Meridian was a comic book series published by CrossGen Comics. It was written by Barbara Kesel, and penciled by a number of artists including Joshua Middleton and Steve McNiven. Meridian ran for 44 issues, from July of 2000 to April of 2004.

Storyline details
Meridian, the series' namesake, is one of many island city-states upon the world of Demetria. At some point in the world's history, a great natural cataclysm threw massive chunks of earth into the sky, creating the current system of floating islands. The islands, as well as the airships crucial to trade and transport, defy gravity due to the mysterious properties of a certain 'ore' which is not named. Each island is headed by a Minister, who has more or less monarchic power over their respective island, and while many communities still survive on the surface, contact and trade between the surface and the islands is rare.

The main character of the series is Sephie, the daughter of Turos, the Minister of Meridian. Her childhood friend Jad Takarty is in love with her. Her father dies at the beginning of the series, and Sephie becomes Minister of Meridian, acquiring at the same time a mysterious Sigil, a mark upon her forehead, which grants her an array of powers. Gradually, she learns to use it to allow her to fly, to heal others, to repair things, and in a handful of other ways. However, her Uncle Ilahn, Minister of Cadador, another of the floating island city-states, has a Sigil as well, which allows him to destroy things and teleport. He attempts to use his powers, and his significant political influence, to seize Meridian from Sephie's control, and to create an economic and industrial empire, demanding tribute from other islands, if not conquering them outright.

Sephie sets out to stop him.  After learning more about her powers and her family's past, acquiring equipment and support, and meeting new friends and allies, she sets about perpetrating piracy upon her uncle's trade routes and fights him directly on a number of occasions.

As with most of the core CrossGen titles, Meridian crosses over into the other titles to some extent, and into the underlying 'uberplot' that connects all the core titles together. While not fully central to the conflict between Sephie and her uncle Ilahn, there are appearances by members of The First who are the Gods of the CrossGen universe, as well as by Samandahl Rey, the main hero of the title Sigil, and others. In the end, Sephie and Ilahn join the heroes (and villains) of the other core titles to fight an enemy called "the Negation" in a limited series called Negation War.  Negation War was left unfinished when CrossGen filed for bankruptcy in the middle of 2004.

The background of the series is expanded upon in CrossGen Chronicles #3, which concerns the early life of Turos and Ilahn.

Collections
Four trade paperbacks compiling the story arcs of Meridian were released before the bankruptcy of Crossgen:
Meridian Volume 1: Flying Solo - Collected issues #1-7
Meridian Volume 2: Going to Ground - Collected issues #8-14
Meridian Volume 3: Taking the Skies - Collected issues #15-20
Meridian Volume 4: Coming Home - Collected issues #21-26

The next three collections were solicited, but never published:
Meridian Volume 5: Minister of Cadador - Issues #27-32
Meridian Volume 6: Changing Course - Issues #33-38
Meridian Volume 7: The Mystery of Sheristan

There was also a small 5.5in x 8in "Traveller" edition of Volume 1 released.

2000 comics debuts
CrossGen titles
Fantasy comics

Meridian (comics)


Online games are games usually on the internet to entertain people. They are usually games where you have to control a certain person or object to do something. Most online games use the arrow keys, space bar and other keyboard characters to control the person or object. These can be referred to as mini games.

The other type of online games is a larger network where players log in with a user name and the game lets them interact with other 'players' and develop statistics, high scores, earn money, awards, badges or stamps. The games tend to be based on animals or virtual worlds.

Online game


Dick Turpin (1705 – 7 April 1739) was an English highwayman.  He made a lot of money through many criminal activities, such as poaching, burglary, horse theft and murder. He is most famous for 'highway robbery', on his horse, Black Bess. He was eventually captured and hanged at York Castle in 1739.

Turpin was born in Hempstead, Essex. He was firstly believed to be involved with a gang of poachers, who stole and sold deer that belonged to the King.  The rest of his gang were captured and hanged in 1735.

After this, Turpin started robbing rich people on the highways between cities. He did not stay in one place, so police could not catch up with him. He robbed people across the South of England.  For a while, he tried to hide by calling himself John Palmer.

However, people were suspicious that he had a lot of money, and he was arrested for horse theft. He was charged with this offence and hanged in Knavesmire, York on 7 April 1739.

1700s births
1739 deaths
British burglars
British robbers
English murderers
Executed English people
People executed by hanging
People from Essex

Dick Turpin


The cacao tree is a small tree originally grown in tropical South America. It only grows to 4 to 8 meters in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, chocolate drinks, and chocolate. Now the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.

Cultivation
Cacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.

A tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1 kg of cocoa paste.

There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.

Cacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucatán, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s.

Other websites
The food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg

Malvaceae

Cacao tree


The Middle Department was an administrative military district created by the United States War Department early in the American Civil War to administer the troops in the Middle Atlantic states.

The department was created on March 22, 1862 by the Adjutant General's Office in Washington, D.C.  It combined all Federal troops in the states of New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and the counties of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, and Harford in Maryland, with headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland. Maj. Gen. John A. Dix was designated as its first commander.

The Middle Department was dissolved July 22, 1862, when it was renamed VIII Corps.  Although no longer an official organization, the Middle Department designation continued to be used in reference to VIII Corps and the general administrative district that it originally encompassed.

Commanders
 Major General John A. Dix - March 22, 1862 to June 9, 1862
 Major General John E. Wool - June 9, 1862 to July 22, 1862

See also
 VIII Corps

References
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1862
Middle Department
1862 establishments in the United States

Middle Department


The Soan River () is a river in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the most important stream of the Pothohar region. It drains much of the water of Pothohar. It also forms the northern border of Bannu District.

The river starts near a small village Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Murree. It provides water to Simblee Dam, which is reservoir of water for Islamabad. Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range and that is a wonderful phenomenon of nature. The place is called Swan Cut. No stream can cut such a high mountain. It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range. And when the mountain rose through millions of years, the stream continued its path by cutting the rising mountain. Ling stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala.

Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it. Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp. After walking a tortuous path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the Indus river. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. For grinding wheat, you can find ancient types of flour mills near Chakian. Fishing is not possible in this stream as a profession. Rohu is the main species of fish in this stream. Kingfisher birds hunt here too.

Rivers of Pakistan
Tributaries of the Indus River

Soan River


Eric Lansdown Trist (11 September 1909 – 4 June 1993) was an English scientist and leading figure in the field of organizational development (OD). He was one of the founders of the Tavistock Institute for Social Research in London.

Biography
Trist was born in 1909 in Dover, Kent, England of a Cornish father, Frederick Trist, and a Scottish mother, Alexina Trist nee Middleton. He grew up in Dover experiencing dramatic air raids in the first world war. He went to Cambridge University - Pembroke College in 1928, where he read English Literature, graduating with first-class honours. Influenced heavily by his don I. A. Richards he became interested in Psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Psychoanalysis, and went on to read psychology under Frederic Bartlett. At that time (1932/3) Trist has said he was very interested in articles by Kurt Lewin. When Kurt Lewin (who was Jewish) left Germany as Adolf Hitler came to power, he travelled to Palestine via the USA, stopping off in England, where Trist briefly met him and showed him around Cambridge.

Trist graduated in Psychology in 1933, with a distinction, and went to Yale University in the USA and again met Lewin, who was at Cornell University and then Iowa. He visited B. F. Skinner, a key figure in Behaviourism in Boston. After witnessing some disturbing experiences during the Depression, he became politically interested for the first time, and read Karl Marx.

Trist returned to the UK in 1935 with his first wife Virginia Traylor (b. 11 Sep 1909, m. 6 Jul 1935 Manhattan, New York) (a granddaughter of John Henry Traylor), her mother and sister. Trist met Oscar Adolph Oeser, who headed the psychology department at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, and went on to study unemployment in Dundee.

At the outbreak of the second world war Trist became a clinical psychologist at the Maudsley Hospital, London, treating war casualties from Dunkirk. He recalls how, in 1940, in the London blitz, "some very frightened people came out of their rooms, ran all over the grounds and we had to go and find them." The Maudsley, at Mill Hill, was a teaching hospital, and Trist attended seminars and met people from the Tavistock Clinic, whom he was keen to join. Opposed by his boss, Sir Aubrey Lewis, who wouldn't let him go, he joined the Tavistock group in the army, as a way of getting free, and was replaced by Hans Eysenck. Trist went to Edinburgh and worked on the War Office Selection Boards (WOSBs), with Jock Sutherland and Wilfred Bion. For the last two years of the war, Trist was chief psychologist at the Headquarters of the Civil Resettlement Units (CRUs) for repatriated prisoners of war, working to schemes devised by Tommy Wilson and Wilfred Bion. He described this as "probably the most exciting single experience of my professional life".

Following the death of his first wife and marriage to Beulah J. Varney (b. 1st quarter 1925, m. 2nd quarter 1959, Middlesex, England), in July 1966 Trist moved to America as Professor of Organizational Behavior and Social Ecology in the Graduate School of Business Administration at UCLA. In 1969 he joined Russell L. Ackoff in the Social Systems Science Program (S-cubed) at the Wharton School, the University of Pennsylvania. He taught there until 1978 when he became an emeritus professor. In that same year he joined the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto where he initiated a program in future studies and taught there until 1983.

In the 1990s Trist wrote a three-volume account of the Tavistock, along with Hugh Murray and Fred Emery, The Social Engagement of Social Science. He died on 4 June 1993 in Carmel, California. By his second wife, Beulah J. Varney, he had one son and one daughter.

Work

Influences of Kurt Lewin
Trist was heavily influenced by Kurt Lewin, whom he met first 1933 in Cambridge, England.  Kurt Lewin had moved from studying behaviour to engineering its change, particularly in relation to racial and religious conflicts, inventing sensitivity training, a technique for making people more aware of the effect they have on others, which some claim as the beginning of political correctness.

This would later influence the direction of much of work at the Tavistock Institute, in the direction of management and, some would say, manipulation, rather than fundamental research into human behaviour and the psyche. It was a partnership between Trist's group at the Tavistock, and Lewin's at MIT that launched the Journal 'Human Relations' just before Lewin's death in 1947.

The Tavistock group
It was the wartime experiences of Trist and his various associates that created what became known as 'the Tavistock group', which formed a planning committee to meet and plan the future of the Tavistock after the war. The Tavistock Institute was formed, with Trist as deputy chairman, and Tommy Wilson as chairman, with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation in February 1946, and a new Tavistock Clinic became part of the newly formed National Health Service. Many of the group went into formal Psychoanalytic training.

Trist was much influenced by Melanie Klein, who visited the Tavistock, as well as by his colleagues John Bowlby, Donald Winnicott, Wilfred Bion and Jock Sutherland. Though close to Wilfred Bion during the war, Trist later wrote that he was glad he did not join Bion at this point, because "he left groups in the 1950s – which flummoxed everybody – and got completely absorbed in psychoanalysis", adding, "that was when the cult of Bion – a wrong cult in my view – became established."

Trist and the Tavistock became involved in industrial projects until 1951, and was given the Lewin Award in 1951. The family discussion group was formed, and John Bowlby did his world-famous studies on mother-child separation and the establishment of family systems therapy. With cooperation and contributions from Kurt Lewin in the USA, the publication of Human Relations, the Tavistock Journal began, and Trist commented that this gave the Tavistock credibility in the USA, saying, "its articles wouldn't have been accepted by any of the other British psychological journals".

Organizational research
In 1949, his organizational research work, studying work crews in at Elsecar Collieries, with Ken Bamforth, resulted in the famous article, "Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal Getting."  This article highlighted aspects of the miners organisation that today would be termed lean or agile.

Socio-technical systems
Trist also collaborated with Fred Emery on developing the socio-technical systems approach to work design.

Publications
 Trist, E., and Bamforth, W., Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Long Wall Method of Coal-Getting, ín: Human Relations, Vol. 4, 3-38, 1951.
 Trist, E., and Sofer, C., Exploration in Group Relations, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1959.
 Emery F. and Trist E., The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments, in: Human Relations, Vol 18 (1) p21-32, 1965.
 Emery F. and Trist E., Toward a Social Ecology, 1972.
 Trist, Eric L. et al., The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology : The Socio-Ecological Perspective (Tavistock Anthology), University of Pennsylvania, May 1997.

See also
Isabel Menzies Lyth
Socio-analysis

References

External links

 Tavistock homepage.
Eric Trist Biographical page.
The Foundation and Development of the Tavistock Institute to 1989 by Eric Trist and Hugh Murray.
 Eric Trist works.
 Eric Trist Papers.

1909 births
1993 deaths
British systems scientists
Systems psychologists
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
UCLA Anderson School of Management faculty
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania faculty
Academic staff of York University
British Army personnel of World War II

Eric Trist


The nuclear football is the name given to a black briefcase which is carried along with the President of the United States at all times. Inside the briefcase are instruction manuals, a radio transmitter and authentication codes for the Emergency Broadcast System. The President can use the briefcase in case of emergency, to order the use of nuclear weapons. The briefcase is carried by a military aide for the President.

References
 https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-05-05-nuclear-football_x.htm
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/nuclear-football.htm

Nuclear weapons

Nuclear football


Meldrum is a multi-naitional hivy metal baund formit bi ex-Phantom Blue guitarist Michelle Meldrum.

History
American guitarist Michelle Meldrum stairtit her first baund Wargod wi Strapping Young Lad drummer Gene Hoglan, later goin on tae form Phantom Blue, wi whom she released twa albums an an EP atween 1989 an 1993.

Meldrum wis formit in Stockholm, Swaden in late 1999 wi Hasse Sjölander on the drums, who wis later replacit bi Fredrik Haake. Thay recordit thair debut album Loaded Mental Cannon in 2000, but due tae trouble wi the record company, the album wisna released till 2001. Guest muisickers includit Brian Robertson, Marcel Jacob an John Norum, who wis Meldrum's husband an aw.

In 2005 thay toured for three month wi Zakk Wylde's Black Label Society, appearin in sauld oot venues athort the Unitit States an Europe. In the hairst o 2005 Meldrum jynt Motörhead as special guests on thair 30t anniversary tour throughoot Europe.

Thair seicont album, Blowin' Up the Machine (producit bi Toby Wright), wis released throu Frontiers in Europe on 11 Mey 2007, an in the U.S. on 11 September 2007.  Motörhead's Lemmy, Gene Hoglan, an umwhile Phantom Blue drummer Linda McDonald aw guest on the album.

On 18 Mey 2008, Meldrum wis rushed tae St. Joseph's Hospital in Burbank, Californie, in creetical condeetion. Three days later, on Wadensday, 21 Mey , she dee'd as a result o a cystic growthe that haed restrictit oxygen an bluid flow tae her brain, renderin her braindeid.

Michelle haed juist completit writin an recordin Meldrum's third album Lifer wi drummer Gene Hoglan, alang wi the group's latest additions, Michele Madden (vocals) an Laura Christine (bass). The survivin baund members planned the release o the CD later in 2009 in tribute tae thair fawen bandmate.

On 26 Mey 2009, Meldrum, alang wi umwhile vocalist Moa Holmsten, pairticipatit in a memorial concert in Hollywood, Californie, for the benefit o Michelle's faimily.

Memmers

Current
Michele Madden – vocals (2008 - present)
Laura Christine – guitar (2009 - present), bass guitar (2008 - 2009)
Frida Ståhl – bass guitar (1999 - 2008, 2009 - present)
Gene Hoglan – drums (2008 - present)

Umwhile
Hasse Sjölander – drums (1999 - 2001)
Moa Holmsten – vocals (1999 - 2008)
Fredrik Haake – drums (2001 - 2008)
Michelle Meldrum – guitar (1999 - 2008)

Discografie
 Loaded Metal Cannon (2001)
 Blowin' Up the Machine (2007)
 Lifer (2012)

Freemit airtins
 Offeecial Wabsteid
 Offeecial MySpace Profile
 Offeecial YouTube Channel

Muisical groups frae Stockholm
Swadish hivy metal muisical groups

Meldrum


Lüneberg is a cow's-milk cheese made in mountain valleys in Vorarlberg in western Austria. Cheesemaking was introduced into this region from Switzerland; copper kettles and Swiss-type presses are used to make Lüneberg cheese. Milk is coloured with saffron and warmed to around ; enough rennet is added to coagulate in 20 to 30 minutes. The curd is cut into pieces the size of hazelnuts and is heated, while stirring, to . It is then placed into cloths which are pressed lightly in wooden forms. After 24 hours in the press, during which time the cheeses are turned and the cloths are occasionally changed, the cheeses are taken to a curing cellar. They are salted on the surface, and rubbed and washed occasionally while curing. When ripe, the cheese is said to be about midway in characteristics between Emmental and Limburger.

See also
 List of cheeses

References

Austrian cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses

Lüneberg cheese


Betty's Hope was a sugarcane plantation in Antigua. It was established in 1650, shortly after the island had become an English colony, and flourished as a successful agricultural industrial enterprise during the centuries of slavery. It was the first large-scale sugar plantation to operate in Antigua and belonged to the Codrington family from 1674 until 1944. Christopher Codrington, later Captain General of the Leeward Islands, acquired the property in 1674 and named it Betty's Hope, after his daughter.

Betty's Hope is no longer operational as a plantation. However, the structures pictured here at the time of restoration works initiated by the Government of Antigua and Barbuda in 1990, under the OEC/ESDU Eco-Tourism Enhancement project, consisted of the twin windmills, the Cistern Complex in serviceable condition, the Great House (Buff or Estate House) in ruins, the Boiling House where sixteen copper hoppers were used to boil cane juice to produce crystalline sugar, and the Still House, a distillery used for manufacturing rum (also seen in ruins without a roof but with elegant arches). Since 1995, the buildings have been developed as an open-air museum with a visitor center and are managed by the Museum of Antigua and Barbuda.

Geography
Betty's Hope estate is in a rural area where the geological formation, in a rolling landscape, is limestone. Its location is at , to the south of the town of Pares.

History
History of the sugar plantation at Betty's Hope is traced to the early 1650s when Governor Christopher Keynell founded it in Antigua. After his death, his wife inherited the estate, in 1663. However, in 1666 she abandoned it, during the French occupation of the islands. The English recaptured the island and decided to award the estate, in 1674, to the Codrington family who were then resident in Barbados, as the government considered the earlier owners to have been disloyal to the Crown, having deserted the estate before the French occupied the island.

Under the ownership of the Codringtons, the emphasis centered on sugar, following the earlier dominance of tobacco, indigo, and ginger crops in Antigua.

The Codrington owners distinguished themselves by ensuring that Betty's Hope was developed and functioned as the most efficient large-scale sugar estate in Antigua. Two of their family members had the distinction of holding posts of the Governor General of the Leeward Islands between 1689 and 1704; even subsequently the members of the family also had their name established as one of the most influential and prosperous planters during the colonial rule. The estate was managed by a few Europeans, but the basic hard skilled and unskilled labour force was provided by the African slaves, which brought accolades to the estate (and then known as the "flagship estate of Antigua"); the slaves were later emancipated in 1834 and they continued to serve the estate as freed labour. The Codringtons had 150 sugar mills in Antigua, of which Betty's Hope was the first one where they had introduced technology innovations and ideas to carry out large scale cultivation, extraction and manufacture of sugar. In 1680, there were 393 slaves working on the estate. However, from 1921, sugarcane was extracted at the Central Sugar Factory, even though the Betty's Hope sugar mill was functional. After the Codrington family returned to England, the estate was managed by attorneys, till the early 1900s. In 1944, Betty's Hope was sold by the Codringtons to the Antigua Sugar Estates Ltd.

The reasons for discarding the windmill technology for cane juice extraction was the introduction of steam. Consequent to this change, the machinery in the windmill was shifted to the boiling house complex and reinstalled next to the new steam engines. The buildings, however, became storerooms for scrap iron and other debris. As result, the Antiguan economy is no more sugar centric but is now more dependent on tourism, and Betty's Hope now remains a part of this economy.

Extraction process
In the 18th century (1737 as per a plaque at the main entrance), at Betty's Hope, twin windmills were used to crush sugar cane. Initially, the windmills had three vertical rollers to crush the cane fed by two men and it could crush and extract only 60% of cane juice even after two rounds of crushing. This process underwent improvements with three horizontally placed rollers which increased the efficiency of extraction by another 20%. Each wind driven mill extracted cane juice from cane produced from  of land and carted to the mill. The extracted juice was collected in an underground collection chamber from where it was conveyed through a pipe to the boiling house. The bagasse was dried and used as fuel in the boiler and distilling process. The weekly production was generally about 5,500 gallons of cane juice from 200 tonnes of cane.

Conservation

A programme of restoration of the heritage status of the Betty's Hope estate, as a major West Indian heritage monument, was initially started by "The Friends of Betty's Hope", between 1987 and 1990, which eventually was institutionalised as a trust called the "Betty's Hope Trust", in 1990. The objective was to develop it as an open-air museum and also an interpretation center to bring out the profound influence that the estate had "in Antigua and Barbuda's history and influenced the lives of many generations of Antiguans." For this purpose, a committee was set up in 1987–90. Restoration work was started in 1990 and completed in 1995.

The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the Environmental Sustainable Development Unit (ESDU) launched the Eco-Tourism Enhancement project with a grant support in collaboration with the Government of Antigua and Barbuda to perpetuate the principles of environmental sustainability.

One of the two wind mills, cane crushing machinery and sails were restored. The visitor center museum is now located in an old cotton house store room where exhibits of plantation's history with estate plans, pictures and maps, artefacts and a model of the central site are displayed.

During May 2005, funds were raised for restoration of Betty's Hope by organising a concert called "A Penny Concert." The mill was refurbished and the sails of the first windmill were reinstalled in 1995. After recommissioning of the mill, it is run for demonstration purposes on special occasions, since the stone mill walls are old and fragile. However, the sails are kept mounted all through the year. Following the restoration, the Betty's Hope project won the "5th Ann. Islands Eco-Tourism Award" in 1995. On 28 January 2005, the Eco-Enhancement Upgrade of Betty's Hope was also launched.

Archaeological excavations
Archaeological research to establish the archaeology of the early colonial period has been initiated at Betty's Hope by the City University New York, Brooklyn. Research had been carried out before and during restoration also, which revealed the operational pattern of the mill. It was established that cane juice produced after milling was not directly led to the boiling-house but was collected at a large iron tank located below the rollers from where it was then pumped to the boiling-house for further processing. Since 2007, excavations by California State University, Chico, have focused on the area of the Great House to correlate the Great House as well as other surrounding buildings, to the site maps recorded in the Codrington Papers. Excavations from 2012 to 2014 have concentrated on the rum distillery and one of the slave villages.

References

Bibliography
Scott, C. R. (ed.) (2005) Insight guide: Caribbean (5th edition). London: Apa Publications.

External links
 Manioc.org: Archaeological investigations at Betty's Hope plantation on Antigua

Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
Museums in Antigua and Barbuda
History of British Antigua and Barbuda
Buildings and structures in Antigua and Barbuda
Buildings and structures completed in 1650
1650s establishments in the Caribbean
1650 establishments in the British Empire
1650 establishments in North America
Codrington family
Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda
Windmills

Betty's Hope


Robert Archelaus Hardaway (February 2, 1829 – April 27, 1899) was an artillery officer in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War.

Pre-war
Robert Archelaus Hardaway was a native of Georgia – born there Feb. 2, 1829; but he was raised in Alabama. His parents were Robert Stanfield Hardaway and his second wife, Martha Bibb Jarratt. Hardaway was educated at St. Joseph's College (Alabama), and Emory College, later Emory University, in Georgia. Hardaway served with the United States Army during the Mexican War, but the war ended before he could see combat. After that war, he was the superintendent of the Mobile and Girard Railroad. He resided in Macon County, Alabama, before the outbreak of war. Hardaway purchased his father's plantation in 1857, becoming owner of its 60 slaves. On June 27 of the same year, he married Rebecca Elizabeth Hurt. They had three sons.

Civil War
Hardway began the war as commander of an Alabama battery. It was recruited mostly in three counties, Macon, Russell and Tallapoosa. The battery was sent East, where it was mustered into the Confederate service on June 21, 1861. The battery was posted at Manassas, Virginia, until March, 1862. Hardaway's command moved to the Virginia Peninsula, where it fought at the Battle of Seven Pines in the division of Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill. The battery took part in the Seven Days Battles.  Hill's division remained near Richmond, Virginia, until it departed to participate in the Maryland Campaign. Hardaway was commended by Confederate commanders for the conduct of his battery in the campaign. Later in the year, serving near Fredericksburg, Virginia, Hardaway's gunners, using a Whitworth gun (designed by Joseph Whitworth, drove federal gunboats away from Port Royal, Virginia, on December 4, 1862. Both Hill and Stonewall Jackson commended Hardaway for his actions at the Battle of Fredericksburg. Shortly afterward, he was assigned command of an artillery battalion, and Captain William B. Hurt took command of the battery.

Apparently Hardaway was promoted to the rank of major on December 2, 1862, And to lieutenant colonel on Feb. 27, 1864. Col. Stapleton Crutchfield, Jackson's chief of artillery, objected to the promotion, claiming that Hardaway was a fine gunner but hard on both men and horses. Nonetheless, the promotion of Hardaway went through. As a major, Hardaway became second in command of Lt. Col. John J. Garnett's artillery battalion, attached to the division of Maj. Gen. Robert H. Anderson. The division fought at the Battle of Chancellorsville directly under the command of General Robert E. Lee. General Lee had Hardaway assemble a group of rifled guns to bombard the federal camps on morning of May 4, 1863. Hardaway became ill with dysentery, missing the Gettysburg Campaign. He returned to active duty in time for the Mine Run Campaign in the fall of 1863.

In the Battle of the Wilderness, Hardaway commanded his battalion in the corps of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell in the portion of the artillery contingent led by Col. J. Thompson Brown. The battalion continued in that corps throughout the Overland Campaign. Hardaway's guns were in the second line of Ewell's corps at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, but some of them were moved up to the line of a gorge to contain the federal breakthrough on May 11. When the corps, led by Jubal Early left to defend Lynchburg, Virginia, Hardaway's battalion remained behind. It was assigned to the defenses of Richmond, Virginia, reporting to Brig. Gen. Edward Porter Alexander. The battalion played a role in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm and spent much of late 1864 assigned to the defenses of Chaffin's Bluff.

When the corps formerly led by Ewell and Early returned to the defenses of Petersburg, Virginia, with Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon as its commander, Hardaway's battalion returned to that corps. Hardaway's gunners served under Gordon in the Appomattox Campaign, firing one of the last shots before Lee's surrender. Hardaway was paroled on May 10, 1865.

Post war
After the war, returned to his plantation in Georgia. Then he went into railroad work, including as general manager of the East Alabama Railroad, 1869-1872. Hardway was an engineering professor at Auburn University from 1873 to 1881, and at the University of Alabama from 1882 to 1897. In between, he was an engineer for the Central Railroad in Mexico in 1881 and 1882. Hardaway died on April 27, 1899, in Columbus, Georgia.

Hardaway's papers are at the University of North Carolina libraries as Collection Number 03006.

Hardaway Hall, University of Alabama, which was completed in 1936, was named for Professor Robert A. Hardaway.

Notes

References
 Dictionary of Alabama Biography, ed. Thomas McAdory Owen and Marie Bankhead Owen, Chicago: S.J. Clarke Pub. Co., 1921, vol. 4, p. 1841.
 A Life in Letters: Lt. Col. Robert A. Hardaway in the Civil War and the New South
 Sears, Stephen W., Chancellorsville,  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
 Wise, Jennings C., The Long Arm of Lee: the History of the Artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.

1829 births
1899 deaths
Confederate States Army officers
Emory University alumni
Auburn University faculty

Robert A. Hardaway


Siget or Ujhel-Siget or Sighet Hasidism, or Sigter Hasidim, is a movement of  Hungarian Haredi Jews who adhere to Hasidism, and who are referred to as Sigeter Hasidim.

Sighet Hasidism originated in the town of Máramarossziget, Hungary (, now Sighetu Marmației, Romania). Siget is the parent dynasty of the more famous Satmar Hasidic dynasty. Since 1980, the leadership of Siget and Satmar have been united in the person of the Admor of Satmar, though the two groups continue to operate separate synagogues and retain differences in certain customs.

Founding
Hasidism was brought to Hungary by Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhel (known as the "Yismach Moshe"), a disciple of the "Chozeh of Lublin", Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin. The Sighet Hasidic dynasty began with Rabbi Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (I) (1808–1883), his grandson. The town of Sighet was in need of a rabbi to lead the Beis Din and answer the Jewish towns-people's religious questions. Teitelbaum applied, and was accepted. During his career, he authored his famous book, Yetev Lev.

He was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Chananya Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum (1836-1904). Rabbi Chanaya Yom Tov Lipa's most famous contribution to Sighter Hasidus is the work Kedushas Yom Tov, a commentary on the Chumash. After him, it would become customary for the Rebbe of Sighet to author a commentary on the Torah. He was also the father of Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, who, at the time, was known as the illui (child prodigy) from Sighet.

After his death in 1904, it was not clear which of his sons would succeed him. Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum was his oldest son, and, thus, the apparent heir; but Joel Teitelbaum was the most famous of his children. Rabbi Joel accepted a position as the posek and Av Beis Din of the town of Satmar, and  Rabbi Chaim Tzvi took inherited leadership of Sighet. Rabbi Chaim Tzvi authored his own work, Atzei Chaim, a name by which he himself is commonly known. He had two sons, who he orphaned early in life: Rabbi Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum, who succeeded him; and Rabbi Moses Teitelbaum.

Destruction in Europe

It was during the reign of Rabbi Yekutiel Yehuda Teitelbaum that the Holocaust came to Hungary. Hungary was officially a German ally, but had refused to send its Jews to Germany without knowing their exact fate. Hungary, like Switzerland and Spain, was thus perceived as a relative haven for Jews, and many Jews who could have escaped to Romania remained in Hungary, believing it to be safe. Jews from other points in Europe, including the Admor from Belz, also sneaked into Hungary to escape the Holocaust.

In 1944, however, Germany invaded Hungary and deported its Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp, including the inhabitants of Máramarossziget. Rabbi Yekutiel Yehuda Teitelbaum and his family all were murdered in Auschwitz, with the exception of Moses Teitelbaum.

After the Holocaust, Moses Teitelbaum assumed control of the Sighet Hasidic group, and was faced with many painful and difficult questions in Jewish law. He also had to cope with the loss of his wife and children. He survived the Holocaust, and moved back to Sighet for a brief time, before the persecution of religious Hungarians by the Communists became too great. He then moved to America.

Rebuilding in America

In America, Moshe Teitelbaum began rebuilding the Sighet Hasidic group within his uncle Yoel Teitelbaum's stronghold of the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, and later moving to the Borough Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, where he established a Siget synagogue. After Rebbe Moshe Teitelbaum moved to Boro Park, his son, Rabbi Aharon, the current Satmar Rebbe of Kiryas Joel, became the rabbi of the Siget synagogue in Williamsburg.

Currently, one of his sons, Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum, is the rabbi in the Siget synagogue in Williamsburg. After Rebbe Moshe became Satmar Rebbe upon the passing of his uncle Rebbe Yoel, his son, Rabbi Zalman, the current Satmar Rebbe of Williamsburg, became the rabbi of the Siget synagogue in Boro Park, a post he kept until he was assigned by his father to be the rabbi of the Satmar synagogue in Jerusalem. Currently, one of Rebbe Zalman's sons, Rabbi Yaakov Ber Teitelbaum, is the rabbi in the Siget synagogue in Boro Park.

References

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
Hasidic Judaism in the United States
Hungarian people of Polish descent
Hasidic Judaism in Hungary
Hasidic Judaism in Romania
Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)
Sighetu Marmației

Siget (Hasidic dynasty)


Heptachlor is an insecticide. It was used against ants, termites, against mosquitos of the genus Anopheles, that can spread malaria and as a general pesticide.  In humans, heptachlor damages the liver, and the central nervous system. It may cause cancer. It is sold as a powder. The Diels-Alder reaction is used to produce it. The compound is very stable and can stay in the environment for decades.

Hepltachlor is one of the substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Chemical compounds

Heptachlor


Lactic acid is an acid that is very common in nature. Lactic Acid is a carboxylic acid with a chemical formula of C3H6O3. Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered it in milk that had gone sour, in 1780. Today it is used as an additive to food, to produce a sour taste.  Contrary to popular belief, it is not produced in muscles when a person exercises. Lactate, on the other hand, is created within the muscles the more you exercise.

Acids

Lactic acid


Gaunilo or Gaunillon ( century) was a Benedictine monk of Marmoutier Abbey in Tours, France. He is best known for his contemporary criticism of the ontological argument for the existence of God which appeared in St Anselm's Proslogion. In his work In Behalf of the Fool, Gaunilo contends that St Anselm's ontological argument fails because logic of the same kind would force one to conclude many things exist which certainly do not. An empiricist, Gaunilo thought that the human intellect is only able to comprehend information provided by the senses.

Little beyond this essay is known of Gaunilo; no other extant writings bear his name. Anselm wrote a reply to it, essentially arguing that Gaunilo had definitely missed his point.

The "Lost Island" refutation
Anselm claimed his ontological argument as proof of the existence of God, whom he described as that being for which no greater can be conceived.  A god that does not exist cannot be that than which no greater can be conceived, as existence would make it greater.  Thus, according to St. Anselm, the concept of God necessarily entails His existence. He denies Gaunilo a Godless epistemology.

Gaunilo criticised Anselm's argument by employing the same reasoning, via reductio ad absurdum, to "prove" the existence of the mythical "Lost Island", the greatest or most perfect island: if the island of which we are thinking does not exist, it cannot be the greatest conceivable island, for, to be the greatest conceivable island, it would have to exist, as any existent island would be greater than an imaginary one.  This, of course, is merely a direct application of Anselm's own premise that existence is a perfection.  Since we can conceive of this greatest or most perfect island, it must, by Anselm's way of thinking, exist.  While this argument is absurd, Gaunilo claims that it is no more so than Anselm's.

Philosophers often attempt to prove the ontological argument wrong by comparing Anselm's with Gaunilo's.  The former runs:

 God is that being than which no greater can be conceived.
 It is greater to exist in reality than merely as an idea.
 If God does not exist, we can conceive of an even greater being, that is one that does exist.
 Therefore, God must indeed exist in reality.

Gaunilo's parody runs along the same lines:

 The Lost Island is that island than which no greater can be conceived.
 It is greater to exist in reality than merely as an idea.
 If the Lost Island does not exist, one can conceive of an even greater island, that is one that does exist.
 Therefore, the Lost Island exists in reality.

If one of these arguments is sound, it has been asserted, they must both be sound.  By Gaunilo's reckoning, however, one (and, therefore, the other, too) is unsound.  The Lost Island does not exist, so there is something wrong with the logic that proves that it does.  Because the argument proves true in one case that which is patently false (the Lost Island), it is fair to ask whether it may fairly be regarded as proving true the other case.

Criticisms
Gaunilo's objection to the ontological argument has been criticised on several grounds. Anselm's own reply was essentially that Gaunilo had missed his point: any other being's existence is derived from God's, unnecessary in itself, and nonamenable to his ontological argument which can only ever properly apply to the single greatest being of all beings. Indeed, while we can try and conceive of a perfect island, that island is yet greater if it creates other beings, whereupon it would no longer be an island as we can understand it. Similarly, Alvin Plantinga tendered a reply to Gaunilo's remonstrance by arguing that the concept of "that than which nothing greater can be conceived" is not applicable to an island, or any other object, in the special way that it is applicable to God.  Plantinga defends Anselm's proof by averring that it applies exclusively to Him. A necessary being is both existent and the greatest conceivable and greatest possible being.  Only God, as Anselm defines him, meets all of those criteria and can, therefore, be dubbed a necessary being.

Another criticism of Gaunilo's argument points out that, whereas God is that thing than which no greater can be conceived, Gaunilo's is that island than which no greater can be conceived.  Thus, while no island may exceed it in greatness, it is perfectly reasonable to suppose that some non-island could.  "Consequently," wrote William L. Rowe in his summary of the polemic, "if we follow Anselm's reasoning exactly, it does not appear that we can derive an absurdity from the supposition that the island than which none greater is possible does not exist."

Gaunilo's refutation is also criticized on the grounds that it misinterprets the argument set forth by Anselm. Richard Campbell contends that the argument criticized by Gaunilo is incomplete because it represents only one of three stages of a larger argument, one that is not meant to be read as a proof for God but rather as the basis for the following chapter. He argues that since Anselm himself says in Reply I that if something than which a greater cannot be thought exists, it cannot be thought not to exist, a defender of Gaunilo must allow that this island cannot be thought not to exist.  But in Proslogion III Anselm deduces that God exists from the premise that "Whatever is other than You can be thought not to exist".  Thus, altering Anselm's formula but adopting his premises, entails that the Lost Island both can and cannot be thought not to exist.  Since that is a contradiction, it follows that it is not legitimate to alter Anselm's formula.

Parallels
David and Marjorie Haight took a very similar tack with Anselm's proof attempt as did Gaunilo. However, whereas Gaunilo changed the target noun of Anselm's proof, "God", to an alternate noun that he felt was more obviously absurd, a "Lost Island", the Haights inverted the adjective in Anselm's reasoning.  Where Anselm used the word "greater" to define god into existence, the Haights point out that the logic can be inverted by replacing "greater" with "worse".  The statement then follows to a conclusion that the very most bad thing has to be an existent bad thing, because it would be worse for this bad thing to exist than to not exist, therefore it must exist in its absolute badness.  Therefore, the Devil must also exist, so long as Anselm's proof is held as consequential.

Both Gaunilo and the Haights arguments point out that there may be other nouns, and other bivalent adjectives that when conceived as an Anselm proof (in an extreme that demands existence) could also be argued to necessitate their existence as well.  For example, with cold or heat: Surely an absolutely cold (or hot) being that exists in reality is more absolutely cold (or hot) than one that only exists in imagination.  Therefore, it must indeed exist in reality.  And so on.  The Haights show that the word "great" may not be the only adjective that pushes for existence when conceived in the extreme, just as the phrase "that God thing" may not be the only noun interacting with "great" in this way, as Gaunilo observed.

The remainder of Gaunilo's text
Gaunilo's treatise is divided into eight sections. The first seven of these sections are criticisms of Anselm's argument from the point of view of a rational non-believer. The last section (8) is simply praise for the remaining chapters of the Proslogion. The full title of Gaunilo's treatise is: What Someone in Behalf of the Fool Replies to these Arguments. This means Gaunilo does not write as a fellow Christian who believes, rather, he pretends to be a rational non-believer. The scholarly debate has focused on section 6 (the Lost Island Refutation). Very few scholars engage with the remaining sections of Gaunilo's text.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 .
Feinberg, Joel; Shafer-Landau, Russ: Reason & Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy: Thirteenth Edition. (Thomson Wadsworth, 2008).
Haight, Frederick David; Haight, Marjorie A.: The scandal of reason: or shadow of God. (University Press of America, March 15, 2004, ).
Imbrisevic, Miroslav:  Gaunilo's Cogito Argument  in The Saint Anselm Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2007.
Losoncy, Thomas: Anselm's response to Gaunilo's Dilemma. An insight into the notion of 'Being' operative in the  Proslogion in The New Scholasticism, Vol. 56, No. 207, 1982, p. 207-216.
Losoncy, Thomas: The Anselm-Gaunilo Dispute about Man's Knowledge of God's Existence: An Examination in 25 Years of Anselm Studies (1969–1994): Review and Critique of Recent Scholarly Views, ed. Frederick van Fleteren and Joseph C. Schnaubelt, (Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996), pp. 161–181.

External links
 In Behalf of the Fool, Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University.

French Benedictines
Scholastic philosophers
11th-century French writers
Philosophers of religion
French male writers
Empiricists
11th-century writers in Latin
11th-century French philosophers

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers


The House of Orléans was a French noble and royal family. It descends from Louis XIV of France and his only brother Philippe, Duke of Orléans. The families main traditional home was the Palais Royal in Paris. The family later became very powerful during the reign of Louis Philippe I. He ruled France under the title King of the French. The king successfully married his children into other royal families of Europe.

The present head of the house is Prince Henri of Orléans. He is known as the Count of Paris.  He also claims the title King of the French, but is known simply as His Royal Highness The Count of Paris and sometimes the Duke of France. However, the titles are not officially recognised because France is no longer a monarchy. Henri has been a claimant to the throne since 1999. The Count was married to Duchess Marie Thérèse of Württemberg. She is herself a daughter of a one-time claimant to the throne of Württemberg.

House of Orléans


Hyperion (, Hyperíōn - "The High-One") is the Titan god of light, son of Gaia and Ouranos. The eldest of his brothers next to Okeanos, Hyperion ruled over the eastern corner of the world, which was given to him as a reward for his part in Ouranos' castration (he held Ouranos by his left foot). By his sister, the Titaness Theia, he is the father of Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon), and Eos (Dawn). He also married a nymph and gave birth to children who could do pharmica one of which was Circe. Hyperion fought against the Olympians in the Titanomachy, after which he was cast into Tartarus alongside his brothers.

Titans

Hyperion (Titan)


Havoc is a 2005 American crime drama film starring Anne Hathaway and Bijou Phillips, with Shiri Appleby, Freddy Rodriguez, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Channing Tatum, Michael Biehn, and Laura San Giacomo appearing in supporting roles. The film is about the lives of wealthy Los Angeles teenagers whose exposure to hip hop culture inspires them to imitate the gangster lifestyle and engage in slum tourism. They run into trouble when they encounter a gang of drug dealers, discovering they are not as street-wise as they had thought.

Written by Jessica Kaplan and Stephen Gaghan and directed by Barbara Kopple, the film was shown at several film festivals and then was released directly on DVD on November 29, 2005.

Plot
In a parking lot, teenage filmmaker Eric attempts to document the Wannabe lifestyle enjoyed by Allison Lang  and her boyfriend Toby's gang of white upper-class teenagers living in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood. A brawl ensues between Toby's gang and another gang, which ends with both sides fleeing just before police arrive. Later that night, Toby's gang goes to a party at Eric's house, and Allison's relationship with Toby as well as her other friends Emily and Sam is further revealed. At the end of the party, Allison performs a blowjob on her boyfriend.

The next day, Allison meets with her father, Stuart, at work to discuss family problems, the awkward conversation revealing the virtually non-existent relationship Allison has with her parents. Afterwards, she and her friends drive downtown into East LA, intent on buying marijuana, eventually encountering Mexican drug dealer Hector and his crew. Toby and Hector make a deal, but Toby believes that Hector did not sell him enough for what he paid, and attempts to confront Hector, who pulls a gun on him, humiliating him in front of his friends. Allison persuades Hector to let Toby go.

The next night, Allison and her girlfriends return to the location of the drug deal. There, she and her friends once again meet up with Hector and his crew, who invite them to a party at his house. Before they leave, Hector informs Allison of a motel where his crew regularly party, and invites her to stop by if she wishes. The next day, Eric continues his film project at Allison's home, with Allison turning his interview of her into a bizarre mind-game.

That evening, Allison meets up with Hector again in a store, and he shows her around his neighborhood, while talking about his family and lifestyle. His guided tour abruptly ends when the police arrive in force, ostensibly on a drug bust. Allison winds up being arrested with the other present gang members, but – save for an argument with her parents and Toby – is let off the hook. The experience only serves to increase Allison's fascination with the inner-city lifestyle. The night after her release, Allison and Emily agree to head downtown the next evening to hang out with Hector's crew.

The two meet up with Hector and his gang at a motel, and a night of partying and drinking results in Allison and Emily asking Hector if they can join his crew. Hector informs them of their initiation; to join the gang, the two must roll a dice; the number they roll corresponds to the number of gang members they must have sex with.

Allison rolls a one, Emily rolls a three. Hector and Allison pair off, but Allison has second thoughts and refuses to have sex with him, and is thrown out of the room by the gang when she tries to get Emily to leave with her. Emily eagerly engages in sex with Hector, but as she does so, one of Hector's fellow gang members anally rapes her. When Allison storms the room and screams at the men to stop, they flee the room, leaving the two distraught women.

The next day, Allison returns to the motel and confronts Hector over the previous night, but he responds by saying he didn't do anything wrong; that he only did what she and Emily had asked him to do. At that moment, a woman shows up at the door, surprising Allison, much to the amusement of Hector, who mocks Allison for thinking he had feelings for her, and calling her a poser who only knows how to play games and nothing about the realities of gang life.

The same day Emily is shown at a police station accusing Hector and his crew of gang rape. Allison is brought in for questioning, but claims to know nothing about a rape. Hector is subsequently arrested, and members of his crew vow to seek out and silence Allison and Emily, but wind up getting lost in Bel-Air. Meanwhile, Toby and his gang are shown posing with guns in front of Eric and his video camera, making clear on their intent to seek revenge on Hector's crew. Eric later shows Allison the footage, and Allison subsequently calls Toby and makes an ill-fated attempt to convince him that there was no rape and what he is doing is foolish.

Allison informs Emily of what Toby plans to do and reveals to Emily's parents the events at the motel. This initially upsets Emily to the point of nearly attempting suicide, but eventually the two reconcile. Meanwhile, Toby and his gang arrive at Hector's motel and bust in violently, but only succeed in frightening a group of Latina women and a baby. Toby tries to work up the nerve to shoot them, but, consumed by their desperate pleas to not hurt the baby, realizes he can't and storms out.

On their drive home, the gang passes the SUV containing the members of Hector's crew that had been looking for Allison and Emily. The two gangs exchange looks, and the screen subsequently fades to black. After a few seconds the sounds of tires squealing, people shouting and gunfire are heard.

With Eric's film project complete, Allison concludes by stating that teens will be teens, but if adults are willing to reach out to them to connect and give them even just a small amount of insight, it's like that they now suddenly know everything.

Cast

 Anne Hathaway as Allison Lang
 Bijou Phillips as Emily
 Shiri Appleby as Amanda
 Michael Biehn as Stuart Lang
 Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Sam
 Matt O'Leary as Eric
 Freddy Rodriguez as Hector
 Laura San Giacomo as Joanna Lang
 Mike Vogel as Toby
 Raymond Cruz as Chino
 Alexis Dziena as Sasha
 Aaron Hernan as Tony
 Channing Tatum as Nick
 Arturo Peniche as Carlos
 Josh Peck as Josh Rubin
 Manuel Ojeda as Ricardo
 Francisco Gattorno as Luis Jose
 Nailea Norvida as Cindy
 Sam Hennings as Mr. Rubin
 Cecilia Peck as Mrs. Rubin
 JD Pardo as Todd Rosenberg
 Robert Shapiro as himself
 Sam Bottoms as Lt. Maris
 Laura Breckenridge as Runaway

Production
The original treatment of the script was written in 1993 by Jessica Kaplan, who was 14 years old at the time, and was based on her own observations of her affluent white classmates in West Los Angeles. Her script was sold to New Line Cinema two years later for $150,000. Originally titled The Powers That Be, the script went unused for seven years, eventually gaining traction with the studio after it received a re-write as well as a new title from Stephen Gaghan. On June 6, 2003, shortly before filming began, Kaplan was killed in a plane crash in Los Angeles, along with four other people, including her uncle. A dedication to Kaplan is shown preceding the credits at the end of the film.

Mandy Moore was originally cast as Allison, but dropped out and was replaced by her Princess Diaries co-star Hathaway shortly before filming began. Moore reportedly left the project because she felt uncomfortable with the film's subject matter. Jena Malone was originally set to play Emily, but left the project shortly after Moore's departure.

Principal photography took place around Southern California, including Los Angeles, Altadena, Brentwood, and Santa Monica, in the fall of 2003.

Release
Havoc was not given a theatrical release in the United States but received one overseas, grossing only $371,000 on a $9 million budget.

Critical reception
, the film has a 45% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on eleven reviews with an average rating of 5.30/10.

Lisa Nesselson of Variety claimed that the film "too often feels like a gussied-up '50s-style treatise about the dangers of nice girls flirting with social rebels," and suggested that the film be re-titled Slumming for Dummies. Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide stated that the picture was a minor effort that was even more disappointing after considering the highly regarded names who had worked on the film, most notably Academy Award-winners Kopple and Gaghan. Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times was among the few noted critics who praised the film, calling it "harrowing and authentic," and also claimed that it might have made his list of top 10 films for 2005 had it received a proper theatrical release in the U.S.

Various critics praised Hathaway's performance in the film, with Christopher Null stating that her turn proved "without a doubt that she has been underutilized as an actress for far too long."

See also
 Slum tourism

References

External links

2005 films
2005 crime drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s gang films
2005 independent films
2000s teen drama films
American crime drama films
American independent films
American teen drama films
Films directed by Barbara Kopple
Films scored by Cliff Martinez
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
German crime drama films
English-language German films
German independent films
German teen films
Hood films
Juvenile sexuality in films
New Line Cinema films
New Line Cinema direct-to-video films
Films with screenplays by Stephen Gaghan
2000s Spanish-language films
Teen crime films
2000s American films
2000s German films
English-language crime drama films

Havoc (2005 film)


A death grunt is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep. It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal and black metal. In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt. However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand. Some people believe that death grunts in music sound "scary", so they do not like them.

Bands that use death growls include Necrophagist, Morbid Angel, Opeth, and many more.
Bands that use higher screams that come from the throat include Escape the Fate, Alesana and Greeley Estates.

Other terms for death grunts are death growls, harsh vocals, and unclean vocals.

References

Singing

Death grunt


The File of the Golden Goose is a 1969 British neo noir thriller film directed by Sam Wanamaker and starring Yul Brynner, Charles Gray and Edward Woodward. Its plot involves an American detective being sent to Britain to track down a major international criminal.

It is a reworking of the 1947 American film noir T-Men, directed by Anthony Mann.

Plot summary

A trail of counterfeit hundred dollar bills has been discovered in several places around the world. When this comes to the attention of the Secret Service, they assign one of their top men, Pete Novak (Yul Brynner), to the case of finding out who is producing and distributing them.

Pete realizes that this is an assignment that demands his full attention, so he immediately breaks up with his girlfriend in preparation for the journey he must take. Before Pete can even begin his search, he is ambushed by a gang of hoodlums trying to shoot him down as they drive by outside his home. He concludes that the gang must have been tipped off by someone on the inside of the service about his new assignment. He manages to kill them, but discovers afterwards that the killers have accidentally shot and killed his ex-girlfriend in the process.

The killing of the girlfriend makes the whole assignment very personal for Pete. To begin the search for the counterfeit distributor, he travels across the Atlantic to London, England, to visit Scotland Yard headquarters, since they are in charge of the counterfeit investigation in Europe. There, he meets up with Superintendent Sloane (John Barrie) of the Yard, who arranges for him to be partnered by an investigator by the name of Arthur Thompson (Edward Woodward). Arthur is a very happily married jolly old copper, who manages to ignore all of Pete's remarks about the inappropriateness of being a married man working as an agent or policeman.

Pete and Arthur start infiltrating the counterfeit organization, posing as members of the Golden Goose gang - a gang that has been all but erased from the face of the earth by the police. They use their fake identities to hide their undercover infiltration from the head of the illegal operation, The Owl Harrison (Charles Gray), and are ultimately successful in stopping the counterfeit operation.

Cast
 Yul Brynner - Peter Novak
 Charles Gray - Harrison
 Edward Woodward - Arthur Thompson
 John Barrie - Superintendent Sloane
 Adrienne Corri - Angela 'Tina' Richmond
 Graham Crowden - Smythe
 Walter Gotell - George Leeds
 Anthony Jacobs - Firenos
 Ivor Dean - Reynolds
 Debbie Searle - Arthur Thompson's Daughter
 Hugh McDermott - Ray Moss
 Hilary Heath - Ann Marlowe
 Ken Jones - Stroud
 Karel Štěpánek - Mueller
 Bernard Archard - Collins
 Geoffrey Reed - Martin

The narrator (uncredited) was Patrick Allen.

References

External links

1969 films
1960s crime thriller films
British crime thriller films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Sam Wanamaker
United Artists films
Films produced by Edward Small
Counterfeit money in film
1960s British films

The File of the Golden Goose


Harrison Evans Salisbury (November 14, 1908 – July 5, 1993), was an American journalist and the first regular New York Times correspondent in Moscow after World War II.

Biography
Salisbury  was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He graduated from Minneapolis North High School in 1925 and the University of Minnesota in 1930.

He spent nearly 20 years with United Press (UP), much of it overseas, and was UP's foreign editor during the last two years of World War II. Additionally, he was The New York Times''' Moscow bureau chief from 1949–1954. Salisbury constantly battled Soviet censorship and won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1955.  He twice (in 1957 and 1966) received the George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting.

In the 1960s, he covered the growing civil rights movement in the Southern United States. From there, he directed The Times' coverage of President John F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963. In 1970, he served as the first editor of The Times' Op-Ed page, which was created by John B. Oakes, and was assistant managing editor from 1964–1972, associate editor from 1972–1973. He retired from The Times in 1973.

Salisbury was among the earliest mainstream journalists to oppose the Vietnam War after reporting from North Vietnam in 1966.  He took much heat from the Johnson Administration and the political Right, but his previous standards of objectivity helped him to take the lead in journalistic opinion against the war. He is interviewed in the anti-Vietnam War documentary film In the Year of the Pig. He was the first American journalist to report on the Vietnam War from North Vietnam after having been invited there by the North Vietnamese government in late 1966. His report was the first that genuinely questioned the American air war.

Salisbury also toured America for Esquire, for which the Xerox company paid him $55,000.

Salisbury reported extensively from Communist China, where, in 1989, he witnessed the bloody government crackdown on the student demonstration in Tiananmen Square.

He wrote 29 books, including American in Russia (1955) and Behind the Lines—Hanoi (1967). His other books include The Shook-Up Generation (1958), Orbit of China (1967), War Between Russia and China (1969), The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (1969), To Peking and Beyond: A Report on the New Asia (1973), The Gates of Hell (1975), Black Night, White Snow: Russia's Revolutions 1905-1917 (1978), Without Fear or Favor: The New York Times and Its Times (1980), Journey For Our Times (autobiographical, 1983), China: 100 Years of Revolution, (1983), The Long March: The Untold Story (1985), Tiananmen Diary: Thirteen Days in June (1989), The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng (1992) and his last, Heroes of My Time (1993). The 900 Days'' was in the process of being adapted into a feature film by Italian director Sergio Leone at the time of Leone's death in 1989.

In 1964, he married Charlotte Y. Salisbury, who accompanied him on numerous trips to Asia.  She wrote seven books about their experiences.

Salisbury was an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. In 1990, he received the Ischia International Journalism Award.

He died in Providence, Rhode Island at age 84.

References

External links
Harrison E. Salisbury, 84, Author and Reporter, Dies
Harrison Salisbury papers at Columbia University

The NYPR Audio Archive Collections

1908 births
1993 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American memoirists
George Polk Award recipients
Writers from Minneapolis
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners
The New York Times writers
University of Minnesota alumni
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
20th-century American male writers
North Community High School alumni
Recipients of Ischia International Journalism Award
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Harrison Salisbury


Temiskaming Shores is a city in the Timiskaming District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It was created by the amalgamation of the town of New Liskeard, the town of Haileybury, and the township of Dymond in 2004. The city had a total population of 9,634 in the Canada 2021 Census. Temiskaming Shores is Ontario's second-smallest city, in terms of population, after Dryden. Haileybury is the seat of Timiskaming District.

The constituent communities, alongside the neighbouring town of Cobalt, have been collectively referred to as "Tri-Towns" since before amalgamation. Cobalt was also part of the original Temiskaming Shores amalgamation plan, but rejected the merger.

In the Canada 2001 Census, the last Canadian census before the amalgamated city came into effect, New Liskeard had a population of 4,906, Haileybury had a population of 4,543, and Dymond had a population of 1,181.

Geography
 Temiskaming Shores is located along the southern edge of the Clay Belt area, near the Quebec border on the shores of Lake Timiskaming's Wabi Bay. The separate township municipality of Harris separates the city from the Ontario-Quebec border. The nearest town on the Quebec side of the border is Notre-Dame-du-Nord.

The city is located within the Timiskaming Graben, a smaller branch of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben. A large escarpment, known as Devil's Rock, is located near Haileybury.

Communities
The city includes the communities of New Liskeard, Haileybury, Dymond, and North Cobalt.

History
The Ottawa River, which drains into and out of Lake Timiskaming, has been a well-travelled route from the earliest times, and served as the initial point of access to the Temiskaming area. Native peoples travelled this route since the earliest times.  Fort Temiscamingue was established in 1695 by French explorers.  In 1794 George Gladman of the Hudson's Bay Company established Abitibi House on Lake Abitibi, to the north. In 1886, Alexander H. Telfer led a survey trip up Lake Timiskaming and gave a report to the Temiskaming Settlers' Association.  By this time, the Quebec side of Lake Timiskaming was also being settled, and steamboats, the primary mode of transportation in the area, were ferrying new settlers into the area.

Before more settlements could be established, the Quebec-Ontario boundary north of Lake Timiskaming had to be accurately surveyed. Earlier surveys by Quebec and Ontario resulted in a boundary dispute, so the Canadian government sent a survey team to resolve the issue in 1890. William Ogilvie, who had recently distinguished himself by accurately surveying the Canada – Alaska boundary, led the expedition. A benchmark near Mattawa was used to establish an accurate benchmark north of Lake Timiskaming, using astronomical methods. From the head of Lake Timiskaming, they proceeded north to James Bay, fixing accurate positions of the provincial boundary at regular intervals using geodesy data derived from star transits. Ogilvie's journal describe conditions in this area and the early settlers he met. His report on this expedition describes the details of this expedition.

William Murray (1840–1906) and Irvin Heard (1871–1956) were the first European settlers in the New Liskeard area, arriving in 1891.  Some years later Crown Lands Agent John Armstrong was dispatched to the area to oversee formal land settlement. The settlers founded a prosperous agricultural center, taking advantage of the rich soil in the Little Claybelt region. New Liskeard was founded soon after settlers began to arrive in Dymond, and the two towns were soon incorporated, in 1903 and 1901, respectively. John Armstrong served as New Liskeard's first mayor. His descendants still live in the area today. New Liskeard was named after Liskeard in Cornwall, England.

Haileybury was founded in 1889 by Charles Cobbold Farr, who named the newly founded town after the Haileybury and Imperial Service College, his former school in England. In 1901, Dymond Township was incorporated, and two years later in 1903, the Town of New Liskeard was established, with John Armstrong as its first mayor. Haileybury was formally incorporated as a town in 1904. Farr encouraged settlement in the area, penning his own promotional pamphlet, entitled "The Lake Temiskamingue District", in an effort to attract new settlers to the region. Marketed to settlers as prime agricultural land, Haileybury had only a handful of residents until the arrival of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway in the early 1900s, and the subsequent discovery of large silver deposits in neighboring Cobalt in 1903. During the Cobalt Silver Rush, Haileybury became a 'bedroom community' that served the needs of the many miners and, most famously, many mine owners and managers. These mine managers and owners were responsible for the construction of the row of stately homes, nicknamed 'Millionaire's Row' that stretched along the waterfront on what is now Lakeshore Road, many of which still stand today. In 1909, the Haileybury Hockey Club played its first and only season in the NHA. The club was taken over and moved by Montreal's Club Antique-Canadien for the following season, and became the Montreal Canadiens. By 1912, Haileybury had been named the judicial seat for the Temiskaming Region, a title it retains to this day. The town of Haileybury annexed the neighbouring community of North Cobalt in 1971.

The region was affected by the Great Fire of 1922, considered one of the worst disasters ever to befall the area. Haileybury suffered the worst damage, and approximately ninety percent of the town was destroyed, leaving only Millionaire's Row and a few other neighborhoods intact. The mass destruction is partially attributable to strong wind on the day of the fire. Approximately 3500 people were left homeless by the fire. The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), with many retired street cars in its yards, sent many old car bodies to serve as houses during the reconstruction. Some of these cars remained for years, and one has recently been restored and is in the museum at Haileybury. As well, the area was affected by the 1935 Timiskaming earthquake, which had its epicentre at Lac Kipawa in Quebec, approximately halfway between the Haileybury/New Liskeard area and North Bay.

In 1971, the Township Municipality of Bucke (that included North Cobalt) was amalgamated with Haileybury.

In more recent history, Dymond still functions largely as an agricultural centre, while the commercial and industrial interests in the area have mostly shifted operations to the former town of New Liskeard.  Haileybury maintains its status as a judicial seat, and is also home to the new city hall. A strong link to agriculture means that Temiskaming Shores has largely avoided the boom-and-bust cycle typical of most mining- and forestry-dependent small towns in Northern Ontario. Temiskaming Shores has also become a popular retirement and recreational destination, with small retirement communities like the Bayport Village being developed in the former town of Haileybury.

A  building in Haileybury, built by area businessman Peter Grant as a combination home and office for his now-defunct company Grant Forest Products, was promoted as the largest house in Canada when Grant put it on the real estate market in 2010 for an asking price of $25 million.

In 2013, Temiskaming Shores was the main filming location for the movie Skating to New York.

Amalgamation issues
Initially, as none of the old municipal office buildings were large enough to accommodate the expanded municipal staff of a single city, all three remained in use to house different city departments. A new city hall, located on Farr Drive in Haileybury, was completed in 2007.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Temiskaming Shores had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021. English was the mother language of 66.4% of Temiskaming Shore's population, while 28.4% of the city's residents spoke French as a mother language.

Transportation
Highway 11 and Highway 65 pass through the city. The primary arterial route through Haileybury and New Liskeard also formerly held the business route designation Highway 11B.

Temiskaming Shores and Cobalt share a small public transit system, Tri-Town Transit.

The Ontario Northland bus service makes scheduled stops in Dymond and Haileybury.

Shopping
The city is the economic and service hub to a population of approximately 32,500 from small communities in the surrounding region. Professional services and large retailers continue to open in the community to service regional customers from both Ontario and Quebec.

The city's one enclosed shopping mall, Timiskaming Square, is located in the Dymond area at 883303 Highway 65 (47.51 N, 79.67 W). Owned by Plaza REIT,  it opened in 1977 and has 21 stores, anchored by Food Basics. The mall has 164,142 sq. ft. (15,249 m2) of space. Its  popularity in the 1980s contributed to the decline of the downtown businesses of Haileybury and to a lesser extent New Liskeard.  Since then, large Walmart and Canadian Tire stores have been built nearby, resulting in a decline in mall business. As of 2021, the mall only had 6 stores and services left: Food Basics, Dollarama, Giant Tiger, Pet Valu, TD Canada Trust, DriveTest, and Pop's Cannabis.

The supermarket in the mall had been a Loeb store until 2007, when a microburst damaged a large section of the roof and forced its temporary  closure.  The store was rebranded as Food Basics.

Following Zellers' acquisition of Kmart Canada in 1998, the mall's Kmart was converted to a Zellers.  Timiskaming Square already had a Zellers store, resulting in  the mall having two Zellers anchor stores.  This unusual setup continued until 2009, when one store was closed; Hart opened a new store in the former Zellers location, which has been subsequently closed.

Many of the mall's customers are from Quebec, which is a short drive away on Highway 65.

During the Sunday shopping debate, the shopping centre was cited as one of the primary reasons the local representative voted in favour of the bill.

Education

Separate schools
Ecole catholique Sainte-Croix, Ecole catholique St-Michel, Ecole secondaire catholique Sainte-Marie (administered by Conseil scolaire catholique de district des Grandes-Rivières)
English Catholic Central School and in neighbouring Cobalt, St. Patrick Catholic School (administered by Northeastern Catholic District School Board)

Public schools
New Liskeard Public School, Temiskaming District Secondary School (administered by District School Board Ontario North East)
Ecole publique des Navigateurs (administered by Conseil scolaire de district du Nord-Est de l'Ontario)

Colleges
Haileybury in Temiskaming Shores is home to the Haileybury Campus of the English-language Northern College. The Haileybury Campus is home to Northern College's Veterinary Technology programs, including advanced diplomas in Wildlife Rehabilitation and in Companion Animal Physical Rehabilitation that were the first of their kind in Canada.

Media

Radio

99.7 FM – CBON-2, Première Chaîne
102.3 FM – CBCY, CBC Radio One
103.1 FM – CJBB, country (from nearby Englehart, Ontario)
104.5 FM – CJTT, adult contemporary

Newspapers

Weekly community newspapers include The Temiskaming Speaker, Le Reflet and The Temiskaming Speaker Weekender and the biweekly The Voice of the Shores.

See also
List of townships in Ontario
List of francophone communities in Ontario

References

External links

Cities in Ontario
Single-tier municipalities in Ontario

Temiskaming Shores


A hunting dog is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs.  The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs.  These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing.

Types of hunting dogs

Hounds
There are two types of hounds, sight hounds and scent hounds. The difference between them is if they use sight or smell to find what they are hunting for. They are often used to hunt animals with fur. In America, raccoon, coyote, and large predators are hunted with hounds, and traditionally in Britain hounds were used to hunt the fox.

Gun dog
These dogs are also called bird dogs. They are used by hunters who carry shotguns to hunt small animals.  Gun dogs come in three main classes. The classes are retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds.

Retrievers
The main job of a retriever is to get the animal after the hunter shoots it. Retrievers are very good in the water and often used by hunters shooting ducks.

Flushing spaniels
Flushing spaniels are used when birds being hunted are found in areas where they can hide, for example high grass. The spaniel will run through the grass. This makes the birds fly into the air so the hunter can shoot them. Spaniels stay close to the hunter so when the birds start to fly, the hunter is close enough to shoot them.

Pointers
Pointers find birds then stand still and point at where the bird is. They often are farther away from the hunter than a spaniel would be. By pointing instead of flushing the bird out, they give the hunter time to get close enough to shoot the bird.

Terriers
These dogs are almost always used to hunt mammals.  Terriers are used to find the den or living space of the animal. They will go into where the animal lives and either force it to run out or they will kill it. Many of the animals hunted with terriers are animals that cause damage, for example, ground hogs, fox and badger.

Cur types
Curs are used in the same way as terriers but on larger animals. Curs are used to hunt boars, raccoon, cougars, and other large mammals

Working dogs

Hunting dog


Jem Alan Cohen (born 1962) is an Afghan-born American filmmaker based in New York City. Cohen is especially known for his observational portraits of urban landscapes, blending of media formats (sixteen-millimetre, Super 8, videotape) and collaborations with musicians.
He also makes multichannel installations and still photographs and had a photography show at Robert Miller Gallery in 2009.
He is the recipient of the Independent Spirit Award for feature filmmaking, and has received grants from the Guggenheim, Creative Capital, Rockefeller and Alpert foundations, and the National Endowment for the Arts.
Cohen's films have been broadcast internationally, and are in held the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum, the National Gallery of Art, and the ACMI in Melbourne.

Early life
Cohen was born in Kabul, Afghanistan where his father was working for Columbia University, Teachers College and the United States Agency for International Development (U.S.A.I.D.). He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1984, with a concentration in film and photography.

Career
Cohen found the mainstream Hollywood film industry incompatible with his sociopolitical and artistic views. By applying the D.I.Y. ethos of Punk Rock to his film-making approach, he crafted a distinct style in his films through various small gauge formats of Super 8, sixteen-millimetre, and videotape. In an interview with web-site The Lamp, Cohen said, "...it's very inspiring to me, to see people kind of take something outside of the industry, outside of the music industry, and it gave me something of a template to work in film outside of the film industry. And there are certainly strains of punk that are activist and that are kind of oppositional in nature to the dominant mainstream culture... that's very inspiring to me..."

Cohen's longer works include his feature film, Museum Hours, Chain, and the experimental documentary, Instrument, a portrait of the D.C. punk band Fugazi that was ten years in the making. Benjamin Smoke, about the life of the frontman of the Atlanta, Georgia band Smoke, covers a ten-year arc. Other works of note are Lost Book Found, his Walter Benjamin-inspired portrait of New York City, Buried in Light, a series of connected Central and Eastern European city portraits, and his short film about the late Elliott Smith, Lucky Three. In 2002, Cohen made Chain X Three, a precursor to the Chain feature film, which was exhibited as a three-channel installation. His concert film of the Dutch band The Ex, Building a Broken Mousetrap, premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in 2006.

Cohen was a resident at Eyebeam in 2002.

In 2005, Cohen curated the four-day FUSEBOX Festival in Ghent, Belgium. A celebratory gathering "at the crossroads of film, music, and activism," participants included Guy Picciotto of Fugazi, Patti Smith and Tom Verlaine, The Evens, and a side project of Montreal's Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band, called Thee Silver Mountain Elegies Play War Radio, which formed for the occasion.

Other music artists Cohen has collaborated with over the years include Patti Smith, Godspeed You Black Emperor!, Vic Chesnutt,  Terry Riley, Sparklehorse, R.E.M., Xylouris White, Jessica Moss, Matana Roberts, T.Griffin, Stephen Vitiello, Miracle Legion, DJ /rupture, Blonde Redhead, and The Ex.

He has also cited that he has previously worked for the film industry as a technician and  prop man, some of the directors he has worked under include Alex Cox, John Sayles, and Martin Scorsese.

Photographer Sid Grossman had been married to Cohen's mother. Grossman was the father of his (half) brother Adam, also a
filmmaker.

Filmography

 A Road in Florida (1983)
 Witness (1986)
 This Is a History of New York (The Golden Age of Reason) (1987)
 Selected City Films (1989)
 Talk About the Passion (1989) collaboration with R.E.M.
 You're the One Lee (1989) collaboration with Miracle Legion
 Glue Man (1989) collaboration with Fugazi
 Light Years (1989)
 Love Teller (1989) collaboration with Ben Katchor
 Never Change (1988) text by Blake Nelson
 4:44 (from her house) (1989)
 What does Away Mean? PSA (1989)
 Marks Town (1991)
 Drink Deep (1991)
 Black Hole Radio (1992) single channel version and video installation
 Nightswimming (1993)
 Drift (1993)
 Buried in Light (1993)
 Sun Project (1994)
 Coney Island End of God the Way It Must Be (1996)
 Lost Book Found (1996)
 Lucky Three (1997)
 Amber City (1999)
 Instrument (1999)
 Blood Orange Sky (1999)
 Waterfront Diaries (New York) (2000)
 Nice Evening, Transmission Down (2001)
 Little Flags (2000)
 Benjamin Smoke (2000)
 George Thief (2002)
 The Foxx and Little Vic (2002)
 Cat Power: Live from Fur City (2002)
 Chain X Three (2002)
 Chain (2004)
 NYC Weights and Measures (2005)
 Blessed Are the Dreams of Men (2006)
 Building a Broken Mouse Trap (2006)
 Free (2007)
 Spirit (2007)
 Empires of Tin (2007)
 Long for the City (2008)
 Half the Battle (2008)
 The Passage Clock (For Walter Benjamin) (2008)
 Anne Truitt, Working (2009)
 Night Scene New York (2009,
 Le Bled (Buildings in a Field) (2009) with writer Luc Sante
 One Bright Day (2009)
 Crossing Paths With Luce Vigo (2010)
 Gravity Hill NEWSREELS (2011/12)
 Museum Hours (2012)
 We Have an Anchor (2015)
 Counting (2015)
 On Essex Road (2016)
 Bury Me Not (2016)
 World Without End (No Reported Incidents) (2016)
 This Climate (2017)
 Birth Of A Nation (2017)
 Makeshift (For Mekas) (2019)
 Or Nothing (The Double) (2022)
 Ballad Of Philip Guston (2023)

References

External links

 Jem Cohen in the Video Data Bank

1962 births
American documentary filmmakers
American experimental filmmakers
American film directors
Jewish American artists
Wesleyan University alumni
Living people
21st-century American Jews

Jem Cohen


Army engineering maintenance consists of those engineers, technicians, and military organizations responsible for the expert repair and maintenance of army vehicles,  weapon systems, and other equipment.

Army engineering maintenance should not be confused with military engineering which is distinctly separate and analogous to civil engineering while the former analogous to mechanical engineering and electrical engineering.

Operational and tactical level focus
At the operational and tactical levels, army engineering maintenance is focused on the repair and scheduled maintenance work required to keep army equipment fleets operational.

Strategic level focus
At the strategic level, army engineering maintenance is closely linked to military logistics. At this level, it includes work such as the design, development, and testing of new vehicles and weapon systems. It also includes lifecycle management activities once new systems become operational.

Army engineering in nations' armed forces
Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers – Australia
Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers – Canada
Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment – New Zealand
Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering – Pakistan
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers – United Kingdom
Ordnance Corps – United States
Maintenance and Engineering Support - Singapore

See also
Motor transport
Armoured recovery vehicle
Systems engineering
Military engineering

Notes

Military maintenance
Military trucks
Military technology
Engineering disciplines

Army engineering maintenance


Ole Edvart Rølvaag (; Rølvåg in modern Norwegian, Rolvaag in English orthography) (April 22, 1876 – November 5, 1931) was a Norwegian-American novelist and professor who became well known for his writings regarding the Norwegian American immigrant experience. Ole Rolvaag is most frequently associated with Giants in the Earth, his award-winning, epic novel of Norwegian immigrant homesteaders in Dakota Territory.

Biography
Rølvåg was born in the family's cottage in a small fishing village on the island of Dønna, in Nordland county, Norway. Dønna, one of the largest islands on the northern coast of Norway, is situated about five miles from the Arctic Circle. He was born with the name Ole Edvart Pedersen, one of seven children of Peder Benjamin Jakobsen and Ellerine Pedersdatter Vaag. The settlement where he was born had no official name, but was referred to as Rølvaag, the name of a narrow bay on the northwestern point of the island where the fishermen kept their boats. At 14 years of age Rølvaag joined his father and brothers in the Lofoten fishing grounds. Rølvaag lived there until he was 20 years of age, and the impressions he received during the days of his childhood and his young manhood endured with him throughout his life.

An uncle who had emigrated to America sent him a ticket in the summer of 1896, and he traveled to Union County, South Dakota to work as a farmhand. He settled in Elk Point, South Dakota, working as a farmhand until 1898. With the help of his pastor, Rølvaag enrolled in Augustana Academy in Canton, South Dakota where he graduated in 1901. He earned a bachelor's degree from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota in 1905, and a master's degree from the same institution in 1910. He also had studied for some time at the University of Oslo.

Career
In 1906, Rølvaag was recruited as a professor by St. Olaf College president John N. Kildahl. Rølvaag was made head of the Norwegian Department at St. Olaf in 1916. In 1925, Ole E. Rolvaag became the first secretary and archivist of Norwegian-American Historical Association. He held both positions for the rest of his life.

Personal life
In 1908, he became a United States citizen and married Jennie Marie Berdahl, the daughter of Andrew James Berdahl and Karen Oline Otterness. They had four children: Olaf, Ella, Karl and Paul. Their son, Karl Fritjof Rolvaag, served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota.
Ole Rolvaag died November 5, 1931, in Northfield, Minnesota.

Literary style and themes
Ole Rølvaag wrote in the Norwegian language, but his novels have a distinct American flavor and theme. Rolvaag was deeply influenced by earlier American writers who, writing in Norwegian, had faithfully portrayed the experiences of so many Norwegian immigrant pioneers. In this he was strongly influenced by Hans Andersen Foss and Peer Stromme, both of whom had written novels which provided realistic aspects of the homesteader's experience. The Emigrants by Norwegian author Johan Bojer, first published in 1925, follows many of these same themes. Rølvaag in turn provided an equally strong influence on future Scandinavian writers. Rølvaag attracted a number of gifted young Norwegian-Americans to St. Olaf College, among them Einar Haugen. Written decades later, Vilhelm Moberg's novels would depict the experience of Swedish-American immigrants.

Giants in the Earth
Rølvaag's authorship and scholarship focused on the pioneer experience on the Dakota plains in the 1870s. His most famous book was Giants in the Earth (Norwegian: I de dage), part of a trilogy. It features the story of a Norwegian pioneer family's struggles with the land and the elements of the Dakota Territory, as they try to make a new life in America. It was based partly upon Rolvaag's personal experiences as a settler and as well of the experiences of his wife's family who had been immigrant homesteaders. The novel realistically treats the lives and trials of Norwegian pioneers in the Midwest, emphasizing their battles with the elements. The book also portrays the trials of loneliness, separation from family, longing for the old country, and the difficulty of fitting into a new culture.

The book was written in Norwegian and then translated into English. The book reads as an American novel but stems from an Old World literary tradition. It provides dramatic contrast between Per Hansa and his wife, Beret.

Per is a natural pioneer who sees promise flooding the windswept plains. Beret hungers for the ways of her homeland, and in her heart, loneliness gathers and penetrates the deeper reality of life lived on the American frontier.

Giants in the Earth served as the basis for an opera by Douglas Moore and Arnold Sundgaard that won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1951.

Honors and awards
Rølvaag was appointed Knight of the Order of St Olav by King Haakon VII in 1926. Also, St. Olaf College has created a literary award named for Rolvaag, the Ole E. Rolvaag Award for Fiction, the "award honors the memory of St. Olaf's greatest writer, Ole Rolvaag".

Memorials

The O. E. Rolvaag House in Northfield, Minnesota is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
Rolvaag Memorial Library  at St. Olaf College is named in honor of O. E. Rolvaag.
Berdahl–Rølvaag House, where Rølvaag wrote Giants in the Earth, is located in the Heritage Park of the Augustana University campus in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
The Ole Rolvaag Collection is maintained in the Norwegian-American Historical Association Archives at St. Olaf College.

Selected bibliography
Amerika-breve fra P.A. Smevik til hans far og bror i Norge – American Letters (1912)
Paa Glemte Veie – On Forgotten Paths (1914)
To Tullinger: Et Billede frå idag – Two Fools: A Portrait of Our Times (1920)
Længselens Baat – The Boat of Longing (1921)
Omkring fædrearven – Concerning Our Heritage (1922)
I de Dage – In Those Days (1923)
Riket Grundlægges – Founding the Kingdom (1924)
The following three books form a trilogy:
Giants in the Earth (combined version of I de Dage and Riket Grundlægges – translated and published in 1927)
Peder Seier – Peder Victorious (translated in 1929)
Den Signede Dag – Their Father's God (translated in 1931)
Last release:
Pure Gold (translated in 1930)
The Boat of Longing (1933)

References

Additional sources
Jorgenson, Theodore and Solum, Nora O. Ole Edvart Rölvaag: A Biography (Harper and Brothers, 1939)
Reigstad, Paul. Rolvaag: His Life and Art (University of Nebraska Press, 1972)
Thorson, Gerald. Ole Rolvaag, Artist and Cultural Leader  (St. Olaf College Press, 1975)
Simonson, Harold P. Prairies Within: The Tragic Trilogy of Ole Rolvaag (University of Washington Press, 1987)
Moseley, Ann. Ole Edvart Rolvaag (Boise State University Bookstore, 1987)
Eckstein, Neil Truman. Marginal Man As Novelist: The Norwegian-American Writers H.H Boyesen and O.E. Rolvaag  (Taylor & Francis, 1990)
Haugen, Einar Ingvald  Ole Edvart Rölvaag	(Boston: Twayne Publishers,1983)
Moose, Nancy Gwen, Religion, Women and Culture in the Works of Ole E. Rølvaag. (1989). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. South Dakota State University. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4610
Zempel, Solveig. 1999. Ole Edvart Rolvaag: Novelist. St. Olaf and the Vocation of a Church College, Pamela Schwandt, Gary De Krey, and L. DeAne Lagerquist, eds. pp. 89-96. Northfield, MN: St. Olaf College.

External links
Ole Rølvåg
Norwegian-American Historical Association - O.E. Rølvaag papers
Minnesota Historic Society – Minnesota Author Biographies Project
St Olaf College – Rolvaag Memorial Library
Two Novelists of the Northwest Prairie Frontier. (Texas Christian University Press, 1998.)
Rolvaag's Search for Soria Moria by Raychel A. Haugrud (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 26: Page 103)
Dear Sara Alelia: An Episode in Rølvaag's Life by Einar Haugen (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 31: Page 269)
The Social Criticism of Ole Edvart Rølvaag by Neil T. Eckstein (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 24: Page 112)
 Rølvaag's Lost Novel by Einar Haugen (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 32: Page 209)
The Scandinavian Immigrant Writer in America by Dorothy Burton Skardal (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 21: Page 14)

1876 births
1931 deaths
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
People from Dønna
20th-century American novelists
American Lutherans
American male novelists
20th-century Norwegian novelists
People from Northfield, Minnesota
People from Rice County, Minnesota
People from Union County, South Dakota
Writers from South Dakota
St. Olaf College faculty
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Minnesota
St. Olaf College people

Ole Edvart Rølvaag