Zephyr may refer to:
 A light wind or west wind
 Zephyrus, one of the Anemoi and the Greek god of the west wind
 Zephyranthes, a plant genus whose species include the zephyr lily
 Zephyr (graffiti artist), a well-known graffiti artist from New York City
 Zephyr (protocol), an instant messenger protocol and application-suite
 Zephyr (Wooldridge), a stainless steel sculpture by Steve Wooldridge on the IUPUI campus
 Zephyr, codename of the Soviet spy Mikhail Mukasei, active from the 1940s through the 1970s
 ZEPHYR, a tobacco industry code word for lung cancer
 Zephyr, North Carolina
 Zephyr, Texas
 Ford Zephyr 1950-1972 British Ford (a car)
 A Kawasaki Zephyr motorcycle.

Transportation

Aviation
 Advanced Aviation Zephyr, ultralight, homebuilt aircraft
 Bartlett Zephyr, light, civil aircraft of the 1940s
 Fouga Zéphyr, a carrier-capable jet trainer for the French Navy, based on the Fouga Magister
 RAE Zephyr, 1923 pusher biplane
 Qinetiq Zephyr, a solar powered unmanned air vehicle
 Zephyr, original name of the Ader Avion II, an uncompleted 1890s aircraft

Maritime
 HMS Zephyr, eight ships of the British Royal Navy
 RV Zephyr, research vessel
 USS Zephyr (PC-8), United States Navy ship
 Zephyr (dinghy), sailing dinghy
 Zephyr Seaport Liberty Cruise, sightseeing service operated by Circle Line Downtown in New York
 Zephyr (steamboat), a sternwheel steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet

Rail
 California Zephyr, a diesel-powered passenger train, famous for its use of Vista-Dome cars
 Denver Zephyr, passenger service between Denver and Chicago
 Kansas City Zephyr, passenger train service between Kansas City and Chicago
 Pioneer Zephyr, a diesel-powered railroad train set built in 1934 for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
 Texas Zephyr, passenger service between Denver and Dallas

Road
 Ford Zephyr, an automobile
 Kawasaki Zephyr, a model of motorcycle
 Lincoln-Zephyr, an automobile produced 1936–1942
 Lincoln MKZ, an automobile currently in production, initially named the Lincoln Zephyr
 Mercury Zephyr, an automobile

Video games
 Zephyr, a protagonist from Resonance of Fate
 Zephyr, a character in Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction
 The IFS Zephyr, the zeppelin that crashed at the beginning of the game Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura
 Zephyr motherboard, a motherboard type for a Xbox 360
 Zephyr, a jupiter djinni in the Golden Sun series
 Zephyr, the name of one of the levels in Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! for PlayStation
 Zephyr, a hero from Heroes of Newerth
 Zephyr, a  white magic spell, that heals the health points (HP) of multiple characters during battle, from RPG's created by Hironobu Sakaguchi. His work includes the Final Fantasy series, Blue Dragon and Lost Odyssey

Businesses
 Zephyr cloth, a fabric made in Belgium
 Zephyr Technology, medical technology company

Music
 Zephyr (band), a blues-based hard rock band formed in 1968 in Boulder, Colorado
 Zephyr (Zephyr album), the band's debut album
 Zephyr (Basement Jaxx album), a 2009 EP by Basement Jaxx
 Zephyr (musical project), music by composer Elizabeth Henshaw
 The Zephyrs, an Edinburgh, Scotland-based indie band
 "The Zephyr Song", the second single from the Red Hot Chili Peppers' album By the Way
 KZFR, a community radio station in Chico, California
 WMTI, an alternative rock station (formerly known as 106.1 the Zephyr) in New Orleans, Louisiana
 "Zephyr", a song from the Mary Chapin Carpenter album The Age of Miracles

Sports
 Muskegon Zephyrs, former ice hockey team
 New Orleans Zephyrs, an AAA Pacific Coast League minor league baseball team
 Chicago Zephyrs, former name of the NBA franchise currently known as the Washington Wizards
 Zephyr skateboard team, famous 1970s skateboard team a.k.a. Z-boys
 Zephyr (garment), a garment used in competitive rowing

Fiction
 Zephyr (film), a 2010 Turkish film
 Zephyr, a ship from the reimagined Battlestar Galactica series
 Zephyr, a  character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
 Zephyr, a character in the children's book series Silverwing
 Zephyr, a fictional perpetual source of energy in the movie Knight and Day
 Zephyr,  a hero in the computer game Heroes of Newerth

Related pages
 Zephir (disambiguation)

Zephyr


The banner o Equatorial Guinea wis adoptit on August 21, 1979.

Features an seembolism

The banner is a horizontal tricolor, wi green, white an reid stripes an a blue triangle at the hoist.

 Green seembolizes the naitural resoorces an jungles o the kintra.
 Blue seembolizes the sea, which connects the main kintra wi the islands.
 White seembolizes peace.
 Red seembolizes the fecht for independence.

History

The banner wis first flewn on the day o independence, October 12, 1968, an it showed the naitional emblem in the center. Housomeivver, in 1972, during the regime o Francisco Nguema, a different naitional emblem appeared on the banner. The oreeginal coat o airms wis restored efter Nguema wis deposed in August 1979. The airms consists o a siller shield wi a silk-cotton tree, which wis derived frae the airms o Rio Muni. Abuin the shield is an arc o 6 sax-pointit yellae stars, that represent Rio Muni an the affshore islands. Beneath the shield is a siller scroll wi the naitional motto, Unidad, Paz, Justicia ("Unity, Peace, Justice").

See an aa
 Coat o airms o Equatorial Guinea

References

External links

Equatorial Guinea
Naitional seembols o Equatorial Guinea

Banner o Equatorial Guinea


Stan! (born Steven Brown) is an American author, cartoonist, and game designer.  He is sometimes credited as Stan Brown.

Biography
Brown was born and grew up on Long Island and attended Binghamton University. Brown began publishing fiction, cartoons, and games professionally in 1982, usually under the pen name "Stan!." He is the author of numerous short stories, novels, roleplaying products, comics and cartoons. He has served as a graphic designer and line editor for West End Games; an editor and game designer for TSR, Inc.; and an author, senior game designer, and creative director for Wizards of the Coast, Inc. He has also been the creative content manager at Upper Deck Entertainment.

In 2007, R. Hyrum Savage formed a subsidiary of his OtherWorld Creations with Brown called Super Genius Games. He has also worked as the creative content manager for Upper Deck Entertainment, and the creative vice president for The Game Mechanics, Inc. Brown is the Creative Director for Super Genius Games. He co-founded The Game Mechanics with JD Wiker, Marc Schmalz, and Rich Redman.

Stan! has worked on a variety of role-playing titles, including Paranoia, Dragonlance, Marvel Super Heroes, Ravenloft, and Forgotten Realms, as well as being a principal designer for d20 Modern. He is also the author of two novels published by Wizards of the Coast.

Bibliography

Fiction
Dragon Day (MSP 2005)
Dragons' Return—This Land is in Our Blood (MP 2005)
Children of the Rune—Skin Deep (MP 2004)
Brothers of the Monkey—Chapter Two (WotC website 2002)
Bertrem's Guide to the War of Souls, vol. 2—A Journey to Schallsea and The Insurrection That Never Was (WotC 2002)
The Crab (WotC 2001)
Bertrem's Guide to the Age of Mortals—"Regional Dietary Regimens", "Celebrations and Festivals", and *"Popular Games of the Fifth Age" (WotC 2000)
More Leaves From the Inn of the Last Home—"Slugs, Fungi, Molds, and Other Things I Hope To Never See Again" (WotC 2000)
The Odyssey of Gilthanas (TSR 1999) *
Realms of Mystery—Ekhar Lorent: Gnome Detective (TSR 1998)
Mysterious Cairo—The Sands of Change (WEG 1992)

Game design
Modern Organizations: Crime & Punishment (TGM 2005)
Crossing the Line (WotC web site 2005)
Complete Adventurer (WotC 2005)
d20 Future (WotC 2004)
A Friendly Warning (WotC web site 2004)
Planar Handbook (WotC 2004)
Modern Magic print edition (GR 2004)
Crisis on Canyon Road (WotC web site 2004)
Modern Magic, volume 2 (TGM 2004)
The Ghost in the End Zone (RPGA 2004)
Resolutions (WotC web site 2004)
Modern Magic, volume 1 (TGM 2003)
The Dead of Winter (WotC web site 2003)
Criminal Intent: The Villain's Almanac (GoO 2003)
The Final Feast (WotC web site 2003)
Blood Sugar (WotC web site 2003)
Modern Player's Companion print edition (GR 2003)
The Petersen Counterstrike (WotC web site 2003)
Bad Moon Waning (WotC web site 2003)
A Funny Thing Happened At Carousel #5 (WotC web site 2003)
Modern Player's Companion, volume 2 (TGM 2003)
Stone Dead (WotC web site 2003)
Urban Arcana Campaign Setting (WotC 2003)
Modern Player's Companion, volume 1 (TGM 2003)
No Man's Land (WotC web site 2003)
d20 Modern RPG (WotC 2002)
Bastion of Broken Souls (WotC 2002)
Book of Challenges (WotC 2002)
Beginner Games—prototypes (WotC 2000)
Rise of the Titans (WotC 2000)
Pokémon Jr. Adventure Game (WotC 1999)
Children of the Night: The Created (TSR 1999)
The Odyssey of Gilthanas (TSR 1999)
Children of Solace (RPGA 1999)
Dragonlance Classics 15th Anniversary Edition (TSR 1999)
Palanthas (TSR 1998)
Trail of the Tylor (RPGA 1998)
The Dragonlance Bestiary (TSR 1998)
Marvel Super Heroes Adventure Game (TSR 1998)
Citadel of Light (TSR 1998)
Pyramids of Brass (RPGA 1998)
Leviathan's Deep (RPGA 1998)
SAGA Fate Deck (TSR 1997)
Heroes of Sorcery (TSR 1997)
Children of the Night: Ghosts (TSR 1997)
Cryptic Campaigns (WEG 1996)
Fires of Marl (WEG 1996)
Shadow of a Black Sun (WEG 1995)

Articles
The Essential Modern Spellbook (Green Ronin web site 2004)
The Odds Breaker (TGM web site 2004)
The Creation of the D&D Worlds (Dragon Magazine #315)
The Itinerant Bazaar (WotC web site)
Modern Talents (TGM web site)
Modern Classes (TGM web site)
Making Urban Arcana More Prestigious (WotC web site 2003)
Fharlanghn's Garden (WotC web site)
Compete Feats (TGM web site)
Urban Heroes (Dragon Magazine #305)
The Geography of Bertrem's Guide to the War of Souls, volume 2 (WotC web site 2002)
The D&D Player's Movie Marathon (Dragon Magazine #283)
Have You Seen My Youthful Innocence Around Here Somewhere? (Shred Magazine #4)
Be Kind To Be Cruel—Brewing A Truly Terrifying Campaign (Shred Magazine #3)
Extra! Extra! Read All About It!—Applying Tabloid Journalism to Your Campaign (Shred Magazine #2)
GMing RPGs Under A Time Limit (Shred Magazine #1)
How Do You Stop The Rhino From Charging? (Dungeon Magazine #71)
Hark, The Herald (Dragon Magazine Annual #2)
HOM-Sector For The HOL-I-DAY (Polyhedron #127)
Undead Again (Dragon Magazine #234)

Cartoons and illustrations
Typos of Doom '06 (WotC web site)
Ptypos of Doom (Malhavoc Press web site)
Typos of Doom '05 (WotC web site)
Iyov's First Quest online D&D coloring album (WotC web site)
WotC Book Department 2004 Holiday Card (WotC web site)
2004 D&D Holiday Cards (WotC web site)
Pledge Drive Cartoons (KPLU radio station)
Cold Pizza host D&D caricatures (ESPN2)
Typos of Doom (WotC web site)
Humorous PC Portraits (WotC web site)
Monstrous Madness (AndyCollins.net)
WotC Book Department 2003 Holiday Card (WotC web site)
2003 D&D Holiday Cards (WotC web site)
2003 TGM Holiday Card (TGM web site)
Grub's First Adventure online D&D coloring album (WotC web site)
Gen Con Time Warp puzzle contest (Gen Con 2003)
Goblin Fey Hunter (TGM web site)
April Fool's Day Maps 2003—Dirt Cavern, Ice Maze, and The Underdark (WotC web site)
The Year of Solving Dangerously (Games Magazine April 2003)
WotC Book Department 2002 Holiday Card (WotC web site)
Lair of the Beholder online D&D coloring album (WotC web site)
2002 D&D Holiday Cards (WotC web site)
Gen Con Time Warp puzzle contest (Gen Con 2002)
Hick the RPG cover illustration (ID Adventures)
Table Talk comic strip (Campaign Magazine issue #s 4 – 12)
April Fool's Day Map 2002 (WotC web site)
Bolt & Quiver comic strip (Dungeon/Polyhedron Magazine issue #s 90 – 106) •
All's Fair in Love and Warcraft (Dragon Magazine Annual 2001)
WotC Book Department 2001 Holiday Card (WotC web site)
The D&D Player's Movie Marathon (Dragon Magazine #283)
Table Talk comic strip (Shred Magazine issue #s 1 – 7)
Dr. Symm comic strip (Shred Magazine issue #s 1 – 7)
Cover Illustrations (Shred Magazine issue #s 1 – 7)
The Reed Richards Guide to Everything (WotC 1999)
Marvel Super Heroes Adventure Game (WotC 1998)
HOM-Sector For The HOL-I-DAY (Polyhedron #127)

Editing
d20 Modern Menace Manual (WotC 2003)
Dragon Dice: Dice Commander's Manual (TSR 1997)
Requiem (TSR 1996)
Death Ascendant (TSR 1996)
Death Unchained (TSR 1996)

Media mentions
Stan! has appeared in the following newspaper and magazine articles, websites and podcasts.

Podcasts
 Atomic Array: Stan! appeared on these episodes: 037 (Snows of an Early Winter).
 RPG Countdown: Stan! appeared on these episodes: 18 December 2009 (The Genius Guide to the Shadow Assassin).

Videos
 Meet Stan!: A 29-minute video of Stan! telling about his life growing up, going to school and getting into the gaming industry.
 Secrets of TSR: Panel discussion from PaizoCon 2012. Stan! tells some great stories about his time working on Dungeons & Dragons.
 Stan!, Gamerati: Stan! talks about his time living in Japan, starting the countries first English-language gaming guild, etc.

References

External links
 Homepage for Stan!

 Super Genius Games

20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
Binghamton University alumni
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
Game artists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stan!


The Alteration is a 1976 alternate history novel by Kingsley Amis, set in a parallel universe in which the Reformation did not take place. It won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1977.

Creative origins
In his biography of Kingsley Amis, Richard Bradford devotes a chapter to The Alteration, its origins and context within the author's life. In 1973, Amis had heard a reproduction of the voice of Alessandro Moreschi, the last known European castrato. Amis disagreed with the proposition that Moreschi's performance could be considered "great art", because Moreschi had been castrated, and "true" art centred on the celebration of human sexuality.

Bradford argues that this was a matter of considerable importance for Amis himself, as he may have been suffering from impotence or sexual dysfunction in his marriage, due to advancing age. Thus, he took exception to Roman Catholic teaching, based as it was in a magisterium of celibate men.

Plot introduction
The main character, ten-year-old Hubert Anvil, is a chorister at St George's Basilica, Coverley (real world Cowley), for whom tragedy beckons when his teachers and the Church hierarchy, all the way up to the Pope himself, decree that the boy's superb voice is too precious to sacrifice to puberty. Despite his own misgivings, he must undergo castration, one of the two alterations of the title. Insight into this world is offered during Anvil's abortive escape from church authorities, with references to alternative world versions of known political and cultural figures. Hubert's mother carries on an illicit affair with the family chaplain, and his brother, Anthony, is a liberal dissident from repressive church policies.

In this timeline, there are two pivotal divergences from known history. Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon's short-lived union produced a son, Stephen II of England. When Henry of York ("the Abominable") tried to usurp his nephew's throne, there was a papal crusade (the "War of the English Succession") to restore the rightful heir, culminating in the "Holy Victory" at Coverley, which was designated as the ecclesiastical capital of England.

Secondly, the Protestant Reformation did not take place as Martin Luther was reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church and later became Pope Germanian I. Luther's anti-Semitism may have infected this history to a greater extent during his papacy, as the novel discloses that Jews are forced to seclude themselves and wear yellow stars to advertise their religious and ethnic identity. In this history, Thomas More did not marry, and ascended to the Papacy as Pope Hadrian VII.

While the Papacy still holds sway across Western Europe, in this version of the twentieth century Protestantism is limited to the breakaway Republic of New England, which includes such locations as Cranmeria (named after Thomas Cranmer), Hussville (named for Jan Huss), Waldensia (Waldensians) and Wyclif City (John Wycliffe). The head of the schismatic church in New England is the Archpresbyter of Arnoldstown (named after Benedict Arnold). Joseph Rudyard Kipling held office as "First Citizen" from 1914 to 1918, while Edgar Allan Poe was an acclaimed general who died at the moment of his victory over the combined forces of Louisiana and Mexico in the war of 1848–1850. We learn towards the end of the book that this Protestant state also has unpleasant features, such as practising apartheid towards Native Americans and a harsh penal system.

England dominates the British Isles with Ireland being called "West-England" and Scotland being annexed to England as "North-England". Instead of parliamentary democracy, the English Isles are administered by a Convocation of clergy accountable to the Catholic hierarchy. The rule of the Church is absolute and totalitarian, controlled by the Holy Office, a sort of KGB or Gestapo equivalent. (Monsignors Henricus and Laurentius – Heinrich Himmler and Lavrentiy Beria – are mentioned in passing.)

The state of the world is illustrated in a description of national, clerical and royal figures at the funeral of Stephen III, late King of England, which opens the book. There is reference to the Kings of Portugal, Sweden, Naples and Lithuania, which suggests that no Italian nation-state exists in this history due to the temporal strength of the Papacy. The Crown Prince of Muscovy is also mentioned, suggesting that Tsarism holds sway, and the Dauphin leads one to conclude that the French monarchy is also still in existence. Germany is a nation-state, known as Almaigne and ruled by an Emperor, although it may not have exactly the same national boundaries. The "Vicar General" of the "Emperor Patriarch" of Candia  suggests that the Greek Orthodox Church survives as a separate ecclesiastical jurisdiction, albeit exiled from its native Greece (which is still under Ottoman domination) and with its headquarters in Crete. Finally, this opening section cites the "Viceroys" of India, Brazil and New Spain, suggesting that colonialism and direct imperialism are still realities here.

A Christian/Muslim cold war exists between the Papacy and the Ottoman Empire. Described as a war against an opponent that can never be destroyed and which can be held in check only by maintaining permanent armies and fleets, it serves the useful purpose of distracting any tendency to rebel or question. Pope John XXIV is a Machiavellian Yorkshireman, who allows the cold war to heat up as a Malthusian plot to resolve Europe's population growth – the church has access to bacteriological warfare as an alternative to birth control, whose prior papal prohibition John XXIV opposes. The book's coda, set in 1991, fifteen years after the events of the main body of the book, reveals that events have turned out as the Pope planned. Europe's surplus population has become cannon fodder for the war, which ended in a narrow victory although the Ottoman Empire got as far as Brussels. However, one of Hubert's childhood friends, Decuman, is mentioned as being among the occupation troops in Adrianople in far western Turkey, suggesting that the Ottomans either lost the war, or at least were forced to make significant territorial concessions to the Catholic West.

William Shakespeare's work was suppressed in this history, although Thomas Kyd's original text of Hamlet has survived, and is still performed in 1976 (albeit only in New England). Shelley lived until 1853, at which point he set fire to Castel Gandolfo outside Rome and perished. By contrast, Mozart, Beethoven, Blake, Hockney and Holman Hunt have allowed their talents to submit to religious authority. Edward Bradford argues that the choice of authors and musicians here is not meant to imply Amis's own preferences, but questions the value of art subordinated to a destructive ideology that represses sexual freedom and human choice. Underscoring the clerical domination of this world, Hubert's small collection of books includes a set of Father Bond novels (an amalgam of Father Brown and James Bond), as well as Lord of the Chalices (The Lord of the Rings), Saint Lemuel's Travels (Gulliver's Travels), and The Wind in the Cloisters (The Wind in the Willows). There is also reference to a Monsignor Jean-Paul Sartre of the Jesuits, and A. J. Ayer (who was in real life a noted atheist) is Professor of Dogmatic Theology at New College, Oxford.

"Science" is literally a dirty word, and while "invention" is not, the scope of inventors is severely limited. Electricity has been banned; the only form of internal combustion engine permitted is the Diesel, which works without a spark. Some of the incidental pleasure of the book is in the "alternative technology" reminiscent of Amis's friend and fellow-author Harry Harrison, such as the high-speed train that takes characters from London to Rome in just seven hours, via Thomas Sopwith's Channel Bridge. Airships feature as a mode of transportation connecting Europe with Africa and North America, with heavier-than-air vehicles being exclusive to New England.

Allusion to known historical figures include the political scene in Britain in the 1970s, and may reflect Amis's increasingly conservative attitudes. For example, Lord Stansgate (Tony Benn) presides over the Holy Office, and Officers Paul Foot and Corin Redgrave are two of its feared operatives. Pope John XXIV is a thinly disguised Harold Wilson and his Secretary of State is Enrico Berlinguer. Other references are more obscure; opera-lovers with a good knowledge of Latin will, however, be able to identify the two castrati from the Vatican, Federicus Mirabilis and Lupigradus Viaventosa, as the German singers Fritz Wunderlich and Wolfgang Windgassen, both recently deceased when Amis was writing.

Alternative parallel-world novels within The Alteration
Just as The Man in the High Castle features a book titled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, depicting a world (but not our own) in which the Axis powers lost World War II, so The Alteration refers to an alternate history book by one Philip K. Dick entitled The Man in the High Castle. This book-within-a-book depicts a world in which Stephen II was never born, so the "Holy Victory" never happened, and Henry VIII became king legitimately. As in reality, Henry married Catherine of Aragon, but their son Henry, Duke of Cornwall survived infancy, becoming Henry IX in 1547. Martin Luther became "schismatic" in this world, as he did in reality, and a "Union" of former English North American colonies breaks away in 1848 instead of 1776, conquering most of North America. The same book also features the publication of The Origin of Species, the widespread application of electricity including in aviation and Beethoven's composing of twenty symphonies before his death in 1835.

Galliard, an alternative-universe counterpart to Keith Roberts's Pavane, is also mentioned in this tribute to the subgenre. (The Galliard and the Pavane were both forms of Renaissance dance.)

References

Further reading
 Bradford, Richard. Lucky Him: The Life of Kingsley Amis. London: Peter Owens, 2001. .

1976 British novels
Novels by Kingsley Amis
Novels set in fictional countries
John W. Campbell Award for Best Science Fiction Novel-winning works
British alternative history novels
Jonathan Cape books
NYRB Classics

The Alteration


Baited remote underwater video (BRUV) is a system used in marine biology research. By attracting fish into the field of view of a remotely controlled camera, the technique records fish diversity, abundance and behaviour of species. Sites are sampled by video recording the region surrounding a baited canister which is lowered to the bottom from a surface vessel or less commonly by a submersible or remotely operated underwater vehicle. The video can be transmitted directly to the surface by cable, or recorded for later analysis.

Baited cameras are highly effective at attracting scavengers and subsequent predators, and are a non-invasive method of generating relative abundance indices for a number of marine species.

As a non-extractive technique, it offers a low environmental impact way of understanding changes in fish numbers and diversity over time. BRUV surveys were developed in Australia, and are now used around the world for a variety of projects. This is a low budget monitoring system that is less reliant on the availability of skilled labour and may make sustainable monitoring more practical, over the long term.

There are two main types of remote video technique which have been used to record reef fish populations. They can both be left free standing without the need of an operator. The first system uses one downward looking camera (D-BRUV), and the other uses either one (mono) or two (stereo) horizontally facing cameras (H-BRUV), and may use underwater lighting to illuminate the target area. Stereo BRUV recordings can use software analysis to determine the size of specimens.

The colour of the lighting used for video may influence behaviour of the target species.

References

Marine biology

Baited remote underwater video


KVIrc is a multilanguage, graphical IRC client for Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS. The K in K Visual IRC was for a dependancy to KDE, which became optional from version 2.0.0.

Features
KVIrc is able to connect to several servers at the same time (optional with SSL and/or IPv6). Unicode, ISO-8859-*-Codes, Asian and windows-native char sets are supported. A special feature is the smart encoding, which allows you to use 2 encodings at the same time; you can send unicode and read unicode and cp-1252 for example.

Additional to the mIRC-Codes for bold, underlined and colored fonts, KVIrc owns a graphical emoticon and avatar system. This feature can be turned off.

KVIrc has its own script language named KVS for extensions, addons and scripts.
Every channel, term and DCC Chat is encryptable with Blowfish or AES/Rijndael.

With split window mode, users can divide their channel window into 2, one for chat messages and one for "commands" like joins/parts/mode changes. The size of the windows is variable, so they can hide the command window.

The Socket spy feature helps developers and users to watch the raw communication between client and server to debug.

Development
Official stable releases are not often made, but in SVN is mostly a stable version to use.

KVIrc 4.2.0 was released on July, 3rd 2012.

Related pages
List of IRC clients

Other websites
Official site
Official forum
Official Russian site
Official Download FTP

IRC clients

KVIrc


Sherman Houston Dudley (1872 – March 1, 1940) was an African-American vaudeville performer and theatre entrepreneur. He gained notability in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as an individual performer, a composer of ragtime songs, and as a member and later owner of various minstrel shows including the Smart Set Company. Dudley is also notable as one of the first African Americans to combine business with theater, by starting a black theater circuit, in which theaters were owned or operated by African Americans and provided entertainment by and for African Americans. He created the first black operated vaudeville circuit and led the way for what became the Theatre Owners Booking Association (T.O.B.A.).

Career
Reportedly, Dudley was born in 1872 in Dallas, Texas (some sources list his year of birth as around 1870 or 1873), "of humble parentage". A jockey early in his youth, he turned to theater and gained a reputation by singing in a medicine show on a Dallas street corner, singing "Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again". By 1897 he had his own show, the "S. H. Dudley's Georgia Minstrels", who were performing in Galveston; later that same year he was on tour with P. T. Wright's Nashville Students Company. He gained a reputation for writing popular coon songs (including a hit song called "Mr. Coon, You'se Too Black For Me"), and performed with a number of minstrel comedians in shows in the same vein, including A Holiday in Coonville (his own production) and Coontown Golf Club (a production by Tom Brown and Sam Cousins). When he toured with Tom Brown and Billy Kersands in 1902, it was clear that he was a popular, well-known artist in the South, and was billed as "the Lone-Star comedian".

In 1903 he married Alberta Ormes, with whom he'd been performing since at least 1901, and was on tour the following year with Richard and Pringle's Georgia Minstrels. By this time, he received star billing. In the summer of 1904 he left that company and moved to Chicago to take over the leading role in Gus Hill's Smart Set Company after the death of Tom McIntosh, performing in the show A Southern Enchantment. In 1904 he also opened a cafe and bar on State Street in Chicago with boxer Jack Johnson.

Dudley performed with the Smart Set for years with great success, though one critic, Sylvester Russell (a writer for the Indianapolis Freeman), was hard on him from the beginning, presumably because he felt that Dudley's minstrel show background made him unworthy; in 1906, Russell referred to him as "this loathsome comedian who hails from the Lone Star State." It seems that Dudley took all this in stride until 1911, when Russell made a comment about Dudley's son, after which Dudley beat him up "$5,000 worth", according to Russell; Dudley was arrested and fined $1 and court costs, after which Russell sued him for $5,000. Other critics were less hesitant to praise Dudley's performance, and he is now credited with having brought "the street to the stage": "Dudley revitalized the Smart Set and made it into an enduring classic of the American popular stage." In the next Smart Set show, The Black Politician (1906), Dudley got to use his jockey skills riding a horse on stage, and when in October 1906 a donkey named Shamus O'Brien was added (though another source lists the donkey's name as "Patrick"), the donkey and Dudley received high praise from critics, even from Russell.

In 1909, the Smart Set split up in a Northern and a Southern Smart Set, the first being directed by Dudley and the latter by his understudy, Salem Tutt Whitney; their 1909-10 production, His Honor, the Barber was written by a white playwright, Edwin Handford, with music written for the show by black composers James Tim Brymn, Chris Smith, and James Burris. The show opened in New Jersey for a mixed audience, and by the time of the final run Aida Overton Walker had joined the cast. By this time, Dudley was widely known as the "Lone Star Comedian" and had begun to expand his business ventures, moving into theater in an attempt to have a black-owned and operated string of venues around the United States, a dream of his since at least 1907.

By about 1910 Dudley was based in Washington D.C., where he served as general manager and treasurer of the Colored Actors' Union. In 1911 he set up S. H. Dudley Theatrical Enterprises, and began buying and leasing theaters to develop the first black vaudeville circuit, initially around Washington and Virginia; he had bought his first theater, in Baltimore, in 1912. In August 1912, he played his last season with the Smart Set, from then on devoting himself to his "circuit of theaters." By 1916 the "Dudley Circuit" had extended into the south and Midwest, enabling black entertainers to secure longer term contracts for an extended season; his circuit provided the basis for the Theater Owners Booking Association (T.O.B.A.). His circuit was advertised in a weekly column published in black newspapers, "What's What on the Dudley's Circuit", and by 1914 it included over twenty theaters, "all owned or operated by blacks and as far south as Atlanta." T.O.B.A. was founded by people associated with Dudley's circuit, and while the organization was white-owned it had black regional managers, including Dudley (for the Washington, D.C. area).

After 1917 Dudley devoted himself to producing black musicals, including updated Smart Set productions. He sold his theaters around 1930 (due to economic forces "beyond his control"), and retired to a farm in Maryland where he bred thoroughbred racehorses.

Actor Sherman H. Dudley Jr. was his son.

References
Notes

Works cited

External links

Sherman Houston Dudley at Find A Grave

1870s births
1940 deaths
19th-century African-American businesspeople
19th-century American businesspeople
20th-century African-American people
American entertainment industry businesspeople
Businesspeople from Dallas
Pioneer recording artists
Vaudeville performers
Vaudeville producers

Sherman H. Dudley


Heather McCartney (born Heather See on December 31, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is the daughter of Linda McCartney, and the adopted daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney.

When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton. When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family.

Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie Let it Be, visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work. She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone.

Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married. McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970. Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney. A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician.

1962 births
Living people
People from Tucson, Arizona
Paul McCartney

Heather McCartney


Louise Farrenc (born Paris, 31 May 1804;  died 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.  She was very well-known during her lifetime, but her best compositions are not very well known.  This is because the way to become a famous composer in France in the 19th century was by writing operas, but Farrenc never wrote operas.  Her best compositions are chamber music.

Life
Her name when she was born was Jeanne-Louise Dumont.  Her father was a successful sculptor.  She was very young when she started to learn the piano.  Her teacher had been a pupil of Muzio Clementi.  Soon she was having piano lessons with famous teachers such as Ignaz Moscheles and Johann Nepomuk Hummel.  She loved composing, so her parents let her study composition with Anton Reicha at the Paris Conservatoire.  At that time women were not allowed to go to composition classes at the Conservatoire, so she probably had her lessons privately.  She met a flautist (flute player) called Aristide Farrenc. He was ten years older than she was.  They often performed together and they married in 1821. She stopped her studies and travelled with her husband around France giving concerts.  He soon grew tired of the concert life and decided to open a publishing house in Paris, which was called Éditions Farrenc. It became one of France's most important music publishers for nearly 40 years.

Farrenc returned to her studies with Reicha.  Then she started giving many concerts and became famous.  She was so successful that in 1842 she was made Professor of Piano at the Paris Conservatoire.  She stayed in that job for 30 years.  Although it was a very good job she was paid less than the male teachers.  When her nonet was performed it made her famous.  Joseph Joachim was one of the performers.  After this success she was paid the same salary as the male professors.  Several other chamber works were very successful, but after her death people forgot about them.

Music

At first, during the 1820s and 1830s, she just wrote for piano. Several music critics, including Schumann, thought they were very good. In the 1830s, she wrote chamber music and orchestral music. Her chamber music includes most of her best compositions.

1804 births
1875 deaths
Romantic composers
19th-century French composers
French pianists
Musicians from Paris
Musicologists

Louise Farrenc


In geometry, when a cone and a plane intersect, a conic section results.

Preliminary In  elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be right circular. Circular means that the base is a circle and right means that the axis passes through the centre of the base at right angles to its plane. Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis does not pass perpendicularly through the centre of the base.

Definition A conic is the curve got by intersecting a plane, called the cutting plane, with a cone. The cone is a right circular cone for easy description, but any double cone with some circular cross-section will do.

There are three different types of sections, the parabola, the hyperbola and the ellipse. The circle is a special case of an ellipse. Sometimes the circle is mentioned as a fourth type, because calculating with a circle is easier than with an ellipse, most of the time.

The conic sections are known at least since 200 BC,  when Apollonius of Perga (~262 BC to ~190 BC) studied of their properties. They came to more attention when mathematicians discovered that the solutions of the two-body problem were conic sections.

References

Conic section


NHK (日本放送協会, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), atawa Perusahaan Penyiaran Jepang, nyaéta penyiaran milik pamaréntah Jepang. Radio Tokyo jeung Radio Japan ngaran teu resmi dina Basa Inggris, keur radio NHK. Ayeuna kabagi dina dua stasiun tipi darat nyaéta (NHK General TV jeung NHK Educational TV), tilu tipi satelit nyaéta (NHK BS-1, NHK BS-2, jeung NHK Hi-Vision – High-definition TV), sarta tilu jaringan radio (NHK Radio 1, NHK Radio 2, sarta NHK FM). Keur pamiarsa di luar negeri bisa ngadengekuen di NHK World TV, NHK World Premium, jeung NHK World Radio.

History

NHK was founded in 1926, modélled on the BBC radio company. A second radio network was started in 1931 and a shortwave service broadcasting to listeners overséas began in 1935.

In November 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army nationalized all public news agencies and coordinated their efforts through the Information Liaison Confidential Committee, which included representatives from the Army, the Navy, the Foreign Ministry, the Government Information Office, the Cabinet Information Buréau, the Home Ministry, the Ministry of Greater East Asia, the Transportation Ministry, the Domei News Agency and the NHK.  Theréafter, all published and broadcast news reports became official announcements of the Imperial Army General Héadquarters in Tokyo for the duration of World War II.

NHK started television broadcasts in 1953. It aired its first colour television broadcast in 1960. Although the network first introduced commercial broadcasts to Japan, nowadays NHK is paid for by viewer fees. Residents of Japan who own a TV are obliged to pay a fee of about USD 12 per month under the "Hōsō Hō" (Broadcasting Act). However, the act does not stipulate any punishment for failure of payment.  (see television license)

NHK World TV started broadcasts in 1995. The entire NHK network moved to digital broadcasting in 2000.

TV Programming

NHK General TV broadcasts a variety of programming. The following are noteworthy:
 News. Local, national, and world news reports.  NHK is one of the few international broadcasters to maintain reporting buréaus in Afghanistan and Iraq. NHK News 7 offers bilingual broadcasts on NHK General TV, NHK World TV and NHK World Premium. News Today 30 Minutes is the new name of NHK NEWSWATCH which ran for 6 yéars. It is an English newscast designed for foreign viewers.
 Emergency Reporting. Under the Broadcast Act, NHK is under the obligation to broadcast éarly warning emergency reporting in times of natural disasters as éarthquake and tsunami. Their national network of seismométers in cooperation with the Japan Metéorological Agency and skip-back cameras makes NHK capable of delivering the news in just 2–3 minutes after the quake. Their skip-back cameras are equipped with a back-up power supply in case the electricity is cut-off and are able to rewind fast to show the first moment of the shaking.
 Education. Education programmes are watched nation-wide at primary schools. "Tensai Terebikun MAX" (better known as TTK) is a one-of-a-kind educational show combining education with a bit of entertainment. TTK is currently hosted by the TIM duo Red Yoshida and Golgo Matsumoto and a cast of 22 children ranging from ages 9 to 14.
 Wéather. Wéather in detail, nationwide, and international for travellers.
 Sports. NHK broadcasts the six annual Grand Sumo tournaments, high-school baseball championships from Koshien Stadium, Olympic Games, and a range of other sports.
 News analysis. The network carries in-depth reports on current topics, political debate, and similar programming.
 Music. The annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen on New Yéar's Eve is the highlight. The weekly schedule includes an amateur hour, and prime-time shows for all ages.
 Drama. A sentimental morning show, a weekly jidaigeki and a yéar-long show, the Taiga drama, spéarhéad the network's fiction offerings.
 Documentaries. NHK has become known for its documentary series, first popularized by the miniseries Legacy for the Future, and "The Silk Road".
 Children. The longest running children's show in Japan, "Okasan to Issho", still airs up to this day on NHK-ETV.
 Other. Cooking, comedy, exercise, etc.
 Anime

See also: Japanese television programs, International broadcasting in Japan, Japanese media

Notable programs
 BuBu ChaCha
 Cardcaptor Sakura  (1998-2000)
 MAJOR
 Minna no Uta  (1961-current)
 Morizzo and Kiccoro (2005 Aichi World Expo séason)
 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water  (1990-1991)
 Planetes
 Snow Princess
 Tsubasa Chronicle
 Zettai Shonen ("Absolute Boy") (2004-2005)

Tempo ogé
ISDB
STRL
UHDV

Tumbu kaluar
 NHK Japanese website
 NHK English website

Stasion televisi di Jepang

NHK


Sullivan Bay is the site of the first official European settlement in Victoria, Australia. It is a very small bay near Sorrento, Victoria. It is close to the entrance of Port Phillip Bay,  south of the city of Melbourne.
In 1802, Governor Philip Gidley King in Sydney had written to Lord Hobart, Minister in charge of the colonies, in London, saying that Britain should start a settlement at Port Phillip Bay. King thought it would be good area for fishing and sealing. He was also worried that the French might settle in the area and then would control Bass Strait. Lieutenant John Murray had explored Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and thought that the Sorrento area would be a good spot to start a settlement.

Leaving England
Lieutenant Governor David Collins was put in charge of starting the new settlement. He took 307 convicts, some with wives and children, 51 soldiers, 17 free settlers, some with wives and children, and a government staff of 12, and a clergyman, the Reverend Knopwood. The group of more than 400 people left England in April 1803, in the store ship "Ocean" and the convict ship "Calcutta."

The two ships sailed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Capetown in South Africa, and arrived at Port Phillip Bay on 6 October and 8 October 1803. Only 14 people died on the trip. Collins was unable to find a good place to land that had drinking water and good soil. On 13 October 1803, he landed at Sullivan's Bay, which he named after the Under Secretary of the Colonial War Department.

Settlement
The new settlers were able to get water by putting wooden barrels into the sand, and letting the water in the ground soak into them. It was salty and not nice to drink. The soil was very sandy and not suitable for farming. There were very few trees suitable for cutting up into building timber. The sandy ground meant that heavy items could not be carried in a wagon, which would be stuck in the sand, but had to be dragged instead. The small entrance to the bay made it difficult for sailing ships to get in or out safely. The tools brought from England, such a spades, hoes and axes, were very badly made and broke easily. Coscape. He had hoped to increase the food supply with fresh fish and kangaroos, but they were not able to catch any.

Life at Sullivan's Bay
Male convicts were given a set of clothes in October 1803 which included:
 1 Jacket
 1 pair of trousers
 2 shirts
 1 waist coat
 12 breeches (socks)
 1 pair of shoes
 1 hat

The food ration each week was:
 7 pounds of beef or 4 pounds of pork (salted)
7 pounds of biscuit
 1 pound of flour
 6 ounces of sugar

Women were to be given 2/3 of that amount, children half the amount, and small children under 5 years, ¼ of the ration.

A convict printer, Robert Walsh printed the orders and instructions for the settlement on a small printing press. During the time of the settlement 43 such orders were printed.

Collins told the convicts not to go into the water to wash because of the danger from hungry sharks and stingrays. Some tried to escape by walking overland to Sydney. They soon gave up and went back to the settlement. Settler, John Skilton, died on 17 October 1803. On 25 November 1803, the first child, William James Hobart Thorne, was born to a soldier, Sergeant Thorne and his wife. One child of convict parents was John Pascoe Fawkner, who returned to start the settlement of Melbourne in 1835.

Abandoned
In November, Collins sent the "Ocean" to Sydney with a letter asking King to let him abandon the settlement, and move it to either Port Dalrymple or the Derwent River in Van Diemen's Land. The "Ocean" came back in December and Collins wasted no time in getting most of the convicts and settlers packed up. He gave an order that convicts had to work on Sundays to make sure the group was ready to leave as soon as possible. On 30 January 1804, the "Ocean" set sail for the Derwent River. Lieutenant William Sladden was left behind in charge of a small group. The "Ocean" returned and on 20 May 1804, the settlement was abandoned.

Three people were left behind after the settlement was abandoned, two were escaped convicts and one was a runaway soldier, William Buckley. When John Batman came to settle in Victoria 30 years later, he found Buckley living with an aboriginal tribe. The only sign of the settlement now is four graves at Sullivan Bay, and the remains of a water barrel in the Latrobe Library collection.

Other websites
Parks Victoria: Collins Settlement Historic Site

References

Geography of Victoria, Australia
History of Australia
Bays of Australia

Sullivan Bay, Victoria


Don Carlos is an opera composed by Giuseppe Verdi. It was composed to a libretto in the French language by Camille du Locle and Joseph Méry. It was based on a famous German play called Don Carlos, Infante of Spain by Friedrich Schiller. Schiller's story is based on the true story of the life of Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1545-1568) who was promised that he could marry Elisabeth of Valois, but then his father,Philip II of Spain, changed his mind and married her himself. It was part of the peace treaty ending the Italian War of 1551-1559 between the Houses of Habsburg and Valois.

The opera was first performed at the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra in Paris on 11 March 1867. It has five acts.

Don Carlos was written for performance in Paris. This has made a problem for the reputation of the opera, because it was tradition in France to write very long operas. They always included a lot of ballet music as well as the singing. Verdi's opera was in five acts, and when it was performed in other countries it was too long for people's tastes, so many cuts were made, including, at first, the whole of Act I. This is a great pity, because a lot of the music in Act One is very important, with tunes which also come later in the opera. Since the beginning of the 20th century most of the music of Act I is usually performed. There have been many different versions performed, with different parts of the opera cut. When the opera is sung in Italian it is called Don Carlo.

Roles

The story of the opera
The story takes place at a time when Spain is just coming to the end of a war with France. It has been agreed between the two countries that Don Carlos, heir to the Spanish throne, will marry Elisabeth, the daughter of the King of France.

Act I
Don Carlos wants to see the girl he is to marry. He goes to France and, secretly, joins a royal hunt in which Elisabeth is taking part. Elisabeth and her page are separated from the others. Carlos speaks to her and offers to take her home. The princess asks him about the prince she is to marry. Carlos says that she need not worry because the prince is kind and in love with her. He then shows Elisabeth a photo of the prince, and then Elisabeth of course realizes that it is the prince she is talking to. They sing a love duet.

Some Spanish officials then come and tell Elisabeth that it has been decided that she is not to marry the prince: she is to marry his father, the king of Spain. The two lovers are dismayed at this news. The crowd of people beg Elisabeth to agree to marrying the King of Spain, so that the war will stop. In the end she agrees.

Act II
Don Carlos has gone to a monastery so that he can be quiet in his misery. His grandfather, Charles V, had spent his last days in this monastery. A monk talks to him. Carlos thinks the monk looks like his grandfather.

Carlos is filled with joy when his friend Rodrigue comes. He has just come back from Flanders, where there is still a lot of fighting. Carlos tells him a secret: that he is in love with Elisabeth who has now married his father and is therefore Queen of Spain. Rodrigue tells him he should spend his time helping the poor people of Flanders. The King and Queen process past the tomb.

When the Queen leaves the church she goes to the garden where her ladies are waiting for her. A messenger gives her a letter from her mother in Paris, but at the same time he secretly gives her a letter from Carlos. Rodrigue quietly talks to Eboli, the queen's lady-in-waiting, while the queen reads the letters. Rodrigue asks the Queen to try to persuade the king to let Carlos talk to him. Eboli is in love with Carlos. She has noticed how Carlos has been agitated when he has been in the presence of the Queen, and thinks it is because Carlos loves her (Eboli).

Carlos is given a chance to meet Elisabeth privately. He calmly asks her whether she could persuade the King to send him to Flanders. However, he is not really calm, and soon he starts to be angry with her for not showing any love feelings towards him. She tells him that it is her duty now that she is Queen. Carlos understands, but is still in love with her. He falls at her feet. He grabs her and declares his love for her, but the Queen tears herself from him and he rushes off in despair.

The Kings comes out of church. He is very cross that his wife has been left on her own. He tells the lady-in-waiting to go away. The Queen comforts her. Then she and her ladies go.

Rodrigue asks the King to stop fighting the people of Flanders who are still dying and starving from hunger. The King says they were not faithful and deserve to be punished. He tells Rodrigue that he is afraid of what is going on between Elisabeth and Carlos. He tells him to be aware of the Inquisition.

Act III
A masked ball is taking place at the palace in Madrid. Carlos is waiting in the Queen's garden. A lady comes to the garden, wearing a mask, like everyone else. He thinks it is the Queen and tells her how he loves her. When the lady takes her mask off he realizes it is Eboli. She accuses him of loving the Queen. At that moment Rodrigue comes. He says to Eboli that Carlos is not well and does not understand what he is talking about. But Eboli is not deceived and plans to ruin their love affair.

The second scene of the act takes place in a square in Madrid. An auto-da-fé is being prepared. During the time of the Spanish Inquisition this was a ceremony in which anyone who did not agree with the Roman Catholic church was burnt to death. Monks enter, followed by the unfortunate people who are going to be burnt. The people sing about the glories of Spain. King Philippe appears and repeats how he will fight against anyone who is an enemy of the Roman Catholic Church. Six people, including Carlos, appear and fling themselves at his feet, begging him to stop his troops from killing the Flemish people. The King will not hear of it. Some of the crowd support the king, but others are begging him to have mercy. Carlos then asks his father to allow him to rule Flanders for him. The King does not allow this, because he realizes that this could be an opportunity for Carlos and the Flemish people to rise against him. Carlos is desperate. He draws his sword and says that he will save Flanders. The crowd are terrified to see him behave like this in front of the King. The King commands his soldiers to take the sword away from Carlos, but no one obeys him. In the end, Rodrigue (who realizes that this is going to be bad for him) saves the situation by calmly asking Carlos for the sword. He hands it over and Rodrigue gives it to the King. The monks process farther, and a voice from heaven promises peace in the world to come.

ActIV
The King is alone in church. In a wonderful aria he sings of his sadness that his wife does not seem to love him. The Grand Inquisitor comes in. He is very old, and blind. The King tells him about his son, and asks the Inquisitor whether Carlos should be forgiven or sentenced to death. The Inquisitor answers that it is Rodrigue who should be killed. The king dares to disagree. The Inquisitor tells the King that he is not giving his heart to God. The Inquisitor goes.

The Queen rushes in and asks the King to help her look for a casket of jewels which have disappeared from her room. The King shows her that it is on the table. He tells her she must open it. She does so. At the top is a portrait of Carlos. The King is very angry and accuses her of adultery. She faints. The King calles Eboli and Rodrigue for help. The King feels sorry for his suspicion, but Eboli feels even more sorry because it was she who had taken the casket because she was jealous of Carlos and Elisabeth. It was she who had suggested the King should look in the jewel case. Rodrigue feels he can only save his friend by offering himself to be killed instead of Carlos. The King and Rodrigue leave. Eboli throws herself at the feet of the Queen, who has now revived, and confesses that she herself is guilty of adultery because she had slept with the king. Elisabeth remains calm, but tells Eboli to go away from her for ever and to live in a nunnery. When Eboli is left alone she expresses her feelings of terribly misery. Before she goes to the nunnery she has one more thing to do: to try to save Carlos from being put to death.

The second scene of the act shows Carlos in prison. Rodrigue comes to him. He knows that Flemish letters addressed to Carlos have been found in his possession. Someone comes in and kills Rodrigue. As he dies, he tells Carlos that the Queen will wait for him the next day outside the nunnery and will see him for the last time. He dies.

Sometimes Act IV ends here, but some performances continue to show a scene in which the King tries to give the sword back to his son, but Carlos accuses him of having murdered his friend. A group of people, including Eboli, enter the prison and cry to the King to set Carlos free. The Inquisitor appears. He tells the crowd angrily that they are wicked to go against God's will. He tells them all to go down on their knees and repent.

Act V
Elisabeth kneels before the tomb of Charles V. She sings of her lost youth in France (some of the music from Act I comes back here). She prays for peace. Elisabeth and Carlos then meet for the last time (their third duet in the opera) and wish for happier times. The King and the Inquisitor have been hiding. They now appear and grab Carlos. The guards are told to grab him, but Carlos defends himself. Suddenly the voice of Charles V (or a monk in disguise) is heard. He takes his grandson into the safety of the cloister.

Evaluation
Don Carlos is a great opera. It has some of Verdi's greatest music, especially the music of Act IV scene i, in which the events of the previous acts are all brought together. There are some wonderful duets (three duets for Carlos and Elisabeth) and some great bass arias. However, the opera is very long, but it is difficult to cut any of the singing without spoiling the drama.

Some people feel that the end of the opera is weak. In Schiller's play there is a different ending. Carlos is handed over to the Inquisition and put to death.

References
 The New Kobbe's Opera Book, ed. The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie. London: Ebury Press,

Operas set in Spain
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1860s operas

Don Carlos


In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplices or simplexes), sometimes called n-simplex is the n-dimensional analogue figure of the triangle. A triangle is a 2-simplex. The 0-simplex is the point, the 1-simplex is the line segment (line connecting two points). The 3-simplex is the tetrahedron, and the 4-simplex is the pentachoron.

A regular simplex is a simplex that is also a regular polytope. A regular n-simplex may be made from a regular (n -  1)-simplex by connecting a new vertex to all the other vertices. All the vertices have the same length.

Shapes

Simplex


Old Rainworth Stone Store is a heritage-listed storehouse and now museum at Wealwandangie Road, Cairdbeign,  south of the town of Springsure, Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1862 by George Goldring. It is also known as Old Rainworth Fort and Rainworth Head Station Store. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
The Rainworth store is a single-storeyed, rectangular stone structure built in 1862 for Jesse Gregson as a storehouse on the  Rainworth Station in the Diamantina district of Queensland. It was built adjacent to Rainworth Creek, close to the boundary of Rainworth and Cairdbeign and is now part of the Old Rainworth Fort Tourist Complex on Wealwandangie Road, about  from Springsure.

In 1844 Ludwig Leichhardt explored an area to the east of what is now the township of Springsure, naming the Expedition Range, Albinia Downs and Comet Creek. In 1846 Major Thomas Mitchell travelled through the area and in 1847 Leichhardt attempted to explore the area again, but was forced back by floodwaters.

While the Leichhardt Pastoral District was officially opened to settlement on 10 January 1854, it was only after William Landsborough explored the Springsure area in 1858 that pastoralists began to take up runs in the vicinity.

Following a reconnaissance into the Leichhardt Pastoral District in late 1860 by Queensland's Surveyor-General Augustus Charles Gregory and William Kellman, the flat-topped hill south of present-day Springsure was named Rainworth Hill. Gregory subsequently took up a number of leases in the district, paying the rent on Wallaroo, Norwood, Emu Plains, Osmondthorpe and Yarra No.2 in March 1861. Gregory did not hold these leases for long, and in September 1862 the rents were paid by lessees Jesse Gregson and Alexander and William Busby, who called the combined runs Rainworth Station.

While travelling out to Sydney from England in the mid-1850s, one of Jesse Gregson's fellow passengers was Alexander Busby, who invited Gregson to visit him at Llangollen Station near Cassilis. Failing to find work in Sydney, Gregson took up Busby's offer and soon gained employment at Collaroy, a nearby property, where he learnt stock management and was appointed head overseer by 1858. In May 1860, as Busby's partner, he overlanded 5,000 sheep to a new station in Queensland, which he named Rainworth, near the future town of Springsure. By June 1861 Jesse Gregson was living on the property as manager and was in partnership with Alex and William Busby as lessees. Gregson described the run in his diaries:I made my head station and called it Rainworth after the hill on the opposite side of the creek. It was a lovely tract of open country. A little creek fed by a stream flowed southerly to join Cona Creek. There was sparse timber, a stunted Downs box in patches all around, which without diminishing the open character of the country added to its beauty. Down the valley were clumps of tea tree scrub here and there. Opposite was the strikingly picturesque hill which Gregory had named Rainworth and which some seven or eight hundred feet above the level of the adjacent country. Behind our camp was another isolate hill called Mt Cassilis, the distance between the two hills being perhaps one and a half miles.Rainworth Head Station was established on the Norwood East run, just north of the boundary with Cairdbeign Station and west/northwest of Rainworth Hill. At that time the Cairdbeign-Wealandangie Road to Springsure passed through the property, and the head station was established near where this road crossed Rainworth Creek. The first head station buildings were constructed of timber. On 17 October 1861, a few months after Gregson had taken up occupancy at Rainworth, the local Kari people attacked the nearby pastoral property of Cullin-la-ringo. In the Cullin-la-ringo attack 19 people, including women and children, were killed. Of the 22 people on Cullin-la-Ringo that day three survived: a station hand and two shepherds. Edward Kenny, one of the surviving shepherds, rode to Jesse Gregson at Rainworth to raise the alarm and to seek help. Within days the former owner of Cullin-la-ringo, PE MacDonald, accompanied by a troop of Native Mounted Police, led reprisal attacks against the Kari people.

Construction began on a stone store at Rainworth in 1862, following the Cullin-la-ringo massacre. The store was built out of stone in order to reduce threats of fire and to act as a safe haven during an Aboriginal raid. The builder was an Englishman, George Goldring, who with his son had arrived at Rainworth in 1862, and was employed initially as a bookkeeper. He left Rainworth in 1868.

To construct the store, Goldring burned lime, made bricks and collected basalt boulders. He bound the walls with a mortar mix of sand, lime and a holding element obtained from crushing calcified basalt. It is believed that the roof was clad with galvanised iron, which was amongst the earliest use of this material in the district. The Rainworth Store is the only known stone building erected by Golding in Queensland.

By 1867 Gregson had established the necessary plant and buildings at Rainworth. In that year he entered into a new seven-year partnership with the Busbys and commenced fencing  of Rainworth land using wire, which he claimed was the first use of wire fencing in the district.

Jesse Gregson contributed significantly to the development of the Springsure district. He served as postmaster for the district until January 1864, when a post office was opened at the town of Springsure, surveyed in 1863. He was a member of the Springsure Road Trust, praised in 1864 by the Engineer of Roads in the Northern District, Frederick Byerley, for completing the work on their section of the Rockhampton to Springsure road within cost. At Cairdbeign on 4 January 1865, a meeting of prominent landholders Archibald Buchanan, Robert Patton, William Thomson, Peter McIntosh and Jesse Gregson decided to form a local agricultural society to improve the quality of livestock.. Gregson was the inaugural Secretary of the Society.

In 1874 Alexander Busby, who was on the board of the Australian Agricultural Company, one of the largest pastoral and mining companies in Australia, recommended Gregson for the position of Company Superintendent. Gregson left Rainworth to take up this position, which he held from 1875 to 1905.

After the Gregson family left Rainworth in 1874, the property was offered for sale but there were no buyers and James Nesbit was appointed the manager. From 1862 the partners had held a mortgage with The Commercial Banking Company of Sydney and the lease was transferred to the Bank on 1 June 1877.

Government land policy at this period encouraged the resumption of large pastoral leaseholds for closer subdivision, but existing lessees could apply for pre-emptive selection as freehold, to protect improvements such as head station homesteads and shearing sheds. In November 1877 the Rainworth Head Station blocks, on Portions 1 and 1A, parish of Rainworth, county of Denison, were surveyed as pre-emptive selections. At this time improvements on portion 1A, which contained the head station buildings, totalled  and comprised a ten-roomed house of wood/weatherboard and shingles ('W & S'), valued at ; a kitchen building with bath and saddle rooms, valued at ; a stone store with cellars, granaries, meat rooms and dairy, valued at ; a number of slab and iron huts valued at ; yards and  of 2 and 3 rail fencing, valued at ; a water race and garden valued at ; and  of 6 wire fencing valued at . The property was still operating as a sheep station, with lamb folds established close to the head station buildings.

Deeds of grant for portion 1A (containing the head station buildings) and portion 1 were issued to the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney in September 1878 and April 1880 respectively. In May 1888 title was transferred to Francis Hamilton Beadon Turner, who also acquired the lease of the consolidated Rainworth holding. It appears that until 1919 the lessees of Rainworth Station also owned the freehold of the Rainworth Head Station.

Title to the head station freehold passed to Dalgety & Company in 1904, then to Francis Bayntun Starky (grazier of Sydney) and Prosper Charles Trebeck (Stock & Station Agent of Sydney) in 1912.

Alexander McLaughlin (grazier of Burnside near Springsure) acquired the Rainworth Head Station freehold in 1919, and the property has been owned by his descendants ever since. It appears that from this time the freehold was known as Old Rainworth.

In 1940 Alexander McLaughlin divided his holdings amongst his children. Two of his granddaughters inherited Burnside and in 1973 purchased Old Rainworth. The McLaughlin sisters, concerned about the deterioration of the old stone store and wanting to restore and conserve its heritage, established a Committee for the Preservation of Old Rainworth Fort. Stonemason Gino Sandrin was employed in 1981 to restore the building. He used original stones that he shaped, using cement to help hold them in place.

In April 1980 the National Trust Journal described the Old Rainworth Stone Store. Constructed of local material, the bluestone walls were held together with a mortar of clay and the external walls with a mix of clay and limestone. It was single-storeyed with a loft and a cellar. The building appeared to have been constructed in two stages, the inner rectangular section first with the surrounding outer walls added later. It was rectangular in plan with a perimeter verandah. Originally the shorter sides of the rectangle were stone, however, weathering had caused these external walls to collapse. Windows and doors were timber framed and suspended floors were of cypress with massive log bearers. A timber framed calico partition created a main room. The stone store measured approximately  with the stone walls about  in thickness. The roof was corrugated iron.

In 1987 the Old Cairdbeign homestead, constructed in the 1870s, was demolished and re-erected at Old Rainworth, which was being developed as an historical tourist complex. Springsure timber worker Robert Young re-built the homestead between 18 July and 31 October 1987.

Archibald Buchanan was the first owner of Cairdbeign and his was the first homestead built on Rainworth Creek. By 1881 the head station had been moved about  southeast of Rainworth and a new large slab house of seven rooms erected, using some timber from a barn at the former head station on the creek. Some of these slabs with joggles cut for holding benches can still be seen in the old Cairdbeign homestead at the Rainworth historical tourist complex. The former Cairdbeign School also has been relocated to Old Rainworth.

Old Rainworth now functions as a tourist facility and has a special association for tourists and visiting school children.

Museum
The museum complex contains the storehouse  in its original condition, the relocated Cairdbeign homestead and the original school building from the 1800s. The museum contains many period pieces and artefacts of local importance. According to the current caretakers of the fort, Colleen McLaughlin and her sister Lorna Smith, the future of the historic site is unsure:

Description
The Old Rainworth Stone Store is located on Burnside approximately  by road from Springsure. It is accessed by travelling south along the Dawson Highway towards Rolleston for approximately  then taking the Wealwandangie Road for a further .

The Old Rainworth Stone Store has undergone partial reconstruction. It is a single-storey structure with a corrugated iron broken hipped roof with a U-shaped verandah encircling the entire western elevation and part of the southern and northern elevations. Constructed of locally quarried basalt, the stones are mortared with a pise of calcified basalt that comes from beneath the black soils of the district The building contains six rooms, a cellar and a loft. The unlined walls vary in thickness from .

The main room on the western side of the building is accessed through double timber doors made of diagonal boards, and which have original fittings. The main room has a timber floor and windows. The timber frame of an interior partition wall with a connecting doorway remains. From the main room a set of timber stairs lead to the loft. The treads are narrow () and there are no risers. A recent handrail of debarked bush timber has been installed for safety purposes. The loft has a timber floor.

The encircling verandah has stone flooring and a set of timber stairs lead from the western side down to a cellar. The cellar walls and floor are of stone and several vents are set into the walls.

The eastern section of the building comprises three rooms. The walls and flooring of each of the end rooms are of stone while the centre room has an earthen floor with an exterior wall of horizontal slab timbers.

To the south west of the building are the remains of what appears to have been an arbor; this is constructed of debarked bush timbers. Immediately to the west of this is the site of the former Rainworth Homestead. No surface remains are apparent.

Heritage listing
Old Rainworth Stone Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. Neither Cairdbeign Homestead nor the Cairdbeign School are considered to be of state-level cultural heritage significance.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Old Rainworth Stone Store illustrates the pattern of early non-indigenous settlement in Queensland, where the development of pastoral properties preceded agriculture and the establishment of towns. Because of the distance of Rainworth Station from a major settlement, lessee Jesse Gregson had the stone building erected in 1862 to store and protect supplies brought twice a year from Rockhampton. Its construction illustrates the need on pastoral properties for the provision of adequate storage facilities in harsh climatic conditions remote from the source of supply.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

The Rainworth Stone Store is a rare surviving mid-19th century stone building constructed for the purpose of storing provisions for lengthy periods. In addition, comparatively few stores on pastoral properties were constructed in stone in Queensland at this period.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

The Rainworth Stone Store is a rare surviving mid-19th century stone structure in Queensland, which has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of stone buildings of this period, way of life on a pastoral property in a remote area, and about the people who erected such buildings. Archaeological deposits associated with the former homestead have the potential to contribute information on the lifeways of an operative pastoral property of the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The Rainworth Stone Store remains substantially intact and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a fortified store on a remote and early pastoral property. These characteristics include the use of traditional European building techniques combined with local materials with inherent insulation qualities.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Rainworth Stone Store is an asset valued by the community as one of the earliest surviving buildings in the area and for its connections with the past. Forming part of a tourist attraction, Rainworth Stone Store is recognised as a significant part of the history of the district.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Central Highlands Region
Agricultural buildings and structures in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Warehouses in Queensland
1862 establishments in Australia
Museums in Queensland
Buildings and structures in Central Queensland

Old Rainworth Stone Store


In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system.

Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state, or in chemical equilibrium with its environment. This may be a dynamic equilibrium in which individual atoms or molecules change form, but their overall number in a particular form is conserved. This type of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium will persist indefinitely unless the system is changed. Chemical systems might undergo changes in the phase of matter or a set of chemical reactions.

State A is said to be more thermodynamically stable than state B if the Gibbs free energy of the change from A to B is positive.

Versus reactivity

Thermodynamic stability applies to a particular system. The reactivity of a chemical substance is a description of how it might react across a variety of potential chemical systems and, for a given system, how fast such a reaction could proceed.

Chemical substances or states can persist indefinitely even though they are not in their lowest energy state if they experience metastability - a state which is stable only if not disturbed too much.  A substance (or state) might also be termed "kinetically persistent" if it is changing relatively slowly (and thus is not at thermodynamic equilibrium, but is observed anyway). Metastable and kinetically persistent species or systems are not considered truly stable in chemistry.  Therefore, the term chemically stable should not be used by chemists as a synonym of unreactive because it confuses thermodynamic and kinetic concepts. On the other hand, highly chemically unstable species tend to undergo exothermic unimolar decompositions at high rates. Thus, high chemical instability may sometimes parallel unimolar decompositions at high rates.

Outside chemistry

In everyday language, and often in materials science, a chemical substance is said to be "stable" if it is not particularly reactive in the environment or during normal use, and retains its useful properties on the timescale of its expected usefulness. In particular, the usefulness is retained in the presence of air, moisture or heat, and under the expected conditions of application. In this meaning, the material is said to be unstable if it can corrode, decompose, polymerize, burn or explode under the conditions of anticipated use or normal environmental conditions.

References

Physical chemistry
Materials science

Chemical stability


Fantasy is a genre of art, books, movies, television and music that uses magic and other supernatural things as a main part of either plot, theme, setting or all three. Fantasy may also refer to:
 Fantasy (psychology), a situation imagined by an individual or group, which does not correspond with reality but expresses certain desires or aims of its creator
 Fantasy movie, movies with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds.
 Fantasy (fragrance), a women's fragrance by Elizabeth Arden, endorsed by Britney Spears
 Fantasy, another name for Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a date-rape drug
 Fantasy sport, a game where fantasy owners build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by individual players or teams of a professional sport
 Sexual fantasy
 Fantasy (music), a free-form musical composition

Discographies
 Fantasy (Aldo Nova song), a song by Aldo Nova
 Fantasy (Appleton song), 2003 single by the British-Canadian duo, Appleton
 Fantasy (Aiko Kayo song), a 2004 single by the Japanese singer
 Fantasy (The Blizzards song), a 2007 single by the Irish band
 Fantasy (Carole King album), a 1973 album by Carole King
 Fantasy (Mariah Carey song), 1995 single by Mariah Carey
 Fantasie (album) a 1988 album by Münchener Freiheit
 Fantasy (Münchener Freiheit album), the English version
 Fantasy (R&B group), a vocal group based in New York
 Fantasy Records, a United States-based record label founded in 1949
 Fantasy (Jay Chou album), Jay Chou's 2nd album which was released on 1st September 2001
 Fantasy (Lena Philipsson album), a 1993 album by Lena Philipsson
 Fantasy (Candy Lo album), an album by Candy Lo (盧巧音)
 Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire), 1977 song by Earth, Wind & Fire

Transportation

Fantasy a cruise ship built by Carnival Cruises, which currently sails out of New Orleans to the Caribbean.

Fantasy (disambiguation)


Rosebery is an outer southern suburb of Palmerston. It is located 26 km SE of the Darwin CBD. Its Local Government Area is the City of Palmerston.

This suburb is named after the Fifth Earl of Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, a then British statesman who visited South Australia in 1884. A decade later he became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

It was during his overseas visit, that the South Australian Government decided to name additional Counties in the Top End. After the initial group of Palmerston, Gladstone and Disraeli, the County of Rosebery was gazetted in 1885. Rosebery covered the area north of Pine Creek.

The Place Names Committee in conjunction with the Palmerston Development Authority decided to perpetuate the Rosebery name as the County of Rosebery fell into disuse and was cancelled on 7 January 1977.

Rosebery is located on the periphery of Palmerston and is one of its newer residential suburbs. It has experienced a lot of growth in recent times.

References

External links
 Nt.gov.au
 Australian Bureau of Statistics – Demographics of Rosebery, 2006

Suburbs of Darwin, Northern Territory
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery

Rosebery, Northern Territory


Nether-Saxon (For ordinar cryed Nedersaksisch in the Netherlands, Plattdüütsch, Nedderdüütsch or Neddersassisch in Germany an Plautdietsch by the Roushie Mennonite), is a name for the regional leid varieties o the Laich Germanic leids that's tae the maist pairt spak in the north o Germany, the sooth o Denmark an the east Netherlands. Forby, thon there's immigrant communities in a wheen airts athort the warld, sic as Canadae.

The ISO 639-2 leid code fur Nether-Saxon is nds syne Mey 2000.

Offeecial status
Syne 1999, Nether-Saxon haes been recogneesed bi Germany as a regional leid gaun bi the European Chairter for Regional or Minority Langages.

Dialects

 North Nether-Saxon
 Wastphalie Nether-Saxon
 Eastphalie Nether-Saxon

In Germany, North Nether-Saxon sers as a common intelligible langage on TV an Wireless programmes.

Classification an sib tongues
Nether-Saxon is pairt o the Wast Germanic dialeck continuum.

Tae the Wast, it gangs ower intil the Laich Franconian langages that disteenguishes twa plural verbal endins, as agin the ae common verbal plural endin in Nether-Saxon.

Tae the Sooth, it gaes ower intil the Heich Germanic dialecks o Middle German that's been affectit by the Heich German consonant shift. The diveesion is for ordinar merkit at the Benrath line that traces the maken – machen isogloss.

Tae the East, it is neeboured by the East Laich German language.

Tae the North an Northwast, it is neebured bi Dens an bi Frisian. Merk that in Germany, Nether-Saxon haes replaced the Frisian in mony airts sae that the Saterland Frisian is hailie surroondit by Nether-Saxon.

Some clessifee the northren dialecks o Nether-Saxon thegither wi Scots, English an Frisian as the North Sea Germanic or Ingvaeonic leids. Houaniver, maist excludes Nether-Saxon frae that group aften cried Anglo-Frisian langages.

History
Auld Saxon wis the forebeir o Nether-Saxon recordit fae aboot 800 til 1100.

Middle Nether-Saxon wis the forebeir o Nether-Saxon recordit fae aboot 1100 til 1500. It wis the lingua franca o the Hanseatic League, spoak aw aroun the German Ocean an the Baltic Sea.

Fremmit airtins

 Plattmakers dictionar
 Drents dictionar
 List o Nether-Saxon dictionars
 Plattcast: Nether-Saxon podcasts
 Streektaal-Organisatie in het Nedersaksisch Taalgebied
 Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V.
 Nether-Saxon news program
 http://www.plattmaster.de/

Germany
Netherlands
Leid

Nether-Saxon


An encore is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance. It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it. A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot. Sometimes the audience shout "encore!" when they want an encore. The word "encore" is the French word for "again".

An encore is usually a short piece. Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece. A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.

Performing arts

Encore (concert)


Harry Edward Soyster (born 6 June 1935) is a retired United States Army Lieutenant General.

Overview
Soyster served as the Commanding General of the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM). Upon promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General, Soyster served as the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency at Bolling Air Force Base, Washington D.C.  Soyster served in this role from December 1988 to September 1991. Upon retirement he was the VP for International Operations for the private military firm Military Professional Resources Inc. He later served as Special Assistant to the SEC ARMY for World War II 60th Anniversary Commemorations.  Soyster is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame and currently serves on numerous boards of directors and participates in studies on current issues. Lieutenant General Soyster has three daughters (Karin Soyster Fitzgerald, Megan Soyster Heinz, and Allison Moser) and six grandchildren (Julia Moser, Sloan Soyster Heinz, Stephen Moser, Maxwell Soyster Heinz, Reed Soyster Heinz, and Clark Soyster Heinz).

Early life
Harry Edward Soyster was born on 6 June 1935 in Altoona, Pennsylvania and was raised in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. He attended school there and was subsequently appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY. General Soyster was an Eagle Scout, Class President, member of the first all-star football team from Hollidaysburg, and captained the first undefeated basketball team in the history of the school. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute recognized General Soyster for the highest average grade in math and science in his school. He was also recognized as best "All-Around Boy" by local town officials. General Soyster worked in a stone quarry and in construction during summer breaks from school.

Education
Lieutenant General Soyster was commissioned a second lieutenant of Field Artillery, and awarded a BS in Engineering from the United States Military Academy in 1957. He also holds a master of science degree in chemistry from Pennsylvania State University in 1963 and a master of science degree in management from the University of Southern California and attended programs at Harvard University. His military education includes completion of the Field Artillery School, Basic and Advanced Courses; the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College graduating in 1968, and the National War College at Fort McNair, Washington DC graduating in 1977.

Military career
Soyster has held a wide variety of important commands and staff positions including tours in Vietnam and Korea. He was chief of staff, 24th Infantry Division and Fort Stewart, Georgia, and Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence Systems and Automation, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters, Department of the Army.

General Soyster served in diverse and significant assignments before becoming DIA director. His initial overseas assignment was in Italy with the 1st Battalion, 80th Artillery as platoon leader and assistant operations officer (AS3).  He was next an assistant professor of chemistry at the US Military Academy.

In Vietnam, he was executive officer (XO) and subsequently operations officer (S3) of the 2nd Battalion, 35th Artillery, II Field Force, U.S. Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV).

On return to the United States he was assigned as a personnel staff officer, Strength Requirements Branch, Capabilities and Analysis Division, Procurement and Distribution Directorate, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C. He served as staff operations watch officer and later operations and plans officer, Joint Reconnaissance Center, Operations Directorate, J3, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C.

He returned overseas to serve as commander of the 1st Battalion, 31st Field Artillery, 2nd Infantry Division, Korea, and later as commander, 2nd Battalion, 17th Field Artillery, 2nd Infantry Division, Korea.

Upon return to the United States, he served at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, as chief of oral history, U.S. Army Military History Research Collection. After attending the National War College at Fort McNair, he was assigned chief of the Audit and Inspection Compliance Division, U.S. Army Inspector General Agency, Washington, D.C.

He then served as commander, Division Artillery and then Chief of Staff, 24th Infantry Division, Fort Stewart, Georgia.  Upon promotion to brigadier general he was assigned as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.

He was promoted to major general and assigned as Commanding General of the U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, Arlington Hall Station, Virginia. Then promoted and assigned, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency

General Soyster oversaw the Defense intelligence effort in support of the successful U.S. intervention in Panama in 1989 (Operation JUST CAUSE). This operation demonstrated the benefits of increased cooperation and planning that had been achieved between DIA and operational force planners, especially when compared to the 1983 Grenada incursion (Operation URGENT FURY). The Agency provided threat data on "hot spots" throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, and weighed the impact of changes in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and to a lesser degree, Asia, on the rest of world. It supplied decision makers with intelligence support concerning the final Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, events surrounding the downing of two Libyan jets, the civil war in Liberia, the Flight 103 investigation at Lockerbie, Scotland, and the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in China. Weapons acquisition issues, counternarcotics, counterterrorism remained a high priority throughout the Defense Intelligence Community.

The end of the Cold War resulted in a reevaluation of the intelligence mission throughout the Intelligence Community as a new era began with the fall of the Communist Party in many East European countries, the reunification of Germany, and ongoing economic reforms in the region. Emphasis was placed on improved management of DoD-wide intelligence production, but reduced resources threatened to have a negative impact on Agency objectives and manpower levels. Organizationally, the general emphasized the functional manager system as a programming mechanism for addressing the issues of the Unified & Specified Commands.

The Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communication, and Intelligence) relationship to DIA was enhanced with authority, direction, and control prerogatives. The deputy director position became a civilian position to insure that a substantive intelligence officer would hold that position. The previous two-star position was moved to the Pentagon's J2 office, and the title changed accordingly.

Iraq's invasion on 2 August 1990 of Kuwait resulted in a coalition of UN forces that resolved to liberate that country. DIA warned of the Iraqi threat in late July. An intensive and extensive 24-hour operation went into effect in DIA with daily tailored intelligence support to coalition forces, participation in daily press briefings, and the full range of printed product support to numerous consumers. All phases of the Agency's workforce and more than 2,000 people contributed to Operation DESERT SHIELD. A Joint Intelligence Center (JIC) was established to integrate intelligence produced by all sectors of the community. No set of combat commanders has ever had as full and complete a view of his adversary as did U.S. and coalition field commanders during DESERT STORM, and this conflict remains one of the greatest examples of intelligence support to operational forces in modern times. For its achievements during the crisis and conflict, DIA received its second Joint Meritorious Unit Award from the Secretary of Defense, personally presented by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin L. Powell, on 26 June 1991.

In post-military work General Soyster was employed by L-3 Communications Corporation's Military Personnel Resources Incorporated (MPRI), retiring in 2005.

In response to a query regarding his view on torture in 2007 – in the aftermath of the disclosure of "waterboarding" of Al-Qaeda terrorists – General Soyster gave the following opinion:

Experienced military and intelligence professionals know that torture, in addition to being illegal and immoral, is an unreliable means of extracting information from prisoners. Much is being made of former CIA official John Kiriakou's statement that waterboarding "broke" a high-value terrorist involved in the 9/11 plot. There are always those who, whether out of fear or inexperience, rush to push the panic button instead of relying on what we know works best and most reliably in these situations. I would caution those who would rely on this example. It is far from clear that the information obtained from this prisoner through illegal means could not have been obtained through lawful methods. The FBI was getting good intelligence from this prisoner before the CIA took over. And there are numerous examples of cases where relying on information obtained through torture has disastrous consequences. The reality is that use of torture produces inconsistent results that are an unreliable basis for action and policy. The overwhelming consensus of intelligence professionals is that torture produces unreliable information. And the overwhelming consensus of senior military leaders is that resort to torture is dishonorable. Use of such primitive methods actually puts our own troops and our nation at risk."

Awards, decorations and badges
Personal awards and decorations include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star for Valor and one oak leaf clusters, one Bronze Star for Meritorious Service, Purple Heart, Army Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Air Medal with 2 oak leaf clusters, the Joint Service Commendation Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal with four stars, Army Service Ribbon, Army Overseas Service Ribbon with numeral 2, the Vietnam Campaign Medal, and the Korea Defense Service Medal.

Unit awards include the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, the Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation, and the Vietnam Civil Actions Unit Citation.

Badges include the Parachutist Badge, Ranger tab, the Army General Staff Identification Badge, and the Joint Staff Identification Badge, the Defense Intelligence Agency Badge, and the Expert Marksmanship Badge.

General Soyster is also the recipient of the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal and the Military Intelligence Corps Knowlton Award.

He is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

References

 This entry is based partly on the biography on Page 413 of Army Executive Biographies, DA Pamphlet 360-10, 15 May 1985.
  https://www.gomo.army.mil/Ext/default.asp
 Defense Intelligence Agency History Office
 United States Military Academy at West Point, NY
 http://search.intelius.com/Harry-E.-Soyster

 https://fas.org/irp/congress/1991_cr/index.html

1935 births
Living people
People from Altoona, Pennsylvania
People from Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Rangers
Pennsylvania State University alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
University of Southern California alumni
National War College alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Directors of the Defense Intelligence Agency
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Harry E. Soyster


Cable television is a way of letting people watch television without having to get signals from an antenna. The television signals are brought to the television through a coaxial cable or optical fiber, people usually have to pay to subscribe to get cable television. With cable television, people can watch many television channels carrying many television shows. Usually some of these are television stations and others are cable channels, made for the cable companies.

Cable TV is provided by many carriers, usually a place is served by only one or two cable companies. Some of those carriers in the United States are: AT&T U-Verse, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Charter Communications and Verizon. Another method of subscription television is by Satellite television, especially in places where cable TV is not available.

Related pages
 Satellite television
 History Channel
 Home Box Office

Television technology

Cable television


The Wigmore Hall is a famous concert hall in London.  It is called a "recital hall" because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of  London, just north of Oxford Street.

The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos.  Originally it was called Bechstein Hall.  Bechstein's showrooms were next door.  The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage.  Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world.  These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.

The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.

Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as enemy property during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as Wigmore Hall in 1917.  Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Victoria de los Ángeles, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream, Peter Pears, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.

Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people.  Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3.  Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.

The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians.  The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.

The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly.  His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

Other websites
 Official Wigmore Hall Web Site

Concert halls in London

Wigmore Hall


The Three Musketeers () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France. He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().

The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the D'Artagnan Romances.

The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas. The story was later made into several plays and movies.

1844 books
French novels
Books by Alexandre Dumas, père

The Three Musketeers