Differential calculus, a branch of calculus, is the study of finding out the rate of change of a variable compared to another variable, by using functions. It is a way to find out how a shape changes from one point to the next, without needing to divide the shape into an infinite number of pieces. Differential calculus is the opposite of integral calculus. It was developed in the 1670s and 1680s by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz.

Background
Unlike a number such as 5 or 200, a variable can change its value. For example, distance and time are variables. At an Olympic running race, as the person runs, their distance from the starting line goes up. Meanwhile, a stopwatch or clock measures the time as it goes up. We can measure the average speed of the runner, if we divide the distance they travelled by the time it took. But this does not say what speed the person was running at exactly 1.5 seconds into the race. If we had the distance at 1 second and the distance at 2 seconds, we would still only have an average, although it would probably be more correct than the average for the whole race.

Until calculus was invented, the only way to work this out was to cut the time into smaller and smaller pieces, so the average speed over the smaller time would get closer and closer to the actual speed at exactly 1.5 seconds. This was a very long and hard process, and had to be done each time people wanted to work something out. Certainly it is much more difficult for a driver to figure out a car's speed by using only its odometer (distance meter) and clock—without a speedometer.

A very similar problem is to find the slope (how steep it is) at any point on a curve. The slope of a straight line is easy to work out—it is simply how much it goes up (y or vertical) divided by how much it goes across (x or horizontal). If a line is parallel to the x axis, then its slope is zero. If a straight line went through (x,y) = (2,10) and (4,18), the line goes up 8 and goes across 2, so its slope is 8 divide 2, which is 4.

On a 'curve', though, the slope is a variable (has different values at different points), because the line bends. But if the curve was to be cut into very, very small pieces, the curve at the point would look almost like a very short straight line. So to work out its slope, a straight line can be drawn through the point with the same slope as the curve at that point. If it is done exactly right, the straight line will have the same slope as the curve, and is called a tangent. But there is no way to know (without calculus) whether the tangent is exactly right, and our eyes are not accurate enough to be certain whether it is exact or simply very close.

What Newton and Leibniz found was a way to work out the slope (or the speed in the distance example) exactly, by using simple and logical rules. They divided the curve into an infinite number of very small pieces. They then chose points on either side of the point they were interested in and worked out tangents at each. As the points moved closer together towards the point they were interested in, the slope approached a particular value as the tangents approached the real slope of the curve. They said that this particular value it approached was the actual slope.

How it works
Let's say we have a function y = f(x). f is short for function, so this equation means "y is a function of x". This tells us that how high y is on the vertical axis depends on what x (the horizontal axis) is at that time. For example, with the equation y = x², we know that if x is 1, then y will be 1; if x is 3, then y will be 9; if x is 20, then y will be 400.

Choose a point A on the curve, and call its horizontal position x. Then choose another point B on the curve which is a little bit farther across than A, and call its horizontal position x + h. It does not matter how much h is; it is a very small number.

So when we go from point A to point B, the vertical position has gone from f(x) to f(x + h), and the horizontal position has gone from x to x + h. Now, remember that the slope is how much it goes up divided by how much it goes across. So the slope will be:

If you bring B closer and closer to A – which means h gets closer and closer to 0 – then we get closer to knowing what the slope is at the point A.

Now let's go back to y = x². The slope of this can be determined as follows:

Applying the binomial theorem which states in part that , we can reduce the expression to:

So we know without having to draw any tangent lines that at any point on the curve f(x) = x², the derivative f'(x) (marked with an apostrophe) will be 2x at any point. This process of working out a slope using limits is called differentiation, or finding the derivative.

Leibniz came to the same result, but called h "dx", which means "a tiny amount of x". He called the resulting change in f(x) "dy", which means "a tiny amount of y". Leibniz's notation is used by more books because it is easy to understand, when the equations become more complicated. In Leibniz notation:

Rules
Using the above system, mathematicians have worked out rules which work all the time, no matter which function is being looked at. (Note: here,  and  are both functions of )

Related pages

 Derivative (mathematics)
 Differential operator
 Ordinary differential equation
 Mathematical analysis

References

Calculus

Differential calculus


5-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindane (MMAI) is a drug developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic and highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and produces entactogen effects in humans. It has been sold as a designer drug and research chemical online since 2010.

MMAI has been shown to relieve stress-induced depression in rats more robustly than sertraline, and as a result it has been suggested that SSRAs like MMAI and 4-MTA could be developed as novel antidepressants with a faster onset of therapeutic action and superior efficacy to current antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

References

2-Aminoindanes
Entactogens and empathogens
Designer drugs
Phenol ethers
Serotonin releasing agents

MMAI


The Scotia Sea is partly in the Southern Ocean and mostly in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Location and description
Normally stormy and cold, the Scotia Sea is the area of water between Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.  It is bordered on the west by Drake Passage. These island groups all sit on top of the Scotia Ridge. The Scotia Sea covers an area of about 900,000 km². About half of the sea stands above the continental shelf.

The islands are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round.

Flora and fauna
The islands do have vegetation.  They have been called Scotia Sea Islands tundra ecoregion.  These include South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea as well as the remote South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano Bouvet Island. All these islands are in the cold seas below the Antarctic convergence. These areas have tundra vegetation of mosses, lichen and algae. Seabirds, penguins and seals feed in the surrounding waters.

Seabirds include four species of albatross: Black-browed Albatross (Diomedea melanophris), Grey-headed Albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma), Light-mantled Albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata), and Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans). There are only five species of bird that stay on land.  These include two endemic species: a race of the Yellow-billed Pintail duck(Anas georgica) and South Georgia Pipit (Anthus antarcticus).

Penguin species found here include large numbers of King Penguins, as well as Chinstrap Penguin, Macaroni Penguin, Gentoo penguin, Adelie Penguin, and Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome).

Seals include the Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) in large numbers, Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the huge Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina), and Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus).

South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves. Bird Island, South Georgia is a site of special scientific interest.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Southern Ocean
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

Scotia Sea


Kevin Michael Rudd AC (born 21 September 1957) is a former Australian politician who was twice Prime Minister of Australia serving from 2007 to 2010 and again from 27 June 2013 to 18 September 2013. He also served as Prime Minister from 2007 to 2010. Rudd was the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs from 14 September 2010 to 22 February 2012. He was member for Griffith in Brisbane from 1998 to 2013.

Rudd went to the Australian National University and studied International Studies. He learned to speak the Chinese language. He became a diplomat for the Australian government. He lived and worked in Sweden, and later in China. Rudd won a seat in Parliament in 1998. The Australian Labor party elected him the Leader of the Opposition in December 2006. After 11 years of the Liberal Party being in power, the Labor Party won the 2007 federal election. During the election Rudd talked a lot about work agreements (industrial relations laws) and global warming. As prime minister he signed the Kyoto Protocol and "apologised" to Aboriginal Australians for bad things done by the government long ago. He spoke about human rights in China in the Chinese language to Chinese students. Australia and China were doing lots of trade, but the Chinese government did not like this talk. He also supported the Afghanistan war and took Australian troops out of the Iraq conflict.

Rudd was Prime Minister at the beginning of the Global Financial Crisis. His government, with Wayne Swan as treasurer, spent a lot of money to try and keep the economy going. Australia did not have a recession, but management of this government spending started problems for Rudd. His government was seen as being unable to cope with and this started to affect Rudd's popularity.

Rudd planned a new tax on the huge profits being made mining companies in Australia. These companies and their leaders started a huge advertising campaign against the Labor government. He also decided to delay his election promises to do something about Global Warming. His leadership style was unpopular with many members of the Labor Party. members of parliament felt that they were not able to take part in making important decisions. They felt that Rudd left things until the last moment, and then acted quickly when things had almost became a crisis. With these things happening, the Labor Party decided that there had to be some changes. Realizing that he had lost support, Rudd resigned as leader of the Labor Party, and as Prime Minister. Julia Gillard was elected to the position of leader, and therefore prime minister. He was really sad. Gillard promised that Rudd would be made Foreign Minister if they won the 2010 election.

After the 2010 Election, Gillard chose Rudd to be Foreign Minister. In February 2012, Rudd decided that he should again be leader of the Labor Party. He said he could not work with Gillard because she did not trust him. He resigned as Foreign Minister, and said he would challenge Gillard for the leadership. The Labor Party held a meeting on 27 February 2012 and held a new vote for the leader's position. Rudd only received 31 votes while Gillard got 71 votes. Rudd returned to the backbench, and not have any positions of responsibility in the government until on 26 June 2013, Gillard announced another caucus ballot on the leadership.  Rudd won it so he became the Leader of the Labor Party for a second time. On 27 June 2013, Rudd was sworn in as Prime Minister. Rudd is the first former Prime Minister to return to the office since Robert Menzies in 1949 and the second Labor Prime Minister to do so.

On 31 May 2012 Rudd became a grandfather when his daughter Jessica gave birth to a baby girl.

On 7 September 2013, Labor lost the 2013 election to the Coalition led by Tony Abbott.

On 13 November 2013, Rudd announced that he would be retiring from politics at end of week. His resignation took effect on 22 November 2013.

References

Other websites

</

1957 births
Living people
Australian Anglicans
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
People from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Politicians from Queensland
Prime Ministers of Australia
Republicans

Kevin Rudd


The Bronze Medal of Military Valor () is an Italian medal awarded by the King of Italy.

During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding class. As the Gold medal and the Silver Medal, after the World War II, the Bronze Medal was gave to the cities that fought against the nazism and the fascism during the war.

Related pages
 Gold Medal of Military Valor
 Silver Medal of Military Valor

Military honors
Military of Italy

Bronze Medal of Military Valor


Platinum is a soft, heavy, white metal. It is a precious metal. It usually costs more than gold.
In chemistry, platinum is element number 78, and its atoms have an atomic weight of 195 a.m.u.. The symbol for platinum is Pt, from Spanish platina meaning "little silver".

Platinum is very malleable and ductile, which means it can be hammered into thin sheets and it can be pulled into wire. Platinum is very stable. Acids do not affect platinum.

The most common use of Platinum is in a vehicle's catalytic converter.

Transition metals

Platinum


Constantine of Preslav () was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and translator, one of the most important men of letters working at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. Biographical evidence about his life is scarce but he is believed to have been a disciple of Saint Methodius. After the saint's death in 885, Constantine was jailed by the Germanic clergy in Great Moravia and sold as slave in Venice. He escaped to Constantinople, moving to Bulgaria around 886 and working at the Preslav Literary School.

He was one of the most prolific and important writers in Old Bulgarian (the Bulgarian recension of Old Church Slavonic). His most significant literary work was Учително евангелие (The Didactic Gospel), usually dated to the first years of the reign of Bulgarian tsar Simeon I, 893 – 894. The work represents a compilation of lectures about a number of church holidays and is the first systematic work treating sermons in Slavic literature. The compilation also features the poetic preface Азбучна молитва (Alphabet Prayer), the first original poetry in Old Church Slavonic.

In 894 Constantine of Preslav wrote the historical work Историкии (Histories), the first historical chronicle in Slavic literature. In 906, by commission from Simeon I, the author translated Четири слова против арианите (Four Epistles against the Arians) by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, as a response to the beginning of the spread of heresies in medieval Bulgaria. Constantine is also the alleged author of Служба на Методия (Service for Methodius), in which he relates the struggle of Saint Methodius for the recognition of Old Church Slavonic, as well as of Проглас към евангелието (Proclamation of the Holy Gospels) in which he rejects and admonishes the admiration of the foreign language (mean. Greek) and champions Old Bulgarian for the development and elevation of Bulgarian culture.

None of the original works of Constantine of Preslav has survived the burning of Preslav by Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimisces in 972 and the period of Ottoman rule (1396 – 1878). All of his works are known from copies, the earliest of which date back to the 12th and the 13th century.

Notes

External links
 Gallucci, E. Ucitel'noe Evangelie di Costantino di Preslav (IX-X sec.). Tradizione testuale, redazioni, fonti greche. - Europa Orientalis, XX (2001), 49-138

9th-century births
10th-century deaths
9th-century Bulgarian writers
10th-century Bulgarian writers
Bulgarian translators
Bulgarian historians
Bulgarian male writers
Preslav Literary School
Old Church Slavonic writers

Constantine of Preslav


Marcel Pérès (born 15 July 1956, Oran, Algeria) is a French musicologist, composer, choral director and singer, and the founder of the early music group Ensemble Organum. He is an authority on Gregorian and pre-Gregorian chant.

Pérès was born into an Algerian family of Spanish origin which was repatriated to France. He grew up in Nice, where he sang at the cathedral and was organist at the Anglican church.  He trained in organ and composition at the Nice conservatoire, before continuing his studies in church music at the Royal School of Church Music and at English cathedrals. He worked at the Studio de musique ancienne de Montréal (Montreal early music studio) and for the National Film Board of Canada. In 1979 he returned to France where he studied medieval music under Michel Huglo at the École pratique des hautes études.

In 1984 Peres became director of ARIMM, the Atelier pour la Recherche sur l'Interprétation des Musiques Médiévales (or "Workshop for Research on the Performance of Medieval Music") with the support of the Fondation Royaumont, created by the Goüin family.
In 1994 the Atelier became CERIMM, the Centre Européen pour la Recherche sur l'Interprétation des Musiques Médiévales (or "European Centre for Research on the Performance of Medieval Music").

In 2001 Pérès and his group Ensemble Organum moved to Moissac where he founded CIRMA, the Centre itinérant de recherche sur les musiques anciennes (or "Itinerant Centre for Research into Ancient Music").

He was musical director of Kaj Munk's play, Ordet, at the Festival d'Avignon in 2008.

Pérès' compositions include Le Livre des morts égyptiens ("The Egyptian Book of the Dead"), written in 1979, and Mysteria Apocalypsis.

Awards
In 1990 he was awarded the Leonardo da Vinci Prize by the Italian government, and
Since 1996 he has been a Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
In 2013 he received a title of Honorary Citizen of Jarosław.

Ensemble Organum

In 1982 Peres founded Ensemble Organum, a group specialising in "pre- and para-Gregorian" chant.
The group has been based at three medieval monastic sites.
 Sénanque Abbey, an active Cistercian community.
 Royaumont Abbey, a former Cistercian monastery near Asnières-sur-Oise, which is run as a cultural centre.
  Moissac Abbey, a former Benedictine monastery

References

External links
 CIRMA and Ensemble Organum

1956 births
Living people
20th-century French composers
20th-century French conductors (music)
20th-century French male musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century French musicologists
21st-century French composers
21st-century French conductors (music)
21st-century French male musicians
21st-century organists
21st-century French musicologists
French male composers
French choral conductors
French male conductors (music)
French classical organists
French male organists
École pratique des hautes études alumni
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
People from Oran
Male classical organists

Marcel Pérès


Arlington County v. White, 528 S.E.2d 706 (Va. 2000), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of Virginia that prohibited the local government of Arlington County from expanding its employee health insurance benefits beyond spouses or financial dependents.  Although the issue was resolved as a question of local government power and statutory interpretation, the ruling was a setback for gay rights activists who had long sought benefits for domestic partners and who were prohibited from marrying under the state constitution.  The partial dissent by Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. accused the County of using the health care expansion as a disguised attempt to legitimize same-sex unions, and argued that the state public policy against homosexual unions should have dictated the outcome rather than the narrower statutory interpretation relied upon by the majority.

Background of the case
Counties in Virginia were authorized by state law to provide self-funded health care benefits to county employees and their dependents.  However, the two authorizing statutes did not define "dependent" or adopt a definition from elsewhere in the Virginia Code.

In May, 1997, the government of Arlington County announced that the definition of eligible dependents under the County's employee health plan would be expanded to include one adult dependent, who could be the employee's spouse, domestic partner, or any other adult who was claimed as a dependent on the employee's federal income tax return.  The County listed eight criteria for qualifying adult dependents: someone who "has resided with the employee for a 1 year period; shares with the employee the common necessities of life and basic living expenses; is financially interdependent with the employee; is involved with the employee in a mutually exclusive relationship of support and commitment; is not related by blood to the employee; is not married to anyone; was mentally competent at time of consent to relationship; is 18 years of age or older."  Same-sex as well as opposite-sex domestic partners of County employees were subsequently covered by the expanded health care benefits.

On March 12, 1998, Andrew White, Diana White, and Wendell Brown, three residents and taxpayers of Arlington County, filed a complaint in Arlington County Circuit Court for a declaratory judgment that the County had no legal authority to extend benefits to domestic partners, and an injunction against its implementation of the plan.  The taxpayers invoked the "Dillon rule", a restrictive interpretation of local government power that was established by the 19th century judge and legal scholar, John Forrest Dillon, and adopted by Virginia as well as many other states.  The Dillon rule stated that local governments only had the powers expressly conferred upon them by statute and those necessarily implied; these powers were furthermore to be strictly interpreted. Judge Benjamin N. A. Kendrick agreed with the taxpayers that the County's benefit plan violated the Dillon rule, and granted the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment. The County appealed, and the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed the Circuit Court judgment.

The court's decision
The County argued that because the enabling statutes failed to define "dependent", its authority to interpret the term was necessarily implied under the Dillon rule.  The final legal question was then merely whether the County chose a reasonable method of implementing its authority.  The court agreed with that analysis, but determined that Arlington County's method was unreasonable.  A majority of the court voted to strike the benefit extension on that basis alone, while three justices argued that the state's public policy against same-sex unions should have provided the justification.

The court was persuaded by an opinion Virginia Attorney General Richard Cullen had issued in 1997 in response to an inquiry from the Virginia General Assembly.  The attorney general did not believe that there was any indication in the statutes of a legislative intent to extend insurance coverage to domestic partners.  Based on prior interpretations of the Dillon rule, he concluded that a county would lack the authority to extend coverage.  The established definition of "dependent" in the tax context was one who received over half of their financial support from the taxpayer.  Only two of the eight criteria put forth by Arlington County even related to finances; one, "financial interdependence", contradicted this definition of "dependent".

Although not all spouses were financial dependents, the court did not consider it unreasonable to assume they would nonetheless be embraced in the definition.  It was such a longstanding practice that spouses would be covered under benefit plans that the General Assembly must have contemplated it.  Otherwise, the court reasoned that "dependent" must include some kind of financial dependency rather than mere "financial interdependence".  Based on its reading of the statutes and the attorney general's opinion, the court accordingly affirmed the circuit court's invalidation of the County's benefit plan.

Kinser's concurrence
Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, while joining in the majority's opinion, wrote separately to emphasize that the case was not about whether a county had the power to recognize same-sex unions through the extension of benefits, as Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. asserted in his dissent/concurrence.  Kinser pointed out that the court had not granted review on that issue, but rather on the statutory interpretation and Dillon rule argument by which the majority had resolved the case.  Although she asserted that she did not support same-sex unions or question that they contravened Virginia public policy, she believed that the dissent's rationale would cause the court to question other sections of Virginia law that incidentally conferred benefits upon those involved in same-sex unions as "disguised efforts" to legitimize those unions.  This included a state tax provision that allowed Virginia taxpayers to claim a deduction for the same category of dependents as recognized under federal revenue laws, which, though narrower than the Arlington County definition, was still broad enough to cover financially dependent same-sex partners.

Hassel's dissent/concurrence
Justice Hassel, joined by two other justices, concurred in the court's judgment, but dissented because he believed that the issue of the case was whether a county could recognize same-sex unions by bestowing benefits upon those engaged in such relationships.  Hassel asserted that the court had "a duty, as well as an obligation, to decide issues of great importance to the citizens of this Commonwealth when, as here, those issues are properly presented to this Court."

Hassel agreed that the benefit plan violated the Dillon Rule.  However, he also thought it was an impermissible regulation of domestic relations—a domain that was solely the General Assembly's to legislate—because the county's criteria for dependent benefits were tacitly directed at extending benefits to same-sex partners.  The failure to confront this issue meant that Arlington County could make its benefit plan conform to the majority's decision with little change, thus requiring another costly legal challenge.

Notes

References
Full text of the court's opinion

Virginia state case law
Arlington County, Virginia
2000 in United States case law
2000 in LGBT history
LGBT in Virginia
2000 in Virginia
United States same-sex union case law

Arlington County v. White


Facies is a term in geology. It means the look of a rock. If one looks up at a cliff of rock, the appearances changes from one layer to another. This because the ecological conditions changed as the rock was laid down. So, the facies reflect the process of sedimentation.

Regular changes in the facies usually means regular changes in the ancient climate. As the climate chaged, so the sea level rose and fell. What was deep water became shallow water, and so on. In the Milankovich cycle, the climate changes regularly. As it does so, deeper water carbonates may alternate with shallow-water shales and silts. These facies are seen in the column of rocks.

Definition:
"All... features of a particular sedimentary rock from which the depositional environment may be inferred".

References

Sedimentary rocks

Facies


Henry Tresham  (c.1751 – 17 June 1814) was an Irish-born British historical painter active in London in the late 18th century. He spent some time in Rome early in his career, and was professor of painting at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1807 to 1809.

Biography
Henry Tresham was born in about 1751. He received his first art instruction from W. Ennis, a pupil of Robert West at the Dublin Art School.

He moved to England in 1775, but spent most of the next fourteen years in Rome. There he became a friend of the British painter, Thomas Jones and the artist and dealer, Gavin Hamilton. Like many other artists in Rome he also acted as a dealer, working with Gavin Hamilton and Thomas Jenkins, and negotiating sales of antiquities to Frederick Hervey and John Campbell. He also acted as an intermediary between Campbell and the sculptor, Antonio Canova: a pastel by Hugh Douglas Hamilton of Antonio Canova in his studio with Henry Tresham and a plaster model for Cupid and Psyche, showing a work commissioned by Campbell,  is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

Tresham  returned to Britain in 1788. His reputation was gained primarily through large-scale history paintings, somewhat similar in style to those of Henry Fuseli. These were based on his travels to Rome.

In 1791 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and became a full Academician in 1799.  Soon afterwards he was at the centre of a dispute over the running of the institution, having complained to the king that the law in the "Instrument of Institution" – its founding constitution – under which all its members were supposed to serve on its council in turn, was being ignored,  and the vacancies   balloted for instead. His appeal to the monarch was ultimately successful, and the practice of  the rotation of the council members reinstated.

He was professor of painting at the Academy from 1807 to 1809. He was involved in several of the major history painting ventures of late 18th-century London, including Robert Bowyer's History Gallery, the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery and Thomas Macklin's Holy Bible.

He died in 1814.

References

Sources

Further reading
 Burden, Michael. "The Making and Marketing of the Georgian Apotheosis:  Carter, Strange, Rebecca, Tresham, and de Loutherbourg". The British Art Journal, 22/1 (2021) pp. 10–17.
 Burden, Michael. "Reading Henry Tresham's theatre curtain: Metastasio's apotheosis, and the Idea of Opera at London's Pantheon". Cambridge Opera Journal, 31/1 (2019) pp. 26–62.
Dudgeon, Camphill. Henry Tresham (DNB, volume 57, 1899) pp. 202–203.
 Ingamells, John. A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800, Compiled from the Brinsley Ford Archive by John Ingamells (1997)
 Walch, Peter. "Henry Tresham". Grove Dictionary of Art. Ed. Jane Turner. London; New York: Grove/Macmillan, 1996. . Retrieved on 29 November 2007.

External links

Henry Tresham online (ArtCyclopedia)
Henry Tresham on Artnet
Henry Tresham - artist of the month (April 2009) (RA Collections)
Portrait of Henry Tresham (National Portrait Gallery, London)

1751 births
1814 deaths
18th-century Irish painters
19th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Royal Academicians
Alumni of the National College of Art and Design
19th-century painters of historical subjects
Irish emigrants to Kingdom of Great Britain
19th-century Irish male artists

Henry Tresham


Perugia Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Perugia, Umbria, central Italy, dedicated to Saint Lawrence. Formerly the seat of the bishops and archbishops of Perugia, it has been since 1986 the archiepiscopal seat of the Archdiocese of Perugia-Città della Pieve.

History
From the establishment of the bishopric, a cathedral existed in Perugia in different locations, until, in 936-1060, a new edifice, corresponding to the transept of the present cathedral, was built here. The current cathedral, dedicated from the beginning as the Cathedral of San Lorenzo and Sant'Ercolano dates from a project of 1300 by Fra Bevignate that was initiated in 1345 and completed in 1490. The external decoration in white and pink marble lozenges (adapted from Arezzo Cathedral) was never completed; a trial section can still be seen on the main façade.

Overview

Exterior
Unlike most cathedrals, the cathedral of Perugia has its flank on the city's main square, facing the Fontana Maggiore and the Palazzo dei Priori. This side is characterized by the Loggia di Braccio commissioned by Braccio da Montone (1423), an early Renaissance structure attributed to Fioravante Fioravanti from Bologna. It formerly formed part of the Palazzo del Podestà, which burned in 1534. Under it a section of Roman wall and the basement of the old campanile can be seen. It houses also the Pietra della Giustizia ("Justice Stone") bearing a 1264 inscription by which the commune announced that all the public debt had been repaid. Also on this side is a statue of Pope Julius III by Vincenzo Danti (1555); Julius was a hero to Perugia for having restored the local magistrature, which had been suppressed by Paul III.  Until the end of the nineteenth century the statue was more prominently placed in the Piazza Danti (square), but it was repositioned to the side in order to make way for the electric tram which was inaugurated in 1899.  In the unfinished wall is a portal designed by Galeazzo Alessi (1568), a pulpit composed of ancient fragments and Cosmatesque mosaics, from which Saint Bernardino of Siena preached in 1425 and 1427 and a wooden Crucifix by Polidoro Ciburri (1540).

The main façade faces the smaller Piazza Danti; in it is a baroque portal designed by Pietro Carattoli in 1729. The sturdy campanile was constructed in 1606-1612.

Interior

The interior is of the Chiesa a sala type, 68 m in length, with a nave and two aisles of the same height; the nave is twice as wide as the aisles. On the counterfaçade is the sarcophagus of bishop Giovanni Andrea Baglioni (died 1451), attributed to Urbano da Cortona.

The first chapel is dedicated to the Holy Ring, the relic of the wedding ring of the Holy Virgin, which was stolen from Chiusi in 1473. The chapel had once frescoes by Pinturicchio and a painting by Perugino, now in the museum of Caen. It also houses a reliquary by Bino di Pietro and Federico and Cesarino del Roscetto, considered amongst the masterworks of Italian Renaissance goldsmiths' work. Continuing on the side wall are the remains of an altar by Agostino di Duccio (1473), demolished in 1623.

Notable is the apse, with a wooden choir with intarsia by Giuliano da Maiano and Domenico del Tasso (1486–91), which was damaged by a fire in 1985. The right transept has an altarpiece by Giovanni Baglione (1609). Two small side doors lead to Oratory of St. Onofrio, built to house altarpiece with the same name by Luca Signorelli, now in the Cathedral Museum.

On the right nave is the Sacrament Chapel, designed by Alessi (1576), with an altarpiece of the Pentecost by Cesare Nebbia (1563); a marble sarcophagus contains the remains of Pope Martin IV, who died at Perugia in 1285, and relics of Innocent III and Urban IV. The next bay leads to the Baptistery Chapel, with a Renaissance perspective view in marble by Pietro di Paolo di Andrea da Como (1477). In front of it, is the venerated image of the Madonna delle Grazie, by Giannicola di Paolo, a follower of Perugino. The right nave ends with the Chapel of St. Bernardino, enclosed by a 15th-century railing. Its altar houses the most important artwork of the church, a Deposition from the Cross by Federico Barocci (1567–1569).

Sacristy

The sacristy was entirely frescoed by Gian Antonio Pandolfi starting from 1573. The cloister houses several architectonic and sculpture fragments, including a head attributed to Giovanni Pisano and a Renaissance bust of the Redeemer.

Cathedral Museum
The museum is home to a triptych by Meo da Siena, a Madonna by Andrea Vanni and a triptych by Agnolo Gaddi, as well as the notable altarpiece by Signorelli. It has a Marriage of the Virgin (1815) by Carlo Labruzzi. It has also numerous precious manuscripts, some from the 10th century.

Next to it, the Sala del Dottorato has frescoes portraying Pope John XXII between the emperors Charles IV and Sigismund.

Notes

References

Cinzia Rando (redazione e realizzazione): Umbria. Guide d'Italia. Touring Club Italiano, Milano 2001, p. 45-48, .

External links

Museum's website

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1490
Cathedral
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Cathedrals in Umbria
Sites of papal elections
Burial places of popes
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy

Perugia Cathedral


Milorad Pavić (, ; 15 October 1929 – 30 November 2009) was a Serbian novelist, poet, short story writer, and literary historian. Born in Belgrade in 1929, he published a number of poems, short stories and novels during his lifetime, the most famous of which was the Dictionary of the Khazars (1984). Upon its release, it was hailed as "the first novel of the 21st century." Pavić's works have been translated into more than thirty languages. He was vastly popular in Europe and in South America, and was deemed "one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century." He won numerous prizes in Serbia and in the former Yugoslavia, and was mentioned several times as a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died in Belgrade in 2009.

Biography
Milorad Pavić was born in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1929 to a distinguished family of intellectuals and writers "that has produced well-known writers for six generations, since the 18th century". He received a Bachelor of Arts in literature from the University of Belgrade, and later obtained a PhD in literary history at the University of Zagreb.

Pavić entered the literary scene with two collections of poetry titled Palimpsests (), and Moon Stone (), published in 1969 and 1971, respectively. Pavić's poems were soon translated into English, and included in the anthology titled Contemporary Yugoslav Poems. Soon after, Pavić dedicated himself to writing prose and several short story collections were published. Pavić's first and most famous novel, Dictionary of the Khazars (), was published in 1984. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, and was hailed as "the first novel of the 21st century." Written as a poetic dictionary, the book has been described as "a quasi-historical account of the semi-imaginary tribe of the Khazars."

Pavić's second novel was titled Landscape Painted with Tea, and was published in 1988. Organized as a crossword puzzle, it follows a failed architect from Belgrade as he travels to Greece to trace the fate of his father who disappeared there during World War II. Pavić wrote many more novels, including The Inner Side of the Wind, or A Novel of Hero and Leander and Last Love in Constantinople: A Tarot Novel of Divination. Described as "highly imaginative", Pavić is said to have "[done] everything to disrupt the traditional models of fiction writing such as the development of story and the notions of beginning and end." He was described as being "one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century." As a result, he was mentioned several times as a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Apart from writing, Pavić taught philosophy at the University of Novi Sad before joining the University of Belgrade. In 1991, he became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU). During this time, he translated a number of works of Russian fiction into the Serbian language. In 1993, he published his first and only play, titled Theatre Menu For Ever and a Day.

Pavić died in Belgrade on 30 November 2009, at the age of 80. His death came as the result of a heart attack. He was survived by his wife, Jasmina Mihajlović, and by his son Ivan, and his daughter Jelena. Pavić was buried in the "Alley of the Greats" at the Novo Groblje cemetery complex in Belgrade.

Works
Originally written in Serbian, Pavić's works have been translated into more than thirty languages. Pavić was renowned for his highly imaginative fiction, and his novels diverged from traditional literary notions by means of an open-ended structure and the entwining of the mythic and historical.

Dictionary of the Khazars
Dictionary of the Khazars was Pavić's first novel and it acquired international success. Written in 1984, it is a lexicon-format novel which follows the story of the Khazars – a people occupying the territory north of the Caucasus and west and north of the Caspian Sea between the 6th and 11th centuries. In the book, the Great Khan of the Khazars has a dream that is nearly impossible to interpret. To shed some light on it, he summons representatives of the world's three great religions: a Christian, a Jew and a Muslim. He asks the three to explain the dream, promising that the entire Khazar tribe will convert to the religion which provides the most convincing explanation. In three dictionaries – one Christian, one Jewish and one Muslim – three different versions of the story are presented, and from these accounts the reader must try to confect a coherent novel.

List of works available in English

 Dictionary of the Khazars (1984) (Knopf, 1988)
 Landscape Painted with Tea (1988) (Knopf, 1990)
 The Inner Side of the Wind, or A Novel of Hero and Leander (1991) (Knopf, 1993)
 Last Love in Constantinople (1994) (Peter Owen Publishers, 1998)
 The Third Argument (1995), a graphic novel by Milorad Pavić, Zoran Tucić (artist) and Zoran Stefanović (scriptwriter)
 For Ever and a Day (1997) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2012)
 Damascene (1998) Available online (1998)
 Writing Box (1999) (National Library of Serbia, 2012)
 The Glass Snail (2003) Available online (2003)
 Unique Item (2004) (Published in two volumes, Unique Item and Blue Book, as Kindle Edition e-books, 2010)
 The Tale that Killed Emily Knorr (2005) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2012)
 Second Body (2007) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2010)

Awards

 Academician Milorad Pavić was the winner of several literary awards:
 "Đorđe Jovanović" award, for the book History of Literature of the Baroque Era, 1971.
 NIN's award, for the novel Khazarski rečnik, 1985.
 "Meša Selimović" award, for the novel Landscape painted with tea, 1988.
 Award of AVNOJ, 1989.
 Seventh of July Award, 1989.
 Award of the National Library of Serbia for the most read book of the year, for the novel Landscape painted with tea, 1990.
 October Award of the City of Belgrade, for the entire book oeuvre, 1992.
 "Borisav Stanković" award, for the novel Unutrašnja strana vetra, 1992.
 Award "Golden Beočug" for lifetime achievement, 1992.
 "Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša" award, 1994.
 Kočić Award, 1994.
 Prosvetina Award, for the novel Last Love in Constantinople, 1994.
 "Laza Kostić" award, for the novel Last Love in Constantinople, 1995.
 "Felix Romuliana" award, 1995.
 Exceptional Wolf Award, 1996.
 Award of the Jakov Ignjatović Foundation, for life's work, 1997.
 The "Račanska čartita" award, for overall creativity, 1997.
 "Deretina's Book of the Year" award, for the novel Zvezdani plast, 1998.
 "Nušić's staff" award, for overall creativity, 1999.
 The "Dušan Vasiljev" award, for a story-telling opus, 2000.
 Andrić's award, for the series of short stories Stories from the Sava slopes, 2001.
 "Belovod Rosette" Award, 2004.
 High recognition "Dostoevsky", 2004.
 "Kočić's Book" Award of the "Petar Kočić" Endowment, 2007.
 Honorary doctor of Sofia University
 President of the Serbian-Ukrainian Society
 Member of the European Association for Culture, member of the Serbian PEN Center, member of the Crown Council.

Notes

References

Books

Websites

External links
 Official site
 Pavić's library at Project Rastko – His works in Serbian, Russian and Slovene; a few articles on Pavić in English, French and German

1929 births
2009 deaths
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy alumni
Serbian novelists
Serbian literary critics
Literary critics of Serbian
Serbian male poets
Serbian male short story writers
Serbian short story writers
Serbian non-fiction writers
Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Serbian science fiction writers
Serbian translators
Translators to Serbian
Postmodern writers
Writers from Belgrade
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery
Serbian fantasy writers
20th-century Serbian poets
20th-century Serbian novelists
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century translators
20th-century short story writers
20th-century male writers
Male non-fiction writers
Electronic literature writers

Milorad Pavić


Porthleven is a toun, ceevil parish an fishin port in Cornwall, Unitit Kinrick, near Helston. It is the maist sootherly port on the island o Great Breetain an wis oreeginally developed as a harbour o refuge, when this pairt o the Cornish coastline wis recognised as a black spot for wrecks in days o sail. Nearbi Loe Bar wis pairticularly infamous, wi swimmers an surfers being warned aff the aurie tae this day.

History an geografie
Historically an for local-govrenment purposes, Porthleven wis includit athin the toun bundaries o nearbi Helston. Efter years o growth, it nou haes its awn toun cooncil. Its population in 2001 recordit bi the UK census
was 3,190.

Includin tourists an surfers wad swell that number considerably. Porthleven haes exploitit its location an exposur tae pouerful swells tae become ane o the best-kent an heichlie-regardit surfin spots in Breetain. Waves regularly exceedin 2 metres break on the shallae reef that wis shaped bi blastin the harbour. Due tae the prevailin wasterly winds it wis vera easy for a ship unner sail tae become entrapped athin the bay an be cast up on the rocks which made up the sma fishin coves o Mullion, Kynance an the Lizard.

Arguably, Porthleven's maist recognisable biggin is the Bickford-Smith Institute which is next tae the pier an harbour entrance. Wi a touer o aboot 70 fuit in heicht, it haes the appearance o a kirk but currently is uised as a snooker club an hooses the toun cooncil offices. It featured (alang wi various ither scenes frae the toun) as the incident room in an episode o the TV detective series Wycliffe.

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution stationed a lifeboat at Portleven in 1863. A boat hoose wis built at Breageside frae whaur the boat wis taken tae the water on a carriage. A new boat hoose on the wast side o the harbour entrance wis opened in 1894 wi a slipway tae mak launchin easier. The station wis closed in 1929 as the neighbourin stations at The Lizard an Penlee haed been equipped wi motor lifeboats that coud cover the whole o Mount's Bay. The slipway wis dismantled an the boat hoose saw uise as a store for a while but haes syne become the Shipwreck Centre museum.

Notable residents
Porthleven wis the birthplace o the Victorian theologian an releegious writer Pender Hodge Cudlip.

Porthleven wis the hame toun o the Dambusters' Commandin Officer, Guy Gibson, an there is a road named in his memory. Umwhile motor racin driver Chris Craft - who competed in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race for ower a decade, including a third-placed finish in 1976, as well as twa races in Formula Ane - wis born in Porthleven.

Twinnin
 Gwiseni (Breetany, Fraunce)

References

Freemit airtins

 Porthleven Sithney Guisseny Twinning Association
 Porthleven Old Cornwall Society
 Cornwall Record Office Online Catalogue for Porthleven

Ceevil pairishes in Cornwall
Touns in Cornwall
Surfin locations in Cornwall
Ports an herbours o Cornwall

Porthleven


Surra (from the Marathi sūra, meaning the sound of heavy breathing through nostrils, of imitative origin) is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by protozoan trypanosomes, specifically Trypanosoma evansi, of several species which infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy which lead to weight loss and anemia. In some animals the disease is fatal unless treated.

Overview
An acute form of the disease, which is generally fatal unless treated, occurs in horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, buffalo, deer, camels, llamas, dogs, and cats. This form is caused by Trypanosoma evansi (Steel 1885) (Balbiani 1888), and is transmitted by horse-flies, and also by the vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, in South-America. This form occurs in South America, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. This was the first form of pathogenic trypanosome discovered and was first described by Griffith Evans in 1880 while he was working in India.

A chronic form of the disease, which is milder but persistent, occurs in pigs, sheep, and goats.  This form is caused by Trypanosoma suis and is transmitted by tsetse.  This form occurs in Africa.

Surra is also known from other countries; an unspecified form is locally common in Mindanao, in the Philippines.

Morphology
Trypanosoma evansi, although monomorphic in most cases, can be pleomorphic in some strains. They are characterized by a long free flagellum with a narrow drawn out posterior. Kinetoplast and dyskinetoplastic forms appear. Kinetoplast is either terminal or subterminal.

Transmission

Transferred by species of Tabanus flies, Trypanosoma evansi development does not take place in the actual vector.  In order for the transmission to be successful, trypanosomes need to survive in the gut of the flies and be regurgitated during subsequent feeding.  Since Tabanidae are most abundant during rainy and post rainy seasons, that is when most outbreaks of surra occur.

In order for the transfer of the disease from the flies to the animals, interruption of feeding habits needs to occur.  This direct transmission technique involves them cutting the skin with their mouths, then lapping up the blood along with connective tissue fluid.  This means a good indicator of disease would be looking at trypanosome density in capillary blood and connective tissue. After transferring the infectious organisms to the host species, the flies leave to rest and during that time transmission was successful only in some cases.  Because the trypanosomes remain in the food canal of the flies for 4–8 hours depending on the species, the flies can feed off of one animal's blood more than one time, thus increasing the chance of successful transmission.

Although the most common method of transferring trypanosomes to other species is through Tabanus flies, there are other insects that can also transmit this disease to livestock.  These blood sucking insects are Stomoxys, Haematobia (also known as Lyperosia), and Haematopota.

Other methods of transmission still being studied are the passing of T. evansi thorough iatrogenic transmission.  Evidence has been seen of transmission through eating infected meat and also through vampire bats in geographical areas where they are found.

Vectors

Pathogenesis
The degree of pathogenicity depends on what species the host is, the virulence of the Trypanosoma evansi strain, and the dose received by the host.  Many species such as dogs, horses and rats, have been shown to have immunological reactions to the infection, such as anemia due to decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin.  Although not fully understood at this point in time, some theories believe that the erythrocytes could acquire trypaonosomal antigen, resulting in a negative immunological reaction.

Animals that have been infected show loss of appetite, weight loss, anaemia, odema, fever, salivations, lacrimation, and abortion.  The proteases that are released during infection of T.evansi might degrade the host tissue proteins and are a huge force in the pathogenesis.  That is why scientists are looking at immune targeting of these proteases to protect the infected host.

Diagnosis
Some conventional parasitological techniques (CPT), such as wet blood film, and stained blood smears are used because so far, the best identifier is looking at the blood of the potentially infected host.  Other tissues can be looked at, but the gold standard is identifying trypanosomes in the blood.  Before the infection becomes severe, it is difficult to catch as many times these cryptic infections are undetectable by direct microscopy.  Since CPT is not very sensitive, it cannot be used as a sole method of diagnosis.

The haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) is a much better alternative.  Using HCT, trypanosomes can be detected in the blood even in field conditions.  Buffy coat can be used to increase detection. Detection with this method is approx 85 trypanosomes per millilitre.

Rather than using live animals as test subjects, Canada used serological tests such as complement fixation tests to detect trypanosomes, and have been very successful.  Other tests used look at detecting antibodies generated by the host species against T. evansi antigens.  This is done using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) method. Now polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probes are being used to detect surra in animals.

Treatment
The main methods of controlling surra has been drug chemotherapy, and chemoprophylaxis in animals.

History
In South America, surra was known by the names mal de caderas (hip illness), murrina, peste boba, derrengadera, and Panama horse disease. Mal de caderas was sometimes used for rabies as well, but most commonly refers to surra. Mal de caderas spread from Brazil to eastern Bolivia in the 1840s. Because so many horses sickened and died from surra, people in eastern Bolivia from this point on were occasionally known to ride oxen, which became known as bueyes caballos (horse oxen) or bueyes de cabalgadura (riding oxen).

References

External links

Animal diseases
Protozoal diseases
Veterinary protozoology

Surra


Polyethylene (abbreviated PE) or polyethene (IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most common plastic. The annual global production is around 80 million tonnes. Its primary use is in packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes, containers including bottles, etc.). Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)n. Thus, PE is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene with various values of n.

References

Polyethylene


Carlton Alex Sherwood (December 16, 1946 – June 11, 2014) was an American journalist who produced the anti-John Kerry film Stolen Honor. Sherwood served on two news teams which were responsible for the award of the Pulitzer Prize and the Peabody Award to their organizations.

After working for the Unification Church-owned Washington Times, he authored Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon, a book about the United States v. Sun Myung Moon which involved Sun Myung Moon, the leader of the same church.

In 1987, the Blinded American Veterans Foundation established the annual Carlton Sherwood Media Award to recognize "both journalistic excellence and those members of the media who have shown special interest in—and dedication to—the needs and concerns of American veterans."

Early life and career
He was born in Camden, New Jersey in 1946, the son of a naval submarine officer. He enlisted in the US Marine Corps and participated in the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic. He later attended the University of Maryland.  His career as a reporter began at the Philadelphia Bulletin in 1968.

Journalism
Sherwood, John M. Hanchette, and William F. Schmick, were responsible for the Gannett News Service winning the 1980 Pulitzer Prize public service gold medal. The award was for a series investigating a fund-raising scandal involving the Pauline Fathers of Doylestown, Pennsylvania and the Vatican's role in the subsequent cover up. It was the first time this award was given to a wire service.

Sherwood also was part of a team of reporters who documented abuse, neglect, and deaths among children, the aged, and the mentally ill cared for by Oklahoma's Department of Human Services. The investigation culminated with articles published by Gannett, a special report produced by Karen Burns and Bill Lichtenstein which aired on the ABC News Magazine 20/20 entitled "Throwaway Kids" and a report, "Oklahoma Shame", which aired on Gannett-owned TV station KOCO in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The series was honored with a 1982 Peabody Award.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund
In a November 1983 four-part series for Gannett-owned Washington, D.C. television station WDMV (now WUSA) Channel 9 called Vietnam Memorial: A Broken Promise?.

...he "raised serious questions regarding the financial propriety" of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, a private organization that raised $9 million to build the wall. Sherwood reported that only $2.6 million had been spent and wanted to know where the rest of the money was.

Bob Doubek, project director for the Fund, said that "It was a hit piece. All of Sherwood's stuff was conjecture, smoke and mirrors." To prevent a lawsuit, the station aired a retraction and donated $50,000 to the Fund. Sherwood was arrested and charged with illegally taping one of the subjects of the report, John P. Wheeler III, chairman of the Fund and special council to the chairman of the SEC. The charges against Sherwood were later dropped. An audit of the Fund by the General Accounting Office, made public in May 1984, concluded that Sherwood's charges regarding the Fund were baseless.

In December, the station refused to air another report by Sherwood criticizing the Fund. Sherwood quit and got a job for The Washington Times at a lower salary. The New York Times headline on this controversy read "Reporter's Project Ruins His Career". (July 17, 1984)

Inquisition

In his book Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon, Sherwood concluded:
"The Unification Church, its leaders and followers were and continue to be the victims of the worst kind of religious prejudice and racial bigotry this country has witnessed in over a century. Moreover, virtually every institution we as Americans hold sacred the Congress, the courts, law enforcement agencies, the press, even the U.S. Constitution itself was prostituted in a malicious, oftentimes brutal manner, as part of a determined effort to wipe out this small but expanding religious movement."

Sherwood's independence from the subject matter, however, was called into question. Sherwood had previously worked for The Washington Times, owned by members of the Unification Church.

In the story "The Resurrection Of Reverend Moon" (January 21, 1992), the PBS television series Frontline produced a copy of a letter addressed to Moon, written by James Gavin, a leader in Moon's Unification Church. Gavin tells Moon he reviewed the "overall tone and factual contents" of the book before publication and suggested revisions. Gavin adds that "Mr. Sherwood has assured me that all this will be done when the manuscript is sent to the publisher." Gavin concludes by telling Moon, "When all of our suggestions have been incorporated, the book will be complete and in my opinion will make a significant impact. ... In addition to silencing our critics now, the book should be invaluable in persuading others of our legitimacy for many years to come."

Pentagon military analyst program
Sherwood was one of 75 members of the Pentagon military analyst program, recruited in 2002 to make appearances in the US media as military analysts while delivering talking points in favor of the Bush administration's invasion of Iraq.

Stolen Honor

During the 2004 presidential campaign, Sherwood wrote and directed the anti-Kerry documentary Stolen Honor, which presented the viewpoints of a number of American Vietnam War veterans who contend that John Kerry's anti-war activities harmed them and depicted Kerry as a traitor. Sherwood told Fox News, "We're all Vietnam combat vets, and we were all slandered and vilified by John Kerry, branded as baby killers." The journalistic standards of this piece were widely called into question. Sinclair Broadcasting planned to broadcast it on the eve of the general election, stating that they considered it to be newsworthy. After the ensuing controversy, Sinclair did not broadcast the film.

Stolen Honor was a project of Sherwood's Red, White and Blue Productions based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, whose public affairs are managed by Quantum Communications, a company owned by  lobbyist Charles Gerow. In 2000, Gerow ran on the Republican ticket for Congress. In 2003, he was nominated by President Bush to be a Member of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary Commission.  Gerow acted as publicist for the film.

Sherwood sued Kerry, alleging that he was responsible for Sinclair refusing to air the film and for damage to Sherwood's reputation.  Kerry created a legal defense fund called Fund for Truth and Honor, a play on the title of Sherwood's film. The lawsuit was dismissed.

Republican appointments
Sherwood formerly worked for Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge, whom George W. Bush later appointed as the first Secretary of Homeland Security. Sherwood and Ridge met when Ridge was a Congressman and a key critic of the planned Vietnam Veterans Memorial and Sherwood was reporting negatively on the Memorial Fund. Sherwood currently serves as Executive Vice President and Director of Communications of the WVC3 Group, Inc., an anti-terrorism, security firm headquartered in Reston, VA.

According to his profile on the WVC3 website, Sherwood "served as Special Media Advisor to the Secretary of the Navy during the Reagan Administration."

Death
On June 11, 2014, he died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from congestive heart failure at the age of 67.

References

Bibliography
 Sherwood, Carlton. (1991). Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Regnery Press.
 Sherwood, Carlton. (1982). The Wayward Shepherds. Putnam Publishing Group. .

External links
 Bio from stolenhonor.com

American male journalists
2014 deaths
1946 births
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Writers from Camden, New Jersey

Carlton Sherwood


Legumain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGMN gene.

This gene encodes a cysteine protease, legumain, that has a strict specificity for hydrolysis of asparaginyl bonds. This enzyme may be involved in the processing of bacterial peptides and endogenous proteins for MHC class II presentation in the lysosomal/endosomal systems. Enzyme activation is triggered by acidic pH and appears to be autocatalytic. Protein expression occurs after monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells. A fully mature, active enzyme is produced following lipopolysaccharide expression in mature dendritic cells. Overexpression of this gene may be associated with the majority of solid tumor types. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 13. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but the biological validity of only two has been determined. These two variants encode the same isoform.

References

Further reading

LGMN


The Galactic Republic was the government of the Star Wars galaxy in the Star Wars series until the Galactic Empire replaced it. It was made up of many planets, but all the planets had the same currency and official language. All the planets had to follow certain laws and economic rules. An example of this is that slavery is outlawed in all Republic planets. The government is a federal republic. Its leader is the Supreme Chancellor, who is chosen by voting. Each planet also chooses their Senators and Representatives to vote on and pass laws. There is also a Supreme Court.

The Republic is protected by the Jedi Order. The Jedi are a group of knights who protect democracy and civilization so that peace can exist in the galaxy.

The last Supreme Chancellor was Sheev Palpatine. He would later become the emperor of the Galactic Empire. In Star Wars Episode I, the first movie in the Star Wars timeline, the Republic had become very corrupt and complicated. The Galactic Senate thought Chancellor Valorum had been a poor leader, so they voted to fire him. Only a short time after he was fired, they voted for Palpatine to replace him.

Many member planets did not like what the Republic had become, so they left the Republic and created a new government, the Separatists. Count Dooku was the leader of the Separatists, but it was really created by Darth Sidious himself, and Dooku was his apprentice. Sidious did this because he was trying to start a war. His plan was to use the war to weaken the Republic and destroy the Jedi so that he could create the Empire. His apprentice Darth Tyranus also created an army of clones so that the Republic would have an army to fight the war. Palpatine should have stopped being Chancellor long ago, but he stayed being Chancellor because the Senate voted that he can have emergency powers. That meant that he could pass any law he wanted to because the Republic was fighting a war against the Separatists.

Near the end of the war, Palpatine told the young Jedi Anakin Skywalker that he was a Sith Lord, someone who uses the dark side of the Force. When Anakin told the Jedi Council that Palpatine was a Sith, Mace Windu and three other Jedi Masters went to Palpatine's office to arrest or kill him. They failed because Sidious tricked Anakin in helping kill Mace Windu. He used this attempt as an excuse to give Order 66 to the clone army. This order was given to clone troopers to kill any Jedi they see. Sidious also ordered Anakin, now Darth Vader, to bring clone troopers to destroy the Jedi Temple and kill all the Jedi there, even the children. Most Jedi were killed only a short time after the order was given.

He then tricked the Senate into thinking that the Jedi wanted to destroy the Republic, so he created the Empire to make everyone think they would be safer. After the Empire was created, the military became much bigger and most freedoms were taken away. In Star Wars Episode IV, the Emperor got rid of the Senate, which was the only thing from the Republic that still existed. He hoped that after this, memories of the Republic would disappear.

However, people who still believed in the Republic created the Rebel Alliance and fought a war against the Empire. After the deaths of both Darth Sidious and Darth Vader and the Battle of Jakku, the Empire surrendered to the Rebel Alliance. This ended the war and the New Republic was created, but the New Republic was destroyed only a few decades later. This was because the First Order, the military that was created from what was left of the Empire, created a superweapon called Starkiller Base. They used the weapon to blow up the capital of the New Republic, Hosnian Prime.

Star Wars

Galactic Republic


Wayne Sulo Aho (24 August 1916 – 16 January 2006) was an American contactee who claimed contact with extraterrestrial beings. He was one of the more obscure members of the 1950s wave of contactees who followed George Adamski.

Early life
Born in the state of Washington, Aho was one of seven children of Finnish homesteaders and worked for most of his life as a logger. He was a captain in the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps in the 1940s.

Like Howard Menger, Aho claimed to have been in contact with humanoid space aliens since childhood, in his case the age of 12. He mainly spoke about a contact occurring in 1957, the year he claimed to have been initiated as a "Cosmic Master of Wisdom" after attending contactee George Van Tassel's Giant Rock Interplanetary Space Craft Convention. Aho said a telepathic summons led him into the desert where a saucer appeared and a voice ordered him to go forth and create his own yearly convention in his home state of Washington.

Contactee career
Aho and fellow 1957, contactee Reinhold O. Schmidt went on the lecture circuit together in California, and their double-header lectures continued until Schmidt was arrested for and convicted of grand theft.  Aho's presentations tended to emphasize his military service in World War II, and spent very little time on "spiritual revelations" he had received from the Space Brothers, either directly or through later sessions with a spirit medium.  Aho tended to refer to himself as "Major W. S. Aho," inviting confusion with Major Donald E. Keyhoe, a UFO researcher and writer who thought UFOs were real but held contactees in low regard.

Aho soon fell under the spell of another one-time Adamski follower, Otis T. Carr.  Carr claimed to have built a full-size flying saucer operating on authentic Adamskian or Teslarian "magnetic" principles, and after a suitable amount of money had been collected from gullible elderly attendees at the lectures of Aho and Carr, they announced the Carr saucer, piloted by Carr and Aho, would take off from a fairground in front of thousands of witnesses and fly to the moon, returning with incontrovertible proof of the trip. Criminal charges against both Aho and Carr resulted from the inevitable public fiasco, but Aho was judged to be an innocent dupe.

Cult established and later life
Like almost all of the 1950s contactees, including George Adamski, Truman Bethurum,
Daniel Fry, George King and many others, Aho did get around to founding his own
religious cult, based on the teachings of the Space Brothers: in Aho's case, the Church of the New Age, in Seattle, Washington.  Following the instructions of the Space Brothers, Aho's yearly convention held near the entrance to Mount Rainier National Park, in the so-called Spacecraft Protective Landing Area for Advancement of Science and Humanities (SPLAASH), created in honor of Kenneth Arnold, tended to emphasize New Age theories of various kinds rather than being strictly a meeting-place for flying saucer fans.

Aho spent the last decade of his life in Gardnerville, Nevada. He died on January 16, 2006, in Carson City, Nevada.

References
 Lewis, James R., editor, UFOs and Popular Culture, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2000. .
 Curran, Douglas. In Advance of the Landing, NY, NY: Abbeville Press, 1985.  .

External links
 About Aho's "New Dawn" conferences
 Aho in 1965
 A brief TIME magazine writeup on Aho
 Overview of 1950s Contactees
 Long John Nebel's radio interviews with 1950s contactees
 Otis T. Carr's flying saucer

Contactees
American people of Finnish descent
People from Seattle
UFO religions
1916 births
2006 deaths
People from Gardnerville, Nevada

Wayne Sulo Aho


Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which has a relatively long half-life. It is mostly used to treat anxiety, certain  forms of epilepsy, muscle spasms (where the muscle moves on its own, causing pain), and sleeping problems. Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if used for long periods of this. For this reason the drug is used to treat acute cases (2-4 weeks maximum) to avoid dependence. According to the World Health Organization diazepam is an essential drug.

Diazepam is marketed under a number of names; its original trade name was Valium. It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect.

Drugs used in psychiatry
Organonitrogen compounds
Organochlorides

Diazepam


Tan Kah Kee MRT Station is a MRT station in Singapore. It is the first station to be named after a person. It is named after Tan Kah Kee, a Chinese businessman, community leader and philanthropist. It is within walking distance of Hwa Chong Institution, Nanyang Girls' High School, Raffles Girls' Primary School, Methodist Girls' School, and National Junior College.

Prior to the opening of the station, this station was named Duchess, and all of the Hwa Chong students wished to name the station "Hwa Chong". Other Singaporeans also decided to name it Hillcrest, Watten, Namly or Coronation. In the end, it was renamed to Tan Kah Kee, in honour of the businessman and community leader who founded Hwa Chong Institution.

During the Downtown MRT Line Stage 2 open house on 5 December 2015, LTA was told that the Tamil translation of the station name was incorrect. The LTA apologized in the evening for the error.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Tan Kah Kee MRT station


Scotland wis laid oot as 34 coonties ower the coorse o the 18t, 19t an 20t centuries. They wis duin awa wi as offeecial bodies in 1975 bi the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, that replaced them wi airts o Scotland, island council airts an the lieutenancy airts o Scotland.

Though the coonties theirsels dinna hae offeecial status ony mair, some o thair names is aye in uiss. The Scots Laund Register uises the same boonds as the umwhile coonties, but keeps Glesca apairt an pits Orkney an Shetland thegither. The boonds stayed in uiss, forby, in a chynged form as postal coonties o the Unitit Kinrick till 1996.

List

Caithness
Sutherland
Ross-shire
Cromartyshire
Inverness-shire
Nairnshire
Morayshire
Banffshire
Aberdeenshire
Kincardineshire
Angus
Perthshire
Argyll
Bute
Ayrshire
Renfrewshire
Dunbartonshire
Stirlingshire
Clackmannanshire
Kinross-shire
Fife
West Lothian
Mid Lothian
East Lothian
Berwickshire
Roxburghshire
Dumfriesshire
Kirkcudbrightshire
Wigtownshire
Lanrickshire
Selkirkshire
Peeblesshire
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No shawn:
Zetland (Shetland)
Orkney

Scotland

Scots coonties


Kurt Koffka (18 March 1886 – 22 November 1941) was a German psychologist. He was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology.

Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where learnt English, a skill that later served him well. Koffka worked at the University of Frankfurt when Max Wertheimer arrived in 1910 and invited Koffka to take part as a subject in his research on the phi phenomenon.

Koffka left Frankfurt in 1912 to take a position at the University of Giessen, where he worked for over eleven years. Koffka then travelled to the United States, where he was a visiting professor at Cornell University from 1924 to 1925, and two years later at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Eventually, in 1927, he accepted a position at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death in 1941.

Major works
1921. Die Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung. Osterwieck am Harz, Zickfeldt. ('The growth of the mind').
1922. Perception: an introduction to the Gestalt theory. Psych. Bulletin 19, 531–585.
1924. Growth of the mind: an introduction to child-psychology, transl. R.M. Ogden. 2nd revised edition 1928. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. and New York: Harcourt, Brace.
1935. Principles of gestalt psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Advanced textbook, 720 pages.

Other websites
 Gestalt psychology website of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
 Boeree, C. George 2000. Gestalt Psychology website with biographies of leading figures

1886 births
1941 deaths
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
German psychologists
Scientists from Berlin

Kurt Koffka


First on the Moon (, Pervye na Lune) is a 2005 Russian mockumentary science fiction film about a fictional 1930s Soviet landing on the Moon. The film, which went on to win many awards, was the debut of the director Aleksei Fedorchenko.

Plot
A group of journalists are investigating a highly secret document when they uncover a sensational story: that before the Second World War, in 1938, the first rocket was made in the USSR and Soviet scientists were planning to send an orbiter to the Moon and back.  The evidence is convincing; it is clear that in this case, Soviet crewed lunar program cosmonauts were first.

The movie follows the selection and training of a small group of cosmonauts. The one who shines above the others (similar to the clear front-runners in the early historical Soviet space program) is Captain Ivan Sergeyevich Kharlamov (possibly a reference to the real-life cosmonaut Valentin Varlamov). He is helped into a space suit and loaded into the capsule, and the rocket lifts off for the Moon—but contact with it is soon lost.

Most of the remainder of the film seems to follow the search for information about what happened next, as the 1930s space program appears to have dissolved immediately after, with no reason given (but presumably as a part of Stalin's purges).  It is implied that Kharlamov returned to Earth, but with no fanfare and apparently no assistance from the space program.  A number of men are shown as suspected of being Kharlamov—the NKVD seems to be conducting a criminal investigation of the program and it is implied that those involved, including Kharlamov himself, are in hiding.

It seems that the capsule returned to Earth and landed in Chile, and that Kharlamov journeyed to the Russian Far East by way of Polynesia and China, yet feared capture on his return.  His wife apparently covered for him when interrogated as to his whereabouts.  Kharlamov is later found on the Mongolian steppes following the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, having suffered a severe traumatic brain injury.  After undergoing psychiatric treatment in a sanitorium in Chita, he disappears. His wife later remarries.

The very end of the movie shows the only footage of the mission itself after launch, explaining it as a film which was found at the landing site in Chile and is currently in the possession of the Antofagasta Natural museum.  First there is a brief clip showing Kharlamov piloting the vehicle, presumably on final approach to the Moon.  Following that is an equally brief panorama of a lunar landscape with the capsule or lander (it's unclear whether this was a direct ascent Moon landing) resting on the surface, apparently taken by Kharlamov during lunar EVA.  Both scenes are shown as stills on the movie's cover.  Then there is a short clip of the other cosmonauts walking through a hangar with the 1930s space program director, and the credits roll.

Production
The screenplay was written by Aleksandr Gonorovsky and Ramil Yamaleyev.

Production of First on the Moon lasted for three years and involved more than a thousand people. Most of filming was performed on Sverdlovsk Film Studio. The cosmonaut space training was filmed in Chelyabinsk, at the Institute of Aviation, where there exists equipment from Star City which even Gagarin used for training. The actors worked without stunt doubles; they were really spinning in the centrifuge, despite the fact that this training is difficult even for professionals.

The film was made in both black and white and color, with cinematography by Anatoliy Lesnikov. Vera Zelinskaya was the production designer.

Cast
Boris Vlasov as Cap. Ivan Kharlamov, the cosmonaut.
Andrei Osipov as Fyodor Suprun, the Chief Constructor.
Viktoriya Ilyinskaya as Nadezhda Svetlaya, a cosmonaut candidate.
Viktor Kotov as Mikhail Roshchin, a cosmonaut candidate with dwarfism.
Aleksei Slavnin as Khanif Fattakhov, a cosmonaut candidate.
Anatoli Otradnov as Khanif Fattakhov in old age.

Reception

Critical response
When elements of the plot started leaking out, a number of Russian newspapers treated it as a documentary about a real 1938 event, referring to it as the Santiago Meteorite (метеорит "Сантьяго"). In reality, the film is fiction. To quote the director: "Some type of new genre. It was very difficult to decide on a name. So far, for me this is either historical drama or documentary fantasy." He also said: "Our film is about how the Soviet state machinery manufactured major products - the best people. Fine, strong and clever heroes, then rendered [them] unnecessary to the native land – some have been destroyed, others lost in obscurity, yet others still broken by fear."

Julia Vassilieva credits cinematographer Anatoliy Lesnikov and set designer Nikolai Pavlov with a form "... mimicking so successfully the documentary mode" as the reason that First on the Moon won 2005 Venice Film Festival award for a documentary.

Awards and nominations

2005 — Cottbus Film Festival of Young East European Cinema: First Work Award of the Student Jury and Special Prize
2005 — Flanders International Film Festival: Grand Prix
2005 — Venice Film Festival: Venice Horizons Best Film Award
2005 — Warsaw International Film Festival: Special Mention
2005 — Zagreb Film Festival:  Golden Pram  Award
2005 — The Best Debut  Prize, Kinotaur festival, Sochi, Russia
2006 — Eurocon: Best performance

See also
Apollo 18 (film)

References

External links

 KinoKultura review by Alexander Prokhorov
 KinoKultura review by Oleg Kovalov
ROUGE review by Julia Vassilieva

2005 films
Russian mystery films
Russian science fiction films
Russian alternate history films
2000s mockumentary films
2005 science fiction films
Moon in film
Films set in Russia
Films set in 1938
Films directed by Aleksey Fedorchenko

First on the Moon


The London Bach Society is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.

The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the St Matthew Passion. They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.

In 1968 Steinitz got a group of players together, calling them the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who understood how to play Baroque music. Gradually he was able to add more and more historical instruments to his concerts, such as the natural/clarino trumpet, oboe da caccia, baroque flute and sackbuts. By 1985 there were enough professional players of Baroque instruments in England for the LBS choir to be able to perform the St Matthew Passion with a complete orchestra of period instruments in Wells Cathedral and later in 1987 at Westminster Abbey

After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").

Other websites
http://www.bachlive.co.uk/
http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/LBS.htm

Choirs
British orchestras

London Bach Society