John R. Rice (December 11, 1895 – December 29, 1980) was a Baptist evangelist and pastor and the founding editor of The Sword of the Lord, an influential fundamentalist newspaper.

Childhood and education
John R. Rice was born in Cooke County, Texas, in 1895, the son of William H. and Sallie Elizabeth La Prade Rice, and the oldest of three brothers. Will Rice was a small businessman, a lay preacher, and a one-term state legislator "well respected in the community." (Will Rice was also a Mason, an Odd Fellow, and "an ardent Klansman"—all of which memberships his son later believed were "mistakes.") The death of John R. Rice's mother when he was six years old left a lasting mark on the man.

At twelve Rice made a profession of faith and joined his parents' Southern Baptist Church. After being educated in public schools, he earned a teaching certificate and taught at a local primary school. In 1916 Rice entered Decatur Baptist College in Decatur, Texas, riding his cow pony 120 miles to get there and borrowing $60 on the horse to make his first tuition payment. In 1918, he was drafted into the Army, but after his discharge the following year, he attended Baylor University, from which he graduated in 1920. Rice was attending graduate school at the University of Chicago and volunteering at the Pacific Garden Mission when he was called to the full-time ministry and returned to Texas.  He married Lloys McClure Cooke, whom he had met at Decatur, and shortly thereafter he entered Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary.

Early ministry
Rice did not complete his seminary course but in 1923, took a position as the assistant pastor of a Southern Baptist church in Plainview, Texas. The following year he became senior pastor in Shamrock, Texas, an oil boomtown; but in 1926 he left the pastorate for evangelism. Settling in Fort Worth, he became an unofficial associate of J. Frank Norris, pastor of First Baptist Church, who was preparing to leave the Southern Baptist Convention. Rice himself broke with the Southern Baptists in 1927.

During the next few years, Rice held a series of successful revivals in Texas that were promoted by Norris. Rice made converts during his campaigns and then organized the new Christians into at least a half-dozen churches with the name "Fundamentalist Baptist," a title that had come to be associated with Norris. In July 1932, Rice held an open-air evangelistic campaign in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas and hundreds made professions of faith. There Rice organized the Fundamentalist Baptist Tabernacle of Dallas; but instead of moving on, he pastored the church for more than seven years. The congregation of more than a thousand members built two buildings, the first being destroyed by fire.  When Rice refused to bend to Norris's will, the older man threatened him and then viciously attacked him in print. Nevertheless, Rice's sermons continued to include much of his mentor's sensationalism, with titles such as "Wild Oats in Dallas--How Dallas People Sow Them and How They Are Reaped," "The Dance--Child of the Brothel, Sister of Gambling and Drunkenness, Mother of Lust--Road to Hell!" and "Diseased, Decaying Bodies with Undying Maggots and Unquenched Fire in Hell"

Rice believed that the mission of churches was "not to take care of Christians" but to "win souls," a notion his mostly lower-middle-class church members did not wholeheartedly endorse. When Rice spent more time away from his pulpit to hold revivals elsewhere, a supply pastor and his supporters staged a coup. Rice decided to reenter evangelism. Yet before he did so, he encouraged the church to change its name from Fundamentalist Baptist Tabernacle to Galilean Baptist Church, thus distinguishing his ministry and that of the church from J. Frank Norris.

Sword of the Lord

In 1934, Rice founded The Sword of the Lord, a bi-weekly publication that grew into an influential fundamentalist Baptist newspaper. At first it was simply the publication of his Dallas church, handed out on the street and delivered door-to-door by Rice's daughters and other Sunday School children.

When Rice re-entered full-time evangelism in 1940, he moved The Sword of the Lord to Wheaton, Illinois, partially to educate his daughters at Wheaton College, and partially to put distance between himself and Norris. Rice had already begun to publish his sermons, and at his death, The Sword of the Lord had printed more than 200 of his books and pamphlets, with more than 60 million copies in print. His sermon booklet, "What Must I Do to Be Saved?" was distributed in over 32 million copies in English, 8.5 million in Japanese, and nearly 2 million in Spanish. Perhaps his most popular books were Prayer--Asking and Receiving (1942) and The Home: Courtship, Marriage and Children (1945). Rice also wrote commentaries on books of the Bible, and he attacked humanism, worldliness (especially movies and dancing), evolution, fraternal lodges, and the Southern Baptist Convention.

A special target was religious liberalism. Rice recalled that while at the University of Chicago, he had heard a message by William Jennings Bryan and then observed a missionary's son turn to infidelity during the subsequent campus discussion. "It was a time of crisis in my life," recalled Rice. "Standing there on the steps of Mandel Hall that spring afternoon with dusk coming on, I felt burning in me a holy fire. I lifted my hand solemnly to God and said, 'If God gives me grace and I have opportunity to smite this awful unbelief that wrecks the faith of all it can, then smite it I will, so help me God!'" Rice became a fierce opponent of the National Council of Churches, the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, and prominent liberal ministers, such as Harry Emerson Fosdick, Nels Ferré, and G. Bromley Oxnam.

The Sword circulation grew dramatically. It was thirty thousand in 1940, fifty thousand in 1946, and ninety thousand in 1953, surpassing the circulation of the venerable Moody Monthly. Rice regularly published reports from evangelistic campaigns that became valuable publicity tools for approved revivalists. In 1946, he and other prominent evangelists adopted a code of ethics and a statement of faith to prevent "evangelists from being unduly criticized for commercialism and unethical practices." The same year Bob Jones College conferred on him an honorary Litt. D. degree.

Evangelism conferences

In 1945 Rice began organizing evangelism conferences, which in 1974 became Sword of the Lord Conferences. These meetings drew influential evangelists, such as Hyman Appelman, Joe Henry Hankins, Jack MacArthur, and especially Bob Jones Sr., whom Rice called "the dean of all the evangelists."  The conferences attracted large crowds of clergymen from various denominations, not just Baptists. For instance, the Fort Smith conference of August 1952 had an average attendance of six to eight hundred at the morning sessions and a thousand to two thousand in the evenings. So many fundamentalist churches began to accept Rice's role as a clearing house for approved evangelists that to relieve some of the burden, he established a "Sword Extension Department," headed by his brother Bill. The Sword of the Lord even placed babies born to unwed mothers.

Separation from neo-evangelicals

For a brief period during the late 1940s, Rice and The Sword of the Lord held the allegiance of many orthodox Protestant Christians who would shortly be divided into Neo-Evangelical and Fundamentalist camps. While continuing to support older independent evangelists such as Bob Jones Sr. and Hyman Appelman, Rice now also endorsed the newer ministries of Youth for Christ, the Southern Baptist evangelist R. G. Lee, and especially, the young Billy Graham. By 1948, Rice believed Graham might become another Dwight L. Moody or Billy Sunday, and Graham's evangelistic successes were regularly trumpeted in the pages of The Sword of the Lord.

Meanwhile, Graham was distancing himself from fundamentalism. In 1954, Graham spoke to the faculty and student body of liberal Union Theological Seminary in New York, repeatedly referring to his ministry as "ecumenical". Presbyterian fundamentalist Carl McIntire picked up on this "compromising" speech in his Christian Beacon, but Rice continued to defend Graham in The Sword of the Lord. Graham used his considerable charm to remain in Rice's good graces for as long as possible, even inviting the older man to participate in his 1955 Glasgow campaign. At 59, Rice had never been out of the United States, and his response to Graham's red-carpet treatment in Scotland was more effusive praise.

Nevertheless, by 1956, the religious differences between Rice and Graham could no longer be papered over. Rice decided with some annoyance that Graham had been, at best, disingenuous about his relationship with religious liberals. Graham's 1957 New York City campaign was held in cooperation with the Protestant Council of New York, which was "predominantly nonevangelical and even included out-and-out modernists." Rice began to criticize Graham with increasing severity. When the seventy-five-year-old Bob Jones Sr. decided to draw the line of demarcation between fundamentalism and neo-evangelicalism, Rice agreed to chair the resolutions committee at a meeting of fundamentalist leaders in Chicago held on December 26, 1958. Ninety attendees signed a pledge, written by Rice's committee, promising not to participate in evangelistic campaigns sponsored by clergymen who denied such cardinal doctrines of orthodox Christian belief as the inspiration of the Bible, the virgin birth, and the bodily resurrection of Christ. The names of Bob Jones Sr., Bob Jones Jr., and John R. Rice headed the list. Rice had clearly cast his lot with such separatist fundamentalists as Carl McIntire, Robert T. Ketcham, W. O. H. Garman, George Beauchamp Vick, Lee Roberson, Oliver B. Greene, and Archer Weniger, while the majority of Protestant evangelicals opted for a less militant position.

The break with Billy Graham left The Sword reeling. Circulation dropped from over 100,000 in 1956 to 67,000 in 1957. Rice was also refused the use of a conference center in Toccoa, Georgia, where he had held Sword rallies for thirteen years, because its founder, R. G. LeTourneau, had sided with neo-evangelicalism. Even more distressing to Rice was the break with radio preacher Charles E. Fuller, whose namesake seminary quickly moved to the vanguard of the neo-evangelical movement. Only a few years earlier, Fuller, Rice, and Jones had appeared together at a rally.

In 1963, Rice moved The Sword of the Lord from Wheaton to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where his brother Bill had established the Bill Rice Ranch, a ministry to the deaf. The cost of living in Murfreesboro was also cheaper than in the Chicago area. But Rice primarily wished to cut his ties with Wheaton, which had become a center of the neo-evangelical movement that he opposed.

Separation from separationists

In 1959, Rice and Bob Jones Sr. held a series of one-day rallies in different parts of the country in an attempt to explain the separationist position to the wavering, and Jones urged that the Sword be made "the official organ" of separatist fundamentalism. Meanwhile, Rice made new, younger, friends. One was Jack Hyles, who in 1959 had become the pastor of First Baptist Church of Hammond, Indiana; another was Curtis Hutson, who eventually became Rice's successor. A third was Jerry Falwell, pastor of Thomas Road Baptist Church in Lynchburg, Virginia.

In 1971, Rice planned a "great world conference on evangelism" that would bring together the various strands of fundamentalism.  But Bob Jones Sr. had died three years earlier, and his son and successor, Bob Jones Jr., objected to the inclusion in the conference program of two Southern Baptists, W. A. Criswell and R. G. Lee, whom Jones considered "compromisers and traitors to the cause of Scriptural evangelism." (It did not help that shortly before Jones Sr.'s death, Criswell had referred to him as "a senile old fool.") Jones also opposed Rice's insistence that there be no criticism of Billy Graham (and presumably, neo-evangelicalism) at the conference.  Rice argued that his position on separation was the same as that held by Bob Jones Sr. and that there was "nobody living in this world who was more intimately acquainted" with the late evangelist.  Not surprisingly, Jones Jr. disagreed, and he and Rice engaged in an exchange of views about separation—Rice in The Sword of the Lord, Jones in a pamphlet, "Facts John R. Rice Will Not Face." To Rice the importance of soulwinning trumped what he considered minor disagreements among Christians about biblical separation.

The upshot was that Rice's planned conference was postponed and then canceled. In November 1971, Bob Jones Jr. and Bob Jones III were dropped from the cooperating board of The Sword to be replaced by Jerry Falwell and Curtis Hutson. In 1976, Jones, Ian Paisley, and Wayne Van Gelderen organized their own "World Congress of Fundamentalists" in Edinburgh. Unlike the split with Billy Graham, however, Rice's refusal to agree with separationist fundamentalists like Bob Jones Jr. and Ian Paisley only enhanced the growth of The Sword. By the mid-1960s, the paper had more than recovered its losses after Rice's criticism of Billy Graham; in 1974, circulation of The Sword of the Lord was over 300,000.  Rice had been a major participant in shaping the two most important divisions of late twentieth-century fundamentalism, the split between fundamentalists and neo-evangelicals and then the creation of two fundamentalist factions: Rice's more sentimental and irenic; Jones's more academic, doctrinal, and confrontational.

Personality

Rice was an exceptionally hard worker who rarely took vacations. He once estimated that he had been away from home for thirty years of his forty-five year ministry. His book Home, Courtship, Marriage and Children was written almost entirely on the road, one chapter dictated on a train between Chicago and Albany, most of another while waiting for a plane at LaGuardia. A daughter who took a semester out of college to play the piano for Rice in two large revivals was there also pressed into service taking his dictation and typing the manuscript of the final chapters of the book. He claimed that woodworking was his hobby, but although he had all the necessary tools, he never had the time to use them. A brick room behind his house intended for woodworking was eventually used for storage.

Rice was gracious with praise and commanded the loyalty of his staff. He had a sometimes corny sense of humor—such as asking service station attendants, "Do you know where I could buy some gasoline?" or walking by a table filled with his own books and remarking to potential buyers, "I have read these books and find them to be sound." He liked dogs, horses, and children. Once he was discovered after a service playing hopscotch. He wrote texts and picked out melodic lines for dozens of simple gospel songs, mostly about revival and soulwinning. He was extremely frugal; there was never a hint of scandal about his personal life, and the testimonies of his six daughters were a credit to his ministry.  Once on a car trip from Dallas to Chicago, Rice prayed, "Lord, help me to find someone I can win."  He then missed a turn in Oklahoma and drove fifty miles out of the way. At a gas station where he stopped to ask directions, he led the attendant to Christ. Still upset about the unplanned detour, his daughters giggled at him, reminding him of his earlier prayer.

At 81, with a hearing aid, suffering from arthritis, and aware that his memory was "not quick as it was years ago," Rice still managed to be at the office most mornings at 6:30. In 1978, he had a heart attack, then a second, more serious one in April 1980. He died of a stroke on December 29. The staff counted 22,923 letters that had come to Rice between the beginning of his writing ministry and his death, each reporting that the writer had found Christ through Rice's books or booklets or through a sermon published in The Sword of the Lord.

References
Fred Barlow, "A Brief Biography of Dr. John R. Rice, Giant of Evangelism," Sword of the Lord (September 22, 2006).
Keith Bates, Mainstreaming Fundamentalism: John R. Rice and Fundamentalism's Public Reemergence (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2021).
John R. Himes, John R. Rice: The Last Revivalist of the Twentieth Century (Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: On To Victory Press, 2022).
Howard Edgar Moore, "The Emergence of Moderate Fundamentalism: John R. Rice and The Sword of the Lord," Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 1990.
Robert L. Sumner, Man Sent from God: A Biography of Dr. John R. Rice (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1959).
Viola Walden, John R. Rice: The Captain of Our Team (Murfreesboro, TN: Sword of the Lord Publishers, 1990)
F. Lionel Young III, "To the Right of Billy Graham:  John R. Rice's 1957 Crusade Against New Evangelicalism and the End of the Fundamentalist-Evangelical Coalition."  Th.M. Thesis, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2005.

References

External links
 The Sword of the Lord
 Some works by John R. Rice
 Coming Today?, one of Rice's hymns

1895 births
1980 deaths
American evangelicals
American evangelists
Baptists from Texas
Independent Baptist ministers from the United States
Southern Baptist ministers
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni
Baylor University alumni
Bob Jones University alumni
American Christian creationists
Christian fundamentalists
Dallas Baptist University alumni
King James Only movement
People from Murfreesboro, Tennessee
People from Cooke County, Texas
People from Wheaton, Illinois
University of Chicago alumni
Baptists from Tennessee
Decatur Baptist College alumni
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
Anti-Masonry

John R. Rice (pastor)


Batalá is an international samba reggae music project. The name Batalá is a combination of the phrase "bate lá" meaning "hit there" in Portuguese and Obatalá (Oxalá), the Candomblé deity who is the father of the Orixas and of all humanity.

Batalá was founded in Paris in 1997 by Giba Gonçalves, a Bahian percussionist with links to Ilê Aiyê, Olodum, Muzenza, Male Debale, Jimmy Cliff, Tupi Nago, and Kaoma. Batala currently has over 45 groups in 17 countries and a worldwide membership of over 1,500 percussionists.

History
In the 1990s, Batala founder Giba Gonçalves was living in Paris studying Composition and Bass Guitar at the Paris Conservatoire. While Gonçalves was abroad his friend Alberto Pitta, the ex-artistic director of Olodum, started the educational project Instituto Oya de Arte e Educacao in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil. This project included Bloco Cortejo Afro, a school for dance, percussion, printing, textile design, fashion design, and capoeira. Gonçalves formed Batala as an international extension of Bloco Cortejo Afro in collaboration with Alberto Pitta. Batala was officially formed in 1997, and Cortejo Afro was officially formed in 1998, but the two groups have always been closely affiliated.

Relationship with Cortejo Afro
In order to maintain a connection to Cortejo Afro while simultaneously creating an independent musical group, Gonçalves adapted and changed much of their repertoire for use in Batala. As a result, Batala and Cortejo Afro share many of the same rhythms played with slight differences, and members of Batala have performed at the Salvador Carnival as part of the Cortejo Afro Bloco since 1999. (It has been estimated that members of Batala who attend the Salvador de Bahia Carnaval bring over £15,000 into the Instituto Oya de Arte e Educacao and the local Salvador economy each year over the course of their stay.)

Batala's long-standing link to Cortejo Afro combined with Gonçalves' close relationships with numerous influential members of the Bahian music scene have enabled members of Batala to work with and learn from blocos and artists such as Ilê Aiyê, Olodum, Daniela Mercury, Magareth Menezes, Didà banda feminina, and the late Neguinho do Samba, who is credited with the development of samba reggae including the shallow drums used specifically in Bahian samba.

Musical Style and Costumes

The international Batala family shares the samba reggae musical arrangements and percussion breaks composed by Gonçalves, as well as graphics, costumes, and choreography. The band's official colours are red, black, and white, but logo variants among the groups as well as drum skins sometimes include green and yellow reflecting the Brazilian national flag.

Batala groups use drums, beaters, belts, T-shirts, and costumes that are designed and manufactured in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil. The costumes, which change every year, are designed and manufactured at Instituto Oya and Fabrica Batala in Salvador de Bahia. Individual groups design and print their own T-shirts for fans and members using the band logo and their own designs.

Instruments

Batala members  play four different drums: Surdos 1 and 2, Surdo 3 (referred to as Dobra), Repinique, and Snare (referred to as Caixa).

The biggest Surdo, called  Primero or 1, plays on beats 1 & 3 and sets the tempo for the band. The Surdo 2, called Segundo or Reposta, is slightly smaller and plays on beats 2 and 4. Together these two drums are called Marcaçao - meaning "marking" as in "marking time" - because they mark the beat. Surdo 1 and 2 are worn around the waist and played with large-headed mallets.

The third or "small" Surdo plays the samba reggae "off beat" and other syncopated rhythms. Called the Dobra in Batala, this drum cuts in between the beats of the two larger drums with more complex rhythms and leads the dancing movements in the band. The Dobra is worn around the waist and played with medium-headed beaters.

The Repinique is a much smaller drum with a high-pitched, metallic tone that makes calls to the other drums and cues musical changes during songs. The Repinique is worn low around the waist and played with a pair of flexible plastic sticks.

The final drum, the Caixa, is referred to as the engine of the band because it keeps the music running by maintaining a constant rhythm under the beats of the other drums. It is similar to a common snare drum. The Caixa is worn around the waist and played with a set of standard wooden drum sticks.

Membership
With the exception of the groups in Brasília; Mendoza, Argentina; Washington D.C.; and New York City, which are women-only, worldwide Batala groups are open to individuals of all races, genders, sexualities and religions, regardless of their musical backgrounds or drumming experience. Prospective members generally contact group leaders to find out about rehearsal times and dates in order to join the band. Because all of the groups learn the same tunes, members from different cities often perform with sister groups around the world during the course of any travels they might take, or switch groups if they move cities.

Former Batala Chapters

See also
Samba Reggae
Salvador, Bahia
Olodum
Ilê Aiyê

References

Drums
Brazilian styles of music
Percussion ensembles

Batala (music)


Victor Zarnowitz (born 1919 in Oświęcim Poland, d. 21 February 2009 in New York City) was a leading scholar on business cycles, indicators, and forecast evaluation.  Zarnowitz was Senior Fellow and Economic Counselor to The Conference Board. He was Professor Emeritus of Economics and Finance, Graduate School of Business, The University of Chicago, and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

In 1939, he fled Poland to escape the Nazi invasion, but was imprisoned by the Soviet Russians and worked at a labor camp in Siberia.  Zarnowitz earned his Ph.D. in economics (summa cum laude) at the University of Heidelberg in Germany in 1951.  He came to the United States in 1952.  In 1959 he moved to Chicago and became a professor at the University of Chicago.

He was a Fellow of the National Association of Business Economists, Fellow of the American Statistical Association, Honorary Fellow of the International Institute of Forecasters, and Honorary Member of the Center for International Research on Economic Tendency Surveys (CIRET). In 2001, he received the William F. Butler Memorial Award from the New York Association for Business Economists. His numerous papers and books include An Appraisal of Short-Term Economic Forecasts (1967), The Business Cycle Today (1972), Orders, Production, and Investment (1973), and Business Cycles: Theory, History, Indicators, and Forecasting (1992). His most recent papers are "Has the Business Cycle Been Abolished?" (1998), "Theory and History Behind Business Cycles" (1999), and "The Old and the New in U.S. Economic Expansion" (2000).

He was notable as a researcher on the performance of economic forecasting, and he concluded that economic forecasters have little success in predicting business cycle turning points.  He established that planners are better off using the average of forecasts, rather than relying on any individual forecast.  This has become a common practice on the part of governments in the setting of their budgets.

Zarnowitz remained an active economist throughout his life.  In 1999 he joined The Conference Board, the organization which publishes the Index of Leading Indicators and the Consumer Confidence Index.  He continued working five-day weeks until the day before he died, according to The Conference Board, and he was also an active member of the Business Cycle Dating Committee at the National Bureau of Economic Research.  His final decision with the committee was the determination that the Late-2000s recession had begun in December 2007. In 2008, Zarnowitz published a book about his experiences with Nazis and Russians, "Fleeing the Nazis, Surviving the Gulag, and Arriving in the Free World: My Life and Times," which received wide praise.

The historical pattern in which deep recessions are usually followed by steep recoveries is known by economists as "the Zarnowitz rule".

Publications
 Zarnowitz, Victor (1985), 'Recent work on business cycles in historical perspective: a review of theories and evidence'. Journal of Economic Literature 23 (2), pp. 523–80.
 Zarnowitz, Victor (1992), Business cycles: theory, history, indicators and forecasting. The university of Chicago press. In Studies in business cycles. vol 27.
 Zarnowitz, Victor (2008), 'Fleeing the Nazis, Surviving the Gulag, and Arriving in the Free World: My Life and Times,' Praeger,

References

1919 births
2009 deaths
Macroeconomists
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Polish economists
20th-century American economists
Polish emigrants to the United States
Heidelberg University alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Polish expatriates in Germany
Polish expatriates in the Soviet Union

Victor Zarnowitz


Civil defence (or civil defense) is a system used to protect the civilians of a state from coming under attack. It involves plans for preparing for and responding to emergency situations, plans for evacuation, and plans for how to recover from attacks. In some countries, civil defence is seen as an important part of military defence. Programmes of this kind were first explored at least as early as the 1920s. They have been used in many countries, especially since the threat of nuclear weapons has become known.

Since the end of the Cold War, the focus of civil defence has become more and more for disasters in general. The new concept is described by a number of terms, each of which has its own specific meaning, such as crisis management, emergency management, emergency preparedness, emergency services, and civil protection.

Related pages
 Emergency shelter

Other websites

Emergency services
Safety
Public services

Civil defence


NOTE: The North Sea Empire refers to an empire from 1016-1035.

Thi' North Sea Empire is a nime' thit' refers tae thi' dominions o Cnut I "Kanute thi Great", king o Ingland, Norawa und Denmark. He an aa ruled some o Swaden und thi' Holy Roman Empire. It' thi' time thi' empire wis' maist likely referred tae as Cnutland or Kanutelind.

Thi' Founding
Thi' empire began whaen' Cnut the Great, son o Sweyn Forkbeard became king o Ingland an pairts o Alba on November 30t 1016 aefter the daith o Edmund Ironside, son o Aethelred II thi' Unready. On Januar 6t 1017 he wis' croowned een' Old St. Pauls Cathedral, Lunnon, Inglish Kingdom which made his reign aloat' maire legitimate.

In 1018 whaen' Harald II o Denmark dee'd his brae'ther Cnut got thi' thrane makin him king o twa countries. Somewhere aroon'd 1018-1028 he teuk some land o' Swaden an bi 1028 became king o Norawa merkin the heicht o the empire. He an aa gained land een thi' Holy Roman Empire. Aroond 1020 he stated "I am Cnut thi' Great, keeng o Danes, Norawas, Anglo's and some o the Swedes and Franks".

Claims
Een 1022 he stated tae be king o Alba, Ireland, Normandy, Ingland, Scania, Norawa, Denmark an modren-day Poland an Wales. His Scania claims o Swaden war somewhat legitimized wi' thi' fact that mony Scanian coins hid' Cnut on them statin "Cnut, keeng o the Swedes".

End o thi' Empire
Bi winter o 1033 thi' empire stairtit tae lose land an bi 1035 Cnut the Great dee'd. His son Harthacnut tried tae control thi' empire but een practice thi' empire fell the day o his daith.

Cnut the Great
Scandinavian history
Umwhile empires in Europe
Anglo-Norse Ingland
1016 establishments
1035 disestablishments in Europe
1030s disestablishments in Europe
1010s establishments in Europe

North Sea Empire


Fox Major League Baseball (shortened as Fox MLB and MLB on FS1) is FOX Sports's broadcast of Major League Baseball. It began on June 1, 1996 and continue through at least 2021.

Early Years: 1996-2000
Major League Baseball made a deal with FOX and NBC on November 7, 1995. FOX televised regular season games (about 16 weekly telecasts normally beginning on Memorial Day weekend) on Saturday afternoons, selected Division Series games, and alternated the All-Star Game, League Championship Series and the World Series with NBC each year. To better state this, FOX aired the All-Star Game aired American League Championship Series in odd-numbered years while airing the National League Championship Series and World Series in even-numbered years.

Exclusivity: 2001-2006
In September 2000, Major League Baseball and FOX signed a 6-year contract to air Saturday baseball, the All-Star Game, selected Division Series games, and exclusive coverage of the League Championship Series and the World Series.

New Contract: 2007-2021
Rumors about the end of Major League Baseball on FOX were laid to rest on July 11, 2006 when the network announced they would still air the World Series through the 2013 season. It was announced on October 17, 2006 that FOX would retain the All-Star Game and World Series, except they would air the regular season beginning with the first Saturday of the regular season, and postseason coverage beyond the World Series was limited to one League Championship Series a year, alternating one for the other with TBS each year, airing the other LCS.

Major League Baseball
Fox Broadcasting Company

Major League Baseball on FOX


The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the Federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution. Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III United States federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.

Courts
The federal courts are composed of three levels of courts. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court. It is generally an appellate court that operates under discretionary review, which means that the Court can choose which cases to hear, by granting of writs of certiorari. There is generally no right of appeal to the Supreme Court. In a few situations (like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction.

The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate federal appellate courts. There are 13 appellate courts that determine if the law was applied correctly in trial courts. In some cases, Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.

There are 94 United States district courts. These are general federal trial courts, although in many cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Court of International Trade, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Alien Terrorist Removal Court, or to Article I or Article IV tribunals. The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals (unless, for example, appeals are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.)

References

Federal judiciary of the United States


Cologne Cathedral (German: Hohe Domkirche St. Petrus or commonly Kölner Dom) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany. It is the cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne.

The cathedral has a height of 157.25 metres. This makes it the second-highest in Germany and the third-highest in the world. The cathedral in Ulm, the Ulm Minster at 161 metres is the highest in the world. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro is also higher, at 158 metres, but it only has the status of a minor basilica, it is not a cathedral.
The cathedral is also the third-biggest church, built in Gothic architecture. The Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain, and the Milan Cathedral in Milan, Italy are bigger.

The Cologne Cathedral was built in Gothic style from 15 August 1248. It was planned to make the cathedral like the one in Amiens. The choir was consecrated in 1322. The first bell could be hung in one of the towers shortly after 1410. Around 1510, the construction was stopped, because people had lost interest. The last payment for its construction was made in 1560.

For 300 years, Cologne had an unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was finished in 1880, still following the original plans.

The cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

The cathedral is one of the most popular sights in Germany. In 2001, there were five million visitors, in 2004, there were six million visitors. Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral in 2005.

Images of the Cologne Cathedral

References

Religious buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Cathedrals in Germany
Cologne
Roman Catholic cathedrals
World Heritage Sites in Germany
1248 establishments
13th-century buildings and structures

Cologne Cathedral


Jan Ellen Goldstein (born 1946) is an American intellectual historian of Modern Europe. She is the Norman and Edna Freehling Professor of History at the University of Chicago, and co-editor of the Journal of Modern History.

Scholarship
Goldstein obtained her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1978.  Her academic interests include:
French intellectual and cultural history from the 18th through the 20th centuries
History of the human sciences (Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis)
Philosophical conceptions of selfhood and the self
Historical methodology

Her books include Console and Classify, about the birth and development of the French psychiatric profession in the 19th century, which has become a classic in its field. More recently, Goldstein published The Post-Revolutionary Self: Politics and Psyche in France, 1750–1850, which charts the competition among several French schools of philosophical psychology that vied to replace Sensationalism in the late 18th century.

She has also worked as editor on a volume of the University of Chicago's Readings in Western Civilization series, 19th Century Europe: Liberalism and its Critics, a collection of primary source documents used in the History of European Civilization core sequence in the College.

Editorship and other activities
She has served since 1996 as co-editor of the Journal of Modern History, the leading journal of intellectual, cultural and political history of Modern Europe. The post is shared by University of Chicago historian John W. Boyer.

Goldstein was a named a Guggenheim fellow in 1992. In 2010, she was named a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

She was elected president of the American Historical Association for 2014–2015.

Select publications
Hysteria Complicated by Ecstasy: The Case of Nanette Leroux (Princeton University Press, 2010).
The Post-Revolutionary Self: Politics and Psyche in France, 1750–1850 (Harvard University Press, 2005).
Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century. (Cambridge University Press, 1987)  French translation, 1997.  2nd ed. with new afterword (University of Chicago Press, 2001).
"Of Marx and Marksmanship: Reflections on the Linguistic Construction of Class in Some Recent Historical Scholarship," Modern Intellectual History, 2 (2005): 87–107.
"Bringing the Psyche into Scientific Focus: A Political Account," in Theodore Porter and Dorothy Ross, eds., The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 7: The Modern Social Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 131–153.
"The Case History in Historical Perspective: Nanette Leroux and Emmy von N.," in Muriel Dimen and Adrienne Harris, eds., Storms in Her Head: Freud and the Construction of Hysteria (New York: Other Press, 2001), pp. 143–167.
"The Future of French History in the United States: Unapocalyptic Thoughts for the New Millennium," French Historical Studies 24:2 (Winter 2001): 1–10.
"Mutations of the Self in Old Regime and Post-Revolutionary France: From Ame to Moi to Le Moi," in Lorraine Daston. ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 86–116.
"Framing Discipline with Law: Problems and Promises of the Liberal State," American Historical Review 98:2 (April  1993): 364–375.
"The Hysteria Diagnosis and the Politics of Anticlericalism in Late Nineteenth-Century France," Journal of Modern History  Vol. 54, No. 2, June 1982.

References

External links
Official Faculty Webpage
Journal of Modern History
Higby Prize listing

1946 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
Intellectual historians
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University alumni
Historians of Europe
Historians of France
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American women historians
21st-century American women writers
Academic journal editors

Jan E. Goldstein


"Sameyakh" or "Sameach" (; meaning "happy") is a Hebrew song by the pop band PingPong, a quartet consisting of Guy Asif, Roy Arad, Yifat Giladi and Ahal Eden. The song was the  entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000.

Themes
The song describes an Israeli woman on a kibbutz who appears to be depressed, having a torrid affair with a Damascus man, who appears in the video in a traditional headdress, or keffiyeh. It makes references to wars and natural disasters such as floods, and when the reference to the cucumber is made, the singers sing into cucumbers. It also used the suggestive line "I want to do it with him all day long".

Eurovision

The group had originally entered the contest as a joke. At the end of the performance the group waved small flags of both Israel and Syria; the waving of the Flag of Syria led to the performance being disendorsed by the Israeli Broadcasting Authority after the group had refused to withdraw the use of the flag for the final. The performance also garnered controversy when the group, at the last minute, decided to sing the song's English title ("Be Happy") in place of the Hebrew title, after previously having stated that they would sing the song entirely in Hebrew.

The song qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest after defeating 83 other acts earlier in the year, without incident. However, upon brandishing the new dance and flag routine at the dress rehearsal, which coincided with Independence Day of Israel, Israeli talkbalk radio and newspapers were inundated with complaints at a period when Israel had withdrawn from southern Lebanon due to guerilla attacks by the Hezbollah militia, which was supported by a Syrian government which did not recognise Israel's sovereignty. Upon being disendorsed, Gil Samsonov, the chairman of the Israeli Broadcasting Authority stated that PingPong would have to pay for the costs of entering the competition, saying "They will compete there, but not on behalf of the Israeli Broadcasting Authority or the Israeli people… They are representing only themselves." It was the last straw for the IBA after the group had released its video clip for the song the previous month, which included male-male kissing and suggestive acts with a cucumber. "It started with sexual provocation and now it has turned to political provocation," Mr Samsonov said. "What is this meant to be about? Everyone knows that the Israeli people want peace with Syria".

The song was performed first on the night, preceding the ' Linda with "No Goodbyes". At the close of voting, it had received 7 points, placing 22nd in a field of 24.

The artistic director of the band, the film director Eytan Fox defended the performance despite noting the protests ― "As soon as we got off the stage, the faxes started coming from Israel saying not to appear with the Israeli and Syrian flags".  He refused to back down claiming that the song was a peace message ― "The song is about love and peace so we thought it would be a good idea to use Syrian and Israeli flags, because we would like to have peace with Arab countries,". Fox claimed that his group was being targeted by conservative facets of society, stating "We represent a new kind of Israeli who wants to be normal and have peace. We want to have fun and not go to war, but the right wing is not happy about that message."

Legacy
The song also went to the top of the Israeli charts, despite being shunned by the Eurovision voters.

It was succeeded as Israeli representative at the 2001 contest by Tal Sondak with "En Davar".

References

Sources

Eurovision songs of Israel
Eurovision songs of 2000
Israeli songs
2000 songs
Kibbutzim

Sameach


The Chronicles of Narnia movie series are a series of movies created by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The movies are based on the series of fantasy novels of the same name written by British author C.S. Lewis. The first movie in the series, The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe, was released in 2005, and the second, Prince Caspian, was released in 2008. The third movie, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, was released in 2010. In January 2009, it was announced that Disney would not continue to distribute the Narnia movie series, thus The Voyage of the Dawn Treader was sent to 20th Century Fox. Fox will now distribute the Narnia movie series afterwards.

20th Century Fox will currently distribute The Silver Chair in works.

Movie series
Series of movies

The Chronicles of Narnia movie series


The Australidelphia is a superorder of Australasian marsupial mammals.

It consists in five extant (living) orders, which contain most of the world's marsupials.

Superorder Australodelphia
Order Microbiotheria
Order Dasyuromorphia
Order Peramelemorphia
Order Notoryctemorphia
Order Diprotodontia
Order Yalkaparidontia (extinct)

Marsupials of Australia

Australidelphia


The Silmarillion is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was first published posthumously (after Tolkien was dead) in 1977, edited by his son Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion is set in Tolkien's world Middle-earth, and is about its early history before The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

The name "Silmarillion" can mean the published book (as in The Silmarillion), but it can also mean all the stories from the First Age of Middle-earth (the Quenta Silmarillion).

Overview
The published The Silmarillion has five parts:
 The Ainulindalë tells how Eru Ilúvatar (God) created the Ainur and the universe (called Eä). It talks about a character named Melkor who is jealous of Eru Ilúvatar's power and wants to sing differently from the rest of the Ainur.
 The Valaquenta tells of the Ainur who came into the world, where they were known as Valar and Maiar. Melkor starts destroying everything the other Valar make. If they make a valley, he raises it up again.
 The Quenta Silmarillion tells the stories of the First Age of Middle-earth. It is about the wars of the Elves and Men against the Dark Lord Morgoth, and the fight for the Silmaril jewels. The Quenta Silmarillion is the biggest part of the book.
 The Akallabêth tells of the Downfall of Númenor.
 The Of The Rings of Power and the Third Age tells the story leading up to The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Books by J. R. R. Tolkien
1977 books

The Silmarillion


Exodus is the second book in the Torah. Exodus in Hebrew is called Shemot, which means 'names.'

Exodus means 'going out' in Latin. It is about how the Hebrew people were led out of Egypt by God. Moses, their leader, hears God's words and then tells the Israelites. Exodus ends with God's laws and his instructions on how to build a holy container called the Ark of the Covenant.

Summary
After the Hebrews went to Egypt to get food, the old Pharaoh died, and a new Pharaoh came to power and made each Hebrew a slave. The Pharaoh made the Hebrews work very hard and told his soldiers to throw their babies into the Nile River. One baby, Moses, was put in a reed basket set adrift on the Nile. He was later rescued by an Egyptian princess, grew up in Pharaoh's palace, and later killed an Egyptian slavedriver. Moses escaped from Egypt and lived away from his people in Midian. He lived with Jethro, his father-in-law.

One day, while Moses was tending his flocks, God appeared in a burning bush to Moses and instructed him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. As Moses had no confidence in doing this, God gives him his brother Aaron to help him. Aaron was good at speaking and helped Moses speak to the Pharaoh.

When he returned to Egypt, Moses asked the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go, but the Pharaoh refused. Through God's power, Moses causes ten plagues to come on Egypt.

The last plague was the death of all the firstborns in Egypt. Only the Israelites' firstborns were spared, as they had the blood of a young lamb on their door, so God did not let the Angel of Death enter their houses (12:23). The Pharaoh finally decided to let the Israelites go.

While the Israelites were crossing the Red Sea, the Pharaoh changed his mind and decided to pursue them with his troops. The Israelites passed safely as Moses parted the Sea with his staff by God's power. Once the Hebrews all passed the sea closed, leaving all the Pharaoh's troops to drown.

Later, at Mount Sinai, Moses received the law and the Ten Commandments from God. But the Israelites sinned against God by worshiping an idol (a golden calf). Moses broke the first two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments in anger. God later gave him another two. He also told Moses how to build the Ark of the Covenant.
Ten Times the Israelites rebelled and tested the L-D during Exodus despite his revealation to them; according to rabbanic literature it was because "..They were still laboring under the slave mentality of the Egyptian bondage."

Media
The book has been filmed several times, as The Ten Commandments and The Prince of Egypt.

References

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
6th-century BC books

Exodus


Gibson's Law, efter Mel Gibson, descrives the uiss o references tae Braveheart or the battle o Banockburn by Unionists an jurnalists in discussions or airticles aboot Scots independence. Gibson's Law for ordinar kythes wi the inference that mony Scots juist wants independence acause thay are gullible an easily influenced by a Hollywood pictur epitomizin a romanticised bygane, raither nor a passion for a futur in a walthier, halthier, greener, fairer an better Scotland. Forby thon, Gibson's Law applees tae ony online discussion - whether mailing lists, message buirds, forums, chat rooms, blog comment threids, or wiki talk pages.  The uiss o references tae Braveheart or the battle o Banockburn by thaim that maks thaim shaws that thay hae tint the plot o the argiement thay are ettlin at makkin in a seemilar wey tae Godwin's Law.

Whether or no Gibson's law applees tae mentions o Chicken Run is a maiter o ongaun debate.

Anither Gibson's law hauds that "For every PhD there is an equal and opposite PhD." The term speceefically refers tae the conflict atween testimony o expert witnesses cawed by opposin pairties in a trial unner an adversarial seestem o juistice. Forby thon, it is appleed tae conflictin scienteefic opeenion injectit intae policy deceesions by interestit pairties creatin a controversy for tae propale thair ain interests.

Fitmerks

Evidence law
Propaganda
Public relations

Gibson's Law


The Potseluev Bridge (, literally Bridge of Kisses) is a bridge across the Moyka River in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The name of the bridge spurred numerous urban legends. The panoramic view of Saint Isaac's Cathedral that opens from the bridge makes it a popular subject of artists paintings.

Name and history

During the first half of the 18th century, townspeople had set up a crossing across the Moyka river from improvised materials at the location of the modern bridge. In 1738 while the granite embankment of Moyka was being established, the wooden pedestrian bridge was built. It had a raising part to allow passage of mast ships. The wooden bridge was painted in different colours, and therefore was named Coloured Bridge. In 1768 the bridge was reconstructed to accommodate horse traffic. At this time the structure was changed to three-span bridge standing on stone supports. The bridge was named after merchant Potseluev who kept a tavern near the bridge.

At the beginning of the 19th century a bridge no longer met the increased traffic loads, and therefore in 1816 it was rebuilt. The new bridge was built to the design of architect William Heste as a single span arched bridge. Like other Heste's bridges, it was made from iron cast with granite facing.

Entrance to the bridge features four granite obelisk with lanterns.

Fence pattern repeats the one from the Moika River embankments. It was made at the Petersburg iron factory.

The first major renovation was made after heavy floods in 1824 and which nearly destroyed the bridge completely.

Gallery

References

Bridges in Saint Petersburg
Bridges completed in 1738
Bridges completed in 1768
Bridges completed in 1808
1768 establishments in the Russian Empire
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg

Potseluev Bridge


Mordechai Vanunu (), dilahirkan di Marrakesh, Maghribi pada 13 Oktober 1954 merupakan bekas juruteknik nuklear yang mendedahkan secara terperinci program senjata nuklear Israel kepada sidang British pada 1986. Dia telah berikutnya diculik oleh ejen Israel dan diseludup ke Israel, di mana dia telah teruji dan disabitkan atas pengkhianatan.

Mordechai Vanunu menghabiskan 18 tahun dalam penjara, termasuk lebih dari 11 tahun di pengurungan sendirian. Vanunu telah dibebaskan dari penjara pada 2004, disubjekkan kepada berbagai barisan batasan pada pengucapan dan pergerakan beliau. Sejak kemudian dia telah secara ringkas ditangkap beberapa kali kerana melanggar pembatasan ini, termasuk memberi beberapa temubual kepada wartawan luar dan mencuba meninggalkan Israel.

Pada 2007 Vanunu telah dijatuhkan hukuman enam bulan di penjara kerana melanggar tempoh parol beliau. Hukuman ini telah dianggap luarbiasa walaupun oleh pendakwa yang menjangkakan hukuman yang digantungkan. Sebagai tindak balas, Amnesty International menerbitkan sidang pembebasan pada 2 Julai, 2007, menyatakan bahawa "Organisasi ini menganggap Modechai Vanunu menjadi banduan hati nurani dan mengarahkan untuk pembebasan beliau secara segera dan tidak bersyarat." Vanunu telah dihuraikan oleh kebanyakan sebagai peniup wisel tetapi oleh yang lain, terutamanya orang Israel, sebagai pengkhianat.

Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan

Vanunu dilahirkan di Marrakesh, Maghribi kepada keluarga Yahudi; ayah beliau merupakan rabai. Pada 1963, pada usia sembilan, beliau emigrat dibawah Hukum Mengembali dengan ibubapa beliau dan 4 pertama dari 11 abang dan kakak ke Israel. Pada 1973, beliau mendaftar untuk program matematik dan fizik di Universiti Tel Aviv. Bagaimanapun memanjangkan tugas simpanan pada Perang Yom Kippur 1973 dan kekurangan dana menjadikan beliau untuk memutuskan pelajaran beliau. Vanunu melengkapkan tiga tahun beliau dalam khidmat tentera sebagai sapper dalam IDF Kor Kombat Kejuruteraan, dengan rank sarjan Pertama. Selepas melengkapkan khidmat beliau dan memulakan pekerjaan di Pusat Penyelidikan Nuklear Negev. Vanunu menjadi pelajar sambilan geografi dan falsafah di Universiti Ben-Gurion dari Negev, di mana beliau menjadi kritikal dari kebanyakan polisi kerajaan Israel, membentuk sebuah kumpulan yang dipanggil "Kampus" dengan empat pelajar Yahudi lain dan lima pelajar Arab. Vanunu juga digolong dengan sebuah kumpulan yang dipanggil "Gerakan untuk Kemaraan Keamanan."

Vanunu menerima siswazah dari Universiti Beersheba pada 1985 dengan BA dalam Falsafah dan Geografi.

Pusat Penyelidikan Nuklear Negev

Antara 1976 dan 1985, Vanunu telah digajikan sebagai juruteknik loji nuklear dan pengurus sambilan di Pusat Penyelidikan Nuklear Negev, sebuah fasiliti Israel yang digunakan untuk membangunkan dan mengeluarkan senjata nuklear, terletak di Gurun Negev selatan Dimona. Kebanyakan agensi risikan sedunia menganggarkan bahawa Israel membangunkan senjata nuklear seawal 1960an, tetapi negara tersebut telah dengan sengaja mengekalkan "Polisi kesengajaan kekaburan", tidak berpengetahuan mahupun menafikan ia memiliki senjata tersebut. Ia semasa penggajian beliau bahawa terdapat salah satu dari kumpulan sayap-kiri iaitu keahlian Vanunu yang diadakan memprotes terhadap reaktor nuklear Iraq Osiraq, iaitu telah dipercayai menjadi sebahagian dari program pembangunan senjata nuklear Iraq. Jerusalem Post menyatakan bahawa Vanunu mengambil aktif sebahagian dari protes ini, didebatkan bahawa ini menunjukkan bahawa beliau dimotivasikan oleh perasaan benci kepada Israel pada perbuatan kemudian beliau.

Ia dipercayai bahawa di Dimona, Vanunu menjadi bertambah bermasalah mengenai program senjata nuklear Israel yang meluas dipecayai iaitu yang beliau bekerja. Apabila beliau telah diletak keluar dari Dimona pada 1985, Vanunu meninggalkan Israel. beliau tiba di nepal dan dianggap sebagai pemelukan ke agama Buddha, kemudian mengembara ke Burma dan Thailand. Pada 1986, beliau mengembara ke Sydney, Australia. Sementara di sana, Vanunu tinggal dalam hostel di Kings Cross dan bekerja dengan kerja aneh, pertama sebagai pembasuh pinggan mangkuk hotel dan kemudian sebagai pemandu teksi.

Vanunu mula menghadiri gereja tempatan, St. John's, Darlinghurst. Sana beliau berjumpa dengan Reverend John McKnight, yang bekerja dengan tanpa huni dan penagih dadah. Vanunu memeluk Kristian dan telah dibaptiskan sebagai John Crossman ke dalam Anglican Church of Australia, mejadikan beliau lebih renggang dari keluarga beliau.

Pendedahan, penculikan, dan penerbitan

Sementara di Sydney, beliau berjumpa Peter Hounam, seorang wartawan dari The Sunday Times di London. Pada awal September 1986, Vanunu terbang ke London dengan Hounam, dan dalam pencabulan dari persetujuan tak-terdedah beliau, mendedahkan kepada The Sunday Times pengetahuan beliau dari program nuklear Israel, termasuk gambar yang beliau secara rahsia ambil pada tapak Dimona.

The Sunday Times amat bimbang untuk diperdayakan selepas sebelumnya dimalukan oleh tipu daya Diari Hitler. Abikatnya, akhbar tersebut mahu mengesahkan kisah Vanunu dengan pakar senjata nuklear terkemuka, termasuk bekas pereka senjata nuklear A.S. Theodore Taylor dan bekas pereka British Frank Barnaby, yang bersetuju bahawa kisah Vanunu adalah benar. Vanunu memberikan huraian terperinci dari pengasingan lithium-6 yang diperlukan untuk pengeluaran dari tritium, ramuan asas dari bom pemecahan pelakuran-ditujah. Manakala kedua-dua pakar menyimpulkan bahasa Israel mungkin membuat bom tujahan peringkat-tunggal seumpama, Vanunu, iaitu pengalaman kerja beliau terhad kepada penghasilan bahan (bukan komponen), memberi tiada bukti spesifik bahawa Israel telah membuat bom termonuklear dua-peringkat, seperti bom neutron. Vanunu menghuraikan pemproses plutonium digunakan, memberikan kadar penghasilan sekitar 30 kg per tahun, dan menyatakan bahawa Israel gunakan sekitar 4 kg per senjata.
Dari maklumat ini ia mungkin jadi untuk menganggarkan bahawa Israel mempunyai plutonium mencukupi untuk sekitar 150 senjata nuklear.

Vanunu menyatakan dalam surat beliau bahawa beliau berhasrat untuk berkongsi wang dari akhbar untuk maklumat dengan Gereja Anglikan Australia. Jelas kecewa dengan tundaan manakala Hounam telah menyiapkan penyelidikan beliau, Vanunu mendekati akhbar pesaing, tabloid Sunday Mirror, iaitu pemiliknya ialah Robert Maxwell. Pada 1991, seorang pegawai Mossad yang dihurai-sendiri yang dipanggil Ari Ben-Menashe mengesyaki bahawa Maxwell telah condong keluar Mossad tersebut, mungkin jadi melalui risikan rahsia British, mengenai Vanunu.. Ia juga kemungkinan besar bahawa mereka telah dikejutkan oleh penyiasatan yang dibuat kepada Kedutaan Israel di London oleh wartawan Sunday Mirror.

Kerajaan Israel berhasrat menahan Vanunu, tetapi berazam bahawa untuk mengelak dari membahayakan hubungan baiknya dengan Perdana Menteri Margaret Thatcher, Vanunu patut dipujuk untuk meninggalkan wilayah UK dibawah kesukarelaan beliau sendiri. Bersandiwara sebagai pelancong Amerika yang dipanggil "Cindy", ejen Mossad Israel Cheryl Bentov berbaik dengan Vanunu, dan pada 30 September memujuk beliau untuk terbang ke Rom dengan Cindy pada satu percutian. Sebaik sahaja di Rom, ejen Rom menangkap beliau, mendadahkan beliau dan menyeludup beliau ke Israel pada kapal pengangkut barang, bermula dengan apa yang menjadi lebi dari sedekad dari pengurungan sendirian dalam penjara Israel.

Pada 5 Oktober, Sunday Times menerbitkan maklumat yang beliau dedahkan, dan menganggarkan bahasa Israel telah menghasilkan lebih dari 100 warhead nuklear.

Pemenjaraan

Vanunu was put on trial in Israel on charges of treason and espionage. The trial, held in secret, took place in the District Court in Jerusalem before Chief Justice Eliahu Noam and judges Zvi Tal and Shalom Brener. He was not permitted contact with the media but he wrote the details of his capture (or "hijacking" as he put it) on the palm of his hand, and while being transported he held his hand against the van's window so that waiting journalists could get the information

On February 27 1988, the court sentenced him to 18 years' imprisonment from the date of his capture. The Israeli government refused to release the transcript of the court case until, after the threat of legal action, it agreed to let censored extracts be published in Yedioth Ahronoth, an Israeli newspaper, in late 1999.

The death penalty in Israel is restricted to special circumstances. In 2004, former Mossad director Shabtai Shavit told Reuters that the option of extrajudicial execution was considered in 1986, but rejected because "Jews don't do that to other Jews."

The Israeli government kept him in near total isolation for more than 11 years, allegedly out of concern that he might reveal more Israeli nuclear secrets and because he was still bound by the contract that swore him to secrecy on the subject. While in prison, he refused psychiatric treatment.

Many critics argue that Vanunu had no additional information that would pose a real security threat to Israel, and that the Israeli government's real motivation is a desire to avoid political embarrassment and financial complications for itself and allies such as the United States.  By not acknowledging possession of nuclear weapons, Israel avoids a US legal prohibition on funding countries which proliferate weapons of mass destruction.  Such an admission would prevent Israel from receiving, as it does now, more than $2 billion each year in military and other aid from Washington.

Ray Kidder, then a senior American nuclear scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has said:

His last appeal against his conviction, to the Supreme Court of Israel in 1990, failed.

While in prison, Vanunu says, he took part in small acts of rebellion, such as refusing to talk with the guards, reading only English-language newspapers, and watching only BBC television.  "He is the most stubborn, principled, and tough person I have ever met," said his lawyer, Avigdor Feldman.

Release and Asylum Applications
In 2004, shortly before his scheduled release, Vanunu remained defiant under interrogation by the security service, Shin Bet. In recordings of the interview made public after his release, he is heard saying "I am neither a traitor nor a spy, I only wanted the world to know what was happening." He also said, "We don't need a Jewish state. There needs to be a Palestinian state. Jews can, and have lived anywhere, so a Jewish State is not necessary."

Vanunu was released from prison on April 21 2004. He indicated a desire to completely dissociate himself from Israel, initially refusing to speak in Hebrew, and planning to move to Europe or the US as soon as the Israeli government would permit him to do so.

A number of restrictions were placed upon Vanunu by Israeli authorities, who stated their reason was fear of him spreading further state secrets and that he is still bound by his non-disclosure agreement. These stipulate that he must inform the authorities of his place of residence and his movements between cities, and may not leave the country. These restrictions were extended to April 2006, and then April 2007, due to his violations of court rulings. While a court found in 2005 that he should be free to go to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, the 2006 restrictions explicitly forbade him to visit either, reversing the court's initial decision.
In addition, Vanunu is not allowed to meet with foreigners or contact them by phone or e-mail, enter or approach any embassy, visit any port of entry, or come within 500 metres of any international border crossing.

Vanunu says that his knowledge is now outdated and he has nothing more he could possibly reveal that is not already widely known. Despite the stated restrictions, since his release Vanunu has freely given interviews to the foreign press, including a live phone interview to BBC Radio Scotland.

On April 22 2004, Vanunu asked the Norwegian government for a Norwegian passport and asylum in Norway for "humanitarian reasons," according to Norwegian news agencies. He also sent applications to other countries, and stated that he would accept asylum in any country because he fears for his life. Former conservative Norwegian Prime Minister Kåre Willoch asked the conservative government to give Vanunu asylum, and the University of Tromsø offered him a job. On April 9, 2008, it was revealed that Vanunu's request for asylum in Norway was rejected in 2004 by Erna Solberg, Minister of Local Government in the coalition government lead by then Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik. While the Norwegian foreigner directorate (State Department) (UDI) had been prepared to grant Vanunu asylum, it was suddenly decided that the application could not be accepted because Vanunu had applied for it from outside of the borders of Norway. An unclassified document revealed that Solberg and the government considered that extracting Vanunu from Israel might be seen as an action against Israel and thereby unfitting the Norwegian government's tradition role as a friend of Israel and as a political player in the Middle East. Since the information has been revealed, Solberg has rejected criticism and defended her decision.

Vanunu's application for asylum in Sweden has also been rejected on the grounds that Sweden, like Norway does not accept absentee asylum applications. He also unsuccessfully requested asylum in Ireland, which would require him to first be allowed to leave Israel.

In 2006, Microsoft was accused  of helping Israeli police to obtain documents incriminating Vanunu.

On February 22, 2006 in a Jerusalem court it was revealed that Israeli police had led Microsoft to hand over all the details of Vanunu's Hotmail email account by alluding that he was being investigated for espionage. This happened before a court order had been obtained

Vanunu wrote: .

International calls for his freedom of movement and freedom of speech made by organizations supporting Vanunu have been either ignored or rejected by Israel.

On May 15, 2008, the Norwegian Lawyer's Petition for Vanunu was released. It calls on the Norwegian government to urgently implement a three-point action plan within the framework of international and Norwegian law and allow Vanunu to travel to, live  and work in Norway.

Arrests and hearings

Since his release, Vanunu has appeared in Israeli courts on numerous occasions on charges of having violated the terms of his release. He was arrested and detained for attempting to go to Bethlehem, on at least one occasion his room in St. George's Cathedral was raided by policemen and his belongings were confiscated.

2004
On November 11 2004, Vanunu was arrested by the International Investigations Unit of the Israeli police at around 9am while eating breakfast. The arrest stemmed from an ongoing probe examining suspicions of leaking national secrets and violating legal rulings since his release from prison. Police officers wearing bulletproof vests and carrying machine guns entered into the walled compound of St. George's Anglican Church in East Jerusalem, where Vanunu had been renting a room since his release. Police removed papers and a computer from his room. After a few hours' detention, Vanunu was put under house arrest, which was to last seven days.
On December 24, 2004, in a vehicle marked as belonging to the foreign press, Vanunu was apprehended by Israeli Police while he was attempting to enter the West Bank in violation of his release restrictions (see above), allegedly to attend mass at the Church of the Nativity. After posting bail of 50,000 NIS, he was released into five-day house arrest.

2005
 On January 26 2005, BBC reported that its Jerusalem deputy bureau chief, Simon Wilson, was banned from Israel after BBC refused to submit interview material made with Vanunu to Israeli censors. Vanunu gave the interview in violation of court orders. Wilson was allowed to return to Israel on March 12 after signing an apology letter acknowledging that he defied the law.

On March 17 2005 Vanunu was charged with 21 counts of "contravening a lawful direction" (maximum penalty two years' imprisonment per count) and one count of "attempting to contravene a lawful direction."

On November 18 2005 Vanunu was arrested at the al-Ram checkpoint north of Jerusalem as he was returning by bus from the West Bank. The Israeli authorities say Vanunu's travel ban includes visits to the Palestinian territories.

2007

On April 13 2007, Vanunu was informed that the Israeli government has continued his house arrest in Jerusalem and has renewed all the restrictions against him, for the fourth time and third year of detention in east Jerusalem.

On April 30 2007, Vanunu was convicted of violating the order barring foreign contacts and traveling outside Jerusalem. He was sentenced to six months of jail on July 2. Following his sentence, Vanunu commented that his conviction proved that Israel was still ruled, in effect, by the British Mandate, because the law under which he was convicted is from that era. "Maybe I need to turn to the queen or to Tony Blair in order to grant me justice," he said.

In July 2007, Vanunu was sentenced to a further six months imprisonment for speaking to foreigners and traveling to Bethlehem. The court's sentence was unexpected, and even the prosecution expected the court to hand down a suspended sentence, meant solely as a deterrent.

While having dinner at the American Colony in East Jerusalem with a foreigner, Vanunu was arrested for the second time on a Christmas Eve.

2008

On January 7 2008, the day before his appeal fighting the above sentence was to begin, Israel instead re-sentenced him to six months of community service.
On February 19, 2008, Vanunu wrote: "The court hearing today Feb. 19, was again postponed, because of a small snow here. We are waiting for the next hearing date" which would be "soon."

Vanunu's appeal hearing was scheduled to resumed March 23, 2008, but on that date, he learned that it was rescheduled to May 13, 2008.

On April 7, 2008  Vanunu learned that Israel has continued the restrictions against him for the fifth year. On April 9, 2008 it was reported that Norway has joined Sweden, Canada and Denmark in refusing asylum to Vanunu.

On April 9, 2008, unclassified documents reveal that the former Norwegian coalition government led by former Prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik denied Vanunu asylum in 2004 as a supportive action to the Israeli government.

On May 13, 2008 Vanunu wrote that although three judges attempted to convince the Government Lawyer to offer community service in East Jerusalem, it was denied. Vanunu's appeal fighting six months in jail resumes July 8, 2008

On May 15, 2008 The Norwegian Lawyer's Petition called on the Norwegian government to urgently implement a  three-point action plan within the framework of international and Norwegian law, to grant Vanunu asylum and permission to work and stay in Norway.

 On July 8, 2008, Judges announced that they would delay their decision until September. In July 2007, Israel convicted Vanunu on 14 counts from over a hundred interviews he gave foreign journalists in 2004. Vanunu has been prohibited from leaving the state and denied the right to speak with any foreigners since his 2004 release from 18 years in prison for exposing Israel's secret nuclear weapons program in 1986.

Support, awards, and honors
Amnesty International described his treatment as constituting "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment [...] such as is prohibited by international law."

Vanunu received the Right Livelihood Award in 1987, and was given an honorary doctorate by the University of Tromsø in 2001. He was nominated by Joseph Rotblat for the Nobel Peace Prize every year from 1988 to 2004. Former recipients are among the thousands of people and groups with rights to nominate Nobel candidates. The secretive Nobel committee never comments on specific nominations, but members often note that anyone can be nominated. In 2006 there were 191 nominations for the prize.

In 2005 he received the Peace Prize of the Norwegian People (Folkets fredspris). Previous recipients of this prize include Vytautas Landsbergis (1991), Alva Myrdal (1982), Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams.

In September 2004, artist and musician Yoko Ono gave Mordechai Vanunu a peace prize founded in her late husband, John Lennon's memory.

In December 2004, as a statement of solidarity, he was elected by the students of the University of Glasgow to serve for three years as Rector. On Friday April 22 2005 he was formally installed in the post, but cannot carry out any of its functions as he is still confined to Israel. Since then The Herald newspaper has launched a campaign for his release.

June 4, 2008: Vanunu seeks support in his Letter to Editors and the world: "I am asking the Media to report on my case and on the efforts of Norwegian Lawyers and citizens to grant me asylum...Israel was founded contingent on upholding the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. I am asking the world to demand they honor it."

See also
Israel and weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear proliferation
List of people considered whistleblowers
Nuclear-Free Future Award

Bibliography
 Black, Ian. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services, Grove Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8021-3286-3
 Cohen, Avner. Israel and the Bomb, New York: Columbia University Press (1999), ISBN 0-231-10483-9
 Cohen, Yoel. The Whistleblower of Dimona: Israel, Dimona & the Bomb.  ISBN 0-8419-1432-X
 Gaffney, Mark.  Dimona: The Third Temple?  The Story Behind the Vanunu Revelation.  ISBN 0-915597-77-2
 Gilling, Tom and John McKnight. Trial and Error — Mordechai Vanunu and Israel's Nuclear Bomb. 1991 Monarch Publications. ISBN 1-85424-129-X
 Hounam, Peter.  The Woman from Mossad: The Torment of Mordechai Vanunu. ISBN 1-58394-005-7 paperback edition title: The Woman from Mossad: The Story of Mordechai Vanunu & the Israeli Nuclear Program
 Toscano, Louis. Triple Cross. 1990 Birch Lane Press ISBN 1-55972-028-X
 Spiro, Gideon. Vanunu and the Israeli Bomb.

References

External links
Source documents and interviews
"Erna Solberg prevented Vanunu from granting asylum"
"13 Minutes with Vanunu" taped Jan. 2008
Documentary about Vanunu and his revelations
"30 Minutes With Vanunu" Video Interview, March 2006 http://www.wearewideawake.org/
Sunday Times articles from 1986
Mordechai Vanunu's photos of Dimona - 1985
Vanunu receives honorary doctorate
Mordechai Vanunu Risks Jail To Speak to Democracy Now! in First Nat'l U.S. Interview
Vanunu arrested by Israeli police
Enav, Peter. "Israeli nuclear whistle blower Mordechai Vanunu arrested for passing on classified documents." The Associated Press. November 11, 2004.
Kayw, Taakov, and Arieh O'Sullivan. "A-G orders Vanunu arrested." The Jerusalem Post. November 11, 2004.
"Israeli police detain nuke whistleblower Vanunu." Reuters. November 11, 2004.
Biographical interview  with Mordechai Vanunu published in a Hebrew newspaper, Yedioth Ahronoth, 1999
Our Son, The Rebel interview with his adoptive parents, 2002.
Ari Ben-Menashe on the Capture of Mordechai Vanunu
Metro Interview (UK free paper given out in cities)
"Vanunu held after West Bank visit" The BBC.  November 18, 2005
27 February 2006  Independent Catholic News -  Josephine Siedlecka
Israeli government statements
Memorandum Regarding Mordechai Vanunu on the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
Human rights bodies
Amnesty International report from 1998
Amnesty International report from April 2004
Amnesty International Press release, April 2005
Amnesty International Press release, July 2007
International Freedom of Expression Exchange
Current affairs coverage
Excerpts from Vanunu's statement upon release from prison
BBC Correspondent — Israel's Secret Weapon, broadcast on March 17, 2003, gave an update of Vanunu's situation. There is also a transcript available.
A Mossad perspective on the capture of Mordechai Vanunu in Haaretz.
Left-wing commentary article reflecting on Vanunu, the state of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the general political situation (late 2004).
Libby and Vanunu by Daniel Ellsberg
Public statements by Mordechai Vanunu
 Personal homepage of Mordechai Vanunu
Letters from Solitary — book of letters from Mordechai Vanunu to Rev. David B. Smith of Sydney, Australia, through whom Vanunu converted to Christianity. PDF copy: Light version, the full version, with reproductions of each letter, is available from Father David's web site.
  Mordechai Vanunu: "Having the atomic bomb is what has allowed Israel to fearlessly carry out its apartheid policy" Voltaire Network, October 2005
Advocacy websites
 http://www.vanunu.org/ Vanunu collects donations through this website
  The 1987 Right Livelihood Award for Mordechai Vanunu
 Free Prisoner of Conscience, Mordechai Vanunu, With No Restrictions! (Report by The Israeli Committee for Mordechai Vanunu and for a Middle East Free of Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons)
 Sydney link to Israeli prisoner of conscience  from The National Council of Churches in Australia.
  Information on Vanunu's candidature for Rector of the University of Glasgow.
 Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign with information about his rectorship
 The Peace People, Belfast with various reports
 Liberdade para Mordechai Vanunu (Amnesty Group 19, Portugal)
 UK petition to apply pressure to free Vanunu

Kelahiran 1954
Alumni dari Universiti Ben-Gurion dari Negev
Pemeluk dari agama Yahudi ke Anglikanisme
Anglikan Israel
Aktivis Israel anti senjata nuklear
Ahli geografi Israel
Yahudi Israel
Imigran Maghribi ke Israel
Kakitangan tentera Israel
Orang hidup
Yahudi Maghribi
Orang yang disabitkan atas pengkhianatan
Orang dari Marrakesh
Rektor dari Universiti Glasgow
Penerima Anugerah Right Livelihood

Mordechai Vanunu


Herakles (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklēs - "one glorified of Hera") is a divine hero in Greek mythology. The greatest of the Greek heroes, Herakles was a demigod, son of Zeus and the mortal Alkmene as well as the twin brother of Iphicles. As a god, Herakles served as a paragon of masculinity, and was a patron of heroic endeavor. In Ancient Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The figure is most well known for his famous Twelve Labors, a series of seemingly impossible tasks he was made to complete in order to atone for the crime of murdering his family. As a culture hero, he was said to have started the Ancient Olympic Games and marked out the length of the Olympic stadium. He was the subject of much ancient and modern art, and remains a popular figure in modern times, being the subject of various films and television series, such as Walt Disney's Hercules.

Birth and childhood
A major factor in the tragedy surrounding Herakles was the hatred that the goddess Hera, wife of Zeus, had for him, as he was one of the god's illegitimate children, born to him by the mortal woman Alkmene. Zeus, lusting after her, took the guise of Alkmene's husband Amphityron (he had been away fighting a war at the time) and lay with her. The real Amphitryon returned to Thebes later that night, and Alkmene became pregnant with his son, Iphicles. On the night Herakles and his twin Iphicles were slated to be born, Hera made Zeus swear an oath that the next descendant of Perseus to be born would become High King (ruler of Tiryns and Mycenae). Once the oath was made, Hera hurried to Alkmene's house in Thebes, where Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, had come to help deliver the twins; Hera arranged for Eileithyia to keep her legs and arms crossed, causing Herakles and his twin to be trapped in the womb. Hera then caused Eurystheus (son of Sthenelus and Herakles' cousin) to be born prematurely, making him the one to become the High King instead. Alkmene wouldve remained in labor, had it not been for her maidservant Galanthis, who came out of Alkmene's room to announce (falsely) that Alkmene had just given birth. Eileithyia jumped up in surprise, allowing Herakles and his twin to be born. Hera angrily turned Galanthis into a weasel. (Herakles was given the name Alkeides, meaning "of the line of Alcaeus", father of Amphitryon).

Shortly after Herakles was born, Alkmene, fearing Hera might take vengeance on her, took her infant child to a desolate plain outside of Thebes and abandoned him. The goddess Athena saw Herakles and swooped down to Earth, taking him up to Olympus. She took the baby to Hera, who, not knowing it was Herakles, took pity on the child and began to nurse him at her breast. Herakles suckled so hard that it hurt Hera, who pushed him away; the goddess' divine milk then spilled across the night sky, forming the Milky Way. This bestowed upon Herakles the godlike strength for which he is famous for. When Herakles was only eight months old, Hera placed two enormous serpents in the crib where Herakles and Iphikles slept. As Iphicles cried out in fear, Herakles took a serpent in each hand and strangled them to death.

Adolesence
Herakles became a strong teenager. He learned to use weapons and to drive a chariot. One day he killed his music teacher Linus because the man had tried to whip him. Herakles was charged with murder, but said he had acted in self defense. He was freed. People feared him though, so he was sent far out of town to work on a farm. Herakles became stronger with the hard work. He was seven feet tall. He was eighteen when he left the farm.

Lion of Kithaeron
Herakles was eighteen when he hunted the large and powerful Lion of Kithaeron. This lion was killing cows in a land near Thebes. The hunt lasted fifty days and ended when Herakles smashed the lion's skull with a club of olive wood. This club is seen in pictures of Herakles. He dressed in the lion's skin.

Herakles slept in King Thespius' palace while the hunt progressed. He had sex with the King's fifty daughters and became the father of fifty-two sons. One of the girls did not have sex with him. She became a priestess in his shrine.

Herakles was going back to Thebes when he met the heralds of King Erginus. They were on their way to Thebes to collect tribute. They treated Herakles with contempt. Herakles cut off their ears, noses, and hands. Erginus made war on Thebes, but was defeated and killed by Herakles. For saving Thebes, King Kreon gave his daughter Megara in marriage to Herakles.

Madness, murder, and The Labors of Herakles

Hera could not rest easily because Herakles was becoming more and more famous. He was loved by everyone. Her anger and hatred made her look foolish. She tricked Herakles into thinking his sons were his enemies and, insane with anger, he murdered them.

When he came to his senses, he was overcome with grief. He ran from other people and lived for a time in exile. He looked for advice from the Oracle of Delphi. The priestess sent him to serve King Eurystheus, King of Tyrins in Mycenae. In this way, she said, he would be washed clean of his crimes.

Eurystheus was a dull and bad man. Herakles hated him. Eurystheus set some tasks for Herakles to do. These tasks came to be called "The Labors of Herakles". It was said that Hera designed them. She hoped the tasks would kill him. Zeus would grant Herakles immortality with the successful completion of the Labors.

Death
Herakles was married to a beautiful woman named Deianeira. They lived in Trachis and had a son named Hyllus. In a war with a neighboring city, Herakles made the king's daughter Iole his captive. Herakles had met her sometime in the past and had fallen in love with her. Deianeira was jealous, and used a mix of blood and semen from the centaur Nessus to get her husband back. She put the mix on a shirt and sent it to Herakles. He put the shirt on. Unknown to Deianeira, the mix was really a poison and burned Herakles' skin and flesh. Deianeira learned of this and killed herself. Herakles died in great pain. Before he died, he ordered Hyllus to marry Iole. Herakles' body was set on fire at the funeral ceremonies. His ghost fell to the underworld while his immortal part rose to Mount Olympus. The gods welcomed him, even Hera. He married Hebe, his fourth wife, and became the father of two sons. According to Homer's Odyssey, Herakles became the porter (keeper of the gates) on Mount Olympus.

Notes

Reading list

Other websites

Herakles


Balcomb Greene (1904–1990) was an American artist and teacher. He and his wife, artist Gertrude Glass Greene, were heavily involved in political activism to promote mainstream acceptance of abstract art and were founding members of the American Abstract Artists organization. His early style was completely non-objective. Juan Gris and Piet Mondrian as well as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse influenced his early style. From the 1940s his work "opened out to the light and space of natural form." He painted landscapes and figure. "He discerned the pain of a man, and hewed to it integrally from beginning to end…. In his study of the figure he did not stress anatomical shape but rather its intuitive, often conflicting spirit."

Balcomb Greene contributed to modernist cause through his writings: "It is actually the artist, and only he, who is equipped for approaching the individual directly. The abstract artist can approach man through the most immediate of aesthetic experiences, touching below consciousness and the veneer of attitudes, contacting the whole ego rather than the ego on the defensive."

Biography
Balcomb (John Wesley) Greene was born on May 22, 1904, Millville, New York.

He studied from 1922 to 1926 at Syracuse University, where he received his BA degree. In 1927 he studied English literature at Columbia University. Greene taught English literature at Dartmouth College from 1928 to 1931. In 1931 he went to Paris and studied art at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.

Soon after his return to New York in 1933, he realized that his true interest was painting. He started "to work for the Emily Francis Contemporary Gallery, a non-profit organization that showed particular interest in American artists and had exhibited the work of Bradley Walker Tomlin and Mark Tobey." In 1935 he became the first president of the Artists Union and in 1936 the first chairman of the American Abstract Artists (AAA). In the late 1930s he was employed by the New York mural division of the Federal Art Project (WPA), and completed abstract murals for the Williamsburg Houses (Brooklyn Museum, on long-term loan from the New York City Housing Authority) and the Public Health Building of the 1939 New York World's Fair (destroyed). Also in 1939 and 1941 he was re-elected as chairman of American Abstract Artists, but resigned from that organization in 1942, when he began a career as a professor of art history and aesthetics.

After receiving his master's degree in art history (New York University, 1943), Greene taught at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, while also continuing to pursue a career as an artist. Gertrude Greene stayed in New York, and the couple shared a studio on Montauk, Long Island, during summer breaks. Greene worked alone to pursue his solitary style but at the same time, he was familiar with the Abstract Expressionist movement. He wrote in Art News, "The Fourth Illusions, or Hunger for Genius" "A picture is painted of modern art that arranges all participants into movements, like well-behaved Englishmen in clubs." In spite of his conviction, he agreed to participate in the invitational New York Painting and Sculpture Annuals organized by the New York School artists in 1954, 1955 and 1957. In 1972 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.

Greene granted interviews to Jacqueline Moss, who was researching his wife for her master's thesis, published in 1980.

Balcomb Greene died November 12, 1990, in Montauk Point, New York.

Selected solo exhibitions
His first solo shows were in Paris in 1937, and at J. B. Newmann's New Art Circle, in New York, in 1947. From 1950 to 1961 he exhibited annually at Bertha Schaefer Gallery, New York, where his 1950, 1955, and 1956 exhibitions were nominated by Art News as among the year's ten best. He exhibited at the American University, Washington, D.C. In 1961 Balcomb Greene had a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City in 1961. The same year had solo exhibitions at the Everhart Museum, Scranton, Pennsylvania; at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; at Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts; Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Minnesota; University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute Utica, New York. He continued to have one man shows at the Saidenberg Gallery in New York from 1962 to 1968. He had several other solo exhibitions: Feingarten Gallery, Los Angeles, in 1963 and 1964. He had solo exhibitions in 1965 at the University Gallery, University of Florida. Gainesville and at the Tampa Art Institute, Tampa, Florida. He had solo shows in 1966 at the Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix, Arizona and at the Main Street Galleries, Chicago. He had solo exhibitions at the Adele Bednarz Galleries, in Los Angeles from 1966 to 1969 and also in 1971. 1972 and 1974. From 1967 to 1969 Balcomb Greene had solo shows at the Brenson Galleries, in Bal Harbour, Florida. From 1974 to 1977 he had solo exhibitions at the Harmon Gallery in Naples, Florida and in 1977 also had a solo exhibition at the ACA Galleries, in New York City.

Balcomb Greene in 1976 was given the Altman First Prize in Figure Painting and the same year he became the member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

Artworks in public collections
 Ball State University (formerly Teachers College), Muncie, Indiana;
Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Maryland;
Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn;
Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh;
Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland;
The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago;
Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;
Guild Hall, East Hampton, New York;
Wadsworth Atheneum. Hartford, Connecticut;
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston;
Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis;
University of North Carolina;
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York;
Museum of Modern Art, New York;
Metropolitan Life Insurance;
University of Miami, Miami, Florida;
National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.;
University of Nebraska;
University of North Carolina;
Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia;
Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California;
Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon;
Neuberger Museum, Purchase, New York;
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York;
Parrish Museum, Southampton, New York;
University of Texas;
Vassar College, Poughkeepsie;
University of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia;
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York;
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio.
Boca Museum of Art, Boca Raton, Florida.

See also
Art movement
Abstract expressionism
New York School
Action painting
Expressionism

Notes

References
Robert Beverly Hale and Niké Hale, The Art of Balcomb Greene (New York: Horizon Press, ©1977.)
ART USA NOW Ed. by Lee Nordness; Vol.1, (The Viking Press, Inc., 1963.) pp. 138–141

External links
Balcomb (John Wesley) Greene  (1904 - 1990)-from AskArt.com
Balcomb Greene paintings-from the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum
American Abstract Artists

20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Syracuse University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Dartmouth College faculty
New York University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Modern painters
Painters from New York City
1904 births
1990 deaths
Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière
People from Shelby, New York
Federal Art Project artists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Balcomb Greene


Events of 1378
 March – In England, John Wycliffe tries to promote his ideas for Catholic reform by laying his theses before parliament and making them public in a tract. He is subsequently summoned before Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, at the episcopal palace at Lambeth to defend his actions.
 September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi and elect Clement VII as antipope and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism.

Undated
 Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV meets with his nephew Charles V of France to publicly celebrate the friendship between their two nations.
 Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV dies and is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus.
 The Papacy makes a permanent move back from Avignon to Rome, ending the Avignon Papacy.
 Pope Gregory XI dies. Due to riots in Rome calling for a Roman pope, the cardinals, who were mostly French, elect Pope Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari) as the 202nd Pope.
 France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.
 Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow & Vladimir resists a small invasion by the Mongol Blue Horde.
 Revolt of the Ciompi – discontent wool carders briefly take over the government of Florence. For the first time, a European government represents all social classes.
 Tokhtamysh dethrones Timur Malik as Khan of the White Horde.
 Kara Osman establishes the Turkomans of the White Sheep dynasty at Diyarbakır in present-day southeast Turkey.
 The Turks capture the town of Ihtiman in west Bulgaria.
 An English spy assassinates Owain Lawgoch, claimant to the throne of Wales and ally of France.
 Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.
 Uskhal Khan succeeds his father, Biligtü Khan, as ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia.
 Balša II succeeds his father, Durađ I, as ruler of Zeta (now Montenegro).
 Tai Bian succeeds Zhao Bing Fa as King of Mong Mao (now northern Myanmar).
 Appearance of Halley's Comet.
 Da'ud Shah succeeds his assassinated nephew, Aladdin Mujahid Shah, as Bahmani Sultan in present-day southern India. Da'ud Shah is assassinated in the same year and is succeeded by Mohammed Shah II.

Births
 August 16 – Hongxi Emperor of China (died 1425)
 October 24 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (died 1402)
 December 31 – Pope Callixtus III (died 1458)
 Robert Campin, Flemish painter (died 1444)
 Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (died 1446)
 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal smith (died 1455)
 John Hardyng, English chronicler (died 1465)

Deaths
 February 6 – Jeanne de Bourbon, queen of Charles V of France (born 1338)
 March 27 – Pope Gregory XI
 May 29 – King Henry II of Castile (born 1334)
 July – Owain Lawgoch, titular Prince of Wales – assassinated (born circa 1330)
 August 16 – San Rocco di Venezia, patron saint of pestilence (born 1340)
 November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1316)
 Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan

1378


Cinemaya (a blend of cinema and maya (illusion)) is a film magazine established in 1988 devoted exclusively to coverage of Asian film. It is published in New Delhi, India, and distributed internationally. The present editor-in-chief of Cinemaya is Aruna Vasudev, noted film journalist. Its goals are to promote Asian filmmaking internationally and to help Asian national cinemas gain wider international recognition.

In 1990, in collaboration with UNESCO it founded the Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema, an association of film professionals based in Singapore which presents annual awards for greatest Asian achievements in filmmaking at selected film festivals around the world.

Cinefan or Cinemaya Festival of Asian Cinema, now known as Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema, began in 1999 as an outgrowth of Cinemaya, and was later taken over by the Osian Foundation of Neville Tuli

References

External links
 Cinemaya official website

1988 establishments in India
Film magazines published in India
Magazines established in 1988
Magazines published in Delhi
Quarterly magazines published in India

Cinemaya


The Free Trade Party was an Australian political party from 1889 to 1909. It was officially known as the Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association. It was also called the Revenue Tariff Party in some states and renamed the Anti-Socialist Party in 1906. It wanted to remove tariffs (taxes on imports and exports) as well as other restrictions on trade. It argued that free trade would benefit everyone. However, many members also supported some tariffs to raise money for the government.

The party was based in New South Wales, where its leaders were Sir Henry Parkes and Sir George Reid. It was the main party in New South Wales politics before federation.

After the elections for the first Commonwealth Parliament, the Free Traders were the second largest group in the Australian House of Representatives, with 25 seats. Reid became the Parliament's first leader of the Opposition. He later became Prime Minister in 1904-05. The deputy leader of the Free Trade Party was Willima McMillan. Joseph Cook became deputy leader of the party when McMillan retired in 1903.

A separate Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party took part in the 1903 federal election in Tasmania and won two seats. It joined with the Free Trade Party in federal parliament.

After the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid looked around for another cause for his party. He settled on opposition to socialism. He criticised both the Australian Labor Party and the Protectionist Party, led by Alfred Deakin. The Free Trade Party was renamed the Anti-Socialist Party (ASP) before the 1906 federal election. The Labor Party and the FTP/ASP continued to grow in electoral strength. Some Protectionists left the party to join Labor and the ASP.

Reid retired in 1908, and the party leadership passed to Joseph Cook. He agreed to merge with the Protectionists to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909.

References

1889 establishments in Australia
1909 disestablishments
Commonwealth Liberal Party
Political parties in Australia
1900s disestablishments in Australia

Free Trade Party


The Lee Boys are a funk and gospel band based out of Miami, Florida. The band plays in the Sacred Steel tradition that arose out of the musical stylings of the House of God Church. The band plays a mixture of funk music and gospel lyrics, staying true to their roots as a religious group. The band is similar in style to other House of God bands, such as Robert Randolph & the Family Band.

The band has played many notable shows and festivals, such as the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival, Langerado, Chicago Blues Festival and Bonnaroo. After their 2006 performance at the event, the Chicago-Sun Times compared the band to Jimi Hendrix, saying:

"The Lee Boys, whose Church of God-inspired sacred steel music may be what Jimi Hendrix had in mind with his grand plan for 'electric sky church music.' Part Robert Randolph, part Holmes Brothers, the Miami quintet sang the praises while whipping the crowd into a frenzy with hypnotic grooves, innovative pedal-steel/lead guitar interplay and funky rhythms."

References

External links
Official website

American funk musical groups
American gospel musical groups
Musical groups from Miami

The Lee Boys