The Land of Painted Caves is a historical fiction novel by Jean M. Auel published in March 2011. It is the sequel to The Shelters of Stone – published 9 years earlier – and is the sixth and final book in the Earth's Children series. It describes Ayla's life among the Zelandonii, and her training to become one of their spiritual leaders.

Plot

In this three-part book, Ayla is 20 (in part 1), about 23 (in part 2) and 26 (in part 3) and is training to become a spiritual leader for the Zelandonii. Most of the first and second parts of the book involve Ayla's acolyte training to become Zelandoni. The third part of the book contains most of the action of the story and plot line.

In the first part, Ayla is at a Summer Meeting and she begins to learn what an acolyte does. Ayla and the First decide to start Ayla's Donier Tour - a tour of the sacred caves in the wider region. Jondalar, Jonayla, their animals and many others decide to travel. The second part is mainly about the caves they visit. In many of the Sacred caves the Ancients, the people before the Zelandonii, left drawings. Ayla meets many other Zelandoni and one of them gives her a pouch of dried herbs smelling faintly of mint.  Ayla also discovers that the Clan visit some of the sacred caves as well.

In the third part of the book, Ayla is marking the passage of the sun and moon's phases as part of her training as an acolyte. One night she is distracted and decides to share Pleasures with Jondalar, starting a baby. However, most of her Cave leaves for the Summer Meeting, but Ayla stays behind until Midsummer so she can finish her observation of the celestial bodies. During this time she takes care of Marthona, her mother-in-law, as well as the others in her Cave. One night Ayla makes some mint tea, actually the dried herb mixture given to her in the second part of the book, and is Called. If an acolyte is Called, then she will be tested by the Zelandonia, and initiated into the Zelandonia if the Calling is true. Ayla puts down her drink and runs along a river into a cave, where she spends the next three days hallucinating. Wolf wakes her from her visions, and she finds herself in the dark cave. She allows Wolf to lead her out of the cave, but not before finding a bag hidden there by Madroman, an unskilled acolyte who faked his Calling, and who has had a deep-seated hatred of Jondalar since adolescence.

Outside are people from her Cave who were worried about her absence, and it is discovered that Ayla miscarried. She spends the next few days recovering from her experience and helps deliver a friend's baby. After delivering the baby, Ayla travels to the Summer Meeting. Upon her arrival, she finds Jondalar sharing Pleasures with Marona (Marona being Jondalar's bitter ex-girlfriend whom he abandoned to go travelling in the second book, and who actively and spitefully caused Ayla much difficulty when she first arrived at Jondalar's home). This leaves a rift between Ayla and Jondalar. She turns Madroman's bag over to the Zelandonia, and he is rejected from their ranks for his attempted deception. Ayla is accepted into the Zelandonia and attempts to use a dangerous hallucinogenic root as part of her initiation - one that was greatly feared by her first mentor, Mamut. The rift with Jondalar is only healed when he manages to call her back from the deathlike coma induced by the root.

The spiritual knowledge Ayla's Calling brings to the community is that men are active in the conception of a baby during 'Pleasures', which leads to the start of recognized fatherhood and that men have purpose on earth equal to that of women, and subsequently leads to the need for monogamous relationships to reduce jealousy/possessiveness over sexual partners and for fathers to take responsibility for children, thus shaping this prehistoric culture further to match our current one.

References

2011 American novels
Earth's Children
Crown Publishing Group books
Hodder & Stoughton books

The Land of Painted Caves


The College Ystrad Mynach is a former college of further education based in Ystrad Mynach in Caerphilly county borough, Wales.  It had over 13,000 students ranging from school leavers to adult mature students.  It taught mainly vocational courses from entry level to Degree (in collaboration with Cardiff Metropolitan University, and the University of South Wales).

In 2013, Ystrad Mynach College merged with Coleg Morgannwg to become Coleg y Cymoedd.

Courses

The college offered courses in the following areas:
ACCESS to Higher Education
Art
A/S Levels & A2 A Levels
Basic Skills
Beauty therapy & Holistic Therapy
Business studies
Catering & Hospitality
Computing
Construction
Child Care
Education & Training
Engineering
English for Speakers of Other Languages
GCSEs
Hairdressing
Health & Social Care
ACS Gas & Environmental and Renewable courses
Higher Education
Office Technology
 Motor Vehicle
Public Services
Sport
Travel & Tourism
Welsh language
Welsh Baccalaureate

History

The college was opened in 1959 to meet the needs of the local coal mining industry.  Since the 1970s the curriculum diversified to assist the diversification and development of the locality.  The College worked closely with Caerphilly County Borough Council to improve the economic future of the County Borough.

Building Work

The College Ystrad Mynach underwent extensive building work to areas of its campus in recent years.

2001 – A Block

Housing the main reception, administration offices and some teaching areas, A Block had a complete refurbishment in 2001.  The refurbishment costing £2.5 million transformed the block from its previous state which was first built in 1959.

2002 – Cafe Quarter
Officially opened by former Caerphilly AM Ron Davies, a new Cafe Quarter was completed in 2002 providing students with improved catering facilities.

2003 – S Block Graddfa Site

Following the merging of Lewis School sites into one location at Pengam, The College purchased a site previously used by Lewis School that was located adjacent to The College Ystrad Mynach (previously Graddfa Secondary Modern School).  With student enrolments for The College Ystrad Mynach increasing in the years before 2003, the Graddfa site provided additional space.
Following months of extensive renovations to bring the site to an acceptable standard, the site was used as a teaching area from August 2003, housing GCSE, A Level, Education and Training, Languages and Art Provision.
The College Ystrad Mynach acquired a grant during the renovation work to build additional changing rooms.  These changing rooms serve not only The College but the numerous sports teams that use Ystrad Mynach park for activities on Saturday's and Sunday's.

2004 – D Block

A 3-storey Technology Building titled 'D Block' was completed in January 2004 at a cost of £2 million replacing a previous 2-storey building that had been standing since 1959.
The block currently serves Construction, Electronics, Aerospace, Electrical and Design courses.

2009–2010 – B Block

Building work commenced in June 2009 on a new B Block facility costing £7.2M which houses 13 classrooms, a new library, improved catering facilities and public areas for learners, exhibitions, competitions and public events.

Principals

Glyn Sumption.  1959 – 1971
Cynon Parry.  1971 – 1984
Don Brooks.  1985 – 1997
Bryn Davies. 1997 – 2013

Campuses

The main campus is in Ystrad Mynach.  Since 2001 The College has invested heavily in its estate.
The College Rhymney – North of the Caerphilly County Borough and serves the top end of the Valley.  Its aim is to develop the basic and intermediate skills of the area.
The College @ Centres – Based in High Street locations in Aber Valley, Bargoed, Blackwood & Caerphilly, they provide 'drop in' training in IT in an informal environment.
The College @ Tredomen – Located within the Tredomen Business & Technology Centre, provides training for both public sector and private sector companies delivering both "tailor made" and off the shelf courses. The College also runs a number of courses throughout the community in venues such as Community Centres and Schools.

Scholars Restaurant

Scholars Restaurant at The College Ystrad Mynach opened in May 2007 by S4C TV Chef Dudley Newberry.

Hair and Beauty Salons

Hair and Beauty Salons are situated in both the Ystrad Mynach and Rhymney campuses.

External links
The College Ystrad Mynach Website

Further education colleges in Caerphilly
1959 establishments in Wales
Educational institutions established in 1959

Ystrad Mynach College


The Grass Crown is the second historical novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series, published in 1991.

The novel opens shortly after the action of The First Man in Rome. Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla eat dinner together with their wives, and discuss the threat presented by Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia.

Plot summary
Although these two powerful Eastern rulers would eventually declare war on Rome and slaughter thousands of Roman citizens, the plot of the novel centres on the Social War of 91 to 88 BC, a civil war which Rome fought against its mutinous Italian Allies after they were refused full Roman citizenship. (The lengthy section dealing with Marcus Livius Drusus' attempt to secure them the citizenship, which ends in his tragic assassination, is one of the main turning points in the entire series.)

Marius and Sulla, still friends and professional colleagues, face the Italian threat together, and succeed in putting down the rebellion of the Italians.  However, Marius suffers a serious stroke (his second), and is forced to withdraw from the war.  During this struggle, Sulla, rallying his troops against certain destruction near Nola, is hailed as 'imperator' on the field of battle and presented with the highest honour a Roman general can receive: the corona graminea, the eponymous 'Grass Crown'. This was only awarded a very few times during the Republic, and only ever to a general or commander who broke the blockade around a beleaguered Roman army or otherwise saved an entire legion or army from annihilation.

However, once Rome has settled this pressing domestic matter, and can begin to plot revenge against Mithridates and Tigranes, Marius and Sulla have their first serious falling out over the question of who should lead the legions East. Marius, now an aged and discredited statesman previously dubbed the 'Third Founder of Rome', is pining for further glory and believes only he has the talent necessary to defeat the allied Kings. Sulla feels as though his old mentor is unwilling to step aside and wants to destroy Sulla's chance of outshining him.  The Senate cites Marius's age and poor health as a reason to back Sulla, who moreover is the sitting consul and therefore has the side of right. The seeds of serious discord are planted.

The Roman comitia quickly becomes a source of political conflict between the two men, and leads to Sulla's first shocking march on Rome. It also leads Gaius Marius to pursue an unprecedented seventh consulship, which he wins and undertakes after suffering a series of strokes, and is depicted in this novel as going mad.

Other narrative threads of note: the childhood of Julius Caesar and Cato the Younger, as well as the early military careers of Pompey and Cicero (who was appointed to Pompeius Strabo as a cadet) in the Social War: and the unjust trial and exile of Publius Rutilius Rufus, falsely accused of extortion, driven out of Rome, and welcomed by a street festival in his honour in the city he was accused of looting.

References

Masters of Rome series
1991 Australian novels
Novels set in the 1st century BC
Depictions of Julius Caesar in literature
Cultural depictions of Cicero
Century (imprint) books

The Grass Crown (novel)


In Greek mythology, Laomedon was a king of Troy. He was the son of Ilus. Laomedon was the father of King Priam, and Astyoche, Lampus, Hicetaon, Clytius, Cilla, Proclia, Aethilla, Medesicaste, Clytodora and Hesione. The king owned a team of divine horses. Zeus gave these horses to Tros (Laomedon's grandfather) as payment after Zeus kidnapped Tros' son, Ganymede.

People in Greek mythology

Laomedon


Fred Goss (born March 25, 1961, in Orchard Lake, Michigan) is an American TV actor, director, writer, producer and comedian.

As writer
Goss began writing and staging his own plays in his twenties.  He wrote sketch comedy during his thirties, primarily at the Los Angeles-based ACME Comedy Theater. More recently, Fred wrote many of the episodes of his ABC comedy Sons & Daughters.  He has written pilot scripts for ABC, NBC, and FOX. In 2014, he developed a half-hour comedy for ABC called The FunHouse. In 2013, he developed a half-hour comedy for USA Network called HR. He currently has a deal with Paramount Digital for a comedy series called FOCUS.

As acting student/teacher
Instructors who have taught Goss include Harry Mastrogeorge, Cynthia Szigeti, Stephen Book, Cecily Adams, and Jeffrey Tambor. After studying the Viola Spolin technique, he has taught (Improvisation for the Theater) to adults and children.

As actor
Fred Goss began acting at age fourteen. Before he was thirty, Goss had performed in more than 75 stage productions. He has been a member of The New A.R.T.E.F Players, Pacific Rep and Theater East. Goss also performed in two different house improvisation groups at The Comedy Store in Hollywood. and as part of the main company at The ACME Comedy Theater in Los Angeles.

Goss's professional acting debut was a small guest star part in the NBC comedy ALF. Goss starred in the Bravo comedy series Significant Others. He also starred in the short-lived ABC comedy Sons & Daughters portraying the character Cameron Walker, and starred as Gracen Brooker, in the ABC comedy Carpoolers.

As director
Goss began directing theater productions in his twenties. He has directed pilots and presentations for ABC, NBC, VH1, Fox TV Studios and more. Goss directed many episodes of his ABC comedy series, Sons & Daughters. Goss is also a successful commercial director, working exclusively with Company Films in Los Angeles.

In 2016, Goss continues to direct episodic TV.  His recent credits include multiple episodes of Brooklyn Nine-Nine, New Girl, Marry Me, Modern Family, Life In Pieces,  Those Who Can't, Don't Trust The B In Apt. 13, Imaginary Mary, Community, Happy Endings, Ben & Kate, The Crazy Ones, Enlisted, Manhattan Love Story and many more.

As producer
Fred has a current project with Paramount Digital called FOCUS.  A half hour comedy he also wrote and will direct.  In 2014, Goss developed a half-hour comedy for ABC called The Funhouse.  He developed a project called HR for USA Network in 2013.  Goss has created and executive produced pilot episodes of shows for NBC (The Weekend), ABC (Sons & Daughters, The Owners), and Fox TV Studios (Endless Summer). He also created and executive produced the critically acclaimed but short-lived ABC comedy series, Sons & Daughters.  Goss entered an exclusive two year development deal with ABC TV in the fall of 2006.

Personal life
Fred has three adult children and is married to Dr. Elizabeth Miller

External links

 Fred Goss Resume

1961 births
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television directors
Television producers from California
Living people
People from Orchard Lake, Michigan
People from Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
Comedians from California
21st-century American comedians
Television producers from Michigan

Fred Goss


"The Little Mermaid" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1837 in the third volume of Fairy Tales Told for Children with "The Emperor's New Clothes".  The tale glorifies suffering and self-denial. There is a statue of The Little Mermaid in the harbor of Copenhagen. The story has been adapted to opera and animated movies.

Story
A Beautiful mermaid princess , red hair delicate white skin and blue eyes swims to the surface of the sea.
As it happens, she sees a human prince and falls in love with him. She wants to meet him again; however, she is a mermaid, and her father, who is the king of the sea, would not let her do so. She wants to find a way to win the prince's love, so she goes to the sea witch's cave. She will get an immortal soul if she wins the love of a human. She sacrifices her voice and her tail to the sea witch for two human legs. The prince becomes her companion. But, he falls in love with another person. The mermaid has the chance to return to the sea. She must kill the prince to go back, and so she refuses. She dies, and is transformed into a daughter of the air. She will receive an immortal soul if she does good deeds for three hundred years.

Adaptations
In 1957, Germaine Tailleferre wrote a three act opera with the subject. In 1968, there was a Soviet animated movie. In 1976, a co-production of the Soviet Union and Bulgaria resulted in a live-action movie. In 1989, The Walt Disney Company also made an animated movie. In 2008, Studio Ghibli made a movie inspired by the story called Ponyo.

Notes

References
 Zipes, Jack. 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP.

Other websites

 Den lille Havfrue Original text in Danish from the Danish Royal Library website.
 The Annotated Little Mermaid  by Heidi Anne Heiner, Paull's translation, with scholarly annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, bibliography.

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
1830s books

The Little Mermaid


Free running is a sport that means doing jumps with difficult movements in the air and cross a tour with obstacles since in the parkour.

These jumps name ("Flips") or (Mortal Jumps).
 Basic Jumps

 Front Flip: The person jumps with the two legs and does a complete forward rotation.
 Back Flip: The person jumps of back also with the two legs and gives a return on if sames backward.
 Side Flip: The person jumps sidewards with one or two legs and gives a return on of sames sidewards.
 Wall Flip: The person puts a foot in the wall and jump with one leg, giving a turned backward.

 Harder jumps and rolls

 Eagle roll: The person dives forward and rolls, giving them a fast way to dive over things.
 Hand plant: The person jumps forward and plants their hands on an object and pushes their legs forward.
 Wall run: The person runs and jumps with one foot on the wall and takes another step, giving them the advantage of climbing.

References

Sports

Free running


Chocobos are fictional creatures featured in the game series called Final Fantasy. They look like giant, ostrish-like yellow birds.

They first appeared in Final Fantasy 2 and were used in most Final Fantasy sequels after that. They can be used to travel around the game, or play mini-games.The origin of Chocobo is 'Kyoro-chan'.Chocobo likes 'Vegetable of Gizarle'. They have special smell.

Types
Chocobos - The normal type of chocobos. It can run fast on ground.
Black Chocobos - The chcobos with black hair. It can fly in the sky.
White Chocobos - The chcobos with white hair. In Final Fantasy 4, it recovers MP. And in Final Fantasy 5, it fights with other characters.
Fat Chocobos - It can keeps items in their stomach.

Final Fantasy
Fictional birds

Chocobo


Hair is something that grows from the skin of mammals. Hair is made of keratins, which are proteins.

Animal hair is usually called fur. Sheep and goats have curly hair, called wool. Wool is used to make many products, like clothing and blankets.

Humans and some other animals have lost much of their hair through evolution, and some other mammals, such as the elephant and the whale, have almost none at all.

Functions of hair

Hair has different functions:
It can protect against losing body heat. This is thought to be the basic, original function of hair.
It protects against UV radiation, which damages the skin.
It can protect against rain or water. Air can be trapped in the fur, or oil can be secreted by the skin. Both these methods prevent the rain or water from  making the body too cold. Aquatic mammals in cold waters usually have blubber (fat) under the skin, and almost no hair.
Defence: hair is modified in mammals like porcupines, for protection.
Hair colouring can perform different functions. It helps to camouflage some animals. It can also signal to others of the same species. Examples are: signalling to females for mating purposes and signalling to others for territory control. Signalling danger to other species (aposematic colouring) is also done by, for example, skunks.
Animals can change their hair so they look bigger, or more threatening. This can also be used for mating; which is the case with lions, for example. Also, the male lions' mane also protects their neck from damage when fighting other males.

False hair
Some animals, for example certain insects and spiders also have hairs. However, these are not hair in the biological sense, but are actually bristles. The hairs found on certain plants are also not true hair, but trichomes.

Human hair

In humans, hair grows mostly on the head, and the amount of body hair is different from person to person.

Hair color

Hair color is passed down by parents only. Natural hair color can be given only by genes. Natural hair color is passed down genetically by both mother and father. This relies on dominant and recessive genes carried by a parent. These genes may not be the color of their hair, however, many people carry genes that are recessive and do not show in their traits or features.

Dyeing hair is to change the color of hair. It consists of a chemical mixture which can change the color of hair by a chemical reaction. Many people dye their hair to hide gray or white hairs. This is because most people gain white or gray hairs as they grow older.

Genetics and chemistry
Two types of melanin pigment give hair its color: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Pheomelanin colors hair red. Eumelanin determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, but more brown eumelanin will color the hair brown. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations give gray hair. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair.

The genetics of hair colors are not yet firmly established. According to one theory, at least two gene pairs control human hair color.

One phenotype (brown/blond) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair; a person with no brown alleles will be blond. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blond-haired child.

The other gene pair is a non-red/red pair, where the not-red allele  is dominant and the allele for red hair is recessive. A person with two copies of the red-haired allele will have red hair, but it will be either auburn or bright reddish orange depending on whether the first gene pair gives brown or blond hair, respectively.

The two-gene model does not account for all possible shades of brown, blond, or red (for example, platinum blond versus dark blonde/light brown), nor does it explain why hair color sometimes darkens as a person ages. Several other gene pairs control the light versus dark hair color in a cumulative effect (quantitative genetics).

Hair texture
Hair texture is also inherited genetically. The thickness of hair, its color and its tendency to curl are all inherited. There are also genetic differences between men and women.

Hair loss
People have about 100,000 hairs on their head.  About 100 fall out each day, but they usually grow back. Some men are bald but girls and women may become bald if they lose their hair from a disease called alopecia.

Men often lose some of their hair as they grow older. This is known as baldness. Doctors call it "male pattern baldness" because hairs often fall out in similar places. It often begins by hair falling out first from the front of the head, and then from the top of the head. After a while, all that may be left is a some hair running above the ears and around the lower back of the head. Even though it is unusual for women to go bald, many women suffer from thinning hair over the top of their head as they grow old.

People have tried to find cures for hair loss for thousands of years. In an effort to get their hair back, men have tried "cures" like applying strange lotions or even having their heads packed in chicken manure. Many unproven "cures" are still marketed today. It is only in the last decade or so that treatments have been developed which do sometimes work. Some doctors do hair transplants, where they take tiny plugs of hair from areas like the back of the neck and plant them in the bald spots on the head. Some drugs have been tested and approved for sale as hair loss treatments. They encourage hair regrowth and thickening, but work better if applied before hair loss turns to baldness.

History and culture
  People have been interested in hair on their heads for hundreds of thousands of years. For both men and women, styling and coloring hair have been ways to look good, and get attention. Sometimes society makes rules about hair, for example by not allowing people to cut their hair or beards, like in Sikhism

References

Basic English 850 words

Hair


A MacBook is a type of laptop computer made by Apple Inc. It runs macOS and comes with a built in webcam and microphone and a power adapter that is attached by magnets or USB-C.  MacBooks are currently available housed in Silver, Space Gray, Gold and Rose Gold aluminium.

Many college students purchase MacBooks to help with their studies and to stay connected with their family and friends.

The first models were released in 2006. It now has the same "unibody" construction as the MacBook Pro's.

History

The Macbook was introduced by Apple in May 2006. It replaced the iBook and 12 inch PowerBook series of notebooks because Apple was switching all of their CPUs to Intel from Power PC's.

Apple upgrades, or makes the MacBook better, about every six months to two years. This makes them faster and more reliable.

In October 2008, Apple decided to make a MacBook housed in aluminum. It was pretty much the same as the one housed in plastic except that it was a little better and that it was housed in metal. In June 2009, during WWDC (Apple's big yearly gathering), this laptop was renamed the MacBook Pro 13 inch.

In 2011, Apple stopped the production of MacBooks. However, in 2015 Apple released 12-inch MacBook, with a smaller  Retina display.

Other websites
MacBook website

MacBook

MacBook


The County of Tripoli (1102–1289) was the last of the Crusader states. It was founded in the Levant in the modern-day region of Tripoli, northern Lebanon and parts of western Syria.
When the Frankish Crusaders – mostly southern French forces – captured the region in 1109, Bertrand of Toulouse became the first count of Tripoli as a vassal of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem. From that time, the rule of the county was decided not strictly by inheritance but by factors such as military force (external and civil war), favour and negotiation. In 1289 the County of Tripoli fell to Sultan Qalawun of the Muslim Mamluks of Cairo. The county was absorbed into Mamluk Egypt.

Capture by Christian forces

Raymond IV of Toulouse was one of the wealthiest and most powerful of the crusaders. Even so, after the First Crusade, he had failed to secure any land holdings in the Near East. Meanwhile, the County of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Principality of Antioch had been established. Tripoli was an important strategic goal as it linked the French in the south with the Normans in the north. It was a fertile and well populated area. In 1102, Raymond IV occupied Tortosa (now Tartus) and in 1103, he prepared, together with veterans of the 1101 crusade, to take Tripoli.

Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles
On a natural ridge, which he named "Mons Peregrinus" (, ),  from Tripoli, Raymond IV (also known as Raymond de Saint-Gilles) began the construction of a large castle, known in Arabic as Qal'at Sanjil.  Despite this new fortress and seasoned troops, Raymond IV's siege of Tripoli failed to secure the port. He died on 25 February 1105.

Succession
Count William of Cerdagne, Raymond IV's cousin and comrade, was supported by Tancred, Prince of Galilee, but his succession in the Tripoli campaign was challenged by Raymond IV's illegitimate son, Bertrand of Toulouse. Bertrand of Toulouse, who was supported by Baldwin I of Jerusalem, arrived in the Near East with a substantial army and a large Genoese fleet.
In order to resolve the succession issue, Baldwin I created a partition treaty. It specified that William was to hold northern Tripoli and pay homage to Tancred while Bertrand was to hold south Tripoli as a vassal of Baldwin. Under a united Christian onslaught, Tripoli fell on 12 July 1109, completing the Kingdom of Jerusalem. When William died of an arrow through the heart (some claim it was murder), Bertrand became the first count of Tripoli.

Structure and devolution of power

Holdings and vassals

The extent of the County of Tripoli was determined in part by pre-existing Byzantine borders and in part by victory in battle, tempered by the demands of neighbouring crusader states. At its height, the county controlled the coastline from Maraclea in the north to Beirut in the south. Inland, the county's control extended to the Krac des Chevaliers fortress. The rich inland agricultural land of the Homs Gap was known as La Bocquée.
The county was divided into 'lordships'; areas based roughly around its coastal ports. The Count of Tripoli himself held the port of Tripoli and its surrounds. He also controlled the hostile region of Montferrand, now modern-day Bar'in, Syria, lying to the east. Approximately one quarter of the land seized around Tripoli was given to the Genoese as payment for military aid. The Genoese admiral Guglielmo Embriaco was awarded the city of Byblos.

Homage to the king
Despite his contribution to its establishment, Baldwin I did not directly control the County of Tripoli. Nevertheless, the County of Tripoli owed fealty (allegiance) and homage (declarations of allegiance) to him, and he, in return, provided support to the county in times of trouble.

Defence
Although occupying a narrow coastal plain, the mountain range beyond was a natural defensive line for Tripoli. Several castle forts were built to defend the mountain passes.
Muslim forces (Turk and Egyptian) attacked the County of Tripoli along its borders, especially those to the east. In 1137, Raymond II, the reigning count, lost control of Montferrand. The Muslim position strengthened when the Hashshashin (Nizari Ismailis) forces formed in the Nosairi mountains to the north. In 1144, in order to increase the county's defences, particularly against Zangi of Mosul, Raymond II gave the Knights Hospitaller large stretches of frontier land along the Buqai'ah plain. This included the castles of Krak des Chevaliers, Anaz, Tell Kalakh, Qalaat el Felis and Mardabech. In the 1150s, the defences were further strengthened by the presence of the Knights Templar at Tartus on the seashore.

Religion
In religious matters, the counties of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were expected to follow the lead of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. However, one of the Counts of Tripoli, Pons of Tripoli, had formed an alliance with Antioch, and acknowledged the Latin Patriarch of Antioch. This was so even after a Papal edict to the contrary.

War with the Seljuk Empire
Shaizar
As a vassal of the Kings of Jerusalem, Bertrand of Tripoli was drawn into war with the Seljuk Turks. In 1111, Mawdud ibn Altuntash, a Turkish military leader, campaigned against Antioch and Edessa. Bertrand of Tripoli and Baldwin I marched to defend the Christians in the north. In joining Tancred and the Count of Edessa at the Battle of Shaizar, their defence of the kingdom was successful.

Hab
In 1119, the Seljuk Empire again attacked Antioch, winning the Battle of Ager Sanguinis. However, Count Pons of Tripoli and Baldwin II defended Antioch and, at the Battle of Hab, successfully defended the flank of the Christian forces.

Azaz
In 1125, Count Pons of Tripoli marched against the Turks who had again attacked Edessa, this time besieging the town of Azaz. Pons of Tripoli, Baldwin II and the Count of Edessa lured the Turks from Azaz and into an ambush on the plains, where the Turkish forces were defeated.

Earthquake of 1170
On 29 June 1170, an earthquake struck the region. The defensive forts of Krac des Chevaliers, Chastel Blanc and al-'Ariymah were damaged. The cathedral of St Mary in Tripoli township was destroyed. The earthquake of 1170 resulted in a brief truce between Nur al-Din and the county (unlike a previous less severe earthquake of 1157 where fighting continued).

Contenders

Bertrand of Toulouse, son of Alphonso-Jordan

Alfonso Jordan (1103–1148) was the son of Raymond IV and his third wife, Elvira of Castile. Although he was born in Tripoli, Alphonso-Jordan was raised in France. In 1147, he joined the Second Crusade, which was launched in response to the loss of the County of Edessa to Turkish forces. Alphonso died, possibly poisoned, in Caesarea, in 1148. He had an illegitimate son, Bertrand of Toulouse, who continued his progress towards Tripoli.
Count Raymond II (1115–1152), the grandson of Bertrand, Count of Tripoli, engaged his enemies, Nur al-Din and Unur of Damascus, to confront his cousin, Bertrand. The Turkish forces, having only recently battled Raymond II at the Siege of Damascus, attacked the castle of Arima (al-Ariymah). They captured Bertrand of Toulouse, who spent the following decade in Muslim prisons. He was released in 1159 following the intervention of Manuel Komnenos, emperor of Byzantium. Raymond II later regained Arima. In 1152, Raymond II was killed by the Assassins. He was the first recorded non-Muslim victim of this sect.

Guy II Embriaco
Bohemond VII (1261 – 19 October 1287) was Count of Tripoli and the nominal Prince of Antioch from 1275 until his death. From 1275 to 1277, Bartholomew, Bishop of Tortosa, was Bohemond VII's regent. Paul of Segni, Bishop of Tripoli, who was a friend of the Templar Grandmaster, William of Beaujeu, opposed the succession of Bohemond VII. Ernoul wrote, "This was the beginning of war between Bohemond VII and the Templars."

Guy II Embriaco (1277–1282) was a former vassal of Bohemond VII in Gibelet (Byblos). Grievances between them had led to enmity and this was part of a larger trade war between Genoa and the Venetians.
The Templars sought to unseat Bohemond VII by supporting Guy II Embriaco. Bohemond VII responded by sacking the Templar house in Tripoli and forests at Montroque. This action led to indecisive fighting over the following months at Botron, Fort Nephin, Sidon and at sea. In 1282, Guy II Embriaco and the Templars were ambushed in Tripoli. Guy, his brothers, and cousins were imprisoned at Fort Nephin and left to starve; his followers were blinded and the Templars were summarily executed.

Benedetto I Zaccaria
After the death of Bohemond VII in 1287, the resulting power vacuum moved the lords of the County of Tripoli to offer Benedetto I Zaccaria (1235–1307), a powerful Genoese merchant, control of the county. In Tripoli, a special non-aristocratic social status had been granted to people from the great mercantile cities of Europe, especially those from the maritime republics of Italy (e.g., Venice). The communes elected Bartholomew Embriaco to the role of Mayor of Tripoli. He also promoted trade with the Genoese.
Bohemond VII had no issue. His mother, Sibylla of Armenia, was discounted in the succession because she was the friend of Bishop Bartholomew of Tortosa, considered an enemy of Tripoli. Bohemond VII's younger sister, Lucie, established herself at Fort Nephin with the support of the Knights Hospitaller. Eventually, Bartholomew Embriaco and the communes decided they could not rule, while Benedetto I Zaccario declined the countship. Thus, after negotiations, Lucie became Lucia, Countess of Tripoli in 1288.

Fall to the Muslims

Constant infighting, lack of resources, a series of poor harvests, changes to trade routes and the local economy and Muslim and Mongol military pressure led to the decline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. By the 1280s, only two crusader states remained; the remnants of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli. Even though the Mamluk government of Egypt had a treaty with the county, in March 1289, Tripoli favoured an alliance with the Mongols and as a result Sultan Qalawun of Egypt attacked Tripoli. Despite desperate defense operations, the county fell and was merged with Qalawun's empire.

Vassals of Tripoli

 County of Montferrand
 Lordship of Besmedin
 Lordship of Botron
 Lordship of Buissera
 Lordship of Calmont
 Lordship of Chastel Blanc
 Lordship of Chastel Rouge
 Lordship of Fontaines
 Lordship of Gibelacar
 Lordship of Gibelet
 Lordship of La Colée
 Lordship of Le Puy
 Seigneury of Moinetre
 Lordship of Nephin
 Lordship of Raisagium Montanée
 Lordship of Terra Galifa
 Lordship of Tokle
 Lordship of Tortosa Maraclea
 Krak des Chevaliers

Counts of Tripoli
Raymond I (1102–1105, also Count of Toulouse as Raymond IV)
Alfonso Jordan (1105–1109), with William Jordan as regent
Bertrand (1109–1112)
Pons (1112–1137)
Raymond II (1137–1152)
Raymond III (1152–1187)
Raymond IV (1187–1189), son of Bohemond III of Antioch.
Bohemond IV (1189–1233, also Prince of Antioch 1201–1216 and 1219–1233)
Bohemond V (1233–1252, also Prince of Antioch)
Bohemond VI (1252–1275, also Prince of Antioch 1252–1268)
Bohemond VII (1275–1287)
Lucia (1287–1289)

Titular rulers of Tripoli after its fall to Egyptian forces:

Lucia (1289 – c.1299)
Philippe (c.1299 – 1300)

Tripoli passes to the Kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem:

Peter I of Cyprus (1346–1359)
Peter II of Cyprus (1359–1369)
James of Lusignan (? – c. 1396), cousin
John of Lusignan (c. 1396 – c. 1430), son
Peter of Lusignan (c. 1430 – 1451), brother, Regent of Cyprus
Juan Tafures (1469–1473)

Great officers of Tripoli

References

1289 disestablishments in Asia
States and territories established in 1102
Counties of the Crusader states
1100s establishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
12th century in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
13th century in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
County
Former monarchies
Vassal and tributary states of the Mongol Empire

County of Tripoli


Luca Marenzio  (born Coccaglio, near Brescia, Italy, 18 October? 1553?;  died Rome, 22 August  1599) was an Italian composer who lived in the late Renaissance. He was one of the best known composers of madrigals.

Life
Marenzio may have been born in 1553.  We think this because his father once wrote down his son's age.  The date may have been 18 October because that was his saint's feast day.

He had his early education in Brescia possibly in Mantua.  Then he moved to Rome, where he worked as a singer for Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo.  After the cardinal's death he worked at the court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este.  Here he started to become known as a composer.  By 1581 his music had become extremely popular.  His books of madrigals were often reprinted.  His madrigals were often included in published collections.

In 1587 he moved to Florence where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici for two years; in 1589 he returned to Rome, where he spent most of his last years, except for a trip to Poland from 1596 to 1597, during which time he worked at the court of Sigismund III Vasa in Warsaw.  It seems from what some people wrote that his trip to Poland ruined his health, and he died in Rome in 1599, shortly after returning from Poland.

Music
Marenzio wrote some religious music: motets, and madrigals based on religious texts.  However, most of his famous music consists of secular (not religious) madrigals.  They were written during a period of twenty years, and they vary a lot in style.

Marenzio published at least fifteen collections of music, mostly madrigals but also canzonette and villanelle.  These were similar to madrigals but very light in character.  Some of his later works are very chromatic: they use harmony that was unusual for the time.  He often makes the music fit the meaning of the words.  This is called word-painting.  For example: the phrase "sinking in the sea" is sung to notes which go lower and lower.

Influence
Marenzio's music had a lot of influence on composers in Italy, as well as in the rest of Europe.  There were several of his madrigals in Musica transalpina, a collection of madrigals published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge  in England.

References
Article "Luca Marenzio", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

1550s births
1599 deaths
16th-century Italian composers

Luca Marenzio


François Couperin (; 10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was known as Couperin le Grand ("Couperin the Great") to distinguish him from other members of the musically talented Couperin family.

Life

Couperin was born in Paris, into a prominent musical family. His father Charles was organist at the Church of Saint-Gervais in the city, a position previously held by Charles's brother Louis Couperin, the esteemed keyboard virtuoso and composer whose career was cut short by an early death. As a boy François must have received his first music lessons from his father, but Charles died in 1679 leaving the position at Saint-Gervais to his son, a common practice known as survivance that few churches ignored. With their hands tied, the churchwardens at Saint-Gervais hired Michel Richard Delalande to serve as new organist on the understanding that François would replace him at age 18. However, it is likely Couperin began these duties much earlier: a stipend of 100 livres per year, which had been provided the Couperin on Charles's death slowly increased to 400 livres, suggesting that Couperin had gradually begun to take on the mantle as his studies progressed.

The 11-year-old was taken care of and taught, meanwhile, by organist Jacques-Denis Thomelin, who served both at court and at the church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie. Biographer Évrard Titon du Tillet wrote that Thomelin treated the boy extremely well, becoming a second father to him. François' talent must have shown itself early on because by 1685 the church council began providing him a salary, although he had no contract.

At twenty-one Couperin also lost his mother, Marie (née Guérin), but otherwise his life and career were accompanied by good fortune. In 1689 he married Marie-Anne Ansault, daughter of a prosperous family. The next year saw the publication of his Pièces d'orgue, a collection of organ masses praised by Delalande, who may have assisted with the project. In three more years Couperin succeeded Thomelin at Louis XIV's court. The appointment brought him in touch with some of the finest composers of the day as well as the aristocracy. His earliest chamber music dates from this time. Couperin met his court duties in tandem with those he now had as organist at Saint-Gervais, while also composing.

Royal assent to publish
He applied for a blanket privilège du Roy in 1713 to allow him to publish 'plusiers pieces de musique de sa composition, tant pour la vocale que l'instrumental, conjointement ou séparément' and used it immediately to issue the first volume (out of four) of his harpsichord works, Pieces de clavecin. A harpsichord playing manual l'Art de toucher le clavecin followed in 1716 (though this was immediately recalled and republished the following year), as well as other collections of keyboard and chamber music. In 1717 Couperin became ordinaire de la musique de la chambre du roi pour le clavecin––one of the highest possible appointments for a court musician, and a position once held by Jean-Henri d'Anglebert. However, his involvement in the musical activities at the court may have lessened after Louis XIV's death in 1715.

Couperin's health declined steadily throughout the 1720s. The services of a cousin were required by 1723 at Saint Gervais, and in 1730 Couperin's position as court harpsichordist was taken up by his daughter Marguerite-Antoinette. Couperin's final publications were Pièces de violes (1728) and the fourth volume of harpsichord pieces (1730). The composer died in 1733. The building where Couperin and his family lived since 1724 still stands and is located at the corner of the rue Radziwill and the rue des Petits Champs. The composer was survived by at least three of his children: Marguerite-Antoinette, who continued working as court harpsichordist until 1741, Marie-Madeleine (Marie-Cécile), who became a nun and may have worked as organist at the Maubuisson Abbey, and François-Laurent, who according to contemporary sources left the family after François died.

Works

Couperin acknowledged his debt to the Italian composer Corelli. He introduced Corelli's trio sonata form to France. Couperin wrote two grand trio sonatas. The first, Le Parnasse, ou L'Apothéose de Corelli ("Parnassus, or the Apotheosis of Corelli"), was written to show his great debt to Corelli and published in 1724. The other, L'Apothéose de Lully, was published a year later and composed in honor of Jean-Baptiste Lully. It used both French and Italian styles of Baroque music, to reconcile the very different styles in what Couperin called a réunion des goûts (a reunion of tastes). The same year as L'Apothéose de Corelli was published, Couperin published a set of ten pieces, "Nouveaux concerts, ou Les goûts réunis", that also combined these two different styles of Baroque music.

His most famous book, L'art de toucher le clavecin ("The Art of Harpsichord Playing", published in 1716), contains suggestions for fingerings, touch, ornamentation and other features of keyboard technique, as well as eight preludes in the keys of the pieces in his first two books of harpsichord music and an Allemande to illustrate the Italianate style.

Couperin's four volumes of harpsichord music, published in Paris in 1713, 1717, 1722, and 1730, contain over 230 individual pieces, and he also published a book of Concerts Royaux which can be played as solo harpsichord pieces or as small chamber works. The four collections for harpsichord alone are grouped into ordres, a synonym of suites, containing traditional dances as well as pieces with descriptive titles. They are notable for Couperin's detailed indication of ornaments, which in most harpsichord music of the period was left to the discretion of the player. The first and last pieces in an ordre were of the same tonality, but the middle pieces could be in other closely related tonalities. These volumes were admired by Johann Sebastian Bach, who exchanged letters with Couperin, and later by Brahms and by Ravel, the latter of whom memorialized the composer in Le Tombeau de Couperin (Couperin's Memorial).

Many of Couperin's keyboard pieces have evocative, picturesque titles (such as "The little windmills" and "The mysterious barricades") and express a mood through key choices, adventurous harmonies and (resolved) discords. They have been likened to miniature tone poems. These features attracted Richard Strauss, who orchestrated some of them.

Johannes Brahms's piano music was influenced by the keyboard music of Couperin. Brahms performed Couperin's music in public and contributed to an edition of Couperin's Pièces de clavecin by Friedrich Chrysander in the 1880s.

Modern English composer Thomas Adès took three pieces from different sets of Couperin suites and orchestrated them in his work "Three Studies from Couperin".

The early-music expert Jordi Savall has written that Couperin was the "poet musician par excellence", who believed in "the ability of Music [with a capital M] to express itself in prose and poetry", and that "if we enter into the poetry of music we discover that it carries grace that is more beautiful than beauty itself".

Organ
Only one collection of organ music by Couperin survives, the Pièces d'orgue consistantes en deux messes ("Pieces for Organ Consisting of Two Masses"), which were published in November 1690. At the age of 21, Couperin probably had neither the funds nor the reputation to obtain widespread publication and the masses were released as manuscripts, with a printed title page and approbation by his teacher, Michel Richard Delalande, who wrote that the music was "very beautiful and worthy of being given to the public." The two masses were intended for different audiences: the first for parishes or secular churches ("paroisses pour les fêtes solemnelles"), and the second for convents or abbey churches ("couvents de religieux et religieuses"). These masses are divided into many movements in accordance with the traditional structure of the Latin Mass: Kyrie (5 movements), Gloria (9), Sanctus (3), Agnus (2), and an additional Offertoire and Deo gratias to conclude each mass.

Couperin followed techniques used in masses by Nivers, Lebègue, and Boyvin, as well as other predecessors of the French Baroque era. In the paroisses Mass, he uses plainchant from the Missa cunctipotens genitor Deus as a cantus firmus in two Kyrie movements and in the first Sanctus movement; the Kyrie Fugue subject is also derived from a chant incipit. The Mass for couvents contains no plainchant, as each convent and monastery maintained its own, non-standard body of chant. Couperin departs from his predecessors in many ways. For example, the melodies of the Récits are strictly rhythmic and more directional than previous examples of the genre. Willi Apel wrote, "this music shows a sense of natural order, a vitality, and an immediacy of feeling that breaks into French organ music like a fresh wind."

The longest piece in the collection is the Offertoire sur les grands jeux of the first Mass, which is akin to an expanded French overture in three large sections: a prelude, a chromatic fugue in minor, and a gigue-like fugue. Bruce Gustafson has called the movement a "stunning masterpiece of the French classic repertory." The second Mass also contains an Offertoire with a similar form, but this Mass is not considered as masterly as the first: Apel wrote, "In general, [Couperin] did not expend the same care for this Mass, which was written for modest abbey churches, as for the other one, which he himself certainly presented on important holidays on the organ of Saint-Gervais."

See also
French organ school
Marguerite-Antoinette Couperin (1705–1778), Francois Couperin's daughter

Notes

References

Gillespie, John: Five Centuries of Keyboard Music: An historical survey of music for harpsichord and piano, New York NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.

Mellers, Wilfrid: Francois Couperin and the French Classical Tradition, London UK: Faber & Faber; 1950, 2nd edition October 1987

Tunley, David: Couperin, London UK: BBC Music Guides, 1982

External links

Kunst der Fuge: François Couperin – MIDI files
MP3 files of Kyrie movements of "Mass for the Convents": Kyrie 1 (Plein jeu) (1.4 MB), Kyrie 2 (Fugue) (2.2 MB), Kyrie 5 (Dialogue) (2.6 MB)

Francois
1668 births
1733 deaths
17th-century classical composers
17th-century keyboardists
17th-century French musicians
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
18th-century keyboardists
18th-century French male musicians
Classical composers of church music
Composers for pipe organ
Composers for harpsichord
French Baroque composers
French male classical composers
French composers of sacred music
French harpsichordists
French classical organists
French male organists
Composers from Paris
17th-century male musicians
Male classical organists

François Couperin


Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, 95 BC, Rome – April 46 BC, Utica) was a politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy. He was known as Cato Minor to distinguish him from his great-grandfather (Cato the Elder). A noted orator, he had great moral integrity. He could not be bribed, and disliked the political corruption of the age. He is remembered for his stubbornness and for his lengthy conflict with Julius Caesar.

Plutarch tells a story about Cato's peers' immense respect for him, even at a young age. During a Roman ritual military game, called "Troy", in which all aristocratic teenagers participated as a sort of "coming of age" ceremony, a mock battle with wooden weapons was performed on horseback. While the child of one of Sulla's surrogates was chosen by the adult organizers to lead one of the "teams," the team refused to follow him because of his character, and when they were finally asked whom they would follow, the boys unanimously chose Cato.

Cato's political and military career
As a military tribune, Cato was sent to Macedon in 67 BC at the age of 28. He was given command of a legion. He led his men from the front, sharing their work, food, and sleeping quarters. He was strict in discipline and punishment but was popular with his legionaries. When in Macedon, he got the news that his brother Caepio was dying in Thrace. He set off to see him but his brother died before he arrived. Cato was overwhelmed by grief and, for once, he spared no expense to organize lavish funeral ceremonies.

Quaestor
On his return to Rome in 65 BC, Cato was elected to the position of quaestor. One of his first moves was to prosecute former quaestors for misusing funds and dishonesty. Cato also prosecuted Sulla's informers, who had acted as head-hunters during Sulla's dictatorship. Cato did this even when the men were well connected politically. At the end of the year, Cato stepped down from his quaestorship amid popular acclaim, but he never ceased to keep an eye on the treasury, always looking for irregularities.

As senator, Cato was scrupulous and determined. He never missed a session of the Senate and publicly criticized those who did so. From the beginning, he aligned himself with the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Senate. Many of the Optimates at this time had been Sulla's personal friends, whom Cato had despised since his youth, yet Cato attempted to make his name by returning his faction to its pure republican roots.

Tribune of the plebs
In 63 BC, he was elected tribune of the plebs for the following year. He helped the consul, Cicero, deal with the Catiline conspiracy. Lucius Sergius Catilina, a noble patrician, led a rebellion against the state, raising an army in Etruria.

When Cicero discovered a plot against the consuls and other magistrates in Rome, he arrested the conspirators. Cicero proposed to execute them without trial, which would have been legal under the senatus consultum ultimum. In the Senate's discussion, Julius Caesar agreed the conspirators were guilty, but argued for distributing them among Italian cities "for safekeeping". In contrast, Cato argued that capital punishment was necessary to deter treason: it was folly to wait for the test of the conspirators' guilt. Convinced by Cato's argument, the Senate approved Cicero's proposal, and  the conspirators were executed. Most of Catilina's army quit the field, much as Cato had predicted.

Cato against Caesar
Cato was a supporter of Pompey, and continued the fight after Pompey was dead. The anti-Caesar forces, known as the Optimates were reinforced by forces from local rulers. They numbered about eight legions (40.000 men) plus sixty elephants. Caesar defeated the Optimates at the Battle of Thapsus in modern Tunisia, North Africa. Cato did not actually take part in the battle, which was led by a colleague, and committed suicide after the defeat. Roughly 10,000 enemy soldiers wanted to surrender to Caesar, but were instead slaughtered by Caesar's army. This was unusual for Caesar, who was known as a merciful victor. No explanation of this is known.

95 BC births
46 BC deaths
Roman politicians
People who committed suicide
Roman people

Cato the Younger


Abraham Danielsz. Hondius (about 1631 – 17 September 1691) was a Dutch Golden Age painter known for his depictions of animals. He was the son of a city stonemason, Daniel Abramsz de Hondt.

Hondius was born in Rotterdam and trained under Pieter de Bloot (1601–1658) and Cornelis Saftleven. He lived in Rotterdam until 1659 and moved then to Amsterdam. He moved to London in 1666, where he spent the rest of his life. Hondius combined throughout his career several stylistic influences and struggled to develop a style of his own. He however specialised somehow in animal pieces: more than two-thirds of his paintings, etchings and drawings are hunting scenes, animals fighting and animal studies. He also executed landscapes, genre and religious scenes.

Hondius most likely moved to London in 1666 where he spent the rest of his life and died.  He painted views of London such as The Frozen Thames and London Bridge.  His last known work is Ape and Cat Fighting over Dead Poultry, dated 1690.

References

1625 births
1691 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Rotterdam
Dutch emigrants to England

Abraham Hondius


The Chiltern Hills are chalk hills in southern England. They go 70 mi (115 km) southwest to northeast through parts of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire. This makes a well-marked escarpment to the northwest and a gentle southeast slope to the River Thames.

Considerable areas are now under the National Trust and are popular tourist attractions. The greatest elevation is Coombe Hill (852 ft [260 m]) near Wendover. The dense beechwoods still cover the western portions. They were once the basis of the traditional furniture industry of High Wycombe. Several passes through the Chiltern Hills are used by roads and railways to London.

Hills of England

Chiltern Hills


is a leading god (deva) and heavenly king in Buddhism. He is considered as a protector of teachings (dharmapala), and he is never depicted in early Buddhist texts as a creator god. In Buddhist tradition, it was the deity Brahma Sahampati who appeared before the Buddha and invited him to teach, once the Buddha attained enlightenment.

Brahma lords over the heavenly realm of rebirth called the Brahmaloka, one of the highest realms in Buddhist cosmology. Brahma is generally represented in Buddhist culture as a god with four faces and four arms, and variants of him are found in Mahayana Buddhist cultures.

Origins and nomenclature

The origins of Brahma in Buddhism and other Indian religions are uncertain, in part because several related words such as one for metaphysical Ultimate Reality (Brahman), and priest (Brahmin) are found in the Vedic literature. According to KN Jayatilleke, the Rigveda expresses skepticism about major deities such as Indra; whether he even exists, as well as whether the universe has any creator and whether this can ever be known, as evidenced in its eighth and tenth book, particularly in its Nasadiya Sukta.

The late Vedic hymns had begun inquiring the nature of true and valid knowledge, empirical verification and absolute reality. The early Upanishads built upon this theme, while in parallel there emerged Buddhism, Jainism and other skeptical traditions. Buddhism used the term Brahma to deny a creator as well as to delegate him (and other deities such as Indra) as less important than the Buddha.

In Hindu literature, one of the earliest mention of deity Brahma with Vishnu and Shiva is in the fifth Prapathaka (lesson) of the Maitrayaniya Upanishad, probably composed in late 1st millennium BCE, after the rise of Buddhism. The spiritual concept of Brahman is far older, and some scholars suggest deity Brahma may have emerged as a personal conception and icon with attributes (saguna version) of the impersonal universal principle called Brahman. The Buddhists attacked the concept of Brahma, states Gananath Obeyesekere, and thereby polemically attacked the Vedic and Upanishadic concept of gender neutral, abstract metaphysical Brahman. This critique of Brahma in early Buddhist texts aim at ridiculing the Vedas, but the same texts simultaneously call metta (loving-kindness, compassion) as the state of union with Brahma. The early Buddhist approach to Brahma was to reject any creator aspect, while retaining the Brahmavihara aspects of Brahma, in the Buddhist value system. Deity Brahma is also found in the samsara doctrine and cosmology of early Buddhism.

Brahma is known as Fantian (梵天) in Chinese, Bonten (梵天) in Japanese, Hoān-thian (梵天) in Taiwanese language, Pomch'on in Korean, Phạm Thiên in Vietnamese, Phra Phrom in Thai, and Tshangs pa in Tibetan.

Classification
The term Brahmā in Buddhism refers to the leading god, but in some Suttas the term broadly refers to all deities who live in the realm of form. Ancient and medieval Buddhist texts define seventeen, or more, heavenly Brahmā realms (along with demi-gods, hungry ghost and hellish realms), in a stratified manner, which are reached in afterlife based on monastic achievement and karma accumulation. A brahma in these texts refers to any deva in the heavenly realms. The Buddhist god Brahmā himself resides in the highest of the seventeen realms, called the Akaniṣṭha. The multitude of Buddhist brahmas can refer to:
 Any of the deities of the formless realm of existence called Ārūpyadhātu brahma, who enjoy the highest heavenly pleasures in afterlife;
 Any of the deities of the anthropomorphic form realm of existence called Rūpadhātu brahma, who enjoy moderate heavenly pleasures;

In the Niddesa, the Buddha is devatideva, the god beyond the gods including Brahma.

(literally "crane-") appears in the Majjhima Nikaya, where he is a deity who believes that his world is permanent and without decay (and that therefore he is immortal), and that therefore there are no higher worlds than his.

, said to be the most senior of the Mahābrahmās, was the deity who visited the Buddha when he attained enlightenment, and encouraged him to teach the Dharma to humans.

(Sanskrit) or  (Pāli), the "Ever-young", appears in the Janavasabha-sutta (DN.18), where he is recalled as having created an illusionary presence to make himself perceptible to the coarser senses of Śakra and the gods of .

The singular leading deity and the king of heavens Brahmā is sometimes referred in Buddhist texts as Mahābrahmā. However, the Suttas are inconsistent in this regard and several early Buddhist texts depict Sakra (Pāli: Sakka) – who is same as the Hindu Vedic god Indra – as more important than Mahabrahma.

The Mahābrahmā, or the Great Brahma, states Peter Harvey, is mentioned in Digha Nikaya as the being who dwells in the upper heaven; a Buddhist student can join him for one kalpa (eon, Brahma-year in Indian religions) after successfully entering the first jhana in the form realm of Buddhist practice.

A pair of Brahmās who are usually seen together while engaging in conversation with the Buddha.

Brahmavihara

In the sense of "a being of the ", the term Brahmā may be related to , a term referring to the meditative states achieved through the four , which are shared by the inhabitants of the Rūpadhātu. Prior to the advent of the Buddha, according to Martin Wiltshire, the pre-Buddhist traditions of Brahma-loka, meditation and these four virtues are evidenced in both early Buddhist and non-Buddhist literature. The early Buddhist texts assert that pre-Buddha ancient Indian sages who taught these virtues were earlier incarnations of the Buddha. Post-Buddha, these same virtues are found in the Hindu texts such as verse 1.33 of the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali. According to Peter Harvey, the Buddhist scriptures acknowledge that the four Brahmavihara meditation practices "did not originate within the Buddhist tradition". The Buddha never claimed that the "four immeasurables" were his unique ideas, in a manner similar to "cessation, quieting, nirvana". These meditation practices are named after Brahma, a god also found in Hinduism texts as well as Jainism text wherein he is equated with Rishabhanatha – the first Tirthankara in Jaina tradition.

Chronology and Non-Buddhist views

The old Upanishads mention both Brahma in the masculine gender deity "Brahmā", as well as gender neutral "Brahman" as the impersonal world principle.

According to David Kalupahana, the Upanishads do not strictly distinguish between the two. In contrast, Damien Keown and Charles Prebish state the texts do distinctly present both the male deity Brahma and the abstract Brahman, however, in the Upanishads, deity Brahma is only referred to a few times. The Brahman as the eternal, absolute metaphysical reality – along with Atman (self, soul) – is the predominant and frequent teaching in the Upanishads and other Vedic literature of the Upanishadic period, so much so that early Hinduism is also referred to as Brahmanism. The Pāli scriptures, which were written centuries after the death of the Buddha (although understood as representing the memorized word of the Buddha), mention Brahma, but there is no unambiguous mention of the gender neuter Brahman concept.

Buddhism denies both Brahman and Atman concepts in ancient Hindu literature, and posits Śūnyatā (emptiness, voidness) and Anatta (non-Self, no soul) concept instead.

The word Brahma is normally used in Buddhist sutras to mean "best", or "supreme". Brahman in the texts of Advaita Vedanta and many other Hindu schools, states Nakamura, is a concrete universal, manifesting itself as phenomenal reality which is not illusory and nondual.

In the earliest Upanishad, the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the Absolute, which came to be referred to as Brahman, is referred to as "the imperishable". The Pāli scriptures present a "pernicious view" that is set up as an absolute principle corresponding to Brahman: "O Bhikkhus! At that time Baka, the Brahmā, produced the following pernicious view: 'It is permanent. It is eternal. It is always existent. It is independent existence. It has the dharma of non-perishing. Truly it is not born, does not become old, does not die, does not disappear, and is not born again. Furthermore, no liberation superior to it exists elsewhere." The principle expounded here corresponds to the concept of Brahman laid out in the Upanishads. According to this text the Buddha criticized this notion: "Truly the Baka Brahmā is covered with unwisdom."

The Buddha confined himself to both ordinary empirical sense experience and extrasensory perception enabled by high degrees of mental concentration. The Upanishadic scholars, according to Francis X Clooney and other scholars, assert their insights as a combination of intuitive empiricism, experimentalism, and inspired creative perception.

See also

 Brahma, the creator deity of Hinduism
 Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
 Mahabrahma
 Phra Phrom

Notes

Buddhist cosmology
Buddhist gods
Twenty-Four Protective Deities
Brahma

Brahmā (Buddhism)


Antimony trisulfide, also known as antimony(III) sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2S3. It has antimony and sulfide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony trisulfide is a gray solid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen sulfide and an antimony(III) compound. It dissolves in potassium hydroxide. It burns in air to make antimony(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide. It is a reducing agent.

Occurrence
Stibnite is the mineral form of antimony trisulfide.

Preparation
Antimony trisulfide is made in the laboratory by reacting any antimony(III) compound with hydrogen sulfide.

Uses
Antimony trisulfide is used in cosmetics; in this area it is called kohl. It is used in pyrotechnics to make a glitter effect. It is also used in the heads of safety matches. It used to be used in flash powder before electronic flashes were used.

Related pages
Antimony trichloride
Bismuth(III) sulfide

Antimony compounds
Sulfur compounds

Antimony trisulfide


Tomsk (Russian: Томск) is a Russian city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast. One of the largest cities in Siberia. Population 575 352 (2019).

History
Established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604.

In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan.

Education
Tomsk State University is the first university in Siberia (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The Tomsk State University Library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in Russia.

Tomsk Polytechnic University is the first (founded in 1896 and opened in 1900) technical university in Siberia.

Siberian Medical University is one of the oldest (founded in 1930) and highest rated medical schools in Russia.

Climate
Continental climate, transitional from subarctic to sharply continental climate.

The annual average temperature is 0.9 °C. Winters are severe and lengthy (from the end of October to the beginning of April), and the lowest recorded temperature was −55 °C in January 1931.

References

Tomsk Oblast
Capitals of oblasts of Russia

Tomsk


A rearrangement reaction are organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place.

Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.  Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams.  But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. But, the curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.  Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

1,2-rearrangements
A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. But moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

and the Beckmann rearrangement:

Pericyclic reactions
A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

References

Rearrangement reaction


Vladimir Alexeevich Ussachevsky (November 3, 1911 in Hailar, China – January 2, 1990 in New York, New York) was a composer, particularly known for his work in electronic music.

Biography
Vladimir Ussachevsky was born in the Hailar District of China, in modern-day Inner Mongolia to an Imperial Russian Army officer assigned to protect Trans-Siberian Railway interests. He emigrated to the United States in 1930 and studied music at Pomona College in Claremont, California (B.A., 1935), as well as at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York (M.M., 1936, Ph.D., 1939).  Ussachevsky's early, neo-Romantic works were composed for traditional instruments, but in 1951 he began composing electronic music. He served as president of the American Composers Alliance from 1968 to 1970 and was an advisory member of the CRI record label, which released recordings of a number of his compositions. Recordings of his music have also been released on the Capstone, d'Note, and New World labels.

Teaching career
In 1947, following a stint with the U.S. Army Intelligence division in World War II, he joined the faculty of Columbia University, teaching there until his retirement in 1980.  Together with Otto Luening, Ussachevsky founded, in 1959, the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York City.  While acting as head of the Electronic Music Center Ussachevsky specified the ADSR envelope in 1965, a basic component of modern synthesizers, samplers and electronic instruments. Ussachevsky also taught and was composer-in-residence at the University of Utah.

His notable students include Charles Wuorinen, Alice Shields, Ilhan Mimaroglu, Faye-Ellen Silverman, Charles L. Bestor, Ingram Marshall, Joan Tower, Wendy Carlos, Kenjiro Ezaki and Richard Einhorn.

Discography
"VLADIMIR USSACHEVSKY ELECTRONIC AND ACOUSTIC WORKS 1957–1972". New York: New World Records (80654-2), 2007.
This is a compilation rerelease of recordings originally issued on various CRI LP's in the 1960s and 1970s.

Metamorphosis (1957)
Linear Contrasts (1958)
Poem in Cycles and Bells (1959)
Wireless Fantasy (1960)
Of Wood and Brass (1965)
Computer Piece No. 1 (1968)
Two Sketches for a Computer Piece (1971)
Three Scenes from The Creation (1960; rev. 1973)
Missa Brevis (1972)

"Vladimir Ussachevsky: Film Music". New York: New World Records (80389), 1990.
Suite from No Exit (1962)
Line of Apogee (1967)

References

External links

Art of the States: Vladimir Ussachevsky
Listen to Ussachevsky's "Incantation for Tape" (with Otto Luening) at Acousmata music blog
CMC (previously known as the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center) history page.
The Music of Vladimir Ussachevsky To Explore
Interview with Vladimir Ussachevsky, October 31, 1987
Vladimir Ussachevsky Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1987)
Obituary of Ussachevsky by Robert Moog from the (Journal of the Audio Engineering Society)
Finding aid to Vladimir Ussachevsky papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1911 births
1990 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American people of Russian descent
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Pomona College alumni
Pupils of Howard Hanson
Pupils of Bernard Rogers
Pupils of Otto Luening
Russian male classical composers
Russian electronic musicians
Russian experimental musicians
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
20th-century Russian male musicians
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in China

Vladimir Ussachevsky


This article is about a city in Mexico. For the birthplace of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, see Tampico, Illinois.

Tampico is the main city in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

It was the site of an incident called the Tampico Affair during the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century that led to armed conflict between Mexico and the United States. About 80 years earlier Tampico was part of a less serious conflict between the two countries, called the Tampico Expedition.

cities in Mexico
Tamaulipas

Tampico


Hockey is a type of sport in which players try to get points by hitting an object into the other team's goal with a stick. Others believe hockey came from the French word "hoquet" which means shepherd's stick. James Creighton, an engineer who learned how to play the game of hockey while living in Nova Scotia, is credited for bringing the game to a new level. He taught his friends at McGill University in Montreal how to play the game.

Types
There are three main ways that hockey is played.

Field hockey is played with a ball on grass or turf. there are eleven players in each team . Field hockey is usually played outdoors, but there is indoor field hockey. Field hockey is played in the Summer Olympic Games.
Ice hockey is played on ice. Players on each team wear ice skates. They try to hit a small rubber disc called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are up to 6 players on the ice at a time for each team. It can be played indoors or outdoors. Professionals play indoors in arenas. Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played in the Winter Olympic GamesThe modern game was invented in the mid-1850´s by British soldiers based in Canada. Rules were set by students at McGill University in Montréal, Canada, in 1879, and many amateur clubs and leagues were organized in Canada by the late 1880s. The first game played in the USA is believed to have been in 1893.
Roller hockey is played on a roller hockey rink, usually inside. Players on each team wear roller skates. They try to hit a small plastic disk called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are 5 players on each team. There is no contact.

History
Evidence exists that shows ancient Aztecs, Greeks and Romans played similar forms of the game. The modern game of field hockey came to fruition in the mid-19th century in Great Britain. The British army brought the game to its colonies, and the first international competition took place in 1895.

Equipment you might need
A hockey glove,
A hockey stick,
A gum shield,
Shin pads,
Astro trainers[give more grip]

Hockey


Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum , .., 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer, screenwriter, playwright and philosopher.

She published several popular books in the United States during the mid-1900s, including her two best-selling novels, Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead, plus We the Living and Anthem. Her novels promoted a viewpoint of laissez-faire  capitalism as a political and social goal. It is a kind of political philosophy known in the U.S.A. as libertarian conservatism. She called this philosophy 'objectivism'.

Her husband was American actor and artist Frank O'Connor.

Life
Rand was born in St. Petersburg, Russia and grew up during the Russian Revolution, in the years after World War I. She left Russia to visit relatives in Chicago in the United States when she was 21 years old. She did not want to return to live under Communism, and stayed in the US. She changed her name, partly to protect her family in Russia. Rand moved to California to become a movie writer.

Movies at the time did not have sound, and stories were mimed on camera. Dialogue was not important, so Rand could write simple stories while she improved her English language skills.

Rand met Frank O'Connor on a movie set, when they both appeared as extras. When O'Connor married Rand in 1929, she could live permanently in America. She later became an American citizen. O'Connor gave up his acting career, to work full-time so Rand could write full-time. Later he retired, when Rand's work made a good income. He began painting late in his life. He died in 1979.

Rand was a longtime tobacco smoker. She had lung cancer, but she recovered from the disease after surgery. She died of cardiovascular disease in New York City on March 6, 1982.

Books
Rand's first book was We the Living. It is about life in Russia during and after the Russian Revolution, and how life in the later Soviet Union destroys the dreams and hopes of its main characters, who are mostly young people.

Her second book was Anthem, which is a science fiction novella, a dystopian story about a man named Equality 7-2521 who lives in a future society. In that place, everybody is given their name by the government, and nobody can use the words "I" or "me". He escapes from this society with a partner, to live freely in a house in a hidden place.

Her stage play Woman on Trial (better known as Night of January 16th) used audience members as a jury, to decide the play's outcome (by voting the lead character guilty or not guilty) each time it was performed. Some celebrities, such as Helen Keller, appeared as jury members.

Her third novel was The Fountainhead. It is about an architect, who wants to have control over his building designs, and does not like when he has to compromise his building designs. The Fountainhead became a best-seller, and was made into a movie starring Gary Cooper and Patricia Neal.

Her fourth novel was Atlas Shrugged. It is her longest book. It was also a best-seller. It tells a story about a worldwide economic crisis. This is caused by the best minds in business, industry, and science, and after a while all thinking people, quitting their jobs and disappearing. This is a protest against government regulations that get in the way of their work or make it harder to do.

The more that governments get in the way, the worse conditions become, until society collapses. A new future begins when the people who disappeared return, and governments adopt laissez-faire principles, that do not try to control how businesses work, or misuse innovations.

After writing Atlas Shrugged, she wrote non-fiction books about her Objectivist ideas. She published The Objectivist Newsletter, which then became The Objectivist magazine, with contributions by other writers. She also published The Ayn Rand Letter, a later newsletter about her ideas. Rand's views are typical libertarian–conservative views. Freedom of the individual, the evils of 'large' government, the economic benefits of low taxes and 'small' government, the 'open' society: these are values which run through all her work.

Beliefs
Rand invented a philosophy that she called "Objectivism". She was against communism, socialism, and collectivism, which are political systems where a community or the government of a country takes charge of distribution of that country's goods and products.

She opposed altruism, which she viewed as a form of self-sacrifice. She favored a form of rational selfishness.

She also thought that countries should have very small governments. Rand did not think that welfare payments to poor people were a good thing, because this involves using force to take money away from others. She believed that charity (giving money away) could be a good thing if the person giving the money wanted and chose to do it, but she did not think that people should be expected or forced to give away their money.

She was against religion, and was an atheist.

Selected bibliography

Novels
We the Living (1936)
The Fountainhead (1943)
Atlas Shrugged (1957)
Other fiction
Night of January 16th (1934)
Anthem_(novella) (1938)

Non-fiction
For the New Intellectual (1961)
The Virtue of Selfishness (1964)
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966)
The Romantic Manifesto (1969)
The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution (1971)
Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1979)
Philosophy: Who Needs It (1982)

References

Other websites

 Frequently Asked Questions on Ayn Rand
 Ayn Rand -Citizendium

1905 births
1982 deaths
American atheists
American philosophers
American screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Jewish atheists
Libertarians
Russian Jews
Russian philosophers
Russian screenwriters
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Russian playwrights
Anti-communists

Ayn Rand


Philip Frederick Wright James (May 17, 1890 – November 1, 1975) was an American composer, conductor and music educator.

Life
James was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. At an early age he began piano, violin and theory lessons, and served as choirboy in several New Jersey churches. From 1904 to 1909 he studied organ with J. Warren Andrews and in 1907 began advanced harmony and counterpoint lessons with Homer Norris. He also studied composition with Rubin Goldmark, Elliott Schenck, and Rosario Scalero, as well as organ with Joseph Bonnet and Alexandre Guilmant in Paris.

In World War I James played in and subsequently became bandleader of the American Expeditionary Forces Headquarters Band. Victor Herbert heard his work with the band and upon James' discharge from the Army hired him as musical director for his musical comedy My Golden Girl. James conducted the Victor Herbert Opera Company from 1919 to 1922.

In 1922 James co-founded and became the first conductor of the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra. From 1929 to 1936 James was conductor of the Bamberger Little Symphony, broadcast weekly over radio station WOR in New York.

In 1923 James began a long teaching career at New York University, serving as head of the music department from 1934 until his retirement in 1956. His students at NYU included Milton Babbitt, Bernard Herrmann, and Marvin David Levy.

From 1929 to 1936 James was conductor of the Bamberger Little Symphony, broadcast weekly over radio station WOR in New York. In 1932 he won a $5000 prize from NBC for his satirical composition Station WGZBX, which subsequently received performances by many major orchestras. Other prize-winning compositions from the 1930s include his Bret Harte Overture, Suite for String Orchestra, and Song of the Night.

Though he remained active as a composer until his death in 1975, James' larger-scale compositions were infrequently played after the mid-twentieth century. However several of his early sacred compositions, including Meditation a Ste. Clotilde for organ and the anthem By the Waters of Babylon remain in the sacred repertoire.

Selected works

Orchestra

Song of the Night (1931)
Station WGZBX (1932)
Bret Harte Overture (1934)
Sinfonietta (1938)
Brennan on the Moor (1940)
Symphony #1 (1943)
Symphony #2 (1946)
Miniver Cheevy (1947)
Richard Cory (1947)
Overture to a Greek Play (1952)

Band
Colonel Averill March (1917)
Festal March "Perstare et Praestare" (1942)
E.F.G. Overture (1944)
Fanfare and Ceremonial (1955)

Chamber orchestra

String Quartet (1924)
Kammersymphonie (1926)
Suite for String Orchestra (1933)
Suite for Woodwind Quintet (1936)
Piano Quartet (1937)

Piano solo
Twelve Piano Preludes (1951)

Organ solo
Meditation a Sainte Clotilde (1916)
First Organ Sonata (1929)
Pantomime (1941)
Galarnad (1946)
Alleluia-Toccata (1949)
Pastorale (1949)
Solemn Prelude (1956)

Choral
By the Waters of Babylon (1920)
General William Booth Enters into Heaven (1932)
Psalm 150 (1940)
Psalm 149 (1959)
Chorus of Shepherds and Angels (1956)
To Cecilia (1966)

References

External links
Finding aid for Philip James Papers at University of Maryland Special Collections. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
Philip James Collection at Stony Brook University

1890 births
1975 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American male conductors (music)
20th-century classical composers
Musicians from Jersey City, New Jersey
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians

Philip James


Meet Monica Velour  is a 2010 American independent comedy-drama film written and directed by Keith Bearden.

The film premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival.

Plot summary
A young man meets his dream woman (and isn't the least rather troubled that she's a washed-up porn actress 30 years his senior) in this independent coming-of-age comedy. Tobe Hulbert (Dustin Ingram) is a 17-year-old high school graduate who is the working definition of a loser—he's nerdy and socially inept, he lives with his eccentric grandfather (Brian Dennehy), his closest friend, Kenny (Daniel Yelsky), is only 12 years old, and he drives a beat-up hot-dog wagon with a giant frankfurter bolted to the roof. Among his other obsessions, Tobe is fascinated with adult movies of the 1970s and 1980s, and his favorite actress is Monica Velour (Kim Cattrall), who in her heyday was the hottest star in porn. When Tobe discovers there's a collector living in Indiana (Keith David) who is willing to buy his wagon for a good price and Monica Velour will be appearing at a gentleman's club nearby, he decides fate is smiling on him and hits the road. However, the "gentleman's club" turns out to be a sleazy dive and time hasn't been kind to Monica; when several patrons begin shouting insults at her, Tobe defends her honor and gets beat up for his trouble. Monica gratefully befriends Tobe and lets him stay at the trailer park she calls home; he begins to imagine he might have a chance with the woman of his dreams, but while she sees Tobe as a kindred spirit, she has bigger things to deal with, including a career that's going nowhere, an ugly relationship with her ex-husband, and a contentious battle to win back custody of her daughter.

Cast
 Kim Cattrall as Monica Velour
 Jamie Tisdale as Young Monica Velour
 Dustin Ingram	as Tobe Hulbert
 Brian Dennehy as "Pop-Pop"
 Jee Young Han as Amanda
 Daniel Yelsky as Kenny
 Keith David as Claude
 Sam McMurray as Ronnie
 Tony Cox as Petting Zoo Club Owner

References

External links

2010 films
2010s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2010 independent films
2010 romantic comedy-drama films
2010s sex comedy films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American independent films
American romantic comedy-drama films
American sex comedy films
2010s English-language films
Films about pornography
2010 comedy films
2010 drama films
2010s American films

Meet Monica Velour


Greatest Hits: My Prerogative is the first greatest hits album by Britney Spears.
It was released on November 1, 2004. The album has all of her hit songs to that point. It also includes a cover of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" and two songs from the "In The Zone" recording sessions which did not make it on to that album. Singles released in this album include "My Prerogative" and, outside of the United States, "Do Somethin'".

2004 albums
Britney Spears albums
Greatest hits albums

Greatest Hits: My Prerogative


"The Disintegration Machine" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle.  It was first published in The Strand Magazine in January 1929. The story centres on the discovery of a machine capable of disintegrating objects and reforming them as they were. This short story is a part of the "Challenger series", a collection of stories about the wealthy eccentric adventurer Professor Challenger.

Plot summary
Professor Challenger, a big burly man, is arguing with people who are persistently calling him on the telephone when his young friend Malone, a reporter for The Daily Gazette, enters and requests Challenger accompany him to inspect the discovery of Theodore Nemor, who claims to have invented a machine capable of disintegrating objects. Skeptical of the invention, Challenger accepts Malone's proposal and accompanies him to the house of Nemor.

At first Nemor offers to disintegrate Challenger and put him back together to demonstrate the machine, but Malone convinces Challenger that should the machine fail to restore him, his scientific work would go unfinished, and thus Malone nominates himself to be disintegrated.

Malone is successfully disintegrated and put back together and Challenger then undergoes the same treatment. As punishment for Challenger's lack of faith in the invention and lack of courtesy to Nemor, the inventor restores the professor without any hair. In a fury, Challenger assaults Nemor, throws him to the floor and threatens his life should he not restore the professor to his previous state. Nemor restores Challenger's hair and Challenger congratulates him on his machine and inquires as to its practical application. Nemor boasts that in the hands of the  Russians, who were the highest bidder for the rights to the invention, London and its millions of inhabitants could be destroyed.

After ascertaining whether any others know the secret of the machine, Challenger inspects it. Challenger claims that a small amount of electricity is leaking from the chair on which he sat when he was disintegrated. Nemor refutes this and sits himself in the chair in an attempt to feel this electricity. Challenger then disintegrates him and, considering it is for the greater good, he and Malone leave without restoring Nemor.

See also
 1929 in science fiction

External links
"The Disintegration Machine" (e-text) at the Classic Literature Library
The Disintegration Machine audiobook with video at YouTube
The Disintegration Machine audiobook at Libsyn

1929 short stories
Science fiction short stories
Professor Challenger short stories
Works originally published in The Strand Magazine

The Disintegration Machine


Glory (from the Latin gloria, meaning "fame" or "renown") is a word used to show the highness of God, in the Judeo-Christian religions.

Other websites
The Glorification of Saints in the Orthodox Church by Fr. Joseph Frawley
What Does Glorification Mean?  by Fr. Alexey Young

Christian theology
Judaism

Glory (religion)


Mojo! is a video game created by FarSight Studios. It is owned by Crave Entertainment. It is made to be played on the PlayStation 2. The player controls a marble through a series of traps in order to break all of the coloured blocks in a stage. The player must finish the stage within a set time. There are 100 stages.

PlayStation 2 games
2003 video games

Mojo!


The Cirque Olympique in Paris, also known as the Cirque Franconi, was an equestrian theatre company, founded in 1782 by Philip Astley, the English inventor of the modern circus ring, and was initially known as the Cirque d'Astley or the Cirque Anglais.

Amphithéâtre Anglais

Astley's theatre, the Amphithéâtre Anglais or Amphithéâtre d'Astley, was the first purpose-built circus building in France. It was located on a large site in the rue du Faubourg du Temple and was a round theatre constructed in wood, with two seating levels and lit by 2,000 candles. The theatre was open four months out of the year and featured equestrian performances interspersed with juggling and other acts.

Cirque Franconi
Astley leased his Parisian circus to Antonio Franconi in 1793, during the French Revolution. Because of the small size of Astley's theatre, Franconi moved the circus to the enclosure of the former Convent of the Capucines, where he constructed stables and a new theatre.

Cirque Olympique
In 1807 Franconi ceded his enterprise to his two sons, Laurent and Henri, who renamed it the Cirque Olympique. With the construction of the rue Napoléon that same year, they were obliged to move again, to a new theatre between the rue du Mont-Thabor and the rue Saint-Honoré. It was leased to them by Francois Delpont and opened on 28 December 1807. The Franconi brothers were forced to close this theatre on 27 May 1816, due to the planned construction of the public treasury at this location.

Return to Astley's theatre
The two brothers decided to return to Astley's old theatre on the rue du Faubourg du Temple, making extensive additions and alterations to the theatre and its site and renaming it the Cirque Olympique. They inaugurated the new theatre on 8 February 1817. On the night of 15 March 1826, after a performance of the one-act melodrama L'incendie de Salins, featuring a grand spectacle recreating the dramatic fire at Salins-les-Bains of 27 July 1825, the pyrotechnical effects sparked a genuine fire that burned the theatre to the ground.

Cirque Olympique on the Boulevard du Temple

After the fire which destroyed the Cirque Olympique on the rue Faubourg du Temple,
the brothers Franconi moved again, this time to the boulevard du Temple, where they built yet another theatre, also known as the Cirque Olympique. The new theatre, built to the designs of the French architect Alexandre Bourla, was inaugurated on 21 March 1827. It was remodeled in 1847 by the architect  for the use of the Opéra-National, which occupied it from 18 June 1844 to 1847. Thereafter it was known as the Théâtre National until 4 July 1853, when it became the Théâtre du Cirque Impérial. The theatre was demolished in 1862 for an urban renewal project, and the director at that time, Hippolyte Hostein, moved the circus to the Théâtre du Châtelet.

References
Notes

Sources
Almanach du voyageur à Paris et dans les lieux les plus remarquables du royaume. Paris: Hardouin, 1787. Pg 219. Early description of the theatre- available online at the BNF
Architectonographie des théâtres de Paris, ou Parallèle historique et critique de ces édifices considérés sous le rapport de l'architecture et de la décoration. Paris : impr. de P. Didot l'aîné: Orgiazzi, 1821. pp 223–226. Extensive description of the theatre and later alterations- available online at the BNF
Tristan Remy. Les Clowns. Paris: Grasset, 2002.
 Wild, Nicole (1989). Dictionnaire des théâtres parisiens au XIXe siècle: les théâtres et la musique. Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres. .  (paperback). View formats and editions at WorldCat.
Charles Hervey. The Theatres of Paris
Galignani's New Guide of Paris

External links
Circus history timeline from Miami University

Circuses in Paris
1780s in Paris
Former buildings and structures in Paris
19th century in Paris
Theatres completed in 1782
Buildings and structures demolished in 1826
Defunct entertainment venues
Burned buildings and structures in France
Event venues established in 1782
1782 establishments in France
1826 disestablishments in France
Demolished buildings and structures in Paris
18th-century architecture in France

Cirque Olympique