John Kevin Maine (born May 8, 1981) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles, New York Mets and Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He batted and threw right-handed.

Early life and college
Maine was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia. After graduating from North Stafford High School in Stafford, Virginia, Maine played college baseball for UNC Charlotte, where he was named the Conference USA Pitcher of the Year in  and set several single-season 49ers' records, including strikeouts and wins. In , while still in college, Maine pitched for the Bethesda Big Train, a summer collegiate baseball team located a few miles outside of Washington D.C.

Professional career

Baltimore Orioles
Maine decided to forgo his senior season at Charlotte and was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the sixth round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft. In , he emerged as one of the top prospects in the minor leagues when he led all minor league pitchers in strikeouts with 185. He made his debut with the Orioles on July 23, . After spending the latter half of 2004 and most of  shuffling between Baltimore and Triple-A Ottawa, Maine recorded his first Major League win on August 13, 2005, at Camden Yards with a 1–0 shutout victory over the Toronto Blue Jays in which he started and pitched five innings.

Maine was traded to the Mets on January 21, , along with right-handed reliever Jorge Julio in exchange for starting pitcher Kris Benson.

New York Mets
He was called up from Triple A Norfolk in early May 2006 after rookie Brian Bannister was put on the disabled list with a hamstring injury. Maine started on May 2 against the Washington Nationals and took the loss after giving up four runs on six hits and two walks in 5.1 innings. He was placed on the injured list on May 6 with inflammation of his right middle finger, which he says hurt his May 2 start. He was reactivated on June 12 and was optioned back to Triple A Norfolk.

On July 3, he was recalled from the minors and became part of the Mets' starting rotation. After a solid, if mediocre start off the DL, Maine had a start that could be said to have turned around his career. With Orlando Hernandez originally slated to start against the Houston Astros, early rain caused the Mets to put in Maine instead. He pitched a complete game shutout. That start continued a scoreless innings streak. Maine pitched a scoreless inning in relief, and then 22 scoreless innings over three starts, recording two wins and a no decision over that span. After his second scoreless outing, Mets manager Willie Randolph designated Maine as the rotation's fifth starter over higher-ranking prospect Mike Pelfrey.

Maine's scoreless-inning streak reached 26 innings before he allowed a run. Against Washington on August 12, Maine retired 11 of the first 12 batters he faced before Nick Johnson hit a solo home run. The streak fell 5 innings short of Jerry Koosman's Mets franchise record. His streak was the longest ever by a Mets rookie starter, exceeding Dwight Gooden and Anthony Young's 23-inning streaks by two. His 25 scoreless innings by a starter was the longest streak since Al Leiter threw 25 scoreless in .

On September 29, 2006, in his final at-bat of the season, Maine recorded his first major league hit, ending a streak of twenty-eight hitless at-bats.

Overall, Maine went 6–5 with a 3.60 earned run average in 15 starts in his debut season for the Mets, showing flashes of dominance, such as his scoreless innings streak. His efforts helped the Mets win the National League Eastern Division. Despite his solid season, he was originally not expected to make a start in the postseason. However, after injuries sidelined both Pedro Martínez and Orlando Hernández, Maine found himself starting Game 1 of the National League Division Series for the Mets. In that game, he pitched 4 innings and got a no-decision. The Mets went on to win that game to give them a 1–0 lead in the Division series against the Dodgers. In the must win Game 6 of the National League Championship Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, Maine pitched 5 shutout innings and defeated defending National League Cy Young Award winner Chris Carpenter to force a Game 7.

Maine went to the 2006 MLB Japan All-Star Series along with teammates José Reyes and David Wright.

Maine started his  campaign with a win against the Cardinals, holding St. Louis to one hit and no runs in seven innings. Maine's success against hitters in 2007 continued, and he posted a 15–10 record with a 3.91 ERA with 180 strikeouts in 191.0 innings pitched. Maine's off-season conditioning program helped him to pitcher deeper into ballgames, and he started to become one of the more dominant pitchers in the National League.

In April, he had a no-hitter through 6 innings against the Florida Marlins before a single by Miguel Cabrera spoiled the bid. After a solid April in which he went 4–0 with a 1.35 ERA, Maine was named the National League Pitcher of the Month.

At the All-Star break, Maine led Mets starters with a 2.71 ERA, 93 strikeouts and was tied with Brad Penny for the most wins in the NL at 10 each. Despite posting great numbers, he was not in the All-Star game, when asked if he expected to make the game, he said no.

On July 24, 2007, in the bottom of the 4th inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Maine hit a 2-run home run to left field and received a curtain call. This was his first home run of his major league career. The Mets won 8–4, and Maine earned his 11th win of the season. Maine earned his Met-leading 12th victory against the Nationals on July 29, pitching a complete game shutout in a five inning rain-shortened game, giving up only a single hit.

As late as September 18, his 7.89 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched put him the top 10 among all qualified National League starting pitchers.

On September 29, 2007, Maine threw 7.2 scoreless innings allowing 1 hit, and striking out 14 Florida Marlins, leading the Mets to a 13–0 rout. Maine's 14 strikeouts were the most for a Mets starter in eight years; the Marlins' lone hit came with two outs in the eighth inning, an infield hit to the third base bag by Marlins' back-up catcher Paul Hoover (baseball). The no-hit bid was nearly a mirror image of April 28, , when David Cone threw 7.1 hitless innings before surrendering an infield hit or that of Dwight Gooden in  when a similar hit was given up and third baseman Ray Knight could not pick it up in time. John Maine has been heralded by Tom Seaver as something of a protégé.

He entered the 2008 season as the Mets' number 3 starter. Maine received a raise by the Mets and  earned $450,000.  He ended the season with 25 starts, 140 innings, 10–8 win–loss record, and a 4.18 ERA.

The end of Maine's 2008 season was marred by injury. On August 4, Maine was put on the disabled list with a strained rotator cuff. He returned, making three more starts, but was then put back on the disabled list. On September 24, he again came off the disabled list but Manager Jerry Manuel did not allow him to pitch for fear of future injury. At season's end, he underwent surgery in which doctors removed a bone spur from his shoulder. The doctors were amazed at the size of the spur; they said it was the biggest they had ever seen. They were amazed that he was able to pitch in that condition.

He began throwing in December and was ready for spring training of 2009.

In January, the Mets avoided arbitration, signing Maine to a one-year, $2.6 million contract. Maine initially struggled coming off the shoulder surgery, posting a 5.40 ERA to go with a 1–2 record in four April starts. However, he bounced back in his six starts in May, going 4–1 with an ERA of 2.75, nearly half of his April ERA. After a poor start in June, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to arm fatigue. Maine would stay on the DL with arm fatigue and numerous setbacks for a long amount of time.  He eventually came back in mid-September and was eased back into the rotation, going more than 5 innings only once.  In his last start of the season against the Astros, he went 7.0 innings letting up one earned run with 7 strikeouts, with that encouraging start he gave the Mets more certainty that he can return to his '07 form in the 2010 season. He finished the 2009 season with a 7–6 win–loss record throwing 81.1 innings with an era of 4.43.

In January, the Mets and John Maine agreed to arbitration, signing Maine to a one-year, $3.3 million contract (with an additional $225,000 that can be earned in performance bonuses).

Maine struggled with his performance and spent additional time on the Disabled List. On 20 May, in his ninth start of the season, he was taken out of the game after pitching to one batter. Maine stated that he was in good health, but Jerry Manuel ignored his request to stay in the game. Pitching coach Dan Warthen said that Maine had "habit" of not being truthful about his health.

On July 23, Maine had arthroscopic surgery to repair his shoulder and missed the remainder of the 2010 season. At that time, he was considered to be the second best pitcher in Major League Baseball by New York Beat Writer Gary Paciello.

Maine became a free agent after the 2010 season and signed with the Colorado Rockies, starting the 2011 season in the minor leagues.

Colorado Rockies
On February 17, 2011, Maine signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies, including an invitation to Spring Training. On June 22, after pitching 45 innings with the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox, recording a 7.43 ERA, 35 strikeouts, and 37 walks, Maine left the team and was reportedly considering retiring from baseball.

Boston Red Sox
Maine signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox on January 27, 2012. He also received an invitation to spring training. Maine was released on May 10, 2012.

New York Yankees
On May 25, 2012, John Maine signed with the Yankees to a minor-league deal, and assigned him to extended spring training.

Maine was signed to the Scranton-Wilkes Barre Yankees roster on June 12 and made his first appearance in regular season game play in nearly a year that evening. Initially scheduled to start, he instead picked up in the 2nd inning after a spot-start by the rehabbing David Robertson. Throwing 65 pitches (37 for strikes) in three innings of work, he struck out four, walked two, and gave up three runs (two earned) while recording a win for the Yankees.

Miami Marlins
On December 24, 2012 he signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins that contained an invitation to spring training. He made the opening day roster and was designated for assignment on April 19, 2013. He was subsequently released afterwards.

Coaching career and return to Charlotte
On August 25, 2014, the Charlotte 49ers baseball team announced that Maine would join the staff of his alma mater as a volunteer assistant.

References

External links

John Maine at Baseball Almanac

1981 births
Living people
Aberdeen IronBirds players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Virginia
Baseball players from Virginia
Binghamton Mets players
Bowie Baysox players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Charlotte 49ers baseball coaches
Charlotte 49ers baseball players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Delmarva Shorebirds players
Frederick Keys players
New York Mets players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Miami Marlins players
Norfolk Tides players
Ottawa Lynx players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Sportspeople from Fredericksburg, Virginia
St. Lucie Mets players

John Maine


Arak rugs, otherwise known as Arak carpets, are made in the province of Arak, Iran.  Technically, all rugs from Arak can be considered Arak rugs but those termed Sarouk are marked as of the best quality, while the more general term Arak is used for rugs of lesser quality. Meshkabad used to be the term for the worst quality rugs, but such rugs are now called mahal or Arak.  Araks are much more coarsely knotted than the rugs of than Sarouk rugs. Their designs are quite similar, although rather more crudely executed, and often display bold floral medallions set against open fields.

References

Persian rugs and carpets

Arak rug


Ernesto "Che" Guevara (14 Juin 1928 – 9 October 1967), for common kent as Che Guevara, or e'en juist Che, wis an Argentine Marxist revolutionar, politician, author, mediciner, and guerrilla.

Bairnheid an youth
Ernesto Guevara wis born an growed up in Rosario, Argentinae. He dree'd the wheezles throu his bairnheid (he dreed thaim throu his hale life), but thay didna stap him bein a keen sportsman, his favourite sport bein Rugby union. He likit readin poetry an aw. In 1948 he listit at the Varsity o Buenos Aires for tae study medicine, but he teuk a year oot for tae traivel athort Laitin Americae on a motorbike wi his pal Alberto Granado mynt tae volunteer at a Leper colony in Peru. The diary he wrate on the vaige, The Motorcycle Diaries, becam a best-seller (an in 2004 a pictur).

Cuba
In 1955, he jynt the 26t o Julie Muivement, led bi Fidel Castro, ettlin tae owerthraw dictator Fulgencio Batista. He oreeginally mynt tae be the guerrilla's physeecian, but pruiven himsel tae be a braw guerilla fechter. He ris tae a heich poseetion in the guerrilla group, he ris tae the rang o Commandante, an becam ane o the heid-anes o the revolution. On Januar 8t, 1959, the guerrillas war victorious an Che becam pairt o the new govrenment.

Efter Cuba
In 1965 he left Cuba tae traivel tae the Congo, tae jyne anither guerrilla struissle. Houaniver, durin this fecht, he wis gey unweel an wis dowie aboot his sodgers. He left that year, an traivelt athort the warld, steyin in sindry places. In 1967, he jynt guerrillas in Bolivia. Maugre o a guid stairt, the campaign gaed ill. The Unitit States sent elite sodgers tae fang an kill Che, the Bolivian Communist Pairty didna help Guevara an ither ill luck. Che wis fangit an kilt on October 9. His hindermaist wirds is weel-kent an wis "Shuit, couart, you are anely gaun tae kill a man!".

Legacy
E'en tho he anely haed ane successfu revolution, he is aye weel-kent e'en efter his daith. He is cried a hero bi fowk like Nelson Mandela, Jean-Paul Sartre an, o coorse, Fidel Castro. His diaries o aw his campaigns wis makkit intae beuks.

1928 births
1967 daiths
Anti-fascists
Anti-imperialism
Argentine academics
Argentine activists
Argentine communists
Argentine diplomats
Argentine eddicators
Argentine essayists
Argentine expatriates in Bolivie
Argentine guerrillas
Argentine non-fiction writers
Argentine fowk o Basque strynd
Argentine fowk o Erse strynd
Argentine fowk o Spaingie strynd
Argentine physeecians
Argentine poets
Argentine poleetical scientists
Argentine poleetical writers
Argentine rugby union players
Argentine socialists
Argentine traivel writers
Daiths bi fireairm in Bolivie
Executit revolutionaries
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Internaitional opponents o apartheid in Sooth Africae
Marxist theorists
Marxist writers
Motorcyclin writers
Fowk frae Rosario, Santa Fe
Revolutionaries
Revolution theorists
Varsity o Buenos Aires alumni
Exhumed fowk
Argentine expatriates in Cuba
Argentine expatriates in Mexico
Fowk o the Cuban Revolution

Che Guevara


USS Weight (ARS-35) was a Weight-class rescue and salvage ship acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II. Her task was to come to the aid of stricken vessels.

Plymouth Salvor (a wooden-hulled salvage vessel originally earmarked for transfer to Great Britain under lend-lease and classified as BARS-7) was laid down on 7 April 1942 at Wilmington, Delaware, by the American Car and Foundry Co.; reclassified ARS-35 on 11 January 1943 and named Weight on 15 March 1943. The ship was launched on 21 April 1943, sponsored by Mrs. H. E. Haven, the wife of the Supervisor of Shipbuilding at the Dravo Corp. of Wilmington; and commissioned at her builder's yard on 14 August 1943.

World War II service

Weight shifted to the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 16 August, where she fitted out prior to moving to Cape May, New Jersey, en route to New York City. Reaching New York City late on the 23d, the salvage vessel remained there until the 27th, when she sailed for Norfolk, Virginia, in company with Extricate (ARS-16). After touching at Annapolis, Maryland, en route on the 29th, the salvage ships reached Norfolk later that day.

Following a brief shakedown, the ship was fitted out at the Norfolk Navy Yard from 5 to 13 September and remained in the Hampton Roads vicinity until late in the month. She departed her anchorage on 25 September and joined Convoy UGS-19, bound for North Africa.

Italy and North Africa operations

Reaching Bizerte, Tunisia, on the 16th, Weight sailed for Italy on the 27th and reached Naples, Italy, on the 29th. For almost the next three months, the salvage ship performed harbor clearance and salvage operations, an existence frequently interrupted by air raid alerts, and by air raids themselves, and the results of those attacks. Late on 5 November, soon after reaching Naples, she was called upon to turn her monitors (fire-fighting equipment) upon a serious warehouse blaze. While the ship was maneuvering to get into the best possible position to fight the fire, her starboard propeller struck some submerged wreckage, bending one blade out of alignment and curling the others about three inches each. By 0415 on the 6th, the blaze was controlled.

Moored to the wreckage of the Italian ship SS Nirvo, Weight performed salvage operations on that vessel through mid-November, before she shifted berths alongside the wrecks of SS Irish Monarch and SS Silvano. She also raised sunken LCVP's and fought a fire that had started in cargo carried by LCT-309, spending much of her time on New Year's Eve fighting that blaze.

On 2 January 1944, Weight shifted to a berth alongside the wreck of the former German merchantman SS Resolute where, over the next few days, she tended to the mine damage suffered by the British merchant vessel SS Largs Bay. Weight later provided fresh water to YMS-69, repairs to LST-861, LCT 285, and freed the port screw of LCI-837. She also conducted salvage and wreckage clearance operations on a sunken Italian destroyer and towed  off a nearby beach where she had gone aground.

Anzio operations

Weight sailed from Naples at 0755 on 28 January and, reaching the Anzio beachhead the next day, observed German bombers making direct hits on the British cruiser HMS Spartan and the American merchantman SS Samuel Huntington. Weight commenced salvage operations on the stranded LCT-223 while explosions from the burning Samuel Huntington shook the area.

After dragging LCT-288 clear, Weight got underway to fight the blaze on the wrecked Liberty ship, Samuel Huntington. The salvage vessel trained both monitors (large deck-mounted water guns) and a 2½-inch hose on the wreck and between 1605 and 1745, fought the fire that ravaged the freighter. Securing at 1745 Weight moved briefly away with the wreck still smoking but returned at 2207 to anchor alongside and renew her efforts to contain the flames.

However, Weight's work off the Anzio beaches was not yet done. In company with the British salvage vessel Weazel and aided by bulldozers ashore, she attempted to salvage the grounded British tank landing craft, LCT 542. Weight's divers cleared the fouled screws of SC-497, and the ship's force repaired LCT 288 and again fought fires on Samuel Huntington. Weight finally departed Anzio at 0845 on 5 February and returned to Naples later that day.

Naples operations

Weight continued her vital but unglamorous salvage routine at Naples well into April. Between 10 and 25 February, she assisted and repaired HMS Kempenfelt, the damaged minesweeper Pilot (AM-104), and LCI-3 as well as Weazel. On the 26th, she got underway for the beach off Bagnoli, Italy, to tow off stranded ships.

Collision during rescue attempt

Heavy seas and high winds proved a nemesis to the salvors. Shortly after 2000 on 26 February, Weight attempted to pass a line to a grounded U.S. Army tug, but in the initial attempt to do so, used up three spools of line. The second try ended also in failure when the boat went too close to shore and broached, pitching two men into the surf. Fortunately, all of the six men from Weight's motor launch reached shore safely, but the boat itself was smashed by the heavy surf.

Weight again attempted to tow off the Army tug, alone on the next day and in company with HMS Barholm on the 28th. Nevertheless, even after the joint attempt, the Army tug remained hard aground and defied all of the salvors' efforts, and the American salvage vessel subsequently returned to Naples to resume work on Pilot.

Putting out fires on burning ships

In early March, Weight salvaged  and HMS Quantock, and fought a fire that broke out on a nearby wreck. In the latter operation, the salvors had to cut holes in the deck to pass hoses. Late on 30 March coal gas ignited on board SS Richard Stockton, causing a serious fire and injuries to three men. Weight got underway at 2220 and went to the aid of the burning merchantman.

Weight moved in close and brought her hoses to bear, using them to cool the side plates of the cargo vessel. She also took on board three injured men from Richard Stockton and later transferred them to an Army hospital ashore. At 0430 on 31 March, Weight labored to beach the stricken merchantman to help extinguish the fires by flooding the forward section of the blazing ship. Weight resumed fighting the fires at 0630 and, by 1356, finally had the blaze "under control." After continuing salvage operations and unbeaching the ship, Weight returned to Naples on 1 April.

Reassignment to North Africa

Following a month of local salvage operations there, Weight departed Naples at 1139 on 1 May, in company with SS Carillo and SC-56l, and headed for the coast of Morocco. She arrived at Algiers on 4 May and, the next day, entered drydock at Oran for repairs to her hull and propellers.

Shortly after noon on 29 May, Weight sailed in company with Convoy KMS 51. Steaming as last ship in the second column of the convoy, Weight received orders at 2310 on 30 May to make smoke. Shortly thereafter, she observed sporadic antiaircraft fire up ahead and at 2320 went to general quarters. At 0012 on the 31st, the convoy ceased making smoke; but, two minutes later, a white flare appeared overhead and brought the ship back to general quarters. An ensuing brief period of uneasy quiet was suddenly broken at 0020 by numerous flares (both red and white) which began dotting the sky above and began drifting down, illuminating the waters below.

Convoy hit by Luftwaffe torpedo planes

The torpedo planes (probably Junkers 88's) succeeded in hitting two ships. At 0030, Weight intercepted a radio dispatch reporting that two ships had been torpedoed and that survivors from one were already in the water. Weight immediately altered course, initiating a search for the men.

Rescuing survivors in the water

At 0037, the salvage vessel sighted some survivors and proceeded into the midst of them, commencing rescue operations. After four survivors had been hauled from the water, lookouts heard a plane approaching the ship from her starboard quarter. When the target became visible approximately  away, two 20-millimeter guns immediately swung around and commenced firing. Weight's heavy antiaircraft barrage managed to dissuade the German pilot from attempting a strafing run on the survivors; and the plane, sans torpedo, swung away from the convoy. Soon thereafter, a second Ju 88 attacked, dropping a torpedo nearby that passed ahead of the rescue ship. Weight's Oerlikons again forced the Germans to clear the area.

Although the area was still brightly lighted by numerous flares, Weight continued rescue operations, picking up four more men from the water. Soon the British tug HMRT Nenquist neared the salvage vessel and informed her that she would pick up the rest of the survivors. Weight learned that the men she had rescued were from the British merchantman SS Nordeflinge which had taken an aerial torpedo amidships and gone down in two minutes.

After giving the survivors medical care, food, and clothing, Weight transferred the eight to the British Flower-class corvette HMS Hyderabad.

Return to Italian operations

Soon after reaching Augusta, Sicily, on the morning of 3 June, Weight shifted to Naples, reaching that port on the 5th. She spent a month engaged in local ship repair and salvage jobs and then shifted briefly to Palermo, Sicily, before returning to Naples, where she operated into early August.

Invasion of Southern France operations

Departing Naples on 5 August, Weight reached the Bay of Ajaccio, Corsica, late on the 6th. During the ensuing weeks, the salvage vessel supported the invasion of southern France, earning her second battle star performing her vital but unsung salvage and repair deeds on ships ranging from landing craft to patrol vessels. She remained at Corsica for much of August, before she towed LST-690 to Palermo, en route to Naples. Reaching that port on 1 September, in company with PC-1594 and PC-1596, Weight departed Naples on 6 September.

Arriving at St. Tropez on the 9th, the salvage vessel shifted to Toulon, France, on the 13th, arriving the next day. There, she commenced salvage operations on the sunken French "super-destroyer" Vauban on the 14th and continued them for a fortnight, moored astern of the sunken ship. After a brief trip to Dellys, Algeria, Weight returned to Toulon, where she performed salvage and repair operations on the mine-damaged SS Eleanor Wylie over ensuing days.

Departing Toulon at the end of October, the salvage vessel shifted to Marseille before moving down to Oran and Mers el-Kebir. She returned briefly to the Bay of Ajaccio, Corsica, before she put into Livorno, Italy, to unload salvage gear there. Returning briefly to Naples and then to Arzew, Algeria, Weight departed Oran on 27 January 1945 and headed home.

Homeward bound

She overtook Convoy GUS-68 on the 29th. The ship arrived at Fayal, Horta, in the Azores, on 4 February and over the next two weeks' time, performed salvage operations on the damaged destroyer escort Fogg (DE-57). She ultimately departed the Azores on the 23d bound for Boston, Massachusetts.

Assigned to the Pacific Fleet

Following an overhaul at Norfolk, Virginia, Weight sailed for the Pacific Ocean on 7 May. She then operated out of San Francisco, California, and Pearl Harbor through the end of hostilities with Japan in mid-August 1945.

Post-war decommissioning

Ultimately decommissioned at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California, on 29 March 1946, Weight was struck from the Navy list on 1 May. Subsequently, transferred to the United States Maritime Commission, the ship was sold and, on 24 July 1947, was delivered to her purchaser, Mr. David Davidoff, at Suisun Bay, California.

Military awards and honors
Weight won two battle stars for her World War II service. Her crew was eligible for the following medals and ribbons:
 Combat Action Ribbon (retroactive)
 American Campaign Medal
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (2)
 World War II Victory Medal

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - ARS-35 Weight

Weight-class rescue and salvage ships
Ships built in Wilmington, Delaware
1943 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States

USS Weight


June Millicent Jordan (July 9, 1936 – June 14, 2002) was an American poet, essayist, teacher, and activist. In her writing she explored issues of gender, race, immigration, and representation.

Jordan was passionate about using Black English in her writing and poetry, teaching others to treat it as its own language and an important outlet for expressing Black culture.

Jordan was inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument in 2019.

Early life
Jordan was born in 1936 in Harlem, New York, as the only child of Granville Ivanhoe Jordan and Mildred Maude Fisher, immigrants from Jamaica and Panama. Her father was a postal worker for the USPS and her mother was a part-time nurse. When Jordan was five, the family moved to the Bedford-Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn, New York. Jordan credits her father with passing on his love of literature, and she began writing her own poetry at the age of seven.

Jordan describes the complexities of her early childhood in her 2000 memoir, Soldier: A Poet's Childhood. She explores her complicated relationship with her father, who encouraged her to read broadly and memorize passages of classical texts, but who would also beat her for the slightest misstep and call her "damn black devil child." In her 1986 essay "For My American Family", Jordan explores the many conflicts in growing up as the child of Jamaican immigrant parents, whose visions of their daughter's future far exceeded the urban ghettos of her present. Jordan's mother died by suicide. Jordan recalls her father telling her: "There was a war against colored people, I had to become a soldier."

Jordan's education began in the New York City public school system, "beginning her studies at P.S. 26 elementary school." Jordan attended Brooklyn's Midwood High School for a year, beginning at age 12,  before enrolling in Northfield Mount Hermon School, an elite preparatory school in New England. Both Midwood and Northfield had primarily white student bodies. Throughout her education, Jordan became "completely immersed in a white universe" by attending predominantly white schools; however, she was also able to construct and develop her identity as a black American and a writer. In 1953, Jordan graduated from high school and enrolled at Barnard College in New York City.

Jordan later expressed how she felt about Barnard College in her 1981 book of essays Civil Wars, writing:

No one ever presented me with a single Black author, poet, historian, personage, or idea for that matter. Nor was I ever assigned a single woman to study as a thinker, or writer, or poet, or life force. Nothing that I learned, here, lessened my feeling of pain or confusion and bitterness as related to my origins: my street, my family, my friends. Nothing showed me how I might try to alter the political and economic realities underlying our Black condition in white America.

Due to this disconnect with the predominantly male, white curriculum, Jordan left Barnard without graduating. June Jordan emerged as a poet and political activist when black female authors were beginning to be heard.

Personal life
At Barnard College, when she was 19, Jordan met Columbia University student Michael Meyer, whom she married in 1955. She subsequently followed her husband to the University of Chicago, where she pursued graduate studies in anthropology. She also enrolled at the university but soon returned to Barnard, where she remained until 1957. In 1958, Jordan gave birth to the couple's only child, Christopher David Meyer. The couple divorced in 1965, and Jordan raised her son alone.

After the Harlem Riots of 1964, Jordan found that she was, in her words, "filled with hatred for everything and everyone white." She wrote:

From that time on, Jordan wrote with love. She also identified as bisexual in her writing, which she refused to deny, even when this status was stigmatized.

Career
Jordan's first published book, Who Look at Me (1969), was a collection of poems for children. It was followed by 27 more books in her lifetime, and one (Some of Us Did Not Die: Collected and New Essays) that was in press when she died. Two more have been published posthumously: Directed By Desire: The Collected Poems of June Jordan (Copper Canyon Press, 2005), and the 1970 poetry anthology SoulScript, edited by Jordan, has been reissued.

She was also an essayist, columnist for The Progressive, novelist, biographer, and librettist for the musical/opera I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, composed by John Adams and produced by Peter Sellars. When asked about the writing process for the libretto of the opera, Jordan said:

The composer, John [Adams], said he needed to have the whole libretto before he could begin, so I just sat down last spring and wrote it in six weeks, I mean, that's all I did. I didn't do laundry, anything. I put myself into it 100 percent. What I gave to John and Peter [Sellars] is basically what Scribner's has published now.

Jordan began her teaching career in 1967 at the City College of New York. Between 1968 and 1978 she taught at Yale University, Sarah Lawrence College, and Connecticut College. She became the director of The Poetry Center at SUNY at Stony Brook and was an English professor there from 1978 to 1989. From 1989 to 2002 she was a full professor in the departments of English, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.

Jordan was known as "the Poet of the People". At Berkeley, she founded the "Poetry for the People" program in 1991. Its aim was to inspire and empower students to use poetry as a means of artistic expression. Reflecting on how she began with the concept of the program, Jordan said:

I did not wake up one morning ablaze with a coherent vision of Poetry for the People! The natural intermingling of my ideas and my observations as an educator, a poet, and the African-American daughter of poorly documented immigrants did not lead me to any limiting ideological perspectives or resolve. Poetry for the People is the arduous and happy outcome of practical, day-by-day, classroom failure and success.

Jordan composed three guideline points that embodied the program, which was published with a set of her students' writings in 1995, entitled June Jordan's Poetry for the People: A Revolutionary Blueprint. She was not only a political activist and a poet, but she wrote children's books as well.

Literary topics and influences
Jordan felt strongly about using Black English as a legitimate expression of her culture, and she encouraged young black writers to use that idiom in their writing. She continued to influence young writers with her own published poetry, such as her collections, Dry Victories (1972), New Life (1975), and Kimako's Story (1981).

Jordan was dedicated to respecting Black English (AAVE) and its usage (Jordan 1). In her piece "Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of Willie Jordan," Jordan criticizes the world's quickness to degrade the usage of Black English, or any other form considered less than "standard". She denounced "white English" as standard English, saying that in stark contrast to other countries, where students are allowed to learn in their tribal language, "compulsory education in America compels accommodation to exclusively White forms of 'English.' White English, in America, is 'Standard English.'" "Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of Willie Jordan" opens On Call (1985), a collection of her essays.

Jordan tells the story of working with her students to see the structure that exists within Black English, and respect it as its own language rather than a broken version of another language. Black English was spoken by most of the African-American students in her classes but was never understood as its own language. She presented it to them for the first time in a professional setting where they ordinarily expected work in English to be structured by "white standards." From this lesson, the students created guidelines for Black English.

Jordan's commitment to preserve Black English was evident in her work. She wrote: "There are three qualities of Black English— the presence of life, voice, and clarity—that intensify to a distinctive Black value system that we became excited about and self-consciously tried to maintain."

In addition to her writing for young writers and children, Jordan dealt with complex issues in the political arena. She engaged topics "like race, class, sexuality, capitalism, single motherhood, and liberation struggles across the globe." Passionate about feminist and Black issues, Jordan "spent her life stitching together the personal and political so the seams didn't show." Her poetry, essays, plays, journalism, and children's literature integrated these issues with her own experience, offering commentary that was both insightful and instructive. Her essay "Declaration of an Independence I Would Just As Soon Not Have" was included in the 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.

When asked about the role of the poet in society in an interview before her death, Jordan replied: "The role of the poet, beginning with my own childhood experience, is to deserve the trust of people who know that what you do is work with words."

Contributions to feminist theory

"Report from the Bahamas"
In her 1982 classic personal essay "Report from the Bahamas," Jordan reflects on her travel experiences, various interactions, and encounters while in The Bahamas. Writing in narrative form, she discusses the possibilities and difficulties of coalition and self-identification based on race, class, and gender identity. Although not widely recognized when first published in 1982, this essay has become central to women's and gender studies, sociology, and anthropology in the United States. Jordan reveals several issues and important terms regarding race, class, and gender identity.

Privilege
Jordan repeatedly grapples with the issue of privilege in both her poems and essays, emphasizing the term when discussing issues of race, class, and gender identity. She refuses to privilege oppressors who are similar to or more like certain people than other oppressors might be. She says there should be no thought of privilege because all oppression and oppressors should be viewed equally.

Concepts of race, class, and gender
"[In 'Report from the Bahamas'] Jordan describes the challenges of translating languages of gender, sexuality, and blackness across diasporic space, through the story of a brief vacation in the Bahamas." Vacationing in the Bahamas, Jordan finds that the shared oppression under race, class, and gender is not a sufficient basis for solidarity. She notes:

"These factors of race and class and gender collapse.. .whenever you try to use them as automatic concepts of connection." They may serve well as indicators of commonly felt conflict. Still, as elements of connection, they seem about as reliable as precipitation probability for the day after the night before the day.

As Jordan reflects on her interactions with a series of black Bahamian women, from the hotel maid "Olive" to the old women street sellers hawking trinkets, she writes:

I notice the fixed relations between these other Black women and myself. They sell, and I buy, or I don't. They risk not eating. I risk going broke on my first vacation afternoon. We are not particularly women anymore; we are parties to a transaction designed to set us against each other. (41)

Focusing on her trip's reflections with examples of her role as a teacher advising students, Jordan details how her expectations are constantly surprising. For instance, she recounts how an Irish woman graduate student with a Bobby Sands bumper sticker on her car provided much-needed assistance to a South African student who was suffering from domestic violence. Such compassion was at odds with Jordan's experience in her neighborhood of being terrorized by ethnic Irish teenagers hurling racial epithets.

Jordan's concluding lines emphasize the imperative to forge connection actively rather than assuming it based on shared histories:
I am saying that the ultimate connection cannot be the enemy. The ultimate connection must be the need that we find between us ... I must make the connection real between these strangers and me everywhere before those other clouds unify this ragged bunch of us, too late.

Common identity vs. individual identity
Jordan explores that, as human beings, we possess two very contrasting identities. The first is the common identity, which is the one that has been imposed on us by a long history of societal standards, controlling images, pressure, a variety of stereotypes, and stratification. The second identity is the individual identity that we have chosen once we are given the chance and feel are ready to expose our true selves.

Death and legacy
Jordan died of breast cancer at her home in Berkeley, California, on June 14, 2002, aged 65. Shortly before her death, she completed Some of Us Did Not Die, her seventh collection of political essays (and 27th book). It was published posthumously. In it she describes how her early marriage to a white student while at Barnard College immersed her in the racial turmoil of America in the 1950s, and set her on the path of social activism.

In 2004, the June Jordan School for Equity (formerly known as the Small School for Equity) in San Francisco was named after her by its first ninth grade class. They selected her through a democratic process of research, debate, and voting. A conference room was named for her in the University of California, Berkeley's Eshleman Hall, which is used by the Associated Students of the University of California.

In June 2019, Jordan was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.

Honors and awards
Jordan received numerous honors and awards, including a 1969–70 Rockefeller grant for creative writing; An American Academy in Rome Environmental Design Prize in 1970; a New York Council of the Humanities Award in 1979; a Creative Arts Public Service grant in 1978; a Yaddo Fellowship in 1979; a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in 1982; the Achievement Award for International Reporting from the National Association of Black Journalists in 1984; a New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship in 1985; a Massachusetts Council on the Arts Award in 1985; a MacDowell Colony Fellowship in 1987; a Nora Astorga Leadership Award in 1989; a Distinguished Service award from the Northfield Mount Herman School in 1993; a Ground Breakers-Dream Makers Award from the Woman's Foundation in 1994; a Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Writers Award from 1995 to 1998; a Critics Award and a encyclo from the Edinburgh Festival in 1995, for I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, which premiered at the Royal Lyceum Theatre.

Jordan was a finalist for a National Book Award in 1972 for her young adult novel His Own Where. She was included in Who's Who in America from 1984 until her death in 2002. She received the Chancellor's Distinguished Lectureship from UC Berkeley and the PEN Center USA West Freedom to Write Award in 1991.

In 2005, Directed by Desire: Collected Poems, a posthumous collection of her work, received a Lambda Literary Award in Lesbian Poetry even though Jordan identified as bisexual. However, BiNet USA led the bisexual community in a multi-year campaign eventually resulting in the addition of a Bisexual category, starting with the 2006 Awards.

Reception
Author Toni Morrison commented:

In political journalism that cuts like razors in essays that blast the darkness of confusion with relentless light; in poetry that looks as closely into lilac buds as into death's mouth ... [Jordan] has comforted, explained, described, wrestled with, taught and made us laugh out loud before we wept ... I am talking about a span of forty years of tireless activism coupled with and fueled by flawless art.

Poet Adrienne Rich noted:

Whatever her theme or mode, June Jordan continually delineates the conditions of survival—of the body, and mind, and the heart.

Alice Walker stated:

Jordan makes us think of Akhmatova, of Neruda. She is among the bravest of us, the most outraged. She feels for all of us. She is the universal poet.

Thulani Davis wrote:

In a borough that has landmarks for the writers Thomas Wolfe, W. H. Auden, and Henry Miller, to name just three, there ought to be a street in Bed-Stuy called June Jordan Place, and maybe a plaque reading, 'A Poet and Soldier for Humanity Was Born Here.'

Bibliography
Who Look at Me, Crowell, 1969, OCLC 22828
Soulscript: Afro-American Poetry (editor), Doubleday, 1970, OCLC 492067711
The Voice of the Children, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970 (co-editor), OCLC 109494
Some Changes, Dutton, 1971, OCLC 133482

Dry Victories, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972,
Fannie Lou Hamer, Crowell, 1972,
New Days: Poems of Exile and Return, Emerson Hall, 1974,
New Life, Crowell, 1975,
Things That I Do in the Dark: Selected Poems, 1954–1977, Random House, 1977,
Passion, Beacon Press, 1980,
Kimako's Story, Houghton Mifflin, 1981,
Civil Wars, Beacon Press, 1981, ;
Living Room: New Poems, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1985,
On Call: Political Essays, South End Press, 1985,
Lyrical Campaigns: Selected Poems, Virago, 1989,
Moving Towards Home, Virago, 1989,
Naming Our Destiny, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1989,
Technical Difficulties: African-American Notes on the State of the Union, Pantheon Books, 1992,
Technical Difficulties: New Political Essays
Haruko: Love Poems, High Risk Books, 1994,
I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, Scribner, 1995

Kissing God Goodbye, Anchor Books, 1997,
Affirmative Acts: Political Essays, Anchor Books, 1998,

 (editor, reprint)
Directed by Desire: The Complete Poems of June Jordan (Copper Canyon Press, 2005) (edited by Jan Heller Levi and Sara Miles),

References

External links

 June Jordan official website
 June Jordan profile at the Poetry Foundation.
 June Jordan poems at the Academy of American Poets.
 June Jordan Papers, 1936-2002. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Audio collection of June Jordan, 1970-2000. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Jordan, June, 1936-2002. Videotape collection of June Jordan, 1976–2002. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 June Jordan: Works at Open Library.
 Audio Interview with Jordan, Bay Window.
 June Jordan at The Writer PBS Series, New York Writers Institute.
 June Jordan obituary, The Guardian (UK) by Margaret Busby, June 20, 2002.
 Columbia University Obituary
 Faith Cheltnam, "Bisexuals Worthy of Celebration During Black History Month: June Jordan", Huffington Post (USA), February 24, 2013.

1936 births
2002 deaths
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American essayists
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Deaths from breast cancer
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People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
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Women anthologists
Writers from Berkeley, California
Writers from Brooklyn
Yale University faculty

June Jordan


Ekvtime Takaishvili (also spelled Taqaishvili) () (January 5, 1862 – February 21, 1953) was a Georgian historian, archaeologist and public benefactor.

Born in the village of Likhauri in the western Georgian province of Guria to a local nobleman Svimon Takaishvili, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1887. From 1887 to 1917, he lectured on the history of Georgia at various prestigious schools in Tbilisi, including the Tbilisi Gymnasium for Nobility. During these years, he was actively involved in extensive scholarly activities and chaired, from 1907 to 1921, the Society of History and Ethnography of Georgia. Between 1907 and 1910, he organized a series of archaeological expeditions to the historic Georgian region of Tao-Klarjeti (now part of Turkey).

After the February Revolution, he engaged also in politics, taking part in the establishment of the National Democratic Party of Georgia in 1917 and being elected to a post of Deputy Chairman in the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1919 to 1921.

Georgian national treasury
In 1917, he was among the founders and professors of the Tbilisi State University (TSU). He lost his tenure both in the parliament and at the TSU in 1921, when Bolshevik Russia's 11th Red Army put an end to Georgia's independence. He followed the Georgian government in their French exile, taking the Georgian national treasury – numerous precious pieces of Georgian material culture - with him to Europe.

The treasury, filling 39 immense boxes, was shipped to Marseille and placed in a bank depository. Subsequently, this precious cargo was transferred to one of the banks in Paris. Although the treasury was officially the property of the Georgian government-in-exile, it was actually Ekvtime Takaishvili who supervised this huge collection. In the early 1930s, Takaishvili won a lawsuit against Salome Obolenskaya, daughter of the last Mingrelian prince Niko Dadiani, who also laid claim to a part of the treasury taken from the former Dadiani Palace in Zugdidi, Georgia. Despite numerous attempts by various European museums to purchase portions of this treasury, and extreme economic hardship, Takaishvili never sold a single piece of the priceless collection to live on and guarded it until 1933, when the League of Nations recognized the Soviet Union; the Georgian embassy in Paris was abolished and transformed into the "Georgian Office". The treasury passed into the possession of the French state. In 1935, Takaishvili urged the French government to hand the collections to Georgia, but it was not until the end of the World War II when he was able, in November 1944, to attract the attention of the Soviet ambassador Aleksandr Bogomolov to the fate of the Georgian treasury. Joseph Stalin's good relations with General Charles de Gaulle enabled Takaishvili to bring the treasury back to Georgia. However, Takaishvili had to spend his long days in Tbilisi under house arrest, seemingly considered to be too old to be imprisoned.

He was an author of numerous scholarly works on the history and archaeology of Georgia and the Caucasus which are of special value even today. In Tbilisi, Tbilisi Second Gymnasium has been named after him. He has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. In 2013, he was posthumously awarded the title and Order of National Hero of Georgia.

References

 Такаишвили, Эквтиме. Люди и судьбы. Биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов - жертв политического террора в советский период (1917-1991). Изд. подготовили Я. В. Васильков, М. Ю. Сорокина. СПб.: Петербургское Востоковедение, 2003. 496 с.

1862 births
1953 deaths
Burials at Mtatsminda Pantheon
People from Kutais Governorate
20th-century historians from Georgia (country)
Archaeologists from Tbilisi
Saints of Georgia (country)
Academic staff of Tbilisi State University
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Georgia (country)
20th-century Christian saints
National Heroes of Georgia
Ottoman period in Georgia (country)
19th-century historians from Georgia (country)
Historians from the Russian Empire

Ekvtime Takaishvili


The Madonna of the Rosary is a painting finished in 1607 by the Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio, now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. It is the only painting by Caravaggio that could be called a standard Baroque altarpiece.

The commissioner of the work is uncertain. As altarpiece it would have been commissioned for a Dominican church, given the presence of Saint Dominic and Saint Peter Martyr of Verona. The donor is included in the painting; at the left, dressed in black with a ruff, seeking protection under the cloak of Saint Dominic and peering out at the viewer.

According to some, the donor was Nicholas (or Nicholas) Radulovic, a rich merchant of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik in Croatia) and the first idea for the composition was a Madonna Enthroned with Saints Nicholas and Vito, then the subject was changed to reflect the wishes of the Dominicans. According to others, and perhaps more likely, it was made to decorate the family chapel in the Neapolitan church of San Domenico Maggiore, commissioned by Luigi Carafa-Colonna, relative of Martino Colonna, Overlord of Palestrina, Zagarolo and Paliano, where the painter had taken refuge after escaping from Rome.  The large column to the left may be a reference to the Colonna family; it is linked to the big red drape that dominates the scene almost like a sail. The Feast of the Rosary was established in 1571 after the Battle of Lepanto, and Luigi Carafa-Colonna was a relative of Marcantonio Colonna, a leading admiral in the battle. Another possibility is Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena.

The Madonna is seated on a throne, and seems to give assent with a wave of the hand to Saint Dominic who is dressed in his usual habit and holding a rosary. The faithful turn to him for grace, kneeling, with a donor portrait at far left, of a man in black with a ruff. On the right is St Peter Martyr with a large scar on his forehead (just like Caravaggio who was wounded in the head a few months earlier in the scuffle with Ranuccio Tommasoni and still had a visible scar), which indicates the Virgin who is out of the picture.  Behind him are other Dominicans.

The painting was likely done between the 8th of January and mid-July 1607, that is between the completion of the Seven Works of Mercy and the departure of painter for Malta.  Something must have gone wrong with the original commission as the painting was very soon on the market and bought by a Flemish consortium that included Rubens.  After being offered to Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, it was taken to Antwerp and offered to the Dominican church there. It is first mentioned in a letter by Frans Pourbus the Younger, a painter at the court of Mantua. On 15 September 1607 he wrote to his employer, Vincenzo I Gonzaga, the Duke of Mantua, that the painting was on the market in Naples for 400 ducats.

See also
List of paintings by Caravaggio

References

External links
Madonna of the Rosary on Google Arts and Culture

1607 paintings
Paintings by Caravaggio
Paintings of the Madonna and Child
Paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum

Madonna of the Rosary (Caravaggio)


Michael Irvin Pérez Ortega (born October 19, 1964) is a former Puerto Rican professional baseball player who was a pitcher in the Major Leagues for eight seasons in the 1990s. Perez played college baseball for the University of Florida and Troy State University, and thereafter, he played professionally for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs and Kansas City Royals.

Career
Perez was born in Yauco, Puerto Rico.

Perez received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida, where he played for coach Joe Arnold's Florida Gators baseball team in 1985. He also attended Troy University in Troy, Alabama, and played for the Troy Trojans baseball team. Perez was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the twelfth round of the 1986 MLB Draft.

Perez made his late-season major league debut for the St. Louis Cardinals on September 5, 1990, and played for the Cardinals for five seasons from 1990 to 1994.  He also played for the Chicago Cubs from 1995 to 1996, and the Kansas City Royals in 1997.  Perez appeared in 313 games as a relief pitcher, finished 100 of them, and posted twenty-two saves.  He retired after the 1997 season, and finished his major league career with a win–loss record of 24–16, 224 strikeouts, and an earned run average (ERA) of 3.56.

See also

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Arkansas Travelers players
Chicago Cubs players
Florida Gators baseball players
Iowa Cubs players
Johnson City Cardinals players
Kansas City Royals players
Louisville Redbirds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Omaha Royals players
People from Yauco, Puerto Rico
Springfield Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Petersburg Cardinals players
Troy Trojans baseball players

Mike Pérez (baseball)


A carboxylic acid is any molecule that has a COOH group. This group contains a carbonyl (C=O double bond) together with an hydroxyl group (OH) on the same carbon atom. Because it is easy to remove the proton with even a weak base, these compounds are called acids. An example of a carboxylic acid is Acetic acid, which is also known as vinegar.

Carboxylic acids are found a lot in food. Many types of fat molecules are actually carboxylic acids. For example, chocolate and coconuts have these acids. They are also used a lot in soaps and detergents.

The smaller carboxylic acids dissolve in water. The bigger ones dissolve only in organic solvents.

List
This section lists the first few carboxylic acids.

Acids
Functional groups

Carboxylic acid


South Cadbury is an archaeological site in south Somerset.

It was dug in the early 1970s, and it showed many times that people lived there. The first was in the early Neolithic (around 4000-3000 BC?) when the hill seems to have been an important place for groups of early farmers who moved around. Most things were found from when late Bronze Age people lived on the hill (around 1200 BC). In the Iron Age the site changed, with many big walls. There are signs that when the Romans came to Britain, they killed many people here. Ruins of a feasting hall built after the Roman time were also found in the dig. There are also legends connecting this place with King Arthur.

Somerset
Archaeological sites in England

South Cadbury


The Conscientious Objector Support Group (COSG), a support group to conscientious objectors (COs) in South Africa, was formed in 1978. The organisation grew in the context of South African resistance to war, at the time of Apartheid.
COs at the time included those who openly refused to report to the Military, once conscripted, those who were sometimes referred to as draft dodgers, and in due course those who were doing statutory community service.

Community service under the 1983 amendment to the Defence Act
A 1993 amendment to the South African Defence Act provided for substitute service outside the armed forces for COs complying with certain requirements.
The amendment was drafted at a time when the State was under increasing pressure to address the situation of COs. One of these pressures was the increased number of COs in prison or military barracks. For example, in 1982 there were 263 COs serving sentences in military detention barracks.
The 1983 amendment provided for the first time for a form of alternative service, although for a punitively long period of three times the military service.

Conscripted military service at that time consisted of two years full-time service, followed by 'camps'. The latter were annual  call-ups for short-term periods of about a month, though not everyone was called every year. For those who had not done any military service, the Act provided for a six-year period of community service. For those who had done the initial military service and objected only to the camp component, the requirement was three years duty.

This amendment recognised COs only if they were Religious Objectors (RO's), even if they did not belong to the so-called 'peace churches'. COs had to appear before a Board for Religious Objectors sitting in Bloemfontein, which ruled on whether they complied with the requirements of the Act.
Those who were accepted by the Board as RO's were placed in community service under the administration by the then Department of Manpower. Typical places for service were hospitals and the civil service generally. The decision was made by the authorities, though the RO was permitted to express his preferences. (Military service only applied to white males.)

References

Apartheid in South Africa
Conscientious objection organizations
Defunct civic and political organisations in South Africa
Organizations established in 1978
1978 establishments in South Africa
Peace organisations based in South Africa

Conscientious Objector Support Group


Bob Hope KBE, KC*SG, KSS (born Leslie Townes Hope, Mey 29, 1903 – Julie 27, 2003) wis an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, sangster, dancer, athlete, centenarian an author. Wi a career spannin nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in ower 70 featur films an short films, includin a series o "Road" movies. In addeetion tae hostin the Academy Awairds 19 times (mair nor ony ither host), he appeared in mony stage productions an telly roles an wis the author o 14 beuks. The sang "Thanks for the Memory" is widely regairdit as Hope's seegnatur tune.

References

1903 births
2003 daiths
20t-century American male actors
Academy Honorary Awaird recipients
Actors awairdit Breetish knichtheids
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male televeesion actors
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American fowk o Welsh strynd
American radio personalities
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Knichts Commander wi Starn o the Order o St. Gregory the Great
Recipients o the Order o the Swuird (Unitit States)
Buirials at San Fernando Mission Seemetry
Paramount Pictures contract players
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Awaird winners
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Awaird
Californie Republicans

Bob Hope


Antimatter is a term in particle physics. Antimatter is a material composed of antiparticles. These have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and properties, such as lepton and baryon number.

Encounters between a particle and an antiparticle led to both of them being destroyed. This gives rise to high-energy photons (gamma rays), neutrinos, and lower-mass particle–antiparticle pairs.

What is it made of?
In physics, all the elementary particles, or the basic building blocks of the things we can touch, come in pairs. Each particle has what is called an antiparticle. This may look and act just like the regular particle, except for one major difference. An example is the electron and the positron.

Other antimatter particles are the same way, where they have the same weight, and look and act the same as regular particles, but their electrical charge is the opposite of regular particles. Antihydrogen, for example, has the positron, which is positively charged, orbiting around an antiproton, which is negatively charged, which is the opposite way regular hydrogen looks, which has the electron (negative charge), orbiting around a proton (positive charge).

Annihilation
Albert Einstein found a formula that can show how much energy a certain amount of something has, whether it is matter or antimatter. This formula is , and is one of the most well known equations. In simple terms, if you take the mass of something and then multiply it by the speed of light, and then multiply it by the speed of light again, you will get how much pure energy a given piece of something has. Since the speed of light is such a big number, this means that even a small amount of matter can have a lot of energy (it has been projected to be 4 times more effective per mass than nuclear fission).

In 1928, the physicist Paul Dirac was looking for an equation that would predict how very fast particles should behave. There was already another equation that could describe slow-moving particles, the Schrödinger equation, but Einstein's theory of special relativity said that fast particles could be very different from slow particles. Dirac knew that particles like electrons were usually moving very fast. He realized the old equation would not make good predictions for fast particles. So he came up with a new equation that could describe particles moving close to the speed of light.

For fast particles, it is no longer true that the energy is . Instead, Dirac's new equation worked for particles where the energy was given by . In the new equation for energy, the symbol is called the momentum, and it measures how fast the particle is going and how hard it is to stop. This equation says that very fast particles have more energy, so they are different from slow particles. You can take the square root of each side of this equation, since both sides are equal. However, any real square root has two answers, and . You can think of the answer with negative energy as being antimatter.

The reason this is important to understand antimatter is because scientists found that when matter and antimatter touch each other, the amount of energy that is released comes very close to the amount of energy  says should be all together in those two pieces. The reason is that each particle of matter, when it touches its antiparticle in the antimatter world, both change over into pure energy, or annihilate each other. This release of such a high amount of energy is why a lot of science fiction writers use antimatter for fuel in their stories. For example, author Dan Brown uses antimatter in "Angels and Demons" as a very powerful weapon. It is also being looked at as a fuel source for real-life missions to outer space in the future.

Where is all of the antimatter?
Many scientists think that in the first few moments after the Big Bang, which created the universe a very long time ago, both matter and antimatter mixed together. If the Big Bang made equal amounts of matter and antimatter, then the two would annihilate and become energy. After a long time, there would be no matter and no antimatter left, just energy. But our universe today looks like it is almost all matter and hardly any antimatter. Physicists do not yet know for sure that equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created, and because of this, they are also wondering where the antimatter went, and if any was left over from the beginning of the universe.

One explanation is that there was just a little bit more matter than antimatter in the beginning, so that whatever was left over after most of the matter and antimatter annihilated into energy became the mostly-matter universe we see today.  Another theory is that there is lots of antimatter on the other side of the universe, hidden far beyond our vision. They could have formed their own galaxies and solar systems too.

Uses
Because antimatter can make so much energy, it can be used for a lot of things, such as fuel for going into outer space, or in our cars. The problem is that antimatter is very expensive to make, and is almost as expensive to store, since it cannot touch regular matter. It takes several hundred million dollars to make less than one-millionth of a gram of antimatter. In fact, it is the most expensive and the rarest substance on Earth. Since it is so expensive, this means that antimatter is not practical to use as a weapon or as an energy source, because so little of it is obtainable.

Recently, however, scientists have trapped antimatter for over 16 minutes (1000 seconds total).

It does have a use in medicine, because a special kind of scanner called the PET, which stands for positron emission tomography, uses positrons to go into the human body. Doctors can look at the way the positron changes into energy inside a person's body, and be able to tell if something is wrong inside a person. This kind of machine works differently than an X-ray machine or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine, and can help doctors see things that those other machines cannot see.

References

Matter

Antimatter


A scooter is a bicycle or tricycle with very small wheels. Some scooters have a motor, some have pedals, and some are pushed with the foot. Scooters with motors are called motor scooters. There are many different kinds of scooters. They include motor scooters and kick scooters.

Some scooters have four wheels. People who don't have much balance can drive that kind.

In some places, riders of motor scooters need a driver's license for driving a motorcycle. In other places, they only need a licence for driving a moped. Some scooters can hold two people.

Land vehicles
Cycling

Scooter


Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (,  August 18, 1414–November 19, 1492), or Jami, was a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in Jam, Persia. He studied science, Arabic literature, natural sciences, Islamic philosophy and Indian literature in Herat University. He went to Samarqand and completed his studies there. Jami wrote eighty seven books, in Persian and Arabic. Some of his books have been translated to English. His poems are collected in a Divan.

1414 births
1492 deaths
Persian poets

Jami


4 famous landmarks from World Famous paint the night parade

Originally, a landmark literally meant a prominent, easily identified geographic point, (like a mountain, a cliff, or a river) used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area.

In modern use, it includes anything that can be recognized easily, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the main word used to call places that are tourist attractions because they are beautiful, or big, or they have historical importance. Some, such as National Landmarks, are on official lists of landmarks. Landmarks in the British English are normally used for casual navigation, such as giving directions to someone to get somewhere. This is done in American English as well.

List of important landmarks
Landmarks also can be of two different categories: natural (e.g., physical features such as waterfalls and mountains), and structures constructed by humans. Many of them are World Heritage Sites.

Some important landmarks across the world today include:

Natural phenomena
 Amazon Rainforest, Brazil/Peru /
Angel Falls, Canaima National Park, Gran Sabana, Bolivar State, Venezuela
Cotton Tree, Freetown, Sierra Leone
The Cliffs of Moher, Co. Clare, Ireland
Galápagos Islands, Galápagos Province, Ecuador
Giants Causeway, Northern Ireland,  United Kingdom
Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA
Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea, Queensland, Australia
The Great Blue Hole, Belize
Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee/North Carolina, USA
Iguazu Falls, Paraná/Misiones, Brazil/Argentina /
Matterhorn, Alps, Switzerland/Italy /
Milford Sound, South Island, New Zealand
Mont Saint Michel, France
Monument Valley, Arizona, USA
Mount Cook, South Island, New Zealand
Mount Everest, Himalayas, Nepal/China /
Mount Fuji, Chūbu region, Honshū, Japan
Mount Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Niagara Falls, Ontario/New York, Canada/USA /
Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA
Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil
Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Southern Patagonic Andes, Argentina/Chile, /
Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa
The Twelve Apostles (Victoria), Victoria, Australia
The Three Sisters,, Australia
Torres del Paine, Magallanes, Chile
Uluru, Northern Territory, Australia
Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe /

Constructed features

Africa
Great Pyramid of Giza, Sphinx, Egypt
Abu Simbel, Aswan, Egypt
Nubian Monuments Philae, Aswan, Egypt
Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco
Great Mosque of Djenné, Djenné, Mali
Tomb of Askia, Gao, Mali

Asia
Baalbek, Baalbeck, Lebanon
Persepolis, Fars, Iran
Azadi Tower, Tehran, Iran
Taj Mahal, Agra, India
Gateway of India, Mumbai, India
Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar, India
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, Dhaka, Bangladesh
The Great Wall of China, Beijing, China
Tiananmen Square/Forbidden City, Beijing, China
Temple of Heaven, Beijing, China
Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China
Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
The Terracotta Army,  Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China
Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China
Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai, China
Leshan Giant Buddha, Sichuan, China
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong
Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong
International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong
Langham Place ,  Hong Kong
63 Building/N Seoul Tower, Seoul, South Korea
Gyeongbokgung Palace, Seoul, South Korea
Golden Pavilion, Kyoto, Japan
Tokyo Tower, Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo Skytree, Tokyo, Japan
Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand
Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan
Sigiriya Fortress, Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia
Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia
Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE
Emirates Office Tower, Dubai, UAE
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE
The Palm, Dubai, UAE
The World (archipelago), Dubai, UAE
Petra, Arabah,  Aqaba Governorate, Jordan
Western Wall, Jerusalem, Israel
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Israel
Azrieli Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Europe
Irish Government Buildings, Dublin, Ireland
Newgrange, Co. Meath, Ireland
The Customs House, Dublin, Ireland
The Spire of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest, Hungary
The Parthenon, Athens, Greece
The White Tower of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France
Louvre, Paris, France
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France
Sacré-Cœur Basilica, Paris, France
The Colosseum, Rome, Italy
Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
St Mark's Square, Venice, Italy
Pompeii, Campania, Italy
Big Ben, London, United Kingdom
Stonehenge, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
Spinnaker Tower, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Eden Project, Cornwall, United Kingdom
Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, United Kingdom
Angel Of The North, Bristol, United Kingdom
Roman Baths, Bath, United Kingdom
London Eye, London, United Kingdom
Millenium Dome, The 02, London, United Kingdom
Tower Bridge, London, United Kingdom
St Paul's Cathedral, London, United Kingdom
Trafalgar Square, London, England, United Kingdom
The Shard, London, United Kingdom
Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania
Red Square/Saint Basil's Cathedral, Moscow, Russia
Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia
Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Peter and Paul Fortress, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Grand Place, Brussels, Belgium
Atomium, Brussels, Belgium
Kölner Dom, Cologne, Germany
Frauenkirche, Munich, Germany
Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany
Reichstag Building, Berlin, Germany
Fernsehturm, Berlin, Germany
Torre de Belém, Lisboa, Portugal
Sagrada Família, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Mezquita de Córdoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain
Alhambra, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, Spain
St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Pobednik, Belgrade, Serbia
Palace on Dam square, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Amsterdam Central Station, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Market Hall, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Delta Works, Zeeland, Netherlands

North America
CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California, USA
Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, New York, USA
Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, USA
Hollywood Sign, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA
Gateway Arch, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Hoover Dam, Colorado River, Arizona\Nevada, USA
One World Trade Center, New York City, New York, USA
432 Park Avenue, New York City, New York, USA
30 Hudson Yards, New York City, New York, USA
Empire State Building, New York City, New York, USA
Sears Tower, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
White House, Washington, D.C., USA
Capitol, Washington, D.C., USA
Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Chichen Itza, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico

Central and South America
Statue of Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Macchu Picchu,  Urubamba Valley, Peru
Moais, Eastern Island, Chile
Historic Town of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Panama Canal, Panama
Tikal, Department of El Petén, Guatemala

Australia
 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 Sydney Tower, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 Eureka Tower, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 Federation Square, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 Q1, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
 Bell Tower, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

Geography

Landmarks


Events
March 16 – West Point is established.
March 25/27 – Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas.
May 19 – Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour).
June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and sent to Fort de Joux for prison.
July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
August 2 – In a plebiscite Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as consul for life.
September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of Napoleonic France.
October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.
July – Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.
October – French army enters Switzerland.
Marie Tussaud opens her famous wax museum in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror to make death masks of the victims.
Treviranus uses the term biology for the first time.
Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photograph, but has no means of fixing the image, which quickly fades.
William Symington builds the first successful steamship, the Charlotte Dundas.
Ludwig van Beethoven performs the Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
William Wordsworth publishes the poem "Westminster Bridge."
The estimated world population reaches 1 billion people.

Ongoing events
French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

1802


Utility frequency, line frequency or mains frequency is the frequency level of the AC electricity used in transmission and distribution from electricity generation sources to customers. The world's two major utility frequencies are 50 Hz (most, but not all, of the Eastern hemisphere) and 60 Hz (most, but not all, of the Western hemisphere).

Many electric railways in Europe use a frequency of 16.7 Hz (one third of 50 Hz). Early electric railways sometimes used 25 Hz (half of 50 Hz). New electric railways usually use the standard mains frequency of 50 Hz. Some lines in the northeast United States still use 25 Hz.

Electricity

Utility frequency


Diwali (also: Deepawali) is one of India's biggest festivals. The word 'Deepawali' means rows of lighted lamps. It is a Festival of Lights and Hindus celebrate it with joy. During this festival, people light up their houses and shops with Diyas (small cup-shaped oil lamp made of baked clay). They worship the Lord Ganesha for  welfare and prosperity and Goddess Lakshmi for wealth and wisdom.

 This festival is celebrated in the Hindu month of Kartikamasam which falls sometime during October or November.  It is celebrated to mark the return of Lord Rama after 14 years of exile and his victory over the Demon Ravana. In many parts of India, Deepawali is celebrated for five consecutive days.  Hindus regard it as a celebration of life and use the occasion to strengthen relationships. In some parts of India, it marks the beginning of a new year.  People clean and decorate their house before the festival.  They do colorful rangoli art works on floors.

Deepawali is celebrated and is a public holiday in countries such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago. It is also a school holiday in many states of the United States with a large Hindu population.
President George W. Bush had the first celebration of the holiday in the White House.

Hindus light up their homes and shops to welcome the Goddess Lakshmi and to give them good luck for the year ahead. A few days before Ravtegh, which is the day before Deepavali, houses, buildings, shops and temples are thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and decorated with pictures, toys and flowers. On the day of Deepawali, people put on their best clothes and exchange greetings, gifts and sweets with their friends and family.

At night, buildings are illuminated with earthen lamps, candle-sticks and electric bulbs. Sweets and toy shop are decorated to attract the passers-by. The bazaars and streets are overcrowded. People buy sweets for their own families and also send them as presents to their friends and relatives. The Goddess Lakshmi is also worshiped in the form of earthen images, silver rupee. Hindus believe that on this day, Lakshmi only enters houses which are neat and tidy. People offer prayers for their own health, wealth and prosperity. They leave the light on in buildings believing that Lakshmi will not have difficulty in finding her way in.

Diwali is one of the most important festival of the Hindus.It is also known as deepawali or the  festival of lights. It comes on Amavasya day in the month of kartik. Both rich and poor wear new clothes on this day. Lots of sweets are made. People light diyas and burn crackers. They ex- change greetings and sweets. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped on this day.

References

Other websites

The Ancient Origins of Diwali, India's Biggest Holiday, Becky Little (2017)

Hindu festivals

Diwali


Megalomania is a mental illness.  People with megalomania have delusional fantasies that they are more relevant (important) or powerful than they truly are.  They have inflated self esteem and overestimate their powers and beliefs. People with megalomania tend to exhibit a disposition that is less inclined towards humbleness..

The word "megalomania" is no longer used in the mental health field, and is not mentioned in either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD).  Instead, this condition is now called narcissistic personality disorder.  The condition affects both men and women.

The word "megalomania" comes from two Greek words: "μεγαλο" (megalo-), meaning large or great, and "μανία" (mania), meaning madness or frenzy.

Related pages
 Arrogance
 Confidence
 Dunning–Kruger effect
 Narcissism

Mental illnesses

Megalomania


The Stanley Cup playoffs are an elimination tournament in the National Hockey League.

To win the Stanley Cup, a team must win 16 playoff games, 4 in each of the 4 rounds.

The playoffs have 4 rounds. Each round is a best-of-seven series. This means up to seven games are played until one team wins 4 of the games. The first three rounds decide which team from each conference will move on to the last round. The last round is called the Stanley Cup Finals. The winner of that set of games becomes the NHL and Stanley Cup winner.

The first round of the playoffs is called the Conference Quarterfinals. There are four games in each conference. The winners of the first round advance to the second round. The third round is the Conference Finals. The two teams left in each conference (Eastern Conference and Western Conference) play each other. The conference champions advance to the Stanley Cup Finals.

For the first three rounds, the higher-seeded team has home-ice advantage. In the Stanley Cup Finals, it goes to the team with the better regular season record. The team with home-ice advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5 and 7, while the opponent hosts games 3, 4 and 6 (games 5–7 are played "if needed").

Unlike regular season games, which have an altered format for overtime games (3 skaters and a goalie per side), playoff games have regular squads (5 skaters and a goalie per side) and are all played as sudden death format.

History
Before the 1993–94 season, the style was completely different.  The league was split into four divisions, and the best four teams in each of the divisions went to the playoffs.  Also, instead of the top team playing the 8th place team in the conference, the first place team played the fourth place team in each division, and the second place team played the third place team.  In the second round, the two winning teams in each division would face each other for the divisional championship.  The divisional winners in each conference would play one another in the third round for the right to advance to the Stanley Cup Final.  This style is still used for deciding the teams in the playoffs in the American Hockey League.

National Hockey League
play

Stanley Cup playoffs


Isaac Satanow (born at Satanow, Poland (currently in Ukraine), 1732; died in Berlin, Germany, 25 December 1804) was a Polish-Jewish maskil, scholar, and poet.

Life
Born to a Jewish family in Satanow, in early manhood he left his native country and went to Berlin in search of learning. There he became the protégé of Daniel Itzig and David Friedländer, who found him employment as a teacher in some prominent families.

Satanow represents a peculiar type. Like Byron, he was, both physically and mentally, a conglomeration of contrasts. He dressed in the garb of the Polish Jew of the period, yet was a thorough German in his actions and habits. Though Orthodox in his beliefs, he nevertheless favored Reform in practise. He was one of the greatest authorities on Jewish tradition and lore, yet he was one of the most free-thinking of philosophers. He was a shrewd physicist and an inspired poet; a realist and an idealist.

Work
In his Mishle Asaf, he so blended the style of the Bible with modern fine writing that the critics of his time were at a loss how to characterize the work. Some were inclined to revere it as a relic of antiquity, while others attacked the author as a literary charlatan who desired to palm off his own work as a production of the ancient writers. Rabbi Joseph ben Meir Teomim gave a clever criticism :

"I do not really know to whom to ascribe these sayings [of the "Mishle Asaf"]; it may be the publisher himself has composed them; for I know him to be a plagiarist. He, however, differs from the rest of that class in this respect, that they plagiarize the works of others and pass them for their own, while he plagiarizes his own works and passes them for those of others."

While writing his Mishle Asaf, a work in which noble thoughts are expressed in the choicest diction, he did not disdain at the same time to write a treatise on how to drill holes through three hundred pearls in one day and how to mix successfully different kinds of liquors. Even in the most earnest and solemn of his writings there can always be detected an undercurrent of the most playful humor.

Satanow as a poet belongs to two distinctly different schools. In his earlier works he followed the theory of the old school, which considered plays on words, great flourish of diction, and variegated expressions as the essential requirements of good poetry; but in his later works he used the simple, forceful style of the Biblical writers, and he may be justly styled "the restorer of Biblical poetry." It is sufficient to compare his "Eder ha-Yeḳar" and "Sefer ha-Ḥizzayon" with his "Mishle Asaf" to see at a glance the difference in style.

Among Satanow's most important works are the following:

"Sifte Renanot," a brief exposition of Hebrew grammar (Berlin, 1773).
"Sefer ha-Ḥizzayon" (ib. 1775 [?]), in eight parts: part i., a treatise on criticism and knowledge; ii., on poetry; iii., a collection of proverbs; iv., treatises on different scientific topics: a discussion about the visual and auditory senses, from which he makes a digression, and discusses the inhabitants of the moon; v., discussions on esthetic problems, as love, friendship, justice, etc.; vi., a picturesque description of the universe; viii., discussions on various topics. The whole work is written in a highly ornate style; it does not bear the author's name; but a few hints in some of the poems leave no doubt as to who he was.
 "Imre Binah" (ib. 1784).
 "Seliḥot," a newly arranged edition (ib. 1785).
 "Sefer ha-Shorashim," in three parts, a treatise on Hebrew roots (ib. 1787).
 "Mishle Asaf," a collection of gnomes, modeled after the Book of Proverbs (ib. 1788-91)
 "Moreh Nebukim," text together with commentary (ib. 1791-96).
 "Zemirot Asaf," with the commentary of Samuel ben Meïr (ib. 1793). This was the first attempt of the Slavonic school to build up a national lyric poetry, although the psalms have the form rather of philosophic reflections than of lyric expression. No references to national history or national lore, and no expressions of patriotism, are to be found in them. They form a simple doxology, and reflect a rational view of nature as opposed to mysticism.
 "Pirḳe Shirah," on the natural sciences.
 Additions to Menahem ben Avraham of Perpignan's Sefer haGdarim (1798).

Notes

References
 Franz Delitzsch, Zur Geschichte der Jüdischen Poesie, § 23, Leipzig, 1836
 Samuel Joseph Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, 1886, p. 643

1733 births
1805 deaths
People from Khmelnytskyi Oblast
18th-century Polish Jews
People from Podolia Voivodeship
Polish emigrants to Germany
Jewish poets
Polish male poets
People of the Haskalah
Literary forgeries

Isaac Satanow


A word search is a puzzle that uses words and puts them in a grid. The point of the game is to find all of the words hidden in the grid.

The puzzle consists of a grid of letters that is usually a rectangle or square shape, but different shapes are possible, some that even look like an object like a plant or animal. Besides the grid is a list of words. The letters in the word appear in order somewhere in the grid, and can be placed horizontally, vertically or diagonally. A letter in the grid can be used in more than one word, and not all the letters in the grid have to appear in a word.

To solve the puzzle, a person has to find the place where each word is hidden in the grid, and when he or she finds that place, he or she circles all the letters in the word (as shown in the example), and then crosses the word off the list so that he or she knows not to look for that word again. It is easier to find the bigger words first since they have more letters.

Many word search puzzles have a theme, so all the hidden words are related. Sometimes, once all the words have been found, the letters which have not been used in any of the words (that is, the letters which have not been circled at least once) spell another word or even a short message. An example of a word search with both a theme and a word made up of unused letters is Wonderword.

Like other puzzles, word searches are commonly found in newspapers and magazines, which print a different puzzle every day and show the solution in another place or in the next issue. There are also books containing collections of these puzzles, and they can also be played over the Internet or using mobile apps.

Puzzles

Word search


Errol is a veelage in Pairth an Kinross, Scotland aboot haufway atween Dundee an Pairth. It is ane o the principal settlements o the Carse o Gowrie.

Errol is kent for its reeds, whilk uised tae be collectit up tae a few year syne tae mak thatched ruifs. Thir reeds grow in the banks o the River Tay an act as hame tae a fairly uncommon bird cried the bearded tit. Errol haes a lairge kirk, built in 1831, kent as the "Cathedral o The Carse" whilk can be seen frae maist pairts o the veelage an frae far aroond.

Errol is an aa kent for its local brick factory.

Errol Primary Schuil is ower a century auld an is whaur mony local childer gang tae lear. Errol haes twa general grocery shops; ither local amenities include a chip shop, post office, ane pub/restaurant, community centre, a doctors' surgery, pharmacy an hairdresser. The local winery Cairn o' Mhor haes wan mony awards for its wines made frae local produce lik aik sap, rhubarb an brambles an is situatit on the same fermyard as Gillies & Mackay Ltd, a local shed company.

Errol lees on the National Cycle Network NCN 77 frae Dundee tae Pitlochry an is situatit aboot a mile frae the A90 Perth tae Dundee Road. This maks it popular for fowk wha commute tae wirk. Errol is surroondit bi agricultural flat fields an haes a prominent attractive location athin this settin.

The site o the wartime RAF Errol airfield is situatit approximately ane mile east o the veelage. It hosts the Errol car buit sale ivery Sunday, bringin in mony fowk frae surroondin auries includin Perth an Dundee.

The veelage haed a railway station on the line atween Perth an Dundee till the mid-1980s.  British Rail annoonced its decision tae close it on 30 September 1985.

See an aa

 Earl o Erroll

References

Freemit airtins

Errol Kirk
Errol Primary Schuil
Carse o Gowrie Weather
Errol Veelage Wabsited
Gillies & Mackay Ltd

Veelages in Perth an Kinross

Errol, Perth an Kinross