The P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development (also known as the "Central Institute for Aviation Motor Development named after P. I. Baranov" or simply "Central Institute of Aviation Motors", CIAM or TsIAM, Tsentralniy Institut Aviatsionnogo Motorostroeniya, ) is the only specialized Russian research and engineering facility dealing with advanced aerospace propulsion research, aircraft engine certification and other gas dynamics-related issues. It was founded in 1930.

CIAM operates the largest aerospace engine testing facility in Europe, surpassed only by the United States's Arnold Engineering Development Center and Glenn Research Center. It is based in Lefortovo (the southeast okrug of Moscow) with an address of 2 Aviamotornaya street, Moscow, Postcode 111116. CIAM also operates a scientific testing center in Lytkarino, Moscow Oblast.

History
The bases of the institute were formed by such academics as Keldysh, Klimov and Chelomey. Since its foundation in 1930, CIAM designed nearly all Russian aviation motors and gas turbines. In 1933 CIAM was named after the late Soviet Vice-Narkom of Heavy Industry Petr Ionovich Baranov, who was one of the leading theorists of the Soviet aviation industry. Before World War II, all engine-design work was transferred to mass-production motor-building plants and their own design bureaus. CIAM focused on theoretical and experimental research and modernization of prototypes up to the production stage.

After the war, CIAM was engaged with reactive (jet) engines for airplanes, successors to the first-generation turbojets. In the early 1950s, the largest test base in Europe was built in Lytkarino. In the 1970s, the institute began work on a ramjet engine using the special hypersonic "flying laboratory" GLL Holod. This experiment used a liquid hydrogen, actively cooled dual-mode ramjet, which was based on a hydrogen-fueled axisymmetrical engine placed on a Russian SA5 missile during the flight. The first successful test achieved Mach 5.6 in 1991, and the maximum speed achieved was Mach 5.7 in November 1992. A test with a goal of Mach 6.3 failed in March 1995.

After the dissolution of the USSR, CIAM lost a large number of emigrating engineers. With the loss of government support and a lack of state aviation strategy, CIAM stayed afloat with contracts with China, French corporations, ABB and by offering logistical services. As of 2011, the situation has stabilized; CIAM leads Russian aero engine research programs, including development of the advanced PD-35 engine. It also researches gas pipelines; in March 2006, the institute signed an agreement with JSC Gasprom.

See also
 TsAGI
 Moscow Aviation Institute
 Arnold Engineering Development Center
 Glenn Research Center

References

1930 establishments in Russia
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Research institutes in Russia
Engineering research institutes
Aviation research institutes


The British Rail class 70 was a class of three 3rd rail Co-Co electric locomotives. The initial two were built by the Southern Railway at Ashford Works in 1941 and 1945 and were numbered CC1 and CC2.  Electrical equipment was designed by Alfred Raworth and the body by Oliver Bulleid.  CC2 was modified slightly from the original design by C. M. Cock who had succeeded Raworth as Electrical Engineer. The third was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003.

70

British Rail Class 70


Time for Miracles is a song written and composed by Alain Johannes and Natasha Schneider and produced by Rob Cavallo. Adam Lambert is the singer for the song and was released as a single off the album For Your Entertainment. It was also released as a promotional single for the 2009 action-thriller movie 2012. The single was released on October 18th, 2009 for promotional release and on November 3rd, 2009 for radio mainstream.

Before "Time for Miracles" was released to the public, it had already garnered positive reviews.
Brian May of Queen was able to listen to the full track and praised the song as "truly sensational" and complimented Lambert's vocals, stating, "Adam's voice reaches out with sensitivity, depth, maturity, and awesome range and power that will make jaws drop all around the world."

Chart performance
On the chart week ending November 7, 2009, "Time for Miracles" debuted at #50 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the United States, the song has sold 124,000 legal digital downloads.

Adam Lambert songs
2009 songs

Time for Miracles


Otto Klemperer (born Breslau, 14 May 1885; died Zürich, 6 July 1973) was a German-born conductor and composer. He is thought of as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century.

Early life
Klemperer was born in Breslau, Silesia, which was then in Germany, but is now called Wrocław in Poland. He was born into a Jewish family. He studied music at the Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main, and then went to Berlin where he studied conducting and composition with Hans Pfitzner. In 1905 he met Gustav Mahler who was very impressed with him.

Career
He recommended him for the job of conductor at the German Opera in Prague. He soon got jobs in other places: Hamburg, Barmen, Strasbourg, Cologne and Wiesbaden. He was offered a job at the Berlin Staatsoper, but he did not want it because he thought he would not be able to do things there the way he wanted. However, four years later, in 1927, he took a job with a special branch of the Staatsoper which had been started in order to perform new music in modern (non-traditional) performances. They played in the Kroll Theatre. Klemperer became very famous for the performances that he conducted there.

The Kroll Theatre had been started by politicians who supported the Weimar Republic. They wanted opera to be different from the traditional operas that were performed in the Theatre Unter den Linden supported by the monarchy. The operas that Klemperer conducted there included Leoš Janáček's From the House of the Dead, Arnold Schönberg's Erwartung, Igor Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex, and Paul Hindemith's Cardillac.

By 1931 the political situation had changed and the Kroll Opera was shut down. By 1933 the Nazis had gained power and Klemperer left Germany and went to the United States where he took U.S. nationality. He became conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra (1933-39) and also conducted the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Pittsburg Orchestra. However he was not happy in the United States where the musical culture and music critics were largely out of sympathy with his Weimar modernism and he felt he was not properly valued. He hoped for a permanent position as lead conductor in New York or Philadelphia. But in 1936 he was passed over in both - first in Philadelphia, where Eugene Ormandy succeeded Stokowski at the Philadelphia Orchestra, and then in New York, where Toscanini's departure left a vacancy at the New York Philharmonic but John Barbirolli and Artur Rodzinski were engaged in preference to Klemperer. The New York decision was particularly galling, as Klemperer had been engaged to conduct the first fourteen weeks of the New York Philharmonic's 1935-6 season. Klemperer's bitterness at this decision was voiced in a letter he wrote to Arthur Judson, who ran the orchestra: "that the society did not re-engage me is the strongest offense, the sharpest insult to me as artist, which I can imagine. You see, I am no youngster. I have a name and a good name. One could not use me in a most difficult season and then expel me. This non-reengagement will have very bad results not only for me in New York but in the whole world.... This non-reengagement is an absolutely unjustified wrong done to me by the Philharmonic Society."

In 1939 he had a serious illness and was operated on for a brain tumour. For some time he was not well enough to work. Then from 1947 to 1950 he returned to Europe to conduct the Budapest Opera. In the early 1950s Klemperer experienced difficulties arising from his U.S. citizenship. American union policies made it difficult for him to record in Europe, while his left wing views made him increasingly unpopular with the State Department and FBI. In 1952 the United States refused to renew his passport.

In 1954 Klemperer again returned to Europe, becoming conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He took German nationality. By this time Furtwängler was dead and Toscanini had retired, so Klemperer was thought of as the greatest conductor of German music. He was given a recording contract by EMI. His concerts and many recordings with the Philharmonia brought him world-wide recognition. He lived in Switzerland but spent much time in London conducting.

Klemperer became an Israeli citizen in 1970. He retired from conducting in 1971 and died in Zürich in 1973, aged 88.

Personal life
Klemperer's performances that we have on record show us that he was a musician who understood the shape of a musical work perfectly. He often chose slow speeds, but the music could sound very heroic. His health problems included manic depression which made him sometimes very difficult to work with. He also had a bad fall in Montreal. From then onwards he always had to sit down to conduct. He also burnt himself badly because he was smoking in bed, and he tried to put out the flames with a glass of whisky which made the fire worse.

Klemperer is less well known as a composer, but he wrote a number of works, although he hardly ever performed them and most of them are now forgotten.

References

Further reading
The New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
Peter Heyworth, Otto Klemperer: His Life and Times, Cambridge UP, Vols 1 and 2; 1996;
Joseph Horowitz, Review, The American Scholar, Spring 1997(v.66, pp. 307–10)

1885 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American composers
American conductors
20th-century German composers
German conductors
Israeli Jews
Jewish American musicians
Jewish German musicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław

Otto Klemperer


Alan Cunningham McIntosh (October 7, 1905 – July 23, 1979) was editor of the Rock County Star-Herald of Luverne, Minnesota. He was president of the Minnesota Newspaper Association in 1949. The association now recognizes individuals who have provided exceptional service to the field of journalism with its Al McIntosh Distinguished Service to Journalism Award.

Ken Burns included several World War II-era excerpts from McIntosh's weekly column in his documentary "The War," which are voiced by actor Tom Hanks. In an interview on the radio show Fresh Air, Burns claimed that McIntosh could have pursued a more prestigious journalistic career but chose to take the reins of a small-town newspaper. Burns also opined in the same interview that McIntosh would be the most important discovery his team made in the creation of the documentary.

McIntosh owned and published the Star-Herald from 1940 until 1968, and first became famous after writing an editorial titled "A Tired American Gets Angry" in 1964.

Life and career
McIntosh was the son of the Rev. and Mrs. Donald M. McIntosh. His family lived in Grand Forks, North Dakota, before moving to Sioux City, Iowa, where he graduated from Central High School in 1922. McIntosh then attended Morningside College in Sioux City for three years, before enrolling at the University of Nebraska where he received his degree in 1928.

He started his journalism career as editor of Nebraska Agwan, a university humor magazine, and as part-time employee at the Lincoln Star. After graduation, he established himself at the Sioux City Journal as a writer as well as businessman. When the Rock County Star was offered for sale, he bought it, assuming ownership July 1, 1940.

Two years later, the editor and publisher of the Rock County Herald, A.O. Moreaux, was killed in an auto accident. The estate offered the Herald to McIntosh, and he bought it, consolidating the two publications and changing the name to the Rock County Star-Herald.

He died in his sleep on July 23, 1979, at age 73.

Published works
 McIntosh's wartime columns were published September 1, 2007, by MBI Publishing Company's Zenith Press in a book titled Selected Chaff.
 Short excerpts of his columns appear in the companion book to Burns' documentary "The War."

Quotes
"Al McIntosh might be the single greatest archival discovery that we ever made.... He turned down big city jobs, wanting to own and run his own paper, and he had this task of explaining the unexplainable to his fellow neighbors. He did so magnificently and wrote as beautifully as any editor I've ever come across."
—Ken Burns

"The columns [of Al McIntosh] deserve a lasting place in American cultural history."
—Geoffrey C. Ward

External links
 Associated Press - AP article
 St. Paul Pioneer Press - Front-page St. Paul Pioneer Press article
 Minneapolis Star Tribune - Selected Chaff book review in Minneapolis Star Tribune
 Minneapolis Star Tribune - Front-page Minneapolis Star Tribune article about Luverne, Minnesota, residents who appear in The War, including Al McIntosh, who is mentioned under the subhead "Surprise Star: A Writer"
 Argus Leader - Article in Sioux Falls Argus Leader
 Worthington Daily Globe - Article in Worthington Daily Globe
 KPBS-San Diego - Article about Luverne, Minnesota, residents who appear in The War, including Al McIntosh
 Lincoln Journal Star - Article in Lincoln Journal Star
 Daily Nebraskan - Article in Daily Nebraskan
 Star Herald - Article in Rock County Star Herald

References

American male journalists
American newspaper editors
1905 births
1979 deaths
People from Walsh County, North Dakota
People from Grand Forks, North Dakota
Morningside University alumni
University of Nebraska alumni
Journalists from North Dakota
People from Luverne, Minnesota
20th-century American journalists

Al McIntosh


Les Diaboliques (The She-Devils) is a collection of short stories written by Barbey d'Aurevilly and published in France in 1874. Each story features a woman who commits an act of violence, or revenge, or some other crime. It is considered d'Aurevilly's masterpiece.

D'Aurevilly, due to the boredom induced by bourgeois life in the Second French Republic, was a dandy. Similarly, the acts committed by the characters in these stories are induced not only by their extreme passion but also by their boredom. Some of the characters spend hours playing whist while others take delight in wearing fine clothes. All of the female characters are best at concealing their passions and are strong, independent instigators.

D'Aurevilly uses récit parlé, a bracketing narrative, as a structural tool for five of the six short stories.

Content

"The Crimson Curtain": An old vicomte tells a younger friend about his first sexual experience with a woman.
"The Greatest Love of Don Juan": An aged playboy, surrounded by past lovers, relates the tale of his greatest love affair.
"Happiness in Crime": A comte falls in love with a skilled fencer and hires her as his wife's maid.
"Beneath the Cards of a Game of Whist": The secret affair of a lady and an expert whist player leads to an horrific act.
"At a Dinner of Atheists": A French officer relates a tale of love and lust with the wife of one of his fellow officers.
"A Woman's Revenge": A wealthy princess spurns her ignoble husband by becoming a cheap prostitute.

Publication
D'Aurevilly wrote "The Crimson Curtain" in 1866. "The Greatest Love of Don Juan" followed in 1867. In 1870, d'Aurevilly retired to the Cotentin Peninsula and finished the collection.

When the collection was first published in France in 1874, it caused up an uproar with the French public and the work was declared a danger to public morality and the Public Prosecutor issued orders for its seizure on the grounds of blasphemy and obscenity. D'Aurevilly defended the work, albeit tongue-in-cheek, by saying that he himself was a Christian and the stories demonstrated the battle of good against evil.

A second edition was published in 1882. Dedalus Books published an English-language version in 1996.

Film adaptations
 A Woman's Revenge (1921), directed by Robert Wiene, based on "A Woman's Revenge"
 The Crimson Curtain (1953), directed by Alexandre Astruc, based on "The Crimson Curtain"
 , by , based on Le bonheur est dans le crime
 Don Giovanni (1970), directed by Carmelo Bene, based on "The Greatest Love of Don Juan"
 A Vingança de uma Mulher (2012), directed by Rita Azevedo Gomes, based on "A Woman's Revenge"

References

1874 short story collections
Books adapted into films
French short story collections
Works by Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly

Les Diaboliques (short story collection)


The sixth form is the final stage in British secondary schools. This term is used in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and some other Commonwealth countries. The sixth form (or 'Key Stage 5') is the final two years of secondary education (U.S. 'high school'). Students (typically between 16 and 18 years of age) prepare for their A-level (or equivalent) examinations.

The term sixth form college is used by schools which only take 16 to 19 year old for advanced school-level qualifications. They may offer courses for the International Baccalaureate Diploma as well as Advanced level exams.

In Scotland, the final year of school is known as sixth year or S6. Independent schools in Scotland often use the term "sixth form".

Education in England
Education in the United Kingdom

Sixth form


Martine Aubry (born 8 August 1950) is a French politician. She was born in Paris and is the daughter of Jacques Delors (born 1925).

Aubry was married to Xavier Aubry, and has a daughter from that marriage. In 2004, she married Jean-Louis Brochen, a French lawyer, but decided to keep the family name of her first marriage. Aubry studied economics in Paris. She also has diplomas in political sciences, social sciences and work. She has also studied at the École nationale d'administration. She became active in the Confédération française démocratique du travail, which is currently the biggest trade union of the country.

She is the mayor of Lille since 2001 and the First Secretary of the Socialist Party since 2008.  She wanted to be the Socialist candidate to the 2012 presidential election but François Hollande defeated her.

References

1950 births
Living people
French mayors
Politicians from Paris

Martine Aubry


Charles Prestwich Scott (26 October 1846 – 1 January 1932), usually cited as C. P. Scott, was a British journalist, publisher and politician. Born in Bath, Somerset, he was the editor of The Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) from 1872 until 1929 and its owner from 1907 until his death. He was also a Liberal Member of Parliament and pursued a progressive liberal agenda in the pages of the newspaper.

Biography

Early years
Educated at Hove House and Clapham Grammar School, Scott studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He took a first in Greats in the autumn of 1869, then in 1870 went to Edinburgh to train on The Scotsman. While at Oxford, his cousin John Taylor, who ran the London office of The Manchester Guardian, decided that the paper needed an editor based in Manchester and offered Scott the post. Scott already enjoyed a familial connection with the paper; its founder, John Edward Taylor, was his uncle, and at the time of his birth Scott's father, Russell Scott, was the paper's owner, though he later sold it back to Taylor's sons under the terms of Taylor's will. Accepting the offer, Scott joined the paper as their London editor in February 1871 and became its editor on 1 January 1872.

As editor Scott initially maintained The Manchester Guardian's well-established moderate Liberal line, "to the right of the party, to the right, indeed, of much of its own special reporting". However, when in 1886 the whigs led by Lord Hartington and a few radicals led by Joseph Chamberlain, split the party, formed the Liberal Unionist Party and gave their backing to the Conservatives, Scott's Manchester Guardian swung to the left and helped Gladstone lead the party towards support for Irish Home Rule and ultimately the "new liberalism".

Parliamentary career

In 1886, Scott fought his first general election as a Liberal candidate, an unsuccessful attempt in the Manchester North East constituency; he stood again for the same seat in 1891 and 1892. He was elected at the 1895 election as MP for Leigh, and thereafter spent long periods away in London during the parliamentary session. His combined position as a Liberal backbencher, the editor of an important Liberal newspaper, and the president of the Manchester Liberal Federation made him an influential figure in Liberal circles, albeit in the middle of a long period of opposition. He was re-elected at the 1900 election despite the unpopular stand against the Boer War that the Guardian had taken, but retired from Parliament at the time of the Liberal landslide victory in 1906, when he was occupied with the difficult process of becoming owner of the newspaper he edited.

Taking ownership of The Manchester Guardian
In 1905, The Manchester Guardian's owner, Edward Taylor, died. His will provided that the trustees of his estate should give Scott first refusal on the copyright of the Manchester Guardian at £10,000, and recommended that they should offer him the offices and printing works of the paper on "moderate and reasonable terms". However, they were not required to sell it at all, and could continue to run the paper themselves "on the same lines and in the same spirit as heretofore". Furthermore, one of the trustees was a nephew of Taylor and would financially benefit from forcing up the price at which Scott could buy the paper, and another was The Manchester Guardian's manager, but faced losing his job if Scott took control. Scott was therefore forced to dig deep to buy the paper: he paid a total of £240,000, taking large loans from his sisters and from Taylor's widow (who had been his chief supporter among the trustees) to do so. Taylor's other paper, the Manchester Evening News, was inherited by his nephews in the Allen family. Scott made an agreement to buy the MEN in 1922 and gained full control of it in 1929.

His politics and relations with Government
While in London, he stayed at the central location of Nottingham Place from where he could gather news intelligence on European developments. Would the government declare war? Scott recorded that the German ambassador had been deceived into believing that Britain would stay outside the conflict. But liberal policy always accentuated one of "continuity" of free radicals at its heart. But for Scott the Cabinet remained too reticent to act, too timid, clearly an indication of his movement towards MacDonald and Labour. They espoused a pacifist position in Britain, which he was warned was "pro-German". He was a friend of the radical Charles Hobhouse MP, who was not in the War Cabinet.

Scott turned his paper into a pacifist weapon against entering the war, and he lobbied the cabinet as well. His leaders denounced a "conspiracy to drag us into a war against England's interests", arguing that it would amount to a "crime against Europe" and warning that it would "throw away the accumulated progress of half a century". On Tuesday, 4 August 1914 – the day the king declared war – David Lloyd George told Scott, "Up until last Sunday only two members of the Cabinet had been in favour of our intervention in the war but the violation of Belgian territory had completely altered the situation".

Although a lifelong liberal, Scott had a troubled relationship with Lloyd George. Perhaps most instructive of his communicating skills was the introduction he made of Chaim Weizmann to Lloyd George. He struck up a remarkable friendship with the Jewish émigré, whose intellectual brilliance and business savvy was lately attracting the attention of even the Tory Press and senior ministers. Scott wrote regularly in the New Statesman dealing frankly and openly with the Samuel Memorandum; they would all come together in Downing Street for a top-level summit on the Palestine Question. But Scott also investigated Sir Roger Casement. His story was linked to Michael Collins' Dublin builder Batt O'Connor, who more than any Irishman had served to hide Collins's presence from the RIC. In Ulster Joe Devlin warned the Left of the impending violence should they not heed the warnings contained in the newspapers about the coming military occupation. The Curragh incident had profoundly shocked the establishment in Ireland; on 27 July 1916 Scott would hold just a one-off meeting with General Macready, Lord Reading and Lloyd George in the aftermath of the Easter Rising.

Scott was gregarious and frequently met at the Reform Club and with his left-wing friends at the Bath Club. His membership involved serious friendships with other editors, including G. Lowes Dickinson, but his closest political intimate was Irish leader John Dillon. They shared a socialist ambition for home rule, pacifism, conscriptionism and feminism.

Senior political journalist
Under his stewardship the Guardian continued to grow with Lloyd George's influence overseeing its place at the top table. In one such famous interview the new Prime Minister gave his "fight to the finish" speech. Scott was responsible for recruiting the correspondent Robert Dell whose role in Paris was to communicate on secret negotiations with the Quai D'Orsay and Bureau Anglais in a weekly column called "From Our Correspondent, Paris, Friday". Despite Lloyd George's objection to the reporter's anonymity there remained little chance of compromising their French colleagues in a city already renowned for prostitution. To the contrary, Thomas Spring Rice his friend suggested that it had "a most excellent effect here." Scott became friendly with Churchill, a Liberal, and dined with Lord Fisher but remained essentially anti-Conservative. Nonetheless the War Office acknowledged the utility of civilians as contacts on the ground; Scott's opinion was solicited on anything from the strength of Irish war opinions to whether Churchill should be removed from office.

Views
In a 1921 essay marking the Manchester Guardian's centenary (at which time he had served nearly fifty years as editor), Scott put down his opinions on the role of the newspaper. He argued that the "primary office" of a newspaper is accurate news reporting, saying "comment is free, but facts are sacred". Even editorial comment has its responsibilities: "It is well to be frank; it is even better to be fair". A newspaper should have a "soul of its own", with staff motivated by a "common ideal": although the business side of a newspaper must be competent, if it becomes dominant the paper will face "distressing consequences".

While supporting female suffrage, Scott was hostile to militant suffragettes in his editorials, accusing them of employing 'every engine of misguided fanaticism in order to wreck, if it be in their power, the fair prospects of their cause' He was just as disturbed by the General Strike of 1926, asking 'Will not the General Strike cease to be counted henceforth as a possible or legitimate weapon of industrial warfare' Irish rebels were authors of their own destruction, he thought. On the execution of Padraig Pearse and James Connolly after the Easter Uprising in Dublin, he wrote that 'it is a fate which they invoked and of which they probably would not complain'.

Scott was a supporter of Zionism.

Final years
Scott remained editor of the Manchester Guardian until 1 July 1929, at which time he was eighty-three years old and had been editor for exactly fifty-seven and a half years. His successor as editor was his youngest son, Ted Scott, though C. P. remained as Governing Director of the company and was at the Guardian offices most evenings. He died in the early hours of New Year's Day 1932.

Family
In 1874, Scott married Rachel Cook, who had been one of the first undergraduates of the College for Women, Hitchin (later Girton College, Cambridge). She died in the midst of the dispute over Taylor's will. Their daughter Madeline married long-time Guardian contributor Charles Edward Montague. Scott's eldest son Laurence died in 1908, aged 31, after contracting tuberculosis. His middle son John became the Manchester Guardians manager and founder of the Scott Trust. Youngest son Ted, who succeeded his father as editor, drowned in a sailing accident after less than three years in the post. John and Ted Scott jointly inherited the ownership of the Manchester Guardian & Evening News Ltd.; after Ted's death John passed it on to the Scott Trust.

In 1882, having built a new house in Darley Dale in Derbyshire, Sir Joseph Whitworth leased The Firs in Fallowfield in Manchester to his friend C. P. Scott. After Scott's death the house became the property of the University of Manchester, and was the Vice-Chancellor's residence until 1991. Scott used to travel into his Cross Street office by bicycle.

Scott was the grandfather of Evelyn Montague (1900–1948), the Olympic athlete and journalist depicted in the film Chariots of Fire. Montague, like his grandfather, wrote for the Manchester Guardian, and became its London editor.

Honours
Scott was made a Freeman of the City of Manchester in 1930.

References

Bibliography
Primary sources
 Hammond papers
 Lloyd George papers - contains a large number of letters and correspondence - British Library (BL).

Secondary sources

 (the author's mother was a friend of Scott)
 (5 extracts from Scott's writings; 18 other contributions)

External links

Comment is free, but facts are sacred: Scott's famous essay
The Editorial Correspondence of C.P Scott in the Guardian Archive

British male journalists
British newspaper editors
The Guardian journalists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People from Bath, Somerset
British newspaper publishers (people)
1846 births
1932 deaths
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Manchester United F.C. directors and chairmen
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Leigh

C. P. Scott


Ubbe Ert Iwwerks (March 24, 1901 - July 7, 1971), better known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator. He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.

Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City. His father Eert Ubbe was an immigrant from Germany. In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time. Some months later, Disney founded his first studio. Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one. Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day. In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.

Disney and Iwerks often had differences. As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio. It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney. He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department". There he invented the Multiplane camera. For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.

At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too. In 1963 he was nominated for his work on "The Birds" for a second Oscar.

Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California. His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too. Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, also works at Disney.

1901 births
1971 deaths
Disney animators

Ub Iwerks


Ganges is a nature documentary series for television on the natural history of the River Ganges in India and Bangladesh. It showcases the variety of animals and habitats that are to be found along the river's 2,510 km (1,557 mi) reach, as well as the cultures, traditions and religions of the large human population that it supports. For Hindus, the Ganges is a sacred river and a place of pilgrimage, and it holds a deep influence on their religion and culture as well as being their lifeblood. Over the course of three episodes, the series is presented as a journey from the source of the river in the high Himalaya to its delta at the Bay of Bengal.

Ganges is narrated by actor/playwright Sudha Bhuchar and produced by the BBC Natural History Unit, in association with the Travel Channel and France 3. The series producer is Ian Gray. It was first broadcast on BBC Two in August 2007 and formed part of the BBC's "India and Pakistan '07" season, marking the 60th anniversary of independence from British rule and the partitioning of India and Pakistan.

The format was previously used by the BBC for earlier documentary series on the world's major river systems, including Congo (2001) and Nile (2004).

Episodes

1. "Daughter of the Mountains"
The first of the programmes, taking the legendary mythology surrounding the Ganges seriously, shows how the natural world and the spiritual world have always been entwined in Hindu thought and life, and explains how the gift of life that the river brings is the reason she is held in such high reverence.

The film gradually follows the Ganges back along its course, ascending further into the Himalayan mountains, and encountering some of the fabled sources of the Ganges, and most Holy pilgrimage centres along the way.

Beginning at Kedarnath as the thaw sets in during May and 100,000s of pilgrims start their annual ascent, we go up through Yamunotri – not the source of the Ganges but of its sister the Yamuna – Badrinath, which has one of the holiest temples on the route, and up to Gangotri.

But geographically, this is also not the source and the film follows the path up past Gaumukh and on to the Tapovan meadows, which is identified, at least here, as the true source of the river.

All along this route we get glimpses of the varied wildlife that make their home here, from rare photography of the snow leopard in the mountains, to the lammergeier which, with its 3-metre wingspan, is one of the largest birds of prey, and the langur or Hanuman monkeys in the huge deodar trees.

It also visits Nandadevi, the second highest peak in India, and the Valley of Flowers which lies in its foothills, and has over 600 plant species, including the Himalayan balsam which in spring cloaks the valley in pink, and we also see something of the bird-life that thrives in the valley.

The film then shows the effects of the monsoon hail storms and rains, which give the river half of its flow-waters in just a few weeks, and helps wash down an astonishing 2 billion tons of sediment into the plains of India, making it the most fertile soil on Earth.

The film ends by following the river down from Devprayag, where the Alakananda and Bhagirathi rivers converge and the Ganges finally is identified as a separate river, and through the Holy cities of Rishikesh and Haridwar.

2. "River of Life"
The story of the river is taken up in this episode as it leaves the Himalayan foothills and enters the swamplands known as the Terai, here there are grasses that can grow 4 metres a year – so large they can even hide elephants.

Other creatures also live in the Terai swamplands: Indian rhinoceros and Bengal tiger towards the East; in central India, along the Chambal river, birds like the bar-headed goose, ruddy shelduck (also called brahminy duck), spoonbill and Indian skimmer are found. We also see the critically endangered species of crocodile, the gharial, a strict fishetarian with a long, narrow snout.

The monsoon when it comes brings back life to the river which has been drying up during the hot season and washes down an enormous amount of sediment from the mountains producing muds and soils that are estimated to be 3 miles deep in certain places.

In the rice bowls that this fertile land produces we can see domestic birds like ducks, who help clean and fertilise the rice fields; and the sarus crane, which is the largest flying bird on earth, and its courtship dances.

Emphasis is placed on the Hindu respect for all life forms, even dangerous ones like the cobra, which in certain villages are allowed to roam freely throughout the compounds; and the mischievous macaques who are quite violent when in search of food.

This is contrasted with the devastation caused first by the Moghuls and their hunting practices, and even more so by the British, who not only hunted, but also destroyed habitats wholesale in their greed for commerce.

The team also visit the Sonepur Mela in Bihar, the largest livestock fair in India, where cattle, horses and elephants, some of which can sell for up to BPS 10,000; and see villagers fighting off wild elephants in packs of up to 100 in Bengal.

This episode closes by tracing the branch river, the Hooghly, as it flows through Kolkata, and looks at the effect large scale populations are having on the river itself, with their ever-increasing pollution, and asks whether the river, and its inhabitants like the Ganges river dolphin, can survive the onslaught.

3. "Waterland"
Having watched the rise of the Ganges in the Himalayas and its flow through the plains of India, in the final episode we see the effect the river has when it meets the Bay of Bengal and forms the largest delta system in the world.

The delta itself straddles both India and Bangladesh, part of which is the world's largest mangrove swamp, the Sunderbans, which is home not only to giant Asian honey bees, which provide a bountiful harvest of honey for those brave enough to enter the swamp, but also to aggressive man-eating tigers which take many lives each year.

The film follows a scientific team as they tranquillise and place a tracking-collar on a tigress, and follow her journeys through the swamps and temporary villages they hold in a hope of understanding more of how they live and survive in such inhospitable lands.

The swamp also plays home to many other creatures, from mud-skippers, who are thoroughly adopted to their environment, and can use their fins to walk on dry land, to otters which are bred by fishermen and help drive fish into their nets. Astonishingly an otter may sell for up to US$100 they are so useful to the fishermen.

The delta itself is also home to the largest density of human population of earth, in a land around the size of Britain, six times more people find their living, and all thanks to the river, which not only brings water, but also fertile mud to the area making 3 rice crops a year possible.

We watch the changes the land undergoes through the dry season, where water levels can drop as much as 6 metres in 6 months, and into the rainy season, where water levels dramatically rise causing animals and humans alike to migrate as erosion takes its toll.

The documentary ends by wondering once again whether the river can survive as populations increase, drinking and using up the precious water as it flows through the land, and sees hope in the reverence the river has always commanded from the Hindu religion and its adherents, as we watch 1,000,000 pilgrims gather at Sagar Island to give thanks to the river before it enters the sea.

External links

BBC television documentaries
Documentary films about nature
2000s British documentary television series
2007 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
Ganges
Films set in Uttarakhand
Films shot in Uttarakhand

Ganges (TV series)


Abdón Cifuentes Espinoza, GCSG (16 May 1835 - 14 April 1928) was one of Chile's most significant Catholic politicians in the nineteenth century.

He was the son of José Maria Cifuentes Olivares and Paula Espinoza Pinto born in San Felipe, Chile. He married Luz Gómez, with whom he fathered 13 children. Cifuentes attended the Instituto Nacional (National Institute) and then studied law at the Universidad de Chile (University of Chile), receiving his law degree in 1861. Cifuentes went on to become a professor at the Colegio San Luis and then the Instituto Nacional. In 1882, he was named a member of the Faculty of Philosophy & Humanities of the Universidad de Chile, and in 1889 he became professor of constitutional rights at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.

Because of the perceived need for Catholic elements to combat liberals in the press, Cifuentes made contributions to various Chilean periodicals.  Together with his former student and fellow Catholic intellectual Zorobabel Rodríguez, Cifuentes founded the daily newspaper El Independiente (The Independent) in 1864.  In 1867, Cifuentes helped form the Sociedad de Amigos del País (Society of Friends of the Country) and in 1883 he was one of the founders of the Unión Católica de Chile (Catholic Union of Chile).

Cifuentes was elected to Parliament as a representative of Rancagua in 1867 and was reelected five times. In 1892, he was elected Senator of Llanquihue in 1892, Aconcagua in 1894, and then Santiago in 1904. In 1871, Abdón Cifuentes was appointed Minister of Public Instruction by President Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, in which role Cifuentes proposed that state schools refrain from holding exams from private schools (mostly Catholic) and that such tests be carried out in the colleges themselves. It was signed into law January 15, 1872, and caused a strong reaction from lay professors.

On January 30, 1872, he signed another law that granted the right to students to study separate branches of law. This attitude greatly troubled the director of the Instituto Nacional, Diego Barros Arana, whom Cifuentes wanted to remove from power,  though he was only able to sack part of Barros' faculty. After the students of the Instituto Nacional became disorderly, Barros resigned.  The faculty was shaken, and Cifuentes closed the school momentarily to try to reestablish order. His actions in this ordeal were questioned in the congress by Guillermo Antonio Matta, who proposed in 1873 that Cifuentes resign from his post.

Cifuentes also participated in the composition of the act of deposition of President José Manuel Balmaceda in 1891, although he was not able to swear the oath as he was not in Congress at that time, and so Cifuentes administered the oath to the signatories. In 1919, Cifuentes was awarded the Order of St. Gregory the Great by the Vatican, the highest honor that a layman can attain. He died on April 14, 1928, in Santiago.

1835 births
1928 deaths
People from San Felipe, Chile
Chilean people of Spanish descent
Chilean Roman Catholics
Conservative Party (Chile) politicians
Government ministers of Chile
Deputies of the XV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XVI Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XVII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XXII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XXIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XXIV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XXVIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XXIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Roman Catholic activists

Abdón Cifuentes


Paul Daniel "Ace" Frehley (; born April 27, 1951) is an American musician, best known as the original lead guitarist, occasional lead vocalist and co-founding member of the hard rock band Kiss. He invented the persona of The Spaceman (a.k.a. Space Ace) and played with the group from its inception in 1973 until his departure in 1982. After leaving Kiss, Frehley formed his own band named Frehley's Comet and released two albums with this group. He subsequently embarked on a solo career, which was put on hold when he rejoined Kiss in 1996 for a highly successful reunion tour.

Frehley's second tenure with Kiss lasted until 2002, when he left at the conclusion of what was originally purported to be the band's farewell tour. His most recent solo album, Origins Vol. 2, was released on September 18, 2020. Guitar World magazine ranked him as the 14th Greatest Metal Guitarist of All Time. Outside Kiss, Frehley had  commercial success, with his first solo album going platinum.  His first album with his "Frehley's Comet" band was also a big seller. Frehley is noted for his aggressive, atmospheric and melodic guitar playing and is also known for the use of many "special effects" guitars, including a Gibson Les Paul guitar that emits smoke from the neck humbucker pickup and produces spinning pyrotechnics, and a custom Les Paul that emits light based on song tempo. Frehley was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 as a member of Kiss.

Early life
Paul Daniel Frehley was born and raised in The Bronx, New York City, the youngest of three children of Esther Anna (Hecht) (1920–2006) and Carl Daniel Frehley (1903–2000). His father, from Pennsylvania, was the son of Dutch immigrants, and his mother is originally from North Carolina. He has a sister, Nancy, and a brother, Charles, a classical guitarist. The Frehleys were a musical family, and when Frehley received an electric guitar as a Christmas present in 1964, he immersed himself in learning the instrument. "I never went to music school; I never took a guitar lesson, but everybody in my family plays an instrument. My mother and father both played piano, his father was the church organist, and my brother and sister both played piano and acoustic guitar." Frehley was always surrounded by music, and started playing guitar at age 13. He lists Jimi Hendrix, Albert Lee, Buddy Guy, Jeff Beck, B.B. King, Led Zeppelin, the Rolling Stones, and the Who as his main influences.

Growing up on the corner of Marion Avenue and 201st Street, off Bedford Park Boulevard (also known as 200th Street) and Webster Avenue in the Bedford Park section of the Bronx, Frehley graduated from Grace Lutheran School at age 13. Two of the high schools he attended were DeWitt Clinton High School on Mosholu Parkway and Theodore Roosevelt High School on Fordham Road. He got the nickname "Ace" in high school from friends who said he was "a real ace" for his ability to get dates. Also in his high school years, a guidance counselor encouraged him to get into graphic arts. He later credited guitar playing for "saving his life" as a member of Kiss.

Music career

Early career
Frehley's earliest bands included The Outrage, The Four Roses, King Kong, Honey, and The Magic People. When Frehley's later band, Cathedral, began getting paying gigs, he dropped out of high school. At the insistence of his family and girlfriend, Frehley eventually returned and earned a diploma. After graduation, Frehley held a string of short-term jobs, including mail carrier, furniture deliverer, messenger, taxi driver and liquor store delivery person.

Kiss

Frehley spent the early 1970s in a series of local bands including one called Molimo who recorded half an album for RCA Records in 1971. In late 1972, his friend, Chris Cassone, spotted an advertisement for a lead guitarist in The Village Voice and showed the ad to Frehley. Frehley went to 10 East 23rd Street above the Live Bait Bar and auditioned for Paul Stanley (rhythm guitar), Gene Simmons (bass guitar), and Peter Criss (drums). Frehley showed up wearing one red and one orange sneaker and was less than impressive visually, but the band liked what they heard from his playing. About three weeks later the band named Frehley as their lead guitarist. By January 1973 the band came up with the name Kiss. Frehley designed the band's double-lightning-bolt logo, which was polished up by Stanley. The band quickly decided to paint their faces for live performances and Frehley decided to start painting silver stars on his eyes. When the group eventually decided to adopt stage personas to match their makeup and costumes, Frehley became Space Ace. Later his stage persona was also known as The Spaceman.

While Kiss spent their early days rehearsing and playing in empty clubs, Frehley worked as a part-time cab driver to pay bills. In September 1973, Kiss members began to receive a $50 a week salary from new manager Bill Aucoin, and Frehley quit his cabbie job.

Kiss released their debut album, Kiss, in February 1974 – Frehley was credited for writing two songs, "Love Theme from KISS" (the only song co-written by the four original members) and a fan classic, "Cold Gin". Due to Frehley's lack of confidence in his own singing voice, however, Simmons performed the vocals. Frehley wrote or co-wrote several of the band's songs over the next few years but did not record vocals on a song until "Shock Me" (inspired by his near-electrocution during a concert in Lakeland, Florida), which appeared on 1977's Love Gun.

As lead guitarist, Frehley was known for his frenetic, atmospheric playing, becoming one of the most popular guitarists in the 1970s and spawning a generation of new players. Frehley stated in the book Kiss: Behind the Mask that many guitarists have told him his playing on 1975's hit Alive! prompted them to pick up the instrument. Frehley is well-recognized for using Gibson Les Paul guitars, including his trademarked model conversion Les Paul Custom (that was designed and implemented by John Elder Robison, known as "Ampie", an audio engineer working with the band), which filled the stage full of smoke during his live guitar solo.

Along with the three other Kiss members, Frehley released an eponymous solo album in 1978. His was the bestselling of the four, and the album's lone single—the Russ Ballard-written "New York Groove", originally recorded by Hello—reached the Top 20 in the United States.

Frehley's songwriting presence within the group increased in 1979. He contributed three songs for 1979's Dynasty and three for 1980's Unmasked. While this was not the most commercially successful time for Kiss in the United States, the band was beginning to take off in other countries (mostly in Australia, where Dynasty and Unmasked are their biggest-selling albums). Even as his songwriting role within Kiss was increasing, Frehley found himself increasingly at odds with the musical direction of the band. After Peter Criss was voted out of Kiss in 1980, Frehley was often outvoted 2–1 in band decisions, as replacement drummer Eric Carr was not a partner in Kiss and had no vote. Frehley's participation in the recording of 1981's Music from "The Elder" was far more limited than with previous albums. This was in large part due to his unhappiness with the band's decision to create a concept album rather than a straightforward rock album, and also, by Frehley's own admission, his "not relating all that well" to producer Bob Ezrin, who cut many of Frehley's solos from the recorded tracks.

Although Frehley appeared on the covers for 1982's greatest hits album Killers and studio album Creatures of the Night, he had no involvement with Killers, and minimal (no musical) input on Creatures of the Night. Frehley's last appearances with the band were the video for "I Love It Loud", a series of European promotional appearances in November 1982 and a band interview with MTV promoting their world tour.

Solo career/Frehley's Comet
In December 1982, Kiss began the Creatures of the Night tour without Frehley: he was replaced by Vinnie Vincent. Frehley retained a one-quarter share in the Kiss partnership until 1985, however. He received one-quarter of the profits for both Lick It Up and Animalize although he had no involvement with either record.

In 1984, Frehley started his post-Kiss solo career by assembling a band that included, among others, drummer Anton Fig (who had performed on Frehley's 1978 solo album and on two Kiss albums). Bassist John Regan (who had worked with Peter Frampton), whom Frehley met in 1980, was also an original member of the band as was vocalist/guitarist Richie Scarlet and keyboardist Arthur Stead.  The group, whose name alternated between 'Ace Frehley' and Frehley's Comet, recorded a series of demos throughout 1984 and 1985.  The band performed their first ever live show at S.I.R. Studios in New York City on November 30, 1984, and played a handful of shows in the Northeast United States in March 1985.

After a few unsuccessful attempts at securing a recording contract, the group eventually signed to Megaforce Records and released their first album, Frehley's Comet, on July 7, 1987. The album was co-produced by Eddie Kramer, who had produced not only a number of Kiss albums, but Frehley's 1978 album and some of his 1984–85 demos. Fig, now being the in-studio drummer for David Letterman's late-night television show, performed on the album but was unable to maintain a permanent commitment to touring. He played on the 1987 tour in the United States when Frehley's band played a double bill with Y&T, and White Lion opening the shows. By the time the band began recording this album, Scarlet had left the group to pursue other projects and was replaced by Tod Howarth. In addition, at some point between the initial Frehley's Comet shows in 1984–85 and their signing to Megaforce, the band had become a four-piece, with Stead no longer playing with the group.

Frehley's Comet, a mixture of hard rock and pop metal, was a successful return to the music scene for Frehley. The album peaked at No. 43 on the Billboard 200 (selling nearly 500,000 copies), and the single, a Russ Ballard cover "Into the Night", reached No. 27 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. "Rock Soldiers" was an autobiographic song, written partially about Frehley's April 1982 police chase in White Plains, NY while driving a DeLorean with his friend. The video for "Rock Soldiers" received moderate airplay on MTV, particularly on Headbangers Ball.

Despite the positive reviews and healthy album sales of Frehley's Comet, Frehley was unable to maintain much commercial momentum. Two 1988 Frehley's Comet albums—the live EP Live+1 and second studio album Second Sighting peaked at No. 84 and No. 81, respectively. A pair of tours in support of Alice Cooper and Iron Maiden ended prematurely, with the band claiming lack of payment in both cases.

In order to reverse his band's declining commercial fortunes, Frehley dropped the Frehley's Comet moniker and issued 1989's Trouble Walkin' under his own name. Tod Howarth and Jamie Oldaker also decided to leave before recording started on the album, and were replaced by Scarlet and Sandy Slavin. Despite the return to a more traditional hard rock style, Trouble Walkin''' continued the pattern of declining sales, and peaked at #102. After the tour for Trouble Walkin' ended prematurely with John Regan resigning after an April 1990 show in Las Vegas, Frehley did not perform live for two years, until July 1992.

One notable aspect of Trouble Walkin was the guest appearance of Peter Criss, who provided backing vocals on several tracks, along with Sebastian Bach and other members of Skid Row. It was the first time Criss and Frehley had performed together on an album since Kiss' 1979 album, Dynasty, although Criss had shown up briefly at a Frehley's Comet show in Los Angeles in 1987, playing drums on a final encore of "Deuce". Frehley would return the favor by playing solos on Peter Criss' Cat #1 album on TNT Records, released in 1994. In contrast to the somewhat adversarial relationship Frehley had with Kiss (particularly Gene Simmons) throughout the 1980s, he and Criss had maintained good ties during the decade. In June 1995, Frehley's and Criss' bands embarked on the "Bad Boys Tour" with Scarlet on guitar, marking the end of Frehley's solo band for several years as Kiss shortly thereafter reunited and began touring together again.

Reunion with Kiss
In 1996, Frehley rejoined Kiss for a successful reunion tour, on which all four original members of the band performed live for the first time since original drummer Peter Criss' departure in 1980. After the tour, they announced that the original lineup would return to the studio to record a new album. The resulting record, Psycho Circus, was promoted with a successful world tour, but it was revealed a couple of years later that Frehley's and Criss's involvement on it was minimal. "Into The Void", which was Frehley's lone contribution to the record, including vocals and lead guitar duties, is believed to be the only track that all four original members performed on; Frehley also performed the lead guitar solo on the song "You Wanted The Best". After completing the "Farewell Tour" with Kiss in late 2001, Frehley left the band and resumed his solo career. After the end of the 2002 Winter Olympics, he performed one last time with Kiss. In October 2018, he reunited with Kiss on the Kiss Kruise.

Autobiography
Ace Frehley released his autobiography, No Regrets – A Rock 'N' Roll Memoir, on November 1, 2011. The autobiography was authored by Frehley, Joe Layden and John Ostrosky, and published through Gallery Books, a subdivision of Simon & Schuster. The book entered The New York Times Best Seller list in the hardcover non-fiction category at #10.

Technique
In a 2009 interview with Rock N Roll Experience Magazine, Frehley stated, "I'm an anomaly, I'm an un-schooled musician, I don't know how to read music, but I'm one of the most famous guitar players in the world, so go figure."

"I play guitar in such an unorthodox way," he told Guitar World in 1996. "I've never taken a guitar lesson. One of our assistants brought it to my attention a few months ago that, sometimes, when I play chords, my thumb is on the fretted side of the neck. I have no idea why or how I do it, but I do." Paul Stanley added, "I remember a time early on when Ace and I would play, and I would do vibrato with my hand, and Ace would get vibrato by shaking his whole arm against the neck of the guitar [laughs]."

Discography

Solo
 Ace Frehley (1978)
 Trouble Walkin' (1989)
 Anomaly (2009)
 Space Invader (2014)
 Origins Vol. 1 (2016)
 Spaceman (2018)
 Origins Vol. 2 (2020)

 Frehley's Comet
 Frehley's Comet (1987)
 Second Sighting (1988)

 Live
Live+1 (1988)
Greatest Hits Live (2006)

 Compilation albums
12 Picks (1997)
Loaded Deck (1998)

with Kiss

Kiss (1974)
Hotter Than Hell (1974)
Dressed to Kill (1975)
Destroyer (1976)
Rock and Roll Over (1976)
Love Gun (1977)
Dynasty (1979)
Unmasked (1980)
Music from "The Elder" (1981)
Creatures of the Night (1982) (credited but does not play)
Psycho Circus (1998)Live'Alive (1975)Alive II (1977)Kiss Unplugged (1996)You Wanted the Best, You Got the Best!! (1996)Alive! The Millennium Concert (2006)

Solo singles
 1978: "New York Groove" – from the album Ace Frehley, his 1978 Kiss solo album. This is a cover of a song written by Russ Ballard, which was recorded by the band Hello, for their album Keeps Us off the Streets, released in 1976.
 1987: "Into the Night" – from the album Frehley's Comet.
 1987: "Rock Soldiers" – from the album Frehley's Comet.
 1988: "Words Are Not Enough" – (from the album Live+1).
 1988: "Insane" – from the album Second Sighting.
 1988: "It's Over Now" – from the album Second Sighting.
 1989: "Do Ya" – from the album Trouble Walkin'. A cover of a Jeff Lynne song, written in 1971 whilst in The Move. The song was later recorded with Jeff Lynne's ELO, and included on their album A New World Record, released in 1976.
 2009: "Outer Space" – from the album Anomaly.
 2014: "Gimme a Feelin'" – from the album Space Invader.
 2014: "The Joker" – from the album Space Invader. A cover of the Steve Miller song from his 1973 album The Joker.
 2016: "White Room" – from the album Origins Vol. 1. A cover of the Cream song from their 1968 album Wheels of Fire.
 2016: "Fire and Water" – from the album Origins Vol. 1. A cover of the Free song from their 1970 album, Fire and Water, featuring Paul Stanley of Kiss on vocals (promotional video).
 2018: "Bronx Boy" – from the album Spaceman (released as a single on April 27, 2018, Ace Frehley's birthday).
 2018: "Rockin' with the Boys" – from the album Spaceman. Released October 15, 2018 (promotional video).
 2019: "Mission to Mars" – from the album Spaceman. Released May 28, 2019, with animated YouTube video.
 2020: "Space Truckin'" – from the album Origins Vol. 2. A cover of the Deep Purple song. Released July 28, 2020, with animated YouTube video.
 2020: "I'm Down" – from the album Origins Vol. 2. Released as a Visualizer on YouTube on September 3, 2020. The song "I'm Down" was originally recorded by the Beatles and was the B-side of their 1965 single "Help!".

Guest appearances
 "Eugene" – song on the 1981 self-titled album by Crazy Joe and the Variable Speed Band. Frehley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Joe Renda and played synth drums.
 "Bump and Grind" –  song on the 1984 Wendy O. Williams album WOW, Frehley played lead guitar.
 "Bad Attitude", "Walk the Line", and "Blue Moon Over Brooklyn". Frehley played lead guitar on these three songs that feature on his former Kiss bandmate Peter Criss' album Cat #1 – the 1994 Criss album.
 "Cherokee Boogie" – song on the 1996 compilation album Smell the Fuzz: Guitars that Rule the World 2. The song was written, produced and engineered by Frehley, who also played all guitars on it.
 "Rocker Room Theme" – song on the 1998 Still Wicked album Something Wicked This Way Comes. Frehley played rhythm and lead guitar. CD also features Ron Leejack (Wicked Lester), Gordon G.G. Gebert, MaryAnn Scandiffio and Michael Sciotto.
 "Foxy Lady" – song on the 1998 ESP (Eric Singer Project) album Lost and Spaced. Frehley played lead guitar.
 "Freedom" – song on the 2000 Karl Cochran album Voodooland. Frehley played the guitar solo on the bonus demo version.Insanity of Life – on the 2002 Richie Scarlet album, Frehley played guitar on "Johnny's in Love" and lead guitar on "Too Far Gone", which he co-wrote with Scarlet.
 "Know Where You Go" – On the 2002 Anton Fig album Figments, Frehley played lead guitar.
 "Bad Choice" – on the 2005 Kathy Valentine album Light Years, Frehley played the lead guitar solos.
 "2,000 Man" (new version) – In 2005, Frehley played this new version on Eddie Trunk's Merry Kissmas special. Chris Cassone on acoustic guitar and harmony vocals. Chris suggested the song to Frehley for the Dynasty LP and recorded the demo at North Lake Sound.
 "God of Thunder" (live version) – In 2006, Frehley was a guest at the VH1 Rock Honors. He performed with a 'super-group' of Rob Zombie, Slash, Gilby Clarke, Scott Ian, and Tommy Lee. They performed the KISS song "God of Thunder".
 "Black Diamond" (live version) – On June 25, 2008, Frehley appeared onstage at New York's Madison Square Garden with Pearl Jam for an encore performance of Kiss's "Black Diamond" sung by drummer Matt Cameron.
 "The Ride" – August 12, 2008 Black Pain Society by Jam Pain Society. Frehley played lead guitar on the song.
 "Highway to Hell" (live version) – On July 21, 2009, Frehley appeared on the Dark Horse Tour with members from each of the tour's participating bands in a rendition of AC/DC's "Highway to Hell". Frehley played lead guitar with Chad Kroeger of Nickelback on rhythm guitar and backing vocals—and Austin Winkler of Hinder and Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach sharing lead vocals.
 "Nothin' but a Good Time" – Frehley played lead guitar on a re-recorded version of this song, which features on Bret Michaels' 2013 album Jammin' With Friends. The song was originally recorded and released as a single by the rock band Poison.
 "Never Too Hot" – Ace recorded the lead for old friend, Chris Cassone, for his BBQ All Stars CD.
 "Rise Up (Back from the Grave)" – This is a collaboration between Kris Randall and Ace Frehley released in 2014. Written by Ace Frehley and Kris Randall. Co-produced by Kris Randall and Andy Bigan. Guitars/background vocals, Ace Frehley. Vocals/guitar/bass, Kris Randall; drums/bass, Andy Bigan.
 "Starman" – Ace Frehley played lead guitar on Joe Silva's cover of the David Bowie song, released in 2014. The recording also featured Anton Fig on drums and Will Lee on bass, both of whom featured on the Ace Frehley 1978 KISS solo album.

Filmography
 1978: Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park 1988: Frehley's Comet: Live + 4 (VHS)
 1992: X-treme Close-Up 1994: Ace Frehley – Acevision Volume #1 1996: Kiss Unplugged 1998: Kiss: The Second Coming Documentary 1999: Detroit Rock City2001: Family Guy: A Very Special Family Guy Freakin' Christmas 2004: Kiss Loves You 2005: Remedy 2006: Kissology Volume One: 1974-1977 2007: Kissology Volume Two: 1978-1991 2007: Kissology Volume Three: 1992-2000 2009: Let's Go Cobo (Documentary)

Interviews
 Behind the Player: Ace Frehley DVD'' (2010)
 A Conversation with Ace Frehley on The Pods & Sods Network EM25 – Ace Frehley

References

Sources
 Giles, Jeff (July 10, 2014) "Ace Frehley Reveals 'Space Invader' Track Listing". Ultimate Classic Rock.
 Grow, Kory (May 29, 2014) Rolling Stone Magazine.

Further reading

External links

 Career Retrospective Interview from April 2016 with Pods & Sods

followed by Mark St. John

Kiss (band) members
American heavy metal guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock songwriters
American male songwriters
Lead guitarists
Musicians from the Bronx
1951 births
Living people
American people of Dutch descent
American Lutherans
Guitarists from New York City
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
20th-century American guitarists
Frehley's Comet members
Musicians with fictional stage personas

Ace Frehley


Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods as Jewish gangsters. The movie was Sergio Leone's last before his death.

The movie is set at three different times;
the early 1920s; the characters as children,
the early 1930s; the characters as adults,
1968; the few still living characters in their old age.

When Leone finished making the movie it was 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes) and started with an old character (Robert De Niro) remembering his past; it then showed him as a child and as a young adult. We call this flashbacks; it can happen in movie but certainly not in real life. But when it was first shown to American audiences it was made much shorter and set in chronological order; meaning the movie first showed the characters as children, then as young adults and then as older adults; or 'from start to finish'. We call this chronological; this is what would happen in real life. Many people agree that the longer version is much better than the shortened chronological version.

1984 movies
American crime drama movies
Italian drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone

Once Upon a Time in America


A beam bridge is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam.

Beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. Beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called log bridges. Modern ones are mostly made of steel. Beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them.  Beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds.  Beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge.

Bridge types

Beam bridge


Gossip Center (formerly known as Gossip Girls) is a celebrity news and gossip website owned by Bluefin Media. The site's original content is regularly featured on the homepage of Google News and FoxNews.com, and it reports over 10,000 original stories 100,000 copyrighted images in its archives. One of the fastest growing gossip websites since its re-launch in January 2007, it has grown with less than ten full-time employees from its Ohio headquarters. In addition to celebrity news and gossip, it also features movie reviews, countdowns to events, and forums.

Background
Gossip Center was created in March 2003 by a network of girls located in Los Angeles, New York City, and the Midwest who were passionate about celebrity gossip. It originally operated under the URL of celebrity-gossip.net, but this was changed when Brand Technologies acquired Gossip Girls in 2006. Over the years, it has participated in the Glam Media Network and now syndicates video to its entertainment section along with other providers such as E! Online and TV Guide. NBC24, the NBC affiliate in Northwest Ohio, has partnered with Gossip Girls for a weekly televised broadcast that covers gossip headlines.

Content
Gossip Center publishes over 30 original stories and between 200-600 images each day. It routinely covers the most popular celebrities of the moment, such as Britney Spears, Brad Pitt, and Vanessa Hudgens, but unlike many of its competitors, such as Dlisted and Perez Hilton, it portrays them in a neutral or positive light.

References

External links
 Official Website
 DailyFill Homepage
 The Elite Post Homepage
 Mashable, 30 Most Salacious Sites for Celebrity Gossip
 VentureBeat The new gossip site coming out of News Corp
 Toledo Free Press , Local Web site gets the scoop on celebrity news

American entertainment news websites
Gossip blogs

Gossip Center


Public sector organisations in New Zealand comprise the state sector organisations plus those of local government.

Within the state sector lies the state services, and within this lies the core public service.

Legally, the Legislative Branch non-public service departments (the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Parliamentary Service), Executive Branch non-public service departments, and the public service departments are all part of "the Crown".

State sector

Offices of Parliament
 Office of the Controller and Auditor-General (Tumuaki o te Mana Arotake)
 Audit New Zealand
 Office of the Ombudsmen (Nga Kaitiaki Mana Tangata)
 Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (Te Kaitiaki Taiao a Te Whare Pāremata Aotearoa)

State services departments

Public service departments
The public service in New Zealand technically consists solely of the departments listed below.
 Crown Law Office (Te Tari Ture o te Karauna)
 Department of Conservation (Te Papa Atawhai)
 Department of Corrections (Ara Poutama Aotearoa)
 Department of Internal Affairs (Te Tari Taiwhenua)
 Archives New Zealand (Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga)
 Births, Deaths and Marriages (Whānautanga, Matenga, Mārenatanga)
 Censorship Compliance Unit
 Local Government Commission (Mana Kāwanatanga ā Rohe)
 New Zealand Lottery Grants Board (Te Puna Tahua)
 National Library of New Zealand
 Office for the Community & Voluntary Sector
 New Zealand Passports Office (Nga Uruwhenua)
 New Zealand Citizenship Office (Te Raraunga)
 New Zealand Gazette Office (Te Kahiti o Aotearoa)
 Translation Service, The
 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
 Cabinet Office
 National Assessments Bureau
 Honours Secretariat
 National Emergency Management Agency
 Education Review Office (Te Tari Arotake Matauranga)
 Government Communications Security Bureau
 National Cyber Security Centre
 Inland Revenue Department (Te Tari Taake)
 Land Information New Zealand (Toitu te whenua)
 Crown Property Management
 New Zealand Geospatial Office
 Overseas Investment Office
 Ministry for Culture and Heritage (Te Manatū Taonga)
 Ministry for Pacific Peoples
 Ministry for Primary Industries (Manatū Ahu Matua)
 Ministry for the Environment (Manatū Mō Te Taiao)
 Ministry for Women (Manatū Wāhine)
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (Hīkina Whakatutuki)
Business.govt.nz
Companies Office, which also manages registers for motor-vehicle traders, financial-service providers, societies and trusts and personal-property securities.
Consumer Affairs, formerly the Ministry of Consumer Affairs
Electricity Authority (NZ)
Electrical Workers Registration Board
Immigration New Zealand (Te Ratonga Manene)
Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand
Insolvency and Trustee Service
Natural Hazards Research Platform (NHRP)
New Zealand Cycle Trail
New Zealand Petroleum & Minerals
New Zealand Space Agency
Occupational Safety and Health (Te Ratonga Oranga)
Pike River Recovery Agency
Radio Spectrum Management
Social Housing Unit
 Ministry of Defence (Manatu Kaupapa Waonga)
 Ministry of Education (Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga)
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Te Manatū Aorere)
New Zealand Agency for International Development – NZAID (Nga Hoe Tuputupu-mai-tawhiti)
 Ministry of Health (Manatū Hauora)
 Medsafe (New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority)
 National Radiation Laboratory
 New Zealand Health Information Service
 National Health Committee
 HealthPAC
 Ministry of Housing and Urban Development
 Ministry of Justice (Tāhū o te Ture)
 Crime Prevention Unit
 Office of Treaty Settlements
 Te Puni KōkiriMinistry for Māori Development
 Ministry of Social Development (Te Manatu Whakahiato Ora)
 Ministry of Youth Development (Te Manatū Whakahiato Taiohi)
 Work and Income (Te Hiranga Tangata)
 Studylink (Hoto Akoranga)
 Heartland Services (Ngā Ratonga ki te Manawa o te Whenua)
 The Office for Senior Citizens
 The Office of the Families Commission
 Ministry of Transport (Te Manatū Waka)
 New Zealand Customs Service (Te Mana Arai o Aotearoa)
 New Zealand Security Intelligence Service
 Oranga TamarikiMinistry for Children
 Pike River Recovery Agency (Te Kāhui Whakamana Rua Tekau mā Iwa)
 Public Service Commission (Te Kawa Mataaho)
 Serious Fraud Office (Te Tari Hara Taware)
 Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga Aotearoa)
 Māori Trust Office
 The Treasury (Te Tai Õhanga)
 New Zealand Debt Management
 New Zealand Export Credit

Departmental agencies
Cancer Control Agency
National Emergency Management Agency
Ministry for Ethnic Communities
replaces the Office of Ethnic Communities (previously Ethnic Affairs) that was part of Internal Affairs
Office for Māori Crown Relations–Te Arawhiti
Social Wellbeing Agency
Whaikaha - Ministry of Disabled People

Interdepartmental executive boards
Border Executive Board
Family Violence Executive Board
Strategic Planning Reform Board

State services organisations outside the core public service
 New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) (Te Ope Kaatua O Aotearoa)
 New Zealand Cadet Forces
 Air Training Corps
 New Zealand Cadet Corps
 Sea Cadet Corps
 NZDF armed forces
 New Zealand Army (Ngāti Tumatauenga)
 Regular Force
 Territorial Force
 Army Reserve
 Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN)
 Royal New Zealand Naval Reserve
 Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNZNVR)
 Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF)
 Air Force Reserve
 Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF)
 Territorial Air Force (TAF)
 Veterans' Affairs New Zealand (Te Tira Ahu Ika A Whiro) (semi-autonomous body)
 Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives
 Reporting Services (Hansard)
 Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand) (Te Tari Tohutohu Paremata)
 Parliamentary Service (includes the Parliamentary Library)
 Parliamentary Service Commission
 Visitor Services
 New Zealand Police (Ngā Pirihimana O Aotearoa)

Reserve Bank of New Zealand
 Reserve Bank of New Zealand

Crown entities

Crown agents
 Accident Compensation Corporation (Te Kaporeihana Āwhina Hunga Whara)
 Callaghan Innovation
 Civil Aviation Authority
 Aviation Security Service
 Earthquake Commission
 Education New Zealand
 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority
 Environmental Protection Authority
 Fire and Emergency New Zealand
 Health Quality and Safety Commission
 Health Research Council of New Zealand
 Kāinga Ora - Homes and Communities
 Maritime New Zealand
 New Zealand Antarctic Institute
 New Zealand Blood Service
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority
 New Zealand Tourism Board
 New Zealand Trade and Enterprise
 New Zealand Walking Access Commission
 Pharmaceutical Management Agency
 Real Estate Agents Authority
 Social Workers Registration Board
 Sport New Zealand
 Taumata Arowai - the Water Services Regulator
 Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand)
 Tertiary Education Commission
 Careers New Zealand
  Waka Kotahi – NZ Transport Agency
 WorkSafe New Zealand

Autonomous crown entities
 Accreditation Council
 Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa
 Broadcasting Commission (New Zealand on Air) (Irirangi Te Motu)
 Government Superannuation Fund Authority
 Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation
 Heritage New Zealand (Pouhere Taonga)
 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
 New Zealand Artificial Limb Board
 New Zealand Film Commission
 New Zealand Infrastructure Commission (Te Waihanga)
 New Zealand Lotteries Commission
 New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
 Public Trust
 Retirement Commission
 Te Māngai Pāho (Maori Broadcasting Funding Agency)
 Te Taura Whiri I Te Reo Māori (Māori Language Commission)

Independent crown entities
 Broadcasting Standards Authority
 Children's Commissioner
 Climate Change Commission
 Commerce Commission
 Criminal Cases Review Commission
 Drug Free Sport New Zealand
 Electoral Commission
 Electricity Authority (Te Komihana Hiko)
 External Reporting Board
 Financial Markets Authority
 Health and Disability Commissioner
 Human Rights Commission
 Independent Police Conduct Authority
 Law Commission
 Mental Health Commission
 Office of Film and Literature Classification
 Privacy Commissioner
 Productivity Commission
 Takeovers Panel
 Transport Accident Investigation Commission

Crown entity companies
 New Zealand Fast Forward Fund Limited
 New Zealand Venture Investment Fund Limited
 Radio New Zealand Limited
 Television New Zealand Limited (TVNZ)

Crown Research Institutes (CRIs)

(with principal campuses)
 AgResearch (New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute Limited) (Ruakura, Hamilton)
 ESR (Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited) (Porirua)
 Forest Research (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited) (Rotorua)
 GNS Science (formerly Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited) (Lower Hutt)
 Landcare Research (Landcare Research New Zealand Limited) (Lincoln)
 NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited) (Auckland)
 Plant & Food Research (New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited) (Auckland)

School boards of trustees
See: Education in New Zealand

Tertiary education institutions

State-owned tertiary institutions consist of universities, colleges of education (teachers colleges), polytechnics (institutes of technology) and wānanga. In addition there are numerous non-state-owned private training establishments.

Universities
(and amalgamated colleges of education, with principal campus only)
 AUT University (Te Wananga Aronui o Tāmaki Makau Rau) (Auckland)
 Lincoln University (Te Whare Wanaka o Aoraki) (Lincoln)
 Massey University (Te Kunenga ki Purehuroa) (Palmerston North)
 Palmerston North College of Education
 University of Auckland (Waipapa Taumata Rau) (Auckland)
 Auckland College of Education (Te Kura Akoranga o Tamaki Makaurau)
 University of Canterbury (Te Whare Wānanga O Waitaha) (Christchurch)
 Christchurch College of Education (Te Whare Whai Mātauraka Ki Ōtautahi)
 University of Otago (Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo) (Dunedin)
 University of Otago College of Education (Te Kura Akau Taitoka)
 University of Waikato (Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato) (Hamilton)
 Hamilton Teachers' Training College
 Victoria University of Wellington (Te Herenga Waka) (Wellington)
 Wellington College of Education (Te Whānau o Ako Pai ki te Upoko o te Ika)

Institutes of Technology and Polytechnics
(with principal campus only)
Crown entity subsidiaries of Te Pūkenga (the New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology) (NZIST)
 Ara Institute of Canterbury Previously CPIT (ICS NZ) (Christchurch)
 Eastern Institute of Technology (EIT) (Taradale)
 Manukau Institute of Technology (MIT) (South Auckland)
 Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology (NMIT) (Nelson)
 NorthTec, formerly Northland Polytechnic (Whangarei)
 Otago Polytechnic (Dunedin)
 The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand (Lower Hutt)
 Southern Institute of Technology (SIT) (Invercargill)
 Tai Poutini Polytechnic (Greymouth)
 Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology (Rotorua, Tauranga)
 Unitec Institute of Technology (Auckland)
 UCOL (Universal College of Learning) (Palmerston North)
 Waikato Institute of Technology (Wintec) (Hamilton)
 Wellington Institute of Technology (WelTec) (Lower Hutt)
 Western Institute of Technology at Taranaki (New Plymouth)
 Whitireia Community Polytechnic (WCP) (Porirua)

Wānanga

(with principal campus only)

The following wānanga are those who have been granted Crown entity status; there are many that have not.
 Te Wānanga o Aotearoa (TWOA) (Te Awamutu)
 Te Wānanga-o-Raukawa (TWOR) (Ōtaki)
 Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi (Whakatāne)

Independent statutory entities
 Te Aka Whai Ora (Māori Health Authority)
 Te Mātāwai

Public Finance Act Schedule 4 Organisations
 Agricultural and Marketing Research and Development Trust
 Asia New Zealand Foundation
 Fish and Game Councils
 Auckland and Waikato
 Central South Island
 Eastern
 Hawke's Bay
 Nelson Marlborough
 North Canterbury
 Northland
 Otago
 Southland
 Taranaki
 Wellington
 West Coast
 Leadership Development Centre Trust
 Māori Trustee
 National Pacific Radio Trust
 New Zealand Fast Forward Limited
 New Zealand Fish and Game Council
 New Zealand Game Bird Habitat Trust Board
 New Zealand Government Property Corporation
 New Zealand Lottery Grants Board
 Ngāi Tahu Ancillary Claims Trust
 Pacific Co-operation Foundation
 Pacific Island Business Development Trust
 Research and Education Advanced Network New Zealand Limited
 Reserve Boards (24)
 Road Safety Trust
 Sentencing Council

State-owned enterprises

The state enterprises are listed in Schedule 1 of the State-owned Enterprises Act.
 Airways Corporation of New Zealand Limited
 Animal Control Products Limited
 AsureQuality Limited
 Electricity Corporation of New Zealand Limited
 KiwiRail Holdings Limited
 Kordia (formerly BCL)
 Landcorp Farming Limited
 Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited
 New Zealand Post Limited
 New Zealand Railways Corporation
 Quotable Value Ltd (QV)
 Transpower New Zealand Limited

Local government
Local government in New Zealand consists of city councils, district councils and regional councils. These are all also known as "local authorities". City councils and district councils are collectively known as territorial authorities.
Local authorities may set up various council-controlled organisations for specific purposes.

Regional councils

City and district councils

Historic organisations
 New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation
 New Zealand Forest Service
 HortResearch and Crop and Food were merged in 2008 to form Plant & Food Research
 Department of Island Territories
 Department of Labour
 Department of Lands and Survey
 Land Transport New Zealand (merged into the NZ Transport Agency)
 Department of Industries and Commerce
 Marine Department
 Mines Department
 Transfund New Zealand (merged into Land Transport New Zealand)
 Traffic Safety Service (absorbed into New Zealand Police)
 New Zealand Post Office (corporatised in 1987 as New Zealand Post, PostBank and Telecom)
 State Hydro Department, became New Zealand Electricity Department, then NZE, then ECNZ
 New Zealand Railways Department (corporatised in 1981 as a state-owned enterprise, the New Zealand Railways Corporation, including the infrastructure, which is now trading as KiwiRail)
 Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST) (Te Manatū Pūtaiao)
 Ministry of Works (formerly the Department of Public Works)
 Department of Social Welfare (restructured in 1999)
 Income Support Service became Work and Income New Zealand (WINZ)
 Children, Young Persons and their Families Agency became Child Youth and Family Service
 the remainder of core services became part of the Ministry of Social Policy.
 New Zealand Wildlife Service (a division of Internal Affairs)
 Solid Energy New Zealand Limited (Went into administration and assets sold in 2015)
 Terralink NZ Limited
 Learning Media Limited
 IRL (Industrial Research Limited) Web page (Now part of Callaghan Innovation)
 Institute For Social Research and Development Limited (Wellington). Disestablished in 1995 after failing to achieve financial viability.

See also
 Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand
 New Zealand Cabinet
 Institute of Public Administration New Zealand

References

External links
 Te Kawa Mataaho Public Service Commission list of organisations of the State sector
 State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 at the www.legislation.govt.nz site (as consolidated and amended)
 Bilingual titles of public and private sector organisations at the Māori Language Commission Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori site

Lists of organisations based in New Zealand
New Zealand
Organisations

List of public sector organisations in New Zealand


Isaac Harding Duval (September 1, 1824 – July 10, 1902) was an adventurer and businessman prior to becoming a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was a postbellum U.S. Representative from West Virginia in the 41st United States Congress.

Early life and career
Duval was born and raised in Wellsburg, West Virginia (then Virginia) in Brooke County. He attended the common schools as a child. As a young man, he traveled to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where he joined an elder brother who was running a trading post. Afterward, he became a scout on the Western Plains and Rocky Mountains, and joined the Gold Rush in 1849.

He was a member of the Lopez expedition to Cuba that sought to aid the Cuban national independence movement. After his time as a filibuster, he returned to Wellsburg in 1853 and worked as a merchant.

Civil War
During the Civil War, Duval was commissioned as the first major of the 1st Virginia Volunteer Infantry on June 1, 1861. He was later promoted to colonel of the 9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry. In September 1864, he was badly wounded in his thigh at the Battle of Opequon. After he recovered, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and given charge of a brigade of infantry in the VIII Corps.

By the end of the war, Duval had fought in 36 separate engagements and commanded two different divisions in the VIII Corps. He had eleven horses killed and wounded under him. On May 17, 1865, after the surrender of the main Confederate armies under Generals Lee and Johnston, but with some other Confederate units still in the field in the west, an unknown attacker tried to kill Duval at Staunton, Virginia. Duval was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866. On February 24, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Duval for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on May 4, 1866.

Postbellum career
After completing his Union Army service, Duval returned to West Virginia, where he served as member of the West Virginia Senate and as the state's adjutant general from 1867 to 1869. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-first Congress (March 4, 1869–March 3, 1871). He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1870.

He then served as States Assessor of Internal Revenue in 1871 and 1872. He worked as the U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue for the first district of West Virginia from 1872 to 1884. He served as member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1887 to 1889.

Duval died in Wellsburg, West Virginia, on July 10, 1902, and was buried at Brooke Cemetery.  His country home, known as the Gen. I.H. Duval Mansion, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)
United States congressional delegations from West Virginia

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

 Retrieved on 2008-02-12

Further reading
 Dillon, Richard H., and Shaw, Charles, Texas Argonauts : Isaac H. Duval and the California Gold Rush. San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1987. OCLC 18311782.

External links
Duval biography

1824 births
1902 deaths
American filibusters (military)
Union Army generals
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
People from Wellsburg, West Virginia
Military personnel from West Virginia
Republican Party West Virginia state senators
Republican Party members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from West Virginia
19th-century American politicians

Isaac H. Duval


A Rubik's Revenge is a 4x4 Rubik's Cube. It has 24 centers, 24 edges, and 8 corners. It was made by Peter Sebestény. Unlike the Rubik's Cube, the centers can move to different places.

Ways to solve
There are different ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge. One way is to solve the centers, and then the edges. Then, you can solve it like a 3x3. But, special problems can happen. 2 edges flipped wrong, or 2 sets of edges could be swapped from each other.

These problems are called parity errors. It can still be solved, but special moves must be done to solve it. Another way is to solve the edges first, then the centers. But, it is also possible to get parity errors. There are ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge without getting parity errors. One way is to solve the corners and edges first, then the centers.

Related pages
Pocket Cube
Rubik's Cube
Professor's Cube

Other websites
How to solve a Rubik's Revenge

Toys

Rubik's Revenge


Recitative (Italian: "recitativo") is music which is telling a story quite quickly, as if it were being spoken, "talky".  The word means: "to recite" i.e. to tell a story.

Recitative is used in opera, oratorio and cantatas.  When opera was invented around 1600 the composers needed to tell the story in music.  In recitative the story is sung quickly, with maybe just a harpsichord playing a few chords.  After a while, the situation in the story has changed, and the singer can sing an aria which is more interesting musically.

When recitative is just accompanied by a keyboard instrument it is called "recitativo secco" (dry recitative).  Sometimes the orchestra joins this.  This is called "recitativo accompagnato" (accompanied recitative).  There are no bar lines in recitative because there is no regular beat.

Recitative is simple musically, it can sometimes describe the words being sung in quite interesting or amusing ways.  Sometimes this might be improvised by the harpsichordist.

In the 19th century the difference between aria and recitative gradually disappeared.  Wagner wrote operas where everything had musical interest and the various sections flowed into one another.

musical forms

Recitative


A ruler (or 'rule') is an instrument of measurement. Rulers measure length. Length is how long or short something is. Most rulers work by having numbers (parallel to the measuring edge) and little lines (perpendicular to the measuring edge). Rulers can also be used as a straight edge to draw lines with.

Rulers come in many different forms. They can be made of plastic, wood and metal, and other materials. Rulers also come in a variety of lengths. For example, there are 1 metre rulers, 30 centimetre rulers, 20 centimetre rulers and 15 centimetre rulers. These are examples of metric rulers. You can also get 1 yard rulers, 18 inch rulers and 6 inch rulers, etc. These are examples of imperial rulers.

Notes

Measuring tools

Ruler


is a big public park in the Ueno section of Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. It is in the site of an old Kan'eiji, a temple very related with the Tokugawa shoguns, who had built the temple to guard Edo Castle against the northeast. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War.

Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is , which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".

A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog is in this park.

Tokyo

Ueno Park


Mulugeta Seraw (; October 21, 1960 – November 13, 1988) was an Ethiopian student who traveled to the United States to attend college. He was 28 when he was murdered by three white supremacists in November 1988 in Portland, Oregon. They were convicted, and Mulugeta's father and son—who was six years old—filed (and won) a civil lawsuit against the killers and an affiliated organization, holding them liable for the murder.

Background

On the night of November 12, 1988, Kenneth Murray "Death" Mieske, Kyle Brewster, and Steve Strasser, members of groups known as East Side White Pride and White Aryan Resistance (WAR), were driving around Portland with their girlfriends, intending to return home. The three confronted two black men, including Mulugeta, who had been dropped off in front of his apartment. Mulugeta was beaten to death with a baseball bat on Southeast 31st Avenue. The three perpetrators and their girlfriends left him in a puddle of blood. He died the next day.

Mieske said he, Brewster, and Strasser killed Mulugeta "because of his race." In response, hundreds of people turned out for rallies against racism. Meanwhile, Tom Metzger, head of WAR, said the supremacists did a "civic duty" by killing the Ethiopian student.

After one week of investigation, Mieske, Brewster, and Strasser were arrested. Brewster and Strasser were convicted of manslaughter and assault. Brewster was released in November 2002, but in 2006 violated parole and was sent back to prison. Brewster was again released, and has been documented at Proud Boys rallies and fighting alongside them in brawls.

In 1990, Mieske was convicted of first-degree murder and given a life sentence; he died on July 26, 2011, at the age of 45. At the time of his death, he was still being referred to as a "Prisoner of War" by white power groups.

In October 1990, Mulugeta's father and son, represented at no cost by the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League, won a civil case against White Aryan Resistance's operator Tom Metzger and his son John Metzger for a total of $12.5 million. The cost of the trial, which measured in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, was absorbed by the SPLC and the ADL. As Metzger was unable to cover the damages, the Mulugetas' lawyer decided to file legal documents in order to have his Fallbrook, California home and his assets seized. As a result, the house was transferred to Mulugeta's estate for a value of $121,500; Metzger was allowed to keep $45,000 under California's Homestead Act. Metzger was warned that any damage caused to the house would result in a lawsuit; nonetheless, he chose to leave the property "a mess" with cracked windows, but apparently did not cause any serious damage. The Metzgers declared bankruptcy, but WAR continued to operate. Metzger himself was forced to move into an apartment and collect welfare. As of 2007, he was still making payments to Mulugeta's family.

Reaction to the murder
Approximately 18 months after Mulugeta's death, 1,500 people attended a rally along the South Park Blocks. Among the participants were assistant U.S. Attorney Michael Brown, prosecuting deputy district attorney Norm Frink, Margaret Carter, Bud Clark, and several city commissioners, as well as at least five members of Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice. There were 150 police officers on hand, as up to 300 skinheads were expected to oppose the rally; previously, the largest number of police officers required for an event in Portland were the 90 officers in attendance at an Elvis Presley concert in 1957, and a Run-DMC concert in 1987. Bomb disposal squads, bomb-sniffing dogs, riot police, and a police helicopter were used, but the rally occurred without any major incident.

Also in 1990 in response to Mulugeta's death, members of the Oregon chapter of the American Leadership Forum formed an experiential anti-discrimination youth camp based on the National Conference for Community and Justice "Anytown, U.S.A." curriculum. Operating from 1990 to 2002, Camp Odyssey facilitated a week-long journey for teenagers in the Pacific Northwest, examining systems of oppression and fostering communication amongst a widely diverse group of participants. In early 2010, a small group of alumni formed a not-for-profit organization called The Piece, which achieved designation as an Oregon Solutions project and oversaw the revival of Camp Odyssey which ran again from 2011 through 2015.

See also
 List of homicides in Oregon

References

Further reading
Morris Dees. Hate on Trial: The Case Against America's Most Dangerous Neo-Nazi. Villard, (February 23, 1993)  (280 pages)

External links
Berhanu v. Metzger case document of The Southern Poverty Law Center
NPR-Storycorps An interview with J. Belec one of the "girlfriends," who was a minor and witnessed Mulugeta's murder. The interview was conducted with National Public Radio's project.

1960 births
1988 deaths
1988 in Oregon
1988 murders in the United States
People from Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
Murder in Oregon
November 1988 events in the United States
People murdered in Oregon
Ethiopian people murdered abroad
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
White nationalism in Oregon
Neo-fascist terrorist incidents in the United States
African-American history in Portland, Oregon
Ethiopian-American history
African-American history of Oregon
American people of Ethiopian descent

Murder of Mulugeta Seraw