Miki "Junior" Ah You (born December 30, 1948) is a former college and professional Canadian and American football player who played primarily at the defensive end position.  Ah You enjoyed most of his professional career success with the CFL Montreal Alouettes, from 1972 to 1981, and was a former collegiate standout at Arizona State University.  Ah You's jersey #77 is one of ten retired by the Alouettes, and he was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1997.  Ah You is also a member of the Arizona State Sports Hall of Fame and the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame.  In 2006, Ah You was voted to the Honour Roll of the CFL's Top 50 players of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.

Early life
Born in American Samoa, Ah You and his family later moved to Hawaii, where Ah You excelled in high school basketball and football at Kahuku High School.  Ah You graduated from high school in 1969, and left Hawaii to play college football at Arizona State.

College football career
Ah You was named co-outstanding player in the Sun Devils' 1970 Peach Bowl victory over North Carolina and outstanding defensive player in the 1971 victory over Florida State in the inaugural Fiesta Bowl. Ah You was a three-time All-Western Athletic Conference selection at defensive end. In 1971, he was selected as a United Press International second-team All-American.  In 1972, Ah You was selected to play in the post-season Hula Bowl.

Professional football career
Following college, Ah You was drafted in the 17th round (425th overall pick) of the 1972 NFL Draft by the NFL New England Patriots.  Ah You spurned the Patriots and the NFL, opting to join the CFL Montreal Alouettes prior to the start of the 1972 CFL season.

According to a 2007 interview, Ah You joined the Alouettes in part due to the Patriots' desire for him to play the linebacker position, rather than Ah You's natural position at defensive end:

Ah You played defensive end with the Alouettes for nine seasons (1972-1981), helping the team win two Grey Cup championships in 1974 and 1977.  Ah You won the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player (Defence) in the 1974 championship game, and was a CFL All-Star in two seasons (1976 and 1979). He helped recruit Clifton Alapa and Eletise Fiatoa to the Alouettes.

Following his final season with the Alouettes in 1981, Ah You was lured by George Allen to play in the United States Football League, where Ah You played 2 more professional football seasons.  In 1983, he suited up with the USFL's Chicago Blitz and then was traded to the New Orleans Breakers prior to the 1984 campaign.  In 1985, Ah You finished his career with the Arizona Outlaws retiring mid-season on April 22, 1984.

Ah You retired after the end of the 1985 USFL season with the Outlaws, who were then coached by Ah You's former college coach, Arizona State coach Frank Kush.

Post-football and personal life
Ah You is a member of the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame. He is currently a prominent citizen of Laie, Hawaii.  Ah You currently devotes his time to community activities such as the "Junior Ah You Basketball Tournament" and the "Junior Ah You Christmas Football Bowl."

Ah You has many relatives who have played college football. His nephew C.J. Ah You played for the University of Oklahoma and was selected in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills. Nephew Jonathan JT Mapu played for the University of Tennessee and was a free agent with the Washington Redskins. Nephews EJ Reid and Tori Taulogo played for Utah State University. EJ Reid was a free agent with the St. Louis Rams. Nephew Eldon Tuiasosopo plays for Dixie State University, and Eldon's brother Isaiah plays for Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee. Nephew Matt Ah You played at BYU from 2004 until 2008. Ah You's brother Charles lettered at BYU (1975–78). Ah You's sons, Kingsley (1992–1993) and Harland (1995–97) also played at BYU. Sons Miki Junior and Quin played for Dixie State College, and son Joshua played in Arizona for Mesa Community College.

Ah You also runs a restaurant in Kahuku (on the island of O'ahu) named Tita's Grill. With his son Kingsley, he co-owns and operates a company and website that showcases local Hawaiian high school, youth, and amateur sports.

References

External links
 Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame profile

1948 births
Living people
American football defensive linemen
Players of Canadian football from Hawaii
American sportspeople of Chinese descent
Arizona Outlaws players
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
Boston/New Orleans/Portland Breakers players
Canadian football defensive linemen
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Chicago Blitz players
Hawaii people of Chinese descent
Montreal Alouettes players
Samoan people of Chinese descent
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Players of American football from Hawaii
Players of American football from American Samoa
American Samoan people of Chinese descent

Junior Ah You


A plotter is a kind of printer for computers. Plotters use vector graphics. Usually they are used to print to paper which is very large in size. Plotters print things using special, colored pens. There is one called the drum plotter. They are often used in warehouses. They are generally used for making flex or maps.

Printers
Output devices
Computer hardware

Plotter


François Couperin (born in Paris on 10 November 1668; died in Paris, on 12 September 1733) was a French composer who lived in the Baroque period. Many of his relatives were composers. He is often called François Couperin le Grand (The Great) because he was the most famous of the Couperin family. He is best known today for his harpsichord music. He wrote several pieces which he called Ordres meaning the same as the word suite i.e. a collection of dance movements. Sometimes these movements have strange titles and we cannot always be sure what they mean. Some of them may have been nicknames of people he knew. He also wrote important organ music. He never had a family of his own before he died.

1668 births
1733 deaths
18th-century French composers
Baroque composers
Harpsichordists
French organists
17th-century French composers

François Couperin


The Daily Journal is a newspaper printed in Vineland, New Jersey from Monday to Saturday. It is distributed throughout most of Cumberland County in Southern New Jersey. Its main competitors are The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Courier Post and The Press of Atlantic City. The main focus is on communities in and around Vineland and Millville.

History
The first daily paper issued in Vineland, it was established on June 7, 1875, by W.E. Cansdell, 14 years after the founding of Vineland. A part of local history almost from the beginning, the original paper consisted of four pages with a yearly subscription rate of $2.

During the year of The Daily Journal'''s birth, the death of an editor at another local paper, The Vineland Independent, made headlines all over the northeast.

Max Leuchter and his wife, Cecelia Bass Leuchter founded The Vineland Times and merged it with The Vineland Journal in 1942. The Leuchter family sold the paper to The Evening News Association of Detroit in 1973. The Millville Daily was acquired at the same time. Gannett bought The Evening News Association in 1985.The Daily Journal took its current name in 1988 with the merger of the Millville Daily into Vineland Times-Journal''.

Prices
The Journal prices are: $0.75 Monday-Saturday.

References

External links

Official website
Official mobile website
Business History: The Daily Journal

Newspapers published in New Jersey
Vineland, New Jersey
Newspapers established in 1875
Gannett publications

The Daily Journal (New Jersey)


Magnus Hundt or Magnus Canis (1449 in Magdeburg – 1519 in Meißen), also known as Parthenopolitanus, was a German philosopher, physician and theologian. Hundt coined the term anthropology, and he and Otto Casmann have been mentioned as founders of anthropology since they used the term in the 16th century.

Background
Hundt was born in Magdeburg in 1449 and began his studies in Leipzig at the age of 33, receiving a Baccalaureate in 1484. In 1487, the year he received his advanced degree, he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Arts, and in 1499 he became rector of the University. At some point in his career he is believed to have served as physician to Count Schlick of Joachimsthal. His interests went beyond medicine, and in 1510 he received a doctorate in theology and held a chair in same subject at the University in Meissen, where the University of Leipzig had relocated because of the plague. He died in that city in 1519. During his lifetime, Hundt, also known as Magnus Hund and Magnus Canis ("Big Dog" in Latin), composed a book on grammar, commentaries on St. Augustine and Pierre Lombard, and diverse philosophical works.

Antropologium
Magnus Hundt's Antropologium de hominis dignitate, natura et proprietatibus, de elementis, partibus et membris humani corporis, published in Leipzig in 1501, serves to explain the body not only anatomically and physiologically, but philosophically and religiously too, stating that humans were created in the image of God and represent a microcosm of the world as God created it. Although the field has evolved to mean something different from how it is used in this work, Hundt's Antropologium contains the first mention ever of the term anthropology. Antropologium contains 17 woodcut illustrations of human anatomy, one of which, the human head on the verso of the title page, is repeated once. The illustrations are schematic, rather than accurate depictions. Some of the smaller images first appeared, though often in a more crude form, in Johann Peyligk's Philosophie Naturalis Compendium (Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, 1499).

References

 Choulant, L. History and bibliography of anatomic illustration. Trans. and annotated by Mortimer Frank. (New York: Hafner, 1962).
 Gysel, C. "L'odonto-stomatologie de Johann Peyligk (1499) et de Magnus Hundt (1501)." Revue d'odonto-stomatologie, t. XV, no. 3 (mai-juin 1986), p. 187-198.
 Morton's Medical Bibliography (Garrison and Morton). Ed. By Jeremy Norman. Fifth ed. (Aldershot, Hants, England : Scolar Press; Brookfield, Vt., USA : Gower Pub. Co., 1991). No. 363.3.
 Adapted from public domain text at Magnus Hundt Biography. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.

External links
 Magnus Hundt: Antropologium de hominis dignitate, natura et proprietatibus, de elementis, partibus et membris humani corporis. (Leipzig, 1501). Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.

1449 births
1519 deaths
16th-century German Catholic theologians
Physicians from Saxony-Anhalt
16th-century German physicians
German male non-fiction writers
15th-century German physicians
Medieval German theologians
15th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
16th-century writers in Latin

Magnus Hundt


The ancient Chinese musical system depends on very ancient mathematics used to determine sound frequencies. The easiest way to explain it is to work through a real example.

Suppose that somebody wanted to make a musical instrument that could play any song in the ancient Chinese system. Here are the instructions:

Make a wooden box 105 cm long and 60 cm wide. Put guides for the strings near each end of the box, and fix it so that these two guides are 99 cm apart.
Multiply 99 cm by 2/3, which is 66 cm. Place a fret all the way across the box on the 66 cm line.
Multiply 66 cm by 4/3, which is 88 cm. Place a fret along the 88 cm line.
Multiply 88 cm by 2/3, which is 58.66...6 cm. Place a fret along this line.
Multiply 58.66...6 cm by 4/3, which is 78.22...2 cm. Place a fret along this line.
Multiply 78.22...2 cm by 2/3, which is 54.148148...148 cm. Place a fret along this line.
Multiply 54.148148...148 cm by 4/3, which is 69.531 cm. Place a fret along this line.
Multiply 69.531 cm by 2/3, which is 46.354 -- and which is too short, so double it to get 92.708 cm. Place a fret along this line.
Multiply 92.708 cm by 4/3...
Multiply the previous answer by 2/3...
Keep going until you have put down eleven frets.

Counting the frequency on the open string and the frequencies on the fretted strings, for each string there will be 12 defined frequencies.

Tune the bottom string to some basic frequency. Tune the next string to the frequency of the bottom string at the first fret. Tune the third string to the bottom string's second fret. Keep going until you have tuned all twelve strings.

When you pluck these strings at all the fretted and unfretted positions, you will get 144 frequencies. Some of them will be duplicates, but not as many as you might think because this system is not like the Equal tempered system now used for almost all Western music.

Out of each twelve frequencies on a single string, you can make many selections of either five frequencies (for the pentatonic scales) or seven frequencies (for the heptatonic scales).

Here is a chart showing how frequencies and scales can be produced. The frequency of 440 hertz could have been any other frequency. Once this frequency is chosen, it is multiplied by the ratios to produce the first column of frequencies. Each of these 12 frequencies is used to start its own column. (See the dotted red line for one example.) Any five frequencies in a column can be chosen to make a pentatonic scale, as long as they are not right together and are not more than two apart.

In the United States, students are taught the scale whose notes are named: "do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti." Those seven (known to many from the "Doe, a deer, a female deer" song) produce a major scale. In Western music we also use a minor scale fairly frequently. But we only have those two. Chinese traditional music uses five different scales of five notes each. It also has pentatonic scales, but they are not discussed in this article.

References

Chinese music

Chinese musical system


The Midland Railway (MR) experimented with electrification on its Heysham-Morecambe-Lancaster line. Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908. The system used was 6,600 Volt, 25 Hz alternating current from overhead lines.  Power was generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.

MR

MR electric units


Periwinkle may refer to:

Animals
 Periwinkle, a common name for a number of gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae
 Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)
 Blue periwinkle (Nodilittorina unifasciata)
 Rough periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis)
 Periwinkle, a regional name for the caddisfly larva

Plants
The common name of plants in two genera in the family Apocynaceae:
 Catharanthus or Madagascar periwinkles
 Vinca or European periwinkles

Other uses
 Periwinkle (color), a pale shade of blue
 Periwinkle, a character in Blue's Clues
 Periwinkle, a character in The Bellflower Bunnies
 Periwinkle, a character in Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings
 Periwinkle, the main character in Patricia A. McKillip's book, The Changeling Sea

What is the point of learning

Periwinkle


The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.

Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116.

Almost all of the material in the chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC, and historical material follows up to the year in which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other.

Taken as a whole the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the end of Roman rule in Britain and the decades following the Norman Conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough Chronicle is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.

Seven of the nine surviving manuscripts and fragments are now in the British Library. The remaining two are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

References

Anglo-Saxons
Medieval literature
9th century in England
9th-century works

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle


The Territory of Kansas was a territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861. This was when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Kansas.

The territory extended from the Missouri border west to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. North-south it ran from the 37th parallel north to the 40th parallel north. Much of the eastern region of what is now the State of Colorado was part of Kansas Territory. The western region of the former Kansas Territory, the Territory of Colorado, was created on February 28, 1861.

Kansas–Nebraska Act

Kansas Territory was established by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The Kansas–Nebraska Act became a law on May 30, 1854, establishing the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory. The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which marked a line of latitude to be the separation of free and slave states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed the settlers of Kansas Territory to determine by popular sovereignty whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state. The Act contained thirty-seven sections. The provisions relating to Kansas Territory formed the last eighteen sections. Some of the more notable sections were:

Section 19
Defines the boundaries of the Territory, gives it the name of Kansas, and states that "when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission." It further provides for its future division into two or more Territories, and the attaching of any portion thereof to any other State or Territory; and for the holding inviolable the rights of all Indian tribes until such time as they shall be extinguished (replaced) by treaty.

Section 28
Declares the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to be in full force in the Territory.

Section 31
Locates the seat of government of the Territory, temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and authorizes the use for public purposes of the governmentbuildings.

Section 37
Declares all treaties, laws and other engagements made by the United States Government, with the Indian tribes inhabiting the Territory, to remain inviolate, notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of this act.

Eastern emigration

Pro-slavery settlers
Within a few days after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, hundreds of Missourians (also called Border Ruffians) crossed into Kansas territory. Many selected a section of land and voted in a meeting or meetings. This was intending to appear there was a pro-slavery majority in this region. In fact, each side became a majority back and forth.

As early as June 10, 1854, the Missourians held a meeting at Salt Creek Valley, a trading post  west from Fort Leavenworth, at which a "Squatter's Claim Association" was organized. In newspaper articles they said they were in favor of making Kansas a slave state "if it should require half the citizens of Missouri, musket in hand, to emigrate there, and even sacrifice their lives in accomplishing so desirable an end." In another paper they warned: "The abolitionists will probably not be interrupted if they settle north of the fortieth parallel of north latitude, but south of that line, and within Kansas Territory they need not set foot. It is decreed by the people who live adjacent that their institutions are to be established, and candor compels us to advise accordingly."

Free-Staters

During the long debate before the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, planning had already started for emigrants from the free states to settle in the territory. The largest organization created for this purpose was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, organized by Eli Thayer. Emigration from the free states, including New England, Iowa, Ohio, and other Midwestern states, flowed into the territory beginning in 1854. These emigrants were known as Free-Staters. Because Missourians had claimed much of the land closest to the border, the Free-Staters were forced to establish settlements further into Kansas Territory. Among these were Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan.

Abolitionists

Abolitionists, like Free-Staters, did not want Kansas to become a slave state. They wanted to get rid of slavery permanently in the United States. Abolitionists also believed "all men are created equal." Unlike Free-Staters, they wanted equal rights for blacks. The official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding all Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only. Eventually they compromised with Free-Staters to prevent slavery in Kansas.

First Territorial Appointments
The first territorial appointments were made in June and July 1854. The officers appointed by President Franklin Pierce. They were confirmed by the United States Senate. The first governor was Democrat Andrew Horatio Reeder. Reeder was completely in sympathy with the pro-slavery southerners. He took the oath of office in Washington, DC on July 7, 1854. He arrived in Kansas on October 7, the same year. Reeder became one of the most active land speculators in the territory. In 1855, this conflict of interest finally got him fired as governor by President Pierce.

Election of Territorial Legislature
On March 30, 1855 "Border Ruffians" from Missouri entered Kansas during the territory's first legislative election and voted in a pro-slavery Territorial Legislature. This was called the "Bogus Legislature" because of the widespread claims of election fraud. Antislavery candidates prevailed in one election district, the future Riley County.

The first session of the legislature was held in Pawnee, Kansas (within the boundary of modern-day Fort Riley) at the request of Governor Reeder. He chose it for several reasons, not the least of which was he was an investor in the city. The two-story stone building still stands and is open to the public as the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas. The building remained as the seat of the legislature for five days from July 2–6, 1855, then moved nearer Missouri to the Shawnee Methodist Mission.

The last legislative act of the Territorial Legislature was the approval of the charter for the College of the Sisters of Bethany. This was February 2, 1861—four days after James Buchanan signed the act of Congress that officially brought Kansas into the Union.

James H. Lane joined the Free-State movement in 1855 and became president the Topeka Constitutional Convention from October 23 to November 11, 1855. He was later a leader of "Jayhawkers". The first Free-state mass-meeting was in Lawrence on the evening of June 8, 1855. Missourians were charged with voter fraud, ballot-box stuffing, and the "Bogus Legislature" which does not represent the legal voters of this Territory.

It was claimed that some Missourians had used violence toward the persons and property of the inhabitants of the Kansas Territory. It was agreed that Kansas should be a free State. Also that Missourians in the late Kansas election were a gross outrage on the elective franchise and rights of freemen. They were also charged with violating popular sovereignty. Those attending did not feel bound to obey any laws made by the illegitimate legislature.

Bleeding Kansas

The violent period following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act is called Bleeding Kansas. Pro-slavery Missourians rushed in to claim land and push for the state to become a slave state. Free-Staters and abolitionists poured into Kansas from New England, Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. In a short time they outnumbered the pro-slavery faction. However, when elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places. They prevented Free-State men from voting, and they cast illegal votes. There was violence on both sides.   Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, Kansas, the Free-State capital. On 1 December 1855, a small army of mainly Border Ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. (This was the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War".) On 21 May 1856, an even larger force of Border Ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked. In retaliation, John Brown and 7 followers committed the Pottawatomie massacre. In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmedmen and boys from their houses and murdered with swords, guns and knives. This only increased the violence leading to the Battle of Osawatomie where the abolitionists of Osawatomie were attacked and the town burned.

Notes

References

19th century in the United States
History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1854 establishments in the United States
1861 disestablishments
Former territories of the United States

Kansas Territory


Kalypso or Calypso is a nymph in Greek mythology, who lives on the island Ogygia. This island was so hidden that no man would find it twice.  Calypso was the daughter of Atlas so she was placed on the island and not allowed to leave.

In the Odyssey, the hero Odysseus comes to her island after escaping from the sea, and the death of his men. Odysseus stayed with her for seven years. But then the god Hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let Odysseus go. Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope, and so he left her. She can be seductive at times.

Nymphs

Calypso


Maist o the yird's surface is kivered wi watter. The aboot 22 percent that isna, is cried Laund (as contrair tae watter).

Laund can hae different kynds o syle. Thare mey be stanes, saund, clart, etc.

A Laund micht can mean some territory, formin pairt o a kintra an aw.

Whan uised as a suffix or as pairt o a place name laund is aft spelt land

Physical geografie
Geografie terminology
Geomorphology

Laund


The Hatch Act of 1887 (ch. 314, , enacted 1887-03-02,  et seq.) gave federal funds, initially of $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The bill was named for Congressman William Hatch, who chaired the House Committee of Agriculture at the time the bill was introduced. State agricultural stations created under this act were usually connected with those land-grant state colleges and universities founded under the Morrill Act of 1862, with few exceptions.

Many stations founded under the Hatch Act later became the foundations for state cooperative extension services under the Smith–Lever Act of 1914.

Congress amended the act in 1955 to add a formula that uses rural and farm population factors to allocate the annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations among the states. Under the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 7212), states will continue to be required to provide at least 100% matching funds (traditionally, most states have provided more). On average, Hatch Act formula funds constitute 10% of total funding for each experiment station. (7 U.S.C. 361a et seq.).

See also
 Adams Act of 1906
 Purnell Act of 1925
 Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
 George W. Atherton

External links
 Hatch Act of 1887 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection

United States federal agriculture legislation
United States federal public land legislation
1887 in American law
49th United States Congress

Hatch Act of 1887


Translocation in vascular plants means the movement of organic molecules and some mineral ions.  Movement of water from the soil to the leaves occurs in xylem vessels as the result of Transpiration. Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, causes a pull on the water column due to the forces of cohesion between water molecules formed due to hydrogen bonds which causes the water to move upwards. Organic materials,  mainly produced in the leaves, are moved around the plant in the living cells of the phloem by a process called translocation.

Unlike xylem (which is composed of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap.  Sap is a water-based solution, rich in sugars made by the photosynthesis. These sugars are transported to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant, such as the roots, or into storage structures, such as tubers or bulbs.

The 'pressure flow' hypothesis was proposed by Ernst Münch in 1930 to explain the mechanism of phloem translocation. Leaves photosynthesize, making sugars. Water moves into the sugar-laden sieve-tube cells with sugar by osmosis. This creating pressure that pushes the sap down the sieve tube. When the sugar reaches cells that need it, the cells actively transport sugars out of the sieve-tube elements.

During the plant's growth period, usually during the spring, storage organs such as the roots are sugar sources, and the plant's many growing areas are sugar sinks. The movement in phloem is multi-directional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is one-directional (upwards). Other molecules like amino acids, hormones, and even messenger RNAs are also transported in the phloem through sieve tube elements.

References

Plant physiology

Translocation (botany)


Elgar Howarth (born 4 November 1935), is an English conductor, composer and trumpeter.

Biography
Howarth was born at Cannock, Staffordshire.  He was educated in the 1950s at Manchester University and the Royal Manchester College of Music (the predecessor of the Royal Northern College of Music), where his fellow students included the composers Harrison Birtwistle, David Ellis, Alexander Goehr, Peter Maxwell Davies and the pianist John Ogdon. Together they formed New Music Manchester, a group dedicated to the performance of new music.

He has worked with all leading British orchestras, as well as many orchestras worldwide. He played the opening bars of Tippett's King Priam at its Coventry premiere in 1962, (conducting the whole work years later for English National Opera).
He has conducted many operas, and premiered György Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre at the Royal Swedish Opera in  Stockholm in 1978 and four operas by Harrison Birtwistle: The Mask of Orpheus at English National Opera (1986),  Yan Tan Tethera for Opera Factory (1986), Gawain at the Royal Opera House in London (1991) and The Second Mrs Kong at Glyndebourne (1994).  He was Principal Guest Conductor of Opera North from 1985 to 1988, and Music Advisor to the company from 2002 to 2004.

As a composer and former trumpet player, he writes mainly for brass instruments. Swedish trumpeter Håkan Hardenberger has premiered several of his works on cornet, including his Cornet Concerto, Canto, and Capriccio. He has written arrangements such as The Carnival of Venice Variations for brass ensemble  and Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition arranged for brass band. Composer Roy Newsome remarks that "Howarth's masterly rendition of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1979) dwarfed all previous transcriptions."

He was brought up in a brass band family and has maintained his interest in the art form. Howarth has made a huge contribution to the modern repertoire of brass band music. Many of his works are recorded, most notably by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band and the Eikanger-Bjørsvik band.  He also was one of the trumpeters who performed with The Beatles on the song "Magical Mystery Tour".

A number of personal copies of works he has conducted (some including annotations) are catalogued at the University of East Anglia's School of Music.

In December 2003, he was revealed to have rejected a CBE.

References

1935 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Brass band composers
Brass band conductors
English classical trumpeters
Male trumpeters
English composers
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Opera North
People from Cannock
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Laurence Olivier Award winners

Elgar Howarth


Shylock is a key character and the antagonist in Shakespeare's 1596 or 1597 play The Merchant of Venice. He is a Jewish moneylender.

Shylock agrees to a bond with Antonio, the merchant of Venice. This bond requires Antonio to give a pound of his flesh next his heart should the money not be repaid on a certain date. When Antonio fails, Shylock goes to court to get the pound of flesh. Antonio had previously insulted and spat on him in the Rialto (the commercial centre of Venice). This helps to explain why Shylock demanded his pound of flesh.

Meanwhile, Shylock's daughter Jessica falls in love with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and converts to Christianity. This adds to Shylock's rage.

Shylock fails in court, and Antonio is released. Shylock is charged with attempted murder. Shylock is then forced to give half of his properties to the country and the other half to Antonio and to convert to Christianity.

Shylock has a famous speech beginning "Hath not a Jew eyes?" Famous actors who have played Shylock include Laurence Olivier.

In Shakespeare's time, no Jews had been legally present in England for several hundred years (since Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290). But the idea of Jews as money lenders remained from the Middle Ages. Historically, money lending had been a fairly common occupation among Jews, perhaps because Christians were not allowed to practise usury.

Characters in Shakespeare's plays

Shylock


Naturalization is when a person changes their nationality. Most people have the nationality of the country where they are born and grow up. In other cases, one can be a citizen of a country because the individual in question had a parent, grandparent, etc who was/is a citizen of a different country. If they move to another country they will still keep their own nationality at first, but if they stay there for many years and want to stay there for the rest of their lives they may want to change their nationality.

Different countries have different laws about naturalization. Usually the person must make a promise in a court of law. He will have to promise to be a good citizen and obey the country's laws. Sometimes a country gives citizenship to someone who has not asked for it. Sometimes, someone can keep their first nationality as well as getting a new one. This is "dual nationality". Sometimes children whose parents have different nationalities are allowed to have dual nationality.

Someone who has been naturalized will normally have all the rights that any other person belonging to that country has.

The reverse also happens. States sometimes remove citizenship. This denaturalization can leave the former citizen stateless.

References
Citizenship

Naturalization


Mongolian script was the first writing system to be used to write the Mongolian language. It is similar to the Arabic alphabet in that it is a cursive writing system, or a writing system where all the letters in a word always touch each other and change depending on if the letter is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. It is a vertically written system, meaning that it is written top-to-bottom, and it is the only vertical writing system to be read left-to-right (all other vertical systems, like Chinese and Korean, are left-to-right). It is one of the two writing systems used to write the Mongolian language, alongside Cyrillic, in the independent country of Mongolia (which is sometimes called Outer Mongolia to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia) and the only writing system used to write the language in the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Unlike Arabic, and Old Uyghur, the Traditional Mongolian script and it's variants are an abugida and brahmic script. It is also used to write several other Mongolic and Tungustic languages such as Buryat, Kalmyk, Oirat, Manchu, and Xibe.

It is believed that the reason why Mongolian script is vertical is so that it could easily be written on the neck of a horse, which horses were a very important part of Mongolian culture. In the year 1208, Genghis Khan captured a Uighur scribe named Tatar-Tonga and forced him to make the alphabet of his native language, the Old Uyghr alphabet, be used to write the Mongolian language. It did not fit the Mongolian language well, and it was difficult to learn even for native Mongolian speakers.

In 1941, a few decades after Mongolia became a communist state, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced Mongolian script likely due to influence from their communist ally, the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism,  Mongolia made Mongolian script official alongside Cyrillic to revive Mongolian culture. However, Cyrillic is still more common due to the lack of education in Mongolian writing, the lack of money to support it, and the difficulty of typing Mongolian on a computer. Also, more Mongolians can read Cyrillic than Mongolian script.  In Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, most ethnic Mongols do not know Cyrillic and can only read Mongolian in the Mongolian script.

References

Writing systems
Alphabets

Mongolian script


The Tenth Army () was a Field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II.

World War I
The Tenth Army, first called détachement d'armée Maud'huy, was formed on 1 October 1914 during the Race to the Sea.

It gained a victory in the Battle of Arras (1914). Later, it took part in the Second Battle of Artois (May 1915), the Third Battle of Artois (September 1915), the Battle of the Somme (July 1916), and the Second Battle of the Aisne (April 1917).

In October 1917, at the request of the Italian Supreme Commander, General Luigi Cadorna, the Tenth Army moved onto the Italian Front alongside British Expeditionary Force units, together forming the Italian Expeditionary Force. For this operation the army included the 12th Army Corps and the 31st Army Corps, for a total of six infantry divisions of French troops.  The Italians had been pushed back at the Battle of Caporetto by German Army reinforced Austro-Hungarian divisions. French forces were settled mostly west of the city of Verona, supposedly to counter a rumoured offensive by Austro-Hungarian forces that would purportedly come from the County of Tyrol via the Adige river valley.

On 26 March 1918, the Tenth Army returned to France, where it fought in the Third Battle of the Aisne, Second Battle of the Marne and the Hundred Days Offensive.
The two divisions of 12th Army Corps under command of Jean César Graziani remained in Italy until the end of the war.

Interwar Period
After the Armistice it was part of the occupation of the Rhineland. On 21 October 1919 it was combined with the Eighth Army to form the French Army of the Rhine.

World War II
It was reformed in the Second World War. A first Tenth Army is disbanded between 7 and  8 June 1940, with on the one hand the encirclement of the 9th Army Corps at Saint-Valéry-en-Caux and on the other hand the attachment of the 10th and 25th Army Corps to the Armée de Paris. After the rupture of the Somme front, on 5 et 6 June 1940, the last phase of the Battle of France began. For the Allies it was essential to regroup on the Seine river to prevent the Germans from crossing. This is why a new 10th Army was formed to hold the front at the Lower Seine and placed under command of General Robert Altmayer (1875 - 1959). His troops were not yet in place when the Germans appeared at the Seine on 9 June and immediately crossed it in the Portejoie, Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray and Venables sector. The Weygand Line had been broken.

Commanders

World War I
 General de Maudhuy (3 October 1914 – 2 April 1915)
 General d'Urbal (2 April 1915 – 4 April 1916)
 General Micheler (4 April – 27 December 1916)
 General Duchene (27 December 1916 – 11 December 1917)
 General Maistre (11 December 1917 – 10 June 1918)
 General Charles Mangin (10 June 1918 – 21 October 1919)

World War II
 General Robert Altmayer (24 May – 19 June 1940)

See also

List of French armies in WWI

References

Further reading
 Touring the Italian Front: British, American, French & German forces in Northern Italy 1917–1919 Mackay, Francis, Leo Cooper, Barnsley, 2002,

10
Field armies of France in World War I
Italian front (World War I)
Military units and formations of France in World War II

10th Army (France)


Kanchipuram is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus. It is about  southwest of Chennai, Tamil Nadu state, India. Kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of Ancient India. The city continues to be an important religious place.

For a long time, from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the Pallava dynasty.

There are many temples in the city.
There is a Math (religious centre) of Shankaracharya in this city.

Kanchipuram silk sarees are famous

Kanchipuram district
Cities in Tamil Nadu

Kanchipuram


Apo Island  is a volcanic island covering 74 hectares in land area, 7 kilometers off the southeastern tip of Negros Island and 30 kilometers south of the Negros Oriental capital of Dumaguete in the Philippines. The name "Apo" means "elder" or "respected ancestor" in the Visayan languages.

The marine habitat around the island is a marine reserve, protected by the National Integrated Protected Area Act (NIPA) and under the jurisdiction of the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB). It has become a popular dive site and snorkeling destination with tourists. There are two resorts on Apo Island, each with a dive center: Apo Island Beach Resort and Liberty's Lodge. There is also a ranger station and a lighthouse.

The island is under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Dauin, Negros Oriental, and is one of the municipality's 23 barangays. As of the 2010 census, the island has a population of 918.

Geography and climate
Apo Island is located off the southeastern tip of Negros Island, 7 kilometers from the town of Zamboanguita, and 25 kilometers south of the Negros Oriental capital Dumaguete. Extending approximately 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from north to south and 1 km (0.6 mi) from east to west, the island has a land area of approximately 74 hectares and rises to a height of 120 meters (390 feet) above sea level at its highest point.

It can be reached by a 30-minute motorized boat ride from the village of Malatapay, Zamboanguita, Negros Oriental.

Marine sanctuary and tourism

Apo Island was a community-organized marine sanctuaries, and as such it has been well documented by the global science community. The project was started when Dr. Angel Alcala, a marine scientist from the Silliman University Marine Laboratory introduced to the local fishermen the importance of creating a marine sanctuary in the area. Initially, there was hesitation on the part of the locals, but after a three-year dialogue, Dr. Alcala convinced the island community to establish the sanctuary. Assisted by the staff of the SU Marine Laboratory in 1982, the local fishermen selected an area along 450 meters of shoreline and extending 500 meters from shore as the sanctuary site.  Since then, the project initiated on the island led to the creation of hundreds of other marine sanctuaries in the Philippines.

At present, the island is home to over 650 documented species of fish and estimated to have over 400 species of corals. Most of the Philippines' 450 species of coral can be found here, from tiny bubble corals to huge gorgonian sea fans and brain corals. Visitors and tourists pay a fee to enter Apo Island and to snorkel or dive in the marine sanctuary there. These fees are used to keep the sanctuary clean and in good condition.

In 2003, Chicago's Shedd Aquarium opened a Wild Reef exhibit based on Apo Island's surrounding reef and marine sanctuary. In 2008, Sport Diver Magazine listed Apo Island as one of the top 100 diving spots in the world.

The fish sanctuary, at the southeastern part of the island has been closed "temporarily" since 2011 after it got devastated by typhoon Sendong. This beach is indeed facing the ocean and is now banned from snorkeling and the place is now used to park fishing boats. Though the island is not a marine reserve, only the local population have the right to catch fish. The main advantages on the island is indeed the facilities for diving residing on the island (with tanks and compressors) and the protection of sea turtles where more than 60 are recorded, and an amazing diversity of soft and hard corals. In the north part of the island, currents offer exceptionally clear waters with a school of jacks, 13 barracudas, few groupers located near Coconut diving spot.

See also

List of protected areas of the Philippines

References

Islands of Negros Oriental
Underwater diving sites in the Philippines
Barangays of Negros Oriental
Tourist attractions in Negros Oriental
Protected landscapes and seascapes of the Philippines

Apo Island


Emperor Gao of Southern Qi ((南)齊高帝; 427– 11 April 482), personal name Xiao Daocheng (蕭道成), courtesy name Shaobo (紹伯), childhood name Doujiang (鬥將), was the founding emperor of the Southern Qi dynasty of China. He served as a general under the preceding dynasty Liu Song's Emperor Ming and Emperor Houfei. In 477, fearful that the young, cruel Emperor Houfei would kill him, he assassinated Emperor Houfei and seized power, eventually taking the throne in 479 to start Southern Qi.

Background

Xiao Daocheng was born in 427. His ancestors traced their line to the famed Western Han Dynasty chancellor Xiao He. If their records were accurate, Xiao Daocheng was Xiao He's 24-generation descendant. During the Jin and Liu Song dynasties, Xiao's ancestors served as low-level officials. His father Xiao Chengzhi () was a general under Emperor Wen of Liu Song, and for his contributions in campaigns against rival Northern Wei was created the Baron of Jinxing. Xiao Daocheng first studied the Confucian classics at the imperial university set up by Emperor Wen and headed by the hermit and scholar Lei Cizong (:zh:雷次宗) when he was 12, but by age 15 he was serving in the military. He continued serving as a military officer during the reigns of Emperors Wen and Xiaowu (Emperor Wen's son).

Under Emperor Ming of Liu Song
By the time that Emperor Xiaowu's brother Emperor Ming and Emperor Xiaowu's son Liu Zixun were fighting for the throne in 466 after the brief reign and assassination of Emperor Xiaowu's son Emperor Qianfei, Xiao Daocheng was a general, and his allegiance was with Emperor Ming. He participated in the campaign against the army nominally commanded by Liu Zixun's brother Liu Zifang () the Prince of Xunyang and governor of Kuaiji Commandery along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay. He subsequently defeated the army sent south by Xue Andu () the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui). For these contributions, Emperor Ming created him the Marquess of Xiyang and made him the acting governor of South Xu Province (南徐州, modern western central Jiangsu). Later, he became the governor of Southern Yan Province (南兗州, modern eastern central Jiangsu), defending the important city of Huaiyin (淮陰, in modern Huaian, Jiangsu). It was said that, while at this post, he began to engage a group of talented followers.

During Emperor Ming's reign, there were rumors that Xiao Daocheng's facial features were unusual and were signs that he would become emperor. By 471, Emperor Ming – who had already carried out a campaign of killing most of his brothers and some high-level officials in fear that they would not be loyal to his son Liu Yu the Crown Prince after his death – became suspicious of Xiao, particularly because there were rumors that Xiao was secretly communicating with Northern Wei. Emperor Ming sent his general Wu Xi (), a friend of Xiao's, with a sealed pot of wine to Huaiyin to deliver to Xiao. Xiao became fearful that the wine was poisoned and was preparing to flee to Northern Wei. Wu secretly told Xiao that the wine was not poisoned and drank some himself, before Xiao would dare to drink.

Once Wu returned to the capital Jiankang, he assured Emperor Ming that Xiao was loyal. But after details of Wu's leaking the information to Xiao became known to Emperor Ming, Emperor Ming forced Wu to commit suicide; he did not take any actions against Xiao. Soon thereafter he recalled Xiao to Jiankang. Xiao's followers largely suspected that Emperor Ming would kill him and suggested that he resist, but Xiao believed that Emperor Ming would not do so. He therefore returned to Jiankang, where he became a commanding general of Crown Prince Yu's guards. (In secret, Xiao told his followers that he believed that Liu Song would not last much longer and that he would need their support when opportunity presented itself.) When Emperor Ming grew gravely ill in 472, on the recommendation of the high-level official Chu Yuan (to whom, along with Yuan Can, Emperor Ming entrusted the care of Crown Prince Yu), who was a friend of Xiao, Xiao became a commanding general of the capital defense force.  Emperor Ming soon died, and Crown Prince Yu took the throne as Emperor Houfei.

Under Emperor Houfei of Liu Song
In 474, Emperor Houfei's uncle Liu Xiufan () the Prince of Guiyang and governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), angry that he had not been made the regent, rebelled and made a quick advancement toward Jiankang. At a major military strategy session, although there were a number of high-level officials, powerful associates of the emperor, and senior generals present, no one dared to speak first. Then Xiao Daocheng proposed the strategy of not sending an army to engage Liu Xiufan but rather defend the strong defensive posts in the outskirts of Jiankang and not actively engage Liu Xiufan, forcing him into a stalemate and causing him to run out of food supplies. Without significant opposition, Xiao's plan was adopted.

Liu Xiufan's forces soon arrived. He made a direct assault against Xiao's defensive position. With Xiao's approval, his officers Huang Hui () and Zhang Jing'er () falsely surrendered to Liu Xiufan and then further informed Liu Xiufan that Xiao wished to surrender as well. While pretending to secretly convey the information, Zhang and Huang then assassinated Liu Xiufan. However, because they had to then discard Liu Xiufan's head to avoid Liu Xiufan's guards, the news was not known initially. Liu Xiufan's forces intensified their siege against the various defense positions. Xiao was barely able to hold his position, but Liu Xiufan's general Ding Wenhao () was able to defeat and kill Liu Mian () and Wang Daolong () and put the palace under siege. Soon, news of Liu Xiufan's death became gradually known, and Ding's forces collapsed.

In the aftermaths of Liu Xiufan's defeat, Xiao was promoted. He, with Yuan Can, Chu Yuan, and Emperor Houfan's distant uncle Liu Bing, were in charge of the affairs of government and known as the "four nobles" (). In 476, when Emperor Houfei's cousin Liu Jingsu () the governor of South Xu Province, who received wrong information that Jiankang had fallen into a state of confusion, started a rebellion, Xiao coordinated the campaign against Liu Jingsu (although he did not personally command troops), and Liu Jingsu was defeated and killed.

In 477, Emperor Houfei, by now age 14, was growing increasingly impulsive and violent, often wandering outside the palace with his guards and killing all people or animals they encountered. One day, he suddenly charged into Xiao's headquarters and saw Xiao sleeping naked. He was intrigued by the large size of Xiao's belly. He woke Xiao up, drew a target on Xiao's belly, and prepared to shoot him with arrows. Xiao pleaded for his life, and Emperor Houfei's attendant Wang Tian'en () pointed out that if he killed Xiao with an arrow, he would lose Xiao's belly as a wonderful target. So, at Wang's suggestion, Emperor Houfei shot Xiao with bone-made round-point arrows and was pleased when he was able to target Xiao's bellybutton successfully. Xiao became fearful after the incident; he initially discussed with Yuan and Chu the possibilities of deposing the emperor but could not get them to go along with his plan. Xiao therefore acted on his own, associating with Emperor Houfei's attendants and eventually getting one of them, Yang Yufu (), to kill Emperor Houfei while Emperor Houfei was asleep. Xiao then forced Yuan and Liu Bing to effectively grant him near-imperial powers, leading to concerns that Xiao would next take the throne.

Under Emperor Shun of Liu Song
Xiao Daocheng made Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor (as Emperor Shun). In response, the general Shen Youzhi arose with the troops of his Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), accusing Xiao of wanting to usurp the throne. Yuan Can and Liu Bing also believed that that was Xiao's intent. As Xiao prepared for a campaign against Shen, they secretly planned another uprising within Jiankang to overthrow Xiao. Yuan, believing that the plot would not succeed without Chu Yuan's support, told Chu of the plot as well. Chu, who was friendly with Xiao, quickly informed Xiao. Yuan, not aware of this, continued his preparations, aligning with a number of generals and preparing to rise. However, Liu Bing panicked during the preparation stage and fled to Yuan's defense post at the fortress of Shitou Cheng several hours before the scheduled time, alarming Xiao and allowing him to further start a counterinsurrection, arresting and killing several generals aligned with Yuan and Liu Bing before they could act. Xiao's troops then besieged Yuan's defenses at Shitou, killing Yuan and Liu Bing.

Meanwhile, the provincial governors whom Shen invited to join him all declined and either resisted him or stood by. Shen nevertheless had a strong army, and the imperial army generals were apprehensive about facing him. He initially progressed quickly toward Jiankang. But as he went past Yingcheng (郢城, in modern Wuhan, Hubei), he was provoked by insults of Liu Shilong (), the chief of staff for Liu Zan () the Prince of Wuling and governor of Ying Province into stopping and putting the well-fortified Yingcheng under siege.

In 478, with his forces unable to capture Yingcheng, Shen Youzhi's soldiers began to desert. Shen aggravated the situation by imposing severe punishments on the commanding officers of deserting soldiers — which caused them to desert. Shen's officer Liu Rangbing () surrendered to Liu Shilong, causing his forces to collapse. Shen tried to retreat to Jiangling (the capital of Jing Province). By the time he did so, Zhang Jing'er, whom Xiao had made the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern southwestern Henan and southwestern Hubei) with the intent of having him attack Shen from the rear, had already captured Jiangling and killed Shen Yuanyan, whom Shen Youzhi had left in charge of Jiangling. Shen's remaining army, seeing that Jiangling had fallen, collapsed, and he initially tried to flee, but realizing that his escape route had been cut off he committed suicide. Xiao was now without substantial opposition, particularly after he killed Huang Hui, who had been implicated in conspiracies with Liu Jingsu and Yuan Can, later that year after Huang showed signs of insubordination. He began to put his sons into important posts as well. He also engaged the nobly born official Wang Jian as a key assistant and, with Chu's tacit agreement, started making moves toward the throne, including quietly assassinating Emperor Houfei's brothers. In 479, over a brief two months, he had Emperor Shun create him the Duke of Qi, and then the Prince of Qi, and bestow upon him the nine bestowments, all progressive steps toward the throne. In summer 479, he forced the fearful Emperor Shun into yielding the throne to him, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi, as its Emperor Gao.

Reign

A major trend that Emperor Gao tried to start after he took the throne was a move against wastefulness and luxury and a move toward frugality. He appeared to be fairly frugal, although the effects his edicts on those subjects had on his officials and nobles are unclear.

Later in 479, when someone was riding a horse near the mansion of the former Emperor Shun (now the Prince of Ruyin), the guards whom Emperor Gao posted to watch over the former emperor panicked, believing someone was about to start a rebellion. They killed the former emperor. Emperor Gao did not punish these guards, but rewarded them and further carried out a massacre of Liu Song's imperial clan. Later that year, he made princes of his son Xiao Ze (who had by that point been known as an able general, now crown prince), his other sons, as well as Xiao Ze's oldest son Xiao Zhangmao.

Meanwhile, Emperor Gao received reports that Northern Wei was about to make an attack and claim to be trying to reestablish Liu Song on the behalf of Liu Chang () the Prince of Danyang, a son of Liu Song's Emperor Wen who had in 465 fled to Northern Wei over fears that Emperor Qianfei would kill him. Emperor Gao prepared the northern borders in anticipation of a major attack, which Northern Wei launched in winter 479. The Northern Wei attack, however, after Northern Wei forces made a failed siege of Shouyang. Realizing that Jiankang was relatively defenseless (as throughout Jin and Liu Song, a wall had never been built around Jiankang), he started a construction project to build a wall around Jiankang. Northern Wei and Southern Qi forces would continue to have minor border battles for another year, until spring 481, but there would be no further major campaigns by either side.

In spring 482, Emperor Gao died. Crown Prince Ze succeeded him as Emperor Wu.

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 Empress Gaozhao, of the Liu clan of Guangling (; 423–472), personal name Zhirong ()
 Xiao Ze, Emperor Wu (; 440–493), first son
 Xiao Ni, Prince Yuzhang Wenxian (; 444–492), second son
 Guipin, of the Xie clan ()
 Xiao Ying, Prince Linchuanxian (; 459–490), third son
 Xiao Huang, Prince Changshawei (; 460–490), fourth son
 Guiren, of the Qu clan ()
 Xiao Jun, Prince Hengyang (; 473–494), 11th son
 Xiuyi, of the Lu clan ()
 Xiao Qiang, Prince Poyang (; 468–494), seventh son
 Xiao Qiu, Prince Jinxi (; 479–494), 18th son
 Xiurong, of the Yuan clan ()
 Xiao Shuo, Prince Guiyang (; 470–494), eighth son
 Shufei, of the Zhang clan ()
 Xiao Feng, Prince Jiangxia (; 475–494), 12th son
 Xiao Xuan, Prince Hedong (; 480–498), 19th son
 Meiren, of the Liu clan ()
 Xiao Rui, Prince Nanping (; 476–494), 15th son
 Lady, of the Luo clan ()
 Xiao Ye, Prince Wulingzhao (; 467–494), fifth son
 Lady, of the Ren clan ()
 Xiao Hao, Prince Anchenggong (; 468–491), sixth son
 Lady, of the He clan ()
 Xiao Jian, Prince Shixingjian (; 471–491), tenth son
 Xiao Keng, Prince Yidu (; 477–494), 16th son
 Unknown
 Princess Yixingxian (), first daughter
 Married Shen Wenhe ()
 Princess Huainan (), second daughter
 Married Wang Jian ()
 Princess Linhai (), third daughter
 Married Wang Bin ()

Ancestry

Genealogy
 Xiao Zheng ()
 Xiao Juan ()
 Xiao Lezi ()
 Xiao Chengzhi ()
 Xiao Daocheng
 Xiao Xia ()
 Xiao Fuzi ()
 Xiao Daoci ()
 Xiao Shunzhi ()
 Xiao Yan

References

|-

Southern Qi emperors
427 births
482 deaths
Liu Song generals
Liu Song regents
Generals from Jiangsu
Politicians from Changzhou
Founding monarchs

Emperor Gao of Southern Qi


The Shanghai Fugu Agreement was a successful political prank which was landed on the Social Democrats in the German state of Hesse in 1985.

In 1985 the new Green Party prepared to enter into a German state government for the first time in its history. The first green cabinet minister in German history was going to be Joschka Fischer who later became minister of Foreign Affairs in the German Federal Government under chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The 1985 Hesse coalition was to be based on an official policy agreement negotiated by both parties.

During a final night session of the negotiations the Greens tabled a demand that Hesse join the "Shanghai Fugu Agreement". This was accepted by their tired Social Democratic counterparts and became official state policy.

The Greens argued that the fugu fish is well known to be a dangerous delicacy requiring specialised chefs who mostly come from Asia.  Due to expanding restrictions on work permits restaurants have found it difficult to employ such specialists. The "Shanghai Fugu Agreement" provides special regulations for certified fugu chefs internationally.

The agreement was absolutely fictional but was neither discovered to be a joke by the Social Democrats during the nightly negotiations nor later by civil servants or the press who went through the coalition contracts. It took years to be discovered as the joke it was.

Hesse
Politics of Germany
1985 in Europe
1980s in Germany

Shanghai Fugu Agreement


Marsh Giddings (19 November 1816 – 3 June 1875) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan, who was appointed as U.S. consul-general to India and later served as the Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1871 to 1875.

Early life
Giddings was born in Sherman, Connecticut, to William and Jane (Ely) Giddings, who moved to Kalamazoo County, Michigan when he was 13.  In 1834, he entered Western Reserve college (which later became part of Case Western Reserve University), at Hudson, Ohio, but did not finish.  When he was 21 he was elected as a Justice of the Peace for Richland Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan.  In 1836, he married Louisa Mills.

Michigan politics
Giddings was elected as a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from Kalamazoo County in 1849.  He served as a probate judge in Michigan, 1860–68; a Presidential Elector for Michigan, 1864; a member of the Republican National Committee from Michigan, 1866–70; a delegate to Michigan state constitutional convention, 1867; and a delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan in 1868.

National politics
U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant nominated Giddings to be consul-general of the United States at Calcutta, India, 1870

, as part of his patronage based spoils system.  Giddings was paid, but never left Michigan.

Some biographical sketches indicate that Giddings declined to go to India due to concerns about his health.

Grant then nominated Giddings as Governor of New Mexico Territory, after Willard Warner had declined that post.

Giddings took up his duties at the end of August 1871, although he was not confirmed by the United States Senate until later that December.

New Mexico
Giddings was appalled by the violence and lawlessness in the territory.  His first day in office he was confronted by a riot in Mesilla.  When he requested troops to put down lawlessness in Cimarron, he was told that troops could be used in civil affairs only by a request from a U.S. Marshall or by orders from the president.  The Lincoln County Wars started during his tenure, but he didn't have the resources to suppress the lawlessness in southern New Mexico either.  In January 1874 the best he could do was to offer a reward of $500 for the arrest of those cowboys who had shot up a Hispanic dance in Lincoln murdering four men, the seminal event starting the wars.

Giddings died in office, and Territorial Secretary William G. Ritch acted as governor for about two months until the inauguration of Samuel Beach Axtell.  Giddings was a Congregationalist, and even though he died in Santa Fe, New Mexico his body was shipped back to Michigan and he was buried at the Mountain Home Cemetery in Kalamazoo.

References

External links
 "Marsh Giddings" Find-A-Grave listing

1816 births
1875 deaths
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Governors of New Mexico Territory
Michigan state court judges
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Politicians from Kalamazoo, Michigan
American Congregationalists
New Mexico Republicans
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Marsh Giddings


Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software.

In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software.

Free software and open source

Free software is very similar, but different from open source software.

People who use the name "free software" think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to:
 Use: Use programs on their computer how they want.
 Study: Learn how the programs on their computer work.
 Change: Change programs they have on their computer to make them better.
 Share: Give programs they have on their computer to other people.

The Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).

People who use the name "open source" refer to the same software following the same rules, but the community isn't as  strict and doesn't say that everything should be open source. They avoid the ethics and instead say the rules are good because they help companies make business.

How free software works
An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license.

The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.

Free software and freeware

The word "free" in "free software" means freedom, not price. People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.  Free/Libre and Open-Source Software is sometimes abbreviated as FOSS or FLOSS to emphasize that it is about "free software", and not merely "freeware".

The words "free software" are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case "free" means "free of charge". To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.

References

Related pages
GNU
Free and open-source software
Free Software Foundation
Open source

Other websites
 Free Software Foundation
 The definition of free software
 Richard Stallman's talk about free software at TEDx

Free software


Nechung Monastery, Nechung Gompa () or Nechung Chok ( "the small dwelling", ), is the seat of the State Oracle of Tibet. It is also referred to as Sungi Gyelpoi Tsenkar, the "Demon Fortress of the Oracle King."

It is about 10 minutes walk down from Drepung Monastery, and was the residence of the three-headed, six-armed Pehar Gyalpo, the chief protector of the Gelugs (Yellow Hat sect) and the seat of the State Oracle or Nechung Oracle. It is a medium-sized temple which used to house about a hundred monks.

History and functions
It was the seat of State Oracle until 1959 when he fled with the Dalai Lama to India who now lives in exile in Dharamsala, India. The Dalai Lamas traditionally always consulted him before making an important decision.

It was the residence of the Protector Pehar, a deity of the Horpa, who lived to the east of (Lake) Kokonor. According to tradition, he is held to have been originally brought to Samye Monastery by Padmasambhava who bound him to protect the dharma. An alternative story is that he was brought back by a Bon general, Tara Lugong, who took possession of the meditation school near Kanchow of the Bhaţa Hor, a tribe of Uighurs, about the end of the 8th century CE. Pehar was regarded as the guardian deity of the treasures of Samye Monastery and, later, as the 'protector of religion'.

During the time of Lobsang Gyatso, the Fifth Dalai Lama (r. 1642-1682), Pehar was first moved from Samye to Tse Gugtang and then to the present site of Nechung Monastery.

Although the State Oracle is a Nyingma monk, he has been adopted by the Gelugpas  and is now chosen for his receptivity to possession by Pehar during trance. He is considered to be the medium of Dorje Drakden, one of Pehar's aspects.

According to belief, when the State Oracle is possessed by Pehar, he becomes very agitated, with tongue lolling, bloodshot eyes and displays superhuman strength, lifting heavy weights, twisting swords, etc. He mumbles words which are recorded and then interpreted by monks and also blesses grain which is thrown to the crowd.

Unlike most Central Asian shamans, who are thought to leave their bodies when in a trance-like state and travel to the land of the spirits from where they bring back messages, Tibetan oracles act "as a mouthpiece for the gods or spirits who possess him and speak through him, very often without his own knowledge of what is being said, answering directly the questions of those who consult him." The tradition of oracles was inherited from the pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet, Bön. The "great" Fifth Dalai Lama was "the first to institutionalise the State Oracle of Nächung."

Nechung was almost completely destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and annexation of Tibet by China, though now, it has been largely restored and there is a huge new statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) on the second floor. There is a college of debate to the east of Nechung which is once again attended by young students.

A new Nechung Monastery has been built in Dharamsala, India.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 Nechung the State Oracle of Tibet by David Cherniack
 CD Recording of the Nechung Monks Traditional Chants of Tibet

Nyingma monasteries and temples
Buddhist monasteries in Lhasa (prefecture-level city)
Buddhist temples in Tibet
17th-century establishments in Asia
Doilungdêqên District
Buildings and structures in Dharamshala

Nechung


devpts is a virtual filesystem directory available in the Linux kernel since version 2.1.93 (April 1998). It is normally mounted at /dev/pts and contains solely devices files which represent slaves to the multiplexing master located at /dev/ptmx which in turn is used to implement terminal emulators (such as X11 xterm).

Terminal emulation
A pseudoterminal ("pseudo TTY" or "PTY") is a pair of pseudo-devices – a slave and a master – that provide a special sort of communication channel. The slave pseudo-device emulates a physical computer text terminal (like, e.g. the DEC VT100) it can read and write text as though it was such a physical terminal. The master pseudo-device provides the means by which a program providing a text-based user interface acts with and controls its slave.

Widely spread programs with a text-based user interface are terminal emulators (e.g. xterm, gnome-terminal or Konsole), or programs using SSH or telnet. Writing to the master is exactly like typing on a terminal, thus the master pseudo-device acts kind of like the person sitting in front of the physical computer text terminal.

A pseudoterminal pair is similar to a bidirectional pipe. Anything that is written on the master appears as input on the slave, and anything that is written on the slave appears as input on the master. In terms of POSIX defined terminal devices (files) may operate in full-duplex mode. Like pipes, pseudoterminals have a limited capacity. On Linux, the pseudoterminal capacity is about 4 KiB in each direction.

A typical Linux kernel-based operating system provides many PTYs to support text-based interfaces as provided by terminal emulators (such as xterm or gnome-terminal) and remote access interfaces like SSH.

The creation of devpts resulted from the wish to abandon the need for a setuid helper program, e.g. . It is a distinct implementation of the pseudoterminal idea; the previous implementation provided a fixed number of master/slave pairs which had permanent device nodes, for example the master-slave pair /dev/ptyp63 and /dev/ttyp63, cf. The Linux Programming Interface chapter 62 "Terminals" and chapter 64 "Pseudoterminals".

Implementation history

In February 1998, Linux 2.1.87 brought support for the /dev/ptmx multiplexing master device. Opening this device provides access to an otherwise unused pseudo TTY master and allows the matching slave to be identified using an . In April of that year, Linux 2.1.93 added a new virtual filesystem called devpts that is normally mounted at /dev/pts. Whenever a new master/slave pair is created, a device node for the slave is created in that virtual filesystem.

To facilitate moving the terminal emulation into userland, while still keeping the TTY subsystem (session management and line discipline) intact, the pseudoterminal was invented.

The reason why the line discipline is inside the kernel, is to avoid context switches at the reception of each character (which in the early times of small core memories, would imply swap-outs and swap-ins!). So the line discipline keeps in a kernel buffer a line of input, and since it is simple enough to test for a specific byte and decrement a counter to implement the backspace "editing" (and a few other simple editing functions), it's done there.

The alternative is to use the raw mode, where the characters are forwarded to the application as soon as they're received, which is needed for more sophisticated editors, like the (at the time) famously known Emacs. And indeed, since emacs had to use this raw mode, which implies a context switch at the reception of each character typed, it was constantly swapping when the computers hadn't enough memory to keep emacs and all the other programs in core.

With the addition of pseudo terminals (PTYs), the TTY code has also become a sort of interprocess communication mechanism, with all of the TTY semantics preserved. The TTY code also needs to support networking protocols like PPP without creating performance bottlenecks.

See also

 FIFO (computing and electronics)

References

Interfaces of the Linux kernel
Pseudo file systems supported by the Linux kernel

Devpts


Saint Petersburg City Duma was established in 1785 in the course of Catherine the Great's municipal reform.  Emperor Paul replaced it by the so-called Ratusha, but his son, Alexander I, had the Duma restored four years later. The next emperor, Nicholas I, expanded the institution from six to twelve members in 1846. Alexander II of Russia reorganized it once again during the Zemstvo reform of the 1870s. In September 1918 the Duma was abolished and its functions devolved on the Petrograd Soviet.

The Neoclassical headquarters of the Duma were erected on the main city avenue, Nevsky Prospekt, between 1784 and 1787. The famous Italianate tower was added in 1799–1804 to a design by Giacomo Ferrari. In 1847–52, the edifice was rebuilt in the Neo-Renaissance style, favoured by Nicholas I. Two more floors were added to the building in 1913–14. A spacious central hall of the City Duma was frequently let to host high-profile social events.

The structure is located at the corner of the avenue and Dumskaya Street, opposite the Merchant Court and Grand Hotel Europe. Its distinctive tower, formerly used for fire observation, can still be seen the whole length of Nevsky Prospekt after the crossing with Fontanka River.

During the Soviet years, the Smolny Institute effectively functioned as the Saint Petersburg City Hall. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Legislative Assembly made the Mariinsky Palace its headquarters.

References
Антонов П. А. Городская дума на Невском // Диалог. 1989. № 31. С. 21-26.

Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
History of Saint Petersburg
City and town halls in Russia
1785 establishments in the Russian Empire
1918 disestablishments in Russia
Nevsky Prospekt
18th century in Saint Petersburg
Clock towers in Russia
Towers in Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg City Duma


In remixing, a person (often a recording engineer or record producer or lyrics producer) takes a familiar song, splits it into different parts called tracks, and changes the song's music, instruments, layout, and or vocals to create a new version of the same song. It is called remixing due to mixing being the putting together of all the parts of a song, and remixing being the putting together of the parts of the song differently than the original.

Remixers, that is, people who remix, are musicians who use a variety of tools, primarily electronic, to create the new song versions. Remixing can be simply moving song parts around; it can also be creating new music for an old song lyric. There are two common kinds of remixing: production and mashups. Production remixing uses new instruments with the old song vocal, and mashups use two old songs mixed together to create a new song.

It is pertinent to mention that the remix of R. Kelly and Beyonce's song "If I were a boy" shows that remixing also involves the editing of the words of a music to publicize more enlightenment gained from over time listening and attuning of the soul to the music by the general public. This tells musicians to be cautious about the wordings of their music. The wordings are as beautiful as the sound the soul hears, because the soul listens to the music and not the ears necessarily. A fine captivating lyrics with poor musical sound can last for many uncountable centuries as most captivating music than a music with a captivating sound but poor lyrics. Events of our daily life can be used to produce remix for most music we have lived out innocently. This is a very green field opportunity for upcoming remixers. E.g. One can do a remix about Dolly Parton's song - Jolene capturing the insecurity of a woman in keeping her man because of her inferior outlook to that of a woman who in her seemed inferior outlook discovers the confidence that Jolene in her air of superiority can never and will never ever be able to take her man even if she looks like the moon on a very dark night or the twinkle stars decorating the dark clouds at night.

Then after some years of listening to it, another remixer releases another insight on why Jolene has to stop exerting that air of superiority on the women around her, seeing she has done so much harm to the concept 'love'. And it can go on and on, bringing out the best styles, tactics and ideology to love better in diversified ways making us more sane with love rather than being insane.

An African can choose to do a remix where Jolene is welcomed by Dolly Parton to share her man with her seeing that it is part of our African religion and we have it as a responsibility to polish it to gold. Music without its lyrics properly guided is dead, this is majorly the essence of remixing. Sounds would be exhausted but knowledge cannot be exhausted and knowledge is an embodiment of the lyrics and not the sound. Tu-face Idibia, P-Square and the rest can explore this.

Production
Production remixing requires more musical knowledge than mashups, because one must make their own music. This music generally is within the same key and has the same rhythm or melody as the old song.

Many electronic music artists (music made with computers or other electronic instruments) use computer software to make new music parts, called "tracks". The music parts contain notes which are arranged with a computer program called a sequencer. The actual notes are played by instruments, usually synthesizers, a type of electronic musical instrument that makes sounds by changing the shape of a sound wave. It is also possible for a remixer to use a drum sample kit, a set of sounds of fake or real drums recorded for use on a computer.

Rendering

When the remixer has a proper sequence in the sequencer, he or she can then render the audio part, or track. Rendering requires the sequencer to talk to the musical instrument, usually by computer software or a computer-to-computer talking language called MIDI to an actual electronic keyboard. The sequencer tells the instrument which note to play, and then the instrument plays the note. The sequencer writes this note to a music file on the computer.

Mashups
A mashup is a remixing style in which a remixer takes two songs and mixes them with each other in a clever way to create a new song. Usually, it is the vocal of the song they want to remix with the other musical parts of an older song.

Instead of using a sequencer and a musical instrument, a remixer can use either record-playing turntables or a computer with an audio sequence editor, for example the program named ACID music. He or she also needs an audio editor, a computer program that allows someone to record sounds into a computer as well as cut them down to smaller bits.

Usually, a small bit of the old song is "cut" in an audio editor into a loop, a piece of music that when played on repeat does not have any skips or musical pauses. This loop is usually called a sample in the world of remixing. This sample is then looped (played over and over) in a sequence to create a new sound. The remixer then mixes the vocal of another song over that loop.

It is also possible that a mashup style remixer will take the entire musical part of one song without its vocal - called an instrumental - and take a vocal from another song without the non-voice part - called an acapella, and put them together to create one song.

R

Remixing


Rubeus Hagrid is a character in the J.K. Rowling Harry Potter book series. A teacher and groundskeeper at Hogwarts, the school that Harry Potter attends, Hagrid is a friend of Harry, Ron, and Hermione. Hagrid is also a "half-giant." His father was not a giant, whereas his mother, Fridwulfa, who abandoned him when he was just an infant, was a giantess. He has a half-brother named Grawp. In the Harry Potter movies, Hagrid was played by Robbie Coltrane. Martin Bayfield appears as a young Hagrid in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

Over the course of the Harry Potter books, Hagrid is expelled from Hogwarts after The Ministry of Magic thought he had opened the Chamber of Secrets.  But the truth that he had been framed by Tom Riddle is exposed and Hagrid is allowed to remain at the school as gamekeeper. The government broke his wand and banned him from doing magic when he was expelled, but he keeps pieces of the wand in his pink umbrella.

Hagrid, who keeps several pets, is also a friend of Madame Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy of Magic, although it is not known if they were together in a romantic way.

Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters

Rubeus Hagrid


Fungsi Héaviside step, ngaran nu dipaké keur ngahargaan ka Oliver Heaviside, nyaéta a fungsi diskontinyu nu mana nileyna nyaéta nol keur asupan negatip sarta hiji keur nu séjénna:

The function is used in the mathematics of signal processing to represent a signal that switches on at a specified time and stays switched on indefinitely. Its derivative is formally the Dirac delta function.

It is the cumulative distribution function of a variabel acak which is almost surely 0. (See constant random variable.)

The Héaviside function is the integral of the Dirac delta function. The value of H(0) is of very little importance, since the function is often used within an integral. Some writers give H(0) = 0, some H(0) = 1. H(0) = 0.5 is often used, since it maximizes the symmetry of the function. This makés the definition:

This is sometimes notated by a subscript, as in H0.5(x), which méans that H(0) = 0.5. This notation is also used to represent a completely different concept, however; an x offset:

where c is a positive offset in the x-dimension of the transition from 0 to 1. In other words, H3(x) = H(x − 3) would be zero until x = 3, and would transition to 1 for x > 3. The méaning of the subscript should be given in context.

The question of the Fourier transform of H is an interesting example for the théory of distributions. It is often stated that it is 1/x, up to a normalizing constant. But néar x=0 that cannot be justified: the definition must be given in terms of principal value limit, and the transform isn't to be tréated simply as a function. The corresponding convolution operator is the Hilbert transform.

Often an integral representation of the step function is useful,

in the limit .

Related topics
 Step response
 Negative and non-negative numbers

Olah sinyal

Fungsi Heaviside step


Urbi et Orbi ("to the City of Rome and to the World") was a standard opening of  proclamations in Imperial Rome.

Now Urbi et Orbi refers to a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is addressed  to the City of Rome and to the entire world from the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.  Usually they are only given at Christmas and Easter, but also the first speech of a new pope is Urbi et Orbi, and sometimes one is given to special gatherings of pilgrims in Rome and during Holy Years

The blessing after the speech is given in Latin, and usually many other languages too.  Catholics who listen to the blessing, either because they are present at the Vatican or because they are listening to the radio or television broadcasts, have their sins forgiven because the blessing includes a plenary indulgence.

Popes

Urbi et Orbi


Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or N'hants) is a county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). It has borders with Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, Peterborough, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire (including the Borough of Milton Keynes), Oxfordshire, and Lincolnshire (England's shortest county boundary: 19 metres). The county town is Northampton.

Northamptonshire has often been called the county of "squires and spires" due to its wide variety of historic buildings and country houses.

Northampton is by far the largest town in the county, with a population of 194,122. This is followed by Corby (53,174), Wellingborough (48,428), Kettering (47,000), Rushden (25,849) and Daventry (22,367). Most of the county's population is concentrated in a central north-south.

Cherwell Edge in Northamptonshire () is near the River Cherwell, north-west of Banbury, England. The once heavily wooded hill and valley was mostly cleared many years ago. The area now also covers the nearby Cherwell Edge Golf Club that was recently built by it too. The golf club is used by various local residents.

Places

These are the main settlements in Northamptonshire with a town charter, a population over 5,000, or otherwise notable.
 Brackley
 Braunston
 Brixworth
 Corby
 Daventry
 Kettering
 Long Buckby
 Naseby
 Northampton
 Oundle
 Pitsford
 Raunds
 Rothwell
 Rushden
 Silverstone
 Towcester
 Thrapston
 Weedon Bec
 Wellingborough

Two major canals - the Oxford and the Grand Union — join in the county at Braunston.
A branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the River Nene in Northampton.
Two trunk railway routes, the West Coast Main Line and the Midland Main Line traverse the county.
Before nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and the creation of British Railways, Northamptonshire was home to three of the "Big Four" railway companies; the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway. Only the Southern Railway was not represented.

Related pages
 Aynho
 Aynho House
 King's Sutton
 King's Sutton Railway Station

References

Other websites

 1894/5 description
 Northants Forum

Ceremonial counties of England

Northamptonshire


The Hall–Carpenter Archives (HCA), founded in 1982, are the largest source for the study of gay activism in Britain, following the publication of the Wolfenden Report in 1957. The archives are named after the authors Marguerite Radclyffe Hall (1880–1943) and Edward Carpenter (1844–1929). They are housed at the London School of Economics, at Bishopsgate Library – (press cuttings), and in the British Library (Sound Archive) (oral history tapes).

Projects

These projects in partnership with the Lesbian and Gay Newsmedia Archive.
1967 and All That; The Sexual Offences Act and the Gay Community
 To produce a touring exhibition throughout 2007 to raise awareness of gay history and the significance of the 1967 Act.
 Provide access to previously inaccessible historical material by cataloguing archives of the Homosexual Law Reform Society, the Albany Trust, the Campaign for Homosexual Equality, plus the papers of Peter Tatchell and Bob Mellors.
 Research at the British Library Newspaper Collection to identify newspaper articles in the British press in the period leading up to the 1967 Sexual Offences Act, and beyond.
 Run a programme of outreach work to include illustrated talks on the 1967 and All That project across the London boroughs and to interested community groups.

Queer Britain 1953–1988; The Gay Community and the Straight Press
 Outreach and cataloguing project completed 2005

History of the archives

1980
The Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE) established the Gay Monitoring & Archive Project (GMAP) to collect evidence of discrimination and police arrests from all parts of the United Kingdom. It received agency press cuttings and collected other newspaper clippings sent in by its members.

GMAP later became separate from CHE and one its founders, Julian Meldrum, moved all the papers into his London flat. Its first funding was a grant made to the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) from the Manpower Services Commission.

1982
Julian, with others, set up a limited company called the Hall–Carpenter Memorial Archives Ltd and in 1983 registered as a charity. Trustees included Oliver Merrington (Chair of the archive) and Michael Mason, publisher of Capital Gay. The Albany Trust, donated its archives and press cuttings, and the NCCL provided essential meeting and working space in Southwark, with financial assistance from the Lyndhurst Settlement. It also received personal donations from members of the lesbian and gay community.

1984
The archives moved to its first rented office accommodation in Mount Pleasant, London.

A major funding bid resulted in a grant of £32,000 from the Greater London Council (GLC). Part of this was to set up a Media Project to monitor television and radio broadcasts, and Lorraine Trenchard and Mark Finch were employed to run this. The archives moved to the new London Lesbian & Gay Centre (LLGC) in Cowcross Street, Farringdon (at that time the largest lesbian & gay centre in Europe). Early publications included The Gay News Index (1982); 'Declaring an Interest' – a projected catalogue of gay images on television in Britain, (1982–83); and A.I.D.S. through the Media (1984). Work started on indexing the "News Library" of press cuttings, the records of gay organisations and a "Pink Thesaurus" was created by volunteers.

1985
The archives employed Margot Farnham (until 1988) to coordinate a volunteer group for an Oral History project. Thirty-five interviews were carried out using new sound recording/transcribing equipment. The tapes and transcriptions are now in the British Library Sound Archive, part of the British Library. The Oral History project culminated in two books "Inventing Ourselves" and "Walking After Midnight" (see References).

Around this time Kenneth Barrow had established the "National Lesbian & Gay Survey" within HCA. This was a Mass-Observation style survey engaging the opinions of "ordinary" lesbians and gay men on various vital or controversial contemporary issues, anthologies from which were later published by Routledge.

1986
The archives' GLC funding terminated and the Lyndhurst Settlement helped with funding.
1987
A fundraiser was employed who wrote to around thirty charitable trusts – but none replied favourably. It looked unlikely that the London Lesbian & Gay Centre would receive funding and its closure was imminent, the Directors made a deliberate choice to try to house the Archives in a university, preferably in London.

1988
Core collections, were moved to the Archives at the London School of Economics (LSE) with the active support of the Archivist, Angela Raspin. A number of gay activists, such as Peter Tatchell and John Chesterman, donated personal collections. The HCA at LSE have continued to grow with new accessions, and have been extensively sorted and indexed by Sue Donnelly and other professional archivists in her team.

1989
The Hall–Carpenter Archives Management Committee was in abeyance.
1991
Oliver Merrington, one of the original Directors, took over as the Honorary Secretary/Treasurer, arranging meetings, dissolving the Limited Company, issuing occasional newsletters and drawing up formal agreements with the repositories. He arranged a regular donation of press cuttings from the monthly Gay Times.

The Press Cuttings Collection proved much more difficult to house, as the LSE archive had a policy of not taking newspaper cuttings, the collection remained in the LLGC building in Cowcross Street, although the early cuttings relating to the start of the AIDS epidemic were moved to the Terence Higgins Trust. The cuttings then moved to SIGMA (an organisation conducting sexual research in relation to HIV) in Brixton. A professional archivist, Mark Collins, joined the volunteer team and started a re-sort of the cuttings collection which had not been touched for a decade. With his then partner Micheal Anthony Chan arranged their transfer in 1995 to the Greenwich Lesbian and Gay Centre, in South East London.

1997
Simon Bradford, the librarian of the Cat Hill campus of Middlesex University was at this time creating a new Collections Room for a number of historical archives, and offered space to HCA.

In February the transfer was arranged and a formal ten-year loan agreement signed with Middlesex University. Oliver Merrington was appointed Honorary Research Archivist by the university, and held weekly volunteer sessions there to organise the cuttings.

1998
On 2 June the collection was opened by a Member of Parliament, Evan Harris (standing in for Stephen Twigg MP). The photograph collection from Gay News is also at Cat Hill, as well as a growing collection of lapel badges, T-shirts, printed carrier bags and banners from marches and demonstrations.

2001
The collection at Cat Hill was renamed The Lesbian and Gay Newsmedia Archive (LAGNA).

2011
LAGNA (press cuttings and book collection) moves to the Bishopsgate Library.

See also

 Gay Liberation Front
 Queer studies

Footnotes and references

Key sources

Books

Articles

 Note: South East Film and Video Archive is now called Screen Archive South East. Viewing copies of the tapes are available at the British Library Sound Archive Oral History Collections.

External links
 LSE Hall–Carpenter Archives
 Catalogue of the Hall-Carpenter Archives at LSE
 British Library Sound Archive - Oral History Collections
 Lesbian and Gay Newsmedia Archive (LAGNA) at Bishopsgate Library

Archives in the City of London
Archives in the London Borough of Camden
LGBT history in the United Kingdom
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
LGBT museums and archives
London School of Economics
LGBT culture in London
Oral history

Hall–Carpenter Archives


August Bournonville (21 August 1805 – 30 November 1879) was a Danish ballet master and choreographer.  He studied in Paris as a young man. He became a solo dancer with the Royal Danish Ballet in Copenhagen. He became the company's choreographer from 1830 to 1877. He created more than 50 ballets. Only a limited number survive. It was only after World War II that his ballets became known outside Denmark.

His work is a link with earlier ballet traditions. He avoided the excesses of romantic ballet. He gave equal emphasis to both the male and female dancer. The extremes of human nature were tempered in his work and a more balanced picture of human nature emerged. His ballets include Napoli and The Conservatory.

Choreographers
1805 births
1879 deaths
Danish people

August Bournonville