Langdon Brown Gilkey (February 9, 1919 – November 19, 2004) was an American Protestant ecumenical theologian.

Early life and education
A grandson of Clarence Talmadge Brown, the first Protestant minister to gather a congregation in Salt Lake City, Gilkey grew up in Hyde Park, Chicago. His father Charles Whitney Gilkey was a liberal theologian and the first Dean of the University of Chicago's Rockefeller Chapel; his mother was Geraldine Gunsaulus Brown who was a well known feminist and leader of the YWCA.

Gilkey attended elementary school at the University of Chicago Laboratory School, and in 1936 graduated from the Asheville School for Boys in North Carolina. In 1940, he earned a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, where he lived in Grays Hall during his freshman year. The following year, he went to China to teach English at Yenching University and was subsequently (1943) imprisoned by the Japanese, first under house arrest at the university and later in an internment camp near the city of Weihsien in Shantung Province (where Eric Liddell was a fellow internee).

Career
After the war, Gilkey obtained his doctorate in religion from Columbia University in New York, being both mentored by and a teaching assistant to Reinhold Niebuhr. He was a Fulbright scholar at Cambridge University (1950–51), and went on to become a professor at Vassar College from 1951 to 1954, and then at Vanderbilt Divinity School from 1954 to 1963. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1960 to study in Munich; another Guggenheim in the mid-1970s took him to Rome. In late 1963 he became a professor at the University of Chicago Divinity School, eventually being named Shailer Mathews Professor of Theology, until his retirement in March 1989. While on sabbatical in 1970, he taught at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands; in 1975 he taught at Kyoto University in Japan, his lecture series there focusing on the environmental perils of industrialization. After his retirement he continued to lecture until 2001 at both the University of Virginia and Georgetown University. During this last period of his teaching career, he was also for one year a visiting professor at the Theology Division (now Divinity School) of Chung Chi College, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Death
He died of meningitis on November 19, 2004, at the University of Virginia hospital in Charlottesville.  He was 85.

Theological work
Gilkey was a prolific author, with 15 books and over 100 articles to his credit.
Perhaps his most widely read book was the story of his own religious-theological journey. In Shantung Compound: The Story of Men and Women Under Pressure (1966), Gilkey narrates his departure from the liberal Protestant belief system during World War II when he was made a prisoner of war in the "Civilian Internment Center" near Weihsien for two-and-a-half years (1943–1945).

This experience was the basis for his modern interpretation of classical Reformation insights about individual and societal estrangement and self-delusion. Gilkey's new theology of history rethought Christianity and traditional views on sin, free will, providence, grace, eschatology and secular history.

Gilkey once responded to fellow theologian Edgar Brightman, who believed in God because man's history (to him) represented steady moral progress, saying "I believe in God, because to me, history precisely does not represent such a progress."

Gilkey was respected academically for his work on Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich, but was popularly known for his writings on science and religion. He argued against both Christian fundamentalist attacks on science and secularist attacks on religion. He was an expert witness for the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1981 McLean v. Arkansas lawsuit against an Arkansas State law mandating the teaching of creation sciences in high schools.

His early books and articles demonstrated the existential power of his experiences, from his early pacifist professions as a student at Harvard University, where his classmates included, among others, future President John F. Kennedy, Pete Seeger, and Cardinal Avery Dulles, to his teaching in China and his experiences as a POW.

His teachers, especially Niebuhr and Tillich, at Union Theological Seminary, helped him with methods and categories to formulate a powerful and creative theological vision of his own.  In the 1970s and 1980s, Gilkey's theological vision was colored by the growth of Buddhism, and Sikhism as both religions began to influence religious life in America.  He held the view most world religions enjoyed "rough parity". "The question for our age," he once wrote, "may well become, not will religion survive, as much as will we survive and with what sort of religion, a creative or demonic one?"

Books
 Maker of Heaven and Earth: The Christian Doctrine of Creation in the Light of Modern Knowledge 1959. ,
 Shantung Compound 1966.
 Naming the Whirlwind A Renewal of God Language 1970.
 Catholicism Confronts Modernity: A Protestant View 1975. ,
 Reaping the Whirlwind: A Christian Interpretation of History 1976. ,
 Message and Existence: An Introduction to Christian Theology 1979. ,
 Through the Tempest: Theological Voyages in a Pluralistic Culture ,
 Nature, Reality, and the Sacred: The Nexus of Science and Religion Minneapolis, Minn. : Fortress Press, 1993. ,
 Creationism on Trial: Evolution and God at Little Rock 1985. ,
 Religion and the Scientific Future: Reflections on Myth, Science, and Theology ,
 Contemporary Explosion of Theology: Ecumenical Studies in Theology ,
 Society and the Sacred: Toward a Theology of Culture in Decline ,
 Gilkey on Tillich 1990. ,
 Blue Twilight: Nature, Creationism, and American Religion
 On Niebuhr: A Theological Study 2001. ,

Notes

Further reading

 The Theology of Langdon Gilkey: Systematic and Critical Studies,  Kyle Pasewark and Jeff Pool, editors, Merer University
 Whirlwind in Culture: Frontiers in Theology—in Honor of Langdon Gilkey, D. W. Musser and J. L. Price, editors
 "Plurality and Its Theological Implications" in The Myth of Christian Uniqueness, John Hick and Paul Knitter, editors
 Religious Language in a Secular Culture: A Study in the Thought of Langdon Gilkey, J Shea
 Langdon Gilkey: Theologian for a Culture in Decline, B. Walsh.

External links
Guide to the Langdon Gilkey Papers 1921-2004 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

American Christian theologians
20th-century Protestant theologians
1919 births
2004 deaths
Asheville School alumni
Deaths from meningitis
People from Chicago
Harvard College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Vassar College faculty
Vanderbilt University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
University of Virginia faculty
Georgetown University faculty
World War II civilian prisoners held by Japan
Protestant missionaries in China
Internees at the Weixian Internment Camp
Academic staff of Yenching University
Presidents of the American Academy of Religion
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
American Protestant missionaries
American expatriates in China
American prisoners of war in World War II

Langdon Gilkey


Et cetera means "and the rest" in Latin. It is often used in English to continue a list that is longer than what can be normally written. People most often write "et cetera" as etc.. Very rarely, it is also written "&c" because the ampersand, or the "&", is the same as "et", having been formed by  'e' and 't' being joined into a single letter. It is also the symbol for "and". Some people write it as "ect", but that is wrong since it incorrectly abbreviates "et cetera".

Examples
 "Jane has a lot of pets. She has cats, dogs, cows, horses, kangaroos, rabbits, etc."
 "Robert ordered a large amount of groceries in order to stock for later. He ordered carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, eggs, etc."
 "Rocco ordered a lot of chips. He ordered cheese puffs, potato chips, Pringles, etc."

Latin phrases

Et cetera


The Left Party.PDS (in German: Die Linkspartei or Linkspartei.PDS) was a left-winged political party in Germany.  After joining with another political party, it became "Die Linke", or "The Left" in 2007.

History
After the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) changed to the SED-PDS and later to the Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS).
In the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.

In the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.

Some people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.
They - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they decided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.

In the last federal elections they joined the parliament; in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.

Programme
Die Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament which views jobs and people as being more important than letting companies make as much money as they want.

They want to have more people employed directly by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes on the rich and those who make all or most of their money from the capital market and deals using their money instead of working at actual jobs.

They are against study fees and want to have only a comprehensive school (gesamtschule) instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.

Their foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party Bündnis 90/Die Grüne and are strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.

In the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, as well.

1990 establishments in Germany
2007 disestablishments in Europe
Former political parties in Germany
The Left (Germany)
2000s disestablishments in Germany

The Left Party.PDS


Thomas Turpin Crittenden (October 16, 1825 – September 5, 1905) was a Union general in the American Civil War.

Birth and early years
Crittenden was born in Huntsville, Alabama, but his family moved to Texas shortly thereafter. He was a nephew of Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, and a first cousin of Confederate general George B. Crittenden and Union general Thomas L. Crittenden. He grew up in Texas and attended Transylvania College at Lexington, Kentucky. He practiced law in Missouri until the outbreak of the Mexican–American War in 1846, when he enlisted in a Missouri volunteer regiment and was made a second lieutenant. The next year, he relocated to Madison, Indiana, where he resumed his legal career.

Civil War

Five days after the American Civil War began with the firing on Fort Sumter, Crittenden volunteered for the Union Army and was commissioned as captain of a company in the 6th Regiment Indiana Infantry (3 months). Little more than a week later, he became the regiment's colonel. Crittenden led his regiment into what is now West Virginia, taking part in several small battles. On August 2, 1861, the regiment was discharged, having only enlisted for 90 days. Crittenden reorganized his regiment for three years of service, and on September 20, 1861, he led his men into the officially neutral state of Kentucky. They spent the winter near Bowling Green, and marched to take part in the battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, arriving in time for the second day. Later that month, in April 1862, Crittenden was commissioned a brigadier general.

On July 13, 1862, just weeks after taking charge of the Union garrison at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Crittenden and his entire command were captured by Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalrymen. Crittenden was exchanged in October 1862, but his career had been ruined. Early in 1863, he was given command of a brigade previously commanded by William E. Woodruff, but realized he was no longer viewed with confidence. He resigned from the army in May 1863 and saw no further military service.

After the war, Crittenden moved to Washington, D.C., where he practiced law, including before the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1885, he moved to distant San Diego, California, where he became a real estate developer. He died at the age of 79 while on a visit to East Gloucester, Massachusetts. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Eubank, Damon R. In the Shadow of the Patriarch: The John J. Crittenden Family in War and Peace. Macon, Georgia:  Mercer University Press, 2009, .

1825 births
1905 deaths
Union Army generals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Lawyers from Huntsville, Alabama
American Civil War prisoners of war
Crittenden family
Transylvania University alumni
People from Madison, Indiana
Military personnel from Huntsville, Alabama

Thomas Turpin Crittenden


The Botanical Garden of Curitiba () - also known as the "Jardim Botânico Fanchette Rischbieter" - is in the Jardim Botânico district in the city of Curitiba, the capital of the state of Paraná, the biggest city of southern Brazil.

It is the major tourist attraction of the city. In 2007, it was the most voted place in an online election to choose the "Seven Wonders of Brazil". The botanical garden houses part of the campus of the Federal University of Paraná. It is the unofficial symbol of the city and of all South Brazil.

The international identification code is CURIT.

History

The first Botanical Garden in Curitiba was the Passeio Público (Public Promenade Park), in 19th century. Inaugurated by the President of Paraná Province Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, was the first public park of the city.

Name

The official name - "Jardim Botânico Fanchette Rischbieter" - is a tribute to Francisca Maria (Fanchette) Garfunkel Rischbieter (1929-1989), pioneer planner in urban planning of Curitiba.

Current location

Opened in the administration of Jewish Mayor Jaime Lerner, on October 5, 1991 on an old dump, was created in the style of French gardens. The design of flowerbeds geometrical gardens was inspired by the flag of the city, which can be clearly seen in an aerial view of the place.  The greenhouses of iron and glass - the main one of them inspired in the Crystal Palace (a building that existed in London in 1851) were designed by the architect Abraão Assad, who also planned the Botanical Museum.

Description

The Botanical Garden of Curitiba is the most famous of Curitiba's landmarks and contains many Brazilian plants and from other countries, spread across boulevards and greenhouses of iron and glass - the main one of them, in an art nouveau style with a modern metallic structure, looks like the mid-19th century Crystal Palace in England.

Once the portal of entry, may be seen extensive gardens in the French style in the middle of fountains, waterfalls and lakes, and the main greenhouse of 458 square meters, which holds in its interior, copies plants characteristic of tropical regions. It rolls out its carpet of flowers to the visitors right at the entrance, between 6 geometric gardens (each one illuminated by chandeliers with Republican-style, each with five lanterns), each with 4 flowerbeds - totaling 24 flowerbeds - enclosed by buxaceae and adorned with seasonal flowers. This occupies 278.000 m² in area. The principal greenhouse, with three domes, in an art nouveau style with a modern metallic structure, looks like the mid-19th century Crystal Palace in London, England. The Botanic Museum, which provides a national reference collection of native flora, attracts researchers from all over the world. It includes many botanic species from the moist Atlantic Forests of eastern Brazil.

The native forest have many paths for walk. Behind the greenhouse is the Museum of Franz Krajcberg , the Polish Brazilian artist who took up the cause of environmental conservation; with 1,320 square meters of area, divided into multimedia classrooms, an auditorium with 60 seats and lounge with several exhibitions of works donated by visual artist, represented by sculptures and reliefs, as well as photographs, videos, publications and educational materials.

In the other side is the Botanical Museum, a wooden building which entrance using a bridge made of wood also. Actually, the Botanical Museum of Curitiba has the fourth largest herbarium in the country. In front of the construction there is a pond with carp, turtles, teal, herons, etc., and offers a lake, an auditorium, a library, an expositions area and a theatre. The park also has tennis courts and a cycle track.

Plant collections

More than a postcard of the city, or a place for leisure and recreation, is a research center for the flora of Paraná, contributing to environmental education, preservation and conservation of nature.

Like all botanical gardens, the curitiban has a great variety of plants and also has the objective of cultivate them, protect them, study them and reproduce them.

In 2008, another greenhouse was built to research, shelter and reproduction of Brazilian living plants - and in danger of extinction - and Brazilian native ornamental plants. In contrast to main greenhouse, this is not open to the public; it serves to scientific research and is home to rare plants to prevent disappearance of nature. It is made of polycarbonate and has internal system of irrigation and temperature control.

 Garden of Native Plants;

In order to appreciate the native plants, in 2007, the Garden of Native Plants of Curitiba was created; every plant in the garden is native, even the grass. Because it has no exotic plants, the garden attracts lots of butterflies and other pollinating insects

 Atlantic Forest Ecosystem;

In the past, the Atlantic Forest was the second largest forest in Brazil; currently there is less than 5% of forest in the country.

This is the native vegetation of Curitiba. The araucaria moist forests are a subtropical moist forest ecoregion of southern Brazil, and is now one of the most endangered biomas of the world; corresponds to approximately 40% of the vegetation of the Jardim Botânico de Curitiba. The park was created in order to protect this biodiversity.

Next to one of the lakes, 200 seedlings of trees and shrubs native of the Serra do Mar of Paraná were planted; the Mountain Range of the Sea () is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil, which runs in parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast. Some planted species were cultivated on the coast of Paraná and then transplanted into the garden of plants of the Serra do Mar.

 Cherry Blossom;

Every year, in July, the prunus serrulata blossoms; there are about 30 trees, planted in a path that connects the parking to the portal of entrance of the park.

In the capital city of Parana, the first seedlings were taken by Japanese immigrants in the first half of the 20th century, but began to be planted in large quantities from the 1990s, with the opening of the Botanical Garden. Now the seedlings are produced by the city and used in afforestation of streets and squares.

 Garden of Sensations;

Opened in 2008, the Jardim das Sensações is a track of 200 meters long where visitors walk blindfolded (without the vision) to know some plants and natural landscapes using the other senses. More than 70 plant species with smells, textures, shapes and sizes fill the course of the Garden.

Occupies an area of 2381 meters square surrounded by trees that help to isolate external noise and, to guarantee the surprise, it is hidden by a fence of bamboo. All elements of the track are identified in Braille, the language made with points in high relief used by blind persons. The space is free and monitored, where small groups are organized to make the experience (that can walk the path with or without the blindfold). Receives approximately 5,000 visitors per week.

 Foreign plants;

 Plants of the Paraná River basin;

 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.

The Botanical Museum of Curitiba

The Museu Botânico de Curitiba (Botanical Museum of Curitiba) is inside the Botanical Garden of the city; has ample space for exhibitions, library and auditorium. Was founded in 1965, when the botanist Gerdt Günther Hatschbach donated his private collection to the municipality of Curitiba. Today, the collection is the fourth largest in Brazil, with more than 333,000 specimens.

The Museum has developed an exchange program for botanical material, and exchanges material with 207 institutions worldwide (53 in Brazil, 154 in other places). Due to this program, around 90% of the collection has been identified by specialists; it makes the Botanical Museum of Curitiba an international reference for botanical material - receives annually an average of 400 research scientist visitors, and includes specialists and graduate students.

Each year, the collection increases by approximately 15,000 specimens.

Culture and arts

Sculptures

Amor Materno (Maternal Love) - Sculpture of Polish artist João Zaco Paraná (stage name of Jan Żak) (1884-1961), cast in bronze and placed in a fountain. This sculpture was made in 1907 (in the same year, the Polish-Brazilian artist won the special prize of the Hall of Fine Arts in Brussels), and was donated by the Polish colony of Brazil to honor all paranaense mothers in the celebration of 300th anniversary of the city in 1993.

Zaco Paraná immigrated with his parents to Brazil in 1896; was the author of many monuments, statues, sculptures, etc. in several Brazilian states and around the world.

Torso do Trabalhador (Worker's Trunk) - Sculpture of paranaense artist Erbo Stenzel  (1911-1980), cast in bronze and placed inside the glasshouse, in a fountain. This sculpture was made in 1941 and was placed in 1994 to honor all the workers of the world, when Curitiba hosted the World Habitat Day in 1995 - an event celebrated by UN to make reflection on the situation of cities and the human right to adequate housing, as well remind the world of its collective responsibility for the habitat for future generations.

Erbo Stenzel was born in Parana State, descendant of Germans and Austrians; held many monuments and sculptures of political personalities of the state and about local culture.

Espaço Cultural Frans Krajcberg

The Frans Krajcberg Cultural Space is behind the main greenhouse. Originally opened to be a orchidary, received the artworks in 2003, including 110 large sculptures (all made from the remains of burned or illegally cut down trees), reliefs, photographs, videos and texts. The name "The Revolt" expresses the artist's feeling about the complete destruction caused by man in the Brazilian forests. There is also an exhibit of photos taken by the sculptor and selling books related to the artist. The main purpose of the space is, according to Krajcberg, environmental awareness. All works were donated by the artist.

Krajcberg was born in 1921, in Poland. Son of a Jewish family who disappeared in 1945 (in the Holocaust), left for Brazil in 1948 and became a naturalized Brazilian years later. Received many awards around the world, and other Frans Krajcberg Cultural Space - but in Paris. But in Curitiba Botanic Garden was the first place in the world that was specifically designed to house his works. The gallery receives about 60,000 visitors each year.

Iconic use

The new Botanical Garden was part of many other creations of Mayor Jaime Lerner, who at time had created the slogan for the city "The Ecological Capital of Brazil". It quickly became an icon of the city, and the image of the main greenhouse is the most landmark used in advertising about the city,  becoming the unofficial symbol of Curitiba and of all the South region of Brazil.

The city of Concórdia, in Santa Catarina state, built a mall inspired in the greenhouse  of the Botanical Garden; another construction evidently inspired is the Shopping Pátio Higienópolis, in São Paulo City. The logo for the candidacy of Curitiba  as the host city of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil was also inspired in the park's glasshouse.

Thematic lighting

As the best known place in the city, the image of greenhouse is used from many manifestations: since 2008, the park lights are turned off by one hour as a way to join the Earth Hour (an global event organized by World Wide Fund for Nature - WWF - held on the last Saturday of March annually); every year, in October, the greenhouse is illuminated with pink, to support the Breast Cancer Awareness Month; in December, an Christmas decoration is made, as part of the "Christmas of Light". And a thousand days to the World Cup in Brazil (2014), between 16 and 23 September 2011 was made an tribute with the light colors of the flags of each country that has won the championship: Brazil, Italy, Germany, Uruguay, Argentina, England, France and Spain. At the same year Curitiba became part of the cities engaged in the Decade of Action for Road Safety, by United Nations; the yellow color, that in traffic means "attention", lighted the greenhouse.

Sports and leisure

The park has Wi-Fi at many places. To access the network of free wireless internet is necessary first register on the site of Passport Curitiba .

The Curitiba Velodrome

The Irineu Marinho Velodrome (also known as Curitiba Velodrome) was opened in 1979 and is the first Brazilian velodrome to have a public cycling school. The measurements are Olympic, with 333,33 meters long and holds national and international competitions.

In 1982, it was refurbished and in 2002 and underwent a major renovation. Due to the work of their coaches, became an important way to formation of many of Brazil's best cyclists,  male or female, forming teams representing the state and the country to participate in national championships, international and Olympic.

The Velodrome Center for Sport and Leisure

The Center for Sport and Recreation has the velodrome cycling track, courts to beach football and sand volleyball, and three tennis courts. It offers activities guided by physical education teachers, like gymnastics, walking and cycling. In 2010, he was installed an "outdoor gym", and like the other things, is open to the public and completely free.

Address

On Eng. Ostoja Roguski Street, s/n°, Jardim Botânico Neighborhood, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Free open daily to visitors from 6 am till 9 pm during summertime and from 6 am till 8 pm during the rest of the year. Phone: +55 (41) 3362-5289.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites

 Official Page
 Information Page

Botanical gardens
Curitiba
1991 establishments in South America
1990s establishments in Brazil

Botanical Garden of Curitiba


6Cyanides are chemicals that contain the cyano-group C≡N. Organic compounds that contain the CN group are called nitriles. In that group a carbon atom has three chemical bonds to a nitrogen atom. The group is present in many substances. Those substances that can release the compound CN are highly poisonous.

Certain bacteria, fungi and algae are able to produce cyanides. Cyanides are also found in certain foods or plants, such as cassava. The cyanides serve as a defense against being eaten by herbivores.

In popular culture, cyanides are said to be highly toxic. There are some cyanides that  are, but others that are not. Prussian blue, a cyanide compound, is given as a treatment to poisoning with thallium and caesium, for example.

The poisons referred to are usually hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemicals which are similar to it, like potassium cyanide (KCN), and sodium cyanide (NaCN). They are derivatives of hydrogen cyanide. The single most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide, which is a gas and kills by inhalation. cyanide smells like bitter almonds when near.

Antidote
Hydroxocobalamin reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.

References

Carbon compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Poisons
Ions

Cyanide


In Computer Science, especially in artificial intelligence, evolutionary algorithms are a kind of algorithm that simulate evolution to optimise something. Each generation of solution is subjected to some kind of fitness function; those that survive are then recombined in some way to make the next generation of solution. This is done until a certain level of fitness is reached, or a determined number of generations have been used.

Artificial intelligence

Evolutionary algorithm


Ladonnis Decurtis Crump (born June 2, 1984), better known by the stage name Donnis, is an American rapper based in Atlanta, Georgia. He released his debut mixtape, Diary of an ATL Brave, in 2009, and signed to Atlantic Records in 2010.

Early life
Donnis was born in Montclair, California before moving to Atlanta. His inspiration to begin rapping was sparked by listening to Kris Kross, Kilo Ali, and the Dungeon Family while he was younger. He started to create and craft his own rhymes at the young age of 9 years old. After high school he joined the Air Force and was stationed in Tokyo, Japan. While on base he began performing and recording music, earning spots opening for such acts as T.I., Chingy, 112, and Erykah Badu. After roughly 2 and a half years in the Air Force, he stopped so he could finally pursue rapping as a full on career. Donnis stated in an interview with Amanda Bassa that his time in Japan helped to influence his sound and help him craft it into something a little bit different. Being around an entire new culture gave his sound a bit of an edge; saying that, "The Japanese are always a few steps ahead, that's why I love looking to them for what's next."

In an interview with Honey Mag, Donnis explained that he stays humble and keeps an underdog mindstate. He stated that, "I always keep an underdog mentality. I try not to act like I'm winning so much because I have idols out there that I watch kill it every day. I just saw John Mayer and said 'Wow I hope I can fill up the Garden one day.' And I watch Kanye and Andre 3000… these people get so much respect and were at one point the underdogs. And at the end of the day I want that same respect as one of the greatest, so I follow that lead."

Career
Donnis released his first mixtape, Diary of an ATL Brave, in 2009 with the backing of streetwear brand 10 Deep. The mixtape led to a one single deal with Fool's Gold Records to release his single "Gone". The success with this mixtape also earned Donnis on the very sought-after spot on XXL Magazine's 2010 Freshmen list. With one mixtape Donnis was shot into a bit of a spotlight.

According to XXL Magazine, he chose to ink a deal with Atlantic Records in early 2010. Atlantic won in a bidding war between Def Jam, Jive, Asylum and Downtown Records. "You know [Atlantic] put in the work and I feel like they the best label in the game right now," he said. "I mean they makin' the most money and makin' shit happen." He also felt that the label offered good, friendly competition so he could push himself and grow as an artist.

In March 2010, he appeared on the cover of XXL magazine for the magazine's annual list of Top 10 Freshman, which included J. Cole, Pill, Big Sean, and Wiz Khalifa. On March 31, 2010 he performed at New York City's Highline Ballroom with other members of the Freshman 10.

June, 2010 saw Donnis release two mixtapes.  The first, "The Invitation," was hosted by Atlanta notables DJ Infamous and DJ Holiday and featured freestyles of Usher's hit OMG and N.E.R.D's Everyone Nose.  The project also featured early versions of tracks from "Fashionably Late."

"Fashionably Late" was hosted by Clinton Sparks and DJ Ill Will and included guests John Legend, Estelle, GLC, Yelawolf, and Atlanta natives OJ da Juiceman and Pill.  The mixtape features production by Needlz who also produced Donnis' first single, "Gone."

On September 28, Donnis made his major label debut with the Atlantic Records release of the "Fashionably Late EP."
Donnis' New mixtape "Southern Lights" was released on April 11, 2011 announced via Twitter.  He also stated that there is major growth between this project, "Fashionably Late", and "Diary of an ATL Brave". His goal for "Southern Lights" was for it to offer a more personable feel to it. Each song involved more personal stories and events that helped to form this mixtape. Even the house on the cover art was the same house he grew up in during his youth in Atlanta, GA. "Southern Lights" was also made to show that Donnis wasn't a fluke. He wanted to show that he can consistently put out records and prove that he does indeed have what it takes to have earned that 2010 Freshman spot. In 2011, Donnis collaborated with Japanese lifestyle brand Onitsuka Tiger for the EP Nippon Sounds that featured original music and remixes by Japanese producers DE DE MOUSE, Joe Iron, and Taku Takashi.

Tours
2010
Crowd Control Tour (with Kidz in the Hall, 88-Keys, Izza Kizza)
Homecoming: The Return of an ATL Brave (Japan)
Swelly Life Tour (with Chiddy Bang)
Sidewalks Tour (with Matt & Kim)
Doo Wop and Hooligans Tour (with Bruno Mars)

2011
Sgt. Schlepper's Who Needs Hearts Club Band Tour (with Travie McCoy, Pete Wentz, XV, Bad Rabbits)

Discography

Mixtapes
2009: Diary of an ATL Brave
2010: The Invitation
2010: Fashionably Late
2011: Southern Lights

EP

Singles
2009: "Gone"
2010: "Tonight"
2012: "Hello Kitty"
2017: "Touch"

References

1984 births
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Living people
Rappers from Atlanta
People from Montclair, California
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

Donnis


A gerund is a verb used as a noun.

In English, the gerund is formed by adding -ing to a verb root. It is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: Eating this cake is easy.

In "Eating this cake is easy", "eating this cake", although traditionally known as a phrase, is referred to as a non-finite clause in modern linguistics.  "Eating" is the verb in the clause, while "this cake" is the object of the verb.  "Eating this cake" acts as a noun phrase within the sentence as a whole, though; the subject of the sentence is the non-finite clause, specifically eating.

Other examples of the gerund:
 I like swimming. (direct object)
 Swimming is fun. (subject)

Not all nouns that are identical in form to the present participle are gerunds. The formal distinction is that a gerund is a verbal noun – a noun derived from a verb that retains verb characteristics, that functions simultaneously as a noun and a verb, while other nouns in the form of the present participle (ending in -ing) are deverbal nouns, which function as common nouns, not as verbs at all. Compare:
 I like fencing. (gerund, an activity, could be replaced with "to fence")
 The white fencing adds to the character of the neighborhood. (deverbal, could be replaced with an object such as "bench")

Double nature of the gerund
As the result of its origin and development, the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
 The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative:
 Smoking endangers your health. (subject)
 I like making people happy. (object)
 The gerund can be preceded by a preposition:
 I'm tired of arguing.
 Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case, a possessive adjective, or an adjective:
 I wonder at John's keeping calm.
 Is there any objection to my seeing her?
 Brisk walking relieves stress.
The verbal characteristics of the gerund include the following:
 The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object:
 I've made good progress in speaking Basque.
 The gerund can be modified by an adverb:
 Breathing deeply helps you to calm down.
 The gerund has the distinctions of aspect and voice.
 Having read the book once before makes me more prepared.
 Being deceived can make someone feel angry.

Verb patterns with the gerund
Verbs that are often followed by a gerund include admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear, imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe, perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see, sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate and watch.
Additionally, prepositions are often followed by a gerund.

For example:
 I will never quit smoking.
 We postponed making any decision.
 After two years of deciding, we finally made a decision.
 We heard whispering.
 They denied having avoided me.
 He talked me into coming to the party.
 They frightened her out of voicing her opinion.

References

Parts of speech

Gerund


A want is a wish or a desire for something. If a person would like to have something, but can choose not to have it, that thing is wanted or can be called a want. To want is not the same as to need, which is when someone must have something.

People often talk about needing a thing, when they really just want it. Wants can be for the same things as needs. For example, a person can need to eat food and can want to eat cake. If there is no cake then he or she may have to eat something else, perhaps bread. The need is no longer so important (the person is no longer hungry) although the want may still be there. If there is cake, then the person's needs and wants can both be met.

In economics, a want is about goods or services. Choice is how to satisfy a want, when there are different ways to do this.

Want can also be the idea of what it means to be poor, hungry or with no money. Charles Dickens wrote a famous book called A Christmas Carol in which there are two children, named Want and Ignorance.

Want


Hyperion is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered on September 16, 1848 by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. It is irregular in shape, and has a sponge-like appearance. It is the second largest irregular (i.e. not spherical) moon in the Solar System, the largest being Proteus. It was the first non-spherical moon discovered. Its rotation is chaotic, meaning its axis of rotation wobbles, unlike how the Earth and the Moon rotate, or any other moon in the Solar System.

Saturn's moons

Hyperion (moon)


Natron is a natural mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O, a kind of soda ash) and about 17% sodium bicarbonate (also called nahcolite or baking soda, NaHCO3) along with small amounts of household salt (halite, sodium chloride) and sodium sulfate. Natron is white or without color when it is pure. It can be gray or yellow with impurities. Natron deposits are sometimes found in saline (salty) lake beds which arose in arid environments. Throughout history natron has had many practical uses which are still used in the wide range of modern uses of its constituent mineral components.

In modern mineralogy the word natron has come to mean only the sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) which makes up most of the historical salt.

Etymology
The English word natron is a French cognate that came from the Spanish natrón through Greek νιτρων nitron, which came from the Ancient Egyptian word netjeri, meaning natron. The modern chemical symbol for sodium, Na, is an abbreviation of that element's New Latin name natrium, which came from natron.

Use

Historical natron was harvested as a salt mixture from dry lake beds in Ancient Egypt and has been used for thousands of years as cleaning. Together with oil, it was an early form of soap. It softens water and removes oil and grease at the same time. Natron was also a cleanser for the teeth and an early mouthwash. The mineral was mixed into early antiseptics for wounds and minor cuts. Natron can be used to dry and preserve fish and meat. It was also an ancient household insecticide, was used for making leather and as a bleach for clothing.

The mineral was used in Egyptian mummification because it absorbs water and was a drying agent. Also, when exposed to moisture the carbonate in natron increases pH, which makes a good environment for bacteria. In some cultures, natron was thought to keep both the living and the dead spiritually safe. Natron was added to castor oil to make a smokeless fuel, which allowed Egyptian artisans to paint artworks inside ancient tombs without staining them with soot.

Natron is an ingredient for making a color called Egyptian blue. It was used with sand and lime in ceramic and glass-making by the Romans and others at least until 640 CE. The mineral was also used as a flux to solder precious metals together.

Decrease in usage
Most of natron's uses both in the home and by industry were replaced in time with closely related sodium compounds and minerals. Natron's detergent properties are now commercially supplied by soda ash, the mixture's chief compound ingredient, along with other chemicals. Soda ash also replaced natron in glass-making. Some of its ancient household roles are also now filled by ordinary baking soda, natron's other meaningful ingredient.

Chemistry of hydrated sodium carbonate

Natron is also the mineralogical name for the compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O), which is the main component in historical natron. Sodium carbonate decahydrate has a specific gravity of 1.42 to 1.47 and a Mohs hardness of 1. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-domatic crystal system, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations.

The term hydrated sodium carbonate is commonly used to encompass the monohydrate (Na2CO3·H2O), the decahydrate and the heptahydrate (Na2CO3·7H2O), but is often used in industry to refer to the decahydrate only. Both the hepta- and the decahydrate effloresce (lose water) in dry air and are partially transformed into the monohydrate thermonatrite Na2CO3·H2O.

As a source of soda ash

Sodium carbonate decahydrate stays the same at room temperature, but it changes into the crystal material Na2CO3·7H2O, then above  to sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na2CO3·H2O, if the temperature becomes . This releases a mostly clear, colorless salty kind of water with a little solid thermonatrite. The mineral natron is often found in association with other minerals such as gypsum and calcite.
Most human-made sodium carbonate is soda ash, sodium carbonate anhydrate Na2CO3, which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200°C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, or trona.

References

Other websites

 Etymology of "natron"

Minerals

Natron


George Galatis is a senior nuclear engineer and whistleblower who reported safety problems at the Millstone 1 Nuclear Power Plant, relating to reactor refueling procedures, in 1996. The unsafe procedures meant that spent fuel rod pools at Unit 1 had the potential to boil, possibly releasing radioactive steam throughout the plant. Galatis was the subject of a Time magazine cover story on March 4, 1996. Millstone 1 was permanently closed in July 1998.

Refueling procedures
Every 18 months the Millstone 1 nuclear reactor was shut down so the fuel rods that make up its core could be replaced; the old rods, radioactive and burning hot, were moved into a 40-feet-deep body of water called the spent-fuel pool. One-third of the rods were moved into the pool under normal conditions. But in the 1990s Galatis realized that Millstone was routinely performing "full-core off-loads", moving all the hot fuel into the spent-fuel pool.  In addition, the Millstone 1 routine ignored the mandated 250-hour cool-down period before a full core off-load, and sometimes the fuel was moved just 65 hours after shutdown, a violation that melted the boots of one worker. By sidestepping the safety requirements in this way, Millstone saved about two weeks of downtime for each reactor refueling—during which Northeast Utilities had to pay $500,000 a day for replacement power.

Galatis eventually took his concerns to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, to find that they had "known about the unsafe procedures for years". As a result of going to the NRC, Galatis experienced "subtle forms of harassment, retaliation, and intimidation".

NRC investigation
The NRC Office of Inspector General investigated this episode and essentially agreed with Galatis in Case Number 95-771, the report of which tells the whole story:
The Office of Inspector General (OIG), U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), initiated this investigation based on information submitted to the NRC pursuant to a 10 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 2.206 petition filed on August 21, 1995, on behalf of George Galatis, a senior engineer with Northeast Utilities Services Company (NU), and We the People, Inc. The petition alleged that the NRC knowingly allowed NU to operate the Millstone Unit 1 Nuclear Power Station for 20 years in violation of its operating license and beyond its design basis. The petitioners maintained that during normal refueling outages at Millstone Unit 1, NU offloaded the entire fuel core.
The OIG investigation developed evidence that NU operated Millstone Unit 1 outside of its design basis. The OIG investigation determined that the licensee may have violated the operating license for Millstone Unit 1 because of a failure to operate in accordance with its technical specification. One procedure required by the technical specifications is for the operation of the spent fuel cooling system. OIG uncovered information which indicates that for approximately 10 years, in order to handle the heat load from a full core offload, reactor operators at Millstone Unit 1 operated the spent fuel pool cooling system in a configuration that was not covered by a plant operating procedure.

See also
List of nuclear whistleblowers
Nuclear accidents
Nuclear accidents in the United States
Nuclear safety
Nuclear safety in the United States
Nuclear whistleblowers
Richard Levernier

References

People associated with nuclear power
American whistleblowers
Living people
Nuclear engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)

George Galatis


Railfreight Distribution was a subsector of British Rail responsible for non-trainload freight operations, as well as Freightliner and Intermodal services. In its early years the division was occasionally referred to as Speedlink Distribution. It was later responsible for freight operations through the Channel Tunnel.

British Rail
Railway companies of the United Kingdom

Railfreight Distribution


Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD. His nomen shows that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) by either Augustus or Caligula.

Early history
He was twice imprisoned on a charge of rebellion, and narrowly escaped execution. During the disturbances that followed the death of Nero, he took up arms under pretense of siding with Vespasian and induced the inhabitants of his native country to rebel. The Batavians, who had rendered valuable service under the early emperors, had been well treated in order to attach them to the cause of Rome. They were exempt from tribute, but were obliged to supply a large number of men for the army, and the burden of conscription and the oppression of provincial governors were important incentives to revolt. The Batavians were immediately joined by several neighboring Germanic tribes.

Revolt

The Roman garrisons near the Rhine were driven out, and twenty-four ships captured. Two legions under Mummius Lupercus were defeated at Castra Vetera (near the modern Xanten) and surrounded. Eight cohorts of Batavian veterans joined their countrymen, and the troops sent by Vespasian to the relief of Vetera threw in their lot with them.

"Let Syria, Asia Minor, and the East, habituated as it is to despotism, submit to slavery... Freedom is a gift bestowed by nature even on the dumb animals. Courage is the peculiar excellence of man, and the Gods help the braver side."

- Gaius Julius Civilis

The result of these accessions to the forces of Civilis was a rising in Gaul. Hordeonius Flaccus was murdered by his troops (70 AD), and the whole of the Roman forces were induced by two commanders of the Gallic auxiliaries —Julius Classicus and Julius Tutor— to revolt from Rome and join Civilis. The whole of Gaul thus practically declared itself independent, and the foundation of a new kingdom of Gaul was contemplated. The prophetess Veleda predicted the complete success of Civilis and the fall of the Roman Empire. But disputes broke out among the different tribes and rendered co-operation impossible; Vespasian, having successfully ended the civil war, called upon Civilis to lay down his arms, and on his refusal resolved to take strong measures for the suppression of the revolt.

Defeat and surrender
The arrival of Quintus Petillius Cerialis with a strong force awed the Gauls and mutinous troops into submission; Civilis was defeated at Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Trèves) and Castra Vetera, and forced to withdraw to the island of the Batavians. He finally came to an agreement with Cerialis whereby his countrymen obtained certain advantages, and resumed amicable relations with Rome. From this time, Civilis disappears from history.

Notes

References
 This documents that the chief authority for the history of the insurrection is Tacitus, Histories, iv., v., whose account breaks off at the beginning of Civilis's speech to Cerialis.
Josephus, Bellum Judaicum, vii. 4.
E. Meyer, Der Freiheitskrieg der Bataver unter Civilis (1856)
Merivale, Hist. of the Romans under the Empire, ch. 58.
H. Schiller, Geschichte der römischen Kaiserzeit, bk. ii. ch. 2, § 54 (1883).

External links

 Jona Lendering, "The Batavian Revolt"

1st-century monarchs in Europe
1st-century Romans
Ancient Roman generals
Batavian people
Early Germanic warriors
Defectors
Dutch nobility
Dutch generals
Dutch military commanders
Netherlands in the Roman era
Civilis, Gaius
People of the Year of the Four Emperors
1st-century Germanic people

Gaius Julius Civilis


Ukrainian embroidery (, vyshyvka) occupies an important place among the various branches of Ukrainian decorative arts. Embroidery has a rich history in Ukraine, and has long appeared in Ukrainian folk dress as well as played a part in traditional Ukrainian weddings and other celebrations. Appearing all across the country, Ukrainian embroidery varies depending on the region of origin.  From Poltava, Kyiv, and Chernihiv in the east, to Volyn and Polissia in the northwest, to Bukovina, and the Hutsul area in the southwest, the designs have a long history which defines its ornamental motifs and compositions, as well as its favorite choice of colors and types of stitches.

History

Embroidery is an ancient and symbolic tradition in Ukraine.  In 513 BC, Herodotus, the famous Greek historian, in describing the invasion of Darius, mentioned that the Thracian-Dacian people who lived in what is now the Balkans and western Ukraine used embroidery to decorate their clothes.  Excavations of cities from the 1st century AD have revealed examples of embroidered clothing in the territory of Ukraine.  Other early examples of embroideries include pre-Christian goddess motifs, such as Berehynia.  There are eleventh-century examples of embroidery in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv on frescos and miniatures.  Many of these early examples have distinct similarities to the local embroidery throughout history.  Ukrainian embroidery was an everyday art in the common people's lives until the 19th century, when it became more of a craft.

Embroidery was mostly used for the decoration of clothing and fabrics and for the decoration of homes and churches. Embroidered products, especially a rushnyk, are greatly symbolic for a series of ceremonies and rituals of Ukraine.

Most embroidery was used for clothing.  The primary object of clothing that was decorated with embroidery was the shirt or vyshyvanka. The shirt was mostly decorated with embroidery on the sleeves, and also on the neck, bosom, and the cuffs.  Other elements of clothing are also embroidered, including scarves, skirts, aprons, men's caps and trousers, sleeveless jackets, kozhukh and kozhushanka (sheepskin coats), sashes, ochipok, etc. In some areas, bed linens were also embroidered.  Aside from clothing, other items decorated with embroidery are towels, tablecloths, bench covers, veils and kerchiefs, and pillowcases.  Many of these items are used to decorate the interior of churches, for example a cover for the sacraments or a shroud for icons.

According to Mary Doliszny, a Ukrainian-Canadian activist, the Soviet Union's attempts at Russification took a toll on the embroidery of Ukrainians.  Because of attempts to destroy the art of Ukrainian embroidery, diaspora Ukrainians worked to document patterns and revive the art.  Much of this research was done at the institutes of Ukrainian studies at Harvard University and the University of Toronto.

Folk embroidery was symbolic and connected with a great number of beliefs, myths, and superstitions, including beliefs regarding protection and fertility. The lozenge shape is a common motif and represents a sown field and female fertility.

In Ukraine, embroidery was developed by women and typically remains a women's activity to this day.  There was scarcely a woman who did not master it to some extent.  It is popular in both Ukraine and her diaspora, where many embroidery clubs exist.

Embroidery is remembered as a national pastime and is a part of the Ukrainian cultural and national identity.

Variations

Ukrainian embroidery has many variations from region to region, or even village to village.  However,  most embroidery is generally similar overall for most Ukrainians.  Even with these variation, the styles of needlework found throughout Ukraine, when taken together, represent a definite Ukrainian national style of embroidery.  Red and black were the most common colors of Ukrainian embroidery.  Ukrainian folk embroidery is notable for great variety of its techniques.

Central and Eastern Ukraine
In the Central and Eastern parts of Ukraine, embroidery usually consists of geometric forms and plant ornaments.  The color range of the motifs is very delicate and very diverse as to individual details. In the Poltava Region, the colors usually include pale blue, white, light ochre, pale green and gray tones.  Poltava products are especially famed for their "white-on-white" and openwork embroidery.  The red, red-blue (or red-black) color scheme plays an important role in Central- and Eastern-Ukrainian embroidery, as it did throughout almost the whole of Ukraine.

Western Ukraine

In Western Ukraine, especially the Hutsul region, embroidery uses geometric ornament and a sharply contrasting palette.  Besides the now widely used cross-stitch, there is still the ornamental needle-weaving stitch called "nyzynka", which is executed predominantly on the reverse of the fabric and gives a sort of "tweed" effect.  This is one of the most archaic of traditional Ukrainian stitches that, in combination with the predetermined areas of white background material that peek through the densely laid threads, emphasizes the clear-cut silhouette of the main patterns.

In the Lemko region, the oldest embroideries were executed in red and red-blue linear motifs.  Over time, other colors, such as blue, green and yellow, were added.

In the Boiko region, embroideries varied from simple red-blue geometric motifs in the western reaches of their territory, to wide, densely worked geometric and/or floral patterns in the eastern and southern reaches.  Boikos were also well known for their finely embroidered pleated smocking work called "bryzhky", which were found mainly around the collars and sleeve cuffs of women's and men's shirts, but also along the top hems of women's aprons.

The embroideries of Bukovina are among the richest in all of Ukraine, often combining as many as nine or more colors, including silver and gold metallic thread as well as colored glass beads.  It also uses a number of stitches.

The needlework of Pokuttia was also rich and intricately executed, and also quite varied.  Red was the predominant color in many of the styles of embroidery in this region, usually being worked in thick home-processed wool threads, sometimes with accents of yellow, green and blue added.  Although cross-stitch was not uncommon, the older and more traditional technique was that of the so-called "curly stitch" (quite popular, in fact, throughout many areas of Southwestern Ukraine).  In some parts of Pokuttya and neighboring Podillya, wide motifs of intricately worked white-on-white embroidery combined with open work were popular.  The embroideries of Podillya were similar in many respects to that of both Bukovina and Pokuttia, with discreet yet recognizable differences in color scheme, motifs and placement that nonetheless set them apart.

In Halychyna, there is a variety of embroidery styles that were specific for individual localities, such that when one sees a piece of embroidery there is no mistaking its origin.

Northern Ukraine
In the northwest and north of Ukraine (including the Ukrainian ethno-historic territory of Poland) needlework traditions have been preserved relatively intact from the oldest of times.  Red, as well as red-blue and red-black were the predominant color schemes in the archaic geometric embroideries of these northern regions of Ukraine, executed primarily in dense rows of a horizontal needle-weaving stitch (called "zavolikannia") that created horizontal bands of patterns reminiscent of weaving.  Floral motifs are also popular in the North, using red, red-blue or red-black palette as the needle-woven bands, but in the much more recent technique of cross-stitch.

Notable people

 Hanna Veres

Gallery

References

External links

 T. V. Kara-Vasilieva. Poltava Folk Embroidery. Kyiv, Naukova Dumka, 1983.

Embroidery by country
Ukrainian folk clothing
Textile arts of Ukraine
Ukrainian traditions

Ukrainian embroidery


The House of Normandy is the usual name for the family that were the Dukes of Normandy and Kings of England. they were in power from shortly after the Norman conquest of England and lasted until the House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154. It began with Rollo and his descendants, and from William the Conqueror and his heirs down through 1135. Two of William's grandchildren, Matilda and Stephen of the House of Blois argued over the throne ending the dynasty.

The Norman dukes were:
Rollo, 911–927
William I, 927–942
Richard I, 942–996
Richard II, 996–1027
Richard III, 1027
Robert I, 1027–1035
William II, 1035–1066 (became King of England)
The Norman monarchs of England and Normandy were:
William I & II, 1066–1087
William II, 1087–1100 (not Duke of Normandy)
Robert II, 1087–1106 (not King of England)
Henry I, 1100–1135; 1106–1135
Matilda of England, 1141–1141 (never crowned)

Anglo-Normans

House of Normandy


Fraternity is some kind of morality, ethics or idea. A synonym of fraternity is brotherhood.

Fraternity is adopted for the national motto of France, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity".

Japan's prime minister Ichiro Hatoyama had an idea of a fraternity. The origin of his idea is the book "The totalitarian state against man" (original title in German; ) written by Count Richard Nikolaus Eijiro von Coudenhove-Kalergi, an Austrian politician, geopolitician, and philosopher. Ichiro Hatoyama had made an effort to spread the idea of the fraternity. Ichiro's grandchild Yukio Hatoyama also has become the prime minister of Japan. Yukio Hatoyama has taken over the idea of his grandfather Ichiro's. The family of Hatoyama's fraternity means  in Japanese.

Related pages
Altruism
Friendship

Ethics
Philosophy

Fraternity


Walker's Rhyming Dictionary (Walker's Clinkin Dictionar) wis disponed bi John Walker an furthsett in 1775. It is a Inglis dictionar, e'en tho it haes a puckle Scots wirds, sortit bi the end o the wirds.

Some o the Scots wirds include: Callant, Hogmanay, Wrongous, Een, Tolbooth, an Wis/Wist (awtho it isna leetit as sic).

Inglis Dictionars

Walker's Rhyming Dictionary


Dina matematika, sebaran probabilitas nangtukeun unggal interval tina wilangan nyata kamungkinan, mangka kitu aksioma probabilitas terpenuhi. Dina watesan téhnik, probabiliti sebaran nyaéta ukuran probabilitas nu mana domain mangrupa aljabar Borel dina kaayaan riil.

Probabilitas sebaran dina kasus husus mangrupa notasi nu leuwih tina ukuran probabilitas, nyaéta fungsi nu assigns probabilities satisfying the Kolmogorov axioms to the méasurable sets of a measurable space.

Unggal variabel acak gives rise to a probability distribution, and this distribution contains most of the important information about the variable. If X is a random variable, the corresponding probability distribution assigns to the interval [a, b] the probability Pr[a ≤ X ≤ b], i.e. the probability that the variable X will take a value in the interval [a, b].

Sebaran probabilitas variabel X bisa sacara unik didadarkeun ku fungsi sebaran kumulatif F(x), nu ditangtukeun ku

pikeun x anggota R.

A distribution is called discrete if its cumulative distribution function consists of a sequence of finite jumps, which méans that it belongs to a discrete random variable X: a variable which can only attain values from a certain finite or countable set.
A distribution is called continuous if its cumulative distribution function is continuous, which méans that it belongs to a random variable X for which Pr[ X = x ] = 0 for all x in R.

The so-called absolutely continuous distributions can be expressed by a fungsi dénsitas probabilitas: a non-negative Lebesgue integrable function f defined on the réals such that

for all a and b. That discrete distributions do not admit such a density is unsurprising, but there are continuous distributions like the devil's staircase that also do not admit a density.

The support of a distribution is the smallest closed set whose complement has probability zero.

Jejer penting dina sebaran probabiliti

Sababaraha sebaran probabiliti kacida pentingna dina téori atawa pamakéan dibéré ngaran nu husus:
 Sebaran diskrit
 Dina kaayaan terhingga
 Sebaran degenerate dina x0, nu mana X mangrupa nilai penting dicokot jadi nilai x0. This does not look random, but it satisfies the definition of variabel acak. This is useful because it puts deterministic variables and random variables in the same formalism.
 The discrete uniform distribution, where all elements of a finite set are equally likely. This is supposed to be the distribution of a balanced coin, an unbiased die, a casino roulette or a well-shuffled deck. Also, one can use méasurements of quantum states to generate uniform random variables. All these are "physical" or "mechanical" devices, subject to design flaws or perturbations, so the uniform distribution is only an approximation of their behaviour. In digital computers, pseudo-random number generators are used to produced a statistically random discrete uniform distribution.
 The Bernoulli distribution, which takes value 1 with probability p and value 0 with probability q=1-p.
 Sebaran binomial, nu ngajelaskeun jumlah kasuksesan dina deret tina percobaan bébas Enya/Henteu.
 The hypergeometric distribution, which describes the number of successes in the first m of a series of n independent Yes/No experiments, if the total number of successes is known.
 With infinite support
 The geometric distribution, a discrete distribution which describes the number of attempts needed to get the first success in a series of independent Yes/No experiments.
 The negative binomial distribution, a generalization of the géometric distribution to the nth success.
 The Poisson distribution, which describes the number of rare events that happen in a certain time interval.
 The Boltzmann distribution, a discrete distribution important in statistical physics which describes the probabilities of the various discrete energy levels of a system in thermal equilibrium. It has a contiuous analogue. Special cases include
 The Gibbs distribution
 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
 The Bose-Einstein distribution
 The Fermi-Dirac distribution
 The zeta distribution has uses in applied statistics and statistical mechanics, and perhaps may be of interest to number théorists.
 Continuous distributions
 Supported on a finite interval
 sebaran seragam dina [a,b], nu mana sakabéh titik dina interval nu kawengku mibanda ajén nu ampir sarua.
 Sebaran beta dina [0,1], mangrupa sebaran seragam dina kasus husus, nu dipaké dina estimasi probabiliti sukses.
 The Triangular distribution on [a, b]
 Supported on semi-infinite intervals, usually [0,∞)
 Sebaran eksponensial, which describes the time between consecutive rare random events in a process with no memory.
 Sebaran gamma, nu ngajelaskeun waktu salila n consecutive rare random events occur in a process with no memory.
 The Erlang distribution, which is a special case of the gamma distribution with integral shape paraméter, developed to predict waiting times in queuing systems.
 The Log-normal distribution, describing variables which can be modélled as the product of many small independent positive variables.
 The Weibull distribution, of which the exponential distribution is a special case, is used to modél the lifetime of technical devices.
 Sebaran chi-kuadrat, nu mangrupa jumlah kuadrat n variabel random Gauss  bébas. Ieu mangrupa kasus husus dina sebaran Gamma, sarta dipaké dina tes goodness-of-fit dina statistik.
 Sebaran-F, nu mana sebaran rasio dua sebaran variabel normal, dipaké dina analisa varian.
 Supported on the whole réal line
 Sebaran normal, disebut ogé Gaussian atawa kurva bel. It is ubiquitous in nature and statistics due to the central limit theorem: every variable that can be modélled as a sum of many small independent variables is approximately normal.
 Sebaran-t student, dipaké keur nga-estimasi méan nu teu dipikanyaho dina populasi Gaussian.
 Sebaran Cauchy, conto sebaran nu teu mibanda nilai ekspektasi atawa varian. Dina fisika biasana disebut Lorentzian, sarta ieu sebaran tina tetapan énérgi teu stabil dina mekanika kuantum. Dina fisika partikel, the extremely short-lived particles associated to such unstable states are called resonances.
 Joint distributions
 Two or more random variables on the same sample space
 Bivariate distribution
 Conditional distribution
 Multivariate distribution
 Multinomial distribution, a generalization of the sebaran binomial.
 Sebaran nilai-matrix
 sebaran Wishart
 Matrix normal distribution
 Matrix T distribution
 Normal-inverse Wishart distribution

Tempo ogé
daptar jejer statistis -- variabel acak -- cumulative distribution function -- probability density function -- likelihood

Matematika

it:Variabile casuale#Distribuzione di probabilità

Sebaran probabilitas


A capacitor (also called condenser, which is the older term) is an electronic device that stores electric energy. It is similar to a battery, but can be smaller, lightweight and a capacitor charges or discharges much quicker.  Capacitors are used in many electronic devices today, and can be made out of many different types of material. The Leyden jar was one of the first capacitors invented.

Capacitors are usually made with two metal plates that are on top of each other and near each other, but that do not actually touch.  When powered, they allow energy to be stored inside an electrical field.  Because the plates need a lot of area to store even a small amount of charge, the plates are usually rolled up into some other shape, such as a cylinder.  Sometimes, other shapes of capacitors are used for special purposes. A capacitor-like effect can also result just from two conductors being close to each other, whether you want it to exist or not.

The type of capacitor used depends on the application. Capacitors come in many sizes. They can be as small as an ant or as large as a dustbin. A few capacitors are adjustable.

All capacitors have two connections, or leads. Most kinds of capacitors can be replaced easily by someone who has basic skills in electronics. However, one of the more powerful types - the electrolytic capacitor - must be used the correct way, or they can explode violently.

While capacitors can store energy, as batteries do, capacitors can release all their stored energy very quickly, even faster than a second. A defibrillator or a photoflash capacitor uses this ability. It gradually charges, until it cannot be filled any more, and then quickly discharges its stored power to a device that needs to have it quickly.

Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors hold a bigger charge than regular capacitors. They are used to store electricity for motors and other purposes when batteries won't discharge quickly enough.

Polystyrene film capacitors
This type of capacitor is not for use in high frequency circuits, being made with a coil inside. They can charge and discharge even more quickly than other capacitors. They are used in filter circuits or timing circuits which run at several hundred KHz or less.

Electrolytic capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors use a conducting surface inside a liquid electrolyte. They do not charge and discharge as rapidly as film capacitors do. They have polarity and so they have to be attached correctly. There are two leads; one will have a + and the other a -. This means one lead is positive and one is negative. There are two different styles: axial, where the leads are connected to each end, and radial, where the leads are connected to one end. Electrolytic capacitors are printed with capacitance and voltage rating.

Since the voltage rating can be low, it is important to check that the electrolytic capacitor is not overcharged. Capacitors can be separated from a battery, then connected in series. Because the capacitor is polarized, the positive terminal must be connected to a negative terminal. This creates correct polarity through the electrical circuit and prevents breakdown.

Some electrolytic capacitors are unpolarized, meaning that either side can be positive or negative. These are mostly used in loudspeakers to block low-frequency signals (bass) from reaching high-frequency (tweeter) drivers.

References

Further reading
 YAN Kun(2011). Nonlinstor-An electronic circuit element of the nonlinear type with the deepening charge-controlled capacitor properties based on the form of the nonlinear differential equation (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.

Other websites

 Introduction To Capacitors Capsite 2016

Electronic components

Capacitor


Real time in a narrative is where the events in the story take the same amount of time to happen as they do for the audience to experience them. If a movie told in real time is two hours long, as in Rope, then the plot of that movie covers two hours of fictional time. For example, in the TV series 24, an hour long episode represents an hour of events on the program.

Media

Real time (media)


Gustav Brom (22 May  1921 in Veľké Leváre – 25 September 1995) was a Slovak big band leader, arranger, clarinetist and composer.

He achieved fame in Europe and abroad from the 1940s right through to his death in 1995. He worked prolifically and was noted for remaining true to the jazz big band idiom, beginning with Dixieland and swing and later, with contributions from his musicians, moving into the West Coast jazz sound.

Born Gustav Frkal, his and the band's first professional engagement was in June 1940 in the Radhošť Hotel in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm. Shortly after World War II, Brom's band performed in Brno and Bratislava and also for several months in 1947 in Switzerland. Other top big band leaders in Prague at this time included Karel Vlach and Kamil Běhounek. Brom triumphed in 1955 at the Leipzig Fair, in the former East Germany, winning accolades for his outstanding arrangements.

The 1950s saw Brom signed with Supraphon in Prague, recording and arranging prolifically with many guest artists including British singer Gery Scott, Czech singers Karel Gott, Helena Vondráčková and Hana and Petr Ulrych (aka Ulrychovi) and Greek sisters Tena and Martha Elefteriadu.

International recognition

In the 1960s Brom's band was rated one of the top ten big-bands in the world by the American jazz polls. Maynard Ferguson, Dizzy Gillespie, Diana Ross & the Supremes, Ray Conniff, Ben Cramer, Bill Ramsey and others joined the Gustav Brom Big Band in many concerts and performances and the band's name became well known and respected among professional performers as well as the discerning public.

Brom was honoured in 1993 with the Luděk Hulan Jazz Award, presented yearly by the Czech Jazz Society, Prague.

Legacy

With Brom's death in 1995, the band started a new phase under a slightly changed name, conducted by Vladimír Valovič from the Slovakian capital, Bratislava. Valovič was appointed by Brom himself as successor. New members have joined from the Czech cities of Prague, Brno, Olomouc and Ostrava, and also from Bratislava.

Since June 1940, Gustav Brom's big-band's name has appeared on over 570 music records, of both Czech and foreign origin, and the post-war recordings are becoming of interest to record collectors and music lovers worldwide. In September 2006, Czech recording label Producentské centrum Františka Rychtaříka released the CD Gery Scott & Gustav Brom, a reissue of selections recorded by Supraphon in Prague in 1957.

Discography
1961: Jazz in der Tschechoslovakei (Supraphon SUC 15388)
1962: Jazz Souvenirs    (Supraphon, SUK 35545) Single B-side only, A-side consists of music by János Kőrössy & Studio 5
1966: Ceskoslovensky Jazz 1965 (Supraphon DV 1023) Various Artists (including Jan Hammer, Karel Velebný and others)
1967: Jazzovy Concert   (Supraphon 150478)
1967: Swinging The Jazz (MPS Records)
1969: Missa Jazz        (MPS Records)
1969: Maynard + Gustav  (Supraphon, 1 15 0716, Los Grandes del JAZZ Sarpe 85), Maynard Ferguson and Gustav Brom Orchestra
1976: Polymelomodus     (Supraphon)
1976: Mini Jazz Klub vol.3 in memoriam Josef Blaha (Panton, 330388)
1976: Plays for you pop, jazz and swing (Opus 91150447)

References

Jaroslav Smolka: Malá encyklopedie hudby. Prague: Editio Supraphon, 1983.

External links

1921 births
1995 deaths
20th-century composers
20th-century Czech people
Czech composers
Czech male composers
Czech conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Czech jazz musicians
Jazz bandleaders
Jazz clarinetists
Czech people of Slovak descent
People from Malacky District
20th-century Czech male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Czechoslovak musicians

Gustav Brom


James Thomas (March 11, 1785December 25, 1845) served as the 23rd Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1833 to 1836. He practiced medicine and served as judge in several courts throughout Maryland, and served in the Maryland State Senate from 1824 to 1830.

Biography
He was born at "De la Brooke Manor" in St. Mary's County, Maryland on March 11, 1785, the son of William Thomas and Catherine Boarman. He entered St. John's College with the class of 1800, but he did not graduate. He graduated from Charlotte Hall Military Academy in 1804. Thomas studied medicine in Philadelphia and received his doctor's degree there in 1807. In 1808, he married his cousin, Elizabeth Coates.

He practiced medicine in St. Mary's County until the outbreak of the War of 1812. Thomas also served as a justice of the peace and, from 1810 to 1812, was a member of the Levy Court of St. Mary's County. He was commissioned as major in the Fourth Maryland Cavalry and later brevetted a major general.

After the war, Thomas resumed his medical practice, but soon entered politics. He served as a Maryland State Senator from the Western Shore from 1826 to 1831. He was elected governor by an overwhelming majority in 1833, the last anti-Jacksonian candidate to be chosen before that party became the Whigs. Thomas was sworn into office on January 17, 1833. He was instrumental in bringing about a settlement between the interests of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad which meant so much to the success of the railroad. He supported appropriations for the support of general education. During his term occurred the removal of the government deposits which preceded the failure of the Bank of Maryland during 1834. Beginning on August 6, 1835, a mob began several days of rioting, burning and looting. After several days of anarchy, the Governor called for federal troops whose arrival, together with drastic action by General Samuel Smith, brought an end to several days of chaos. This incident prompted Governor Thomas to take measures for the establishment of a state militia organization.

When his term expired on January 14, 1836, he retired to his home at "Deep Falls," St. Mary's County. He died there on Christmas Day 1845, and was buried in the Thomas' family cemetery at "Deep Falls".

References

Governors of Maryland
Maryland state senators
Maryland state court judges
1785 births
1845 deaths
Maryland Whigs
Charlotte Hall Military Academy alumni
People from St. Mary's County, Maryland
National Republican Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American physicians
American militiamen in the War of 1812
American militia generals
Maryland National Republicans
19th-century American judges

James Thomas (Governor of Maryland)


Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of  Transpiration helps in regulating temperature in the plant.

Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman.  He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.

How transpiration works
Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore.  Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata.  This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in.  The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.

Transpiration also pulls water through the plant. This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere. This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem. A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.

Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss.  Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.

Related pages
 Translocation (botany)

References

Other websites
 A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.

Plant physiology

Transpiration


Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury, DBE (born 16 October 1925; deed 11 October 2022) wis an Anglo-Erse American actress an sangster who haes appeared in theatre, telly, an films. Her career haes spanned seiven decades, much o it based in the Unitit States, an her wirk haes attractit internaitional attention.

1925 births
20t-century American actresses
20t-century American sangsters
20t-century American writers
20t-century Breetish writers
20t-century Inglis actresses
20t-century weemen writers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American sangsters
21st-century American writers
21st-century Breetish writers
21st-century Inglis actresses
21st-century weemen writers
Actresses frae Lunnon
Actresses frae Los Angeles
Actresses frae New York Ceety
Alumni o the Webber Douglas Academy o Dramatic Airt
American expatriates in Ireland
American film actresses
American muisical theatre actresses
American fowk o Erse strynd
American sel-help writers
American televeesion actresses
American Theater Hall of Fame inductees
American vyce actresses
American weemen writers
Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners
Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners
Breetish expatriates in the Unitit States
Californie Democrats
Drama Desk Award winners
Inglis emigrants tae the Unitit States
Inglis film actresses
Inglis muisical theatre actresses
Inglis fowk o Erse strynd
Inglis sel-help writers
Inglis televeesion actresses
Inglis televeesion producers
Inglis vyce actresses
Inglis weemen writers
Kennedy Center honourees
2022 daiths
Mame
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Muisickers frae Coonty Cork
New York Democrats
Fowk eddicatit at Sooth Hampstead Heich Schuil
Fowk frae Greenwich Village, New York
Fowk frae Hampstead
Fowk frae Malibu, Californie
Fowk frae Mill Hill
Fowk frae Poplar, Lunnon
Fowk frae Upper East Side
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Awaird
Sangsters frae Los Angeles
Sangsters frae Lunnon
Sangsters frae New York Ceety
Televeesion producers frae Californie
Televeesion producers frae New York
Tony Awaird winners
Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients
Writers frae Lunnon
Writers frae New York Ceety
Writers frae Los Angeles
Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire
Actresses awairdit Breetish dameheids

Angela Lansbury


Charles K. Monfort (born October 30, 1959) and Richard L. Monfort (born April 27, 1954) are the primary owners of the Colorado Rockies Major League Baseball team. Both grew up in Greeley, Colorado and are sons to Kenneth Monfort; previous owner of Monfort of Colorado, Inc. a meatpacking and distributing company that was acquired by ConAgra Foods in 1987.  Dick Monfort is managing general partner, chairman and chief executive officer, while Charlie Monfort is the team's other general partner and vice chairman.

Dick Monfort
Dick Monfort was the first born of the two Monfort brothers. Dick graduated from the University of Northern Colorado, Greeley in 1976 with a bachelor's degree in Business Management. He joined Monfort of Colorado in 1974 as a cattle buyer. He then served as vice president federal cattle procurement from 1979–81, group vice president of cattle products 1983-1984 and executive vice president 1984-1987.  When ConAgra bought Monfort of Colorado in 1987, Dick became president of ConAgra Red Meats. Dick also owns shares in the Hyatt Regency Indian Wells Resort and Spa in Indian Wells, California, the Hilltop Steak House in Boston, and other real estate ventures in Colorado. At the University of Northern Colorado, Dick serves on the board of trustees along with the board of directors at University of Colorado Hospital, Denver Zoo, and the Colorado Economic Development Board. Dick now resides in Denver, Colorado with his wife Karen.

Charlie Monfort
Charlie Monfort graduated from the University of Utah in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in Marketing and Business Management where he served as president of the Kappa Sigma fraternity, succeeded by Eddie Hillard. Charlie started working for the family business Monfort of Colorado, Inc. also in 1988 as president of International Sales until 1996. In 1996, Charlie became president of ConAgra Foods International; later leaving in 1998 to concentrate on his previous commitment to the Rockies. Charlie also serves on the board of trustees at Colorado Mesa University (formerly Mesa State College) in Grand Junction, Colorado. All along with being a board member of the Kempe Foundation, the Special Olympics, and the Monfort Family Foundation. Charlie has son Kenny, daughter Ciara, son Lucas, daughter Danica and stepson Brenden.

Colorado Rockies affiliations
On September 2, 1992, Jerry McMorris welcomed Charlie Monfort and Oren Benton to join him in buying controlling interest in the Rockies.  This came after founding owner Mickey Monus was ensnared in a massive accounting scandal surrounding his Phar-Mor discount drugstores.
Dick Monfort later replaced Benton in the ownership group, and became vice chairman of the Rockies on December 8, 1997. On March 31, 2003, Charlie was named CEO of the Colorado Rockies, succeeding president Keli McGregor who had taken the role from McMorris in 2001.
In 2005, Dick and Charlie Monfort purchased McMorris' financial interest in the team, becoming the primary owners.  Charlie remained as managing general partner, chairman and CEO until 2011, when he handed both roles to Dick.

Under their tenure, the Rockies have made the playoffs only four times while having just five winning seasons from 2005 to 2023.

References

Living people
Colorado Rockies owners
Major League Baseball owners
Business duos
Sibling duos
Year of birth missing (living people)

Monfort brothers


The Old Kingdom is the name for Egypt during the 3rd millennium BC when  the civilization of Egypt had its first peak. It was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom of Egypt).

Old Kingdom was the best by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth  Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline that is called the First Intermediate Period by Egyptologists.

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was Memphis. During the Old Kingdom era the great pyramids were built to be burial tombs for the Pharaohs. Because Pharaohs were believed to be given authority from heaven, they wished to walk to Ra, their Sun-god, after death. King Zoser's adviser Inhotep designed the pyramid, hoping to easily reach Ra. The tombs were built on the west bank of the Nile where the sun seemed to set. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is sometimes called "The Age of the Pyramids."

Khufu, called Cheops, was the Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid at Giza, near Cairo. He believed his soul never died, so they stored food, clothes, and things he owned in the rooms of the pyramid. The Great Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the World: tall as a forty-story building, it took a hundred thousand men twenty years to build. With only ramps and physical energy, they had to move and lift into place 2,300,000 blocks of limestone that were about two and one-half tons apiece. Slaves, farmers, and gangs of men had to work on the Great Pyramid, and were paid with valuable things, not coins (Egyptians had no coins).
To guard the pyramids, a huge stone statue called the Great Sphinx was created and placed nearby. The Great Sphinx has a man's head and a lion's body, with paws 50 ft (15 m) long.

At last, the priests overthrew the Pharaohs. Then the nobles and priests ruled.

Further reading
Jaromir Malek, In the Shadow of the Pyramids: Egypt During the Old Kingdom, University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
Egyptian Art in the Age of the older set of Pyramids, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.  (catalogue for travelling exhibition of the same name)
 The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom

Other websites
 Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The Old Kingdom  – Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom of Egypt- Aldokkan

3rd millennium BC in Egypt

Old Kingdom of Egypt


A fernery is a specialized garden for the cultivation and display of ferns.

In many countries, ferneries are indoors or at least sheltered or kept in a shadehouse to provide a moist environment, filtered light and protection from frost and other extremes; on the other hand, some ferns native to arid regions require protection from rain and humid conditions, and grow best in full sun. In mild climates, ferneries are often outside and have an array of different species that grow under similar conditions.

In 1855, parts of England were gripped by 'pteridomania' (the fern craze). This term was coined by Charles Kingsley, clergyman, naturalist (and later author of The Water Babies). It involved both British and exotic varieties being collected and displayed; many associated structures were constructed and paraphernalia was used to maintain the collections.

In 1859, the Fernery at Tatton Park Gardens beside Tatton Hall had been built to a design by George Stokes, Joseph Paxton's assistant and son-in-law, to the west of the conservatory to house tree ferns from New Zealand and a collection of other ferns. The Fernery was also seen in the TV miniseries Brideshead Revisited.

In 1874, the fernery in Benmore Botanic Garden (part of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) was built by James Duncan (a plant collector and sugar refiner). This was a large and expensive project since the fernery was based in a heated conservatory. In 1992, it was listed Historic Scotland for its architectural and botanical value and has been described by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland as "extremely rare and unique in its design".

In 1903, Hever Castle in Kent was acquired and restored by the American millionaire William Waldorf Astor who used it as a family residence. He added the Italian Garden (including a fernery) to display his collection of statuary and ornaments.

References

Types of garden
Ferns

Fernery


Johnston Atoll is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is a property of the United States. The military used the Island for many things including a re-fueling location for planes going overseas, a chemical weapons ammunition storage facility, and a test launch location for nuclear testing. It was inhabited by all forces of the US military and government contract workers.

The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807. The island was mined for guano until 1890. After that, it was used as an army base.

Other websites

Johnston Island Memories Site, the personal website of an AFRTS serviceman stationed there in 1975-6
Coast Guard Medevac from Johnston Island , photo from December 2007 medevac operation
JACADS - Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, history of nuclear testing, and JACADS Sarin and VX nerve agent disposal
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge  Contains additional information on wildlife and clean-up efforts

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania

Johnston Atoll


The Battle o Stirlin Brig wis ane o the major fechts o the First Scots Weir o Unthirldom. The battle wis fochten on the 11t o September 1297 alang the River Forth in Stirlin naur the Stirlin castle atween the airmies o Scotland an Ingland an the battle wis a veectory for the Scots airmy that wis led bi Sir Weelum Wallace an Andra Moray. The Scots airmy wis made up o aboot 2,000 fitmen an 300 horse, the Inglis airmy wis made up o aboot 10,000 fitmen and 2,000 horse. The Scots waitit on the north side o the river till aboot hauf the Inglis haed cam athwart the brig an thay syne chairged. In the battle, the Scots airmy killt 5,000 Inglis infantry sodgers an 100 muntit knichts, the Scots losses wis licht but airmy heidsman Andra Moray deed frae his wounds a puckle days efter the battle.

References

Stirlin Brig
Stirlin Brig

Battle o Stirlin Brig


George Lansing Fox (March 15, 1900 – February 3, 1943) was a Methodist minister and a lieutenant in the United States Army. He was one of the Four Chaplains who gave their lives to save other soldiers during the sinking of the troop transport  during World War II.

Life
George L. Fox was born in Lewistown, Pennsylvania, in 1900, one of five children. At 17 he ran away to join the army and served on the Western Front during World War I as a medical orderly, receiving the Silver Star, the Purple Heart, and the Croix de Guerre for his meritorious service. Following the war, Fox completed high school and briefly worked for a Trust Company. Fox married in 1923 and his son, Wyatt Ray was born a year later. Fox studied at Moody Bible Institute and Illinois Wesleyan University, graduating in 1931. Following graduation, Fox became an itinerant Methodist preacher, holding posts in Downs, Illinois, and Rye, New Hampshire, before joining the Boston University School of Theology and becoming an ordained minister in 1934.

That same year, he took over the church in Waits River, Vermont, and his daughter, Mary Elizabeth, was born. He remained in Vermont, moving church twice and becoming the state chaplain and historian for the American Legion. Fox joined the army again in 1942. His son enlisted in the Marine Corps on the same day. Fox was united with the other Four Chaplains for his voyage to Europe later that year following a position in the chaplain's school in Harvard, and departed with over 900 soldiers on the Dorchester in January 1943.

Death

In late 1942, Fox was transferred to Camp Myles Standish in Taunton, Massachusetts, and attended Chaplains School at Harvard University. There he met fellow chaplains Alexander D. Goode, Clark V. Poling and John P. Washington. In January 1943, Fox and his fellow chaplains boarded the SS Dorchester, which was carrying some 900 soldiers to the United Kingdom.

On February 2, 1943, the German submarine U-223 spotted the convoy and fired a torpedo which struck the Dorchester shortly after midnight. Hundreds of men packed the decks of the rapidly sinking ship and scrambled for the lifeboats. Several of the lifeboats had been damaged and the four chaplains began to organize the passengers. They distributed life jackets from a locker; when the supply of life jackets ran out, each of the chaplains gave theirs to other soldiers. When the last lifeboats were away, the chaplains prayed with those unable to escape the sinking ship. 27 minutes after the torpedo struck, the Dorchester sank with 672 men still aboard. The last anyone saw of the four chaplains, they were standing on the deck, arms linked and praying together.

Remembrance

The four chaplains were each awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and Purple Heart medals,  receiving national acclaim for their courage and self-sacrifice. A chapel in their honor was dedicated on February 3, 1951, by President Harry S. Truman at Grace Baptist Church of Philadelphia. The Four Chaplains' Medal was established by act of Congress on July 14, 1960, and was presented posthumously to their next of kin by Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker in 1961.

George L. Fox is honored with a Lesser Feast along with the other Four Chaplains (Alexander D. Goode, John P. Washington and Clark V. Poling) on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on February 3.

See also

List of Notable Moody Bible Institute People

References

External links

1900 births
1943 deaths
People from Lewistown, Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
United States Army chaplains
World War II chaplains
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
Methodist chaplains
Methodist ministers
American Methodists
Anglican saints
Boston University School of Theology alumni
Illinois Wesleyan University alumni
People who died at sea
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

George L. Fox (chaplain)


A weather station has machines that measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity of the air around them. There are many ways to do this with instruments such as barometers (air pressure), psychrometers (humidity), anemometers (wind speed) and cielometers (electronic, for cloud cover). Many weather stations have no people; they report their measurements automatically.

Meteorology

Weather station