The Palazzo Carignano is a former palace in Turin, Italy. It was the residence of the Princes of Carignano, a line directly related to the royal family. It is famous for its unique rounded façade. It was also the birthplace of Princess Marie Louise of Savoy. It was the birthplace of Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy, the first king of Italy.  The building is near the larger Royal Palace of Turin.

Turin
Carignano
Former royal residences

Palazzo Carignano


The Belly and the Members is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 130 in the Perry Index. It has been interpreted in varying political contexts over the centuries.

The Fable

There are several versions of the fable. In early Greek sources it concerns a dispute between the stomach and the feet, or between it and the hands and feet in later Latin versions. These grumble because the stomach gets all of the food, refusing to supply them with nourishment. They see sense when they realise that they are weakening themselves. In Mediaeval versions, the rest of the body becomes so weakened that it dies, and later illustrations almost uniformly portray an enfeebled man expiring on the ground. The present understanding is that the tale's moral supports team effort and recognition of the vital part that all members play in it. In more authoritarian times, however, the fable was taken to affirm direction from the centre.

Research points to early Eastern fables dealing with similar disputes. Most notably there is a fragmentary Egyptian papyrus going back to the 2nd millennium BCE that belongs to the Near Eastern genre of debate poems; in this case the dispute is between the Belly and the Head.  It is thus among the first known examples of the body politic metaphor.

Later applications
There is a scriptural use of the concept of co-operation between the various parts of the body by Paul of Tarsus, who was educated in both Hebrew and Hellenic thought. In his first letter to the Corinthians, he shifts away from the fable's political application and gives it the spiritual context of the body of the Church. The metaphor is used to argue that this body represents a multiplicity of talents co-operating together. While there may still be a hierarchy within it, all are to be equally valued for the part they play:

For the body is not one member, but many.  If the foot shall say, Because I am not the hand, I am not of the body, is it therefore not of the body?  And if the ear shall say, Because I am not the eye, I am not of the body, is it therefore not of the body?  If the whole body were an eye, where were the hearing? If the whole were hearing, where were the smelling?  But now hath God set the members every one of them in the body, as it hath pleased him.  And if they were all one member, where were the body?  But now are they many members, yet but one body.  And the eye cannot say unto the hand, I have no need of thee: nor again the head to the feet, I have no need of you.  Nay, much more those members of the body, which seem to be more feeble, are necessary. And those members of the body which we think to be less honourable, upon these we bestow more abundant honour. (Authorised Version 12.14–23)

The Latin historian Livy leads the way in applying the fable to civil unrest. It is recounted by him in the context of the Aventine secession in 495–93 BCE that a member of the Roman Senate convinced the plebeians, who had left Rome in protest at their mistreatment by the patricians, to return by telling the story. In this politicised form, with the patricians playing the part of the stomach, the fable formed an "exemplary paradigm" for the subsequent Roman philosophy of the body politic. The same fable was later repeated in Plutarch's Life of Coriolanus.
"It once happened," Menenius Agrippa said, "that all the other members of a man mutinied against the stomach, which they accused as the only idle, uncontributing part the whole body, while the rest were put to hardships and the expense of much labour to supply and minister to its appetites. The stomach, however, merely ridiculed the silliness of the members, who appeared not to be aware that the stomach certainly does receive the general nourishment, but only to return it again, and redistribute it amongst the rest. Such is the case," he said, "ye citizens, between you and the senate. The counsels and plans that are there duly digested, convey and secure to all of you your proper benefit and support."

From this source it was taken by William Shakespeare and dramatised in the opening scene of his play Coriolanus.

In French sources the story was similarly applied. The late 12th century version by Marie de France concludes with the feudal reflection that 'no one has honour who shames his lord, nor has the sire unless he honours his men'. Near the end of the 14th century, Eustache Deschamps deplored civil war in a ballade titled Comment le chief et les membres doyvent amer l'un l'autre (How the head and members should love one another). This used the fable to argue that the land is weakened when feudal obligations are transgressed. The head should not oppress those under him and in turn should be obeyed. Three centuries later La Fontaine interpreted the fable in terms of the absolute monarchy of his time. Reversing the order of the ancient historians, he starts with the fable, draws a lengthy moral and only then gives the context in which it was first told. For him the royal power is central to and the sustainer of the state.

This was so too for John Ogilby in the context of the troubled history of 17th century England. The only member on view in Wenceslas Hollar's illustration of the fable (see above) is the broken head of a statue damaged by the blind, sword-wielding belly. The reference to the Parliamentary beheading of King Charles I and the breakdown of government during the subsequent republican period could not be clearer. At the start of the 19th century, La Fontaine's English translator, John Matthews, was to expand the fable to even greater length. Beginning with the Roman context, he pictures the social strife in more or less contemporary terms and so hints that the fable supports the power of the aristocratic parliament of his day without needing to say so outright.

Ambrose Bierce applied the fable to labour disputes in his Fantastic Fables (1899). When the workers at a shoe factory go on strike for better conditions, in his satirical rewriting, the owner sets it on fire in order to collect the insurance and so leaves them workless. A slightly earlier Japanese woodblock print by Kawanabe Kyosai in his Isoho Monogotari series (1870-80) had also given the fable a commercial application. Titled "The lazy one in the middle", it shows the seated belly smoking a pipe while the disjointed bodily members crawl on the floor about him. His broad tie is labelled 'Financier' in western lettering to drive home the point. In both these cases the argument of the centre as sustainer is turned around. Far from keeping the members alive, the belly's selfish concerns and greedy demands sap them of energy.

References

Aesop's Fables
La Fontaine's Fables

The Belly and the Members


Zakarpattia Oblast (, translit. ; , translit. ; ; ; also referred to as the Transcarpathian Oblast, Transcarpathia, Zakarpattya, or historically Subcarpathian Rus) is an administrative oblast (province) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod. Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo, Khust, Berehove and Chop which is home to railroad transport infrastructure.

Zakarpattia Oblast was formally established on January 22, 1946 after the incorporation of Subcarpathian Rus lands to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Ukrainian independence referendum held in 1991, Zakarpattia Oblast voters were given a separate option on whether or not they favored  autonomy for the region. Although a large majority favored autonomy, it was not granted.

Zakarpattia Oblast is in the Carpathian Mountains landscape of western Ukraine, and is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The Carpathian Mountains play a major part in the oblast's economy, making the region an important tourist and travel destination housing many ski and spa resorts.

The oblast is ranked 23rd by area and 17th by population. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. Excluding Ukrainians, this total includes people of many different nationalities of which Hungarians, Romanians and Rusyns constitute significant minorities in some of the province's cities, while in others, they form the majority of the population (as in the case of Berehove).

Geography

Zakarpattia Oblast has a total area of 12,800 km² and is in the Carpathian Mountains region of western Ukraine. It is the only Ukrainian oblast to have boundaries with four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. On the West it borders the Prešov and Košice Regions of Slovakia and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties of Hungary, on the South—the Satu Mare and Maramureş Counties of Romania, on the East and Northeast—Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and on the North—Lviv Oblast and the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland.

Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as alpine meadows. Mountains cover about 80% of the oblast's area, and cross from North-East to South-East. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians, part of which are within Zakarpattia Oblast, were recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.

The largest rivers that flow through the oblast include the Tysa, Borzhava, and the Tereblia. The region's climate is moderate and continental with about 700-1000 millimetres of rainfall per year. The average temperature in summer is +21°С (70°F) and -4°С (25 °F) in winter. With a total height of , Hoverla, part of the Chornohora mountain range, is the tallest point in the oblast. The lowest point, 101 metres above sea level, is in the village of Ruski Heyevtsi in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion.

The four of the oblast's historical-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine competition in 2007: Palanok Castle, Museum upon the Chorna River, Mykhailiv Orthodox Church, and the Nevytsky Castle.

History
Zakarpattia was part of Kingdom of Hungary, later Austria-Hungary until the latter's demise at the end of World War I. This region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918 and occupied by Romania at end of that year. It was later recaptured by Hungary in the summer of 1919. Finally, it joined the newly formed Czechoslovakia as Subcarpathian Rus, of which it formed one of the four main regions, the others being Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.

During the World War II German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the southern part of the region was awarded to Hungary under the First Vienna Award in 1938.  The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czecho-Slovak Republic. After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia on March 15, 1939 and the Slovak declaration of an independent state, Ruthenia declared its independence (Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine) but it was immediately occupied and later annexed by Hungary.

During the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, almost the entire Jewish population was deported; few survived the Holocaust. When the Soviet Army crossed the pre-1938 borders of Czechoslovakia in 1944, Soviet authorities refused to allow Czechoslovak governmental officials to resume control over the region, and in June 1945, President Edvard Beneš formally signed a treaty ceding the area to the Soviet Union. It was then incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it became part of independent Ukraine as Zakarpattia Oblast.

The province has a unique footnote in history as the only region in the former Soviet Union to have had an American governor: its first governor was Gregory Zatkovich, an American citizen who had earlier emigrated from the region and represented the Rusyn community in the U.S.  Zatkovich was appointed governor by Czechoslovakia's first president, Tomáš Masaryk, in 1920 and served for about one year until he resigned over differences regarding the region's autonomy.

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine held an independence referendum in which the residents of Zakarpattia were asked about the Zakarpattia Oblast Council's proposal for self rule. About 78% of the oblast's population voted in favor of autonomy, however, it was not granted. There were also propositions of separating from Ukraine to rejoin Czechoslovakia, but after Czechoslovakia's dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993, these ideas have been rendered largely moot.

On October 25, 2008, delegates to the Congress Of Carpathian Ruthenians declared the formation of the Republic of Carpathian Ruthenia.  The prosecutor's office of Zakarpattia region has filed a case against Russian Orthodox Church priest Dmytro Sidor and Yevhen Zhupan, an Our Ukraine deputy of the Zakarpattia regional council and chairman of the People's Council of Ruthenians, on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine.

Politics

Zakarpattia Oblast's local administration is controlled by the Zakarpattia Oblast Council (rada). The Chairman of the Council is Mykhailo Kichkovskyi, elected from the People's Union "Our Ukraine" party. Kichkovsky holds this position since his election in April 2006.

The Zakarpattia Oblast Rada consists of a total of 90 deputies. Based on the March 26, 2006 regional election results, the distribution of the council's mandates is as follows: 30 mandates for the People's Union "Our Ukraine;" 25 for the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc; 7 for the Lytvyn People's Bloc; 5 for the Party of Hungarians of Ukraine "KMKS;" 4 for the Democratic Party of Hungarians of Ukraine; and 4 for the Socialist Party of Ukraine.

The oblast's governor (currently Oleh Havashi) is appointed by the President of Ukraine.

Administrative divisions

Zakarpattia Oblast is administratively subdivided into 13 raions (districts), as well as 5 cities (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Berehove, Chop, Khust, Mukachevo, and the administrative center of the oblast, Uzhhorod. There are a total of 7 cities, 19 towns, and more than 579 villages.

Zakarpattia Oblast can also be divided into four unofficial geographic-historic regions (counties): Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa, and Northern Maramuresh.

The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of Zakarpattia Oblast:

 Administrative Center — 1 (Uzhhorod);
 Raions — 13;
 City raions — 0;
 Settlements — 609, including:
 Villages — 579;
 Cities/Towns — 30, including:
 Urban-type settlements — 19;
 Cities — 11, including:
 Cities of oblast' subordinance — 5;
 Cities of raion subordinance — 6;
 Selsovets — 307.

Raions
There are 13 raions (districts) in the oblast:

 Berehivskyi Raion
 Irshavskyi Raion
 Khustskyi Raion
 Mizhhirskyi Raion
 Mukachivskyi Raion
 Perechynskyi Raion
 Rakhivskyi Raion
 Svaliavskyi Raion
 Tiachivskyi Raion
 Uzhhorodskyi Raion
 Velykobereznianskyi Raion
 Volovetskyi Raion
 Vynohradivskyi Raion

Cities

Largest cities and towns in the province are (with population figures in 2007):

 Uzhhorod (118,231)
 Mukachevo (81,344)
 Khust (27,506)
 Berehove (25,288)
 Vynohradiv (24,366)
 Svaliava (16,217)
 Rakhiv (14,416)
 Tiachiv (9,256)
 Mizhhiria (9,133)
 Irshava (9,000)
 Velykyy Bychkiv (8,920)
 Solotvyno (8,774)
 Dubove (8,745)
 Velyki Luchky (8,540)
 Chop (8,436)
 Ilnytsia (8,420)
 Bushtyno (8,091)

Demographics

According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. The current estimated population is 1.2 million people (as of 2004).

Although ethnic Ukrainians are in majority here (80.5%), other ethnic groups are relatively numerous in Zakarpattia. The largest of these are Hungarians (12.1%), Romanians (2.6%), Russians (2.5%), Roma (1.1%), Slovaks (0.5%) and Germans (0.3%). The Ukrainian government does not recognize the Rusyn people living in that country as a distinct nationality but rather as an ethnic group of Ukrainians. About 10,100 people (0.8%) identify themselves as Rusyns according to the last census.

Their languages and culture are respected by the provision of education, clubs, etc. in their respective languages. Those who recognize Ukrainian as their native language total 81.0% of the population, Hungarian — 12.7%, Russian — 2.9%, Romanian — 2.6%, and Rusyn — 0.5% Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.

Zakarpattia is home to approximately 14,000 ethnic Roma (otherwise known as Gypsies), the largest population of Roma in Ukraine. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine is in Berehovo, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College.

Economy

Zakarpattia Oblast's economy depends mostly on trans-border trade, vinery and forestry. The oblast is also home to a special economic zone.

The oblast's main industry includes woodworking. Other industries include food, light industry, and mechanical engineering. Segment of foodstuffs in the structure of ware production of national consumption is 45%. The total number of large industrial organisations is 319, compared to 733 small industrial organisations.

The most common crops grown within the region include cereals, potatoes and other vegetables. In 1999, the total amount of grain produced was 175,800 tons, of sunflower seeds — 1,300 tons, and potatoes — 378,200 tons. The region also produced 76,100 tons of meat, 363,400 tons of milk and 241,900,000 eggs. The total amount of registered farms in the region was 1,400 in 1999.

References

Other websites

 carpathia.gov.ua  — Official website of Zakarpattia Oblast Administration
 Verkhovna Rada website  — Zakarpattia Oblast data
 Photos and infrastructure objects of Zakarpattia on interactive map (Ukrainian Navigational Portal)
 Zakarpattia Early & Recent History, and Photos
 all.zakarpattya.net  — All about Zakarpattia
 mukachevo.net — Zakarpattia Oblast informational portal
 map.meta.ua — Digital map of Zakarpattia Oblast
 Zakarpattia Oblast - photographs

Zakarpattia Oblast


The Thousand Islands International Bridge is an international bridge that goes over the Saint Lawrence River. It connects the north part of New York in the United States with south east part of Ontario in Canada. It was made in 1937. Builders added parts in 1959.  The bridge goes over the edge that Canada and United States share in the middle of the Thousand Islands area. It gets its name from the name of the area.  The bridge is governed by the Thousand Island Bridge Authority, an agency that works around the world.

The bridge is not a single bridge. It is really a lot of bridges that go across parts of the St. Lawrence River, eventually connecting both sides. The south end of the bridge connects with Interstate 81, an interstate.  The north side of the bridge connects to Highway 137, a highway in Ontario. There is also an intersection with the Thousand Islands Parkway, a mini highway on the Ontario side.

Thousand Island Bridge Authority is doing a study to find out when the bridge will get to its working limits and how to make no waiting time on the bridge.

The international border is between Wellesley Island in the United States and Hill Island in Canada.

The bridge is much taller than it appears in the photograph to the right. The highest point is 150 feet above the water.

References

Other websites

Bridges in Canada
Bridges in New York (state)
Transport in Ontario
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges

Thousand Islands Bridge


The Inverclyde Line is a railway line running from Glasgow Central station through Paisley (Gilmour Street) and a series of stations to the south of the River Clyde and the Firth of Clyde, terminating at Gourock and Wemyss Bay, where it connects to Caledonian MacBrayne ferry services. The line has been in operation since the 1840s between Glasgow and Greenock and was the first passenger service to follow the River Clyde to the coast. The line was electrified in 1967.

History

The line was opened by the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway on 31 March 1841, and initially ran from Bridge Street railway station in Glasgow to a terminus at Cathcart Street, Greenock (later renamed Greenock Central railway station), with the section between Glasgow, and Paisley Gilmour Street being run by the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway. For the first time a railway took passengers right down the River Clyde, taking about one hour whereas Clyde steamers took around twice as long. The terminus was a short walk from Custom House Quay, Greenock, and the railway was very popular with passengers who boarded steamers there to visit holiday resorts down the Firth of Clyde or to commute in summer to their villas around the shores of the firth.

On 9 July 1847 the railway merged with the Caledonian Railway and became their main outlet to the coast. The Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway opened its branch line on 13 May 1865 with its trains being operated by the Caledonian Railway, but its steamer operations were slow to live up to their promise and when in 1869 the Glasgow and South Western Railway opened its station at Princes Pier, Greenock, the Cathcart Street station was effectively bypassed and the Caley lost trade. They had been trying for some time to organise an extension to Gourock, and having gained Parliamentary approval in 1884 they spent three years in construction which involved extensive tunnelling, and opened Gourock railway station on 1 June 1889. In August 1893 the Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway amalgamated with the Caledonian Railway.

In the 1923 grouping, the line became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). The line was electrified in 1967, seven years after the North Clyde Line. The electric Class 311 trains were specially built for the line in 1967, although Class 303 trains were also used.

Current operation
As of 2019, the line is mainly operated by Class 318s, Class 320s, Class 380s and Class 385s. The Inverclyde line uses the same Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway tracks as the Ayrshire Coast Line until Paisley Gilmour Street; although the two lines occupy different sets of platforms at Paisley Gilmour Street. From Paisley, the line heads to Port Glasgow station, after which it branches. The main route heads through Greenock to Gourock, where it connects with ferry services to Dunoon and Kilcreggan. The branch heads through the southern suburbs of Greenock to Wemyss Bay, where it connects with ferry services to Rothesay on the island of Bute (From 1 October 2015, for a period of 24 weeks, the ferry to Rothesay left from Gourock.  This was due to essential improvement work being carried out at Wemyss Bay linkspan)

For most of the day five trains an hour operate each way on the Glasgow to Port Glasgow stretch, four of which run to Gourock, the other serving the Wemyss Bay line. The latter and two of the Gourock trains are express services stopping only at Paisley Gilmour Street and Bishopton (except for the 1725 ex Glasgow, which runs non-stop from Paisley Gilmour Street to Port Glasgow) between Glasgow and Port Glasgow, while the other two Gourock trains stop at all stations. This changes in the evenings, and after 8 pm only two trains an hour run to Gourock, with the Wemyss Bay train stopping at all stations.

Proposed link to Glasgow Airport
The Glasgow Airport Rail Link to Glasgow Airport would have branched off from the Inverclyde Line near Paisley St. James station. In December 2006, the Scottish Executive gave the final go-ahead for the new link to be constructed; however, the project was subsequently cancelled in September 2009.

Notes

Transport in Inverclyde
Railway lines in Scotland
Standard gauge railways in Scotland

Inverclyde Line


A photofeed is a web feed that features image enclosures. They provide an easy, standard way to reference a list of images with title, date and description.

Photofeeds are RSS enclosures of image file formats, similar to podcasts (enclosures of audio file formats).

Feed format

A photofeed may be in the RSS 2.0 or Atom format.

Image format

Enclosed images may be in the JPEG, GIF or PNG formats.

Possibilities
A photofeed can contain:
 all pictures in an online album
 all images tagged with the keyword "sunset"
 an Amazon.com wishlist
 a list of houses for sale
 a list of desktop backgrounds (used by a screensaver)

Photofeed aggregators
A photofeed aggregator is a piece of software that accepts subscribable RSS 2.0 syndication feeds and downloads or precaches higher resolution images (rather than thumbnails) for later viewing, such as when offline. There are not a tremendous number of photo aggregators yet. (please add)
 iPhoto from Apple, Inc.
 Zencast Organizer from Creative
 Google Photo Screensaver (Windows XP and Vista). Available with Google Pack or Picasa.

See also
 Photocast, a similar but incompatible implementation by Apple Computer

Web syndication

Photofeed


My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom. It was broadcast from September 20, 2005, to May 14, 2009 and was created by Greg Garcia. The series was produced by 20th Century Fox Television. In the United States, it is broadcast on the NBC television network. The series ended on May 14, 2009 after running for four seasons. Season four had ended with the caption 'To Be Continued'. The series' producer, 20th Century Fox Television, approached the Fox networks to continue the series.

Synopsis
The show centers on Earl Hickey, a not-so-smart petty crook. He lives in fictional Camden county. Unexpectedly he wins the lottery. He is dancing in the street with joy over winning $100,000 when he is hit by a car. He decides this is karma paying him back for all the bad things he has done. Making a list of everyone he has wronged, he starts by righting the first wrong on his list. Suddenly the lottery ticket comes back into his possession again. This makes him think he was right about karma. He believes if he does good things to other people, good things will come to him. He uses his winnings to right his former wrongs, one at a time.

Cast
 Jason Lee as Earl Hickey
 Ethan Suplee as Randy Hickey
 Jaime Pressly as Joy Turner
 Eddie Steeples as Darnell Turner (Crabman)
 Nadine Velazquez as Catalina Aruca

Awards and accolades
Jason Lee was selected for the title role. He had co-starred in several Kevin Smith films. He also starred in The Incredibles. The program quickly became one of NBC's highest rated new programs. In 2006, the pilot won Emmy Awards for Greg Garcia and Marc Buckland. In 2007, Jaime Pressly won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series received nominations for a Golden Globe Award (2006), British Academy Film Awards (2007 and 2008), and a People's Choice Award (2008).

References

English-language television programs
2005 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American sitcoms
NBC network shows
Emmy Award winning programs

My Name is Earl


Boys & Girls Clubs of America (BGCA) is a national organization of local chapters which provide voluntary after-school programs for young people. The organization, which holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, has its headquarters in Atlanta, with regional offices in Chicago, Dallas, Atlanta, New York City and Los Angeles. BGCA is tax-exempt and partially funded by the federal government.

History
The first Boys' Club was founded in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut, by three women, Elizabeth Hamersley and sisters Mary and Alice Goodwin. In 1906, 53 independent Boys' Clubs came together in Boston to form a national organization, the Federated Boys' Clubs. In 1931, the organization renamed itself Boys' Clubs of America, and in 1990, to Boys & Girls Clubs of America. As of 2010, there are over 4,000 autonomous local clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization. In total these clubs serve more than four million boys and girls. Clubs can be found in all 50 states as well as locations in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and US military bases. In total, Boys & Girls Clubs of America employ about 50,000 staff members.

The Chronicle of Philanthropy ranked Boys & Girls Clubs of America number one among youth organizations for the 13th consecutive year, and number 12 among all nonprofit organizations. The Boys & Girls Clubs of America is the official charity of Major League Baseball. Denzel Washington, a former club member, has been the spokesperson for Boys & Girls Clubs of America since 1993.

Lists of founders

Boys Clubs of America, 1940
These people came together in 1940 to create the Boys Clubs of America:
 Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States
 William E. Hall, US Medal of Honor recipient
 Albert L. Cole, CEO of Reader's Digest
 James A. Farley, United States Postmaster General
 Albert C. Wedemeyer US Army Chief of Plans and Operations
 Matthew Woll, vice president of the AFL-CIO
 Jeremiah Milbank, two-time Republican Party Finance Committee chairman
 Stanley Resor, Secretary of the Army
 James B. Carey, president of AFL-CIO
 J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Lewis L. Strauss, chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
 Robert E. Wood, quartermaster general of the army, vice-president of Sears
 Fred C. Church Jr., insurance businessman
 H. Bruce Palmer, president of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company
 Edgar A. Guest, TV and radio host
 Nicholas H. Noyes, Indianapolis, Indiana; oil mogul
 George A. Scott, president, Walker-Scott Company
 E. E. Fogelson, Army colonel and cattle and oil baron
 Ernest Ingold of San Francisco, California
 Jesse Draper of Atlanta, Georgia
 Julius J. Epstein
 John Albert

Boys & Girls Clubs of America, 1990
In 1990, Boys Clubs of America was succeeded by Boys & Girls Clubs of America, which was founded by the following people:

 Gerald W. Blakeley, Jr., Boston, Massachusetts
 Roscoe Brown, Bronx, New York City, New York
 Cees Bruynes, Stamford, Connecticut
 Arnold I. Burns, New York, New York
 John L. Burns, Greenwich, Connecticut; President of the Boys' Clubs of America (1968–81), Chairman (1981–88)
 Hays Clark, Hobe Sound, Florida
 Mrs. Albert L. Cole, Hobe Sound, Florida
 Mike Curb, Burbank, California
 Robert W. Fowler, Atlantic Beach, Florida
 Thomas G. Garth, New York, New York
 Moore Gates, Jr., Princeton, New Jersey
 Ronald J. Gidwitz, Chicago, Illinois
 John S. Griswold, Greenwich, Connecticut
 Claude H. Grizzard, Atlanta, Georgia
 George V. Grune, Pleasantville, New York
 Peter L. Haynes, New York, New York
 James S. Kemper, Northbrook, Illinois
 Plato Malozemoff, New York, New York
 Edmund O. Martin, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
 Donald E. McNicol, New York, New York
 Carolyn P. Milbank, Greenwich, Connecticut
 Jeremiah Milbank Jr., New York, New York
 C. W. Murchison III, Dallas, Texas
 W. Clement Stone, Lake Forest, Illinois

Notable members
Some notable members of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America:

 Ashanti
 General Wesley Clark
 Donnie Copeland
 Misty Copeland
 Lee Corso
 John Paul DeJoria
 Dom DeLuise
 John Duren
 Anthony Ervin
 Don Fisher
 Edward Furlong
 Cuba Gooding Jr.
 Natalie Gulbis
 Hulk Hogan
 Evander Holyfield
 Earvin "Magic" Johnson
 Jackie Joyner-Kersee
 Dante Lauretta
 Paul "Triple H" Levesque
 Jennifer Lopez
 Mario Lopez
 Vince McMahon
 Ne-Yo
 Danny Neaverth
 Edward James Olmos
 Shaquille O'Neal
 Sugar Ray Leonard
 Joey Reynolds
 Smokey Robinson
 CC Sabathia
 Adam Sandler
 Martin Sheen
 Usher
 Courtney B. Vance
 Denzel Curry
 Denzel Washington
 Kerry Washington
 Shaun White
 Katy Perry
 Michael Vick

Donations received
Following the success of the film  Black Panther, in 2018 Disney donated $1million to Boys & Girls Clubs of America for the development of STEM programs in the United States. The donation was to be allocated to help grow the group's national STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) curriculum.

According to Mimi LeClair, president and CEO of Boys and Girls Clubs of Chicago, it is very important for young people to have a solid background in STEM to compete in the global economy.

See also
 Boys & Girls Clubs of Philadelphia
 Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada
Jump On It!
 Pegasus ArtWorks

References

External links

 Official history

Organizations established in 1906
AmeriCorps organizations
Youth organizations based in the United States
History of Hartford, Connecticut
Organizations based in Atlanta
Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress
1906 establishments in Massachusetts

Boys & Girls Clubs of America


Accrington Stanley Football Club is an English football club.

The club will play in League Two (the English fourth division) in the 2015/16 season.

They were re-founded in 1968 after going bankrupt (having no money) in 1962. They were first founded in 1921. They are thought of a hard working club but having no chance of success. Their nickname is Stanley. They play at the Interlink Express Stadium in Accrington in Lancashire, in England.

English football clubs
1921 establishments in Europe
1962 disestablishments
1968 establishments in England
1920s establishments in England
1960s disestablishments in England

Accrington Stanley F.C.


Jazz fusion (or "jazz-rock fusion" or fusion) is a genre or style of music. Jazz fusion mixes jazz with rock. Some jazz fusion also uses funk, rhythm and blues and world music.

Jazz fusion is usually played with instruments, without singing. The songs are often longer than those in pop music. A jazz fusion song could be five to ten minutes long. A pop song is usually about three minutes long. Also, jazz fusion songs have a long solo played by instruments. Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre. In jazz fusion, solos are improvised, or made up as they are played, during a performance.

Jazz fusion music is not heard much on the radio in the United States or Canada. In Europe, it is more popular on radio stations.

History
Jazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States. In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music. As well, jazz musicians began adding rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues, and rock music into their jazz music. Two important jazz fusion albums are In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew.

In the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion. It became more popular, so more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts. In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.

In the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" began being played. This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion musicians include Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.
Steve Vai was an icon of jazz fusion in the 1980s and played extensive guitar based jazz fusion instrumentals.

Jazz music

Jazz fusion


"Invasion of the Bane" is the first episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures. The series is a British science fiction television series about a woman called Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen). It was broadcast on 1 January 2007. Although it is written as a pilot episode, it is not a pilot. This is because a series was agreed before the pilot episode was actually written.

In this episode, a young girl called Maria Jackson discovers aliens. When she discovers that an alien race called the Bane have created a drink that can control people's minds, she decides to team up with Sarah Jane Smith, a journalist, to stop them.

Plot

Synopsis
This episode begins with Maria Jackson (Yasmin Paige) and her divorced father, Alan Jackson (Joseph Millson), moving into the house across the road from Sarah Jane Smith. That night, a bright, light that is coming from Sarah Jane's house wakes Maria up. Maria decides to find out what it is and find that it is an alien called a Star Poet.

The next morning, her friend and neighbour, Kelsey Hooper (Porsha Lawrence Mavour) invites her to go to the Bubble Shock open day. They hop onto the free Bubble Shock bus and get taken to the factory. When they arrive, a guard takes them to a security scanner. The scanner takes their DNA and transfers it to "the Archetype" (Thomas Knight) whilst being watched by Mrs Wormwood (Samantha Bond).

Sarah Jane has overheard the girls' plans and decides to follow them. When she is the factory she interviews Mrs Wormwood. She asks her how she gained approval of her drink so quickly and why she was not able to analyse "Bane", an ingredient only found in Bubble Shock. Mrs Wormwood simply says that Bubble Shock satisfies the needs of the Western world. She then throws Sarah Jane out. Sarah Jane is almost killed by a secretary of Mrs Wormwood.

Kelsey gets bored and walks out of the tour to phone her friend, but disturbs the Bane Mother. Mrs Wormwood tells her staff not to ring any sirens and to kill Sarah Jane Smith. When Maria tries to phone Kelsey, she sets off more alarms. These alarms cause the Archetype to escape. While Maria is escaping, she bumps into the Archetpye and takes him to the safety of the women's bathroom. He can only mimic her. Sarah Jane then finds them and helps them to escape. When they are at home, Sarah Jane warns Maria not to keep following her because her life is too dangerous.

Meanwhile, the guards at the factory are speaking to Kelsey. She complains about her treatment and to shut her up, Mrs Wormwood reveals her true, alien body. She then finds out that Kelsey and Sarah Jane live on the same street and, therefore, tells her PR (Jamie Davis) to take Kelsey home. Maria then realises that the Bane know about Sarah Jane and the PR reveals his true body as well, chasing Maria, Sarah Jane and Kelsey into Sarah Jane's house.

After stopping the PR, Sarah Jane takes the kids to her attic and tells them the truth. She tells them that aliens exist and then years ago, she met a wonderful man called "The Doctor". She travelled in Time and Space but then, the adventures stopped and she was back on Earth. She then told them that by accident, she and The Doctor met again and she then found out that he still liked her.

Sarah Jane Smith finally understands that the ingredient was sentient and rings up Mrs Wormwood and asks her to leave Earth. But Mrs Wormwood refuses and uses Bubble Shock to control the majority of the human race. Sarah Jane breaks into the factory immediately by driving the bus into the wall and the Bane Mother is revealed. She explains that she made the Archetype with different people's DNA and that the Archetype is the perfect human being. The Archetype uses the Bane technology to rescue the gang and to explode the factory.

Later on, Sarah Jane agrees to adopt the Archetype and they decide to call him "Luke" because Sarah Jane said that if she ever had a son, she would call it "Luke". The episode ends with Sarah Jane telling us that if we look hard enough, we might just find aliens.

Continuity
Mrs Wormwood appears in the Series 2 episode Enemy of the Bane.

Production

Elisabeth Sladen in Doctor Who
Elisabeth Sladen played Sarah Jane Smith in Doctor Who between the years of 1973 and 1976. She played along side Jon Pertwee (The Third Doctor) and Tom Baker (The Forth Doctor). The BBC wanted her to return for some more adventures with the Fourth and Fifth Doctors but she declines. However, she agreed to star in the Special, The Five Doctors. She also agreed to star in one episode of a spin-off series K-9 and Company. She took a break from acting to raise a family but returned in the 2006 episode School Reunion starring David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor. And then she and Thomas Knight starred in the Series Four finale The Stolen Earth/Journey's End. The Sarah Jane adventures is no longer ongoing and the final broadcast was on 18 October 2011.

Broadcast
On the 8th December 2008, the first scene of this episode was shown on BBC Breakfast and online, on the Doctor Who Advent Calendar. The clip showed Sarah Jane interviewing Mrs Wormwood.

When the episode was first broadcast, it received 2.9 million viewers, 15% of the audience share, of which 20% were under 16., but lost out to a showing of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang on ITV1.

References

Other websites

Sarah Jane Adventures homepage

Doctor Who
2007 television episodes
British television episodes

Invasion of the Bane


Genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known as terminator technology or suicide seeds, is the name given to proposed methods for restricting the use of genetically modified crops by activating (or deactivating) some genes only in response to certain stimuli, especially to cause second generation seeds to be infertile. The development and application of GURTs is primarily an attempt by private sector agricultural breeders to increase the extent of protection on their innovations. The technology was originally developed under a cooperative research and development agreement between the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture and Delta & Pine Land Company in the 1990s and is not yet commercially available.

GURT was first reported on by the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and discussed during the 8th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in Curitiba, Brazil, March 20–31, 2006.

Process

Because of the continued development of the technology and the continued protection of patents that develop it, many descriptions of GURT differ from others. Even so, the basic description of many GURTs are similar. The process is typically composed of four genetic components: a target gene, a promoter, a trait switch, and a genetic switch, sometimes with slightly different names in different papers.

For example, a typical GURT works similarly to as follows: a plant with GURT technology has a target gene in its DNA that expresses when activated by a promoter gene. However, it is separated from the gene by a blocker sequence that prevents the promoter from accessing the target. When the plant receives a given external input, a genetic switch in the plant takes the input, amplifies it, and converts it into a biological signal. When a trait switch receives the amplified signal, it creates an enzyme that cuts the blocker sequence out. Finally, with the blocker sequence eliminated, the promoter gene is able to make the target gene express itself in the plant.

In other versions of the process, an operator must bind to the trait switch in order for it to make the enzymes that cut out the blocker sequence. However, there are repressors that bind to the trait switch and prevent it from doing so. In this case, when the external input is applied, the repressors bond to it instead of the trait switch, allowing for the enzymes to be created that cut the blocker sequence, and the trait is expressed.

Other variations of GURT range widely, including systems such as letting the genetic switch directly affect the blocker sequence and bypass the need for a trait switch.

Variants
There are conceptually two types of GURT. V-GURTs were developed first, with patents ranging throughout the 1990s, while T-GURTS were developed later and are sometimes considered the second generation of V-GURTS. The differences between the two types of GURT mainly rely on what the target gene does when it is activated.

Variety specific
Variety specific genetic use restriction technologies (V-GURT) produce sterile seeds, so the seed from the crop could not be used as seeds, but only for sale as food or fodder. When a plant reaches a given reproductive stage in its cycle, the process of activating the target gene begins. In V-GURTs, the target gene is known as a disrupter gene, and is usually a cytotoxin that degrades the DNA or RNA of the plant. This results in a non-functioning seed that cannot grow into a plant. V-GURTs would not have an immediate impact on the large number of primarily western farmers who use hybrid seeds, as they do not produce their own planting seeds, and instead buy specialized hybrid seeds from seed production companies. However, currently around 80 percent of farmers in both Brazil and Pakistan grow crops based on saved seeds from previous harvests. Consequentially, resistance to the introduction of GURT technology into developing countries is strong. The technology is restricted at the plant variety level, hence the term V-GURT.

Trait specific
Trait specific genetic use restriction technologies (T-GURT) are a second type of GURT that would modify a crop in such a way that the genetic enhancement engineered into the crop does not function until the plant is treated with a specific chemical. The chemical acts as the external input, activating the target gene. One difference in T-GURTs is the possibility that the gene could be toggled on and off with different chemical inputs, resulting in the same toggling on or off an associated trait. With T-GURTs, seeds could possibly be saved for planting with a condition that the new plants do not get any enhanced traits unless the external input is added. The technology is restricted at the trait level, hence the term T-GURT.

Potential uses
There are several proposed uses for GURTs that could benefit both businesses and farms.

Non-viable seeds produced on V-GURT plants may reduce the propagation of volunteer plants. Volunteer plants can become an economic problem for larger-scale mechanized farming systems that incorporate crop rotation. Furthermore, under warm, wet harvest conditions non V-GURT grain can sprout, lowering the quality of grain produced. It is likely that this problem would not occur with the use of V-GURT grain varieties. Use of V-GURT technology could also prevent escape of transgenes into wild relatives and help lessen impacts on biodiversity. Crops modified to produce non-food products could be armed with GURT technology to prevent accidental transmission of these traits into crops meant for foods.

One of the original proposed uses for GURTs was to use them as alternatives to keep farmers from reusing patented seeds in the case that typical biological patents do not exist or are not enforced. The use of T-GURTs by companies has been proposed to allow for the selling of a traditional seed that gets special functions only when sprayed with a certain activator chemical sold by the company.

Another proposed use is in synthetic biology, where a restricted activator chemical must be added to the fermentation medium to produce a desired output chemical.

Controversy
As of 2006, GURT seeds have not been commercialized anywhere in the world due to opposition from farmers, consumers, indigenous peoples, NGOs, and some governments. Using the technology, companies that manufacture genetic use restriction technologies could potentially be able to make much more revenue because the seeds sold would not be able to be resown. Another concern is that farmers purchasing the seeds would be greatly impacted, given they would have to buy new seeds every year. It has been argued that this would result in higher prices in food. Some have expressed the worry that GURT seeds might cause a significant decrease in biodiversity and threaten native species of plants. However, proponents of the technology dispute these claims, arguing that because non-GMO hybrid plants are used in the same way and GURT seeds could help farmers deal with cross pollination, the benefits outweigh the potential negatives.

In 2000, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity recommended a de facto moratorium on field-testing and commercial sale of terminator seeds; the moratorium was re-affirmed and the language strengthened in March 2006, at the COP8 meeting of the UNCBD. Specifically, the moratorium recommended that, due to a lack of research on the technology's potential risks, no field testing of GURTs nor products using them should be allowed until there was a sufficiently justified reason to do so. India and Brazil have passed national laws to prohibit the technology.

See also
 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
 Diamond v. Chakrabarty
 Digital rights management
 Genetic pollution
 Genetically modified organism
 Seed saving
 Transgenic maize

References

External links
 - UNEP/CBD/COP/5/2 - 11 November 1999 - Mention of genetic use restriction tech on pages 22, 42
UN Convention on Biological Diversity - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
USPTO Patent Number 5,723,765 - method for producing a seed incapable of germination, (claim no. 10)

Genetic engineering
Genetics techniques

Genetic use restriction technology


Robert Gabriel Mugabe (; 21 Februar 1924 – 6 September 2019) wis a Zimbabwean politeecian an Preses o Zimbabwe, servin frae 31 December 1987 tae his demission on 21 November 2017. As ane o the leaders o the rebel groups against white minority rule, he wis electit as Prime meenister, heid o govrenment, in 1980, an served in that office till 1987-2017, when he acame the kintra's first executive heid o state.

Reputation
Robert Mugabe is seen bi his supporters as a hero o Africae Leeberation, while his creetics cite abuses o human richts, poleetical corruption an economic mismanagement unner his rule.

Illness an Death
Mugabe wis pit intae hospital in Apryle 2019, makin the last oot o mony trips tae Singapore fur medical treatment, cause he'd duin in end o his term as preses an the follaein months. He dee'd on 6 September 2019. The cause o his deith hasnae been confirmt.

References

1924 births
2019 daiths
African Union chairpersons
Alumni o Achimota Schuil
Alumni o the Varsity o Lunnon Internaitional Programmes
Annulled Honourar Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o the Bath
Cauld War leaders
Heids o govrenment o Zimbabwe
Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae
Members o the Order o Jamaica
Fowk banned frae enterin the Unitit Kinrick
Prisoners an detainees o Rhodesie
Fowk wi cataracts
Fowk foonert wi cancer
Preses o Zimbabwe
Prime Meenisters o Zimbabwe
Recipients o the Order o José Marti
Roman Catholic heids o govrenment
Secretaries-General o the Non-Aligned Muivement
Varsity o Fort Hare alumni
Varsity o Sooth Africae alumni
Zimbabwe African Naitional Liberation Airmy personnel
Zimbabwe African Naitional Union – Patriotic Front politeecians
Zimbabwean communists
Zimbabwean politeecians
Zimbabwean revolutionaries
Zimbabwean Roman Catholics
Pan-Africanists

Robert Mugabe


The Killing Fields (, ) are a number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than 1,000,000 people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime (the  Communist Party of Kampuchea) during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War (1970–1975). The mass killings were part of a broad state-sponsored genocide (the Cambodian genocide).

Analysis of 20,000 mass grave sites by the DC-Cam Mapping Program and Yale University indicates at least 1,386,734 victims of execution. Estimates of the total deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including death from disease and starvation, range from 1.7 to 2.5 million out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million. In 1979, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime, ending the genocide.

The Cambodian journalist Dith Pran coined the term "killing fields" after his escape from the regime.

The Khmer Rouge regime arrested and eventually executed almost everyone suspected of connections with the former government or with foreign governments, as well as professionals and intellectuals. Ethnic Vietnamese, ethnic Thai, ethnic Chinese, ethnic Cham, Cambodian Christians, and Buddhist monks were the demographic targets of persecution. As a result, Pol Pot has been described as "a genocidal tyrant". Martin Shaw described the Cambodian genocide as "the purest genocide of the Cold War era".

Ben Kiernan estimates that about 1.7 million people were killed. Researcher Craig Etcheson of the Documentation Center of Cambodia suggests that the death toll was between 2 and 2.5 million, with a "most likely" figure of 2.2 million. After five years of researching some 20,000 grave sites, he concludes that "these mass graves contain the remains of 1,386,734 victims of execution". A United Nations investigation reported 2–3 million dead, while UNICEF estimated 3 million had been killed.  Demographic analysis by Patrick Heuveline suggests that between 1.17 and 3.42 million Cambodians were killed, while Marek Sliwinski suggests that 1.8 million is a conservative figure. Even the Khmer Rouge acknowledged that 2 million had been killed—though they attributed those deaths to a subsequent Vietnamese invasion. By late 1979, UN and Red Cross officials were warning that another 2.25 million Cambodians faced death by starvation due to "the near destruction of Cambodian society under the regime of ousted Prime Minister Pol Pot", who were saved by international aid after the Vietnamese invasion.

Process

The judicial process of the Khmer Rouge regime, for minor or political crimes, began with a warning from the Angkar, the government of Cambodia under the regime. People receiving more than two warnings were sent for "re-education," which meant near-certain death. People were often encouraged to confess to Angkar their "pre-revolutionary lifestyles and crimes" (which usually included some kind of free-market activity; having had contact with a foreign source, such as a U.S. missionary, international relief or government agency; or contact with any foreigner or with the outside world at all), being told that Angkar would forgive them and "wipe the slate clean." They were then taken away to a place such as Tuol Sleng or Choeung Ek for torture and/or execution.

The executed were buried in mass graves. In order to save ammunition, the executions were often carried out using poison or improvised weapons such as sharpened bamboo sticks, hammers, machetes and axes.
Inside the Buddhist Memorial Stupa at Choeung Ek, there is evidence of bayonets, knives, wooden clubs, hoes for farming and curved scythes being used to kill victims, with images of skulls, damaged by these implements, as evidence.
In some and extreme cases the children and infants of adult victims were killed by having their heads bashed against the trunks of Chankiri trees, and then were thrown into the pits alongside their parents. The rationale was "to stop them growing up and taking revenge for their parents' deaths."

Some victims were required to dig their own graves; their weakness often meant that they were unable to dig very deep. The soldiers who carried out the executions were mostly young men or women from peasant families.

Prosecution for crimes against humanity
In 1997 the Cambodian government asked for the UN's assistance in setting up a genocide tribunal. It took nine years to agree to the shape and structure of the court—a hybrid of Cambodian and international laws—before the judges were sworn in, in 2006. The investigating judges were presented with the names of five possible suspects by the prosecution on 18 July 2007. On 19 September 2007 Nuon Chea, second in command of the Khmer Rouge and its most senior surviving member, was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. He faced Cambodian and foreign judges at the special genocide tribunal and was convicted on 7 August 2014 and received a life sentence. On 26 July 2010 Kang Kek Iew (aka Comrade Duch), director of the S-21 prison camp, was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment. His sentence was reduced to 19 years, as he had already spent 11 years in prison. On 2 February 2012, his sentence was extended to life imprisonment by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. He died on 2 September 2020.

Legacy
The best known monument of the Killing Fields is at the village of Choeung Ek. Today, it is the site of a Buddhist memorial to the victims, and Tuol Sleng has a museum commemorating the genocide. The memorial park at Choeung Ek has been built around the mass graves of many thousands of victims, most of whom were executed after interrogation at the S-21 Prison in Phnom Penh. The majority of those buried at Choeung Ek were Khmer Rouge killed during the purges within the regime. Many dozens of mass graves are visible above ground, many which have not been excavated yet. Commonly, bones and clothing surface after heavy rainfalls due to the large number of bodies still buried in shallow mass graves. It is not uncommon to run across the bones or teeth of the victims scattered on the surface as one tours the memorial park. If these are found, visitors are asked to notify a memorial park officer or guide.

A survivor of the genocide, Dara Duong, founded The Killing Fields Museum in Seattle, US.

See also
 Alive in the Killing Fields – book
 Enemies of the People (film)
 First Indochina War
 First They Killed My Father – by Loung Ung
 Son Sen
 Ta Mok
 Vietnam War
 Crimes against humanity under communist regimes
 Mass killings under communist regimes
 Funan

References

External links
Cambodia Killing Fields Memorial  – An exhibit based in Seattle, US, dedicated to preserving the history of the Killing Fields.
Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
 http://www.sounddawg.net/follow-the-moon/ streaming, high-fidelity audio documentary account of surviving--and escaping--the Killing Fields.
Photographs from S-21 – Photographs from Tuol Sleng (S-21)
Denise Affonço: To The End Of Hell: One Woman's Struggle to Survive Cambodia's Khmer Rouge. (With Introduction by Jon Swain.)  .
 Dark memories of Cambodia's killing spree BBC News commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Khmer Rouge's demise
Setan and Randa Lee with Shelba Hammond: Miracles in the Forgotten Land and Beyond.

Cambodian genocide

Religious persecution by communists
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Ethnic persecution
Persecution of intellectuals

Killing Fields


Runivers () is a site devoted to Russian culture and history. Runivers targets Russian speaking readers and those interested in Russian culture and history.

Runivers is an online library aimed to provide free access to authentic documents, books and texts related to Russian history, which were previously kept in major libraries and state archives. This project is not-profit.

The main body of the collection consists of facsimile copies of books and journals published before 1917 as well as archive photos and documents on the history and culture of Russia.

The digitalizing is supported by Transneft.

Collection

Books and publications
As of August 2010, Runivers claimed to contain over 1,500 books (high quality facsimile copies of original materials) mostly about Russian history. Also Runivers provides access to encyclopedias, document collections and photos. Many of the publications were not available for general public or were forbidden in Soviet Union (e.g. works of Russian philosophers).
The site includes a calendar with daily updates related to memorable events and people.

Photo collection
Runivers offers a collection of photographs taken by distinguished Russian photographers at the turn of the 20th century. Each photo gallery is accompanied by the biography of the photographer. The captions give information about the picture, objects on it and a place where it was taken.

There are galleries of:
 Dmitriev, Maksim Petrovich
 Den'er, Andrey Ivanovich
 Levitsky, Sergei Lvovich
 Karl Karlovich Bulla
 Barschevskiy, Ivan Fedorovich
 Karelin, Andrey Osipovich
 Karrik, Vasiliy Andreevich
 Prokudin-Gorsky, Sergey Mikhaylovich

Encyclopedias
Runivers features a military history encyclopedia combined from:
 Encyclopedic Military Lexicon. Sankt-Petersburg. 1852–1855 (Военный энциклопедический лексикон)
 Encyclopedia of Military and Marine Sciences. Sankt-Petersburg. 1883–1897 (Энциклопедия военных и морских наук)
 Military Enceclopedia. Published by Sytin. Sankt-Petersburg. 1911–1915 (Военная энциклопедия Сытина)

Other parts

 Complete collection of laws of Russian Empire
 Complete collection of military encyclopedias
 Many other dictionaries and encyclopedias
 Periodical. Journal "Questions of philosophy and psychology" was not available for general public in Soviet Union
 Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
 Archival documents collected by Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archeographic Commission
 Collection of books on military and marine history of Russia
 There are more than 3200 historical documents presented in the Runivers covering the following topics:
 Katyn Massacre
 Crimea: history as a part of Russian Empire
 Sevastopol and Russian Navy
 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
 Kuril Islands: history of question
 East Prussia: history and way to Russia
 Biographies and main works of Russian philosophers as well as their books, manuscript, letters, diaries.

See also

 Project Gutenberg
 Google Books
 Europeana
 World Digital Library
 Library of Congress

References

External links

 Runivers Homepage
 Private Label Rights eBooks

Book websites
Russian websites
Library 2.0
Ebook suppliers
Public domain books

Runivers


Hazrat Sheikh Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-Arabī  (Arabic: ابن عربي) (July 28, 1165 – November 10, 1240) was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet and philosopher.

He is renowned in the Muslim world as Sheikh ul Akbar (The Greatest Sheikh), for his famous explanation of the concept of Tawhid  (Oneness of God) through the concept or perception of the idea of Wahdat ul Wajood (Oneness of Being).

He was born in Murcia. When he was a child his family moved to Seville. Despite living in Spain, he visited North Africa a lot. In 1202 he visited Mecca, as part of his Hajj. He lived in Mecca for three years. He also visited Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Palestine. He would eventually move to Damascus. He died there in 1240.

His most famous book is called The Meccan Revelations (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya in Arabic). It has 560 chapters. In the book, he writes about cosmology, metaphysics, religion, and Islam.

References

1165 births
1240 deaths
Sufis
Arab people
Poets
Andalusian Muslims

Ibn ul-Arabi


The Julia olefination (also known as the Julia–Lythgoe olefination) is the chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of phenyl sulfones (1) with aldehydes (or ketones) to give alkenes (olefins)(3) after alcohol functionalization and reductive elimination using sodium amalgam or SmI2. The reaction is named after the French chemist Marc Julia.

The utility of this connective olefination reaction arises from its versatility, its wide functional group tolerance, and the mild reaction conditions under which the reaction proceeds.

All four steps can be carried out in a single reaction vessel, and use of R3X is optional. However, purification of the sulfone intermediate 2 leads to higher yield and purity. Most often R3 is acetyl or benzoyl, with acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride used in the preparation of 2.

History

In 1973, Marc Julia and Jean-Marc Paris reported a novel olefin synthesis in which β-acyloxysulfones were reductively eliminated to the corresponding di-, tri-, or tetrasubstituted alkenes. Basil Lythgoe and Philip J. Kocienski explored the scope and limitation of the reaction, and today this olefination is formally known as the Julia-Lythgoe olefination. The reaction involves the addition of a sulfonyl-stabilized carbanion to a carbonyl compound, followed by elimination to form an alkene. In the initial versions of the reactions, the elimination was done under reductive conditions. More recently, a modified version that avoids this step was developed. The former version is sometimes referred to as the Julia-Lythgoe olefination, whereas the latter is called the Julia-Kocienski olefination. In the reductive variant, the adduct is usually acylated and then treated with a reducing agent, such as sodium amalgam or SmI2. Several reviews of these reactions have been published.

Reaction mechanism
The initial steps are straightforward. The phenyl sulfone anion (2) reacts with an aldehyde to form the alkoxide (3). The alkoxide is functionalized with R3-X to give the stable intermediate (4). The exact mechanism of the sodium amalgam reduction is unknown but has been shown to proceed through a vinylic radical species (5). Protonation of the vinylic radical gives the desired product (6).

The stereochemistry of the alkene (6) is independent of the stereochemistry of the sulfone intermediate 4. It is thought that the radical intermediates are able to equilibrate so that the more thermodynamically stable trans-olefin is produced most often. This transformation highly favors formation of the E-alkene.

Variations

Modified Julia olefination

The modified Julia olefination, also known as the one-pot Julia olefination is a modification of the classical Julia olefination. The replacement of the phenyl sulfones with heteroaryl sulfones greatly alters the reaction pathway.  The most popular example is the benzothiazole sulfone.  The reaction of the benzothiazole sulfone (1) with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) gives a metallated benzothiazolyl sulfone, which reacts quickly with aldehydes (or ketones) to give an alkoxide intermediate (2). Unlike the phenyl sulfones, this alkoxide intermediate (2) is more reactive and will undergo a Smiles rearrangement to give the sulfinate salt (4). The sulfinate salt (4) will spontaneously eliminate sulfur dioxide and lithium benzothiazolone (5) producing the desired alkene (6).

Since the benzothiazole variation of the Julia olefination does not involve equilibrating intermediates, the stereochemical outcome is a result of the stereochemistry of the initial carbonyl addition. As a result, this reaction often generates a mixture of alkene stereoisomers.

Julia–Kocienski olefination

The Julia–Kocienski Olefination, a further refinement of the Modified Julia olefination, offers very good E-selectivity. In the Julia–Kocienski olefination the alkylating agent is a tetrazole. It proceeds with the same mechanism as the benzothiazole sulfone above. The high E-selectivity of the Julia–Kocienski olefination is the result of kinetically controlled diastereoselective addition of metalated 1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl (PT) sulfones to nonconjugated aldehydes. This yields anti-β-alkoxysulfones which stereospecifically decompose to the E-alkenes. In one adaptation, with t-butyltetrazoylmethyl sulfone the reaction conditions are either sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide at −70 °C in tetrahydrofuran or caesium carbonate at +70 °C. This reaction is named after Philip J. Kocienski for his modification to the Julia olefination.

Synthetic Applications
The Julia or modified Julia olefination reaction is a powerful and versatile synthetic transformation, widely utilized in the construction of complex natural products with excellent control of geometrical isomerism.

Pterostilbene

Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid chemically related to resveratrol. It belongs to the group of phytoalexins, agents produced by plants to fight infections. Pterostilbene is a naturally occurring dimethyl ether analog of resveratrol. It is believed that the compound also has anti-diabetic properties, but so far very little has been studied on this issue.

Compared to the Wittig, Wittig-Horner, Perkin, or transition-metal-catalyzed reactions to synthesize pterostilebene, the Julia olefination offers a simple, economical alternative method for preparation of pterostilbene.

Resveratrol
One adaptation of the Julia-Kocienski olefination gives the synthesis of the stilbenoid resveratrol, a natural compound found in common foods like grapes, wines and nuts. Resveratrol is a biologically important stilbenoid which has been suggested to have many health benefits. The Julia-Kocienski olefination serves as a powerful reaction in the synthesis of resveratrol analogues with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl sulfones. The following schematic displays the general scheme for synthesizing resveratrol analogues, where R2 is an aryl group.

(−)-Callystatin A

In the asymmetric total synthesis of (−)-callystatin A by Amos Smith, two separate Julia olefinations were used to append two E-alkene moieties. (−)-callystatin A is a member of the leptomycin family of antibiotics. The following schematic displays the Julia-Kocienski olefination used to achieve the precursor to the natural product, as indicated by use of the PT-sulfone.

See also
 Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction
 Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction
 Peterson olefination
 Wittig reaction

References

  Julia, M.; Paris, J.-M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1973, 14, 4833–4836. ()
  Kocienski, P. J.; Lythgoe, B.; Ruston, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1978, 829.
  Keck, G. E.; Savin, K. A.; Weglarz, M. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3194–3204. ()
  Kocienski, P. J. Phosphorus and Sulfur 1985, 24, 97–127. (Review)
  Kelly, S. E. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis 1991, 1, 792–806. (Review) ()
  Blakemore, P. R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 2563–2585. ()
  Baudin, J. B.; Hareau, G.; Julia, S. A.; Ruel, O. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 1175. ()
  Truce, W. E.; Kreider, E. M.; Brand, W. W. Org. React. 1970, 18, 99. (Review)
  Paul R. Blakemore, William J. Cole, Philip J. Kocieński, Andrew Morley Synlett 1998, 26–28. ()
   Christophe Aïssa J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 360–63. ()
  Zajc, B., & Kumar, R. (2010). Synthesis of Fluoroolefins via Julia-Kocienski Olefination. Synthesis, 2010(11), 1822–1836.()
   Langcake, P.; Pryce, R. J. (1977). "A new class of phytoalexins from grapevines". Experientia 33 (2): 151–2. () .
  Moro, A. V.; Cardoso, F. S. P.; Correia, C. R. D. Heck arylation of styrenes with arenediazonium salts: Short, efficient, and stereoselective synthesis of resveratrol, DMU-212, and analogues. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49(39), 5668–5671.
  Prabhakar Peddikotla, Amar G. Chittiboyina, Ikhlas A. Khan, (2014) ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pterostilbene by Julia Olefination. ChemInform 45, .
  Alonso DA, Fuensanta M, Nájera C, Varea M. J. Org. Chem. 2005; 70:6404–6416. .
  A. B. Smith, III and B. M. Brandt. Total Synthesis of (–)-Callystatin A. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 1685–1688.
  Robiette, R.; Pospíšil, J. On the Origin of E/Z Selectivity in the Modified Julia Olefination: Importance of the Elimination Step; Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 836–840.

External links
Julia-Lythgoe Olefination
Julia Olefination
Julia-Kocienski Olefination

Olefination reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Addition reactions
Free radical reactions
Name reactions

Julia olefination


The 1980s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1980 and ended on December 31, 1989. It is distinct from the decade known as the 199th decade which began on January 1, 1981 and ended on December 31, 1990.

This decade (group of ten years) is sometimes called the "Greed decade" in English speaking countries. Unlike the 1960s and 1970s, this is when the word yuppie was used to describe "young urban professionals" – young adults who lived in cities and started to get good jobs. This was also the rise of a more conservative period in these countries – Ronald Reagan was president for most of this time in the United States, Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Brian Mulroney was Prime Minister of Canada.

This decade also saw the Soviet Union fight a war that seemed endless in Afghanistan, civil war in Ethiopia, and the fall of the Berlin Wall which started the end of the Cold War and of Communism in Eastern Europe.

The "eighties" are also well known for their extreme fashions, such as "big hair", New Wave, punk rock, funk, or preppies.  Rap music first started to get big in the 80s, and often went with breakdancing in what is now called the "old school" days. Many developments were also made in computer technology during these years, and video games became popular.

In sports, Italy and Argentina won the FIFA World Cup. The Philadelphia Phillies, Los Angeles Dodgers, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals, New York Mets, Minnesota Twins and Oakland Athletics won the World Series. The Pittsburgh Steelers, Oakland Raiders, San Francisco 49ers, Washington Redskins, Los Angeles Raiders, Chicago Bears and New York Giants won the Super Bowl. Finally, the Los Angeles Lakers dominated the NBA, with only the Houston Rockets winning a title.

Important events
 1980 - 1988 – Iran-Iraq War
 Solidarity movement in Poland.
 Glasnost and Perestroika reforms in the Soviet Union.
 1981 – AIDS is discovered for the first time.
 1981 – Assassination attempts are made on Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II.
 1982 – Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom.
 1979 - 1989 – Soviet-Afghan War
 1984 - Sikh Genocide
 1986 – Prime Minister Olof Palme is assassinated
 1986 – The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes.
 1986 – End of Marcos regime in the Philippines
 1986 – The Chernobyl accident happens in Ukraine because of a test that went wrong. It is the second-largest known nuclear accident, after the Mayak accident in 1957. It is also one of the biggest disasters for the environment. Many people died.
 1987 – President Ronald Reagan travels to Berlin to deliver his "Tear down this wall!" speech.
 1989 – Japanese Emperor Hirohito dies.
 1989 – Tiananmen Square massacre
 1989 – The Berlin Wall is torn down.

Important people
 Pope John Paul II, Pope in the 1980s
 Elizabeth II, British queen from 1952 to 2022
 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989
 Akihito, Emperor of Japan since 1989
 Kim Il-Sung, dictator of North Korea
 Bhumibol Adulyadej, king of Thailand
 Deng Xiaoping, leader in China from 1978 to 1990
 Jimmy Carter, President of the United States from 1977 to 1981
 Ronald Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
George H.W. Bush, President of the United States from 1989 to 1993, vice-president of the United States from 1981 to 1989
 Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990
 Helmut Schmidt, German chancellor until 1982
 Helmut Kohl, German chancellor from 1982 to 1998
 François Mitterrand, French President from 1981 to 1995
 Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq
 Muammar al-Gaddafi, Libyan dictator
 Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt
 Yitzhak Shamir, Prime minister of Israel
 Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader
 Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austrian actor
 Sylvester Stallone, American actor
 Michael Jordan, American basketball-player
 Tom Cruise, American actor
 Eddie Murphy, American actor
 Duran Duran, English band
 Eurythmics, music band
 Prince, American singer
 Madonna, American singer
 Michael Jackson, American singer
 Bob Geldof, musician and fundraiser
 Iron Maiden, British heavy metal band
 N.W.A, hip hop group
 Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines
 Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines
 Indira Gandhi, prime minister of India until 1984
 Rajiv Gandhi, prime minister of India from 1984 until 1989
 Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba
 Augusto Pinochet, Chilean dictator
 Jorge Rafael Videla, dictator of Argentina until 1981
 Leopoldo Galtieri, dictator of Argentina from 1981 to 1982
 Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian dictator until 1989
 Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish communist leader
 Lech Walesa, leader of Polish Solidarity movement
 Ayatollah Khomeini, leader of Iran
 Mikhail Gorbachev, the last chairman of the communist party of the Soviet Union.
 Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman on the Supreme Court, from Arizona.
 Terry Fox, running across most of Canada in his Marathon of Hope.
 Hulk Hogan, American pro-wrestler and actor
Steve Jobs, Founder of Apple Inc.

1980s


Pedro Antonio Rojas, Jr. (born December 14, 1976), better known by his stage name Tonedeff, is an American rapper, producer, singer-songwriter and record executive.

Tonedeff first gained national recognition on the underground hip hop scene after winning a string of distinguished rap battles (i.e. "Braggin Rites"), opening shows for Common, Rahzel, The Beatnuts, Royce da 5'9", and Brand Nubian. He also appeared as a guest artist on several 12" releases, including the controversial KRS-One diss track "Clear Em Out" criticizing Nelly.

He has appeared on most of the Cunninlynguists albums, including Will Rap For Food, SouthernUnderground, A Piece of Strange, Strange Journey Volume One and Oneirology. He appeared on Immortal Technique's "Peruvian Cocaine" (on the album Revolutionary Vol. 2), playing the role of an American CIA agent in an elaborate drug trade conspiracy. He has also provided comedic skits for artists such as Masta Ace and Pumpkinhead.

Tonedeff founded the QN5 Music label in 1997 and releases music independently, with a roster that includes himself, CunninLynguists, Substantial, PackFM, Kokayi, and Extended Famm as well as a production roster that includes himself, Kno, Domingo, Deacon the Villain and Kokayi. He continues to perform and release music internationally today.

Biography

Early life
Born to a Cuban mother and a Colombian father in Newport News, Virginia, Tonedeff first began writing songs at the age of nine.

Career beginnings
Tonedeff formed a group named "The RBM Crew" in 1989 with three schoolmates shortly after relocating to Miami, Florida from Chicago and began recording and performing locally at talent shows and showcases. In 1993, The RBM Crew was offered a development deal by Warner Black Music and began recording the ultimately uncompleted Calligraphy. They disbanded when the label folded in 1995.

In 1993, at the age of sixteen, Tonedeff appeared on The Arsenio Hall Show as a performer, taking the grand prize of the show's national talent search called "Flava of the Future". He alludes to this event in his song "Morethanthis".

After fielding offers from several major labels, Tonedeff decided instead to pursue a college degree in illustration and multimedia – taking a break from his music career until taking up recording of his debut solo project The Monotone EP during his time at Full Sail Center for the Recording Arts in Orlando, Florida.

2000–2003: QN5 Music, Asterisk, Hyphen and The Monotone EP
QN5 was first officially founded by Tonedeff in 1997, though releases were scarce for a few years. In 2000, Tonedeff once again, and this time permanently, started up the record label QN5 Music, which became a hip hop specialty imprint in 2001 by recruiting artists such as CunninLynguists and PackFM, and production teams which boasted the talents of hip hop producers Domingo & Elite. In 2002, the record label The first official QN5 mixtape, Asterisk: One, was released in 2002 in order to promote the label during the Rocksteady Crew's 25th Anniversary in New York City. In 2003, the QN5 record label released a second album of the best of the artists, Asterisk: Two, and the following year Asterisk: Three was released, strengthening the respect and legitimacy of the record label and the collaborative efforts between the label mates.

The early 2000s also saw a number of Tonedeff releases and collaborations on the QN5 label. In 2001 he released Hyphen, a collection of previously recorded tracks, and the first release since The Monotone EP. The next album, Underscore (2003), featured a collection of rarities and B-sides. This album served as another primer for his official debut album, Archetype.

2003–2006: Archetype and Lollapalooza
While Tonedeff kept the fan base satiated with consistent releases, everything was leading up to his studio album, which was delayed a few times. On April 5, 2005, Tonedeff released his first official full-length album, Archetype. The long-awaited album was met with acclaim from fans and reviewers alike. HipHop DX gave Archetype an 8/10, praising Tonedeff's versatility and calling him "among the finest this genre has to offer." In a review for IGN, Jim During seconded those sentiments, concluding "With one of the best flows in hip hop, Tondeff puts out a well-rounded debut." In support of Archetype, Tonedeff embarked on international tours for the next years, including the QN5 Spring Cleaning National Tour and a Scandinavian tour in 2006, and performing at Rock The Bells among many other festivals.

Tonedeff received more national recognition when selected to perform at the August 2006 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago. He earned his nomination by garnering some of the highest vote totals throughout the "Last Band Standing" competition and finally selected as the winner after four rounds of celebrity-panel judging (which included Lollapalooza founder Perry Farrell of Jane's Addiction) and a live-performance round. Other performers at the event were Common, Kanye West, and Gnarls Barkley.

Music journalist Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote about Tonedeff's performance at Lollapalooza, noting that Tonedeff "has so many variations of rhythm and tone that his songs are enjoyable even without a rewind button to find out what they meant."

2007–2011: Solo hiatus and Cold.Killed.Collected
After Archetype, Tonedeff began to focus on the QN5 record label and less on his solo career. Nevertheless, he managed to maintain a countless number of collaborations and appearances with members of the QN5 roster and beyond. In 2007, Tonedeff was featured on the QN5 released Asterisk: Four, and in 2008 the EP Baby Blue for Pink. During this time he also released two instrumental compilations of beats he produced, Deffinitions Vol. 1 and 2. He also executive produced many QN5 albums, including two critically acclaimed 2010 QN5 records, I F*cking Hate Rappers by PackFM and Robots & Dinosaurs by Kokayi.

In the summer of 2011, Tonedeff began another resurgence. Similar to his release of the compilation record Underscore, Tonedeff released Cold.Killed.Collected in order to re-ignite the fan base and hype. The album included 46 total tracks, including interview snippets, some of his most popular collaborations since Archetype, unreleased tracks, and even some new material. Later that summer, Tonedeff and the rest of the QN5 record label participated in the 2011 QN5 Megashow.

2011–present Polymer and Demon
During 2012, Tonedeff incrementally released information on his next album, Polymer. On August 17 during a Livestream Q&A with fans, Tonedeff officially revealed his plans for the new album. Polymer will be "a best-part composite" of four individually released EPs, with the final EP only being available with the fully mixed Polymer record. This unique approach to releasing his album was influenced by his desire to showcase his versatility in styles and subject matter. The first EP was announced to be titled Glutton, which was to be released in late 2012/early 2013.

Tonedeff officially released his first of four EPs that make up Polymer, titled Glutton, on February 26, 2013. The album is a very introspective look at parts of Tonedeff's own psyche. These lyrics are partnered with electronic/house/dubstep influenced beats, with production done by Tonedeff and featured production from NumberNin6 and Chew Fu. Becky Cloonan created the cover art for the album.

On December 10 of the same year, the second EP of Polymer, Demon, was released. It featured artwork by Becky Cloonan like Glutton. This 5-track EP focused on struggles with concepts like time and anxiety. According to the official description, "deals with the pressures and side-effects of anxiety, mortality and time-management over self-produced mid-tempo bounce tracks. Demon tackles an overwhelmed life a dazzling variety of tempos, flows genre-nods, such as the endurance-challenging title-track "Demon" in which Tonedeff attacks every 16th note for nearly 2 minutes straight in 6/8-time, tipping his hat at the trappings of modern Trap on "Use Me" and most notably, fans of Tonedeff's infamous triple-time flow will be delighted as Demon contains the long-awaited recorded version of "Crispy" where he essentially puts Fast Rap in a body-bag for everyone's benefit."

The third piece of Polymer, titled Hunter, was released on September 23, 2014. This EP featured the most introspective tracks to date.

A DVD documentary about the recording process of the four EPs will be released with the Polymer album.

Polymer was officially released on July 8, 2016.

Collaborations

Extended F@mm
In 2002, Tonedeff joined with QN5 artists Substantial, PackFM, and Session to form Extended F@mm, which released the album Happy Fuck You Songs. The group described the album as an exercise in "conceptual posse cuts" with songs ranging from the Tetris-themed "Line Drop" to bad cell phone connections in "Celly". Happy Fuck You Songs was well received by critics, garnering positive reviews from underground sites such as Rap Reviews and Urban Smarts.

On the success of the Happy Fuck You Songs, Tonedeff made his first appearance in The Source with Extended Famm in 2003 and appeared in a commercial for Hip Hop Week on MTV. He has also been featured in magazines such as Mugshot, Rime and Scratch.

On September 24, 2012, PackFM and Tonedeff announced that Extended F@mm would be returning to the studio in 2013 for a new album. They later confirmed that all original members, including Squijee, would make at least an appearance on the new record. The album is currently being written.

Chico & The Man
One of the more long-awaited and anticipated Tonedeff projects is a joint-collaboration with the hip hop producer Kno (of CunninLynguists) titled Chico & The Man. On this project, Kno is expected to handle the entirety of the production duties with Tonedeff to focus on the rapping portions.

The first song from the new project released to the public was "No Hope (f/ Deacon)", which was released on the QN5 Music mixtape Asterisk:Three in 2004. The solemn track is a dedication to a friend of both artists who was murdered in a store robbery in 2004 in Lexington, Kentucky. The duo released their second official song, "My Lady", on the Asterisk:Four mixtape in March 2007.

Kno has said that the album has been pushed back to spring 2010 because of his participation in the CunninLynguists United States tour in late 2009 and because of paperwork for Tonedeff. At the QN5 Megashow 2011, Tonedeff announced that the album would come out on December 13, 2011; he also previewed the first video for the project.

On November 5, 2011, Kno announced on the QN5 forum that Chico & the Man would be pushed back to an indefinite date.

On December 7, 2019, Kno released a snippet from the Built To Fade album called Life In Nostalgia on his Instagram, hinting at nothing but building hype for his upcoming Built To Fade album.

Peter Anthony Red
In 2012, Tonedeff announced his plans for his upcoming projects under the new singer-songwriter moniker Peter Anthony Red. The first song released by Peter Anthony Red was an acoustic version of "Water", a track which will be released on the full length album.

Peter Anthony Red's first official effort, a 5-track EP The Projectionist, was released for free on Bandcamp on June 26, 2012. The release was on a new Tony Rojas label, and sister label of QN5, Quintic. This EP was released as a preview for Peter Anthony Red's first full album, entitled Hyperrealism.

In early 2013, Peter Anthony Red made his next appearances, except this time as a director and executive producer for two cover songs by Danish artist Fjer, and her new debut EP, A New Start.

Tacos and Chocolate Milk podcast
On March 7, 2005, Tonedeff's QN5 Music was the first hip hop label to release its own podcast. It claims to be the first record label podcast ever, but there is some debate as to if major label Virgin beat them to the punch. The show, called WQN5, featured commentary from label artists Session, PackFM, Substantial and Tonedeff as well as guest appearances by artists like Wordsworth.

Tonedeff and PackFM began a new conversational podcast on May 4, 2012, titled Tacos & Chocolate Milk. New episodes are generally released weekly, focusing on the lives of Tonedeff and PackFM, current events, the hip hop industry, and occasionally include special guests/friends such as Kno and Mr. Mecca. Some recurring segments include "Yo Pack!" and "Evil Tony". Support behind this endeavor grew very quickly, as Paste Magazine listed the show in their July "Ten Best Music Podcasts" article, and it was also featured in the iTunes New and Noteworthy section. As of Episode #24, the podcast has amassed over one million downloads.

Discography
Albums
Hyphen (QN5 Music/Yosumi, 2001)
Happy Fuck You Songs (QN5 Music/Freshchest, 2002) (with Extended Famm)
Underscore (QN5 Music/Freshchest, 2003)
Archetype (QN5 Music/Freshchest, 2005)
Polymer (QN5 Music, 2016)
Hyperrealism (Quintic, TBA) (as Peter Anthony Red)
Chico & the Man (QN5 Music, TBA) (with Kno)

EPs
The Monotone EP (QN5 Music, 1997)
The Projectionist (Quintic, 2012) (as Peter Anthony Red)
Glutton (QN5 Music, 2013) (Polymer EP 1/4)
Demon (QN5 Music, 2013) (Polymer EP 2/4)
Hunter (QN5 Music, 2014) (Polymer EP 3/4)
Phantom (QN5 Music, 2016) (Polymer EP 4/4)

Compilations
Cold. Killed. Collected. (2005–2010) (QN5 Music, 2011)
No One Cares-Ground Original 3 (2011)
Cold. Killed. Collected.2 (2011-2022)

Singles
"Ridiculous"
Released: 2000
Label: Tru Criminal Records
B-side: "Head's Up"
"Politics"
Released: 2005
Label: QN5 Music/Freshchest
B-side: "Disappointed"
"Bang"
Released: 2011
Label: QN5 Music

Awards
2000: Braggin Rites MC Battle Champion
2000: Hookt (aka Da Cypha) Battle Champion
2001: The Source Unsigned Hype Battle Finalist
2006: Lollapalooza's Last Band Standing Winner

References

External links
Official website
Official QN5 Music Site

Interviews
In-depth Tonedeff interview
HipHopGame Interview
TheStateofHipHop Interview

1978 births
Living people
American rappers
Alternative hip hop musicians
Underground rappers
American people of Cuban descent
American people of Colombian descent
Hispanic and Latino American rappers
Rappers from Chicago
Rappers from Miami
Southern hip hop musicians
21st-century American rappers

Tonedeff


Jan-Hendrik Rootering (born 18 March 1950 in Wedingfeld near Flensburg) is a German-born operatic bass, son of the Dutch tenor Hendrikus Rootering from whom he had his first lessons.   After further study at Hamburg's Musikhochschule he began singing minor roles with the Staatsoper Hamburg and made a debut at the Bayerischen Staatsoper München in 1982 as the Spirit Messenger in Die Frau ohne Schatten.   In 1987 he received the title of Bayerischer Kammersänger.  Rootering was the bass soloist in the Beethoven Ninth Symphony conducted by Leonard Bernstein in celebration of the fall of the Berlin wall—in the no-longer-divided city of Berlin—at Christmastime 1989.

He can be seen as Fasolt on James Levine's The Ring of the Nibelung, and as the Speaker of the Temple on Wolfgang Sawallisch's  The Magic Flute, and heard on two recital discs of Lieder by Richard Strauss and Hugo Wolf with pianist Herman Lechler.

Sources
Notes to Hugo Wolf Lieder (Calig-Verlag cal 50870)
Biography from Bach-cantatas.com

Operatic bass-baritones
Living people
1950 births
German bass-baritones
German people of Dutch descent
20th-century German male opera singers
21st-century German male opera singers

Jan-Hendrik Rootering


The Tianjin campaign was the epitome of the Pingjin campaign, fought between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War in the post-World War II era.  The result of the Tianjin campaign helped to determine the outcome of the Pingjin campaign.

The original communist plan was to capture Tanggu first to cut off the nationalist escape route via sea and then force the nationalists in Beijing and Tianjin to surrender, in order to save the two historical cities from the destruction of the war.  However, the nationalist resolve to defend the cities to the end was strong and reconnaissance had revealed the sounding regions of Tanggu was not suitable for building fortifications and deploying assaulting forces, and the region strongly favored defenders.  The communists were forced to change their plan by attacking Tianjin first.  According to the geography of Tianjin, which was characterized in its long span in the north–south direction and short span in the east–west direction, the communists made a plan of simultaneously attacking from the east and west, cutting off the city in the middle, and then first taking the southern portion of the city, and afterward taking the northern portion of the city.

From January 3, 1949, through to January 12, 1949, the communists cleared all 18 nationalist strongholds outside the city, and the defenders were forced to take refuge behind the city wall.  After the nationalists behind the city wall had refused to surrender for three times when asked, the communists launched their final offensive on the city on January 14, 1949, at 10:00 AM.  After 29 hours of fierce fighting, the entire besieged nationalist garrison of the city totaling more than 130,000 was completely annihilated, and Chen Changjie(陳長捷), the nationalist commander-in-chief of the defense, was captured alive along with many of his subordinates, including his deputy, Major General Qiu Zongding (秋宗鼎), the deputy commander-in-chief of nationalist Tianjin Garrison, Major General Yang Wei (楊威), the chief-of-staff of the nationalist force defending Tianjin, Major General Li Yeqing (李叶清), the secretary-general of nationalist headquarter in Tianjin, and Major General Cheng Zijian (程子践), the nationalist inspector-general from Nanjing, hand-picked personally by Chiang Kai-shek himself.  With the exception of the 7th Chinese Textile Factory, which was completely destroyed in the final offensive, most of the rest of the infrastructure of Tianjin was captured intact.  The price paid by the attacking communist force is relative low in the campaign, suffering a casualty rate that included 7,030 killed, and 19,214 wounded, without any missing or being captured.  Among those communists killed were several hundred Japanese troops of the former-Japanese Imperial Army, who stayed in China after World War II and joined the communists.

Outcome
The immediate consequence of the nationalist defeat in Tianjin campaign was that the nationalist garrison of Tanggu, consisting of the 17th Army Group and five divisions from the 87th Army, had been completely isolated and had to withdraw via sea, which in turn, worsened the overall situation for the nationalists during the Pingjin campaign.  The nationalist defeat in the Tianjin campaign was also one of the most important factors forcing Fu Zuoyi to surrender to the communists, which resulted in the conclusion of the Pingjin campaign.

See also
List of battles of the Chinese Civil War
National Revolutionary Army
History of the People's Liberation Army
Chinese Civil War

References

Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, Liberation War History, 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 2000,  (set)
Zhang, Ping, History of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in Beijing, 1987,  (pbk.)
Jie, Lifu, Records of the Liberation War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates, 1st Edition, Hebei People's Publishing House in Shijiazhuang, 1990,  (set)
Literary and Historical Research Committee of the Anhui Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Liberation War, 1st Edition, Anhui People's Publishing House in Hefei, 1987,
Li, Zuomin, Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House in Beijing, 2004,
Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House in Beijing, 2001,  (set)
Huang, Youlan, History of the Chinese People's Liberation War, 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in Beijing, 1992,
Liu Wusheng, From Yan'an to Beijing: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 1993,
Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, History of Chinese People's Liberation Army in Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in Beijing, 1993 – 1997,  (Volum 1), 7800219615 (Volum 2), 7800219631 (Volum 3), 7801370937 (Volum 4), and 7801370953 (Volum 5)

Conflicts in 1949
Battles of the Chinese Civil War
1949 in China
20th century in Tianjin
Events in Tianjin

Tianjin campaign


Teatro Verdi is a theatre in Florence, Italy. Established in 1854, it is located on Via Giuseppe Verdi on the block between Via Ghibellina and Via dei Lavatoi. The Teatro Verdi was originally called Teatro Pagliano, but was renamed in 1901 to honour Giuseppe Verdi. The theatre is located on the spot where there once stood the 14th-century Stinche Prison.

The theatre seats an audience of 806, including 6 reserved for wheelchairs. The stage is 14 metres deep and 18 metres wide, with a slope of 5%. The orchestra pit measures 16 metres by 4 metres. The proscenium is 12 metres wide and 17 metres high and 2 metres deep, and the stage is raised from the floor by 1.5 metres. The seven artists' dressing rooms and two wards have access from Via Isola delle Stinche where there is also an infirmary.

References

External links

Official site

Theatres in Florence
Theatres completed in 1838
1854 establishments in Italy
Giuseppe Verdi
19th-century architecture in Italy

Teatro Verdi (Florence)