science Indicators in 2005. This and a companion paper, both published in Journal of the American Statistical Association in 2003, introduced focused information criteria, along with a clear large-sample analysis of subset and post-selection estimators.

Hjort has been a core member of the Centre of Excellence Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, on the scientific advisory board of the Centre for Innovation Statistics for Innovation, and has also been involved with the Centre for Biostatistical Modelling in the Medical Sciences, all within the University of Oslo.

Hjort is an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters since 1999, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters since 2016, and was the third recipient of the Sverdrup Prize, awarded by the Norwegian Statistical Association in 2013. He was also the first recipient of the Ludwig von Drake Award.

He has also served on the editorial boards on various journals dedicated to the methodology and application of statistical research, including the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, and the Annals of Statistics, and has been on the programme committees of numerous international conferences. He has led the 2014–2019 Research Council of Norway funded project FocuStat: Focus Driven Statistical Inference With Complex Data at the University of Oslo, and is co-leading the 2022–2023 project Stability and Change at the Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Over the years, Hjort has supervised or co-supervised about 40 Master's degree students and about 15 PhDs. Among these are Steffen Grønneberg and Céline Cunen, both winners of the Sverdrup Young Researcher Prize, Martin Jullum and Ingrid Dæhlen, both winners of the Norwegian Computing Centre Master's Prize.

On the applied side, Hjort demonstrated in 1994 that there is a small but Olympically significant difference between inner-lane and outer-lane starts for 500 m speedskating races, after a systematic analysis of world sprint championships data, implying that the Olympic 500 m event has been unfair since 1924. As a result of Hjort's work and initiative, the International Skating Union and the International Olympic Committee changed the rules; since Nagano 1998 onwards, the sprint skaters race the 500 m twice, with one start in inner lane and one start in the outer lane. He has also been a regular contributor to the Speedskating World magazine. Other applied work has involved analysis of literary texts. In the famous case of potential plagiarism where Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and others accused Mikhail Sholokhov of not being the rightful author of And Quiet Flows the Don, Hjort's analysis gives full support to Sholokhov. Since 2020, Hjort and fellow statisticians have collaborated with peace-and-conflict and political science researchers, from Peace Research Institute Oslo and elsewhere, to study the quantitative mechanics of conflicts, analyse and predict conflict levels, etc.

Hjort's other interests include Disney comics (where he has given public lectures and written scholarly articles for various publishers), chamber music and choir singing (taking part in more than ten CD recordings with Grex Vocalis), gøbbing (exchanging ideas with members of a think tank), and cross-country skiing. He has edited two books with the works of notable Disney comics artist Don Rosa.

Nils Lid Hjort is one of five sons of Supreme Court lawyer Johan Hjort and Helga Lid, and his grandfathers were Supreme Court lawyer Johan Bernhard Hjort and ethnologist Nils Lid. Among his brothers is typographer, designer and rock music historian Christopher Hjort, and his cousins include writer and publisher Anders Heger, mayor of Tromsø Jens Johan Hjort, violinist and conductor Gottfried von der Goltz, and cellist Kristin von der Goltz.

External links

 List of Hjort's publications via Google Scholar
 Hjort's page with the University of Oslo
 The FocuStat website: Focus Driven Statistical Inference With Complex Data
 Interview on frequentist model averaging Essential Science Indicators interview regarding "this month's fast breaking paper in the field of Mathematics", August 2005
 Mangfoldig talltrollmann Interview in forskning.no
 The physics of Santa Claus Hjort and other scholars argue for the existence of Santa Claus
 The annual World Cup Speedskating Contest Each year participants from a dozen countries compete for the Nils Lid Hjort trophy
 The Annual Ludwig von Drake Award Hjort was its first recipient
 The two Don Rosa books These feature Lancelot Pertwillaby and Captain Kentucky
 Speedskating Race of the Burg of Ducks With Disney comics artist Don Rosa
 The Olympic 500-m The Statistical Research Report that contributed to changing the Olympic Rules
 The Olympic 500-m, Appendix Part two of the Research Report
 One Thousand is Unfair, Two Thousand is Fair Research implying an Olympically significant unfairness also for the 1000-m
 Towards a More Peaceful World [insert `!' or `?' here] Statistical Sightings of Better Angels
 And Quiet Does not Flow the Don: Statistical Analysis of a Quarrel between Nobel Laureates, Solzhenitsyn vs. Sholokhov, 2007
 Bayesian Nonparametrics at the Isaac Newton Institute The research programme and conference on Bayesian Nonparametrics, 2007
 Highly Structured Stochastic Systems Oxford University Press book, 2003
 Model Selection and Model Averaging Cambridge University Press book, 2008
 Bayesian Nonparametrics Cambridge University Press book, 2010
 Confidence, Likelihood, Probability Cambridge University Press book, 2016

Norwegian statisticians
1953 births
Living people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

Nils Lid Hjort


Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply is a 1984 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's twelfth studio album. The album was a new version of the band's previous album The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome, where it was released in America only, after heavy metal band Quiet Riot had big success with a cover of the Slade song "Cum on Feel the Noize". It became the band's most successful album in America, peaking at #33.

The album featured the singles "Run Runaway", "My Oh My" and the promotional single "Slam the Hammer Down".

Track listing
"Run Runaway" (Holder/Lea) US #20
"My Oh My" (Holder/Lea) US #37
"High And Dry" (Holder/Lea)
"Slam The Hammer Down" (Holder/Lea)
"In The Dog House" (Holder/Lea)
"Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply" (Holder/Lea)
"Cheap 'N' Nasty Luv" (Holder/Lea)
"Don't Tame A Hurricane" (Holder/Lea)
"(And Now The Waltz) C'est La Vie" (Holder/Lea)
"Ready To Explode" (Holder/Lea)

1984 albums
Slade albums
Hard rock albums

Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply


Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland,  (born 20 March 1956) is a British Labour politician who served as the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and First Vice President of the European Commission in the Barroso Commission from 2009 to 2014.

Her political career began in 1999 when she was created a life peer as Baroness Ashton of Upholland, of St Albans in the County of Hertfordshire, by Tony Blair's Labour government. She became the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Education and Skills in 2001 and subsequently in the Ministry of Justice in 2004. She was appointed a Privy Councillor in May 2006 and Lady Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter in April 2023.

Ashton became Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council in Gordon Brown's first Cabinet in June 2007. She was instrumental in steering the EU's Treaty of Lisbon through the UK Parliament's upper chamber. In 2008, she was appointed as the British European Commissioner and became the Commissioner for Trade in the European Commission.

In December 2009, she became the inaugural High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. As High Representative, Ashton served as the EU's foreign policy chief. Despite being criticised by some, particularly at the time of her appointment and in the early stages of her term of office, for her limited previous experience of international diplomacy, Ashton subsequently won praise for her work as a negotiator in difficult international situations, in particular for her role in bringing Serbia and Kosovo to an agreement in April 2013 that normalised their ties, and in the P5+1 talks with Iran which led to the November 2013 Geneva interim agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme.

In January 2017, Ashton became Chancellor of the University of Warwick, succeeding Sir Richard Lambert and becoming Warwick's first female chancellor.

Early life
Catherine Ashton was born at Upholland, Lancashire, on 20 March 1956. She comes from a working-class family, with a background in coal mining.

Ashton attended Upholland Grammar School in Billinge Higher End, Lancashire, then Wigan Mining and Technical College, Wigan. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology in 1977 from Bedford College, London (now part of Royal Holloway, University of London). Ashton was the first person in her family to attend university.

Career

United Kingdom
Between 1977 and 1983, Ashton worked for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) as an administrator and in 1982 was elected as its national treasurer and subsequently as one of its vice-chairs. From 1979 to 1981 she was business manager of the Coverdale Organisation, a management consultancy.

As of 1983 she worked for the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work. From 1983 to 1989 she was director of Business in the Community, working with business to tackle inequality, and she established the Employers' Forum on Disability, Opportunity Now, and the Windsor Fellowship. For most of the 1990s, she was a freelance policy adviser. She chaired the Health Authority in Hertfordshire from 1998 to 2001 and she became a vice-president of the National Council for One-Parent Families.

She was created a Labour Life Peer as Baroness Ashton of Upholland in 1999, under Prime Minister Tony Blair. In June 2001 she was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Education and Skills. In 2002 she became Minister responsible for Sure Start in the same department, and in September 2004 she was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary in the Department for Constitutional Affairs, with responsibilities including the National Archives and the Public Guardianship Office. Ashton was sworn of the Privy Council in 2006, and she became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the new Ministry of Justice in May 2007.

In 2005 she was voted "Minister of the Year" by The House magazine and "Peer of the Year" by Channel 4. In 2006 she won the "Politician of the Year" award at the annual Stonewall Awards, made to those who had a positive impact on the lives of British LGBT people.

On 28 June 2007, Prime Minister Gordon Brown appointed Ashton to HM Cabinet as Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council. As Government Leader in the House of Lords, she was responsible for steering the Lisbon Treaty through the Upper House.

European Union
On 3 October 2008, Ashton was nominated by the UK to replace Peter Mandelson as the European Commissioner for Trade. Because European Commissioners may not engage in any other occupation during their term of office, whether gainful or not, she used the procedural device previously adopted in 1984 by Lord Cockfield and took a leave of absence from the House of Lords on 14 October 2008, retaining her peerage but not her seat.

During her term, Ashton represented the EU in negotiations related to a long-running dispute over beef with the United States (May 2009), led the EU delegation in an agreement with South Korea that removed virtually all tariffs between the two economies (October 2009) and represented the EU in ending a long-running dispute over banana imports, principally involving Latin America and the EU.

Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

On 19 November 2009, Ashton was appointed the EU's first High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security policy. Her appointment was agreed at a summit by 27 European Union leaders in Brussels. Having initially pushed for former British Prime Minister Tony Blair to become President of the European Council, Gordon Brown eventually relented on the condition that the post of High Representative be awarded to a Briton.

Ashton's relative obscurity prior to her appointment prompted comment in the media. The Guardian newspaper reported that her appointment as High Representative had received a "cautious welcome... from international relations experts". The Economist described her as being a virtual unknown with paltry political experience, having no foreign-policy background and never having been elected to anything. The magazine credited her, however, with piloting the Lisbon Treaty through the House of Lords, handling the European Commission's Trade Portfolio without disagreement with her colleagues, and being suited to consensus-building.

Critics predicted she would be out of her depth. Nile Gardiner of The Heritage Foundation, who opposed a European Union role in foreign and security policy on principle, wrote in The Daily Telegraph "This may well be the most ridiculous appointment in EU history". Daniel Hannan, a British Conservative MEP, complained that she had "no background in trade issues at a time when the EU is engaged in critical negotiations with Canada, Korea and the WTO". The Guardian quoted an anonymous Whitehall source as commenting "Cathy just got lucky...The appointment of her and Herman Van Rompuy European Council president was a complete disgrace. They are no more than garden gnomes."

By contrast, former Home Secretary Charles Clarke said: "I have seen Cathy in action. I have great respect for her. She is excellent at building good relations with people and a good negotiator". Shami Chakrabarti, the director of Liberty, a human-rights pressure group, said: "people underestimate Cathy at their peril. She is not a great big bruiser. She is a persuader and a charmer. That is the secret of her success."

After a confirmation hearing by the Trade Committee of the European Parliament, Ashton was approved by the Parliament on 22 October 2008 by 538 to 40 votes, with 63 abstentions. She took office on 1 December 2009 for a five-year-term.

She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 2015 New Year Honours List for services to the European Common Foreign and Security Policy.

Notable events of her term as High Representative

Notable events of her term included:
 Establishing the European External Action Service (1 December 2010), which merged the external relations departments of the European Commission and the Council of the European Union, and was to have diplomats seconded from national foreign services. Throughout the first half of 2010 Ashton sought agreement between the Council, the Parliament and the Commission over the shape of the EEAS. Parliament agreed to the plan on 8 July, when MEPs approved the service by 549 votes for and 78 against with 17 abstentions. The Council approved the transfer of departments to the EAS on 20 July. Until the EEAS became operational, Ashton had been supported by a staff of about 30 people.
Working with EU Special Representative Alexander Rondos to head Operation Atalanta: an EU military action off the coast of Somalia, which curtailed piracy (May 2012).
 Helping to reach a deal between Serbia and Kosovo that normalised their ties (April 2013).
 Successfully negotiating with the Egyptian Army a visit to the deposed president, Mohamed Morsi, in their custody. She reported that he was in good health and was well treated and aware of current affairs. (July 2013.)
 Chairmanship of the P5+1 in their negotiations with Iran on nuclear matters in 2013, which led to the Geneva interim agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme (November 2013).
Her visit to Kyiv during Ukraine's Euromaidan protests.

Serbia-Kosovo
In April 2013, after two years of negotiations, the governments of Serbia and Kosovo reached agreement to normalise their relations. Although Serbia did not formally recognise Kosovo as an independent state, it did "in effect – concede that the government in Pristina has legal authority over the whole territory, including Serb-majority areas of northern Kosovo". In return, Kosovo agreed to grant a degree of autonomy to four Serb-majority areas. The agreement, which among other things removed obstacles to Serbia and Kosovo joining the European Union, followed Ashton's mediation of ten rounds of talks between Serbia's Prime Minister, Ivica Dacic, and Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Thaci.
A cross-party committee of the U.S. House of Representatives nominated Ashton and her fellow negotiators Dacic and Thaci for the Nobel Peace Prize. A similar nomination came from the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament

Iran
After the November 2013 negotiation of an interim agreement with Iran over its nuclear programme, the Financial Times wrote that Ashton was "no longer the diplomatic dilettante". A senior French diplomat was quoted as saying, "I tip my hat to her.... She truly played a decisive role". The report continued that, after initially insisting on negotiating only with other foreign ministers, by the latter stages of the negotiations the Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif "now... wanted to deal only with Lady Ashton". Said a western diplomat, "That the others agreed to this was significant. For China and Russia to be outside while she was in the room negotiating details was quite remarkable".

Ukraine

In December 2013 Ashton visited Kyiv. She said she was impressed by the "determination of Ukrainians demonstrating for the European perspective of their country" and observed "with sadness that police used force to remove peaceful people from the center of Kyiv... Dialogue with political forces and society and the use of arguments is always better than the argument of force". Subsequently, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin criticised Ashton's categorisation of the anti-government protests in Kyiv as peaceful in nature, pointing to the death of a number of police officers.

At the beginning of March a recording of a conversation between Ashton and the Estonian foreign minister Urmas Paet was released. In the call, Paet said he had been told by a woman doctor named Olga that snipers responsible for killing police and civilians in Kyiv last month were protest movement provocateurs rather than supporters of then-president Viktor Yanukovych. Ashton responds: "I didn't know … Gosh." "So there is a stronger and stronger understanding that behind snipers it was not Yanukovych, it was somebody from the new coalition", Paet says. Ashton replies: "I think we do want to investigate. I didn't pick that up, that's interesting. Gosh", she says. The Estonian foreign ministry confirmed the accuracy of the leak but clarified that "Foreign Minister Paet was giving an overview of what he had heard in Kyiv and expressed concern over the situation on the ground. We reject the claim that Paet was giving an assessment of the opposition's involvement in the violence." The woman doctor, Olga Bogomolets, said in an interview reported by Paul Waldie of The Globe and Mail that, in her conversation with the Estonian minister, "she did not indicate that protesters used snipers. She simply relayed to the Estonian minister what she saw that day – protesters shot in the head and heart. 'What I saw were people who were killed by snipers and only on [protesters'] side.'"

On 28 March 2014 Ashton issued a news release condemning violence by members of the Ukrainian nationalist political party Right Sector, stating, "I strongly condemn the pressure by activists of the Right Sector who have surrounded the building of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Such an intimidation of the parliament is against ... democratic principles and [the] rule of law. I call on the Right Sector and other parties in Ukraine to refrain from the use or threat of violence. They need to hand over any unauthorised arms to the authorities immediately."

Russia

President Putin signed the new treason law on 12 November 2012. Ashton expressed concern at the new law "potentially penalizing contacts with foreign nationals with up to 20 years in prison" and reducing "the burden of proof for charges of treason and espionage". The United Nations Committee Against Torture stated that the new law could prohibit sharing information on the human rights situation in Russia with the United Nations human rights organs. According to Ashton, the March 2013 inspection wave in Russia seemed aimed at "undermining civil society activities".

Egypt

Ashton condemned the "disproportionate" use of force by Egyptian security forces on August 14, 2013, when the security forces killed over 1000 people during the violent dispersal of mass anti-government sit-ins at Cairo's Rabaa al-Adawiya and al-Nahda squares.

Assessments

Early phase as EU High Representative
Ashton was questioned by Members of the European Parliament in 2009 about her role as national treasurer in the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in the 1980s, amid claims by its opponents that it may have had financial links to the Soviet Union. Ashton responded that she had not taken any "direct money from communist countries". Much of the organisation's funds had been "collected in buckets" at marches and demonstrations, she said, adding that she was the first to order an audit of CND's finances. Her spokesman said: "She never visited the Soviet Union, she had no contacts with the Soviet Union and she never accepted money from Soviet sources ... She has never been a member of the Communist Party".

In February 2010, Ashton was criticised within the EU community for not visiting Haiti in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. A number of defence ministers reportedly also complained that she had not attended a European Defence Summit in Majorca. More broadly, senior officials within her team were said to complain that she spoke only in "generalities". A rumour that she switched off her phone after 8 pm every day was greeted by Ashton with ridicule.

In February 2011, Ashton received the lowest grade in a survey rating the performance of European Commissioners. The survey, carried out by lobbying and PR company Burson-Marsteller, asked 324 Brussels policy-makers to rate the European Commissioners with a grade of A to E (A being the highest). Ashton scored an E for her performance, the only Commissioner to receive a grade below D.

In March 2012, Ashton was criticised by Israeli politicians for comparing the shooting of Jewish children in Toulouse with the situation in Gaza. Ashton told Palestinian youths at a UNRWA event, "When we think of what happened in Toulouse today, when we remember what happened in Norway a year ago, when we know what is happening in Syria, when we see what is happening in Gaza and Sderot and in different parts of the world – we remember young people and children who lose their lives." After she was quoted in the press as not having mentioned the Israeli city of Sderot, Israeli politicians denounced her for equating the murder of three children and a rabbi in the shooting attack with the situation in Gaza. Her spokesman stated that her remark had been "grossly distorted" and that she had also referenced Israeli victims in Sderot, but this fact had been omitted from the original transcript.

In counterpoint to earlier criticism of Ashton for not travelling enough, in September 2012 The Daily Telegraph criticised her for not being present in Brussels for enough European Commission meetings, reporting that Ashton had missed 21 out of 32 regular weekly meetings held so far that year. To the paper's complaint that Ashton's absences were "leaving Britain without a voice" at such meetings, European diplomatic officials said that, under EU treaties, commissioners serve as representatives not of individual member countries but of the European interest. Ashton's staff also pointed to her personal involvement in nuclear negotiations with Iran as among the international responsibilities that had kept her away from Commission meetings.

The Polish Minister for European and Economic Affairs, Mikolaj Dowgielewicz, stated in 2011 that criticism of Ashton was "a lot of hot air" and that "she has an impossible job to do and she is doing it well. At the end of her time in office, people will be more positive about what she has done. She will leave a real legacy."

Ashton was said in February 2010 to be angry over what she perceived as the "latent sexism" among some of her European peers that underpinned some of the criticisms aimed at her. She told the press that her work was sometimes hampered by the limited resources provided to her. She is not, for example, provided with her own aeroplane: something taken for granted by U.S. Secretaries of State.

Later phase as EU High Representative
The tone of public comment on Ashton's performance in office was subsequently to be influenced especially by her contributions to negotiations over Kosovo and Iran. In October 2013, Der Spiegel wrote of her:But now the 57-year-old baroness is suddenly at the center of world diplomacy. And whenever she is mentioned, she earns praise for her hard-nosed negotiating skills, her stamina and her diplomatic talents. It is said that U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry has much faith in her. "She is discreet and perceptive, but also tenacious. That makes her an ideal negotiator", says Alexander Graf Lamsdorff, the head of Germany's business-friendly Free Democratic Party (FDP) in the European Parliament and a member of its Committee on Foreign Affairs.

One of the critics of Ashton's appointment came to concede her effectiveness in office. In September 2013, Peter Oborne, the chief political commentator of The Daily Telegraph, wrote:Well, let's admit we were all completely wrong. It is now obvious that Catherine Ashton has been a success. In her unobtrusive but determined way, she can boast real achievement. Last year a peace deal was struck between Serbia and Kosovo. Nobody had thought it possible. It was a massive step towards healing ancient hatreds and building economic prosperity. It was brokered by Baroness Ashton.... I have never met Baroness Ashton but I guess that one of her secrets is that she keeps her head down, does not flaunt her ego, and allows others to take the credit. It takes little imagination to envisage how a male politician from any of the main parties would have exploited the Kosovo peace-deal, or the Morsi visit. She just kept her head down and quietly got on with her job.

In July 2014, as discussions took place on the selection of Ashton's successor, Paul Taylor of Reuters wrote in The New York Times, as part of a larger critique of the political nature of appointments to the European Commission:While Ms. Ashton had some successes, brokering a first accord between Serbia and Kosovo and leading negotiations for an interim nuclear deal between Iran and world powers, critics say she has too often been missing in action closer to home.

Reflecting on her record, in July 2014, Adam Boulton in the UK's Sunday Times concluded:
 As the European Union's high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, Catherine Ashton still bestrides the international stage four years after Gordon Brown, the man who gave her the job, was expelled from the corridors of power. She was a surprise nominee to everyone including herself, and few would have expected then that her successor as Britain's commissioner would struggle to match Baroness Ashton in calibre and clout.

Personal life
Ashton lives in London with her husband, Peter Kellner, the former president of the online polling organisation, YouGov. Ashton and Kellner have been married since 1988. Ashton has two children and three stepchildren.

Publications
And Then What? Inside Stories of 21st-Century Diplomacy (Elliott & Thompson, London, 2023)

Other activities
Catherine Ashton is a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organisation that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organisation composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organisation officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

She has been the Chancellor of the University of Warwick since 2016.

Honours and awards

Awards
In February 2013, Ashton was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.

She was awarded an honorary degree from the University of East London in 2005.

British honours
 Lady Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
  Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 2015 New Year Honours List, upon her retirement as EU High Representative. In 2019 she was appointed King of Arms of the Order. She was appointed Chancellor of the Order in 2022. In that role she represented the Order at the 2023 Coronation.

Foreign honours
 2nd Class of the Order of the White Double Cross (Slovakia)

See also
 Baron Ashton of Hyde
 Baron Clitheroe

References

External links

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1956 births
Alumni of Bedford College, London
British European Commissioners
Chancellors of the University of Warwick
Ladies Companion of the Garter
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
First Vice-presidents of the European Commission
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Leaders of the House of Lords
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Living people
Lord Presidents of the Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from St Albans
People from Up Holland
Female foreign ministers
Women European Commissioners
21st-century British women politicians
British women diplomats
People educated at Upholland Grammar School

Catherine Ashton


Fasting is a kind of abstinence. It is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. It is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. It may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. Most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).

Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament. In Buddhism it is also taught as a way to getting Nirvana.

In almost all cases, there are exceptions for observing the fasting. These are made for the following groups of people
children
pregnant women
Those who have a disease, or are recovering from one
In some cases, old people

Politics

Fasting as a form of protest is called a hunger strike.

Intermittent fasting
Timed fasting is known as Intermittent fasting. It is sometimes used for weight loss.

There are different ways to time your fast. You can:

 Not eat for 16 hours
 Not eat for 20 hours
 Not eat for one day and feast on the next day and repeat
Eat one meal a day

Religious behavior and experience
Food and drink

Fasting


Liberia is a country in West Africa, bordering Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. On the Atlantic coast, the capital city of Monrovia is home to the Liberia National Museum, with its exhibits on national culture and history. Around Monrovia are palm-lined beaches like Silver and CeCe. Along the coast, beach towns include the port of Buchanan, as well as laid-back Robertsport, known for its strong surf.

Liberiya


Thermal radiation is radiation that things make because they are warm. It may be felt as heat or seen as light. It is a form of heat transfer that is moved from one place to another by electromagnetic radiation waves or rays. It does not require a form of matter to be transferred. Any matter which is at any temperature above absolute zero (0 K or -273°C) gives out and absorbs thermal radiation. Like light, thermal radiation travels through vacuum at a speed of approximately 3X10^8 metres per second. Thermal radiation can also travel in all directions. Dark, dull surfaces give out more thermal radiation while bright and shiny surfaces give out comparatively less thermal radiation. Those surfaces which give out thermal radiation well also absorb thermal radiation well.

For example a person in front of a fire can warm up because of the light of the fire, even if the air is cold.

Another example of thermal radiation is the heat that comes from the Sun to the Earth.

Warmer things make more radiation, and the electromagnetic waves are shorter. Most things on Earth are warm enough to make infrared radiation. Incandescent light bulbs are so hot, their radiation includes visible light.

Related pages
 Heat transfer
 Heat conduction
 Convection

References

Thermodynamics
Heat transfer

Thermal radiation


John Philip Frey (February 24, 1871 – November 29, 1957) was a labor activist and president of the American Federation of Labor's Metal Trades Department during a crucial period in American labor history.

Early life
Frey was born in Mankato, Minnesota on February 24, 1871, the son of an immigrant German father, Leopold, and an immigrant French mother, Julia. He received a public school education and became an iron molder in Worcester, Massachusetts, at the age of 16. He married Nellie Josephine Higgins on June 10, 1891.

In 1893, Frey was elected president of the local International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America (IMFWU).  He resigned the position to become treasurer of the New England regional board of the IMFWU in 1898, and a year later was elected vice president of the Massachusetts Federation of Labor.

Trade union career
In 1900, Frey was elected a vice president of the IMFWU. He became editor of the Molders' Journal in 1903 (he resigned the editorship in 1926). Frey used his position to augment his power within the union as well as suppress progressive elements in the rank and file.  For example, in 1924 delegates to the IMFWU convention passed resolutions calling for a labor party and industrial unionization in the metal trades. But Frey and the other officers of the union decided to ignore the will of the Molders' convention and oppose similar resolutions offered at the American Federation of Labor (AFL) convention that same year.

Frey moved to Ohio and was elected president of the Ohio State Federation of Labor in 1924. He stepped down to become its secretary-treasurer in 1927.

In 1918, Frey became chairman of the National Bureau of Economic Research, helping to raise money and incorporate the organization in 1920.  He remained chairman of the board of directors until 1927.

The Metal Trades Department of the AFL had been organized on January 15, 1908.  As a vice president of the IMFWU, Frey was automatically a delegate to the Metal Trades convention. Frey used his position as a delegate to oppose American entry into World War I.  Later, however, Frey became a fierce opponent of anything German.

Frey's advocacy of craft unionism and anti-Communism proved popular among his fellow Metal Trades delegates. He was elected secretary of the department in 1927, and president in 1934. He served in that capacity until his retirement in 1950.

During the presidency of AFL president William Green, Frey was one of the most influential men in the American labor movement. Frey, long with Matthew Woll, president of the International Photo-Engravers Union of North America, worked behind the scenes of the AFL executive council to craft AFL policies and positions, heavily influencing the passive Green. Green's rabid anti-Communism, his apolitical views, his refusal to consider governmental action as relief for working people's problems, and unwavering support for craft unionism all came from Frey and Woll.

Views and policies
Frey used the Metal Trades Department to shape the American labor movement according to his own views.  When the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers led 5,000 copper miners and craftsmen out on strike in Butte, Montana in 1934, Frey personally intervened. To Frey, the strike was a direct attack on the employer. Strikes led to radicalism and violence, causing a downward spiral of hate and brutality which did more harm than good. Frey often attacked the sitdown strike as "made in Moscow." Ending the Butte strike—at any cost—was Frey's chief goal. Subsequently, Frey negotiated a give-back agreement for the craftsmen which helped to break the strike and then bullied leaders of the mine workers into accepting the agreement as well. The sell-out broke the back of the labor movement in Butte for a decade.

Frey also became active in the labor education movement.  A large number of labor colleges had been formed by various unions between 1918 and 1921.  In order to coordinate the activities of these labor colleges and provide them with a degree of autonomy, the AFL supported the Workers' Education Bureau of America in 1921.  Frey served as an executive board member of the Bureau.  One such college, Brookwood Labor College in Katonah, New York, was created by the AFL in 1921. Brookwood attracted a large number of left-wing and Communist labor educators, however. Brookwood came under increasing attack from Frey and other members of the Workers' Education Bureau, until it finally closed in 1937.

The Brookwood incident also points up Frey's rabid anti-Communist views. Like many of his colleagues, including Samuel Gompers, William Green and Matthew Woll, Frey believed that the best defense for the American labor movement was to convince employers and government regulators that labor was completely supported the capitalist system and had employers' best interests at heart.

Frey was also not above red-baiting in order to achieve his other goals, and often used his position as the president of the Metal Trades Department to attack progressives, left-wing activists, socialists, communists and their ideas and policies anywhere within the labor movement. In June 1954, Frey accused Harold Pritchett, president of the International Woodworkers of America, of being a member of the Communist Party. Frey's accusations led to Pritchett's imprisonment and the decline of the Woodworkers union.

Frey's anti-Communism took more concrete form as well.  He joined the Army Reserve and rose to the level of lieutenant colonel by 1928.  He then became the liaison officer between the AFL and the U.S. Army.  In the 1930s, left-wing writers accused him of having a relationship with Army Intelligence, working to undercut democratic but progressive labor movements both at home and overseas. No relationship was ever proven, but Frey returned to active duty at the same rank during World War II—serving in the Army Specialist Reserve.

Frey was a leader within the AFL of craft unionism.  When John L. Lewis led a number of unions to form the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), Frey viciously attacked the CIO and its leaders on a wide variety of grounds. In August 1938, he spent three days accusing the Congress of Industrial Organizations of being a Communist front organization before the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Frey's conservatism led him to oppose a number of policies strongly supported by the American labor movement today.  He believed that Social Security would distract unions' attention from more important goals. He denounced government-provided unemployment insurance as communistic.  When railroad unions called for public ownership of the railroads in 1920, Frey ridiculed their position as "made in Germany" and helped Gompers and Woll to keep the convention from endorsing the position.

Frey retired from active union life in 1950.  He was a lifelong Republican, and had three children.  He died in Washington, D.C., on November 29, 1957, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Frey was considered a scholar in the labor movement, although he had little formal education.  He wrote six books:  An American Molder in Europe (1911), The Labor Injunction (1922), Calamity of Prosperity (1930), Bakers Domination (1933), Calamity of Recovery (1934) and Craft Unions of Ancient and Modern Times (1944).

References

Further reading

Ward, Paul W. "Presenting John P. Frey". The Nation. February 13, 1937, pp. 176–177.

American trade union leaders
1871 births
1957 deaths
Moldmakers
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
People from Mankato, Minnesota
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from Minnesota
Trade unionists from Ohio
American anti-communists
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

John P. Frey