An online encyclopedia, also called an internet encyclopedia, or a digital encyclopedia, is an encyclopedia accessible through the internet. Such as Wikipedia, which is an example of an encyclopedia, just online.

Digitization of old content
On 25 october 1993, Rick Gates created Interpedia to the PACS-L (Public-Access Computer Systems Forum) Listserv. That message included the following musings:

 "The more I thought about this, the more I realized that such a resource, containing general, encyclopedic knowledge for the layman, would be an important tool for some types of research, and for the Net.Citizenry in general.
 "Ahh.. but what about contributors... where will you find authors to write the short articles you need? Well, I'd first have to start out by finding some way of communicating with an extremely diverse set of people... everyone from linguists, to molecular biologists, from animal rights activists to zymurgists, and from geographers to gas chromotographers. Guess what? :-) The Net provides just such an arena! So I thought about it some more...and came to the conclusion that this is a good idea!"

In January 1995, Project Gutenberg started to publish the ASCII text of the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1911), but disagreement about the method halted the work after the first volume.[citation needed] For trademark reasons this has been published as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.[citation needed] Project Gutenberg later[when?] restarted work on digitising and proofreading this encyclopedia. Project Gutenberg has published volumes in alphabetic order. The most recent publication is Volume 17 Slice 8: Matter–Mecklenburg published on 7 April 2013.[needs update] The latest Britannica was digitized by its publishers, and sold first as a CD-ROM, and later as an online service.

In 2001, ASCII text of all 28 volumes was published on Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition by source; a copyright claim was added to the materials included. The website no longer exists.

Other digitization projects have made progress in other titles. One example is Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897) digitized by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

A successful digitization of an encyclopedia was the Bartleby Project's online adaptation of the Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, in early 2000 and is updated periodically.

Other websites provide online encyclopedias, some of which are also available on Wikisource, but which may be more complete than those on Wikisource, or maybe different editions (see List of online encyclopedias).

Encyclopedia websites

Online encyclopedia


Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas  () was a Pakistani pilot in the Pakistan Air Force. Minhas was the only PAF officer to receive the highest valour award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He was also the youngest person and the shortest-serving officer to have received this award. During the routine training mission in August 1971, Minhas attempted to gain control of his jet trainer when his superior officer Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman hijacked his plane and was trying to defect to India to join the Liberation war of Bangladesh which then crashed near the Thatta District, Sindh in Pakistan.

Biography
Rashid Minhas was born on 17 February 1951, in Karachi to a Punjabi Muslim Rajput family of the Minhas clan. Rashid Minhas spent his early childhood in Karachi. Later, the family shifted to Rawalpindi, and shifted back to Karachi. Minhas was fascinated with aviation history and technology. He used to collect different models of aircraft and jets. He also attended St Patrick's High School, Karachi.

The ancestors of Rashid Minhas were born in Qila Sobha Singh, Punjab and later on they moved to Karachi and Rashid Minhas was born in Karachi. His father, Majeed Minhas, a civil engineer and an alumnus of the NED University in Karachi, was in a construction management business who later moved to Lahore, Punjab, for the construction project. He was educated in Lahore and took admission in the British-managed St. Mary's School in Rawalpindi when his father found an employment opportunity. But later they permanently settled in Karachi.

He passed and qualified for his Senior Cambridge examination and performed well while finishing the O-level and A-level qualifications from the St. Patrick's High School. His father, Majeed Minhas, wanted his son, Rashid, to follow his step by attending the engineering university and strongly desired for his son to gain a degree in engineering after finishing his high schooling in Karachi. Against the wishes of his father, Rashid entered in the PAF School in Lower Topa in 1968, the Air Force's officer candidate school, and forwarded towards completing his military training at the Pakistan Air Force Academy in 1969.

Death

Having joined the air force, Minhas began training to become a pilot. On 20 August of that year, in the hour before noon, he was getting ready to take off in a T-33 jet trainer in Karachi, Pakistan. His second solo flight in that type of aircraft. Minhas was taxiing toward the runway when a Bengali instructor pilot, Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman, signalled him to stop and then climbed into the instructor's seat. The jet took off and Rahman turned towards India.

Minhas radioed PAF Base Masroor with the message that he was being hijacked. The air controller requested that he resend his message and he confirmed the hijacking. Later investigation showed that Rahman intended to defect to India to join his compatriots in the Bangladesh Liberation War, along with the jet trainer. In the air, Minhas struggled physically to wrest control from Rahman; both men tried to overpower the other through the mechanically linked flight controls. Some  from the Indian border, the jet crashed near Thatta. Both men were killed.

Minhas was posthumously awarded Pakistan's top military honour, the Nishan-e-Haider, and became the youngest man and the only member of the Pakistan Air Force to win the award. Similarly, Rahman was honoured by Bangladesh with their highest military award, the Bir Sreshtho.

Minhas's Pakistan military citation for the Nishan-e-Haider states that he "forced the aircraft to crash" to prevent Rahman from taking the jet to India. This is the official, popular and widely known version of how Minhas died. Yawar A. Mazhar, a writer for Pakistan Military Consortium, relayed in 2004 that he spoke to retired PAF Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry about Minhas and that he learned more details not generally known to the public. According to Mazhar, Chaudhry led the immediate task of investigating the wreckage and writing the accident report. Chaudhry told Mazhar that he found the jet had hit the ground nose first, instantly killing Minhas in the front seat. Rahman's body, however, was not in the jet and the canopy was missing. Chaudhry searched the area and saw Rahman's body some distance behind the jet, the body found with severe abrasions from hitting the sand at a low angle and a high speed. Chaudhry thought that Minhas probably jettisoned the canopy at low altitude causing Rahman to be thrown from the cockpit because he was not strapped in. Chaudhry felt that the jet was too close to the ground at that time, too far out of control for Minhas to be able to prevent the crash.

Citation of Gallantry

Legacy
After his death, Minhas was honoured as a national hero. In his memory, the Pakistan Air Force base at Kamra was renamed PAF Base Minhas, often called Minhas-Kamra. In Karachi he was honoured by the naming of a main road, 'Rashid Minhas Road' (). A two-rupee postage stamp bearing his image was issued by Pakistan Post in December 2003; 500,000 were printed.

Awards and decorations

See also
 Major Aziz Bhatti
 Squadron leader Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui

References

External links
Pilot-Officer Rashid Minhas at Pakistan Army website

1951 births
1971 deaths
Punjabi people
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
University of Karachi alumni
Pakistan Air Force Academy alumni
Pakistan Air Force officers
Pakistani military aviators
People of the Bangladesh Liberation War
Pakistani military personnel killed in action
Military personnel from Karachi
Recipients of Nishan-e-Haider
People from Karachi

Rashid Minhas


A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or bachelorette.

Other meanings
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.

Family
Pejoratives

Spinster


Ian E. Wilson  (born April 1943) is a former chief Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Appointed in 2004, he had previously (as of July 1999) been National Archivist of Canada. With Roch Carrier, the then National Librarian, he developed and led the process to link the National Archive and National Library as a unified institution. His distinguished career has included archival and information management, university teaching and government service. In addition, he has published extensively on history, archives, heritage, and information management and has lectured both nationally and abroad. Wilson retired as head of LAC in April 2009.

Life and work
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he attended the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean and obtained a master's degree from Queen's University in 1974. He began his career at Queen's University Archives (1967), later becoming Saskatchewan's Provincial Archivist (1976–86) and Chairman of the Saskatchewan Heritage Advisory Board. He was appointed Archivist of Ontario in 1986, a position he held until 1999. For several years he was also responsible for the Ontario Public Library system.

Wilson chaired the Consultative Group on Canadian Archives on behalf of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. The Group's report, Canadian Archives - generally known as the "Wilson Report" - was published in 1980 and has been described as "a milestone in the history of archival development in Canada."

As a librarian and archivist, he serves on the Service Transformation Advisory Committee of the Treasury Board of Canada and was appointed their Information Management co-Champion for the Government of Canada in 2002. He is also a member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. He has taught as an Adjunct Professor in the Faculties of Information Studies and Graduate Studies of the University of Toronto.

He was responsible for repatriating the Winkworth Collection to Canada in 2008.

Awards and recognition
He served as President of the Ontario Historical Society (1975–1976) and more recently was President of the Champlain Society from 1995 to 2003, and Vice-President of the International Council on Archives from 2000 to 2004. (Ian E. Wilson, https://www.ica.org/en/ian-e-wilson-0 (2022.01.16)

In 2001, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters (D. Litt.) from York University in recognition of his contribution to Canadian archives. In 2002, he became member of the Order of Canada. In 2003, he was elected Fellow of the Society of American Archivists and appointed Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France. In 2009 Wilson became a Fellow of the Association of Canadian Archivists, an honour bestowed upon him at the ACA conference held in Calgary, Alberta. In 2019, Wilson was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada.

References

1943 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian librarians
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Royal Military College of Canada alumni

Ian E. Wilson


Claude Favre de Vaugelas (6 January 1585 – 26 February 1650) was a Savoyard grammarian and man of letters. Although a lifelong courtier, Claude Favre was widely known by the name of one of the landed estates he owned as seigneur of Vaugelas and baron of Peroges.

Born at Meximieux, in the Duchy of Savoy, he became gentleman-in-waiting to Gaston, Duke of Orléans, and continued faithful to this prince in his disgrace, although his fidelity cost him a pension from the crown on which he was largely dependent. His father was the distinguished president Antoine Favre and his mother bore the same name as her husband (Favre). She got the Vaugelas's estate, by birth.

His thorough knowledge of the French language and the correctness of his speech won him a place among the original members of the Académie française in 1634. On the representation of his colleagues his pension was restored so that he might have leisure to pursue his Remarques sur la langue française (1647). In this work he maintained that words and expressions were to be judged by the current usage of the best society, of which, as a regular of the Hôtel de Rambouillet, Vaugelas was a competent judge. He shares with François de Malherbe the credit of having purified French diction. His book fixed the current usage, and the classical writers of the 17th century regulated their practice by it.

Protests against the academical doctrine were not lacking. Scipion Dupleix in his Liberté de la langue française dans sa pureté (1651) pleaded for the richer and freer language of the 16th century, and François de La Mothe-Le-Vayer took a similar standpoint in his Lettres à Gabriel Naudé tombant les Remarques sur la langue française.

Towards the end of his life Vaugelas became tutor to the sons of Thomas Francis of Savoy, Prince of Carignano. He died in Paris in February 1650.

His translation from Quintus Curtius, La Vie d'Alexandre (posthumously published in 1653), deserves notice as an application of the author's own rules.

References

External links

1585 births
1650 deaths
People from Ain
Members of the Académie Française
17th-century French writers
17th-century French male writers
French writers

Claude Favre de Vaugelas


Bhakti yoga is a Hindu spiritual practice.  People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu.
Bhakti is a Sanskrit term. It signifies an attitude of devotion to God. The relation between man and God is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. The Bhakta worships his chosen God by any of these mentalities.

The Bhagavata Purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. They are:
 śravaṇa ("listening" to the scriptural stories of  and his companions)
 kīrtana ("praising," usually refers to ecstatic group singing)
 smaraṇa ("remembering" or fixing the mind on Viṣṇu)
 pāda-sevana (giving service)
 arcana (worshiping an image)
 vandana (paying homage)
 dāsya (behaving like a servant)
 sākhya (friendship)
 ātma-nivedana (complete surrender of the self)

Hinduism

Bhakti yoga


August Heinrich Hoffmann (, calling himself von Fallersleben, after his hometown; 2 April 179819 January 1874) was a German poet. He is best known for writing "", whose third stanza is now the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs, considered part of the Young Germany movement.

Biography

Hoffmann was born in Fallersleben in Lower Saxony, then in the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

The son of a merchant and mayor of his native city, he was educated at the classical schools of Helmstedt and Braunschweig, and afterwards at the universities of Göttingen and Bonn. His original intention was to study theology, but he soon devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1823 he was appointed custodian of the university library at Breslau, a post which he held till 1838. He was also made extraordinary professor of the German language and literature at that university in 1830, and ordinary professor in 1835. Hoffmann was deprived of his chair in 1842 in consequence of his Unpolitische Lieder (1840–1841, "Unpolitical Songs"), which gave much offence to the authorities in Prussia.

During his exile, he traveled in Germany, Switzerland and Italy, and lived for two or three years in Mecklenburg, of which he became a naturalized citizen. After the revolution of 1848 he was enabled to return to Prussia, where he was restored to his rights, and received the salary attached to a promised office not yet vacant. He married in 1849, and during the next ten years lived first in Bingerbrück, afterwards in Neuwied, and then in Weimar, where together with Oskar Schade (1826–1906) he edited the Weimarische Jahrbuch (1854–1857).

In 1860 he was appointed librarian to Victor I, Duke of Ratibor at the monasterial castle of Corvey near Höxter on the Weser, where he died in 1874.

Works
Hoffmann von Fallersleben was one of the most popular poets of his time. In politics he ardently sympathized with progressive tendencies, and he was among the earliest and most effective of the political poets who paved the way for the revolution of 1848. As a poet, however, he acquired distinction chiefly by the ease, simplicity and grace with which he gave expression to the passions and aspirations of daily life. Although he had not been academically trained in music, he composed melodies for many of his songs, and a considerable number of them are sung by all classes in every part of Germany.

Among the best known is the patriotic "Das Lied der Deutschen" which starts with the words Deutschland, Deutschland über alles and is set to a 1797 tune by Joseph Haydn. The lyrics were written in 1841 on the island of Helgoland, then in British possession. The text of the song expresses the pan-German sentiments common to revolutionary republicans of the period, which were considered inflammatory and treasonous in the German-speaking principalities. The phrase über alles at that time did not refer to militant ideas of conquest of foreign countries, but to the need for loyalty to a united Germany above regional loyalties.

The best of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poetical writings is his Gedichte ("Poems", 1827), but there is great merit also in his other works:
 Alemannische Lieder ("Alemannic Songs", 1826),
 Soldatenleben ("Soldier's Life", 1852),
 Rheinleben ("Rhine Life", 1865), and in his
 Fünfzig neue Kinderlieder ("Fifty New Children's Songs"), and
 Alte und neue Kinder ("Old and New Children's Songs").

Many of his children's songs are still popular, and are known by nearly every German child, including "Alle Vögel sind schon da", "Ein Männlein steht im Walde", "Summ, summ, summ", "Winters Abschied" ("Winter ade, scheiden tut weh"), "Kuckuck, Kuckuck, ruft's aus dem Wald", "Der Kuckuck und der Esel", "A, a, a, der Winter der ist da", "Der Frühling hat sich eingestellt", and the Christmas song "Morgen kommt der Weihnachtsmann". Other composers, including Amalie Scholl and Pauline Volkstein, set Hoffmann von Fallersleben's text to music.

Hoffmann von Fallersleben's Unpolitische Lieder ("Apolitical songs"), Deutsche Lieder aus der Schweiz ("German Songs from Switzerland") and Streiflichter ("Highlights") are interesting mainly in relation to the movements of the age in which they were written. As a student of ancient Teutonic literature, Hoffmann von Fallersleben ranks among the most persevering and cultivated of German scholars. Some of his findings are embodied in his Horae Belgicae ("Belgian hours"), Fundgruben für Geschichte deutscher Sprache und Literatur ("Sources for the History of German Language and Literature"), Altdeutsche Blätter ("Old German Papers"), and Spenden zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte und Findlinge ("Contributions to German literary history and finds").

His editions of historic works include:
 Reineke Vos,
 Monumenta Elnonensia and
 Theophilus.

Die deutsche Philologie im Grundriss ("Fundamentals of German Philology", 1836) was at the time of its publication a valuable contribution to philological research, and historians of German literature still attach importance to his
 Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenliedes bis auf Luther ("History of the German Church Song up to Luther", 1832; 3rd ed.: 1861);
 Unsere volkstümlichen Lieder ("Our Folk Songs", 3rd ed.: 1869) and
 Die deutschen Gesellschaftslieder des 16. und 17. Jahrh. ("German Society Songs of the 16th and 17th Centuries", 2nd ed.: 1860).

In 1868–1870, Hoffmann published an autobiography in six volumes, Mein Leben: Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen ("My Life: Notes and Memories"; abbreviated ed. in 2 vols.: 1894). His Gesammelte Werke ("Collected Works") in 8 volumes were edited by H. Gerstenberg (1891–1894); his Ausgewählte Werke ("Selected Works") in 4 volumes by H. Benzmann (1905). See also Briefe von Hoffmann von Fallersleben und Moritz Haupt an Ferdinand Wolf ("Letters of Hoffmann von Fallersleben and Moritz Haupt to Ferdinand Wolf", 1874); J. M. Wagner, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, 1818–1868 (1869–1870), and R. von Gottschall, Porträts und Studien ("Portraits and Studies", vol. 5, 1876).

See also

 Sequence of Saint Eulalia

Notes

External links

 Selected texts at Project Gutenberg (in German)

1798 births
1874 deaths
People from Wolfsburg
People from the Electorate of Hanover
German poets
German scholars
German revolutionaries
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Academic staff of the University of Breslau
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Bonn alumni
University of Helmstedt alumni
National anthem writers
German male writers
German-language poets
German librarians

August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben


The Khan Clock Tower was built in Colombo, Sri Lanka by the Khan Family of Bombay. The Clock Tower is a popular landmark and marks the entrance to Pettah Market. The Clock Tower was built in the early 20th century by the family of Framjee Bhikhajee Khan. This Parsi family hailed from Bombay, India and also owned the famous Colombo Oil Mills as well as other business interests in Ceylon, as Sri Lanka was then called.

The clock tower also provided a working water fountain, but this no longer functions. The plate on the clock tower carries the inscription: "This clock tower and fountain was erected to the memory of Framjee Bhikhajee Khan by his sons Bhikhajee and Munchershaw Framjee Khan as a token of affectionate gratitude and dedicated through the Municipal Council to the citizens of Colombo on the fourth day of January 1923, the 45th anniversary of his death."

The Tower is roughly four stories high and is situated on a landscaped roundabout that marks the entrance to the famous market.

External links

Buildings and structures in Colombo
Clock towers in Sri Lanka
Tourist attractions in Colombo

Khan Clock Tower


Jetix is a TV brand owned by Walt Disney. It existed from 2004 to 2010 worldwide. The brand was started in the United States in February 2004. It was retired in most countries in 2009. In the Netherlands, it was retired in January. In Russia, it was retired in August 2010.

Other services
Jetix Play started on various European channels replacing Fox Kids Play. It aired mainly pre-school shows. The brand was retired in most countries in August 2010. It was not rebranded in Romania until March 2011. In most countries it was replaced by Playhouse Disney. In the United Kingdom and Russia, it had no replacement.

Jetix Action Block started in Spain in 2007 as a block on Star One. The block aired mainly shows which aired on the main Jetix channel. The block was discontinued in both regions in 2010.

Jetix +1 was a timeshift service in the United Kingdom and Italy. It aired shows which aired an hour earlier on the main channel.

References

The Walt Disney Company

Jetix


Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma, September 21, 1909 – April 27, 1972) was an African political leader. He was well known as the first Prime Minister, then President, of Ghana. He imagined a united Africa. On March 6, 1957, after ten years of campaigning for Ghanaian independence, Nkrumah was elected president and Ghana gained independence from British rule.

Early life and activism
Nkrumah was born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma in Nkroful, a town in Gold Coast (the British colony that was to become Ghana) to Kofi Ngonloma, a goldsmith, and Elizabeth Nyaniba, a salesperson, who he saw as a great inspiration.

Education
He attended Elementary School at Half Assini where his father worked as a goldsmith. A German priest called George Fischer influenced his education. He went to a school for teachers in Accra, then became a teacher himself. In 1935 he went to Lincoln University in the United States. He learned more about Communism. His education continued at the University of Pennsylvania, from 1939 to 1943. In 1945 he went to London and organized an international conference for African freedom. At that time he changed his name to "Kwame".

President of Ghana
Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast and founded the Convention People's Party. He was elected Prime Minister. When Ghana became independent from England, Nkrumah was its first president. He created the flag of Ghana. He required all children to attend school. More women attended school and took jobs. For electricity, Nkrumah ordered the building of a hydroelectric dam known as the "Akosombo Dam" and a nuclear power plant.

The military and police forced Nkrumah from power on February 24, 1966.

Exile and death

 In 1972, Kwame Nkrumah died in Bucharest, Romania. According to some sources the reason for his death was cancer. However, his close relatives believed there was a chance he was being poisoned by Western agents. His health began rapidly failing after the mysterious death of his chef while in exile in Guinea.

Timeline
 1930: Obtained Teacher's Certificate from the Prince of Wales' College at Achimota (Formerly Government Training College, Accra)
 1931: Teacher, Roman Catholic School, Elmina (Central Region) and later, Head teacher, Roman Catholic junior School Axim (Western Region)
 1932: Teacher, Roman Catholic Seminary, Amisano (Central Region)
 1935: Entered Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, USA.
 1939: Earned a BA (Lincoln University), USA
 1942: Earned a BA (Theology), Lincoln University, USA
 1943: M.Sc. Education, MA Philosophy, and completed course work / preliminary examination for a Ph.D. degree at the University of Pennsylvania, USA
 1939 - 1945: Combined studies with part-time lectureship in Negro History. (During this period, he helped to found the African Studies Association and the African Students Association of America and Canada.)
 1945: Voted "Most Outstanding Professor-Of-The-Year by "The Lincolnian"
 1945 (May): Arrived in London with the aim of studying Law and completing thesis for a Doctorate but met George Padmore. The two as Co-Political Secretaries helped to organize the Sixth Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England. After the Congress, Nkrumah continued work for de-colonization of Africa and became vice-president of West African Students Union. He was also leader of "The Circle", the secret organization dedicated to the unity and independence of West Africa, in its struggle to create and maintain a Union of African Socialist Republics
 1947: Wrote his first book, "Towards Colonial Freedom"
 1947: (December): Returned to Gold Coast and became General Secretary of United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
 1948: Detained with Executive Members of UGCC known later as the "Big Six" following disturbances in the colony.
 1948: (September): Established the "Accra Evening News which appeared on the news-stands the same day that he was dismissed as General Secretary of UGCC.
 1949 (June): Formed Convention Peoples Party (CPP) with the Committee on Youth Organization (CYO).
 1949 (December): Declared Positive Action to demand Independence.
 1950 (January): Arrested, following riots resulting from declaration of Positive Action
 1951 (February): Won the election while in prison with a vote of 22,780 from the 23,122 ballots cast, to take the Accra Central seat. He was released later from prison in the same month to form new Government.
 1956: Won the elections leading to independence.
 1957: (6 March): Declared Ghana's Independence
 1958 (April): Convened Conference of the existing independent African States (Ghana, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Morocco and Liberia). In December, He held an All-African Peoples Conference in Accra, the first Pan-African conference to be held on African soil. He took the first step towards African Unification by signing an agreement with Sekou Toure to unite Ghana and Guinea.
 1958: Married Helena Ritz Fathia, an Egyptian Coptic and relative of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.Had three children with her - Gokeh, Sarmiah Yarba, and Sekou Ritz
 1960: Declared Ghana a Republic.
 1961: Nkrumah extended the Ghana - Guinea union to include Mali under Modibo Keita.
 1962 (August): Target of an assassination attempt at Kulungugu in the Northern Region of Ghana.
 1963 (May): Nkrumah organized a conference of the 32 independent African States in Addis Ababa. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was formed at this conference with the purpose of working for the Unity, Freedom and Prosperity of the people of Africa.
 1964: Established Ghana as a One Party State with himself as Life President.
 1965: Nkrumah published his book "Neocolonialism". In this book he showed how foreign companies and governments were enriching themselves at the expense of the African people. This book drew harsh protest from the US government and consequently withdrew its economic aid of $35m previously earmarked for Ghana.
 1966 (February 24th): Overthrown in a Military Coup d'état while on trip to Hanoi, North Vietnam. He left for Conakry, Guinea on being told of the overthrow. He lived in Conakry as Co–President of Guinea.
 1971 (August): Flew to Romania for treatment for his prostate cancer.
 1972 (April 27th): Died of cancer in Bucharest, Romania.
 1972 (7 July): Buried in Ghana.

Written works
The Osagyefo, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah authored over 20 books and publications. He was a lead authority on the Political theory and Practical Pan-Africanism.

References

Other websites
 A list of Nkrumah's publications

1909 births
1972 deaths
Presidents of Ghana
Prime ministers
Pan-Africanists
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
African writers

Kwame Nkrumah


The Sundance Sea was an inland or epeiric sea covering much of western North America in the Jurassic period. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded (moved back) when highlands to the west began to rise.

Stratigraphy
The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; evidence suggests that it was a series of five successive marine transgressions. Each was separated by a period of erosion.The sea advanced and receded from the Middle Jurassic onwards. The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation  eroded from rising highlands to the west  were deposited on top of the calcareous Sundance Formation as the sea retreated for the last time, late in the Jurassic.

The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.

Fauna
The Sundance Sea had many types of animals. The oyster Gryphaea was very common, and shark teeth have been found. Fish, belemnites and to an extent ammonites swarmed in shoals. Crinoids and bivalvia dotted the seafloor. Ophthalmosaurus, a large ichthyosaur, swam in the seas using its large, long jaws to catch belemnite 'squid'. Pantosaurus, a plesiosaur the size of a seal, went after the easier-to-catch fish. The largest marine reptile in the Sundance Sea was Megalneusaurus, a large pliosaur similar to Liopleurodon. Its fossils have been found in Alaska and Wyoming, which were both covered by the Sundance Sea when it was alive.

During the periods of recession, dinosaurs and other Jurassic animals walked on the shores, leaving fossil footprints.

Related pages
Western Interior Seaway (Cretaceous period)

References

Geography of North America
Jurassic
Seas

Sundance Sea


Stephen Purbeck Howarth (born 23 July 1981), known as S.P., is a poet, Stuckist artist and actor. He was expelled from college for his paintings. He has demonstrated against the Turner prize at the Tate gallery.

Life and work
Stephen Howarth was born in Lewisham, London and educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth. He is severely dyslexic. In 2000, he attended Camberwell College of Arts and was in the Students for Stuckism group. In 2002, he was "expelled from the painting course for doing paintings." He said:
I was told I had been failed, because I had not done any work. When I said that I had brought my work in for assessment and that there were paintings in my space, I was told that they didn't count as work, because they didn't show development of ideas. I said that my idea was to paint spontaneously and express what I felt. I was told that this was not an acceptable idea in 'contemporary practice'.

The incident was reported in The Times with the headline "Art students accuse college of failing to teach them the basics". Other students supported him and there were also letters of support in the newspaper.

Howarth was then given the inaugural show at the Stuckism International Gallery in Shoreditch, with the title I Don't Want a Painting Degree if it Means Not Painting. He was in the first group show at the gallery, The Stuckists First International, and subsequent shows.

Sarah Kent in Time Out called his painting, Midnight in the hotel Suburbia, "soft porn".  He responded that it was "hard porn".

After college he worked in a gallery, bar and factory, and as a labourer.  He founded the Balham Stuckists group and also the South London Stuckism International Centre.

In 2001, he demonstrated with the Stuckists in Trafalgar Square during the unveiling of Rachel Whiteread's sculpture, Monument, and was in the Stuckist demonstration outside Tate Britain against the Turner Prize.

In 2003, he took part in a debate on Sky News with Richard Littlejohn about the £12,000 public funding given to artist Andre Stitt, who proposed to kick an empty takeaway container along Bedford High Street. Howarth's work was part of the donation of Stuckist paintings offered to the Tate Gallery in 2005, which the Tate rejected.

Group shows include Seven New Artists Pay Their Respects to Past Masters (2001) at the Fridge Gallery, Brixton; Umpapa (2001), Tap Collective, Clapham; Rivington Gallery Artists (2002), Rivington Gallery, Hoxton; Stuckism Group Show (2003), Wednesbury Museum, West Midlands; also at Black Spot, Clapham; Ace of Clubs, Clapham; Worthing Library; and Newcastle Arts Centre. He was in the first national museum show of the Stuckists, The Stuckists Punk Victorian, at the Walker Art Gallery during the 2004 Liverpool Biennial. Stella Vine, who was then a member of the Stuckists, bought one of his paintings at the Fridge Gallery.

He commented on his work:

He is not himself a violent person.

He is also a performance poet, and a Shortfuse Poetry Idol Competition winner. As well as a number of other slam titles including "Bard of Brixton." Is estimated to have performed at over a hundred venues in the U.S. and U.K. His publications of poetry are Poet, Painter, Pervert (Coffin Press) and Noteless Nocturnes to the Never-Ending Night (Coffin Press) (both, now out of print).

Howarth has worked as an actor in theatre productions, including Midsummer Night's Dream, A Comedy of Errors, and the rock musical Rasputin Rocks!, for which he was a co-writer with Andrew Hobbs, Lucyelle Cliffe and Alistair Smith. These were produced by Facsimile Productions. In the summer 2009 Howarth collaborated again with Andrew Hobbs of Facsimile Productions in writing a new play entitled Bacchus in Rehab. The play made its world premiere at the Etcetera Theatre in London, with Howarth cast in the title role and Anton Shelupanov in the role of Hades. Additionally Howarth co-wrote and starred in a short film, An Angry Young Man, and his poem A Brief History of south east England was used in a short film of the same name. Both can be seen on YouTube.

He has recently posed for a series of paintings by the artist Richard Bagguley.

See also

Classificatory disputes about art
Conceptual art

Notes and references

External links
Official web site
Howarth on the Stuckist web site
Photo of Howarth at the Fridge Gallery in 2001 with Stella Vine
Photo of Howarth performing poetry

Living people
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
21st-century English male artists
Stuckism
1981 births
People educated at Millfield Preparatory School
People educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth
English contemporary artists
English male poets
20th-century English male artists

Stephen Howarth


Erskine Hamilton Childers (11 December 1905 – 17 November 1974), was the son of Robert Erskine Childers (author of the spy thriller The Riddle of the Sands.  He was the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974, and a TD from 1938 until 1973.

Childers held the following posts during his political career:
 Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (1951–1954, 1959–1961, and 1966–1969),
 Minister for Lands (1957–1959),
 Minister for Transport and Power (1959–1969) and
 Minister for Health (1969–1973).

He was appointed Tánaiste in 1969.

Biography

Childers was born in London. He moved to Ireland after the First World War and lived in County Wicklow with his father Robert Erskine Childers.  His father helped bring guns to Ireland for the Easter Rising, and opposed the treaty that set up the Irish Free State. The younger Childers was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge, hence his striking British upper class accent.

In 1922, when Childers was 16, his father was executed by the Irish Free State. Before his execution the older Childers made his son promise from  to find every man who had signed his father's death warrant out and shake his hand.

After finishing college in Britain Childers worked in a tourism board in Paris, until Éamon de Valera invited him back to Ireland to work for the Irish Press. He became a naturalised Irish citizen in 1938.

As member of Fianna Fáil, he held a number of ministerial posts in the cabinets of Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch, becoming Tánaiste Deputy head of the government) in 1969. Erskine's period as a minister was controversial. One commentator described his ministerial career as "spectacularly unsuccessful", but others praised his willingness to take tough decisions.

Childers was elected the fourth President of Ireland on 30 May, 1973, defeating Tom O'Higgins by 635,867 votes to 578,771.  Childers, though 67, was an extremely hard-working and   He died suddenly of a heart attack in November 1974, while making a public speech to the Royal College of Physicians in Dublin.

Childers' state funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, was attended by world leaders including Nelson Rockefeller, Vice-President of the United States,  Earl Mountbatten of Burma (representing Queen Elizabeth II), Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and presidents and crowned heads of state from Europe and beyond. He was buried  County Wicklow. At first it was expected that President Childers' widow, Rita, would be offered the office of president to continue his work, but it went instead to the former Chief Justice, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.

One of Childers' sons, also called Erskine was a UN civil servant and Secretary General of the World Federation of United Nations Associations. A daughter by 2nd wife Rita, Nessa Childers, is a councillor for the Green Party on Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.

Political career

References

Additional reading
John N. Young, Erskine H. Childers: President of Ireland

1905 births
1974 deaths
Presidents of Ireland
Tánaistí of Ireland
Members of Dáil Éireann
Politicians from London

Erskine Hamilton Childers


Brassica () is a genus o plants in the mustard faimily (Brassicaceae). The members o the genus are collectively kent as cruciferous vegetables, cabbitches, or mustards. Crops frae this genus are whiles cried cole crops, which is derived frae the Latin caulis, meanin stem or cabbitch.

Common types o brassica uised for fuid include cabbitch, cauliflouer, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, an some types o seeds. The genus is kent for containin mony important agricultural an horticultural crops. It an aa includes a nummer o weeds, baith wild taxa an escapees frae cultivation. It includes ower 30 wild species an hybrids, an numerous addeetional cultivars an hybrids o cultivatit origin. Maist are annuals or biennials, but some are smaa shrubs. Due tae thair agricultural importance, Brassica plants hae been the subject o much scienteefic interest. Sax parteecularly important species (Brassica carinata, B. juncea, B. oleracea, B. napus, B. nigra an B. rapa) are derived bi combinin the chromosomes frae three earlier species, as describit bi the Triangle o U theory.

The genus is native in the wild in wastren Europe, the Mediterranean an temperate regions o Asie. In addeetion tae the cultivatit species, which are grawn warldwide, mony o the wild species graw as weeds, especially in North Americae, Sooth Americae, an Australie.

A dislike for cabbitch, broccoli et.al. can be due tae the Brassica species containin a chemical seemilar tae phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a chemical which is either bitter or tasteless dependin on ane's genetic makeup.

Uises

Fuid
Almaist aw pairts o some species or ither hae been developed for fuid, includin the ruit (swade, neeps), stems (kohlrabi), leaves (cabbitch, collard greens), flouers (cauliflouer, broccoli), buds (Brussels sprouts, cabbitch), an seeds (mony, includin mustard seed, an ile-producin raps). Some fairms wi white or purpie foliage or flouerheids are an aa whiles grawn for ornament.

Brassica species are whiles uised as fuid plants bi the larvae o a nummer o Lepidoptera species—see Leet o Lepidoptera that feed on Brassica.

Medicine
Brassica vegetables are heichly regarded for thair nutreetional value. Thay provide heich amoonts o vitamin C an soluble fiber an contain multiple nutrients wi potent anticancer properties: 3,3'-diindolylmethane, sulforaphane an selenium. Boilin reduces the level o anticancer compounds, but steamin, microwavin, an stir fryin dae nae result in signeeficant loss. Steaming the vegetable for three tae fower minutes is recommended tae maximize sulforaphane.

Brassica vegetables are rich in indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells an appears tae block the grawth o cancer cells. Thay are an aa a guid soorce o carotenoids, wi broccoli havin especially heich levels. Researchers at the Varsity o Californie at Berkeley hae recently discovered that 3,3'-diindolylmethane in Brassica vegetables is a potent modulator o the innate immune response seestem wi potent antiviral, antibacterial an anticancer activity; houiver, it an aa is an antiandrogen.
Thir vegetables an aa contain goitrogens, which suppress thyroid function. This can induce hypothyroidism an goiter.

Species
Thare is some disagreement amang botanists on the classification an status o Brassica species an subspecies. The followin is an abbreviatit leet, wi an emphasis on economically important species.

 B. carinata: Abyssinian mustard or Abyssinian cabbitch, uised tae produce biodiesel
 B. elongata: elongatit mustard
 B. fruticulosa: Mediterranean cabbitch
 B. juncea: Indian mustard, broun an leaf mustards, Sarepta mustard
 B. napus: raps, canola, swade (swede/Swedish neep/swede neep)
 B. narinosa: broadbeaked mustard
 B. nigra: black mustard
 B. oleracea: kail, cabbitch, broccoli, cauliflouer, kai-lan, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi
 B. perviridis: tender green, mustard spinach
 B. rapa (syn B. campestris): Cheenese cabbitch, Neep, rapini, komatsuna
 B. rupestris: broun mustard
 B. septiceps: seventop neep
 B. tournefortii: Asie mustard

Ither species formerly placed in Brassica
 B. kaber (wild mustard or charlock)—see Sinapis arvensis
 B. alba or B. hirta (white or yellae mustard)—see Sinapis alba
 B. geniculata (hoary mustard)—see Hirschfeldia incana

Genome sequencin an genetics
Bayer Cropscience (in collaboration wi BGI-Shenzhen, Cheenae, Keygene N.V., the Netherlands an the Varsity o Queensland, Australie) annoonced it haed sequenced the entire genome o rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus) an its constituent genomes present in B. rapa an B. oleracea in 2009. The B. rapa genome wis sequenced bi the Multinaitional Brassica Genome Project in 2011. This an aa represents the A genome component o the amphidiploid crop species B. napus an B. juncea. Comparative genomics

See also
 Cruciferous vegetables for mair edible plants o the Brassicaceae faimily.
 Gene nomenclature
 Mustard plant
 Triangle o U

References

Brassica


The Global Descriptor Table (GDT) is a data structure used by Intel x86-family processors starting with the 80286 in order to define the characteristics of the various memory areas used during program execution, including the base address, the size, and access privileges like executability and writability. These memory areas are called segments in Intel terminology.

Description
The GDT is a table of 8-byte entries. Each entry may refer to a segment descriptor, Task State Segment (TSS), Local Descriptor Table (LDT), or call gate. Call gates were designed for transferring control between x86 privilege levels, although this mechanism is not used on most modern operating systems.

There is also a Local Descriptor Table (LDT). Multiple LDTs can be defined in the GDT, but only one is current at any one time: usually associated with the current Task. While the LDT contains memory segments which are private to a specific process, the GDT contains global segments. The x86 processors have facilities for automatically switching the current LDT on specific machine events, but no facilities for automatically switching the GDT.

Every memory access performed by a process always goes through a segment. On the 80386 processor and later, because of 32-bit segment offsets and limits, it is possible to make segments cover the entire addressable memory, which makes segment-relative addressing transparent to the user.

In order to reference a segment, a program must use its index inside the GDT or the LDT. Such an index is called a segment selector (or selector). The selector must be loaded into a segment register to be used. Apart from the machine instructions which allow one to set/get the position of the GDT, and of the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT), in memory, every machine instruction referencing memory has an implicit segment register, occasionally two. Most of the time this segment register can be overridden by adding a segment prefix before the instruction.

Loading a selector into a segment register reads the GDT or LDT entry at the time it is loaded, and caches the properties of the segment in a hidden register. Subsequent modifications to the GDT or LDT will not take effect until the segment register is reloaded.

GDT in 64-bit

The GDT is still present in 64-bit mode; a GDT must be defined, but is generally never changed or used for segmentation. The size of the register has been extended from 48 to 80 bits, and 64-bit selectors are always "flat" (thus, from 0x0000000000000000 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF). However, the base of FS and GS are not constrained to 0, and they continue to be used as pointers to the offset of items such as the process environment block and the thread information block.

If the System bit (4th bit of the Access field) is cleared, the size of the descriptor is 16 bytes instead of 8. This is because, even though code/data segments are ignored, TSS are not, but the TSS pointer can be 64bit long and thus the descriptor needs more space to insert the higher dword of the TSS pointer.

64-bit versions of Windows forbid hooking of the GDT; attempting to do so will cause the machine to bug check.

Local Descriptor Table

A Local Descriptor Table (LDT) is a memory table used in the x86 architecture in protected mode and containing memory segment descriptors, just like the GDT: address start in linear memory, size, executability, writability, access privilege, actual presence in memory, etc.

LDTs are the siblings of the Global Descriptor Table (GDT), and each define up to 8192 memory segments accessible to programs - note that unlike the GDT, the zeroeth entry is a valid entry, and can be used like any other LDT entry. Also note that unlike the GDT, the LDT cannot be used to store certain system entries: TSSs or LDTs. Call Gates and Task Gates are fine, however.

History
On x86 processors not having paging features, like the Intel 80286, the LDT is essential to implementing separate address spaces for multiple processes. There will be generally one LDT per user process, describing privately held memory, while shared memory and kernel memory will be described by the GDT. The operating system will switch the current LDT when scheduling a new process, using the LLDT machine instruction or when using a TSS. On the contrary, the GDT is generally not switched (although this may happen if virtual machine monitors like VMware are running on the computer).

The lack of symmetry between both tables is underlined by the fact that the current LDT can be automatically switched on certain events, notably if TSS-based multitasking is used, while this is not possible for the GDT. The LDT also cannot store certain privileged types of memory segments (e.g. TSSes). Finally, the LDT is actually defined by a descriptor inside the GDT, while the GDT is directly defined by a linear address.

Creating shared memory through the GDT has some drawbacks. Notably such memory is visible to every process and with equal rights. In order to restrict visibility and to differentiate the protection of shared memory, for example to only allow read-only access for some processes, one can use separate LDT entries, pointed at the same physical memory areas and only created in the LDTs of processes which have requested access to a given shared memory area.

LDT (and GDT) entries which point to identical memory areas are called aliases. Aliases are also typically created in order to get write access to code segments: an executable selector cannot be used for writing. (Protected mode programs constructed in the so-called tiny memory model, where everything is located in the same memory segment, must use separate selectors for code and data/stack, making both selectors technically "aliases" as well.) In the case of the GDT, aliases are also created in order to get access to system segments like the TSSes.

Segments have a "Present" flag in their descriptors, allowing them to be removed from memory if the need arises. For example, code segments or unmodified data segments can be thrown away, and modified data segments can be swapped out to disk. However, because entire segments need to be operated on as a unit, it is necessary to limit their size in order to ensure that swapping can happen in a timely fashion. However, using smaller, more easily swappable segments means that segment registers must be reloaded more frequently which is itself a time-consuming operation.

Modern usage
The Intel 80386 microprocessor introduced paging - allocating separate physical memory pages (themselves very small units of memory) at the same virtual addresses, with the advantage that disk paging is far faster and more efficient than segment swapping. Therefore, modern 32-bit x86 operating systems use the LDT very little, primarily to run legacy 16-bit code.

Should 16-bit code need to run in a 32-bit environment while sharing memory (this happens e.g. when running OS/2 1.x programs on OS/2 2.0 and later), the LDT must be written in such a way that every flat (paged) address has also a selector in the LDT (typically this results in the LDT being filled with 64 KiB entries). This technique is sometimes called LDT tiling. The limited size of the LDT means the virtual flat address space has to be limited to 512 megabytes (8191 times 64 KiB) - this is what happens on OS/2, although this limitation was fixed in version 4.5. It is also necessary to make sure that objects allocated in the 32-bit environment do not cross 64 KiB boundaries; this generates some address space waste.

If 32-bit code does not have to pass arbitrary memory objects to 16-bit code, e.g. presumably in the OS/2 1.x emulation present in Windows NT or in the Windows 3.1 emulation layer, it is not necessary to artificially limit the size of the 32-bit address space.

References

External links
 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual
 GDT Table at OSDev.org
 GDT Tutorial at OSDev.org
 Bran's Kernel Dev GDT Tutorial
 BrokenThorn Protected Mode

X86 architecture
Memory management

Global Descriptor Table


Grudge Match is a sports movie. It was released in December 2013. The movie is about major boxing fights. The fights happen after one of the participants is fired from the local shipyard. Robert De Niro plays Billy "The Kid" McDonnen, Sylvester Stallone plays Henry Sharp and Kim Basinger plays Sally.

The critics did not give good reviews for Grudge Match. Overall box office was not good.

Sports comedy movies
2013 movies

Grudge Match


The 6th Armored Division ("Super Sixth") was an armored division of the United States Army during World War II. It was formed with a cadre from the 2nd Armored Division.

History

The division was activated on 15 February 1942 at Fort Knox out of "surplus" elements of the reorganized 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions, with Brig. Gen. Carlos Brewer assigned as its first commanding general. It moved to Camp Chaffee on 15 March 1942 to make way for other Armored units, and then completed its assembly and unit training. The division then participated in the VIII Corps Louisiana Maneuvers from 25 August 1942, and then returned to Camp Chaffee on 21 September 1942. The 6th AD then moved to Camp Young at the Desert Training Center on 10 October 1942, and participated in the first California Maneuvers. The 6th AD then moved to Camp Cooke to continue its training, where it was reorganized, losing its "heavy" organization of two armored regiments and one armored infantry regiment in favor of a "light" organization of three tank battalions and three armored infantry battalions. Maj. Gen. Robert W. Grow assumed command of the Division at Camp Cooke, California in May 1943 and commanded the division through the war until 30 July 1945. The 6th AD then staged at Camp Shanks, New York on 3 February 1944, departed the New York Port of Embarkation on 11 February 1944, and arrived in England on 23 February 1944.

After continuing its training in England, 6th AD landed on Utah Beach in Normandy on 19 July 1944 as a follow-on unit, and went on the offensive as separate combat commands in the Cotentin Peninsula in support of the Normandy Campaign.

Composition
The division was composed of the following units:

 Headquarters
 Headquarters Company
 Combat Command A
 Combat Command B
 Combat Command Reserve
 15th Tank Battalion
 68th Tank Battalion
 69th Tank Battalion
 9th Armored Infantry Battalion
 44th Armored Infantry Battalion
 50th Armored Infantry Battalion
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery,  6th Armored Division Artillery
 128th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
 212th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
 231st Armored Field Artillery
 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
 25th Armored Engineer Battalion
 146th Armored Signal Company
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 6th Armored Division Trains
 128th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
 76th Armored Medical Battalion
 Military Police Platoon
 Band

Combat chronicle

At the end of the Normandy Campaign, 6th AD assembled at Le Mesnil on 25 July 1944. 6th AD then passed through 8th Infantry Division to clear the heights near Le Bingard on 27 July 1944, and Combat Command A secured a bridgehead across the Sienne (river) near Pont de la Roque on 29 July 1944, and overran Granville on 31 July 1944. 6th AD then returned to Avranches, where it relieved 4th AD and secured the area bridges.

In mid-August in Europe, the 6th Armored Division moved down to Lorient, where it was relieved by the 94th Infantry Division in September. Elements of the division participated in the Battle for Brest (7 August - 19 September 1944).

The 6th then turned east and cut across France, reaching the Saar in November. It crossed the Nied River on 11–12 November, against strong opposition, reaching the German border on 6 December, and established and maintained defensive positions in the vicinity of Saarbrücken.

On 23 December, the division was ordered north of Metz to take part in the Battle of the Bulge, and took over a sector along the south bank of the Sauer. The 6th was heavily engaged in the battle for Bastogne, finally driving the enemy back across the Our River into Germany by late January 1945.

After a short period of rehabilitation, the division resumed the offensive, penetrated the Siegfried Line, crossed the Prum, reached the Rhine River at Worms on 21 March, and set up a counterreconnaissance screen along its west bank. The 6th crossed the Rhine at Oppenheim on 25 March, drove on to Frankfurt, crossed the Main, captured Bad Nauheim, and continued to advance eastward, and surrounded and captured Mühlhausen on 4–5 April. After repulsing a light counterattack, it moved forward 60 miles to cross the Saale River and assisted in freeing Allied prisoners of war and the German concentration camp at Buchenwald. The division raced on, took Leipzig, crossed the River Zwickau Mulde at Rochlitz on 15 April 1945, and stopped, pending the arrival of the Red Army. Defensive positions along the Mulde River were held until the end of hostilities in Europe.

The division arrived at Camp Shanks, New York on 18 September 1945 and was inactivated.

Casualties

Total battle casualties: 4,670
Killed in action: 1,169
Wounded in action: 3,667
Missing in action: 88
Prisoner of war: 83

Post-World War II
The division was reactivated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 5 September 1950 in response to the Korean War, and served as a training division until inactivation on 16 March 1956.

6th Armored Division (Training) organization at Fort Leonard Wood:

Headquarters
Division Headquarters Company
Combat Command A
Combat Command B
Combat Command Reserve

Maneuver Battalions (served as basic training/advanced training units)
 86th Recon Bn
 5th Heavy Tank Battalion
 15th Tank Battalion
 68th Tank Battalion
 69th Tank Battalion
 9th Armored Infantry Battalion
 44th Armored Infantry Battalion
 50th Armored Infantry Battalion

25th Armored Engineer Battalion
U/I Signal Company/Bn?

HHB, 6th Armored Division Artillery
62nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
93rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
231st Armored Field Artillery Battalion
253rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
61st Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalion

HHC, 6th Armored Division Trains
6th Quartermaster Battalion
128th Armored Ordinance and Maintenance Battalion

Official history
At the end of World War II, two 6th Armored Division G3 officers, Majors Paul L. Bogen and Clyde J. Burke along with Aide-de-Camp Captain Cyrus R. Shockey, compiled a Combat Record of the Sixth Armored Division in the European Theatre of Operations 18 July 1944 – 8 May 1945. The official history by George F. Hofmann, The Super Sixth: History of the 6th Armored Division in World War II (1975, reprinted 2000) has been called by World War II scholar Martin Blumenson, a "first-rate military history." He also noted that General Patton called the 6th AD one of the two best divisions in his Third Army.

References

External links
Super Sixth: The story of Patton's 6th Armored Division in WW II
Brest to Bastogne: The Story of the 6th Armored Division
Army Amphibian and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan 15 June-9 July 1944
Saipan: The Beginning of the End (773rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion and 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion are discussed in citation number 55 under "Yellow Beach and Agingan Point)

06th Armored Divisin, U.S.
Armored Division, U.S. 06th
Military units and formations established in 1942
1942 establishments in the United States
Military units and formations disestablished in 1956
1942 establishments in Kentucky

6th Armored Division (United States)


Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, 1st Marquess of Heusden  (19 May 1767 – 24 November 1837), styled The Honourable from 1797 to 1803 and then Viscount Dunlo to 1805, was an Anglo-Irish peer, a nobleman in the Dutch nobility, and a diplomat. He was an Irish, and later British, Member of Parliament and a supporter of Pitt. Additionally he was appointed Postmaster General of Ireland, and later, of the United Kingdom.

Background and education
Clancarty was the son of William Trench, 1st Earl of Clancarty and Anne, daughter of Charles Gardiner and his seat was Garbally Court in Ballinasloe, East County Galway where he was associated with the Great October Fair. His brother was Power Le Poer Trench (1770–1839), archbishop of Tuam. He was educated at Kimbolton School and St John's College, Cambridge.

Political career

Trench represented Newtown Limavady in the Irish House of Commons from 1796 to 1798. He sat further for County Galway from 1798 to a short time before the Act of Union, when he was replaced by "Humanity Dick" Martin.

He was credited with resolving various border disputes in Holland, Germany and Italy at the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, and in his role as Ambassador to the Netherlands. For his service as ambassador to The Hague, he was awarded the hereditary title of Marquess of Heusden in the peerage of The Netherlands on 8 July 1815 by William I of the Netherlands, following the defeat of Napoleon in Brabant, in that same province's southern reaches. Trench was elected one of the 28 representative peers of Ireland on 16 December 1808. His seat in the House of Lords became hereditary when he was created Baron Trench (4 August 1815) and Viscount Clancarty (created 8 December 1823), in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, his older peerages being Irish peerages. He was a Commissioner for the Affairs of India and Custos Rotulorum of County Galway.

Postmaster General
Between 1807 and 1809 Trench was one of the joint Postmasters General of Ireland and he was appointed Postmaster General of the United Kingdom being one of the last joint holders of that office from 1814 to 1816.

Family
On 6 February 1796 he married Henrietta Margaret Staples, daughter of John Staples and Harriet Conolly. They had the following children:

Lady Lucy Le Poer Trench (d. 1839), married Robert Maxwell
Lady Louisa Augusta Anne Le Poer Trench (b. 23 December 1796, d. 7 February 1881), married Reverend William Le Poer Trench
Lady Harriet Margaret Le Poer Trench (b. 13 October 1799, d. 1885), married Thomas Kavanagh "the MacMurrough", a descendant of Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh
Lady Emily Florinda Le Poer Trench (b. 7 November 1800), married Giovanni Cossiria
Lady Frances Power Le Poer Trench (b. 22 January 1802, d. 28 December 1804)
William Thomas Le Poer Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty (b 21 September 1803, d. 26 April 1872), married Lady Sarah Juliana Butler, daughter of Somerset Richard Butler, 3rd Earl of Carrick
Hon. Richard John Le Poer Trench (b. 1805)
Commander Hon. Frederick Robert Le Poer Trench (b. 23 July 1808, d. April 1867), married Catherine Maria Thompson

Ancestry

References

Urban, Sylvanus.  "The Earl of Clancarty." The Gentleman's Magazine. Obituary Vol. IX, January to June, London: William Pickering; John Bowyer Nickols and Son, 1838. (pp. 93–94) googlebooks Retrieved 17 October 2008
Lodge, Edmund. The Peerage of the British Empire As at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility, by Edmund Lodge, to Which Is Added a View of the Baronetage of the Three Kingdoms.  London: Saunders and Otley, 1834. (p. 96)  googlebooks Accessed 9 March 2008

External links

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1767 births
1837 deaths
18th-century Irish politicians
19th-century Irish politicians
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Diplomatic peers
Dutch nobility
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Irish representative peers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Marquess of Heusden
Masters of the Mint
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Galway constituencies (1801–1922)
People from Ballinasloe
Politicians from County Galway
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Earls of Clancarty
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV
T

Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty


The Anschluss, or Anschluß, was the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938.

After the First World War, both Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were abolished, and many hoped that the Republic of German Austria would be unified with the German Republic into a Greater Germany that would include all Germans.

That, however, was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles without the permission of the League of Nations, and all of the major Allies needed to agree to make such a decision.

Threats of invasion
Adolf Hitler, who was born in Austria, met Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg on 12 February 1938 in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, and ordered him to end the ban on political parties, reinstate full party freedom, release all imprisoned members of the Nazi Party and let them take part in the government.

Hitler threatened an invasion as he wanted a union of Austria and Germany.

Schuschnigg did what Hitler had demanded and appointed Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a pro-Nazi lawyer, as Interior Minister and another Nazi, Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, as a Minister without Portfolio.

In January 1938, Schuschnigg had been told to remove the chief of staff of the Austrian Army, Alfred Jansa, who had with his staff made plans to defend Austria from a Wehrmacht attack.

Schuschnigg realised that his new ministers were trying to take over from him. To get support, Schuschnigg allowed socialists and communists to appear in public again. The parties had been banned on 12 February 1934, during the Austrian Civil War. The communists said that they supported the Austrian government. The socialists wanted more promises from Schuschnigg before they were willing to side with him.

Independence plebiscite
On 9 March, Schuschnigg announced a plebiscite on the independence of Austria for 13 March.

To help him win, Schuschnigg set the minimum voting age at 24. Those who supported Nazism and union with Germany tended to be young and so the move stopped them from voting.

Also, supporters of independence were given ballots at the polls, but opponent had to bring their own.

Hitler said that the plebiscite would be subject to major fraud and that Germany would not accept it. Also, the German Ministry of Propaganda issued press reports that riots had broken out in Austria and many Austrians were calling for German troops to restore order. Schuschnigg immediately said publicly that the reports of riots were false.

Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg on 11 March to hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion.

Schuschnigg resigned as chancellor that evening since he could not persuade France or the United Kingdom to help.

In a radio broadcast, he announced his resignation, said that he accepted the changes and allowed the Nazis to take over the government to avoid bloodshed.

Meanwhile, Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas refused to appoint Seyss-Inquart as chancellor and asked other Austrian politicians instead. However, the Nazis were well organised, and within hours, managed to take control of many parts of Vienna, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which controlled the police. As Miklas continued to refuse to appoint a Nazi government, and Seyss-Inquart still could not send a telegram in the name of the Austrian government to demand German troops to restore order, Hitler became furious. At about 10 p.m., well after Hitler had signed and issued the order for the invasion, Göring and Hitler gave up on waiting and sent a forged telegram that pretended to be a request by the Austrian government for German troops to enter Austria. Around midnight, after nearly all critical offices and buildings had fallen into Nazi hands in Vienna, and the main party members of the old government had been arrested, Miklas finally appointed Seyss-Inquart as chancellor.

German troops march into Austria

On the morning of 12 March, the 8th Army of the German Wehrmacht crossed the German-Austrian border. It was not stopped by the Austrian Army, but its troops were greeted by cheering Austrian Germans with Hitler salutes, Nazi flags and flowers.

The annexation of Austria without a shot being fired is therefore sometimes called the Blumenkrieg (war of flowers).

Hitler's car crossed the border in the afternoon at Braunau, his birthplace. In the evening, he arrived at Linz and was welcomed at the city hall. Goering, in a telephone call that evening, said, "There is unbelievable jubilation in Austria. We ourselves did not think that sympathies would be so intense."

On 2 April 1938, 200,000 Austrians gathered on the Heldenplatz (Square of Heroes) to hear Hitler proclaim the Anschluss. Hitler later commented, "Certain foreign newspapers have said that we fell on Austria with brutal methods. I can only say: even in death they cannot stop lying. I have in the course of my political struggle won much love from my people, but when I crossed the former frontier (into Austria) there met me such a stream of love as I have never experienced. Not as tyrants have we come, but as liberators."

The Anschluss was given immediate effect by a law on 13 March that was subject to ratification by a plebiscite. Austria became the province of Ostmark, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed as its governor. The plebiscite was held on 10 April and officially recorded a support of 99.73% of the voters.

Most historians agree that the result was not fixed even though the voting process was neither free nor secret. Officials were present directly beside the voting booths and received the voting ballot by hand, unlike a free vote in which the voting ballot is inserted into a closed box. In some parts of Austria, the plebiscite on 13 March was held despite the Wehrmacht's presence in Austria since it took up to three days to occupy every part of Austria. For instance, in Innervillgraten, 95% of the village voted for Austria's independence.

Austria remained part of the Third Reich until the end of World War II, when a provisional government declared the Anschluss null und nichtig (null and void) on April 27 1945. After the war, the Allies occupied Austria, which was recognised and treated as a separate country, but sovereignty was restored only by the Austrian State Treaty and the Austrian Declaration of Neutrality, both in 1955, largely because of the rapid development of the Cold War and disputes between the Soviet Union and its former allies over foreign policy.

References

1930s in Austria
1938 in Germany

Anschluss


Paul Otto Manz (May 10, 1919 – October 28, 2009), was an American composer for choir and organ. His most famous choral work is the Advent motet "E'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come", which has been performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, though its broadcast by the neighbouring Choir of St John's College, Cambridge, in its Advent Carol Service precipitated its popularity.

His most famous organ works are his volumes of neo-Baroque chorale preludes and partitas. Paul Manz long served the church as recitalist, composer, teacher and leader in worship. He was Cantor Emeritus at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Luke, Chicago, Illinois; as well as Cantor Emeritus of Mount Olive Lutheran Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was the director of the newly established Paul Manz Institute of Church Music, and was Professor Emeritus of Church Music at Christ Seminary Seminex at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago.

Biography
Manz was born to Otto and Hulda (Jeske) Manz in Cleveland, Ohio. Trained as an educator at Concordia Teacher's College in River Forest, Illinois (now Concordia University Chicago ) he earned a master's degree in Music at Northwestern University.

A Fulbright grant enabled him to study with Flor Peeters in Belgium and Helmut Walcha in Germany. The Belgian government invited him to be the official United States representative in ceremonies honoring Flor Peeters on his 80th birthday and his 60th year as titular organist of the Cathedral of Saint Rombout in Mechelen, Belgium. At that time, Flor Peeters referred to his former student as 'my spiritual son.'

Manz concertized extensively in North America. He appeared at Lincoln Center in New York City, with the National Symphony Orchestra, under conductor Geoffrey Simon, at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at Orchestra Hall and with the Minnesota Orchestra under the direction of Charles Dutoit, Leonard Slatkin, and Henry Charles Smith. In addition, he played recitals in churches and cathedrals here and abroad. He was in great demand for his hymn festivals, which are his legacy as a church musician. He conducted many organ clinics, participated in liturgical seminars and appeared as lecturer and recitalist at the regional and national conventions of the American Guild of Organists.

The esteem and respect with which Manz is regarded can be seen in the many honors he received. He was twice named one of the "Ten Most Influential Lutherans," served as National Councilor of the American Guild of Organists and is listed as one of the "101 Most Notable Organists of the 20th Century." He was the recipient of many honorary doctorates and awards. Northwestern University, his alma mater, presented him with the prestigious "Alumni Merit Award;." The Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago presented him with the distinguished "Confessor of Christ Award"; The Chicago Bible Society presented him with the "Gutenberg Award; and the Lutheran Institute of Washington, DC honored him with the first "Wittenberg Arts Award." At a convention of the Association of Lutheran Church Musicians, his colleagues honored him for his work in the church. A large gathering in Minneapolis, Minnesota held a "Paul Manz Celebration: Honoring the Life of a Church Musician" where substantial gifts were given to the Ruth and Paul Manz Scholarship for Church Musicians.

Trinity Seminary of Columbus, Ohio bestowed the "Joseph Sittler Award for Theological Leadership" and among his many honorary doctorates is the Doctor of Sacred Music degree from Valparaiso University, and most recently, the Doctor of Music degree from St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota.

As a performer, Manz was most famous for his celebrated hymn festivals. Instead of playing traditional organ recitals, Manz would generally lead a "festival" of hymns from the organ, in which he introduced each hymn with one of his famously creative organ improvisations based on the hymn tune in question. The congregation would then sing the hymn with his accompaniment. Sometimes he would play an improvisation between each sung stanza, as with his well-known variations on the tune, St. Anne, sung to the Isaac Watts text "Oh God, Our Help in Ages Past" with which he would traditionally end each festival. Many volumes of these improvisations have been written out and published and are played by church organists throughout the world.

From 1957 until 1976, while continuing to serve at Mt. Olive, Manz was called to Concordia College, St. Paul, as professor and chair of the Division of Fine Arts. He left this position in 1976 to return to full-time parish service at Mt. Olive - now as Cantor.  During his time there Paul developed the Hymn Festival  for which he eventually became known throughout the world. Having heard his first hymn festival in 1945, Paul recast the format, adding the unique approach of bringing a number of hymns together under a theme with appropriate readings interspersed. He also brought back the ancient practice of alternation during the singing of hymns. He started doing this at weekly services at Mt. Olive, eventually exposing a wider audience to it through hymn festivals.

His idea for the hymn festival began to germinate when he presented annual organ recitals at Mt. Olive: "I would always begin and end with a hymn; many people would come to those recitals, and I  found that they thoroughly enjoyed singing the hymns. So finally, instead of doing a recital with a hymn at the beginning and the end, I did a program with hymns only. It caught on like wildfire, and I have subsequently presented hymn festivals all over the world."
Concordia St Paul Memorial Service Program

Selected works

His musical compositions are internationally known. His organ works are extensively used in worship services, recitals and in teaching. His choral music is widely used by church and college choirs here and abroad. His motet, "E'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come" is regarded as a classic and has been frequently recorded. His life and works are the subject of a doctoral dissertation which details his career spanning more than fifty years and analyzes his organ works.

References

9.  The Journey Was Chosen: The Life and Work of Paul Manz (2007) by Scott M. Hyslop, Morning Star Music Publishers, St. Louis, MO
10. Paul O. Manz - The Enduring Legacy of the Hymn Festival (2014) by James W. Freese, Lutheran University Press, Minneapolis, MN

External links
Paul Manz Organ Series
A Portrait of Paul Manz
Ruth and Paul Manz Organ

American male classical composers
American classical composers
American classical organists
American male organists
Classical composers of church music
Valparaiso University people
American Lutherans
1919 births
2009 deaths
Musicians from Cleveland
Concordia University Chicago alumni
Bienen School of Music alumni
Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago faculty
20th-century American composers
20th-century organists
Classical musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod people
20th-century Lutherans
Male classical organists

Paul Manz


Marko Dapcevich (born 1969) is a former mayor of Sitka, Alaska. He is an "Honored Member" of a United Nations group, signed the US Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement, which is part of the Kyoto Protocol, and spoke out against Touchstone Pictures' non-use of Sitka for The Proposal. Dapcevich has testified before the Alaskan state Senate Finance Committee and has run for the Alaska State Legislature, District 2.

Early life and education
Marko Dapcevich was born in Sitka to John and Janice Dapcevich, a nurse and a business man of Montenegrin Serb origin. He attended Sitka School District schools culminating in his graduation from Sitka High School in 1987. From there he attended the University of Oregon and later graduated from Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon with a degree in automotive technology and attended University of Alaska Southeast in Sitka.

In 1994, he co-founded, with his brother, the Misty Fjords Water Company which was sold in 2004. As of 1998, Dapcevich has worked as a mailman for the United States Postal Service.

Political career
Dapcevich was first elected in 2000 to a three-year term on the Sitka City and Borough Assembly and was re-elected in 2003 to another three-year term. His term was cut short when he won a two-year term as mayor in 2004 over the incumbent, Fred Reeder. In 2006 he won re-election to a second two-year term as mayor, beating former city administrator Gary Paxton.

As of 2005, Sitka and Dapcevich were recognized as cooperative members of the United States Geological Survey's water measurement agreement.

In 2006, Sitka residents approved an initiative that would affect the cruise line industry tourist visits. Speaking about the Sitka's Assembly majority vote, Dapcevich said, they used the words "cruise ship" because others might vote negatively against it.

On August 22, 2006, Dapcevich participated as Sitka's mayor to the International Association of Specialists on Russian America.

On April 10, 2007, Dapcevich testified from Sitka via teleconference before the Alaskan state Senate Finance Committee to retain the sharing of municipal revenue.

During May 2007, Dapcevish spoke about the housing construction boom on Baranof Island which is along Sitka's passage. He elaborated by saying, "Sitka has a very diverse population and income base."

On December 18, 2007, Dapcevich signed the US Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement thereby pledging Sitka to the Kyoto Protocol goal of reducing greenhouse gas by 2012.

In 2008, Dapcevich presented a framed picture of Sitka to a ferry service with Alaskan state Senator Bert Stedman in attendance.

When The Proposal, which supposedly took place in Sitka and was filmed elsewhere, Dapcevich said, "If a film is going to somewhat showcase your community, you would really like it to be your community being showcased rather than another community that is impostering your town." The mayor stated that the city would have welcomed Touchstone Films but could not provide tax breaks or incentives because of Alaskan laws.

On December 7, 2007, Dapcevich announced his candidacy for the Alaska State Legislature, District 2. Dapcevich was beaten in the August 2008 Democratic primaries by Lily Herwald. He was succeeded as mayor of Sitka by Scott McAdams.

Honorary memberships
Dapcevich is an "Honored Member" of the International Royal Academy of the United Nations which has more than 1,000 members world-wide.

References

External links
 Alaska (AK) County Mayor Marko Dapcevich Sitka Borough freedomspeaks.com, Retrieved: 2010-06-04.

1969 births
Living people
University of Oregon alumni
American people of Montenegrin descent
American people of Serbian descent
Mayors of Sitka, Alaska
Alaska Democrats
Lane Community College alumni

Marko Dapcevich


Maharaja Gulab Singh (1792–1857), Dogra Rajput,  was the founder of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was the second largest princely state in British India.Though he was a man of principles, his descendents especially Hari Singh then turned out to be an autocratic ruler who suppressed the Muslims during his reign.

In 1821, Gulab Singh caprajauri from Azhar Khan and vishwa from raja tej Mohan Singh comma full stop that same year gulab into part in VI who had been leading of revolution against the se Kishore Singh died in 1822 and gulab Singh was confirmed as raja of Jammu by his subject Ranjit Singh afterwards gulab Singh ticket, declaration of sun

References

1792 births
1857 deaths
People of British India
Indian monarchs
19th century in India

Gulab Singh


Evapotranspiration is the movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.

Evaporation is the movement of water to the air from the ground or bodies of water (such as lakes). Transpiration is a process that happens in plants, in which water is lost through stomata in the leaves and becomes vapour in the air. Together, these form an important process in the water cycle.

Water

Evapotranspiration


Denise Eugenia Dresser Guerra (born 22 January 1963) is a Mexican writer, and university professor. She is currently a faculty member of the Department of Political Science at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, columnist in Proceso magazine, editorial writer for the newspaper Reforma, and participates in "La Hora De Opinar" TV Forum. She was awarded the Legion of Honor of the French Republic in the rank of Knight, the highest distinction awarded by the French government to citizens and foreigners, for her defense of freedom of expression and human rights. She has been named by Forbes magazine as one of the most powerful women in Mexico and one of the 50 most influential women in Twitter.

Career
Denise Dresser has a degree in international relations at El Colegio de México, and master's and doctorate in political science at Princeton University. She is a specialist in political science and is a professor at the prívate college Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México where she has taught courses on contemporary Mexican politics and comparative politics since 1991. She is the author of numerous articles about contemporary Mexican politics and relations between Mexico-United States. In 2009 she won the National Journalism Award in the category of Best feature article with "Open letter to Carlos Slim", along with journalist Carmen Aristegui and writer Carlos Monsiváis, the award is presented annually by the City Council of National Award Journalism "under the premises of autonomy, independence, impartiality, plurality and responsibility".

She has been a visiting researcher at the Center for US-Mexico University of California, San Diego, Center for International Studies at the University of Southern California, in the Inter-American Dialogue in Washington DC, a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at Georgetown University. She has received research grants from the Fulbright Commission, the OAS, Princeton University and the Rockefeller Foundation. Some fragments of her texts were included by playwright Humberto Robles in the documentary Women of sand, text addressing femicide in Ciudad Juarez, this as a result of women involved in drug and arms trafficking cartels during the administration of Felipe Calderón Hinojosa.

She was a member of the Committee to Support the Special Prosecutor for Past Social and Political Advisor and the Human Rights Commission of the Mexico City movements. She is a founding member of the Mexican Association of the Right to Information and the Citizens Coalition "Defend the Forest and the City."

As a journalist, Dresser writes a column in the newspaper Reforma and the weekly Proceso. She has published in the newspaper La Opinion in Los Angeles, Los Angeles Times and The New York Times. She has been commentator and host of the news program Detrás de la noticia and a host of Entre versiones in Channel 40. She participated in other television shows like El cristal con que se mira of Victor Trujillo. She has also been policy analyst in the politics table of Radio Monitor with Jose Gutierrez Vivo. She was a weekly commentator on W Radio. Until 2015, she participated in the politics table with Carmen Aristegui. She anchored El país de uno in CONACULTA Channel 22.

In 2011 she participated expressing an opinion on the film De panzazo, where she talks about the education in Mexico. She is coordinator of the book Cries and Whispers: Untimely experiences of 38 women and produced the television series of the book. She is also the coordinator of Cries and Whispers II: Untimely experiences of 39 other women. She wrote, in collaboration with the novelist Jorge Volpi, Mexico: what every citizen would want (not) to know about his homeland, a satirical vision of the Mexican political system. Aguilar published her book Our country: reflections to understand and change Mexico, in which she proposed her ideas based on ten points to transform the country.

She has expressed an open opposition to monopolistic practices in Mexico, especially against the so-called Televisa Law, which, in her opinion, favors the television duopoly of Televisa and TV Azteca, and against Carlos Slim, the world's richest and most powerful magnate in the country who owns almost all the Mexican telephone network (TELMEX).

She is the granddaughter of American track and field athlete and managing director of General Motors in Mexico Ivan Dresser. Denise has three children.

References

External links

 Denise Dresser -  Official website
 Dresser y Volpi - " México: lo que todo ciudadano (no) quisiera saber sobre su patria" Official website
 Brief biography -  Brief biography

El Colegio de México alumni
Academic staff of the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
Living people
Mexican people of American descent
Mexican people of German descent
Mexican television talk show hosts
Mexican women writers
Princeton University alumni
1963 births
Mexican columnists
Writers from Mexico City
Mexican women columnists

Denise Dresser


Robert College, also called RC, is an American high school in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the most prestigious, private high school in Turkey. The institution was founded by Cyrus Hamlin, with the financial help of Christopher Rhinelander Robert, in 1863 (during the Ottoman Empire). Robert College is also the first American educational institution founded outside the United States. It was founded as a boys' college for Christian minority of the empire. Later the girls section was opened as American College for Girls. Then the Muslims were allowed to be educated in the schools. Hüseyin Pektaş became the first Muslim boy to graduate from college. In 19th century, many additions were made to college including, middle school and high school.

After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the school continued to educate young people, who later became the leaders of the country. Prime ministers Bülent Ecevit and Tansu Çiller are among the school's graduates.

In 1971, Robert College donated one of its two campuses (Boys' campus or Bebek campus) to the Republic of Turkey. A new, public university was founded on this campus. The other campus (Girls' campus or Arnavutköy campus) has since been serving the society as a coeducational high school.

Other websites
 Robert College

References
 This article is the abridged and simplified form of Robert College article on English Wikipedia.

Schools
Buildings and structures in Turkey

Robert College


Château de Najac or the royal fortress of Najac (Languedocien: Castèl de Najac) is located in Najac, in the Aveyron département, in southern France.

The castle was built in 1253 by the villagers on the orders of Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Saint Louis, on the site of an older castle (a square tower) built in 1100 by Bertrand of St Gilles, son of Raymond IV, count of Toulouse.

Architecture
The castle is built at the summit of a hill formed by a loop of the river.

The inner bailey of the castle forms a rough rectangle, with the longest side about 40 meters long.
Towers project from the South and North walls, and there are towers at each corner, including an earlier square tower and a large round donjon from where the defence of the castle can be coordinated. The gate is protected by a barbican.

The castle has a world record with its  archères (a thin aperture for archers), such a size being designed to allow use by three archers at the same time. A secret corridor, hidden within the walls, links the Romanesque tower to the chapel of the keep.

Possession of this castle, built 200 meters over the river Aveyron, was key to control of the region.

History
Najac has been near major events of history: the first English occupation, the Albigensian Crusade, the Hundred Years' War, the imprisonment of the Knights Templar, the peasants' revolts, and the French Revolution.

After having been used as a stone quarry in the 19th century, Najac was saved by the Cibiel family, who own it and open it to visitors. The Château de Najac is one of a group of 23 castles in Aveyron who have joined to provide a tourist itinerary as the Route des Seigneurs du Rouergue. The castle has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1925.

See also
 List of castles in France
 Route des Seigneurs du Rouergue

References
Sideny Toy: Castles: their construction and history

External links

 A Tour of Najac
 The site of Najac, with wooded hills over loops of the Aveyron river
 http://cf.laroque.free.fr/chateau/najac.htm
 Route des Seigneurs du Rouergue website, with photos

Châteaux in Aveyron
Monuments historiques of Aveyron
Historic house museums in Occitania (administrative region)
Museums in Aveyron
Hill castles

Château de Najac


Fritz Bultman (April 4, 1919 – July 20, 1985) was an American abstract expressionist painter, sculptor, and collagist and a member of the New York School of artists.

Biography
A. Fred Bultman was the second child and only son of A. Fred and Pauline Bultman. His family was prominent in New Orleans, where his father owned a Catholic funeral company. By the age of thirteen he was interested in art, and worked with Morris Graves, who was a family friend. As a high school junior in 1935 Fritz went to study in Munich for two years, and there boarded with Maria Hofmann, the wife of artist and teacher Hans Hofmann. After returning to the United States he studied with Hofmann in New York City and Provincetown, Massachusetts. Despite his father's wishes that he become an architect, with Hofmann's encouragement he decided instead to continue his study of art. In 1944 he bought a house in Provincetown, and thenceforth Bultman and his wife Jeanne divided their time between Cape Cod and New York City.

His early paintings have been described as "rough and painterly", an amalgam of symbolism and geometry.

Bultman was exhibiting with other abstract expressionists by the late 1940s, and in 1950 was aligned with the group of New York School artists, nicknamed the "Irascibles" in an article in Life magazine, who signed a letter to the Metropolitan Museum of Art protesting the institution's conservative policies. With the assistance of a grant from Italy he studied bronze casting in Florence in 1951; subsequently he was the sole abstract expressionist to fully integrate sculpture into his oeuvre.

Affected by anxiety and depression, Bultman worked little between 1952 and 1956, and resumed painting and sculpting after undergoing Freudian analysis. At a time when African Americans were prohibited from visiting white museums in the south, in 1963 Bultman and his wife led a group of prominent New York artists and writers in the creation of a collection of modern art for Tougaloo College, a black institution in Jackson, Mississippi. Bultman was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship in 1964-5 to work in Paris. In the 1960s Bultman began to make large collages, using pre-painted paper cut or torn and assembled into shapes reminiscent of his figurative drawings and more abstract sexual symbolism. In 1976 he started making stained glass windows with the aid of his wife. Bultman died of cancer in 1985.

Assessment
To Robert Motherwell, Bultman was "one of the most splendid, radiant and inspired painters of my generation.", and David Houston, curator of the Ogden Museum of Southern Art in New Orleans called him "an important artist from the South who was part of that great moment that changed the American cultural landscape."

It has been suggested that Bultman's career and subsequent reputation suffered from the vagaries of chance: he was not available for inclusion in the now iconic photo shoot for Life magazine that helped establish the reputations of the New York School painters; another possibility, according to Motherwell, was Bultman's lack of interest in "art world politics".

Notes

References
 Firestone, Evan R., Fritz Bultman's Actaeon Paintings
 Fritz Bultman papers, Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 About My Drawings by Fritz Bultman
 biography, Provincetown Artist Registry
 obituary, New York Times
 Cousineau, Diane; Salvesen, Magda. Artist's Estates: Reputations in Trust. Rutgers University Press, 2005.
 Naves, Mario. Rambunctious Bultman, He Missed the Photo Op, The New York Observer
 Jeanne Bultman obituary, Provincetown Banner
 Raynor, Vivien. Dubuffet and Bultman in Storrs. The New York Times, December 10, 1989

External links
 Museum of Modern Art
 Smithsonian American Art Museum
 Ogden Museum of Southern Art

1919 births
1985 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from New Orleans
Painters from New York City
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Sculptors from New York (state)

Fritz Bultman