eBay v. Bidder's Edge, 100 F. Supp. 2d 1058 (N.D. Cal. 2000), was a leading case applying the trespass to chattels doctrine to online activities.  In 2000, eBay, an online auction company, successfully used the 'trespass to chattels' theory to obtain a preliminary injunction preventing Bidder's Edge, an auction data aggregator, from using a 'crawler' to gather data from eBay's website. The opinion was a leading case applying 'trespass to chattels' to online activities, although its analysis has been criticized in more recent jurisprudence.

Origins of dispute
Bidder's Edge ("BE") was founded in 1997 as an "aggregator" of auction listings. Its website provided a database of auction listings that BE automatically collected from various auction sites, including eBay. Accordingly, BE's users could easily search auction listings from throughout the web rather than having to go to each individual auction site.

In early 1998, eBay allowed BE to include Beanie Babies and Furby auction listings in BE's database. It is unclear whether BE scraped these listings from eBay or linked to them in some other format. However, on April 24, 1999, eBay verbally approved BE automatically "crawling" the eBay web site for a period of 90 days.

During this time, the parties contemplated striking a formal license agreement. These negotiations did not conclude successfully because the parties could not agree on technical issues. Subsequently, in early 1999, BE added auction listings from many other sites in its database, including eBay's. Despite the integration of many websites' listings, nearly 69% of the listings in BE's database were from eBay.

eBay wanted BE to access the eBay system only when a BE user queried the BE system. Doing so would increase the accuracy/currency of the data BE presented to its users  and impose a lighter load on eBay's network. BE accessed eBay approximately 100,000 times a day, constituting about 1.53% of eBay's total daily requests. BE wanted to periodically crawl eBay's entire website to compile its own auction database, which would increase the speed of BE's response to user queries and allow BE to notify its users when eBay auctions changed.

Further developments leading to suit
Due to the disagreement regarding technical issues, at the end of the 90-day period, eBay notified BE that its activities were no longer permitted, but eBay offered again to license BE's activities. BE did not accept eBay's offer.

In late August or early September 1999, eBay requested by telephone that BE cease posting eBay auction listings on its site. BE agreed to do so. In October 1999, BE learned that other auction aggregations sites were including information about eBay auctions.

On November 2, 1999, BE issued a press release indicating that it had resumed including eBay auction listings on its site. On November 9, 1999, eBay sent BE a letter reasserting that BE's activities were unauthorized, insisting that BE cease accessing the eBay site, alleging that BE's activities constituted a trespass of eBay's chattels and offering to license BE's activities.

IP address blocking and proxy
As a result, eBay attempted to block BE from accessing the eBay site; by the end of November 1999, eBay had blocked a total of 169 IP addresses it believed BE was using to query eBay's system. BE continued crawling eBay's site by using proxy servers to evade eBay's IP address blocks. Information requests sent through such servers cannot easily be traced back to the originating IP Address, which allowed Bidder's Edge to evade eBay's attempts to block queries from the originating IP address.

Lawsuits
eBay sued Bidder's Edge on December 10, 1999, in the Northern District of California federal court. eBay moved for a preliminary injunction on the following causes of action:
 Trespass to chattels,
 False advertising under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a),
 Trademark dilution,
 violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030,
 Unfair competition,
 Misappropriation,
 Interference with prospective economic advantage and
 Unjust enrichment.

BE filed antitrust counterclaims on February 7, 2000. The counterclaims charged eBay with monopolization, attempted monopolization, unfair business practices and interference with contractual relations. On May 24, 2000, District Court Judge Whyte found that eBay had established a sufficient likelihood of prevailing on the trespass claim to support eBay's requested injunctive relief. Because the court found eBay entitled to the relief requested based on its trespass claim, the court did not address the remaining claims. The opinion first addressed the merits of the trespass claim, then BE's arguments regarding copyright preemption of the trespass claim, and finally the public interest.

Trespass to chattels
The court said that eBay's trespass to chattels claim required it to show that:
 Bidder's Edge intentionally and without authorization interfered with eBay's possessory interest in the computer system; and
 Bidder's Edge's unauthorized use proximately resulted in damage to eBay.
eBay argued that BE's use was unauthorized and intentional. The court said that eBay had not permitted BE's activity simply by having a website available over the Internet. BE had violated eBay's terms of use and ignored eBay's requests to stop using its crawlers.  BE responded that it was not causing eBay irreparable harm because its activity (80,000–100,000 hits per day) represented only a small fraction (approximately 1 ½ percent) of the overall activity on eBay's site. eBay acknowledged that BE's activity was only a relatively slight interference with eBay's servers.

Nevertheless, the court found that although BE's interference was not substantial, "any intermeddling with or use of another's personal property" established BE's possessory interference with eBay's chattel. Further, BE's use of eBay's bandwidth and system resources, even though small, harmed eBay because other companies might follow BE's example: "If the court were to hold otherwise, it would likely encourage other auction aggregators to crawl the eBay site, potentially to the point of denying effective access to eBay's customers.  If preliminary injunctive relief were denied, and other aggregators began to crawl the eBay site, there appears to be little doubt that the load on eBay's computer system would qualify as a substantial impairment of condition or value."

Public interest
The parties argued that the Internet would cease to function if, according to eBay, personal and intellectual property rights were not respected, or, according to BE, if information published on the Internet could not be universally accessed and used. The court suspected that the Internet would not only survive but continue to grow and develop regardless of its ruling. The court noted that particularly on the limited record available at the preliminary injunction stage, it was unable to determine whether the general public interest factors favored or opposed a preliminary injunction.

BE also argued that eBay engaged in anticompetitive behavior. However, the district court was not obligated to consider the merits of any antitrust counterclaims once it decided that eBay had a likelihood of success on the merits.

Order
Based on its findings, the court issued a preliminary injunction against BE from "using any automated query program, robot, or similar device to access eBay's computer systems or networks for the purpose of copying any part of eBay's auction database."

Subsequent developments and negative history
One day after it filed federal antitrust charges against eBay, Bidder's Edge announced it would be acquired by OpenSite, an auction software company. However, the deal fell through when Siebel Systems bought OpenSite.

eBay and Bidder's Edge settled their legal disputes in March 2001. As part of the settlement, Bidder's Edge paid eBay an undisclosed amount and agreed not to access and re-post eBay's auction information. The settlement also required BE to drop its appeal of the preliminary injunction. Meanwhile, Bidder's Edge shut down its website on February 21, 2001.

In 2003, the California Supreme Court implicitly overruled the eBay v. Bidder's Edge opinion in Intel v. Hamidi, a case interpreting California's common law trespass to chattels.

The Hamidi court considered the eBay court analysis, which stated that if BE's activity were allowed to continue unchecked, it would encourage other auction aggregators to engage in similar searching which would cause eBay irreparable harm. In analyzing this point, the Hamidi court stated,"[W]e do not read [eBay decision] as expressing the court's complete view of the issue. In isolation, moreover, [it] would not be a correct statement of California or general American law on this point." As a result, the opinion may be or may no longer be valid precedent.

Further, since eBay was issued, some courts have become more circumspect about the "slippery slope" argument that eBay successfully made about additional crawlers following BE's lead. For example, in White Buffalo Ventures LLC v. University of Texas at Austin, the Fifth Circuit said "Since the spider does not cause physical injury to the chattel, there must be some evidence that the use or utility of the computer (or computer network) being 'spiderized' is adversely affected by the use of the spider. No such evidence is presented here. This court respectfully disagrees with other district courts' finding that mere use of a spider to enter a publicly available web site to gather information, without more, is sufficient to fulfill the harm requirement for trespass to chattels."

References

External links

Intel v. Hamidi
Ticketmaster L.L.C. v. RMG Technologies, Inc.

2000 in California
2000 in United States case law
EBay litigation
United States District Court for the Northern District of California cases
United States property case law

EBay v. Bidder's Edge


The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6 2008.

In November of 2005 the Cassini orbiter found that Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea did not have energetic electrons. According to the discovery team, this is best explained by assuming they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk having denser rings or arcs, with particles perhaps many decimeters to about a meter in diameter.

Detection

Voyager 1 saw an area without as many energetic electrons trapped in Saturn's magnetic field downstream from Rhea in 1980. These measurements, which were never explained, were made at a farther distance than the Cassini data.

On November 26, 2005, Cassini made the one targeted Rhea flyby of its primary mission. It passed within 500 km of Rhea's surface, downstream of Saturn's magnetic field, and saw the resulting plasma wake as it had with other moons, such as Dione and Tethys. In those cases, there was a cutoff of energetic electrons as Cassini crossed into the moons' plasma shadows (the regions where the moons themselves blocked the magnetospheric plasma from reaching Cassini). However, in the case of Rhea, the electron plasma started to drop off at eight times that distance, and decreased gradually until the expected sharp drop off as Cassini entered Rhea's plasma shadow. The extended distance corresponds to Rhea's Hill sphere, the distance of 7.7 times Rhea's radius inside of which orbits are dominated by Rhea's rather than Saturn's gravity. When Cassini emerged from Rhea's plasma shadow, the reverse pattern occurred: A sharp surge in energetic electrons, then a gradual increase out to Rhea's Hill-sphere radius.

These readings are similar to those of Enceladus, where water coming out from its south pole absorbs the electron plasma. However, in the case of Rhea, the absorption pattern is symmetrical.

In addition, the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) saw that this gentle gradient was punctuated by three sharp drops in plasma flow on each side of the moon, a pattern that was also nearly symmetric.

In August 2007, Cassini passed through Rhea's plasma shadow again, but farther downstream. Its readings were similar to those of Voyager 1.

There are no images or direct sightings of the material thought to be absorbing the plasma, but the likely candidates would be difficult to detect directly. Further sightings are planned for Cassinis first mission extension, with a targeted flyby scheduled for March 2, 2010.

Interpretation
Cassini'''s flyby path makes interpretation of the magnetic readings difficult.

The obvious candidates for magnetospheric plasma-absorbing matter are neutral gas and dust, but the quantities required to explain the seen decrease in electrons are far higher than Cassinis measurements allow. Therefore the finders, led by Geraint Jones of the Cassini'' MIMI team, argue that the decrease of electrons must be caused by solid particles orbiting Rhea:
An analysis of the electron data indicates that this obstacle is most likely in the form of a low optical depth disk of material near Rhea's equatorial plane and that the disk contains solid bodies up to ~1 m in size.
The simplest explanation for the symmetrical punctuations in plasma flow are "extended arcs or rings of material" orbiting Rhea in its equatorial plane. These symmetric dips bear some similarity to the way by which the Rings of Uranus were found in 1977.

However, not all scientists are convinced that the seen signatures are caused by a ring system.  No rings have been seen in images, which puts a very low limit at least on tiny dust-sized particles.  Furthermore, a ring made of boulders would be expected to generate dust that would likely have been seen in the images.

History
Simulations suggest that solid bodies can stably orbit Rhea near its equatorial plane over astronomical timescales. They may not be stable around Dione and Tethys because those moons are so much closer to Saturn, and therefore have much smaller Hill spheres, or around Titan because of drag from its dense atmosphere.

Many suggestions have been made for the possible origin of rings. An impact could have brought material into orbit; this could have happened as recently as 70 million years ago. A small body could have been disrupted when caught in orbit about Rhea. In either case, the debris would eventually have settled into circular equatorial orbits. Given their long-term orbital stability, however, it is possible that they survive from the formation of Rhea itself.

For different rings to exist, something must separate them. Suggestions include moonlets or clumps of material within the disk, similar to those seen within Saturn's A ring.

References

Other websites
 NASA podcast

Saturn's moons

Rings of Rhea


The Brookfield Zoo is a large zoo near Chicago, Illinois. The zoo is about  216 acres (874,124 m²), and has around 450 species of animals.

Exhibits
Australia House: Crested pigeons, emerald tree boas, double-wattled cassowaries, emus, princess parrots, Rodrigues flying foxes, short-beaked echidnas, southern hairy-nosed wombats, western grey kangaroos, parma wallabies, prehensile-tailed skinks, Argus monitors, tawny frogmouths, and laughing kookaburras.
Children's Zoo: Harris hawks, great horned owls, American kestrels, turkey vultures, red-tailed hawks, raccoons, ravens, chickens, goats, groundhogs, Holstein cattle, reindeer, sheep.
Feather and Scales: Andean condors, blue poison dart frogs, double-striped thick-knees,  Gambel's quails, greater roadrunners, green aracaries, boa constrictors, and sungazers.
Perching Bird House: African pygmy-falcons, Argus monitors, Bali starlings, bay-headed tanagers, crested wood partridges, green-winged macaws, Micronesian kingfishers, paradise tanagers, tawny frogmouths, and turquoise tanagers.
Fragile Desert: African crested porcupines, Amur leopards, bat-eared foxes, black-footed cats, caracals, meerkats, rock hyraxes, and sand cats.
Fragile Hunters: African lions, Amur tigers, sloth bears, and snow leopards.
Fragile Rainforest: Asian small-clawed otters, bearcats, Burmese pythons, clouded leopard, fishing cats, giant African millipedes, naked mole rats, and northern treeshrews.
Great Bear Wilderness: American bison, bald eagles, brown bears, and polar bears.
Habitat Africa! The Forest: African forest buffaloes, giant African millipedes, okapis, red-flanked duikers, red river hogs, and reunion chameleons.
Habitat Africa! The Savannah: Aardvarks, African wild dogs, common ostriches, klipspringers, reticulated giraffes, and warthogs.
Hamill Family Play Zoo: African hedgehogs, barred tiger salamanders, mongoose lemurs, ring-tailed lemurs, Blanding's turtles, musk turtles, boa constrictors, and African cichlids.
Hoofed Animals: Addaxes, Bactrian camels, Grant's zebras, and Grevy's zebras.
The Living Coast: Humboldt penguins, Inca terns, grey gulls, and moray eels.
Pachyderm House: Eastern black rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, and South American tapirs.
Pinniped Point: California sea lions, harbor seals.
Regenstein Wolf Woods: Mexican wolves.
Salt Creek Wilderness: Trumpeter swans.
Seven Seas: Bottlenose dolphins.
The Swamp: American alligators, alligator snapping turtles, eastern screech owls, little blue herons, North American river otters, and snowy egrets.
Tropic World: Asian small-clawed otters, Bornean Orangutans, collared mangabeys, cottontop tamarins, eastern black-and-white colobuses, giant anteaters, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, golden lion tamarins, mandrills, northern white-cheeked gibbons, pygmy hippopotamuses, sooty mangabeys, and western lowland gorillas.

Other websites
Official Brookfield Zoo website

Buildings and structures in Chicago
Zoos in Illinois

Brookfield Zoo


Serpent is a  symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen.

Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words.  Each round applies one of eight 4-bit by 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices.  This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES.

Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future progress in cryptanalysis.

The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

Rijndael vs. Serpent
Rijndael is a substitution-linear transformation network with 10, 12, or 14 rounds, depending on the key size, and with block sizes of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits, independently specified.Serpent is a substitution-linear transformation network which has 32 rounds, plus an initial and a final permutation to simplify an optimized implementation.
The round function in Rijndael consists of: a nonlinear layer, a linear mixing layer, and a key-mixing XOR layer.The round function in Serpent consists of: key-mixing XOR, thirty-two parallel process of the same 4x4 S-box, and a linear transformation, except in the last round, in which another key-mixing XOR replaces the linear transformation.
The nonlinear layer in Rijndael uses an 8x8 S-box.The nonlinear layer in Serpent uses 8 different 4x4 S-boxes.

The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.

Security
The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.

Other websites
 Serpent homepage
 SCAN's entry for Serpent
 In Pellicano Case, Lessons in Wiretapping Skills NYTimes May 5 2008

Cryptography

Serpent (cipher)


WrestleMania VII was the seventh annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event. It was produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE).

Results
 The Rockers (Shawn Michaels & Marty Jannetty) Def. Haku & The Barbarian w/ Bobby "The Brain" Heenan
The Texas Tornado Def. Dino Bravo
The British Bulldog Def. Warlord w/ Slick
WWF Tag Team Championship Match:The Nasty Boys (Jerry Sags and Brian Knobbs) (w/Jimmy Hart) Def. The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) to win the WWF Tag Team Champions
Jake Roberts Def. Rick Martel in a Blindfold Match
The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) Def. Jimmy Snuka
The Ultimate Warrior Def. Randy Savage (with Sensational Queen Sherri)
Genichiro Tenryu and Kōji Kitao Def. Demolition (Crush and Smash) (with Mr. Fuji)
WWF Intercontinental Title Match: The Big Boss Man (with André the Giant) Def. Mr. Perfect (c) (with Bobby Heenan) by DQ
Earthquake (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Greg Valentine
The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) Def. Power and Glory (Paul Roma and Hercules) (with Slick)
Virgil (with Roddy Piper) Def. Ted DiBiase by countout
The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Tito Santana
WWF Title Match:Hulk Hogan Def. Sgt. Slaughter (c) (w/General Adnan) to win the WWF Championship

WrestleMania 07
Sports in Los Angeles
1991 in professional wrestling
1991 in California
1990s in Los Angeles, California
March events

WrestleMania VII


Experience is knowledge a person gets by doing something or watching someone else do it.  Experience is learning through actions.

Some religious groups and teaching methods value learning by experiencing.
For example, if someone wants to learn about the game chess, they would play several games. By making mistakes and learning from them, they learn more rather than just reading about playing.

Types of experience
Experience is often divided into four types:

Someone who experienced by watching or doing something himself is said to have first-hand experience.

When one person tells another person, the other person has second-hand experience.

When an experience is felt or enjoyed through imagined participation, the person has had a "vicarious experience".

A religious experience is a spiritual event seen by someone. Holy books like the Bible talk about visions or dreams where men like Moses, Daniel or Jesus met God. Mystics also describe these events, and offer advice. William James wrote a famous book about the kinds of religious experience.

Proverbs about Experience
 "Only the foolish learn from experience — the wise learn from the experience of others." Romanian proverb. (Fools go out, make their own mistakes and learn from them. Smart people learn from others' mistakes.)
 "Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other." Benjamin Franklin (Fools refuse to learn in school from textbooks or teachers. Fools choose to learn only from their own mistakes. They will not learn in a school classroom.) or (Experience is a great teacher and teaches many of life's most important lessons, but only fools will refuse to get new knowledge in other ways too. Examples of other ways to learn things are listening, reading, remembering, and reasoning.)

Related pages
A priori and a posteriori
Empiricism

Other websites
 http://www.primeguru.com (Site discontinued) Learn from other's experiences and let others learn from your experiences

Basic English 850 words
Everyday life

Experience


The pedal steel guitar is a type of electric steel guitar that is built on legs or a stand. It usually has foot pedals which adjust the sound of the instrument. Like other electric guitars, the musical instrument produces sound by the vibration of its strings which are converted by magnetic pickup connected to an amplifier.

Pedal steels may have one or two "necks" that typically have 10 strings each. Some may have as many as 14. Unlike most other guitars, pedal steel guitars have reference lines on the fretboard. This is where frets would be, but there are no actual frets. The player changes the pitch of one or more strings by sliding a steel from one position to another while plucking the strings. Pedal steels are typically plucked with a thumb pick and fingers, or two or three fingerpicks. The pedals are mounted on a cross bar below the body. The action of the pedals may be fixed or changed by the player to select which strings the pedals affects. While there are some fairly standard pedal assignments, many advanced players devise their own setups, called copedents. The pedal steel evolved from the console steel guitar and lap steel guitar.

The pedal steel, with its smooth portamenti, bending chords and complex riffs, is one of the most easily recognized instruments of American country music.

References

Guitars

Pedal steel guitar


Haiku d'Etat is a super group rap trio featuring Aceyalone and Myka 9 of Freestyle Fellowship and Abstract Rude of Abstract Tribe Unique. All three members are heavily affiliated with Project Blowed, Aceyalone and Abstract Rude being co-founders. The name "Haiku d'Etat" is a portmanteau of haiku and coup d'état, implying something akin to a musical revolution or a "poetic takeover" as one of their songs puts it.

History
Haiku d'Etat released their first album Haiku d'Etat in 1999. It features San Francisco Bay Area live musicians such as David Boyce on saxophone, Emerson Cardenas on bass, Michael Cavaseno on guitar, Damion Gallegos of Fungo Mungo, kBrandow, and The Coup on his Fender Rhodes-88 electric piano and Adrian Burley on drums and percussion. Burley also produced the album.

The rap trio regrouped in 2004 without producer Adrian Burley or his band Haiku d'Etat to release the second album Coup de Theatre produced by Fat Jack. Each of the members are frequently featured on each other's albums and videos, as well as being known to appear as special guests during each other's live stage shows.

Discography

Albums
 Haiku d'Etat (1999)
 Coup de Theatre (2004)

Singles
 Los Dangerous (1997)
 Mike, Aaron & Eddie (2004)
 Triumvirate (2005)

Guest appearances
 "Ride Off In The Sunset" "Live Set" "Purgatory" "Place We Call Home" on Calicomm 2004 (2005)
 "Top Qualified" by Gift of Gab on Supreme Lyricism Vol. 1 (2006)

 "Coming with the Sound" by Resin Dogs

References

External links
 Haiku d'Etat on Project Blowed
 Haiku d'Etat on Myspace
 Interview in December 2004 with Hip Hop Core

American hip hop musicians
West Coast hip hop musicians
Supergroups (music)
Musical groups established in 1997

Haiku d'Etat


Clarence Darrow (April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). He was the son of Eddy and Amirus Darrow, a furniture manufacturer and dealer Amirus Darrow had originally trained as a minister,but just before his ordination he experienced a crisis of faith that led him to question the existence of God and the notion of life after death. Darrow briefly attended Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania, then taught school for several years before enrolling at the University of Michigan Law School.

He is known for the famous trials he worked on like the Scopes trial about teaching evolution in schools, and the Leopold and Loeb murder trial. Sometimes he was called a "sophisticated country lawyer". His humor during trials, and his willingness to support civil rights, made him a famous lawyer.

Darrow spent the remaining years of his life in near seclusion. He died of heart disease at the age of eighty, respected by some and despised by others as a colorful rebel who was always willing to take on unpopular causes in the firm belief that they were the right ones to back-regardless of their impact on his career and his finances.

References

1857 births
1938 deaths
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Ohio

Clarence Darrow


The Narada Falls Comfort Station was built in Mount Rainier National Park by the National Park Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1941–42. The public toilet building is close to Narada Falls in the south central portion of the park. Initial work by the Park Service encountered substantial rock excavation, with the subsequent cost overrun requiring the Park Service to use CCC labor to complete the project. The building features stone masonry walls to window sill level, woor framed upper walls, and a timber framed roof. The interior comprises a waiting room and a toilet facility. The design was by the Western Region Landscape Engineering Division, with plan approval by Thomas Chalmers Vint, NPS Chief of Planning.

The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991. It is part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the park's inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.

References

Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Government buildings completed in 1942
Buildings and structures in Lewis County, Washington
Rustic architecture in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Mount Rainier National Park
Civilian Conservation Corps in Washington (state)
Restrooms in the United States
1942 establishments in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Mount Rainier National Park

Narada Falls Comfort Station


Also see Realism (art movement)

Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. Another example is the French Albert Charpin, from the Barbizon School, with his paintings of sheep in their natural settings.

Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School.

Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.

Controversies about terms
Some writers restrict the terms "Naturalism" and "Realism" for use as labels for period styles of the middle and late nineteenth century in Europe and America, thus making available the terms "naturalism" and "realism," all lowercase, for tendencies of art of any period so long as the works strive for an accurate representation of the visible world. Thus, "Naturalism" is tied to a time and place, whereas "naturalism" is timeless. As well as a major turning point in art.

Sources

 "History of Art: Study Guide 14th Century to the Present". 18th Century Naturalism and The Enlightenment Era Natural Painting. 22 April 2011.

References

Art movements

Naturalism (arts)


The following is a list of the characters from the Adventures in Odyssey radio program.

Major characters
 John Avery Whittaker, voiced by Hal Smith (1987 - 1994) and Paul Herlinger (1996 - present): the main character, mostly known as just "Whit."
 Connie Kendall, voiced by Katie Leigh (1987 - present): the longest-working "Whit's End" employee.
 Eugene Meltsner, voiced by Will Ryan (1988 - 2000, 2005 - present).
 Katrina (Shanks) Meltsner, the wife of Eugene Meltsner, voiced by Pamela Hayden (1994 - 1998) and Audrey Wasilewski (2005 - present).
 Bernard Walton, voiced by Dave Madden (1990 - present): the town's window-washer.
 Jason Whittaker, voiced by Townsend Coleman (1994 - present): Whit's son and former NSA agent. He ran Whit's End when Whit was in the Middle East.
 Chris, voiced by Chris Anthony (1987 - present), the show's announcer.
 Jack Allen, voiced by Alan Young (1994 – 2004, 2008 - present): childhood friend of Whit, former manager of "Whit's End" when Whit was in the Middle East, and now is the owner of the J & J Antique Gallery with his wife Joanne. He is not thought to be inactive, but simply has not been in any shows for a while.
 Bart Rathbone, voiced by Walker Edmiston (1987 - 2007), unknown  voice (2008 - present): the schemish manager of the Electric Palace.
 Rodney Rathbone, voiced by Steve Burns (1990 – 2006): Bart's son, local bully, and head of the "Bones of Rath."
 Tom Riley, voiced by Walker Edmiston (1987 - 2008 when he died): a local farmer and good friend of Whit.

References

Sources
AIOHQ.com Character Histories

Characters
Lists of fictional characters

List of Adventures in Odyssey characters


A shower is a place where a person cleans themself by using water. They stand up when they use a shower and usually do not wear clothes in a shower. Showers have a shower head that squirts out water usually from above.

There are different kinds of showers. One is a "power shower" where there are many jets of water from all around. Another is the one in the picture. Some are in baths, and others are on their own.

Showers are mainly used for hygiene.

Hygiene

Shower


Tehran Province () is ane o the 31 provinces o Iran. It covers an aurie o 18,909 square kilometers an is locatit tae the north o the central plateau o Iran.

Tehran Province borders Māzandarān Province in the north, Qom Province in the sooth, Semnān Province in the east, an Qazvīn Province in the wast. The metropolis o Tehran is the caipital ceety o the province an o Iran. , this province includes 13 tounships, 43 municipalities, an 1358 veelages.

Tehran province is the richest province o Iran as it contributes approximately 29% o the kintra's GDP. Furthermore, it hooses approximately 18% o the kintra's population. Tehran Province is the maist industrialized province in Iran; 86.5% o its population resides in urban auries an 13.5% o its population resides in rural auries.

The province gained importance when Tehran wis claimed the caipital bi the Qajar Dynasty in 1778. The day, Tehran, wi a population o mair nor 7 million, is ranked amangst the 20 maist populous metropolitan ceeties o the warld.

Provinces o Iran
Geography o Tehran

Tehran Province


Lieutenant Colonel Waller Tazewell Patton (July 15, 1835 – July 21, 1863), was a professor, attorney, and an officer of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Early life and career
Waller T. Patton was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, into a well-known family. He was named for the Governor of Virginia, Littleton Waller Tazewell. His father, John Mercer Patton, a member of the Council of State, served as Acting Governor in March 1841. An ancestor, Hugh Mercer, served as a general during the American Revolution. His brother was Confederate colonel George S. Patton Sr.

Patton graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1855, placing 2nd in a class of 16. While still a student, he became a member of the faculty, serving as acting assistant professor of Latin from 1852 until 1854. Patton also served as lieutenant in the cadet corps and for a time, as assistant professor of languages and assistant. Following his graduation, Patton was hired as an instructor of tactics, and as assistant professor of mathematics and assistant instructor of tactics. He studied law and passed the bar exam, then established a profitable law practice in Culpeper, Virginia. He commanded a local militia unit, the Culpeper Minutemen.

Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War and Virginia's subsequent secession, Patton enlisted in the Confederate Army in the spring of 1861 and was elected to serve as a major in the 7th Virginia Infantry. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 27, 1862. Patton took command of the regiment in June 1862 following the promotion of the previous colonel, James L. Kemper, to the command of the brigade. He was badly wounded at Second Manassas on August 30, 1862, and spent the remainder of the year back home in Fredericksburg recuperating. Patton was elected to the Virginia Senate in 1863, but chose instead to return to his regiment.

His regiment served in North Carolina in the spring of 1863, then Patton led it northward during the Gettysburg Campaign into Pennsylvania. On July 3, the 7th Virginia was in Pickett's Division, and as part of Kemper's Brigade, formed the right of the Confederate line during Pickett's Charge. Colonel Patton was mortally wounded while leading his men towards the Union positions on Cemetery Ridge. Part of his jaw had been ripped away by an artillery shell fragment. He died in a makeshift hospital at Pennsylvania College several weeks later. His first cousin, Lewis B. Williams, Jr, commanded another Virginia regiment in Pickett's Division and was also mortally wounded.

An older brother, George Smith Patton, was killed at the Third Battle of Winchester during the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Both George and Waller Patton are buried in the Stonewall Cemetery, a part of Mt. Hebron Cemetery, Winchester, Virginia. Four other brothers were officers in the Confederate States Army: Col. John Mercer Patton, Col. Isaac Patton, Lt. James F. Patton, and Lt. Hugh Mercer Patton.

Waller Patton was a great-uncle of American World War II General, George S. Patton.

Memorialization
The Waller Tazewell Patton Camp #1661, Sons of Confederate Veterans, was named in his honor.

Media mogul Ted Turner made a cameo appearance in the 1993 film Gettysburg, playing Patton. He later reprised the role in the 2003 prequel Gods and Generals.

George and Waller Patton are buried in the Confederate section of Mt. Hebron Cemetery, Winchester, Virginia.

External links

1835 births
1863 deaths
Military personnel from Fredericksburg, Virginia
Patton family
Confederate States Army officers
People from Culpeper, Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Mercer family of Virginia
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War

Waller T. Patton


AMC is an American cable and satellite television channel. The channel is owned by AMC Networks and airs television shows and movies. AMC stands for American Movie Classics, which the channel was first based around. Currently is referred to as  AMC due to its primary shift from only movies to also featuring television shows.

History

Beginning
In 1984 on October 1, the AMC television channel aired for the time as a premium channel, showing only movie classics. It was on in the evening, and frequently held special events such as marathons and sometimes movies that generally were not aired  as classics. In 1988 it had been recorded that AMC had 39 million subscribers in the United States, making it one of the most subscribed to premium channels. Two years later, in 1990, AMC started airing 24 hours, and had been picked up by most cable providers.

Expansion
In 2002 AMC switched from airing only movie classics to modern movies of all genres and television shows. During this switch, they also started using a new logo "Story Matters Here". In 2004 AMC aired its first original show called Film Fakers. After the success of the show, AMC started adding more original series and movies. The first original drama series, Mad Men. The show received a large number of views and great feedback, resulting in a boom of original shows such as Breaking Bad and Hell on Wheels.

Television Show Boom
After many television awards and critical acclaim from shows like Mad Men and Breaking Bad, AMC started creating many more original shows. During this change, AMC created its well known slogan, "Story Matters Here". The slogan referred to the many shows that had created at the time, many of which had been praised great stories told through them. It was also during this time that The Walking Dead TV show was announced and aired. Currently it holds the title as most watched scripted cable show in history.

Present
Currently, AMC has left its previous slogan for "Something More". It is continuing to air The Walking Dead, which is on its tenth season, along with new shows such as Comic Book Men and Small Town Security. It has been announced that it will be picking up two new shows, Halt & Catch Fire and Turn, two period dramas that will be airing in 2014. This year, the only new show is Mob City, a scripted show about the Los Angeles Police Department.

Shows

Archived
Breaking Bad
Broken Trail
Rubicon (TV series)
Talking Bad
The Killing (U.S. TV series)
Hell on Wheels (TV series)
Low Winter Sun
Mad Men
The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)
Comic Book Men
Freakshow (TV series)
Preacher
Small Town Security

Airing
The Walking Dead
Better Call Saul
Talking Dead
Dispatches from Elsewhere

Webisodes
The Walking Dead: The Oath
The Walking Dead: Cold Storage
The Walking Dead: Torn Apart
The Trivial Pursuits of Arthur Banks

AMCTV.com

AMCTV.com is an website provides special features for users, such as the airing schedule, blogs, videos, games.

Schedule
This online feature allows viewers to see what date and time shows are airing, as well as when new episodes will be available. Another the schedule allows users to do, is know when AMC movies will be airing. A recently added ability allows users to see all of when a specific episode is going to be rerun.

Videos
Videos provides behind the scenes looks at many of the shows, as well as previews for upcoming episodes. Although the videos are usually fairly short, consisting around a three minutes long, they provide fans with small bits of special information that most viewers want to see.

Blogs
The blogs consists of short stories about certain episodes for different shows. These blogs, are all made by AMC editors, and usually don't contain any useful information about new shows or episodes. This feature is the least used, and the least updated.

Games
The category of games, is filled with trivia questions for selected shows, having the only possibilities being getting the answer right, getting it wrong, and running out of time on the timer. Recently, trivia questions for movies have been added in this category along with the television shows.

References
amctv.com
AMCNetworks.com

American television channels
Cable television
1984 establishments in the United States

AMC (TV channel)


The Groats (, ) is a wee veilage in the Caithness coontie an Hieland cooncil aurie o Scotland. It byds naur Duncansby Heid at the ferr nor'eistren tip o the Caithness hauf-iland, owerluikin Orkney. It is maist weil-kent as ane end o the Land's End ti John o Groats trail atwein Great Breetain's soothwastrenmaist settilment (Land's End in Cornwall) an its northeistrenmaist settilment (John o Groats). This haes made it popular wi toorists. The sawe Land's End ti John o Groats is aften bruikit ti mein "the hail o Gret Breetain".

John o Groats is forordnar thocht ti be Gret Breetain's northrenmaist pynt or settilment. Houaniver, the true northrenmaist pynt is Dunnet Heid an the northrenmaist settilment is the clachan o Skarfskerry, baith no ferr til the wast o John o Groats.

Fowk frae the veilage ar kent as "Groatsers".

Name an historie
The veilage taks its name frae Jan de Groote, a Dutchman wha flittit til the aurie in aboot 1489. In 1496 he gat a grant for a ferrie frae the Scots mainland til Orkney. The name haes whyls been spelt John O'Groats, John O'Groat's, John o' Groat's an siklyk. Houaniver, the spellin John o Groats is forordnar held ti be the richt ane. Fowklore haes it that the name meins "John o the groats" acaus the Dutchman wad chairge ane groat (an auld kynd o cuinyie) for the ferrie til Orkney.

The first recordit walk atwein John o Groats an Land's End wis unnertaen bi the brithers John an Robert Naylor in 1871. A local hirder telt thaim a tale aboot the aurie, that thay wrat doun an whilk haes been owerset intil Scots anaith:

John o' Groat wis a fisherman belangin ti Holland wha wis caucht whan at sie in a gret storm, whilk skaithed his sails sae that his boat drifted amaist daeless athort the sie. Whan he cam in sicht o the Scots coast he wis brocht wi the birth intil the Pentland Firth, an as he cud nae mend the sails in the boat [...] he waled ti land on ane o the ilands an mend thaim on shore. His wyf gainstaundit his landin on Stroma, as she thocht it wis a forhou'd iland, sae he gat his boat athort frae thar til the Scots coast. Houaniver, whan he ettilt ti land at Huna, the natives gainstaundit his landin, for thay thocht he wis a pirate. Luckie for him he haed sum cags o gin in his boat, an whan the cannie Scots saw thir thay becam mair freinlie [...] an sae thay lit him land, an e'en helpit him ti mend his sails. Eftir, thay lit him byd amang thaim on fettil that he steyd on the sieshore an that he biggit his houss thar. He gat on weil amang his new freins, an in tym becam thair cheif an haed echt sons. Ane blyth tyd, whan aw his sons cam ti see him, thay threapit as ti wha shud sit at the heid o his buird, sae John telt thaim that the neist tym thay cam he wad hae things sae redd as til evyt thon kynd o thing in the futur. Forby he biggit a hail new houss wi echt syds til it an a dure in ilk, an made a buird insyd o the same shape, sae that whan thay cam ti see him agin ilk o thaim cud gang in bi his ain dure an sit at his ain heid o the buird.

The John o Groats Houss Hostil wis biggit on or naur the steid o Jan de Groot's auld houss in aboot 1875. Awtho the hostil haes sin shut, hit wis beskrived bi Hielands an Ilands Labour MSP Rhoda Grant as "one of the UK's most famous landmarks".

References

Populatit places in Caithness
Places o Scotland

The Groats


Warwick Estevam Kerr (9 September 1922 – 15 September 2018) was a Brazilian agricultural engineer, geneticist, entomologist, professor and scientific leader, notable for his discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. The Africanized bee in the western hemisphere is directly descended from 26 Tanzanian queen bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) accidentally released by a replacement bee-keeper in 1957 in Rio Claro, São Paulo in the southeast of Brazil from hives operated by Kerr, who had interbred honey bees from Europe and southern Africa.

Biography
Kerr was born in 1922 in Santana do Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil, the son of Américo Caldas Kerr and Bárbara Chaves Kerr. The Kerr family immigrated by way of the United States. His family is originally from Scotland.  The family moved to Pirapora do Bom Jesus, São Paulo, in 1925. He attended secondary school and the preparatory course at the Mackenzie in São Paulo and subsequently was admitted to the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz of the University of São Paulo, at Piracicaba, São Paulo, where he graduated as agricultural engineer.

From March 1975 to April 1979, Kerr moved to Manaus, Amazonas, as director of the National Institute of Amazonia Research (INPA), a research institute of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).  He officially retired from the University of São Paulo in January 1981, but not from scientific life. Exactly eleven days later he accepted a position as Full Professor at the Universidade Estadual do Maranhão in São Luís, state of Maranhão, where he became responsible for creating the Department of Biology; and, for a short period (1987–1988) served also as Dean of the university. He moved to the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, in Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, in February 1988, as a professor of genetics.

Scientific contributions
His scientific life began in Piracicaba, where he received his doctorate (D.Sc.) and later was an assistant professor. In 1951, he did postdoctoral studies as a visiting professor at the University of California at Davis and, in 1952, at Columbia University, where he studied with the famous geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky.

In 1958, he was invited by Professor Dias da Silveira to assist in organizing the Department of Biology at the Faculdade de Ciências do Rio Claro, of the recently created State University of São Paulo UNESP, in the city of Rio Claro, where he stayed until 1964, directing a research group on the genetics of bees, his main field of specialization. From 1962 to 1964, he served as the Scientific Director to organize the recently created São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP).

In December 1964, he accepted the position of Full Professor of Genetics at the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, during the creation of a new Department of Genetics. In this capacity, Kerr was able to establish a research center of excellence, particularly in the areas of entomological genetics and human genetics, and which trained  many masters and doctoral students.  The department included a new research and teaching area, that of mathematical biology and biostatistics; and was a pioneer in the use of computers in biology and medicine, particularly for genetics applied to animal husbandry.

In all these positions he never stopped his research on Meliponini, especially the genus Melipona, which is a genus of Neotropical bees that are frequently subject to the predatory action of wild honey gatherers (meleiros in Portuguese). Kerr became well known for his research on the hybridization of the African bee and the Italian bee (Apis mellifera ligustica). Kerr has 620 publications on various subjects. Apart from being a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, he was also a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the US, and of the Third World Academy of Sciences. He was admitted by President Itamar Franco to the National Order of Scientific Merit at the Grã-Cruz class in 1994.

Selected papers

Sources
Bad Bee Keeping Blog
Fundação Getulio Vargas: Warwick E. Kerr
New York Times Article: Killer Bees
Brazilian Journal of History

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Brazilian geneticists
Brazilian biologists
Brazilian agronomists
Brazilian entomologists
Brazilian beekeepers
Brazilian people of Scottish descent
Theoretical biologists
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
People from São Paulo (state)
People from Santana de Parnaíba
University of São Paulo alumni
Brazilian people of American descent

Warwick Estevam Kerr


John Thomas (1813–1862) was a British sculptor and architect, who worked on Buckingham Palace and the Palace of Westminster.

Life
John Thomas was born in Chalford, Gloucestershire. Apprenticed to a stonemason after being left an orphan, he later went to Birmingham where his elder brother William was an architect (and who later moved to Canada to continue his career). He was noticed by Charles Barry who immediately employed John Thomas as a stone and wood carver on Birmingham Grammar School (now demolished), his first collaboration with Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin. Barry later appointed him the Superintendent of Stone Carving at the Palace of Westminster in London, in which role he was responsible for supplying sixty statues of English kings and queens, including those in the niches of the Central Lobby of the Palace.

Works

Thomas's work 'Charity' was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and then adapted to form a memorial in Christ Church, Chalford, to his brother Richard who died in 1852. His final work was the colossal statue of William Shakespeare displayed at the 1862 International Exhibition. A dispute over its placement hastened his death in April 1862, and he was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London. His massive (30 ft. high and . in diameter) majolica fountain, also on display at the 1862 exhibition, was placed outside the V&A Museum of Childhood until it was demolished in 1926.

Other works
 Twelve large dragons ornamenting ceilings of two grand saloons at Brighton Pavilion, made for the grand re-opening, 1851.
 A replica of the Bristol High Cross, which was erected in 1851.
 Eight allegorical statues at the 1847 Euston railway station representing the cities served by the line: London, Liverpool, Manchester, etc.
 Statue of Hugh Myddelton at Islington Green, London.
 Statue of Godiva, held in Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery
 The Atlas Fountain at Castle Howard
 Four British lions at each corner of the Britannia Bridge crossing the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales
 extensive friezes and spandrel figures for the Lloyds Bank, Bristol
 Carving and statues on Halifax Town Hall, created c. 1860 – 1862 in collaboration with Edward Middleton Barry to design of Charles Barry. Thomas carved three statues for the tower, but died before completing the fourth, which was overseen by another artist to his design.
 Life-sized plaster maquette (at Canterbury Heritage Museum as of 2013) and bronze (permanently at House of Lords) of Stephen Langton. One of 17 maquettes for 17 bronzes depicting those present at the signing of the Magna Carta.
 Boadicea 1855 Y Gaer
 Joseph Sturge memorial, Birmingham (Erected after Thomas' death)
 Tympanum above main door of Leeds Town Hall

Works as an architect
 Headington Hill Hall
 Somerleyton Hall
 Brandon railway station (1845)

Picture gallery

References

Sources
 John Thomas (1813-1862)
 John Thomas (1813-1862), sculptor, a biography
 John Thomas (1813-1862)
 Charles Barry, Jun. (1824-1900) - by Christie's

External links

"John Thomas and his 'wonderful facility of invention': Revisiting a neglected sculptor", V&A Online Journal, Issue No. 3 Spring 2011, ISSN 2043-667X, by Ian Blatchford
 Lady Godiva (Thomas) article about the stutue, on Italian Wikipedia

1813 births
1862 deaths
19th-century British sculptors
19th-century English male artists
British architectural sculptors
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
English male sculptors
People from Chalford

John Thomas (sculptor)


Kevin Scott Richardson (born October 3, 1971) is an American singer. He is a member of the Backstreet Boys. In 2002, he played the role of "Billy Flynn" in the Broadway production of Chicago. He also performed this role in London's West End and in Toronto from November 2006 – December 2006.

In June 2006, Richardson left the Backstreet Boys. He wanted to "move on with the next chapter of [his] life."In the next chapter of his life he spent the summer drawing fodder beet. He also drew home a few loads of turf in a little car trailer to have for the winter. Kevin and wife Kristin (née Willits) had a son named Mason on July 3, 2007.

In April 2012, Richardson officially rejoined the group.

Singers from Kentucky
Backstreet Boys members
1971 births
Living people

Kevin Richardson


The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes.

A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858.

The patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II. Honorary members include: King Charles III of Great Britain, Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both of the latter have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough.

History

Founding

The Linnean Society was founded in 1788 by botanist Sir James Edward Smith. The society takes its name from the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, the 'father of taxonomy', who systematised biological classification through his binomial nomenclature. He was known as Carl von Linné after his ennoblement, hence the spelling 'Linnean', rather than 'Linnaean'. The society had a number of minor name variations before it gained its Royal Charter on 26 March 1802, when the name became fixed as "The Linnean Society of London". In 1802, as a newly incorporated society, it comprised 228 fellows. It is the oldest extant natural history society in the world. Throughout its history the society has been a non-political and non-sectarian institution, existing solely for the furtherance of natural history.

The inception of the society was the direct result of the purchase by Sir James Edward Smith of the specimen, book and correspondence collections of Carl Linnaeus. When the collection was offered for sale by Linnaeus's heirs, Smith was urged to acquire it by Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent botanist and president of the Royal Society. Five years after this purchase Banks gave Smith his full support in founding the Linnean Society, and became one of its first Honorary Members.

Prominent members
The society has numbered many prominent scientists amongst its fellows. One such was the botanist Robert Brown, who was librarian, and later president (1849–1853); he named the cell nucleus and discovered Brownian motion. In 1854 Charles Darwin was elected a fellow; he is undoubtedly the most illustrious scientist ever to appear on the membership rolls of the society. Another famous fellow was biologist Thomas Huxley, who would later gain the nickname "Darwin's bulldog" for his outspoken defence of Darwin and evolution. Men notable in other walks of life have also been fellows of the society, including the physician Edward Jenner, pioneer of vaccination, the Arctic explorers Sir John Franklin and Sir James Clark Ross, colonial administrator and founder of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and Prime Minister of Britain, Lord Aberdeen.

Biological evolution and the society
The first public exposition of the 'Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection', arguably the greatest single leap of progress made in biology, was presented to a meeting of the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. At this meeting a joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace was made, sponsored by Joseph Hooker and Charles Lyell as neither author could be present.

The society's connection with evolution remained strong into the 20th century. Sir Edward Poulton, who was president 1912–1916, was a great defender of natural selection, and was the first biologist to recognise the importance of frequency-dependent selection.

Female fellows
In 1904 the society elected its first female fellows, following a number of years of tireless campaigning by the botanist Marian Farquharson. Whilst the society's council was reluctant to admit women, the wider fellowship was more supportive; only 17% voted against the proposal. Among the first to benefit from this were the ornithologist and photographer Emma Louisa Turner, Lilian J. Veley, a microbiologist, Annie Lorrain Smith, a lichenologist and mycologist, Gulielma Lister, a mycologist, and Margaret Jane Benson, a paleobotanist, all formally admitted on 19 January 1905.

Also numbered in the first cohort of women to be elected in 1904 were: the paleobotanist, and later pioneer of family planning, Marie Stopes, the philanthropist Constance Sladen, founder of the Percy Sladen Memorial Trust and Alice Laura Embleton (1876–1960), biologist, zoologist and suffragist, who had been one of the earliest women to deliver a paper to the society on 4 Jun 1903. Overall, 15 out of 16 women nominated in 1904 were elected to the society. Marian Farquharson was not admitted, having been "shamefully blackballed" as the society now states, although she was finally admitted in 1908.

The painting "Admission of Lady Fellows" by James Sant R.A., which hangs on the upper staircase, shows the eleven women signing the society's Book of Admission and Obligation on 19 January 1905. The painting was altered to remove the figures of T R R Stebbing, the Zoological Secretary, and his wife, Mary Anne, from the right hand side sometime before the painting was presented to the society in 1919.

The first female president of the society was Irene Manton (1973 to 1976), who pioneered the biological use of electron microscopy. Her work revealed the structure of the flagellum and cilia, which are central to many systems of cellular motility.

Present interests
Recent years have seen an increased interest within the society in issues of biodiversity conservation. This was highlighted by the inception in 2015 of an annual award, the John Spedan Lewis Medal, specifically honouring persons making significant and innovative contributions to conservation.

Locations
The society has had a number of different homes, initially meeting in Marlborough Coffee House (1788), before moving to Panton Square in 1795, then Gerrard Street, Soho in 1805, and Soho Square in 1821. Since 1857 the society has been based at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London; an address it shares with a number of other learned societies: the Geological Society of London, the Royal Astronomical Society, the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Society of Chemistry.

In April 1939 the threat of war obliged the society to relocate the Linnean collections out of London to Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire, where they remained for the duration of World War II. This move was facilitated by the 12th Duke of Bedford, a Fellow of the Linnean Society himself. Three thousand of the most precious items from the library collections were packed up and evacuated to Oxford; the country house of librarian Warren Royal Dawson provided a refuge for the society's records.

Membership
Fellowship requires nomination by at least one fellow, and election by a minimum of two-thirds of those electors voting. Fellows may employ the post-nominal letters 'FLS'. Fellowship is open to both professional scientists and to amateur naturalists who have shown active interest in natural history and allied disciplines. Having authored relevant publications is an advantage, but not a necessity, for election. Following election, new fellows must be formally admitted, in person at a meeting of the society, before they are able to vote in society elections. Admission takes the form of signing the membership book, and thereby agreeing to an obligation to abide by the statutes of the society. Following this the new fellow is taken by the hand by the president, who recites a formula of admission to the fellowship.

Other forms of membership exist: 'Associate' (or 'ALS'), for supporters of the society who do not wish to submit to the formal election process for fellowship, and 'Student Associate', for those registered as students at a place of tertiary education. Associate members may apply for election to the fellowship at any time.

Finally, there are three types of membership that are prestigious and strictly limited in number: 'Fellow honoris causa''', 'Foreign', and lastly, 'Honorary'. These forms of membership are bestowed following election by the fellowship at the annual Anniversary Meeting in May.

Meetings
Meetings have historically been, and continue to be, the main justification for the society's existence. Meetings are venues for people of like interests to exchange information, talk about scientific and literary concerns, exhibit specimens, and listen to lectures. Today, meetings are held in the evening and also at lunchtime. Most are open to the general public as well as to members, and the majority are offered without charge for admission.

On or near 24 May, traditionally regarded as the birthday of Carl Linnaeus, the Anniversary Meeting is held. This is for fellows and guests only, and includes ballots for membership of the council of the society and the awarding of medals. On 22 May 2020, for the first time in its history, the Anniversary Meeting was held online via videotelephony. This was due to restrictions on public gatherings imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Medals and prizes
The Linnean Society of London aims to promote the study of all aspects of the biological sciences, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity, and sustainability.  Through awarding medals and grants, the society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all of these fields.

The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Linnean Society:
Linnean Medal, established 1888, awarded annually to alternately a botanist or a zoologist or (as has been common since 1958) to one of each in the same year.
Darwin-Wallace Medal, first awarded in 1908, for major advances in evolutionary biology.
H. H. Bloomer Award, established 1963 from a legacy by the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer, awarded to "an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biological knowledge"
Trail-Crisp Award, established in 1966 from the amalgamation of two previous awards – both dating to 1910 – awarded "in recognition of an outstanding contribution to biological microscopy that has been published in the UK".
Bicentenary Medal, established 1978, on the 200th anniversary of the death of Linnaeus, "in recognition of work done by a person under the age of 40 years".
Jill Smythies Award, established 1986, awarded for botanical illustrations.
Linnean Gold Medal, For services to the society – awarded in exceptional circumstances, from 1988.
Irene Manton Prize, established 1990, for the best dissertation in botany during an academic year.
 Linnean Tercentenary Medal, awarded in 2007 in celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus.
 John C Marsden Medal, established 2012, for the best doctoral thesis in biology examined during a single academic year.
 John Spedan Lewis Medal, established 2015, awarded to "an individual who is making a significant and innovative contribution to conservation".
 Sir David Attenborough Award for Fieldwork, established in 2015.

Collections
Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were purchased in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first president of the society, and are now held in London by the society. The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. They may be viewed by appointment and there is a monthly tour of the collections.

Smith's own plant collection of 27,185 dried specimens, together with his correspondence and book collection, is also held by the society.

Other notable holdings of the society include the notebooks and journals of Alfred Russel Wallace and the paintings of plants and animals made by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762–1829) in Nepal.

In December 2014, the society's specimen, library, and archive collections were granted designated status by the Arts Council England, recognising collections of national and international importance (one of only 152 institutions so recognised as of 2020).

Publications
The Linnean Society began its extensive series of publications on 13 August 1791, when Volume I of Transactions was produced. Over the following centuries the society published a number of different journals, some of which specialised in more specific subject areas, whilst earlier publications were discontinued.

Those still in publication include: the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, which covers the evolutionary biology of all organisms, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, which focuses on plant sciences, and Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society focusing on animal systematics and evolution. In 2022, the society launched the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society, its first fully open access scholarly publication. The Linnean is a biannual newsletter. It contains commentary on recent activities and events, articles on history and science, and occasional biographies/obituaries of people connected to the Linnean Society; it also includes book reviews, reference material and correspondence. The society also publishes books and Synopses of the British Fauna, a series of field-guides.

Previously, an electronic magazine for Fellows, Pulse, was produced quarterly. This ceased publication in 2021.

Presidents

Arms

FellowsFor the fellows of the Linnean Society of London, see: Fellows of the Linnean Society of LondonSee also
 Dorothea Pertz, one of the first women awarded full membership
 Linnaeus Link Project

 References

External links

Linnean Society of London
Home page of the Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyHome page of the Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyHome page of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean SocietyBHL scans of Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1791–1874
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Learned societies of the United Kingdom
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Carl Linnaeus
Biology societies
Herbaria in the United Kingdom
1788 establishments in England
Scientific organizations established in 1788

Linnean Society of London


David Premack (October 26, 1925 – June 11, 2015) was an American psychologist who was a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. He was educated at the University of Minnesota when logical positivism was in full bloom. The departments of Psychology and Philosophy were closely allied. Herbert Feigl, Wilfred Sellars, and Paul Meehl led the philosophy seminars, while Group Dynamics was led by Leon Festinger and Stanley Schachter.

Research
Premack started in primate research in 1954 at the Yerkes Primate Biology Laboratory at Orange Park outside Jacksonville, Florida. His first two chimpanzee subjects, Sarah and Gussie, started at the University of Missouri and traveled with him to the University of California, Santa Barbara, and then to the University of Pennsylvania, where he had nine chimpanzee subjects.

Premack's first publication (1959) was a new theory of reinforcement (which became known as Premack's principle). It argued that the more probable response in any pair of responses could reinforce the less probable response—demonstrating that reinforcement is a relative, not an absolute property.

This theory predicts six conditions, all of which have been supported by evidence:
Reinforcement is a relative property. Responses A, B, C have a descending rank order of probability. A will therefore reinforce both B and C.  C will reinforce neither.  This suggests that reinforcement is an absolute property. However, B corrects this view. B will reinforce C, but not A.  B is both a reinforcer and not a reinforcer. Reinforcement is therefore a relative property.
Reinforcement is a reversible property. When drinking is more probable than running, drinking reinforces running.  When the probabilities are reversed, running reinforces drinking.
Historically, consummatory responses, eating and drinking, have served exclusively as reinforcers, but consummatory responses are, like any other response, subject to reinforcement.
Reinforcement and punishment, traditionally contrasted as opposites, are in fact equivalent except for sign. If response A leads contingently to B, and B is more probable than A, A will increase in frequency (reinforcement); conversely, if A leads contingently to B, and B is less probable than A, A will decrease in frequency (punishment). The major contrast is not between reward and punishment; but between reward and punishment as contrasted with freedom. Freedom is the condition in which stimuli are freely (not contingently) available to an individual.
When motorized running is more probable than lever pressing but less probable than drinking, then running reinforces lever pressing and punishes drinking. In other words, the same response can be both a reinforcer and a punisher - at the same time and for the same individual.
The equivalence of reinforcement and punishment is further suggested in this interesting fact: rats are either sensitive to both reinforcement and punishment, or insensitive to both; they are never sensitive to one but insensitive to the other.

Premack introduced the concept of Theory of Mind, with Guy Woodruff, in an article published in 1978. This has proven to be a fruitful concept in psychology and neuroscience. For example, hundreds of articles have been published on theory of mind in fields ranging from comparative psychology studies of cognitive capacities of animals to human developmental psychology studies of infant cognition to social neuroscience studies of the brain substrates that mediate simulations of mental processes in other individuals.

Premack's analysis of same/different led him and his associates to show that chimpanzees can do analogies. Sameness/difference is not a relation between objects (e.g., A same A, A different B) or properties, it is a relation between relations:
For example: consider the relation between AA and BB, CD and EF on the one hand; and AA and CD on the other. AA and BB are both instances of same; the relation between them is "same." CD and EF are both instances different; the relation between them therefore is "same."
AA is an instance of same, and CD an instance of different; the relation between them is "different." This analysis set the stage for teaching chimpanzees the word "same" for AA, and "different" for CD. When taught these words, chimpanzees spontaneously formed simple analogies between: physically similar relations (e.g., small circle is to large circle as small triangle is to large triangle), and functionally similar relations (e.g., key is to lock as can opener is to can).

A nonverbal method for testing causal inference designed by Premack made it possible to show that both young children and chimpanzees are capable of causal inference.

Premack demonstrated that chimpanzees can reassemble a disassembled face, placing the eyes, nose, mouth in the appropriate place. In addition he showed that chimpanzees are capable of symbolic behavior. After viewing themselves in a mirror wearing, on different occasions, a hat, glasses, necklace, and given the picture of a face, 48 hours later, the chimpanzees applied clay to the top of the head (hat), to the eyes (glasses), and the throat (necklace) respectively.

Premack further argued that young children divide the world into two kinds of objects, those that move only when acted upon by other objects, and those that are self-propelled and move on their own.

He argued that infants attribute intentionality to self-propelled objects that show goal-directed action. Further that infants attribute value to the interaction of intentional objects, e.g. positive value to gentle actions such as one object caressing another, negative value to harsh actions such as one object hitting another. In addition infants assign positive value when one object helps another to achieve its goal, negative value when one object hinders another from achieving its goal. Finally, he and Ann Premack argued: infants equate caressing with helping (despite their physical dissimilarity); and equate hitting with hindering (despite their physical dissimilarity.

Premack has focused on cognitive differences between the intelligence of animals and humans.  Human competence is domain general, capable of serving indeterminately many goals; animal competence is a narrow adaptation, serving only one goal. For instance, humans teach all possible activities (different ones in different cultures), whereas meerkats and cats, two of very few animals that teach at all, teach one activity: how to eat dangerous food such as scorpions in the one case, and how to stalk mice in the other. What explains the domain-generality of human competence? Human competence is composed of an interweaving of multiple evolutionarily-independent components; animal competence of a single evolutionary component.

Premack debated of the nature of linguistic performance in apes with Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky at the Centre Royaumont pour une Science de l'Homme, during one of the last moments when Jacques Monod could participate in intellectual debates shortly before his death.

He died at the age of 89, and was buried at Riverside National Cemetery on June 17, 2015.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American psychologists
American cognitive scientists
Animal cognition writers
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Missouri faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Minnesota alumni
Experimental psychologists

David Premack


Desicritics is an online magazine that explores the world from the perspective of Desis, that is, people from South Asia. It provides news and opinion with a global South Asian perspective. The site is over four years old, and is recognized as "a leading source of information in the Indian Blogosphere."

The site was launched on January 26, 2006, by Aaman Lamba, who previously worked with Eric Olsen on Blogcritics.

The site features articles from over 700 bloggers from around the world that cover a wide range of topics, from the "macaca" scandal to the assassination of Pakistani tribal chieftain Akbar Bugti. Desicritics covers news in the areas of culture, politics, business, sports, media and technology among others. The site also features fiction from up-and-coming authors.

Desicritics aims to deal with South Asia in particular, including about what South Asians think about any what topic, as well as non-desis viewpoints on global topics. Articles are syndicated by numerous news aggregator sites and online magazines including IndiaSphere, Topix, Indianpad and mytoday.com. Desicritics.org also serves as an official news source for Google. Desicritics was a finalist in the Best Asian Blog category of the Web Log Awards 2006.

Desicritics team
 Publisher: Aaman Lamba
 Executive Editor: Temple Stark
 Uber-Blogfather: Eric Olsen
 Executive Producer: Eric Berlin
 Technical Director: Phillip Winn
 Senior Editors: Deepti Lamba, temporal

References

Technology in society

Desicritics


The anchor text, link label or link text is the visible, clickable text in an HTML hyperlink.  The term "anchor" was used in older versions of the HTML specification for what is currently referred to as the a element, or .  The HTML specification does not have a specific term for anchor text, but refers to it as "text that the a element wraps around".  In XML terms (since HTML is XML), the anchor text is the content of the element, provided that the content is text.

Usually, web search engines analyze anchor text from hyperlinks on web pages. The words contained in the anchor text can determine the ranking that the page will receive from search engines. Other services apply the basic principles of anchor text analysis as well. For instance, academic search engines may use citation context to classify academic articles, and anchor text from documents linked in mind maps may be used too.

Overview
Anchor text usually gives the user relevant descriptive or contextual information about the content of the link's destination. The anchor text may or may not be related to the actual text of the URL of the link. For example, a hyperlink to the English-language Wikipedia's homepage might take this form:

Wikipedia

"Wikipedia" is the anchor text in this example. The URL it points to is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. The entire hyperlink appears on a web page as .

Search engine algorithms
Anchor text is weighted (ranked) highly in search engine algorithms, because the linked text is usually relevant to the landing page. The objective of search engines is to provide highly relevant search results; this is where anchor text helps, as the tendency was, more often than not, to hyperlink words relevant to the landing page. Anchor text can also serve the purpose of directing the user to internal pages on the site, which can also help to rank the website higher in the search rankings.

Webmasters may use anchor text to procure high results in search engine results pages. Google's Webmaster Tools facilitate this optimization by letting website owners view the most common words in anchor text linking to their site.
In the past, Google bombing was possible through anchor text manipulation; however, in January 2007, Google announced it had updated its algorithm to minimize the impact of Google bombs, which refers to a prank where people attempt to cause someone else's site to rank for an obscure or meaningless query.

In April 2012, Google announced in its March "Penguin" update that it would be changing the way it handled anchor text, implying that anchor text would no longer be as important an element for their ranking metrics. Moving forward, Google would be paying more attention to a diversified link profile which has a mix of anchor text and other types of links.
.

However a 2016 study of anchor text influence across 16,000 keywords found that presence of exact and partial match anchor links continues to have a strong correlation with Google rankings.

August 2016 study conducted by Moz, found that Exact and partial match domains can be affected by over optimization penalty since Google considers domain Brand and naked URL links as Exact match.

Terminology
There are different classifications of anchor text that are used within the search engine optimization community such as the following:

Exact match an anchor that is used with a keyword that mirrors the page that is being linked to. Example: "search engine optimization" is an exact match anchor because it's linking to a page about "search engine optimization".
Partial match an anchor that is used with a keyword and a variation that mirrors the page that is being linked to. Example: "different search engine optimization techniques" is a partial match anchor when it's linking to a page about "search engine optimization".
Branded a brand that is used as the anchor. "Wikipedia" is a branded anchor text.
Naked link a URL that is used as an anchor. "www.wikipedia.com" is a naked link anchor.
Generic a generic word or phrase that is used as the anchor. "Click here" is a generic anchor. Other variations may include "go here", "visit this website", etc.
Images whenever an image is linked, Google will use the "alt" attribute as the anchor text.
Empty whenever an image is linked, and the "alt" attribute is empty.
Latent semantic indexing Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is a method used by Google to determine similar keywords.

References

Information retrieval techniques
Internet search engines
Internet terminology
Search engine optimization
Hypertext

Anchor text


Snaw is gealt ice creestals o rain. Whan cloods is fou thay poor oot rain but in cauld wather ice creestals faws oot as wee saft flauchts cried snawflauchts.

At a speceefic temperatur (cried the freezin pynt, 0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit), snaw melts awa an turns intae watter. Whiles, the snaw melts gey fast an turns intae watter vapour, watter in the air. This is cried sublimation. The ither wey aboot, whaur watter vapour turns intae snaw, is cried deposeetion.

Snaw is needit for some winter sport acteevities like skiin an snawbuirdin. Fowk can play wi snaw an big hings wi it, like snawmen an snawbaws.

Snaw
Precipitation
Forms o watter

Snaw


Lycra is a type of synthetic fabric that is very elastic. It is also called Spandex or elastane. The name "spandex" is an anagram of the word "expands".

Lycra was invented in 1958 , United States. It was invented by Joseph Shivers, a chemist. It is made from a combination of polyester and polyurethane.

Because of its elasticity and strength, lycra is often used to make clothing. It is commonly mixed with cotton to make things like tights, bras,Lycra shirt,Dr199 and underwear. Lycra is especially common in sports clothing, such as wrestling singlets. It is also often used to make swimsuits and wetsuits, because lycra dries more quickly than many other fabrics.

Types of Lycra Fabric

Aside from the varied manufacturing processes that can be used to make this fabric, there are no distinct differences between Lycra, elastane, and spandex. It is, however, important to know more about each term:

Lycra: As a registered trademark of the DuPont corporation, the "Lycra" brand is one of the most reliable and high-quality forms of elastane fabric on the market. However, elastane that has been branded as Lycra can sometimes cost more than other types of spandex

Elastane: The term "elastane" is most commonly used in Europe, and each continental European language has a slightly different version of this word. Elastane is the most technically correct term used to describe these polyether-polyurea copolymer fabrics.

Spandex: Despite the persistence of a common misconception, spandex is not a registered trademark of any company. Instead, it is the term that DuPont originally used to describe their polyurethane fabric during the development process. "Spandex" is an anagram of "expands," and the attractive simplicity of this name has made it the preferred term for referring to elastane products in the United States and elsewhere.

Where Is Lycra Fabric Produced?
Lycra is a trademark of DuPont, and it is only made by this international corporation. DuPont has manufacturing locations in more than 90 countries, which means that this fabric could be made in any number of areas around the world.

Overall, the international spandex industry has shifted eastward in the last few decades as China has risen to the fore as the dominant manufacturing power in the world. DuPont has a number of factories in China, and many other companies also manufacture spandex in this country.

The future of Lycra fabric production around the world looks bright. A ReportBuyer report from 2018 indicates that this fabric will continue to be made in greater and greater quantities until at least 2023, and all signs indicate that this production boom will continue far past this projected date.
ow

Does Lycra Fabric Impact the Environment
The production of Lycra is not considered to be inherently detrimental to the environment. While it's true that the production of elastane fabrics requires high levels of energy and the use of a variety of toxic chemicals, unlike fabrics like nylon, the raw ingredients for Lycra are not derived from non-renewable resources like petroleum oil.

Instead, these ingredients are fully synthesized in laboratory settings, and DuPont is one of the world's leaders in sustainable and safe elastane manufacturing processes. There's no getting around the fact that the production of Lycra involves carcinogenic chemicals, but scientific research has indicated that elastane factory workers in Sweden exhibit negligibly greater cancer risk, which seems to indicate that workplaces in which this material is made are not very hazardous. No studies have been done, however, to examine the impact of elastane production on workers in other countries.

References

Other websites

 Best Lycra shirt manufacturers in india

Fibers
Woven fabrics

Lycra


A condiment is a prepared food that is put to other food, to make the food better or taste different. It usually is in the form of a sauce or a powder. Salt and pepper are examples of well-known condiments. Ketchup, mustard, relish, mayonnaise, horseradish, soy sauce and Worcestershire sauce are also well-known condiments.

Condiment


Los Pentits (nom original de la seria Once a Thief o John Woo's Once a Thief; en francés: Les Repentis) foguèt una seria televisada de l'annada 1997 inspirada del filme del meteis nom que s'èra estrenat en 1996.

Sinòpsi
Li Ann Tsei, una orfanèla qu'aviá crescut dins la familha chinesa Tang - a ruthless criminal operation - ven amorosa de Mac Ramsey, un raubaire que trabalha per la familha. Pasmens, quand es betrothed a Michael, l'eiretièr Tang, totes dos fake their deaths in an attempt de fugir del país. Li Ann s'escapa, mas Mac es arrestat and left to rot dins una preson chinesa.

Dos ans mai tard, es released and taken a Canadà where a mysterious woman known as the Director employs him to work for her crime-fighting institution. He soon learns, however, that he will be working as part of a team with Li Ann, and the man she was engaged to, former police officer Victor Mansfield.

The trio soon are forced to work together under the manipulative Director.

Aprèp lo succès del filme de 1996, which was used as a pilot per la sèria, Glenn Davis e William Laurin created the series, which premiered en setembre de 1997, amb John Woo as executive producer. The show started out with strong ratings, which quickly fell, and the show was put on hiatus in November after 9 episodes. When it returned, in January 1998, ratings had significantly decreased. Los 22 episòdis de the show aired during the season, but it was not renewed, a fact which the producers were informed of before filming the last episodes of the series.

Actors principals
Sandrine Holt dins lo ròtle de Li Ann Tsei
Nicholas Lea dins lo ròtle de Victor Mansfield
Ivan Sergei dins lo ròtle de Mac Ramsey
 e Jennifer Dale as The Director

Ròtles segondaris
Robert Ito as the Tang Godfather
Michael Wong as Michael Tang, his son, originally betrothed to Li Ann
Howard Dell as Agent Dobrinsky, the Director's hard-nosed lapdog.
James Allodi as Nathan Muckle, the paranoid librarian at the agency who believes everyone but Vic to be aliens.
Greg Kramer as Mr. Murphy, one of the "cleaners", assassins who makes problems go away.
Julian Richings as Mr. Camier, Murphy's partner.
Victoria Pratt as Jackie Janczyk, the daughter of a mob boss, who comes to work for the Agency.

Forrabora
Nathaniel Deveaux played Dobrinsky in the movie, but was replaced by Howard Dell for the series.
Episode 1 The Big Bang Theory was number 7 in the Canadian Neilsen ratings, and episode 2 Rave On was number 14. By the end of its run, the show was at the bottom of the list.
James Allodi was initially cast as a guest star for episode 2 but the producers liked the idea of his paranoia so much they brought him back for several episodes in the second half of the season.
Episode 9, Jaded Love, spoofed black and white mystery movies of the '40s and '50s.
Episode 11, That Old Gang of Mine, and episode 12 Last Temptation of Vic were released together as a video movie - Once a Thief: Family Business.
Victoria Pratt joined the recurring cast in episode 11, with the idea of bringing her on full time to the show.
In episode 11, we see another group - similar to Vic, Li Ann and Mac - indicating that there are more groups working there, despite the Director's denials of this.
Episode 13, Mama's Boys, uses pop-up windows at times to convey information to the viewers.
Episode 18 is the only episode where the Director is a)the focus of the story, and b)humbled.
Episode 18 also features several scenes which are parodies of The X-Files, the show on which Nicholas Lea played Alex Krycek:
The characters of Agent Clancy (Alexa Gilmour) and Agent Diller (Graham Abbey) are spoofs of Agents Agent Mulder and Scully
The investigation is often done by torchlight, and timestamps appear at the bottom of the screen.
The Mulder lookalike has a scene in which he calls Vic "Ratboy" (the nickname of Krycek) and Vic calls him "Spooky" (the nickname of Mulder)
Nathan serves as a kind of The Lone Gunmen-esque figure.
Agent Clancy and Agent Diller have a cell phone conversation like Scully and Mulder often do. However, they are within a few feet of each other and in plain view at the time.
Episode 19, Shaken Not Stirred, spoofs James Bond-esque spy dramas.
Episode 19's subplot, featuring the organisation's assassins Camier and Murphy, is a parody of the Samuel Beckett play Waiting for Godot.
Episode 20, Politics of Love, introduced a new element of the show's mythology, about the Government Advisory Council and the fact that the Director is a part of it. This element would have been explored further in the show's second season.
In episode 20, there is a reference to the audience's unfavorable reaction to the show: when the Director is told that the trio is coming along well, she replies "that depends on who you talk to."
The final episodes - Episode 21 Family Reunion, and episode 22 Endgame - were released on video as Once a Thief: Brother Against Brother.

The character of Michael Tang, presumed dead after the pilot, was resurrected for the series finale when the producers learnt that the show would be cancelled.
The final episode ended with Vic, Li Ann and Mac dying in an explosion, and the Director walking away from the crime scene as music played over a montage of clips from the series' run. When the series was finally aired in the United States, a few years after it originally aired in Canada, the ending was changed to show the trio walking out of the building, still alive.

Pentits, Los

Los Pentits (seria televisada)


Archibald Thorburn FZS (31 May 1860, Lasswade, Midlothian – 9 October 1935, Hascombe, Surrey)  was a Scottish artist who specialised in wildlife, painting mostly in watercolour. He regularly visited Scotland to sketch birds in the wild, his favourite haunt being the Forest of Gaick near Kingussie in Invernesshire. His widely reproduced images of British wildlife, with their evocative and dramatic backgrounds, are enjoyed as much today as they were by naturalists a century ago.

Life and work

Archibald was born at Viewfield House, Lasswade, Midlothian, the fifth son of Robert Thorburn (1818–1885), portrait miniaturist to Queen Victoria. His first education was at Dalkeith and in Edinburgh, after which he was sent to the newly founded St John's Wood School of Art in London. His stay there was only brief, since on the death of his father he sought the guidance of Joseph Wolf. It was his commission in 1887 to illustrate Lord Lilford's Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Isles, for which he painted some 268 watercolours, that established his reputation. He illustrated numerous sporting and natural history books, including his own. He taught Otto Murray Dixon and Philip Rickman (both in Nature in Art's collection), and he encouraged the young Donald Watson when he came to visit him in Dumfries and Galloway. Thorburn was friends of other eminent bird illustrators including George Edward Lodge and John Guille Millais with whom he collaborated on a number of works including: Natural History of British Feeding Ducks; British Diving Ducks and British Game Birds.

His paintings were regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy and he designed their first Christmas card for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in 1899, a practice that he continued until 1935. He was Vice-President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. In the 1890s Thorburn became disheartened by the British Institution and had his work shown at A. Baird Carter of 70 Jermyn Street.

On his marriage to Constance Mudie, Thorburn moved to High Leybourne in Hascombe in 1902, where he was to spend the rest of his life. In the 1930s he refused to make use of electric lighting, preferring natural light for his painting, and making use of lamps and candles. His grave is at St John the Baptist church in Busbridge, Godalming.

Books illustrated

1882 Sketches of Bird Life - J E Harting
1883–88 Familiar Wild Birds - W.F. Swaysland (a Sussex naturalist and taxidermist), 144 plates, 4 volumes
1885–97 Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Isles - Lord Lilford, 268 watercolours, 7 volumes
1895 Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar by Leonard Howard Loyd Irby
1896 The Deer Forests of Scotland by Arthur Grimble, 8 plates
1915-16 British Birds - 4 volumes
1920 British Mammals
1920–25 The Birds of the British Isles and their eggs - Thomas Coward
1937 Observer Book of British Birds
1997 The Complete Illustrated Thorburn's Birds - Wordsworth Editions Ltd.,
Thorburn's mammals - text by Gordon Corbet, Wordsworth Editions Ltd.,

See also
List of wildlife artists
Eliza Turck (1832–1891), who also produced many illustrations for the 1883 edition of "Familiar Wild Birds".

References

External links

 Birds by Archibald Thorburn - Examples at 'Fine Rare Prints'.
Oiseaux
Illustrations by Archibald Thorburn in Flickr Commons
Thorburn's Cats

1860 births
1935 deaths
Scottish illustrators
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Scottish watercolourists
People from Midlothian
Scottish ornithologists
British bird artists
19th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
20th-century Scottish painters
19th-century Scottish male artists
20th-century Scottish male artists

Archibald Thorburn


Software testing takes place during software engineering. It is done before the release to the final audience.

Software testing is meant to see how the software works under different conditions. These conditions might be different depending on what the audience is. Testing is done to understand if it will work  correctly, partially fail to work properly, or totally fail to work properly. Each test may be used to see how one, or many, parts of the software work at a point in its development.

Proper performance may be based on  specific (written)  requirements or standards (which might, for example, be usability). Bad performance, or poor quality, might cause an unhappy audience. This could cause more work needing to be done on the software and higher costs.

A review of the results of tests may show that some parts of the software system may need to be done again, or may work well. Some bad performances or software bugs may need to be fixed.  After more work on the software, testing may be done again.

For larger software systems, tracking may take place checking completeness of the set of tests, test results, and how quickly any problems are fixed. All this information can be used for decision making about how ready the software is, and when it could be released to the final audience.

Software testing may be done with separate parts of the software, with a group of these parts, or with the entire software. Software testing may be done by allowing the software to be used by a small number of people who the software is meant for, under controlled settings. It is then tested with a larger group of people under less controlled settings (beta testing).

Some related terms are unit testing, white box testing, black box testing, regression testing, manual testing, automated testing, testing tools, test plan, test case, test data and test coverage.

Software

Software testing


A machete is a long cutting tool. The blade is usually 20-24 inches (50-60 cm) long and less than .2 inches thick. The machete is a large knife often used in jungles because it can easily cut through plants and vines. It can be used to open coconuts and cut down small trees (sometimes the back side has edges for sawing wood).  It is also used occasionally outside of jungles.  One such use is in surveying when a line of sight is needed through brush.  It is a lot like the Japanese katana and larger than the American Bowie knife, and is sometimes used in warfare.

Blades
Cutting tools
Gardening tools

Machete