Enrique Nomar "Kiko" Calero (born January 9, 1975) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher.

Professional career
Calero is a graduated from University Gardens High School in Puerto Rico and attended Miami-Dade College Kendall Campus. He was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 41st round (1142nd overall) of the 1994 Major League Baseball draft, but Calero did not sign with the Tigers. Instead he attended St. Thomas University (Florida) and was drafted again in the 1996 Major League Baseball draft, when he was picked in the 27th round (799th overall) by the Kansas City Royals.

Kansas City Royals
Mainly a starting pitcher in the Royals minor league organization, he spent 6 years at the Single-A and Double-A levels before finally reaching Triple-A Omaha in . During his minor league career, Calero excelled for the Royals organization. In 1996, he finished fourth in the Single-A Northwest League in ERA. He was also named to the Texas League All Star team in . Through , Calero had 31 wins in a Wrangler uniform and worked as a reliever in  after 105 starts. The Royals traded Calero to the Philadelphia Phillies for shortstop Brian Harris in 2002 but was returned to the Royals and granted free agency.

St. Louis Cardinals
Calero was subsequently signed as a free agent by the St. Louis Cardinals.  He made his Major League debut on April 2, 2003, for the Cards against the Milwaukee Brewers, he worked two thirds of an inning, allowing two hits and one walk but no runs. He spent all of  and most of  in the majors. He played all but one game as a reliever. He was a member of the 2004 St. Louis Cardinals' team that went on to win the National League title and played in the 2004 World Series.

Oakland Athletics
After the 2004 season, Calero was traded from the Cardinals along with starting pitcher Dan Haren and top-hitting prospect Daric Barton to the Oakland Athletics for Mark Mulder.

Texas Rangers
After being designated for assignment and released by the Athletics, Calero signed with the Texas Rangers on July 4, . The Rangers signed Calero to a minor league contract and assigned him to Triple-A Oklahoma, where he spent the rest of the season.

Florida Marlins
Calero signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Florida Marlins in January . He made the team out of spring training, and was added to the major league roster on April 4.

New York Mets/Los Angeles Dodgers
On March 4, 2010, the New York Mets signed Calero to a minor-league deal with an invitation to spring training. On May 16, he was released by the Mets and he signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 10 and was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. He appeared in 15 games for the Isotopes before they also released him.

Overseas career
Calero has also played on several other teams. He played from 1996 to 2000 with the Indios de Mayagüez (Mayagüez Indians) in the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League. During those years, he went on to win two national titles and three participations on the Serie del Caribe. In 1996, Calero was named Rookie of the Year, and he also was selected to participate on three all-star games, during his playing year with the Indios de Mayagüez. Kiko also played on the MLB team at the Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series played in Japan in 2004. He was also a member of the 2006 Puerto Rico national baseball team at the World Baseball Classic.

Personal life
Calero is well-known and very popular in Puerto Rico. He has a street named after him, on a little part of Río Piedras called Fair View, where Calero grew up and played Little League ball. Calero is married to Carola Rodriguez and they have two children. He lives in Caguas, Puerto Rico during the offseason and during the MLB season in Miami.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Baseball players from San Juan, Puerto Rico
St. Louis Cardinals players
Oakland Athletics players
Florida Marlins players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Miami Dade Sharks baseball players
St. Thomas Bobcats baseball players
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Spokane Indians players
Wichita Wranglers players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players
Lansing Lugnuts players
Omaha Royals players
Memphis Redbirds players
Sacramento River Cats players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
2006 World Baseball Classic players

Kiko Calero


The Kyffhäuserbund () is an umbrella organization for war veterans' and reservists' associations in Germany based in Rüdesheim am Rhein. It owes its name to the Kyffhäuser Monument (), a memorial built on the summit of the 473 m high Kyffhäuser mountain near Bad Frankenhausen in the state of Thuringia in central Germany.

History
The Kyffhäuserbund's origins lie in a section of the Deutscher Kriegerbund () that established a league in 1900 that would unite the formerly scattered German war veterans' associations. Some of these organizations had already been administering the maintenance of the memorial together. The league was initially named Kyffhäuser League of the German Countries' Warriors Associations (), a name that became later abbreviated to Kyffhäuserbund. By 1913, this umbrella organization had already 2.8 million war veterans as its members and it had become one of the largest societies in Germany. During the time of the German Empire, the Kyffhäuserbund was instrumentalized against the growing social democratic movement in Germany.

The difficult circumstances of World War I's postwar years led to a significant shrinking of the veterans' associations and their role. During the Weimar Republic in 1921, this organization shed its federal structure and centralized itself under a common leadership. Following this step, it changed its name to German Warriors Association Kyffhäuser (). In the name of Gleichschaltung, the Kyffhäuserbund was nazified after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933. Five years later, its name was altered to Nationalsocialist Reich Warriors Association Kyffhäuser (), becoming the sole and exclusive organization representing the veterans' interests in the Third Reich.

The Kyffhäuserbund was swiftly and unceremoniously disbanded during World War II in March 1943 by Adolf Hitler himself. Apparently, the reason was the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad. Its assets in the whole Reich were transferred to the Nazi Party. All its surviving local associations, which in the last phase of the war effort became the breeding ground for Volkssturm units, were also placed under the direct orders of the Nazi Party. After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the Allied military governments issued a special law, Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 2, for the disbandment and liquidation of the Nazi organizations (Auflösung und Liquidierung der Naziorganisationen) on 10 October 1945. This denazification decree outlawed the Nazi Party and all of its branches, effectively disbanding the Kyffhäuserbund's avatar that had been established during the Third Reich.

The disbandment of the Kyffhäuserbund meant that it had to be established anew during the postwar reconstruction of both West and East Germany.

The reestablishment of the Kyffhäuser organization with federal state branches began in 1952 in West Germany. The present-day Kyffhäuserbund emphasizes its role as a shooting sports association.

Uniforms and Insignia

Like many other Nazi paramilitary organizations, they also had ranks and uniforms.

Notable Kyffhäuserverband members
 Ludwig Bergsträsser
 F. K. Otto Dibelius
 Martin Dibelius
 Johannes Dieckmann
 Hermann Ehlers
 Ferdinand Friedensburg
 Hans Fritzsche
 Heinrich George
 Hellmut von Gerlach
 Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg
 Helmut Hasse
 Richard Heinze
 Rudolf Heinze
 Otto Hoetzsch
 Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
 Gerhard Kittel
 Werner Kollath
 Wilhelm Kube
 Hanfried Lenz
 Max Maurenbrecher
 Joachim Mrugowsky
Ludwig Müller
 Friedrich Naumann
 Karl Ernst Osthaus
 Otto Peltzer
 Kurt Scharf
 Gustav Adolf Scheel
 Percy Ernst Schramm
 Rudi Stephan
 Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
 Ernst Wahle
 Kuno von Westarp

See also
 List of veterans organizations
 National Socialist War Victim's Care
 Der Stahlhelm

Notes and references

 Kyffhäuserbund e.V.
 Kyffhäuser-Bund der Deutschen Landeskriegerverbände e.V. (Historisches Lexikon Bayerns).
 Dieter Fricke et al.: Kyffhäuser-Bund der Deutschen Landeskriegerverbände (KB) 1900-1943. In: Dieter Fricke (Hrsg.): Die bürgerlichen Parteien in Deutschland. Berlin 1968, S.296–312.
 Karl Saul: Der "Deutsche Kriegerbund". Zur innenpolitischen Funktion eines nationalen Verbandes im kaiserlichen Deutschland. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (MGM). 2/1969. S.95–159.
 Karl Führer: Der "Deutsche Reichskriegerbund Kyffhäuser" 1930-1934. Politik, Ideologie und Funktion eines "unpolitischen" Verbandes. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (MGM). 2/1984. S.57–76.
 Heinz Kleene Das Kriegervereinswesen im Emsland zur Zeit des Kaiserreiches In: Jahrbuch des Emsländ. Heimatbundes Sögel 2005. S.137–159.

German veterans' organisations
Kyffhäuser
Non-profit organisations based in Hesse
Shooting sports organizations

Kyffhäuserbund


Evening Prayer (often called Evensong), in the Anglican Church, is the traditional service when people come to church to worship in the late afternoon or early evening.  In cathedrals in Britain and in some of the old university chapels it is a service that is sung by a choir nearly every day of the week (there is usually one day of the week when there is no choir and everything is spoken).  In cathedrals it is usually just the choir and the priests who sing, while the congregation listen.  There is sometimes one hymn at the end in which the congregation can join in.  Evensong in churches will have more singing for the congregation to join in.

Development and meaning of Evensong
The form of Evensong used today was developed by Thomas Cranmer in the 16th century.  There were two kinds of services, called "vespers" and "compline" that used to be sung every day by monks in monasteries.  Cranmer took some of the words that were used in both these services and made today's form of Evening Prayer (Evensong).

The main idea in Evensong is the celebration of the incarnation of Christ: this is the story about Christ coming to the world in the form of a person and living among people.  The words of the Magnificat and the Nunc Dimittis are always used in the service.  The Magnificat is the song that Mary sang when she was told that she was going to have a baby who would be God's son.  The Nunc Dimittis is the song that was sung by the priest Simeon who had been promised by God that he would live long enough to see Jesus.  Both these sets of words are from the New Testament.

Many churches now use the words from Common Worship or some other modern prayer book for their services.  However, when Evensong is sung by a choir the words used are usually from the old traditional  Book of Common Prayer (1662).  This is because, for more than four centuries, so much great music has been composed that uses these words.

Because there is no communion at evensong, the service can be led by a layperson (someone who is not a "qualified" priest).

Parts of the Evensong service
An evensong service will consist of the following:

Prayers: a confession, an absolution (if a priest is present) and the Lord's Prayer.
 responsory prayers (sung alternately by priest and choir).
one or two psalms.
Two lessons (readings) from the Bible.  The first is usually taken from the Old Testament and the second from the New Testament.  Each lesson is followed by (one of):
Two canticles, usually the Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis.
The Apostles' Creed.
Several prayers and responses, including the Kyrie eleison and the Lord's Prayer.
An anthem
More prayers and a blessing

The organist usually plays some organ music before and after the service.  On Sundays there may be a sermon.

Music

In churches the Magnificat and the Nunc dimittis (canticles), like the psalm, are often sung to a chant.  This is a tune which repeats itself for every verse or every two verses and is sung to the natural rhythm in which it would be spoken.  In cathedrals, or in churches with a good choir, the two canticles are sung to special music (like an anthem) composed by some well-known composer.  There is usually an organ accompaniment.

Many composers, especially Anglican church composers, wrote settings (music) for these two canticles (which choir members often called "Mag and Nunc").  Such composers include Edward Bairstow, Herbert Brewer, Orlando Gibbons, Herbert Howells, Henry Purcell, Charles Stanford, Herbert Sumsion, Thomas Tallis, Thomas Weelkes, Samuel Wesley and many others.  Some of the composers wrote several settings.  This is why different settings are often identified by the key they are in, e.g. Stanford in G, Stanford in C etc.  Sometimes they can be identified by the cathedral for which they were written.  Herbert Howells, for example, wrote Mag and Nunc settings for several cathedrals and chapels.  These can be identified by calling them: Howells' Gloucester Service, Collegium Regale (=King's College, Cambridge) etc.

In a sung evensong the choir will also sing an "introit" which is a very short piece at the beginning of the service.  They will sing a psalm to a chant, and there will also be an anthem.

Related pages
Morning Prayer
Matins
Vespers
Anglican chant
Anglican church music
Service (music)
Magnificat
Nunc dimittis

Anglicanism
Christian music

Evening Prayer (Anglican)


"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a sentence that uses correct grammar. It is often used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create confusing, hard-to-understand sentences.

It has been talked about since 1967, when the sentence was used by Dmitri Borgmann in his book Beyond Language.  Later, in 1972, the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport. Rapaport is a professor at the University at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York.

The sentence does not have punctuation. It uses three different meanings of the word "buffalo". They are:
 noun adjunct (a noun used as an adjective): the city of Buffalo, New York.
 noun: the animal called buffalo in the plural form. They are also known as bison.
 verb: the word "buffalo", which means to confuse or intimidate (to scare somebody).

It can be broken down to "Buffaloa buffalon Buffaloa buffalon buffalov buffalov Buffaloa buffalon", where "a" is adjective, "n" is noun, and "v" is verb. It means, "Bison from Buffalo, which other bison from Buffalo confuse, confuse the bison from Buffalo."

 The first two words, "Buffalo buffalo," mean bison from Buffalo in the same way that "Florida man" means a man from Florida.
 The next three words, "Buffalo buffalo buffalo," mean "which other bison from Buffalo confuse." We don't need the word which in the original sentence, just like how "a man which the woman loved" means the same thing as "a man the woman loved."
 The last three words, "buffalo Buffalo buffalo," mean "confuse the bison from Buffalo."

Other words can be used to make sentences like this one. These include police, fish, and people. For example, "Fish fish fish fish fish". Other times, similar words that are spelled differently can be used: "Foul fowl foul fowl foul foul foul fowl".

There is a city named Police in Poland. It is therefore possible to form a sentence "Police police Police police police police Police police", meaning "Cops from Police, whom other policemen from Police, Poland, are watching, watch yet other cops from Police, Poland".

Why it is confusing to read
The sentence is very confusing because:

Most people do not use the word "buffalo" as a verb.
The plural form of the noun "buffalo" can be "buffaloes" or "buffalo". In this sentence, the second form is used, which is spelled the same way as the verb.
There is no punctuation.
Having no words such as that or which makes the sentence harder to follow.
The only distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters is the use of capital B whenever Buffalo is used as a noun or an adjective. Lowercase b is used as a verb.
By saying the word over and over again, it is confusing to read, as most words can't be used like the buffalo sentence.

References

Grammar
Buffalo, New York


Dark energy is the name given to the force that is believed to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us at high speed: the idea is that the universe is getting bigger and has been since the Big Bang. Measurements are now accurate enough to allow astronomers to tell that these galaxies seem to be accelerating away from us. The universe is expanding at an increasing rate.

Understanding
This faster and faster expansion is not understood by scientists. There are many ideas for what might be causing the rapid expansion. However, at the moment, cosmologists who study it do not have an answer. It is as if there was something there in empty space providing a repulsive force (Anti-gravity) that makes the universe expand. This has been named dark energy.

A 2011 research article sets out the problem for theoretical physics.

Related pages
 Dark matter
 Hubble's law
 Metric expansion of space
 Nature timeline

References

Astrophysics
Cosmology

Dark energy


Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting where the television signal is sent by radio waves from a transmitter on the land. In North America, it is usually called over-the-air television (OTA). This type of TV is different to newer types such as satellite, cable, and IPTV.

TV is broadcast between 52 and 600 MHz in the VHF and UHF radio bands. This can be sent in digital or the older analog format. Many countries switched (or are switching) to digital and turned off the analog signals.

Television technology

Terrestrial television


A chisel is a sharp and straight tool often used with a hammer to shape wood or other surfaces.  Chisels are used by artists to make statues and figures out of stone, marble, or wood.  Construction workers use chisels to change the shape of wood and stone so that they can build with them.  Sometimes chisels are used to break things so that they can be moved more easily.

Cutting tools
Woodworking tools

Chisel


A Calabi–Yau manifold, or 'Calabi–Yau space', is a special type of manifold. It is described in certain branches of mathematics such as algebraic geometry.

The Calabi–Yau manifold's properties, such as Ricci flatness, have applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring theory, the extra dimensions of spacetime might take the form of a 6-dimensional Calabi–Yau manifold. This led to the idea of  string theory mirror symmetry.

Algebraic geometry

Calabi-Yau manifold


A Cabinet is a group of important people in a government, who normally represent the head of government. It is also known as the Council of Ministers or the Executive Council.  They are part of the executive branch of government. People in the cabinet are called ministers or secretaries, and they do different things, such as look after the environment.

In most countries with parliamentary systems, the cabinet decides the government's policy.  In other countries, such as the United States, the cabinet has limited power, and is an advisor to the Head of Government. In some countries, cabinet members are given their jobs by those who are in the government.

Many years ago the cabinets were called Privy Councils. The cabinet of today came about during the time that George I and George II were Kings of England.

In some European countries, the term "cabinet" is used to mean the assistants of an important politician.

In the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the Shadow Cabinet are the leaders of the main opposition party in a parliament.

Related pages
 Cabinet of the United States
 Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Shadow cabinet

Government

Cabinet


Lalon Shah Bridge is the second longest bridge in Bangladesh. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia inaugurated the bridge at a ceremony held at Paksey. The bridge directly connects the north-western and south-western regions of the country by road. The river Padma had separated the two regions.

The 1.8 K.M long bridge has been constructed parallel to historic Hardinge Railway Bridge over the river Padma with the financial assistance from Japan. To construct the bridge, the Government of Japan through JBIC extended soft ODA Yen loan to Bangladesh in two phases. The first phase loan agreement was signed between Bangladesh and Japan on July 01, 1997 while the second phase loan agreement on March 31, 2001. The total cost of the bridge is US $ 184 million of which JBIC contributed US $ 141 million, which is about 80% of the total cost.

An inauguration ceremony was held at the bridge site at Paksey on May 18, 2004. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia was the Chief Guest while Ambassador of Japan to Bangladesh H.E. Mr. Matsushiro Horiguchi spoke as the special guest. Mr. Ryutaro Koga, Deputy Director General of JBIC Tokyo read out the message from JBIC Governor Mr. Kyosuke Shinozawa in the ceremony. Mr. Tsutomu Uchida, Chief Representative of JBIC Dhaka was present, among others, in the function.

The Lalon Shah Bridge has some of the deepest concrete piles in the world and the longest continuous segmental deck in the world, erected by using the balanced cantilever technique.

Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Bridges in Asia

Lalon Shah Bridge


Ciro Ferri (1634 – 13 September 1689) was an Italian Baroque sculptor and painter, the chief pupil and successor of Pietro da Cortona.

He was born in Rome, where he began working under Cortona and with a team of artists in the extensive fresco decorations of the Quirinal Palace (1656–59). He collaborated with Cortona and completed for him the extensive frescoed ceilings and other internal decorations begun in the Pitti Palace, Florence (1659–65). His independent masterpiece is considered an extensive series of scriptural frescoes in the church of Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (Bergamo). Also well known is his an altarpiece of St Ambrose Healing the Sick in the church of Sant'Ambrogio della Massima in Rome.

In 1670, he began the painting of the cupola of Sant'Agnese in Agone in central Rome, in a style recalling of Lanfranco's work in the dome of Sant'Andrea della Valle; but died before it was completed in 1693 by his successor Sebastiano Corbellini.

He executed also a large amount of miscellaneous designs, such as etchings and frontispieces for books; and served as an architect as well. Ferri was appointed to direct the Florentine students in Rome, and Gabbiani was one of his leading pupils. As regards style, Ferri ranks as chief of the grand manner of Cortona, also known as the Machinists movement, as opposed to the more sober and spare style promulgated by Andrea Sacchi, and continued by Carlo Maratta and others. Among the many pupils and assistants were Ambrogio Besozzi, Camillo Gabrielli, Marziale Carpinoni, Filippo Maria Galetti, Benedetto Luti, Giovanni Battista Marmi, Pietro Montanini, Giuseppe Nasini, Giovanni Odazzi, Tommaso Redi, and Urbano Romanelli.

Ciro Ferri became a member of the Accademia di San Luca on 3 June 1657. His ciborium for the high altar of Santa Maria in Vallicella is a masterpieces of 17th-century bronze decorative sculpture. He continued under the patronage of the Medici, when together with the sculptor Ercole Ferrata, Ferri the painter led the Medici Academy in Rome, established in 1673 by Grand Duke Cosimo III of Tuscany. Among the pupils sent there from Florence were Anton Domenico Gabbiani, Giovanni Battista Foggini, Atanasio Bimbacci, Carlo Marcellini, and Massimiliano Soldani Benzi
.

Ferri was also responsible for the Reliquary of the Arm of St. John the Baptist which is found in the St John's Co-Cathedral in Malta. Ciro Ferri contributed five illustrations to the missal of Pope Alexander VII Chigi, which was published in 1662. It also contained works by fellow artists in Rome, including Pietro da Cortona, Carlo Cesi, Guglielmo Cortese, Carlo Maratti, Jan Miel, Cornelis Bloemaert, and Pier Francesco Mola.

He died in Rome in 1689.

References

Web gallery of Art biography.

Notes

1634 births
1689 deaths
Painters from Rome
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Baroque painters

Ciro Ferri


House music is a type of electronic dance music. It began during the early 1980s from disco and the black American soul music tradition.  It takes its name from the Warehouse, a Chicago club where DJs first played their records to a large audience.   The original "House" sound is characterized by "four on the floor" beats at 120-130 BPM, forward-driven bass lines, an emphasis on the second and fourth beats of each measure, handclaps, and cymbals.  Over the years, house has created many types of house music. These include:

 Acid house (with its "trippy" melodic lines, usually generated on a Roland 303 synthesizer)
 Ambient house (with an ambient, atmospheric sound)
 Bassline house (with an prominent warpy low bass sound)
 Deep house (with a greater emphasis on "soul" and atmospheric background sounds)
 Electro house (with a fuzzy, electronic and dirty bassline and heavy usage of synthesizers, similar to electropop)
 Euro house (with a sound similar to Eurodance)
 Balearic house (originating in the Balearic islands of Spain)
 French house (originating in France)
 Italo house (originating in Italy)
 Speed garage (featuring choppy basslines, reggae-style vocals and often "broken" beats)
 Progressive house (usually faster than traditional house, with many volume and phase changes and a "progression" of different background sounds)
 Disco house (even greater emphasis on the bassline, and the return of many disco-like additions such as violin sections)
 Hip house (House music with rapped lyrics)
 Tech house (techno sounds featured over a house-derived beat, with melodic progression often less emphasized)
 Latin house (incorporating elements of traditional Latin American music)
 Tribal house (greater emphasis on drumlines; melodies may be present, but with less traditional "progression")
 Witch house (with a dark, paranormal and witchcraft-themed sound) and Rodrick Onunuga

References

Electronic dance music

House music


The Grisons or Graubünden, more formally the canton of the Grisons or the canton of Graubünden, is the biggest and is farthest to the east of the cantons of Switzerland. The name means "Gray Union" in German and the canton lies entirely in the Alps. In Switzerland it hosts the biggest number of tourists each year.

Geography
The area of the canton is 7,105 km². Only one third of this land is used for farming.  Forests cover 20% of the total area. The canton has many mountains that make up the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. Many of its scenic areas are part of the Swiss National Park or the Ela Nature Park.

There are many important peaks in the Grison Alps, including the Tödi at 3,614 meters and the highest peak Piz Bernina at 4,049 meters. Many of the mountain ranges feature huge glaciers, such as at the Adula, the Albula, the Silvretta, the Bernina, the Bregaglia and the Rätikon ranges. The mountain ranges in the central area contain many of the deepest vallies in Switzerland.

The canton borders Liechtenstein to the north, Austria to the north and the east, Italy to the south, and the cantons of St. Gallen to the northwest; Glarus and the canton of Uri to the west, and Ticino to the southwest. The capital city is Chur. Davos and St. Moritz are world-famous resorts and can be found in this area.

History
Most of the lands of the canton were once part of a Roman province called Raetia that was established in 15 BC. The area later was part of the lands of the diocese at Chur.

In 1367 the League of God's House was founded against the power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the making of the Grey League, sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley. The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people. The name of this league later gave its name to the canton of Graubünden.

The first step towards the naming of the canton into Graubünden was when the league of the Ten Jurisdictions allied with the League of God's House in 1450.  In 1471, the two leagues aligned with the Grey League. This meant that the leagues allied with the Swiss Confederation.  The Habsburgs were defeated at Calven Gorge and Dornach, helping the Swiss confederation and the allied leagues of the canton of Grisons to be recognized.

The last traces of the bishop of Chur's jurisdiction were abolished in 1526. The Musso war of the 1520 drove the Three Leagues closer to the Swiss Confederacy. The lands of the canton of Graubünden were part of the Helvetic Republic, but the "perpetual ally" of Switzerland became a canton in 1803.  The constitution of the canton dates from 1892.

The arms of the three original leagues are now all part of the coat of arms of the canton.

Private cars were only allowed in the canton of Graubünden after several votings in 1926.

Culture
The Graubünden are known for a dried-beef delicacy called Bündnerfleisch and for a nut and honey pie known as Bündner Nusstorte. Another specialty, made mostly in the western part of Grison, is Capuns, a filling meal of pasta and a little bit of meat, rolled into Chard leaves, eventually baked in mode of a gratin with cheese.

Economy
Agriculture and tourism make up most of the canton's economy. Agriculture combines forests and mountain pasturage in summer, mostly beef but also sheep and goats. Tourism is all around the canton, mainly around the towns of Davos/Arosa, Flims and St. Moritz/Pontresina, which are important in both winter and summer. There are a great number of other resorts people visiting the country can go to in the canton.

There is wine production around the capital Chur. Chur is also the center of industry. In the southern valleys of Mesolcina/Misox and Poschiavo there is corn (maize) and chestnut farming.

Demographics
The languages spoken in Graubünden are German in the northwest, Romansh in the Engadin and around Disentis/Mustér), and Standard Italian in the valleys Mesolcina/Misox, Calanca, Val Bregaglia, and Poschiavo.

The main religions are Protestantism and Catholicism. Both are well-represented in the canton, with Roman Catholics forming a slight majority.

Districts
Graubünden is divided into 11 districts:
 Albula
 Bernina
 Hinterrhein
 Imboden
 Inn
 Landquart
 Maloja
 Moesa
 Plessur
 Davos
 Surselva

Municipalities
There are 209 municipalities in Graubünden (as of April 2004):

Notes

References

Other websites

 Official Page
 Official Statistics
 Official Tourism Board for Switzerland Holidays in Graubünden

Graubünden


A disk operating system (DOS) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.

DOSes are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.

Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.

Operating systems

DOS


Radio Caracas Television (or RCTV) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.

History
Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.

In the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.

In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.

In the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.

On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.

On July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, "El Observador", will be made.

Problems

President Hugo Chávez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government.

Facts
 The host of "¿Quien Quiere Ser Millonario?" ("Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" in Venezuela) is Eladio Larez, who is also the president of RCTV.
 RCTV used to be seen on channel 7 (though in a few places, it can still be seen on that channel).

Other websites
 RCTV

Television networks
Caracas
1953 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Venezuela

RCTV


OMR (optical mark recognition) is a form of automated data input. Marks are made on a specially printed paper forms which are then read by an OMR reader. The data is then sent to a computer for processing.
One of the most common uses of OMR is in multiple choice examinations. Students mark their answers on specially printed sheets using either a pencil or a special marker. The sheets are then collected in and the data read using a sheet feed OMR scanner.

Other Uses
 Attendance registers in schools
 Survey forms for market research
 Time sheets in factories
 Lottery Forms
 School tests

Advantages
 The technology is easy to use and requires little training
 This helps us to easily detect mistakes in an answer sheet

Disadvantages
 Marks have to be accurately positioned to prevent mistakes
 False readings can make data entry slow

Computer hardware
Data input

Optical mark recognition


The International Socialist Alternative (), formerly Socialist Left Party (, SLP) is the Austrian section of International Socialist Alternative. The party originated in the 1980s, when the forerunner "Sozialistische Offensive Vorwärts" emerged from the far-left wing of the Socialist Youth of Austria. It later transformed itself during the protests against the participation of the FPÖ in the Austrian government in 2000 into SLP, forming itself as a party at a conference on January 30, 2000. In 2002, it ran in federal elections for the Nationalrat; however, it was unable to win a seat.

The ISA has several professed goals as part of their party plan for reform: social justice on a national and global level; a stop to the neo-liberal government's spending cuts and privatisation schemes; gender equality and equality for LGBTQAI+ persons; an end to Nazism, racism, and all forms of xenophobia; protection of the environment; as well as other topics relating to anti-globalisation. The party is also anti-EU on the basis of it serving only the interests of the ruling class. They however are in favour of a 'workers' EU' run in the interests of working people.

The ISA aims to help found an alternative to social democracy and what it terms the "bureaucratic-centralist" or "Stalinist" KPÖ. As a section of the International Socialist Alternative it has a Trotskyist analysis which rejects Stalinism as well the cultural revolution approach of Maoism. It also rejects social democracy, which it believes has become bourgeois. The ISA defines itself as a young, revolutionary pro-labour party.

In 2001, the party (under the then-name SLP) stood in elections in Vienna and received 100 voters, 0.01% of the vote in communal elections of 2001. However, since the SLP put itself up for votes in only one district (Zentrum), this equates to relatively 0.18% of all votes. The party campaigned also in other districts such as Margareten, where it received 139 votes, which totals to 0.68% of all votes.

In communal elections of 2005, the party campaigned again in the districts of Zentrum and Margareten. It was able to raise its votes to 124 in Zentrum (0.24% or 0.02% for all of Vienna); however, it lost in Margareten (90 votes, 0.47%). Because the SLP ran against the KPÖ in Margareten, their presence could have contributed to the narrow miss for the KPÖ in entering the communal assembly there, with their tally of 2.22%. The SLP also ran in Favoriten (0.19%) and Brigittenau (0.28%); however, neither result was enough to qualify for a seat.

In 2022, the SLP renamed itself to International Socialist Alternative, reflecting the character of the ISA as an international organisation.

Campaigns

Socialist Left Party activists have been prominent in defending abortion rights. In 2003, after writing an article criticizing the methods of anti-abortion group Human Life International (HLI), ISA member Claudia Sorger was taken to court, but won her case on July 10, 2003.

ISA members have also been prominent in a campaign at the Hellas Kagran football club against Martin Graf, a senior figure in the far-right FPÖ party, who was accused of using the training facilities for a party election rally. Lucia and Margarita Döller were suspended from playing for the club by an ally of Graf senior in the club for allegedly 'bringing the club into disrepute'. This included their participation in a demonstration against Graf being made the 3rd deputy speaker of Austrian parliament.

In addition, members of the AC Mauer U-18s, most prominently Sebastian Kugler, wore T-shirts protesting against this decision whilst warming up for a match against Hellas Kagran U-18s and were subsequently served with four-match suspensions by the Viennese Football Association. In a strange twist, the players were charged according to its rules regarding "racism and other prejudices", whilst the players facing disciplinary measures insist they were campaigning against a racist.

In the 2013 legislative election the party fielded a number of candidates that were legally unable to vote in Austria, in support of refugees.

References

External links

2000 establishments in Austria
Political parties established in 2000
Anti-fascist organizations
Anti-racist organizations in Europe
Communist parties in Austria
Eurosceptic parties in Austria
Austria
Trotskyist organizations in Europe

International Socialist Alternative (Austria)


Katharine Mary Briggs (8 November 1898 – 15 October 1980) was a British folklorist and writer, who wrote The Anatomy of Puck, the four-volume A Dictionary of British Folk-Tales in the English Language, and various other books on fairies and folklore. From 1969 to 1972, she was president of the Folklore Society, which established an award in her name to commemorate her life and work.

Biography
Katharine Briggs was born in Hampstead, London, the eldest of three surviving daughters of Ernest Edward Briggs, who came from Yorkshire (his family had had great success in coal mining in Halifax and Wakefield), and Mary Cooper. The other two sisters were named Winifred and Elspeth. Ernest was a watercolour artist with a specific interest in Scottish scenery who often told his children stories, possibly sparking Katharine's lifelong interest in them. The family moved to Perthshire in 1911, where Ernest built a house, Dalbeathie House. Ernest died there two years later in 1913. Katharine began attending Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford in 1918, obtained a BA in 1922, and took her MA in 1926.

Returning home (because of the family coal legacy, and a colliery in Normantown, she did not need to seek work), she began writing and running plays – the entire family enjoyed theatrical productions, and it was a lifelong interest of Katharine's – while she studied folklore and 17th-century English history. She gained her PhD with a thesis on Folklore in seventeenth-century literature (Folklore in Jacobean Literature) after the Second World War; during the war, she had been busy teaching in a Polish refuge school and working for the medical branch of the WAAF.

Briggs went on to become known as a folklorist. After her first book on British fairies, The Personnel of Fairyland, she went on to write many other books on fairies and folklore, including The Anatomy of Puck and its sequel, Pale Hecate's Team (1962), An Encyclopedia of Fairies (1976), as well as a number of children's books such as The Legend of Maiden-Hair (her first published book) or Hobberdy Dick, and Kate Crackernuts. A Dictionary of British Folk-Tales in the English Language: Part A: Folk Narratives (1970) was re-published in three volumes in 2011 as Folk Tales of Britain, and is described by Philip Pullman in its introduction as the fullest and the most authoritative collection of British folktales that exists.

In 1969 she was awarded the Doctorate in Literature, and made President of the Folklore Society, a post she held until 1972, and which named an award in her honour.

Briggs lived the latter part of her life at Barn House in Burford in Oxfordshire, and died aged 82 on 15 October 1980.

Legacy
The Katharine Briggs Folklore Award is an annual book prize established by the Folklore Society to commemorate her life and work and to encourage the study of folklore.

Published books
 The Personnel of Fairyland: A Short Account of the Fairy People of Great Britain for Those Who Tell Stories to Children, illustrated by Jane Moore (1953)
 Hobberdy Dick (1955) – children's novel
 The Anatomy of Puck: An Examination of Fairy Beliefs among Shakespeare's Contemporaries and Successors (1959)
 Pale Hecate's Team: An Examination of the Beliefs on Witchcraft and Magic among Shakespeare's Contemporaries and His Immediate Successors (1962)
 Kate Crackernuts, illus. Jane Kingshill (1963) – children's novel
 Folktales of England, eds. Briggs and Ruth L. Tongue (1965)
 The Fairies in Tradition and Literature (1967); US title The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature
 Dictionary of British Folk-Tales in the English Language (four vols., 1970–71)
 The Folklore of the Cotswolds, illus. Gay John Galsworthy (1974)
 A Dictionary of Fairies: Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures (1976); US title An Encyclopedia of Fairies: [etc]
 A Sampler of British Folk-Tales, compiled (1977); also published as British Folk-Tales and Legends: A Sampler
 The Vanishing People: A Study of Traditional Fairy Beliefs, illus. Mary I. French (1978); US subtitle Fairy Lore and Legends
 Abbey Lubbers, Banshees & Boggarts: A Who's Who of Fairies, illus. Yvonne Gilbert (1979); US subtitle An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies
  Nine Lives: Cats in Folklore, illus. John Ward (1980); US subtitle The Folklore of Cats

References

External links

 .
 .
 .
 .
 ; commemorates Briggs as scholar and former Folklore Society President.

1898 births
1980 deaths
English folklorists
British women folklorists
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
People from Burford
Writers from Hampstead
Women's Auxiliary Air Force airwomen
Presidents of the Folklore Society
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers

Katharine Mary Briggs


Songkran is a festival held every year in Thailand on April 13. This is Thailand's New Year's party. It celebrates the traditional New Year in the Thai calendar. The festival lasts all over the country for 3 days. However, in the northern city of Chiang Mai, it is six days. Long ago, Thai people used a different calendar from other places in the world. Their year started around April 13. Now, their year starts on January 1, but they still celebrate the New Year from April 13 to April 15.

People celebrate Songkran by throwing water at each other on the streets. It is exciting. It is also known as the Water Festival. Almost everyone gets wet, even the police. People put water on old people's hands. The only people who do not get wet are monks and babies. People throw water for many reasons. The most important one is to have a clean body and mind for the New Year. In Thailand, it is very hot at that time of year. So, people do not get angry when they get wet. People believe that water will wash away bad luck. It is also a time to visit family and give gifts. People go to the temple to pray and give food to monks. They also clean the Buddha images in temples with water and perfumes.

In Thailand, most people are Buddhist, so they keep statues of Buddha. On April 14, people dance and sing in the streets. They also carry their statues. They throw water at the Buddha statues to clean them. The water smells nice because it has flowers in it. The streets smell good during Songkran. Sometimes there is a contest to choose the most beautiful woman.

And the legend of the important ladies on Songkran Day is Nang Songkran. The seven daughters of Kabil Maha Phrom. They have their own names, but most of people called them as Nang Songkran or the Songkran Ladies and they ride on the animals. She stands on the animal's back if she comes in the morning rides on its back if she comes in the afternoon. For instance, in the year 1951, the Songkran Lady named Kimitha appeared on the 13th April at 1 o'clock 17 minutes and 56 seconds in the morning. She reclined with her eyes closed on the back of a buffalo. The time she appears is when the sun first enters the sign of Aries which heralds the beginning of Songkran New Year's Day..

Another thing people do at this time is they clean their houses. They also wear new clothes. All these things show that people are ready for the New Year.

References

Festivals in Asia
Thai culture

Songkran


The Metropolitan Center for High Technology, formerly S. S. Kresge World Headquarters, is an office building located at 2727 Second Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979. The office building is now part of Wayne State University and used as a business incubator for startup companies.

History
Sebastian S. Kresge was a prosperous traveling salesman when, in 1884, he purchased a part interest in two retail stores. One of them was located in Detroit; Kresge moved to the city and soon gained control of a five and dime retail store on Woodward. Kresge applied his own name to the store, and by 1899 was beginning to build a chain of five-and-dimes. By 1912, the chain had expanded to 85 Kresge stores.

Kresge incorporated his business, and set about constructing an impressive office building as its headquarters. He commissioned Albert Kahn to design an 18-story building, now known as the Kales Building, at Adams and Park. Kresge's prospered during World War I, and after the war it had begun to outgrow its home.

Kresge again hired Kahn to design a larger headquarters, this time located on Second at Cass Park, spacious enough to provide office facilities for 1,200 Kresge employees. The resulting building, completed in 1927, is unique for its horizontal massing as opposed to the vertical lines of the more common skyscraper, and won awards for its outstanding architecture.

Description
The Kresge World Headquarters is a limestone-faced building, constructed in the shape of a large E with the wings pointing away from the park. It covers a city block, and has  of office space. The central pavilion facing Cass Park is five-and-a-half stories; the wings are only four stories. The building is a mix of styles, with the standing-seam copper Mansard roof decorated with terra cotta cresting reminiscent of Second Empire style, and the clean lines of the facade clearly Art Deco in origin.

The ordered rows of windows emphasize the horizontal, while the classical Doric pilasters at the entrance emphasize the vertical. A bandcourse separates the fourth floor from the lower levels, and the floors above have smaller windows that nevertheless resemble the lower-tier windows.

The interior uses polished granite for the entrance with inlaid walnut paneling.

Kresge used these offices until the firm moved to suburban Troy in 1972. For some years after that, the building was used by the Detroit Institute of Technology. The building is part of Wayne State University, and has been used in part as an incubator for tech start-up firms known as the Metropolitan Center for High Technology. Offices for some Wayne State departments are located in this building.

References

Wayne State University
Office buildings in Detroit
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Buildings and structures completed in 1928
Retail company headquarters in the United States
Art Deco architecture in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Historic district contributing properties in Michigan
1928 establishments in Michigan
Sears Holdings buildings and structures
Detroit Institute of Technology
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Albert Kahn (architect) buildings

Metropolitan Center for High Technology


This is an article about the baseball player Joe Engel.  For the astronaut, see Joe Engle.

Joseph William Engel (March 12, 1893 – June 12, 1969) was an American left-handed pitcher and scout in Major League Baseball who spent nearly his entire career with the Washington Senators, and went on to become a promoter and team owner in the minor leagues. He was born in Washington, D.C. as one of six children of a German immigrant who owned a bar/hotel next door to the Washington Post building in the District of Columbia. Engel was married twice and lost his only child, son Bryant, due to a traffic accident in Nov. 1930 at age 9. Engel himself died in Chattanooga in 1969 at age 76.

Youth
Engel spent his youth playing with Kermit and Alice Roosevelt, two of the children of President Teddy Roosevelt. He was a Washington Senators batboy, and later a team mascot.

He attended Mount St. Mary's College, where he lettered in four sports – track, baseball, basketball, and football. Engel also pitched a perfect game at Mount St. Mary's College.

Major league career
Engel made it to the major leagues as a pitcher from 1912 to 1920. He played for the Senators for four seasons (1912–1915), where he was a roommate with Walter Johnson, compiling a record of 17–22. Engel became friends with Johnson: "Walter didn't drink or smoke and was more or less on the serious side. I liked my fun and as a youngster was something of a hell-raiser. But we just clicked." After the 1915 season, Engel played in only three more major league games–2 for the Cincinnati Reds in 1917 and 1919, and a final game for the Senators in 1920.

Scouting
When Senators owner Clark Griffith sent Engel off to the minor-league Minneapolis Millers, he reportedly told Engel to swap himself for someone who could play ball. Engel looked the Millers over, and sent back Ed Gharrity, a catcher. Gharrity turned out to be so good that Griffith hired Engel as a scout.  Engel became known as one of the greatest scouts in baseball history, discovering Goose Goslin, Joe Cronin, Alvin Crowder, Bump Hadley, Buddy Myer, Cecil Travis, Ossie Bluege, Bucky Harris, and Doc Prothro. Engel signed Cronin in Kansas City for $7,500 and brought him back to DC where he was named player/manager in 1933. Engel's discoveries helped bring the Senators three American League pennants in ten years.

Chattanooga Lookouts
Engel later became best known as one of the most eccentric promoters in baseball history. In late 1929, Griffith sent Engel to Chattanooga, Tennessee, to take over operations of Griffith's newly acquired farm team, the Chattanooga Lookouts. Engel immediately constructed one of the minor leagues' finest stadiums and named it Engel Stadium for himself.  He remained with the Lookouts for 34 years. One year, Engel had his players parade into the ball park on elephants for Opening Day. He traded a shortstop for a turkey, roasted it and served it to local sportswriters who had been "giving him the bird." He raffled off houses and automobiles, and had canaries singing in the grandstands. When the New York Yankees went to Chattanooga to play a pre-season exhibition game with his Lookouts, Engel located a female 17-year-old left-handed pitcher, Jackie Mitchell, who struck out both Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig.

Engel's promotions were a hit in Chattanooga, and fans flocked to the new ballpark. In 1932 the Lookouts won the Southern Association pennant for the first time in 40 years and beat the Texas League champions in the Dixie Series. In 1936, Engel decided to buy the Lookouts, but he didn't have enough cash. He persuaded 1,700 fans to buy shares of stock at $5.00/share to give the team "local ownership". The plan failed and one year later, Griffith took back financial control of the club. In 1939, Chattanooga won its second Southern Association pennant. In 1943, faced with dismal attendance during the War years, Engel briefly moved the franchise in mid-season to Montgomery, Alabama for the remainder of that season. The Lookouts were back in Chattanooga the following spring. All through the 1940s and 1950s Chattanooga remained the top farm club for the Washington Senators. In the mid-late 1950s Harmon Killebrew and Jim Kaat, along with other future major leaguers, spent time playing for the Lookouts. In 1960, he was presented with the King of Baseball award given by Minor League Baseball at the annual Winter meetings.

When a shortstop told Engel, "Pay me $5,000 or count me out", Engel replied with a telegram: "One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten."

Engel also branched out into broadcasting; he was the owner of WDEF-AM-TV for many years.

References

External links

Baseball Almanac
Image of Engel with the 1913 Washington Senators
Chattanooga Lookouts History Page
Time article from 1940

1893 births
1969 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers baseball players
Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers football players
Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers men's basketball players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Cincinnati Reds players
Washington Senators (1901–60) scouts
Minnesota Twins scouts
Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
Chattanooga Lookouts managers
Baseball players from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
American men's basketball players

Joe Engel


Arika Yumemiya is a fictional protagonist from the anime My-Otome.

Story
Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.

Arika is from the countryside, so she does not know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's clumsiness. When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.

They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.

They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.

Personality
Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she does not get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.

But when she sometimes does not understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she does not give up her dream to become an otome.

Meaning of name
Arika in Japanese means a place. Yume in her surname, Yumemiya, means dream. Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.

My-Otome

Arika Yumemiya


Proteins are lairge biological molecules, or macromolecules, consistin o ane or mair chains o amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array o functions athin organisms, includin catalysin metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respondin tae stimuli, an transportin molecules frae ane location tae anither. Proteins differ frae ane anither primarily in thair sequence o amino acids, that is dictatit bi the nucleotide sequence o thair genes, an that uisually results in protein foldin intae a speceefic three-dimensional structur that determines its acteevity.

A linear cheen o amino acid residues is cried a polypeptide. A protein conteens at least ane lang polypeptide. Short polypeptides, conteenin less nor 20–30 residues, are rarely conseedert tae be proteins an are commonly cried peptides, or whiles oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bondit thegither bi peptide bonds an adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence o amino acid residues in a protein is defined bi the sequence o a gene, that is encodit in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifees 20 staundart amino acids; houiver, in certaint organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine an—in certaint archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly efter or even in synthesis, the residues in a protein are eften chemically modifee'd bi post-translational modification, that alters the pheesical an chemical properties, fauldin, stability, activity, an ultimately, the function o the proteins. Whiles proteins hae non-peptide groups attached, that can be cried prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can an aa wirk thegither tae achieve a pairteecular function, an thay eften associate tae form stable protein complexes.

Ance formed, proteins anerly exeest for a certaint period o time an are then degradit an recycled bi the cell's machinery throu the process o protein turnower. A protein's lifespan is meisurt in terms o its hauf-life an covers a wide range. Thay can exist for minutes or years wi an average lifespan o 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal or misfauldit proteins are degradit mair rapidly aither due tae bein targetit for destruction or due tae bein unstable.

Lik ither biological macromolecules sic as polysaccharides an nucleic acids, proteins are essential pairts o organisms an pairteecipate in virtually ivery process within cells. Mony proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions an are vital tae metabolism. Proteins an aa hae structural or mechanical functions, sic as actin an myosin in muscle an the proteins in the cytoskeleton, that form a system o scaffauldin that maintains cell shape. Ither proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, an the cell cycle. In ainimals, proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that canna be synthesised. Digestion braks the proteins doun for uise in the metabolism.

Proteins mey be purified frae ither cellular components uisin a variety of techniques sic as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, an chromatography; the advent o genetic ingineerin haes made possible a nummer o methods tae facilitate purification. Methods commonly uised tae study protein structur an function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallografie, nuclear magnetic resonance an mass spectrometry.

Molecular biology
Nutreetion
Proteins
Proteomics

Protein


A sphygmomanometer ((, ; also called a blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge) is a device used to measure blood pressure in humans. It was first invented by an Austrian physician in 1881. They now come in different shapes and sizes. They can be found in many places.

The sphygmomanometer works by wrapping a tube of fabric (called a "cuff") around the arm or other body part. The cuff is filled up with air. That stops the flow of blood in the arm. The air is then released slowly until the blood flows again. The whole process, from start to finish, only takes about a minute.

Many sphygmomanometers are inflated by squeezing a bulb. A gauge shows how much the cuff is inflated. The gauge can be mechanical or hydraulic (filled with mercury).  It is important that the cuff is not inflated too much, so whoever is using the device has to use a stethoscope.

Some sphygmomanometers, especially those that people use at home, are automatic. They inflate using an electric pump. They show the blood pressure on a screen. They are meant to be very easy to use.

Medical equipment
Physiology
Blood pressure

Sphygmomanometer


Charles H. Whitebread (April 2, 1943 – September 16, 2008) was the George T. Pfleger Professor of Law at the University of Southern California Law School.  He was an authority on criminal law and criminal procedure, writing and lecturing on those and other subjects throughout the United States.

Early life
Whitebread was born on April 2, 1943, in Montgomery County, Maryland. He attended Princeton University (1965), where he was an honors graduate,  and Yale Law School (1968), where he was an editor for the Yale Law Journal.

Academic career
After briefly working at Wilmer Cutler & Pickering, he became a professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, where he taught for 13 years, and then moved to the University of Southern California Law School.

Whitebread was also a lecturer in criminal law and criminal procedure for BarBri. He was very popular with BarBri students, who have started Facebook groups in appreciation of his unique and humorous lectures.

It is believed that Whitebread taught more law students than any other professor in the country due to his long service and the nationwide publication of his criminal law and procedure lectures. It is also thought that Whitebread instructed more police officers than any other instructor in modern history through his long years as an instructor at the FBI school at Quantico.

Whitebread gave the keynote speech at the American Psychology and Law Society (APLS) Annual Conference in Jacksonville, Florida on March 6, 2008.

Writings
Whitebread was a prolific legal writer, who published a dozen books and over 30 law review articles, which includes Criminal Procedure, Children in the Legal System, The Eight Secrets of Top Exam Performance in Law School, and co-authored The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of American Marijuana Prohibition (http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/vlr/vlrtoc.htm) in the 1970 Virginia Law Review (Vol. 56 OCT. 1970 NUMBER 6) which became the seminal work for The Marihuana Conviction originally published in 1974. (http://product.half.ebay.com/The-Marihuana-Conviction-A-History-of-Marihuana-Prohibition-in-the-United-States-by-Richard-J-Bonnie-and-Charles-H-Whitebread-1974-Book-Illustrated/1599039) Dave 09:12, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

References

External links
 rcf.usc.edu
Announcement of Whitebread's death from Above The Law
Eulogy for Charles Whitebread by Susan Estrich

1940s births
2008 deaths
American legal scholars
Princeton University alumni
University of Southern California faculty
University of Virginia School of Law faculty
Yale Law School alumni
People from Montgomery County, Maryland
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr people

Charles Whitebread


Count Jan Klemens Branicki (also known as Jan Kazimierz Branicki; 21 September 1689 – 9 October 1771) was a Polish nobleman, magnate and Hetman, Field Crown Hetman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1735 and 1752, and Great Crown Hetman between 1752 and 1771. One of the wealthiest Polish magnates in the 18th century, owner of 12 towns, 257 villages and 17 palaces. He was the last male representative of the Branicki family.

He was a recipient of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece.

Biography
He was the son of the Palatine of Podlaskie Voivodeship Stefan Mikołaj Branicki and Katarzyna Scholastyka Sapieha, the daughter of Hetman Kazimierz Jan Sapieha. Jan had three wives:

The first wife was Princess Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł, the daughter of Count and Grand Marshal Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, whom he married on 1 October 1720 in Biała Podlaska.

His second wife was Barbara Szembek in 1732; this marriage ended in a divorce.

His third and last wife was Izabella Poniatowska, the daughter of the magnate Stanisław Poniatowski, whom he married in 1748.

He was Podczaszy of Lithuania (podczaszy litewski) in 1723, Grand Standard-Bearer of the Crown (chorąży wielki koronny) in 1724, commander of an infantry regiment (szef regimentu pieszego) in 1726, Artillery General of the Crown (generał artylerii koronnej) in 1728, hetman polny koronny in 1735, Palatine of Kraków Voivodship (wojewoda krakowski) in 1746, hetman wielki koronny in 1752 and Castellan of Kraków (kasztelan krakowski) in 1762. He was the Starost of Brańsk, Bielsk Podlaski, Mościsk, Janów Lubelski, Bohusław, Złotoryja, Krośno and Jezierzysk (starosta brański, bielski, mościcki, janowski, bohuslawski, złotoryjski, krośnienski, jezierzyski).

Branicki was one of the most powerful and influential magnates in Poland of the 18th century. He was the leader of the magnates party. Connected with the Radziwiłł and Potocki families and an opponent of the "Familia".

He sympathized with confederates of the Radom Confederation and the Confederation of Bar. Branicki was the owner of Białystok. At that time Białystok began to develop. In 1745 he established a military and engineer school and a theatre.

In 1763–1764 he ran in the election for the King of Poland, but was beaten by his brother-in-law Stanisław Poniatowski.

Marriage and issue
He married three times:
Princess Katarzyna Barbara Maria Radziwillówna (Biała Podlaska, 6 December 1693 - Białystok, 16 October 1730) in Biała Podlaska, on 1 October 1720
Barbara Szembekówna in 1732 and divorced
Izabella Poniatowska on 19 November 1748 with no issue.

Awards
 Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, since 1726.
 Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish Order)

Bibliography
 Władysław Konopczyński: Branicki Jan Klemens. W: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. T. 2: Beyzym Jan – Brownsford Marja. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1936, s. 404–407. Reprint: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Kraków 1989,
 Alina Sztachelska-Kokoczka Magnackie dobra Jana Klemensa Branickiego, 2006

References

External links
 http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/jan_klemens_branicki_1689_1771_hetman_abnegat.html
Karol Łopatecki: O instytucji dożywocia na przykładzie małżeństwa Jana Klemensa i Izabeli Branickich, "Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa" 9 (2016), 1, pp. 39–66.

See also

 Branicki Palace
 Białystok

Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Castellans of Kraków
Candidates for the Polish elective throne
1689 births
1771 deaths
Jan Klemens
People from Białystok
Bar confederates
Radom confederates
People from Tykocin
Field Crown Hetmans
Great Crown Hetmans
Koliivshchyna
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Jan Klemens Branicki


Sue Haywood (born October 9, 1971) is a retired professional mountain bike racer.  She raced for team Trek Volkswagen along with notables Jeremiah Bishop, Travis Brown, Chris Eatough, Lea Davison and Ross Schnell.

Sue Haywood was awarded $318,647.14 in a civil case against USA Cycling for not being awarded a spot on the 2004 Olympic Team after a sketchy selection process.

Major wins
2007
1st Transrockies—Open Women (2-person team with Hillary Harrison)
1st Shenandoah 100 - New course record
2006
1st Solo World Championships by 24 Hours of Adrenalin
1st Shenandoah 100
1st NORBA National Short Track Championships
1st NORBA National Super-D Championships
2005
1st Overall, NORBA #2, Arizona
1st, TT NORBA #2
2004
1st, Chequamagon Fat Tire Festival
1st, Great Wall Cycling Festival, Beijing, China
1st, Pan American Championships
2003
1st overall, NORBA Short Track Championship
1st NORBA NCS STXC, Big Bear, California
1st Stage 1, Subaru Nova Desert Classic
1st Stage 2, Subaru Nova Desert Classic
2002
1st Team, 24 Hours of Moab, Moab, Utah
2001
US Short Track Champion 1st, UCI World Cup, Time Trial, Durango, Colorado
1st, 24 Hours of Moab, Utah

External links

 May 2005 interview by Cycling News

1971 births
Living people
American female cyclists
Marathon mountain bikers
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Sue Haywood


Dondurma or Turkish mastic ice cream (, the ice cream of Maraş city). It is much more difficult and heavy than the Arabic mastic ice cream. It has more fatty because it has more sweet cream or heavy cream with a high fat percentage. In the past, people who lived in the mountains made it with snow, goat milk, mastic, and "dried orchidaceae powder" (type of "tubers"). In southeast Turkey, the ice cream was more solid and sticky because of the powder of the orchid flowers that grow there. This ice cream is so solid that a knife and fork is used to eat it.

In the Turkish Culture
Dondurma is commonly sold from both street vendors' carts and store fronts, where the mixture is churned regularly with long-handled paddles to keep it workable. Vendors often tease the customer by serving the ice cream cone on a stick, and then taking away the dondurma with the stick by rotating it around, before finally giving it to the customer. This sometimes results in misunderstandings among customers unfamiliar with the practice. Vendors often wear traditional clothing of the Ottoman period. In some places in Turkey it is customary to treat the ice cream as a Shawarma and cut it with a butcher knife.

Mastic ice cream
Mastic ice cream is common in Turkey, and Syria. It is named after the Mastic (plant resin) spice being traditionally produced on Greek island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, in its natural form it is "tears" or drops. Because the real mastic is expensive and difficult to find, ice cream sellers of the other countries prefer to replace the mastic spice with glucose.

a few years after than in the end of the 19th century the Persian ice cream which called: "Bastani Sonnati" was first made for the Persian king and based on the Mastic ice creams with Eggs and Spicees and for seasoning Persian desserts.

In the Middle East only the Arabic version of the ice cream is known, compared to the Far East which sells only the Turkish version of the ice cream. in Greece the Mastic ice creams is known only in areas close to Turkey and there it is called: "Kaimaki" by the locals.

Related pages
 Booza

Other websites

 The Tears of Chios – Mastic ice cream adventures
 Greek Mastic Ice Cream
 Ice Cream of Kahramanmaraş
 SBS food - Dondurma (Turkish Ice-cream)

Mastic ice creams
Food

Dondurma


George Boleyn (1504? - May 17 1536) was the brother of his famous sister Anne Boleyn and his other sister Mary Boleyn. His parents were Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth Howard.

Biography
George was born in 1504, probably in Blickling, although it is unsure. George Boleyn was well known for serving the King (Henry VIII ), he was most favored by him. His sister, Anne, became queen because of the help of his Uncle (The Duke of Norfolk) and his Father (Thomas Boleyn). His two sisters, Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII), and Mary Boleyn (Mistress of the King) were his only two friends. They spent much time together. He married Jane Parker, also known as Lady Jane Rochford. He was not happy with his marriage, he was only engaged to her by their Uncle. As a Boleyn/Howard (Howard, Mothers maiden name) he had to obey. His obedience towards his family made him unhappy. He refused to sleep with his wife, so instead spent many nights with his sisters in Anne's rooms. Mary would be there, for she was Anne's lady in waiting. All three of the Boleyns were very close.

Downfall
George Boleyn had a very close relationship with his sister Anne. He was also close with his other sister, but Mary focused more on her family with her husband (William Stafford). George and Anne's downfall happened when Henry VIII accused them of incest. Mary Boleyn was not with them at the time of their exile. She chose to hide because of her children. If she had not hidden herself, she too would have been killed. It was likely a false charge by Henry VIII so he could get rid of Anne Boleyn. George's wife claimed that George and Anne had an affair. At her own execution, Lady Jane Rochford claimed that "God has permitted me to suffer this shameful doom as punishment for having contributed to my husband's death. I falsely accused him of loving in an incestuous manner, his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn. For this I deserve to die."

1500s births
1536 deaths

People from Norfolk

George Boleyn


Illegal drugs are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use by law.

A drug is any chemical that affects the human body or mind when taken in any way.

Drugs and the law
Each country and place has different laws for different drugs.

Some drugs are allowed only if you have permission (called a "prescription") from a doctor. Other drugs are illegal, meaning a person is never allowed to have them.

If the police find a person with drugs they are not allowed to have, the person may be taken to court. Court cases may result in fines (when a person is required to pay money to the government), prison, or in some countries execution.

Why some drugs are illegal
A country may want to stop drugs because of the negative effect on the people that use them, or because making the drug illegal will make the government more money.

A psychoactive drug affects the brain. Most laws against drugs are against psychoactive drugs.

Why people use drugs
Some people use drugs as medicine if they are sick to help make them feel better.

Some people might use drugs recreationally (for fun), these are usually controlled drugs.

Some people use drugs to make themselves more productive or to help themselves stay awake, in this case they would use a stimulant such as amphetamines or caffeine.

Some people also use drugs because they are addicted. (See "Health effects of drugs" below)

For spiritual or religious reasons.

Some Christians use small doses of wine as part of their religious ceremonies.

Some members of the Native American Church use Peyote (a type of cactus that contains the drug mescaline).

Some Hindus use cannabis (containing THC and CBD) as part of their religious rites.

Health effects
Drugs can have many effects on a person's health. Some drugs cause many people to die every year. Tobacco and alcohol can cause death, other drugs do not cause death. Cannabis and psilocybin mushrooms ("magic mushrooms") do not cause death. But all drugs affect one's health.

Someone using drugs may get "intoxicated". Intoxicated people may do dangerous things. They may be unable to safely drive or operate machinery.

Overdose occurs when someone uses too much of a drug. Overdosing is very dangerous. It can cause death. Some drugs are easy to overdose on (heroin, alcohol, and aspirin). Other drugs are difficult to overdose on (LSD, cannabis). Many drugs cause long-term (long-lasting) health effects. Smoking tobacco can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol damages the liver (cirrhosis).

Many drugs are used as medicine to help make sick people better. Opiates (morphine, heroin and codeine) are analgesics (painkillers). Nitrous oxide and ketamine are used as anesthetics (to force someone to sleep) for surgical operation. Amphetamines are legally prescribed to treat attention disorders in some countries, such as the United States.

Combining drugs often causes negative effects. One may die if they combine multiple drugs.

Addiction and dependence
An addiction is the repeated use of a drug. An addict (person with an addiction) uses the drug again and again. Addicts will continue to use the drug, even if the drug hurts them. Addiction causes cravings for the drug. A craving is an intense need for the drug's effects. Drug tolerance occurs when a person's body adapts to a drug. The body becomes more resistant to the drug and craves the drug all the time. If a dependent person stops taking the drug, they may become very sick or die. Medical help is often required to stop addiction.

Addiction and dependence can happen separately from each other. People can be addicted to things that are not drugs, like gambling or sex.

Some psychoactive drugs are known to be very addictive (causing addiction, like alcohol, heroin, tobacco, methamphetamine and cocaine) other drugs are known to be slightly less addictive (such as khat, cannabis and caffeine) or not addictive at all (such as LSD and Psilocybin mushrooms).

People with anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression have a higher chance of getting addicted.

Uses
Different drugs are used in different ways. The same drug can be available in different forms, and each form is used a certain way.

For example, Crack cocaine (cocaine in solid form) is smoked or vaporized, but Powder cocaine (cocaine that looks like salt) is snorted.

Some ways drugs can be taken
 Orally – The drug is placed in the mouth, then swallowed. Pills are used orally.
 Smoked – The drug is burned, then the smoke is inhaled. Pipes, bongs, cigars and cigarettes are used to smoke.
 Insufflated – The drug is a powder. The powder is snorted directly into the nose.
 Vaporized – The drug is heated until it turns into a vapor. The vapor is breathed in.
 Sublingually – The drug is placed under the tongue. The drug is absorbed through the vein under the tongue. Dissolving tablets are an example of sublingual drug use.
 Buccally – The drug is absorbed through the cheek. The drug is placed between the cheek and the gums.
 Intravenous (also called IV) – The drug is injected into the veins. Usually, it is injected through the arm. A needle and syringe is used for injection.
 Intramuscular (also called IM) – The drug is injected into a muscle. A needle and syringe are also used for injection.
 Rectally – The drug is placed in the anus and absorbed there. The anal drug is called a suppository.
 Transdermally – The drug is absorbed through the skin. Nicotine patches and fentanyl patches are used transdermally.

Orally is the slowest method of using a drug because it must be digested in the stomach first. Injecting a drug (IV or IM) is the fastest method of using a drug. IV and IM drugs are most likely to cause an overdose. It is important to use clean needles to inject. Injecting with used or dirty needles spreads deadly infections (such as Hepatitis C or HIV).

Smoking anything can cause cancer. Smoking can also lead to emphysema (a disease of the lungs). Snorting a drug can lead to ear, nose, and throat conditions. Eating a drug can cause oral (mouth related) problems, like tooth decay.

Types of psychoactive drugs and their effects
There are many categories (types) of psychoactive drugs (drug that affects the brain). These categories have subcategories (categories inside categories). For example, benzodiazepines and opiates are both subcategories of depressants. Some drugs, such as ketamine have elements of two categories (hallucinogens and depressants). Every drug is different, so it is important to know the effects of each individual drug.

Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens change the way people see, hear, feel or think. The three main groups of hallucinogens are: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. Each group has different effects. They may cause hallucinations. Hallucinations are a feeling, sound, or sight that does not exist. When one hallucinates, they feel, hear, or see something that is not truly there.

Stimulants
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system. People using stimulants may feel happy and excited. Also, they have more energy, concentration, or motivation. Stimulants may cause difficulty sleeping.

Depressants ("Downers")

Depressants slow down the central nervous system. People using depressants feel happy and content, and sleepy and relaxed. Depressants slow down bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate. They may also make speaking or moving difficult. The difficulty speaking is "slurred speech".

Anti-psychotics
Antipsychotics are used to balance one's moods or stop hallucinations. Many anti-psychotics are legal prescription drugs. One can have them if they have a prescription (doctor's permission). Anti-depressants help depression. Some anti-depressants are also anti-psychotics.

References

Illegal drugs

Illegal drugs


Robert "Cupid" Stewart Sparks (1871–1932) was a  Los Angeles City Council member in the 1920s. He was the first person to represent the 5th District under a new city charter effective in 1925. Earlier, he was given the nickname "Cupid" while he managed Los Angeles' marriage licensing bureau for 19 years. Robert, along with his wife, ran an informal matchmaking service throughout Los Angeles County.

Biography

Sparks was born on March 31, 1871, in Anoka, Minnesota,  the son of Henry Sparks. He graduated with an engineering degree from the University of Minnesota in Saint Paul and moved to Los Angeles in 1894 to engage in the real-estate business; he was married to Edith McGinty of that city the same year. They had one son, Richard.

Sparks entered the office of the County Clerk as deputy in charge of the marriage-license division in December 1912 and there was given the nickname "Cupid" during his tenure. He was ousted as deputy in 1920 after L. E. Lampton was elected clerk,. Tension with Clerk Lampton began as Robert refused to publish news of marriage licenses being issued to movie stars. These included the marriage of Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford as well Charlie Chaplin and Mildred Harris. Robert also operated an informal matchmaking service from "having received thousands of letters from lonely men and women asking for his assistance in securing mates." He and his wife would "study the letters, and from the descriptions given we match up the requirements as best we can, and then I put the husband-seekers and wife-seekers in touch with each other by letter. Hundreds of marriages have resulted." Robert said he would continue the practice after his election to the City Council in 1921 but "out of office hours."

In 1923, on the occasion of his 29th wedding anniversary, he noted that he had issued more than 200,000 marriage licenses and gave this advice to husbands:

Self-preservation and protection is the first law for husbands, and to have a happy married life, such as I have had, remember the anniversaries with gifts for the wives. They expect it. If husbands do this and storm clouds arise, and the matrimonial lute shows signs of piping some sour notes, the wives recall that their husbands, alone and unaided, did remember the anniversaries, and the difficulties melt away.

Between 1923 and 1925 Sparks returned to the real-estate business and also purchased the Los Angeles Chronicle, a newspaper for city employees. He became a county employee again in December 1931 as assistant chief real-estate appraiser in the County Assessor's Office.

A Presbyterian, he was a member of the Elks, Knights of Pythias, Woodmen of the World, Masons and Union League. He was a Republican.

He was living at 2646 South Normandie Avenue when he died on March 25, 1932. He was buried in Rosedale Cemetery.

City  Council

Elections

In the May 1921 primary election Sparks placed 15th in a citywide field of more than 30 candidates, with the top 18 being nominated for a final round in June. In the general election, he placed first and was thus chosen, along with eight other successful candidates, for a  two-year term on the council.

Sparks placed seventh in the citywide primary of May 1923, with 26,971 votes, and was nominated for re-election. In the June final he came in 11th, with 34,458 votes, and was defeated; only the top nine vote-getters were elected.

Sparks was out of the council for two years, but in 1925 he returned as the first person to represent the 5th District under the new city charter, which replaced the former at-large election system with one based on single-member constituencies. He was elected 4,379 votes to John Topham's 3,075. In 1925, the 5th District was bounded by Washington Street on the north, the city limits on the east, Exposition Boulevard on the south and Vermont Avenue on the west.

He ran again in the 1927 election but this time he was linked to the unpopular mayoral administration of George E. Cryer, and he was soundly defeated in the final round by Virgil A. Martin, 7,843-2,889. Before that election he was criticized for having mailed letters on official city stationery to people who were on a tentative list for appointment as election precinct workers, asking them to call on him to "discuss with you some matters in which I am interested."

Council actions

One of the first controversial votes cast by Sparks was in opposition to a proposal by religious groups for a seven-member commission to regulate the showing of motion pictures in Los Angeles. He said he was "flatly opposed" to censorship, and the idea was eventually killed by the City Council amid a storm of protests by both sides. A later resolution defending the film industry, authored by Sparks, was adopted. The "reflections cast upon this industry and its people are the work of a malignant minority," it read.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/161103035 "Cinema Fair Play Urged by Council," Los Angeles Times," February 21, 1922]</ref>

It was Sparks who introduced a successful resolution into the City Council on January 15, 1923, for the formation of a Board of Freeholders that was assigned to develop a new city charter for Los Angeles. The move was supported by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce.

He also called on the city to require private hospitals to give emergency care to accident victims to avoid the "long delays in transporting injured persons to the Receiving Hospital at First and Hill streets."

In 1925 he voted against  a request by the Humane Animal Commission for funding of five additional inspectors: "You know how I stand about animals," said Sparks, a former president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. "All those inspectors do is to pursue poor people for the measly $2 dog tax. Every child should have a dog. yet many children cannot have dogs because of this tax." The next year he opposed placing on the election ballot a measure that would allow animal-control officers to, as he said, "go on the premises of a dog owner and take away any dog not tied up or on a leash. In other words, the ordinance would permit one's personal property to be seized."

References

Access to the Los Angeles Times'' links may require the use of a library card.

Los Angeles City Council members
1871 births
1932 deaths
Burials at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery
Matchmakers
People from Anoka, Minnesota
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
California Republicans

Robert Stewart Sparks


The assassination of President James A. Garfield happened in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield was shot in the back by Charles J. Guiteau at about 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States.

Guiteau shot Garfield after being mad at him about not receiving credit for Garfield's victory in 1880 after he wrote a speech about Garfield but never made the speech. The 31st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives James G. Blaine was at Garfield's side when he was shot down.

Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881 aged 49. He was the second of four presidents to be assassinated, after Abraham Lincoln and the next president to be assassinated would be William McKinley and next John F. Kennedy. His vice president, Chester A. Arthur, became the next president after Garfield. And on June 2, 1882, Guiteau was executed by hanging, aged 40.

Garfield also lived the longest after the shooting than the other presidents who were assassinated. Lincoln and Kennedy died less than a day after being shot, and McKinley died a week later.

1881
1880s in the United States
Garfield, James A
James A. Garfield
Murder in the 19th century
19th century in Washington, D.C.
July events

Assassination of James A. Garfield


The Battle of Waterloo was a battle that was fought between the French on one side and the British and the Prussians on the other.

Napoleon Bonaparte was Emperor of France and had started and lost the Napoleonic Wars.  He had built an empire that stretched from Spain to the Russian border.  Defeated at the Battle of Leipzig and elsewhere, he accepted exile on the island of Elba in 1814.

In February 1815, he returned to France and again took control of the French Army.  He attacked his enemies in what is now Belgium and was defeated at Waterloo.  It was the last battle of the Napoleonic Wars.

Prelude
In earlier days, Napoleon seemed unstoppable until two separate campaigns failed.  He gathered a huge army to invade and to conquer Russia in 1812.  His army was caught by the Russian winter and destroyed.  The countries of Eastern Europe, led by Austria and Prussia, began to ally against him, forcing his troops back towards France.  Meanwhile, a small army in Portugal and Spain, led by Arthur Wellesley, who later became Duke of Wellington, began to push Napoleon's troops out of Spain.

By 1814, Napoleon faced total defeat, with invasions from all sides. A peace treaty was arranged. in which he would abdicate (give up the throne) and live on a small Mediterranean island, Elba, with a small army. He was replaced as ruler of France by Louis XVIII, a brother of Louis XVI.

Hundred Days
On Elba, Napoleon was not content. He had been promised money by the new French government, but it did not keep its promise. His wife, an Austrian princess, and his sons were forbidden to visit him.

Messages from France showed that his enemies were quarreling. He seized his opportunity, went by ship in February 1815 and landed in France again. His welcome was very mixed. Many French were tired of war and the death and suffering that it made. However, others wanted a return to the power and glory of the old days and saw Napoleon as their best hope.

His first days were tense but his personal leadership and persuasion gained the support of the army.  When Louis XVIII panicked and fled the country, there was little to stop Napoleon returning to Paris and being emperor again.

Waterloo Campaign
What Napoleon needed now was a period of time to organise himself and the French army. The allies were caught completely by surprise, and their only chance to stop him lay with two small armies in Belgium: a British and Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army, commanded by Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher .

Napoleon decided on a further gamble. He gathered an army and prepared a surprise attack on Wellington and Blücher and hoped to catch them unprepared. His plan was successful at first, and he crossed the Belgian border before Wellington and Blücher could join forces.

Ligny and Quatre Bras
His first battle was at Ligny, and after a fierce day of fighting, he defeated the Prussian army, forcing it to retreat. Thinking that Blücher would retreat back to Prussia, Napoleon turned his attention towards Wellington. There was already a small battle at Quatre Bras, as Wellington tried to delay the French advance. That gave Wellington enough time to prepare a full defensive position across the road leading to Brussels near the village of Waterloo.

The French army advanced towards them and set up their camp on a ridge facing the combined British and Dutch army. Heavy rain caused delays and confusion, and both sides settled down for the night in the mud to await the dawn and the forthcoming battle.

Napoleon's army faced Wellington's Anglo-Dutch army near Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's troops were deployed behind a low ridge, which partially protected them from the French massed artillery.

Phase 1 – Attack on Hougoumont
At around 11:00, Napoleon ordered his guns to open fire. The French infantry began an attack against the Château of Hougoumont, defended by the British Foot Guards. That was intended to draw Wellington's reserves away from the centre, where Napoleon's main attack would fall. According to records, Hougomont was considered to be vital to winning the battle.

Phase 2 – French infantry attacks
At 13:30, Napoleon launched an infantry attack against Wellington's centre. Men of the King's German Legion resolutely defended the farm of La Haye Sainte, which disrupted the French attack. The British artillery and musketry succeeded in checking the French assault, and the British Household and Union heavy cavalry brigades charged after the wavering Frenchmen. Excited by their success, the British cavalry pursued their enemy too far and in turn suffered terrible casualties at the hands of the French lancers and light cavalry.

Phase 3 – French cavalry attacks
At 15.00, the Anglo-Dutch army appeared to be retreating (moving back) after the heavy bombardment that it had received all day and so General Marshal Michel Ney led a massed French cavalry attack against Wellington's centre. However, the British infantry had been retreating only to regroup and to tend the wounded, and it formed squares to defend itself from the cavalry attack. The French took terrible casualties, as they circled the solid formations of infantrymen.

The situation further deteriorated for Napoleon as Blücher's Prussian troops launched an attack at Plancenoit to his rear at 16.30.

Phase 4 – Prussians begin to increase pressure
By early evening, the French attack at Hougoumont, which was intended as a diversion, had the opposite effect. The French committed more and more troops to the bitter fighting around the château, which was held by only a small force of British Guardsmen. More French reserves were being sent to meet the Prussian threat to the rear of Napoleon's army at Plancenoit. However, the French had at last succeeded in capturing the farm of La Haye Sainte, only a short distance from Wellington's centre.

Phase 5 – Attack by Imperial Guard
At approximately 19.30 Napoleon committed his last reserves in a final effort to obtain victory. As the Prussians arrived to bolster Wellington's flank, veterans of the French Imperial Guard advanced to finish the job. The British infantry, exhausted from the continuous heavy gunfire that it had had received all day, rose to meet them. The musketry of the British Guards Brigade defeated Napoleon's finest troops, who fled. The whole French army joined those troops in retreat. Wellington ordered his entire line to advance, and the French were driven from the field.

References

Further reading
.
Battle of Waterloo -Citizendium

1815
Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo
Wallonia
Walloon Brabant
Waterloo

Battle of Waterloo


Metroid Prime: Trilogy is a compilation video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It was released on August 24, 2009 in North America, on September 4, 2009 in Europe, and on October 15, 2009 in Australia. It includes the games Metroid Prime, Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption. In this game, Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 2: Echoes have the same control system used in Metroid Prime 3: Corruption. They also have shorter load times and better graphics.

2009 video games
Wii games
Metroid Prime
Compilation video games

Metroid Prime: Trilogy