Rafael Landívar University (Universidad Rafael Landívar) is a private Catholic coeducational higher education institution run by the Society of Jesus in Vista Hermosa III Guatemala. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1961. The main campus is in Zone 16 of Guatemala City and is known as Vista Hermosa III. There are satellite campuses in Quetzaltenango, Huehuetenango, Cobán, Zacapa, and other parts of the country. Many recent Guatemalan presidents have studied at the university, including Ramiro de León Carpio, Álvaro Arzú, and Óscar Berger.

History
Rafael Landívar University was inaugurated on 22 January 1962 with 138 students, in the classrooms of Liceo Guatemala, lent to the Jesuits by the Marist Brothers. In July of that year the university moved to a corrugated roof facility in Zone 10 of Guatemala City, before moving to its present location in Zone 16.

Campus Quetzaltenango is in the southwest of the country, 200 km from the capital city, in a large valley surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, 2,334 meters above sea level.

In 1992 the La Verapaz URL campus was opened on the premises of Coban College. In 1997 construction began on the present campus on the grounds of the Craft Education Center, with financial assistance from Spain – Basques, the University of Deusto, and the ALBOAN foundation. The new campus opened on 2 January 2000. In 2005, with funding from KfW German development bank, new classroom buildings and administrative and academic offices were built, along with creation of the Liceo Javier College of La Verapaz. Further support came from the Flemish Universities Network VLIR, Belgium.

The Campus San Roque González de Santa Cruz SJ, Huehuetenango, opened in January 2000 on the premises of La Salle College Diversified, with the Bachelor of Law and Social Sciences, Master in Business Administration, and Bachelor of Social Work, with a technical focus for local development management. It was selected for scholarships by the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (2003-2007) and KfW Bankengruppe Foundation in a grant-credit project mainly aimed at students of Mayan descent, fostering regional development and teacher training.

Zacapa Regional Headquarters opened in 1977 with technical training in irrigation, union management, and social work. The following year business administration and social work with an emphasis on research and development management were added, along with agricultural sciences with an emphasis on horticulture. It enrolls about 1,500 students from Salama, Jalapa, Jutiapa, and Petén. In 2008 it acquired the status of Regional Campus under the name Regional Campus San Luis Gonzaga, SJ, of Zacapa.

Social responsibility
The university has a Department of Academic Social Responsibility whose function is to be a bridge between social groups in need and entities providing such assistance including disciplines at the university.

Academics
The university has the following schools:

 Architecture and design
 Agricultural and environmental sciences
 Health sciences
 Economics and business
 Law and social sciences

 Political sciences
 Humanities
 Engineering
 Theology

Activities
Activities at the main campus include:

Chess
Athletics
Basketball
Baseball

Cheerleading
Football
Mountaineering
Taekwondo

Table tennis
Volleyball
Beach volleyball

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

External links
Official site

Jesuit universities and colleges
Rafael Landívar University

Rafael Landívar University


"The Lawnmower Man" is a short story by Stephen King, first published in the May 1975 issue of Cavalier and later included in King's 1978 collection Night Shift.

Plot summary
Harold Parkette is in need of a new lawn mowing service. The summer before, a neighbor's cat was accidentally killed when another neighbor's dog chased it under the mower. Harold has been putting off hiring new help for the summer, but when he sees an ad for a mowing service, he calls. A van reading "Pastoral Greenery" soon pulls up to his home. The man working for the service, a hairy, pot-bellied fellow, is shown the overgrown back lawn and is hired. Harold is enjoying a rest as he reads the paper, wondering about the lawnmower man mentioning Circe, when he hears the lawnmower outside. Startled, he races to the back porch and sees the lawnmower running by itself and the naked lawnmower man following it on all fours and eating the grass. The lawnmower seemingly deliberately chases and kills a mole and Harold faints.

When Harold revives, the lawnmower man explains that this new method, introduced by his boss, grants substantial benefits, and that he makes sacrificial victims of customers who cannot appreciate the process. Harold, though unnerved, allows the lawnmower man to return to work. As soon as the man is out of sight, Harold desperately calls the police, but is interrupted by the lawnmower man, who reveals his boss's name: the ancient god Pan. The lawnmower briefly chases Harold through his living room before brutally slaughtering him.

When the police arrive, they conclude that Harold was murdered by a schizophrenic sex maniac. As they leave, the scent of freshly cut grass hangs strongly in the air.

Adaptations
 The story was adapted in graphic form in Bizarre Adventures #29 (December 1981). The adaptation features the original text of the short story, accompanied by art by Walt Simonson. Publisher IDW rereleased the story in a portfolio edition shot from the original art in 2014.
 A twelve-minute Dollar Baby short film, The Lawnmower Man: A Suburban Nightmare, was released in 1987. It was written by future screenwriter and New Line Cinema production executive Michael De Luca (In the Mouth of Madness) and directed by James Gonis. The film was shot in 1985 while Gonis was a junior at New York University. Originally budgeted at $800, the final film ultimately cost nearly $5,000. It has screened at several film festivals: New York University; at Horrorfest 1989, a screening of King films at the Stanley Hotel (the hotel that inspired King's novel The Shining); a New York film festival of Greek-American filmmakers in 1991; and at the 1st Annual Dollar Baby festival in Orono, Maine in 2004.
 A feature film, The Lawnmower Man, starring Jeff Fahey and Pierce Brosnan, was released in 1992 by New Line Cinema. This film used an original screenplay entitled "CyberGod", borrowing only the title of the short story. The film concerns a scientist, Dr. Lawrence Angelo (Brosnan), who subjects mentally challenged Jobe Smith (Fahey) to virtual reality experiments. Jobe's mental abilities improve to superhuman levels as the process continues, but he lacks the emotional maturity and character to use his powers humanely. When Angelo's employers interfere with the process, Jobe becomes a homicidal megalomaniac. King won a lawsuit to have his name removed from the credits, and then won further damages when his name was included in the home video release. A video game adaptation, loosely based on the film, was released for the Super NES, Genesis, Sega CD, PC CD-ROM and Game Boy. A sequel film, Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace, was released in 1996.

See also
 Stephen King short fiction bibliography

References

External links
Stephen King Short Movies
The Lawnmower Man — a film by Jim Gonis

1975 short stories
Religion in science fiction
Horror short stories
Pan (god)
Science fiction short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Stephen King
Works originally published in Cavalier (magazine)

The Lawnmower Man


Richard Nelson Current (October 5, 1912 – October 26, 2012) was an American historian, called "the Dean of Lincoln Scholars", best known for The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), and Lincoln and the First Shot (1963).

Life
Born in Colorado City, Colorado, Current graduated in 1934 from Oberlin College with a B.A., in 1935 from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University with an M.A., and in 1940 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a PhD. At Wisconsin, he studied under William B. Hesseltine. His doctoral dissertation was on "Thaddeus Stevens, the Man and the Politician."

Within the United States, Current taught at Rutgers University, Hamilton College, Northern Michigan University, Lawrence University, Mills College, Salisbury State University, the University of Illinois, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.  Internationally, he lectured in Chile, Japan, India, and Antarctica.

Current served as president of the Southern Historical Association in 1975.  In addition, he was the editor and/or author of introductions in many other works, and published over 250 articles.  His papers are in the Rare Book Room of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

His first wife of 45 years Rose Bonar died in 1983, after which in 1984 he married Marcia Ewing, who co-wrote a biography of dancer Loie Fuller with him.  His final book, a collection of translations of writings by the Norwegian author Knut Hamsun was published in 2003.

He died in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 26, 2012, at age 100 of Parkinson's disease, and was buried in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Dean of Lincoln Scholars
Current came late to the study of Abraham Lincoln, having published books on 19th century political leaders Thaddeus Stevens, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun, and the history of the typewriter when he was asked to complete a 4-volume biography of Lincoln begun by his University of Illinois colleague James G. Randall, who had finished three volumes before his 1953 death.  Current wrote at least half of the fourth volume Lincoln the President: Midstream to the Last Full Measure (1955), which won the prestigious Bancroft Prize from Columbia University, establishing his reputation.

Drawn to what he called the "perpetual timeliness" and "eternal relevance" of Lincoln's life, Current went on to write seven more books about him.  One of his most influential books was The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), which delved into the seemingly contradictory elements of Lincoln's life and thought, particularly his views on slavery and race, showing how he overcame the narrow thinking of his childhood in the backwoods of Kentucky and Indiana where racist and white supremacist views were common.

"The most remarkable thing about him was his tremendous power for growth", Current wrote in The Lincoln Nobody Knows.  "He grew in sympathy, in the breadth of his humaneness, as he grew in other aspects of the mind and spirit. In more ways than one he succeeded in breaking through the narrow bounds of his early environment."  "The awful fact of the assassination falls between us and the man.  It is like a garish, bloodstained glass, in which all perspectives are distorted."

His 1963 book Lincoln and the First Shot sought to dispel many myths about Lincoln, including the theory that some of the members of his Cabinet were in on the assassination conspiracy.  Current described how Lincoln built a unity of purpose in the Northern states before the Civil War began in earnest, claiming that Lincoln had a more sophisticated knowledge of law, economics, military tactics et al. than earlier historians had believed.

Debate with Gore Vidal
After Gore Vidal published his 1984 novel Lincoln, Current began a running feud in the pages of The New York Review of Books, accusing Vidal of willfully distorting the historical record, misrepresenting Lincoln's views, and "utter ignorance" of the linguistic differences between British English and American English because he did spell "jewelry" and "practice" in the British way.  "He is wrong on big as well as little matters", Current summarized. "Vidal simply doesn't know what he's talking about."

In response, Vidal explained that he used what was then common to agreed-upon American speech, and as a writer of novels was obliged to dramatize his story through someone's consciousness. Vidal asserted that Current never read his book in whole, that he was fault finding, and could not separate a biography from a novel, "getting all tangled up in misread or misunderstood trivia". The real reason for Current's criticism, Vidal maintained, was his portrayal of Lincoln as wanting to colonize the liberated slaves in Liberia, which would go against the political correctness of the 1980s. Ironically, the source of this interpretation according to Vidal was a biography of Lincoln by Current himself.

Awards
 1956   Bancroft Prize
 1959   Fulbright Professor in Munich, Germany
 1960   O. Max Gardner Prize from the University of North Carolina
 1962   Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University
 1977   George Banta Award from the Wisconsin Library Association
 1988   Notable Wisconsin Authors
 1989   Logan Hay Medal from the Abraham Lincoln Association
 2000   Lincoln Prize for lifetime achievement
 2000   Richard Nelson Current Award of Achievement from The Lincoln Forum

Works
Old Thad Stevens: A Story of Ambition, 1942.
Pine Logs and Politics: A Life of Philetus Sawyer, 1816–1900, 1950.
The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It, 1954.
Secretary Stimson: A Study in Statecraft (Rutger University Press, New Brunswick, N.J., 1954) read online
Daniel Webster and the Rise of National Conservatism (1955) read online
Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure (with James G. Randall) (1955) (Bancroft Prize) read online
The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958) read online
"God and the Strongest Battalions," in Donald, David Herbert, ed., Why the North Won the Civil War, 1960.
American History: A Survey (with Frank Freidel and T. Harry Williams), 1961.
Lincoln and the First Shot (J.P. Lippincott, New York, 1963) read online
John C. Calhoun, 1963.
United States History (with A. DeConde and H. L. Dante), 1967.
Three Carpetbag Governors, 1967.
Essentials of American History (with others) (New York: Knopf, 1972, 1980) read online
United States History: A World Power (with A. DeConde and H. L. Dante), 1974.
United States History: Search for Freedom (with A. DeConde and H. L. Dante), 1974.
Wisconsin: The Civil War Era 1848–1873, 1976.
Wisconsin: A Bicentennial History, 1977.
Unity, Ethnicity, and Abraham Lincoln, 1978.
A History of the United States to 1877 (with Gerald J. Goodwin and Paula Angle Franklin), 1980. First edition with T. Harry Williams and Frank Freidel, 1959.
Speaking of Abraham Lincoln: The Man and His Meaning for Our Times, 1983.
Northernizing the South, 1983.
Arguing with Historians: Essays on the Historical and the Unhistorical, 1987.
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 1988.
Lincoln, the Constitution, and Presidential Leadership, 1989.
Daniel Webster: "The Completest Man", Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1990 (essays by Current and others).
Phi Beta Kappa in American Life: The First Two Hundred Years, 1990.
Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy, Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press, 1992.
Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (editor), 1993.
What Is an American? Abraham Lincoln and "Multiculturalism", Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Press, 1993.
Lincoln on Democracy (with others), 1994.
Loie Fuller, Goddess of Light (with Marcia Ewing Current), 1997.
Knut Hamsun Remembers America: Essays and Stories, 1885–1949 (translator), 2003.

References

External links
Richard N. Current | University of Illinois Archives

1912 births
2012 deaths
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Hamilton College (New York) faculty
Northern Michigan University faculty
Lawrence University faculty
University of Illinois faculty
University of North Carolina at Greensboro faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Oberlin College alumni
Historians from New York (state)
Historians of race relations
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Writers from Colorado
Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professors of American History
People from Pueblo County, Colorado
Historians of Abraham Lincoln
Bancroft Prize winners

Richard N. Current


The African Brothers were a Jamaican reggae vocal trio formed by three Kingston teenagers - Lincoln "Sugar" Minott, Winston "Tony Tuff" Morris, and Derrick "Bubbles" Howard.

History
The three singers met in 1969 when "Bubbles" overheard "Sugar" Minott singing along to "Tony Tuff" playing the guitar. They formed a group, with early influences including The Abyssinians, The Heptones, and The Gaylads, the name the African Brothers a reference to their African heritage. Morris was initially the main songwriter, being the most experienced member of the group, with Minott and Howard contributing harmony vocals. They first recorded in 1970 for producer Rupie Edwards, for whom they recorded "Mysterious Nature", and they also recorded for Clement "Coxsone" Dodd ("No Cup No Broke"), Winston Blake, Duke Thelwell ("Party Night"), and  Mike Johnson and Ronnie Burke at Micron Music. They followed these with self-productions, including "Torturing", "Want Some Freedom", and "Practice What You Preach", several released on their own Ital label. In the mid-1970s, the group split up, with Minott going on to work at Studio One before launching a successful solo career, Tony Tuff also becoming a successful solo artist. Howard moved into production.

The US label Easy Star released the album Want Some Freedom in 2001, comprising recordings from between 1970 and 1978. Minott and Tuff reformed the group for a 2004 album, Mysterious Nature, also featuring Triston Palma and Ken Bob.

Discography
Collector's Item (1987), Uptempo - credited to Sugar Minott & The African Brothers, split between Minott solo and group material
Want Some Freedom (2001), Easy Star
Mysterious Nature (2004), Discograph
The African Brothers Meet King Tubby In Dub (2005), Nature Sounds

References

External links
The African Brothers at Roots Archives
The African Brothers at discogs.com

Jamaican reggae musical groups
Easy Star Records artists

The African Brothers


The Abelam are a people who live in East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea. They are a farming society in which giant yams play a significant role. They live in the Prince Alexander Mountains near the north coast of the island. Their language belongs to the Sepik language family.

Farming and hunting

The Abelam live in the tropical rain forest and clear ground by burning. Their main food crops are yams, taro, bananas, and sweet potatoes. They supplement this with food gathered from the rain forest as well as pigs and chickens raised domestically. They also hunt small marsupials and cassowaries.

Yams

Yam growing forms a large part of Abelam society. The growing of large yams (they can be as large as 80- long) determines the status of individuals as well as the whole village. At yam festivals an individual would give his largest yam to his worst enemy who would then be obligated to grow an even larger yam or have his status fall each year in which he was unable to do so.  Separate villages would gather at yam festivals where the hosting villages status would be determined by the size of their yams as well as their ability to provide more food than could be eaten and carried away by the rival village.

During the yam growing season, strong emotions were kept to a minimum as they were thought to impede the growth of the yams.  Fighting was taboo as was sexual activity. It was thought that the yams had a spirit and could sense any of these strong emotions.

References

External links

 Anthony Forge Films and Recordings From the Anthony Forge Papers. MSS 411. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego.

Indigenous peoples of Melanesia
Ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea

Abelam people


In pyrotechnics, black match is a type of crude fuse, constructed of cotton string fibers intimately coated with a dried black powder slurry.

When black match is confined in a paper tube, called quick match or piped match, the flame front propagates much more quickly, many feet per second.

Quick match is often used in model rockets in the United Kingdom to ignite multiple engines/motors; it is however largely unavailable in the USA due to ambiguous explosives laws.

See also
 Slow match
 Punk (fireworks)

Pyrotechnic initiators
Pyrotechnics

Black match


Christ Church, Malacca, is an 18th-century Dutch-built Anglican church (originally Dutch Reformed) in the city of Malacca City, Malaysia. It is the oldest functioning Protestant church in Malaysia and is within the jurisdiction of the Lower Central Archdeaconry of the Anglican Diocese of West Malaysia.

History

The Dutch conquest of Malacca from the Portuguese Empire in 1641 saw the proscription of Roman Catholicism and the conversion of existing churches to Dutch Reformed use. The old St. Paul's Church at the summit of St. Paul Hill was renamed the Bovenkerk (Upper Church) and used as the main parish church of the Dutch community.

In 1741, in commemoration of the centenary of the capture of Malacca from the Portuguese, the Dutch burgher community decided to build a new church to replace the ageing Bovenkerk. The foundation stone was laid by the Malacca-born captain of the Malacca burghers, Abraham de Wind, on behalf of his father, Claas de Wind, a prominent burgher who had been the secunde (deputy governor) of Malacca. The church was completed 12 years later in 1753 and replaced the Bovenkerk as the primary Dutch Reformed Church in Dutch Malacca.

With the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, possession of Malacca was transferred to the British East India Company and in 1838, the church was re-consecrated with the rites of the Church of England by Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta, and renamed Christ Church. The maintenance of the church was taken over by the government of the Straits Settlements in 1858.

Originally painted white, the church and neighbouring Stadthuys building were painted red in 1911, and this distinctive colour scheme has remained the hallmark of Malacca's Dutch-era buildings since.

Architecture

The church is built in Dutch Colonial architecture style and is laid out in a simple rectangle of  by . The ceiling rises to  and is spanned by wooden beams, each carved from a single tree. The roof is covered with Dutch tiles and the walls were raised using Dutch bricks built on local laterite blocks then coated with Chinese plaster. The floors of the church are paved with granite blocks originally used as ballast for merchant ships.

The original Dutch windows were reduced and ornamented after the British takeover of Malacca and the porch and vestry were built only in the mid-19th century.

Artifacts

Tombstones and memorial plaques
The floors of the church also incorporate various tombstones with Portuguese and Armenian inscriptions used as paving blocks. Memorial plaques in Dutch, Armenian and English also adorn the interior of the church. Some Armenian inscriptions provide an interesting panorama of life in the Dutch period:

Greetings, you who are reading this tablet of my tomb in which I now sleep. Give me the news, the freedom of my countrymen, for them I did much weep. If there arose among them one good guardian to govern and keep. Vainly I expected the world to see a good shepherd came to look after the scattered sheep.

I, Jacob, grandson of Shamier, an Armenian of a respectable family whose name I keep, was born in Persia near Inefa, where my parents now forever sleep. Fortune brought me to distant Malacca, which my remains in bondage to keep. Separated from the world on 7th July 1774 A.D. at the age of twenty-nine, my mortal remains were deposited in this spot of the ground which I purchased.

Church bell
The church bell is inscribed with the date 1698, suggesting that it was used for another purpose prior to the completion of the church.

Church administration records
The church's collection of Kerk Boek (Church Book), Resolutie Boek (Resolution Book), Rapporten (Reports) as well as the Doop Boek (Baptism Register) going back to the earliest Dutch times in Malacca has survived through the centuries. These antique documents are now kept at the National Archives of Malaysia.

Silver altar vessels
Silver altar vessels dating back to the early Dutch period are also in the possession of the church but is kept in storage and rarely taken out for display.

Altar Bible
The altar Bible has a cover made of brass inscribed with the passage from John 1:1 in Dutch.

Service
Two Sunday services are held in this church (English 8.30am, Mandarin 10.30am)

See also
 Church of the Province of South East Asia
 Dutch Reformed Church
 Dutch Malacca
 Dutch East India Company

References

Notations

External links

 Diocese of West Malaysia

Melaka
Malaysia
Buildings and structures associated with the Dutch East India Company
Churches completed in 1753
Churches in Malacca
Former properties of the Dutch East India Company
Protestantism in Malaysia
Dutch colonial architecture

Christ Church, Malacca


Lethwei (; IPA: ) or Burmese boxing is a full contact combat sport from Myanmar. Lethwei is considered to be one of the most brutal martial arts in the world, because headbutts are permitted and the fights are done bareknuckle (without gloves).

Definition
This famous method of fighting with the bareknuckle hands and with the uncovered feet came in the 3rd century when the monks had wanted to be trained and to defended themselves. It is a boxing "called martial" that borrows from the Burmese warriors all their array of particular plans for gaining success in the combat. It had come popular beginning of the 11th century under the king Anawratha, with combats among tribes with no rules and with a violence without common measure. The way of facing is special very much, much often taking a certain animal behaviour and is alike only of much distant to other Eastern methods.

Rules

In the way received from ancestors, the combat is judged by two referees and is done in a circle where every form of the blow and of the throw is permitted. The present time brought the rules as if the Eastern boxing, especially the gloves, the things that keep safe, the rounds and the ring. The technical part of the person who fights is much wide and the behaviours are produced by other methods of the combat de Burma. Many unusually interesting actions are happened, especially the flying techniques (jumping kick, knee strike and with elbow in flying), and techniques in walking of stairs (kicks and knee strike). In the past, a traditional Burmese Boxing was quite different from Thaing, for its brutal and rough side. Today, is not so, because is having good organization under the modern conditions, can be agradable see.

Technical Description : "The Entire Body is a Weapon"
Nine traditional techniques are the parts of the method of the Burmese boxing. The technical description of the lethwei include three main parts, the weapons which are used, the goals which are aims and the distances of the combat. We meet:
 the usage of all the ready amount of the body, of the blow and of the throw (nine main weapons: skull, two fists, two elbows, two knees and two feet),
 the search for the blow of the set of the body of the opponent,
 the managing of three distances of combat: long distance (especially of the kick), middle distance (knee strikes, fist and elbow), body to body (holds and throws).

From a point of view of particular plan for gaining succes in the combat, and in order to learn and remember, a part of laws is established. For example, we meet the following laws:
 striking the arms of the opponent before attacking the centre of the body (for example, giving in the blow with head to the biceps at the same time with a circular punch of the opponent or of the blow to the thigh of the opponent with roundhouse kick (fr. fouetté) during an attack with roundhouse kick in middle line),
 the throws have to be performed in the near space in order to carry an immediate blow in reaching the ground,
 using the strategies of the animals of the thaing (for example, the blow in the lower parts of the opponent of type wild boar, or kick of the type leopard to the arms of the opponent in order to open a way to goals, to the face).

The Cultural Part of Lethwei
According to a customary way, the combat is performed in a circle. In the Burmese villages, still in 21st century, this fight has kept in existence its character received from ancestors. Only the appearance of an Eastern ring and of the divisions seems to be mark of the present times.

The match is judged by two referees, in order to can better separate the men who take part in it, and six referees give a points to these men. All the techniques are permitted, a man can be hit in the ground. The boxers fight during the rounds much long. The rounds are changed by complete half-times during the other matches are performed.

The set of needed things is poor, the competitor uses certain pants of boxing, wrapped hands, coconut as a something that keeps the genitals safe, leather strap among the teeth. Till the present times, many Burmese boxers have the tattooed trunk and the leg. In a certain, you can see his victories, in other - the representations of animals (eagle, serpent, leopard, tiger, etc..) suggesting force and being brave.

Lethwei yay

Warrior dance performed in the beginning of the combat, in order to show ability and being brave. In the end of the dance, the crossed arms are hit each one of its shoulders with the opposite hand in order to announce that the boxer is hostile. A dance of victory is performed also after the decision of the referees.

Lekkha moun
Act of providing to see de the weapons used during the combat de lethwei, by the boxer himself. He hits the opposite arm with his open hand. The act of providing to see is performed from the top towards down, at the beginning with the fists and the elbows, then with the knee and in the end with the feet.

References

 Bando, philosophy, principles and practice, M.Gyi, IST edition, 2000
 Burmese bando boxing, M.Gyi, Ed. C.Maxwell, Baltimore, 1978
 Comprehensive Asian Fighting arts, D.F.Draeger and C.W.Smith, Y. Kodansha, Tokyo, 1969
 Traditional Burmese boxing, Z.Rebac, Ed. Paladin Press, Boulder, 2003

Other websites
 French Federation of the Bando Burmese Boxing
 American Bando Association

Martial arts
Kickboxing

Burmese boxing


Cool for August was a rock band consisting of notable Canadian singer-songwriter Shad Hills on guitar, Andrew Shives on bass, Gordon Vaughn on vocals, Trevor Kustiak on guitar, and Shane Hills on drums who was then replaced by Larry Voss in the spring of 2000. They made their television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien with their hit song "Trials".  While it was not their highest-charting single, "Walk Away" was considered their most accessible song and received its own single in stores.  The band resurfaced a few years later in 2001 (after long speculation that the band had broken up) with an online single "Say it isn't So".  The band added bandmate Chris Harris, guitar and violin, and completed a demo of six songs (produced by Jeff Tomei and Joey Huffman), about half of an anticipated upcoming album.  However, with no more support from Warner Brothers or any other major labels, the band called it quits.

With the disbanding of Cool for August in 2001, Gordon stepped back from the mainstream music scene. He is currently a freelance producer and artist. In 2003 he wrote, produced, and took lead vocals on the song, "Broken Hearts, Broken Lands" for the independent songwriting/producing firm Egg's Productions. He also produced a rap song, "Lucky Charm" for the same company.

Trevor Kustiak formed The Pocket Studios with Mike Turner (Our Lady Peace, Fair Ground, Crash Carma) and produced albums for Evans Blue and Rains.

In 2001 Drummer Shane Hills legally changed his name to Moon Hills.  He has recorded  over 100 records for international acts all over the world.
Moon was involved with Blacklist Union in 2006 through 2010 recording and touring on their breakthrough album After The Mourning as well as the follow-up Breakin Bread With The Devil.

Larry Voss left the music industry and is now the founder and president of Universal Servo group.

Cool for August reunited in summer of 2011. The band started recording their second album, but decided to part ways again without releasing any new material.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References
Footnotes

General references

Rock music groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
Musical groups reestablished in 2011
1993 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
2001 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Cool for August


Project management is the way a person organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project. People that manage projects are known as Project Managers.

A project is a piece of work which is not a process or an operation. It has a start, an end, and goals. Projects can be very simple, like organising a party, or very complex, like building a space rocket.

Projects are common in the construction industry, the telecommunications industry and the IT industry.

The management of a project requires special skills.

Project managers must ensure that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. These limitations can be time, cost, people, risk, and many more. Project managers must also ensure the best possible distribution of resources.

A project manager works mainly with people. They need to have people management skills, a good understanding of the tasks and skills needed on a project, an understanding of how long tasks will take, good organising skills, good communication skills, and good efficiency skills.

Project managers do not need to know how to do all of the work that may be needed in a project. For instance, a building project manager does not need to know how to pour concrete. However, they need to know how to manage people that pour concrete, and they need to know how long concrete takes to pour, how much it costs, what needs to happen before concrete is poured, and what needs to happen after concrete is poured.

Other websites

History of Project Management

Management

Project management


The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.  It was the most common device for playing recorded music from the 1870s through the 1980s.  It was invented by Thomas Edison, after other inventors had studied the idea.  Early phonographs both recorded and played sound on cylinders.  In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player.

Creation
Thomas Edison made his first phonograph with the mouth piece of the early telephone and some tinfoil. He thought he could talk into the mouth piece to make a disk vibrate, as the disk vibrated a needle would put grooves in the tinfoil. When Edison adjusted the machine to play and cranked the lever, he was surprised to hear his voice play back to him. He said his ideas rarely worked the first time. These cylinders could record sound, but due to their cylindrical shape, they could not be copied cheaply with a mold.

The phonograph was soon replaced by the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell in his Volta Laboratory.  Later it was replaced with the disc phonograph, cassette tapes, compact discs, audio files and other devices.  These later inventions made stereo sound.

Gramophone
The gramophone, invented by Emile Berliner, plays sounds from a flat disk record. The record is placed onto the turntable. The turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom lies between the little grooves in the disk. When the grooves make the needle vibrate, music is played. These machines do not record, but the disks could be copied quickly onto vinyl disks in a factory with a mold, called a master.

Phonograph


A saprophyte or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy from dead and decaying organic matter. This may be decaying pieces of plants or animals. This means that saprophytes are heterotrophs. They are consumers in the food chain.

This is the typical life-style of fungi. Some fungi are parasites on living organisms, but most are saprophytes. Many bacteria and protozoa are also saprophytes. Most dead organic matter is eventually broken down and used by bacteria and fungi. Slime moulds are also saprophytes, as well as consuming bacteria. Examples of saprophytes are cheese mold, and yeast. The term "saprophyte" refers specifically to fungal and bacterial saprotrophs; animal saprotrophs are known as saprozoites.

Other terms, such as 'saprotroph' or 'saprobe' may be used instead of saprophyte. Strictly speaking, -phyte means 'plant'. The problem is that no embryophytes (land plants) are true saprotrophs, and bacteria and fungi are no longer considered plants. Nevertheless, saprophyte is such a well-known term that most writers continue to use it.

Myco-heterotrophy
A heterotroph is a general term for an organism that needs organic material to get its carbon for growth and development. Many plants which lack chlorophyll need fungi to break down organic material for them. Traditionally, they were called saprophytes. Now the process is given a new name: myco-heterotrophy.

Biology
Ecology

Saprophyte


Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation () is housed by the Riga Dom Cathedral ensemble in the heart of the Old Riga, Latvia. It originated in 1773 as a private collection of Nikolaus von Himsel, a Riga doctor and, being one of the oldest museums in Europe, over the centuries it has grown into the largest collection of material evidence of the history of Riga.

The Premises
During the reconstruction of the Riga Dom Cathedral in the 1890s, part of the former monastery was converted to serve the needs of the Dom Museum. It is the first building in the history of Riga to have been built for a museum, and the inscription on the museum front bears testimony to this. Within the premises there is the Column Hall, built in 1778 in the Classicism style, which housed the library until 1891. The hall is now being used for conferences and a historical 18th—19th centuries exhibition.
The Column Hall faces the 13th century groin vaulted gallery and the Riga Dom Cathedral yard, a remarkable Romanesque and Gothic monument of the kind in the Baltic states. The Riga Dom Cathedral ensemble itself is an aesthetic treat that provides information about different periods in the construction of Riga.

Exhibitions
The museum exhibitions show the development of Riga from the ancient villages of Riga, to the ancient port in the 12th—13th century, to the period of the Hansa League in the 13th—16th centuries, then to Polish and Swedish rule in the 16th—17th centuries. The museum offers a unique exhibition of the life of citizens of Riga during the first period of Latvian independence from 1918—1940, as well as an opportunity to trace the history of Latvian navigation from ancient times to our days. The collections comprise ancient engravings with views of Riga, maps, plans, silver and porcelain, ship models, navigational instruments, a rich collection of objects for everyday use, clothing, decorative items and other things totalling half a million items. In addition to the navigational exhibits, the museum's permanent and temporary exhibitions, as well as its collections, provide information about the history of Riga from the earliest times to the present day.

Gallery

External links

 Museum website

Museums in Riga
City museums
Maritime museums in Latvia
Museums established in 1773
History museums in Latvia


Central Christian Church is a major church in downtown Austin, Texas affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Organized in 1847, it is one of the oldest congregations in the city.

The church has also been known as Christian Church of Austin. The current church building, featuring Romanesque Revival architecture, was completed in 1929. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Texas Historical Commission Marker Text
In 1847, eight years after the City of Austin was platted, ten members of the Disciples of Christ Brotherhood met to organize this congregation. Although early records of the church are scarce, it is known that regular worship services were being held in a local school building by 1852. The Christian Church of Austin, as the congregation originally was known, acquired its first property at Eighth and Colorado Streets and worshiped at that site until moving to this location in 1929. An early dispute over theological and procedural matters split the congregation in 1888. Until 1896, when the Rev. S. D. Dutcher was appointed pastor, leaders of the church were selected from among the laity. The fellowship adopted its current name during the early years of the twentieth century, after other Disciples of Christ congregations had been organized in Austin. Although much growth has occurred in the outlying sections of the city, Central Christian Church has remained a vital force in the downtown area. Its ministry has included the establishment of several other congregations. As one of the oldest churches in Austin, Central Christian has provided the city with significant service and leadership. (1985)

References

External links
 Central Christian Church

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Churches completed in 1929
Churches in Austin, Texas
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) congregations
National Register of Historic Places in Austin, Texas

Central Christian Church (Austin, Texas)


Jazz drummers play percussion (predominantly the drum set) in jazz, jazz fusion, and other jazz subgenres such as latin jazz. The techniques and instrumentation of this type of performance have evolved over the 1900s, influenced by jazz at large and the individual drummers within it. Jazz required a method of playing percussion different from traditional European styles, one that was easily adaptable to the different rhythms of the new genre, fostering the creation of jazz drumming's hybrid technique. As each period in the evolution of jazz—swing and bebop, for example—tended to have its own rhythmic style, jazz drumming continued to evolve along with the music. In the 1970s and 1980s, jazz drumming incorporated elements of rock and Latin styles.

Notable jazz drummers include:

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Z
 Ingar Zach (born 1971)

See also
 List of American jazz drummers

References

Drummers
Drummers

List of jazz drummers


The Columbus Red Birds were a top-level minor league baseball team that played in Columbus, Ohio, in the American Association from 1931 through 1954. The Columbus club, a member of the Association continuously since 1902, was previously known as the Columbus Senators (Columbus is the state capital). It was independently and locally owned through the 1920s.

The economic distress of the Great Depression was accompanied by the rise of the farm system — pioneered by the St. Louis Cardinals' Branch Rickey. The Cardinals purchased minor league teams at all levels to develop their talent as if on an assembly line, and when they needed a second top-level farm club (St. Louis already owned the Rochester Red Wings of the International League), they purchased the struggling Senators club and dubbed it the Red Birds, based on the popular nickname for the big-league club.

The first business manager of the Red Birds was a baseball novice named Larry MacPhail. A bold promoter, he supervised the building of Red Bird Stadium, championed night baseball games, and tried to make baseball more fan-friendly. Attendance tripled between 1930 and 1932. MacPhail left Columbus after a dispute with the Cardinals' ownership, and moved up to Major League Baseball as the general manager of three teams between 1933 and 1947, and earned a place in the Baseball Hall of Fame. The 1933 Red Birds were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.

Columbus produced a number of great players, including Hall of Famers Enos Slaughter and Billy Southworth. Slaughter (who batted .382 for the 1937 Red Birds with 245 hits), and won Association titles in 1933, 1934, 1937, 1941–43 and 1950. Southworth managed the 1932 Red Birds. In the early 1950s a series of losing teams, and the encroachment of television, depressed the Red Birds' attendance, and the club moved to Omaha, Nebraska, for the 1955 season and was re-christened the Omaha Cardinals.

Columbus immediately gained a new AAA team when the Ottawa A's franchise of the International League began playing there in 1955. This club, the Columbus Jets, moved to Charleston, West Virginia, in 1970.  Ohio's capital was without baseball for seven years until 1977, when the Columbus Clippers joined the IL. The Clippers have played there ever since, most notably as the longtime AAA affiliate (1979–2006) of the New York Yankees. After a two-year stint as the Washington Nationals' top affiliate, in 2009 they became the AAA affiliate of the Cleveland Indians.

Notable Red Birds alumni

 Walter Alston
 Sammy Baugh
 Ray Blades
 Bennie Borgmann
 Mort Cooper
 Nick Cullop
 Cot Deal
 Paul "Daffy" Dean
 Tony Freitas
 Chick Fullis
 Joe Garagiola
 Buddy Hassett
 Don Gutteridge
 Harvey Haddix
 Solly Hemus
 Rollie Hemsley
 Max Lanier
 Nemo Leibold
 Larry McPhail
 Sam Nahem
 Mickey Owen
 Rip Repulski
 Branch Rickey
 Jack Rothrock
 Mike Ryba
 Bill Sarni
 Burt Shotton
 Enos Slaughter
 Billy Southworth
 Harry "The Hat" Walker
 Phil Weintraub
 Burgess Whitehead
 Jack Winsett

See also
From  through , the parent Cardinals also operated the Columbus Red Birds of Columbus, Georgia, in the Class A Sally League. When the Sally League resumed play in  after World War II, the Georgia-based farm club changed its name to the Columbus Cardinals.

References

Defunct American Association (1902–1997) teams
Baseball teams in Columbus, Ohio
Baseball teams established in 1931
Baseball teams disestablished in 1954
1931 establishments in Ohio
1954 disestablishments in Ohio
Defunct baseball teams in Ohio

Columbus Red Birds


A naitional emblem seembolically  represents a kintra.  Maist naitional emblems come frae the naitral warld, (as ainimals  or flouers), but it micht can be onything.

Naitional emblems can kythe on mony things siclike the naitional banner, coat o airms, or ither patriotic stuffs. Ye shoudna confuise a formal naitional emblem wi less formal seembols potentially tae dae wi tourism or clichés, for ensaumple windmills in the Netherlands. E'en tho, mony unoffeecial seembols is as important as the offeecial anes - or e'en mair, sin some o thaim are recognised as "seembols" bi fowk that micht no ken the offeecial seembols.

Kintras

Naitional emblem


Isis is a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was known as the goddess of the moon. As the goddess of life and magic, Isis protected women and children, and healed the sick. Closely linked to the throne, she was one of the greatest goddesses of Ancient Egypt.

Her symbols were the ankh, her wings, and her throne headdress. She was the sister and wife of Osiris. Isis and Osiris had a son named Horus.

Name
The English pronunciation used, ), comes from the pronunciation of the Greek name, , which changed the Egyptian name by adding a final "-s" because of the grammatical requirements of Greek noun endings.

The Egyptian name was recorded as  or . It meant '(She of the Throne)'. However, the true Egyptian pronunciation is not known because their writing system left out vowels. Based on recent studies, the reconstructed pronunciation of her name is * (ooh-saht). Later, the name in Coptic dialects was "Ēse" or "Ēsi".

To make it easier to say, Egyptologists choose to say the word as "ee-set". Sometimes they may also say "ee-sa". This is because the last "t" in her name was a feminine (female) suffix which is known to have been dropped in speech in the last stages of the Egyptian language.

Cults
Isis was perhaps the most important goddess of all Egyptian mythology.  During the course of Egyptian history, Isis assumed the attributes and functions of virtually every other important goddess in the land. Her most important functions, however, were those of motherhood, marital devotion, healing the sick, and the working of magical spells and charms. She was believed to be the most powerful magician in the universe, because she had learned the Secret Name of Ra from the god himself. Isis was the sister and wife of Osiris, sister of Set, and twin sister of Nephthys. She was the mother of Horus the Child (Harpocrates), and was the protective goddess of Horus's son Amset, protector of the liver of the deceased.

Isis was responsible for protecting Horus from Set during his infancy; for helping Osiris to return to life; and for assisting her husband to rule in the land of the Dead.

Her cult seems to have originally centred, like her husband's, at Abydos near the Delta in the North (Lower Egypt). She was adopted into the family of Ra early in Egyptian history by the priests of Heliopolis. From the New Kingdom onwards (c. 1500 BC) her worship no longer had any particular identifiable centre, and she became more or less universally worshipped, as her husband was.

Powers
Isis had great powers such as: healing, protection, and magic. She could even cast spells on Ra.  An example of her powers is when Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night.  The powers were only strong enough to bring Osiris back for a single night.

Isis is shown with a sun disk on her head.  She also had a throne on her head to symbolize she was a queen.  Sometimes Isis is called the egg of the goose because Geb is the father of Isis and goose represents him.

Worship of Isis

Many Egyptian gods and goddesses started in one place, or were the tutelary deity of one place all through their history.  Many big cities and towns are known as the hometowns of their god or goddess.  However, no local cities where Isis was worshipped have been found; all through her early history there are no known temples to her. Worship of Isis did not start until as late as the 30th dynasty; until that time Isis was worshipped in temples of other gods or goddesses. However, even in the 30th dynasty Isis was worshipped together with Horus and Osiris. Temples to Isis became common in the Roman times. There was a temple built to her at Philae.

By this time, temples to Isis began to spread outside of Egypt. In many places her followers took over the worship to the Semitic goddess Astarte, because of the similarity of names. In the Hellenistic era, she also became the goddess who protected sailors.

In all parts of the Graeco-Roman world, Isis became one of the most important figures of the "mystery religions", and many classical writers sometimes wrote about her temples, and followers. Temples to Isis were built in Iraq, Greece, Rome, even as far north as England where the remains of a temple were found at Hadrian's Wall. At Philae, she was worshipped until the 6th century, after the rise of Christianity. The fall of her temples is usually said to mark the end of ancient Egypt.

Priesthood

Little information on Egyptian priests of Isis has been found, but we know that there were both priests and priestesses of her followers all through her history. By the Graeco-Roman era, many of them were healers, and were said to have many other powers, including explaining dreams and the power to control the weather by braiding or combing their hair.
{reflist}

References

Other websites
 http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/isis.htm
 http://www.ancient-egypt.org
 http://www.touregypt.net/isis.htm

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of agriculture

Isis


Blasphemy ar a black/daith metal baund formed in Burnaby, Breetish Columbie, Canadae in 1984. The baund released a demo titled Blood Upon the Altar in 1989 an their debut album, Fallen Angel of Doom, the follaeing year through Wild Rags, a record label they haed signed tae while touring the Unitit States. The baund's sangster later statit the label didna pay them the amoont they wir promised. Their seicont an, till nou, last fou-lenth studio album wis the 1993 Gods of War released through Osmose Productions. In 1993, Blasphemy teuk pairt in the "Fuck Christ Tour" an aw an toured through Europe wi Immortal an Rotting Christ. The baund's Julie 2001 concert in Vancouver wis released as a live album titled Live Ritual - Friday the 13th in 2002.

They wur inactive until 2009, when they played twa concerts; ane in Montreal an ane in Helsinki, in the Black Flames o Blasphemy festival, with Proclamation, Black Witchery, Revenge an Archgoat.

Blasphemy's sang "War Command" haes been covered bi Beherit an the cover appeared on Beherit's 1999 compilation album Beast of Beherit - Complete Worxxx. Blasphemy's "Winds of the Black Gods" wis the opening track on the 2004 compilation Fenriz Presents... The Best of Old-School Black Metal.

Members

Current line-up
 Nocturnal Grave Desecrator an Black Winds – Vocals
 Caller o the Storms – Guitars
 Deathlord o Abomination an War Apocalypse – Guitars
 Three Black Hearts o Damnation an Impurity – Drums

 V.K. (o Diocletian/Vassafor) live session Bass

Past members
 Ace Gestapo Necrosleezer an Vaginal Commands – Bass
 Black Priest o 7 Satanic Rituals – Guitars
 The Traditional Sodomizer o the Goddess o Perversity – Guitars(Witches Hammer/Tyrants Blood)
 Bestial Saviour o the Undead Legions;bass an backing vocals

Discography

Albums
 Fallen Angel of Doom (1990)
 Gods of War (1993)

Lives
 Live Ritual - Friday the 13th (2001)
 Desecration of São Paulo - Live in Brazilian Ritual Third Attack (2016)
 Victory (Son of the Damned) (2018)

Demos
 Blood Upon the Altar (1989)
 Die Hard Rehearsal (2001)
 Blood Upon the Soundscape (2018)

External links
Blasphemy at Allmusic
Blasphemy at Discogs
Blasphemy at Encyclopaedia Metallum

Canadian black metal muisical groups
Canadian daith metal muisical groups
Blackened daith metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1984

Blasphemy


Earth Eternal was a graphical massively multiplayer online role-playing game initially developed by American studio Sparkplay Media, and then re-published by Sankando. First announced on January 10, 2007, it was released for Open Beta on Oct. 7, 2009. It was free to play with additional pay for bonuses. On August 8, 2010, SparkPlay Media announced it was likely going into bankruptcy and that it was actively holding an auction for Earth Eternal. The credit system was shut down and many of its items were made freely available. SparkPlay Media's CEO stated that unless a buyer was forthcoming, Earth Eternal would end when its webhost shut down the server for non-payment. However, on August 18, 2010, Earth Eternal was bought off in an auction. On August 31, 2010, the plug was pulled on the Earth Eternal website and game for lack of payment. It would appear that Earth Eternal has been bought by Japanese online game company Sankando. On July 21, 2011, the Earth Eternal website was reopened and the game was scheduled to be released in North America in Summer 2011. As of November 24, 2011 at 9 PM EST, the game and website once again went offline for an indefinite period of time.

Setting
The game takes place in the future, after modern human civilization has fallen and been replaced with a civilization of anthropomorphic animal races. In the game's world, humanity was preceded on Earth by a series of magical civilizations. This background information is referred to as "Lore" on the game's website, which provides both a summary of the fictional history and a comprehensive, 145-page pdf version. In this story, the history of Earth is divided into four periods: the Lost Ages, the Age of Legend, the Age of Man, and the Age of Beasts.

During the Lost Ages, Earth was ruled by the Titan Kronos and his wife Helga. Their subjects included many races, but primarily the Faerie, who eventually rebelled. The Faerie leader, Agalarna, was exiled into space on a comet. During the subsequent millennia, a malevolent being called Djall, also known as the Dark Lord, attached itself to Agalarna. When the comet returned to Earth, Djall came to the planet and tricked the Titans into entering a portal to the plane of Tartarus in pursuit of greater power. He then sealed the portal, trapping them and leaving him locked in a struggle with Gaia, the lone Titan to not fall for his ruse. Over a period of aeons, the Godwars were fought. Gaia released the Gods, children of the Titans who had been in hibernation, to fight against Djall. Life on Earth was nearly destroyed and the Faerie hid themselves away in a refuge called Otherworld. Gaia, the Gods, and Djall reached an accord to wage their conflict only through intermediaries, ending the Lost Ages.

During the subsequent Age of Legend, Djall created Salamanzar to lead his Undead hordes while Gaia greeted the Beasts, a large number of races that resembled various animals. Among the evil races they fought were the Dvergar. Eight Beasts became particularly powerful mages and were called the Mystarchs. The Mystarchs discovered an evil force called the Shadow Legion and attempted to unite Beasts in opposition to it. However, the rule of the Mystarchs became oppressive and the Beasts rebelled, executing or exiling the Mystarchs and instead uniting under the leadership of the judge Solomon. The following twenty-three generations constituted a golden era during which all Beast races lived in peace and culture flourished under the rule of Solomon's descendants. However, the peace was shattered by the invasion of the Primals, who stormed Europe from over the Western Sea. They were repelled only through the intervention of the Faerie, who subsequently returned to Otherworld. Vinga, the first Vampire, then rebelled against Salamanzar and established the Blood Kingdom in Eastern Europe. Salamanzar was killed in the course of his campaign to retake Vinga's domain, and Vinga became the ruler of Europe. During the two-thousand-year "Bleakness," only a stronghold in the Great Forest in Western Europe remained free of Undead rule. A hero, Atan, then arose. Of an unknown Beast race, Atan learned magical arts in the Far East and returned to Europe with his followers, freeing Europe from Vinga. However, the People of the Skull and the Dvergar remained as threats.

The Age of Legend ended when one Beast was slain by other Beasts, ending their covenant. The murderers became Mankind, beginning the Age of Man. Gaia, seeing that Man would come to dominate Earth, hid the Beasts outside of reality in areas called Groves. Millennia later, Mankind declared war upon itself. Over the course of a few decades, Man's cities were destroyed and the environment was badly damaged. The Gods persuaded the ancient race of the Maar to cleanse the atmosphere, but in the process the Maar became the monstrous Goliaths. In a process called the Reclamation, the Beasts returned to Earth, starting the Age of Beasts. The game takes place in Europe, about two millennia into the Age of Beasts.

Development and Closing
Development on Earth Eternal began 2006, but would not be announced until January 10, 2007. CEO and Founder of Iron Realms Entertainment (IRE) Matt Mihaly, announced the founding of a sister company of IRE, called Sparkplay Media, with the intention of creating a free MMORPG with the ability to be played through a web browser. Additionally, Earth Eternal's system would be entirely microtransaction based, which had just begun to be accepted in the West. Mihaly would leave as CEO of IRE to become CEO of Sparkplay Media. Earth Eternal was initially scheduled for release in the summer of 2007, however, as a result of a substantial increase in funding [over $4 million from Redpoint Ventures and Prism Ventureworks] its release was changed to sometime in 2009.

As of April 2009, approximately 40 chapters of the history had been released, along with 22 male and female anthropomorphic races.
In addition, the classes were tentatively released.

On February 2, 2009, Sparkplay Media released a new website. The new website contained improved features and more information than the older website, as well as new videos and information.

On May 18, 2009, Earth Eternal announced the beginning of its closed Beta phase. A newsletter was sent out, inviting the recipients to take a brief survey and thereby put themselves in the pre-selection pool of beta testers.

On July 14, 2009, Sparkplay Media released a Fansite Kit to the public. The fansite kit included Logos, Avatars, Images of the Playable Races, Concept Art, Screen Shots, a Fact Sheet, FAQ, and a Getting Started Guide.

On Oct. 7, 2009, Earth Eternal went into open beta.

On August 8, 2010, Matt Mihaly, CEO of Sparkplay Media, announced that the company was out of funds and all but himself and another unnamed employee had been laid off and that the future of the game was uncertain. Mihaly had been trying to sell Sparkplay Media for the two months prior to the announcement, however he could find no buyers. Sparkplay Media was put up for auction on August 8, and was purchased on the 17th by TurnOut Ventures.

Earth Eternal remained online after the purchase by TurnOut until August 31, 2010, where it was shut down due to non-payment to their internet service provider.

When TurnOut Ventures purchased Earth Eternal they inherited Sparkplay Media's contractual obligations to the Japanese publisher, Sankando, to create a localized version of Earth Eternal for the Japanese market. This Japanese version of Earth Eternal, called Ikimonogatari, was announced on April 11, 2011 and was officially launched on July 5, 2011.

By July 2011, American players could once again log into Earth Eternal, now called Earth Eternal Reborn (EER), headed by the developer TurnOut Ventures. This was a limited beta test of the new game client and servers, though some major changes to the game took place. To log in, users had to utilize their Facebook accounts, through which provided the only access to log into Earth Eternal. Additionally, all user characters and data had been deleted before the re-launch of Earth Eternal, much to the dismay of many former players who had spent money on micro transactions for their previous characters. Furthermore, Japanese models were used for the playable characters, appearing quite different from their previously released counterparts. Open Beta for EER was officially started on August 9, 2011.

On October 31, 2011, the Japanese Earth Eternal (Ikimonogatari) website was taken down, and it was announced on the (North American) Earth Eternal Reborn forms that development had been put on indefinite hold and EER's development team at TurnOut had been relocated to other projects. Earth Eternal Reborn remained online, though the cash shop had been closed.

On November 20, 2011, the English Earth Eternal Facebook page stated that as of November 24, 2011 at 9pm EST the game would be closing, without a known date if or when the game would be playable again.

Gameplay

Earth Eternal is a free massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It is comparable to RuneScape and Achaea as it shares many gameplay elements with these games.

The game is free to play, with the option of players to purchase in-game content with real money; though everything that can be bought with real money can also be gotten for free by playing longer, essentially making payment a faster way to level up, obtain items and advance in the game.

The 22 Player races, while they look drastically different, will not have any racial differences among them. This means that a Clockwork, Foxen, and Fangren will all start with the same stats, and none will have an advantage in any area when they begin the game. The reason for this was because the game developers wanted a player to be able to choose any race they wanted, without any handicap or penalty for specializing in a particular class.

Player versus player combat system is included in the game. It consists of several arenas scattered throughout the major cities. Players can enter the arena at any time and battle other participants currently inside. There is no penalty for dying in the arena. Additionally, most of the game does not have loading zones, but rather be contiguous for most of the map, except in some far-flung areas of the map and underground areas. The game will have a 'soft level cap', so a player can theoretically gain infinite levels, though as the player progresses, it will take more experience points before they level up, such that eventually it may take years to gain another level. Lastly, there will be no 'death penalty' in terms of gold, items, or experience. When a player dies, depending on the option they choose, they can lose coins, or take temporary health and stat loss. They also lose "Heroism", which is a bar that affects luck, item drops, extra HP, and which is filled through killing monsters.

Classes

Earth Eternal features four playable classes: Druid, Knight, Mage, and Rogue. The player can choose one of the four classes as a primary class. The player will not be restricted to their chosen class however; a Knight could specialize in melee combat, or they could learn some Mage, Rogue, or Druid skills if they want to. Though, they will not be able to learn all the skills that a player who started in those classes can learn. The Developers have also stated some changes will be made to classes in future.

Groves

Groves are instanced areas accessible only by the owning player or clan. Owners can invite friends into their groves. Each player will be able to choose from a number of different styles of Groves, and will be able to modify the terrain, making mountains, valleys, lakes, etc. as they wish. Each player will be provided a basic Grove free of charge. Additions or amenities such as furniture to the Groves will likely cost credits.

Clans

Players will have the ability to both join and form clans, though creating them will cost 10 gold. Any player may create a clan if they wish, and there are NPC's for creating a clan in Camelot, Bremen, and Heartwood. Each clan gets its own chat channel, and ranks are available for the clan leader to decide on (Officer, Member, Initiate). Additionally, each clan will have its own Grove, though it is unclear if the Grove will be free, or if the new clan must pay for it. Clans can only be created by players, no preexisting clans will be established.

References

External links
Earth Eternal Homepage - CLOSED
Earth Eternal homepage (Japan) - CLOSED
Earth Eternal at IGN
Earth Eternal at Ten Ton Hammer

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
2009 video games
Browser-based multiplayer online games
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games

Earth Eternal


Long Island, NY is the biggest island in the continental United States. Over 7 million people live there. The majority live in the western part, in Brooklyn and Queens which are parts of New York City. The other people live in two counties. Nassau County is in the central area, and Suffolk County fills approximately the eastern half. To the north is Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean. There are almost 200 Long Island Towns on Long Island, NY. While the areas closest to New York City are urban with a high population density, the central and eastern parts of Long Island are more rural with a lower population density.

The East River separates Long Island from Manhattan island and the Bronx mainland. The Narrows separates it from Staten Island. Long Island is a terminal moraine left by glaciers during the ice ages.

The 2000 census counted 7,448,618,  people living on Long Island, making it by far the most populated island in all of the United States, and more populated than Ireland, Sicily or Puerto Rico. Long Island is in the Eastern Time Zone.

The term "Long Island" often refers only to the mostly suburban counties of Nassau and Suffolk because Brooklyn and Queens are part of New York City.

References

Islands of New York (state)
Geography of New York City

Long Island


The Queenston Heights is a geographical feature of the Niagara Escarpment immediately above the village of Queenston, Ontario, Canada. Its geography is a promontory formed where the escarpment is divided by the Niagara River. The promontory forms a cliff face of approximately 100 m (approximately 300 ft).

War of 1812
Queenston Heights was the site of the War of 1812 Battle of Queenston Heights, where Major-General Sir Isaac Brock was killed in action in the defence of Upper Canada (now Ontario).  It is mentioned in the 1867 song "The Maple Leaf Forever":

At Queenston Heights and Lundy's Lane
Our brave fathers, side by side,
For freedom, homes, and loved ones dear,
Firmly stood and nobly died.

And those dear rights which they maintained,
We swear to yield them never.
Our watchword evermore shall be,
The Maple Leaf forever!

War memorials
Queenston Heights is the site of Brock's Monument and a monument to War of 1812 heroine Laura Secord. There are 235 stairs inside the monument, leading to a viewing area close to the top. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1968. Fort Drummond, also located at Queenston Heights, is separately recognized as a National Historic Site.

References

External links
 Official website
 Art works of the Battle of Queenston Heights Niagara Falls Public Library (Ont.)

Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
Geography of the Regional Municipality of Niagara
Niagara-on-the-Lake
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Monuments and memorials in Ontario
Landforms on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
War of 1812 National Historic Sites of Canada

Queenston Heights


The Philharmonic Society of Corfu (, Philharmonice Ɛtaerɛia Cɛrcyras, ), or Old Philharmonic (Παλαιά Φιλαρμονική) -to be distinguished from the other 17 bands on the island-, is a widely known community music band in Corfu, Greece.

When it was founded in 1840, its initial scope was to become the first Greek music academy organised on European prototypes. Its first Artistic Director was Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros, who retained this office until his death in 1872. The Philharmonic (PSC) had a fully organised programme of tuition both in music theory and practice. Its students, who for the first time in modern Hellenic history could learn music regardless of their social class, had the opportunity to be taught by professional musicians and teachers basic music theory, harmony, counterpoint, instrumentation, composition, as well as piano, vocal music, string and wind instruments.

History

The tuition of the latter category found its artistic expression through the wind band of the philharmonic, an ensemble, which became very popular by developing into an integral part of public and religious festivities. Nonetheless, the popularity of the band (which was the fourth civilian band of the Ionian Islands after those of Zante (1816), Argostoli (1836) and Lixouri (1838) in Kefalonia) was so strong, that in the end in the public opinion of Corfu 'band' became synonymous to the 'philharmonic'. This misunderstanding, however, became gradually a reality, especially after the Second World War, mainly because of the financial problems that a non-governmental institution like PSC came across. as well as a result of the shortage of professional teachers.

Nonetheless, it was only in 1907, as well as during the 1930s when the symphonic orchestra of the society performed in the Municipal Theatre of Corfu, to much critical acclaim. The symphonic orchestra of the Philharmonic made sporadic appearances until the early postwar years. Since 2003 the orchestra has again commenced its activities (as a result of the re-organization of the tuition of the string instruments within the Society).

In 1979 Maria Desylla-Kapodistria, former mayor of Corfu and the first female mayor in Greece, bequeathed the Kapodistrias summer home under contract No. 4541/3.11.1979 to the Reading Society of Corfu, the Philharmonic Society of Corfu and the Society of Corfiote Studies for the purpose of converting it to a museum dedicated to the memory of Ioannis Kapodistrias. The Kapodistrias Museum, under the stewardship of the three societies, was formally inaugurated in 1981.

Music Museum "Nikolaos Chalikiopoulos Mantzaros"

The Museum of the Corfu Philharmonic Society, which occupies the first floor of the Society's building (Nikiforou Theotoki 10), opened for the public on September 18, 2010. The Museum attempts to present in brief the history of the institution after almost two centuries of incessant activity (which coincides with some of the most dramatic periods of modern history). Moreover, the Museum honours Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros (1795–1872), the Society's first artistic director (1841–1872), composer –among others– of the Greek national anthem, well-known music teacher and contrapuntist, as well as inspirer of a whole generation of composers that shaped the music of Ionian Islands, and not only, during the 19th century.

The Museum of the Corfu Philharmonic Society «Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros» consists of five thematic sections, which present its activities and history:
 Foundation, Administration, Organization: Features historical documents related to the Society's early days and organization.
Educational activities: Presents documents and artifacts related to the music pedagogy within the limits of the Society.
The concerts: The Philharmonic as a concert society for vocal and orchestral music.
The wind band: Documents, scores, instruments and artifacts related to the repertory and the activities of the Society's wind band.
The people and their work: Important composers and teachers, who related themselves through their presence and their works with the history of the Society, as well as with the development of art music in 19th-century Greece. Scores by Spyridon Samaras (Spiro Samara), Pavlos Carrer (Paolo Carrer), the Liberali brothers, Spyridon Xyndas, Domenikos Padovanis, Dionissios Rodotheatos, Alexander Grek, Napoleon Lambelet, Andreas Seiler, as well as women composers from Ionian Islands are exhibited in this section.

The Museum also organizes an annual circle of musicological lectures and has initiated a series of musicological publications. It is open Monday to Saturday from 09.30 until 13.30. The entrance is free.

See also
 List of music museums

References
Kostas Kardamis, "Corfu Philharmonic Society: An overview of its history", in Six Essays for the Corfu Philharmonic Society (Publications of the Museum of Music "Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros, vol. 1) (Corfu: Corfu Philharmonic Society, 2010), 13–36
Spyridon Motsenigos, Neoelliniki moussiki [Modern Greek Music] (Athens, 1958)

External links
Philharmonic Society of Corfu
Museum of the Philharmonic Society of Corfu

Corfu (city)
Performing arts museums
Music museums
Museums in Corfu
1840 establishments in Greece
Marching bands
Music organizations based in Greece
Culture of Corfu

Philharmonic Society of Corfu


Delapré Abbey is a neo-classical mansion in Northampton, in Northamptonshire, England.

The mansion and outbuildings incorporate remains of a former monastery, the Abbey of St Mary de la Pré (the suffix meaning "in or of the Meadow"), near the River Nene  south south-east of Northampton. It was founded as a nunnery about the year 1145 devoted to the congregation of the major Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France.

The Abbey's expansive sloping grounds are a nationally protected Wars of the Roses battlefield, as a one-time site of the advance of the Yorkists during the Battle of Northampton (1460).

Founding and endowments
The abbey was founded by an Anglo-Norman Earl of two counties, Simon de Senlis, during the reign of King Stephen and later benefited from its paying for a Royal charter granted by King Edward III. At its founding the abbey was endowed the  in its ancient parish "almost entirely" save, for example, two corn mills, a fulling mill and 10 acres of marsh-meadow of St James's Abbey, Northampton: Hardingstone and held the rectories (including glebe and tithe) at Earls Barton, Great Doddington, and Fotheringhay, appointing stipended (salaried) vicars on a perpetual basis from 1224- see also related term "vicarious". Edward I added to Delapré the churches of Wollaston and Filgrave – a total of five Northamptonshire well-endowed churches – and gave Delapré the right to nominate the priest (advowson) at Fyfield, Hampshire. He is recorded as giving ten beams towards the repair of the church in 1232, and another five oaks for work on the Refectory in 1258.

Work and customs of the town and Abbey
Delapré was one of two Cluniac nunneries in England (the other being Arthington Priory in Yorkshire). The Cluniac congregation was initially a reform movement of Benedictine life. Monasteries in the congregation were supervised directly by the great abbey at Cluny. Typically a dozen to twenty nuns resided at any one time. The Guild of Weavers at Northampton made an annual procession to the Abbey church each Easter Monday where, according to the ordinances of the Guild in 1431, they would offer up:

From its first foundation, the abbey gave 21s. 8d. yearly to the poor distributed by the parish church in money, bread, and fish, and a further 5s. yearly from later benefactions.

As with others, the abbey was surrendered to the crown as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, closing in 1538. After much later use and alteration as a private residence and in World War II service, the house and its cluster of outbuildings which replaced the abbey in phased building works spanning the 16th to 18th centuries served as the Northamptonshire Record Office and the library of the related records society. The building is Grade II* listed for heritage. A heritage shop and café overlooking its grand courtyard opened in 2017. The main building opens for educational visits, tours and weddings at the end of 2017. The Delapré Abbey Preservation Trust manages the buildings.

History

The Eleanor Cross

One of three remaining Eleanor Crosses of the twelve erected, an octagonal, slim, deeply-carved tower featuring statues hewn from stone is at the south-west of the meadows and tree-lined grounds. The body of Queen Eleanor, wife of Edward I, rested at the Abbey on its journey from Lincoln to London. The king erected the crosses to mark the passage. The cross was begun in 1291 by John of Battle; he worked with William of Ireland to carve the statues. Its lower tier of stone books may have featured prayers for the Queen's soul and her biography. The grounds of Delapré are a Scheduled Ancient Monument due to their partial battlefield status.

St Andrew's Priory built by a relative of founder

In the north-west corner of the walled town depicted in John Speed's map of 1610 was the Cluniac priory of St Andrew founded by Simon de Senlis, Earl of Northampton the father of the founder of Delapré.

Timeline

1145 – Delapré Abbey was built by Simon, the son of Simon de Senlis, the 2nd Earl of Northampton.
1290 – The death of Eleanor of Castile, the wife of Edward I and Queen of England. Eleanor died on 28 November at Harby, Nottinghamshire. Her body was embalmed at Lincoln, and on 4 December a funeral procession set out for Westminster Abbey accompanied by the King. The cortège travelled through Northampton and stopped at Delapré Abbey for the night. The King stayed at Northampton Castle. The cortège left the following day and, at the top of the hill, the ground was consecrated. On this spot, one of the Eleanor Crosses was erected.
1460 – The Battle of Northampton between the Yorkists and Lancastrians took place at Delapré.
1538 – Under the dissolution of the monasteries during the English Reformation, King Henry VIII forced the Abbey to surrender to the Crown.
1543 – The Crown rented the site and grounds of the former abbey to a tenant.
1550 – The Crown sold the Delapré estate to the Tate family.
1756 – Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York, husband of Mary Tate, sold the estate to Edward Bouverie for £22,000.()
1905 – The Bouverie family rented the estate to John Cooper, a Northampton boot and shoe manufacturer.
1914 – Miss Mary Bouverie moved back to the Abbey.
1940 – The War Office took over the Abbey. Miss Bouverie moved to Duston and later returned to a room over the stables in 1942; she died on 20 January 1943.
1946 – The Northampton Corporation purchased the estate for £56,000. ()
1948 – The War Office gave up its use of the Abbey house, after which there were proposals to demolish the building. (See Joan Wake (1884–1974))
1956-7 – The availability of funds raised by the Northamptonshire Record Society enabled repairs to be carried out to the building so that it could be used by Northamptonshire Record Office and the Northamptonshire Record Society.
1959 – Official opening of Northamptonshire Record Office at Delapré Abbey, following its relocation from Lamport Hall.
2004 – Seven people began living in the south & west wings as live-in security. In 2012 there were still seven people, including two from the original group.
2005 – Northampton Borough Council announced plans to form a new Delapré Abbey Trust.
2012 – The clock on the stable block was repaired just before the Queen's Jubilee in July 2012. The chimes of the clock were repaired in December 2012.

Owners of Delapre Abbey
 1145–1538 The Cluniac Order of Nuns
 1539–1543 Henry VIII
 1543–1548 John Marsh
 1548–1564 Anne Saunders, formerly Lady Longueville, and her fourth husband, Andrew Wadham, who died in 1550 without progeny; a "gentleman usher to the Queen's Majesty" to Queen Catherine Parr, and a son of Sir Nicholas Wadham (1472–1542). Anne, daughter of the Protestant martyr Laurence Saunders, was the mother of the next owner (by her second husband).
 1564–1601 Bartholomew Tate I
 1601–1617 William Tate
 1617–1650 Zouch Tate
 1650–1695 William Tate
 1695–1704 Bartholomew Tate II
 1704–1749 Bartholomew Tate III
 1749–1750 Mary Tate
 1750–1756 Charles Hardy
 1756–1810 Edward Bouverie Senior
 1810–1858 Edward Bouverie Junior
 1858–1871 Everard Bouverie
 1871–1894 John Austustus Shiel Bouverie Senior
 1894–1905 John Austustus Shiel Bouverie Junior (died 1905) unmarried)
 1905–1943 Mary Bouverie (sister of the above)
 1943–1946 William Uthwatt Bouverie
 1946–2018 Northampton Corporation (Now Northampton Borough Council)
 2018-now Delapré Abbey Preservation Trust

Abbesses of the Abbey of St Mary de la Pré

Azelina 1145
Cecilia de Daventry – elected 1220
Agatha – died 1274
Emma Malore – elected 1274, died 1282
Margery de Wolaston – elected 1282, died 1296–1297 – The Abbess at the time of the death of Queen Eleanor
Margery de Broke – elected 1297, resigned 1319
Agnes de Poveley – elected 1319, died 1327
Margaret de Grey – elected 1327–1328, died 1333–1334
Isabel de Cotesbrok – elected 1333–1334, annulled by the local bishop
Katherine Knyvet – appointed 1333–1334, died 1349 of the plague
Isabel de Thorp – appointed 1349, resigned 1366
Joan Mallore – elected 1366, died 1394
Margery Dayrell – elected 1394
Katherine Wotton appears in 1415
Gonora Downghton – died 1481 – The Abbess at the time of the Battle of Northampton
Joan Doghty – elected 1481
Joan Chese – elected 1492
Clementina Stock – elected 1504–1505, surrendered 1538

An impression of the great oval seal of the Abbey is held in the Public Records Office. It represents the coronation of the Blessed Virgin under a carved canopy.

The Cluniac Prayer
"O God, by whose grace thy servants, the Holy Abbots of Cluny, enkindled with the fire of thy love, became burning and shining lights in thy Church: Grant that we also may be aflame with the spirit of love and discipline, and may ever walk before thee as children of light; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, liveth and reigneth, one God, now and for ever."

The Battle of Northampton – Wars of the Roses (1460)
After the Battle of Northampton, which was fought on the Abbey grounds to the north of the Abbey and to the south of the River Nene, King Henry VI was captured and spent the night of 10 July 1460 at the Abbey as a prisoner. The nuns tended the wounds of those injured at the battle. It is believed that many of the battle-dead were buried in the nuns' graveyard (now the walled garden), but there is no archaeological evidence to support this contention.

After the dissolution

In 1542 the Tate family purchased the Abbey grounds from the Crown; they started work on the gardens. Zouch Tate is recorded as having laid out a typical Elizabethan-style garden. This is thought to have been where the enclosed formal garden can now be found.

The Tates lived at Delapré until 1764, when they sold the estate to the Bouverie family. The majority of the present buildings date from this time. The design of the grounds became influenced by the style of Capability Brown. The Bouverie family changed the garden to one featuring fruit and vegetables, with orchards planted elsewhere. This was similar to the earlier fruit garden of the original abbey. Researchers believe the present walled garden is on the site of the nuns' burial ground, as evidence of graves was discovered during the garden's construction.

During the 19th century, other typical Victorian features were added, such as the rock and water gardens, and garden conservatories for peaches and grapes; a ha-ha was also constructed. The buildings for growing fruit remain.

Current state

Buildings

What remains today consists of four ranges based around an almost square courtyard; probably remains of the earlier cloisters, with the passage around the north, west and east sides being the former cloister walks.
The thicker walls found in the northern part of the main building are probably part of the walls of the church of the abbey. Almost nothing of the medieval buildings remain; two small recesses found in the cloister walk may have been used for keeping candles at night.
What is seen today is the result of work that started with the passing of the house in three phases, spanning the 16th to 18th centuries and much 19th-century redecoration.
The stables at the northern end of the property date from around 1750–1765. They were renovated in 1971 by John Goff, then County Architect.

Restoration
Following the success of a Heritage Lottery Fund application in 2013, a £6.3 million restoration project began in 2016. The Delapre Abbey Preservation Trust will manage the Abbey, which opened to the public for the first time in 900 years on 17 March 2018.

Grounds

There are about  of parkland and  of more formal gardens. Ornamental features include:
 A ha-ha
 A lake

 Delapré Abbey
 Delapré Woods
 Rock and water gardens
 Tree sculptures

Part of the estate has been developed as the public Delapré Golf Course.

Northampton Borough Council (NBC) added bunding to the London Road side of the grounds to prevent unauthorised vehicular access to the grounds. In the wet spring of 2007, this caused a flood lake to appear, which was condemned as dangerous to the public. In November 2006, NBC's planning committee approved an application to remove the bunding but successive administrations have to date not provided funds to perform the work – despite public concerns over the flooding. The Homes & Communities Agency has since indicated an interest in using the bund material on a nearby housing development.

Formal garden
In 1977 and 1978 three sculptures were installed in the walled garden:
"The Lady with Kittens" and "The Lovers", the work of Walter Ritchie, were donated to Northampton after being displayed at an exhibition of brickwork sculptures at The Building Centre, London. The large brick panels depict episodes in the life of the mythical Sarah Wellington-Gore.
"Woman and the Fish" is a listed sculpture by Frank Dobson, one of UK's most respected sculptors. This was given to Northampton after the Festival of Britain in 1951. It previously stood in the Memorial Gardens in the town centre, where it had been vandalised. It was repaired and transferred to its current location after an appeal for funds to meet the high costs of restoration.

References

Further reading
The Buildings of England – Northamptonshire. Nikolaus Pevsner (Second edition).
British History Online – House of Cluniac Nuns – The Abbey of Delapré

Colin Spears, Delapré Abbey,

External links
 Delapré Abbey Preservation Trust
"Delapre Abbey", Northampton Borough Council

Grade II* listed buildings in Northamptonshire
Monasteries in Northamptonshire
Buildings and structures in Northampton
Cluniac monasteries in England
History of Catholic monasticism
Cluniac nunneries
Religious organizations established in the 1140s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Tourist attractions in Northampton
1145 establishments in England
1538 disestablishments in England
Order of Saint Benedict
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
Christianity in Northampton

Delapré Abbey


Kaillera is middleware designed to aid networked multiplayer play for emulators. The word "Kaillera", also spelled "kaïra", is the verlan of the French word racaille, meaning "hooligans" or "rascals".

History
Kaillera was developed by Christophe Thibault in the years 2001-2006. His most recent entry was the Kaillera Client library and SDK on 13 February 2002. Later in early 2006, rights and source code of Kaillera were sold to a private online gaming advertising company called TC. Ads and Etai Hugi. On 17 June 2006, Christophe Thibault himself publicly confirmed the sale of Kaillera and also announced that TC. Ads. no longer had anything to do with the Kaillera project and that Etai Hugi is the only owner.

On 20 November 2006, Etai Hugi announced that a new version of Kaillera would be released in "the next several months". His announcement also suggested that the new version would be "much better" and "more efficient" than the current version. In July 2007, he posted on the official forums and sent emails to the forum administrator announcing that the next official release would occur in "3-4 months." This announcement coincided with a revamp of the forums and the posting of new unofficial builds created by others for download (the first new downloads posted in nearly four years). On 4 November 2007, it was announced that due to unforeseen "bugs" the imminent release would be postponed for a time. It was later announced that the new version of Kaillera would be released on 7 April 2008. However, the official Kaillera website along with existing Kaillera master servers list was taken down a few days prior to the release date. Later when it came back up, no explanations for the downtime was given and nothing was released. Etai Hugi an Israeli developer purchased Kaillera from Christophe Thibault in 2006.

Features
Like most networked multiplayer gaming systems, Kaillera is implemented to work on client–server architecture.

The client is implemented as a small library with a typical GUI which is incorporated with the emulator. Its simple self-explanatory API, consisting of only eight functions, allows emulators to perform necessary functions such as specifying the list of supported games and controlling game execution to some extent. Everything after enabling the client to starting the game is managed by the client and the user. The client can only make requests to server on user's input and react to server's response.

On the other hand, the server takes the tedious role of managing all the users. Users can join servers if their conditions are satisfactory. Then they are allowed to chat and make games on the server which other users can join. A maximum of 8 players are allowed to participate in a game and others are treated as spectators. Once a game starts, the server is also responsible for scheduling and mix matching data sent by emulators in a manner befitting user's ping and connection configuration.

Emulators with Kaillera support
Atari800Win PLus (Atari 8-bit family)
Bliss (Intellivision)
Calice32 (CPS-1, CPS-2, Sega System 16, Sega System 18, Neo Geo MVS, Gaelco System 1)
CCS64 (Commodore 64)
DEmul (Sega Dreamcast, Sega NAOMI, Sega NAOMI 2, Atomiswave, Hikaru, Cave, Gaelco)
DolphinNP (Nintendo GameCube, Nintendo Wii) // Modified version of Dolphin
Emukon (Sega Game Gear, Sega Master System)
ePSXe (Sony PlayStation) *Requires a Netplay plugin such as CyberPad or PS4NET.
FinalBurn Neo (CPS-1, CPS-2, Neo Geo MVS) // Previously known as FinalBurn Alpha
Gens (Sega Genesis)
HuE (TurboGrafx-16)
Houba Plus! Plus! (Various arcade systems) // MAME32PPK variant focused on 3D games (eg. Tekken Tag Tournament)
Kawaks (CPS-1, CPS-2, Neo Geo MVS)
MAME (Various arcade systems)[1]
Meisei (MSX)
Modeler (Sega System 32)
Mupen64++ (Nintendo 64) // Modified version of Mupen64
Nebula (CPS-1, CPS-2, Neo Geo MVS)
Nemu64 (Nintendo 64)
NESten (Nintendo Entertainment System)
Nestopia (Nintendo Entertainment System)2
NNNesterJ (Nintendo Entertainment System)
Nostalgia (Intellivision)
PCAE (Atari 2600)
Project64k (Nintendo 64) // Modified version of Project64
Snes9k (Super Nintendo Entertainment System) // Modified version of Snes9x
WinFellow+Kaillera (Amiga) // Modified version of WinFellow
WinUAE-Kaillera (Amiga) // Modified version of WinUAE
Xanadu (Intellivision)

Notes
Note 1: There are several third-party versions of MAME with Kaillera, but these violate the MAME license by not having the source code to the Kaillera client library distributed, even though the source code to the modified version of MAME itself (such as "MAME32k", "MAME32 Plus! Plus!" and "MameLang32+") are always provided.

References

External links

Middleware for video games
Video game emulation

Kaillera