The lumbar plexus is a web of nerves (a nerve plexus) in the lumbar region of the body which forms part of the larger lumbosacral plexus.  It is formed by the divisions of the first four lumbar nerves (L1-L4) and from contributions of the subcostal nerve (T12), which is the last thoracic nerve. Additionally, the ventral rami of the fourth lumbar nerve pass communicating branches, the lumbosacral trunk, to the sacral plexus.  The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh.

The plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina and passes through psoas major.  Its smaller motor branches are distributed directly to psoas major, while the larger branches leave the muscle at various sites to run obliquely down through the pelvis to leave under the inguinal ligament with the exception of the obturator nerve which exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen.

Branches
The iliohypogastric nerve runs posterior to the psoas major on its proximal lateral border to run laterally and obliquely on the anterior side of quadratus lumborum.  Lateral to this muscle, it pierces the transversus abdominis to run above the iliac crest between that muscle and abdominal internal oblique.  It gives off several motor branches to these muscles and a sensory branch to the skin of the lateral hip.  Its terminal branch then runs parallel to the inguinal ligament to exit the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique above the external inguinal ring where it supplies the skin above the inguinal ligament (i.e. the hypogastric region) with the anterior cutaneous branch.

The ilioinguinal nerve closely follows the iliohypogastric nerve on the quadratus lumborum, but then passes below it to run at the level of the iliac crest.  It pierces the lateral abdominal wall and runs medially at the level of the inguinal ligament where it supplies motor branches to both transversus abdominis and sensory branches through the external inguinal ring to the skin over the pubic symphysis and the lateral aspect of the labia majora or scrotum.

The genitofemoral nerve pierces psoas major anteriorly below the former two nerves to immediately split into two branches that run downward on the anterior side of the muscle.  The lateral femoral branch is purely sensory.  It pierces the vascular lacuna near the saphenous hiatus and supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament (i.e. proximal, lateral aspect of femoral triangle).  The genital branch differs in males and females.  In males it runs in the spermatic cord and in females in the inguinal canal together with the teres uteri ligament.  It then sends sensory branches to the scrotal skin in males and the labia majora in females.  In males it supplies motor innervation to the cremaster.

The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve pierces psoas major on its lateral side and runs obliquely downward below the iliac fascia.  Medial to the anterior superior iliac spine it leaves the pelvic area through the lateral muscular lacuna it enters the thigh by passing behind the lateral end of the inguinal ligament .  In the thigh it briefly passes under the fascia lata before it breaches the fascia and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh.

The obturator nerve leaves the lumbar plexus and descends behind psoas major on it medial side, then follows the linea terminalis into the lesser pelvis, and finally leaves the pelvic area through the obturator canal.  In the thigh, it sends motor branches to obturator externus before dividing into an anterior and a posterior branch, both of which continues distally.  These branches are separated by adductor brevis and supply all thigh adductors with motor innervation: pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor minimus, and gracilis.  The anterior branch contributes a terminal, sensory branch which passes along the anterior border of gracilis and supplies the skin on the medial, distal part of the thigh.

The femoral nerve is the largest and longest of the plexus' nerves.  It gives motor innervation to iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris; and sensory innervation to the anterior thigh, posterior lower leg, and hindfoot.  In the pelvic area, it runs in a groove between psoas major and iliacus giving off branches to both muscles, and exits the pelvis through the medial aspect of muscular lacuna.  In the thigh it divides into numerous sensory and muscular branches and the saphenous nerve, its long sensory terminal branch which continues down to the foot.

Additional images

Notes

References

External links

Nerve plexus
Spinal nerves
Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso

Lumbar plexus


Mott, Hay and Anderson (MHA) was a successful 20th century firm of consulting civil engineers based in the United Kingdom. The company traded until 1989, when it merged with Sir M MacDonald & Partners to form Mott MacDonald.

History

Early years
The company was founded as a private partnership between Basil Mott and David Hay on 30 July 1902. Prior to forming the partnership both had spent time building London tube railways and Hay had worked on the Blackwall Tunnel, so it was no surprise that they concentrated on heavy civil engineering projects such as bridges, tunnels, railways and docks. Early projects included the reconstruction and extension of the City & South London Railway, the building and extension of the Central London Railway, the construction of lifts beneath St Mary Woolnoth church at Bank Underground station, the underpinning of Clifford's Tower, the reconstruction of Southwark Bridge and the widening of Blackfriars Bridge. Mott and Hay employed a young engineer called David Anderson as resident engineer for the latter project.

The firm also advised on proposals for underground railways in Sydney, Africa and Russia. David Anderson was made a partner in 1920 after returning from army service. The firm was thereafter known as Mott, Hay and Anderson (MHA).

During the 1920s, MHA designed the rolling bridge over the river Dee at Queensferry, the Wearmouth Bridge in Sunderland and the Trent Bridge in Nottingham. They also designed the enlargement of the City & South London Railway tunnels and their extension past Camden Town and Clapham South to form the Northern line of London Underground.

In 1920, Basil Mott joined forces with Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice and John Brodie to advise on the best way to build a new crossing of the river Mersey in Liverpool. In 1922 a tunnel was recommended. Mott, Hay and Anderson subsequently designed the works and supervised the construction of the tunnel. The tunnel, named Queensway was opened in July 1934.

In the 1930s, the firm designed the first bolted concrete tunnel linings, for the London Passenger Transport Board. The new tunnel linings were used on the Ilford extension of the Central line between Redbridge and Newbury Park. MHA designed a road tunnel at Dartford and supervised the construction of its pilot tunnel beneath the Thames, but preparations for construction of the full-size tunnel were stopped in 1931 due to economic difficulties. G L Groves became a partner in 1933, but it was decided to leave the name of the company unchanged.

In 1935, David Anderson attended the opening ceremony of the Moscow Metro, which the firm had provided advice to as far back as 1912. Other works in this period included Lots Road power station and construction of escalator tunnels in London Underground stations.

Both founding partners died in 1938.

Normal construction work mostly stopped in September 1939, and during the wartime years MHA acted as engineer for the construction of five of the ten London deep-level shelters, for the construction of armaments factories and for the repair of bomb damage on various British bridges, tunnels and docks. MHA also oversaw the conversion of the unfinished Central line tunnels to aircraft components factories.

After World War II
In the late 1940s, MHA designed road, pedestrian and cycle tunnels under the River Tyne (Tyne Tunnel) though the road tunnel was not built until the 1960s. Further commissions for road tunnels were received for the revitalised Dartford tunnel in 1956, Mersey Kingsway tunnel in 1966, Blackwall southbound tunnel in 1967, second Dartford tunnel in 1972, and the Hatfield, Bell Common, Holmesdale and Penmaenbach tunnels in the 1980s. In all, MHA were involved in the construction of all but five of the UK's longest road tunnels (the exceptions being the Heathrow Cargo Tunnel, Heathrow Main Tunnel, Clyde Tunnel, Limehouse Link tunnel and Rotherhithe Tunnel).

In the same period, MHA worked with Freeman Fox & Partners to design the Forth Road Bridge and the Severn Bridge. Other bridge commissions in this period include the Tamar Bridge located next to Brunel's 1859 Royal Albert Bridge, the Kuala Lepar bridge across the Pahang River in Malaysia and the new London Bridge (including the removal of Rennie's 1831 bridge and its reconstruction in Arizona).

When work began on London Underground's Victoria line in the early 1960s, responsibility for the tunnelling works was split between Mott, Hay and Anderson and Sir William Halcrow and Partners, each acting as Engineer for approximately half the length of the line. MHA partner John Bartlett patented the bentonite-slurry shield tunnel boring machine (UK patent 1083322) and a trial length of tunnel was drilled successfully through poor ground conditions at New Cross in London. The slurry shield design paved the way for the earth pressure balance TBM commonly used today.

Modern times
In the early 1970s, an alliance was formed with Australian consultants John Connell Group for the design and construction of the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop, opened in 1981. The alliance continued with bridge and tunnel works across Australia and Southeast Asia, culminating in the formation of a joint venture company (Mott Connell) in Hong Kong for the design of infrastructure in and around Chek Lap Kok airport, including the Lantau Link.

As time went on, many of the assets built by the founders of the company began to show their age. The increase in traffic flow through the Queensway Tunnel meant that the ventilation system could no longer cope and additional ventilation tunnels were built under MHA's supervision in the early 1960s. In the 1980s the Blackwall northbound tunnel, which David Hay had worked on 90 years before, was refurbished by Murphy construction under the supervision of MHA.

In 1979 they began economical and technical research on possibilities for the Medellín Metro.

The firm stopped trading as Mott, Hay and Anderson in 1989 when it merged with Sir M MacDonald & Partners to form Mott MacDonald. The firm of Mott MacDonald has since expanded its field of operations far beyond traditional consulting engineering (for example, it currently runs the education department of the London Borough of Islington).

Channel Tunnel
Mott, Hay and Anderson were heavily involved in the design and construction of the Channel Tunnel between France and Great Britain.

The firm were first involved in a proposal to build a tunnel between Britain and France in 1930, but this was unsuccessful. The design proposed in this feasibility study – twin running tunnels with a central service tunnel – was similar to the design eventually built.

In 1957, the firm acted as adviser to the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas for another unsuccessful scheme.

In the early 1970s, the firm capitalised on work funded by British Rail to develop means of calculating the aerodynamic behaviour of high-speed trains in long, complex tunnel systems (the resulting methods are still used today to design tunnels for rail traffic). MHA and French firm SETEC were appointed as joint advisers to the British and French Channel Tunnel Companies, who proposed a workable scheme. Exploratory construction contracts were let, but the British Government abandoned the scheme in 1975, with the first tunnel boring machine (built to dig the service tunnel) literally sitting on its launch frame. Despite the lack of funding, a short section of service tunnel was dug beneath the English coast through ground that had been filled with instruments to assess the performance of the TBM. This section of service tunnel was incorporated into the successful scheme a decade later.

In the late 1970s, British Rail and SNCF appointed MHA and Setec as advisors to a smaller-scale project which also came to nothing.

In the early 1980s, Mott, Hay and Anderson provided design services to two of the consortia bidding for the Channel Tunnel (Euroroute, who proposed a road tunnel, and the Channel Tunnel Group). The bid by the Channel Tunnel Group and France Manche was successful: the two bidders joined forces and reformed as an operating company Eurotunnel and construction contractor TransManche Link. MHA were appointed as the contractor's designer for the works on the British site (designing temporary works, bored tunnel linings, cut-and-cover tunnels, earthworks, trackwork, terminals & sea defences) and as designer for the ventilation, aerodynamics, smoke control and refrigeration systems in the entire tunnel.

Between 1986 and 1994, the company expended approximately 650-man-years of work on the design of the Channel Tunnel.

Sources

External links
Mott MacDonald website
Mott MacDonald website page on Channel Tunnel

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Consulting firms established in 1902
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1902
1902 establishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1989
British companies established in 1902
Construction and civil engineering companies disestablished in the 20th century

Mott, Hay and Anderson


Karel Soucek (April 19, 1947 – January 20, 1985; né Karel Souček) was a Czech professional stuntman living in Canada who went over Niagara Falls in a barrel in 1984. He lived in Hamilton, Ontario.

Soucek prepared for his 1984 Niagara Falls stunt by researching previous attempts, by sending unmanned barrels over the falls to test the currents, and by dropping his barrel off the Niagara Escarpment in Hamilton to test its shock absorbence. Soucek's custom-made barrel was  long and  in diameter. It was bright red and bore the words, "Last of the Niagara Daredevils - 1984" and "It's not whether you fail or triumph, it's that you keep your word... and at least try!" On July 2, 1984, the barrel was rolled into the Niagara River  above the cataract of Niagara Falls with Soucek inside. In seconds, the barrel was swept over the brink. Shortly after, Soucek emerged bleeding but safe.

Soucek was fined $500 for performing the stunt without a license. He had also spent $15,000 on materials and labor and $30,000 to film the stunt, but quickly earned back all his costs from sales and interviews. Having tasted success, Soucek decided to build a museum at Niagara Falls, Ontario in which to display his stunting paraphernalia. He convinced a corporation to finance a barrel drop of  from the top of the Houston Astrodome into a tank of water to pay for his project.

On January 19, 1985, as Soucek was enclosed in his barrel, 180 feet above the floor of the Astrodome, the barrel was released prematurely and began spinning as it fell toward the floor. Instead of landing in the center of the tank of water, the barrel hit the rim. Foam pads which had been placed at the bottom of the tank to cushion Soucek's fall had floated to the surface before the barrel was released. Soucek, severely injured, was still alive when he was cut from the barrel but died while the Astrodome stunt show was still going on. Stuntman Evel Knievel had tried to persuade Soucek not to go through with the stunt, calling it "the most dangerous I've ever seen".

Soucek is buried at the Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.

See also
Over the Falls in a barrel
List of inventors killed by their own invention

External links

References

1947 births
1985 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Texas
Canadian stunt performers
Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Filmed deaths from falls
Filmed deaths in the United States
Inventors killed by their own invention
People who went over Niagara Falls

Karel Soucek


San Antonio de Palé, is the caipital o Annobón, an island in Equatorial Guinea that wis ance pairt o the Spaingie Empire in Africae.

A sma toun, it haes ae 600 inhabitants, the majority o whom speak the Annobonese creole. It is locatit in the extreme north o the island, which is the driest an flattest aurie. It is hame tae an aerodrome, a quay, a medical centre, a schuil, a lichthoose, a radio station an a Catholic mission.

History
Foondit bi Portuguese explorers, it passed unner Spaingie control in 1778, alang wi the rest o Annobón. In 1801, the Breetish constructit a sma fort there, an later on, in 1827, Spain rentit oot the aurie aroond San Antonio as a Breetish base for the slave trade. The toun an aa served as the centre o evangelisation o runaway slaves frae Angolae. Capuchin an Carmelite missionaries first made the toun their base in 1580.

Annobón Province
Populatit places in Equatorial Guinea

San Antonio de Palé


Gyrokinetic ElectroMagnetic (GEM) is a gyrokinetic plasma turbulence simulation that uses the  particle-in-cell method.  It is used to study waves, instabilities and nonlinear behavior of tokamak fusion plasmas.  Information about GEM can be found at the GEM web page.

There are two versions of GEM, one is a flux-tube version  and the other one is a global general geometry
version.  Both versions of GEM use a field-aligned coordinate system. Ions are treated kinetically, but averaged over their gyro-obits and electrons are treated as drift-kinetic.

The modeling of the tokamak plasmas
GEM solves the electromagnetic gyrokinetic equations which are the appropriate equations for well magnetized plasmas.  The plasma is treated statistically as a kinetic distribution function. The distribution function depends on the three-dimensional position, the energy and magnetic moment. The time evolution of the distribution function is described by gyrokinetic theory which simply averages the Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations over the fast gyromotion associated with particles exhibiting cyclotron motion about the magnetic field lines.  This eliminates fast time scales associated with the gyromotion and reduces the dimensionality of the problem from six down to five.

Algorithm to solve the equations
GEM uses the delta-f particle-in-cell (PIC) plasma simulation method. An expansion about an adiabatic response is made for electrons to overcome the limit of small time step, which is caused by the fast motion of electrons.  GEM uses a novel electromagnetic algorithm allowing direct numerical simulation of the electromagnetic problem at high plasma pressures.  GEM uses a two-dimensional domain decomposition (see domain decomposition method) of the grid and particles to obtain good performance on massively parallel computers.  A Monte Carlo method is used to model small angle Coulomb collisions.

Applications
GEM is used to study nonlinear physics associated with tokamak plasma turbulence and transport.  Tokamak turbulence driven by ion-temperature-gradient modes, electron-temperature gradient modes, trapped electron modes and micro-tearing modes has been investigated using GEM.  It is also being used to look at energetic particle driven magnetohydrodynamic (see magnetohydrodynamics) eigenmodes.

See also
List of plasma (physics) articles

References

External links
http://cips.colorado.edu/Group/Simulation/Gem.php

Plasma physics
Computational physics
Tokamaks

Gyrokinetic ElectroMagnetic


Lego Mindstorms NXT is a robotic kit. It is made to build and program first robot in 30 minutes. The kit replaces a system called Robotics Invention System. The available versions are: Lego Mindstorms NXT 1.0 (set #8527), Lego Mindstorm NXT 2.0 (set #8547) and Lego Mindstorms Education NXT (set #9797). It comes with the NXT-G programming software. It is possible to use unofficial programming languages, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC using software that is not included with the kit.

The main component in the kit is computer module that controls the robot's movements and actions called the NXT Intelligent Brick. It has 32-bit microprocessor, four inputs, three outputs, Bluetooth communications, a speaker, 1 USB 2.0 port, and a 100×64 LCD display. Also, the NXT includes three powerful servo motors with rotation sensors. Very simple programs can be created in the menu on the NXT Intelligent Brick without a computer.  More complicated programs can be downloaded via Bluetooth or USB from the computer to the robot. The graphical, drag-and-drop programming language NXT-G is simple, but complete enough to be usable.

The NXT comes with five types of sensors: Touch, Light, Sound, Ultrasonic, and Rotation. The sound sensor is not included in the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 kit.
 The touch sensor reacts to touch and release. It can detect single or multiple button presses, and reports back to the NXT Intelligent Brick.
 The Light Sensor enables the robot to decide what is light and what is dark and the light intensity, or hue, of different colors.
 The Sound Sensor is able to measure noise levels in both dB (decibels) and dBA (frequencies around 3–6 kHz where the human ear is most sensitive)
 The Ultrasonic Sensor is able to detect an object and measure distance in inches or centimeters.
 The Rotation Sensor is built into every motor so position and speed are always available to NXT programs.

In the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 is new Colour sensor. It can detects different colours and measure the amount of reflected light and ambient light.

Robots

Lego Mindstorms NXT


Mykhailo Ivanovych Tereshchenko (; ; 18 March 1886 – 1 April 1956) was the foreign minister of Russia from 18 May 1917 to 7 November 1917 . He was also a major Ukrainian landowner, the proprietor of several sugar factories, and a financier.

Biography
Born to a rich Tereshchenko family of sugar factory owners, entrepreneurs, philanthropists, and art patrons of Ivan Tereshchenko (1854–1903) and Elizabeth Mikhailovna. Mikhail had a younger brother Mykola (1894–?). His uncle Oleksandr Tereshchenko (1856–1911) worked in Saint-Petersburg. Mykhailo Tereshchenko graduated from Kyiv University and Leipzig University. In 1910, he joined the Freemasonry and became one of the five prominent Masons in Russia (the other four being Aleksandr Konovalov, Alexander Kerensky, Nikolai Nekrasov, and Ivan Yefremov). Mikhail Tereshchenko was a member of the Fourth State Duma (he shared the views of the Russian Progressive Party). In 1912–1914, Tereshchenko was the owner of a private publishing house Sirin in St Petersburg, which published Andrey Bely's pioneering novel Petersburg in three installments in 1913–1914. During World War I, he took part in organizing the Red Cross hospitals. In 1915–1917, Mikhail Tereshchenko was the chairman of the Military Industry Committee of the Kyiv district and deputy chairman of the All-Russian Military Industry Committee.

After the February Revolution of 1917, Mykhailo Tereshchenko was appointed Minister of Finance of the Provisional Kerensky Government. In April 1917, Tereshchenko (together with Kerensky and Nekrasov) was actively seeking to create a governmental interparty coalition with the Socialists. On 5 May 1917, he was appointed minister of foreign affairs after the resignation of Pavel Milyukov. Tereshchenko continued his foreign policy course, which led to his conflict with Minister of War Alexander Verkhovsky, who had considered Russia to be unable to continue the war. He was a member of the Directorate in September 1917. Tereshchenko was known to support the Ukrainian government which led to the establishment and recognition of the General Secretariat in Ukraine 1917.

On the night of 26 October, Mykhailo Tereshchenko was arrested in the Winter Palace with other ministers of the Provisional Government and placed into the Peter and Paul Fortress while his office was temporarily held by Anatoly Neratov. In the spring of 1918, Tereshchenko escaped from prison and fled to Norway with the Tereshchenko blue diamond, sold in 1984 for $4.6 million, by Christie's later on, to Robert Mouawad, a famous Lebanese jeweller. Tereshchenko was one of the supporters of allied intervention in Soviet Russia. In 1920s and 1930s, he was engaged in financial activities in France and Madagascar.

Personal life
Tereshchenko was an active member of the irregular freemasonic lodge, the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples. Along with Kerensky, Alexander Galpern, Yefremov, Kolyubakin and Nekrasov, he was a member of the lodge "La Petite Ourse" (Ursa Minor), which was founded in 1910 in St. Petersburg. This lodge was considered the coordinating lodge of the entire Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples.

References

External links
Михаил Иванович Терещенко at Вашъ Кіевъ (Your Kiev) project.
Терещенко дал деньги на киевскую консерваторию. 120 лет назад родился бизнесмен и меценат Михаил Терещенко, Газета по-украински, 24.3.06,

1886 births
1956 deaths
20th-century Russian politicians
Foreign ministers of Russia
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Monaco
Politicians from the Russian Empire
Leipzig University alumni
Members of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples
Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire
Ministers of the Russian Provisional Government
Politicians from Kyiv
People from Kievsky Uyezd
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Mikhail
Businesspeople from Kyiv
White Russian emigrants to France
White Russian emigrants to Monaco
Ukrainian Freemasons
20th-century Russian businesspeople
20th-century Russian landowners

Mikhail Tereshchenko


The B vitamin complex (also called B vitamins) are a group of 8 vitamins. They have an important job in the metabolism of cells. Each B vitamin is a cofactor (a coenzyme) for some key metabolic processes or it is a precursor needed to make one.

Originally, people thought they were just different forms of one vitamin (as with Vitamin D, for example). Later it turned out that they are separate vitamins that often can be found together. They are Vitamin B1/Thiamine, Vitamin B2/Riboflavin, Vitamin B3/Vitamin P/Vitamin PP/Niacin,Vitamin B5/Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B7/Vitamin H/Biotin, Vitamin B9/Vitamin M/Vitamin B-c/Folate and Vitamin B12. They are required for growth, and proper functioning of nerves and muscles. B vitamins are found in meat, milk, whole grains and fresh vegetables.

Vitamin B deficiencies have been shown to cause the following symptoms:

mental problems
heart palpitations
heart arrhythmias
exhaustion
paranoia, vague fears, fear that something dreadful is about to happen, nervousness, ADD (attention deficiency), inability to concentrate
thoughts of dying
frustration
inability to sleep
restlessness
tingling in hands
tingling fingers and toes
crying spells, inability to cope
soreness all over

Well-known medical syndromes caused by thiamine deficiency are beri-beri, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), and optic neuropathy.

References

B vitamins


Hellnar () is an ancient fishing village, a cluster of old houses and buildings situated close to Arnarstapi on the westernmost part of the Snæfellsnes peninsula, Iceland.

Although Hellnar village used to be a major port of call for fishing vessels and the largest and busiest centre of fishing and fishing vessels in Snæfellsnes, there were also a few farms in and around Hellnar village along with quite a few semi-permanent and short-stay living quarters for seamen and the migrating workforce. Hellnar village can in all probability trace its function as a major port of call back to the Middle Ages, and the oldest written source of it being describes as a fishing port dates back to 1560.

In earlier times, Hellnar would have been in relatively large part fisheries-related farms and buildings, and in the national census of 1703, some 194 individuals were registered as being inhabitants of Hellnar. This same year the buildings and farms of Hellnar are listed as numbering 38 altogether, of which 7 farms are listed as agricultural farms, 11 as having fisheries and fisheries-related functions, and 20 as listed as being semi-permanent or short-stay lodgings for the migrating work force and displaced persons.

On the beach some spectacular rock formations are to be seen, one of which is a protruding cliff called Valasnös, which reaches across the ocean front and into the sea. Tunneling into this cliff there is a cave known for colorful changes of lighting and shades that vary in tune with the natural light and the movements of the sea.

Gallery

References

 Vesturland.is, Afþreying og staðir, 14. júlí 2010]
Þorsteinn Jósepsson | Steindór Steindórsson | Páll Líndal | Landið þitt Ísland, H-K, Örn og Örlygur, 1982

Populated places in Western Region (Iceland)
Snæfellsnes
Fishing communities
Fishing communities in Iceland
Snæfellsnes Volcanic Belt

Hellnar


Atlantic hurricane seasons
1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s
The decade of 1810s featured the 1810–1819 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

1810 Atlantic hurricane season
I. On July 30 and 31, this tropical storm impacted Jamaica.

II. On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage. The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th.

III. A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and 13, causing minor damage.

IV. A tropical cyclone impacts eastern Cuba on September 28.

V. The "Salty Storm" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25 before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic. The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35"

1811 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A minor hurricane that impacted Cuba continued onward to Charleston, South Carolina on September 10, causing many deaths, tornadoes, and crop damage as it moved across the state.

II. On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida. Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. Gunboat.

III. On October 11 a hurricane impacts Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama.

IV. A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and 25. On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane.

1812 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Between June 5 and 11, a tropical storm moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea.

II. A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on July 23.

III. On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.

Great Louisiana hurricane
IV. A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14. By August 19, it struck southeast Louisiana as a major hurricane after raking the Caribbean Islands. It passed just to the west of New Orleans, almost destroying the levee north of town. The hurricane caused severe flooding, damaged 53 boats, caused $6,000,000 in damage, and 100 deaths. The British fleet in the War of 1812 was disrupted.

V. There is record of another hurricane affecting Puerto Rico on August 21.

VI. Later in the season, a hurricane hit Jamaica on October 12, affecting the island into the 14th. It continued northwestward, hitting Cuba on the 14th before moving into the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda by October 17. It destroyed 500 houses and many ships.

1813 Atlantic hurricane season
I. On July 22, a hurricane hit Barbados, killing 18 there. It continued through the islands, affecting Puerto Rico on the 23rd, causing more damage and deaths along its path. This is likely the same storm that struck the Bahamas as a major hurricane on July 26 and recurved west of Bermuda by July 29.

II. After moving through the Leeward Islands on July 29, this storm struck Jamaica from July 31 – August 1, leading to many lives lost. The hurricane was last seen moving into Belize on August 3.

III. Between August 3 and 7, a tropical cyclone passed nearby Bermuda, with a bulk of the impact occurring on August 4 and early August 5. It was the worst hurricane to impact the island since 1793 and forced the construction of a breakwater to prevent a similar harbor disaster from recurring; more than 30 ships were driven ashore by the "violent gale." Winds were estimated at  during the cyclone's passage. (from the book Beware the Hurricane)

IV. A powerful hurricane hit Dominica and Martinique beginning August 25, causing 3000 deaths. The cyclone moved south of Jamaica by August 28.

V. A system that affected the Caicos Islands on August 24 moved northwest to strike as a compact major hurricane near Charleston, South Carolina on August 27, causing many deaths due to drowning. The system passed northward through the Mid-Atlantic States by August 29.

VI. Northeast Florida/Southeast Georgia was hit by a major hurricane on September 16, causing strong storm surge and 50 casualties.

1814 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A minimal hurricane hit South Carolina on July 1, causing 1 tornado.

II. A hurricane impacted Dominica and Puerto Rico between July 22 and 24.

III. A hurricane made landfall near Washington, D.C., including a tornado that "tore through the center", curtailing the Burning of Washington by the British.

III. A hurricane affected Bermuda for four days around October 10. (from Beware the Hurricane)

1815 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Cape Lookout, North Carolina was hit by a major hurricane on September 3. It moved northeastward across the state, reaching the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland. It weakened over land to a tropical storm, but still brought gusty winds to New England. It caused at least 4 deaths.

II. Three weeks later, another major hurricane was located off the coast of Virginia moving northward. It hit Long Island, New York on September 23, causing damage and destruction throughout New England. At least 20 deaths occurred, though "The loss of life was so heavy that the newspapers did not have space enough to give all the details of the marine disasters."

III. A tropical storm was located off the coast of South Carolina on September 28, but did not make landfall.

IV. From October 17 until October 19 Jamaica was hit by a hurricane. It drifted over the island, causing 100 deaths.

V. A minor hurricane hit Saint Bartholomew on October 18. It turned northwestward, and moved up the Chesapeake Bay on October 24, delaying ships' arrivals.

1816 Atlantic hurricane season
Records from ship logs have determined both 1815 and 1816 were active hurricane seasons, with at least 12 tropical cyclones ascribed to 1816 alone. 1816 was the Year without a Summer, and there is some evidence that a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone appears to be partially responsible for the increased 1816 tropical cyclone activity.

I. June 5–8: A hurricane brushed the Florida Keys, causing the loss of 5 ships. Interestingly, it appears to have been lured northward by an unusual June snowstorm across New England

II. Haiti, around Port-au-Prince, was struck by a hurricane on August 18

III. Martinique, eastern Cuba, and South Carolina were impacted by a hurricane between September 3 and 11.

IV. A tropical storm affected Virginia on September 18 before moving northeast into New York. The tropical storm caused heavy flooding in the James River area.

V. There is record of a hurricane moving by Dominica and Barbados on September 15 before devastating Puerto Rico on September 18. The cyclone then recurved between the United States East coast and Bermuda by September 25.

VI. On October 16–17, a severe gale was experienced in Dominica and Martinique. During the storm, an earthquake shook the region.

1817 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane was first observed near Tobago on August 1 before continuing through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico by August 6. It crossed over Florida, and when it reached the western Atlantic, it paralleled the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina. It moved inland over southern North Carolina, and brought heavy rain to the Norfolk, Virginia area, delaying mail delivery and causing flooding through the mid-Atlantic as it moved northward into Pennsylvania by August 9. Its track appears similar to that of Hurricane Charley of August 2004.

II. Barbados was struck by a hurricane on October 21, causing 250 deaths as it moved through the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane subsequently moved into Nicaragua by October 26.

1818 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane passed through the central Atlantic east of Bermuda to south and east of the Azores between August 26 and September 5. It reportedly silted at Hamilton Harbor on Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)

II. A hurricane passed by the Cayman Islands in early September. It crossed the Yucatán Peninsula, and turned northwest when it reached the Bay of Campeche. The hurricane intensified to a Category 2-3 before hitting Galveston, Texas on September 12 and continuing onward to Mississippi. The hurricane was "quite severe", destroying all but six houses on Galveston Island.

III. A tropical cyclone seriously affected Puerto Rico on September 22. It possibly recurved sharply offshore the Eastern Seaboard, as the frigate Macedonian encountered a hurricane on the 26th and 27th to the east-northeast of Bermuda. The breeze freshened that afternoon as the ship lay near 35.6N 55.7W. By sunset, waves increased to nine feet, and southeast gales lashed the system after midnight on the 27th. Winds continued to increase into that afternoon, as seas increased to . One man fell overboard by 5 p.m. and drowned. The hurricane reached its full violence by 10 p.m., splitting the storm staysails, and making the rigging useless. The main mast cracked under the strain by 2 a.m. on the 28th, and the mizzenmast followed suit by 4 a.m.. Seawater poured into the ship from all sides, as the wooden hull twisted under the force of the  waves. The ship finally cleared the storm without capsizing by noon, and finally got to see a sunset by the evening of the 29th (from Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian 1809-1922 p. 129-139).

IV. An October 12–14 hurricane affected Jamaica and the central Bahamas.

V. Between November 6 and 13, another hurricane moved across the southwest Caribbean Sea into Jamaica and Cuba.

1819 Atlantic hurricane season

Bay St. Louis Hurricane
The exact origin of this hurricane is unknown, but it likely formed off the coast of Cuba before heading on a west-northwest track towards the Gulf Coast. A small hurricane, it reached an estimated Category 3-4 strength before making landfall on July 27 in southeastern Louisiana, bringing heavy winds and a 5–6 ft storm surge. The hurricane continued northeastward, making a second landfall in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi before dissipating inland. Known as one of the most destructive hurricanes to affect the United States during the first half of the 19th century, the Bay St. Louis Hurricane caused severe damage across Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, leaving behind the remains of shattered buildings and uprooted trees. Several vessels (from small boats to 60-ton brigs) were driven ashore by the hurricane's storm surge. One of them was the capsizing of the U.S. warship Firebrand, drowning 39 sailors. Several U.S. solders were caught off guard by the hurricane and died in its midst. There were also reports of people being attacked by alligators, snapping turtles, and snakes, which further added to the death toll. The hurricane caused over $100,000 dollars (1819 US dollars) in damage, and killed between 43 and 175 people, some of them later found washed up across the Gulf Coast.

Other storms
II. A tropical storm hit between New Orleans and Apalachicola in September.

III. Between September 19 and 26, a hurricane tracked through the northeast Lesser Antilles and southwest of Bermuda. During September 21 and 22, this hurricane hit the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, causing heavy damage and loss of life.

IV. From October 13 to 15, a hurricane passed through the Leeward Islands.

V. A hurricane is recorded to have impacted Cuba on October 27 before moving onward to the Bahamas on October 28.

Related pages
 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

World Wide Web

Books
 David Longshore. "Bay St. Louis Hurricane." Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones. David Longshore. New York: Facts on File, 1998, p. 33-34.
 James Tertius De Kay. Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian 1809-1922. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000, p. 129-139.
 Terry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane! The Story of the Gyratory Tropical Storms That Have Struck Bermuda. Bermuda: Hamilton Press, 1966, p. 77-87.

Other websites
 http://www.treasurelore.com/florida/hurricanes.htm
 http://www.sephardim.org/jamaica/main.html
 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml
 http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/
 http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm

1810s
Atlantic hurricane season

1810s Atlantic hurricane seasons


Karategi (空手着 or 空手衣), also called keikogi or dogi, is the formal Japanese name for the traditional uniform used for Karate practice and competition.

Description

A karategi is somewhat similar to a judogi (柔道着 or 柔道衣, Judo uniform) as it shares a common origin; however, the material and cut of the uniform is generally much lighter and looser fitting. The heaviest of Karategi are only  compared to some judogi at . Because of the nature of Karate training which emphasizes striking, kicking and a more limited range of standing throws compared to Judo the karategi has evolved in a manner that maximizes mobility and speed without the extremely coarse and strong fabric required for grappling and throwing found in Judo. They are made from smooth cotton which may be brushed or ribbed for unrestricted movement and added comfort. Reinforced stitching is common, as to compensate for the stresses put on the gi.

Inferior karategi are often cut from a light fabric similar to that of a summer shirt. These karategi are easily ripped, and tend to adhere to the practitioner's skin, creating some discomfort after any extensive perspiration is experienced. Such materials yield a karategi no heavier than the .

Most quality karategi are cut from a light canvas style cloth because of its ability to stand up to considerable amounts of rigorous application and abuse without restricting the mobility of the karateka. Typically, such karategi weigh at least .

The weight of the material helps Karateka determine how rigid the suit will be.  or  cotton canvas is standard, although some manufacturers offer  materials. It is not unusual for a martial artist to feel better cooled when using a heavier karategi, compared to the cheaper karategi. Naturally, heavier suits will be more rigid. This rigidity increases ventilation within the suit. The heavier gi also has a more pronounced sound when a move is executed. Despite the extra weight of the heavier fabrics, most experienced practitioners prefer them due to their durability, and the ability of the thicker fabric to wick away perspiration.

The three main cuts of karate gi are Kata, European and Japanese. The Japanese cut has short sleeves and trousers for less restriction. This cut also has a longer lapel that prevents it from riding up over the belt (obi). The Kata cut is very rare. It has even shorter sleeves and is chosen more for aesthetic appeal. European Cut has longer sleeves and trouser. The lapel is shorter. This cut again is chosen for aesthetic appeal. Karate uniforms come in a wide array of colours. Most Karateka still wear white. Some clubs use a system of differing colours to differentiate students from instructors.

Different styles of Karate have slightly different uniforms though all share the same basic design, differing only in the lengths of sleeves, legs and the skirt of the uwagi (jacket). Many karateka tend to wear their obi (belt) much longer than judoka and other martial artists.

Karategi are sometimes worn to practice other arts, such as jujutsu, when the practitioners are young and can expect to grow out of the gi in a few years; in this case, their reduced durability in comparison to judogi is less of a factor, and buying karategi until the practitioner stops growing is more cost-effective.

The karate gi appears to have been developed from the Judo uniform. When Gichin Funakoshi demonstrated karate in Japan at the Kodokan, he still wore a traditional judo gi.

"GI" is a recognised word in both the official scrabble dictionary and the Merriam Webster Second edition dictionary.

See also

 Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi
 Judogi (Judo uniform)
 Karate
 Keikogi
 Tokaido (company)

References

Karate
Keikogi

Karate gi


Ann Belford Ulanov is an American academic and psychotherapist. She is the Christiane Brooks Johnson Memorial Professor of Psychiatry and Religion at Union Theological Seminary in New York City and a Jungian analyst in private practice.

Education and career
Belford Ulanov  graduated with a B.A. degree from Radcliffe College in 1959 and received M.Div. and Ph.D. degrees from Union Theological Seminary, in 1962 and 1967 respectively. She is an Episcopalian and her teaching and research are in psychiatry and religion, with a special interest in issues of prayer and the spiritual life, aggression, anxiety, fantasy and dream, identity, and the feminine. She also manages the lecture series in memory of her late husband, Barry Ulanov.

Awards
In 1996, she won the Oskar Pfister Award for religion and psychology.

Works
The Feminine in Christian Theology and in Jungian Psychology
Receiving Woman: Studies in the Psychology and Theology of the Feminine
Picturing God; The Wisdom of the Psyche; The Female Ancestors of Christ
The Wizards' Gate
The Functioning Transcendent
Korean edition of our Religion and the Unconscious (1996)
Korean edition of  Primary Speech (2001)
Korean edition of Cinderella and Her Sisters (2002)
Religion and the Spiritual in Carl Jung
Finding Space: Winnicott, God, and Psychic Reality
Attacked by Poison Ivy, A Psychological Study
Italian edition of Cinderella and Her Sisters (2003)
Spiritual Aspects of Clinical Work (2004)
Czech edition of The Female Ancestors of Christ
The Unshuttered Heart: Opening to Aliveness/Deadness in the Self
Creativity and Madness (2013)
Knots and Their Untying: Essays on Psychological Dilemmas (2014)
With her husband, Barry Ulanov:
Religion and the Unconscious
Primary Speech: A Psychology of Prayer
Cinderella and Her Sisters: The Envied and the Envying
The Witch and The Clown: Two Archetypes of Human Sexuality
The Healing Imagination
Transforming Sexuality: The Archetypal World of Anima and Animus

Sources
 Union Theological Seminary - Ann Belford Ulanov
 "The Space between Pastoral Care and Global Terrorism" in the Scottish Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy

Living people
Jungian psychologists
American psychoanalysts
Radcliffe College alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ann Belford Ulanov


The third Reindeer (ATA-189), originally projected as ATR-116, was laid down by the Levingston Shipbuilding Co., Orange, Texas, 18 September 1944; launched 19 October 1944; and commissioned 20 December 1944.

Following shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, Reindeer transited the Panama Canal, 30 January 1945, and arrived at Pearl Harbor 11 March. She then undertook towing operations to Eniwetok, Guam, Ulithi, Leyte, Guadalcanal, Hollandia, and back to Leyte where she was at war's end. Shifting to Okinawa in mid-September, she operated there until December, then moved on to Guam for operations until April 1946. She returned to Pearl Harbor 30 May via Manus and Kwajalein.

Operating out of San Diego and San Pedro from July through September, she transited the Panama Canal in October, reached Norfolk 2 November, then steamed to Orange, Tex., arriving 19 November. She was employed by the 19th Fleet for the next year and a half on towing assignments along the Gulf Coast from Galveston, Texas, to Mayport, Florida., and up to Charleston (in February 1947). Inactivation followed and she decommissioned at Orange, Texas, 29 August 1947. A unit of the "mothball" fleet, she was berthed at Orange until moved to Galveston, 21 November 1948, and finally to Green Cove Springs, Florida, 25 June 1958. She remained berthed at Green Cove Springs until transferred to the Maritime Administration in March 1961, and berthed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at James River, Virginia, where she remained until 1970.

References

 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive USS Reindeer (ATA-189)

1944 ships
Ships built in Orange, Texas
Sotoyomo-class tugs

USS Reindeer (ATA-189)


The Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve is a protected marine nature reserve located in the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Shark Bay in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. The  nature reserve boasts the most diverse and abundant examples of living marine stromatolites in the world, monuments to life on Earth over  million years BP.

Location and access
Hamelin Pool is the eastern major waters within Shark Bay, separated from the western area by the Peron Peninsula, with a smaller water body just adjacent to its northern border with Faure Island - L'Haridon Bight the juncture being defined by Petit Point. At the northern edge of the Hamelin Pool area is the Wooramel Seagrass Bank.
The marine reserve is situated adjacent to the Hamelin Station Reserve and the historic Hamelin Pool Telegraph Station about  west of the Overlander Roadhouse on the North West Coastal Highway. Access is via Hamelin Pool Road and then through the Hamelin Pool Telegraph Station grounds. Access is free.

Marine reserve
The Marine Reserve covers . It is one of only a few places in the world where living marine stromatolites can be found. Other locations for stromatolites include an underwater site ( deep) in the Caribbean, Persian Gulf, and in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. Hamelin Pool contains the most diverse range of stromatolites and microbial diversity in the world.

The stromatolites in Hamelin Pool were discovered by surveyors working for an oil exploration company in 1956 and were the first living examples of structures built by cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria living in Hamelin Pool are direct descendants of the oldest form of photosynthetic life on earth. The stromatolites are similar to 3,500 million year old stromatolite fossils found in many places around the world. Stromatolites are an example of the earliest record of life on earth. They are found around the shores, mostly in the neighbourhood of .

Hamelin Pool is hypersaline (it has approximately double the salinity of normal seawater), providing an ideal environment for the stromatolites to grow, and inhibiting other marine life which would normally feed on the bacteria. The cyanobacteria live in communities on the sea bed at densities of 3 billion individuals per square metre. They are the simplest life forms to use photosynthesis to provide food and oxygen.  They provided the early Earth with most of its oxygen atmosphere billions of years before plants appeared. Very fine particles of solids i.e. sand, crushed shell etc. are trapped by the sticky bacteria, to become cemented with calcium carbonate produced by the bacteria, thereby building up the stromatolite structures. Some structures are pillars up to  high and have taken thousands of years to grow. In the Marble Bar area of Western Australia there are fossil stromatolites approximately  high and  diameter. These are estimated to be over three billion years old. Typical growth is about  per year.

There are three basic types of stromatolite, the sub-tidal (always under water) columns and the inter-tidal (exposed to air and sun during low tides) anvil or mushroom shapes depicted in most pictures. Algal mats form in the inter-tidal region and appear as areas of flat black mud flats but are actually living stromatolite.

At Hamelin Pool there is an interpretive boardwalk for tourists to venture out and examine the stromatolite structures. This is the only access area for the general public because of the fragile nature of the environment in the Hamelin Pool.

The  Hutchinson Island and the Pelican Island are located within the nature reserve.

Telegraph station

At the Historic Hamelin Pool Telegraph Station built in 1884 and Historic Old Post Office first built in 1886 now the local Community Post Office/Public Phone Box. The museum showing information on the growth of stromatolites and includes what is the only stromatolites living in captivity (in an aquarium) in the world. The museum also covers the building and operation of the Historic Telegraph Station back to the 1880s.

References

Further reading
 (1994) Shark Bay marine reserves draft management plan : Shark Bay Marine Park, Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve Department of Conservation and Land Management for the National Parks and Conservation Authority. Perth, W.A : CALM for the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority.  "Shark Bay marine reserves draft management plan 1994"—Cover.
 Thomson, Carolyn (1997) Discovering Shark Bay Marine Park and Monkey Mia Como, W.A. Department of Conservation and Land Management.
 Western Australia & Bancroft, K & Davidson, J (2002). In Field survey of marine ecological communities in Shark Bay Marine Park and Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve (18–29 March 2002) : Marine Management Support, Shark Bay. Dept. of Conservation & Land Management, Marine Conservation Branch, Fremantle, W.A

External links

 Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve

Nature reserves in Western Australia
Natural pools
Shire of Shark Bay
DIWA-listed wetlands

Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve


Sir Alec Guinness,  (2 Aprile 19145 August 2000) wis an Inglis actor. Efter an early career on the stage he wis featurt in several o the Ealing Comedies, includin Kind Hearts and Coronets in which he played aicht different chairacters. Houiver, he wis probably best kent for his sax collaborations wi David Lean: Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations (1946), Fagin in Oliver Twist (1948), Col. Nicholson in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957, for which he wan the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Yevgraf in Doctor Zhivago (1965), an Professor Godbole in A Passage to India (1984). He is an aa weel kent for his portrayal o Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas's oreeginal Star Wars trilogy. He wis ane o the three major Breetish actors, alang wi John Gielgud an Laurence Olivier, who, immediately efter the Seicont Warld War, successfully transeeetioned frae Shakespearean theatre in thair home kintra tae Hollywid blockbusters.

1914 births
2000 daiths
20t-century Inglis male actors
Academy Honorary Awaird recipients
Actors awairdit Breetish knichtheids
Male actors frae Lunnon
European Film Awairds winners (fowk)
BAFTA fellaes
Best Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Breetish Actor BAFTA Awaird winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Daiths frae cancer in Ingland
Commanders o the Order o the Breetish Empire
Converts tae Roman Catholicism frae Anglicanism
Copywriters
Daiths frae liver cancer
Inglis male film actors
Inglis memoirists
Inglis Roman Catholics
Inglis male stage actors
Inglis male televeesion actors
Evening Standard Awaird for Best Actor
Knichts Bachelor
Members o the Order o the Companions o Honour
Laurence Olivier Awaird winners
Fowk frae Paddington
Petersfield, Hampshire
Ryal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel o Warld War II
Ryal Navy afficers
Tony Awaird winners
Volpi Cup winners
Delia Austrick medal recipients

Alec Guinness


Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and  accounting.

In finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business.

In classical economics, capital is one of the four factors of production. The others are land, labor and organization. Goods with the following features are capital goods as opposed to consumer goods or durable goods:
 Goods that can be used in the production of other goods (this is what makes it a factor of production).
 Goods made by humans, in contrast to "land," which refers to naturally occurring resources such as geographical locations and minerals.
 Goods not used up immediately in the process of production, unlike raw materials or intermediate goods (e.g. machinery).

The third part of the definition was not always used by classical economists. The classical economist David Ricardo would use the above definition for the term fixed capital while including raw materials and intermediate products are part of world life in which they can easily spend their life.

Related pages
Human capital
Social capital

Economics
Factors of production

Capital (economics)


Manley Augustus Buchanan (born 19 April 1949, Trenchtown, Kingston, Jamaica), better known as Big Youth (sometimes called Jah Youth), is a Jamaican rapper and singer, mostly known for his work during the 1970s.

He commented, "Deejays were closest to the people because there wasn't any kind of establishment control on the sound systems".

Biography

Early career
Before beginning his musical career, Buchanan worked as a diesel mechanic at Kingston's Sheraton Hotel, where he would develop his toasting skills while he worked, and was nicknamed "Big Youth" by his co-workers. He started to perform at dances, initially influenced by U-Roy, and became a regular with Lord Tippertone's sound system by 1970, becoming the resident deejay, and attracting the attention of Kingston's record producers. His early singles for producers such as Jimmy Radway ("The Best Big Youth"), Lee Perry ("Moving Version") and Phil Pratt ("Tell It Black") were artistically and commercially unsuccessful.

1970s peak
By 1972 he had begun working with Augustus "Gussie" Clarke, a teenage producer whose rhythms and singers were more in tune with the vibes on the streets of Kingston, and "The Killer" (on a version of Horace Andy's "Skylarking" rhythm) became his first major Jamaican hit, soon followed by "Tippertone Rocking". Following this, he released the  successful "S-90 Skank", featuring a motorbike being revved in the studio, for Keith Hudson's Imbidmts label, versioning the producer's own "We Will Work It Out". This became his first Jamaican number one hit, and also featured in a television advert for the Honda motorcycle that inspired it. The first album to feature his vocals, Chi Chi Run was produced by Prince Buster in 1972. Distinctive musically, his half-sung style contrasting with his contemporaries, he was also visually distinctive, with his teeth inlaid with red, gold, and green jewels.

In 1973, he released his first album entitled Screaming Target, produced by Gussie Clarke. The album is still considered as a classic of its genre, featuring rhythms from well-known hits by Gregory Isaacs, Leroy Smart, and Lloyd Parks, among others. Around this time, he also notched up some achievements in the singles chart, having seven singles in the chart at one time, and having four singles remain in the top 20 for an entire year. Throughout 1974 and 1975, he continued to record for other producers, including Glen Brown ("Dubble Attack"), The Abyssinians ("I Pray Thee"/"Dreader than Dread"), Yabby You ("Yabby Youth" – later known as "Lightning Flash (Weak Heart Drop)"), Bunny Wailer ("Bide"/"Black on Black") and Joe Gibbs ("Medecine Doctor").

His next LP, Dread Locks Dread, was released on Klik Records in 1976. Although ostensibly a Big Youth LP produced by "Prince" Tony Robinson, it in fact only featured six vocal tracks, two of which – "Marcus Garvey Dread" (originally "Mosia Garvey" on Jack Ruby's Fox label) and "Lightning Flash" had been released as singles for other producers.

By this time he had begun releasing his own self-produced recordings on the Negusa Nagast and Augustus Buchanan labels in Jamaica, sometimes buying rhythms from producers for whom he had worked, but latterly using his own musicians, usually the Soul Syndicate band. Many of his singles, such as "Hot Stock", and "Battle of the Giants" (with U-Roy) were released on this imprint. His first self-produced LP was Reggae Phenomenon in 1974. His self-productions continued with Natty Cultural Dread in 1976, followed later that year by Hit the Road Jack. He covered "Wake Up Everybody" and "What a World Needs Now" also. This was helpful, as new young DJs such as Trinity and Clint Eastwood were appearing on the scene, and Big Youth's chanting style was becoming less fashionable.

He signed to Virgin Records' Frontline label in 1977, his first release on the label being the Isaiah First Prophet of Old album, and he also appeared in the film Rockers. Virgin declined the chance to release his next three albums, however, and as the 1970s came to a close, Big Youth's popularity took a dip. By 1982, events had combined to make reggae much less successful than it had been five years earlier.  The rising tide of violence had driven many musicians and producers to leave Jamaica for the UK and US; reggae had not broken through to widespread commercial success, and, in the wake of Bob Marley's death a lot of major labels either dropped their Jamaican artists or spent little on promoting them, and the music returned to its insular roots. "Slackness" (sexually explicit lyrics) became far more fashionable than cultural Rastafari movement, and teenagers looked more towards the United States for their heroes. While his records continued to find a market, tunes like "Jah Jah Golden Jubilee", "A Luta Continua" and "Chanting" failed to capture the public imagination.

1980s onwards
The modern digital rhythms were far from suited to Big Youth's style, and his forays into the studio became less frequent. His appearance at Reggae Sunsplash in 1982 (he would appear another four times between 1983 and 1996) was well received, but his success during the 1980s was limited. His career revived in 1990, with the "Chanting" single, produced by Winston "Niney" Holness, and "Free South Africa" on the protest album One Man One Vote.

In the 2000s, Big Youth teamed up with modern dub producer Twilight Circus to record two notable singles 'Daniel in the Lions Den' and 'What We Need Is Love', in a style hearkening to the sound of Youth's vintage 1970s classics.

Discography

 Chi Chi Run – Fab 1972 (feat. Big Youth on four out of eleven tracks)
 Screaming Target – Trojan 1973
 Reggae Phenomenon – Augustus Buchanen 1974
 Dreadlocks Dread – Klick 1975
 Cool Breeze – Ride Like Lightning – The Best of Big Youth 1972–1976
 Natty Cultural Dread – Trojan 1976
 Hit the Road Jack – Trojan 1976
 Reggae Gi Dem Dub – Nicola Delita 1978
 Isaiah First Prophet of Old – Nicola Delita, Caroline Records 1978
 Progress – Nicola Delita 1979
 Everyday Skank (The Best of Big Youth) – Trojan TRLS 189 1980
 Rock Holy – Negusa Negast 1980
 Some Great Big Youth – Heartbeat 1981
 Chanting Dread Inna Fine Style – Heartbeat 1982
 Live at Reggae Sunsplash – Genes 1983
 A Luta Continua – Heartbeat 1985
 Manifestation – Heartbeat 1988
 Jamming in the House of Dread – Danceteria 1991
 Higher Grounds – JR, VP Records 1995
 Save the children – Declic 1995
 Natty Universal Dread 1973–1979 – Blood & Fire 2000
 Musicology – Steven Stanley's studios (Tuff Gong) 2006
 No Jestering-Strictly Sensi Music (with Sista Sensi) 2016

References

External links
 Big Youth at Roots Archives
 BBC profile
 Big Youth on french site
Articles
 Big Youth interview at IReggae

Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican Rastafarians
1949 births
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
ROIR artists
Trojan Records artists
Heartbeat Records artists

Big Youth


Mob Queen is a 1998 American romantic comedy directed by Jon Carnoy and written by Mike Horelick.

Plot
The film is set in Brooklyn in 1957. After the consigliere (assistant) to the Mafia Don dies, crushed by a crate of tuna-fish cans, small-time hood George sees his chance to move up.  Together with his dim-witted sidekick, Dip, they celebrate with some prostitutes – George is ecstatic when treated to the oral talents of Glorice, the new girl on the docks.  When they realize they've forgotten mob boss Joey "The Heart" Aorta's birthday, George suggests a date with the beautiful Glorice.  But the date doesn't go well, and Aorta ends up with plate of spaghetti on his head.  Fortunately, Aorta likes Glorice's tough style, and George and Dip celebrate.  Their festivities are cut short when they discover that Glorice is a transsexual woman.

The two try introducing Aorta to other women, but none can match up to Glorice because, as Aorta says, "She's got balls".  The Mafia Don even thanks George with a kiss, and George panics, thinking he's received the ominous "Kiss of Death".  But his fear is unfounded as Aorta promotes George to consigliere and throws him a party with a cake made by Mickey the Baker.  As the assistant and new friend to the boss, George is forced to drive the two on a date which ends with Aorta on the receiving end of Glorice's oral talents.  Aorta announces his engagement to Glorice with George to be best man, and the beautiful moll reveals to George her plan of blackmail.  So George decides to hire hitman Briles, an expert assassin.  But he fails when Glorice recognizes the hitman as a long-lost uncle, and the hitman is unwilling to kill a nephew in a dress.

George, dejected, walks the streets when he's suddenly tackled by a draft detective.  George proves his undraftable 4-F status by showing his flat feet. Discovering Glorice in the draft detective's wanted file, George turns Glorice in to the Navy.  When Glorice doesn't turn up at the wedding, Aorta cries on George's shoulder, believing Glorice left him at the altar.  George and Dip celebrate.  That is, until Glorice returns from the Navy with some sailors who beat George up.  Glorice finds Aorta and convinces him to have a quick wedding.  A bruised George drives to the church, deciding to take matters into his own hands.  He intercepts Glorice in the women's room and shoves the gun into the back of her head.  But he doesn't kill her.  Instead, the two start kissing, completely in love.  Aorta walks in and threatens to kill George for stealing his fiancé.  To save George, Glorice reveals "her" tool, shocking Aorta, who dies of a heart attack.  At Aorta's funeral, it becomes clear that George is now the new Don, Glorice his "Mob Queen".

Cast
David Proval as George Gianfranco
Dan Moran as Dip McKenzie
Candis Cayne as Glorice Kalsheim
Tony Sirico as Joey (The Heart) Aorta
Marlene Forte as Chica
Mario Macaluso as Mr. Amato the Funeral Director
Jerry Grayson as Briles The Hitman
Gerry Cooney as Mickey The Baker

External links

1998 films
1998 romantic comedy films
1998 LGBT-related films
Films about trans women
American LGBT-related films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films about the American Mafia

Mob Queen


Audiobooks or "talking books" are books that have been read aloud by someone and recorded. Nowadays, they are usually recorded onto compact discs (CDs), although some older editions remain on cassette tapes. (This is why many texts in this format were first called books-on-tape.) More recently, audiobooks have been available to download from the internet (free or paid-for) and pre-recorded on special MP3 players.

While audiobooks can be used by anyone, they serve as a main resource for people who are blind or cannot see well.

Many popular books are often chosen to be turned into audiobooks. The original author may or may not be involved in choosing the narrator for the reading. Some authors often use the same reader for many books, so that their audiobooks have a similar sound or style.

References

Disability
Books

Audiobook


Brain death means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed.  No treatment can help.  When a person is brain dead, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things.  A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own.  They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.

Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications.  For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs.  While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better.  Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

Diagnosis

Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient.  They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own.  If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:
 The person has no reflexes (for example, they do not gag when the doctor touches the back of their throat)
 The person's pupils do not change size in bright light or in the dark
 The person does not move or react when the doctor does something painful (like pinching the person's skin)
 The person does not try to breathe on their own

Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives).  They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain.  Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests.  If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

Immediate diagnosis
Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away.  These tests include:
 EEG, which records the electrical activity in the brain.  A brain-dead person will have no electrical activity in their brain.
 Brain scans like CT scans.  A brain-dead person will have no blood flowing to their brain.

Causes
Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain.  The most common causes are:
 A very bad head injury
 A stroke which cut off the brain's oxygen supply or caused bleeding in the brain
 Swelling in the brain, either from an infection like encephalitis, or from the brain not getting enough oxygen.

Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem.  If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.

Other websites
 Understanding Brain Death (in Simple English)  from Brigham & Women's Hospital

References

Death
Diseases and disorders of the brain

Brain death


Irvin McDowell was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1818 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1838. He fought in the Mexican-American War. At the start of the Civil War, he became a brigadier general and commanded the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was blamed for the Union defeat in the battle. He then commanded a corps in the Second Battle of Bull Run. After that battle, he was sent to command the U.S. soldiers in California. He retired from the army in 1882. He helped build parks in San Francisco, California until he died in 1885.

1818 births
1885 deaths
American Civil War generals
Military people from Ohio

Irvin McDowell


A Poncho chilote is type of woolen poncho originating from southern Chile and usually associated with Chiloé Archipelago. The Poncho chilote is of simple design, most often it features stripes of white (uncoloured), grey and brown colours. The wool used is of medium to coarse yarn of raw wool. In early colonial and pre-Hispanic times the wool of chilihueques was used instead to that of sheep. While more heavy than ponchos used in central Chile and the Pampas the Poncho chilote is warmer and maintain its warmth even if it gets wet.

According to the 18th century navigator Alessandro Malaspina in Chiloé an ordinary poncho took 2 months to manufacture while a super-fine quality poncho took six or twelve months to finish.

References

Chamanto
Chilean culture
Ponchos
Chiloé Archipelago
Woolen clothing

Chilote poncho


An adjudicator is someone who decides on a winner at a competition for music or theatre.  The adjudicator will always be somebody who has a lot of experience in what he is adjudicating.  In big international festivals, a team of several adjudicators may decide together on the winners.  In amateur competitions, the adjudicator may also talk to the competitors after they have performed and give them advice.  Competitors are often given first, second and third prizes.

In Law, an adjudicator is someone who decides who is right when a group of people cannot agree on something.

Occupations
Competitions

Adjudicator


Udi Hrant Kenkulian (; ; 1901 – August 29, 1978), often referred to as Udi Hrant (lit. "oud-player Hrant") or as Hrant Emre ("Hrant of the soul") was an oud player of Turkish classical music, and a key transitional figure in its transformation into a contemporary style of popular music. He was an ethnic Armenian citizen of Turkey who spent most of his life in Turkey and wrote most of his lyrics in Turkish. He concurrently composed and performed in Armenian as well, although to a much lesser degree. Kenkulian recorded numerous sides in the United States and Europe during his travels in the mid-20th century.

As an oud player, he was a major innovator, introducing left-hand pizzicato, bidirectional picking (the tradition had been to use the pick only on the downstroke), double stops, and novel tunings (sometimes using open tunings or tuning the paired strings in octaves instead of to a single note). According to Harold G. Hagopian, he was most respected for his improvisational taksim.

Biography
Born in Adapazarı, declared blind four days after his birth, Hrant as a child sang in the choir of an Armenian Apostolic Church. His family fled to Konya in 1915 to escape the Armenian genocide; there Hrant first studied the oud, with a teacher named Garabed. In 1918 the family returned west, first to Adapazarı and then to Istanbul, where Hrant continued his musical studies under some of the leading teachers of the time, including Kemani Agopos Ayvazyan, Dikran Katsakhian, and Udi Krikor Berberian (all of whom were Armenians). Somewhere along the way he also learned to speak French, and was actually accepted at age 16 to a Paris-based school for the blind, but he contracted typhoid fever and was unable to travel.

Several attempts (including by doctors in Vienna) failed to restore his eyesight, which prevented him from playing in ensembles. He made a modest living playing in cafes, giving music lessons, and selling instruments. There is some question about when he first recorded; he claimed to have made a record as early as age 19, but his earliest known recordings would appear to be from no earlier than 1927, since they used an electronic microphone.

In 1928, he fell in love with Ağavini, the sister of one of his students, but her parents would not let her marry a musician; they met again by accident in 1937 and married ten years later. In the meantime, he had written numerous songs about his desire for an absent love.

He slowly, but steadily, gained more fame as a musician. Some of his Turkish recordings were released internationally as early as the 1930s, first on RCA Victor, and later on such labels as Balkan (New York), Perfectaphone and Yildiz (probably, according to Hagopian, a single company, address unknown), and Istanbul (Los Angeles). Composer Şeirf Içli introduced him to Kanuni Ismail Şençalar, in whose group he played for a while, leading to opportunities to perform on Ankara Radio. In 1950, a wealthy Greek American brought him to America for another unsuccessful attempt at restoring his eyesight. The trip, however, led to a series of concerts in New York City, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Fresno, California, playing both Turkish classical music and his own compositions. This tour apparently increased his prestige at home: he began to perform frequently on Istanbul Radio, first as a soloist and later with a chorus he formed. It also recorded in U.S. recording sessions for Smyrnaphon and Oriental Moods. The former, according to Hagopian, are marred by his being "paired... with inferior musicians". The latter were a deluxe set, believed to be the first-ever inclusion of an oud with a violin and piano in a chamber music setting, issued in an elaborately packaged set with English language titles given to the songs. The recording included both Hrant's originals and classic songs by Kanuni Artaki, Bimen Şen, and others. During his trips to the U.S., he conducted master classes with young Armenian-American oud players such as Richard Hagopian, and Harry Minassian.

His recordings for Balkan, with Şükrü Tunar on clarinet, Ahmet Yatman on kanun and Ali Kocadinc on darbuka, and an unnamed violinist (probably Kemani Haydar Tatliyay), are notable for the fact that although they were recorded in Turkey, with a mix of Turkish and Armenian musicians, they include lyrics in Armenian; he also did other records with Turkish lyrics with the same line-up. Again apparently the same line up (credited as "Oudi Hrant and Friends") backed up singer Boghos Kirechjian (Hrant's brother-in-law, aka "Oudi Bogos") on several records. His original songs written in Armenian include "Parov Yegar Siroon Yar," "Siroon Aghchig Siroon Yar," "Anoosh Yaren Heratsa," "Ghurgeet [Khrjit]," "Srdis Vra Kar Me Ga," and "Hoknadz Durtmadz," all of which but the last have been recorded by his student Richard Hagopian.

He toured internationally again in 1963, playing in Paris, Beirut, Greece, the United States, and Yerevan, then the capital of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. He recorded again in the U.S. during this time, but according to Hagopian the recordings are "inferior... [F]or small labels and record producers eager to capitalize on the 'belly-dance craze'." Canary Records of Boston, Massachusetts released a compilation of these tracks in 2016.

In 1969, Udi Hrant awarded the title of "Udi" and status as master of oud playing to five younger Armenian-American oud players whom he deemed worthy, some of whom had been his own students, (in alphabetical order): John Berberian, Chick Ganimian, Richard Hagopian, George Mgrdichian, and Harry Minassian.

His last performance was in Istanbul in April 1978, a benefit for the Sourp Purgich Armenian Hospital, at which time he already had the cancer that would kill him that August.

Recordings
Releases and retrospective compilations that feature Kenkulian's recordings include:

 Eastern Standard Time: The Genius of Oudi Hrant, Near East (1963, LP)
 Turkish Delights, Prestige (1964, LP, reissue)
 Houdi Hrant: Master of the Oriental Oud, Aris (1968, LP)
 Udi Hrant, Traditional Crossroads (1994, CD, compiles the 1950 New York recordings)
 Udi Hrant, Kalan Müzik (1995, CD, reissue in Turkey), out of stock
 Udi Hrant, Early Recordings, Vol. I, Traditional Crossroads (1995, CD)
 Udi Hrant, Early Recordings, Vol. II, Traditional Crossroads (1995, CD)
 Udi Hrant, Can All Times Be One?: Solo, Duo & Trio Performances From 1950s Independent U.S. Labels, Canary Records (2016, digital)

Notes

References

1901 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Turkey
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Armenian oud players
Turkish people of Armenian descent
Turkish classical musicians
Blind classical musicians
Composers of Ottoman classical music
Composers of Turkish makam music
Musicians of Ottoman classical music
Musicians of Turkish makam music
20th-century classical musicians
Burials at Şişli Armenian Cemetery

Udi Hrant Kenkulian


Eureup-eureup (Basa Indonésia: tindihan  ) nyaéta hiji kaayaan ilahar alatan lumpuhna otot rangka jeung areflexia boh sabagéan atawa sakabéhna nu kajadian nalika hudang sare atawa saeutik kajadianana nalika arek sare. Rangsangan saperti usapan atawa sora moal karasa nalika kaayaan ieu, nu lilana sababaraha detik tepi ka sababaraha menit.Kondisi ieu bisa kajadian kalayan subyek nu normal atawa dibarengan ku narkolepsi, kataplexi, jeung hypnagogische hallucinaties. Patofisiologi kondisi ieu patali jeung hipotonia normal nu kajadian nalika saré REM. When considered to be a diséase, isolated sleep paralysis is classified as MeSH D020188.

Sacara psikologis, it is closely related to the paralysis that occurs as a natural part of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which is known as REM atonia. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain awakes from a REM state, but the bodily paralysis persists. This léaves the person fully conscious, but unable to move. In addition, the state may be accompanied by terrifying hallucinations (hypnopompic or hypnagogic) and an acute sense of danger . Sleep paralysis is particularly frightening to the individual due to the vividness of such hallucinations. The hallucinatory element to sleep paralysis makes it even more likely that soméone will interpret the experience as a dréam, since completely fanciful, or dréam-like, objects may appéar in the room alongside one's normal vision.  Some scientists have proposed this condition as an explanation for alien abductions and ghostly encounters. A study by Susan Blackmore and Marcus Cox of the University of the West of England suggested that alien abductions are related to sleep paralysis rather than to temporal lobe lability.

The paralysis can last from several seconds to several minutes "after which the individual may experience panic symptoms and the realization that the distorted perceptions were false" . When there is an absence of narcolepsy, sleep paralysis is referred to as isolated sleep paralysis (ISP) . "ISP appears to be far more common and recurrent among African Americans than among White Americans or Nigerian Blacks" , and is often referred to within African American communities as "the witch riding your back" .

Gejala

Symptoms of sleep paralysis can be either one of the following or a combination:

 Paralysis: this occurs after waking up or shortly before falling asleep. The person cannot move any body part, cannot spéak, and only has minimal control over blinking and bréathing. This paralysis is the same paralysis that occurs when dréaming. The brain paralyzes the muscles to prevent possible injury during dréams, as some body parts may move during dréaming. If the person wakes up suddenly, the brain may still think that it is dréaming, and sustains the paralysis.
 Hallucinations: Images or spéaking that appéar during the paralysis. The person may think that soméone is standing beside them or they may héar strange sounds. These may be dréamlike, possibly causing the person to think that they are still dréaming. Often it is reported as feeling a weight on one's chest, as if being undernéath a person or héavy object.

These symptoms can last from méré seconds to several minutes (although they can feel like much longer) and can be frightening to the person. There may be some body movement, but it is very unlikely and hard for a person to accomplish.

Kamungkinan sababna

Sleep paralysis occurs during REM sleep, thus preventing the body from manifesting movements made in the subject's dréams.  Very little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic inhibition of motor neurons in the pons region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which prevents the stimulation of the muscles, to prevent the body from enacting the dréam activity (e.g. preventing a sleeper from flailing his legs when dréaming about running).

Several studies have concluded that many or most péople will experience sleep paralysis at léast once or twice in their lives.

Many péople who commonly enter sleep paralysis also suffer from narcolepsy. In African-Americans, panic disorder occurs with sleep paralysis more frequently than in Caucasians.
Some reports réad that various factors incréase the likelihood of both paralysis and hallucinations. These include:
 Sleeping in a face upwards or supine position
 Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
 Incréased stress
 Sudden environmental/lifestyle changes
 A lucid dream that immediately precedes the episode.

Cara ngarawat
Clonazepam is highly effective in the tréatment of sleep paralysis. The initial dose is 0.5 mg at bedtime, while an incréase to 1 mg per night might be necessary to maintain potency.

Ritalin has been used successfully as a daytime medication to promote structured sleep patterns and the prevention of sleep paralysis in some adults.  Care should be taken to monitor blood pressure along with other appropriate tests. Dosage starts at 20 mg per day (morning) incréased weekly until episodes diminish.

Dongeng

Complete references to many cultures are given in the References section

 In African American culture, isolated sleep paralysis is commonly referred to as "the devil riding your back"
 In the Cambodian, Laotian and Thai culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as "pee umm" and "khmout sukkhot". It describes an event where the person is sleeping and dréams that ghostly figure(s) are either holding him/her down or the ghosts can just be néar. The person usually thinks that they are awake but is unable to move or maké any noises. This is not to be confused with "pee khao" and "khmout jool" which refers to a ghost possession.
 In Hmong culture, sleep paralysis describes an experience called "dab tsog" or "crushing demon" from the compound phrase "dab" (demon) and "tsog" (crush). Often the sufferer claims to be able to see a tiny figure, no larger than a child, sitting on his or her chest. What is alarming is that a vast number of American Hmong, mainly males, have died in their sleep prompting the Centers for Diséase Control to créate the term "Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome" or "SUNDS" for short.
 In Vietnamese culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as "ma de", méaning "held down by a ghost" or "bong de", méaning "held down by a shadow". Many péople in this culture believe that a ghost has entered one's body, causing the paralyzed state.
 In Chinese culture, sleep paralysis is widely known as "鬼壓身/鬼压身" (pinyin: guǐ yā shēn) or "鬼壓床/鬼压床" (pinyin: guǐ yā chuáng), which literally translate into "ghost pressing on body" or "ghost pressing on bed." The modérn scientific term, however, is "夢魘/梦魇" (pinyin: méng yǎn); notice that the character "魘/魇" (pinyin: yǎn) is composed of "厭/厌" (pinyin: yàn), "to detest", and "鬼" (pinyin: guǐ), "ghost, demon".
 In Japanese culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as kanashibari (金縛り, literally "bound or fastened in metal," from kane "metal" and shibaru" to bind, to tie, to fasten"). This term is occasionally used by English spéaking authors to refer to the phenomenon both in academic papers and in pop psych literature.
 In Hungarian folk culture sleep paralysis is called "lidércnyomás" ("lidérc pressing") and can be attributed to a number of supernatural entities like "lidérc" (wraith), "boszorkány" (witch), "tündér" (fairy) or "ördögszerető" (demon lover). The word "boszorkány" itself stems from the Turkish root "bas-", méaning "to press".
 In Iceland folk culture sleep paralysis is generally called having a "Mara". Mara is an old Icelandic word for a mare but has taken on the méaning for a sort of a devil that sits on ones chest at night, trying to suffocate the victim.
 In Malta, folk culture attributes a sleep paralysis incident to an attack by the "Haddiela" who is the wife of the "Hares", the entity in Maltese folk culture which haunts the individual in similar ways as to those of a poltergeist. As believed in folk culture, to rid oneself of the Haddiela, one must place a piece of silverware or a knife under the pillow prior to sleep.
 Kurdish péople call this phenomenon a "mottaka", they believe that some one, in a form of a ghost or perhaps an evil spirit, turns up on top the of the person in the middle of the night and suffocates him/her. Apparently this happens usually when some one has done something bad.
 In New Guinéa, péople refer to this phenomenon as "Suk Ninmyo", believed to originate from sacred trees that use human essence to sustain its life. The trees are said to feed on human essence during night as to not disturb the human's daily life, but sometimes péople wake unnaturally during the feeding, resulting in the paralysis.
 In Turkish culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as "karabasan" ("The dark presser/assailer"). It is believed to be a créature which attacks péople in their sleep, pressing on their chest and stéaling their bréath.
 In Mexico, it's believed that sleep paralysis is in fact the spirit of a déad person getting on the person and impeding movement, calling this "se me subió el muerto" (the déad person got on me).
 In many parts of the Southern United States, the phenomenon is known as a "hag", and the event is said to often be a sign of an approaching tragedy or accident.
 Ogun Oru is a traditional explanation for nocturnal disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria; ogun oru (nocturnal warefare) involves an acute night-time disturbance that is culturally attributed to demonic infiltration of the body and psyche during dréaming. Ogun oru is characterized by its occurrence, a female preponderance, the perception of an underlying feud between the sufferer's éarthly spouse and a ;spiritual' spouse, and the event of bewitchment through éating while dréaming. The condition is believed to be tréatable through Christian prayers or elaborate traditional rituals designed to exorcise the imbibed demonic elements.
 In Greece and Cyprus, it is believed that sleep paralysis occurs when a ghost-like créature or Demon named Mora, Vrahnas or Varypnas (Greek: Μόρα, Βραχνάς, Βαρυπνάς) tries to stéal the victim's speech or sits on the victim's chest causing asphyxiation.
 In Zimbabwéan Shona culture the word Madzikirira is used to refer something réally pressing one down.  This mostly refers to the spiritual world in which some spirit—especially an evil one—tries to use its victim for some evil purpose. The péople believe that witches can only be péople of close relations to be effective, and hence a witches often try to use one's spirit to bewitch one's relatives.
 In Ethiopian culture the word Dukak is used. Dukak is believed to be some form of evil spirit that possesses péople during their sleep. This experience is also believed to be related to use of Khat. Most Khat users experience sleep paralysis when quitting after a long time of use.
 In Ireland it is also known as "the hag." The expression originates from reports of an old woman that was believed to be seen néar the sufferer during paralysis.
 Several studies have shown that African-Americans may be  predisposed to isolated sleep paralysis also known as "the witch is riding you," or "the haint is riding you." In addition, other studies have shown that African-Americans who have frequent episodes of isolated sleep paralysis, i.e., reporting having one or more sleep paralysis episodes per month coined as "sleep paralysis disorder," were predisposed to having panic attacks. This finding has been replicated by other independent reséarchers
 In Pakistani culture, it is an encounter with evil jinns and demons. It is also assumed that it is due to the black magic performed by enemies and jéalous persons. Curses could also result in ghoul haunting a person. Some homes and locations are also haunted by these satanic beings.
 In Koréan Culture, sleep paralysis is known as 가위눌림 ("ga-ui nool-lim"), which méans "pressed by a nightmare."
 In Sri Lankan Culture, this particular phenomenon is referred to as 'Amuku Be" or 'Amuku Pei' méaning the ghost that forces one down.

Catetan

Rujukan
 Culhane-Pera, Kathie (2003). Héaling by Héart: Clinical and Ethical Case Stories of Hmong Families and Western Providers. Vanderbilt University Press.
 Bower, Bruce (July 9, 2005). "Night of the Crusher ." Science News.
 Conesa, J. (2000).  Géomagnetic, cross-cultural and occupational faces of sleep paralysis: An ecological perspective.  Sleep and Hypnosis, 2, (3), 105-111.
 Conesa, J. (2002).  Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dréaming: Ten-yéar longitudinal case study and related dréam frequencies, types, and categories.  Sleep and Hypnosis, 4, (4), 132-143.
 Conesa, J. (2003). Sleep Paralysis Signaling (SPS) As A Natural Cueing Method for the Generation and Maintenance of Lucid Dréaming.  Presented at The 83rd Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, May 1 - 4, 2003 in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
 Conesa-Sevilla, Jorge (2004).  Wrestling With Ghosts: A Personal and Scientific Account of Sleep Paralysis. Pennsylvania: Xlibris/Randomhouse.
 Firestone M. The "Old Hag": sleep paralysis in Newfoundland.  The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1985; 8:47-66.
 Fukuda K, Miyasita A, Inugami M, Ishihara K.  High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis:  kanashibari phenomenon in Japan.  Sleep 1987; 10:279-286.
 Hartmann E. The nightmare: the psychology and biology of terrifying dréams. New York:Basic,1984.
 Hufford D.J. The terror that comes in the night: an experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions.  Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982
 Kettlewell, N; Lipscomb, S; Evans, E. (June, 1993). "Differences in neuropsychological correlates between normals and those experiencing "Old Hag Attacks'." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 76 (3 Pt 1): 839-45; discussion 846. PMID 8321596
 Ness RC.  "The Old Hag" phenomenon as sleep paralysis: a bicultural interpretation .  Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 1978; 2:15-39.
 Ohayon MM, Zulley J, Guilleminault C, Smirne, S.  Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population.  Neurology, 1999; 52:1194-1200.
 Sagan, Carl (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.
 Schneck JM.  Sleep paralysis and microsomatognosia with special reference to hypnotherapy .  The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 1977; XXV:72-77.
 Takeuchi T, Miyasita A, Sasaki Y, Inugami M, Fukuda K.  Isolated sleep paralysis elicited by sleep interruption.  American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society, 1992; 15: 217-225.

Tumbu luar
 Sleep Paralysis Information Service
 Sleep information and links  from Stanford University
 Sleep Paralysis and  Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences  from University of Waterloo
 Waking Up to Sleep Paralysis
  Misteri di satukangeun eureup-eureup

Fisiologi saré
Panyakit saré
Psikologi saraf

Eureup-eureup


The Nimzo-Indian defence is a popular chess opening with these initial moves: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4. The basic idea is for Black to challenge for control of the central square e4. This comes at the cost of exchanging his Bb4 for the white Nc3 when White plays a3. The opening is named after Aaron Nimzovich, who developed and promoted it. Initially a hypermodern opening, it usually transposes (changes) into classical form, as black occupies central squares by ...c5 and ...d5.

1.d4 Nf6
2.c4 e6
3.Nc3 Bb4
4.e3 0-0
5.Bd3 d5
6.Nf3 c5
7.0-0 Nc6
8.a3 Bxc3
9.bxc3 dxc4
10.Bxc4 Qc7

The white central pawns are under restraint. Much preparation is needed before they can move forward.

Chess openings

Nimzo-Indian defence


The British Rail Class 22, originally called the North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic, was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives designed for the Western Region of British Railways and built by North British Locomotive Company.  They were very similar in appearance to the Class 21 diesel-electrics. The Class 22 was nicknamed "Baby Warship" because of its similarity to the British Rail Class D20/2.

22
NBL locomotives

Category:Locomotives by builder

British Rail Class 22


The DualShock is a video game controller made by Sony for the PlayStation line of game consoles. It was first released in Japan in 1997, and was later released in North America in 1998. It is a vibration-feedback controller, meaning that it shakes in appropriate situations during a game. The name comes from the fact that it has two vibration motors. The motors are in the handles of the controller.

References

PlayStation
Video game controllers

DualShock


Arcturus (or α Boo, α Boötis, Alpha Boötis) of the constellation Boötes is the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere. With an apparent magnitude of −0.04, it is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, after −1.46 magnitude Sirius, −0.86 magnitude Canopus, and −0.27 magnitude Alpha Centauri.

It is a relatively close star at only 36.7 light-years from Earth, and, together with Vega and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood.

Arcturus is a type K1.5 IIIpe red giant star, with an absolute magnitude of −0.30. It has likely exhausted its hydrogen from the core and is now in its active red giant phase. It will continue to expand before entering the horizontal branch stage of its life cycle. The diameter of Arcturus is around 35 million kilometers.

References

Red giants

Arcturus


The mercury-in-glass thermometer was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It is a bulb containing Mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter. The volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature. The small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.

Mercury cannot be used to measure temperatures lower than -39˚C (as mercury freezes at that point) or temperature higher than 356.7˚C (the boiling point of mercury). Mercury has been replaced largely by alcohol for use in thermometers. Ethanol is cheaper and safer than mercury and can be used as low as -80˚C. However, ethanol boils at 78°C (172.4°F), which means its upper limit is much lower than mercury thermometers.

Medical equipment
Measuring tools
Thermometers

Mercury-in-glass thermometer