Khởi nghĩa Tháng Giêng (, , , ) là một sự kiện kéo dài từ 22 tháng 1 năm 1863 đếng 18 tháng 6 năm 1864 trong phạm vi cựu Liên bang Ba Lan và Lietuva, làm lung lay tận gốc nền thống trị của Đế quốc Nga với miền Đông Âu. Cuộc nổi dậy dẫn tới hệ quả trực tiếp là Sa hoàng Aleksandr II của Nga ban hành lệnh bãi vĩnh viễn chế độ nông nô tại Ba Lan và khiến vùng này hưởng quyền tự trị tương đối thoải mái trong không gian Nga.

Lịch sử

Nhân vật
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Notable insurgents

 Francišak Bahuševič (1840–1900), Belarusian poet and writer, one of the founders of modern Belarusian literature
 Stanisław Brzóska (1832–1865), was a Polish priest and commander at the end of the insurrection.
 Saint Albert Chmielowski (1845–1916), founder of the Albertine Brothers and Sisters.
 Jaroslaw Dabrowski (1836-1871), officer in the Russian Army, left-wing member of the "secret committee" of officers in St. Petersburg. He took over its leadership from Sierakowski. He died in Paris fighting for the Paris Commune.
 Konstanty Kalinowski (1838–1864), was one of the leaders of Litvan and Belarusian national revival and the leader of the January Uprising in the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
 Saint Raphael Kalinowski (1835–1907), born Joseph Kalinowski in Lithuania, resigned as a Captain from the Russian Army to become Minister of War for the Polish insurgents. He was arrested and sentenced to death by firing squad, but the sentence was then changed to 10 years in Siberia, including a grueling nine-month overland trek to get there.
 Apollo Korzeniowski (1820–1869), Polish playwright and father of Joseph Conrad.
 Marian Langiewicz (1827-1887), Military Commander of the uprising. He had an English wife, Suzanne, next to whom he was buried in Istanbul.
 Antanas Mackevičius (1828–1863), Lithuanian priest who organized some two hundred and fifty men, armed with hunting rifles and straightened scythes. After a defeat near Vilkija, he was captured and taken to the prison in Kaunas. After Mackevičius refused to betray other leaders of the uprising, he was hanged on ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 1863,
 Ludwik Mierosławski (1814-1878), veteran of the November Uprising and of the Greater Poland uprising (1846), general, strategist, writer and emigrant with wide foreign contacts.
 Władysław Niegolewski (1819–1885), was a liberal Polish politician and member of parliament, an insurgent in the Greater Poland Uprisings of 1846 và 1848 and of the January 1863 Uprising, and a co-founder (1861) of the Central Economic Society (TCL) and (1880) the People's Libraries Society (CTG).
 Francesco Nullo (1826-1863) Italian general who headed the Garibaldi Legion, and though small, it carried huge symbolic value. Nullo died at the Battle of Krzykawka.
 Bolesław Prus (1847–1912), leading Polish writer of historical novels.
 Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna (1838-1881), alias "Michał Smok", adjutant to Marian Langiewicz. She was of Russian-Polish parentage and an activist from 1861. She later took part in the Paris Commune and the Franco-Prussian War. She died in Paris, the mother of four children.
 François Rochebrune, (1830-1870), one of several French officers in the Uprising, he formed and led a Polish rebel unit called the Zouaves of Death and was promoted to General.
 Aleksander Sochaczewski (1843–1923), Polish painter.
 Romuald Traugutt (1826-1864), a Lieutenant colonel of German descent in the Russian Army, he was promoted general in the insurrection, was its leader for a spell and held the Foreign Affairs portfolio in the underground government. He was tortured and hanged by the Russians with several of his colleagues.

Influence on art and literature
Falling into the late romantic period the events and figures of the Uprising inspired many Polish painters, including Artur Grottger, Juliusz Kossak và Michał Elwiro Andriolli and marked the delineation with the positivism that followed.

 Polish poet Cyprian Norwid wrote a famous poem, "Chopin's Piano," describing the defenestration of the composer's piano during the January 1863 Uprising, when Russian soldiers maliciously threw the instrument out of a second-floor Warsaw apartment. Chopin had left Warsaw and Poland forever shortly before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
 Eliza Orzeszkowa, a leading Polish positivist writer and nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature wrote Nad Niemnem a novel set in and around the city of Grodno after the 1863 January Uprising.
 Józef Jarzębowski has put together material from unknown people who lived through the Uprising in his Mówią Ludzie Roku 1863: Antologia nieznanych i małoznanych Głosów Ludzi współczesnych. London: Veritas, 1963. ("Voices from 1863: An Anthology of unknown and little known contemporary Perspectives").
 In the initial draft of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne (but not in the published version), Captain Nemo was a Polish nobleman whose family had been brutally murdered by the Russians during the January 1863 Uprising. Since France had only recently signed an alliance with the Đế quốc Nga, in the novel's final version Verne's editor, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, made him obscure Nemo's motives.
 In Guy de Maupassant's novel Pierre et Jean, the protagonist Pierre has a friend, an old Polish chemist who is said to have come to Pháp after the bloody events in his motherland. This story is believed to refer to the January Uprising.

Xem thêm

 Garibaldi Legion
 Menotti Garibaldi
 Zouaves of Death
 Insurgence
 Polish uprisings
 Sybirak
 International Workingmen's Association

Tham khảo

 Database of January insurgents
 August O'Brien Petersburg and Warsaw: scenes witnessed during a residence in Poland and Russia in 1863-1864 (1864)
 William Ansell Day. The Russian government in Poland: with a narrative of the Polish Insurrection of 1863 (1867)
 Pictures and paintings dedicated January Uprising on Youtube
 Szwadron (1992) Polish movie about the uprising

Đế quốc Nga thế kỷ 19
Lịch sử Ba Lan
Lịch sử Litva
Lịch sử Latvia
Lịch sử Estonia
Lịch sử Belarus
Lịch sử Ukraina
Lịch sử Slovakia
Lịch sử Ý

Khởi nghĩa Tháng Giêng


Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726) was an English writer, dramatist and architect.

His main literary works include The Relapse (1696), The Provok'd Wife (1697), The Country House (1703), The Confederacy (1705) and The Provok'd Husband (left incomplete and later completed by Colley Cibber in 1728).

As an architect, Vanbrugh designed some famous buildings like Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace and the original Haymarket Theatre.

English writers
English architects
1664 births
1726 deaths

John Vanbrugh


Systems theory is the study of the nature of systems in nature, society, and science.  More specifically, systems theory is a framework to analyze or describe any group of things which work together to produce some result. This can be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electronic, mechanical or informational artifact.

Systems theory as a technical and general academic area of study. It was founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others in the 1950s.

Related pages
 Autopoiesis
 Chaos theory
 Fritjof Capra

Systems theory


An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and at least one atom of one other element. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides (mainly silica). Oxides can be made when elements are oxidized by air (when oxygen in the air reacts with the element).

Some common oxides are:
Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)
Iron(III) oxide (Rust) (Fe2O3)
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Magnesium oxide (Magnesia) (MgO)
Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) (N2O)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
Copper(I) oxide (CuO) and Copper(II) oxide (Cu2O)

Ions

Oxide


Laboratory glassware refers to various items which are usually made of glass and used for scientific work in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of these items are now made of plastic which is less expensive and more convenient.

Pipettes, petri dishes, and test tubes are examples of laboratory glassware. These items are used to store materials, to measure their volume, to mix and prepare solutions, or to contain a chemical reaction.

Laboratory equipment

Laboratory glassware


USS Hazard (AM-240) is an  that served in the United States Navy during World War II.

Service history
Hazard was launched on 1 October 1944 and was commissioned on 30 December 1944.  The vessel was built by the Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Company of Winslow, Washington. Hazard was fitted for both wire and acoustic sweeping and could double as an anti-submarine warfare platform.  The Admirable class of minesweepers were also used for patrol and escort duties.

Hazard first served in this capacity, escorting a convoy from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor, and then running with convoys to Eniwetok and Ulithi.  In March 1945, the minesweeper was sent to Okinawa, where she first performed anti-submarine patrols before sweeping the waters off Kerama Retto in keeping with the minesweeper's slogan, "No Sweep, No Invasion."

At the war's end the ship cleared the seas off Korea and Japan for the occupation forces.

Returning to the United States in 1946, Hazard was decommissioned and joined the reserve fleet. Stricken from the Navy Register in 1971, Hazard was purchased by a group of Omaha, Nebraska, businessmen and placed on public display. She also bears the camouflage paint she had during World War II. She is open to the public along with the submarine , an A-4 Skyhawk, an A-7 Corsair II, and an HH-52A Seaguard US Coast Guard helicopter at Freedom Park on the Missouri River waterfront in East Omaha.

Hazard earned three battle stars for her World War II service.

Hazard is a National Historic Landmark, the only Admirable-class minesweeper left in the United States.  Her sister ship,  was a museum ship in St. Louis until she was destroyed in the Great Flood of 1993.

See also
 List of Admirable class minesweepers

Citations

References

External links

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Winslow, Washington
1944 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Museum ships in Nebraska
National Historic Landmarks in Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
Museums in Omaha, Nebraska
Military and war museums in Nebraska

USS Hazard (AM-240)


Manatees are large, fully-aquatic marine mammals of the order Sirenia. They are sometimes known as sea cows. The manatees form the genus Trichechus. There are three manatee species.

The name comes from the Spanish manatí, which itself comes from a Carib word meaning "breast".

Early sightings
Christopher Columbus, who thought mermaids were real, went to the waters around Haiti, and wrote in his logbook that he had seen three mermaids. He said that they were not as beautiful as everybody said they were. Nowadays, people believe Christopher Columbus had actually seen three manatees. It is possible he saw them kissing one another, which is something they do when the meet each other in the water.

Description

Manatees have thick pads around their lips and stiff bristles that help them grab food and move it towards the mouth. A manatee eats sea grass and all kinds of sea vegetables. All its teeth are shaped like a human's molars. The eight hours of chewing each day wears down on their teeth. In fact, its first two pairs of teeth get so worn out that they simply fall out sometimes. However, manatees can grow new teeth. New teeth are always growing in the back. When front teeth fall out, the back teeth move forward to take their place. In mammals, only elephants and (quite independently) kangaroos have this kind of system.

Taxonomy
The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals over 60 million years ago. Their closest living relatives are the Proboscidea (elephants) and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).
 Family Trichechidae
 Genus Trichechus
 West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus
 Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis
 West African manatee, Trichechus senegalensis

Habitat

Manatees live on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers.
The West African Manatee lives on the western side of Africa, on the shores from Senegal to Angola. They also live in some rivers like the Niger River and around Lake Chad.
The West Indian Manatee lives in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and also on the shores of Brazil and Venezuela.
The Amazonian Manatee lives in parts of the Amazon Basin in South America.

Manatees live in salt water and in fresh water. On the sea shores they mostly live in shallow water, like lagoons and mangroves. They also live in brackish water and rivers. Manatees like bodies of water with a temperature of over 20 °C.

Life

They are mainly herbivores, spending most of their time grazing in shallow waters at depths of 1-2 metres (3–7 ft).

References

Sirenia

Manatee


A Power network is a type of contact network where its members can tell other people what to do.

It must be large enough to literally scare or force people to go along with its requests, which makes them orders. This typically requires thousands of people in constant touch with each other.

A political party is the most obvious example.  It is typically much larger than a social network but is not one, since people can only call on each other for a small number of reasons, and perhaps at specific times.  Also not every member of the network has the same role or right to help.

A corporation may also be a power network if it relies on many power relations to maintain itself - for instance, the right to draw oil from the ground or dump waste without being held responsible for it.

When a power network achieves some stable grasp of political power and daily working control of some important infrastructure, it becomes a power structure.  In a democracy the visible power networks represented by the parties compete regularly in an election - but much of the power structure, typically the bureaucracy, does not change, and is typically ignored as a power network in itself.

Related pages
 creative network

Politics

Power network


William De Witt Snodgrass (January 5, 1926 – January 13, 2009) was an American poet who also wrote under the pseudonym S. S. Gardons. He won the 1960 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.

Life
Snodgrass was born on January 5, 1926, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, to Bruce De Witt, an accountant, and Jesse Helen (Murchie) Snodgrass. The family lived in Wilkinsburg, but drove to Beaver Falls for his birth since his grandfather was a doctor in the town. Eventually the family moved to Beaver Falls and Snodgrass graduated from the local high school in 1943. He then attended Geneva College until 1944 when he was drafted into the United States Navy. After demobilization in 1946, Snodgrass transferred to the University of Iowa and enrolled in the Iowa Writers' Workshop, originally intending to become a playwright but eventually joining the poetry workshop which was attracting as teachers some of the finest poetic talents of the day, among them John Berryman, Randall Jarrell and Robert Lowell. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949, a Master of Arts degree in 1951, and a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1953.

Snodgrass was known to friends throughout his life as "De", pronounced "dee", but only published using his initials. He had a long and distinguished academic career, having taught at Cornell (1955-57), Rochester (1957-58), Wayne State (1959–68), Syracuse (1968-77), Old Dominion (1978-79), and the University of Delaware. He retired from teaching in 1994 to devote himself full-time to his writing. This included autobiographical sketches, essays, and the critical verse "deconstructions" of De/Compositions. He died in his home in Madison County, New York, aged 83, following a four-month battle with lung cancer, and was survived by his fourth wife, writer Kathleen Snodgrass.

Snodgrass had married his first wife, Lila Jean Hank, in 1946, by whom he had a daughter, Cynthia Jean. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1953 and it was the separation from his daughter as a result that became the subject of his first collection, Heart's Needle. The following year Snodgrass married his second wife, Janice Marie Ferguson Wilson. Together they have a son, Russell Bruce, and a stepdaughter, Kathy Ann Wilson. Divorcing again in 1966, he married his third wife, Camille Rykowski in 1967 but this ended in 1978. His fourth marriage to Kathleen Ann Brown was in 1985.

Literary career
Snodgrass's first poems appeared in 1951, and throughout the 1950s he published in some of the most prestigious magazines: Botteghe Oscure, Partisan Review, The New Yorker, The Paris Review and The Hudson Review. However, in 1957, five sections from a sequence entitled "Heart's Needle" were included in Hall, Pack and Simpson's anthology, New Poets of England and America, and these were to mark a turning-point. When Lowell had been shown early versions of these poems, in 1953, he had disliked them, but now he was full of admiration.

By the time Heart's Needle was published, in 1959, Snodgrass had already won The Hudson Review Fellowship in Poetry and an Ingram Merrill Foundation Poetry Prize. However, his first book brought him more: a citation from the Poetry Society of America, a grant from the National Institute of Arts, and, most important of all, 1960's Pulitzer Prize in Poetry. It is often said that Heart's Needle inaugurated confessional poetry. Snodgrass disliked the term. The genre he was reviving here seemed revolutionary to most of his contemporaries, reared as they had been on the anti-expressionistic principles of the New Critics. Snodgrass's confessional work was to have a profound effect on many of his contemporaries, amongst them, most importantly, Robert Lowell.

Being tagged with this label affected his work and its reception and forced him into small-press publication for many years. Two new themes (eventually) restored his reputation, although at the time they first began to appear there was a perception by some that Snodgrass had "wrecked his career". One was The Führer Bunker cycle of poems, monologues by Adolf Hitler and his circle in the closing days of the Third Reich, a "poem in progress" that began to appear from 1977 onwards and was finally completed in 1995. An adaptation of these for the stage was performed in the 1980s. The other theme was the series written in response to DeLoss McGraw's surrealistic paintings, which eventually grew into a partnership. In these poems, often uproariously rhymed, Snodgrass stood his former confessional style on its head at the same time as satirizing contemporary attitudes.

Bibliography
Poetry
 1959: Heart's Needle
 1968: After Experience: Poems and Translations
 1968: Leaving the Motel
 1970: Remains
 1977: The Führer Bunker: A Cycle of Poems in Progress
 1979: If Birds Build with Your Hair
 1981: These Trees Stand
 1982: Heinrich Himmler
 1983: The Boy Made of Meat
 1983: Magda Goebbels
 1984: D. D. Byrde Callying Jennie Wrenn
 1986: The Kinder Capers
 1986: A Locked House
 1987: Selected Poems: 1957-1987
 1988: W. D.'s Midnight Carnival
 1989: The Death of Cock Robin
 1993: Each in His Season
 1995: The Führer Bunker: The Complete Cycle
 2006: Not for Specialists: New and Selected Poems

Prose
 In Radical Pursuit: Critical Essays and Lectures (1975)
 After-images: autobiographical sketches (1999)
 To Sound Like Yourself: Essays on Poetry (2002)

Drama
The Führer Bunker (1981)

Anthologies
 Gallows Song (1967)
 Six Troubadour Songs (1977)
 Traditional Hungarian Songs (1978)
 Six Minnesinger Songs (1983)
 The Four Seasons (1984)
 Five Romanian Ballads, Cartea Romaneasca (1993)
 Selected Translations (1998) (Harold Morton Landon Translation Award)
 De/Compositions: 101 Good Poems Gone Wrong (2001)

Sources
W. D. Snodgrass (Twayne's United States authors series; TUSAS 316) by Paul L. Gaston
The Poetry of W. D. Snodgrass: Everything Human (Under Discussion) by Stephen Haven (Editor)
No music, no poem: Interviews with W.R. Moses & W.D. Snodgrass by Roy Scheele
W.D. Snodgrass: A bibliography by William White
Tuned and Under Tension: The Recent Poetry of W.D. Snodgrass (edited by Philip Raisor)
W.D. Snodgrass and The Führer bunker: an interview, Gaston
The First Confessionalist, an interview with Ernest Hilbert in Contemporary Poetry Review
An examination of "Discourses on the apostolical succession, by W.D. Snodgrass, D.D by William Johnson
American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies, Supplement Vi, Don Delillo to W. D. Snodgrass, edited by Jay Parini
Everything Human: On the Poetry of W. D. Snodgrass by Richard Howard

References

External links
A note on W D Snodgrass

Ernest Hilbert interview with W.D. Snodgrass.
W.D. Snodgrass video at Web of Stories
  Michael Foldes, W.D. Snodgrass, Memoir, Ragazine.CC at

1926 births
2009 deaths
American male poets
Formalist poets
Cornell University faculty
Deaths from lung cancer in New York (state)
Geneva College alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
University of Iowa alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Translators to English
20th-century American poets
20th-century translators
20th-century American male writers
United States Navy personnel of World War II

W. D. Snodgrass


Rain (Weet, or Onfaw) is a kynd o precipitation, ither o whilk includes snaw, sleet, hail, an dyow. Weet is makkit whan sinder dribs o watter faw tae the yird's surface fae cloods. No aw rain launds on the grund; some evaporates whan onfawin throu the drouthie lift. Whan nane o hit launds on the grund, hit is cried virga.

Precipitation
Wather

Rain


Hydrazine, also known as diazine, is a chemical compound. It is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen ions. Its chemical formula is N2H4. It contains hydrogen in its +1 and nitrogen in its -2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It smells like ammonia, but it is more reactive than ammonia. It is a strong reducing agent. It is explosive. It can mix with water. It is a base similar to ammonia.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium hypochlorite with liquid (not household) ammonia. If it is reacted with household ammonia, toxic fumes will be released. It can be made by reacting urea with sodium hypochlorite.

Uses
It is used to make foam. It is also used in rocket fuels. It can be used in fuel cells. It is used to make sodium azide by reacting sodium amide with sodium nitrite.

Related pages
Ammonium
Azide
Nitrate

Nitrogen compounds

Hydrazine


"Death Be Not Proud" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.

Poem
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.

17th-century English poems
1610s works

Death Be Not Proud


Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws. His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse. He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723.

He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV. It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris. Together, they had 3 children. In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it. Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737.

Issue

Cosimo III had three children with Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France:

Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

14 August 1642 – 23 May 1670: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III's official style was "Cosimo the Third, By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Tuscany."

Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Grand Princes of Tuscany
1642 births
1723 deaths

Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany


Boolean operations on polygons are a set of Boolean operations (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, ...) operating on one or more sets of polygons in computer graphics. These sets of operations are widely used in computer graphics, CAD, and in EDA (in integrated circuit physical design and verification software).

Algorithms

 Greiner–Hormann clipping algorithm
 Vatti clipping algorithm
 Sutherland–Hodgman algorithm (special case algorithm)
 Weiler–Atherton clipping algorithm (special case algorithm)

Uses in software

Early algorithms for Boolean operations on polygons were based on the use of bitmaps. Using bitmaps in modeling polygon shapes has many drawbacks. One of the drawbacks is that the memory usage can be very large, since the resolution of polygons is proportional to the number of bits used to represent polygons. The higher the resolution is desired, the more the number of bits is required.

Modern implementations for Boolean operations on polygons tend to use plane sweep algorithms (or Sweep line algorithms). A list of papers using plane sweep algorithms for Boolean operations on polygons can be found in References below.

Boolean operations on convex polygons and monotone polygons of the same direction may be performed in linear time.

See also
 Boolean algebra
 Computational geometry
 Constructive solid geometry, a method of defining three-dimensional shapes using a similar set of operations
 Geometry processing
 General Polygon Clipper, a C library which computes the results of clipping operations

Notes

Bibliography

 Mark de Berg, Marc van Kreveld, Mark Overmars, and Otfried Schwarzkopf, Computational Geometry - Algorithms and Applications, Second Edition, 2000
 Jon Louis Bentley and Thomas A. Ottmann, Algorithms for Reporting and Counting Geometric Intersections, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-28, No. 9, September 1979, pp. 643–647
 Jon Louis Bentley and Derick Wood, An Optimal Worst Case Algorithm for Reporting Intersections of Rectangles, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-29. No. 7, July 1980, pp. 571–577
 Ulrich Lauther, An O(N log N) Algorithm for Boolean Mask Operations, 18th Design Automation Conference, 1981, pp. 555–562
 James A. Wilmore, Efficient Boolean Operations on IC Masks, 18th Design Automation Conference, 1981, pp. 571–579

 Thomas Ottmann, Peter Widmayer, and Derick Wood, "A Fast Algorithm for the Boolean Masking Problem," Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 30, 1985, pp. 249–268

External links
 UIUC Computational Geometry Pages
 Constructive planar geometry, by Dave Eberly.

Software
 Michael Leonov has compiled a comparison of polygon clippers.
 Angus Johnson has also compared three clipping libraries.
 SINED GmbH has compared performance and memory utilization of three polygon clippers .
 A comparison of 5 clipping libraries at rogue-modron.blogspot.com
 A commercial library for 3D Boolean operations: sgCore C++/C# library.
 The comp.graphics.algorithms FAQ, solutions to mathematical problems with 2D and 3D Polygons.
 Matthias Kramm's gfxpoly, a free C library for 2D polygons (BSD license).
 Klaas Holwerda's Boolean, a C++ library for 2D polygons.
 David Kennison's Polypack, a FORTRAN library based on the Vatti algorithm.
 Klamer Schutte's Clippoly, a polygon clipper written in C++.
 Michael Leonov's poly_Boolean, a C++ library, which extends the Schutte algorithm.
 Angus Johnson's Clipper, an open-source freeware library (written in Delphi, C++ and C#) that's based on the Vatti algorithm.
 GeoLib, a commercial library available in C++ and C#.
 Alan Murta's GPC , General Polygon Clipper library.
 PolygonLib , C++ and COM libraries for 2D polygons (optimized for large polygon sets, built-in spatial indices).

Geometric algorithms
Geometry processing

Boolean operations on polygons


The ANTARES Experiment is a telescope that is built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. But it is not a normal telescope that uses light to see distant objects. Instead, it uses neutrinos, very small and light particles that can fly through the earth. The name comes from Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch project. There is also a star called Antares.

Functions
It uses 900 light sensors attached to 12 strings that float in the sea to detect neutrinos. The strings are held onto the sea floor by an anchor and straight up by a buoy floating in the sea. Although the neutrinos are invisible, they can create a different particle, a muon, in water. The muon then gives off light by the Cherenkov effect because it travels faster than light in water.
The sensors are so sensitive that they need only very little light and can even detect single photons. This is necessary because the muons produce only very little light.

Location
The detector is located in the Mediterranean, about 40 kilometres off Toulon in southern France. There the sea is 2500 metres deep. It is built by a group of physicists from 12 European countries. Currently, 10 strings are running. The last two strings will be installed in May 2008.

Trivia
It is the largest neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere. Two similar detectors are located in the ice of the South Pole (AMANDA and IceCube).

Other websites
ANTARES home -

Telescopes

Antares Telescope


Atlas is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus. He has seven daughters with the Oceanid Pleione. They are called the Pleiades.

After the war between the Olympians and the Titans, Atlas was punished. Zeus forced him to hold the heaven on the western edge of the world. Later, the story about him changed and it was said that he held the whole world on his shoulders. Mostly in modern times, he is shown holding a globe of the world.

Heracles came to Atlas and asked him to for help with one of his Labours. He wanted Atlas to get the "Golden Apples" for him as only an immortal could take them. Atlas agreed, but only if Heracles would hold up the sky. Atlas was pleased to be free from its weight but Heracles tricked him into holding it again.

Perseus also came to Atlas for help after killing Medusa. Atlas, who was tired of holding the heavens, asked Perseus to allow him to see Medusa's head. Perseus took out Medusa's head and Atlas turned into a mountain.

Atlas was turned into a mountain called, "[The] Atlas Mountains."

Titans

Atlas (mythology)


Rayford Steele is a fictional character and the de facto protagonist in the Left Behind series of novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. He is the leader of the group known as the Tribulation Force, and is the most fully developed character in the series.

Fictional biography

Early life and marriage
Rayford was born 42 YBR (years before the Rapture) in Belvidere, Illinois to working-class parents.  During childhood, Rayford's low socioeconomic status embarrassed him, and he dedicated his life to attending college and becoming either a professional athlete or a pilot. When he attended Belvidere High School, he was voted Homecoming King. He eventually obtained an Air Force ROTC scholarship to attend Purdue University; while there, he met a fellow ROTC cadet two years his junior, Irene. They fell in love and married in the spring of his senior year, and just a year later, his daughter Chloe was born. Over the next several years, Rayford leaves the Air Force and begins working as a pilot for Pan-Continental Airlines; when he is thirty, he and Irene unexpectedly have a son, Raymie.

Though raised in a churchgoing family, Rayford cannot conceive of "faith" being anything more than attending church, trying to be a good person, and helping one another, nor can he imagine what is meant by a "personal relationship" with Christ.

Three years after Raymie is born, Rayford has a brush with death when he nearly collides with another airplane while landing at LAX, and he impulsively promises God that he will go to church and pray more regularly; on the same night, Irene, after talking to a neighborhood friend, becomes a born-again Christian.  They are soon at odds over her newfound faith and he reneges on his promises to God.

Though his job at Pan-Con enables him to afford a large house and expensive cars, he finds that these material things do not bring him the satisfaction he had expected, and he increasingly withdraws into himself, sullen at Irene's constant pushing him to "receive Jesus as his Savior."  As a father, he is pleased with Chloe's questioning, independent streak, and though he loves Raymie, he is dissatisfied with what he perceives as the boy's soft and overly compassionate nature – as well as the enthusiasm he shares with Irene for everything church-related.

The Rapture
By the time of the Rapture, Rayford is a self-described (afterward) "negligent father and lustful husband with a roving eye," on the verge of an affair with his senior flight attendant, Hattie Durham.  He is piloting an overnight flight to London when the Rapture happens, and in the ensuing chaos, he returns home to find – as he feared – that Irene and Raymie are among the missing, for his wife had often told him how she anticipated Jesus "calling His people home."

In desperation, he goes to Irene's church, New Hope Village Church, to find only one member of the staff left – the visitation pastor, Bruce Barnes, who has already realized his error and urges Rayford to "receive Christ" as well.  While watching a pre-made videotape left by the Raptured pastor of the church, Rayford finally acknowledges his sinfulness and accepts Christ as his Savior.  He is thrilled when Chloe soon does the same, and together under Barnes's tutelage, they form the Tribulation Force to face the travails of the next seven years and to counter the plans of the Antichrist, who is soon revealed to be the new head of the United Nations, Nicolae Carpathia. During this time, celebrated journalist and fellow Tribulation Force member Cameron "Buck" Williams becomes Rayford's son-in-law when he meets and marries Chloe.

The Tribulation

Through a bizarre set of circumstances, Rayford marries Amanda White, takes over as the leader of the Tribulation Force after Barnes dies in World War III, and moves to New Babylon, the seat of Carpathia's new world government.  While his wife, Amanda, flies to New Babylon, the Wrath of the Lamb earthquake occurs. He later finds her body in a plane submerged in the Tigris River. Carpathia's operatives attempt to discredit Amanda by planting false evidence that she was a mole for Nicolae's regime but Rayford sees through the subterfuge.

After a botched plan in Denver, Colorado, Rayford is looked on with suspicion by the Global Community. During an assignment in Jerusalem, his co-pilot and friend that he led to Christ Mac McCullum tells him to flee. Rayford catches a ride with Christian charter pilot Ken Ritz back to the new Trib Force safe house near Chicago. Meanwhile, Chloe gives birth to Rayford's grandson, Kenny Bruce Williams.

Filled with rage over so many losses, Rayford soon dreams to be the one who will kill Carpathia, and goes as far as buying the Saber gun from Albie just to do it. During the gala week festivities in Jerusalem, he places himself during Carpathia's speech and, as he readies his weapon, he chokes, unable to go through with his plan. Although the weapon goes off by mistake, it misses Carpathia, giving the real murderer, former Carpathia loyalist Chaim Rosenzweig, time to do the job himself.

Rayford flees amidst the chaos, and escapes to Greece, where he is housed by local believers. With the advice of a Greek pastor, Rayford comes to terms with his rageful emotions and expresses regret to God for his selfishness. This helps him ready himself to become a better leader as the Great Tribulation is ushered in with the resurrection of Carpathia, indwelt by the spirit of Satan himself. The system of the Mark of the Beast is established soon after this, and believers all over the world must go into hiding or face execution.

Rayford organizes and helps lead Operation Eagle, a mass exodus of believers, especially Jews, to the stone city of Petra, which God promised to protect during the Great Tribulation. This enrages Carpathia, who orders the city to be bombed. However, when the bombs hit the city, the explosion has no effect on the city or its inhabitants, reminiscent of the biblical story of the fiery furnace.

In the months leading up to the Glorious Appearing, several Trib Force members are killed, including Chloe and Buck. During the battle of Armageddon, Rayford is critically wounded by a stray GC missile. He is the only original surviving member of the Tribulation Force left when Jesus Christ returns to the earth, whose very presence heals Rayford's wounds. After slaying the GC Unity Army and banishing both Antichrist and his False prophet to the Lake of Fire, Jesus welcomes all the saints who were raptured or martyred back to earth. The Tribulation is over and Rayford reunites with his friends and family. In tears, he tells his wife Irene that she is allowed "one cosmic I-Told-You-So".

The Millennium
In the Millennial Kingdom, Rayford and Irene lead a missionary trip to Egypt to share the gospel with undecideds. During the trip, he is captured by a pocket of resistance calling itself The Other Light, a Luciferian organization that denies the existence of God. While incarcerated, Rayford helps lead a young woman in TOL named Rehema to salvation. Hours later, an angel appears inside the prison and leads the captives to freedom.

As a natural, Rayford slowly ages over the course of the Millennium, becoming a senile old man. Over time, he becomes a grandfather many times over through his grandson, Kenny Bruce, and Kenny's wife, Ekaterina Risto. Near the end of the Millennium, he and the rest of the Trib Force gather for Mac's thousandth birthday party. Rayford is present at the final battle of the Millennium, watching with the rest of his friends from Cameron's estate. Jesus destroys the armies of Satan and spirits the entire human race into the heavens for the White Throne Judgement. Rayford and the rest of the believers are then welcomed into heaven.

In other media
In the film Left Behind: The Movie and its sequels, Rayford is portrayed by actor Brad Johnson. However, while the main male character in the novels (indeed, serving as the leader of the Tribulation Force), his role in the film series has him downplayed to a supporting role, with Cameron "Buck" Williams taking over the leadership role Rayford held in the novels. In the 2014 remake of Left Behind, Rayford Steele is portrayed by Nicolas Cage. Kevin Sorbo portrays Steele in the film Left Behind: Rise of the Antichrist.

Critical reception
Rayford Steele is the primary protagonist in the Left Behind series. He is, at the outset, an example of the worldly man stock character that is common in rapture fiction. The worldly man character is normally a generally good person, but has less interest in Christianity than he does in sex or some other pleasure. This aspect of Rayford's character is displayed by the potential affair he contemplates with Hattie Durham at the beginning of the first novel. The worldly man is also normally married to a Christian woman whose disappearance in the rapture convinces the man to become a Christian. This is exactly Rayford's experience. Nonetheless, the authors' construction of Rayford also runs counter to much of the rapture fiction tradition in that he is a member of the elite. In most rapture fiction, the Christians are lower-class and lack influence; most of the world consider them to be backwards and of no importance. In Left Behind, however, Rayford is a very prestigious pilot who is so prominent that even the President of the United States knows his name. One critic has argued that Rayford's eventual lack of forwardness in pursuing his second wife, Amanda White, is unrealistic and an example of boastful, conservative prudery on the part of the authors.

References

Literary characters introduced in 1995
Characters in the Left Behind series
Fictional aviators
Fictional characters from Illinois
Fictional Christians
Fictional commanders
Fictional fugitives
Fictional religious workers
Fictional revolutionaries
Fictional sole survivors
Fictional United States Air Force personnel
Male characters in literature

Rayford Steele


A neutron moderator is a material that slows down neutrons. This is done in nuclear power stations so the neutrons keep a steady nuclear chain reaction to provide heat.

Neutron moderators are an essential part of most nuclear reactors. Common neutron moderators are ordinary water (called light water in the nuclear industry), heavy water, and graphite.

Nuclear physics

Neutron moderator


Llansanffraid-ym-Mechain is a veelage in Powys, Mid-Wales, close tae the border wi Shropshire, aboot 5 mile soothwast o Oswestry.

Llansanffraid means "Kirk o St Bridget" in the Welsh leid an ym-Mechain refers tae its location in the medieval cantref o Mechain.

The local fitbaa team, previously kent as Total Network Solutions F.C., wan the League o Wales in the 2004-05 saison, the first title syne chyngin the name frae Llansantffraid FC. Follaein the takeower o its sponsors, the team wis renamed The New Saints F.C. for the 2006-07 saison. The New Saints nae langer play their fitbaa matches in Llansantffraid, but in "Park Hall", a veelage in Shropshire, 2 mile east o Oswestry. A new veelage team haes been formed wi local players an they have haed great success in their 1st saison playin in the local league.

References

Veelages in Powys

Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain


Mathieu de Costa was the first known African to come to Canada, in the early 17th century. He was a storekeeper and translator. He spoke many languages including Portuguese, French, Dutch, English, pidgin Basque, his original African language, and Míkmaq. He helped to make a connection between the Europeans and the Míkmaq people. He was a freeman. Europeans liked that he talked many languages. The Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site of Canada remembers his work. They are in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.

Explorers
Canadian businesspeople
African people
16th-century births
17th-century deaths
Translators

Mathieu de Costa


The escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, a species of fish in the family Gempylidae, is found in deep (200–885 metres, or 656–2,904 ft) tropical and temperate waters around the world. It is also known as snake mackerel,  (Hawaiian, sometimes written ), and is sometimes sold as "butterfish"  or "white tuna".

Biology
The escolar is dark brown, growing darker with age until it is quite black. It is a fast-swimming fish with a prominent lateral keel and four to six finlets after the anal and second dorsal fins. Escolar can grow to over  in length.  Like its relative the oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus), escolar cannot metabolize the wax esters (gempylotoxin) naturally found in its diet.  This gives the escolar an oil content of  14–25% in its flesh.

Health effects
The escolar's wax ester content can cause keriorrhea (Greek: flow of wax), also called gempylotoxism or gempylid fish poisoning.
Symptoms range from stomach cramps to rapid loose bowel movements, occurring 30 minutes to 36 hours following consumption. This condition may also be referred to as steatorrhea.

Two known ways to reduce the likelihood of escolar-induced keriorrhea are to limit portions to  or less and to consume portions close to the tail, which typically have a lower wax ester content.  Reports conflict on whether deep skinning, freezing or grilling will reduce the likelihood of keriorrhea.

Mislabeling
Escolar can be mislabeled in both restaurants and at fish markets.  In 2009, tuna samples from sushi restaurants in New York City and Denver were  DNA tested. Five of nine restaurants serving fish labeled "white tuna", "white tuna (albacore)" or "super white tuna" were actually serving escolar. From 2010 to 2013, a study by Oceana, an ocean preservation organization, tested over 114 samples of tuna, and found that 84% of the white tuna samples were actually escolar.

Oceana claims that escolar has been mislabeled or otherwise confused with the following fish: Atlantic cod, oilfish (related to escolar but in a different genus), rudderfish, blue cod, black cod, king tuna, grouper, orange roughy, sea bass, gemfish, Chilean sea bass, albacore tuna, and white tuna.

Oceana claims that this mislabeling, whether by ignorance or deceit, is more hazardous than the mislabeling of other fish due to the potential health effects of escolar.

Regulation and banning
Italy and Japan have banned the sale of escolar due to its potential side effects.  It has been banned for consumption in Japan since 1977, as the Japanese government considers it toxic.  In 1999, the Swedish and Danish national food administrations informed fish trade associations and fish importing companies about the problems escolar and related fish could cause if not prepared properly and issued recommendations.

In early 2007, after a public outcry, receiving consumer complaints about mislabeled fish and conducting an investigation, the Hong Kong government's Centre for Food Safety recommended escolar not be used for catering purposes, advised clear labeling and identification of fish species before sale, and purchase of fish from reliable sources, and recommended consumers become aware of the possible health effects of consumption of escolar, oilfish, and related species.  The Hong Kong government has established a working group composed of members of the academia, trade and consumer group to prepare guidelines for assisting the trade and consumers in identifying relevant species of fish.

In the United States, the FDA, after receiving complaints about diarrhea associated with escolar consumption, issued a bulletin recommending against import of the fish in the early 1990s.  However, the FDA backed away from this recommendation and withdrew the bulletin several years later after deciding the fish was nontoxic and nonlethal.  Currently, the FDA informally recommends, "Escolar should not be marketed in interstate commerce."

In mid-2007, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, after investigating cases of diarrhea caused by mislabeled fish, decided not to ban escolar or oilfish, but instead issued a fact sheet noting the potential adverse effects of consumption and recommending consumers speak with their retailer, verify fish species and consume the fish in small portion sizes using preparation methods that reduce oil content.

Hawaiian State Representative James Tokioka introduced HB2669, a bill aimed at banning the catch, sale or possession of escolar.  HB2669 was deferred on February 1, 2010.

References

Gempylidae
Fish described in 1843

Escolar


The Marine Exchange of Alaska (MXAK) is a nonprofit maritime organization based in Juneau, Alaska. MXAK was founded in 2001 by retired United States Coast Guard Captain Edward Page, who along with Paul Fuhs  and others in the maritime community established a Governing Board. The organization was established to broker information, that aids safe, secure, efficient, and environmentally sound maritime operations in Alaska. MXAK's greatest advance in promoting maritime safety has been the establishment, operation and maintenance of an extensive vessel tracking network comprising over 140 Automatic Identification System (AIS) and Marine Safety stations in Alaska, complemented with satellite tracking systems. MXAK also serves the maritime community by assisting vessels, facilities and ports to comply with state and federal environmental, safety, and security regulations, and installing and maintaining weather stations at remote locations across Alaska. The Marine Exchange of Alaska is a presence in local, state, and federal meetings and workshops, advocating for cost effective measures that benefit Alaska and the maritime community.

Mission
The Marine Exchange of Alaska mission statement is "to serve the Alaska maritime community by providing information, communications and services to aid safe, secure, efficient and environmentally responsible operations."

History
The Marine Exchange of Alaska was founded by Retired U.S. Coast Guard Captain Ed Page, Paul Fuhs and members of the Alaska maritime community in 2001. Joining 14 other coastal state marine exchanges, MXAK began using advanced technology to build a maritime "safety net" in Alaska and in the Lower 48. Original Alaskan marine industry organizations who played a role in the establishment of the organization include: Alaska Marine Highway, BP Oil Shipping, Crowley Maritime Corporation, Totem Ocean Trailer, Horizon Lines, Polar Tankers, Southwest Alaska Pilots Association, Southeast Alaska Pilots Association, the Alaska Marine Pilots and Pacific Seafood Processors Association.
While The Marine Exchange of Alaska began in the 21st century, Maritime Exchanges date back to the mid-1800s when merchants in ports such as San Francisco, California developed a means of gathering and spreading the news of a ship's arrival to assist merchants conduct trade.  The February 1, 1849, edition of the Alta California reported the plan of Lt. John Duer, of the United States Navy's Pacific Squadron, to build a semaphore station. A public meeting was held to organize a "Merchants Exchange" to provide a clearing house for information about shipping and other commercial news. Over the years Merchants and Maritime Exchanges were established in other cities throughout the United States of America. The Marine Exchange of Alaska is one of the most recent Maritime Exchanges to be established in the country.

In 2002, the Marine Exchange Executive Director Ed Page and Chief Technology Officer Bill Benning, a retired Coast Guard communications officer, conducted field tests of various satellite tracking technologies on a fishing vessel in the remote waters surrounding the Aleutian Islands. This led to the development of an open architecture satellite based vessel tracking system that was used to locate and track tankers, container ships, tugs and barges, passenger vessels and fishing vessels. All information obtained by the system was provided to the owner/operator and the U.S. Coast Guard.

In 2004, the Marine Exchange of Alaska partnered with McCurnin Nautical, Ocean Grafix, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to print up to date nautical charts for Alaska's mariners. The organization also commenced providing assistance to the maritime community in complying with the numerous State and federal safety, security and environmental regulations.
In 2005, MXAK began installing AIS receiver sites along the coastline of Alaska
In 2008, MXAK established a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week watch, monitoring over their vessel tracking system in the Juneau, Alaska office.
In 2013, MXAK presented two portable AIS transponders each to the Alaska Native villages of Gambell and Savoonga on the remote Saint Lawrence Island. The transponders were intended for use by the local whalers and citizens operating skiffs and skin boats in order to aid in rescue missions and to ensure they are detected by large commercial vessels plying Arctic waters. MXAK secured funding from the U.S. Arctic Research Commission, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Pew Charitable Trusts, and the Oak Foundation to cover expenses for the project.

Awards and distinctions
In 2006, the Pacific States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force selected the Marine Exchange of Alaska as the recipient of its annual Legacy Award for Oil Spill Prevention, Preparedness, and Response. The award was "in recognition of the organization's development of the Automated Secure Vessel Tracking System (ASVTS) that has served as an exemplary oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response tool for Alaska with applications throughout the Pacific and nationwide."
In 2010 the Marine Exchange of Alaska received the Meritorious Public Service Award, "one of the highest civilian awards offered by the U.S. Coast Guard," recognizing the organization for its Alaskan AIS network. The award was presented to the Marine Exchange of Alaska by Rear Adm. Christopher Colvin, 17th District commander on February 4, 2010. Letters of congratulations from the Governor of Alaska, Sean Parnell and United States Senator Mark Begich were received following the ceremony.

In 2012, the Marine Exchange of Alaska was the recipient of the Valdez Marine Safety Committee's annual Marine Safety Recognition Award. The organization was described as "instituting a number of outstanding programs relating to the improvement of marine safety" in the Prince William Sound maritime community of Alaska.

Vessel tracking operations
The Marine Exchange of Alaska uses three systems to track vessels operating in Alaska and adjacent waters in Russia and Canada.  These systems are: the terrestrial based network of Automated Identification System (AIS), a satellite AIS system provided by exactEarth and use of various satellite transponders. In 2012 MXAK began adding weather sensors to many of their AIS stations and other locations throughout the state of Alaska, calling these sites, "marine safety sites."

The primary users of MXAK's vessel tracking system are the United States Coast Guard, the following State of Alaska agencies: Department of Transportation, Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, Department of Fish and Game, Department of Public Safety, Department of Commerce, Department of Environmental Conservation, and "operators of cruise ships, tugs, barges, tankers, container ships, passenger vessels, offshore supply vessels, oil exploration and production vessels, landing craft, fishing vessels and oil spill response organizations."

AIS network
In 2010, the Marine Exchange of Alaska's Automated Identification System (AIS) network was described as "one of the world's most advanced marine tracking systems" and cited by the U.S. Coast Guard as "robust and critical."

The backbone of the MXAK vessel tracking network comprises over 140 Marine Safety receiver sites installed along the 33,000 mile long coastline of Alaska. The more remote sites are powered by a solar panels or wind turbines to sustain them. The sites are installed and maintained by MXAK field personnel.
MXAK frequently relies on the marine safety aspect of their business for publicity and funding.

Satellite AIS tracking
In 2013, the Marine Exchange of Alaska partnered with exactEarth, a satellite vessel tracking organization based in Canada, in order to expand their ship monitoring range complementing MXAK's terrestrial based AIS network. Satellite coverage for MXAK extends from the 45th parallel north to the North Pole. The Marine Exchange of Alaska offers this to customers for an increased fee

Weather stations
In 2012, the Marine Exchange of Alaska began installing weather sensors on many their existing AIS Marine Safety sites in an effort to provide more information to mariners to aid safe voyages.  MXAK cited their system will complement the National Weather Service network and over time will transmit real time weather information in a digital format over AIS.
MXAK received funds for the project from Alaska Ocean Observing System, an "umbrella regional association for three Alaska regional observing networks (Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands and Arctic) being developed as part of the national Integrated Ocean Observation System (IOOS) under the National Ocean Planning Partnership."

References

2001 establishments in Alaska
Non-profit organizations based in Juneau, Alaska
Organizations established in 2001
Water transportation in Alaska

Marine Exchange of Alaska


Trichromacy is a type of color vision. Animals with this kind of vision see colors with cone cells in their retina. The three types of cone cell are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Color is constructed in the brain's visual cortex. Humans and many other primates have full color vision. Most mammals do not, because they have only one or two types of cone cells, which do not discriminate so many distinct wavelengths. Most other vertebrates such as lizards and birds have four types of cone cells, hence can discriminate more colors than humans can.

References

Color
Vision

Trichromacy


Novi Grad () is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Zemun.

Location

Novi Grad is located in the central-west section of the urban Zemun. It stretches along the starting section of the new Belgrade-Novi Sad highway, from the Belgrade-Novi Sad railway on the south, where it borders the neighborhood of Kolonija Zmaj to the Ugrinovačka street on the north, where it borders the neighborhood of Zemun Bačka. On the east it borders the neighborhoods of Železnička Kolonija and Sutjeska, while it extends into the neighborhoods of Altina and Plavi Horizonti on the west, until whose rapid development in the late 1990s Novi Grad was the final residential extension of Zemun (and Belgrade) in this direction. It also comprises sub-neighborhoods of Vojni Put I and Vojni Put II.

Characteristics
The name simply means "new town", as a reference to the two older sections of Zemun, Donji Grad (lower town) and Gornji Grad (upper town). In 2002 census of population it had 19,158 inhabitants, out of which 4,982 lived in a local community (mesna zajednica, municipal subdivision) of the same name.

The neighborhood  is close to several important traffic routes, including two highways (Belgrade-Novi Sad and Belgrade-Zagreb), one railway (Belgrade-Novi Sad) and some of the most important streets of Zemun (like Ugrinovačka and Prvomajska). It has its own railway station (Zemun-Novi Grad).

Sub-neighborhoods

Franjine Rudine

In the 1970s and 1980s failed attempt was made to rename the part of the neighborhood between the highway to Zagreb and Prvomajska street to Franjine Rudine (Franjo's turfs) but the name fell into total oblivion today.

Vojni Put I
Triangularly shaped northern section of Novi Grad, on both sides of Belgrade-Novi Sad highway, bounded by the roads of Dobanovački put and Pazovački put. It directly continues into Altina on the north-west. The name means "military road (I)".

The neighborhood originated as an informal Romany settlement. In time it expanded as a regular settlement and got fully urbanized.

Vojni Put II
Southwestern section of Novi Grad, across the Belgrade-Novi Sad highway. It continues into the neighborhood of Plavi Horizonti in the west.

References

Neighborhoods of Belgrade

Novi Grad, Zemun


Ceevil law is the maist uised law seestem in the warld.  It is whiles cried Continental law or Romano-Germanic law. It is aye compeart wi common law, but this law pulls unuisual laws frae different cases.  The seestem wis based on Roman law that wis uised a while syne.

Law

Ceevil law (legal seestem)