Jennifer Horton is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, currently played by actress Cady McClain. Jennifer was created by scriptwriter Pat Falken Smith, and executive producer Betty Corday. Melissa Reeves played the role of Jennifer on and off for over 35 years, premiering on October 9, 1985. The role has also been portrayed by Maren Stephenson, Jennifer Peterson, Stephanie Cameron, and Marci Miller.

Jennifer's storylines often focus on love and romance. The daughter of Bill and Laura Horton, she is a member of the original core family, the Hortons. Despite beginning as a rebellious teenager, she has transformed into a true soap heroine. Jennifer is known for her popular pairing with Jack Deveraux, most notably portrayed by Matthew Ashford. The pairing of Jack and Jennifer, known as "J&J" to soap fans, has become one of the soaps' most infamous supercouples.

McClain's performance in the role earned her the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2021.

Development

Background
Jennifer Horton is one of the earliest characters to be invented by executive producer Betty Corday, and scriptwriter Pat Falken Smith. The character was brought on as part of the soap's core family, the Hortons. She is the daughter of established characters Bill and Laura Horton, and the mother of Abigail and JJ Deveraux

Casting

As Jennifer is introduced on February 9, 1976, the role was originated by child actress Maren Stephenson until August 8, 1977. For storyline purposes, the role is briefly taken over by Jennifer Peterson from December 1, 1977, to July 4, 1979, until the character was written out of the show when her mother, Laura Horton, was in a psychiatric facility, thus and would not be able to care for her.

On October 9, 1985, the character was re-introduced with Santa Barbara actress Melissa Reeves in the role. She proved to be a fan favorite and younger leading heroine. Her relationship with Jack Deveraux prompted the couple to be pronounced a supercouple for the daytime drama. Reeves stayed with the serial until she abruptly quit on December 15, 1995, at the insistence of her husband, Scott Reeves. To replace Reeves, the show brought on Stephanie Cameron as Jennifer on December 18, 1995. Cameron portrayed the character until she was written off the show on June 5, 1998.

In early 2000, rumors started swirling that Melissa Reeves would be returning to the show, due to the series crumbling to fill the void left by the departures of front-burner cast members Vivian Alamain, played by Louise Sorel and Eric Brady, played by Jensen Ackles. Her return was officially announced in April 2000. Reeves returned to work and began airing shortly after on October 6. After six years on the serial, Reeves departed again on September 21, 2006 to spend time with her family. The show's matriarch, Frances Reid who played Alice Horton died of old age on February 3, 2010. Reeves was invited back for her onscreen tribute on June 10 of that same year. Reeves remained in a recurring guest star role until July 6. It was announced later that month that Reeves would return permanently in the role beginning on November 12.

In September 2020, it was announced Cady McClain had been temporarily cast in the role, replacing Reeves—who opted not to commute from Tennessee to California—due to the on-going COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Reeves last appeared on October 13, with McClain debuting on October 20. On February 2, 2021, Marci Miller briefly portrayed Jennifer in newly-created flashbacks. McClain exited the role on February 17. She briefly reappeared on April 30 of that year. Later that in year, it was announced that Reeves would be returning, and she returned on December 24, 2021.

Storylines

Backstory
Jennifer Rose Horton is born during a snowstorm in 1976. In 1979, her mother's mental state deteriorates and she puts little Jennifer Rose in danger by putting her on a bus alone. In 1985, Jennifer returns to Salem as a teenager in deep trouble who dressed in a style similar to Madonna at the time. She has become a rebellious runaway, is a compulsive liar, and is being stalked by a rapist. Her brother Mike Horton comes to her rescue. By the following year she gives up on her runaway lifestyle and moves back in with her grandparents, Tom and Alice Horton. During the summer of 1986, she begins a non-intimate romance with a high school classmate Glenn Gallagher. However, Jennifer inadvertently exposes Glenn's plan to uncover his coach's drug dealing. Jennifer trails Glenn to the park and finds the coach holding a gun to Glenn's head. Jennifer then enlists the help of classmate Frankie Brady. Later, when on a class trip, Jennifer and Frankie discover they have feelings for one another.  Jennifer rejects Glenn's pressure to have sex and turns to Frankie.  Together, Jennifer and Frankie foil a robbery attempt and help bust a prostitution ring.  In 1987, Jennifer's father Bill returns to Salem and tries running Jennifer's life.  Jennifer rebels by becoming engaged to Frankie; however, she breaks the engagement when she learns of her mother and grandmother's mental problems, thinking she'd develop the same problems and pass them  on to her own children. They reunite briefly, but Eve Donovan (who has a crush on Frankie) spills the beans about an affair Frankie had while separated from Jennifer.

1989–2006
In 1989, Jennifer becomes an intern reporter at the Salem Spectator, working under the tutelage of publisher Jack Deveraux. She befriends Sally, a pregnant homeless girl who gets herself arrested so she won't have her baby on the streets. But the officials won't let Sally keep her baby once it was born. Jack pretends to be Jennifer's husband, and they offer the child Hannah a foster home. Jack soon falls in love with Jennifer, but Emilio soon comes to town. Although Emilio pulls away from Jennifer when she is threatened by the gang Emilio once belonged to, Jennifer soon finds herself torn between Emilio and Jack. When Jack hides his feelings for Jennifer, she then becomes engaged to Emilio. Desperate to keep Jennifer from marrying Emilio, Jack kidnaps her on her wedding day. When Jennifer escapes, she falls off a cliff and was knocked unconscious. Jack finally pours his heart out to her. Later, Jack becomes insecure about his feelings for Jennifer, so she returns to Emilio. During the Cruise Of Deception, however, Jack saves Jennifer's life, and they make love for the first time.
Later, Lawrence Alamain comes to town. Jennifer believes that Lawrence thinks she is Katerina, the heiress to the Von Leuschner fortune, due to a confusion going back to when the real heiress (Carly Manning) and Jennifer were teenagers and they had switched dates. After a hurried wedding, Lawrence rapes Jennifer, admitting that he knew her real identity all along. Jack arrives to rescue Jennifer. Jack and Jennifer became engaged, but he calls off the wedding because he feels alienated from her. Jennifer is still unable to handle intimacy and is too ashamed to tell Jack that Lawrence raped her. Jack then marries Eve to help her get her hands on her $10 million inheritance. After Jennifer finally tells Jack the truth, she presses rape charges against Lawrence. Kimberly and Jack are able to record him confessing to the rape, and Lawrence is then sent to jail. Eve reluctantly grants Jack a divorce, and Jack and Jennifer are married. Soon after, a swindler named Hawk soon cheats them out of their money. He is caught, but the couple remains penniless. Jennifer then learns she is pregnant, but Jack's joy is not great. He thinks he is suffering a relapse of Hodgkin's disease. Though he is not ill, Jennifer goes to New York to do a TV show with Calliope. Jennifer gives birth later that year to a daughter, Abigail Johanna.

The following year, Abigail is diagnosed with aplastic anemia. Jennifer teams up with Austin Reed to find the environmental cause of Abigail's illness. It is soon revealed that Jack was the one who had allowed the toxic waste dumping and was responsible for Abigail's illness. Overwhelmed with guilt, Jack leaves Salem and Jennifer behind. Jennifer begins dating Peter Blake after Jack is gone. Peter is involved with drug trafficking at the time. Jennifer's mother Laura sees Peter with a lowlife by the name of Leo as the two of them scheme to make it appear as if Laura is having a mental relapse. Jack returns to Salem and spies on his ex-wife and her current love. Jennifer begins to try to find a man named Clark, who her mom had feelings for. It turns out that Clark is actually Jack. Jennifer is devastated and goes through with her marriage to Peter. Jack tries continuously to prove that Peter is devious but to no avail. A year later, Jennifer and Peter separate when she finds out he lied to her. Jack catches Peter with a syringe meant for Jennifer so that Peter can drug her and then take her and Abigail out of the country. Jack ends up shooting Peter, and it looks like Peter has died. (Stefano switches Peter's alive body with the dead body of an old associate wearing a Peter mask.)

Jack is sentenced to serving life in prison for the death of Peter, and Jennifer vows her eternal love for Jack every day. Jack breaks out of jail and takes Jen with him to evade police. They all are on the run for a while, until they join up with a circus. Jack becomes a laborer and Jen the assistant with Abby, their daughter. Abby strikes up a good friendship with the ringmaster's son. Eventually, Jack and Jennifer flee for Africa. While in Africa, Jennifer and Jack experience some problems with their relationship, especially when Jennifer falls for a young man named Colin Murphy...whom she does not realize is Shawn Brady's nephew! She flees to Ireland with Abby, where she ends up getting herself in trouble, and then has to come back to Salem with Bo. Jack soon follows her, and the two move in together so they can look after Abigail. Jennifer initially pushes Jack away and concentrates on relationships, first with Brandon then Colin, but she and Jack can't resist that certain something that has always been between them. They are remarried, much to the delight of their daughter Abby.

Jack and Jennifer are just beginning to enjoy their married life together again and hosting "In the House," a show that was a wedding gifts from Jennifer's father Bill to her and Jack. Jennifer is then dealt the harshest blow of her life when Jack is struck down in an alley behind Salem Place by the Salem Stalker, and Jennifer is forced to make the choice of taking him off life support and donating his organs. Abby is unable to forgive her mother until Jennifer realizes she is pregnant, but tragedy strikes again when Jennifer learns that her baby will have serious mental and physical deformities, and Lexie advises her to terminate.

Desperate to hold on to the last part of Jack she would ever have, Jennifer refuses to terminate her pregnancy. With the help of her new tenant and friend, Patrick Lockhart, Jennifer begins looking forward to a new life with Abby and the baby. When she is nearly full term, Jennifer gets a message on her computer, supposedly from Jack, and takes off to find him. She is picked up by a pilot who was to take her to the island of Melaswen. Unfortunately, the plane crashes, and Jennifer ends up in the jungle. She is thrilled when she reunited with Jack, and together the two begin planning a future for Jack Patrick Jr. (who is delivered by Patrick), but when they try to return to Salem, Jack is presumed dead on the return voyage. Jennifer tries to move on with her life, but finds it difficult because Abby can't forgive Jennifer for Jack's death. Jennifer is almost preparing to move on when a miracle occurs and Jack is back home for real. Together, Jack and Jennifer work on rebuilding their family, which is complete now that Abby are getting along much better with her mother. The two get a job offer for London, and Jack and Jennifer leave for London with baby Jack.

2010–present
In June 2010, Jennifer returns to Salem after receiving the news that her grandmother, Alice Horton, is very ill and does not have much time left. Jennifer gets to say goodbye to her "Gram", but is distraught as one of the closest people to her and the woman that raised her died. While in Salem, Jennifer tries to provide guidance to Bo and Hope, inferring that she thinks it is best if they reconcile. She also gets to reunite with her old friend, Carly Manning, who she had not seen in years. Jennifer leaves Salem after Alice's funeral and after an altercation with Vivian Alamain, and returns to London to be with her family. She, however, returns to Salem in November of that same year to help Hope, who was in prison after confessing to the Salem Muggings.

Hope refuses to let Jennifer help her as she is determined to pay for her crimes. The women's prison that Hope is staying at, however, is trafficking human organs that came from dead inmates, and the doctor that Jennifer had been seeing at the time is helping Warden Jane and the DiMera family. After Bo helps Hope escape for the jail after being nearly beaten to death, Jennifer uses her journalism background to get a job at the prison to try and save Hope and expose the illegal scam at the prison. Warden Jane and Lee, however, discover Jennifer's true motives, and removes Jennifer's heart from her body with the intention of giving it to Dr. Walters to save a patient at the hospital. Melanie Layton and Dr. Daniel Jonas are informed of Jennifer's condition and rush to save her. Daniel ends up putting Jennifer's heart back into her chest and saves her life. This begins a flirtatious relationship between the two. Meanwhile, Jennifer's daughter Abigial, returns home to Salem to be with her mother. Without hearing a word from her husband Jack, Jennifer decides it is best if she divorces Jack and moves on with her life. After the divorce is finalized and after flirting for months, Jennifer and Daniel began to date, much to the dismay of Jennifer and Daniel's good friend, Dr. Carly Manning. In July 2011, Jennifer discovered that Carly had been using drugs and had become addicted due to her life falling apart and Jennifer being with Daniel, the man she feels she wants to love. Jennifer and Daniel end up getting Carly medical help. Carly, along with her son, Nicholas, leave Salem to go to Europe.

As Jennifer and Daniel fall deeper in love, Jack unexpectedly returns to Salem. Although Jennifer and Abby are upset at his absence, he reveals that he was held prisoner in Afghanistan while covering the opium trade there, and that a British friend he had there was killed, giving him PTSD. Wanting to support him, Jennifer gets closer to Jack, and the two realize that they still love each other. Unable to make a choice between Daniel and Jack, Daniel breaks up with Jennifer and leaves Salem. Jennifer helps Abe with his campaign for mayor, though they lose to EJ DiMera. Jennifer eventually wins Jack's heart, and the two get engaged. When Daniel returns, Jennifer asks him if they can be friends, and he tells her they can, while he begins a secret romance with Nicole Walker. When the tunnels explode underneath Salem, Jack saves Abby from being trapped in a broken elevator. The elevator, with Jack inside, plunges several stories, causing Jack to die. Distraught, Abby and Jennifer scatter his ashes off the shores of northern California. Broken, Jennifer allows a pregnant Nicole to live with her, in order to keep Daniel happy and so that Victor Kiriakis doesn't have to let her live with him. Nicole reveals her relationship with Daniel, which makes Jennifer uneasy and argumentative with Nicole. Jennifer tells Nicole that she must leave after she gives birth. After Nicole sees a close moment between Daniel and Jennifer and later loses her baby, she gets in a fight with Jennifer, ending with Nicole falling down some stairs and "miscarrying." Nicole blames Jennifer for the fall, but the truth is revealed that Nicole knew her baby died but was keeping it a secret so that Daniel would take her to Hawaii. Knowing that Daniel will love Jennifer and will never love Nicole, Nicole apologizes for her wrongdoings and leaves the duo alone. Daniel agrees to still be her friend, and he and Jennifer forgive her, not pressing charges. Daniel saves Jennifer's life after, admitting that he loves her, by removing her appendix before it bursts, with Nicole's help. Jennifer admits to Daniel, while the surgery goes on, that she loves him. She forgets afterwards, however, but is glad that Daniel's hand tremors are gone thanks to the treatment she found for him. Later, she remembers what she told him, and, with Abigail, says goodbye to her old life with Jack. Daniel and Jennifer reunite with nearly everyone's blessing, but Jennifer's half brother, Lucas Horton, doesn't approve of the reunion due to his bitter past with Daniel. On New Year's Eve, Daniel and Jennifer share a kiss and spend the night together.

Chloe Lane returns to Salem. She had previously given birth to a son, whom she had named Parker Jonas. The supposed truth came out at Parker's baptism in front of family and friends that Philip Kiriakis was Parker's father, leading to the end of the marriage between Chloe and Daniel. Having lost him, Chloe sank into a state of post partum depression and tried to commit suicide. Upon returning to Salem in January 2013, Chloe attempts to reestablish her relationship with Daniel, revealing to Daniel that Parker really is his son and that the earlier supposed DNA test results had been fake. Hoping she could get Daniel back, Chloe blackmails Jennifer into rejecting Daniel by threatening to keep Daniel from seeing Parker. Chloe goes so far as to have her mother Nancy prepare to take Parker to Brazil without telling Daniel, so Jennifer felt she had to publicly reject Daniel and leave the hospital to protect Daniel from losing access to his son while never revealing her true feelings.

After seeing a passport at Chloe's mother Nancy's place, Daniel figured out Chloe's scheme, with help from Rafe, and reconciles with Jennifer, who also got her job back at the hospital. Chloe said she repents and leaves town for treatment, leaving Parker with Daniel and Jennifer. Jennifer is delighted when JJ returns to Sale, now a teenager.

Jennifer is devastated by Daniel's death in 2016. In late 2017, Jennifer begins a relationship with Eric Brady. The two later get engaged but Eric breaks it off when he learns she's known where Nicole Walker was for a couple of months. Shortly after at a New Years party, Jack returns, but does not reconcile with Jennifer due to having amnesia and being manipulated by Eve. Eve and Jack later marry, much to Jennifer's dismay. However, when Jack recovers his memories, he divorces Eve and remarries Jennifer. Shortly after, Jennifer is pushed off a balcony by Gina Von Amberg, who is posing as Hope, so that Jennifer doesn't reveal her true identity. This puts Jennifer into a coma for a whole year, and when she wakes up, she clears Eve's name, who had been in prison for pushing her. Jennifer and Jack later support Abigail when she begins having hallucinations.

Reception
The character of Jennifer has been well received by critics, with Reeves' long-running portrayal regarded as "being one of the most beloved" in the series.

Reeves received several award nominations and wins for her portrayal of Jennifer. In 1995, she received a Soap Opera Digest award for Hottest Female Star.  Reeves's performance has been met with critical acclaim, having garnered her  Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 1992 and  Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016.

At the 48th Daytime Emmy Awards, McClain earned an Emmy win in the category of Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series for the role of Jennifer.

In 2020, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Jennifer #27 on their list of the 35 most memorable characters from Days of Our Lives, commenting "They broke the "good girl" mold after fashioning from it Melissa Reeves' spunky, halo-clad heroine. But we can't deny we've always been more drawn to the dark side… and scamps like the one who'd be delighted to know that she beat her nemesis to come in at No. 26 [ Eve Donovan ]."
Mason also referred to Jennifer as a "saint".

See also
Jack and Jennifer
Supercouple

References

External links
 Jennifer at soapcentral.com¨

Horton, Jennifer
Fictional reporters
Fictional drug addicts
Television characters introduced in 1976
Female characters in television
Fictional victims of sexual assault
Fictional characters incorrectly presumed dead
Horton family
Fictional characters who awoke from a coma
Fictional painkiller addicts

Jennifer Horton


Back Dorm Boys () are two Chinese people who have made several well known spoof music videos in 2006. Their name comes from their lip sync video of the Backstreet Boys' song "As Long As You Love Me". They are often called the "Back Dormitory Boys". Their spoof music videos have been selected by Motorola China to promote mobile phones. The two members of the Back Dorm Boys are 韦炜 (Wei Wei) and 黄艺馨 (Huang Yi Xin). They were university students at Guangzhou Arts Institute (广州美术学院) majoring in sculpture. Their videos were very famous in China. The became very famous around the world after the videos were shown on YouTube.

Chinese musicians
Comedy
Musical groups

Back Dorm Boys


CHI could mean:

Chile, the long and narrow South American nation between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean.
Chicago, the IATA city code for a major US city (sometimes informally written "Chi" or "Chi-town"). Additionally, most Chicago sports teams can be called "CHI" or "Chi" when citing scores, etc.
 Chicago Bears, a National Football League team
 Chicago Blackhawks, a National Hockey League team
 Chicago Bulls, a National Basketball Association team
 Chicago Cubs, a Major League Baseball team
 Chicago White Sox, a Major League Baseball team
 Child Health International, a UK based charity for children's health (especially Cystic Fibrosis) in poor countries
 Human-Computer Interaction, otherwise known as Computer-Human Interaction (CHI)
 CHI, an annual, international academic conference on the topic of Computer-Human Interaction
 Chromosomal crossover, in homologous recombination, a viral DNA sequence called a "crossover hotspot instigator" (CHI)
CHI, Longwood University's, secret honorary society formed in 1900 in Farmville, Virginia
 Closed Head Injury, meaning the skull is not broken.
 Columbia Helicopters, Inc of Aurora, Oregon.  Manufacturer and Operator of heavy lift helicopters
 Chingford railway station, London; National Rail station code CHI

Chi
Chi could mean:
 Chi, the Greek letter, Χ
 The Chi distribution, which is denoted by
 The Chi-square distribution, which is denoted by
Chi (kana), a letter used in the Japanese script Hiragana
 Chi (magazine), an Italian magazine based in Milan
 Chi Cheng (musician), Bassist for Deftones
 Chi McBride, actor
 Chi River in North-East Thailand
 Chi, a fictional character in the anime/manga series Chobits
 In Igbo mythology in Nigeria, Chi is a god or personification of an individual's fate
 Chi is an alleged life force in every thing

Chi


is a Japanese judoka. He currently works as an instructor or advisor for numerous organizations, including Tokai University, the International Judo Federation, and the All Japan Judo Federation. He retired from competitive judo on 17 June 1985 after a remarkable career where he won five gold medals in international competitions and marked 203 consecutive victories (with 7 draws in-between) until his retirement where he went undefeated his entire career against non-Japanese wrestlers. He received the Japanese National Prize of Honor on 9 October 1984. He is considered the greatest judoka ever.

Biography

Competitive career
Yamashita began judo in primary school after being inspired by judo founder Kanō Jigorō, and had already attained a black belt by the time he reached junior-high school. Yamashita continued judo under the guidance of 1964 Summer Olympics gold medalist Isao Inokuma and 1967 World Judo Championships gold medalist Nobuyuki Sato after graduating from Tokaidai Sagami High School. His streak of 203 victories began in October, 1977, in an exhibition match held in the Soviet Union, and ended with his final match in April, 1985, where he won the All-Japan judo championships for the 9th consecutive time.

Yamashita qualified for the Olympics for the first time in 1976 as a replacement during his freshman year at Tōkai University. At age 19, he became the youngest judoka in history to win the open category of the All-Japan Judo Championships in 1977. He continued his success by winning a gold medal at the 1979 World Judo Championships, and secured a spot on the Japanese Olympic team in a highly publicized draw against 1976 Summer Olympics bronze medalist Sumio Endo. Yamashita went into the final of the 1980 All Japan championships as the favorite, but Endo put Yamashita in a Kani Basami, breaking Yamashita's fibula. The match was declared a draw even though Yamashita was hurt and unable to continue. Kani Basami had been a legal move until the match, but the seriousness of Yamashita's injury caused officials to prohibit its use in international competitions.

Japan boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in protest of the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Yamashita was forced to look on as a spectator while his rivals competed on the Olympic stage. Yamashita won three more gold medals at the World Championships before qualifying for the Olympics for the third time in 1984. He was the only Japanese judo competitor from the boycott who also qualified for the 1984 Summer Olympics.

In his only appearance at the Olympics, Yamashita tore a right calf muscle in the preliminary match against Arthur Schnabel. This put Yamashita at a huge disadvantage since he executed his throws by pivoting on his right leg. Though he managed to win the match with an Okuri-Eri-Jime, the injury caused him to visibly limp during the semi-final match against Laurent Del Colombo. Yamashita was thrown with an Osoto Gari only 30 seconds into the match, but managed to return an Osoto Gari and won the match with a Yoko-Shiho-Gatame (side four-quarter hold). He played the final match against Mohamed Ali Rashwan of Egypt. Yamashita won the final and the gold medal despite his injury. The match witnessed a remarkable fair play act from Rashwan who did not aim for Yamashita's right leg. Rashwan was even given an award from the International Fairplay Committee.

Yamashita remained undefeated in both domestic and international competitions, though he drew several matches with two-time Olympic gold medalist Hitoshi Saito. Yamashita faced Saito in the final match of the All-Japan Judo Championships for 3 consecutive years from 1983 to 1985, and emerged victorious in every single one of those matches. After suffering from numerous injuries throughout his career, Yamashita decided to retire from competitive judo on June 17, 1985 at only 28 years of age.

Post retirement
Yamashita served as an instructor for numerous organizations before becoming the International Judo Federation's Director of Education in September, 2003. His presence as the head coach of the Japanese judo team was felt when he strongly protested the controversial decision in a match between David Douillet and Shinichi Shinohara at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Yamashita has also compiled an instructional judo video with Russian President Vladimir Putin, who also holds a black belt in judo. The two first met during Putin's visit to Tokyo in 2005, and Yamashita has traveled to St. Petersburg to visit the President's former judo school. He is the chairman of the Japanese Olympic Committee, and on 10 January 2020 he was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee.
In 2022 he was promoted 9th dan.

Judo style
Yamashita had a stocky build of 5 ft. 11 in. (180 cm) and weighed over 280 lbs (127 kg) during his competitive years. He stood with a left-handed stance, and his best move was the Osotogari mixed in with the Ouchi Gari. He found Ouchi to be successful and used it very frequently. He also found the Uchi mata to be highly effective against non-Japanese opponents, and used it frequently during his later years. He was also extremely effective on the ground, and many of his jacket wrestling victories came with hold or choke moves. His proficiency from both the standing position and ground position allowed him to remain unbeaten for over 9 years.

References

External links

 Videos of Yasuhiro Yamashita in action (judovision.org)

Japanese male judoka
Jacket wrestlers
Sportspeople from Kumamoto Prefecture
1957 births
Living people
Tokai University alumni
Judoka at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in judo
Olympic judoka for Japan
World judo champions
People's Honour Award winners
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Japanese International Olympic Committee members
Presidents of the Japanese Olympic Committee

Yasuhiro Yamashita


A Christian church (or local church) is a group of people who share a faith or belief within a community. They usually meet in one particular location called a cathedral, temple, tabernacle, or simply a church building. A church group represents a certain doctrine and traditions. Many Christian churches that use the same name and share the same beliefs are a part of a denomination. A church that not part of a larger group is usually called nondenominational. There are estimated to be over 41,000 denominations worldwide. They may fall within three general groups: Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant Churches.

References

Church organization

Christian church


Fly Away Home ( Flying Wild and Father Goose)  is a 1996 family drama film directed by Carroll Ballard. The film stars Anna Paquin, Jeff Daniels, and Dana Delany. Fly Away Home was released on September 13, 1996, by Columbia Pictures.

Fly Away Home dramatizes the actual experiences of Bill Lishman who, in 1986, started training Canada geese to follow his ultralight aircraft, and succeeded in leading their migration in 1993 through his program "Operation Migration". The film is also based on the experience of Dr. William J. L. Sladen, a British-born zoologist and adventurer, who aided Lishman with the migration.

Plot
After surviving a car accident in which her mother Aliane dies, 13-year-old Amy Alden is brought from New Zealand to Ontario, Canada, by her estranged father Thomas Alden, a sculptor and inventor, to live with him and his girlfriend Susan.

When a construction crew destroys a small wilderness area near the Alden home, Amy finds an abandoned nest of 16 goose eggs. Without Thomas, Susan, or her uncle David knowing, she takes the eggs and keeps them in a dresser in her father's old barn to incubate. When the eggs hatch, she is allowed to keep the goslings as pets. Thomas asks for help from local Animal Regulation officer Glen Seifert on how to care for the geese. Seifert comes over to the Alden house, and explains that the geese have imprinted on Amy as their mother. He explains that geese learn everything from their parents including migratory routes, but also warns Thomas that a private ordinance dictates that all domestic geese must have their wings pinioned (clipped) to render them flightless. He promptly tries to demonstrate the process with one of the goslings, which upsets Amy. Thomas throws Seifert off his property, only for Seifert to threaten the Aldens that if the birds start flying, he will have to confiscate them.

Thomas decides to use an ultralight aircraft he had been constructing to teach the birds to fly and show them their migratory routes, but quickly realizes the birds will only follow Amy. Aided by his friend Barry, Thomas teaches Amy how to fly an ultralight aircraft of her own. David knows someone running a bird sanctuary in North Carolina, and arranges for the geese to go to the sanctuary. The birds have to arrive before November 1, or the sanctuary will be torn down by developers who plan to turn it into a coastal housing development.

Amy and Thomas practice flying the aircraft, but Igor, the weakest of the geese, who has a limp, accidentally hits the front of Amy's aircraft and lands in an isolated forest. While the group goes off to search for the bird, Glen Seifert returns to the Alden farm and confiscates the other geese. The next day, the Aldens free the geese, and Amy leads them on their migration to North Carolina.

Making an emergency landing at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station in western New York on the south shore of Lake Ontario, Amy and Thomas almost get arrested. They become national news, with residents cheering them on.

Thomas and Amy meet an old woman with a vendetta against goose shooting, and she invites them to stay the night at her house. That night Amy asks Thomas why he seldom visited her and her mother. From her mother, she knows that her parents were artists, who tend to be selfish, and that her mother left for both of their sakes. Thomas tells her that he was afraid and angry at himself for letting them leave, so he spent the next ten years buried in his work. He apologizes to Amy.

Thirty miles before reaching the bird sanctuary, Thomas's aircraft suffers a structural failure and crashes in a cornfield; having suffered a dislocated shoulder he tells Amy to finish the journey by herself. Thomas hitchhikes to the bird sanctuary. While waiting for the geese, Thomas, Susan, David, Barry, and many animal enthusiasts stand up to developers who are waiting to start the excavation of the site.

Amy eventually appears with the geese, much to the joy of the townspeople and Amy's family, and to the dismay of the developers. The townspeople and the Aldens celebrate their victory. During the end credits, a note reveals that all 16 geese - including Igor - returned to the Aldens' farm on their own in the following spring.

Cast

 Jeff Daniels as Thomas Alden
 Anna Paquin as Amy Alden
 Dana Delany as Susan Barnes
 Terry Kinney as David Alden
 Holter Graham as Barry Stickland
 Jeremy Ratchford as Glen Seifert
 Deborah Verginella as Aliane Alden
 Michael J. Reynolds as General Hatfield
 David Hemblen as Dr. Killian
 Ken James as Developer
 Nora Ballard as Jackie
 Sarena Paton as Laura
 Chris Benson as Farmer
 Gladys O'Connor as Farm Woman

Songs
"10,000 Miles" performed by Mary Chapin Carpenter
"Wherever You Are" (End titles) performed by Mary Chapin Carpenter

Production
To recreate the Alden home, principal photography took place in 1995, at two farms near Lindsay in southeastern Ontario. The township had also been the setting for A Christmas Story (1983), and later A Cool Dry Place (1998). The blacksmith shop constructed onsite for the filming of The Last Buffalo at Purple Hill, Ontario was re-used as part of the Alden homestead.

Two gliders were featured in the film: The UFM Easy Riser and the Cosmos Trike. The Easy Riser first appears as a foot-launched biplane hang glider. True to Lishman's real-life saga, modifications were made to improve the design including the addition of a motor and seat. Anna Paquin's character instead flies an A-frame Cosmos Trike with a mock goose head mounted to the noseplate of the airframe and a fabric wing covering painted to resemble feathers. The Cosmos Trike was reportedly chosen for its safety, superior engine power, and increased wing size (a feature that was needed to fly slow enough for the birds).

The four-day trip home for the geese that would take them to Lake Ontario, over the Appalachians to Pennsylvania, Maryland, finally settling on the North Carolina Shores, had principal photography actually filmed nearly entirely at Port Perry and Sandbanks Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Additional location shots were the city-fly-through in Toronto, Ontario, standing in for Baltimore, Maryland (CGI aircraft). At the conclusion of the production, Lishman led the 60 imprinted "actor-geese" in migration, to winter at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center off the coast of Georgetown, South Carolina.

While in production, the film was at first titled Flying Wild, but was changed to Fly Away Home just weeks before its release in movie theaters. The original trailer has the title Flying Wild, and can be found on certain VHS copies of Jumanji from Columbia TriStar Home Video; the French version title (L'Envolée sauvage) is the translated version of this title.

Director Carroll Ballard and cinematographer Caleb Deschanel previously collaborated on The Black Stallion and Never Cry Wolf with Fly Away Home being their third family film. Anna Paquin, who plays daughter to Jeff Daniels in Fly Away Home, would later play a love interest in The Squid and the Whale (2005). Upon the release of the Squid and the Whale, Jeff Daniels said that having had the previous experience made the filming a bit awkward for both of them.

Reception

Box office
Filmed on a modest budget, Fly Away Home returned US$25 million in the U.S. box office and US$31 million internationally.

Critical reception
Audiences enjoyed the evocative, uplifting family-oriented film, which also received acclaim from critics. Roger Ebert noted: "There are individual shots here almost worth the price of admission...[including] a stunning shot in which the towers of Baltimore materialize from the mist, and office workers see the little girl and her geese flying past their windows." Janet Maslin from The New York Times was similarly effusive, "Mr. Ballard turns a potentially treacly children's film into an exhilarating 90's fable." Gene Shalit on the Today Show called the film "a must see movie".

The uplifting theme of the film was often cited; Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat stated, "The movie adds excitement and emotion, turning into a celebration of the creative ways human beings and animals can serve, assist, and love one another."

Fly Away Home received an 88% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7.30/10. The site's consensus states: "Well-acted and beautifully filmed, Fly Away Home offers heartwarming entertainment for moviegoers of all ages."

Awards
Caleb Deschanel's visuals received notice and resulted in Best Cinematography nominations for the 1996 Academy Awards and from the American Society of Cinematographers. Although unsuccessful in both competitions, Fly Away Home went on to win the 1997 Broadcast Film Critics Association Critics Choice Award as the Best Family Film, the 1997 Christopher Award (for family films), 1997 Young Artist Award in the category of Best Family Feature – Drama, and the 1997 Genesis Award for Feature Films. Anna Paquin was also nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress (the film was also nominated as Best Family Feature – Drama) and the 1997 YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Drama Film.

Home media
Fly Away Home was more successful on home video than in theaters. , the studio sold an estimated $32 million on video, receiving 75% of revenue. The film was originally released to VHS in December 1996. A DVD release in July 2002, included the exclusive featurette by Bill Lishman, Operation Migration: Birds of a Feather, along with two documentaries: The Ultra Geese and the HBO special Leading the Flock. The DVD also provided a link to Lishman's "Operation Migration" website. A companion CD audio recording of the music featured in the soundtrack was released in 1996. A Blu-ray edition of Fly Away Home was released on April 7, 2009.

See also
Human-guided migration
List of American films of 1996
Imprinting (psychology)
Winged Migration

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Fly Away Home (Special Edition DVD). Culver City, California: Columbia/Tristar Home Video, 2001.
 Hermes, Patricia. Fly Away Home: The Novelization and Story Behind the Film. New York: Newmarket, 2005. .
 Lishman, Bill (as stated). Father Goose & His Goslings (Light Up the Mind of a Child Series). St. Louis, Missouri: San Val, 1992. .
 Lishman, William Alwyn. Father Goose: One Man, a Gaggle of Geese, and Their Real Life Incredible Journey South. New York: Crown, 1996. .

External links

1990s coming-of-age drama films
1990s teen drama films
1996 drama films
1996 films
American aviation films
American coming-of-age drama films
American teen drama films
Canadian aviation films
Canadian coming-of-age drama films
Columbia Pictures films
Coming-of-age films based on actual events
Drama films based on actual events
Films about geese
Films about families
Films about friendship
Films based on biographies
Films directed by Carroll Ballard
Films scored by Mark Isham
Films set in New Zealand
Films set in Ontario
Films set in New York (state)
Films set in Pennsylvania
Films set in Baltimore
Films set in Virginia
Films set in North Carolina
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Films shot in Toronto
New Zealand coming-of-age drama films
Films about father–daughter relationships
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
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Films with screenplays by Robert Rodat

Fly Away Home


Multan Division () was an administrative division of the Punjab of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

History
Multan Division was created during British Rule in the subcontinent. The division lay between 28°25' and 33°13 N and 69°19' and 73°39 E, the Sutlej divided it from Bahawalpur on the south-east, while the Indus flowed partly through the Division and partly along its border to the west. The headquarters of the Commissioner were at Multan, or,  in the hot season, at. Fort Munro. The Division was abolished in 1884, but reconstituted in 1901. According to the 1881 census of India the population of the area now included was 2,036,956, in 1891 it
had risen to 2,277,605, and in 1901 to 3,014,675. The total area was 29,520 square miles, the division was composed of the following districts:

References

Divisions of British India

Multan Division


Soap&Skin (born 5 April 1990) is an Austrian singer. Her real name is Anja Franziska Plaschg. She plays piano and sings in English and sometimes German. She has released two albums.

Early life
Plaschg grew up in a village called Gnas. She started playing piano when she was six. When she was fourteen she started playing violin.

Career
In 2008 she released an EP called Untitled.

In 2009 she released her first album, Lovetune for Vacuum. Pitchfork gave it a good rating, 7.3. It was No.5 in the Austrian chart.

In 2010, "Brother of Sleep" and "Marche Funèbre", songs from Lovetune for Vacuum, were used in the soundtrack for the movie War Games: At the End of the Day.

In 2011 she sung on the song "Goodbye" on Apparat's album The Devil's Walk. The song was played in the last episode of Season 4 of Breaking Bad.

In February 2012 she made a chocolate for Zotter. It has cumin, red wine, and pig's blood.

She released her second album Narrow in March 2012. It reached No.1 in the Austrian chart. A BBC music critic compared its sound to that of Bjork. NME gave it 7/10.

In 2012 she acted in a film for the first time. The film is called Stilleben. She plays a prostitute called Carmen.

On March 11 2013 Sugarbread, Soap&Skin's second EP, was released. It has three songs. The second song, "Me and the Devil", is a Robert Johnson cover. Drowned in Sound gave Sugarbread 7/10.

References

Other websites
Official website

1990 births
Living people
Austrian musicians
Singers

Soap&Skin


Samuel Harold Patrick Spurway (born 13 March 1987) is an English cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Somerset before he was released in 2007. He was born in Taunton.

Spurway started his career with Twenty20 cricket in 2005, following two years in the Second XI, before playing his debut first-class game in August 2006. In his first game, Spurway scored 46 runs before being caught out, in an innings victory for Somerset. He continued to play well for the team in a lower-order position, despite Somerset finishing 2006 dead last in Division Two of the County Championship.

Spurway remained in the team for the start of the 2007 season, as the team were enjoying a current upturn in their fortunes. The lower-order batsman, who was the preferred wicket-keeper over team-mate Carl Gazzard, continued to pull in impressive performances in the lower-order, none more so than when he was halted in the middle of a run towards his first half-century on 44* in a record-setting Somerset innings of 850-7 declared in April 2007. However, Craig Kieswetter became Somerset's first-choice wicketkeeper after some impressive performances in the one-day side. The club now maintains a policy to have only two wicketkeepers in their squad, which meant that Kieswetter and Gazzard were retained, at the expense of Spurway. Spurway now plays his cricket for boyhood club, Ilminster CC.

External links
Samuel Spurway at Cricket Archive
Samuel Spurway at Cricinfo
Somerset County Cricket Club Pen Picture

1987 births
English cricketers
Living people
Somerset cricketers
Cricketers from Taunton
NBC Denis Compton Award recipients

Sam Spurway


The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the conditions inside the body. It is sometimes called the 'visceral nervous system' or 'involuntary nervous system'. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.

ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.

Most of its activities are done without the person having conscious control over them. The person usually cannot feel what the ANS is doing. However, some of the ANS's activities work together with the conscious mind, like breathing.

The ANS controls many different things, like heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.

There are two different sections within the ANS:
 The sympathetic nervous system, which causes the body to become more active as in the "fight or flight" response. The sympathetic nervous system uses a lot of energy.
 The parasympathetic nervous system, which is mostly involved in "rest and digest". It usually conserves energy.

Other websites

 Overview at arizona.edu
 ANS Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com
 Explanations on the ANS by Dyansys, Inc.

Further reading
 Michael D. Gershon 1998. The second brain. HarperCollins, New York.

Nervous system

Autonomic nervous system


An oath of office is an oath a person gains a higher position, usually in government or within a religious body. There are other positions in which people are supposed to take oaths as well, like in the military. When someone makes an oath, they make a promise to follow certain rules and guidelines of the position that they are taking. Some oaths of office are a statement of loyalty to a constitution or other legal text, to a person or other office holder. Under the laws of a state it may be considered treason or a high crime to betray a sworn oath of office. Oaths of office can be a public ceremony, like in the United States with presidential inauguration, or private.

Ceremonies

Oath of office


Odd may mean:
 In everyday language: the quality of being unpaired, occasional, strange or unusual, or a person who is viewed as eccentric
 In mathematics:
 an integer is odd if dividing it by two does not result in another integer; see even and odd numbers
 a function f defined on the real numbers is odd if f(x) = −f(−x) for all x; see even and odd functions
 a permutation of a finite set is odd if it can be written as the functional composition of an odd number of transpositions; see even and odd permutations
 In probability theory, the odds in favour of an event is the ratio of the event's probability to the complementary probability.
 Odd (name), is a name of Old Norse origin, the 11th most common male name in Norway (coincidentally, Even is also a common Norwegian name). In Old Norse the word means the sharp end of a weapon, e.g. edge of a sword or spear/arrow head.
 Odd, West Virginia, USA
 Odd Grenland B.K., is a Norwegian football team
 Odd Della Robbia, a character in Code Lyoko

ODD may mean:
 Optical disc drive (CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc/HD-DVD Drive)
 Oppositional defiant disorder
 ODD (fanzine''), a Hugo-nominated science fiction fanzine published by Raymond "Duggie" Fisher
 In computer science, ODD (One Document Does it all) is a W3C specification
 ODD, a play by Hal Corley.

Odd


The Cole Motor Car Company was an early automobile maker based in Indianapolis, Indiana. Cole automobiles were built from 1908 until 1925. They were quality-built luxury cars. The make is a pioneer of the V-8 engine.

Early years

Joseph J. Cole (1869–1925) made his first attempt to build a car in 1903 at Rockford, Illinois. Together with his son, he owned a shop where they sold wheels, automobiles, motor bikes, and even lawn mowers, and also performed mechanical repairs. Together they worked on a 4-cylinder touring car that was planned to be sold as the Rockford. The project went nowhere, and instead they opened a Rambler automobile dealership.

In 1904, Cole bought the Gates-Osborne Carriage Company and soon renamed it the Cole Carriage Company. There, he built his first automobile. It was a high-wheeled motor buggy with a two-cylinder engine. Legend goes that he forgot to fit brakes on this car and on his first trip, had to drive until the tank was empty.

In 1904, the Cole Carriage Company was building approximately 3,000 carriages annually. Production of this car started in the same year assisted by engineer Charles S. Crawford, who later worked for Stutz. The new car was marketed as the "Cole Solid Tire Automobile". Cole sold about 170 of these high wheelers before deciding that this type car had no future.

In June 1909, Cole Carriage Company was reorganized as the Cole Motor Car Company and developed a conventional small car, the Cole Model 30. Confusingly designated, it had a two-cylinder engine that only delivered 14 HP. It rode on a  wheelbase. The only body style was a runabout that he offered with 2, 2/4, or 4 seats at $725, $750, or $775, respectively. The Solid Tire Automobile was still available. About 100 cars were built.

Four-cylinder engines

At the end of 1909 a completely new car appeared as a 1910 model. This was also dubbed the Series 30 referring to its new 30 HP, four-cylinder engine. The wheelbase had now grown to . There were four open body styles. Least expensive was the Tourabout at $1,400; the others, two touring cars and a runabout called the "Flyer", were $1,500 each. Cole managed to sell 783 cars before year's end.

The "Flyer" was quite successful in automobile races, too. One of them won the 1909 Brighton Beach Marathon, a 24-hour-race with 16 participants. Also, two Series 30 Flyers, driven by William "Wild Bill" Endicott and Louis Edwards, entered the Massapequa Sweepstakes, one of the 1910 Vanderbilt Cup Races. Endicott won the prestigious 10-lap event, covering  in 138 min 4.32 sec.

The Cole Series 30 got a substantially longer chassis with a wheelbase of  and new bodies for 1911. Available were a roadster and a touring car for 2 or 5 passengers, respectively, at $1,600 each. There was also a new 5-passenger "Fore-door Touring" (which means that it had rear and front doors) and a "Toy Tonneau" for 4 passengers (a sporty, close-coupled body style that was quite popular at the time) at $1,650 each.

A Series 40 replaced the 30 in 1912. This car was bigger with a  wheelbase. It had a more powerful 40 HP (N.A.C.C. rating; equivalent to about ), four-cylinder motor with a displacement of 286.3 c.i. (c. 4.7-litre). Prices started at $1,885 for each of the four open body styles. There were also a "Colonial Coupe" for $2,500 and two limousines at $3,000 and $3,250. These prices brought Cole well into the luxury car market.

The New Six
For 1913, Cole expanded to no less than three model lines: The Series 40, now on a  wheelbase, a 50 HP Series 50 that got the previous 40 chassis, and their first six-cylinder car. Although designated the Series 60, it had in fact 40 HP. Wheelbase was huge at ; prices were $2,485 for one of the open body styles but went up to $3,000 for a coupe and an astronomical $4,250 for a 7-passenger Berline-Limousine. The Series 40 was cut to two open styles, a roadster and a touring car, for $1,685 each. In the Series 50, the same body styles were offered, plus a toy tonneau, at $1,985 each. Further, Coles got electric ignition and lighting for the first time.

1914 brought several changes. Series 40 and 50 were replaced by a new Model Four, a 4-cylinder car with 28.9 HP and a wheelbase of . Offered were roadster, touring car and toy tonneau at $1,925 each, plus a 3-passenger coupe for $2,350. The 6-cylinder car also was renamed the Six. It got 43.8 HP and an even larger chassis with a wheelbase of . There was a big 7-passenger touring car, plus the usual roadster and toy tonneau, each at $2,600. A coupe could be had for $3,000 and a limousine for $4,000.

Sales had been low in 1914, so Cole reduced prices for 1915. Further, there were new designations - again - and even some new cars, too. The Four was now called the Standard 4-40. It lost the toy tonneau, and the remaining cars were offered much cheaper: $1,485 for the two open cars and $1,885 for the coupe. The Six was split into two ranges. The smaller Model 6-50 got a 29 HP engine and a . wheelbase. It offered a 4- and a 7-passenger touring car $1,865 (still cheaper than the previous Four), a roadster that became more expensive at $2,465 and the coupe at $2,250. Although the new Big Six 6-60, built on the previous year's  chassis, got a powerful 40 HP engine, prices were lower than the earlier Sixes: Roadster and 7-passenger touring car for $2,465, coupe at $2,750, and limousine at $3,750. Joseph Cole negotiated with William C. Durant about a take-over that would have made Cole a GM subsidiary. Cole finally refused.

Assembled car
Cole could shuffle with models and engines the way it did for two reasons: The first was that until 1915, the company refused to offer their cars on a yearly model change but relied on series that were replaced when management felt the necessity for it. Many early cars were built this way, and Packard, for example, stayed with this system until late in the 1930s.

The second reason was that the Cole was an assembled car; that means that all important components such as engine, clutch, transmission, axles etc. were bought from outside sources. Manufacturers of such cars had a slightly lesser reputation than those who built all parts themselves. For Cole, this was not only the simpler way to build a car, but Joseph Cole thought that specialized suppliers could give more attention to their items. Thus, he preferred the term "standardized car" over the usual "assembled car".

The Cole V-8
Big news came in mid-1915: Only one year after Cadillac had pioneered the V-8 engine, and about at the same time as the mighty Cunningham V-8 debuted, Cole brought out its own V-8 powered automobile - and would stay with it until the very end of the make, dropping its Fours and Sixes after 1916. This engine had a displacement of 346.3 c.i. and delivered 39.2 HP. It was built by Northway, then a division of General Motors that also manufactured the V-8 for Cadillac. The car was named the Model 8-50. It had a  wheelbase. Five body styles were available at prices between $1,785 and $3,250. Targeted at this level were, of course, Cadillac; Stearns-Knight, who came out with a sleeve-valve V-8 in 1916; or Lozier who drastically reduced its prices to about this level for its last season of existence.

Positioned higher were, among others, the Mercer, the McFarlan, and the Packard, with prices starting at about $3,000; or the Kissel with three full lines of 4- and 6-cylinder cars that were only slightly less expensive.

There were few changes for 1917. The car was now called the Model 860. There were five body styles at about the same price level. Some of them received quite flamboyant designations such as "Tuxedo Roadster", "Tourcoupe", and "Toursedan", of which a "Foredoor Toursedan" existed, probably a 2-door sedan. 4193 Cole automobiles were manufactured in that year.

Aggressive marketing

The new kind of marketing became even more apparent in 1918. Advertising slogans were "There's a Touch of Tomorrow In All Cole Does Today" or "Did You Ever Go Ballooning in a Cole?", the latter referring to the adoption of balloon tires as an option that year (they became a standard feature finally in 1925). The car was advertised as the "Aero-Eight" (internally Model 870). There were only three body styles left, a roadster, a "Sportster" and the obligatory touring car. They cost $2,395 each and seated 2, 4, and 7 passengers, respectively . The cars also became more fashionably styled.

The 870 Aero-Eight was technically much the same in 1919 but there were now seven bodies to choose from at prices between $2,595 and $3,795 for the new town car and the "Tourcoupe". Some closed bodies got an octagonal rear quarter window as a "beauty" feature. That year, 6,225 Coles were built.

The "Aero-Eight" Model 880 for 1920 was boldly announced: "The Forecast of Future Fashions". The ad further bragged that there were  possible on its tires. Available were only three body styles, all of them of an open type: A Roadster for 2 and a Speedster for 4 passengers at $2,750 plus a "Tourster" a.k.a. touring car for $2,850. But naming the product got even more creative. While "Sportsedan" and "Sportcoupe" might sound familiar in our ears, "Sportosine" and "Tourosine" for some closed cars definitely do not. These cars got adjustable, "storm-proofed" windshields that had an angled position. Cole switched to Johnson carburettors and introduced a one-piece rear axle and a brake adjuster. The gear ratio was 4.45 (until 1922). A new measure for power replaced the antiquated N.A.C.C. rating. Thus, the Cole V-8 came in with  and stayed there until car production ceased. Prices were slightly up and were between $2,750 and $3995.

1921 Coles were only slightly altered. Most of the exalted terms vanished - but "Sportosine" and "Tourosine" remained. There were 8 body styles that were substantially more expensive: $3,250 for the three open cars and between $4,250 and $4,450 for closed.

Facing the end
Cole opened new, wider production facilities in 1922. However, sales went down rapidly, mainly because of a short but severe recession. Although there were more models to choose from and prices were reduced drastically (most to a level under that of 1918 / 1919), only 1,722 cars were built of the Model Aero Eight 890, as the car was called that year. The wheelbase was increased by a quarter inch, and the frame ends were split. The Sportcoupe had a weight of . The car was priced at $3,385 with a  speedometer.

Innovations in 1923 for the Series 890 Cole were stylish drum-type headlights, cowl ventilation, and a new windshield with an adjustable upper half on open cars. Other elegant details were wire wheels instead of the previously used "artillery wheels" with fashionable disc wheels on the option list. For this year only, some cars had an added sporty touch with runningboards that did not span the whole length, leaving the chassis-mounted spare wheels "free". Still, with eight types of bodies, prices for open cars were slightly up while those for closed cars remained the same. The most expensive 1922 model, the $4,185 "Tourosine", was gone as were all those strange names, with the exception of the "Sportsedan". Only 1,522 cars left the factory that year.

In this situation and without any debts yet, J. J. Cole decided to liquidate his company rather than risking his fortune by going on. So, it is no wonder that the Model 890, now also called "Master" series, went little changed on the show room floors. Full-length running boards were back on all models. There were seven body styles, again sharply reduced to prices as low as $2,175 for open bodies, $2,750 for a coupe and $3,075 for other closed cars. A Cole was honored to pace that year's Indy 500 race.

Before the curtain finally fell, there were five cars available for 1925. Balloon tires (34" × 7.3") were now standard equipment, and the cars got new two-piece rear bumpers, so-called "bumperettes". Although Joseph Cole began liquidating his firm early in 1925, 607 cars left the factory. He died suddenly of an infection on August 8, 1925, shortly before liquidation was finished.

Cole model overview, 1908–1925

Book on the history of Cole
In 1954, Howard Russell Delancy completed his college dissertation on the history of the Cole Motor Car Company. Howard was attending Indiana University and the dissertation was turned into a book that had limited publishing. This book is the definitive and very detailed history of the life of J.J. Cole and the entirety of the company. Delancy was given exclusive access to the surviving Cole family members, the Cole company archives, and he interviewed surviving workers from many facets of the company. Unfortunately, decades later, the Cole company history and archives were stored in the basement of the old Cole factory when the river adjacent to the factory flooded. The archives were destroyed, so this book is that much more important for a detailed history of the company.

Cole Motor Car Club of America
The Cole Motor Car Club was an active club of Cole enthusiasts that started in the early 1990s and lasted until the end of 2009, which was the 100th anniversary of the Cole company.  The club originally started as just an early Cole registry by Greg Tocket to track the known cars.  Later, through the efforts of Tocket, Norm Buckhart, Mel Seitz, and Joe Cole (grandson of J.J. Cole), the registry evolved into the Cole Motor Car Club of America.   Early on, Leroy Cole (no relation to the J.J. Cole family) became the chief editor and president of the club until the club ceased operations.  He gathered a significant amount of Cole information and history that in 2018 he donated to the Gilmore Car Museum and Research Library.

The club had a newsletter named the Cole Bulletin that was similar to one published by the Cole Motor Car company during its existence.  The newsletter included reprints of original Cole documentation. The club also shared information, parts, and a helping hand to keep the surviving Cole cars on the road and running well. The club wound down operations in late 2009 and ceased operations.

Cole Motor Car Registry
In 2018 the Cole Motor Car Registry was revived. Kevin Fleck, founder of the Cole Motor Car Registry, worked with Leroy Cole to transfer a great amount of history and information to the new registry. In October 2018, the registry website was launched to publish information on the company and their cars as well as a registry of known surviving Cole cars. The registry has been tracking down the 75 Cole cars that were identified and found by the former Cole club. The registry has also identified and found two additional Cole cars that were previously unknown. This brings to 77 the number known surviving Cole cars out of the 40,717 cars that were produced during the company's existence. The registry has also been researching and validating history about the Cole Motor Car company and using that to share and publish an accurate history of the company.

Building on National Register of Historic Places

The former Cole Motor Car Company Building, also known as the Service Supply Company, Inc., is located at 730–738 East Washington Street in Indianapolis. It was built between 1911 and 1913, and is a four-story, "L"-shaped industrial building. The front facade is faced in white ceramic brick and has Art Deco style design elements. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

See also
Joseph J. Cole Jr. House and 1925 Cole Brouette No. 70611, the 1924 home of Joseph Cole, also NRHP-listed

Notes

References
 Howard Russell Delancy: "The History of the Cole Motor Car Company", Indiana University (1954).
Fleck, Kevin. "The Cole Motor Car Registry." Cole Motor Car Registry, 2018, colemotorcarregistry.com/.
Bentley, John: "Cole", in The Old Car Book, Number 168, Fawcett Books (1952) p. 107
 Burness, Tad: American Car Spotter's Guide 1920–1939. Motorbooks International (1975),
 Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), Clark, Henry A.: The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945. Krause Publications (1985), ; p. 337-340

External links

 The New York Times announcement for the 1909 Brighton Beach Marathon (pdf)
 The New York Times announcement for the 1910 Vanderbilt Cup Race (pdf)

Registry of Surviving Known Cole Motor Cars and other related Cole Motor Car History

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Indianapolis
Manufacturing companies based in Indianapolis
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1908
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1925
1909 establishments in Indiana
1925 disestablishments in Indiana
Historic American Buildings Survey in Indiana
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Industrial buildings completed in 1913
Buildings and structures in Indianapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis
Motor vehicle manufacturing plants on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
American companies established in 1909
Transportation buildings and structures in Marion County, Indiana
Highwheeler
Brass Era vehicles
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1900s cars
1910s cars
1920s cars

Cole Motor Car Company


NguMgungundlovu (isiZulu: umGungundlovu; IsiNgesi & IsiBhulu: Pietermaritzburg, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMaritzburg; PMB) yinkunzi yePhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala, eMzantsi Afrika. Isixeko, esinamamitha angama-596 ngaphaya kwezinga elwandle entliziyweni yaseZululand, kwakungowokuqala kwinkunzi yokuqala yeRiphabliki yaseBoer yaseNatalia. Nangona kunjalo, isixeko namhlanje sinesimo esiqinileyo seNgesi. Ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwezakhiwo zayo zembali, iPietermaritzburg idlalwa ngokuba yinto yezona zixeko ezintle kakhulu zase-Victori eAfrika.

Imbali
The city was founded by the Voortrekkers, following the defeat of Dingane at the Battle of Blood River, and was the capital of the short-lived Boer republic, Natalia. Britain took over Pietermaritzburg in 1843 and it became the seat of the Natal Colony's administration with the first lieutenant-governor, Martin West, making it his home. Fort Napier, named after the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir George Thomas Napier, was built to house a garrison. In 1893, Natal received responsibility for their own government and an assembly building was built along with the city hall.

In 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed, Natal became a province of the Union, and Pietermaritzburg remained the capital. During apartheid, the city was segregated into various sections. 90% of the Indian population was moved to the suburb of Northdale while most of its Zulu inhabitants were moved to the neighbouring township of Edendale.

Name
There exist two interpretations about the origin of the city's name. One is that it was named after Piet Retief and Gerrit Maritz, two Voortrekker leaders.  The other is that it was originally named after Piet Retief alone, since his full name was Pieter Maurits Retief. In this interpretation the original name was "Pieter Maurits Burg", later transliterated to the current name (Jenkins, 1971:11).

Retief in fact never reached Pietermaritzburg and was killed by Dingane, the successor to Shaka, king of the Zulus. Maritz died of illness on 23 September 1838 near the present-day town of Estcourt, some hundreds of kilometres northwest of Pietermaritzburg. This was after the battle with the Zulus at Bloukranz, and Maritz did not ever reach the Pietermaritzburg area. In 1938, however, the city announced officially that the second element Maritz should also honour Gerrit Maritz.

At the time of the rise of the Zulu Empire, the site that was to become Pietermaritzburg was called Umgungundlovu. This is popularly translated from the Zulu as "Place of the Elephant", although it could also be translated to mean "The elephant wins". Umgungundlovu is thus thought to be the site of some Zulu king's victory since "Elephant" (Indlovu) is a name traditionally taken by the Zulu monarch. Legend has it that Shaka had his warriors hunt elephant there to sell the ivory to English traders at Durban (then called Port Natal). Today, the town is still called by its Voortrekker name, although the municipality of which it is part bears the Zulu name.

University

The University of Natal was founded in 1910 as the Natal University College and extended to Durban in 1922. The two campuses were incorporated into the University of Natal in March 1949. It became a major voice in the struggle against apartheid and was one of the first universities in the country to provide education to black students. It became the University of KwaZulu-Natal on 1 January 2004.

Other historical events
The first newspaper in Natal, the Natal Witness, was published in 1846.
The 46 hectare Botanical Gardens were created in 1872 by the Botanic Society of Natal.
The City Hall, which is the largest red-brick building in the Southern Hemisphere, was destroyed by fire in 1895, but was rebuilt in 1901. It houses the largest pipe organ built by the Sheffield organ building company, Brindley & Foster.
The British built a concentration camp here during the Second Boer War to house Boer women and children.
During the Second World War, Italian prisoners of war were housed in  Pietermaritzburg. During their stay, they built the Pietermaritzburg Italian P.O.W. Church, which remains standing as a heritage site today.
In 1962, Nelson Mandela was arrested in the nearby town of Howick to the north of Pietermaritzburg. The arrest marked the beginning of Nelson Mandela's 27 years of imprisonment. A small monument has been erected at the location of his arrest. Immediately after his arrest Mandela was taken to the Old Prison in Pietermaritzburg.  After a night in the prison, he was taken to Magistrate J. Buys's office in the old Magistrates Court Building in Commercial Road (now Chief Albert Luthuli Road), and was remanded for trial in Johannesburg.

References

NguMgungundlovu


The Scots Fitbaa League (Inglis: Scottish Football League) is a league o fitbaw teams in Scotland.  It is dividit intae three diveesions ilkane o 10 clubs.  These are the Scots First Diveesion, Scots Seicont Diveesion an Scots Thrid Diveesion.  The league is kennt as the Irn-Bru Scottish Football League for sponsorship reasons.

History

Formation

The league was creatit in 1890 as a wey o giein the vast nummer o fitbaw teams in Scotland a mair consistent set o fixtures frae year tae year.  In it's first year, the teams competin in the league were:

 Aibercorn
 Cambuslang
 Celtic
 Cowlairs
 Dumbarton
 Hert o Midlowden
 Rangers
 Renton
 St. Mirren
 Thrid Lanrick
 Vale o Leven

Renton anely spielt five o thair fixtures in the first season for thay were forcit oot on the grunnd that thay spielt conter a perfaissional side.  Thay were readmittit the neist season.

O the teams abuin, but ane o thaim (Dumbarton) still plays in the league, in the thrid diveesion.  The rest are aither defunct or play in ither leagues across the kintra.  Tho anely ane o the oreeginal teams plays in the league itsel, this is acause o an up-brak o the league that saw the top ten (later twal) teams create the Scots Premier League that haes relegation tae the league.  Takin this intae acoont, the're five teams o the oreeginal eleiven that are still in the league structure: Celtic, Dumbarton, Herts, Rangers an St. Mirren.

The first season o the league saw Rangers an Dumbarton tie for the title efter a play-aff endit in a 2–2 draw.  This was the first an anely time that the league was drawn, occurin acause there were nae thocht gied tae hou tae brek a tie.  Goal average an goal deeference were brocht in for the 1921–22 an 1971–72 seasons respectively.

Twa diveesions

The league split inta twa diveesions for the 1893–94 season by the inclusion o a nummer o teams frae the Scots Fitbaa Alliance.  At this point there was nae automatic forderment atween the twas diveesions.  The process was o a ballot o the teams in each diveesion.

Houaniver, this new set-up didna last very long, wi the beginnin o World War I callin a halt tae the leagues.  A new seicont diveesion was startit for the 1921–22 season that includit automatic forderment.  This was creatit by a strait absorbtion o teams frae the Central Fitbaa League.

Three diveesions

In 1923, a thrid diveesion was creatit that lastit for juist three years afore it forcit tae withdraw due tae lairge financial losses.  This diveesion was made up o teams frae the Wastle Fitbaa League an a few ither teams frae elsewhaur.  Atween 1926 an 1946, the league haed tae retour tae a twa diveesion set-up wi the thrid diveesion no makin an appearance again til efter World War II.

The new three diveesions were renamit "A", "B" an "C".  Diveesion C includit the reserve teams o a few o the heicher diveesion sides.  In 1946, diveesion C was expandit an split inta twa - diveesion C North-Wast an diveesion C Sooth East.

In 1955, the reserve teams left diveesion C an it was disbandit wi the top five teams bein fordert tae diveesion B.  There were nou anely twa diveesions again, diveesion A haein 18 teams and diveesion B haein 19.  The diveesions were renamit Diveesion 1 an Diveesion 2 in 1956.  This format conteenat til the neist major chynge took place.

This chynge was in 1975 whan the league ance again split inta three diveesions that were kennt as the Premier, First an Seicont Diveesions.  This was tae allou the tapmaist teams in the league tae play mair gemmes conter ane-anither an less conter the wee-er sides.  A new club jynt the league at this time - Meidaebank Thristle (wha later chyngit thair name tae Livingston).  This structure o three diveesion an 38 teams was uised til 1994.

Fower diveesions an SPL split

The first season wi fower diveesions was spielt in 1994 wi the diveesions cryt the Premier, First, Seicont an Thrid Diveesion.  Each diveesion haed ten teams wi Innerness Caledonian Thristle an Ross Coonty makin up the nummers.  This lastit a further fower year til, in 1998, the Premier Diveesion brochen awa frae the rest o the league tae create the Scots Premier League (SPL).

The last chynge took place in 2000 whan the Scots Premier League expandit tae twal teams.  This meant that the Scots Fitbaa League haed tae tak twa new teams: Peterheid an Elgin Ceety, baith frae the Hieland Fitbaa League.  This is the set-up that's in place the day.  The're 42 teams in aw - 12 in the Scots Premier League an 10 in each the first, seicont and thrid diveesions o the Scots Fitbaa League.

Links

Scotland football site
Scotland's amazing football history

1890 establishments in Scotland
2
Recurrin sportin events established in 1890
Sports leagues established in the 19t-century
2013 disestablishments

Scottish Football League


Marlon Brando, Jr. (Aprile 3, 1924 – Julie 1, 2004) wis an American actor an activist. He is hailed for bringin a grippin realism tae film actin an is eften citit as ane o the greatest an maist influential actors o aw time. Brando is widely kent for his Academy Awaird-winnin performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954) an Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972). Brando wis an activist for mony causes, notably the Ceevil Richts Muivement an various Native American movements.

He ineetially gained acclaim an an Academy Awaird nomination for reprisin the role o Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation o Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire, a role that he oreeginatit successfully on Broadway. He received forder praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront, an his portrayal o the rebellious motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One pruived tae be a lastin eemage in popular cultur. Brando received Academy Awaird nominations for playin Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata!; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's 1953 film adaptation o Shakespeare's Julius Caesar; an Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara (1957), an adaption o James Michener's 1954 novelle. Brando wis includit in a leet o Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, comin in at nummer 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, an number 4 in 1958.

The 1960s pruived tae be a fauch decade for Brando. He directit an starned in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks, a creetical an commercial flop, efter that he delivered a series o box-office failyies, beginnin wi the 1962 film adaptation o the novelle Mutiny on the Bounty. Efter 10 years, in that he did nae appear in a successfu film, he wan his seicont Academy Awaird for playin Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather, a role creetics conseeder amang his greatest. The Godfather wis then ane o the maist commercially successfu films o aw time. Wi that an his Oscar-nominatit performance in Last Tango in Paris, Brando re-established himsel in the ranks o tap box-office stars, placin saxt an tent in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 an 1973, respectively. Brando teuk a fower-year hiatus afore appearin in The Missouri Breaks (1976). Efter this, he wis content wi bein a heichly paid chairacter actor in cameo roles, sic as in Superman (1978) an The Formula (1980), afore takkin a nine-year break frae motion pictures. Accordin tae the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando wis paid a record $3.7 million ($ million in inflation-adjuistit dollars) an 11.75% o the gross profits for 13 days' wark on Superman. He finished out the 1970s wi his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in anither Coppola film, Apocalypse Now, a box-office hit for that he wis heichly paid an that helped finance his career layaff in the 1980s.

Brando wis ranked bi the American Film Institute as the fowert-greatest movie starn amang male movie starns that's screen debuts occurred in or afore 1950. He wis ane o anly fower professional actors, alang wi Charlie Chaplin, Ronald Reagan an Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 bi Time magazine as ane o its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He dee'd o respiratory failyie on Julie 1, 2004, at age 80.

References

1924 births
2004 daiths
20t-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Actors Studio members
Amateur radio fowk
American deists
American film directors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male televeesion actors
American fowk o Dutch strynd
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American fowk o German strynd
American fowk o Erse strynd
Best Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Best Foreign Actor BAFTA Awaird winners
David di Donatello winners
Daiths frae pulmonary fibrosis
Daiths frae respiratory failur
Disease-relatit daiths in Californie
Donaldson Award winners
Umwhile Christian Scientists
Illinois Democrats
Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae
LGBT enterteeners frae the Unitit States
LGBT fowk frae Illinois
LGBT fowk frae Nebraska
Male actors frae Evanston, Illinois
Male actors frae Omaha, Nebraska
Native Americans' richts activists
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Fowk frae Libertyville, Illinois
Fowk frae Omaha, Nebraska
Fowk frae Sayville, New York
Stella Adler Studio of Acting alumni

Marlon Brando


was a Japanese far right and ultra nationalist politician who founded secret societies called Genyosha (Black Ocean Society) and Kokuryukai (Black Dragon Society). Tōyama was an Anti Communist and a strong proponent of Pan Asianism.

Early life
Tōyama was born to a poor samurai family in Fukuoka City in Kyūshū. In his youth, he fought in the Saga Rebellion of 1874.

In 1881, Tōyama became one of the founders of the Genyosha, a secret society whose agenda was to agitate for Japanese military expansion and conquest of the Asian continent.  The society attracted disaffected ex-samurai, and also figures involved in organized crime to assist in its campaigns of violence and assassination against left-wing politicians. In 1889, Tōyama and the Genyosha were implicated in the attempted assassination of foreign minister Ōkuma Shigenobu.

Covert government cooperation

Tōyama was both a founder and one-time head of the Black Dragon Society.

Immediately prior to the start of the First Sino-Japanese War, Tōyama organized the Tenyukyo, a secret society and paramilitary force that operated in Korea prior to the arrival of the Imperial Japanese Army, making detailed topographic maps, scouting out Chinese and Korean military installations and deployment, and arranging for logistic support. Along with Genyosha operatives in Korea and Manchuria, the Tenyukyo provided interpreters and guides to the regular Japanese army after their invasion.

Tōyama was a strong supporter of Japanese control over Manchuria, and joined forces with the anti-Russian Tairo Doshikai movement in 1903. He also supported the Chinese republican revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty and gave considerable support to Sun Yat-sen. When the Chinese revolution began in 1911, he went to China in person as an advisor and to personally oversee Genyosha activities and to provide assistance to Sun Yat-sen.

Following the Chinese revolution, Tōyama officially retired, and apparently refused to play an active role in the Black Dragon Society (Kokuryu-Kai) that he helped create as a successor to the Genyosha. He remained an influential behind-the-scenes figure in Japanese politics during the following years.

Influence in nationalist Japan
In the 1930s, he was considered as a superpatriot by a large section of the Japanese public, including the military. In 1932, after the assassination of several "liberal" political figures, and following rumors that then Premier Saito and others were to be assassinated in turn, the government had Tōyama's house raided and searched, and his son arrested - leading to a momentary pacification of the situation.

Legacy

Although Tōyama remained a private citizen all his life, he was known as the "Shadow Shogun," "Spymaster," and "The Boss of Bosses," because of his tremendous covert influence on the nationalist politics and the yakuza crime syndicates. He also wrote an influential book on the "Three Shu" (Katsu Kaishu, Takahashi Deishu, and Yamaoka Tesshu). Despite his ultranationalism, Tōyama was paradoxically on good terms with Onisaburo Deguchi, Japan's most fervent pacifist. Tōyama was a charismatic, complex, and controversial figure in his lifetime, and remains so to this day.

He died in 1944 at his summer home on Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture, at the base of Mount Fuji.

Radio Tokyo announced that funeral services lasting more than three hours were held for him in Tokyo.

See also
 Black Dragon Society

References

Obituary; Oct 6, 1944, The New York Times pg. 23
Joseph C. Grew, Ten years in Japan p 69 ASIN: B0006ER51M

1855 births
1944 deaths
Japanese politicians
People from Fukuoka
Pan-Asianists

Tōyama Mitsuru


The Presidential Mansion () in Athens, Greece, is the official residence of the president of the Hellenic Republic. It served previously as the Royal Palace (often known as the New Royal Palace, ), until the abolition of the monarchy by the 1973 referendum.

History
The decision to construct the building which currently is used as the Presidential Mansion was made in 1868. That year, King George I's son, Constantine, the heir to the throne, was born and the Greek state decided to present him with a private dwelling, when he came of age. Twenty-one years later when Constantine married princess Sophia of Prussia, the state assigned the planning of "The Crown Prince's Palace", as the building became known, to Ernst Ziller. Building began in 1891 and was completed six years later in 1897.

On Christmas Eve, 1909, a fire destroyed a large part of the Royal Palace (now used by Parliament), with the result that the Crown Prince's Palace was used temporarily as the residence of the royal family. After the assassination of George I in 1913 and the accession of Constantine to the throne, the Crown Prince's Palace finally became the main royal residence of the king of the Hellenes.

The use of the building as a palace was interrupted in 1924, when the monarchy was ended and a republic was declared. It was then used as the Presidential Mansion until 1935, when the monarchy was restored and the King returned. Since 1974, when democracy was restored after a seven-year military dictatorship, the building has been used as the Presidential Mansion and the residence of the president.

Location
The land on which the Presidential Mansion was built was, until the final decades of the nineteenth century, outside city limits. The eastern limit of the town was the Royal Palace. Beyond that, there were fields and small farms. The only buildings appearing on the maps of the period were the manor of the Duchess of Plaisance (known as "Ilissia" and today housing the Byzantine Museum) and the Petraki Monastery, both built in country areas far from the centre of town.

The limited significance of the area at the time may be revealed by the fact that a girl's orphanage (which no longer exists) was built there in 1854. Furthermore, the land along Kifissias Avenue (now named Vasilissis Sofias Avenue) also remained unbuilt and was reserved by the state for the construction of ministry buildings.

In early 1870 the state allowed the sale of land to private individuals which resulted in the construction of mansions to house the wealthy families of Athens. About 1890, the architect Ernst Ziller was entrusted with the construction of the Crown Prince's Palace. This palace later became the residence of the royal family and is used now as the Presidential Mansion.

During modern times, with the city of Athens extending over many square miles, the Presidential Mansion is located near the centre of the capital next to the National Garden and Parliament. Herodou Attikou Street, where the mansion is located, is not only one of the most beautiful roads in the city but is also bound to the political and social life of Greece, as also situated there is the Maximos Mansion where the prime minister of Greece has his official office.

The Presidential Mansion with its garden occupies a total area of about 27,000 square metres (about 7 acres). The official entrance to the mansion is on Herodou Attikou Street.

Design and construction

The design of the palace was entrusted to architect Ernst Ziller. He became the Official Court Architect of King George I and designed an estimated 700 buildings all over Greece for both official and private use. It is said the King George I ordered Ziller not to make the building too pretentious, so it would blend with the other mansions on the street, and not to model it after any other palaces in Europe. Following these guidelines, Ziller designed a three-story, symmetrical, neoclassical mansion. Construction of the palace took six years.

Additions
Since this was to be the Crown Prince's Palace, no large ballrooms were included in the design since it was believed that most large scale, official entertaining would occur in the much larger Old Royal Palace. The palace's main reception room was the large salon on the second floor. However, when the palace became the main royal residence, a large ballroom became needed. So, in 1909, Ziller was again commissioned to design an extension which was used as a ballroom and is now named the Credentials Lounge. Another extension was needed when Princess Sophia of Greece (now queen of Spain, and daughter of King Paul and Queen Frederica) became engaged to Juan Carlos I of Spain. In 1962, the King commissioned architect Alexander Baltatzis to design an addition which became the largest room in the palace and is now named the Reception Hall.

Gardens
The garden of the Presidential Mansion occupies an area of about 25,000 square metres (just more than 6 acres) and constitutes a green haven in the centre of Athens. During the middle of the nineteenth century, this area, because of its especially fertile soil, was in fact the vegetable garden of the Royal Palace (now Parliament building).

After the construction of the mansion in 1897 and the construction of Herodou Attikou Street, the area which surrounded the Crown Prince's Palace was fashioned into a large ornamental garden. The planning of this appears to have been assigned to Ziller's technical office. The selection of suitable plants, though, must have been entrusted to a Greek specialist, since most of the trees are native to Greece.

From the very beginning the garden was divided into two large sections because of the slope of the land. The building is situated in the upper section.

The design of the garden in front of the building was similar to that of other neo-classical structures of the period (the Academy, the University and the National Library). The garden follows a relatively rigid geometric plan of the French type, with symmetrical plots of grass and seasonal flowering plants. The formalism of the composition approaching Herod Atticus Road is alleviated by the perennial plane trees, lindens, palms and cypress trees.

Functions
The palace has served as the offices and main residence of the crown princely couple, royal family and president of the republic, respectively. Since 1913, it is also where all official functions are held in Athens.

Since the mid-1970s, the president holds a reception on 24 July every year to commemorate the restoration of democracy in 1974. The reception is attended by the political, military, and academic leadership of the country, and of all sectors of the economy and various organizations, along with news reporters.

Timeline
1868: Upon the birth of the heir, the state allocates funds to build a palace for the crown prince upon his achieving maturity.

1889: Crown Prince Constantine engaged to Princess Sophia of Prussia.

1891–1897: Construction.

1897–1913: Use as Crown Prince's Palace by Crown Prince Constantine and Crown Princess Sophia.

1913–1924: Becomes Royal Palace after King George I is assassinated.

1924–1935: Presidential Palace (monarchy abolished).

1935–1973: Royal Palace (monarchy restored).

1973–present: Presidential Mansion (monarchy abolished).

Bibliography

Sources

Presidency of the Hellenic Republic
Presidency of the Hellenic Republic

External links

Houses completed in 1897
Landmarks in Athens
Official residences in Greece
Palaces in Greece
Presidential residences
Presidency of the Hellenic Republic
Government buildings in Athens
Royal residences in Greece

Presidential Mansion, Athens


Inya Lake (, ʔīnyā kǎn ; formerly, Lake Victoria) is the largest lake in Yangon, Burma (Myanmar), a popular recreational area for Yangonites, and a famous location for romance in popular culture. Located 6 miles (10 km) north of downtown Yangon, Inya Lake is bounded by Parami Road on the north, Pyay Road on the west, Inya Road on the southwest, University Avenue on the south, and Kaba Aye Pagoda Road on the east.

History

Inya Lake is an artificial lake created by the British as a water reservoir between 1882 and 1883 in order to provide a water supply to Yangon. The lake was formed by joining small hills that surrounded creeks which formed during the monsoon season. A series of pipes and cables distributes water from Inya Lake to Kandawgyi Lake near downtown Yangon.

The Second Far East Regional Scout Conference was hosted by the University of Rangoon in 1960, with the First Far East Professional Scouters Training Conference held at Inyale Camp on Inya Lake as an ancillary event.

On 16 March 1988, following the killing of two students during the pro-democracy demonstrations, students marching on Prome Road (now Pyay Road) were confronted near Inya Lake by the Lon Htein security force riot police and many beaten to death or drowned.

On 4 May 2009, the American citizen John William Yettaw trespassed upon the shoreline residence of Burmese political prisoner Aung San Suu Kyi, at the time under house arrest.  This was two weeks before her scheduled release on 27 May. They were both arrested after the incident.

Exclusive area

The area surrounding Inya Lake is one of the most exclusive neighborhoods in Yangon. Except for a public park on the southwestern bank by Yangon University, much of the shoreline is some of the most expensive private property in the country. Lakefront properties include residences of Aung San Suu Kyi, the late strongman Ne Win, and the United States ambassador.

Public access to the lake is available through Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, and most popularly, through Inya Road and Pyay Road, next to Yangon University. It takes about two hours to circle the lake on foot.

Inya Lake Park

Located next to Yangon University, the 37-acre (15-hectare) park is most well known as a romantic dating area for the university students, and is chronicled many times over in Burmese popular culture (novels, movies, songs, etc.)  Activities available to visitors include sailing and rowing. Yangon's premier sailing club is based on the lake.

References

Further reading
History of Rangoon, B. R. Pearn, American Baptist Missionary Press, 1939
Scouting 'Round the World, John S. Wilson, first edition, Blandford Press, 1959

External links

 Morning Mist over Inya Lake Flickr photos
 Inya Lake Embankment Garden Flickr photos

Lakes of Myanmar
Geography of Yangon
Scouting and Guiding in Myanmar
Tourist attractions in Yangon

Inya Lake


The potter's wheel, also known as the potter's lathe, is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares.

However, the name potter's lathe is also used for the machine used for another shaping process, turning, which is similar to that used for the shaping of metal and wood articles. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming excess body from dried wares and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour.

History
Many early ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay body was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied directly by the hands of the potter. This changed with the introduction of the fast-wheel, early forms of which used energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself.

The potter's wheel in myth and legend
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Chnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.

The potter's wheel in literature
The way in which clay is shaped on a potter's wheel seems, even today, to have a magical quality to it; the clay body has the appearance of being a living thing that is being created or shaped by the potter. The potter and clay have long served as a metaphor for creation, and for the relationship of God to humankind:

But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand.
–Isaiah 64:8

The "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam" make sustained use of this metaphor. In FitzGerald's translation, a number of quatrains are collected into a Book of Pots, in which the pots engage in theological speculation:

  And, strange to tell, among that Earthen Lot
      Some could articulate, while others not:
  And suddenly one more impatient cried–
      "Who is the Potter, pray, and who the Pot?"

  Another said–"Why, ne'er a peevish Boy,
       "Would break the Bowl from which he drank in Joy;
  "Shall He that made the vessel in pure Love
      "And Fancy, in an after Rage destroy?"

  None answer'd this; but after Silence spake
      A Vessel of a more ungainly Make:
  "They sneer at me for leaning all awry;
      "What! did the Hand then of the Potter shake?"

Related pages
Pottery

Other websites
 The Origins of the Potter's Wheel  multi-page article on Ceramics Today site
 Video of a potter on a potter's wheel shaping clay to form a bottle

Pottery
Metaphors

Potter's wheel