Lynne Ann Battaglia (born April 14, 1946) is an American lawyer and former jurist from Howard County, Maryland. From 2001 to 2016 she served as an associate judge on the Maryland Court of Appeals.

Background
Battaglia was born in Buffalo, New York. She earned a J.D. degree from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1974 and was admitted to the bar that same year. Appointed by governor Parris Glendening, since 2001 she has been an associate judge on the Maryland Court of Appeals, the state's highest appellate court.  Formerly, she served as United States Attorney for the District of Maryland and as Chief of Staff to Senator Barbara A. Mikulski.  Judge Battaglia chairs the Maryland Professionalism Commission, the Women Lawyers in Maryland project and is an associate professor at the University of Maryland and the University of Baltimore School of Law.

Judicial career

Notable opinions
McQuitty v. Spangler, 410 Md. 1 (2009) (informed consent and medical malpractice are distinct theories of negligence and an affirmative physical invasion is not a threshold requirement of an informed consent claim).
Blackwell v. Wyeth, 408 Md. 575 (2009) (when a novel scientific theory is postulated (that thiomersal in vaccines causes autism), the Frye-Reed general acceptance test applies to each phase of the scientific method; also, when an expert posits a complicated, novel scientific theory, the expert's credentials are subject to closer scrutiny as to whether the area of expertise is appropriate/relevant to the proffered theory).
Independent Newspapers v. Brodie, 407 Md. 415 (2009) (recommending a five-part test that balances the first amendment right to speak anonymously with right to discover identifying information about individuals who make defamatory remarks on the Internet).
Anderson v. Gables Condominium, 404 Md. 560 (2008) (holding that provisions of Maryland Condominium Act, generally requiring condominium council of owners to maintain property insurance on "the common elements and units, exclusive of improvements and betterments installed in units by unit owners," and requiring council to repair or replace "[a]ny portion of the condominium damaged or destroyed," do not require a council to insure, against casualty loss, property in an individual condominium unit, or to repair or replace property in an individual condominium unit after a casualty loss.)
State v. Baby, 404 Md. 220 (pronounced Ba'bee) (2008) (a woman has a right to withdraw consent to sex at any time during intercourse).
Khalifa v. Shannon, 404 Md. 107 (2008) (recognizing the tort of interference with custody and visitation rights, when mother fled to Egypt with two children never to return, and noting that loss of services was never an  element of the substantive common law tort).
Dept. of Health and Mental Hygiene v. Kelly, 397 Md. 399 (2007) (holding that Department was not authorized to forcibly medicate patient in the absence of a finding that patient was a danger to himself or others while confined at the facility.)
Clemons v. State, 392 Md. 339 (2007) (holding that conclusory aspects of the comparative bullet lead analysis were not generally accepted in the scientific community and thus, not admissible).
Rite Aid v. Levy-Gray, 391 Md. 608 (2006) (dealing with notice in products liability suit).
Newman v. State, 384 Md. 285 (2004) (Defendant may still assert attorney-client privilege to exclude evidence, even when attorney ethically disclosed the confidential information to the judge pursuant to Rule 1.6 of the Rules of Professional Conduct).
LeJune v. Coin Acceptors, 381 Md. 288 (2004) (inevitable disclosure doctrine would not be adopted as theory for finding threatened future disclosure of trade secrets)
Hemmings v. Pelham Woods, 375 Md. 522 (2003) (If apartment owner puts up security devices, they must maintain or be liable in tort).
Wholey v. Sears, 370 Md. 38 (2002) (terminating at-will employment on the grounds that the employee, as a victim or witness, gave testimony at an official proceeding or reported a suspected crime to the appropriate law enforcement or judicial officer is wrongful and contrary to public policy) (Whistleblower case).

Notable dissents
Conaway v. Deane, 401 Md. 219 (2007) (Maryland Equal Rights Amendment provides for equal protection, making statute prohibiting same-sex marriages unconstitutional).
Pringle v. State, 370 Md. 525 (2002) (Majority's holding that the police officers lacked probable cause to arrest the petitioner for possession of cocaine is based primarily upon an erroneous blending of the probable cause standard for an arrest and the sufficiency of evidence standard for a conviction), rev'd  540 U.S. 366 (agreeing with Judge Battaglia and dissent).

References

External links
Battaglia's profile at Maryland's State Archives.

1946 births
Living people
American University alumni
Judges of the Maryland Court of Appeals
Lawyers from Buffalo, New York
United States Attorneys for the District of Maryland
University of Baltimore faculty
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law alumni
Women in Maryland politics
American women academics
21st-century American women judges
21st-century American judges

Lynne A. Battaglia


The Remo Four were a 1950s–1960s rock band from Liverpool, England. They were contemporaries of The Beatles, and later had the same manager, Brian Epstein. Its members were Colin Manley (born Colin William Manley, 16 April 1942, in Old Swan, Liverpool, Lancashire; died 9 April 1999) (lead guitar/vocals), Phil Rogers (rhythm guitar/bass guitar/vocals) (born Philip Rogers, 5 March 1942, in Liverpool; died 14 January 2020), Don Andrew (born Donald M. Andrew, 14 July 1942, in Liverpool) (bass guitar/vocals), and Roy Dyke (drums) (born 13 February 1945, in Liverpool). Andrew and Manley were in the same class at school (Liverpool Institute for Boys) as Paul McCartney.

Career
Manley and Andrew formed the Remo Quartet in 1958, with singer/guitarist Keith Stokes (born in 1942 died 19 June 2010) and drummer Harry Prytherch (born 4 August 1941, Liverpool; died 13 October 2015). They progressed from playing local parties and contests to regular hall appearances, and turned professional, changing their name to the Remo Four in summer 1959. They played a mix of vocal harmony material (à la The Everly Brothers), and instrumental numbers in the manner of The Shadows, The Ventures, and Chet Atkins.

The Remo Four were voted Number Three Group in a 1961 Mersey Beat poll, and among their fans were The Beatles, fresh from a season in Hamburg, Germany. Both groups were among the regulars at the Cavern Club during 1961 and 1962, and both shared the bill with Gerry & The Pacemakers, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, and Ted "Kingsize" Taylor and the Dominoes, at the 1961 "Operation Big Beat", a festival at New Brighton's Tower Ballroom. While The Beatles travelled back and forth to Hamburg, the Remo Four began playing American Air Force bases in France, building their stage and musical experience. A highlight of their early career was sharing the stage with the Shadows, in the latter's only Cavern Club appearance. Johnny Sandon joined the band as vocalist in 1962, and stayed for two years.

In early 1963, Prytherch decided to get married and find a regular job, and Roy Dyke took his place in the band. Stokes also left and was replaced by Phil Rogers.  That year the band signed up with Epstein's NEMS Enterprises and acquired a new lead singer, Tommy Quickly, and a recording contract with Piccadilly Records, backing Quickly on Lennon and McCartney's "Tip of My Tongue" and other songs. The band also released instrumentals, including a driving rendition of Henry Mancini's Peter Gunn theme.

In a significant line-up change, Tony Ashton (keyboards/vocals) replaced Don Andrew, with Rogers moving to bass. Another NEMS artist, Billy J. Kramer, became a frontman for the band, which adopted the name "The New Dakotas" while backing him. Despite their talent and track record, the band's success in the record market was limited, and most of their work came as backing musicians, or as the house band in German clubs, including the Star-Club in Hamburg. They released an album, Smile!, on the Star-Club's own label in 1967, featuring elements of rock and jazz.

Late in 1967, Beatle George Harrison hired the Remo Four as his backing band for part of his first solo project, the soundtrack album to the movie Wonderwall. While the songs were mostly instrumentals, they did record one lyrical song, "In the First Place", with Harrison, which was left in the can until the 1990s. (Ashton, Gardner and Dyke later reworked the song and recorded it as "As It Was in the First Place".) They also became Billy Fury's backing band, in the late 1960s.

Disbanding in 1970, Ashton and Dyke joined guitarist Kim Gardner, formerly of The Creation and The Birds (not to be confused with California rock band The Byrds), to form Ashton, Gardner & Dyke, who later recorded a song called "Ballad of the Remo Four". Ashton later formed Paice Ashton Lord with members of Deep Purple. Manley became an accompanist for singers including Engelbert Humperdinck, and later joined The Swinging Blue Jeans. Don Andrew and Colin Manley appeared with Gerry Marsden (of Gerry & The Pacemakers fame) performing on stage in an episode of the UK TV soap Brookside in the 1990s. Manley died of cancer on 9 April 1999, and a memorial concert was held for him that June, with some of his former bandmates performing. Ashton also died of cancer, on 28 May 2001. Keith Stokes died on 19 June 2010, cause unknown. He was living in Wallasey and friends and relatives had been trying to trace him for 15 years, without success. Phil Rogers died peacefully on 14 January 2020 in Buckinghamshire.

Discography

Singles
"Lies"/"On the Horizon" (with Johnny Sandon) (7 inch single; Pye 7N 15542; July 1963)
"Magic Potion"/"Yes" (with Johnny Sandon) (7 inch single; Pye 7N 15559; July/August 1963)
"Tip of My Tongue"/"Heaven Only Knows" (with Tommy Quickly) (7 inch single; Piccadilly 7N 35137; August 1963)
"Kiss Me Now"/"No Other Love" (with Tommy Quickly) (7 inch single; Piccadilly 7N 35151; 1963)
"Prove It"/"Haven't You Noticed" (with Tommy Quickly) (7 inch single; Piccadilly 7N 35167; 1964)
"I Wish I Could Shimmy Like My Sister Kate"/"Peter Gunn" (7 inch single; Piccadilly 7N 35175 (1964)
"You Might as Well Forget Him"/"It's as Simple as That" (with Tommy Quickly) (7 inch single; Piccadilly 7N 35183; 1964)
"Sally Go Round the Roses"/"I Know a Girl" (7 inch single; Piccadilly 7N 35186; 1964)
"Wild Side of Life"/"Forget the Other Guy" (with Tommy Quickly) (7 inch single; Pye 7N 15708; October 1964)
"Humpty Dumpty"/"I'll Go Crazy" (with Tommy Quickly) (7 inch single; Pye 7N 15748; 1964)
"Live Like a Lady"/"Sing Halleluja" (7inch single; Fontana TF 787; 1966)
In the First Place (original Wonderwall Abbey Road mix)/ In the First Place (Wonderwall movie mix) (7 inch single; Pilar PILAR02V; 1998)
In The First Place (CD single; Pilar PILAR01CD; 2000)
 In The First Place (original Wonderwall Abbey Road mix)
 In The First Place (Wonderwall movie mix)
Compilation albums
Smile! (Star-Club 148 577; issued in Germany, 1967)
 Heart Beat
 Skate
 No Money Down
 Rock Candy
 7th Son
 Roadrunner
 Brother Where Are You
 Jive Samba
 Nothin's Too Good For My Baby
The Best of Tommy Quickly, Johnny Sandon, Gregory Phillips and the Remo Four (CD album; See For Miles Records SEECD349; 1992)
 Kiss Me Now
 Tip Of My Tongue
 Prove It
 You Might As Well Forget Him
 The Wild Side Of Life
 Heaven Only Knows
 No Other Love
 Haven't You Noticed
 It's As Simple As That
 Forget The Other Guy
 Humpty Dumpty
 I Go Crazy
 Lies
 Yes
 (I'd Be) A Legend In My Time
 Sixteen Tons
 Donna Means Heartbreak
 On The Horizon
 Magic Potion
 Some Kinda Wonderful
 Everybody Knows
 Angie
 Don't Bother Me
 Closer To Me
 Please Believe Me
 Make Sure That You're Mine
 I Wish I Could Shimmy Like My Sister Kate
 Sally Go Round The Roses
 I Know A Girl
 Peter Gunn
(Tracks 1-12 feature Tommy Quickly, 13-20 feature Johnny Sandon, and 21-26 feature Gregory Phillips.)

Smile! (CD album; Repertoire RR7034; issued in Germany, 21 November 1996) (Reissued by Bear Family Records – BCD 17105 AH; 2010)
 Heart Beat
 Skate
 No Money Down
 Rock Candy
 7th Son
 Roadrunner
 Brother Where Are You
 Jive Samba
 Nothin's Too Good For My Baby
 Peter Gunn
 Mickey's Monkey
 Live Like A Lady
 Sing Hallelujah
 Dancing And Singing
 Sing Hallelujah Alternate Take
 Live Like A Lady Alternate Take
 Live Like A Lady Instrumental Version

Beat-Club - The Best of '66 (video DVD; Studio-Hamburg/Radio Bremen (Various Artists, issued in Germany, 2000) includes the following Remo Four performances recorded in 1966:
 Peter Gunn
 Super Girl (with Graham Bonney)

Fab Gear! Beat Beat Beat Vol.1 (The Mersey Sound And Other Mop Top Rarities 1962-1963) (double CD album; Castle Music; Various Artists, 2001) includes the following Remo Four tracks:
 Lies*
 On the Horizon*
 Yes*
 Magic Potion*
 Kiss Me Now**
 No Other Love (Could Ever Be The Same)**
*with Johnny Sandon; ** with Tommy Quickly
In My Liverpool Home Volume 2 - Merseybeat Mania! (CD album; Mastersound MSCD529; 2003) includes the following Remo Four tracks:
 Perfidia (recorded live, 1961) - as the Remo Quartet
 Sleepwalk (recorded live, 1962)
Unearthed Merseybeat (CD album; Viper CD016; Various Artists; 2003) includes the following Remo Four tracks:
 Trambone (recorded 1961)
 Walk Don't Run (recorded 1961)
The Remo Four - 40 Years of Music (CD album; Mastersound MSCD581; 2005)
 Peter Gunn (recorded 1964)
 I Know A Girl (recorded 1964)
 Yes* (recorded 1963)
 Lies* (recorded 1963)
 The Wild Side of Life** (recorded 1964)
 Intro to "Tribute For Colin" (1 June 1999) by Billy Butler
 Walk Don't Run / Perfida by Dave Williams ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Heartbeat by Paul Andrew (son of Don Andrew) ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Intro 2 by Don Andrew ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Runaway by Mike Byrne ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Intro 3 ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Rainy Days Come Often (composed by C Manley) by Paul Andrew ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Intro 4 ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Sleepwalk by Dave Williams ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 End applause ("Tribute For Colin", 1999)
 Sleepwalk (by original lineup, recorded 1992)
 Perfidia (recorded at The Iron Door, 1961)
 Walk, Don't Run (recorded at The Iron Door, 1961)
 Trambone (recorded at The Iron Door, 1961)
 The Stranger (recorded at The Iron Door, 1961)
*with Johnny Sandon; ** with Tommy Quickly

Beatschuppen - Essential Club Music From The 60s (virtual album)
Music Torrent (Various Artists, 2005) includes the following Remo Four track:
 Heart Beat (recorded at Atomic Cafe, Munich, date unknown)

References

External links
Listen to the Remo Four on Rhapsody.com
The Remo Four: The Early Years by Bill Harry (from Mersey Beat)
Remo 4 (VH1 band biography)
Mersey Beat Online (includes articles on Remo Four members)
Tommy Quickly & The Remo Four, from the British Beat Boom homepage
The Story of "In the First Place" by Martin Lewis (presented at Abbeyrd's Beatle Page)
Remo Four images on AltaVista

English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1959
Musical groups from Liverpool
Beat groups
1959 establishments in England

The Remo Four


Bolas or bolases (singular bola; from Spanish and Portuguese bola, "ball", also known as a boleadora or boleadeira) is a type of throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords, used to capture animals by entangling their legs. Bolas were most famously used by the gauchos, but have been found in excavations of Pre-Columbian settlements, especially in Patagonia, where indigenous peoples (particularly the Tehuelche) used them to catch 200-pound guanacos and rheas. The Mapuche and the Inca army used them in battle.  Mapuche warriors used bolas in their confrontations with the Chilean Army during the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883).

Use

Gauchos used boleadoras to capture running cattle or game. Depending on the exact design, the thrower grasps the boleadora by one of the weights or by the nexus of the cords. The thrower gives the balls momentum by swinging them and then releases the boleadora. The weapon is usually used to entangle the animal's legs, but when thrown with enough force might even inflict damage (e.g. breaking a bone).

Traditionally, Inuit have used bolas to hunt birds, fouling the birds in air with the lines of the bola. People of a Feather showed Belcher Island Inuit using bolas to hunt eider ducks on the wing.

Design

There is no uniform design; most bolas have two or three balls, but there are versions of up to eight or nine. Some bolas have balls of equal weight; others vary the knot and cord. Gauchos use bolas made of braided leather cords with wooden balls or small leather sacks full of stones at the ends of the cords.

Bolas can be named depending on the number of weights used:

 Perdida (one weight)
 Avestrucera or ñanducera (two weights, for rheas)
 Somai (two weights)
 Achico (three weights)
 Boleadora (three weights)
 Kiipooyaq (Inuit name for bolas with three or more weights)

Bolas of three weights are usually designed with two shorter cords with heavier weights, and one longer cord with a light weight. The heavier weights fly at the front parallel to each other, hit either side of the legs, and the lighter weight goes around, wrapping up the legs.

Other unrelated versions include qilumitautit, the bolas of the Inuit, made of sinew and bone weights and used to capture water birds.

See also
 Bolas spiders, which swing a sticky web blob at the end of a web line to capture prey
 Bolo tie, a style of necktie resembling the bolas at the end of a string
 Eskimo yo-yo, a skill toy resembling fur-covered bolas or yo-yos
 Lasso or lariat, a looped rope used for similar purposes, especially in North America
 Meteor hammer and meteor, a Chinese melee weapon and a Chinese skill toy, both consisting of two weights connected by a rope or chain
 Poi, a Māori skill toy consisting of a ball attached to a tasseled cord
 Astrorope, a prototype of Crew Self Rescue (CSR) device for extravehicular activity (EVA) in space flight – see Astronaut propulsion unit

References

External links

 Boleadoras

Ancient weapons
Argentine folklore
Throwing weapons
Chain and rope throwing weapons
Chilean folklore
Culture in Rio Grande do Sul
Indigenous culture of the Southern Cone
Indigenous weapons of the Americas
Lithics
Uruguayan folklore
Hunting equipment
Gaucho culture
Primitive weapons

Bolas


is a Japanese anime television series created by Akitaro Daichi (Fruits Basket, Tsukikage Ran). Jubei-chan follows Jiyu Nanohana, a modern junior high school girl and unwilling heir to the Yagyu Jubei school of swordsmanship. The series is recognized for its magical girl stylings, including a mystical artifact, the Lovely Eyepatch, that serves as the source of the heroine's power.

Jubei-chan comprises two television series, which were originally licensed in the U.S. by two companies. The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch premiered April 5, 1999 and revolves around Jiyu Nanohana coping with her newly entrusted powers and responsibilities and the centuries-old feud between the Yagyu and Ryujoji schools. The Counter Attack of Siberia Yagyu premiered January 7, 2004. The second series introduces Freesia Yagyu, daughter of Yagui Jubei and self-proclaimed heir to the Lovely Eyepatch. The Counter Attack of Siberian Yagyu focuses on Jiyu and Freesia's developing friendship and subsequent rivalry.

The series was broadcast worldwide through Animax. The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch was licensed in North America by Bandai Entertainment. The rights to The Counter Attack of Siberian Yagyu were held by Geneon Entertainment. Both series were licensed by Media Blasters in 2012. The series premiered on Toku in the United States in January 2016.

Plot

The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch

The main conflict in  is between the Yagyu Jubei and Ryujoji schools. The rivalry was seemingly ended 300 years before the events of the series, when Yagyu Jubei defeated the Ryujoji school champion. Dying from his wounds, Jubei told his loyal companion Koinosuke to find someone with "plump, bouncy bon bons" and give her his eyepatch, which contained a lifetime's worth of sword techniques. Unknown to Koinosuke, the Ryujoji clan plots their revenge.

After 300 years of searching, Koinosuke finds Jiyu Nanohana in modern Japan. Her figure makes her the ideal candidate to be the next Jubei. He approaches her and tries to give her the eyepatch but she steadfastly refuses. Only when they are attacked by a Ryujoji swordsman does she don the eyepatch and dispose of him. They eventually find out that the Ryujoji clan believes it will be vindicated once the reincarnation of Jubei is defeated.

The introductory episodes follow the "Monster of the Week" formula: in this case, her teachers and peers constantly challenge her. Later episodes delve into her father's pain of losing Jiyu's mother, the sacrifice that Jiyu has to make in order to live a double-life as Jubei, and the Ryujoji Family Curse.

The Counter Attack of Siberia Yagyu

Like the previous series, the plot of  begins in Yagyu Jubei's lifetime. The Northern Yagyu were driven out of Japan into Siberia by the Edo Yagyu. After living several years in Siberia, they changed their name to the Siberian Yagyu. The leader of the Edo Yagyu sent Jubei Yagyu to assassinate Kita Ressai, the head of the Siberian clan. Jubei did not wish to carry out the order, but traveled to Siberia anyway. During his time there, he fell in love and had a daughter named Freesia. Some time later he caught up with Kita Ressai, the leader he had been sent to assassinate. Over Jubei's objections, Kita Ressai provoked a duel between the two while on a frozen body of water. In the heat of the battle, Kita Ressai broke through the ice, drowning Jubei Yagyu's wife and daughter along with him. Freesia remained frozen in a glacier for 300 years, until global warming caused enough of the glacier to melt to free her.

Freesia then learns of the Lovely Eyepatch that her father left to his successor. Freesia is furious when she learns that the Lovely Eyepatch was not left to her, but rather Jiyu Nanohana. Determined to claim the Lovely Eyepatch as the daughter of Jubei Yagyu, she tracks down Jiyu Nanohana, intent on defeating Jiyu and making her suffer. At the same time, the Siberian Yagyu learn of the appearance of Jubei Yagyu the Second and track down Jiyu Nanohana in an attempt to satisfy their 300-year-old grudge against Jubei Yagyu.

What ensues is a three way battle between the Siberian Yagyu, Freesia Yagyu and Yagyu Jubei's successor, Jiyu Nanohana. A major theme of the series is power and how differently people react to it. Jiyu does not want the responsibility and she's afraid to lose herself for power while Freesia does not understand anyone who is not willing to have more power.

Characters

Jiyu is a 14-year-old junior high school girl attending a new school at the start of The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch. She has a bright personality and a close relationship with her father. Her voluptuous figure makes her popular with boys at her school. When she dons the Heart-shaped Eyepatch, she turns into the reincarnation of Yagyu Jubei, the famed swordsman from Japan's feudal era.
The Counter Attack of Siberian Yagyu catches up with her a year later. Even though Jiyu has tried to forget the events of the first series, she still feels guilty over what happened to Koinosuke.
 in Series 1,  in Series 2,  (English)

Jiyu's father. He is a stay-at-home ghostwriter of historic samurai novels. He cares greatly for his daughter and affectionately nicknames her Jubei. He is often tormented by the memories of his wife, who died at home by Jiyu's side when he used to work in his office. After the incident, he promised to be a better father to Jiyu and subsequently started working at home.
At the time of The Counter Attack of Siberian Yagyu, he is trying to write a novel under his own name at his daughter's request.

A servant to Yagyu Jubei who walked the Earth for 300 years searching for a worthy successor to his master. Besides the Lovely Eyepatch, he entrusts Jiyu with his master's sword and the "Koinosuke Whistle" that summons him. Though mostly a comedic relief character, Koinosuke is good-hearted and does his best to serve both his old master and his new hosts.

Jiyu's rival during The Counter Attack of Siberian Yagyu. She is Jubei Yagyu's daughter who has spent roughly three hundred years in suspended animation inside a block of ice. She believes that she is the rightful owner of the Lovely Eyepatch and seeks to take it from Jiyu. She intends to make Jiyu suffer as she has suffered. Freesia dons a spade-shaped Eyepatch to transform herself into what she calls the true Jubei Yagyu the Second.

Koinosuke's only child, charged with carrying on his task – to give the successor to Jubei Yagyu the Lovely Eyepatch – should he fail. For 300 years, Ayunosuke waited for Koinosuke to return home. Discovering the Lovely Eyepatch that Jiyu had returned to Koinosuke at the end of the first series, Ayunosuke believes that Koinosuke failed and sets out to finish Koinosuke's mission. Unlike Koinosuke, Ayunosuke is a competent ninja and healer, capable of running from Freesia while Freesia is transformed into Jubei Yagyu. Ayunosuke refuses to accept that Jiyu does not want the Lovely Eyepatch and persists in attempting to give it to Jiyu, despite Jiyu's objections.

References

External links

The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch

The Counter Attack of Siberia Yagyu

Geneon Entertainment's Jubei-Chan 2 English Website

1999 anime television series debuts
2004 anime television series debuts
Anime Works
Anime with original screenplays
Bandai Entertainment anime titles
Fictional female ninja
Fictional assassins
Geneon USA
Madhouse (company)
Ninja in anime and manga
Ninja parody
TV Tokyo original programming

Jubei-chan: The Ninja Girl


Sukuh (, ) is a 15th-century Javanese-Hindu temple (candi) that is located in Berjo, Ngargoyoso district, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia on the western slope of Mount Lawu (elevation ).
This temple has a height of 87 meters.
Sukuh temple has a distinctive thematic reliefs from other candi where life before birth and sexual education are its main theme. Its main monument is a simple pyramid structure with reliefs and statues in front of it, including three tortoises with flattened shells and a male figure grasping his penis. A giant 1.82 m (6 ft) high of Shishna with four testes, representing penile incisions, was one of the statues that has been relocated to the National Museum of Indonesia.

Background
Sukuh is one of several temples built on the northwest slopes of Mount Lawu in the 15th century. By this time, Javanese religion and art had diverged from Indian precepts that had been so influential on temples styles during the 8th–10th centuries. This was the last significant area of temple building in Java before the island's courts were converted to Islam in the 16th century. It is difficult for historians to interpret the significance of these antiquities due to the temple's distinctiveness and the lack of records of Javanese ceremonies and beliefs of the era.

The founder of Candi Sukuh thought that the slope of Mount Lawu was a sacred place for worshiping the ancestors and nature spirits and for observance of the fertility cults. The monument was built around 1437, as written as a chronogram date on the western gate, meaning that the area was under the rule of the Majapahit Kingdom during its end (1293–1500). Some archaeologists believe the founder had cast the fall of Majapahit, based on the reliefs that displaying the feud between two aristocratic houses, symbolizing two internal conflicts in the kingdom.

In 1815, Sir Thomas Raffles, the ruler of Java during 1811–1816, visited the temple and found it in bad condition. In his account, many statues had been thrown down on the ground and most of the figures had been decapitated. Raffles also found the giant lingga statue broken into two pieces, which was then glued together. This vandalism of traditional culture (especially where sexuality is not suppressed, as in the statues) is likely to be an effect of the Islamic invasion of Java during the 16th century, based upon the identical patterns found in all other Islamic and monotheistic invasions generally.

Architecture

The central pyramid of the complex sits at the rear of the highest of three terraces. Originally, worshippers would have accessed the complex through a gateway at the western or lowest terrace. To the left of the gate is a carving of a monster eating a man, birds in a tree, and a dog, which is thought to be a chronogram representing 1437 CE, the likely date of the temple's consecration. There is an obvious depiction of sexual intercourse in a relief on the floor at the entrance where it shows a paired lingam which is represented physiologically by the (phallus) and yoni, which is represented bodily by the (vagina). Genitalia are portrayed on several statues from the site, which is unique among Javanese classical monuments.

The main structure of Sukuh temple is like no other ancient edifice; it is a truncated pyramid reminiscent of a Maya monument and surrounded by monoliths and meticulously carved life-sized figures. The Sukuh temple does not follow the Hindu architecture Wastu Vidya because it was built after the Hindu religion had weakened. Temples usually have a rectangular or square shape, but Sukuh temple is a trapezium with three terraces, with one terrace higher than the others. A stone stairway rises through the front side of the pyramid to its summit. It is not known what the monument's unique shape was intended to symbolize. One suggestion is that it represents a mountain. There is no evidence that the main building supported a wooden structure. The only object recovered from its summit was a 1.82-metre lingga statue bearing an inscription and it is now in the National Museum of Indonesia). The statue may once have stood on the platform over the stairway. The lingga statue has a dedicated inscription carved from top to bottom representing a vein followed by a chronogram date equivalent to 1440. The inscription translates "Consecration of the Holy Ganges sudhi in ... the sign of masculinity is the essence of the world." Reliefs of a kris blade, an eight-pointed sun and a crescent moon decorate the statue.

The wall of the main monument has a relief portraying two men forging a weapon in a smithy with a dancing figure of Ganesha, the most important Tantric deity, having a human body and the head of an elephant. In Hindu-Java mythology, the smith is thought to possess not only the skill to alter metals, but also the key to spiritual transcendence. Smiths drew their powers to forge a kris from the god of fire; and a smithy is considered as a shrine. Hindu-Javanese kingship was sometimes legitimated and empowered by the possession of a kris.

The elephant head figure with a crown in the smithy relief depicts Ganesha, the god who removes obstacles in Hinduism. The Ganesha figure, however, differs in some small respects with other usual depictions. Instead of sitting, the Ganesha figure in Candi Sukuh's relief is shown dancing and it has distinctive features including the exposed genitalia, the demonic physiognomy, the strangely awkward dancing posture, the rosary bones on its neck and holding a small animal, probably a dog. The Ganesha relief in Candi Sukuh has a similarity with the Tantric ritual found in the history of Buddhism in Tibet written by Taranatha. The Tantric ritual is associated with several figures, one of whom is described as the "King of Dogs" (Sanskrit: Kukuraja), who taught his disciples by day, and by night performed Ganacakra in a burial ground or charnel ground.

Other statues in Candi Sukuh include a life-sized male figure with his hand grasping his own penis and three flattened shells of tortoises. Two large tortoise statues guard the pyramid entrance and the third one lies at some distance in front of the monument. All of their heads point to the west and their flattened shells may provide altars for purification rituals and ancestor worship. In Hindu mythology, the tortoise symbolizes the base or support of the World and is an avatar of Vishnu, i.e. Kurma refer: Ocean of Milk.

See also

 Pyramid temples in Indonesia
 Candi Kethek, 5 terraces
 Lebak Cibedug, 9 terraces
 Pugung Raharjo, 5 terraces

 In Java
 Candi Ceto
 Candi of Indonesia
 Prambanan Temple, 6th-9th century UNESCO heritage Hindu temple in Central Java.
 Sunda Kingdom, 7th-16th century Indianised Hindu kingdom in Western and Central Java.
 Taruma Kingdom, 2nd-6th century Indianised Hindu kingdom of Western Java.

 Other related topics
 Greater India
 Indianisation
 History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
 Hinduism in Indonesia
 Buddhism in Indonesia
 List of places with columnar jointed volcanics

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1437
1815 archaeological discoveries
Hindu temples in Indonesia
Archaeological sites in Indonesia
Pyramids in Indonesia
Buildings and structures in Java
15th-century Hindu temples
Mount Lawu
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java
Religious buildings and structures in Central Java

Sukuh


Softcore pornography (or simply softcore) is pornography that is not as sexually explicit as the hardcore type. Sexual activity in softcore pornography is typically simulated, although it is sometimes real.  Although it is not as graphic as hardcore, movie censorship of soft pornography may restrict it to adults in many countries.

Pornography

Softcore pornography


Brothers Jean-Pierre Dardenne (born 21 April 1951 in Liège, Belgium)  and Luc Dardenne (born 10 March 1954 in Liège, Belgium) are a Belgian movie making duo. They write, produce and direct their movies together.

The Dardennes began making narrative and documentary movies in the late 1970s.  They first came to international attention in the mid-1990s with La Promesse (The Promise). They won their first major international movie prize when Rosetta won the Palme d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. All their movies since have played at the Cannes main competition and won one of the major prizes. They have won more awards than any other movie makers in the history of the Cannes Film Festival.

In 2005, they won the Palme d'Or a second time for their movie L'Enfant (The Child).  This put them in an elite group of only 7 with the likes of Francis Ford Coppola.

Jean-Pierre is the jury president for the Cinéfoundation and Short Films sections of the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

Filmography
 Chant du rossignol (1978)
 Lorsque le bateau de Léon M. descendit la Meuse pour la première fois (1979)
 Pour que la guerre s'achève, les murs devaient s'écrouter (1980)
 R... ne répond plus (1981)
 Leçons d'une université volante (1982)
 Regarde Jonathan/Jean Louvet, son oeuvre (1983)
 Il court... il court le monde (1987)
 Falsch (1987)
 Je pense à vous (I Think of You) (1992)
 La promesse (The Promise) (1996)
 Rosetta  (1999) won the Palme d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival
 Le fils (The Son)  (2002)
 L'Enfant (The Child)  (2005) won the Palme d'Or at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival
 Dans l'Obscurité (Darkness) (2007)
 Le silence de Lorna (Lorna's Silence) (2008)
 The Kid with a Bike (Le Gamin au vélo) (2011)

Awards
 1999 Palme d'Or
 2005 Palme d'Or
 2005 Grand-Cross of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
 2008 Film Award Cologne within the Cologne Conference
 2011 Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)

References

Other websites

1951 births
1954 births
Living people
Belgian movie directors
Belgian movie producers
People from Liège (province)
Belgian screenwriters

Dardenne brothers


Avant-garde music, or experimental music, is a type of music that is meant to push the boundaries of "what music is." It started in the 1940s and 1950s after World War II. Some famous avant-garde composers were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Henry Cowell.

Examples of avant-garde songs

4'33"
This was a song written by John Cage that is 4 minutes and 33 seconds of complete silence. It is meant to make the audience listen to the sounds around them.

Revolution 9
This is a song by the popular English rock band The Beatles. It appeared on their album The Beatles, also known as The White Album (released in 1968.) "Revolution 9" is over 8 minutes of random sounds, and someone repeatedly saying "number 9...number 9...number 9...number 9..." It was mostly the work of John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono.

Hey Foxymophandlemama, That's Me
This is a song by the American grunge band Pearl Jam. It is the last song on their third album Vitalogy, released in 1994. It is over seven minutes long. It is made up of conversations between mental patients in asylums, and psychiatrists, with distorted bass guitar and drums laid over them.

Music genres

Avant-garde music


Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe Syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder in humans. It affects the eyes, the brain and the kidneys. It is also known as Oculocerebrorenal syndrome. People with lowe syndrome are born with cataracts, that is the lenses of their eyes are not totally clear. Many people with the syndrome develop kidney problems at an early age. The brain develops differently, the development of the child happens slower. Such children may often have learning difficulties. Epilepsy can also occur.

The disorder is caused by a gene defect on the X-chromosome. As a result, much more boys are affected than girls. The syndrome is named after Dr. Charles Lowe, who first described it in 1952. Its occurrence is about one case in half a million live births.

References

Genetic disorders

Oculocerebrorenal syndrome


Abraham Lishinsky (19051982) is an American artist of the 20th Century, a painter and playwright, best known for seven murals completed for the federally funded agencies of the New Deal programs of the 1930s and 1940s.

Born in the Russian Empire in 1905, he was raised on Manhattan's East Side and in Brooklyn. He studied at the Educational Alliance and the National Academy of Design, and with John Sloan at the Art Students League.

Mural work

Beginning as an assistant to Jean Charlot, the Franco-Mexican muralist, Lishinsky from 1934 to 1943 created seven murals for the PWAP/WPA federal arts programs of the 1930s and 1940s. His earliest mural was painted in collaboration with his mentor Charlot in the lobby of the Straubenmuller Textile High School in Manhattan. The mural survives.

His largest existing work is a 54-panel,  mural that wraps around the auditorium at the former Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, titled "Major Influences in Civilization."  The mural is restored and in excellent condition. Lishinsky, who was the supervising artist on all the murals he painted, invited his colleague and longtime friend Irving A. Block to work with him to create the Tilden mural. Among the assistants hired to work on the mural was the artist Abram "Al" Lerner, who was later founding director of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.

Lishinsky and Block later collaborated on two other works: A large representational mural on the history of medicine for the Medicine and Public Health pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, sponsored by the American Medical Association,  and "Washington and the Battle of the Bronx," a 15' × 5' historical mural at the Wakefield Station post office in the Bronx, New York, painted under the authority of the United States Treasury Department Section of Fine Arts, and completed in 1943.

The fate of the World's Fair mural, two 70' × 10' panels and a 30' × 10' panel, is unknown.  The Wakefield mural was at least until recent years still in place, but in deteriorating condition.

Lishinsky also painted a mural in 1941 for the post office in Woodruff, South Carolina, titled "Cotton Harvest". The mural was restored in 1999 and placed on exhibit in the South Carolina State Museum in Columbia, where it is on permanent loan.

Lishinsky painted smaller murals for the solarium at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan, believed to have been painted over in subsequent years, and the Protestant chapel, later demolished, at the penitentiary at Rikers Island.

Lishinsky's mural style

Although Lishinsky's works for the federal art programs were representational, in the style known as Social Realist, he made many friends among the American adopters of abstract style, including Ilya Bolotowsky and Louis Schanker, and there is a strikingly abstract quality to his mural designs. The figures are monumental, often presented in dreamlike suspension. There is a respect for the flatness of the picture plane, where the figures loom in dignity and where animation resides in structural and textural relationships as much as in ostensible movements. In the Tilden mural, Lishinsky adopted a "grisaille" technique, presenting, within the colorful panels, foreground figures in monochromatic greens to bring together the sprawling space and lend coherence to the work as a whole.

The evolution of Lishinsky's art

Following the end of the federal art programs, and faced with the need to support his wife and four young children, Lishinsky became a salesman.  With his buoyant charm, integrity, and ready wit, he was successful, raising his family in a home he bought in 1950 in Flatbush. Although he never ceased to paint in his spare time, he bore a heavy load of frustration in those years in not being able to pursue his art full-time. Lishinsky wrote plays and stories during long hours of travel on his sales trips around the country. His play "The Collaboration" won a CAPS (Creative Artists Public Service Program) award in 1981 from the New York State Council on the Arts.

In the early 1950s, Lishinsky turned to an abstract style, studying with the artist Wallace K. Harrison in New York. With a reserve of savings, he left the business world and took his family to Majorca, Spain, where he spent two years from 1955 to 1957, painting full-time.  His work was exhibited upon his return at the Terrain Gallery and in 1958 and 1959, at the Washington Irving Gallery in New York. Compelled to make a living, he returned to the business world, painting on nights and weekends in a studio in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, and later, in a home studio in Brooklyn.

Later years

In 1971, Lishinsky retired from the business world. At last a full-time painter after years of intermittent work, he found in a style allied to Cubism and abstract expressionism the realization of a lifelong pursuit of art grounded in the structural verities that underlie all art of worth. Meaning in art, he averred, comes not primarily from predetermined subject matter, but from the incalculable warmth of the unconscious as it speaks in forms, colors, and their relationships.

Because he felt he had but limited time to develop his work, Lishinsky declined most invitations to exhibit, only beginning to emerge once more in exhibits in the early 1980s. By that time, he had contracted the illness that would take his life in 1982.

References

1905 births
1982 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
People from the Lower East Side
Abstract painters
American muralists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Public Works of Art Project artists
Federal Art Project artists
20th-century American male artists

Abraham Lishinsky


Paul Dutton (born 1943) is a  Canadian poet, novelist, essayist, and oral sound artist.

Early life and career
Dutton was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A member of the legendary Four Horsemen sound poetry quartet (1970–1988), along with Rafael Barreto-Rivera, Steve McCaffery, and the late bpNichol, Dutton joined his soundsinging oralities and harmonica-playing to John Oswald's alto sax and Michael Snow's piano and synthesizer in the free-improvisation band CCMC (1989 to the present). He has recently appeared in poetry festivals in Germany, France, and Venezuela, and at music festivals in Canada, the Netherlands, and Argentina. An accomplished writer, in addition to his published books, he has written dozens of published essays on music and writing.

Dutton has collaborated with a wide range of musicians, including fellow oral sound artists Jaap Blonk, Koichi Makigami, Phil Minton, and David Moss in the group Five Men Singing, John Butcher, Bob Ostertag, Phil Durrant, John Russell, Lee Ranaldo, Christian Marclay, Günter Christmann, Thomas Charmetant, Xavier Charles, and Jacques Di Donato. His soundsinging has been called "fascinating, inventive, grippingly obsessive" (The Wire).

"(Five Men Singing) exposes every note, tone, timbre and texture that can be vibrated by the uvula, dredged from the throat and buzzed from the cheeks and lips."

More recently, he formed Quintet à Bras in company with two French poets and two French instrumentalists, and in 2009, Mr. Dutton performed at The Scream In High Park, which is an annual literary festival in Toronto.

Criticism
"The hybridity of Dutton's æsthetic accomplishments is readily apparent on this CD's (Mouth Pieces) opening track, Reverberations. Framing the words "gong" and "going" with the use of vowel-generated overtones, Dutton crystallizes form and content in a perfectly balanced musical and literary mantra."
"Whether reading or gurgling, solo Dutton remains compelling."

Awards
bpNichol Chapbook Award, 1989.
Villa Waldberta Scholarship, Cultural Department, City of Munich, 1998
Dora Mavor Moore Award, Toronto Association of Performing Arts, 2007

Anthologies
Best Canadian Essays 1990. (Fifth House Publishers, 1990).
Hard Times: A New Fiction Anthology. (The Mercury Press, 1990).
Carnival. (Insomniac Press, 1996).
The Echoing Years: Contemporary Canadian & Irish Verse (School of Humanities Publications, Waterford Institute of Technology, 2007)
In Fine Form: The Canadian Book of Form Poetry (Polestar, 2005)
Fümms bö wö tää zää Uu: Stimmen und  Klänge der Lautpoesie (Book-CD), (Scholzverlag, 2002)

Books
The Book of Numbers (Porcupine's Quill, 1979).
Right Hemisphere, Left Ear (Coach House Press, 1979).
Visionary Portraits (The Mercury Press, 1991)
Aurealities (Coach House Books, 1991)
The Plastic Typewriter (Underwhich Editions, 1993)
Partial Additives (Writers Forum, c/o Underwhich Editions, 1994)
Several Women Dancing (The Mercury Press, 2002)

With The Four Horsemen
Horse D'Oeuvres (General Publishing, 1975)
The Prose Tattoo (Membrane Press, 1983)

With Sandra Braman
Spokesheards (Longspoon Press, 1983)

Recordings
Blues, Roots, Legends, Shouts & Hollers (Starborne Productions LP, STB-0180, 1980)
Mouth Pieces (OHM Éditions, 2000) ISBN AVTR 021
Oralizations (Ambiances Magnétiques, 2005) ISBN AM 130

References

External links
Official website
Five Men Singing
so'nets
Coach House Press
poets.ca
The Mercury Press

1943 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
21st-century Canadian poets
Canadian male singers
Singers from Toronto
Writers from Toronto
21st-century Canadian male writers
Dora Mavor Moore Award winners

Paul Dutton


The lang, medial or descendin s (ſ) is a kyn o wee letter 's' whit wis uised whaur 's' occurred in the mids or at the stairt o a ward, for ensaumple ſinfulneſs ("sinfulness"). The modren letter wis cried the terminal or cuttie s.

Modren uiss

The lang 's' is representit in Unicode bi the sign U+017F in the Latin Extended-A range, an mey be representit in HTML as ſ or ſ.

The lang 's' survives in elangatit form, an wi a italic-style bowt descender, as the integral symbol  uised in calculus; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz based the chairacter on the Laitin wird summa (sum), whilk he clarkit ſumma. This uiss first appeart for public in his paper De Geometria, publisht in Acta Eruditorum o Juin, 1686, bit he haed uised it in private manuscripts syne at least 1675.

In lingueestics a siclike glyph () (cried "esh") is uised in the International Phonetic Alphabet, in whilk it soonds the voiceless postalveolar fricative, the first soond in the Scots wird shae.

In Scandinavian an German-speakin kintras, relics o the lang ſ haud on in signs an logaes whit uise various kynds o fraktur typefaces.  Ensaumples include the logaes o the Norse newspapers Aftenpoſten an  Adresſeaviſen; the packagin logae faur Finnish 'Siſu' pastilles; an the Jägermeiſter logae.

Anither survival o the lang s wis the abbreviation uised in Scots an Inglis for shillin, as in 5/-, whar the forrit slash stood in for the lang s whilk haed been lang forgotten bi aw bit antiquarians.

References

History o the Inglis leid
Typografie
Palaeographic letter variants
Uncommon Laitin letters

Lang s


Continuity of Care Record (CCR) is a health record standard specification developed jointly by ASTM International, the Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS), the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and other health informatics vendors.

Although there is no official "death" of the CCR standard announced anywhere, the CCR is effectively dead in any major industry use, with most organizations now transmitting documents and information with HL7 standards (V2, CDA/C-CDA, or FHIR).  Another indication of its death is that the ASTM standard specification for CCR has not been updated since 2010.

Background and scope
The CCR was generated by health care practitioners based on their views of the data they may want to share in any given situation. The CCR document is used to allow timely and focused transmission of information to other health professionals involved in the patient's care. The CCR aims to increase the role of the patient in managing their health and reduce error while improving continuity of patient care. The CCR standard is a patient health summary standard. It is a way to create flexible documents that contain the most relevant and timely core health information about a patient, and to send these electronically from one caregiver to another. The CCR's intent is also to create a standard of health information transportability when a patient is transferred or referred, or is seen by another healthcare professional.

Development

The CCR is a unique development effort via a syndicate of the following sponsors:

 ASTM International
 Massachusetts Medical Society
 HIMSS
 American Academy of Family Physicians
 American Academy of Pediatrics
 American Medical Association
 Patient Safety Institute
 American Health Care Association
 National Association for the Support of LTC

Content
The CCR data set contains a summary of the patient's health status including problems, medications, allergies, and basic information about health insurance, care documentation, and the patient's care plan. These represent a "snapshot" of a patient's health data that can be useful or possibly lifesaving, if available at the time of clinical encounter. The ASTM CCR standard's purpose is to permit easy creation by a physician using an electronic health record (EHR) system at the end of an encounter.
More specifically within the CCR, there are mandated core elements in 6 sections.
These 6 sections are:

 Header
 Patient Identifying Information
 Patient Financial and Insurance Information
 Health Status of the Patient
 Care Documentation
 Care Plan Recommendation

CCR standard and structure
Because it is expressed in the standard data interchange language known as XML, a CCR can potentially be created, read, and interpreted by any EHR or EMR software application. A CCR can also be exported to other formats, such as PDF or Office Open XML (Microsoft Word 2007 format).

The Continuity of Care Document (CCD) is an HL7 CDA implementation of the Continuity of Care Record (CCR). A CCR document can generally be converted into CCD using Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT), but it is not always possible to perform the inverse transformation, since some CCD features are not supported in CCR. HITSP provides reference information that demonstrates how CCD and CCR  (as HITSP C32) are embedded in CDA.

Although the CCR and CCD standards could continue to coexist, with CCR providing for basic information requests and CCD servicing more detailed requests, the newer CCD standard might eventually completely supplant CCR.

Technology
As mentioned, the CCR standard uses eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as it is aimed at being technology neutral to allow for maximum applicability. This specified XML coding provides flexibility that will allow users to formulate, transfer, and view the CCR in a number of ways, for example, in a browser, in a Health Level 7 (HL7) message, in a secure email, as a PDF file, as an HTML file, or as a word document. This is aimed at producing flexible expression of structured data in avenues such as electronic health record (EHR) systems. In terms of the CCR's transportability, secure carriage and transmission of the electronic file can occur via physical
transport media, for example on a USB thumb drive, tablet or phone, CD ROM, or smart card, and in an electronic sense, secure transmission can occur via a network line, or the Internet.

See also
 Clinical Document Architecture
 Continuity of Care Document
 Electronic health record

References

External links
ASTM CCR Standard E2369-05
Center for Health Information Technology (CHiT)
CCR Java library

Industry-specific XML-based standards
Medical records
Standards for electronic health records

Continuity of Care Record


Norma is a popular girl's name. Norma may also several other things:
In science and technology:
 Norma (constellation), a group of stars in the southern sky
 Cygnus Arm, also known as the Norma Arm, a spiral arm in the Milky Way galaxy
 555 Norma, a minor planet

Places:
 Norma (LT), a city in the province of Latina, Italy
 Norma, Tibet
 Normafa (lit. "Norma tree"), a popular tourist destination in Budapest, Hungary

In entertainment:
 Norma, an opera by Vincenzo Bellini
 Norma, a play by Henrik Ibsen
 Norma, a novel by Vladimir Sorokin

Tropical systems:
 Tropical Storm Norma (1970)
 Hurricane Norma (1974)
 Hurricane Norma (1981)
 Hurricane Norma (1987)
 Tropical Storm Norma (1993)
 Tropical Storm Norma (2005)

Other uses:
 Norma (company), a Swedish ammunition manufacturer
 Norma (supermarket), a food discount store chain found in Europe

Norma


(1914–1976) was a Nisei labor activist and a Sergeant in the United States Army during the Second World War.

Early life
Ariyoshi was born in Hawaii in 1914 to Japanese immigrant parents. Ariyoshi grew up helping his family make a living on a small eight-acre coffee plantation. He attended Konawaena High School before he worked for six years to help pay off the family debt. Around then, Ariyoshi became interested in labor politics. He attended the University of Hawaiʻi, but became alienated by his perception of institutional bias against labor unions and liberal thought. He transferred to the University of Georgia on scholarship. In Georgia, where he was befriended by the parents of the novelist Erskine Caldwell, Ariyoshi became determined to ease the plight of the sharecroppers he met and to improve labor conditions for the working class.

In 1941, Ariyoshi graduated from the University of Georgia with a Bachelor of Arts in journalism (A.B.J.) from the Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication. After graduation, Ariyoshi traveled to San Francisco, where he befriended Karl Yoneda, a founder of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union. On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese navy attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Soon afterward, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, Ariyoshi was placed in the Manzanar War Relocation Center, a Japanese American internment camp.

Second World War
Ariyoshi met and married his wife, Taeko Ariyoshi, at Manzanar. He decided to help the war effort by working as a language specialist with the United States Army Military Intelligence. He was soon transferred out of the internment camp and into India, Sri Lanka, and Burma because of his ability to translate Japanese. While stationed in the British Colonies, Ariyoshi witnessed what he believed to be the inequality of the colonial system. He was later transferred to China, where he was exposed to the communists.

Dixie Mission
While stationed at the Dixie Mission in Yan'an, Ariyoshi met and worked with both Chinese and Japanese Communists, including Mao Zedong and Sanzo Nosaka. His primary duties in Yan'an were to learn more about the Communist efforts to train Japanese prisoners of war, translate Japanese source materials and develop Allied propaganda against the Japanese. In China, Ariyoshi saw the differences between the peasants' meager lifestyle under the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party and left China with an appreciation for what communism or at least progressive socialism could accomplish.

Other wartime activities
Ariyoshi came into contact with members of the Korean independence movement and the Japanese dissident Kaji Wataru.

Postwar
Ariyoshi returned to Hawaii in 1948 and, inspired by the progressive Japanese-language paper, Hawaii Hochi, began publishing a labor-oriented newspaper, the Honolulu Record.

As editor, Ariyoshi lambasted labor conditions for the working class and addressed what he considered to be other social inequalities in the islands. His socialist views bolstered the growth of the local labor movement and the Democratic Party in Hawaii. However, at the height of the Second Red Scare and McCarthyism, he and six other progressives (including Jack Hall, the head of the Hawaii Longshoremen's Union) were arrested under charges of attempting to overthrow the American government under the Smith Act. The case later became known as the Hawaii Seven. Ariyoshi spent one night in jail, and after his release, he continued to promote his socialist views through his paper. The court found him guilty, but he appealed the ruling and was eventually acquitted of all charges. Madame Sun Yat-sen, the widow of Sun Yat-sen, "the George Washington of China]]," had donated her mother's wedding dress to be sold to provide funds for Ariyoshi's legal defense.

In 1958, Ariyoshi was forced to close his newspaper for lack of funds. He became a florist, earning himself the nickname, "The Red Florist." In 1969, he was appointed a member of the Hawaii Foundation for History and the Humanities. Ariyoshi was later appointed president of the organization, a position that he held for three years. With the American opening to China, Ariyoshi was one of the first Americans invited to return to that country, even before President Nixon's visit. He wrote a series of articles for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, and a television documentary on Chinese arts and crafts, which helped to repopularize cloisonne in the country. He was a founder of the Hawaii-China People's Friendship Association to improve relations between China and the United States. He served on the national steering committee of the U.S.-China Friendship Association from its founding in 1974 until his death.

In later life, Ariyoshi began teaching at the University of Hawaiʻi in the Ethnic Studies Department. In 1976 the Hawaii Legislature honored Ariyoshi for his life's work and apologized for the things that had been done to him in the McCarthy era. Koji Ariyoshi died later that year from cancer, and an annual award in his name was established by the U.S.-China Peoples Friendship to honor an outstanding figure in promoting U.S.-China friendship.

In film
On May 5, 2005, he was featured in the Biography Hawaii series airing on PBS Hawaii. The documentary featured original footage of Ariyoshi during his time in Yen'an and explored his persecution during the 1950s.

Further reading
Koji Ariyoshi, From Kona to Yen'an: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi, Beechert, Edward D., and Alice M. Beechert, eds, (Honolulu, HI: U of Hawaii Press, 2000).
Carolle J. Carter, Mission to Yenan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists 1944-1947 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1997).
Hugh Deane, Good Deeds & Gunboats: Two Centuries of American-Chinese Encounters (San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, 1990).

See also
Dixie Mission
Japanese resistance during the Shōwa period

References

External links
Review of episode and feature on Ariyoshi.
Honolulu Record full archives (pdf)

1914 births
1976 deaths
Trade unionists from Hawaii
United States Army personnel of World War II
Dixie Mission participants
Editors of Hawaii newspapers
Hawaii people of Japanese descent
Japanese-American civil rights activists
Japanese-American internees
American male journalists
American journalists of Asian descent
American writers of Japanese descent
American military personnel of Japanese descent
United States Army non-commissioned officers
University of Georgia alumni
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty
Hawaii Communists

Koji Ariyoshi


Fair use is the idea that it should be okay for a person to reuse something that another person has created, in certain amounts and for certain purposes, without breaking the law.

Usage
In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, TV shows, and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them. This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money. The person that owns these things has a copyright for them, which means that person can decide who can copy their work. If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law. The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.

Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book. This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it. The idea of "fair use" was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK to do this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.

Software programs
Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the Internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people. To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work (known as digital rights management). One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program. In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.

References

Copyright
Intellectual property law

Fair use


វិជ្ជាជីវះខាងសារពត៌មាន គឺជាការ ស្វែងរកដោយខ្ជាប់ខ្ធួន នឹង រាយការណ៍នូវហេតុការណ៍រឿង ទាំងឡាយឬ ការនិយមទៅរកសវនាការក្រៅប្រទេសមួយ ហើយនិងពិតប្រាកដ៏ ។ ថ្វីបើសារពត៍មានមានការផ្លាស់ប្តូរជាច្រើនក័ដោយ ឧត្តមគតិគឺប្រាប់នូវសវនាការអនាគត។សារពត័មាន រួមមាន វប្បធម៌ ទិដ្ឋភាពសង្គម ដូចជាសិល្បះកំសាន្តផងដែរ។កាបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយរួមបញ្ចូល រូបថតពត៌មាន  ហើរូបថតនោះត្រូវតែមានលក្ខណះជ្រាលជ្រៅ នឹងជាលក្ខណ ឯកសារ។
នៅសម័យបច្ចុប្បន្ន ការផ្សាព្វផ្សាយពត៌មានបានក្លាយជាអ្នកផ្តល់ នៃពត៌មាន និងមតិយោបលអំពីករណីកិច្ចសាធារណះយ៉ាងសំខាន់ប៉ុន្តែមុខងារ និងខបញ្ញត្តិនៃសារពត៌មាន ស្របទៅនឹងប្រភេទនៃប្រពន្ធ័ផ្សព្ធផ្សាយ អ៊ីនធឺណេត ដទៃទៀត កុំពុងដែលដំណើលការផ្លាស់ប្តូរ ក្រាហ្វ៊ីតពត៌មាន និងរបៀបកាន់កាប់ពត៌មានហើយត្រូវបានប្រើ ដោយបានប្រើប្រាស់គំនិតគ្រូវភ្លេងល្បីល្បាញត្រូវបានបដិវត្តបន្ទុប់សារពត៌មាន។

ប្រវត្តសាស្រ្ត

កាសែតដំបូងគេត្រូវបានចែកចាយនៅក្នុងឧបលរណ៍សតវត្សរ៍ទី17  ពីរដងក្នុងមួយអាទិត្យ។ កាសែតអង់គ្លេសផ្សេងទៀតដែលបានជោគជ័យគឺThe Daily Courant.។
កាសែតទីមួយនៃជនជាតិអាមេរិកាំង – Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences both Foreighn និង Domestick  នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ1690ត្រូវបានបោះពុម្ភប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបានយ៉ាងរហ័សដោយមិនមានអាជ្ញាប័ណ្ណ។ភាគច្រើនកាសែតជនជាតិអាមេរិកាំងនៃសម័យកាល
ជំទាស់ននឹងរដ្ឋភិបាលប្រជាជនអង់គ្លេស។ជាហេតុបណ្តាលអោយប្រទេសអង់គ្លេសចាត់វិធានការបំបាត់ទៅលើសាព័ត៌មាន  ជិត1800 មានកាសែតប្រាំពីររយនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិច។នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ1833 Benjamin Day បានបើក The Sun (រដ្ឋនិរយ៉ក)និង  "Penny Press."បានបង្កើតក្រសែតប្រចាំថ្ងៃ បន្ថែមជាមួយនឹងមាតិការរឿងដែលភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលជាមួយ  និងគោលបំណងក្នុងសកម្មភាពការងារអ្នកគ្រាំទ្រ ចំនួនលក់កាន់តែច្រើន។ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលសង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិល  ភាពលំអដោយរូបត្រូវអនុញ្ញាតអោយច្រើន រូបភាព និងទូរលិខសាស្រ្ត បង្កើនល្បឿនយ៉ាងសំខាន់ ដែលបានអភិវឌ្ឍន៍ ឡើង នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ1846  The Associated Press ខ្សែបម្រើត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងការផ្សងរួមគ្នាចន្លោះកាសែតធំៗពីរបីដើម្បីចែកចែយពត៌មានទៅដល់ខាងទូរលេខពីអឺរ៉ុប។ APនៅបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺទីភ្ញាក់ងារសារព័ត៍មានរបស់ពិភពលោកដែលចាស់ជាងគេ។នៅឆ្នាំ1851 George Jones (អ្នកបោះបុម្ភផ្សាយ) និង Henry Raymond បានបើក The New York Daily Times ហើយបានប្តូរឈ្មោះនៅពេលក្រោយ The New York Times។នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ1890  Joseph Pulitzer ម្ចាស់ការសែតនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋនិវយ៉ត និងកន្លែងដទៃៗ  "yellow journalism"បានតបទៅវិញ ក្រោយមកមានឈ្មោះមាន   comic strip – "The Yellow Kid"  ដែលបានបោះពុម្ភផ្សាយដោយ  Pulitzer។

តាមច្បាស់
"សេរីភាពសាព័ត៍មាន"
រដ្ឋភិបាលមានការផ្លាស់ប្តូរយ៉ាងទូលាយ និងតទៅអ្នកសារព័ត៍មានប្រតិបត្តិមានជាមួយនឹងការត្រួតពិនិត្យដែលអាចអោយពួកគេស្រាវជ្រាវ និងសរសេរ ហើយអង្គការសារព័ត៍មានអាចធ្វើការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ។រដ្ឋភិបាលខ្លះបានធានាទៅលើសេរីភាពនៃសាព័ត៍មាន ខណះដែលប្រទេសផ្សេងកំណតដោយតឹងរ៉ឹង អ្វីទៅជាសារព័ត៍មានដែលអាចស្រាវជ្រាវ ឬផ្សព្វផ្សាយ។

អ្នកសារព័ត៍មានជាច្រើននៅប្រទេសមួយចំនួនមានសិទិ្វខ្លះៗមិនមែនត្រឹមសមជិកនៃសាធារណជនទូទៅ រាប់បញ្ចូលការចូលដែលល្អប្រសើរចំពោះព្រឹតិ្តការណ៍ កន្លែលកើតបទឧក្រិដ្ឋ នឹងសនិ្នសិទិអ្នកការសែត និងពង្រីកការសម្ភាសន៏ជាមួយមន្រ្តីរាជ្ជការល្បីល្បាញ និងភ្នែកសាធារណជនដទៃទៀត។

លក្ខណះអ្នកសារព័ត៏មាន
ជាទូទៅអ្នកសារព័ត៍មានត្រូមានលក្ខណះសម្បត្តិជាច្រើនដូចជាត្រូវមានភាពស្មោះត្រង់ សច្ចធម៌ គុណធម៌ យុទ្ធត្តិធម៌ និងមិនមានភាពលំអៀងទៅខាងណា ឫបក្សណាមួយនោះទេ។
ហើយអ្នកសារព័ត៍មាន គឺមានតួនាទីជាច្រើនដែលស្មើរនិងភ្នែកច្រមុះ របស់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋដែលពួកគេតែងតែមានជំនឿទៅលើអ្នកកាសែត ប៉ុន្តែអ្នកកាសែតត្រូវមានភារកិច្ចជាប់ខ្លួន
ពោលគឺស្វែងរកនៅព័ត៌មានណាដែរថ្មីៗ និងរឿងហេតុដែលមានការកើតឡើងនៅក្នុងសង្គម ឫនៅជុំវិញពិភពលោកដើម្បីចែកចាយនិងធ្វើការចាក់ផ្សាយទៅកាន់មនុស្សក្នុងសង្គម
និងមនុស្សនៅជុំវិញពិភពលោក។អ្នកសារព័ត៍មានជាតិមួយចំនួនដែលមានឯកសិទ្ធិទូទៅគឺមិនបានធ្វើវាទេនិងជាផ្លូវចូលដ៏ល្អនៃការផ្សព្វផ្សាយហេតុទៅកាន់ទីសាធារណះអោយកាន់តែប្រសើរថែមទៀតហើយត្រូវស្វាសស្វែងក្នងការរកវិធីយ៉ាងណាអោយបានកាន់តែល្អ។

សេចក្តីបញ្ជាក់
អ្នកកាសែតក៏ត្រូវមាននៅការបញ្ជាក់នៅរូបថតមួយចំនួនផងដែរព្រោះវាបានជាប់ទាក់ទងជាមួយនិងហេតុការណ៍ឬាំងនោះផងដែរនិងងាយស្រួលអោយអ្នកអានឫអ្នកមើលឆាប
យល់។ព័ត៌មានដែលបានផ្សាយចេញទៅបានធ្វើអោយនិយោជិកបានដឹងនៅព័ត៌មានដែរល្អៗអំពីព័ត៌មានដែលផ្សាយចេញទៅ និងមានមនុស្សមួយចំនួនទៀតបានចូលចិត្តច្រៀងចំរៀង
អំពីវិជ្ជាជីវះសារព័ត៌មានផងដែរហើយពួកគេក៏មិនដែរចាក់ចេញពីរង្វងនៃសារព័ត៌មានដែរឯមនុស្សឯទៀតដែរចូលចិត្តសារព័ត៌មាននិងចូលចិត្តថតរូបដែរ។

Format
Newspapers and periodicals often contain features (see Feature style) often composed by journalists who specialize in this form.

អត្ថបទលក្ខណៈពិសេសជាធម្មតាជាទម្រង់នៃការសរសេរយូរជាងនេះ; ការយកចិត្តទុកដាក់កាន់តែច្រើនគឺត្រូវបានយកចិត្តទុកដាក់ចំពោះរចនាប័ទ្មជាងនៅក្នុងរបាយការណ៍ព័ត៌មានត្រង់។ ពួកវាច្រើនតែត្រូវបានផ្សំជាមួយរូបថត គំនូរ ឬ "សិល្បៈ" ផ្សេងទៀត។ ពួកវាក៏អាចត្រូវបានបន្លិចដោយឥទ្ធិពលវាយអក្សរ ឬពណ៌ផងដែរ។

Writing features can be more demanding than writing straight news stories, because while a journalist must apply the same amount of effort to accurately gather and report the facts of the story, the journalist should also write it to be creative and interesting. The lead (or first few paragraphs of the story; see Nut graph) must grab the reader's attention and still accurately embody the ideas of the article.

In the last half of the 20th century, the line blurred between straight news reporting and feature writing. Journalists and publications today experiment with different approaches to writing. Tom Wolfe, Gay Talese, Hunter S. Thompson are some of these examples. Urban and alternative newsweeklies go even further in blurring the distinction, and many magazines include more features than straight news.

Some television news shows experimented with alternative formats, and many TV shows that claimed to be news shows were not considered as such by traditional critics, because their content and methods do not adhere to accepted journalistic standards. National Public Radio, on the other hand, is considered a good example of mixing straight news reporting, features, and combinations of the two, usually meeting standards of high quality. Other U.S. public radio news organizations have achieved similar results.

Role of journalism

In the 1920s, as modern journalism was just taking form, writer Walter Lippmann and American philosopher John Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a democracy. Their differing philosophies still characterize a debate about the role of journalism in  society and the nation-state.

Lippmann understood that journalism's role at the time was to act as a mediator or translator between the public and policy making elites. The journalist became the middleman. When elites spoke, journalists listened and recorded the information, distilled it, and passed it on to the public for their consumption.  His reasoning behind this was that the public was not in a position to deconstruct the growing and complex flurry of information present in modern society, and so an intermediary was needed to filter news for the masses. Lippman put it this way: The public is not smart enough to understand complicated, political issues. Furthermore, the public was too consumed with their daily lives to care about complex public policy. Therefore the public needed someone to interpret the decisions or concerns of the elite to make the information plain and simple. That was the role of journalists. Lippmann believed that the public would affect the decision-making of the elite with their vote. In the meantime, the elite (i.e. politicians, policy makers, bureaucrats, scientists, etc.) would keep the business of power running. In Lippman's world, the journalist's role was to inform the public of what the elites were doing. It was also to act as a watchdog over the elites, as the public had the final say with their votes. Effectively that kept the public at the bottom of the power chain, catching the flow of information that is handed down from experts/elites.

Dewey, on the other hand, believed the public was not only capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. Dewey believed journalists should do more than simply pass on information. He believed they should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted.  Over time, his idea has been implemented in various degrees, and is more commonly known as "community journalism".

This concept of community journalism is at the centre of new developments in journalism. In this new paradigm, journalists are able to engage citizens and the experts/elites in the proposition and generation of content. It's important to note that while there is an assumption of equality, Dewey still celebrates expertise.  Dewey believes the shared knowledge of many is far superior to a single individual's knowledge.  Experts and scholars are welcome in Dewey's framework, but there is not the hierarchical structure present in Lippman's understanding of journalism and society.  According to Dewey, conversation, debate, and dialogue lie at the heart of a democracy.

While Lippman's journalistic philosophy might be more acceptable to government leaders, Dewey's approach is a better description of how many journalists see their role in society, and, in turn, how much of society expects journalists to function. Americans, for example, may criticize some of the excesses committed by journalists, but they tend to expect journalists to serve as watchdogs on government, businesses and actors, enabling people to make informed decisions on the issues of the time.

The elements of journalism

According to The Elements of Journalism, a book by Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, there are nine elements of journalism. In order for a journalist to fulfill their duty of providing the people with the information, they need to be free and self-governing. They must follow these guidelines:

 Journalism's first obligation is to the truth.
 Its first loyalty is to the citizens.
 Its essence is discipline of verification.
 Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover.
 It must serve as an independent monitor of power.
 It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise.
 It must strive to make the news significant, interesting, and relevant.
 It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional.
 Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience.

In the April 2007 edition of the book, they added the last element, the rights and responsibilities of citizens to make it a total of ten elements of journalism.

Professional and ethical standards
In the UK, all newspapers are bound by the Code of Practice of the Press Complaints Commission. This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticised the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure public trust of newspapers.

នេះគឺផ្ទុយស្រឡះពីបរិយាកាសប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយមុនសតវត្សរ៍ទី 20 ដែលទីផ្សារប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយត្រូវបានគ្របដណ្ដប់ដោយកាសែតតូចៗ និងខិត្តប័ណ្ណដែលជាធម្មតាមានរបៀបវារៈហួសហេតុ និងញឹកញាប់ ដោយមិនមានការសន្មតថាមានតុល្យភាព ឬវត្ថុបំណង។

Failing to uphold standards

Such a code of conduct can, in the real world, be difficult to uphold consistently. Journalists who believe they are being fair or objective may give biased accounts—by reporting selectively, trusting too much to anecdote, or giving a partial explanation of actions. (See Media bias.) Even in routine reporting, bias can creep into a story through a reporter's choice of facts to summarize, or through failure to check enough sources, hear and report dissenting voices, or seek fresh perspectives.

ថវិការបស់ស្ថាប័នព័ត៌មានឆ្លុះបញ្ចាំងពីការសម្រេចចិត្តដោយជៀសមិនរួចអំពីព័ត៌មានណាដែលត្រូវគ្របដណ្តប់ សម្រាប់ទស្សនិកជនណា និងក្នុងជម្រៅអ្វី។ ការសម្រេចចិត្តទាំងនោះអាចឆ្លុះបញ្ចាំងពីភាពលំអៀងដោយដឹងខ្លួន ឬដោយមិនដឹងខ្លួន។ នៅពេលដែលថវិកាត្រូវបានកាត់បន្ថយ អ្នកកែសម្រួលអាចលះបង់អ្នកយកព័ត៌មាននៅក្នុងការិយាល័យព័ត៌មានឆ្ងាយៗ កាត់បន្ថយចំនួនបុគ្គលិកដែលត្រូវបានចាត់តាំងទៅតំបន់ដែលមានចំណូលទាប ឬលុបសហគមន៍ទាំងមូលចេញពីតំបន់ចាប់អារម្មណ៍នៃការបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយ។

Publishers, owners and other corporate executives, especially advertising sales executives, can try to use their powers over journalists to influence how news is reported and published. Journalists usually rely on top management to create and maintain a "firewall" between the news and other departments in a news organization to prevent undue influence on the news department. One journalism magazine, Columbia Journalism Review, has made it a practice to reveal examples of executives who try to influence news coverage, of executives who do not abuse their powers over journalists, and of journalists who resist such pressures.

Self-censorship is a growing problem in journalism, particularly in covering countries that sharply restrict press freedom.  As commercial pressure in the media marketplace grows, media organizations are loath to lose access to high-profile countries by producing unflattering stories.  For example, CNN admitted that it had practiced self-censorship in covering the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq in order to ensure continued access after the regime had thrown out other media.  CNN correspondent Christiane Amanpour also complained of self-censorship during the invasion of Iraq due to the fear of alienating key audiences in the US.  There are claims that the media are also avoiding covering stories about repression and human rights violations by the Israeli and Iranian regimes in order to maintain a presence in those countries.

ស្ថានភាពផ្លូវច្បាប់

រដ្ឋាភិបាលមានគោលនយោបាយ និងការអនុវត្តផ្សេងៗគ្នាយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយចំពោះអ្នកសារព័ត៌មាន ដែលគ្រប់គ្រងនូវអ្វីដែលពួកគេអាចស្រាវជ្រាវ និងសរសេរ និងអ្វីដែលស្ថាប័នសារព័ត៌មានអាចបោះពុម្ពបាន។ រដ្ឋាភិបាលខ្លះធានាសេរីភាពសារព័ត៌មាន។ ខណៈពេលដែលប្រទេសផ្សេងទៀតដាក់កម្រិតយ៉ាងធ្ងន់ធ្ងរនូវអ្វីដែលអ្នកសារព័ត៌មានអាចស្រាវជ្រាវ និង/ឬបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយ។

អ្នកសារព័ត៌មានក្នុងប្រទេសជាច្រើនមានឯកសិទ្ធិមួយចំនួនដែលសមាជិកនៃសាធារណជនទូទៅមិនមាន។ រួមមានការចូលទៅកាន់បានកាន់តែប្រសើរក្នុងព្រឹត្តិការណ៍សាធារណៈ ទិដ្ឋភាពឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្ម និងសន្និសីទសារព័ត៌មាន និងការសម្ភាសន៍បន្ថែមជាមួយមន្ត្រីសាធារណៈ តារាល្បីៗ និងអ្នកដទៃទៀតនៅក្នុងភ្នែកសាធារណៈ។

Journalists who elect to cover conflicts, whether wars between nations or insurgencies within nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection by government. Journalists who are captured or detained during a conflict are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released to their national government.

Right to protect confidentiality of sources

Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves confidentiality, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of a confidential informant private even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail.

In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in a federal court; Though federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case, and there's no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when ordered to can be found in contempt of court and fined or jailed.

សូមមើលផងដែរ

 Citizen Journalism
 Creative nonfiction
 History of American newspapers
 History of journalism
 Journalism education and Journalism school
 Journalism ethics and standards
 Journalism genres
 Non-profit journalism
 Objectivity (journalism)
 Reporters without borders
 Yellow journalism

Journalism reviews
American Journalism Review
Columbia Journalism Review
Health News Review
Ryerson Review of Journalism

ឯកសារយោង

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅs

ឯកសារយោង

សូមមើលផងដែរ

 Citizen Journalism
 Creative nonfiction
 History of American newspapers
 History of journalism
 Journalism education and Journalism school
 Journalism ethics and standards
 Journalism genres
 Non-profit journalism
 Objectivity (journalism)
 Reporters without borders

Journalism reviews
American Journalism Review
Columbia Journalism Review
Health News Review
Ryerson Review of Journalism

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ

វិជ្ជាជីវៈខាងសារព័ត៌មាន


游说集团(),又称院外集团或政治游说,是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體,包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體,也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說,比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談,一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案,政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。

美國
美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言,对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说,并从受益集团获取经济利益,这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链(旋轉門)。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫,有美国游说业"教父"之称。

相關

 戰國策《說難》韓非
 智庫
 行動主義
 倡導
 利益團體
 賄賂
 财阀
 门阀
 贵族
 深层政府
 政治献金
 《攻敵必救》 2016年美國電影,劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭

參考文獻

 P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013)
 Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011
 Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006
 GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry
 The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction
 The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed
 Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion
 Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call
 The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying
 Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)
 Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.
 Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF
 Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability . February 2006 (PDF)
 Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress , Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft  1/ 2010, S. 112-122

延伸阅读

外部連接

美國

 Lobbyists.info  - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.
  - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.
 LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.
 OpenSecrets.org
 NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.
 The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.
 Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.
 Public Affairs Links
 First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry
 US Senate Lobbying-Database Search

歐洲
 Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals
 The Lobby Ticker  - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received
 Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
 PubAffairs - the public affairs network
 Public Affairs World
 LobbyPlanet website
 Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU)
 Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO)
 EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite
 euroXpress www.euroxpress.es
 Spinwatch
 The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community
 Alliance for Lobbying Transparency  - UK based campaign
 OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007

Y
Y

游说集团


Robert Adrian de Jauralde Hart (1 April 1913 – 7 March 2000) was an English pioneer of forest gardening in temperate zones. He created a model forest garden from a 0.12 acre (500 m²) orchard on his farm. He credits the inspiration for his work to an article by James Sholto Douglas, which was in turn inspired by the work of Toyohiko Kagawa.(page 41)

Early life
Hart, son of a lawyer father and a soprano mother, was born in London and educated at Westminster School, after which he was employed at Reuters news agency in charge of special Indian mails, work which involved compiling digests of weekly articles by Mahatma Gandhi, whose nonviolence philosophy he took on board.

At the outbreak of World War II he considered registering as a conscientious objector but changed mind following retreat from Dunkirk in 1940 and enlisted in the Corps of Military Police, later transferring to the Intelligence Corps to work in code-breaking.

After demobilisation, he was a dairy farmer in Norfolk and Somerset before moving to Shropshire where he took on a smallholding on Wenlock Edge.

Wenlock Edge
Robert Hart began with a smallholding called Highwood Hill farm at Wenlock Edge. His intention was to provide a healthy and therapeutic environment for himself and his brother Lacon, who was born with severe learning disabilities.

Hart though soon discovered that maintaining large annual vegetable beds, rearing livestock and taking care of an orchard were tasks beyond his strength. However, he also observed that a small bed of perennial vegetables and herbs he had planted was looking after itself with little or no intervention. Furthermore, these plants provided interesting and unusual additions to the diet, and seemed to promote health and vigour in both body and mind.

Forest garden project

Noting the maxim of Hippocrates to "make food your medicine and medicine your food", Hart adopted a vegan, 90% raw food diet. The three main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables. Hart's forest garden at Wenlock Edge was a vegan organic food production system.

He also began to examine the interactions and relationships that take place between plants in natural systems, particularly in woodland, the climax ecosystem of a cool temperate region such as the British Isles. This led him to evolve the agroforestry concept of the "Forest Garden": Based on the observation that the natural forest can be divided into distinct layers or 'storeys', he developed an existing small orchard of apples and pears into an edible landscape consisting of seven dimensions;

A 'canopy' layer consisting of the original mature fruit trees.
A 'low-tree layer' of smaller nut and fruit trees on dwarfing root stocks.
A 'shrub layer' of fruit bushes such as currants and berries.
A 'herbaceous layer' of perennial vegetables and herbs.
A 'ground cover' layer of edible plants that spread horizontally.
A 'rhizosphere' or 'underground' dimension of plants grown for their roots and tubers.
A vertical 'layer' of vines and climbers.

Hart had a vision for the spread of the forest garden throughout even the most heavily built up areas, as he explains:

Later life
Hart died in March 2000 aged 86 and is buried in St Peter's churchyard at Rushbury, Shropshire.

Bibliography
 Inviolable Hills: Ecology, Conservation and Regeneration of the British Uplands, Stuart & W (1968). .
 Forest Farming: Towards a Solution to Problems of World Hunger and Conservation, co-authored with James Sholto Douglas, Rodale Press (1976). .
 Ecosociety: A historical study of ecological man, Natraj (1984). ISBN B0006EHVPW.
 The Forest Garden, Institute for Social Inventions (1987). .
 Forest Gardening: Rediscovering Nature and Community in a Post-Industrial Age, Green Books (UK) (1991, 1996 revised). .
 Can Life Survive?, essay published in Deep Ecology and Anarchism by Freedom Press (1993). .
 Beyond the Forest Garden, Gaia Books, London (1996). .

References

External links

The Garden of Love an article on Robert Hart's garden by Ken Fern of Plants for a Future.
Obituary and A forest garden legacy, The Guardian, April 2000
Obituary in permaculture magazine
Robert Hart and Forest Gardens

2000 deaths
1913 births
English gardeners
20th-century English non-fiction writers
Organic gardeners
Permaculturalists
Gandhians
Nonviolence advocates
20th-century English male writers
English conscientious objectors
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Military Police soldiers
Intelligence Corps soldiers

Robert Hart (horticulturist)


Benno Schotz (28 August 1891 – 11 October 1984) was an Estonian-born Scottish sculptor, and one of twentieth century Scotland's leading artists.

Biography

Early life
Schotz was the youngest of six children of Jewish parents, Jacob Schotz, a watchmaker, and Cherna Tischa Abramovitch. He was educated at the Boys Grammar School of Pärnu, Estonia. Later he studied at the Grossherzogliche Technische Hochschule in Darmstadt, Germany.

In 1912, he immigrated to Glasgow, where he gained an engineering diploma from the Royal Technical College. From 1914 to 1923 he worked in the drawing office of John Brown & Company, a Clydebank shipbuilders, while attending evening classes in sculpture at the Glasgow School of Art.

Artistic career
Schotz became a full-time sculptor in 1923. An important early patron was the Dundee art collector William Boyd, thanks to whose influence both Dundee Dental School and Dundee Art Galleries & Museums hold pieces by him. From this point onwards his reputation grew and he became a full member of the Royal Scottish Academy, head of sculpture at the Glasgow School of Art (a post he held from 1938 until his retirement in 1961), and eventually was appointed the Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland in 1963. His pupils included the artists Hannah Frank,  Stewart Bowman Johnson and Inge King (née Neufeld).

His homes at West Campbell Street and later Kirklee Road were a focus for meetings of artists, writers, actors and politicians. He was a member of Glasgow Art Club. He helped refugees including Jankel Adler and Josef Herman.

He was a committed Zionist, and also proud of his adopted Scotland. He worked until a few weeks before his death at the age of 93. He was buried in Jerusalem.

He was made a Freeman of the City of Glasgow in 1981. In that year, Gordon Wright published his autobiography, Bronze in My Blood.

Work
During his career, Schotz produced several hundred portraits and compositions including figure compositions, religious sculptures, semi-abstracts and modelled portraits. His bust of James Maxton is on public display at the Maxton remembrance garden in Barrhead near Paisley. Other publicly accessible work includes:
 Memorial to Provost John Jarvie of Kilsyth, first freeman of the burgh, commissioned in 1954 is a portrait in relief and can be seen in John Jarvie Square, off East Burnside Street, Kilsyth.
 The Psalmist (1974) in the T. J. Honeyman Memorial Garden of Kelvingrove Park,
 the Joseph Black Memorial (1953) at the University of Glasgow,
 the statues of Saints Margaret and Ninian on the front of the 1929-31 (former) Bank of Scotland building on Sauchiehall St,
 the Painting and Sculpture reliefs on the Mercat Building (1928–29) and
 the Stations of the Cross sculptures in St. Charles' Parish Church North Kelvinside.
 the Crucifix in St Columba's Church, Woodside, Glasgow
 Ex Terra in Glenrothes town centre next to the bus station
bust of James Pittendrigh Macgillivray, Scottish National Portrait Gallery (1924)
 busts of William Boyd, Mrs William Rettie and William Tattersall in Dundee Dental Hospital & School, University of Dundee
 a bust of William Boyd's daughter Joan at The McManus: Dundee's Art Gallery & Museum
 bust of Keir Hardie, People's Palace, Glasgow
 eleven foot high sculpture 'The Window on the World', Vale of Leven Academy Alexandria.

The majority of these works were all in Glasgow and the surrounding area. He was responsible for the repair on the bridge sculpture at Kelvingrove Park beside the now refurbished art gallery and museum.

Although Benno Schotz is frequently referred to as an Estonian sculptor, all his professional life was in Scotland. He became a naturalised British subject in 1930.
He became a full member of the Royal Scottish Academy, 1937. He headed the Sculpture and Ceramics dept. of the Glasgow School of Art from 1938 until his retirement in 1960. His active life as a sculptor continued thereafter with renewed vigor and he created his most ambitious and monumental works over the next 20 years.
In 1963, he was appointed The Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland, a member of the Royal household.
A major retrospective exhibition of his works (1971) was held at the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh.
His interest in the drawing of trees developed, the drawings becoming more and more complex and abstract. He mounted a successful exhibition of Sculptures and Related Drawings in Glasgow (1961). His last sculpture was executed less than six weeks before his death, aged 93.
He was Life-President of the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts.
Honors include: Freedom of the City of Glasgow; Honorary Fellow of The Hebrew University; Honorary LL.D, Strathclyde University; Honorary Member of the British Society of British Sculptors; Honorary Member of the Royal Institute of Architects in Scotland.
Source: his daughter, Mrs. S. C. Crome, and son, Mr. A. M Schotz.

Books

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Jonathan Blackwood, "Benno Schotz: Unknown Estonian Sculptor", kunst.ee. Autumn 2007, Tallinn
 Benno Schotz, Bronze In My Blood (Edinburgh: Gordon Wright, 1981)
 Hugh T. Stevenson, "Schotz, Benno (1891–1984)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 29 July 2007

External links

1891 births
1984 deaths
People from Kuressaare
People from Kreis Ösel
Estonian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Estonian engineers
20th-century Estonian sculptors
20th-century Scottish engineers
Scottish scholars and academics
Scottish sculptors
Scottish male sculptors
Artists from Glasgow
Jewish artists
Royal Scottish Academicians
20th-century British sculptors
Estonian emigrants to Scotland
Academics of the Glasgow School of Art
Alumni of the Royal College of Science and Technology

Benno Schotz


Flag of convenience is a word from shipping. Every ship needs to be registered in a port. The laws of the port are valid for the ship's crew. In some countries the rules are not as strict as in others, or they are cheaper to use. Many owners of ships from other countries register their ships in one of those easy or cheap countries. The ship might never even come anywhere near that country, but it must fly the flag of the country where it was registered. This is then called a flag of convenience. Among the most popular flags are Panama, Marshall Islands and Liberia.

Law of the sea

Flag of convenience


The Twin Bridges Motor Hotel, later known as the Twin Bridges Marriott was the first lodging facility operated by what would become Marriott International. It opened on about January 18, 1957, shortly before the second inauguration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and was demolished in 1990.

Operation as a motor hotel

The motel was located in Arlington, Virginia, at the Virginia approaches to the 14th Street Bridge, almost directly across the Potomac River from the Jefferson Memorial in the District of Columbia.  From this position it had views of the U.S. Capitol and Washington Monument. Its address was 333 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia. The motel was highly visible and under the aerial approaches to National Airport.

At its opening, the motel comprised 365 rooms, each with two double beds and a black and white television set. Originally designed as a classic motel with six two-story buildings with exterior entrances, within a few years a 100-room addition of a 5-story tower was added with space for restaurants, meeting rooms, and a rooftop lounge. A new lobby was added, along with a swimming pool that could be converted to an ice rink in the winter. Original rates were $8 per night plus $1 for each person, with a maximum charge of $12. Check-in was outside so the clerk could see how many were in the guests' car. Clerks would then escort the guests to their room by bicycle.

Because the Marriott Hotel chain did not yet exist, the hotel was operated as a Quality Courts motel (the precursor to Choice Hotels) for the first few years. Quality Courts was based in Washington, D.C., as well. With the construction of the Key Bridge Marriott Hotel just a few miles up the road in 1959, the moniker Marriott Motor Hotels was applied to both hotels.

Its proximity to The Pentagon and the airport allowed it to profit from both. Bill Marriott later claimed that it was "one of the very first airport hotels in the country."

On June 29, 1979, American musician Lowell George suffered a fatal heart attack while staying at the hotel.

Closure and demolition
The motel permanently closed for business on December 18, 1988. After its demolition in 1990, the Arlington County government rejected a 1991 proposal for office redevelopment, then in 1994 approved an office-and-hotel plan that was never built. In 1993, the Department of the Army attempted to obtain the land for a proposed military history museum. In 2005 the County Board refused to grant permission for two seven-story office buildings on the site (and an adjacent parcel at 355 Old Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway). Instead, the County organized an exchange of parcels that shifted the private development closer to Crystal City and secured the Twin Bridges property for public uses more in accord with its visual prominence and sensitive location. The site has been developed as a public recreation area as part of Arlington County's Long Bridge Park.

See also

 List of motels

References

Buildings and structures demolished in 1990
Marriott hotels
Motels in the United States
Demolished buildings and structures in Virginia
Defunct hotels in Virginia
Demolished hotels in the United States

Twin Bridges Motor Hotel


Abel Abelsøn (1252 – 2 April 1279), Lord of Langeland, was the third son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, and younger brother of Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig and Eric I, Duke of Schleswig. As a member of the ducal family, he held several fiefs in Southern Denmark.

Life
Abel was born in 1252 as the third and posthumous son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, by his wife, Mechtild of Holstein. In the settlement with his brother Eric after the death of their elder brother Duke Valdemar III, Abel received the cities of Svendborg, Rudkøbing, and possibly also Faaborg on the island of Funen, and as a fief the island of Langeland. Abel died on Easter Day 1279 in Svendborg and was buried in Greyfriars' Abbey.

At his death, he left only a daughter Margaret, who entered the convent of Zarrentin in Mecklenburg and donated her father's properties to her relatives, the counts of Holstein. They later sold it to King Eric VI of Denmark.

Marriage and issue
Abel appears to have married a daughter of Gunzelin III, Count of Schwerin:
 Margaret, abbess of Zarrentin. As abbess, she instituted a requiem mass for her father in 1317.

Ancestry

References
Biography in ''Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 1. ed.

House of Estridsen
1279 deaths
1252 births
13th-century Danish people
Sons of kings

Abel, Lord of Langeland