The History of Little Henry and his Bearer (1814) was a popular children's book written by Mary Martha Sherwood. It was continuously in print for 70 years after its initial publication and was translated into French, German, Spanish, Hindustani (1814; 1873), Chinese, Marathi (1853), Tamil (1840), and Sinhalese. Telling the story of a young British boy who, on his deathbed, converts Boosy, the Indian man who has taken care of him throughout his childhood, the book is dominated by colonial and evangelical themes.

Style
Sherwood's tale blends the realistic with the sentimental and introduces her readers to Hindustani words and descriptions of what she felt was authentic Indian life. As children's literature scholar M. Nancy Cutt explains, "with this work, the obituary tract (which invariably stressed conversion and a Christian death) had assumed the colouring of romance".

Themes

In 1823 Sherwood published a female version of the story entitled The History of Little Lucy and her Dhaye, although this tale was much less popular than Little Henry, going through only four editions. In both books she "presents the children's intimacy with and love for their Indian caretakers as an early impediment to their development of a strong English identity; she then offers Evangelical Anglican Christianity, with its emphasis on the missionary impulse to convert others, as a solution to that problem". As Dara Regaignon explains, in the two stories "conversion 'saves' Henry and Lucy by teaching them that some religions and cultures are right while others are wrong" and the two children end up "civilizing" their caretakers. Sherwood ties together British identity with Christianity. For example, at the beginning of Little Henry, Henry can only speak Hindustani, but as he learns English he also learns the doctrines of Christianity—"the two are identified with one another entirely: the English language is the medium of the Christian education". When Henry in turn teaches Boosy to read English, he also converts him to Christianity.

Threatened by the specter of European children in India being raised by Indian "bearers" and "dhayes", Regaignon argues, Sherwood provides her readers with stories showing the hero and heroine drawing strength and ultimately domination over their caretakers from those very ties—"in Sherwood's hands, threats to imperial identity ultimately reinforce it." Both Henry and Lucy teach their caretakers, reversing the power dynamic initially established in the story. Henry even turns into a Christ figure, sacrificing his life for Boosy's conversion.

In addition, Sherwood's "stories are meant to inspire their readers to missionary action". In Little Henry, Henry's death is what prompts Boosy's conversion. The last line of the book urges its readers to follow Henry's example: "Little children in India, remember Henry L—, and go and do likewise" (emphasis in original). However, as Regaignon argues, Henry's conversion is also "a kind of synecdoche for the shift of British imperial attitudes from orientalism to anglicization that occurred in the first decades of the nineteenth century". At the time that Little Henry was published, evangelicals were gaining political influence in Britain; Warren Hastings, the former governor-general of India, had just been impeached; and the Charter Act of 1813 allowed for the beginning of missionary activities in India. Not only were its readers receptive to its message, it helped to make the conviction that the spreading of Christianity "was a matter of moral truth appealing and persuasive to generations of children".

Using a postcolonial analysis, Nandini Bhattacharya emphasizes the complex relationship between Sherwood's evangelicalism and her colonialism. She argues that Sherwood's evangelical stories demonstrate the deep colonial "mistrust of feminized agency," represented by a dying child in Little Henry and his Bearer. Henry "subvert[s] the colonialist's fantasy of universal identity by generating a subaltern identity that mimics and explodes that fantasy."  But, ultimately, Bhattacharya argues, Sherwood creates neither a completely colonialist text nor a subaltern text; the deaths of children such as Henry eliminate any possibility for an alternative consciousnesses to mature.

Publication history
Written in 1810 when Sherwood was living in India and published in England in 1814, Little Henry went through 18 printings between 1814 and 1824 alone. It appeared every three years (on average) until 1883. The book was also popular in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century, until 1852 when Uncle Tom's Cabin superseded it. One scholar has suggested that Harriet Beecher Stowe used Henry as a model for "Little Eva" in her novel, but Regaignon argues that racial histories underlying the two countries are too different for this influence to make much sense.

In 1842 Sherwood published The Last Days of Boosy, a sequel to Little Henry. As Regaignon explains, it is "markedly different" in "style, tone, and doctrine" from the previous book. It does not cite the Bible as frequently and God is depicted much less sternly. While Little Henry is part of what Cutt has referred to as Sherwood's "Evangelical period", The Last Days of Boosy is not.

Notes

Bibliography
Bhattacharya, Nandini. "Maternal Plots, Colonialist Fictions: Colonial Pedagogy in Mary Martha Sherwood's Children's Stories." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 23 (2001): 381–415.
Cutt, M. Nancy. Mrs. Sherwood and her Books for Children. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. .
Dawson, Janis. "Mary Martha Sherwood." Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 163: 267–281.
Demers, Patricia. "Mary Martha Sherwood". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved on 21 April 2007.
Khorana, Meena. The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English Language Books. New York: Greenwood, 1991.
Plotz, Judith. "Literary Ways of Killing a Child: the Nineteenth-century Practice". Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature. Ed. Maria Nikolajeva. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.
Regaignon, Dara Rossman. "Intimacy's Empire: Children, Servants, and Missionaries in Mary Martha Sherwood's 'Little Henry and his Bearer'". Children's Literature Association Quarterly 26.2 (2001): 84–95.
Steel, Flora Annie, "Little Henry and his Bearer". Atlantic Monthly 82 (December 1898): 814–22.

External links

The History of Little Henry and his Bearer (1816, 7th edition) at Google Books

19th-century British children's literature
Christian children's books
1814 British novels
1810s children's books


Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the Shock-Troops-Taktiks in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as Sturmbataillon Rohr and became about one year later renamed by the Prussian Minister of War to Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr).

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".

Operation Michael
In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael.  At the beginning on 21 March 1918, they took three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.

World War I

Infiltration tactics


The Kimmeridge clay formation is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay and mudstones. It is of Upper Jurassic age, and occurs in Europe. It gives its name to a stage in the Upper Jurassic called the Kimmeridgian, lasting from 157.3–152.1 million years ago.

Kimmeridge clay is perhaps the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe, because it is the major source for oil fields in the North Sea.

The clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. It exists across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to East Anglia and Hull. The River Humber Bridge's foundations are in the Kimmeridge Clay deposits under the Humber estuary.

The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes a reptile fauna of turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as many invertebrate species such as Gryphaea.

Climate
The Kimmeridge Clay was laid down in
an environment which is not present on the Earth today. Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea-level: this may be related to the opening of the Atlantic. As a consequence, the UK was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100m deep, with occasional landmasses.

This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which led to its organic material being only partially decomposed. The mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.

References

Jurassic
Sedimentary rocks
Geological formations

Kimmeridge clay


The triple jump (also known in certain countries as a triple hop, step and jump or hop, skip and jump) is a athletics event. It has been a part of the World Championships since 1995. The event consists of someone running up to a line, jumping and landing on the same foot (a hop), jumping onto the other foot (a skip) and then jumping into a shallow pit of sand. The winner is the person whose final jump lands the farthest from the line they started jumping at. It is a common game played on playgrounds.

Events in athletics

Triple jump


Heroin is a drug. It is also known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine. Heroin was originally a trade name. It is an opioid - a type of drug which acts like morphine in the body. Heroin is called a semi-synthetic opioid. This means it is made from an opiate that occurs in nature. For Heroin, that natural opiate is morphine.

Heroin is a white or brown powder made from the sap of the poppy plant. It is a painkiller. A painkiller is an analgesic drug. Its effects are like other drugs that come from the poppy plant sap. These include opium and morphine.

People smoke or inject heroin to get a calm feeling of relaxation. It is commonly known as "being high". The extreme happiness is known as euphoria. Heroin is a very addictive drug. This means that once a person starts taking heroin, they will want to take more and more. In some cases, they will want to continue even when they know it is making them sick and harming them. Heroin is an illegal drug in many countries, unless it is used to treat a medical problem.

Drugs like cocaine, marijuana, and heroin have been decriminalized in numerous countries. To date, these include somewhere between 25 and 30 countries.

Legality
It is illegal to make, sell, and use heroin in most countries, unless a doctor has prescribed it to a person to treat a medical problem. Many people smuggle heroin and sell it illegally on the streets to make money.

Effects
If people use heroin, they may overdose (take too much), which can make them very sick or even kill them.

When people take heroin, they get "high," or intoxicated (like being drunk on alcohol). When a person is intoxicated, they can get hurt if they drive a car or other vehicle. Also, when a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, like having unsafe sex or being violent towards others.

Another danger is "withdrawal", which can happen when a person stops using heroin. As with other addictions, withdrawal is a painful, unpleasant process that involves physical and mental symptoms. Withdrawal is most common when people stop using heroin suddenly, or when a person who has been using heroin for a while tries to stop. However, a person can have withdrawal symptoms even after using heroin for just 3 days. Physical symptoms often include bad body aches, hot and cold sweats, chills, restlessness, diarrhea, and problems with eating and sleeping. These withdrawal symptoms are sometimes called cold turkey. Sometimes withdrawal feels like a very bad case of the flu. People can also have very strong psychological symptoms of withdrawal, like depression and strong cravings for heroin. Many heroin users are very afraid of withdrawal. Withdrawal - and fear of withdrawal - is one of the most common reasons why people have trouble quitting heroin. Medications like methadone and Suboxone are sometimes used to treat or prevent withdrawal symptoms, and to decrease cravings for heroin.

Injecting heroin can be very dangerous. A person can get infections by using a needle that has not been cleaned properly. People who share the same needle can infect each other with diseases that travel in the blood, like HIV or hepatitis C. They can also do other dangerous things while high on heroin.

Signs of an Overdose
 Extremely shallow and slow breathing.
 Clammy skin.
 Profound confusion.
 Convulsions.
 Cyanosis (bluish tint) of the fingernails and lips.
 Dangerously slowed heart rate.
 Coma.
 Death.

Detoxification
The primary objective of detoxification is to help the addict overcome a state of physical dependence on heroin by allowing time for the heroin and related toxins to exit the body. The body will adjust to the lack of heroin by reacting in various ways which may include pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia and other withdrawal symptoms. During detox, the patient will be provided with medications, therapy and treatment that will help to ease or eliminate withdrawal symptoms in a safe and effective manner.

While detox is not actually a treatment for heroin addiction because it only focuses on providing treatment for the physical dependence that surrounds the addiction and does not place any focus on the psychological elements of the chemical dependency, it is a necessary first step to the recovery process. When detoxification is the first step of a lengthy heroin addiction treatment process which includes counseling and behavioral therapy, the process often leads to long-term success in recovery from heroin addiction.

Street names
There are many slang names, or street names, for heroin. These names are different in different places. Some of the most common are Dope, Horse, Junk, H, Brown, Black Magic, Juice and Smack, number 4.

Heroin history
In 1874, an English researcher, C.R. Wright, first synthesized heroin by boiling morphine and acetic anhydride. His early testing of heroin – then known as diacetylmorphine – showed undesirable side effects such as anxiety, sleepiness and vomiting immediately following administration. Accordingly, he discontinued his research.

Over 20 years later in 1895, German scientist Heinrich Dreser and his colleagues at the pharmaceutical company Bayer continued Wright's studies and declared diacetylmorphine successful in treating many common respiratory ailments.

Heroin was first made in 1898, by the Bayer Company in Germany. At first, it was used as a cough medicine and a painkiller. People thought that heroin would help decrease morphine and opium addiction. But after twelve years, doctors realized that people became strongly addicted to heroin. In 1914, the United States passed the Harrison Act. This was the first of many attempts to control the use of narcotics.

The word heroin comes from the German word heroisch, which means powerful and heroic.

References

Illegal drugs
Addiction
Analgesics
Organonitrogen compounds
Opioids
Smoking
Esters

Heroin


Derek Norman Wall (born 26 May 1965) is a British politician. He was the joint International Coordinator for the Green Party of England and Wales and stood against Prime Minister Theresa May as the Green candidate for Maidenhead at the 2017 general election. Formerly the party's Principal Speaker, he is known as a prominent eco-socialist, campaigning both for environmentalism and socialism. Alongside his political role, Wall is an academic and a writer, having published on the subject of ecosocialism and the wider Green politics movement. He is a contributor to the Morning Star newspaper and a blogger.

Biography

Early political activism
Wall first became involved in the Green movement in 1979. He joined the Ecology Party (later the Green Party of England and Wales) in 1980. By 1987, Wall was standing for the Ecology Party against Chris Patten in Bath. At the time of the European Parliament election in 1989, Wall was one of three National Speakers in the Green Party. In the elections themselves, which saw the Green Party gain over 2 million votes (14.5% of the national poll), Wall received 15% of the vote in the Bristol constituency. During his time in the Green Party, Wall has been a Parish Councillor.

Wall rose to national prominence in the wake of the 1989 result, when he presented himself to the national press as a 'left wing' candidate for the ruling Green Party Council in opposition to the leadership. He styled himself a Green 'fundamentalist'. He was then in turn attacked as a 'parasite' by pragmatists such as Sara Parkin and Jonathon Porritt. These divisions contributed to highly negative press coverage at the time.

Academic career
Wall is a visiting tutor at the Department of Politics at Goldsmiths College, University of London, where he teaches a course on the new radical political economy. His PhD thesis was titled The Politics of Earth First! UK.

He has written a series of books on eco-socialism and green politics. Getting There: Steps Towards a Green Society was published in 1990, and looked at the strategies of green politics. A Green Manifesto for the 1990s, also written in 1990, outlined the Green vision. In 1994, a book examining the roots of ecological politics, Green History: A Reader in Environmental Literature, Philosophy, and Politics and Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: An Illustrated History of the Green Party as a Green Party publication appeared. Having taken a BSc in Archaeology at the University of London, he subsequently completed a PhD at the University of the West of England, later published in a revised form in 1999 as a book entitled Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism and Comparative Social Movements. Academic reviews for the book were mixed. One academic reviewer commented that the book offered "valuable and often original information about the radical environmentalist movement" but "fails to provide a systematic analysis of the topic" and uncritically paid little attention to possible personal agendas of the activists interviewed.

Babylon and Beyond: The Economics of Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Globalist and Radical Green Movements (2005), looks at the history of anti-capitalism, including reformist capitalists (such as Joseph Stiglitz), anti-corporate critics (namely Naomi Klein and David Korten), monetary reformers, eco-socialists (especially Joel Kovel), Marxists, green localists (including Caroline Lucas, Mike Woodin and Vandana Shiva) and anarchists (particularly Michael Hardt and Toni Negri). It includes a foreword by Nándor Tánczos, the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand MP.

Wall has written for the left-wing magazine Red Pepper and is an advisory editor of Socialist Resistance. He has also published articles in academic journals such as Environmental Politics, Social Movement Studies and Capitalism Nature Socialism.

Later political activism

Wall was also a prominent figure opposing the organisational changes by the group known as Green 2000 along with Penny Kemp and John Norris. Organising a faction within the Green Party known as the Association of Socialist Greens, this left grouping was accused by pragmatists such as Mallen Baker as being responsible for ensuring the party was "going knowhere fast".

Wall is an eco-socialist and anti-capitalist who believes that "an infinitely growing capitalist economy destroys nature, fuels injustice and leads to an alienated way of life". He describes Green politics as "the politics of survival", stressing that "unless we build a green economy based on meeting need rather than greed our children face a bleak future". Distinguishing between socially-oriented development and capitalist growth, Wall asserts that there is "no contradiction between development and ecology," while, on the other hand, there is "a contradiction between capitalist economic growth and human lifeand the life of all other species." He adds that "a world dominated by the need for constant growth puts people and the rest nature behind a blind economic system of accumulation." He is a founder member of the Green Left, an anti-capitalist and eco-socialist faction within the Green Party, which held its first meeting in June 2006.

His critique of Green Party politics is that ambition tends to dilute policy, reduce democracy and lead to failure. He says of the Green 2000 project to modernise the executive structures and reduce the number of Principal Speakers to two:
"The right around the Green 2000 faction wanted to make us into a mainstream party with mass appeal, ditch the radicalism, re-engineer the Party constitution and centralise power. We fought them. I remember Sara Parkin talking to the Independent about 'socialist parasites' i.e. myself and Penny Kemp who had been members nearly as long as her. They won and then imploded, when the Party received just a couple of percentage at the 1992 General Election. When the 'realists' believe in achieving a Westminster Parliamentary government by 2000 (thus Green 2000), give me fundamentalism."

Wall has continued to be an out-spoken member of the Green Party, particularly on the issue of entering into alliances with other parties. He was given a vote of censure by the Green Party Association of Green Councillors (AGC) when he made comments concerning the alliance between Green Party, Conservative and Liberal Democrat councillors on the Leeds City Council; he stated in Red Pepper magazine that, "While I understand that repellent Labour councils may be the only substitute for alliances with Liberal Democrats and Conservatives, the fall in our Leeds West vote suggests that voters were displeased by a perceived shift to the right by Yorkshire Greens".

At the 2005 general election, Wall stood as a candidate for Windsor and received 2.5% of the votes. In November 2005, he was beaten by Keith Taylor in the election to be the Male Principal Speaker of the Green Party, by 851 votes to 803. He was narrowly elected as one of two Principal Speakers of the Green Party of England and Wales in November 2006, alongside Siân Berry. In 2007 he was re-elected as Male Principal Speaker alongside Caroline Lucas, elected to the post of Female Principal Speaker. The position of principal speaker was the closest role to that of leader within the Green Party until 2008.

He was prominent in the Green Empowerment group that campaigned against the creation of a single leader and deputy leader instead of the Principal Speaker system. He attacked the proposal for a referendum in Swansea:
I find the title "leader" embarrassing: it is so patronising, assuming a bunch of people have to be "led", the shepherd label that assumes the members are sheep.
Wall's critique centred on the link between the structure of leadership and ambition of the party; and the likelihood that a Leader coupled with ambition would be part of a project to move the party to the "right":

Political parties universally tend to attract those addicted to fame and careerism. ... Clearly, the biggest barrier to green electoral victory is the lack of proportional representation. Greens have been elected around the world in countries with PR. ... The fear is that a leader will shift the party to the right, cutting the Greens' radical edge. ...

The call for a single leader would compromise the party's commitment to radical democracy. It also suggests a failure to think about strategy in any real sense. The fear is that it could be part of a more extensive shift towards a new green politics of shallow environmentalism, rather than a thorough critique of an unequal, profit-motivated society.

He also linked the idea of a leadership structure directly to abuse of power. His September 2007 keynote speech took up this theme:
what is power? You can't touch it or taste it. Sometimes I think you can smell it, like wealth or sewage, and if it is piled up in one place it stinks like rotten cod. For it to smell sweet, we need to spread it around. For power to be creative, we need to spread it around.

Collecting power in one place is like collecting money in a mega billion bank account, the work of a miser, a misery, a self obsessed fanatic. Green politics is about giving everyone power.

At times, personal attacks surfaced in Wall's comments in the debate. Replying to a Guardian letter from Jonathon Porritt and others supporting leadership, Wall drew parallels with Porritt's own behaviour as a green 'leader':
Jonathon Porritt's call for the Green Party to select a single leader is flawed. Rather than suggesting the Green Party becomes a little more like the conventional top down political parties, Jonathon could show a little more personal leadership. Last year he took 42 flight clocking up air miles to go to meetings to tell people to cut CO2. I am calling on Jonathon to use video conferencing a little more and to fly a little less.

In the subsequent party-wide referendum, 73% of members polled voted to create a single leader. Wall said of the result, "The result of this referendum challenges the Party to create a leadership structure that is true to green ideals. It has put our future leaders on notice that the membership expects a more focused, more effective party, with a leadership team that is truly accountable to the membership in a real and effective manner".

Nevertheless, in 2010 he declared himself a candidate for the post of deputy leader under the new system, losing to the incumbent Adrian Ramsay. During his Deputy Leader campaign, Wall continued to promote the view that a "right" wing of the Green party is attempting to subvert its democracy, agreeing that "talk of 'modernising' the Green Party [is] actually code for changing inner Party democracy and changing the politics of the Party". Nevertheless, Wall's opponents, the joint ticket of Adrian Ramsay and Caroline Lucas, continue to promote both reform of the party and a left-leaning politics. Derek's defeat was met with disappointment from Green Lib Dems, who cited his defeat as a loss of a "good source of ammunition against the [Green] party".

Moving beyond capitalism

Strategies
In a chapter of Babylon and Beyond entitled "Life After Capitalism: Alternatives, Structures, Strategies", Wall suggests that "conventional economics is surprisingly dangerous for a subject normally portrayed as a neutral science", and advocates the proposition of "solid liveable alternatives" by the anti-capitalist movement. Though he does not discount the "plots and plans" of the corporate lobby, American neo-conservatives, and free market liberals, which are "hardly secret", he criticises the tendency of many anti-capitalists to be attracted to "warm conspiracies" which "generate a personal enemy with a human face who can be challenged". Instead, he wishes to address the "structural element" of capitalism, drawing on the critical realist philosophy of Roy Bhaskar, who suggests that "invisible structures", like capitalism and language, shape society but can themselves be changed by human activity. This means that "the conspirators construct, where they are successful, new structures, but as capitalists they are themselves bearers of deeper structural imperatives to exploit labour, subjectivity and the earth".

Stating that "history does not march to a predictable narrative", Wall criticises the determinism of some Marxists, on the one hand, who promote "hyperglobalisation" in an attempt to move the world closer to the apparently inevitable socialist order, and, on the other hand, subsistence ecofeminists, who look to turn to clock back to the time of peasant societies. He rejects productivism in favour of "in different contexts economic arrangements that fulfil need equitably, develop humanity, sustain ecosystems and lead to cooperation".

Propositions
Wall first suggests "embedded markets", embedded in society, with "state provision decentralised", as a first step to adapt capitalism. He cites the example of the Indian adivasis, who regained the land they originally inhabited and sold tea via the Fair trade system. Here, Wall argues that "social preference rather than profit maximisation socialised economic activity". He welcomes the movements in Argentina that have seen workers occupy and reopen bankrupt factories. He applauds the work done on creating a "decentralised, socialist economy" in Cuba and Venezuela. Wall is encouraged by the growth in Green consumerism, noting that "we cannot shop or work our way to utopia, but such projects ease present ills and point roughly to a different future".

Taking on the work of Marx on the distinction between use-values and exchange-values, Wall stresses that "exchange values must be rejected", so that "economics can be bent towards serving the needs of humanity and nature rather than its own violent abstract growth". This means building things to last and sharing resources: he advocates the increased use of libraries, permaculture and the localisation of economies where possible. He highlights the Rastafarian notion of 'Ital', a form of localism in which "what is sacred is what comes from the earth and is grown locally", and where localism and internationalism are mixed "without building walls between sects" in what Wall calls a "worldwide rooted cosmopolitanism".

Nonetheless, Wall envisages as the ultimate aim the rolling back of both the market and the state. To this end, he wishes to "defend, extend and deepen" the commons against enclosure as a way of giving people back their means of production. He believes that the extension of the commons provides the best model for consensus-based social and ecological management and sharing. In the same vein, Wall supports Open Source Software as one of the "new commons regimes ... created with technological and social change", one which "is a stunning example of how both the market and the state can be bypassed by cooperative creativity". "Marx," he quips, "would have been a Firefox user".

Non-violent direct action
Wall stresses the importance of combining electoral politics and non-violent direct action to effect change. Babylon and Beyond focuses heavily on unique and creative expressions of anti-capitalist economics and protest, and Wall tells protestors "to keep making noise". He has cultivated ties with African-American and Afro-Caribbean Green activists and takes a strong interest in the controversial Pennsylvania-based African-American organisation MOVE. From 1995, he helped develop a British-based campaign to free US death row prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal.

Zen
Wall practices zazen and is influenced by spirituality through "pursuing a pagan appreciation of the living world in a variety of ways". In Babylon and Beyond, he argues that Zen acts as a guard against utopianism as it "is based on being in the world rather than escaping from it". He also links anti-capitalism and Zen, stating, based on the work of anthropologist and economist Marshall Sahlins, that "Zen minimises need and provides an alternative road to affluence".

Quotes

 How to be green? Many people have asked us this important question. It's really very simple and requires no expert knowledge or complex skills. Here's the answer. Consume less. Share more. Enjoy life.
 At present cats have more purchasing power and influence than the poor of this planet. Accidents of geography and colonial history should no longer determine who gets the fish.
 This will be a long fight and anti-capitalism may fail. Nevertheless, at the very worst, even in failure we might succeed in bearing witness to the pathological absurdities of a world where money makes human beings and the rest of nature a means rather than an end.

See also

Degrowth
Ian Angus
John Bellamy Foster
Mumia Abu-Jamal
The Rise of the Green Left
Zazen

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Wall, Derek, Getting There: Steps Towards a Green Society, 1990.
 Kemp, Penny and Wall, Derek, A Green Manifesto for the 1990s, 1990.
 Wall, Derek, Green History: A Reader in Environmental Literature, Philosophy, and Politics, 1994.
 Wall, Derek, Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: An Illustrated History of the Green Party, 1994.
 Wall, Derek, Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism and Comparative Social Movements, 2002.
 Wall, Derek, Babylon and Beyond: The Economics of Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Globalist and Radical Green Movements, 2005.
 Wall, Derek, The Rise of the Green Left: Inside the Worldwide Ecosocialist Movement, 2010.

External links
 Another Green World: Derek Wall's Green Blog
 Derek Wall's books on Pluto Press
 Derek Wall's Books on Amazon.co.uk

 Red Pepper Article, "The Future is Geek": Derek Wall Hails the Open Source Revolutionaries
 Guardian Unlimited Politics Special Reports, "The Leadership Question Is A Cop-Out": Derek Wall, an economics lecturer, is challenging to become the Green party's new principal speaker at its conference in Lancaster
 Canadian Journal of Sociology Online Review of Babylon and Beyond
 Activists Must Be Amphibians: A Review of Derek Wall's Babylon and Beyond
 Socialist Unity Network Interview with Derek Wall
 Weekly Worker Interview with Derek Wall: Going back to Marx

1965 births
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
Articles containing video clips
Anti-globalization writers
British environmentalists
British Marxists
British male bloggers
British economics writers
British male journalists
British political writers
British socialists
Degrowth advocates
Ecosocialists
Green Party of England and Wales parliamentary candidates
Living people
Marxist journalists
Marxist theorists
British Marxist writers
Place of birth missing (living people)

Derek Wall


A spaceport is a place for spacecraft to launch or land. It may have launch pads for rocket, and many buildings for preparing and launching space flights. In real life, there are very few space ports across the world. They are mostly owned by government agencies, for example NASA. They are used to launch scientific research missions, launch man-made satellites and animals.

However, science fiction stories set in the future often have spaceports that are more like modern airports. In these stories, many spacecraft may come and go each day, and they may transport passengers like a real-life airline.

Related pages
 Baikonur Cosmodrome
 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
 Kennedy Space Center

Spaceport


A GameShark is a cheating device for console video game systems and Microsoft Windows computers. It lets the player of a video game do things that the game does not normally let players do, like walk through walls or have unlimited items. To use it, players load cheat codes through a disk or cartridge, then load the game to use them.

Video game technology

GameShark


Kevin Douglas Walters  (born 21 December 1945) is a former Australian cricketer. He was known as an attacking batsman, a useful part-time bowler, and also as a typical ocker.

In 2011, he was inducted into the Cricket Hall of Fame by the CA.

First-class career
Walters made his first-class debut for New South Wales against Queensland in the 1962–63 season. His highest score was 253 and his best bowling was 7/63, both against South Australia in the 1964–65 season. In the domestic Sheffield Shield competition he played 91 matches, scoring 5,602 runs at 39.73 and taking 110 wickets at 32.81.

Walters announced his retirement from all forms of cricket in October 1981.
 He was not bothered at being heralded as "another Bradman" early in his career and held no grudges at being conscripted to the army in his youthful prime.

"Bradman was Bradman to me - it didn't matter what anyone else said", Walters said.

"I certainly didn't consider my self stepping into his shoes.

"As for my conscription into the army, I don't think it had any great effect on me - I was playing some of my best cricket as soon as I came out".

Test cricket career
After Walters' innings I wrote that with one necessary qualification I thought he would be come to be rated as the best bat produced by Australia since Neil Harvey proclaimed himself with his famous hundred at Headingley in '48. The reservation concerned his ability against really fast bowling, as to which I had no evidence...Only Lawry and Simpson have made more runs and had records to compare if one is to make a quantitative judgement. At all events my contention is at least arguable. Doug has made eleven hundreds for Australia, some of extreme brilliance, and if he ever played a dull innings I never saw it.
E.W. Swanton

Walters made his debut in Test cricket on 10 December 1965 at the Gabba against England in the 1965–66 Ashes series and quickly developed a reputation as a batsman who could 'make things happen' with a moment of brilliance on an important occasion. He scored 155 in his first Test innings and another century in his second Test. He was not at his best in the subsequent tour of England, averaging only 25.68 in 18 matches there, but elsewhere he was a quick-scoring batsman.
Walters was denied an opportunity to tour South Africa in 1966-67 when he was conscripted to two years of National Service training, although effectively being exempted from Vietnam service in order to pursue his professional, cricketing career in Australia, and it wasn't until 1968 that he returned to the test arena. In the 1968-69 series against the West Indies, Walters was injured and unavailable for the first Test match, but in the remaining four Tests he scored a Bradman-like 699 runs, at an average of 116.5, with a highest score of 242 (in the process he became the first player to score a century and a double century in a single Test). In 1969–70 he showed a weakness against the South African fast bowlers Peter Pollock and Mike Procter, ducking while leaving his bat upright like a submarine periscope. This weakness was exploited by England's John Snow in the 1970-71 Ashes Series, who repeatedly sent down fast, short-pitched balls against Walters. Even so, Walters made 205 not out for New South Wales against the tourists, 112 in the First Test and three fifties thereafter, but few runs in between, making 373 runs (37.30) in the series. Walters starred in an unofficial Test series to a Rest of the World team led by Gary Sobers that toured in 1971–72 as a replacement for the politically unacceptable South Africans, scoring 355 runs in four matches at an average of 71.00, with two centuries. He famously hit a century in a session at the WACA against England in 1974, where he hit Bob Willis for six from the last ball of the day to bring up his ton. He missed the entire series when Australia beat West Indies 5–1 in Australia in 1975-76 due to an injury, but was soon back in the side. His 250 against New Zealand in 1977 is the highest by any batsman in the number six position. Walters was a part-time bowler, but his medium-paced "Golden Arm" broke many partnerships and yielded 49 Test wickets at 29.08. He wore the large sideburns popular in the 1960s and '70s and when not on the field was seldom seen without a cigarette hanging from the corner of his mouth. He was also famous for his laconic humour.

The Doug Walters Stand at the Sydney Cricket Ground (opened 1985, demolished 2007) was named after him. There is currently a bar in the Victor Trumper Stand named after him.

He was a Channel Nine cricket commentator in the 1987/88 season.

In 1988, he wrote One for the Road which is a combination of stories and anecdotes from his early and later cricketing days. He later co-wrote a book, The Entertainers, with Mark Waugh in 1999.

He currently resides in Sydney with his wife Caroline.

Honours
On 14 June 1975, Walters was appointed Member of the British Empire for cricket.

In June 2022, Walters was appointed Member of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Queen's Birthday Honours for "significant service to cricket at the elite levels".

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
World Series Cricket players
Cricketers who made a century on Test debut
Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees
Australian cricketers
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Order of Australia
People from the Hunter Region
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Cricketers from New South Wales

Doug Walters


Crackers – The Christmas Party Album is a 1985 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fourteenth studio album. The album mainly featured new versions of Slade songs, various versions of party anthems, previous Slade hits. The album was successful, peaking at #34 in the UK, receiving a Gold award for sales.

The album featured the single "Do You Believe in Miracles".

Track listing
"Let's Dance"
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
"Hi Ho Silver Lining"
"We'll Bring the House Down"
"Cum On Feel the Noize" (re-recording)
"All Join Hands"
"Okey Cokey"
"Merry Xmas Everybody"
"Do You Believe in Miracles" UK #54
"Let's Have a Party!"
"Get Down and Get with It"
"My Oh My"
"Run Runaway"
"Here's to... (the New Year)"
"Do They Know It's Christmas"
"Auld Lang Syne / You'll Never Walk Alone"

1985 albums
Slade albums
Hard rock albums

Crackers – The Christmas Party Album


Dalian () is an important port city in the Liaoning province of China. It is located on the Liaodong Peninsula. It is the northernmost warm water port in China as well as the southernmost city in Northeast China. The name of the city translates into "Great Link", due to its strategic location on the coast of the East China Sea since it is used for trade with countries like Russia, the North and South Korea, and Japan. Because the port can be used all year, the Russian Empire took control of it in 1898 and built the Trans-Siberian railway to Dailan. The Empire of Japan later took it away from Russia.

Cities in China

Dalian


In Anatolian mythology, Attis was the eunuch consort of the goddess Cybele. He was the son of Nana, the daughter of the river god Sangarius. Attis died after being castrated and was resurrected by Cybele. He was a god of vegetation and represented the fruits of the earth, which died in winter and grew back again in the spring. He is often shown wearing a Phrygian cap on his head. The cult of Cybele and Attis was adopted by the Greeks and later by the Romans.

Greek gods and goddesses
Roman gods and goddesses

Attis


Katerini is a Greek city which is the capital of Pieria prefecture in the region of Macedonia. It is found on the foothill of Mount Olympus, the highest Greek mountain. Katerini is located in the periphery of Central Macedonia and it is near Thessaloniki. It has a population of 85,851 inhabitants according to 2011 census.

cities in Greece

Katerini


William Wilson, or variants, may mean:

Politicians

American
 Bill Wilson (activist) (born 1953), Washington activist
 Bill Wilson (Montana politician) (born 1961), Montana State Representative
 W. Eugene Wilson (William Eugene Wilson, 1929–2015), member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 Will Wilson (Texas politician) (1912–2005), American politician, attorney, and judge in Texas
 William A. Wilson (diplomat) (1914–2009), first U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See
 William Bauchop Wilson (1862–1934), U.S. (Scottish-born) labor leader and political figure
 William C. Wilson (New York politician), New York comptroller in 1906
 William E. Wilson (Indiana politician) (1870–1948), U.S. Representative from Indiana
 William H. Wilson (New York politician) (c. 1873–1901), New York assemblyman
 William H. Wilson (1877–1937), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania, 1935–1937
 William K. Wilson, Wisconsin State Senator
 William Lyne Wilson (1843–1900), United States Postmaster General
 William Sydney Wilson (1816–1862), prominent Confederate politician
 William T. Wilson (born 1937), member of the Virginia House of Delegates
 William Warfield Wilson (1868–1942), U.S. Representative from Illinois
 William Wilson (Ohio politician) (1773–1827), U.S. Representative from Ohio
 William Wilson (Pennsylvania politician), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania, 1815–1819
 William Wilson (Wisconsin politician), Wisconsin State Senator
 Bill Wilson (Mayor, Santa Clara), founder, Bill Wilson Center for homeless youth, California

British
 William Wilson (died 1582), MP for Southwark
 William Wilson (1720–1796), British Member of Parliament for Ilchester, 1761–1768
 William Wilson (Donegal MP) (1836–1876), MP for Donegal 1876–1879
 William Wilson (Westhoughton MP) (1855–1921), British trade unionist and Member of Parliament for Westhoughton
 William Wilson (Coventry MP) (1913–2010), British Labour Member of Parliament, 1964–1983
 Bill Wilson (Scottish politician) (William L. Wilson, born 1963), Scottish nationalist

Canadian
 William Wilson (British Columbia politician) (1838–1922), merchant and politician in British Columbia
 William Wilson (New Brunswick politician) (1845–1921), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
 William Wilson (Upper Canada politician) (1789–1847), politician in Upper Canada
 William Wallace Wilson (1876–1967), Alberta politician
 William Wilber Wilfred Wilson (1885–1964), Canadian politician

Australasian
 William Wilson (Queensland politician) (1832–1903), member of the Queensland Legislative Council
 William Wilson (Victorian politician) (1834–1891), member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly and Council
 William Wilson (mayor) (1819–1897), first mayor of Christchurch, New Zealand, 1868

Sports
 Bill Wilson (catcher) (1867–1924), MLB catcher
 Willy Wilson (baseball) (1884–1925), baseball player
 Mutt Wilson (William Clarence Wilson, 1896–1962), MLB pitcher
 Bill Wilson (outfielder) (born 1928), MLB outfielder
 Bill Wilson (pitcher) (1942–1993), Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher
 Willie Wilson (baseball) (born 1955), American baseball outfielder
 Mookie Wilson (William Hayward Wilson, born 1956), MLB outfielder
 William Wilson (Australian sportsman) (1909–1976), Australian cricketer and Australian rules footballer for Essendon
 William Wilson (cricketer, born 1912) (born c. 1912), Australian cricketer
 William Wilson (South African cricketer) (1925-2005), South African cricketer
 William Wilson (field hockey) (1917–1984), American Olympic hockey player
 Billy Wilson (cricketer) (1868–1920), Australian cricketer
 Billy Wilson (Australian rules footballer) (1891–1957), Australian footballer for Fitzroy
 Bill Wilson (footballer) (1924–1969), Australian rules footballer for Richmond and Glenelg
 Billy Wilson (Australian rugby league) (1927–1993), Australian rugby league footballer
 Billy Wilson (New Zealand rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1910s, and 1920s for New Zealand, Wellington and Athletic
 Billy Wilson (wide receiver) (1927–2009), NFL wide receiver
 Billy Wilson (running back), college football player
 William Wilson (aquatics) (1844–1912), Scottish writer on swimming, and the inventor of water polo
 William George Wilson (1917–2007), sports cinematographer
 William Wilson (swimmer) (born 1964), Filipino swimmer
 Willy Wilson (born 1980), Filipino basketball player
 Will Wilson (rugby union) (born 1997), English rugby union and rugby sevens player

Association football
 William Wilson (defender), English footballer for Newcastle United and Bradford City
 William Wilson (footballer, born 1902) (1902–?), English footballer
 William Wilson (footballer, born 1915) (1915–?), English footballer
 William Wilson (footballer, born November 1915) (1915–?), English footballer
 William Wilson (footballer, born 1921), Scottish football goalkeeper for Queen of the South and Third Lanark
Billy Wilson (footballer, born 1896) (1896–1996), English footballer
 Billy Wilson (footballer, born 1936), Northern Irish football player for Burnley
 Billy Wilson (footballer, born 1946) (1946–2018), English footballer
 Billy Wilson (American soccer) (fl. 1920s–30s), American soccer player
 Billy Wilson (Scottish footballer), played for Airdrieonians FC and managed Albion Rovers F.C.
 Willie Wilson (footballer, born 1894) (1894–1956), Scottish footballer, played for Hearts and Cowdenbeath
 Willie Wilson (footballer, born 1941) (1941–2001), Scottish footballer
 Willie Wilson (footballer, born 1972), Scottish footballer

Arts and entertainment
 William Wilson (architect) (1641–1710), English architect, builder and sculptor
 William Hardy Wilson (1881–1955), Australian architect, artist and author
 William Wilson (poet) (1801–1860), Scottish-American poet, bookseller and publisher
 William E. Wilson (writer) (1906–1988), American author and professor
 William Scott Wilson (born 1944), author and translator of samurai literature
 William Wilson (artist) (1905–1972), Scottish stained glass artist, printmaker and watercolour painter
 Will Wilson (artist) (born 1957), American artist known for portrait paintings, illustrations and trompe-l'œil works
 Will Wilson (photographer) (born 1969), Native American photographer
 William Wilson (vocalist), lead singer of Legion Within, a gothic industrial rock band founded in 2000
 William Llewellyn Wilson, conductor, musician, teacher and music educator from Baltimore
 Willie Wilson (drummer) (born 1947), member of Quiver; worked with Pink Floyd, Al Stewart

Business
 William Proctor Wilson (1921–2010), president of Buttrick Publishing Company
 Willie Wilson (businessman) (born 1948), Chicago businessman, musician, philanthropist, and political candidate
 William Willson (businessman) (died 2015), chairman of Aston Martin, 1972–1975
 William Wilson, businessman, founder of Price's Candles
 Bill Wilson, founder of US firearms manufacturer Wilson Combat

Law and crime
 Billy Wilson (outlaw) (1862–1918), American outlaw who rode with Billy the Kid
 Bill Wilson (convict) (born 1880), convicted of murdering two individuals who were later found alive
 Billy Roy Wilson (William Roy Wilson Jr., born 1939), United States federal judge
 William Wilson (Illinois jurist) (1794–1857), Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court
 Bill Wilson (judge), New Zealand judge of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal
 William C. Wilson (judge) (1812–1882), Vermont lawyer and judge
 William Adam Wilson FRSE (1928–1994) Professor of Scots Law at Edinburgh University

Military
 Sir William Deane Wilson (1843–1921), British army surgeon-general
 William Wilson (Medal of Honor) (1847–1895), one of nineteen people to receive the Medal of Honor twice
 William Othello Wilson (1867–1928), member of the US Army's 9th Cavalry, and recipient of the Medal of Honor
 William Tecumseh Wilson (1823–1905), American Union brevet brigadier general from Ohio
 William Wilson (Zouave) (1823–1874), American Union brevet brigadier general from New York

Religion
 William Wilson (priest) (1545–1615), Canon of Windsor
 William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), English churchman and founder and editor of The Children's Friend
 William Wilson (bishop) (1806–1888), Anglican bishop in Scotland
 William Hay Wilson (1864–1935), Anglican priest
 William C. Wilson (minister) (1866–1915), General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene
 Bill Wilson (pastor) (born 1948), president and founder of Metro Ministries International
 Billy Wilson (academic) (born 1958), theologian affiliated with Oral Roberts University
 William Wilson (Dean of Cloyne), Dean of Cloyne, 1908–1934

Science
 William Wilson (botanist) (1799–1871), English botanist
 William James Erasmus Wilson (1809–1884), physician and surgeon
 William Edward Wilson (astronomer) (1851–1908), Irish astronomer
 William Parkinson Wilson (1826–1874), English astronomer and professor of mathematics
 William Wilson (English academic) (1875–1965), English physicist
 William Wilson (physicist) (1887–1948), English-born physicist
 William C. Wilson (physician), Chief Medical Officer at UCI Health
 William Hawkins Wilson (1866–1956), British physiologist

Others
 William "Amos" Wilson (1762–1821), folklore figure of southern Pennsylvania, referred to as "The Pennsylvania Hermit"
 William A. Wilson (folklorist) (1933–2016), studied and taught Mormon folklore
 Bill W. (William Griffith Wilson, 1895–1971), co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous
 Edward Adrian Wilson (1872–1912), known as Uncle Bill, Antarctic explorer
 William Wilson (engineer) (1809–1862), first locomotive driver in Germany, railway pioneer
 William E. Wilson, British railway civil engineer, first employer of John Harry Grainger
 William Julius Wilson (born 1935), sociologist
 William L. Wilson (Rice University), professor at Rice University
 William E. Wilson (writer) (1906–1988), author and college professor, son of the Indiana politician

In fiction
 "William Wilson" (short story), an 1839 short story by Edgar Allan Poe
 Wilson the Wonder Athlete (William Wilson), a character in British story and comic papers published by D.C. Thomson
 Billy Wilson, a character in Angels with Broken Wings
 Agent Bill Wilson, also known as CIA, a character in The Dark Knight Rises

Related pages
 William Willson (disambiguation)

Wilson, William

William Wilson


A Pyrrhic victory is battle won at too great a cost.

It is one in which the side that won the victory suffers very badly. A Pyrrhic victory may take place when the victorious army has lost a huge number of men or when the enemy army has reinforcements about to arrive which greatly outnumber the winning army and mean that the chances of a second victory are very low. A Pyrrhic victory is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus. He won a battle against the Romans in 280 BC but many of his men and most of his friends and top commanders died in the battle.

References

Battles of the Ancient World
Phrases

Pyrrhic victory


Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals, particularly the tissues. It is a part of cytology, and an essential tool of biology and medicine.

Histology is usually done by looking at cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope. The tissue has to be specially prepared beforehand.

The process
The stages below are only described in outline. Laboratories which do histology work from schedules which are much more detailed.

Fixing
Chemical fixatives are used to preserve tissue from decay. This preserves the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as cell organelles (e.g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). The most common fixative for light microscopy is formalin (4% formaldehyde in saline).

Embedding
After fixing, the block of tissue is embedded in paraffin wax. This holds and preserves the tissue as a block.

Sectioning
The section is cut into a series of wafer-thin slices, each of which is put on a glass microscope slide. The machine which cuts the block is a mechanical guillotine which can be set to cut at a suitable depth for the tissue in question.

Staining
Stains are dyes, chemicals used to make cells and tissues easy to see under a microscope. There are many tissue stains, and each of them has advantages and disadvantages.

Haematoxylin and eosin  (H&E)
This is the most widely used stain in biology and medicine. Haematoxylin colours cell nuclei and eosin colours cell cytoplasm.

Silver nitrate
Camillo Golgi developed a silver nitrate stain for nerve cells. His idea was used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his famous work on the structure of brain tissue.

Modern techniques
Electron microscopy is used often as well as light microscopy. This has its own procedures. Its advantage is that it resolves things which light cannot resolve. For example, viruses were first seen by electron microscopy..

Specialised selective stains using immunology or radioactive labelling are now routine. The advantage of using antibodies or radioactive labels is that they stick to specific kinds of molecules.
Increasingly popular is tagging with a fluorescent stain, which shows up even if a tiny part of a cell is stained. Immunoinfluorescence is the name of this particular technique.

Other websites

Anatomy
Laboratory techniques

Histology


A squire was the shield bearer or armour bearer of a knight, and at times was a knight's servant.

Use of the term has changed over time. In the Middle Ages, a squire was the  apprentice of a knight. Later it meant a leader in an English village or Lord of the manor might be called a squire. Later still it was used for key public figures such as Justice of the Peace or Member of Parliament. In modern American usage a squire is the title given to a Justice of the Peace or similar local official. Squire is a shortened version of the word Esquire.

References

Personal service occupations

Squire


Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It was in the American Occupation Zone of Austria from 1945 to 1955 .

References

Settlements in Upper Austria

Braunau am Inn


The Boulton & Paul P.15 Bolton was a one-off experimental twin-engined reconnaissance biplane  ordered by the Air Ministry to sustain Boulton & Paul's development of steel-framed aircraft early in the 1920s.  It was the RAF's first metal-framed aircraft.

Design and development
Just after the end of the World War I the Air Ministry were keen to explore the use of all-steel airframes, partly because during the war spruce stocks had been seriously reduced.  They were aware of Boulton & Paul's all-steel-framed, though probably unflown P.10 and the claims of the company designer, John North that such aircraft could be 10% lighter than their wooden-framed equivalents.  They therefore issued  specification 4/20 for a steel-framed version of the Boulton Paul Bourges twin-engined reconnaissance bomber and ordered one prototype, so that Boulton & Paul could continue to develop such structures.  The P.15 Bolton was the result.  Despite its later type number, the Bolton was ordered and flew before the more unusual but equally steel-framed P.12 Bodmin.  Thus the sole Bolton, serial J6584 was the first metal-framed aircraft developed for the Royal Air Force.

In general terms the Bolton was similar to the Bourges, though larger all round; both were twin-engined, three bay biplanes with equal span, constant chord wings with no sweep or stagger.   Both carried ailerons on upper and lower wings, though the wingtips of the Bolton were cut off square in the later Boulton & Paul fashion and lacked the protruding balances of the earlier machine.  The interplane struts were quite wide chord, their twin triangular members covered in fabric.  There were supporting sloping struts from the midpoints of the wing midsection to the upper fuselage longerons.   The two 450 hp (336 kW) Napier Lion engines were mounted just inboard of the inner interplane struts, not directly onto the lower wing but rather on (for the top part of the engine was uncovered for air cooling) a little nacelle which had at the front and below the propeller boss, a small radiator. Four-bladed propellers were fitted.

The Bolton's fuselage was square sided except behind the wings where an extra central member made the upper section triangular.  This was done to enhance the downward field of fire from the dorsal position.  The pilot's cockpit was forward of the wings and in the nose there was another gunner's position.  This crew member doubled as bomb-aimer from a windowed position slightly further forward in the lower fuselage, in a nose that looked much like that of the Bodmin.   The tailplane was mounted at the top of the fuselage, with a fin and rudder that projected below the fuselage, protected by a tailskid.  The rudder had a large horn balance that overhung the fin and its unusual forward extension that acted as a trimming surface.  The single axle undercarriage was of much narrower track than that of the Bourges, mounted just inboard of the engines on pneumatically sprung and damped legs in the manner of the Bodmin.  A pair of members converged from the legs to a single forward wheel, there to prevent nose-overs.

The Bolton first flew, piloted by Frank Courtney in September 1922.  Its career and performance remain largely hidden by official secrecy, though an estimated maximum speed of 130 mph (209 km/h) at 10,000 ft (3,048 m) did emerge.  In a review of British aircraft in May 1924, some 20 months after the first flight, its name is listed in the index but without a page number.  In contrast, the "Postal" Bodmin, though only just flown gets a paragraph.  Nonetheless,  Boulton & Paul's growing expertise in metal-framed twin-engined aircraft was rewarded by orders for seven Bugles and led to the Sidestrands and Overstrands that achieved squadron service, albeit in small numbers.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Bolton
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Boulton Paul Bolton


The Swabian Jura (German: Schwäbische Alb, Bavarian: Schwobm Alb) is a plateau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Swabian Jura is situated between the Black Forest (West), Stuttgart (North), Bavaria (East) and Lake Constance (South). A lot of fossils are found here. The highest mountain is the Lemberg (1015 m).

Tourist information
 There are many castles, monasteries, churches, ruins, caves and old towns in the region.
 The river Danube nearly disappears in the porous limestime near Immendingen.
 Important Towns:
 Albstadt
 Balingen
 Hechingen
 Münsingen
 Reutlingen (the "gateway" to the Swabian Jura)
 Sigmaringen
 Ulm

 A National Scenic Byway (Schwäbische Albstraße) leads you from the South West (Trossingen/Tuttlingen) to the North East (Aalen/Nördlingen) - length: over 200 kilometres.

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Mountain ranges of Germany

Swabian Jura


A conurbation is an urban area that includes a number of cities, towns and villages which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is a sort of agglomeration.

A metropolitan area usually combines one or several conurbations.

Settlements
Urban geography

Conurbation


John Newman (born 16 June 1990) is an English singer. He was the youngest English singer to enter world top charts in first position with "Love Me Again" and in the Top 40 awards with "Love Me Again" and  "Cheating" in 2013. His first single, "Feel The Love", was released in 2012. He lives in London but he is from Settle (Yorkshire). He worked with Rudimental two times. In 2013 he presented his album "Tribute". The songs in this album are "Tribute", "Love Me Again", "Losing Sleep", "Easy", "Try", "Out Of My Head", "Cheating", "Running", "Gold Dust", "Goodnight Goodbye", and "All I Need Is You". The genres he sings are soul, pop and breakbeat. He has been nominated for two Brit Awards in 2013 and 2014.

English singers
1990 births
Living people

John Newman


In science, structure is a fundamental concept. It means the arrangement of parts. Examples are the organs in a body, or  crystals in a substance like granite.

A structure may refer to buildings, machines and similar things made by people as well as to a rock or a mineral, atoms or sentences. It always reflects the hierarchy of its parts.

Related pages
Structural engineering
For structuralism, see Claude Lévi-Strauss

Notes

Chemistry
Engineering
Geology
Linguistics
Physics
Systems

Structure


The Roscoe Wind Farm near Roscoe, Texas is one of the world's largest-capacity wind farms. With 627 wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 781.5 MW, owned and operated by RWE. At the time of its completion in 2009, it was the largest wind farm in the world, surpassing the nearby 735.5-megawatt Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center. In 2012, it was overtaken by California's 1,020-megawatt Alta Wind Energy Center.

Facility details

Roscoe was constructed in four phases. The first phase, Roscoe, was constructed in 2008 and consists of 209 Mitsubishi 1-megawatt turbines. Phase two is called Champion was also completed in 2008 and includes 55 Siemens 2.3-megawatt machines. The third phase is called Pyron. Its 166 GE 1.5-megawatt turbines were commissioned in mid-2009 shortly before the fourth phase, Inadale, was completed. Inadale adds 197 more Mitsubishi 1-megawatt turbines to the existing project.

The project cost more than $1 billion and provides enough power for more than 250,000 average Texan homes. It is located about  west of Fort Worth, spanning parts of four Texas counties and covering nearly , several times the size of Manhattan.

Cliff Etheredge, a local cotton farmer, helped to organize the project. In addition to its large size, the farm is also notable for the large number of individual land owners (as many as 400) who share in royalties from the project. Wind farms are helping to revive the local economy in remote areas of West Texas and the Texas Panhandle.

The Roscoe Wind Farm and Cliff Etheredge are featured in the 2010 documentary film, Carbon Nation.

Electricity production

See also

Wind power in the United States
List of onshore wind farms
Wind power in Texas
List of power stations in Texas

References

RWE
Energy infrastructure completed in 2008
Energy infrastructure completed in 2009
Wind farms in Texas
Buildings and structures in Nolan County, Texas

Roscoe Wind Farm


Marlborough House is a mansion in Westminster, London, England. It was built for a royal favourite, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, in 1711. Following her death, it passed to the hands of successive Dukes of Marlborough.

In 1817, it became Crown property. It was used by members of the royal family, including Queen Adelaide. It served as a base for the predecessor of the Royal College of Art, the "National Art Training School". In 1861, Marlborough House was made the Prince of Wales's London residence. It was used by him for the next 40 years, until he became king in 1901. It continued as a royal residence, and was last used by Queen Mary until 1953. After her death, her granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II, gave the house to the Commonwealth Secretariat, which continues to use it today.

Other websites

Virtual tour

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Grade I listed buildings in London

Marlborough House


Sir Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie,  (17 January 1883 – 30 November 1972) was a Scottish writer of fiction, biography, histories and a memoir, as well as a cultural commentator, raconteur and lifelong Scottish nationalist. He was one of the co-founders in 1928 of the National Party of Scotland along with Hugh MacDiarmid, R. B. Cunninghame Graham and John MacCormick. He was knighted in 1952.

Background
Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie was born in West Hartlepool, County Durham, England, into a theatrical family of Mackenzies, many of whose members used Compton as their stage surname, starting with his English grandfather Henry Compton, a well-known Shakespearean actor of the Victorian era. His father, Edward Compton Mackenzie, and mother, Virginia Frances Bateman, were actors and theatre company managers; his sister, Fay Compton (whose son was Anthony Pelissier, Compton's nephew), starred in many of J. M. Barrie's plays, including Peter Pan. He was educated at St Paul's School, London, and Magdalen College, Oxford, from where he graduated with a degree in Modern History.

Writing

Mackenzie is perhaps best known for two comic novels set in Scotland: Whisky Galore (1947) set in the Hebrides, and The Monarch of the Glen (1941) set in the Scottish Highlands. They were the sources of a successful film and a television series respectively. He published almost a hundred books on different subjects, including ten volumes of autobiography: My Life and Times (1963–71). He wrote history (on the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis), biography (Mr Roosevelt, a 1943 biography of FDR), literary criticism, satires, apologia (Sublime Tobacco 1957), children's stories, poetry and so on. Of his fiction, The Four Winds of Love is sometimes considered his magnum opus. He was admired by F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose first book, This Side of Paradise, was written under the literary influence of Compton.

Sinister Street, his lengthy 1913–14 Bildungsroman, influenced George Orwell and Cyril Connolly, who both read it as schoolboys. Max Beerbohm praised Mackenzie's writing for vividness and emotional reality. Frank Swinnerton, a literary critic, comments on Mackenzie's "detail and wealth of reference". Sir John Betjeman said of it, "This has always seemed to me one of the best novels of the best period in English novel writing." Henry James thought it to be the most remarkable book written by a young author in his lifetime. After his conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1914, Mackenzie explored religious themes in a trilogy of novels, The Altar Steps (1922), The Parson's Progress (1923) and The Heavenly Ladder (1924).

In 1922, Robin Legge, chief music critic of The Daily Telegraph, encouraged Mackenzie to write some of the earliest gramophone record reviews. In 1923 he and his brother-in-law Christopher Stone founded Gramophone, the still-influential classical music magazine. Mackenzie continued to edit the magazine until 1961. He was also the literary critic for the London-based national newspaper Daily Mail.

Following his time on Capri, socialising with the gay exiles there, he treated the homosexuality of a politician sensitively in Thin Ice (1956). The Lunatic Republic (1959) is a political satire. For the version of English spoken by the inhabitants of Lunamania on the far side of the Moon, Mackenzie invented over 150 new words.

Greek Memories
Mackenzie worked as an actor, political activist and broadcaster. He served with British Intelligence in the Eastern Mediterranean during the First World War, later publishing four books on his experiences. According to these books, he was commissioned in the Royal Marines, rising to the rank of captain. His ill-health making front-line service impractical, he was assigned counter-espionage work during the Gallipoli campaign, and in 1916 built up a considerable counter-intelligence network in Athens, Greece then being neutral. He is alleged to have taken part in an attempt to assassinate the King by poison in August 1916, during which the royal palace was to be surrounded by fire to prevent him escaping. While his secret service work seems to have been valued highly by his superiors, including Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming, his passionate political views, especially his support for the Venizelists, made him a controversial figure and he was expelled from Athens following the Noemvriana.

In 1917, he founded the Aegean Intelligence Service, and enjoyed considerable autonomy for some months as its director. He was offered the Presidency of the Republic of Cerigo, which was briefly independent while Greece was split between Royalists and Venizelists, but declined the office. He was recalled in September 1917. Smith-Cumming considered appointing him as his deputy, but withdrew the suggestion after opposition from within his own service, and Mackenzie played no further active role in the war. In 1919, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), and was also honoured with the French Legion of Honour, the Serbian Order of the White Eagle, and the Greek Order of the Redeemer.

After the publication of his Greek Memories in 1932, he was prosecuted the following year at the Old Bailey under the Official Secrets Act for quoting from supposedly secret documents. His account of the trial, vividly described, is in Octave Seven (1931–38) of his autobiography: the result was a fine of £100 and (prosecution) costs of £100. His own costs were over £1,000. Mackenzie states that a plea-bargain (described in the text as "an arrangement") had been reached with the judge prior to the trial: in exchange for his pleading guilty, he would be fined £500 with £500 costs. However Sir Thomas Inskip, then attorney general who prosecuted the case, succeeded in annoying the trial judge to such an extent that he then reduced the penalties to a token amount. Even so, the costs of his defence and the withdrawal from sale of Greek Memories left Mackenzie out of pocket and an attempt was made to ask the authorities exactly which passages in the book they objected to so it could be re-issued with the offending material removed. This approach was rebuffed. In Octave Eight, covering the years 1939–45, Mackenzie recounts that the matter was raised in Parliament and a new version of Greek Memories was eventually published in 1939.
However, in spite of the withdrawal of the 1st edition a copy had already been deposited at the British Museum (which then contained what is now the independent British Library) but was not given a general catalogue reference making it effectively impossible to access. In 1994 The Guardian newspaper published an article about this anomaly The muzzling of Compton Mackenzie – 62 years on. Following this the 1932 edition was entered in the British Library's public catalogue.
In 2011 Biteback published the original 1932 edition of Greek Memories, including the Secret Intelligence Service memo detailing the offending passages of the book.

He was president of the Croquet Association from 1953 to 1966. He was president of the Siamese Cat Club. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1956 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the King's Theatre, Hammersmith, London.

A strong supporter of Edward VIII, Mackenzie was a leading member of the Octavians, a minor society that campaigned in support of Edward VIII and for his return to the UK after he became the Duke of Windsor. According to a 1938 Time article Mackenzie had intended to write a book in support of Edward but abandoned the plan when the Duke asked him not to publish.

Capri
Between 1913 and 1920 he lived with his wife, Faith, on Capri at Villa Solitaria, and returned to visit in later years. This Italian island near Sorrento was known to be tolerant not just of foreigners in general, but of artists and homosexuals in particular. He became friends with the writer Somerset Maugham, a frequent visitor to the island. Faith had an affair with the Italian pianist Renata Borgatti, who was connected to Romaine Brooks.

Compton Mackenzie's observations on the local life of the Italian islanders and foreign residents led to at least two novels, Vestal Fire (1927) and Extraordinary Women (1928). The latter, a roman à clef about a group of lesbians arriving on the island of Sirene, a fictional version of Capri, was published in Britain in the same year as two other ground-breaking novels with lesbian themes, Virginia Woolf's love letter to Vita Sackville-West, Orlando, and Radclyffe Hall's controversial polemic, The Well of Loneliness, but Mackenzie's satire did not attract legal attention. He was a friend of Axel Munthe, who built Villa San Michele, and Edwin Cerio, who later became mayor of Capri.

Scottish identity

Mackenzie went to great lengths to trace the steps of his ancestors back to his spiritual home in the Highlands, and displayed a deep and tenacious attachment to Gaelic culture throughout his long and very colourful life. As his biographer, Andro Linklater, commented, "Mackenzie wasn't born a Scot, and he didn't sound like a Scot. But nevertheless his imagination was truly Scottish." He was an ardent Jacobite, the third Governor-General of the Royal Stuart Society, and a co-founder of the National Party of Scotland. He became a member of the Scottish Arts Club in 1929. He was rector of University of Glasgow from 1931 to 1934, defeating Oswald Mosley, who later led the British Union of Fascists, in his bid for the job.

From 1920 to 1923 Mackenzie was the Tenant of Herm and Jethou. He built a house on Barra, in the Western Isles (Outer Hebrides) of Scotland, in the 1930s. On Barra, he gained inspiration and found creative solitude, and befriended a great number of people that he described as "the aristocrats of democracy".

He was a founding member of the short-lived secret organisation Clann Albain.

Private life
Mackenzie was married three times. On 30 November 1905 (aged 22), he married Faith Stone in St Saviour's, Pimlico: they remained married for more than 50 years, until her death. In 1962 (aged 79), he married Christina MacSween, who died the following year. Lastly, he married his deceased wife's sister, Lilian MacSween in 1965 (aged 82). (died 2009)

Mackenzie was a supporter of West Bromwich Albion F.C. Although from the north east of England, he "was influenced in the choice of Albion as 'my' team by the fact that their ground was romantically called The Hawthorns and that they were nicknamed the Throstles".

He was also a fan of snooker, and gave an account of the origin of the game's name in The Billiard Player magazine of 1939, describing how young lieutenant Neville Chamberlain (not the former British Prime Minister) was experimenting on the officers' mess table with the existing game of 'Black Pool' featuring 15 red balls and a black. He presented the World Championship trophy to Joe Davis at the 1939 Championships.

After his retirement, Mackenzie sold the entire copyright in 20 of his books for a lump sum of £10,000 arguing that this was a capital receipt and not the proceeds of the business. The Court of Appeal held that this was assessable income as part of the proceeds of his business: Mackenzie v Arnold (1952) 33 TC 363.

Mackenzie died on 30 November 1972, aged 89, in Edinburgh and was interred in St Barr's churchyard cemetery at Eoligarry on the Isle of Barra.

Select bibliography
A list based on Kenneth Young's Compton Mackenzie, 1968:

Novels and romances
 The Passionate Elopement (1911), a revision of the play The Gentleman in Grey
 Carnival (1912), an early best-seller, filmed as The Ballet Girl (1916), Dance Pretty Lady (1932) and Carnival (1946)
 Sinister Street (1914), 2 volumes, a Bildungsroman
 Guy and Pauline (1915), a sequel to Sinister Street, also published as Plashers Mead.
 The Early Life and Adventures of Sylvia Scarlett (1918), a sequel to Sinister Street, filmed in 1935 as Sylvia Scarlett
 Sylvia and Michael (1919), a sequel to Sylvia Scarlett
 Poor Relations (1919)
 The Vanity Girl (1920)
 Rich Relatives (1921)
 The Altar Steps (1922)
 The Seven Ages of Woman (1923)
 The Parson's Progress (1923), a sequel to The Altar Steps
 The Heavenly Ladder (1924), a sequel to The Parson's Progress
 The Old Men of the Sea (1924)
 Coral (1925), a sequel to Carnival
 Fairy Gold (1926)
 Rogues and Vagabonds (1927)
 Vestal Fire (1927)
 Extremes Meet (1928)
 Extraordinary Women (1928)
 The Three Couriers (1929)
 April Fools (1930), a sequel to Poor Relations
 Buttercups and Daisies (1931)
 Our Street  (1931)
 Water on the Brain (1933), an absurdist spy novel parody
 The Darkening Green (1934)
 Figure of Eight (1936)
 The Four Winds of Love (6 volumes 1937–45)
 The Red Tapeworm (1941)
 The Monarch of the Glen (1941)
 Keep the Home Guard Turning (1943)
 Whisky Galore (1947), filmed in 1948 as Whisky Galore!
 Hunting the Fairies (1949)
 The Rival Monster (1952)
 Ben Nevis Goes East (1954)
 Thin Ice (1956)
 Rockets Galore (1957), a sequel, filmed in 1958 as Rockets Galore!
 The Lunatic Republic (1959)
 Mezzotint (1961)
 The Stolen Soprano (1965)
 Paper Lives (1966), a sequel to The Red Tapeworm

Plays
 The Gentleman in Grey (1907)
 Columbine (1920)
 The Lost Cause (1931)

Verse
 Poems (1907)
 Kensington Rhymes (1912)

History and biography
 Gallipoli Memories (1929)
 First Athenian Memories (1931)
 Greek Memories (1932), a continuation of First Athenian Memories
 Prince Charlie (1932), biography
 Marathon and Salamis (1934), history
 Prince Charlie and His Ladies (1934), history
 Catholicism and Scotland (1934), history
 The Book of Barra (1936), (with J.L. Campbell)
 Pericles (1937), history
 The Windsor Tapestry Being a study of the life, heritage and abdication of HRH The Duke of Windsor (1938)
 Aegean Memories (1940)
 Calvary (with F.C. Mackenzie) (1942)
 Wind of Freedom: The history of the invasion of Greece by the Axis powers, 1940–1941 (1943)
 Mr Roosevelt (1943), biography
 Brockhouse (1944), history
 Dr Benes (1946), biography
 The Vital Flame (1946) (on the gas industry)
 All over the Place (1949), diary
 Eastern Epic, an account of the part played by the Indian Army in the Second World War, Vol. I (1951)
 I Took a Journey ... A tour of the National Trust Properties (1951)
 The House of Coalport 1750–1950 (1951), history
 The Queen's House. A history of Buckingham Palace (1953), history
 Realms of Silver. One Hundred Years of Banking in the East (1954), a history of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China.
 The Savoy of London (1953), history
 My Record of Music (1955), musical autobiography
 Sublime Tobacco (1957)
 Cats' Company (1960) with photos by Harrison Marks
 Greece in My Life (1960), essays
 Catmint (1961), imaginary conversations
 Look at Cats (1964)
 Little Cat Lost (1965)

Essays and criticism
 Gramophone Nights (1923), (with Archibald Marshall)
 Unconsidered Trifles (1932), collected essays.
 Literature in My Time (1933), criticism
 Reaped and Bound (1933), collected essays
 A Musical Chair (1939), essays
 Echoes (1954), broadcast talks
 On Moral Courage (1962)

Children's stories
 Santa Claus in Summer (1924)
 Told (1930), tales and verses
 Little Cat Lost (1965)
 The Stairs That Kept Going Down (1967)
 The Strongest Man on Earth (1967), mythology for young people

Autobiography
 My Life and Times in ten volumes each covering eight years, published as "Octave One" to "Octave Ten"(1963–1971)

Biographies
 Linklater, Andro Compton Mackenzie: A Life The Hogarth Press (1992, London)
 Mackenzie, Lady Faith Compton More than I should, Collins (1940)

Filmography

References

External links

 Glossary of words invented for The Lunatic Republic
 Compton Mackenzie Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

1883 births
1972 deaths
People educated at Colet Court
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
20th-century Scottish autobiographers
Scottish comedy writers
People from West Hartlepool
Scottish publishers (people)
20th-century Scottish male actors
Scottish National Party politicians
Scottish spies
Anglo-Scots
Tenants of Herm
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Scottish Renaissance
Scottish croquet players
20th-century Scottish novelists
Scottish male novelists
Scottish Roman Catholic writers
20th-century Scottish male writers
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Military personnel from County Durham
Royal Marines personnel of World War I
Royal Marines officers

Compton Mackenzie


Alicia Fulford-Wierzbicki is a New Zealand actress. Her debut performance was in the critically acclaimed film Rain.

The Seattle PI newspaper has described the film as "an exquisitely mixed and applied palette of color and hue to help her story. Rain is gorgeously evocative visually and draws us in as seductively ... a wonderful metaphor for a film that is largely successful".

Agent   Sharon Power

Filmography
Rain (2001)
Fracture (2004)

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Zealand film actresses

Alicia Fulford-Wierzbicki


A virtual private network, or VPN is a set of technologies which are used to link computers to create a private network. Another network is used to carry the data, which is encrypted. The carrier network will see the packets of data which it routes. To the users of the VPN, it will look like the computers were directly connected to each other.

The VPN model can guarantee the following:
 Confidentiality: The carrier network will route the data, but it will be unable to decrypt it.
 Sender authentication: People need to authenticate themselves, to be able to use the network.
 Message integrity: Messages transported across the network cannot be changed easily while they are in transport. When a message was changed, it is possible to detect this.

In a business context, VPNs are often used to connect different office locations, or to allow people working from outside the company network to access its resources. People can use their computer to connect to their work network and see work websites that cannot be seen on the normal internet.

Similarly, the encryption process allows VPNs to offer anonymity by hiding the user and making it very hard for anyone to track them. As a result, VPNs help make one's online activities on the web anonymous and undecipherable.

VPNs are often used to access websites that are blocked in some countries, like China. Many people also use a VPN to protect their internet activity while using public WiFi.

VPNs can also be used to connect corporate offices to the larger branch offices, also known as site-to-site VPN. This is because direct network connections are impractical between offices that are physically distant.
Common VPN protocols include OpenVPN, Cisco AnyConnect, and IPsec.

Common uses
 Remote workers connecting to a company network (telecommuting)
 Connecting multiple company offices together over the Internet (site-to-site VPN)
 Connecting to one's own home network from a remote location
 Bypassing censorship or firewalls
 Downloading files or browsing the Web anonymously
 Securing communications on public WiFi

Related pages
 Deep Web

References

Internet

Virtual private network


Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 – September 30, 1913) was a German engineer and inventor. His best known invention is Diesel engine. He was born in Paris and died on the English Channel.

He had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. With this he could do without a spark. The technique with a spark was developed by Niklaus Otto. The engine based on this is called internal combustion engine.

In 1892 he got a patent for the engine.

He got a lot of money from licensing his invention.

1858 births
1913 deaths
German inventors

Rudolf Diesel


Recoilless rifles are guns that can shoot very large bullets or explosives without any recoil. This is important because Newton's First Law of Motion teaches that whenever something moves, there is a motion that goes the opposite direction that is just as strong. This is why guns have recoil. Whenever a gun shoots a bullet forward, the bullet going forward creates an equally strong movement backward. The heavier a bullet is, the more force needed to fire a bullet forward, and therefore the more force the bullet sends the gun backward. Recoilless rifles can fire very large bullets and explosives without hurting their users because they are made with a hole in the back of the gun so that the force from firing the gun goes behind the user, rather than towards the user's shoulder. People using recoilless rifles must be very careful that no one is behind them when they are shooting because the force going behind the gun, or the backblast, is powerful enough to kill a person.

Artillery
Rifles

Recoilless rifle


Sunny Baudelaire is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, A Series of Unfortunate Events. In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.

She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny cannot talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth, and she hates limp food. Her love of biting is not as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1999

Sunny Baudelaire


The Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC) is a Canadian agency that is responsible for monitoring and tracking tropical cyclones that come near or affects Canadian territory. The agency warns people about on-coming tropical cyclones and makes hurricane advisories when needed. Its headquarters are in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

CHC usually works together with its United States counterpart, the National Hurricane Center in Miami, to coordinate the tracks and positions of all storms that show a possible threat to Canada.

While Atlantic hurricanes are normally uncommon in Canada, they do approach or strike from time to time. Among recent events are Hurricane Bob, which struck New Brunswick, in 1991, Hurricane Luis which struck Newfoundland in September 1995, Hurricane Hortense which struck Nova Scotia in September 1996, Hurricane Michael which struck Newfoundland in October 2000, and Hurricane Juan, which struck Nova Scotia in September 2003.

Other websites
CHC website
Official Canadian Weather Warnings
Hurricane Bulletins for your wireless device

Government agencies of Canada

Canadian Hurricane Centre


The Council of Europe (, ) is an international organization of 47 member states in the European region. One of its first successes was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights.

The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. The original meeting place was in the city's University Palace. The Palais de l'Europe, about two kilometres from city centre, has taken its place. Membership is open to all European democracies which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights, civil rights and freedoms to their citizens and respect of rights of minority groups.

The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. But all member states of European Union are also the member states of Council of Europe.

On 15 March 2022, Russia is excluded from Council of Europe because of 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Note

Related pages
European Union
European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Istanbul Convention

Other websites

Council of Europe - Official site

1949 establishments in Europe
Strasbourg

Council of Europe


The hypotenuse is the side opposite the 90 degrees angle in a right triangle. It is always the longest side.

For example:

In this triangle, if angle C is 90 degrees, then the opposite side, "c", is the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is important in trigonometry, where it is used to calculate many functions.

The length of the hypotenuse can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using Pythagoras' Theorem.  In fact, the length of any side of a right triangle can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using this theorem.

Geometry
Trigonometry

Hypotenuse


In computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores information you might find in a spreadsheet, such as a table of text, numbers, and dates, in a plain text file.

Format
Typically, the first line in a plain text file would contain header information, which are labels for table information organized vertically. Starting with the second line, each line would represent a row. Each cell in a row is separated by a comma, hence its name.

The following is a simple example of this type of file. The example has three columns (labeled 'name', 'age', and 'favorite color'), and four rows (including the header line at the top).name,age,favorite color
Alice,12,green
Bob,23,purple
Jane,34,blue

Escaping
Text in a cell may be surrounded by quotation character ("), to note the start and end of a cell (a particular column and row location) in a table. Quotation characters in a cell value in turn can be denoted by doubling the quotation character (""). This is primarily used to signify that a particular cell contains data that may be confusing to a computer that's trying to read the file. A common example of this is when a cell contains a comma as part of it's data. Without the quotation marks, it's unclear if the comma denotes a separation between cells:name,age
Smith, Joe,45
Choi, Ceri,56
Plummer, Olive,23or if it should be part of the cell's data:"name","age"
"Smith, Joe","45"
"Choi, Ceri","56"
"Plummer, Olive","23"

Compatibility
CSV is a way to describe table data. However, various applications may require different types of tables. Having a file in CSV format may not be enough for a file to be compatible with a particular application.

Furthermore, CSV is stored in plain text. An application may have problems reading a CSV file because of incompatibility with the plain text format, either because of the character encoding or line break format.

References

Data structures

Comma-separated values


Squaring the circle is a problem of geometry. The problem is to construct a square that has the same area as the unit circle, only by using a compass and straightedge construction method. Some people also call this problem the quadrature of the circle.

This is not about a circle with corners like a square.  It is a problem like squaring a triangle. It is easy to construct a square with the same area as a triangle. Squaring the circle is related to the other ancient problems which have been proved impossible, squaring the cube and trisecting the angle.

In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindenmann proved that this cannot be done because it is impossible to calculate √π exactly, because it is a transcendental number.

Geometry

Squaring the circle


L'Orfeo is a three-act opera. The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written by Alessandro Striggio. The opera is based on the myth of Orpheus, his descent to Hades and his attempt to bring his dead wife Eurydice back. It was first performed in February 1607. It is a transitional work between the music of the Renaissance and the music of the Baroque. It is one of the earliest operas that is still performed.

Compositions by Claudio Monteverdi
17th-century operas
1600s works

L'Orfeo


J-pop is a popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Some people calls "歌謡曲" toward older songs. From around 1940s until recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and culture. But new J-Pop nowadays sounds different than older J-Pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.

History
There are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been playing Japanese pops. Such musicians follows:

 Kyohei Tsutsumi (筒美京平) - He is a well-known songwriter for a long period of times. He is a pianist and also known as Jack Diamond, born on May 28, 1940 in Tokyo. He made many hits such as "Blue Light Yokohama" (ブルー・ライト・ヨコハマ), "Mata Au Hi Made" (また逢う日まで), "Watashi no Kare wa Hidari-kiki" (わたしの彼は左きき), Sentimental (センチメンタル) and so on. He was awarded for his works by an official renowned medal "紫綬褒章" from Japanese government in 2003.

 Yumi Matsutoya - Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai or Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-Pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters in the twentieth century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one at the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached top 10 since her first album, Hikōki-gumo in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles. "NO SIDE" was made from Rugby game "Ooita Maiduru vs Tennri high school". The term 'j-pop' was coined in the 1990s.

Related pages
 List of J-pop artists

J-pop


A fret is a thin strip of varying materials (most commonly metal, but occasionally gut or nylon) found on string instruments. Guitars, mandolins, and banjos have frets.

Frets are mounted on the long necks of the instrument. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument.

On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck are frets.

Frets divide the neck into sections related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret marks one semitone in the standard western system where one octave is divided into twelve semitones.

Other websites

String instrument construction

Fret