The Snow Walker is a 2003 Canadian survival drama film written and directed by Charles Martin Smith and starring Barry Pepper and Annabella Piugattuk. Based on the short story Walk Well, My Brother by Farley Mowat, the film is about a Canadian bush pilot whose life is changed through an encounter with a young Inuk woman and their challenge to survive the harsh conditions of the Northwest Territories following an aircraft crash. The film won six Leo Awards, including Best Lead Performance by a Male (Barry Pepper), and was nominated for nine Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture, Best Performance by an Actor (Barry Pepper), Best Performance by an Actress (Annabella Piugattuk), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Charles Martin Smith).

Plot
In the summer of 1953, Canadian bush pilot Charlie Halliday, a brash, former Second World War bomber pilot based in Yellowknife, is flying a routine job in the Queen Maud Gulf on the Arctic Ocean when he encounters a small band of Inuit who plead for his help. They are traveling with a sick young woman, Kanaalaq, and they ask Charlie to fly her to a hospital. Charlie suspects she has tuberculosis. At first he refuses, but when they offer him two valuable walrus tusks for his help, he reluctantly agrees to take her to Yellowknife.

During the flight, his Noorduyn Norseman aircraft develops engine trouble, and they crash land near the shore of a glacial lake. Charlie and Kanaalaq are unharmed, but the aircraft is disabled. They are in the middle of a vast tundra in the Northwest Territories, the radio is broken, and they have a meager amount of supplies. To make matters worse, he is hundreds of miles from the route he submitted in his original flight plan, so any rescue operation would not know where to look. Charlie is overwhelmed with a sense of doom, and he sees his Inuit companion as an unwelcome burden.

Charlie estimates they are about 100 miles from the closest town. Believing their chances of survival are slim if they both wait with the aircraft, Charlie leaves Kanaalaq behind to look for help on his own. He soon learns, however, that he is unprepared for the challenges presented by this harsh and unforgiving land. One morning he awakens surrounded by a swarm of mosquitoes, which cause him to flee shoeless across the jagged rocks before collapsing unconscious. Kanaalaq appears above him and begins treating his wounds and bites with mud and moss. He awakes later, and is startled to find her. She feeds him and continues to care for him. Gradually, Charlie regains his strength and is healed through Kanaalaq's patient care. Charlie comes to appreciate this young woman's gifts, and together they learn to communicate with each other.

After hearing the sound of a distant aircraft, Charlie realizes they never should have abandoned the crash site. He decides they should return to their aircraft, which he believes has surely been discovered by now. They set out together, but this time he is much better equipped with the watertight boots that Kanaalaq made for him. Along the way, the ailing young Inuit woman teaches the hot-tempered pilot the way to live in the tundra, and the two form a bond of respect and friendship. When they discover the ruins of another aircraft crash, Kanaalaq shows Charlie how to prepare a corpse for the afterlife in a stone burial cairn with the person's tools placed inside. She tells him that when a person is called to the afterlife, where there is much wildlife for hunting, they need the appropriate tools.

When Charlie and Kanaalaq arrive back at the crash site, they discover no sign of rescuers, and Charlie becomes deeply depressed, convinced they will not survive the oncoming winter. Kanaalaq, however, understands how to survive in this harsh land, and she prepares a caribou hunt. She places inuksuit — multiple stone structures used by the Inuit to guide caribou into areas where hunters can easily harvest them. She is able to elicit Charlie's help, and together they kill three caribou, which will provide sufficient food and pelts for the winter.

One night, Kanaalaq reveals how her father died in a snowstorm, and how her mother wandered off to die so that her children would have enough food to live.  After Kanaalaq uses the pelts to create suitable winter clothing for Charlie, Charlie and Kanaalaq set out together across the tundra hoping to reach an Inuit camp or village to the north. In the coming days, Kanaalaq's condition worsens, and Charlie is forced to carry her on a sleigh he built using the valuable walrus tusks.  One morning, Charlie discovers that Kanaalaq has wandered off so that he might live.  He follows her tracks in the snow, which lead to a white owl. He builds a stone burial cairn for Kanaalaq, placing her hunting and fishing tools, and the valuable walrus tusks inside for the afterlife.

In a snowstorm, Charlie approaches a small Inuit village, where he is welcomed.

Cast

 Barry Pepper as Charlie Halliday
 Annabella Piugattuk as Kanaalaq
 James Cromwell as Walter "Shep" Shepherd
 Kiersten Warren as Estelle
 Jon Gries as Pierce
 Robin Dunne as Carl
 Malcolm Scott as Warren
 Michael Bublé as Hap
 Brad Sihvon as Mr. Izzard

 Greg Spottiswood as Mr. Moss
 Samson Jorah as Sammy
 William MacDonald as Miner in Bar
 Mariano Aupilardjuk as Elder Inuk
 Peter Henry Arnatsiaq as Young Inuk
 Peter Ipkornerk as Inuit Snow Camper
 Yvo Samgushak as Inuit Snow Camper
 Michael Wallace as Inuit Snow Camper
 Albert Kimaliakyuk as Inuit Snow Camper

Production

Writer-director Charles Martin Smith had played Farley Mowat in his autobiographical story Never Cry Wolf. The Hollywood-shy author Mowat invited Smith to adapt any of his works. Smith chose the short story "Walk Well, My Brother" because of its simplicity, placing two people against the elements of the Northwest Territories, but incorporated elements from "The Blood in their Veins" and other, closely related Mowat stories in his screenplay. Mowat later re-released in 2003, The Snow Walker, an anthology of earlier short stories that included "Walk Well, My Brother" and featured a preface by Smith.

The Snow Walker cast Canadian actors in the primary roles, and numerous Inuit, including the lead actress Annabella Piugattuk. She was selected after the casting director reviewed hundreds of young women, many of whom were, like Piugattuk, non-actors. She was chosen for her fluency in both her native language and English, as well as her knowledge of native hunting and survival techniques, which brought verisimilitude to her role. Additionally, co-producer John Houston grew up in an Inuit village.

The Snow Walker was filmed entirely in Canada in the following locations:
 Churchill, Manitoba (tundra scenes)
 Merritt, British Columbia (caribou hunt)
 Rankin Inlet, Nunavut
 Thompson-Nicola Regional District, British Columbia

Reception
The Snow Walker received generally favorable reviews upon its release. In his review in Jam! Showbiz, Bruce Kirkland called it a "powerful, poignant and transcendent film", writing, "The Snow Walker is wonderfully acted, especially by Pepper—who is as technically proficient as any young actor in Canada—and by Piugattuk, who had never acted before, but displays a naturalism that allows her to display the emotional and spiritual nature of her people while still being an eccentric and intriguing individual. She is flesh-and-blood, not a type ... All the elements are subtly brought together under Smith's strong hand as director."

In his review in Epinions, Joe McMaster gave the film four out of five stars, noting, "For a basic story of survival, I found it to be very intriguing. The plot is solid and the script intelligent and realistic. The film has a good pace to it no noticeable flaws." McMaster was also impressed with the acting, writing, "The cast and acting is outstanding. Barry Pepper and new comer Annabella Piugattuk aced their roles. Barry Pepper is a superb actor and his performance in this film is just another feather in his hat."

In his review in Reel Film Reviews, David Nusair gave The Snow Walker three out of five stars, singling out the performances of Barry Pepper and first-time actress Piugattuk who "proves to be a natural performer." Nusair concludes, "There's no doubt that more cynical viewers will hate The Snow Walker, with its admittedly old school approach to the material. But given the skill with which this spare story has been filmed, it's hard not to be entertained on some level."

In his review in Film Critic, Christopher Null wrote, "A little The Edge, a little Dances with Wolves, this adventure oddity is surprisingly watchable while featuring two stars who never learn to fully communicate." Despite some reservations about the flashback scenes and the scenes of the "folks back home" that come across as "padding", Null acknowledges "the stark and hauntingly beautiful landscape" shown through most of the film, and concludes, "Pepper is amazingly engaging here, despite his character's tendency to whine, and Piugattuk is a real discovery, even sans English."

Streaming
In 2017, the movie was released on the Canada Media Fund Encore+ YouTube channel until Encore+ was retired in November, 2022.

Awards
 2004 Method Fest Audience Award for Best Feature (Charles Martin Smith)
 2004 Leo Award for Best Costume Design (Allisa Swanson)
 2004 Leo Award for Best Lead Performance by a Male (Barry Pepper)
 2004 Leo Award for Best Musical Score (Mychael Danna)
 2004 Leo Award for Best Overall Sound (Chris Duesterdiek, Dean Giammarco, Bill Sheppard, Mark Berger)
 2004 Leo Award for Best Sound Editing (Bill Shepard, Dean Giammarco, Robert Hunter, Christine McLeod, Johnny Ludgate)
 2004 Leo Award for Best Visual Effects (Mark Benard)
 2004 Leo Award Nomination for Best Direction (Charles Martin Smith)
 2004 Leo Award Nomination for Best Feature Length Drama (Rob Merilees, William Vince)
 2004 Leo Award Nomination for Best Film Editing (Alison Grace)
 2004 Leo Award Nomination for Best Production Design (Doug Byggdin)
 2004 Leo Award Nomination for Best Screenwriting (Charles Martin Smith)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Achievement in Direction (Charles Martin Smith)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Achievement in Editing (Alison Grace)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Achievement in Music – Original Score (Mychael Danna)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Achievement in Overall Sound (Chris Duesterdiek, Mark Berger, Dean Giammarco, Bill Sheppard)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Achievement in Sound Editing (Maureen Murphy, Dean Giammarco, Robert Hunter, Johnny Ludgate, Christine McLeod)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Motion Picture (Rob Merilees, William Vince)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role (Barry Pepper)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role (Annabella Piugattuk)
 2004 Genie Award Nomination for Best Screenplay, Adapted (Charles Martin Smith)
 2006 DVD Exclusive Award Nomination for Best Actor (Barry Pepper)
 2006 DVD Exclusive Award Nomination for Best Actress (Annabella Piugattuk)
 2006 DVD Exclusive Award Nomination for Best Overall Movie, Live-Action
 2006 DVD Exclusive Award Nomination for Best Supporting Actor (James Cromwell)
 2006 DVD Exclusive Award Nomination for Best Supporting Actress (Kiersten Warren)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Mowat, Farley. The Snow Walker. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Key Porter Books, 2004, First edition 1975. .

External links
 The Snow Walker at Infinity Media

2003 films
2003 drama films
2003 independent films
2000s survival films
Adaptations of works by Farley Mowat
Aviation in Manitoba
Canadian aviation films
Canadian drama films
Canadian independent films
Canadian survival films
English-language Canadian films
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films about death
Films based on Canadian short stories
Films directed by Charles Martin Smith
Films scored by Mychael Danna
Films set in 1953
Films set in the Arctic
Films shot in British Columbia
Films shot in Nunavut
Films shot in Manitoba
Lionsgate films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films

The Snow Walker


Before this period, the Nationalists had already become dominant, yet the outcome of the war was still not certain.  This progressively changed as the Nationalist forces notched up several victories.

The December 1937 – February 1938 Battle of Teruel was an important confrontation between Nationalists and Republicans. The city belonged to the Republicans at the beginning of the battle, but the Nationalists conquered it in January. The Republican government launched an offensive and recovered the city, however, the Nationalists conquered it for good by 22 February. On 14 April 1938, the Nationalists broke through to the Mediterranean Sea during the Aragon Offensive, cutting the government-held portion of Spain in two. The government tried to sue for peace in May, but Francisco Franco demanded unconditional surrender, and the war raged on.  The Nationalist army pressed southward from Teruel and along the coast toward the capital of the Republic at Valencia but were halted in heavy fighting along the fortified XYZ Line.

The government now launched an all-out campaign to distract the Nationalists from their attack on Valencia and to reconnect their territory in the Battle of the Ebro, beginning on 24 July and lasting until 26 November. Although the campaign was militarily successful at first, it was fatally undermined by the Franco-British appeasement of Adolf Hitler in the Munich Agreement. The concession of Czechoslovakia destroyed the last vestiges of Republican morale by ending all hope of an anti-Francoist alliance with the great powers. The Republicans were eventually defeated and withdrew in November 1938, another significant step towards the Nationalist's final victory.

The retreat from the Ebro all but determined the outcome of the war. Eight days before the new year, Franco struck back by throwing massive forces into an invasion of Catalonia.

The Nationalists conquered Catalonia in a whirlwind campaign during the first two months of 1939. Tarragona fell on January 14, followed by Barcelona on 26 January and Girona on 5 February. Five days after the fall of Girona, the last resistance in Catalonia was broken.

On 27 February, the governments of the United Kingdom and France recognized Francoist Spain.

Only Madrid and a few other strongholds remained for the government forces. On 28 March, with the help of pro-Nationalist forces inside the city (the "fifth column" General Emilio Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. The next day, Valencia, which had held out under the guns of the Nationalists for close to two years, also surrendered. Victory was proclaimed on 1 April, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered.

After the end of the war, there were severe reprisals against the Nationalist's former enemies on the left, when thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and between 10,000 and 28,000 executed. Many other Republicans fled abroad, especially to France and Mexico.

Detailed chronology: 1938

 January 8 Republican troops commanded by Generals Juan Hernández Saravia and Leopoldo Menéndez take the city of Teruel, surrendered by Colonel Domingo Rey d'Harcourt. The harsh winter conditions prevent the timely arrival of troops sent by Franco under the command of Generals Varela and Aranda.
 February 20 Republican troops are forced to abandon Teruel and follow the highway to Valencia, under pressure from Moroccan troops commanded by General Yagüe. End of the Battle of Teruel.
 March 6 The naval Battle of Cape Palos (the Nationalist heavy cruiser Baleares is sunk by Republican destroyers).
 March 13 France reopens its borders for the transit of arms to the Republican zone.
 April 5 Socialist minister of defense Indalecio Prieto quits in protest at the level of Soviet influence over the Spanish Republican Army.
 April 15 The Nationalists reach the Mediterranean at Vinaròs, dividing the Republican zone in two.
 June France once again closes its borders.
 July 5 The international Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement regarding the withdrawal of all foreign volunteers from Spain.
 July 24 Start of the Battle of the Ebro. Republican forces attempt to divert the Nationalists from attacking Valencia and to diminish the pressure on Catalonia. At first, the Republican troops, commanded by General Modesto, achieve considerable success, but are then limited by superior Nationalist air power. Heavy combat continues into November
 September 21 In a speech to the League of Nations Doctor Negrín, head of the Republican government, announces that the International Brigades will be pulled from the combat zones. The withdrawal begins October 4.
 October 30 The Nationalists counterattack, forcing Republican troops back across the Ebro.
 November 16 End of the Battle of the Ebro.
 December 23 The battle for Barcelona begins. A six-pronged Nationalist attack is launched, with separate columns from the Pyrenees to the Ebro. They take Borges Blanques, surround Tarragona and reach the outskirts of Barcelona. The Republican government retreats from Barcelona to Girona, although troops continue to maintain the defense of the city.

Detailed chronology: 1939

 January 5  The Republican army starts a diversionary offensive in Extremadura, the Valsequillo Offensive.
 January 15 France once again allows arms to flow to the Republic.
 January 26 Barcelona falls to the Nationalists.
 February 4 The Valsequillo Offensive ends.
 February 7–9 Uprising against the Republic in Menorca. The Nationalist occupied the island.
 February 10  End of the Catalonia Offensive. Spain's border with France closed by Franco.
 February 13 Franco approved the Ley de Responsablidades Políticas.
 February 27 France and Great Britain recognized the Nationalist's government.
 March 4–7 Uprising against the Negrin's government in Cartagena.
 March 5 The Republican Army led by the Colonel Segismundo Casado started a coup against the Negrín's government. Casado established a military junta, the National Defence Council at the time of the rebel Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War.The remaining Spanish Republican Navy ships (three cruisers, eight destroyers and one submarine) flee to Bizerte where they are interned.
 March 6 The Republican government goes into exile in France.
 March 7–11 Fight in Madrid between the supporters of the Negrin's government led by the Colonel Luis Barceló and the supporters of Casado
 March 12–25 The Consejo de Defensa Nacional, headed by Colonel Casado, tries without success to negotiate with Franco.
 March 26–31 Nationalist's final offensive against the Spanish Republic. The Nationalists captured 150,000 Republican soldiers.
 March 28 With the virtual disintegration of the Republican army, the Nationalists take Madrid without further fighting.
 March 30 The Nationalists occupied Valencia and the Italian troops Alicante.
 March 31  The Nationalists occupied Almeria, Murcia and Cartagena.
 April 1 Franco announces the end of the war. The United States recognized the Nationalist's government.

See also
Timeline of Spanish history#20th century
Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
Group of Central Region Armies Grupo de Ejércitos de la Región Central (GERC)
 List of classes of Spanish Nationalist ships of the Spanish Civil War
 List of weapons of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie
 Aviazione Legionaria
 Condor Legion
 List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War

References

Spanish Civil War
Chronology of the Spanish Civil War
1938 in Spain
1939 in Spain
Conflicts in 1938
Conflicts in 1939

1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War


The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a freshwater or river dolphin found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan.

It is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin (P. g. gangetica) and Indus river dolphin (P. g. minor).

From the 1970s until 1998, they were regarded as separate species; however, in 1998, their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species. The idea was to wait until genetic analysis had decided how best to classify them.

References

River dolphins

South Asian river dolphin


Pegasus is a Swiss pop/rock-band from Biel. From childhood on they were sharing song ideas and a basement rehearsal room.

Members
Noah Veraguth (Lead Vocals, Guitar, Piano)
Gabriel Spahni (Lead Guitar, Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals)
Simon Spahr (Bass Guitar, Electric Piano, Backing Vocals)
Stefan Brenner (Drums, Percussion, Backing Vocals)

History
Three of them (Veraguth, Spahni and Spahr) grew up in the same street and went to the same schools. They made a lot of music in their childhood.

After Stefan Brenner came to the band, they tried to get a recording contract. They made their first album in 2007. It was called A Place To Be. It was quite successful, the reviews were positive.

Their second album was called Heroes & Champions (2010). For this album they got the Swiss Music Award in the category Best Newcomer National. It includes the hits "Listen To The Music", "Come Down With Me" and "Easy".
The third most successful album is Human.Technology produced in 2011. 0n the 27th of July 2012 it was on second place in the Swiss charts.

They made a special edition called Human.Technology 2.0. in 2012. The most popular songs are "Man On Mars", "Rise Up (Black Dog)" and "Skyline" (only on Human.Technology 2.0). "Skyline" was used as official Swiss Olympic song in London 2012. It was a number one hit in Swiss charts.

In September they started their Human.Technology Tour, in February a second one.
Noah Veraguth is also known for his work with Stress and Bastian Baker. In 2011 he produces a song with Stress called "Elle". Together with M.A.M and Karolyn they made an album called Noël's Room (2012) which is very successful.

Award
In 2010 they won the award in the category Newcomer National. In 2013 they got Best Hit National for "Skyline".

Swiss musical groups
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland

Pegasus (band)


The Detroit Historical Museum is located at 5401 Woodward Avenue in the city's Cultural Center Historic District in Midtown Detroit. It chronicles the history of the Detroit area from cobblestone streets, 19th century stores, the auto assembly line, toy trains, fur trading from the 18th century, and much more.

History

Attorney and historian Clarence M. Burton donated his collections to the Detroit Public Library in 1914, leading to the development of the Detroit Historical Museum. In December 1921, Burton brought together 19 prominent local historians to found the Detroit Historical Society, an organization dedicated to the preservation of the city's history. In 1927, membership offices were leased and Society treasurer J. Bell Moran was appointed to set up a museum. A curator was hired and on November 19, 1928, the "highest museum in the world" opened in a one-room suite on the 23rd floor of the Barlum Tower, now the Cadillac Tower.

William Edward Kapp, architect for the firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls designed the building.

On July 24, 1951, the 250th anniversary of Detroit's founding by Antoine Laumet de la Mothe Cadillac, the new museum was dedicated in an elaborate ceremony. In attendance were such dignitaries as Governor G. Mennen Williams, Mayor Albert E. Cobo, U.S. Senator Homer S. Ferguson, the French and British ambassadors and Detroit native and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Ralph Bunche of the United Nations.

In 1949, the Detroit Historical Museum acquired one of the last commercial sailing vessels on the Great Lakes, the J. T. Wing.  It operated the ship as a museum until 1956 when it shuttered because of its deteriorating condition.  On July 24, 1961, it was replaced by the Dossin Great Lakes Museum which opened on Belle Isle Park as a branch of the Historical Museum devoted to maritime history.

From 1949 through 2006, the museum also operated Fort Wayne, a former military installation constructed in 1845 on the banks of the Detroit River approximately  southwest of the city's downtown area.  Portions of the fort were deactivated after World War II and the barracks and fortification were turned over to the City of Detroit to operate as a museum.  The remaining parts of the installation were ceded by the army to the city through 1976.  In 2006, operation of the fort was given to the Detroit Recreation Department.

Shortly after the death of The Detroit News style columnist Charlotte "Tavy" Stone in 1985, the museum established the Tavy Stone Fashion Library.  The library and costume gallery consolidate the museum's holdings on historical costumes and design in space on the second floor.

Detroit Historical Society

The Detroit Historical Society (DHS) was founded in December 1921 with prominent Detroit historian  Clarence M. Burton, its first president. Initially, a literary society bent on studying and discussing Detroit history, its direction changed in 1927 when under the leadership of one of the DHS directors, J. Bell Moran, the Society founded the Detroit Historical Museum (DHM).

Since the first museum opened in the Barlum Tower as "Detroit's best kept secret," prominent Detroiters as trustees of the Society and the public have added to the collection. As of today, it has over 200,000 items.

However, by the late 1930s the Society had become more of a social club than a Historical Society. In 1941, the Society recruited The Detroit News columnist George Stark into membership. It was later said the DHS was seeking mention in Stark's daily column, but "what they got was George instead." With J. Bell Moran being called into government service due to the war, George Stark took over the leadership of the DHS and instituted a building campaign in 1942.

By this time, the Museum was in the former Homer Wiliams home on Merrick Street across from what is now the Cass Avenue entrance to the Detroit Public Library. The Williams home, where future Michigan Governor G. Mennen "Soapy" Williams grew up, has been replaced by part of the Wayne State University Campus.

After a 1946 referendum spearheaded by the DHS and the City of Detroit, the City of Detroit Historical Commission was created to manage the Detroit Historical Museum. The Detroit Historical Society turned its collection and sizable building fund over to the city and assumed the role of being the principal outside financial backer to the museum.

Recent history

By the 1990s, the Museum rode a wave of success. In 1993, the Detroit Historical Society raised nearly $4 million for exhibits, educational programs and an endowment fund for the Museum. A new permanent exhibit, made possible by the success of the campaign, opened in 1995 – The Motor City Exhibition. This exhibit traces Detroit's development into the Automobile Capital of the World and includes an operating assembly line with a two-story body drop from the General Motors Cadillac Division Clark Street Plant. In 1998, the Museum opened another permanent exhibition, Frontiers to Factories: Detroiters at Work 1701–1901. This exhibit depicts the city's first two hundred years, as it grew from a French fur trading post to a major industrial center.

In March 2006, the Detroit Historical Society once again assumed operational responsibility for the Museum, after signing a formal agreement with the City of Detroit. Four months later, the Museum closed for an extensive "Museum Makeover" reopening on September 29, 2006, with six new exhibits, a facility with improved lighting, signage and building upgrades.

The museum closed again May 21 through November 22, 2012 for renovation.  Several new exhibits were installed including the Allesee Gallery of Culture; Detroit: Arsenal of Democracy that explores the city's role in World War II; a sign from Tiger Stadium; the Kid Rock Music Lab, created through a $250,000 gift from performer Kid Rock, and the Gallery of Innovation and Doorway to Freedom: Detroit and the Underground Railroad that allows visitors to simulate the journey of a runaway slave traveling through Detroit to Canada.

In October 2019, the museum announced it would resume charging admission November 1, due to a deficit of $297,000 the prior year.  The museum established admission for adults at $10 with reduced rates for children, seniors, active military and some other groups.

On March 13, 2020, the museum along with other institutions in Michigan announced it would close through April 5 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions issued by Governor Gretchen Whitmer.  The closure was later extended into June.  On June 25, several museums in the city announced they would reopen July 10, 2020, after devising a coordinated plan that included requirements and protocols to keep staff and visitors safe.

See also

Michigan History magazine

References

Further reading

External links
Official  Detroit Historical Museum website
Expotv.com: Video review of the Detroit Historical Museum — with on-site footage.

Museums in Detroit
History museums in Michigan
Midtown Detroit
Woodward Avenue
Historical societies in Michigan
History organizations based in the United States
Buildings with sculpture by Corrado Parducci
1928 establishments in Michigan

Detroit Historical Museum


Polk City is in Polk County, Iowa, United States. The population was 3,418 in the 2010 census, an increase from 2,344 in 2000 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Polk City is located along Saylorville Lake and near Big Creek State Park.

Cities in Iowa

Polk City, Iowa


The Indian cormorant or Indian shag (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis) is a member of the cormorant family. It is found mainly along the inland waters of the Indian Subcontinent but extending west to Sindh (S Pakistan) and east to Thailand and Cambodia. It is a gregarious species that can be easily distinguished from the similar sized Little cormorant by its blue eye, small head with a sloping forehead and a long narrow bill ending in a hooked tip.

Cormorants

Indian cormorant


Commentry is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. Today, about 6500 people live in the city. The city developed, because of the coal reserves  that were found nearby. After the Second World War, a chemical industry developed. The other pillar of the industry was a steel mill, which is also in the city.  In 1882, the first socialist mayor of France is elected in Commentry, Christophe Thivrier. In 1902, the Socialist Party of France was founded in Commentry. The city of COmmentry only lies 8 km from the geographical center of France itself.

References
INSEE

Communes in Allier

Commentry


Michael James Mahler (born July 30, 1952) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played during eight seasons at the major league level for the Atlanta Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, California Angels, Montreal Expos, Detroit Tigers, Texas Rangers, and Toronto Blue Jays. A graduate of Trinity University in San Antonio, he was drafted by the Braves in the 10th round of the 1974 amateur draft. Mahler played his first professional season with their Double-A Savannah Braves in 1974, and his last with the St. Louis Cardinals' Triple-A Louisville Redbirds in 1987. He is the brother of the late pitcher Rick Mahler. The brothers were teammates playing for the Triple-A Richmond Braves before each was called up to Atlanta.

Mahler threw hard and had a big slow 12-6 curveball. Though hardly a distinguished major leaguer, he was involved in a number of historic moments during his short career.

Pitching in a game with his brother

On September 25, 1979, Mahler and his brother, Rick Mahler, appeared in a major league game together as Braves teammates, in a game against the Houston Astros at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium.  Mickey Mahler gave up two runs in two innings, while his brother, Rick, pitched one scoreless inning.

One-hit shutout in 1985

On June 5, 1985, Mahler pitched the best game of his major league career, a one-hitter for the Expos in his first big league shutout in a 6–0 victory over the Giants at Candlestick Park.  Mahler yielded his lone hit to Dan Gladden.  It also was Mahler's first complete game since 1979.  "So much of the game is luck," Mahler told reporters after the game.  "I didn't feel I pitched that well--not that I pitched that badly--but the wind here can help a pitcher. It held up a lot of balls that might have been hit out or gone through the gaps in the outfield.  I owe a lot of appreciation to the people in the Montreal organization who gave me the opportunity to pitch in the majors again. I felt like I had a lot to prove to people with other clubs that didn't keep me. No matter what I do from now on, they can't take away that game I just pitched."

Mahler pitched two no-hitters while in the minor leagues.  On June 1, 1977, Mahler threw a no-hitter for the Richmond Braves AAA team against the Toledo Mud Hens.  In 1974 he no-hit the Birmingham Barons (Double A team for the Oakland A's) of the Southern League.

Other noteworthy outings

On September 18, 1985, Mahler pitched  innings of one-hit relief to lead the Detroit Tigers to a 5–2 victory over the New York Yankees, thus denying a bid by Phil Niekro to win his 300th game.  Mahler, who relieved Juan Berenguer after he got into trouble in the first inning, retired 23 of the 25 hitters he faced, including the first 15 hitters who came up against him.  A former teammate of Niekro's, Mahler told reporters after the game that "The thing I remember most about (Niekro) is what a great guy he was.  I didn't think about the Niekro thing at all.  I hated to be the one to beat him but that's the game."

In that same game, New York Yankees manager Billy Martin sent left-handed-hitter Mike Pagliarulo up to bat right-handed against Mahler.  Detroit Tigers catcher Bob Melvin was reported to have asked Pagliarulo, "What the hell are you doing?"  Pagliarulo's reply: "I'm trying to get a base hit!"  Ultimately, however, Pagliarulo took a called third strike.

On July 7, 1986, Mahler gave up the 2,000th hit to Dave Winfield.

On September 2, 1986, Mahler plunked Brett Butler in the shoulder and immediately was removed the game, which Mahler's Blue Jays lost 9–5 to the Cleveland Indians. He would only pitch in one more game.

Witticisms

Throughout his career, Mahler had a rapport with the press.  In 1986, he told USA Today, "If I were commissioner, I'd send every major league player down to Triple-A after three years to see how good they have it now," only to be sent down to Triple-A the following day, on July 29, 1986.

In 1986, after hitting Cleveland's Brett Butler with a pitch, Mahler told reporters, "The thing is, the signal here for the fastball is the signal for the curve in Texas and Oklahoma.  When I got the sign, my mind said 'curve.'  I took my grip, went into the stretch, kicked up the leg and, right in the middle of my motion, it dawned on me 'fastball.'  I wound up trying to change my grip mid-motion."

In reflecting on his career as a journeyman, Mahler told the Toronto Star in 1986: "It's not a pleasant way to spend a career, but the memories will be incredible. I've played with Reggie Jackson and Rod Carew and Dale Murphy, I've learned from Tom House and (Johnny) Sain, the two best pitching coaches in the business. I've been around, seen the best. It's not so bad a life. This is the best job in the world and I'll do anything they say - chalk the field before the game, sweep the dugout."

External links

Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

1952 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Montgomery, Alabama
Bradenton Explorers players
California Angels players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Daytona Beach Explorers players
Detroit Tigers players
Edmonton Trappers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Louisville Redbirds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Montreal Expos players
Nashville Sounds players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Portland Beavers players
Richmond Braves players
Salt Lake City Gulls players
Savannah Braves players
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Trinity Tigers baseball players

Mickey Mahler


School colors are the colors representing the school of which one goes to.

Color Sets
School colors are often found in pairs and rarely no more than trios, though some professional teams use up to four colors in a set.  The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known.

Common primary colors include orange, purple, blue, red, and green.  These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often black, brown, gray (or silver), white, or gold), or occasionally each other, such as orange/blue, red/green, or blue/yellow.  Pairing two metals, such as black/white, silver or gold, and especially black/gold, is also a common practice.   Finally, some American schools, in a display of patriotism, adopt the national colors of red/white/blue.

In an effort to further establish identity and promote a standard, many institutions often decree the use of specific shades of colors.  Maroon, generally regarded as a darker shade of red, is a common primary color.  Various shades of blue, from powder to Prussian, are also in use; a few schools have adopted two different shades of blue for their colors, with the darker shade serving as the primary.  The shade of gold can vary greatly even within an institution, from a vivid yellow to a more convincing old gold.

Black, white and gray are often used as neutral colors for sets that do not otherwise adopt them.  This practice is especially notable in basketball (where home uniforms are often white) and professional baseball (where team colors are often used as trim for white or gray uniforms).

Uses
Most competitive teams keep two sets of uniforms, with one design emphasizing the primary color and the other emphasizing the secondary color.  In some sports, such as football, the primary color is emphasized on home uniforms, while uniforms for other sports, notably basketball, use the secondary or a neutral color at home.  This is done to avoid confusion when playing a team with similar colors.

In addition, various groups that generate support for athletic teams, including cheerleaders and marching bands, wear uniforms with the colors of their school.

At many private schools 'school colours' are awards presented for achievement in a subject or a sport - See Sporting Colours.

Educational institutions

School colors


In volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a round-shaped mound created by the eruption of viscous lava by a volcano.

Lava domes are formed when erupting lava is too thick to flow and makes a steep-sided mound as the lava piles up near the volcanic vent. Lava domes have formed in Mount St. Helens and experts say a lava dome is growing inside the Shinmoedake volcano in Japan.

Volcanology

Lava dome


Hexafluorosilicic acid is a chemical compound that is an acid. Its chemical formula is H2SiF6. It is made by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with silicon dioxide when the hydrofluoric acid is produced. It can be reacted with bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce a fluorosilicate salt such as sodium fluorosilicate. It is used to make artificial cryolite. It releases hydrogen fluoride when it is heated, so it is toxic like hydrofluoric acid. It is used in fluoridation of water.

Related pages
Silicate
Silicon
Fluoride

Acids

Hexafluorosilicic acid


Hiway House was a motor hotel chain founded in 1956 at Phoenix, Arizona, by the late Del Webb, a construction magnate who owned the New York Yankees baseball team and later created the Sun City retirement communities. A remnant of the old Hiway House chain is still in operation at Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The chain soon became a fixture throughout the Southwest. Ultimately, there would be Del Webb's Hiway House locations at Phoenix, Holbrook, Flagstaff, and Tucson, Arizona; Albuquerque and Roswell, New Mexico;  Tulsa, Oklahoma; Abilene, Texas;  and Los Angeles near LAX, Blythe, Palm Springs, and Arcadia, California.

Before starting the Hiway House chain, Webb was one of the initial key investors of Ramada Inns from 1954 to 1956, then a new upstart chain of roadside hotels in the Southwestern states of Arizona, California and Texas with long-range plans for national coverage that was founded by Marion W. Isbell, a longtime Chicago restaurateur. Today, Ramada (now Ramada Franchise Systems) is one of the world's largest lodging chains and owned by Wyndham Hotels & Resorts.

Webb sold the Hiway House chain in the early 1960s, which then took the name Sentry Hiway House. The chain remained in operation until sometime after 1970, by which time most of the hotels were sold off and changed their names with some of them becoming franchises of competing lodging chains.

Albuquerque was one of the few cities to have two or more Hiway House locations during that chain's heyday. One of those locations is among the last Hiway House motor hotels still operating under that nameplate. Located in the 3200 block of Central Avenue S.E. in the Nob Hill section, which was the path of the world-famous U.S. Route 66 through Albuquerque, it still has the original colonial-style architecture and same neon sign that has stood since it opened in 1958. The bottom portion of the street-level Hiway House signs read the motto "Sleep is our Business." Today that line still appears on the sign of the Albuquerque location, which is owned by Bicu Corporation and has been operated in recent years by George and Livia Strimbu. The restaurant is in operation today as the Sushi and Saki Restaurant and Korean BBQ House.

See also
 List of motels

References

Defunct hotel chains
Hotels established in 1956
Buildings and structures on U.S. Route 66
Motels in the United States
Defunct companies based in Arizona
1956 establishments in Arizona

Hiway House


Étant donnés (Given: 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas, French: Étant donnés: 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage) is Marcel Duchamp's last major artwork, which surprised the art world because it believed he had given up art for competitive chess which he had been playing for almost 25 years, following a prolific art career. He had been making work with the Surrealists when he made The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (also known as The Large Glass). This work is a tableau, visible only through a pair of peepholes (one for each eye) in a wooden door, of a nude woman lying on her back with her face hidden, legs spread, holding a gas lamp in the air in one hand against a landscape backdrop.

Duchamp worked secretly on the piece from 1946 to 1966 in his Greenwich Village studio. It is composed of an old wooden door, nails, bricks, brass, aluminium sheet, steel binder clips, velvet, leaves, twigs, a female form made of parchment, hair, glass, plastic clothespins, oil paint, linoleum, an assortment of lights, a landscape composed of hand-painted and photographed elements and an electric motor housed in a cookie tin which rotates a perforated disc. The Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins, Duchamp's girlfriend from 1946 to 1951, served as the model for the female figure in the piece, and his second wife, Alexina (Teeny), served as the model for the figure's arm.
Duchamp prepared a "Manual of Instructions" in a 4-ring binder explaining and illustrating how to assemble and disassemble the piece.

Anne d'Harnoncourt, a young curator at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and later its director, orchestrated the acquisition and transfer of the piece to Philadelphia. According to the artist's wishes that the work be installed and viewed after his death, Duchamp's widow Alexina Duchamp and his step-son Paul Matisse installed the work and made it available to the public at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1969, a year after Duchamp's death.

References and sources
References

Sources
Tomkins, Calvin. Duchamp: A Biography, Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1996.
Hulten, Pontus (editor): Marcel Duchamp: Work and Life, The MIT Press, 1993.
Peep Show, The Smart Set, October 7, 2009
 Landscape of Eros, Through the Peephole, August 27, 2009,
Banz, Stefan, ed., Marcel Duchamp and the Forestay Waterfall, JRP|Ringier, Zurich.

External links
 Outside view of Etant donnés at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
 Inside view of  Etant donnés

1966 sculptures
Marcel Duchamp works
Paintings in the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Nude art

Étant donnés


Antihydrogen is an atom made of antimatter. Like normal matter, antihydrogen can bond and form molecules with other antimatter. (It would annihilate any normal matter that it touches). Antihydrogen has one positron–which is positively charged–orbiting an antiproton, which is negatively charged. This is opposite normal hydrogen, which has one negatively charged electron orbiting a positively charged proton.

"Antihydrogen" can also refer to the molecule called Antihydrogen, which is made of two bonded antiprotons.

Antimatter
Hydrogen
Gases

Antihydrogen


The Ship John Shoal Light marks the north side of the ship channel in Delaware Bay on the east coast of the United States, near the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge. Its cast iron superstructure was exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

History
Ship John Shoal took its name from an incident in 1797 in which the John, captained by Robert Folger, ran aground while on the way from Hamburg, Germany to Philadelphia. Passengers and cargo were unloaded safely, but the vessel was lost. (The figurehead is on exhibit in the Gibbon House Museum in Greenwich, New Jersey, the town to which the rescued passengers were taken.)

Completion of the original Brandywine Shoal Light in 1850 led the Lighthouse Board to draw up plans to erect similar lights at Ship John Shoal and Cross Ledge. Both of these were intended to be of the then-new screw-pile design. During construction of the Cross Ledge Light in the winter of 1856, however, ice carried away the entire structure, prompting reconsideration of the suitability of this type of foundation. In the 1870s caisson foundations became available, and in 1873 Congress appropriated funds toward the construction of a caisson light on the shoal. Wooden piles were driven and the caisson placed in 1874; however, insufficient time remained in the working season to complete the light, and a temporary structure was placed to allow display of a light from November of that year.

The incomplete structure managed to withstand the winter ice, but in January the keepers abandoned their temporary refuge out of fear that it would be overturned. They were able to return in March, but by then, the permanent superstructure had been diverted to the Southwest Ledge Light in Connecticut. An identical cast iron house was fabricated, but it was diverted to Philadelphia for display at the Centennial Exhibition, where it was even occupied by a keeper tending a working light in its lantern. The house did not reach the caisson until the summer of 1877; in the meantime, a lightship was stationed alongside the unfinished structure. The base had also been surrounded with 2,000 tons of riprap to ward off ice damage.

In 1907 additional riprap was dumped around the light, and about the same time a concrete platform was built on one of the two piles of rock in order to hold tanks for which there was no room in the light itself. In 1973 the light was automated, and four years later the original Fresnel lens was removed and replaced by a solar powered beacon, whose solar panels stand on the platform where the tanks once rested.

In June 2011, the General Services Administration made the Ship John Shoal Light (along with 11 others) available at no cost to public organizations willing to preserve them.

References

Lighthouses completed in 1877
1877 establishments in New Jersey
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Second Empire architecture in New Jersey
Transportation buildings and structures in Cumberland County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places

Ship John Shoal Light


The geoid is a shape like the surface of the Earth. It is a 3-D geometrical shape like an orange. Shapes of this kind are called oblate spheroids, which is a kind of ellipsoid.

The geoid, however, is a very special kind of oblate spheroid. It is defined as follows:

The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

It was defined by Gauss, in 1828. It is often described as the true physical shape of the Earth. The study of Earth's measurements and shapes is called geodesy.

For many practical purposes, a simpler shape is used because that makes calculations easier. That shape is called a reference ellipsoid. In basic education, the shape of the Earth is described as being like an orange, a sphere but wider round the equator. This shape is produced by all celestial spinning spheres, such as stars and planets. The details differ somewhat in each individual case.

References

Earth sciences
Three-dimensional shapes
Geodesy

Geoid


Medical ethics is the set of ethical rules that medical doctors follow. These ethics guide doctors as to how they should treat patients.

The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the Hippocratic oath (an oath is an important promise). It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates.

Principles
There are 6 major principles (important ideas):
 Beneficences - a doctor must do things that are good for the patient (the doctor is giving medical care to.)
 Non-maleficence – a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.
 Autonomy - the patient can say he does not want to be treated
 Justice – talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care. It talks about who gets what treatments.
 Dignity - the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)
 Truthfulness (being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth

Medical ethics questions
Here are some kinds of medical ethics questions:
 If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?
 If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?
 A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes. The patient asks a doctor "am I going to die?" What should the doctor say?
If a man has stage four cancer but only wants hollistic medicine, should you treat him with chemotherapy anyway?

Related pages
Bioethics
Conflict of interest
Deontological ethics
Informed consent
Right to die

Medicine
Ethics

Medical ethics


Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market is a book written by Eric Schlosser and published in 2003. The book is a look at the three pillars of the underground economy of the United States, estimated by Schlosser to be ten percent of U.S. GDP: marijuana, migrant labor, and pornography.

The book is divided into three chapters:

Chapter 1: Reefer Madness, Schlosser argues, based on usage, historical context, and consequences, for the decriminalization of marijuana.

Chapter 2: In the Strawberry Fields, he explores the exploitation of illegal aliens as cheap labor, arguing that there should be better living arrangements and humane treatment of the illegal aliens the U.S. is exploiting in the fields of California.

Chapter 3: An Empire of the Obscene details the history of pornography in U.S. culture, starting with the eventual business magnate Reuben Sturman.  Schlosser closes by arguing that such a widespread black market can only undermine the law and is indicative of the discrepancy between accepted mainstream U.S. culture and its true nature.

See also
 List of books about cannabis

References

External links
 Eric Schlosser speech on The US Underground Economy - Reefer Madness
Booknotes interview with Schlosser on Reefer Madness, June 15, 2003
Presentation by Schlosser on Reefer Madness at the Miami Book Fair, November 9, 2003

2003 non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about cannabis
Non-fiction books about pornography
Non-fiction books about immigration to the United States
Works about magazine publishing
Works about the informal economy
Books by Eric Schlosser
American books about cannabis

Reefer Madness (Schlosser book)


Alpha Television was a British limited company which operated television studios in Aston, Birmingham from 1956 to 1970.

History
The company was formed in 1956 as a joint venture between two newly created Independent Television (ITV) companies, ATV and ABC. The former operated the contract to broadcast programming to the Midlands during the week, the latter at weekends.

The respective companies would later establish production centres near London and Manchester (ATV at Elstree, ABC at Teddington and Didsbury), but despite conflicts over contract applications and rivalry over the corporate acronym, the costs of creating separate facilities in the Midlands led to a decision to cooperate. A separate holding company to operate the centre, Alpha Television Services (Birmingham) Limited, was formed.

The new company purchased the former Astoria Cinema in Aston Road North which had closed a few months earlier. Initial alterations created one studio with production facilities supplied by an outside broadcast vehicle, telecine facilities and separate presentation suites for ATV and ABC.

In 1963, ATV and ABC took the decision to upgrade facilities at Aston and a substantial investment saw the creation of an office block, canteen and second studio adjacent to the existing site (), while the facade of the original cinema was re-constructed to match. New facilities included an enlarged telecine facility, master control and presentation suites.

Closure
In 1967, the regulatory body for ITV, the Independent Television Authority, announced significant changes to the regional contracts to broadcast ITV. ABC Weekend Television lost its Midlands weekend contract as the authority decided to create a seven-day licence for the area, which they awarded to ATV. ABC were offered the London weekday contract upon condition of a merger with the existing holder Rediffusion, in the process becoming Thames Television.

As a result, ABC decided to sell their stake in Alpha Television to ATV as their interest in the Midlands had ended. However the Alpha studios were designed for monochrome broadcasting and as the ITV network was planning to launch colour transmissions in late 1969, ATV took the decision to construct new purpose-built colour studios in central Birmingham.

In October 1968, work started on the Paradise Centre (later known as ATV Centre), a £15 million (equivalent to £ million today) complex known as Alpha Tower off Broad Street. By early 1970 the Alpha Studios were closed with all employees being transferred to ATV (renamed as ATV Network), and Alpha Television Services (Birmingham) Limited went into voluntary liquidation and ceased trading.

Later use
The site had a variety of uses until purchased by the Independent Local Radio station BRMB in 1974. The station vacated the site in 1996 to new facilities at Brindleyplace, a few hundred yards from the former ATV studios on Broad Street. The office block remains although the converted cinema was demolished.

References

Broadcasting in Birmingham, West Midlands
History of Birmingham, West Midlands
ITV offices, studios and buildings
1956 establishments in England
Television studios in England

Alpha Television


House mouse (Mus musculus) the common mouse is one of the species of the genus Mus. Often, it is just called a  mouse. It is a small rodent. In most parts of the world, they live close to humans. Laboratory mice are types of house mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine. They are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.

Description
They are quite small, but are not the smallest mammals. House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in). The weight is typically 10–25 g (0.4–0.9 oz). In the wild they vary in color from light to dark agouti (light to dark brown). Selected strains of mice can be got in various other colours.

It is a small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view). Its hair short; ears moderately large and naked.

Physiology
The main problem of small mammals is their high surface to weight ratio: they have a big surface area for such a small mass. Since heat is radiated from the surface, they have adaptations to help them keep their temperature up to normal. They need to eat frequently, and live in areas where they are protected from the coldest weather. Easy access to high-quality vegetable food (such as grains) and a protected habitat helps them survive and multiply. That is why they are found in numbers living in human settlements.

Life cycle
Their life-span in the wild averages about a year. They are eaten by a variety of small carnivores, but they reproduce rapidly, so that keeps the numbers up.  Females have 314 babies in a litter, and can have 5 to 10 litters a year. In good conditions, the mouse population rises quickly.

Habitat

Although not native to North America, the house mouse was introduced accidentally to seaport towns. It is now widespread throughout the United States. It occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the U.S.

As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man – in houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures. Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to hide them.

Old World rats and mice
Model organisms

House mouse


Mander Brothers was a major employer in the city of Wolverhampton, in the English Midlands, a progressive company founded in 1773. In the 19th century the firm became the number one manufacturers of varnishes, paints and later printing inks in the British Empire. In the twentieth century it developed its product range in industrial coatings and inks, as well as commercial property.

History of Mander Brothers
Mander Brothers has its origins in businesses developed by the Mander family in the Wolverhampton of the early Industrial Revolution, where members of the family first developed trades in the manufacture of chemicals and varnishes to supply the Midland Japan trades and national markets.

18th century
In the early industrial revolution, the Mander family entered the vanguard of the expansion of Wolverhampton, on the edge of the largest manufacturing conurbation in the British Isles. The brothers Benjamin and John Mander were early industrialists and entrepreneurs, who established a cluster of loosely integrated businesses in paints, lacquers and pigments, japanning, chemicals manufacture and varnish making.

19th century
By 1820, the firm traded as Mander, Weaver & Co., already operating one of the largest chemical manufacturing works in the country, trading from the United States of America to China. They  developed businesses in baking, japanning and tin-plate working, canals and gas manufacture. Benjamin Mander was chairman of the Wolverhampton Union Flour and Bread Company, a co-operative milling company set up to provide subsidised bread and flour in the period of social distress following the Napoleonic Wars.

The partnership of Mander Brothers was founded by the brothers Charles Benjamin Mander and Samuel Small Mander in 1845, concentrating on varnish manufacture. As the business expanded with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of railways all over the British Empire, branches and agencies were established in "all the civilised countries of the world". The company diversified into paint and printing ink manufacture from 1865.

The family became distinguished for public service, art patronage and philanthropy. Charles Tertius Mander (1852–1929) was created the first baronet of The Mount in the baronetage of the United Kingdom in the Coronation honours of George V, on 8 July 1911.

20th century
The business was constituted as a limited company, Mander Brothers Limited, in 1924, when Sir Charles Tertius Mander was appointed the first chairman, or "governing director".

Under the chairmanship of the Radical Liberal M.P., Sir Geoffrey Mander, Mander Brothers led many progressive initiatives in the field of labour relations and employment welfare between the Wars. Mander Brothers was the first British company to introduce the 40-hour week through an historic agreement signed and mediated by Ernest Bevin, general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union, in September 1932. As in similar important TGWU negotiations in the early 1930s, such as at Imperial Chemical Industries and Crosse and Blackwell, reduced working hours coupled with increased worker efficiency was facilitated by the Bedaux Unit.

In the mid-twentieth century, constituted as Manders Holdings Limited, the company redeveloped their historic properties on a -acre site in the centre of Wolverhampton. In 1968–74 the company established the Mander Shopping Centre and Mander Square on the site of the early family works, dating to the eighteenth century. Today the Mander Centre dominates the retail heart of the city. It was acquired by Dalancey Estates in partnership with the Royal Bank of Scotland in 2010, which led to controversy and questions in Parliament when they removed a bronze sculpture, 'Rock Form (Porthcurno)', by Barbara Hepworth, specially commissioned for the site and donated by the Mander family and shareholders in 1968. On 4 December 2014, the Mander Centre was acquired by Benson Elliot Capital Management for £59 million ahead of a £60 million reconfiguration and refurbishment, which saw the Mander Centre anchored by a 90,000 sq ft Debenhams Department store, which opened in 2017.

In the 1990s, trading as Manders PLC, the various divisions of the business were sold piecemeal in a major Group restructuring in order to focus on the core activity of printing inks and specialty chemicals manufacture. First, the paints and coatings businesses were sold to the Total S.A. Group of France; then the property portfolio, including the Mander Centre, was sold to the Prudential Insurance Company.

Manders PLC went on to acquire a number of the world's leading ink manufacturers, including a major competitor, Croda, trading with operations in the UK, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe and the USA. In 1994 the Netherlands-based company Premier Inks was acquired, when the major brand became Manders Premier. Manders PLC was established as one of Europe's largest manufacturers and distributors of publishing and industrial inks.

In 1998, the printing inks division was sold to the Flint Ink Corporation, of Detroit in the United States of America, "so ending a long chapter in the British chemicals industry" (The Financial Times).

In 2000, Manders Premier adopted the Flint Ink identity of Flint Ink Europe, headquartered in Luxembourg.

Sources
Sir Geoffrey Le Mesurier Mander (ed), The History of Mander Brothers (Wolverhampton, n.d. [1955])
Mander, Nicholas (2004). Varnished Leaves: a biography of the Mander family of Wolverhampton. Owlpen: Owlpen Press. ISBN 0-9546056-0-8.
Patricia Pegg, A Very Private Heritage: the private papers of Samuel Theodore Mander, 1853–1900 (Malvern: Images Publishing, 1996)
Patricia Pegg, Lemons for Chamberlain: The Life and Backbench Career of Geoffrey Mander MP (Mantle Lane Press, 2021)

See also
Mander baronets
Mander family

References

External links
Mander Brothers
Brief history of the Mander family
Mander family genealogy
Charles Tertius Mander
The Funeral of Sir Charles Tertius Mander

British companies established in 1773
Manufacturing companies based in Wolverhampton
1773 establishments in England
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Paint and coatings companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1998

Mander Brothers


Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a combination of illnesses (a syndrome) associated with a human's place of work (office building) or dwelling. A 1984 World Health Organization report into suggested up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings around the world may be linked to symptoms of SBS. Most of the sick building syndrome is related to poor indoor air quality.

SBS can be caused by flaws in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Other causes have been contaminants produced by outgassing of some types of building materials, volatile organic compounds (VOC), molds (see mold health issues), improper exhaust ventilation of ozone (byproduct of some office machinery), using light industrial chemicals in the building, or lack of adequate fresh-air intake/air filtration (see Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value).

People try to fix SBS symptoms by increasing the overall turn-over rate of fresh air exchange between the building's air and the outside air. But the new green building design goals should be able to avoid most of the SBS sources in the first place. Cleaners should lower their use of dangerous VOC cleaning compounds, and get rid of conditions that cause allergenic, potentially-deadly mold growth.

Symptoms
Building occupants complain of symptoms such as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat; neurotoxic or general health problems; skin irritation; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions; and odor and taste sensations.

Several sick occupants may report individual symptoms which do not appear to be connected. The key to discovery SBS is if a number of people first experience their illnesses within a period of weeks. In most cases, SBS symptoms will be relieved soon after the occupants leave the particular room or zone. However, there can be lasting effects of various neurotoxins, which may not clear up when the occupant leaves the building. Sensitive individuals can have long-term health effects.

Prevention
The following steps can avoid SBS:
 Cleaning roof shingles for non-pressure removal of algae, mold & Gloeocapsa magma.
 Pollutant source removal or modification to storage of sources.
 Replacement of water-stained ceiling tiles and carpeting.
 Use paints, adhesives, solvents, and pesticides in well-ventilated areas, and use of these pollutant sources only during periods of non-occupancy.
 Increase the number of air exchanges, The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers recommend a minimum of 8.4 air exchanges per 24 hour period.
 Proper and frequent maintenance of HVAC systems
 Installing a UV-C light in the HVAC plenum
 Regular vacuuming with a HEPA filter vacuum cleaner to collect and retain 99.97% of particles down to and including 0.3 micrometres.

Gender differences
There might be a gender difference in reporting rates of sick building syndrome because women tend to report more symptoms than men. Along with this, some studies found that women have a more responsive immune system and are more prone to mucosal dryness and facial erythema. Also, women are alleged by some to be more exposed to indoor environmental factors, because they have a tendency to have more clerical work where they are exposed to unique office equipment and materials (example: blueprint machines), while men may more often have jobs based outside of offices.

Related pages
 Aerotoxic syndrome

Notes

References
 Martín-Gil J, Yanguas MC, San José JF, Rey-Martínez and Martín-Gil FJ. "Outcomes of research into a sick hospital". Hospital Management International, 1997, pp 80–82. Sterling Publications Limited.

Further reading
 Murphy, Michelle. Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers (Duke University Press, 2006) . .
 Research Committee Report on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Exposure to the Interior Environment of Water-Damaged Buildings (PDF)

Syndromes
Environment
Air pollution
Buildings and structures

Sick building syndrome


Modular origami (also called unit origami) is a type of paperfolding that uses many sheets of paper. Modular origami is used to make large structures that cannot be made with one sheet of paper. Many sheets of paper are folded in identical shapes, and they are then put together by inserting flaps into pockets.

History
The first modular origami model comes from a 1734 Japanese book by Hayato Ohoka called Ranma Zushiki. The book has pictures of many traditional origami models, and one is a modular cube called tamatebako. Tamatebako is a Japanese word meaning "magic treasure box", and it is called this because the box can be opened on any side. Another traditional model, kusudamas, are balls of folded paper flowers. They are often hung as decorations using string or thread.

Module
The various number of modules is combined from two to tens of thousands modules.  When modules are put together, most are supported only by the friction of paper, also they are glued together or sewn by threads.

Module of Sonobe method
Mitsunobu Sonobe designed in 1970s. It is so simple that most people can make kusudamas. Module of Sonobe method is one of the most famous modules. We can make a polyhedron like a cube or a trisoctahedron(a dodecahedron?) by putting together many modules.

Modular Rate
Modular Rate is the facility of putting together. This rate is how many people can put together without joining materials like glues. This rate applies the model that was designed so that it was put together without using joining materials from the beginning.

References

Origami

Modular origami