The list of aerial lifts in Japan lists aerial lifts in the nation.

In Japan, aerial lift, or , includes means of transport such as aerial tramway, funitel, gondola lift, funifor, as well as chairlift. All of them are legally considered as a sort of railway. Chairlift is officially called , while colloquially called . Other aerial lifts are officially called , or colloquially . Technical names exist for each "normal ropeway", such as  for funitel gondola lifts, but those names are hardly used outside authorities; most people don't distinguish them. Number of Japanese "normal ropeways" listed here are as follows.

It is also notable that the word  does not refer to aerial lifts in Japan, but to cable railways, such as cable cars proper or funiculars. (However, Japan currently does not have any cable cars proper, but funiculars.)

This article only lists "normal ropeways"; in other words, aerial lifts excluding chairlifts. Names might be tentative.

Italicized name: Aerial lifts that operate seasonal, mostly in ski resorts.
T: Aerial tramways. (Those without T are gondola lifts.)
F: Funitels.

Hokkaidō
Alpha Cabin, Alpha Resort Tomamu; Hoshino Resort Tomamu
Annupuri Gondola, Niseko Annupuri Ski Resort; Chūō Bus Kankō Shōji
Asahidake Ropeway T, Asahidake Ropeway Ski Resort; Wakasa Resort
Daisetsuzan Sōunkyō Kurodake Ski Resort; Rinyū Kankō
Daisetsuzan Sōunkyō Kurodake Ropeway T
Kurodake Pair Gondola
Furano Ski Resort; Prince Hotels
Furano Ropeway T
Kitanomine Gondola
Kamui Ski Links Gondola, Kamui Ski Links; Asahikawa Kita Inter Development
Kiroro Gondola, Kiroro Resort; Kiroro Associates
Lake Cabin, Windsor Snow Village; The Windsor Hotels International
Mt. Hakodate Ropeway T

Mt. Moiwa Ropeway T, Sapporo Moiwayama Ski Resort; Sapporo Development
Nanae Gondola, Hakodate Nanae Ski Resort; Winter Garden
Niseko Mt. Resort Grand Hirafu; Niseko Mountain Resort
Ace #2 Center Four
Hirafu Gondola
Noboribetsu Onsen Ropeway; Noboribetsu Onsen Cable
Otaru Tenguyama Ropeway T, Otaru Tenguyama Ski Resort; Chūō Bus Kankō Shōji
Prince Gondola, Niseko Higashiyama Ski Resort; Niseko Higashiyama Resort
Rusutsu Resort; Kamori Kankō
East Gondola Line 1
East Gondola Line 2
Izora Gondola
West Gondola
Sahoro Gondola, Sahoro Resort; Kamori Kankō
Sapporo International Ski Resort; Sapporo Resort Development
Skycabin 6
Skycabin 8
Sapporo Teine; Kamori Kankō
Teine Eight Gondola
Teineyama Ropeway T
Shuttle 6 Gondola, Mount Racey; Yūbari Resort
Usuzan Ropeway T; Wakasa Resort

Tōhoku region

Aomori Prefecture
Ajigasawa Ski Resort; Winter Garden Resorts
Hakkōda Ropeway T
Ōwani Ajara Park Gondola, Ōwani Regional General Development
Tsugaru Iwaki Skyline

Iwate Prefecture
Appi Kogen Ski Resort; Iwate Hotel and Resort
Appi Gondola
Sailer Gondola
Geto Kōgen Ski Resort; Geto Kōgen Development
First Gondola
Second Gondola
Iwate Kōgen Snow Park; Hotel & Resort Management
Shizukuishi Ski Resort; Prince Hotels
Second Gondola
Senshōgahara
Ropeway T

Akita Prefecture
Ani Gondola: Winter Garden Resorts

Miyagi Prefecture
Eboshi Kōgen Gondola; Miyagi Zaō Kankō
Resort Park Onikōbe; Onikōbe Resort System

Yamagata Prefecture
Gondola, Miyagi Zaō Eboshi Ski Resort; Miyagi Zaō Kankō
Tengendai Ropeway T; Nishiazuma Ropeway
Zaō Chūō Ropeway T
Zaō Ropeway, Yamagata Zaō Onsen Ski Resort
Sanchō Line F
Sanroku Line T
Zaō Skycable, Yamagata Zaō Onsen Ski Resort; Yamakō

Fukushima Prefecture
Adatara Express, Adatara Kōgen Ski Resort; Fujikyū Adatara Kankō
Altz Gondola, Altz Bandai; Bandai Resort Development
Gondola, Urabandai Gran Deco Ski Resort; Tōkyū Resort Service
Tenkyōdai Gondola (Skyshuttle), Inawashiro Resort; Cest la vie Resort

Kantō region

Gunma Prefecture
Gondola Pal Cabin, Palcall Tsumakoi Ski Resort; Palcall Tsumakoi
Gondola Super Way, White World Oze Iwakura; Oze Development
Harunasan Ropeway; Tanigawadake Ropeway
Ikaho Ropeway T 伊香保ロープウェイ; Shibukawa City Government
Nikkō Shiranesan Ropeway, Malnuma Kōgen Ski Resort; Nippon Paper Development
Shirane Kazan Ropeway, Kusatsu International Ski Resort; Kusatsu Town Government
Tanigawadake Ropeway F, Mount Tanigawa Tenjindaira Ski Resort

Tochigi Prefecture
Akechidaira Ropeway T; Nikkō-kōtsū
Gondola Lift, Hunter Mt. Shiobara
Kinugawa Onsen Ropeway T 鬼怒川温泉ロープウェイ; Kinugawa Kōgen Kaihatsu
Nasu Ropeway T 那須ロープウェイ; Tōya Kōtsū
Jeans Gondola, Mt. Jeans Ski Resort; Hunter Mt. Shiobara

Ibaraki Prefecture
Mt. Tsukuba Ropeway T; Ibaraki Kankō Railway

Chiba Prefecture
Nokogiriyama Ropeway T

Saitama Prefecture
Hodosan Ropeway T; Hodo Kōgyō

Kanagawa Prefecture
Hakone Komagatake Ropeway T; Izuhakone Railway
Hakone Ropeway F
Skyshuttle; Yomiuriland
Yokohama Air Cabin; Senyo Kogyo
Yume no Gondola T, Seiyūkaku Yamatoya Hotel

Chūbu region

Shizuoka Prefecture
Atami Ropeway T
Awashima Kaijō Ropeway T; Awashima Marinepark
Kanzanji Ropeway T; Entetsu Tourism Development
Katsuragiyama Ropeway (Skyride), Izu Nagaoka Panorama Park; Dainichi
Nihondaira Ropeway T; Shizuoka Railway
Shimoda Ropeway T

Yamanashi Prefecture
Lake Kawaguchi Mt. Tenjō Ropeway (Tenjō-Yama Park Mt. Kachi Kachi Ropeway) T; Fuji Kyūkō
Minobusan Ropeway T; Minobu Tozan Railway
Shōsenkyō Ropeway T; Shōsenkyō Kankō

Nagano Prefecture
Fifth Gondola (Skysneakers), Tangram Ski Circus; Tangram Madarao
Fujimidai Kōgen Ropeway; Heavens Sonohara
Gondola, Okushiga-Kōgen Ski Resort; Nagano Electric Railway
Gondola Adam, Hakuba Happō-One Ski Resort; Hakuba Kankō Kaihatsu
Gondola Noah, Hakuba Iwatake Ski Resort; Hakuba Kakō Kaihatsu
Gondola Ryūsei, Fujimi Panorama Resort; Fujimi Town Development
Goryū Tōmi Tele Cabin, Hakuba Goryū Ski Resort; Enrei
Nozawa Onsen Ski Resort; Nozawa Onsen
Hikage Gondola
Nagasaka Gondola
Ontake Gondola Sanhō Line (Skylove), Ontake Ski Resort; Ontake Management
Hakuba47 Winter Sports Park; Hakuba47
First Gondola
Forth Gondola
Hasuike Ropeway T, Shigakōgen Ski Resort; Shigakōgen Ropeway
Higashitateyama Gondola Lift, Shiga Kōgen Higashitateyama Ski Resort; Shigayama Lift
Komagatake Ropeway T, Chūō Alpes Senjōjiki Ski Resort; Chūō Alpes Kankō
Ontake Ropeway, Ontake Ropeway Ski Resort
Pilatus Tateshina Ropeway T, Pilatus Tateshina Ski Resort
Ryuoo Ropeway T, Ryuoo Ski Park; Ryuoo Kanko
Shiga Kōgen Yakebitaiyama Ski Resort; Prince Hotels
Yakebitaiyama First Gondola
Yakebitaiyama Second Gondola
Tateshina Bokujō Gondola (Shuttle Venus). Shirakaba Kōgen International Ski Resort; Tateshina Town Government
Tsugaike Kōgen Ski Resort; Tsugaike Gondola Lift
Tsugaike Gondola (Gondola Eve)
Tsugaike Ropeway T

Niigata Prefecture
Arai Gondola Lift; Arai Resort
Gala Yuzawa Ski Resort; Gala Yuzawa
Gondola Diligence
Ropeway LanDau T (Temporary closed)
Gondola, Cupid Valley Ski Resort; Cupid Valley
Hakkaisan Ropeway T, Muikamachi Hakkaisan Ski Resort; Prince Hotels
Iwappara Gondola, Iwa-ppara Winter Resort; Iwappara Kankō (Temporary closed)
Maiko Gondola , Maiko Kōrakuen Ski Resort; Tokyo Dome Resort Operations
Mt. Naeba Ski Resort; Prince Hotels
Kagura Gondola
Mitsumata Ropeway T
Naeba-Tashiro Gondola (Dragondola)
Prince First Gondola
Prince Second Gondola
Tashiro Ropeway T
Myōkōkōgen Sky Cable gondola, Akakura Kankō Ski Resort
Myōkō Suginohara Gondola, Myōkō Suginohara Ski Resort; Prince Hotels
Yahikoyama Ropeway T; Yahikoyama Kankō Ropeway
Yuzawa Kōgen Ropeway (Yuzawa Onsen Ropeway) T, Yuzawa Kōgen Ski Resort; Snow Resort Service

Ishikawa Prefecture
Gondola, Sky Shishiku Ski Resort; Atom Unyu
Gondola Lift, Hakusan Sena Kōgen Ski Resort; Hakusan Lake Highland
Rino, Hakusan Ichirino Onsen Ski Resort; Hakusanshi Chiikishinkōkōsha

Toyama Prefecture
Gondola Lift, Iox-Arosa; Iō Arosa
Tateyama Ropeway T; Tateyama Kurobe Kankō
Tateyama Sanroku Gondola Lift, Raichō Valley Ski Resort; Ōyama Kankō Kaihatsu

Gifu Prefecture
Gondola Flying Ciao, Ciao Ontake Ski Resort; Hida Forest City Planning
Mt. Kinka Ropeway T; Gifu Kankō Ropeway
Shinhotaka Ropeway; Okuhi Sightseeing Development
No. 1 Ropeway T
No. 2 Ropeway T
SP Gondola, Takasu Snow Park; J Mountains Group
Wing Gondola, Wing Hills Shirotori Resort; Royal Hills

Mie Prefecture
Gozaisho Ropeway, Gozaisho Ski Resort

Kansai region

Shiga Prefecture
Alpes Gondola, Biwako Valley Ski Resort; Biwako Valley
Hachimanyama Ropeway T; Ohmi Railway
Hakodateyama Ropeway T, Hakodateyama Ski Resort; Ohmi Railway
Ibukiyama Ropeway, Piste Japon Ibuki Ski Resort; Piste Japon

Nara Prefecture
Katsuragisan Ropeway T; Kintetsu Railway
Yoshino Ropeway T; Yoshino Ōmine Kēburu Bus

Kyōto Prefecture
Eizan Ropeway T; Keifuku Electric Railway

Ōsaka Prefecture
Mt. Kongō Ropeway T; Chihayaakasaka Village Government

Hyōgo Prefecture
Kami Town Ojiro Gondola Lift, Ojiro Ski Resort; Ojiro Tourist Association
Kinosaki Onsen Ropeway T; Kinosaki Kankō
Maya Ropeway (Maya View Line Yume-Sanpo) T; Kōbe City Urban Development
Mt. Shosha Ropeway T; Himeji City Government
Rokkō Arima Ropeway T; Kōbe City Urban Development
Shin-Kōbe Ropeway (Kōbe Yume-Fūsen); Kōbe City Urban Development
Sky Safari, Himeji Central Park; Kamori Kankō
Sumaura Ropeway T; Sanyō Electric Railway

Chūgoku region

Hiroshima Prefecture
Miyajima Ropeway; Hiroshima Tourism Promoting
Sanchō Line T
Sanroku Line
Senkōji Ropeway T; Onomichi City Government

Yamaguchi Prefecture
Iwakunijō Ropeway T; Iwakuni City Government
Ōhirayama Ropeway T; Hōfu City Government

Shimane Prefecture
Asahi Tengusuton Ski Resort; Airana
Gondola, Mizuho Highland; Shinrin Keikaku

Shikoku region

Kagawa Prefecture
Kankakei Ropeway T; Shōdoshima Sōgō Kaihatsu
Unpenji Ropeway T; Shikoku Cable

Tokushima Prefecture
Bizan Ropeway T; Tokushima City Tourist Association
Hashikurasan Ropeway TF
Tairyūji Ropeway T; Shikoku Cable

Ehime Prefecture
Ishizuchi Tozan Ropeway T, Ishizuchi Ski & Snowboard Resort
Matsuyamajō Ropeway T; Matsuyama City Government
Okudōgo Ropeway T; Okudōgo Kokusai Kankō

Kyūshū region

Ōita Prefecture
Beppu Ropeway T; Beppu Ropeway

Nagasaki Prefecture
Nagasaki Ropeway and Aquarium
Nagasaki Ropeway T
Nagasaki Skyway
Unzen Ropeway T

Kumamoto Prefecture
Mt. Aso Ropeway T; Kyūshū Sankō Tourism
Sensuikyō Ropeway T; Higashi Aso Kankō Kaihatsu

See also
List of aerial tramways
List of gondola lifts
List of railway companies in Japan
List of railway lines in Japan
List of railway stations in Japan
List of railway electrification systems in Japan
Rail transport in Japan
Monorails in Japan
List of airport people mover systems
List of bus operating companies in Japan
List of defunct railway companies in Japan

External links

 Cableman, Information on Japanese aerial lifts.

 list
 list
Aerial tramways

List of aerial lifts in Japan


Ground zero is the name for the exact place where an explosion occurs. It is the place where the most damage happens. The farther away from ground zero, the less damage there is. Sometimes, people say "ground zero" about a famous explosion, like the atomic bomb in Hiroshima or the September 11 attacks. These places can have special markers at ground zero.

Physics

Ground zero


Judith Kay "Juice" Newton (born February 18, 1952) is an American pop and country singer, songwriter, and musician. Newton has received five Grammy Award nominations in the Pop and Country Best Female Vocalist categorieswinning once in 1983as well as an ACM Award for Top New Female Artist and two consecutive Billboard Female Album Artist of the Year awards. Newton's other awards include a People's Choice Award for "Best Female Vocalist" and the Australian Music Media's "Number One International Country Artist".

Newton has several Gold and Platinum records to her credit, including Juice, Quiet Lies and her first Greatest Hits album. During the 1980s, she charted 14 Top-10 hits across the Billboard Country, AC, and Hot 100 charts, with many of the recordings achieving crossover success and six of the songs hitting the No. 1 position.

Early years
Newton was born in Lakehurst, New Jersey, but graduated from First Colonial High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Her mother encouraged her interest in music, giving Newton a guitar for her 13th birthday. After high school graduation, Newton attended Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, California, where she also performed folk music in some local coffeehouses. She then formed a folk-rock band with guitarist and songwriter Otha Young, and toured bars in Northern California with her band.

Early music career
In the early 1970s, Newton, Otha Young and Tom Kealey formed a band that would eventually be called Juice Newton & Silver Spur, which was signed to RCA Records. The group released two albums for RCA, in 1975 and 1976, but scored only one charting country single with "Love Is a Word". The band was dropped by RCA, then joined Capitol Records in 1977. The band broke up shortly after releasing just one more album.

In late 1977, Newton went solo, continuing to record for Capitol, and until 1982 Silver Spur remained the name of her backing band. Newton also sang backing vocals for three tracks on Bob Welch's platinum solo debut album, including his hit "Ebony Eyes".

Near the end of 1977, "It's a Heartache" became Newton's first solo record and a major hit in Mexico, where it was eventually certified Gold, and in 1978, she released it in the United States. "It's a Heartache"  became the first of what would eventually be her 11 "Hot 100" pop hits. Also in 1978, The Carpenters' version of the Newton/Young-penned song "Sweet, Sweet Smile" reached the Top 10 on both the Country and Adult Contemporary charts, and #44 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1978, Newton legally changed her name from "Judy Kay Newton" to "Juice Newton" ("Juice" having long been her nickname).

Newton's solo debut album Well Kept Secret was released later in 1978. Neither Well Kept Secret nor its sole single "Hey Baby" charted, but Capitol Records did renew Newton's contract. In 1979 Capitol's investment in Newton began to pay off as Newton had her first Top-40 Country hit with "Let's Keep It That Way" (another one-off single). Later that year, the album Take Heart featured five modestly-charting singles: "Until Tonight", "Any Way That You Want Me", "You Fill My Life", "Lay Back In The Arms of Someone", and "Sunshine".  In 1980, "Sunshine" became Newton's second top-40 country chart single, "You Fill My Life" reached No. 41, and "Until Tonight" was No. 42. Both of Newton's initial solo efforts performed with modest success but failed to have lasting impacts on the album charts.

Early 1980s pop music success
In 1981, Newton's third solo album, simply titled Juice, was released. It spawned three consecutive Top-10 pop hits, namely "Angel of the Morning" (written by Chip Taylor), "Queen of Hearts", and an updated version of "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)" (the original version had appeared on the Silver Spur debut album) earned Newton the first of several No. 1 Country chart singles. A fourth single "Ride 'Em Cowboy" from Juice was released in 1984 to support Newton's first Greatest Hits album, reaching  the Billboard Country Top 40 chart.

In 1981, Newton's video for "Angel of the Morning" was the first country-music video to air on MTV, and the 40th video to air on the channel overall. Newton was the third female solo artist to be featured on MTV's first air date (after videos by Pat Benatar and Carly Simon).

Juice sold more than a million copies in the United States and went Triple-Platinum (300,000 copies) in Canada. "Angel of the Morning" and "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)" each reached #1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, where Newton would chart regularly for the next several years. In 1982, Newton received two Grammy nominations for Best Female Vocalist: one for "Angel of the Morning" in the Pop category, and another for "Queen of Hearts" in Country.

These two singles became her biggest sellers in the United States, each earning an RIAA Gold certification. (Note: in 1981 and 1982, when these singles were certified, the RIAA standard for Gold singles was "more than 1 million copies sold"; in 1989, RIAA lowered the standard to 500,000 for Gold single certifications.) The songs were also sizable hits in Canada, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and other countries. For example, "Angel of the Morning" peaked at No. 1 in Canada and No. 43 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981. While "The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)" did not receive a U.S. certification, the song's popularity propelled album sales from Gold to Platinum, and the recording remained in the Top 40 (of the Hot 100) for 18 weeks. "Shot Full Of Love" was released as a single in the UK, but failed to chart.

In the spring of 1982 Newton released her fourth solo album, Quiet Lies, which sold 900,000 copies in the United States. The album went platinum in Canada (100,000 copies). From Quiet Lies came the Top 10 Pop and Adult Contemporary hit "Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me" (which garnered her another Pop Female Vocalist Grammy nomination). "Break It to Me Gently" was the second single and hit #1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, #2 on the Billboard Country chart, as well as #9 in Cash Box and #11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The recording, a contemporary remake of a Brenda Lee hit from the 1960s, won Newton her first Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance, beating out contemporaries Dolly Parton, Rosanne Cash, Emmylou Harris and Sylvia. The album's third and final single, "Heart of the Night", reached #4 on the Adult Contemporary chart in early 1983 and climbed to #25 on the Hot 100.

The album also garnered Newton an award from Australia as the "Top International Country Artist" for the continent. In 1982, Newton toured with country band Alabama on the "Salem Spirit" double-headliner tour. (Various acts opened for Newton and Alabama.)

The direction for Newton's sixth and final Capitol album, 1983's Dirty Looks, was decidedly more rock-oriented and experimental than her usual blending of folk, pop and country styles. The album spawned a moderate-sized hit with "Tell Her No" (Hot 100 No. 27/AC No. 14) and the title track, a rock-edged number that charted low in the Hot 100. The single "Stranger at My Door" had a brief run on the country charts. The album was a moderate success, selling more than 300,000 copies in the United States and going Gold in Canada (50,000 copies). (The song "Dirty Looks" was written by Dave Robbins and Van Stephenson, who would later become part of the Country group Blackhawk in the 1990s. The pair also wrote Newton's 1984 country single "Restless Heart".)

According to a 1984 front-page article in Billboard magazine, changes at Capitol led Newton to return to RCA. The 1984 album Can't Wait All Night continued with a rock-oriented sound. The launch single, "A Little Love", and the title track became Newton's final charting pop singles to date, reaching No. 44 and No. 66, respectively; while "Restless Heart" made No. 57 on the country chart. "A Little Love" became Newton's seventh and final Top-10 hit on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, reaching the No. 7 spot. Newton's final double-header "Salem Spirit" tour with Alabama took place during this time, with Bill Medley of The Righteous Brothers as the opening act.

From pop to country
Newton had always been moderately popular in country music; she responded to her waning popularity in the pop market by targeting her next album, 1985's Old Flame, solely to country audiences. The strategic move was a success; the album revitalized her career, reached No. 12 on the Billboard album chart and featured six Top-10 country hits, including the No. 1s "You Make Me Want to Make You Mine", "Hurt", and "Both to Each Other (Friends and Lovers)" (with Eddie Rabbitt), none of which (unlike her previous efforts) appeared at all on the pop charts. The duet was released to the public before the pop version "Friends and Lovers" by Gloria Loring and Carl Anderson; the pop version was released to radio and stores two weeks after Newton and Rabbitt's version first appeared, even though it was recorded first. Newton's version was originally available only on a special edition of the Old Flame album and on the Eddie Rabbitt album Rabbitt Traxx. The "Old Flame" album produced hit singles for more than sixteen months, with the final release being "What Can I Do with My Heart" (written by Otha Young), which reached the Top 10 in early 1987.

Newton returned to the Top 10 in 1988 with "Tell Me True" from her 1987 album Emotion. The album's lead single, the progressive-country tune "First Time Caller", stalled at No. 24. Her final album of the decade, Ain't Gonna Cry (1989), was not promoted by the label and did not chart. But it did spawn her final Top-40 country hit to date, "When Love Comes Around the Bend", which RCA refused to release as a single because Newton's contract had not been renewed.

After being dropped by RCA Records in 1989 (along with several other country artists, including Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers, as country music as a whole was about to undergo momentous change), Newton took time to focus on her family life. Newton took a hiatus from recording albums, touring sporadically until returning to the music scene in late 1990s when she released the albums The Trouble with Angels (1998) and American Girl (1999).

1990s to present
In 1994, Newton contributed the track "Lovers of One Day" to an Édith Piaf tribute album which also included songs by Pat Benatar and Donna Summer.

In 1995, Newton recorded a double-album of pop duets (which was slated to be sold via infomercial), but the project was riddled with legal issues, resulting in a low-impact, "accidental" release of the "Platinum & Gold" series of duets in the early 2000s (the CD set was released without Newton's permission). Subsequently, bootleg CDs including most of the duets turned up on U.S. store shelves as Gold & Platinum, Volumes 7 and 8. Those CDs also contain 1995 solo versions of three of Newton's pop hits "Angel of the Morning", "Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me" and "Queen of Hearts". Newton's duet partners included Willie Nelson, Melissa Manchester, The Pointer Sisters and Frankie Valli. In 1998, Newton released "The Trouble with Angels", a collection of seven re-recorded hits and three new songs, including the single "When I Get Over You". The 1998 effort was quickly followed by American Girl in 1999, which was Newton's first album of all-new material since 1989 and featured the single "They Never Made It to Memphis". The collection featured tracks written by Otha Young, Freddie Mercury, Nanci Griffith, Tom Petty and Newton herself.

Every Road Leads Back to You (which consists of live material and a bonus EP of four studio recordings of original songs) was released in 2002 with an accompanying DVD. American Girl Vol. II, which was originally sold exclusively at cdbaby.com and at Newton's live shows, was released in 2003 and reissued in 2006 and again in 2011 by Brookside Records.

In 2005, Newton appeared on the TV show Hit Me Baby, One More Time on which she performed a folk-rock rendition of Ashlee Simpson's "Pieces Of Me" and a truncated version of "Queen of Hearts"; online voters selected Newton's performance as their favorite of the five acts that appeared on the episode. In the mid-2000s, Newton also contributed tracks to the albums An All-Star Tribute To Cher ("Reason to Believe") and An All-Star Tribute to Shania Twain ("Come On Over").

On November 15, 2007, Newton released The Gift of Christmas, her first Christmas album. The 12-song album includes a new version of Newton's "Christmas Needs Love to Be Christmas" and "Mary's Boy Child", as well as a special Christmas version of "For Believers", an Otha Young-penned song first recorded in 1983 for the Dirty Looks album.

On August 6, 2009, Newton's longtime musical partner Otha Young died of cancer. The pair worked together for 37 years.

On October 26, 2010, Newton's Duets: Friends & Memories album was released by Fuel 2000. The album contained duets performed with Willie Nelson, Melissa Manchester, Frankie Valli and others. One single ("Funny How Time Slips Away") has been released. In addition to the domestic album, an import edition was released on November 30, 2010.

On July 26, 2011, Fuel 2000 released Juice Newton: The Ultimate Hits Collection, which included her own version of the Carpenters' 1978 hit "Sweet Sweet Smile", which Newton and Otha Young wrote in the '70s.

On May 7, 2012, BGO Records issued a two-CD set containing Newton's three 1970s Capitol albums: Come To Me, Well Kept Secret and Take Heart. This marks the first time these albums have been available in the CD format. With the release of this set, all Newton's 17 studio albums have been issued on CD.

In the 2016 film Deadpool, Juice Newton's version of "Angel of the Morning" was used for the opening credits montage. As a result, the track re-charted on the Billboard Country chart, reaching #43, and also hit #3 on Spotify's World Music chart.

In 2021, Juice Newton's version of "Angel of the Morning" was featured in the critically acclaimed, Oscar-winning film Promising Young Woman. Newton's recording is played for longer than four minutes during the film's climactic scene.

Personal life
Newton bought a thoroughbred gelding named Puppy in 1983 and stabled him at the Los Angeles Equestrian Center. The center's manager was polo star and coach Tom Goodspeed. Newton married Goodspeed in 1985, and the couple had two children: Jessica and Tyler. Now divorced, Newton lives in San Diego, California.

Besides continuing in the music business, Newton works as a horse trader. She deals mostly in European breeds.

Discography

Studio albums

Juice Newton & Silver Spur (1975)
After the Dust Settles (1976)
Come to Me (1977)
Well Kept Secret (1978)
Take Heart (1979)
Juice (1981)
Quiet Lies (1982)
Dirty Looks (1983)
Can't Wait All Night (1984)
Old Flame (1985)
Emotion (1987)
Ain't Gonna Cry (1989)
The Trouble with Angels (1998)
American Girl (1999)
American Girl Volume 2 (2003)
The Gift of Christmas (2007)
Duets: Friends & Memories (2010)

References

External links

Official website

Austria Chart History
Switzerland Chart History

1952 births
Living people
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American musicians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American women singer-songwriters
American women pop singers
Grammy Award winners
Country musicians from Virginia
Country musicians from New Jersey
Country pop musicians
People from Lakehurst, New Jersey
Guitarists from Virginia
Guitarists from New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
Foothill College alumni
RCA Records artists
Capitol Records artists

Juice Newton


Something that is portable can be carried or easily moved.  The word portable may also refer to:
 Portable building, a manufactured building that is built off site and moved in upon completion of site and utility work
 Portable classroom, a temporary building installed on the grounds of a school to provide additional classroom space where there is a shortage of capacity
 Portable toilet, a modern, portable, self-contained outhouse manufactured of moulded plastic

In computing:
 Portable object (computing), a distributed computing term for an object which can be accessed through a normal method call while possibly residing in memory on another computer
 Portable software, software that can easily be ported to multiple platforms
 Portable applications, applications that do not require any kind of installation onto a computer, and can store data in the program's directory

In electronics:
 Portable communications device, a wearable or handheld device
 Portable audio player, a personal electronic device that allows the user to listen to recorded or broadcast audio whilst being mobile
 Portable computer, a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another
 Compaq Portable series (1982–?)
 Apricot Portable (1984)
 IBM Portable (1984)
 Macintosh Portable (1989–1991) from Apple Computer
 Handheld game console, a lightweight, portable electronic machine for playing video games

In music:
 Portable Life, a 1999 album by Danielle Brisebois

Portable, Nigerian singer

Related pages
 Portability

Portable


A person's marital status is the answer to the question about whether he is married. This question is usually seen on the forms such as censuses and credit card applications. The application forms ask you to select either the word "Single" or the word "Married".

Marriage

Marital status


The Monthly Film Bulletin was a periodical of the British Film Institute published monthly from February 1934 to April 1991, when it merged with Sight & Sound. It reviewed all films on release in the United Kingdom, including those with a narrow arthouse release.

History
The Monthly Film Bulletin was edited in the mid-1950s by David Robinson, in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Peter John Dyer, and then by Tom Milne.  By the end of the 1960s, when the character and tone of its reviews changed considerably with the arrival of a new generation of critics influenced by the student culture and intellectual tumult of the time (not least the overthrow of old ideas of "taste" and quality), David Wilson was the editor.  It was then edited by Jan Dawson (1938 – 1980), for two years from 1971, and from 1973 until its demise by the New Zealand-born critic Richard Combs.

In 1991, The Monthly Film Bulletin was merged with Sight & Sound, which had until then been published quarterly. Sight & Sound then became a monthly publication and took up The Monthly Film Bulletin'''s remit to review all films released in the UK.The Monthly Film Bulletin was originally published to allow UK cinema managers to decide what films to show, hence the complete cast and production lists, full plot followed by a thorough critique.  Only films that had been registered with the UK government trade authority were covered each month.  During the years of full supporting programmes, The Monthly Film Bulletin printed long lists of B-features and short films with brief capsule reviews; by the 1970s, the tone and style of its reviews had changed considerably, and was increasingly influenced in some cases by the auteur theory and Marxist-influenced film theory, though some more traditional critics such as John Gillett remained, and others such as David McGillivray and Paul Taylor took exploitation movies more seriously than had previously been considered acceptable, while Steve Jenkins wrote a lengthy defence in 1981 of Glen or Glenda.  Another change was that all reviews had a byline – up to September 1968, only the reviews of films considered more significant by the BFI had a partial byline of initials only (so Tom Milne would be "T.M.").  From January 1971, all films were listed in alphabetical order, mainly because a new wave of critics who were influencing the magazine had already overturned the assumptions implicit in the separation of films (for example, several by Sergio Leone and many from the stable of Roger Corman were only included in the "shorter notices" section).  From the July 1982 issue, The Monthly Film Bulletin changed again to include more feature articles, interviews, and photographs.

ContributorsThe Monthly Film Bulletin''s contributors included:

References

1934 establishments in the United Kingdom
1991 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Film magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1934
Magazines disestablished in 1991

The Monthly Film Bulletin


In ice hockey, a play is offside if a player on the attacking team does not control the puck and is in the offensive zone when a different attacking player causes the puck to enter the offensive zone, until either the puck or all attacking players leave the offensive zone. Simply put, the puck must not enter the attacking zone after attacking players. If a player on the attacking team is in the offensive zone before the puck, either an immediate offside occurs, or they must retreat to the neutral zone.

For determining offside, the position of the puck and players must be considered to be in the neutral or offensive zone. Usually, the puck enters or leaves the offensive zone when it completely crosses the blue line. A player is in the neutral zone if either skate is in the neutral zone or touches the imaginary plane extending upwards from the leading edge of the blue line; otherwise, he is in the offensive zone.

When an offside violation occurs, a linesman will stop play. To restart play, a faceoff is then held at the ice spot closest to the infraction, usually a neutral spot, or if there is a delayed penalty, at a spot in the defending zone of the defending team, which incurred the penalty. Even if the linesman erred in calling offside, the faceoff will still occur.

Rules

Delayed offside rule

Under the delayed offside rule, an infraction occurs when a play is offside and any attacking player touches the puck or checks a player in the offensive zone. For example, under NHL's delayed offside rule, play is stopped immediately when an attacking player carries the puck into the zone while a teammate is already in the attacking zone, or when an attacking player in the neutral zone completes a pass to a teammate who is already in the attacking zone. A delayed offside occurs when a player on the attacking team is in the offensive zone before the puck and the attacking team causes the puck to enter the zone without the attacking team having possession. When a delayed offside occurs, a linesman will keep an arm up to signal it, and all attacking players must retreat back into the neutral zone without touching the puck or checking an opponent for the delayed offside to end. If an attacking player touches the puck during the delayed offside, play is stopped.

The National Hockey League (NHL) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) apply similar rules for determining offside. A player is judged to be offside if both of their skates completely cross the blue line dividing their offensive zone from the neutral zone before the puck completely crosses the same line.  In both organizations, it is the position of a player's skates that are important. They cannot use their stick or other part of their body to remain onside. The lone exception to this rule is that an attacking player's skates may precede the puck into the attacking zone when they are skating backwards if they are in control of the puck. The position of the puck is used for determining offside. Offside is determined by the skate positions when the puck completely crosses the blue line. If the puck was in the attacking zone, touches the blue line, and then completely leaves the blue line back into the attacking zone, the puck is considered to have been in the attacking zone the entire time, so there is no determination of offside, and the puck did not completely cross the blue line.

If any individual player is in an offside position, their entire team is offside. A delayed offside occurs if the puck is passed or shot into the offensive zone while an attacking player is offside but has not been touched by a member of the attacking team. In most leagues, the attacking team may "tag up" by having all players exit the offensive zone.  At that point the offside is waved off and they may re-enter the offensive zone in pursuit of the puck.  If a member of the attacking team has control of the puck while offside, a linesman will stop play and a faceoff will be held at the faceoff spot nearest the point of the infraction.  Typically, this means the spot closest to the blue line if the puck is carried into the zone, or in the case of a pass, the spot closest to where the pass originated.  If a linesman judges that the attacking team acted to force a deliberate stoppage in play by going offside, they can move the faceoff into that team's defensive zone.

If a goal is scored from a shot (at the neutral or defensive zone) that creates a delayed offside, the goal will be denied, even if the attacking team clears the offensive zone before the puck enters the goal.

Immediate offside rule
Under the immediate offside rule, an infraction occurs when a play is offside, even if the attacking team does not control the puck. Some levels of hockey use this rule and stop play instead of starting a delayed offside.

At some levels, such as younger divisions of minor hockey sanctioned by USA Hockey, the delayed offside rule is replaced by the immediate offside rule in which the linesman will stop play as soon as a play goes offside, regardless of whether or not the attacking team is in possession of the puck.

Exceptions
Under both NHL (Rules 83.1 and 83.2) and IIHF (Rule 7) rules, there is one condition (two under NHL rules) under which an offside can be waved off even with players in the attacking zone ahead of the puck.
 A defending player has legally carried the puck out of their own zone, and then passes the puck back into their own zone only for the puck to be intercepted by an attacking player.
 (NHL only) A defending player clears the puck out of their own zone, but the puck then bounces off another defending player in neutral ice back into their own zone. (Under IIHF rules, this results in a delayed offside being signaled.)

During a faceoff, a player may be judged to be in an offside position if they are lined up within 15 feet of the centres before the puck is dropped. This may result in a faceoff violation, at which point the official dropping the puck will wave the centre out of the faceoff spot and require that another player take their place.  If one team commits two violations during the same attempt to restart play, it will be assessed a minor penalty for delay of game.

Offside pass

An offside pass occurs when a pass from inside a team's defending zone crosses the red line. When such a pass occurs, play is stopped and a faceoff is conducted in the defending zone of the team that committed the infraction.

There are two determining factors in an offside pass violation:
 Puck position when pass is released. Since the blue line is considered part of the zone the puck is in, if the puck is behind or in contact with the blue line when the pass is released, the pass may be an offside pass.
 Skate position of the receiver. If the receiver has skate contact with the red line at the instant the puck completely crosses it, the pass is legal regardless of where the puck actually makes contact with their stick. Both of their skates must be completely on the far side of the red line when the puck crosses the red line into the attacking zone to be governed by the aforementioned offside rule.

This offside pass rule is not observed by all leagues. For instance, it was abolished by the IIHF, and its member countries' leagues (except the NHL) in 1998. The National Hockey League adopted the version used by the top minor leagues, under the terms of their 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement, in which the centre line is no longer used to determine an offside pass.  This was one of many rule changes intended to open up the game and improve scoring chances.

History
In the sport's earliest history, hockey was played similar to rugby, in which forward passing is not allowed. Also, hockey's offside infraction was influenced by the offside penalty from soccer.  A legal pass could be made only to a teammate who is in an "onside" position behind the puck, thus forcing players to skate with the puck to move it forward. Therefore, a player cannot simply "stake out" in the offensive zone, receive a pass from a teammate in the neutral or defensive zones, then skate in and try to score on the opponent's goal.

In the event of an offside pass, the play was stopped and a faceoff conducted from the point of the infraction, regardless of where it occurred. The first significant relaxation of this rule occurred in 1905, when the Ontario Hockey Association began to allow defensive players to play the puck within three feet of their goal if the puck rebounded off the goaltender. In some cases, a black line was painted onto the ice surface at that three foot mark, which served as an early precursor to the modern blue lines.

Forward passing within the neutral and defensive zones was first allowed in the NHL in 1927, but after a season of extremely low scoring in 1928–29, the league first allowed forward passing in all zones.  The result was immediate and dramatic as the number of goals scored per game more than doubled immediately. Under the NHL's new rule, there were no restrictions placed on where a player could be relative to the puck, resulting in players standing deep in their offensive zone while waiting for teammates to bring the puck forward. As a result, the NHL introduced the modern offside rule on December 16, 1929, effective six days later.

The rink was divided into three zones by two blue lines as of the 1928–29 season, and the centre line did not yet exist. Teams were allowed a forward pass in any of the zones, but the puck must be carried over a blue line by a skater. Frank Boucher and Cecil Duncan introduced the centre red line in the 1943–44 season, in an effort to open up the game by reducing the number of offside infractions and create excitement with quicker counter-attacks. The change allowed the defending team to pass the puck to out of their own zone up to the red line, instead of being required to skate over the nearest blue line then pass the puck forward.

In the late 2010s, there were many goals being reviewed, due to a new Offside review system. There were complaints about how it affected the flow of the game. It is ruled differently now, where a team may request a review after a goal is scored during a play that team considers to be offside. If is ruled not offside, the goal counts and the team requesting the review is assessed a minor penalty.

See also
 Icing

References

Ice hockey rules and regulations
Ice hockey terminology
Ice

eo:Ofsajdo#Glacihokeo

Offside (ice hockey)


The Vittoriale degli italiani (English translation: The shrine of victories of the Italians) is a hillside estate in the town of Gardone Riviera overlooking Lake Garda in province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is where the Italian poet and novelist Gabriele D'Annunzio lived after his defenestration in 1922 until his death in 1938. The estate consists of the residence of D'Annunzio called the Prioria (priory), an amphitheatre, the protected cruiser  set into a hillside, a boathouse containing the MAS vessel used by D'Annunzio in 1918 and a circular mausoleum. Its grounds are now part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani.

References to the Vittoriale range from a "monumental citadel" to a "fascist lunapark", the site inevitably inheriting the controversy surrounding its creator.

History
The house, Villa Cargnacco, had belonged to the German art historian of the Italian Renaissance Henry Thode, from whom it was confiscated by the Italian state, including artworks, a collection of books, and a piano which had belonged to Liszt.  d'Annunzio rented it in February 1921 and within a year reconstruction started under the guidance of architect Giancarlo Maroni. Due to d'Annunzio's popularity and his disagreement with the fascist government on several issues, such as the alliance with Nazi Germany, the fascists did what they could to please d'Annunzio in order to keep him away from political life in Rome. Part of their strategy was to make huge funds available to expand the property, to construct and/or modify buildings, and to create the impressive art and literature collection. In 1924 the airplane that d'Annunzio used for his pamphleteering run over Vienna during World War I was brought to the estate, followed in 1925 by the MAS naval vessel used by him to taunt the Austrians in 1918 in the Beffa di Buccari. In the same year the bow section of the protected cruiser  was hauled up the hill and placed in the woods behind the house, and the property was expanded by acquisition of surrounding lands and buildings.

In 1926 the government donated an amount of 10 million lire, which allowed a considerable enlargement of the Villa, with a new wing named the Schifamondo. In 1931 construction was started on the Parlaggio, the name for the amphitheatre. The mausoleum was designed after d'Annunzio's death but not actually built until 1955, and d'Annunzio's remains were finally brought there in 1963.

Buildings

The Prioria

The Prioria itself consists of  a number of rooms opulently decorated and filled with memorabilia. Notable are the two waiting rooms, one for welcome guests, one for unwelcome ones. It is the latter where Benito Mussolini was sent to on his visit in 1925. A phrase was inscribed specifically for him above the mirror:

To the visitor:

Are you bringing Narcissus' Mirror?
This is leaded glass, my mask maker.

Adjust your mask to your face,
But mind that you are glass against steel.

The leper's room is where D'Annunzio's wake was held upon his death. Its name comes from the fact that d'Annunzio felt that he was being spurned by the government due to their continued efforts to keep him in Gardone, rather than possibly in the limelight in Rome.

The Relic room holds a large collection of religious statues and images of different beliefs, purposely placed together to make a statement about the universal character of spirituality. The inscription on the inner wall reads:

 As there are five fingers on a hand, there are only five mortal sins.

D'Annunzio wished to make clear hereby that he didn't believe that lust and greed should be considered sinful.

A most unlikely relic is the distorted steering wheel of racing speedboat Miss England II, donated after the coppa dell oltranza (unlimited cup) powerboating trophy, organized under d'Annunzio patronage, was held in 1931.
Miss England II had crashed in a world speed record attempt, killing her pilot, Sir Henry Segrave in 1930 (though winning the record nevertheless) and was rebuilt to race and win at Lake Garda the following year with Kaye Don at the helm.

D'annunzio who was a syncretist deemed the distorted steering wheel "a relic of the religion of courage".

The amphitheatre
The amphitheatre is the first major structure one comes across after entering the estate and was clearly based upon classical models, the architect Maroni even visiting Pompeii for inspiration. Its location, like the other buildings of the Vittoriale, undeniably offers a majestic view of the Garda lake, it is still used for performances today.

The mausoleum
The circular structure is situated on the highest point on the estate. It contains the remains of men who served D'Annunzio and died during the Fiume period, and d'Annunzio himself.

The protected cruiser Puglia
Jutting out of one of the hilltops, the bow section of the cruiser Puglia makes a surreal sight. It was placed there pointing in the direction of the Adriatic, "ready to conquer the Dalmatian shores".

Gallery

Notes and references

External links

www.gabrieledannunzio.net
D'Annunzio's museum "Il Vittoriale"
IL VITTORIALE "La Cittadella del d'Annunzio"
 Vittoriale degli Italiani at Google Cultural Institute

Villas in Lombardy
Monuments and memorials in Lombardy
Museums in Lombardy
Historic house museums in Italy
Gardens in Lombardy
Italian fascist architecture
Houses completed in 1955
Tourist attractions in Lombardy
1955 establishments in Italy
Gabriele D'Annunzio

Vittoriale degli italiani


Andlau Abbey (Abbaye d'Andlau) was a women's collegiate foundation for secular canonesses located at Andlau in Alsace, eastern France.

History
Andlau Abbey was founded in or about 880 by Richardis, later Saint Richardis, empress of Charles the Fat, on her ancestral lands. The foundation legend states that the abbey was sited where Richardis saw a she-bear scratching at the soil; a bear is one of her emblems in reference to this. In 887 Richardis was put to the ordeal by fire by her husband on the pretext of adultery with the chancellor Liutward. She survived the ordeal successfully and withdrew to Andlau, where at the time her niece Rotrod was abbess. She died here in about 895 and was buried in the abbey church.

The abbey survived the Reformation, thanks to the efforts of the Abbess Rebstock, who is commemorated in the present church, but not the French Revolution.

Buildings

A number of the monastic buildings are still extant. In particular, the former abbey church survives as the parish church of Saints Peter and Paul. The original buildings were from around 880. The abbey was entirely rebuilt in the first half of the 11th century. When Pope Leo XI passed through Andlau in November of that year he was able to translate the remains of the canonised Richardis from the old church to the new Romanesque one. Nothing remains of the first buildings (except for a hole in the floor of the crypt said to have been made by the she-bear). The crypt itself dates from the 11th century. Another major re-construction took place in the 12th century after a serious fire, and another in the 15th century. The nave was completely rebuilt in the late 17th century. The present tomb of Saint Richardis dates from 1350, and is sited in a Baroque chapel of 1707.

The church is however most notable for its rich sculptural decoration, by the Master of Andlau, which is among the finest in Alsace. It is located on the Route Romane d'Alsace.

Burials
Saint Richardis

Sources

Andlau website: the Abbey

Churches in Bas-Rhin
9th-century establishments in France
18th-century disestablishments in France
Former Christian monasteries in France
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Romanesque architecture in France
Christian monasteries in Bas-Rhin
9th-century churches in France
Religious buildings and structures completed in 880

Andlau Abbey


The Five, often known as The Mighty Handful, are a group of five Russian composers who met regularly in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the mid-19th century.  The Russian name for the group: Moguchaya kuchka (The Mighty Handful) was given to them by Vladimir Stasov, the famous music critic.  The five composers were:  Mily Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin. The group all wanted to write music in a Russian style, rather than imitating European composers.  They were part of the movement known in music as Nationalism.  They were five of the most important composers of the time.  Note that Tchaikovsky was not one of the group.  His music is more European-based, but he, too, often wrote very Russian music based on folk tunes.

History
Before The Five were established as a group, Mikhail Glinka and Alexander Dargomyzhsky were trying to create a Russian kind of music.  All the composers of The Five were amateur composers.  This does not mean that they were bad, it means that they earned their living in other ways and composed when they had time.  Rimsky-Korsakov was a naval officer, Borodin was a professor of chemistry, Cui was an expert in military armaments and Mussorgsky had been in the Guards and then in the civil service before he took up music full time.  Balakirev, the leader of the group, worked for a time for the Warsaw Railways.  He was the spiritual leader of the group: a kind of teacher and guide.

The composers of The Five tried to put the sounds of village songs, Cossack and Caucasian dances, and church chants in their music.  Russian peasants used to sing folk songs in which words or syllables were spun out with several notes into a long, lyrical line.  This influence can be heard in many of the Five's works, especially in Mussorgsky's operas.  They also frequently used music which sounded like that from Eastern Asia ("Orientalism").

The group began to meet in 1856. This was before Anton Rubinstein founded the St Petersburg Conservatoire.  Music at the Conservatoire was taught in a European way.  This is what The Five, together with the music critic Vladimir Stasov, were against.  However, in later years Rimsky-Korsakov taught at the Conservatoire, and Rubinstein who had left in to concentrate on his career as a pianist, often used ideas from Russian folk music.  The difference between the two parties had become blurred. By the 1880s The Five were drifting apart because they each had developed their own personal styles.  Apart from Cui, whose music is not often heard today, the members of the group influenced or taught many of the next generation of Russian composers, such as Alexander Glazunov, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, and Dmitri Shostakovich.

Related pages
Les Six, French composers

References

Other websites
Encyclopædia Britannica article about "The Five"

Russian composers

The Five


Pervez Musharraf  (; born 11 August 1943; deed 5 Februar 2023) wis a fower-star general an a politeecian who wis broucht tae pouer throu a militar coup d'état in 1999. He served as the tenth Preses o Pakistan frae 2001 till 2008. Prior tae that, he wis the 13t Chief o Airmy Staff frae October 1998 till November 2007, an wis an aa the tenth Chairman o the Jynt Chiefs o Staff Committee o Pakistan Airmed Forces frae 1998 till 2001. Commissioned frae the Pakistan Airmy in 1964, Musharraf rose tae naitional prominence efter bein appointit a fower-star general in October 1998 bi then-Prime Meenister Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf wis the mastermind an strategic field commander ahind the Kargil infiltration. Previously, Musharraf played a vital role in the Afghan ceevil war, baith assistin the peace negotiations an attemptin tae end the bloodshed in the kintra. Efter months o contentious relations wi Prime Meenister Sharif, Musharraf wis broucht tae pouer throu a militar coup d'état in 1999, subsequently placin the Prime meenister unner a strict hoose-arrest afore movin him tae Adiala Jail in Punjab Province.

Wi Aziz havin completit his term, an the suspension o the Chief Justice in 2007, Musharraf dramatically fell frae pouer in 2008, tenderin his resignation o the presidency efter facin potential impeachment, led bi the electit opposition parties. Musharraf then lived in self-imposed exile in Lunnon for fower years, returnin tae Pakistan on 24 Mairch 2013, in order tae participate in the upcomin general elections, despite receivin daith threats frae the Taliban. Whilst absent frae Pakistan, the kintra's courts issued reest warrants for baith Musharraf an Aziz, for thair alleged involvement in the assassination o Benazir Bhutto an Akbar Bugti. He wis disqualified frae takin pairt in the 2013 election bi Heich Court judges in Aprile 2013.

Musharraf dee'd in Dubai on 5 Februar 2023, agit 79, efter a lang illness.

References

1943 births
2023 daiths
Aw Pakistan Muslim League politeecians
Alumni o the Ryal College o Defence Studies
Naitional Defence Varsity, Pakistan alumni
Forman Christian College alumni
Pakistan Militar Academy alumni
Attemptit assassination survivors
Chairmen Jynt Chiefs o Staff Committee, Pakistan
Chiefs o Airmy Staff, Pakistan
Leaders that teuk pouer bi coup
Member o the Special Forces o Pakistan
Muhajir fowk
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) politeecians
Pakistani expatriates in Turkey
Pakistani generals
Pakistani memoirists
Pakistani libertarians
Pakistani financiers
Pakistani Muslims
Fowk frae Karachi
Fowk o the Kargil War
Fowk o the War in North-Wast Pakistan
Fowk o the Balochistan conflict
Preses o Pakistan
Recipients o the Order o Zayed
Indo-Pakistani War o 1971 veterans
Politeecians frae Karachi
Pakistani prisoners an detainees
Pakistani creeminals

Pervez Musharraf


Three's Company is an American situation comedy. It aired on the ABC network. It began in March 1977 and ended in September 1984.

The show is a remake of the British sitcom Man About the House. Nowadays the domestic distribution rights are handled by creator Don L. Taffner's estate and the international rights are handled by FremantleMedia (whose company Thames originated the sitcom Man About the House).

The show is set in Santa Monica, California. It is about a man pretending to be gay so his landlord won't evict him, it is also about financial struggling such as the roommates not being able to pay their rent. The sitcom heavily relies on innuendo and sexy misunderstandings. It is also a comedy of errors. The show had two spinoffs also based on Britcoms: The Ropers (George & Mildred) & Three's a Crowd (Robin's Nest).

The series was later the subject of the made-for-TV movie Behind the Camera: the Unauthorized Story of Three's Company. The movie showed how cast changes led to the show ending.

Cast
John Ritter,
Joyce DeWitt
Suzanne Somers,
Jenilee Harrison
Priscilla Barnes
Richard Kline
Ann Wedgeworth (who only appeared in eleven episodes of season four)
Norman Fell
Audra Lindley (Fell and Lindley left after season three for their own series)
Don Knotts (who played the new landlord)

Other websites

1977 establishments in the United States
1977 television series debuts
1984 disestablishments in the United States
1984 television series endings
1970s American sitcoms
1980s American sitcoms
American television series based on British television series
Santa Monica, California
Television series about friendship
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
English-language television programs

Three's Company


Albert Wilhelm Karl Niemann (15 January 1831 – 13 January 1917) was a leading German  operatic heldentenor especially associated with the operas of Richard Wagner. He gave important premieres in France, Germany, England and the United States, and played Siegmund in the first complete production of Der Ring des Nibelungen (Bayreuth Festspielhaus 1876).

Early career
Born in Erxleben, in the Prussian Province of Saxony (now Saxony-Anhalt), Niemann lost his father (an innkeeper) at an early age and was brought up by his mother, a woman 'of almost unwomanly hardness' who lived to be ninety. He was apprenticed to an engine-maker, but ran away to Dresden to make his own life. He grew up with a Germanic dedication to hunting but also student-like, reading extensively in science, history and philosophy. He was not particularly sociable or tactful, was blunt in speech and often boorish in behaviour.

Niemann made a debut in Dessau in 1849, singing in minor roles and in chorus. He received training from Fritz Schneider (director of the ducal Hofkapell), from Albert Nusch and from Gilbert Duprez in Paris. Until 1866 he had various engagements in Stuttgart, Königsberg, Stettin, and from 1854 in Hannover. At Hannover he sang Tannhäuser (from 1854), Lohengrin (from 1855) and Rienzi (from 1859).

He had a large physique and a large voice to match. In 1859 he married the soprano Marie Seebach: however it is said that this marriage ended in divorce after he threw her out of a first-floor window.

Wagner's 'model company'
Niemann visited Wagner in the Asyl, at the composer's invitation, in summer 1858. Wagner had him in mind to create the role of Siegfried. From 1859, Wagner had involved Niemann (then at Hanover) in his plan to form a model German company to perform some operas, including Tristan und Isolde, in Paris in 1860. The plan was for Niemann to sing Tannhäuser and Josef Tichatschek to sing Lohengrin, alternating to rest their voices and able to replace each other if needed, and both to share a production of Tristan und Isolde as well. However, the projected Isolde, Frau Bürde-Ney, could not be released from a Leipzig contract, and the project foundered.

The Paris Tannhäuser
However, Paris issued an imperial command for Tannhäuser, and Niemann obtained a nine-month contract to join these rehearsals in September 1860. Hans von Bülow had little time for Niemann, either for his forced timbre or for his loutishness towards Wagner. Over the months of the rehearsals, Niemann refused to respond to Wagner's artistic direction and, desirous but doubtful of success, would not modify his brilliant ringing tones to the mood of resignation and ghostlike tonelessness required for the final act, despite Wagner's almost superhuman patience and encouragements towards him. He had learned that a Parisian faction intended to disrupt the production, and disloyally went through with it presenting himself as the unlucky artist involved in a work unworthy of his powers. The performances were utterly disrupted, and Niemann remained disingenuously aloof from Wagner's artistic claims throughout. Baudelaire wrote that Niemann had 'sung out of tune with deplorable assiduity', and condemned 'his weaknesses, his swoons, his tantrums of a spoiled child.' The Meyerbeer press, however, took Niemann's side, and he returned to Hanover to sing Raoul in Les Huguenots.

Continuing career
In 1864, Niemann sang as guest in two performances of Tannhäuser at Munich, and in one of Lohengrin by the arrangement of Ludwig II, shortly before the death of King Maximilian II of Bavaria. Ludwig invited Niemann to repeat these roles in Munich in 1866, but war intervened: in the following year he was again invited, but declined, because the usual cuts were not to be made. In 1866, he became a member of the Berlin Opera, and remained so until 1888. In April 1870, he sang Walther in the Berlin Meistersinger premiere. As Tichatschek had grown old, and after Ludwig Schnorr's death in 1865, Niemann had become one of the most experienced and advanced Wagnerian tenors. In 1871, he married the actress Hedwig Raabe.

Bayreuth 1875–1876
In May 1872 he was in the quartet of soloists (with Johanna Jachmann-Wagner, Marie Lehmann and Franz Betz) in the inaugural performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony at the foundation-stone laying of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, and the gigantic Niemann made a truly heroic impression when striking the foundation-stone with a hammer. By 1874, Wagner had mentally settled on Niemann for the role of Siegmund in the complete Ring cycle as it was to be performed at Bayreuth. Wagner had involved Niemann in his discussions about the casting of the Ring, but Niemann (who had agreed to participate without remuneration), in dudgeon because Wagner wanted a younger man for the role of Siegfried, arrived at Wahnfried in 1875 for rehearsals and within three days had stormed out and injected poison into the atmosphere of exhilaration at Bayreuth.

However, his departure gave Wagner the opportunity to coach Georg Unger as Siegfried. Niemann returned to continue work in October, and in the following March he performed Tristan under Wagner's supervision in Berlin. Rehearsals were resumed in May (with a new Sieglinde), and the opening of Bayreuth was brought to completion in August 1876. Niemann sang Siegmund with Josephine Schefsky as Sieglinde and Amalie Materna as Brünnhilde. Lilli Lehmann wrote of him, 'never since have I heard or seen a Siegmund to compare with him... His intellectual power, his physical impressiveness, his incomparable expression were superb beyond words.' (Of his Tristan she remarked, 'it was certainly the most sublime thing that has ever been achieved in the sphere of music drama.') Saint-Saëns, however, considered that since the Paris 1861 Tannhäuser, time had eaten away Niemann's high notes, and he could no longer sing piano or legato.

Later premieres
Niemann remained with the Berlin opera until 1888, but in the later years of his career he participated in several important tours. In 1882, he appeared as Siegmund in the first London Die Walküre, at Her Majesty's Theatre. In 1883, he was one of the twelve pall-bearers at Wagner's funeral at Wahnfried. From 1886 to 1888 he appeared at the Metropolitan Opera House, as the first American Tristan (December 1, 1886, Anton Seidl, conductor, Lilli Lehmann, Isolde), as Siegfried in the first American Götterdämmerung (January 25, 1888, with Lilli Lehmann as Brünnhilde), and in Spontini's opera Fernando Cortez. In New York, he also sang Siegmund, John of Leyden in Le prophète, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, Florestan (in Fidelio), and Eleazar in La juive. Angelo Neumann's touring company, in which Niemann took part under Seidl's conductorship, toured with the Ring through many towns of Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary, and Austria.

Albert Niemann died in Berlin, two days short of his 86th birthday. He is buried at the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.

His son Albert Niemann (1880–1921) was the paediatrician who described Niemann–Pick disease.

References
Notes

Sources
Richard Aldrich (1917), "Albert Niemann, A Great Wagnerian Tenor". The New York Times, 11 February 1917.
Wilhelm Altmann (ed) (1924), Richard Wagner und Albert Niemann. Ein Gedenkbuch. Georg Stilke Verlag, Berlin.
Gustav Kobbé (1935 edition), The Complete Opera Book. Putnam, London.
Ernest Newman (1933–1946), The Life of Richard Wagner (4 Vols). Alfred Knopf, New York.
H. Rosenthal and J. Warrack (1974 edn.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera. Oxford University Press, London.
Richard Sternfeld (1904), "Albert Niemann". in Das Theater, volume IV. Schuster and Loeffler, Berlin and Leipzig.

External links

Albert Niemann as Lohengrin, taken in 1881

External links

1831 births
1917 deaths
Burials at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
People from Börde (district)
Musicians from the Province of Saxony
Musicians from Saxony-Anhalt
German operatic tenors
Heldentenors
19th-century German male opera singers

Albert Niemann (tenor)


The British New Church Movement (BNCM) is a neocharismatic evangelical Christian movement. Its origin is associated with the Charismatic Movement of the 1960s, although it both predates it and has an agenda that goes beyond it. It was originally known as the "house church movement", although this name is no longer relevant as few  congregations meet in houses. Gerald Coates, one of the early leaders, coined the name New Churches as an alternative. It is also restorationist in character, seeking to restore the church to its 1st century equivalent. While the Charismatic Movement focused on the transformation of individuals, the BNCM (like Brethrenism, Baptists, Anabaptists and the Restoration Movement in the US) focused also on the nature of the church. For the BNCM since 1970, this has focused on the renewal of the fivefold ministries, particularly apostles, which for others might resemble a charismatically ordained and functioning episcopate.

The British New Church Movement numbered roughly 400,000 people in the year 2000. It has two major aspects: those who believe in the role of apostles, where churches relate together in "streams", and independent charismatic churches, where they generally do not. Those in streams represent about 40% of the BNCM. Since its origins, it has grown to include many networks of churches,  with individual congregations found throughout the world.

History

Origins
Arthur Wallis and David Lillie, Plymouth Brethren men, became convinced of the validity of spiritual gifts. Lillie had received the "Baptism in the Spirit" in 1941, and Wallis in 1951. Influenced by ex-Apostolic leader Cecil Cousen, they developed an understanding that a return of the 'charismatic gifts' (e.g., prophecy and speaking in tongues) to the traditional denominations was not sufficient, and that the church needed to be restored to the New Testament forms of church government as described in St. Paul's epistle to the Ephesians - Apostle, Prophet, Evangelist, Pastor and Teacher (Eph 4:11). This became known as the fivefold ministry model, and the group saw the fulfillment of these offices as essential to the reviving of the worldwide Christian Church. Although they had in practice left the Brethren, their subsequent efforts produced a hybrid, Pentecostalised Brethrenism, displaying features of both traditions.

Growth and development
In the early 1970s the "Magnificent Seven" (later becoming the "Fabulous Fourteen") came together; a group of leaders who recognised each other as apostles and prophets, and who sought to develop a theology and ecclesiology that would guide the restoration of the Church.  In 1976, however, these leaders diverged into two separate streams:

 "Restoration 1" ('R1') followed the more conservative teachings of Arthur Wallis, Graham Perrins and Bryn Jones, and included such figures as Terry Virgo, founder of the Newfrontiers network of churches, Barney Coombs of Salt and Light Ministries International, and Tony Morton, formerly of Cornerstone.
 "Restoration 2" ('R2') took a more relaxed view of cinema, popular music, and 'secular' culture, were generally less separatist, (contributing significantly to the resurgence of the Evangelical Alliance), and encouraged the leadership ministries of women.  This stream included the ministries of Gerald Coates, John and Christine Noble, and others not now associated like Maurice Smith, Dave Tomlinson and George Tarleton.
 Andrew Walker distinguishes Roger and Faith Forster's Ichthus Christian Fellowship from the rest: "perhaps the most significant house church organization that lies outside Restorationism is the Ichthus movement."

R1 and R2 did not represent two separate organisations. Both contained multiple groupings as listed above. R1 and R2 were labels devised by Walker for ease of discussion in his book. However they passed into popular usage.

The division was caused by a number of factors: differences of opinion about the priority of apostles and prophets; different views of grace and law, women in ministry, and relating to contemporary culture; and a discussion about appropriate discipline for an early leader. It was finally catalysed by a letter setting out the problems sent by Arthur Wallis to the other early leaders. A number of attempts to repair this breach were made, and within a few years there was some dialogue again. However, the shared vision of earlier times was never regained.

Since 2000
Due to the emphasis of the movement on relational church structures, and an emphasis on local autonomy, the movement does not have an overarching authority or figurehead. The various networks retain differing levels of association with one another.

Restoration 1 diverged into three groups, under the leadership of Bryn Jones, Terry Virgo and Tony Morton. Eventually, Bryn Jones' group has diversified into five identifiable parts: churches led by Alan Scotland, Keri Jones (Bryn's brother), Gareth Duffty, Andrew Owen and Paul Scanlon. Restoration 2 had originally had at least three groups: that led by Gerald Coates, John Noble, and George Tarleton. Tarleton left the movement quite soon after the split; in the 90s John Noble joined Gerald Coates' movement, with some of his churches following. During this time, Dave Tomlinson started as an Apostle within R1, moved to R2 and then also left the movement, becoming an Anglican vicar. Barney Coombs churches have developed alongside R1 throughout the period. Thirty years after the first division, it appears that churches connected with R1 have generally maintained their impetus (with the exception of Tony Morton's churches, whose association has dissolved after he left the movement also). On the other hand, churches within R2 have had a much more difficult history.

Although some might say that R1 and R2 have ceased to have any meaning as labels and the relationship problems from the 1970s have very largely been healed, the close fellowship of the original group has never been regained, and there is no sense of shared leadership within the movement. The current distance between the various leaders would still reflect a different views of grace or cultural accommodation, for example; even if ideas about the use of spiritual gifts, adult baptism, and informality of meeting remained the same. In recent years, new streams have developed as others have almost ceased to play an active part.

Key characters have included Terry Virgo, Barney Coombs (died 2018), and Gerald Coates (died 2022).

Notable ministers

 Gerald Coates
 Barney Coombs
 Cecil Cousen
 Faith Forster
 Roger Forster
 Bryn Jones
Keri Jones

 David Lillie
 Campbell McAlpine
 Tony Morton
 John and Christine Noble
 Graham Perrins
 Alan Scotland
 Maurice Smith

 Noel Stanton
 George Tarleton
 Dave Tomlinson
 Colin Urquhart
 Terry Virgo
 Arthur Wallis

Notes

Further reading
Fleming, John Bind Us Together: ...To Be the Church That Jesus Really Wants (Seaford: Thankful, 2007)
Hocken, Peter Streams of Renewal: The Origins and Early Development of the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter; Paternoster, 1986)
Kay, William K  Apostolic Networks in Britain (Milton Keynes; Paternoster, 2007)
Thurman, Joyce V New Wineskins: A Study of the House Church Movement (Frankfurt: Lang, 1982)
Turner, Max "Ecclesiology in the Major 'Apostolic' Restorationist Churches in the United Kingdom" Vox Evangelica 19 (1989) 83-108
Walker, Andrew Restoring the Kingdom: the Radical Christianity of the House Church Movement 3rd Ed (Guildford: Eagle, 1998)
Walker, Andrew "Crossing the Restorationist Rubicon: from House Church to New Church" in M Percy Ed Fundamentalism, Church and Society (London: SPCK, 2001)

External links
Charismatic Renewal In Britain: Roots, Influences And Later Developments - Rev Dr David Hilborn

Apostolic networks
Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom
Christian new religious movements
Christian theological movements

British New Church Movement


Franz Lehár (born 30 April 1870; died 24 October 1948) was an Austrian composer of Hungarian descent. He was the leading composer of operettas in the 20th century. He is still one of the most popular composers of light music.

His life
Lehár was born in Komáron in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Today the town is called Komárno and it is in Slovakia. He was the eldest son of a bandmaster in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied violin and composition at the Prague Conservatory. Antonín Dvořák told him he should be a composer. After graduation in 1899 he joined his father's band in Vienna, as assistant bandmaster. In 1902 he became conductor at the historic Vienna Theater an der Wien, where his first opera Wiener Frauen was performed in November of that year.

He is most famous for his operettas. The best known one is The Merry Widow (in German: Die lustige Witwe) which is probably the most popular of all operettas. He also wrote sonatas, symphonic poems, marches, and a number of waltzes, some of which come from his famous operettas. Some of the songs from his operettas have become very well-known, especially "Vilja" from The Merry Widow and "You Are My Heart's Delight" ("Dein ist mein ganzes Herz") from The Land of Smiles.

The tenor Richard Tauber sang in many of his operettas. Six of them had parts especially written for him.

Lehár died in 1948 in Bad Ischl, near Salzburg where he was also buried. His villa in Bad Ischl is now a museum in his memory.

1870 births
1948 deaths
Romantic composers
20th-century composers
Hungarian composers

Franz Lehár


In computer science, a task context (process, thread ...) is the minimal set of data used by this task that must be saved to allow a task interruption at a given date and a continuation of this task at the point it has been interrupted and at an arbitrary future date. The concept of context assumes significance in the case of interruptible tasks, wherein upon being interrupted, the processor saves the context and proceeds to serve the Interrupt service routine. Thus the smaller the context, the smaller is the latency. These data are located in:

 Processor registers
 Memory used by the task
 On some operating systems, control registers used by the system to manage the task

The storage memory (files) is not concerned by the "task context" in the case of a context switch, even if this can be stored for some uses (checkpointing).
Computer science

Context (computing)


George Walker Bush (born 6 Julie 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut) served as the 43rd Preses o the Unitit States frae 2001 tae 2009 an the 46t Govrenor o Texas frae 1995 tae 2000.

Biography
 (born 6t Julie, 1946) wis eleckit Preses o the Unitit States o Americae in 2000, an wis re-eleckit Preses in 2004. Bush is a Republican, an haes Dick Cheney as his Vice Preses. He is frae Midland, Texas, an awns a ranch thare.

He is the son o umwhile U.S. Preses George H. W. Bush. Afore he wis Preses, Bush wis Governor o Texas. He is mairiet on Laura, an thay hae twin dochters, Jenna an Barbara.

Bush wis born in Connecticut, an growed up in Midland, Texas on a ranch. He jynt the Naitional Gaird durin the Vietnam Weir, but didna fecht in Vietnam.

He wis first electit in the election o November 2000, wi Dick Cheney as Vice Preses. Florida wis a state whaur election results wis argied ower. It teuk ower a month tae lairn the winner. Bush wis declared tae be the winner, but mony fowk disputes this yet. Acause o the Electoral College seestem, Florida's votes wis key for Bush tae beir the gree, e'en tho Bush lost the naitionwide popular vote tae Al Gore.

At the election o November 2004 Bush run agin the Democratic candidate, John Kerry. He wun his seicont term in that election; the affcome o this election isna in dispute.

His seicont term endit on 20 Januar 2009, when he wis succeedit bi Barack Obama.

He wis Preses at the time o the 11t September attacks.

Creiticeism
Bush haes been creiticeised for his role in the 2003 Iraq weir, that he stertit claimin Iraq haed wappens o mass destruction. Nae sic wappens haes been funnd. Efter the attacks o the 11t o September in New York, some haes creiticeised him for his conter-terrorism meisurs an aa. Amang ither things, his admeenistration haes been accuised o ill-daeins wi its "extraordinary rendition" policy—i.e. takkin terrorist suspects tae kintras whaur laws anent treatment o thaim in the jyle is less strict nor the US, an haein thaim interrogate bi the local polis. His guvrenment haes hauden terrorist suspects athoot trial in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba an aa.

References

1946 births
20t-century American businessfowk
20t-century American Episcopalians
20t-century American politeecians
20t-century American writers
20t-century Methodists
21st-century American penters
21st-century American politeecians
21st-century American writers
21st-century Methodists
American biografers
Male biografers
American businessfowk in the ile industry
American financiers
American investors
American memoirists
American Methodists
American motivational speakers
American fowk o Czech strynd
American fowk o Dutch strynd
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American fowk o French strynd
American fowk o German strynd
American fowk o Erse strynd
American fowk o Scots strynd
American fowk o Welsh strynd
American poleetical writers
American male writers
American rugby union players
Aviators frae Connecticut
Aviators frae Texas
Bush faimily
Businessfowk frae Connecticut
Bairns o Preses o the Unitit States
Childer o naitional leaders
Conservatism in the Unitit States
Converts tae Methodism
Umwhile Anglicans
Govrenors o Texas
Grand Crosses o the Order o Vytautas the Great
Harvard Business School alumni
Livin fowk
Livingston faimily
Naitional Guard o the Unitit States officers
Penters frae Connecticut
Penters frae Texas
Fowk associatit wi the September 11 attacks
Fowk frae Midland, Texas
The Kinkaid School alumni
Phillips Academy alumni
Preses o the Unitit States
Recipients o St. George's Order o Victory
Recipients o the Order o the Cross o Terra Mariana, 1st Cless
Recipients o the Order pro merito Melitensi
Recipients o the Starn o Romanie Order
Republican Pairty Preses o the Unitit States
Republican Pairty state govrenors o the Unitit States
Republican Pairty (Unitit States) presidential nominees
Schuyler faimily
Sportsfowk frae New Haven, Connecticut
Sportsfowk frae Texas
Texas Rangers executives
Texas Rangers owners
Texas Republicans
Unitit Methodists
Unitit States Air Force officers
Unitit States presidential candidates, 2000
Unitit States presidential candidates, 2004
Writers frae New Haven, Connecticut
Writers frae Texas
Yale Varsity alumni
Ranchers frae Texas

Assassination attempt survivors
American male penters

George W. Bush


The national flag of Chile was adopted in 1817.

Appearance
The flag shows two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center.

Protocol dictates that it can hang horizontally or vertically, but the star must always be located in the top-left corner.

The colors have meanings:

 Red: represents blood of patriots who fought for independence.
 White: represents snow of the Andes.
 Blue: represents the blue of the skies.
 Single star: stresses the fact that Chile is an unitarian republic.

Note: the Chilean flag is similar to the flag of the state of Texas.

Related pages
 Chile

Other websites
 Description in Flags of the World

Chile
National symbols of Chile

Flag of Chile


Zürich or Zurich ( ; Swiss German: Züri [ˈt͡syɾi]) is a city in Switzerland. Zürich is the capital city of the Canton of Zürich. About 415,000 people live in the city and over 1.5 million live in the metropolitan area. This makes Zürich the biggest city in Switzerland.

Geography
Zurich is in the North of Switzerland, and it is 408 m (1,339 ft) above sea level. It is at the northern end of Lake Zurich and is surrounded by hills; at the left side of the lake, there is the Albis mountain range, including the Felsenegg (accessible by Zurich's only cable car)  and Zurich's "house mountain" Uetliberg. At the right side of the lake, there are the hills Zollikerberg, with the prominent Dolder hotel and Zürichberg. The rivers Limmat and Sihl flow through the city. The Limmat and the Sihl flow through the city, whereby the river Sihl is connected to the Lake Zurich through the Schanzengraben, which used to be a part of the city fortress.

Left side of the Lake:

The architectural beauty of the Enge station, made of Ticino granite, the Rietberg Museum with its beautiful park, the Enge bathing establishment and the Rote Fabrik give this district a Mediterranean feel.

Right side of the Lake:

This district starts behind the Opera House and stretches as far as the Tiefenbrunnen lakeside resort. Boutiques, villas, the Chinawiese (Chinese meadow) and, of course, the Utoquais lakeside establishment are the highlights of this area.

The city is divided into twelve districts (known as Kreis in German), numbered 1 to 12. The first district is the old town of Zurich.

History
The history of Zurich starts with prehistoric settlements that were found at the border of today's Lake Zurich. There were different settlements and some date back to 500 BC. From 100 BC, Celtic people inhabited the area. When the Romans arrived, they built a military base, which they called 'Turicum'. This is where the term Zurich originated . The Alemanni and the Franks (Germanic tribes) also took hold of Zürich later.

In 1218, the last member of Zürich 's ruling family died. After that, Zürich became a free city. Its location in Europe contributed to its economic development.

In 1336, Rudolf Brun and the tradesmen of the city stormed the Town Hall. After that, half of the government was made up of tradesmen. The tradesmen grouped themselves into guilds.

The Canton joined Switzerland in 1351.

During the Protestant Reformation period (16th century), the city became the head of Protestant Switzerland. It was in contact with other Protestant Swiss cities, like Bern and Geneva. Protestant refugees came to Zürich, and further contributed to the city's economic development.

During the 17th and the 18th century, the city grew culturally and economically.

Economy
In the city of Zürich, most of the people work in the commerce part of the economy. Zürich is one of the largest financial centres in the world. Many famous banks and insurance companies are located here, for example UBS, Credit Suisse, Swiss Life and Swiss Re.

The airport of Zürich is located about  to the north, in a town called Kloten. Zürich Airport ("Flughafen Zürich", IATA:ZRH) is the biggest airport in Switzerland. Zürich Main Station is the busiest train station in Switzerland with many national and international connections.

The headquarters of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is also in Zürich.

Public transport
Many people in Zurich use public transport. Roughly 50% of people who live in Zurich use it to get to work or school. The ZVV network uses at least four types of transport – trains, trams, buses (both diesel and electric, also called trolley buses) and boats on the lake and river. The public transport network also includes funicular railways and even cable cars like the one between Adliswil and Felsenegg. Tickets are valid on all main types of public transportation. The boats run on the Limmat and the Lake Zürich. It connects surrounding towns between Zurich and Rapperswil.

Education
Zurich has two universities. ETH Zürich is ranked among the top universities in the world. Over 20 Nobel Prize winners have studied or worked there, for example Albert Einstein. The other university is the University of Zürich. It is the largest university in Switzerland.

Zurich's Educational System:

All children living in the Canton of Zurich have the right to education in compulsory Public Schools (Volksschule), which are free of charge. The compulsory education in the canton of Zurich generally begins at the age of four and is of 11 years duration. The compulsory period of Education includes Kindergarten, Primary School and Secondary School, where the children receive basic education qualifying them for access to vocational education and training (VET/ apprenticeship) or to continuative intermediate schools. Kindergarten is the first step of the compulsory education, where the children stay for two years before moving on to primary school, which is divided into lower level (Grade 1-3) and middle level (grade 4-6), thus takes six years to complete.

After grade 6 of primary school, the students have two different options. They either pass on to secondary school or change over to baccalaureate school (Gymnasium). To change over to long-term baccalaureate school, the students need to pass an admission examination.

After primary school, students pass on to secondary school, which takes 3 years to complete. During this time, students acquire the skills to successfully transition to a Vocational Education and Training School (VET School) or they enter Intermediate School after having passed the admission examination. (https://www.zh.ch/en/bildung/bildungssystem.html#-1461266662)

Primary and Secondary Schools:

The total number of scholars in public schools in the Canton of Zurich in 2019 was 275260, 49.7% of them were women. Instead, in Private schools the number of scholars was 29021, 48.1% of them were women. Since the 2014 school year, there has been a sharp increase in the number of primary school pupils in the canton of Zurich.The growth from the 2018 school year to the 2019 school year 2019 was 2.4%, i.e. around 100 classes.

The number of public schools in the Canton of Zurich is 504.

The number of teachers teaching in public schools is 15962.

(https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/bildung/bildungssystem/zahlen/die_schulen_im_kanton_zuerich_2019_2020.pdf)

ETH Zürich

Zurich has two universities: ETH and UZH.

ETH Zürich is a public research university in the city of Zürich, that was founded by the Swiss Federal Government in 1854 with the stated mission to educate engineers and scientists. The school focuses primarily on science, technology, engineering and mathematics. ETH Zürich is ranked among the top universities in the world. Typically, popular rankings place the institution as the best university in continental Europe and ETH Zurich is consistently ranked among the top 1-5 universities in Europe, and among the top 3-10 best universities of the world. Over 20 Nobel Price winners have studied or worked there, for example Albert Einsteins. For Swiss students, ETH Zurich is not selective in its undergraduate admission procedures. Like every public university in Switzerland, ETH Zurich is obliged to grant admission to every Swiss resident who took the Matura. ETH Zurich has two campuses. The main building was constructed 1858–1864 outside and right above the eastern border of the town, but nowadays it is located right in the heart of the city. In the year of ETH Zurich's 150th anniversary, an extensive project called "Science City" for the Hönggerberg Campus was started with the goal to transform the campus into an attractive district based on the principle of sustainability. The annual Polyball is the most prestigious public event at ETH Zurich, with a long tradition since the 1880s. At the end of November, the Polyball welcomes around 10,000 dancers, music-lovers and partygoers in the extensively decorated main building of ETH Zurich. The amicable rivalry between ETH Zurich and its neighbor, the University of Zurich, has been cultivated since 1951 (Uni-Poly). There has been an annual rowing match between teams from the two institutions on the river Limmat.

UZH UNIVERSITY

The University of Zurich was founded in 1833 and it was the first university in Europe to be founded by the state rather than the church or a monarch. It is closely linked with ETH in the fields of bioscience and finance.  According to the GWTS Leiden Ranking, the University of Zurich ranked 37th in the world in social sciences and humanities. Bachelor courses are taught in Swiss German but use of English is increasing in many faculties. The only bachelors program taught entirely in English is the English language and literacy program.All Master courses at the Faculty of Science are held in English. Master courses in Economics and Finance are mainly held in English, while the Master of Science in Quantitative Finance is held completely in English.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Stadt Zürich  – official website

Imperial free cities

Zürich


The third law of thermodynamics says:
If an object reaches the absolute zero of temperature (0 K = −273.15C = −459.67 °F), its atoms will stop moving.
The definition is: at absolute zero , the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is zero.

Experimentally, it is not possible to obtain −273.15°C, as of now. It is found that most of the gases either liquify or solidify before reaching such a temperature, gaseous molecules no longer remaining. So far, scientists have been able to get close to, but not exactly, absolute zero. This may change in the future.

Related pages
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Laws of physics

Third law of thermodynamics