Barnyard is an animated movie which first shown in theaters on August 4, 2006. It was directed by Sam FellSteve Oedekerk. The music was arranged and conducted by Alastair King.

Plot
Otis is a cow who likes to play. His father Ben is the leader of the barnyard when the farmer is away. Otis interrupts a barnyard meeting with his wild behavior, His father tells Otis he will never be happy if he just goofs off, and that he should grow up. Otis ignores his advice and leaves to have fun with his friends: Pip the mouse, Pig the pig, Freddy the ferret, and Peck the chicken. That same day, Otis meets a new cow, Daisy, who is pregnant. She is with Bessy, another female cow.

That night the animals have a party in the barn. All the animals are there except Ben, who is guarding the animals. Otis is supposed to be working with him, but he wants to be at the party. Ben talks with Otis and says the day he found him alone in the meadow, the stars danced. Otis is given permission to go to the party and he runs to the barn.

Later on, Ben has to fight a pack of coyotes led by Dag. They are raiding the chicken coop. Ben is bitten in the leg by a coyote, and he falls down. The coyotes pile on Ben, but he manages to grab Dag and escapes the pile. The hens cheer, but Ben falls on the ground, tired. Etta, a hen, runs into the barn and tells Otis, who runs outside to his father. Ben opens his mouth as if to say something, but dies.

After Ben's death, all the animals elect Otis as the new leader of the Barnyard. He gets out of his duties by leaving Freddy and Peck in charge of the coop. Later, Otis is sitting with Daisy and he overhears the coyotes chasing a hare. Otis tries to attack Dag but is outsmarted. Since Otis is weaker, Dag makes a deal that he and his pack will take some of the animals, but if he tries to stand up for all of them, they will kill everyone. Otis decides to leave the barnyard because he has no chance against the coyotes.

The next morning, before leaving, Otis finds out that the coyotes have taken some hens and a chick. Otis knows that he has been tricked by Dag, as he was not expecting them until tonight. He goes to rescue the poultry. Otis confronts the pack but is easily defeated.  Pip, Pig, Freddy, Peck and Miles the Mule arrive to help them, along with the gophers and Jersey Cows. Dag tries to sneak attack Otis from behind, but Otis is alerted when Peck successfully yells a warning. Otis catches Dag and tells the coyote to never return. Dag is swung out of the junkyard by Otis's golf skills.

Otis and the rest make it back to the barnyard. Daisy gives birth to a calf whom she names Ben. Duke, the farmer's sheepdog, asks Otis if he wants to stay and be their leader. Otis agrees, and everyone cheers as he walks outside. Once again, he sees the stars dancing.

Main cast
 Kevin James as Otis
 Courteney Cox as Daisy
 Sam Elliott as Ben
 Danny Glover as Miles
 Wanda Sykes as Bessie
 Andie MacDowell as Etta
 David Koechner as Dag
 S. Scott Bullock as Eddy
 Maurice LaMarche as Igg
 John DiMaggio as Bud and Officer O'Hanlon
 Jeff Garcia as Pip
 Tino Insana as Pig
 Dom Irrera as Duke
 Cam Clarke as Freddy
 Rob Paulsen as Peck, Pizza Twin and Wild Mike
 Lloyd Sherr as Everett
 Madeline Lovejoy as Maddy
 Earthquake as Root
 Steve Oedekerk as Eugene Beady (a.k.a. Snotty Boy), Mr. Beady and Pizza Twin
 Maria Bamford as Mrs. Beady
 Fred Tatasciore as The Farmer

Characters
 Otis (Kevin James) is a handsome, carefree bull (But called a cow) who would rather pull pranks and party than be certain the farm is safe. He is the  son of Ben and, upon Ben's death, reluctantly assumes the role of leader. Although his sex is female, he identifies as male, he has udders (like a female - a cow). Otis is the protagonist of the film and his love interest is Daisy. He is a trans icon.
 Dag (David Koechner) is a red coyote and the main antagonist of the film. He and his fellow coyotes killed Ben and captured the Poultry to lead Otis into a trap near the end of the film. He is eventually defeated by Otis at the end of the movie.
 Ben (Sam Elliott) is a bull who was responsible for the barnyard when the farmer is away. All the time in his later life he tries to teach his son Otis to grow up, as he is sick and tired of Otis fooling around, knowing that when he passes away, Otis must take his place. Ben is killed by coyotes early in the film. He had a handmade guitar and on it he played and sang a part of "I Won't Back Down." He also has udders.
 Daisy (Courteney Cox) is a pregnant cow who moves into the barnyard. She is Otis's love interest and she gives birth at the end of the film, the father being an unnamed bull at her old farm. She names her baby after Otis's father, Ben. She is replaced by another character named Abby in the CG cartoon.
 Miles (Danny Glover) is a mule that lives in the barnyard. He along with Pig, Pip, Freddy, and Peck help Otis defeat the Coyote pack. He is absent in the CG cartoon.
 Bessie (Wanda Sykes) is a cow who acts a bodyguard to Daisy. She intensely dislikes Otis because of his behavior at first and tries to keep him away from Daisy, but then learns to like him in the end.
 The Jersey Cows (S. Scott Bullock, John DiMaggio and Maurice LaMarche) are group of three bulls that behave similarly to Otis at the beginning of the movie. The group's members, Eddy, Bud, and Igg, enjoy driving the farmer's truck, shooting milk from their udders, and partying hard.
 Pip (Jeff Garcia) is a mouse that lives in the barnyard. He is Otis' best friend in both the movie and the TV series Back at the Barnyard. He has a love interest in Bessie.
 Pig (Tino Insana) is a pig who loves to eat constantly. He is another close friend of Otis's.
 Duke (Dom Irrera) is a sheep dog who watches over and guards the sheep. He is briefly placed in charge of the farm when Otis decides to leave.
 Freddy (Cam Clarke) is a ferret who suffers from a need to eat chicken, true to his species. He resists his instincts, however, to be a part of the farm. It is revealed in the television series that Freddy has hidden his resolve to vegetarianism from his parents for years and has not spoken to them since years before the events of the movie and series.
 Peck (Rob Paulsen) is a rooster who is best friends with Freddy. He gets worried about Freddy at times. Peck only learns to crow at the end of the movie.
 Etta (Andie MacDowell) is a hen that mothers all the chicks on the farm. She and her babies are captured by the coyotes in the film and it is up to Otis to rescue her and the children.
 Maddy (Madeline Lovejoy) is one of Etta's chicks. She loves Otis like a big brother as he is just as nice to her. She is absent in the TV series.
 The Farmer (Fred Tatasciore) is a vegan farmer who runs the barnyard where the animals live. When he leaves, the animals are free to do as they please. It is revealed in the TV series that his last name is Buyer. It is also revealed that he has a grandson named Zack (who ends up befriending the animals in the series).
 Eugene Beady (Steve Oedekerk) is an obese child nicknamed "Snotty Boy" who enjoys cow tipping. Otis and the Jersey Cows take revenge on him with a game called "boy tipping."
 Mr. and Mrs. Beady (Steve Oedekerk and Maria Bamford) are a married couple who live near the barnyard. Mrs. Beady is a paranoid, nosy woman that knows the farm animals are anthropomorphic and is "medicated for a chemical imbalance". Her husband normally ignores what she says.
 The Pizza Twins (Steve Oedekerk and Rob Paulsen) are a pair of teenage pizza delivery boys. It appears that they are not very bright and easily amused, even when they actually witness the anthropomorphic farm animals.
 Wild Mike (Rob Paulsen) is an animal of unknown species who is kept in a crate and only let out for parties. He dances wildly, which to Otis's personality, makes him want to join. He is let out his crate by Miles to help defeat the coyotes. His eyes appear at rare points, and he makes shrill screeches.
 Everett (Lloyd Sherr) is an elderly dog. He turns 13 years old in the movie, which, in dog years, is 91 years old. He can play the banjo.

2006 animated movies
2006 computer-animated movies
2000s family movies
American animated movies
German movies
Dutch movies
Movies about animals
Paramount Pictures movies
Nickelodeon
English-language movies

Barnyard (movie)


The Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre (DIFC) is based at RAF Wyton in Cambridgeshire.  Largely created from the staff of the National Imagery Exploitation Centre (formerly known as the Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre (JARIC)) and then known for several years as the Defence Geospatial Intelligence Fusion Centre, it can trace its history back to clandestine reconnaissance operations at the beginning of the Second World War by Sydney Cotton on behalf of MI6 and then MI4, and the formation of the Allied Central Interpretation Unit at RAF Medmenham (sister to Bletchley Park).

Today, DIFC's role has grown beyond just imagery intelligence. Part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group (JFIG) within Defence Intelligence, DIFC's primary role is to support Defence planning, current operations and the intelligence assessment process. DIFC still provides specialist imagery intelligence, but also conducts multi-disciplinary intelligence fusion for the armed forces and other UK Government partners. The integrated multi-disciplinary Task Groups at DIFC use data and reporting from various sources (including satellite imagery), together with other advanced technologies, to provide critical information and over-watch to tactical, operational and strategic decision makers.

DIFC is a joint service and civilian organisation under the command of an RAF Group Captain.

History

Following a series of successful covert air reconnaissance operations run by the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) prior to World War II, the Photographic Development Unit (PDU) was established on 19 January 1940 (codenamed MI4) and later renamed Photographic Interpretation Unit (PIU) on 11 July 1940. Through a series of War Ministry reorganisations, the PIU was renamed the Central Interpretation Unit (CIU) on 7 January 1941 and changed again to the Joint Air Photographic Intelligence centre (UK) JAPIC [UK] in August 1947. On 17 December 1953 the unit was given the name of Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre [UK] - JARIC [UK].

The JARIC Photographic Wing moved to Brampton near Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire from locations at Medmenham, Nuneham Park, Wyton and Wembley in 1956 where they were joined by the Joint School of Photographic Interpretation (JSPI) in December.

In 1980 the (UK) was dropped from the name to reflect the closing of the Cyprus-based JARIC (ME), later JARIC (NE) in April 1975. On 19 April 1996 the unit ceased to fall under operational control of the Royal Air Force and became an agency under the operational control of the Director General Intelligence and Geographic Requirements, taking a more centralised government role within the Ministry of Defence.

On 1 April 2000 the unit stopped functioning as an independent agency and merged with Military Survey into the Defence Geographic and Imagery Intelligence Agency (DGIA).

On 10 October 2005 the JARIC name ceased to be an acronym to reflect the fact that its sources of imagery had shifted away from those provided by UK Air Reconnaissance platforms to be predominantly satellite imagery based.  The descriptor 'The National Imagery Exploitation Centre' was added to the JARIC title to better explain JARIC's role, not just within the Ministry of Defence but within the wider UK intelligence community.

On 10 June 2006, DGI (as it became after agency status was removed) was renamed the Intelligence Collection Group (ICG) and, after moving under the Joint Forces Command (JFC) on 1 April 2012, was renamed to Joint Forces Intelligence Group (JFIG) which consisted of the Defence Geographic Centre (DGC) based at Feltham, Middlesex, the Joint Signals Support Organisation (JSSO), based at RAF Digby, the Joint Aeronautical and Geographic Organisation (JAGO) at Hermitage and RAF Northolt and JARIC-The National Imagery Exploitation Centre based at RAF Brampton.

On 13 July 2012, after the formal retiring of the title JARIC, the unit was renamed the Defence Geospatial Intelligence Fusion Centre (DGIFC).

The Joint Forces Intelligence Group (JFIG) achieved Full Operating Capability in 2014, the culmination of the PRIDE (Wyton) Programme. The commander of JFIG said at the ceremony on 17 September 2014:

In 2017-18 the MOD invested £4.5 million in a programme to deliver high-quality imagery and 3D video footage from space, with the Surrey Satellite Technology Carbonite-2 satellite being the first technology demonstrator. Carbonite-2 uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and has a mass of about 100 kg, and was launched on the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C40 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India on 12 January 2018. Data from Carbonite-2 is processed by the centre's Geospatial Intelligence staff. This programme is part of the RAF's vision of a future constellation of imagery satellites.

Relocation to Pathfinder Building at RAF Wyton (PRIDE Programme)

In 2013, DGIFC relocated from RAF Brampton to the Pathfinder Building at RAF Wyton creating a multi-intelligence, open plan environment aimed at improving collaboration and innovation changing its name to DIFC on 17 Sept 2014.

DGIFC moved to RAF Wyton as part of the Programme to Rationalise and Integrate the Defence Intelligence Estate (PRIDE), which enabled Defence Intelligence, and the Joint Forces Intelligence Group in particular, to further improve and enhance support to operations and strategic threat assessments.  The programme relocated the Joint Forces Intelligence Collection Group (JFIG -HQ) from Feltham, DGIFC - from RAF Brampton, as well as 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic) from Denison Barracks in Hermitage and Ayrshire Barracks in Germany, to RAF Wyton in Cambridgeshire.

Areas of expertise

DIFC's role has evolved from the more traditional photographic analysis to encompass more technical intelligence disciplines such as:

IMINT (IMagery INTelligence)
IMINT is an intelligence gathering discipline which collects information via satellite and aerial photography. DGIFC is involved in all aspects of imagery analysis from basic activity reporting to advanced scientific-based MASINT analysis.

MASINT (Measurement And Signatures INTelligence)
MASINT is scientific and technical intelligence derived from the analysis of data obtained from sensing instruments for the purpose of identifying any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter or sender, to facilitate the latter's measurement and identification. DIFC is the UK's only provider of 'imagery derived MASINT' otherwise known as AGI or Advanced
Geospatial Intelligence.

GEOINT (GEOspatial INTelligence)
GEOINT is an intelligence discipline comprising the exploitation and analysis of geographically determined information. GEOINT sources include imagery and mapping data, whether collected by commercial or military satellites, or by other capabilities such as UAV (Unmanned Airborne Vehicle) or reconnaissance aircraft.

See also
British intelligence agencies
Ministry of Defence
National Collection of Aerial Photography
RAF Intelligence
List of intelligence agencies
MI4
Skynet (satellite)

References

Bibliography

External links
 Cyber Security
 National Collection of Aerial Photography
 National Intelligence Machinery

2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
British intelligence agencies
Huntingdonshire
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)
Military units and formations established in 2012
Military units and formations in Cambridgeshire
Geospatial intelligence organizations

Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre


A tributary of a river is another river that flows into it. If one river flows into a second river, then the first river is a tributary of the second river. A tributary is a body of water that flows into another body of water.

The opposite of a tributary is a distributary. A distributary is a  river that branches off from the main flow of water, for example in a river delta.

Rivers

Tributary


A sampler is an electronic musical instrument that is similar to the synthesizer. What a sample does is that instead of creating sounds from scratch however, a sampler starts with more than one recording (or "samples") of different sounds added by the user, and then plays each back based on how the instrument is configured.  Because these samples are usually stored in RAM, the information can be quickly accessed.

Electronic musical instruments

Sampler (musical instrument)


Beri'ah (Hebrew: בְּרִיאָה), Briyah, or B'ri'ah (also known as Olam Beriah, עוֹלָם בְּרִיאָה in Hebrew, literally "the World of Creation"), is the second of the four celestial worlds in the Tree of Life of the Kabbalah, intermediate between the World of Emanation (Atziluth) and the World of Formation (Yetzirah), the third world, that of the angels. It is known as the World of Creation, or Korsia (from Heb. כּוּרסָה - "seat, chair", the Throne).

Beri'ah is the first of the four worlds to be created ex nihilo, since Atzilut was emanated rather than created. Thus, although there exist beings that dwell in Atzilut, those beings are overwhelmed by the Divine Light and are unaware of their own existence; in Beri'ah however, the angels are dimly aware of their own existence as distinct from God's.

Beri'ah is the abode of the permanent archangels, as opposed to the non-permanent angels which dwell in Yetzirah.

Correspondences
 The first of the two letter hei's ה in the Tetragrammaton
 The sefirah of Binah and hence the partzuf of Ima
 The element of Air.
 The soul-level of neshamah
 The soul-garment of thought
 The heart (Patach Eliyahu)
 In the allegory of the teacher and the student, the second stage where the teacher prepares the concept in his mind, splitting it into manageable parts and linking them together; the first conceptual expansion
 The recital of the Shema in Shacharit
 Within the Western mystery tradition; the classical element of water and the suit of cups in divinitory Tarot

Notes

References

 In Paul Foster Case's "An Introduction To The Tarot" this world has a water element as its correspondence to better fit the Suit Of Cups.

Four Worlds
Kabbalistic words and phrases

Beri'ah


An earthquake is when Earth's tectonic plates shake and move Earth's surface. Strong earthquakes damage buildings.

Disturbances in the Earth cause earthquakes. Different tectonic plates are slowly moving. When they get stuck, tension builds up in them. Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates suddenly break free, so they start moving quickly. The first point of an earthquake's rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

People who study earthquakes are called seismologists. Many earthquakes can occur in a small area in a short period of time. The sudden release of stress in the tectonic plates sends waves of energy that travel through the Earth. Seismology studies the cause, recurrence, type and magnitude of earthquakes.

The effect of an earthquake can be measured with a seismometer. A seismometer detects the tremors of the earth and plots the tremors on a seismograph. The strength or magnitude of an earthquake can be measured using the Richter scale. The Richter scale was invented by Charles Francis Richter in 1935. The scale is numbered 0-10. A 2 on this scale is a tremor that is not easily recorded. And damage of size 5 (or more) in a wide area. The largest earthquake ever measured had a magnitude of 9.5.

No one can tell when an earthquake will happen. But we know where earthquakes are likely to occur in the future, such as near fault lines. An earthquake under the ocean can create a huge wave called a tsunami. Tsunamis can also cause a lot of destruction.

Zones

Earthquake zones are concentrated in some parts of the world. The first is the Pacific belt, which circles the Pacific Ocean. This part is the biggest seismic belt: it has the most active earthquakes and the most volcanoes.

The second part is the Alpide belt. It includes the seismic activities from Sumatra, to the Himalayas, to south Europe and north Africa, to the Atlantic Ocean.

These belts are along the edges of tectonic plates. The tectonic plates push on each other and make great amounts of tension.

History
Earthquakes sometimes hit cities and kill hundreds or thousands of people. Most earthquakes happen along the Pacific Ring of Fire but the biggest ones mostly happen in other places. Tectonically active places are places where earthquakes or volcanic eruptions are regularly repeated.

Causes of an earthquake

Earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements in the Earth's crust. The main cause is when tectonic plates ride one over the other, causing orogeny (mountain building), and severe earthquakes.

The boundaries between moving plates form the largest fault surfaces on Earth. When they stick, motion between the plates leads to increasing stress. This continues until the stress rises and breaks, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault. This releases the stored energy as shock waves. The San Andreas fault in San Francisco, and Rift valley fault in Africa are faults like this.
Earthquakes caused by volcanic eruptions can be quite devastating. However, these earthquakes are confined to areas around active volcanoes.

Often the causes are not known, except in the most general terms. An example is the largest earthquake in the history of the United States: the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes. These are described as caused by very deep shifts in ancient rock formations. In other words, the cause is not known in detail.

In areas of intense mining activity, often the roofs of underground mines collapse and minor tremors take place. These are called collapse earthquakes.

Earthquake fault types
There are three main types of geological fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other.

Earthquake clusters
Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors which cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.

A foreshock is an earthquake that happens before a larger earthquake, called the mainshock.

An aftershock is an earthquake that happens after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same place of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. Aftershocks are formed as the crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock.

Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of aftershocks by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notably higher magnitudes than the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at Yellowstone National Park.

Sometimes a series of earthquakes happen in a sort of earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to aftershocks but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms happen over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern happened in the North Anatolian fault in Turkey in the 20th century.

Tsunami

A tsunami is a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean caused by powerful earthquakes. They are very serious challenges for people's safety and for earthquake engineering. Those waves can flood coastal areas, destroy houses and even swipe away whole towns. This is a danger for the whole mankind.

Unfortunately, tsunamis cannot be prevented. However, there are warning systems which may warn the population before the big waves reach the land to let them enough time to rush to safety.

Earthquake-proofing

Earthquake-proof buildings are constructed to withstand the destructive force of an earthquake. This depends upon its type of construction, shape, mass distribution, and rigidity. Different combinations are used. Square, rectangular, and shell-shaped buildings can withstand earthquakes better than skyscrapers. To reduce stress, a building's ground floor can be supported by extremely rigid, empty columns, while the rest of the building is supported by flexible columns inside the empty columns. Another method is to use rollers or rubber pads to separate the base columns from the ground, allowing the columns to shake parallel to each other during an earthquake.

To help prevent a roof from collapsing, builders make the roof out of light-weight materials. Outdoor walls are made with stronger and more reinforced materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. During an earthquake, flexible windows may help hold the windows together so they don't break.

Sources

Other websites

 PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes
 USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900
 The Destruction of Earthquakes  - a list of the worst earthquakes ever recorded
 Recent Quakes WorldWide
 Earthquake Citizendium
 Real Time Seismicity European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)

Plate tectonics

Earthquake


Floyd Gerald "Jerry" Brisco (born September 19, 1946) is an American retired professional wrestler. Brisco is best known for his time in the wrestling promotion WWE, where he was a backstage producer, and, during the 1990s, an on-screen character, working alongside Pat Patterson as the "stooges" for the Mr. McMahon character (portrayed by former WWE CEO and Chairman Vince McMahon). He was most recently a WWE talent scout where he focused on exclusively recruiting amateur wrestlers into the company.

Debuting in 1969, Brisco wrestled for multiple National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) territories throughout the 1970s and early-1980s, in particular Championship Wrestling from Florida and Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, winning dozens of championships. Throughout his career, he teamed with his elder brother Jack as The Brisco Brothers. After retiring in 1985, Brisco moved into a backstage role with the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE). He had a late career resurgence between 1997 and 2000 alongside fellow veteran wrestler Pat Patterson as the onscreen "stooge" of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. Both Briscos were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2008.

Amateur wrestling career

Gerald Brisco grew up with five siblings and an absent father in Oklahoma. He followed his brother, Jack Brisco, into amateur wrestling, and was eventually awarded an athletic scholarship to Oklahoma State after winning two AAU tournaments and only losing two high school matches, placing second in Oklahoma States in his only two years of high school wrestling due to broken leg in football. He was a starter on the OSU freshman team winning several matches and tournaments. During the spring break of 1968, Brisco was in Missouri with Jack, and was asked to substitute for his brother's injured tag team partner despite his lack of professional training. After Brisco contracted hepatitis and injured his knee, he decided to drop out of college and become a full-time professional wrestler.

Professional wrestling career

The Brisco Brothers (1967–1984)

Brisco was trained by his brother and debuted in 1967 as his tag team partner, using the name Gerald Brisco. The Brisco Brothers were a highly successful team, amassing over twenty tag team championships over the course of thirteen years. They arrived in Florida in 1970 (with Brisco becoming Jerry Brisco) and dominated the singles and tag divisions for several years thereafter. It was also in the late 1970s that the Brisco's discovered Terry Bollea, the future wrestling legend best known as Hulk Hogan, who they introduced to Hiro Matsuda for training. Jerry Brisco would amass a number of singles championships throughout the 1970s, including becoming the first holder of Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship. On June 20, 1981 he defeated Les Thornton for the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship.

In 1983, while teaming in the Mid-Atlantic territory, the brothers turned heel against the team of Ricky Steamboat and Jay Youngblood, the NWA World Tag Team Champions. The two teams traded the belts back and forth until the feud culminated at the first Starrcade, with Steamboat and Youngblood regaining the championship. The brothers would hold the title one last time in 1984, ultimately losing to the team of Wahoo McDaniel and Mark Youngblood. They would leave the Mid-Atlantic area shortly after.

The Briscos held minority interests in Georgia Championship Wrestling. In 1984, dissatisfied with the direction of the company and smaller than expected dividends, they convinced equally disgruntled majority shareholder Paul Jones to give them proxy voting of his shares. The three men and Jim Barnett sold their shares to Vince McMahon, enabling him to increase his dominance of the professional wrestling world.

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE (1984–2020)

The brothers entered the World Wrestling Federation in the fall of 1984, once again assuming their familiar role as fan favorites. The Briscos unsuccessfully challenged the North-South Connection, Adrian Adonis and Dick Murdoch, for the WWF World Tag Team Championship. Both men would retire from the ring in early 1985. After retiring, Brisco began working backstage as a road agent and booker for McMahon.

Following the 1997 Montreal Screwjob, Brisco capitalized on his notoriety by becoming an onscreen "stooge" of Vince McMahon along with Pat Patterson. The duo portrayed a pair of bumbling comic heels and joined The Corporation and the McMahon-Helmsley Faction. They lampooned Hulk Hogan (then working for World Championship Wrestling, the rival of WWF) by mimicking his trademark gestures and using "Real American", his old entrance theme.

On the May 18, 2000 episode of SmackDown! Brisco won his first WWF championship when he pinned a sleeping Crash Holly to win the perpetually contested Hardcore Championship. Crash regained the title on June 12 but Brisco was intent on regaining. He pursued Holly around New York City but ran afoul of John Shaft, who had agreed to protect Holly. Brisco eventually regained the title the following week with the aid of Pat Patterson in the midst of a match between Crash and his cousin, Hardcore Holly.

As Patterson and Brisco celebrated the victory, Patterson poured champagne in Brisco's eyes then broke a second bottle over his head. He then pinned the (kayfabe) unconscious Brisco to win the Hardcore Championship. Patterson hid from Brisco in drag in the women's locker room, and, after Brisco pursued him into the locker room, Vince McMahon booked them in a Hardcore Evening Gown Match at the King of the Ring. In the course of the match, Holly interfered and pinned Patterson, regaining the title once again.

On July 15, 2005, Brisco was inducted into the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame. He appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a party scene and also on the July 23, 2007 edition of RAW. On March 29, 2008, Brisco and his brother were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame the night before WrestleMania XXIV in Orlando, Florida. In June 2009, Brisco suffered three strokes. Four months later, it was announced that Brisco would not be returning to his position as a road agent in WWE. In March 2010, Jerry Brisco did return to the WWE as a talent scout and recruiter for NXT. According to Jim Ross, on October 19, 2011, Brisco suffered another stroke, a minor one. During the Raw Reunion episode on July 22, 2019, Brisco pinned Pat Patterson off-screen backstage to win the WWE 24/7 Championship. He became the third person to win both the WWE Hardcore Championship and the WWE 24/7 Championship. He would soon after lose the title to Kelly Kelly. He was furloughed, along with many other WWE employees, on April 15, 2020 and was officially released on September 10.

Personal life
Brisco is married, he and his wife Barbara have two sons named Wesley (born 1983) who is also a professional wrestler, known as Wes Brisco, a former FCW Tag Team Champion and Joseph who is a grad student at USF Tampa. Brisco also co-owned a body shop with his brother Bill, and longtime partner Travis Allred, known as the Brisco Brothers Body Shop. Jack Brisco was also a partner in the business before his death in 2010. The Briscos were inducted into the Chickasaw Nation Hall Of Fame in June 2016. On August 11, 2018, Brisco was inducted into the NWHOF Florida Chapter as "Outstanding American."

Other media
Brisco appears as a manager alongside Pat Patterson in WWE2K16.

After leaving WWE, Brisco began hosting a podcast series with John Layfield.

Championships and accomplishments

Cauliflower Alley Club
Lou Thesz Award (2015)
Other honoree (1996)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Florida Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (8 times) – with Jack Brisco
NWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) – with Jack Brisco
NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Florida version)  (2 times) – with Jack Brisco
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (3 times)
Eastern Sports Association
ESA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jack Brisco
George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2005
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Bob Backlund (1), Jack Brisco (2), Ole Anderson (1), and Rocky Johnson (1)
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time)
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) (1 time)
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Thunderbolt Patterson
NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (3 times) – with Jack Brisco
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 54 of the 100 best tag teams during the "PWI Years" with Jack Brisco in 2003.
PWI ranked him #217 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2023
Western States Sports
NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Council
WWC North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jack Brisco
WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times)
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)

References

External links

1946 births
American male professional wrestlers
American male sport wrestlers
American male television writers
American television writers
Living people
Native American professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Oklahoma
Professional wrestling podcasters
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestling writers
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
WWE executives
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
WWE 24/7 Champions
WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions
20th-century professional wrestlers
NWA Florida Tag Team Champions
NWA Florida Television Champions
NWA North American Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
NWA Southern Heavyweight Champions (Florida version)
NWA United States Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
WCW World Tag Team Champions
NWA Georgia Tag Team Champions

Gerald Brisco


Thelton Eugene Henderson (born November 28, 1933, Shreveport, Louisiana) is currently a federal judge in the Northern District of California.  He has played an important role in civil rights as a lawyer, educator, and jurist.

Career
Henderson received both his undergraduate and law degrees from University of California, Berkeley.  In 1962, he became the Justice Department's first African-American lawyer in the Civil Rights Division.  He was sent to the South to monitor local law enforcement for any civil rights abuses, a role that included investigating the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing which killed four girls.  In this capacity, he met Martin Luther King and other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, after winning over their initial skepticism of being a government attorney.

After time in private practice, he served as director of a  Legal Aid Society of San Mateo County office in East Palo Alto, California.  In 1969, he became assistant dean at Stanford Law School, where he started the minority recruiting program and helped diversify the student body. He also assisted in creating Stanford's clinical program.  During this time, he also was a consultant to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Office of Economic Opportunity, Carnegie Corporation, and Ford Foundation.  In 1977, he left Stanford to start a law firm which specialized in civil rights, civil liberties and other issues of constitutional law. He also was a law professor at Golden Gate University.

Federal service
In June 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed Henderson as U.S. District Court Judge. From 1990 to 1997, Henderson served as Chief Judge for the Northern District of California.  Since 1998, he has served as Senior Judge.

In the late 1980s, Henderson presided over a long-running case over the fishing industry's practice of snaring dolphins in its tuna nets. Environmental groups charged that millions of dolphins had drowned because of the industry's refusal to follow existing safety regulations.  He
also rejected attempts by the Clinton and Bush administrations to relax legal standards on fishing practices and loosen dolphin safe labeling on tuna.

In a landmark 1995 civil rights case, Madrid v. Gomez, Henderson found the use of force and level of medical care at the Pelican Bay State Prison unconstitutional.  During its subsequent federal oversight process, Henderson visited the prison.

In a 1997 decision, he struck down Proposition 209, the anti-affirmative action California initiative, as unconstitutional.  Many supporters of Proposition 209 criticized his decision, and the next year a three-judge Court of Appeals panel overturned his decision.

In 2005, Henderson found that substandard medical care in the California prison system had violated prisoners' rights under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution to be protected from cruel and unusual punishment. Bad medical care had led to unnecessary deaths in California prisons. In 2006, he appointed Robert Sillen as receiver to take over the health care system of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation; he replaced Sillen with J. Clark Kelso in 2008.

In addition to his official work, he went to South Africa in 1985 with fellow judge Leon Higginbotham as a judicial observer and guest of the nation's black lawyers association.  While there he was briefly detained and interrogated by white policemen.

Honors and Recognition
Among his awards are the State Bar of California's Bernard Witkin Medal, the Pearlstein Civil Rights Award from the Anti-Defamation League, the Distinguished Service Award by the National Bar Association, the Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Award for Professionalism and Ethics from the American Inns of Court, the Judge Learned Hand Award from the American Jewish Committee and the 2008 Alumnus of the Year Award from the California Alumni Association at the University of California, Berkeley.

Additionally, the Thelton E. Henderson Center for Social Justice at Boalt Hall is named for him.

A documentary on his life, Soul of Justice by Abby Ginzberg, was released in late 2005.

References

Other websites

Brief biography and important cases
San Francisco Chronicle article
Soul of Justice: Thelton Henderson's American Journey
Soul of Justice: Thelton Henderson's American Journey distributed by California Newsreel
Winner of the 2008 Alumnus of the Year Award from the California Alumni Association
Thelton E. Henderson Center for Social Justice

1933 births
Living people
African-American people
American judges
lawyers from Louisiana
lawyers from California
People from Shreveport, Louisiana

Thelton Henderson


John Rutter (born London 24 September 1945) is an English composer and choral conductor.  He has composed a lot of church music.  Many of his anthems and songs are very popular indeed with church choirs as well as choral societies.  He writes in a style that can be enjoyed easily, and at the same time it is excellent music.

Life

Rutter was born in London.  He went to school at Highgate School.  Another pupil in the school was John Tavener who was also to become a famous composer, although his style of music is very different.

Rutter studied music at Clare College, Cambridge.  He became director of music at Clare College in 1975 and made the choir internationally famous.

In 1974, Rutter visited the United States where he conducted his new cantata "Gloria" which became a great favourite.  He also conducted his "Eight Childhood Lyrics".

In 1981 Rutter started a choir of his own, the Cambridge Singers.  He still conducts them.  They have made many recordings.  Rutter still lives near Cambridge and spends his time composing and conducting all over the world.

Rutter has been given many honours, including  honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton (1980), Fellow of the Guild of Church Musicians (1988). In 1996 the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him the Lambeth Doctorate of Music to celebrate all he has done for church music.  He was made a CBE in 2007.

Rutter also works as an arranger and editor.  His collection of Carols for Choirs which he prepared together with Sir David Willcocks is extremely widely used in Britain.

Compositions

Rutter's compositions include Christmas carols, anthems and longer choral works such as a Gloria, a Magnificat, and a Requiem.

In 2002 his setting of Psalm 150, written for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, was performed at the thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral, London. He has also written an opera for young people called Bang!.  His Mass for Children was first performed in 2003 in the Carnegie Hall, New York.

Most of his songs and anthems were written at first with piano or organ accompaniment, but he has also arranged many of them for orchestral accompaniment as well.

Other websites
 Rutter at the Oxford University Press website

1945 births
Living people
20th-century English composers
21st-century English composers

John Rutter


Yury Nikolayevich Grigorovich (; born 2 January 1927 in Leningrad) is a Soviet and Russian dancer and choreographer who dominated the Russian ballet for 30 years.

Grigorovich was born into a family connected with the Imperial Russian Ballet. He graduated from the Leningrad Choreographic School in 1946 and danced as a soloist of the Kirov Ballet until 1962. His staging of Sergey Prokofiev's The Stone Flower (1957) and of The Legend of Love (1961) brought him acclaim as a choreographer. In 1964 he moved to the Bolshoi Theatre, where he would work as an artistic director until 1995. His most famous productions at the Bolshoi were The Nutcracker (1966), Spartacus (1967), and Ivan the Terrible (1975). He controversially reworked Swan Lake to produce a happy end for the story in 1984. In 1995, he was accused of having allowed the theatre to plunge into stagnation and after many a squabble was ousted from office. Thereupon he choreographed for various Russian companies before settling in Krasnodar, where he set up his own company. Grigorovich has been heading the juries of numerous international competitions in classical ballet. After the death of his wife, the great ballerina Natalia Bessmertnova, on 19 February 2008, he was offered the opportunity to return to the Bolshoi again in the capacity of ballet master and choreographer.

Honours and awards
 1957 - Honoured Artist of the RSFSR
 1957 - Medal "In Commemoration of the 250th Anniversary of Leningrad"
 1959 - Order nip
 1966 - People's Artist of the RSFSR
 1969 - Award of Sergei Diaghilev of the Paris Academy of Dance
 1970 - Jubilee medal "For Valiant Labour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
 1970 - Lenin Prize
 1973 - People's Artist of the USSR
 1976 - Order of Lenin
 1977 - Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 1st class (Bulgaria)
 1977 - USSR State Prize
 1977 - Medal "100 years of Bulgaria's Liberation from Ottoman slavery"
 1980 - Honorary Citizen of Varna
 1981 - Order of the October Revolution
 1981 - People's Artist of the Uzbek SSR
 1983 - State Prize of the Uzbek SSR
 1985 - USSR State Prize - for the creation of artistic and athletic programs of the XII World Youth and Student Festival in Luzhniki, Moscow
 1986 - Hero of Socialist Labour
 1986 - Order of Lenin
 1987 - Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1st class
 1995 - Honoured Artist of Kazakhstan
 1996 - People's Artist of the Republic of Bashkortostan
 1997 - Vaslav Nijinsky Medal (Ministry of Culture of Poland)
 2001 - Order of the Arts' Amber Cross ", the highest award of the Russian Academy of Arts and musical performance
 2002 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class - for outstanding contribution to the development of choreographic art
 2002 - "Badge poshani" (Honor), the highest award of the mayor of Kyiv
 2002 - Badge of "370 years of Yakutia in Russia"
 2002 - Fyodor Volkov award for his contribution to the theatrical art of the Russian Federation
 2003 - National Theatre Prize Golden Mask in nomination "For the honour and dignity"
 2003 - Badge of "civic virtue" of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
 2003 - Medal of the "Hero of Labour of Kuban" (Krasnodar region)
 2004 - Order of Merit (Ukraine), third class
 2004 - Medal of the National Opera of Ukraine to the 100th anniversary of Serge Lifar
 2004 - Badge of Honor of the Ministry of Culture and the Arts "for his personal contribution to the development of art"
 2005 - The highest theatrical award of St. Petersburg "Gold soffit"
 2005 - Order of Dostyk
 2006 - Award "Russian National Olympus" in nomination "Man epoch", medal "For the honor and valor"
 2006 - Ludvig Nobel Prize
 2007 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class - for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic and international choreographic art, many years of creative activity
 2007 - Order of Francisc Skorina
 2008 - Ovation
 2009 - Medal of Honour (Armenia)
 2011 - Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st class

References

Choreographers of Bolshoi Theatre
Russian male ballet dancers
Musicians from Saint Petersburg
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Honorary Members of the Russian Academy of Arts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Francysk Skaryna
1927 births
Living people
Prix Benois de la Danse jurors
Soviet male ballet dancers

Yury Grigorovich


Avian influenza (bird flu,  or grippe of the birds), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called influenza A or type A, usually lives in birds. Sometimes it infects mammals, including humans.

There are many types of influenza A, which was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms, such as breathing problems, similar to the common cold.

But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called Spanish flu, killed 50 to 100 million people  in 1918/1920. Another type, called Asian Flu killed one million in 1957, and another one, called Hong Kong Flu, also killed one million people in 1968.

A subtype, called H5N1, killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate. It might create a human flu pandemic. Governments around the world are spending money to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other activities.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Zoonoses

Avian influenza


Orochimaru is a fictional character of the manga Naruto. He is one of the greatest villain of the story, as well as a very powerful and dangerous ninja. He was formerly a ninja of Konoha, but defected 10 years before the beginning of the story, because his research about a technique which could allow Orochimaru to become immortal was discovered by Konoha officials and the Third Hokage. He then created his own village, Otogakure, and vowed to destroy his former home. When he was a ninja of Konoha, he was the most brilliant pupil of the Third Hokage, the leader of the village, and was considered to be one of the most powerful ninja of the entire village. The Third Hokage even wanted Orochimaru to succeed him as the Fourth Hokage but the title was later given to Minato Namikaze, Naruto's father and Jiraiya's pupil.

In the first part of the series, Orochimaru tried to destroy his former home, invading it with an army of ninja, and killed his former master, but failed to destroy completely the village. He later took Sasuke Uchiha as his apprentice, but was betrayed by him after training him during two and a half years. Sasuke attacked Orochimaru when he was close to death, but Sasuke could not kill him and absorbed him in his body instead.

During the fight between Sasuke and his brother Itachi, Orochimaru was able to come out of Sasuke's body, but was quickly defeated by Itachi, who imprisoned him in a eternal illusion. Orochimaru was later reincarnated by Sasuke Uchiha in order to revive the first 4 Hokage. Orochimaru later participated in the Fourth Shinobi World War against Madara Uchiha and Obito Uchiha. Orochimaru had a son named Mitsuki who is the same age as Boruto Uzumaki, the son of Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata Hyuga.  Mitsuki the son of ordinary is part of the new team 7 sarda boruto mitsuki

The Uzamaki Clan was later reformed to the Senjuists.

Science fiction
Naruto

ro:Akatsuki#Orochimaru

Orochimaru (Naruto)


Tropical Storm Harvey was a strong tropical storm that moved across the Atlantic Ocean from August 2 to August 8. Harvey was the eighth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm caused no damages.

Harvey formed from a tropical wave to the southwest of Bermuda on August 2 and passed close to Bermuda on August 4, bringing heavy rain to the island. The storm then began to move east and away from Bermuda, which the storm then reached its strongest strength with 65 mph (100 km/h) before becoming an extratropical cyclone on August 8. The system stayed in the northern Atlantic Ocean for a few more days before it died out later.

Storm history

A tropical wave moved west from the African coast on July 22 and went across the Atlantic Ocean without becoming stronger. When the wave came across the Leeward Islands on July 28, the National Hurricane Center began to watch the system closely for any possible strengthening, which did not happen at that time. By August 2, conditions had become more favorable and Tropical Depression Eight formed about 350 miles (595 km) southwest of Bermuda.

The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey the next day. But a lot of wind shear gave Harvey some subtropical characteristics and also made the official forecasts to underestimate the future strength of the storm.

Harvey passed 45 miles (75 km) south of Bermuda early on August 4, with winds of 60 mph (90 km/h), before removing its subtropical characteristics to become a "fully tropical" storm. As it moved northeast away from the island, the storm strengthened more to its strongest with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Without any notice, more wind shear did not cause Harvey to weaken somewhat, although the storm's path did become confusing. Harvey became a strong extratropical storm during the night on August 8. The storm lived for a few more days before dissipating northwest of the Azores on August 14.

Impact
As Tropical Storm Harvey came closer to Bermuda, a tropical storm warning was given out late on August 2. Because it was considered possible for the storm to continue gaining strength, a hurricane watch was given out the next day. As the storm began move away from Bermuda on August 4, the hurricane watch and the tropical storm warning were cancelled.

Harvey brought heavy rain to Bermuda, with just over 5 inches (130 mm) reported at Bermuda International Airport. The rain caused some flooding of the roads. Also, there was a report of 45 mph (75 km/h) winds over Bermuda. The storm did not cause any bad damage or kill any people on the island.

Naming and records
When Tropical Storm Harvey formed on August 3, it was the earliest time ever in a season that the eighth tropical storm formed. It beat the previous record held by a storm in. This was the fourth time that the name Harvey had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic. It was also the sixth time worldwide. However, because Harvey did not cause any bad damage, the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be used again during the 2011 season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites

 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Harvey
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Harvey

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 in Bermuda

Tropical Storm Harvey (2005)


A spacesuit is the specialised covering of protective clothing worn by astronauts when they travel into outer space occasional cases such as extravehicular activity (EVA) or into the upper atmosphere. Spacesuits are completely sealed, so that an astronaut can survive in the harsh, cold, and airless environment of space. Spacesuits have their own heating and cooling systems and a radio communication system. Spacesuits also provide a supply of fresh air for the astronauts to breathe and create a normal atmospheric pressure. Spacesuits cover the entire body, and they have gloves for the hands and a helmet for the head, including a clear visor for the face. Astronauts wear spacesuits when they fly in the space shuttle, rockets, or space stations. For Extravehicular activity they wear a heavier, more complex kind of spacesuit.

Parts of Space suit

A generalised, typical space suit is made of several pieces which has various properties.
Environmental suits
Spaceflight

Space suit


The difference quotient is a formula that finds the average rate of change of any function between two points. In calculus, the difference quotient is the formula used for finding the derivative, which is the limit of the difference quotient between two points as they get closer and closer to each other (this limit is also the rate of change of a function at a single point). The difference quotient was formulated by Isaac Newton.

Definition

Introduction
The difference quotient can be described as the formula for finding the slope of a line that touches a curve at only two points (this line is called the secant line). If we are trying to find the slope of a perfectly straight line, then we use the slope formula, which is simply the change in y divided by the change in x. This is very accurate, but only for straight lines. The difference quotient, however, allows one to find the slope of any line or curve at any single point. The difference quotient, as well as the slope formula, is merely the change in y divided by the change in x. The only difference is that in the slope formula, y is used as the y-axis, but in the difference quotient, the change in the y-axis is described by f(x). (For a detailed description, see the following section.)

Mathematical definition
The difference quotient is the slope of the secant line between two points.
 THE SLOPE FORMULA

If one uses the notation , then this becomes .

(here,  is called the limiting variable of the difference quotient. Other variables, such as  and , are used as well.)

The difference quotient can be used to find the slope of a curve, as well as the slope of a straight line. After we find the difference quotient of a function and take the limit as two points get closer and closer to each other, we have a new function, called the derivative. To find the slope of the curve or line, we input the value of x to get the slope. The process of finding the derivative via the difference quotient is called differentiation.

Applications of the difference quotient (and the derivative)
The derivative has many real life applications. One application of the derivative is listed below.

Physics
In physics, the instantaneous velocity of an object (the velocity at an instance in time) is defined as the derivative of the position of the object (as function of time). For example, if an object's position is given by x(t)=-16t2+16t+32, then the object's velocity is v(t)=-32t+16. To find the instantaneous acceleration, one simply takes the derivative of the instantaneous velocity function. For example, in the above function, the acceleration function is a(t) = -32.

Related pages

 Partial derivative

References

Calculus

Difference quotient


A Carnegie library is a library that was built with the help of money from Andrew Carnegie. Over 2,500 Carnegie libraries were built across the world. Between 1883 and 1919, Carnegie would give money to cities and towns to build a library. The cities or towns would have to give a place to build the library, and promise to give 10% of the cost of the library's construction each year for the library's costs. Many Carnegie library buildings still stand. Some are used for other purposes now. Most are made of brick. They often have a staircase leading up to the front door.

Libraries in the United States

Carnegie library


The Mad Hatter (Jervis Tetch) is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. He dresses-up as the Mad Hatter from Alice in Wonderland. He usually uses had-guns, poison smoke guns, or mind-control things. He used to be a scientist who invented mid-control things before being fired.

He was voiced by Roddy McDowall in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Mad Hatter (comics)


A Chapter house or chapterhouse is a special building or room attached to a cathedral or large church. It is where the cathedral chapter meetings are held. Chapter houses were also built in mediaeval monasteries.

Cathedrals
In a cathedral, the chapter is always chaired by the Dean, whose job it is to run (manage) the cathedral. Members of the chapter will include Canons, who may include top lay officials as well as priests. It is a management group for the cathedral.

The side of the cloister with the chapter house was usually the first to be constructed; it would have been started shortly after the church's frame was put up.

Monasteries
When part of a monastery, the chapter house is usually on the eastern wing of the cloister. It is a large space, to hold all the monks of the monastery. It is built in the same style as the churches of that day. In some Romanesque or Gothic monasteries, the entrance to the chapter house is a miniature version of the entrance to a cathedral.

The community of monks would meet in the chapter house with the Abbot to 'hold chapter'. This meant to read aloud from the rule book and Bible, and to discuss matters concerning the monastery and its monks. The meetings generally took place in the morning, after mass; the monks would sit along the length of the walls in strict age-order. At the end of the meeting the monks would publicly confess their sins or denounce others' (anonymously).

References

Church architecture
Gothic architecture

Chapter house


Collateral Damage is a 2002 American vigilante action-thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Elias Koteas, Francesca Neri, Cliff Curtis, John Leguizamo, and John Turturro. The film was released in the United States on February 8, 2002 to negative reviews and was a commercial failure.

The film tells the story of Los Angeles firefighter, Gordon Brewer (Arnold Schwarzenegger), who seeks to avenge his son's and wife's deaths at the hands of a guerrilla commando, by traveling to Colombia and facing his family's killers.

Plot
A bomb detonates in the plaza of the Colombian Consulate building in Los Angeles, killing nine people, including a caravan of Colombian officials and American intelligence agents. Among the civilians killed are the wife and son of an LAFD firefighter, Captain Gordon "Gordy" Brewer, who was injured in the explosion. A tape is sent to the U.S. State Department, in which a masked man calling himself "El Lobo" (The Wolf) claims responsibility, justifying it as retaliation for the oppression of Colombia by the United States. The FBI believes El Lobo is a Colombian terrorist named Claudio Perrini. CIA Officer Peter Brandt, the Colombia Station Chief, is harshly reprimanded for the incident by a Senate Oversight Committee, which promptly terminates all CIA operations in Colombia. Brandt angrily returns to Mompós and meets with his paramilitary allies to plan a major offensive to take down Claudio.

Frustrated at the political red tape regarding the investigation, Brewer travels to Mompós to personally hunt down Claudio but is quickly arrested for illegal entry. The guerrillas stage a prison break to free their comrades and abduct Brewer to demand a large ransom for him. Brandt's unit is alerted to Brewer's presence in Colombia but arrive too late. Brewer escapes the prison, evades capture, and secures a guerrilla zone pass from Canadian mechanic Sean Armstrong. Armstrong introduces him to drug runner Felix Ramirez, the manager of the cocaine distribution facility that finances the guerrillas. Masquerading as a "mechanic", Brewer rigs several improvised explosives and destroys the facility. Felix is blamed for the destruction of the drug plant and is executed in front of a hiding Brewer's eyes. Brewer infiltrates Claudio's headquarters and plants a bomb to kill him, but he is captured when he tries to prevent a woman, Selena, from being caught in the blast radius along with her son, Mauro. At Claudio's home compound, Selena reveals she is Claudio's wife. She and Claudio once lost their own child during an American attack, which compelled Claudio to become a terrorist; Selena found and adopted Mauro, whose parents were killed in the attack. Regardless, Selena eventually sympathizes with Brewer and admits that Claudio is planning another bombing in Washington, D.C.

Meanwhile, Brandt's unit locates Claudio's compound and launches an attack. During the ensuing shootout, Selena helps free Brewer and, along with Brandt, travels back to the State Department in Washington, D.C. to help the search effort for Claudio. Selena identifies Union Station as the target, and the FBI investigates. On the pretense of using the lavatory, Selena excuses herself from the command room and becomes irritated when Mauro refuses to come with her. When Brewer sees Selena make the same gesture as the masked man who claimed to be El Lobo in the tape, he realizes that she was the Wolf all along, and Claudio serves as her figurehead, and that the entire motive behind their cause is personal revenge for the death of their daughter at the hands of the US. Furthermore, Brewer surmises the real target is the State Department, and that he was used to help Selena get past the building's security. Brewer quickly throws Mauro's bomb-laden toy dinosaur out a window seconds before it explodes. Brandt, realizing Brewer's suspicions, is shot and killed trying to stop Selena from fleeing the building.

Brewer chases Selena to the basement of the building where she and Claudio ride off through the tunnels on a motorcycle. Brewer finds the tunnel control console and shuts the gates, preventing their escape. Brewer uses an axe to rupture some gas lines along the walls of the tunnel and, as they ride back, Selena shoots at Brewer, unwittingly igniting the gas. Brewer jumps through a doorway just as the entire tunnel explodes. Selena and Claudio survive the blast, however, and attack him simultaneously. After a short, hand-to-hand fight, Selena is electrocuted by being tossed on the exposed circuitry of the control panel, and Claudio is himself killed when Brewer throws an axe into his chest before he can detonate a second bomb in the State Department.

In the aftermath, Brewer carries Mauro in his arms as they leave the State Department. A newscast voiceover explains that Brewer will receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom for preventing one of the worst terrorist attacks in U.S. history from taking place.

Cast

 Arnold Schwarzenegger as Captain Gordon "Gordy" Brewer, A Los Angeles firefighter who seeks Colombian terrorists responsible for the killing of his wife and son.
 Elias Koteas as Peter Brandt, the head of the CIA station of Colombia.
 Francesca Neri as Selena Perrini, the wife of Claudio.
 Cliff Curtis as Claudio "El Lobo" Perrini, a Colombian terrorist known as the Wolf.
 John Leguizamo as Felix Ramirez, the manager of cocaine distribution facility.
 John Turturro as Sean Armstrong, a Canadian mechanic.
 Lindsay Frost as Anne Brewer, Gordy's wife.
 Ethan Dampf as Matt Brewer, Gordy's son.
 Miguel Sandoval as FBI Special Agent Joe Phipps, the FBI agent in charge.
 Harry Lennix as FBI Agent Dray, Phipps's FBI partner
 Jane Lynch as Agent Russo
 Tyler Posey as Mauro, the adopted son of Selena and Claudio.
 Fernando Sarfati as Federale
 Jsu Garcia as Roman, Claudio's right-hand man.
 Michael Milhoan as Jack, Gordy's fellow fireman.
 Rick Worthy as Ronnie, Gordy's fellow fireman.
 Raymond Cruz as Junior, Gordy's fellow fireman.
 J. Kenneth Campbell as Ed Coonts, the former military advisor of Colombia who gives Brewer advice to survive Colombia.
 Rodrigo Obregón as Rodrigo
 Michael Cavanaugh as Chairman Paul Devereaux
 Nicholas Pryor as Senator Delich

Production
The original script for the film had the same plotline but would have addressed American policy in the Middle East by taking place in Libya; director Davis and his screenwriters chose Colombia as the new location because it had not been used as extensively and touched on a current geopolitical conflict area.

The film was shot in Los Angeles, New York and Washington, D.C. The scenes that represent Colombia were shot in the town of Coatepec in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Filming in Mexico lasted ten weeks. First were shot during first eight weeks and then returned to roll other two.

Release

Marketing
The September 11 attacks affected the release and editing of the final film. The film's original trailer was scrapped because it showed a major bomb attack in the United States. The film was originally scheduled to be released on October 5, 2001, but it was postponed due to its terrorism theme and the attacks. Following this, Warner Bros. removed any mentions of Collateral Damage from the website, radio stations, television and movie theaters. All trailers and posters for the film were also recalled. Eventually, it was released on February 8, 2002. The premiere was held four days earlier. Collateral Damage was also supposed to include Colombian actress Sofía Vergara in the role of an airplane hijacker; however the scene where Vergara would hijack a plane was cut from the film.

Home media
Warner Home Video released the film on DVD and VHS in the United States on July 30, 2002.

Reception

Box office
Collateral Damage earned a total of $15.2 million during its opening weekend. It ranked number one at the box office ahead of Big Fat Liar, Rollerball and Black Hawk Down. This was also the first Arnold Schwarzenegger film to do so since Batman & Robin in 1997. For its second weekend, the film dropped into fifth place behind John Q., Crossroads, Return to Never Land and Big Fat Liar, making $8.7 million. In Spain, it opened in second place behind Monsters, Inc. with $1.1 million in its first weekend. The film made $78.4 million worldwide against its $85 million budget.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes, rated it 19% based on reviews from 142 critics, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite its timely subject matter, Collateral Damage is an unexceptional and formulaic action thriller." Metacritic rated it 33 out of 100 based on reviews from 34 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Desson Howe of The Washington Post called the film "head-scratchingly ordinary" and wrote, "Even by the fast-and-loose standards of action filmmaking, Collateral Damage is a disappointment." Claudia Puig of USA Today said, "It's laughably unbelievable, yet it's hard to snicker at anything involving terrorists, even Collaterals obscure Colombian variety. What we get is simply another opportunity for Schwarzenegger — who seems to be in perpetual Terminator mode — to flex his muscles." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and described it as "a skillfully made example of your typical Schwarzenegger action film".

See also
 List of American films of 2002
 Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography

References

External links

2002 films
2002 action thriller films
American action thriller films
2000s Spanish-language films
American films about revenge
Films about Colombian drug cartels
Films about terrorism in the United States
Films about firefighting
American vigilante films
Warner Bros. films
Films directed by Andrew Davis
Films postponed due to the September 11 attacks
Political controversies in film
Advertising and marketing controversies in film
Film controversies in the United States
Films set in jungles
Films set in Colombia
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Mexico
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Films scored by Graeme Revell
2000s vigilante films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2002 multilingual films
American multilingual films

Collateral Damage (2002 film)


John Holliday Bobbitt (born October 15, 1937), known professionally as Johnny Holliday, is an American sportscaster and former disc jockey. He is a personality with Mid-Atlantic Sports Network and the radio voice of the Maryland Terrapins football and basketball. He did the pregame/postgame show for Washington Nationals telecasts until 2020, and served as a fill-in play-by-play announcer for Bob Carpenter. He also called United States Football League games for ABC Radio. Holliday has also worked for the  Washington Bullets/Wizards, San Francisco Giants, California Golden Bears football and basketball, Washington Senators (as a TV Studio Host), Stanford Cardinal football and basketball, Navy Midshipmen football, and George Washington Colonials. He also covered the Olympics, boxing, and The Masters for ABC Radio. He has hosted pregame/postgame shows for the San Francisco Giants and Washington Redskins for radio coverage.

Major League Baseball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
United States Football League broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Living people
1937 births

Johnny Holliday


A chat room is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and type messages to each other using text. People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to the other people within that chat. There are also other programs called instant messengers to stay in contact with friends, colleagues and other people. Websites on the Internet often have types of chat rooms built into them, and lots of chat rooms also use .

Chat rooms are normally used as tools to talk with people that are far away, but many people still use them to talk to people who live near them, because it's very convenient. The first chat system was used by the U.S. government in 1971.

Related pages
 Chat

Internet communication
Messaging

Chat room


Roger Frederick Cook (born 19 August 1940) is an English singer, songwriter and record producer, who has written many hit records for other recording artists. He has also had a successful recording career in his own right.

He is best known for his collaborations with Roger Greenaway. Cook's co-compositions have included "You've Got Your Troubles", and the transatlantic million selling songs, "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" and "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress". They were the first UK songwriting partnership to win an Ivor Novello Award as 'Songwriters of the Year' in two successive years.

In 1997, Cook became the first and so far only British songwriter to enter the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Biography

Early life
Cook was born in Fishponds, Bristol, England. Most of the hits he has written have been in collaboration with Roger Greenaway, whom he originally met while they were members of a close harmony group, the Kestrels. Continuing on as a duo, Cook and Greenaway then had a brief but successful recording career between 1965 and 1967 as David and Jonathan, scoring hits with a cover version of the Beatles' "Michelle", and their own "Lovers of the World Unite". They also penned their first hit as songwriters for others in 1965, with "You've Got Your Troubles", a UK number 2 and US number 7 for the Fortunes.

As a performer Cook is best remembered as a member of Blue Mink, sharing lead vocals with Madeline Bell. The group was formed in 1969, primarily as a producer's outfit, featuring a wealth of top session musicians including Herbie Flowers (bassist), Alan Parker (guitarist), Roger Coulam (keyboardist) and Barry Morgan (drummer), who were simultaneously members of the jazz / rock / big band fusion outfit CCS, another mainly recording act.

Over the next four years Blue Mink had several Top 20 entries, mostly co-written by Cook, the most successful being "Melting Pot" and "Banner Man", before they disbanded in 1974.

Cook also sang backing vocals on some of the earliest recordings by Elton John, and continued to record albums as a solo artist, including Study (1970), credited to Roger James Cooke, Meanwhile Back at the World (1972), Minstrel in Flight (1973) and Alright (1976).

Major hits
Amongst hits he has written with others, including Greenaway and writers such as Albert Hammond, Mike Hazlewood and Tony Macaulay are "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (The New Seekers), "Good Times, Better Times" (Cliff Richard), "Softly Whispering I Love You" (The Congregation), "Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart" (Gene Pitney), "Home Lovin' Man" (Andy Williams), "Blame It on the Pony Express" (Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon), "Something Old, Something New" (The Fantastics), "Conversations" and "Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)"  (Cilla Black), "I've Got You on My Mind", "My Baby Loves Lovin'" (White Plains), "Gasoline Alley Bred" and "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress" (The Hollies); "Freedom Come, Freedom Go" (The Fortunes), "Doctor's Orders" (Sunny), "I Was Kaiser Bill's Batman" (Whistling Jack Smith) and "Like Sister and Brother" (The Drifters). "Miracles" (Don Williams), Cook co-wrote "I Just Want to Dance with You" with John Prine; Prine recorded the song in 1986 for his album German Afternoons, and it was a hit for George Strait in 1998.

Cook and Greenaway also wrote "High 'N' Dry" (Cliff Richard), which was the B-side of "Congratulations", the runner-up song for the UK Eurovision Song Contest in 1968.

Move to US
In 1975 Cook moved to the US and settled in Nashville, Tennessee, where he produced more hits including "Talking in Your Sleep" (Crystal Gayle in 1978, first recorded by Marmalade) and "Love Is on a Roll" (Don Williams). In 1977 he produced The Nashville Album, a record by Chip Hawkes, who had recently left the Tremeloes (but would rejoin the group a few years thereafter). He also opened a publishing company with accomplished songwriter Ralph Murphy named Pic-A-Lic.

In 1992 he joined former Stranglers member Hugh Cornwell and guitarist Andrew West to release an album, CCW. Later he turned to writing for the stage and he has worked on two musicals, Beautiful and Damned, based on the lives of Jazz Age author F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda, in collaboration with Les Reed; and Don't You Rock Me Daddio, set in 1957 at the height of the skiffle age, with Joe Brown.

In 1997, Cook became the first (and so far only) British songwriter to enter the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Cook's daughter, Katie, is a host/presenter for cable network CMT.

Discography

Albums
 Study (1970)
 Meanwhile Back at the World (1972)
 Minstrel in Flight (1973)
 Alright (1976)
 Mother Tongue (1980)

As songwriter

 "Banner Man" (with Roger Greenaway and Herbie Flowers) Blue Mink, 1971 UK No. 3
 "(Blame It) On the Pony Express" (with Roger Greenaway and Tony Macaulay) Johnny Johnson & the Bandwagon, 1970 UK No. 7
 "Freedom Come, Freedom Go" (with Roger Greenaway, Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood) the Fortunes, 1971 UK No. 6
 "Home Lovin' Man" (with Roger Greenaway and Tony Macaulay) Andy Williams, 1970 UK No. 7
 "I Believe in You" (with Sam Hogin) 1980 Don Williams
 "I Was Kaiser Bill's Batman" (with Roger Greenaway) Whistling Jack Smith, 1967 UK No. 5
 "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (with Roger Greenaway, Bill Backer and Billy Davis) The Hillside Singers, 1971 US No. 13; The New Seekers, 1971 UK No. 1, 1972 US No. 7
 "If It Wasn't for the Reason That I Love You" (with Roger Greenaway) Miki Anthony, 1973 UK No. 27
 "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress" (with Roger Greenaway and Allan Clarke) The Hollies, 1972 UK No. 32, US No.  2
 "Melting Pot" (with Roger Greenaway) Blue Mink, 1969 UK No. 3
 "Softly Whispering I Love You" (with Roger Greenaway) The Congregation, 1971 UK No. 4, 1972 Ger No. 10, US No. 29
 "Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)" (with Roger Greenaway) Cilla Black, 1971 UK No. 3
 "Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart" (with Roger Greenaway) Gene Pitney, 1967 UK No. 5; Marc Almond with Gene Pitney, 1989 UK No. 1
 "A Way of Life" (with Roger Greenaway) Family Dogg, 1969 UK No. 6
 "You've Got Your Troubles" (with Roger Greenaway) The Fortunes, 1965 UK No. 2
 "I Just Want to Dance with You" (with John Prine) 1986
 "Glory of True Love" (with John Prine) 2005

References

External links
 Who is Roger Cook? Official website

Interview with Roger Cook in International Songwriters Association's "Songwriter Magazine"

1940 births
Living people
Musicians from Bristol
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English pop singers
English record producers
English expatriates in the United States
Blue Mink members
The Congregation (band) members
The Kestrels members

Roger Cook (songwriter)


Peter Benoit (17 August 18348 March 1901) was a Flemish composer of Belgian nationality.

Biography
Petrus Leonardus Leopoldus Benoit was born in Harelbeke, Flanders, Belgium in 1834.  He was taught music at an early age by his father and the village organist. In 1851 Benoit entered the Brussels Conservatoire, where he remained till 1855, studying primarily with FJ Fétis. During this period he composed music to many melodramas, and to the opera Le Village dans les montagnes for the Park Theatre, of which in 1856 he became the resident conductor. In 1857 he won the Belgian Prix de Rome for his cantata Le Meurtre d'Abel. The accompanying money grant enabled him to travel through Germany. In the course of his journings he found time to write a considerable amount of music, as well as an essay called L'École de musique flamande et son avenir.

Fétis loudly praised his Messe solennelle, which Benoit composed in Brussels on his return from Germany. In 1861 he visited Paris for the production of his opera Le Roi des Aulnes ("The Erl King"), which, though accepted by the Théâtre Lyrique, was never performed. (He also composed a work for piano and orchestra called Le Roi des Aulnes.) While there he conducted at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens. Again returning home in 1863, he astonished the musical community with the production in Antwerp of a sacred tetralogy, consisting of his Cantate de Noël, the above-mentioned Mass, a Te Deum and a Requiem, in which were embodied to a large extent his theories about Flemish music. At that time he also came under influence of a novelist Hendrik Conscience.

Benoit passionately pursued the founding of an entirely separate Flemish school, and to that purpose even changed his name from the French "Pierre" to the Dutch equivalent "Peter". Through prodigious effort he succeeded in gathering a small group of enthusiasts who recognized with him the potential for a Flemish school that would differ completely from the French and German schools. However, these intentions failed, as the school's faith was tied too closely to Benoit's music, which was hardly more Flemish than it was French or German.

Benoit's most important compositions include the Flemish oratorios De Schelde (The river Scheldt) and Lucifer (which met complete failure when it was staged in London in 1888), the operas Het Dorp in 't Gebergte (The village in the mountains) and Isa, and the Drama Christi, a huge body of songs, choruses, small cantatas and motets. Benoit also wrote a great number of essays on musical matters.

He also composed a Flute Concerto (Symphonic Tale), Op. 43a, and a Piano Concerto (Symphonic Tale), Op. 43b.

He died in Antwerp on 8 March 1901, aged 66. In Harelbeke a museum remembers of his life and work, called the Peter Benoit Huis.

Honours
 1881: Commander in the Order of Leopold.
 1882: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.

Notes

References

External links

Biography on Famous Belgians
Biography on Naxos.com

 Biography at SVM

1834 births
1901 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Belgian male musicians
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Belgian opera composers
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Flemish composers
Male opera composers
People from Harelbeke
Prix de Rome (Belgium) winners
Pupils of François-Joseph Fétis
Romantic composers
20th-century Belgian male musicians
Oratorio composers

Peter Benoit


Lighting or illumination is the use of light to achieve a certain effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Lighting is a major factor in photography, movie making and television studios.

References

Light

Lighting


Ritwik Kumar Ghatak (4 November 1925 – 6 February 1976) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker, scriptwriter and actor. He was born in Dhaka in East Bengal. He wrote his first play,  Kalo sayar, in 1948. In 1951, Ghatak joined the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).  Ghatak acted in the 1950 film Chinnamul. In 1952 Ghatak completed his first movie, Nagarik. It was not released until 1977. Ghatak wrote the 1958 Hindi film Madhumati with Rajinder Singh Bedi.

Personal life
Ghatak married Surama Devi. He had a son, Ritaban Ghatak, and two daughters with her.

Ghatak died in 1976 in India from tuberculosis.

References

1925 births
1976 deaths
Indian actors
Indian writers

Ritwik Ghatak


Harold Lee Volkmer (April 4, 1931 – April 16, 2011) was an American politician from Missouri. He was a Democrat who served 20 years in the United States House of Representatives.

Early life and career
Volkmer grew up in Jefferson City, Missouri, where he "got his start in politics helping his mother campaign in Jefferson City, Missouri, for the re-election of President Franklin Roosevelt."  He attended Jefferson City Junior College and Saint Louis University. He later received his law degree from the University of Missouri, and passed the bar exam even before graduating. He married the former Shirley Ruth Braskett (died in 1995) in 1955, and they became the parents of two sons and a daughter. Volkmer served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957.

Prior to entering politics, Volkmer operated a private law practice in Hannibal, Missouri.

Political career
After graduating from law school, "Volkmer quickly entered public service, first as an Assistant Attorney General for the State, and then in the United States Army. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Marion County in 1960, and then State Representative in 1966." Volkmer was re-elected to the Missouri House of Representatives four times. "During his ten years in the Missouri legislature, he earned the same reputation that he would have had in Congress. An 'energetic blunt-talking lawyer' and 'a maverick,' in the words of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Volkmer led the way on a major reorganization of the executive branch of state government. As the Republican minority leader later recalled, 'Volkmer was the brains for all of us. He understood the issue of reorganization better than anybody in the Legislature. We all looked to him for leadership, including me. I don't like to say that, darn it, because he's a Democrat. But it's true.'"

As Chairman of the Missouri House Judiciary Committee, Volkmer sought and obtained approval of the Equal Rights Amendment by the Missouri House of Representatives. In 1976, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives and was re-elected nine times.

In Congress, Volkmer represented a mostly rural 21-county area in northeastern Missouri. He served on the House Agriculture Committee and helped shape five major farm bills. Volkmer also served for several of his early terms on the House Judiciary Committee. He had a reputation as a conservative Democrat due to his opposition to gun control legislation, his opposition to abortion, and his opposition to gay rights. However, these highly salient political issues overshadowed Volkmer's more progressive stances on many issues involving civil rights, environmental laws, and education policy. For instance, he supported the extension of the Voting Rights Act in 1982, the extension and expansion of the Fair Housing Act in 1988, expansion and strengthening of various environmental laws including Superfund, the Clean Water Act, and the Clean Air Act, and opposed certain Pentagon weapons programs considered by him to be wasteful and unnecessary. Volkmer also supported the Panama Canal Treaty Enabling Legislation in 1978, and the modernization of the United States Bankruptcy laws in 1978. Volkmer also supported the creation of the U.S. Department of Education.

He was one of the primary sponsors of the 1986 McClure-Volkmer Act that came to be known as the Firearm Owners Protection Act. This act amended the Gun Control Act by creating an expanded system of rules and procedures with respect to compliance inspections of gun shops. According to legal scholar Dave Kopel, "Line by line, FOPA significantly strengthened statutory protections of the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendments. FOPA remains one of the most far-reaching laws ever enacted by Congress to safeguard constitutional rights."

For most of his tenure, Volkmer usually skated to reelection. From 1978 to 1990, he only faced one close race, in 1984.  In 1992, however, he was nearly defeated by Republican Rick Hardy, a political science professor at MU, surviving by only 5,800 votes. He faced an equally close race in 1994, when Republican assistant attorney general Kenny Hulshof held him to 50.4 percent of the vote.  He lost a rematch to Hulshof in 1996 by just under 5,900 votes. Since then, the Democrats have only once cracked the 40 percent barrier in the district, now numbered as the 3rd.

After leaving Congress, Volkmer served as chairman of the National Commission on Small Farms, and "the members of the National Rifle Association overwhelmingly elected him to their Board of Directors, on which he served for the next 12 years." Volkmer resided in Hannibal, Missouri until his death at age 80 from pneumonia on April 16, 2011.

References

External links

Stennis Center Biography
Kopel, David (2011-04-18) Rep. Harold Volkmer, R.I.P., Volokh Conspiracy

1931 births
2011 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Saint Louis University alumni
University of Missouri School of Law alumni
People from Hannibal, Missouri
People from Jefferson City, Missouri
Deaths from pneumonia in Missouri
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
20th-century American politicians

Harold Volkmer


Fragrant Hills Park or Xiangshan Park (香山公园) is a public park and former imperial garden at the foot of the Western Hills in the Haidian District, Beijing, China. It was also formerly known as Jingyi Garden or "Jingyiyuan" (靜宜園). It covers  and consists of a natural pine-cypress forest, hills with maple trees, smoke trees and persimmon trees, as well as landscaped areas with traditional architecture and cultural relics. The name derives from the highest peak of Fragrant Hills, Xianglu Feng (Incense Burner Peak), a  hill with two large stones resembling incense burners at the top.

Name

The syllable xiang in the Fragrant Hills' Chinese name Xiangshan refers to incense, not fragrance per se. This name is perhaps derived from the name of the highest peak Xianglu Feng (香炉峰, ). The bronze-cast incense burner (with remote roots in ritual bronzes) being a common article found in temples. Indeed, incense was also often used as a metonym for temples.

History
The park was built in 1186 in the Jin dynasty (1115 to 1234) and expanded during the Yuan dynasty and Ming dynasty. In 1745, the Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) of the Qing dynasty ordered the addition of many new halls, pavilions and gardens and gave it a new name, Jingyi Palace (Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure). Many of the relics in the park were damaged by foreign troops during two major attacks. In 1860, British troops set the Old Summer Palace ablaze, burning it to the ground along with the Gardens of Perfect Brightness, causing extensive damage to many relics in the park. Another attack in 1900 by the Eight-Nation Alliance caused destruction to the park and to the Summer Palace built by Empress Dowager Cixi. Since 1949, the Chinese government has been engaged in continuous restoration and development in the area.

Fragrant Hills Park is recognized as one of the major tourist attractions in Beijing. When autumn arrives, the natural scenery in the park turns spectacular, with fiery red smoke tree leaves covering the mountain side. Every year, thousands of tourists ride the cable cars through the park in order see the hills in autumn colors. The grand opening of the annual Red Leaf Festival of Beijing takes place there.

There is also the Fragrant Hills Hotel, designed by Ieoh Ming Pei, which is more traditional than most of his designs.

Routes
There are two main routes through the park. One route goes through the north area, with Spectacles Lake (Yanjing Lake) and the bridge, Study of Reading Heart (Jianxin Zhai) and Bright Temple (Zhao Miao). Study of Reading Heart was built in the Ming dynasty (1368 to 1644) and is a landscaped park inside Fragrant Hills Park. Bright Temple is a large Tibetan style lamasery complex built in 1780 as the residence for the sixth Panchen Lama during his visits to the Qianlong Emperor. Buildings in the complex have partially been burned down. Among the surviving treasures are a majestic glazed-tiled archway in front of the complex, a terrace and a glazed-tiled pagoda. Bells hung on the eaves of the pagoda chime in breeze.

The second route leads through the south area of the park. Main attractions along the route include Tranquility Green Lake (Jingcui Lake), Shuangqing Villa, Fragrant Temple, and Incense Burner Peak. This route is more difficult because it leads across the highest peak, Incense Burner Peak.

Another point of interest in the park is the Shuangqing Villa, once the residence of Mao Zedong and also an early site for the headquarters of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

The Temple of Azure Clouds (Biyun Si) is located just outside the north gate of Fragrant Hills Park.

Transport
Fragrant Hills station

External links

Fragrant Hills Park. Official site of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

Haidian District
Parks in Beijing

Fragrant Hills


The Diego Ramírez Islands are a group of islands. They are in the Drake Passage, about 100 km southwest of Cape Horn. The Ildefonso Islands are 93 km to the north-northwest. There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3 km, then there is another group to the south. There is a weather station in one of the islands. The islands are an important nesting place for birds.

The islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ramírez. They were first sighted on 12 February 1619 by Marco Ramirez of the Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition. They were the southernmost landmass known at the time. They kept this status for 156 years. In 1775, James Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, which are much farther south.

The Chilean Navy built a meteorological station above Caleta Condell, a small cove on the northeast side of Isla Gonzalo (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupply it several times each year. This is the southernmost manned outpost of South America (including islands), even if the South Sandwich Islands are regarded as part of South America. The Argentinian station on Thule Island was taken down in June 1982  after the Falklands War. The next southerly manned outpost of South America is the lighthouse of Cape Horn. Cruise ships sometimes pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.

The archipelago has 2 groups. The North group is smaller and is named as Rocas del Norte. There are 5 islands in this group, Islote Cabezas, Islote Peñailillo, Isla Norte, Islote Martínez and Islote Mendoza. In the South group are many islands, for example; Islote Santander, Islotes Vergara, Isla Bartolomé (the principal island), Islote Pontevedra, Islote García, Isla Gonzalo (the second longest) and Islote Ester.

All the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month. Because of how far south they are, there is a strong wind from the west.

References

Islands of Chile
Magallanes Region

Diego Ramírez Islands