George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (21 October 144918 February 1478), was the sixth son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville, and the brother of English kings Edward IV and Richard III. He played an important role in the dynastic struggle between rival factions of the Plantagenets now known as the Wars of the Roses.

Though a member of the House of York, he switched sides to support the House of Lancaster, before reverting back to the Yorkists. He was later convicted of treason against his elder brother, Edward IV, and executed, allegedly by drowning in malmsey wine. He appears as a character in William Shakespeare's plays Henry VI, Part 3 and Richard III, in which his death is attributed to the machinations of Richard.

Life

George was born on 21 October 1449 in Dublin at a time when his father, the Duke of York, had begun to challenge Henry VI for the crown. His godfather was James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond. He was the second of the three sons of Richard and Cecily who survived their father and became a potential claimant for the crown. His father died in 1460. In 1461 his elder brother, Edward, became King of England as Edward IV and George was made Duke of Clarence. Despite his youth, he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the same year.

Having been mentioned as a possible husband for Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Clarence came under the influence of his first cousin Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and in July 1469 was married in Église Notre-Dame de Calais to the earl's elder daughter Isabel Neville.

Clarence had actively supported his elder brother's claim to the throne, but when his father-in-law (known as "the Kingmaker") deserted Edward IV to ally with Margaret of Anjou, consort of the deposed King Henry, Clarence supported him and was deprived of his office as Lord Lieutenant. Clarence joined Warwick in France, taking his pregnant wife. She gave birth to their first child, a girl, on 16 April 1470, in a ship off Calais. The child died shortly afterwards. Henry VI rewarded Clarence by making him next in line to the throne after his own son, justifying the exclusion of Edward IV both by attainder for his treason against the House of Lancaster as well as his alleged illegitimacy. After a short time, Clarence realized that his loyalty to his father-in-law was misplaced: Warwick had his younger daughter, Anne Neville, Clarence's sister-in-law, marry Henry VI's son in December 1470. This demonstrated that his father-in-law was less interested in making him king than in serving his own interests and, since it now seemed unlikely that Warwick would replace Edward IV with Clarence, Clarence was secretly reconciled with Edward.

Warwick's efforts to keep Henry VI on the throne ultimately failed and Warwick was killed at the battle of Barnet in April 1471. The re-instated King Edward IV restored his brother Clarence to royal favour by making him Great Chamberlain of England. As his father-in-law had died, Clarence became jure uxoris Earl of Warwick, but did not inherit the entire Warwick estate as his younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had married () Anne Neville, who had been widowed in 1471. Edward intervened and eventually divided the estates between his brothers. Clarence was created, by right of his wife, first Earl of Warwick on 25 March 1472, and first Earl of Salisbury in a new creation.

In 1475 Clarence's wife Isabel gave birth to a son, Edward, later Earl of Warwick. Isabel died on 22 December 1476, two months after giving birth to a short-lived son named Richard (5 October 14761 January 1477). George and Isabel are buried together at Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire. Their surviving children, Margaret and Edward, were cared for by their aunt, Anne Neville, until she died in 1485 when Edward was 10 years old.

Death

Though most historians now believe Isabel's death was a result of either consumption or childbed fever, Clarence was convinced she had been poisoned by one of her ladies-in-waiting, Ankarette Twynyho, whom, as a consequence, he had judicially murdered in April 1477, by summarily arresting her and bullying a jury at Warwick into convicting her of murder by poisoning.  She was hanged immediately after trial with John Thursby, a fellow defendant. She was posthumously pardoned in 1478 by King Edward. Clarence's mental state, never stable, deteriorated from that point and led to his involvement in yet another rebellion against his brother Edward.

In 1477 Clarence was again a suitor for the hand of Mary, who had just become duchess of Burgundy. Edward objected to the match, and Clarence left the court.

The arrest and committal to the Tower of London of one of Clarence's retainers, an Oxford astronomer named John Stacey, led to his confession under torture that he had "imagined and compassed" the death of the king, and used the black arts to accomplish this.  He implicated one Thomas Burdett, and one Thomas Blake, a chaplain at Stacey's college (Merton College, Oxford).
All three were tried for treason, convicted, and condemned to be drawn to Tyburn and hanged.  Blake was saved at the eleventh hour by a plea for his life from James Goldwell, Bishop of Norwich, but the other two were put to death as ordered.

This was a clear warning to Clarence, which he chose to ignore. He appointed John Goddard to burst into Parliament and regale the House with Burdett and Stacey's declarations of innocence that they had made before their deaths.  Goddard was a very unwise choice, as he was an ex-Lancastrian who had expounded Henry VI's claim to the throne. Edward summoned Clarence to Windsor, severely upbraided him, accused him of treason, and ordered his immediate arrest and confinement.

Clarence was imprisoned in the Tower of London and put on trial for treason against his brother Edward IV. Clarence was not present – Edward himself prosecuted his brother, and demanded that Parliament pass a bill of attainder against his brother, declaring that he was guilty of "unnatural, loathly treasons" which were aggravated by the fact that Clarence was his brother, who, if anyone did, owed him loyalty and love.  Following his conviction and attainder, he was "privately executed" at the Tower on 18 February 1478, by tradition in the Bowyer Tower, and soon after the event, a rumour spread that he had been drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine.

A reason for Edward to have his brother executed may have been that George had "threatened to question the legality of the royal marriage" and he may have discovered from Bishop Robert Stillington of Bath and Wells that George "had probably let slip the secret of the precontract" for Edward's marriage with Lady Eleanor Talbot, although others dispute this.

In Shakespeare

Clarence is a principal character in two of William Shakespeare's history plays: Henry VI, Part 3 and Richard III. Shakespeare portrays Clarence as weak-willed and changeable. His initial defection from Edward IV to Warwick is prompted by outrage at Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. Despite several speeches proclaiming loyalty to Warwick, and to Henry VI, Clarence defects back to Edward's side when he sees his brothers again; it takes only a few lines for his brothers to shame him into rejoining the Yorkist party. Several lines reference his penchant for wine.

Richard III opens with Gloucester having framed Clarence for treason, using a soothsayer to sow doubt in the King's mind about his brother, and in the first scene Clarence is arrested and taken to the Tower. Gloucester nimbly stage-manages Clarence's death, fast-tracking the order of execution and intercepting the King's pardon when Edward changes his mind. In Act One Scene Four, Clarence recounts a terrifying nightmare in which he has been pushed (accidentally) into the ocean by Gloucester and drowns, then finds himself in hell, accused of perjury by the ghosts of Warwick and Prince Edward. When he is attacked by assassins sent by Gloucester, he pleads eloquently and nobly but is stabbed and drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. It is Clarence's death that sends Edward into a fatal attack of remorse. Clarence is the first character to die in the play; his ghost later appears to Gloucester, then already Richard III, and Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII of England, before the Battle of Bosworth Field, cursing his brother and encouraging Henry.

Children

Clarence married Isabel Neville in Calais, at that time controlled by England, on 11 July 1469. Together they had four children:
 Anne of Clarence (16 April 1470c. 17 April 1470), who was born and died in a ship off Calais. Identified by some sources as a girl but by others as an unnamed boy.
 Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 147328 May 1541); married Sir Richard Pole; executed by Henry VIII.
 Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (25 February 147528 November 1499); the last legitimate Plantagenet heir of the direct male line; executed by Henry VII on grounds of attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
 Richard of Clarence (5 October 14761 January 1477); born at Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire; died at Warwick Castle and buried in Warwick.

Genealogy

References

Sources

1449 births
1478 deaths
15th-century English nobility
Normans in Ireland
Burials at Tewkesbury Abbey
301
Earls of Salisbury
Executed English people
Clarence, George, Duke of
People convicted under a bill of attainder
Executions at the Tower of London
Heirs to the English throne
George, Duke of Clarence
Knights of the Bath
Knights of the Garter
People executed by drowning
People executed under the Plantagenets for treason against England
People executed under the Yorkists
Nobility from Dublin (city)
People of the Wars of the Roses
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Younger sons of dukes
Lords of Glamorgan
Executed people from County Dublin
Children of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York

George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence


Waltz music is written in 3/4 time (three beats per bar). The music is both dance music and art music. The Strauss family were perhaps the most famous of all waltz composers: notably Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II  the composer of the famous The Blue Danube.

Waltzes typically have one chord per measure, and the accompaniment style particularly associated with the waltz is (as seen in the example to the right) to play the root of the chord on the first beat, the upper notes on the second and third beats.

The origins of the dance are in late 18th century Germany, probably from a folk dance called the Lander. Today the music is danced in two forms, the Viennese waltz and the English or Slow waltz (now often called the International waltz). The choreography of these modern forms is different from the original dance. There are also a number of ballets which feature waltz music.

References

Waltzes

Waltz (music)


A limb is a part of the body of a living creature, which extends from its trunk. Examples are the branches of a tree, and the legs of a man.

In normal human body, there are four limbs: two upper limbs (arms) and two lower limbs (legs). Each limb has several joints.

Limbs and extremities

Limb


The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans, or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.

Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century. The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf. It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.

Nowadays Islam is the religion of 98% of Iranians, approximately 89% of Iranians are Shi'a and 10% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest. Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.

References

Iran
Persian culture

Islam in Iran


Angevin is the name of the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. It is also used for three different medieval dynasties which go back to counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, and Kingdom of Jerusalem (see Angevin Empire).

The first of these Angevin dynasties, the House of Plantagenet, ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.

History of France

Angevin


Paula Rosalee Corbin, better known as Paula Jones, was born September 17, 1966 in Lonoke, Arkansas. She is a former Arkansas state employee who sued President Bill Clinton for sexual harassment, though this lawsuit was officially dismissed after Jones failed to prove damages. The case was a precursor to Clinton being impeached, which he eventually was.

People from Arkansas
1966 births
Living people

Paula Jones


Breathe Carolina is an American electronic rock group from Denver, Colorado. It formed in early 2006. Its members are lead vocalist David Schmitt, drummer Eric Armenta, keyboardist Luis Bonet, and guitarist Tommy Cooperman. The band is best known for their successful single "Blackout", released in June 2011. It peaked at number 17 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs chart. Since 2008, the band has released three full-length studio albums: It's Classy, Not Classic, Hello Fascination, and Hell Is What You Make It.

The group has also been featured on many compilation albums, such as Punk Goes Pop 2, Warped Tour 2010, Punk Goes Pop 3, Tis the Season to be Fearless, and Punk Goes Pop 5. Breathe Carolina's covers include "Down" by Jay Sean, "See You Again" by Miley Cyrus, and "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson.

Discography
On July 6, 2013, the band released a mixtape titled Bangers, featuring three songs.

The band is set to released their upcoming fourth studio album, Savages, in early 2014. The single "Savages" was released on November 26, 2013.

Studio albums
 It's Classy, Not Classic (2008) (#186 on Billboard 200)
 Hello Fascination (2009) (#43 on Billboard 200)
 Hell Is What You Make It (2011) (#42 on Billboard 200)
 Hell Is What You Make It: Reloaded (2012)
 Savages (2014)

2000s American music groups
Musical groups from Denver
Electronic music bands
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Colorado

Breathe Carolina


The Canadian Hockey League (or CHL) is an umbrella organization for junior ice hockey leagues in Canada. There are three leagues with the CHL: the Western Hockey League, the Ontario Hockey League, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The three leagues have a total of sixty teams, fifty-two in Canada and eight in the United States. At the end of the leagues' season, the league champions play for the Memorial Cup, as the champion of the CHL.

Canadian Hockey League


The First Battle of Guararapes was a battle in the conflict called the Insurrection of Pernambuco, between Dutch and Portuguese forces in Pernambuco, in a dispute for the dominion of that part of the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

Beginnings

On 18 April 1648, around forty five hundred Dutch soldiers and five artillery pieces marched south, coming from Recife. On their way south, they eliminated a small defensive outpost at the village of Barreta. The few survivors regrouped at the village of , headquarters of the Portuguese resistance, where they reported the incident.

Commanders of the resistance called for a march of 2,000 combatants towards the Jaboatão dos Guararapes ("Drums" in native language) Hills against an enemy better equipped and in superior numbers.

Forces involved in the conflict

Dutch Forces
Sigismund van Schoppe, the Dutch commander, experienced in Brazilian campaigns where he used to fight since he was a Captain, intended to proceed to the south, targeting initially the village of Muribeca - a key point to reach Santo Agostinho Cape. His plan was to isolate the resistance troops from reserves and supplies that might have come from the south, and then have them destroyed by his superior force.

Portuguese Forces
Francisco Barreto de Meneses, the Portuguese commander (Mestre-de-Campo-General), had recently arrived to that region and decided to follow his subordinate's suggestions: they would go to their enemy instead, and force the Dutch troops into a decisive encounter. This was a bold move, considering they had half the numbers of their adversaries, and no artillery. At this point, information sent from the fallen Barreta outpost had come to them, and they knew exactly the size and equipment available to the Dutch forces.

Battle
At the beginning of the fight, von Schoppe may have realized that he would have to fight a much stronger force than the one he had defeated in Barreta. Also, the opportunity to choose the proper place to meet a superior force was crucial for the Portuguese victory. The terrain was damp, mostly swamp, and did not allow for the classical in-line formation of European armies. Forced into a narrow front, the Dutch's advantages had been almost nullified.

The Portuguese forces were divided into five terços commanded by Barreto de Meneses, , Filipe Camarão, and Henrique Dias. André Vidal de Negreiros was the commander of the fifth terço kept in reserve.

Barreto de Meneses concentrated his efforts on the space between the East face and the main swamp. In the center, Fernandes Vieira's terço had the mission to penetrate as deep as possible into the enemy's formation. On the right flank, Filipe Camarão would use the long experience of the natives in fighting in the swamped terrain. Henrique Dias would use the "terço dos negros" (black's terço) to keep the Dutch from advancing and then avoiding the spear head advance from being flanked.

Limited by the lack of space for maneuver, von Schoppe concentrated most of his forces on the space between the east face and the main swamp. Three of his battalions were face-to-face against the terços of Vieira and Camarão, while two other battalions of his would try to flank the advancing forces and would be contained by the terço of Dias. Two Dutch battalions would not be allowed to maneuver and would stay back, out of action.

The closed space also did not allow the use of firearms to its full potential and maximized the use of native weapons and the short sword. Diogo Lopes Santiago, a possible eye witness of that event, gives his gruesome account of that encounter: "(...) and as they ran away, our soldiers would follow them with their swords with cuts and slashes, cutting legs, arms, heads, some killing, others wounding badly, laying on the field bodies without arms, trunks without heads (...) holding their sword in the middle of those squadrons, piles of enemies, giving spokes to some and to others death, showing the sword, tinted in blood".

See also
Second Battle of Guararapes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Rocha, Sebastião da. History of Portuguese America.

History of South America
Military history of Brazil
Guararapes
Guararapes
Guararapes
Guararapes I
Guararapes
Pernambuco
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
1648 in Brazil
1640s in Brazil
1648 in the Dutch Empire
Dutch Brazil

First Battle of Guararapes


Sir Peter Mansfield  (9 October 1933 – 8 February 2017) was a British physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Paul Lauterbur, for discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Mansfield was a professor at the University of Nottingham.

Early life
Mansfield was born in Lambeth, London on 9 October 1933, to Sidney George (b. 1904, d. 1966) and Lillian Rose Mansfield (b. 1905, d. 1984; née Turner). Mansfield was the youngest of three sons, Conrad (b. 1925) and Sidney (b. 1927).

Mansfield grew up in Camberwell. During World War II he was evacuated from London, initially to Sevenoaks and then twice to Torquay, Devon, where he was able to stay with the same family on both occasions. On returning to London after the war he was told by a school master to take the 11+ exam. Having never heard of the exam before, and having no time to prepare, Mansfield failed to gain a place at the local Grammar school. His mark was, however, high enough for him to go to a Central School in Peckham. At the age of 15 he was told by a careers teacher that science wasn't for him. He left school shortly afterwards to work as a printer's assistant.

At the age of 18, having developed an interest in rocketry, Mansfield took up a job with the Rocket Propulsion Department of the Ministry of Supply in Westcott, Buckinghamshire. Eighteen months later he was called up for National Service.

Education
After serving in the army for two years, Mansfield returned to Westcott and started studying for A-levels at night school. Two years later he was admitted to study physics at Queen Mary College, University of London.

Mansfield graduated with a BSc from Queen Mary in 1959. His final-year project, supervised by Jack Powles, was to construct a portable, transistor-based spectrometer to measure the Earth's magnetic field. Towards the end of this project Powles offered Mansfield a position in his NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) research group. Powles' interest was in studying molecular motion, mainly liquids. Mansfield's project was to build a pulsed NMR spectrometer to study solid polymer systems. He received his PhD in 1962; his thesis was titled Proton magnetic resonance relaxation in solids by transient methods.

Career
Following his PhD, Mansfield was invited to postdoctoral research with Charlie Slichter at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he carried out an NMR study of doped metals.

In 1964, Mansfield returned to England to take up a place as a lecturer at Nottingham University where he could continue his studies in multiple-pulse NMR. He was successively appointed Senior Lecturer in 1968 and Reader in 1970. During this period his team developed the MRI equipment with the help of grants from the Medical Research Council. It was not until the 1970s with Paul Lauterbur's and Mansfield's developments that NMR could be used to produce images of the body. In 1979 Mansfield was appointed Professor of the Department of Physics until his retirement in 1994.
 1962: Research Associate, Department of Physics, University of Illinois
 1964: Lecturer, Department of Physics, University of Nottingham
 1968: Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics, University of Nottingham
 1970: Reader, Department of Physics, University of Nottingham
 1972–73: Senior Visitor, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg
 1979: Professor, Department of Physics, University of Nottingham

Mansfield is credited with inventing 'slice selection' for MRI - i.e. the method by which a localised axial slice of a subject can be selectively imaged, rather than the entire subject - and understanding how the radio signals from MRI can be mathematically analysed, making interpretation of the signals into a useful image a possibility. He is also credited with discovering how fast imaging could be possible by developing the MRI protocol called echo-planar imaging. Echo-planar imaging allows T2* weighted images to be collected many times faster than previously possible. It also has made functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) feasible.

Whilst working at Nottingham University, Mansfield tested the first full body prototype, installed just before Christmas, 1978. Mansfield was so keen, that he volunteered to test it himself and produced the first scan of a live patient. The prototype machine is now an exhibit, in the Medical Section of the Science Museum.

Awards and honours

 1983 Gold Medal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
 1984 Joint award of the Royal Society Welcome Foundation Gold Medal and Prize.
 1986 Elected Fellow of Queen Mary College (now Queen Mary University of London)
 1987 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
 1987 Elected President of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
 1988 Awarded Duddell Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics
 1988 Awarded Silvanus Thompson Medal by the British Institute of Radiology
 1989 Antoine Béclère Medal from the International Society of Radiology and the Antoine Béclère Institute in Paris
 1990 Royal Society Mullard Award (joint with John Mallard & Jim Hutchinson)
 1992 International Society of Magnetic Resonance (ISMAR) prize (joint with P. Lauterbur)
 1993 Knighted
 1993 Silver Plaque of the European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology
 1993 Elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Radiology and Honorary Member of the British Institute of Radiology
 1994 Elected Honorary Member of the Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Fellow of the Society of Magnetic Resonance
 1995 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Prize for MRI
 1995 Gold Medal of the European Congress of Radiology and the European Association of Radiology
 1997 Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics
 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Medicine with Paul Lauterbur
 2009 was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, ceremony broadcast on ITV's Pride of Britain Awards
 2016 Asteroid 262972 Petermansfield, discovered by astronomer Vincenzo Silvano Casulli in 2007, was named in his honour. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 April 2016 ().

Private life
Mansfield married Jean Margaret Kibble (b. 1935) on 1 September 1962. He had two daughters.

Mansfield died in Nottingham on 8 February 2017, aged 83.

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
English biophysicists
English inventors
English Nobel laureates
British Nobel laureates
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Knights Bachelor
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
People from Peckham
Nuclear magnetic resonance
People from Camberwell

Peter Mansfield


Simeon Solomon (9 October 1840 – 14 August 1905) wis a Inglish Pre-Raphaelite penter.

Simeon wis born intil a kenspeckle Ebreuish familie. He wis the aicht an last bairn born tae kenspeckle merchand Meyer Solomon an airtist Kathe Levey. Simeon wis a younger brither tae fellae penters Abraham Solomon (1824-1862) an Rebecca Solomon (1832-1886).

Born an educate in Lunnon, Solomon stairtit gittin lecturs in pentin fae his aulder brither aboot 1850. He stairtit at Carey's Airt Academie in 1852. His audlder sister first exhibeetit her warks at the Ryal Academy athin the same year.

As a student at the Ryal Academy Schuils, Simeon wis introduced throu Dante Gabriel Rossetti tae ither members o the Pre-Raphaelite circle, includin the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne an the penter Edward Burne-Jones in 1857. His frist exhibeetion wis at the Ryal Academie in 1858. He conteenad tae haud exhibeetions o his wark at the Ryal Academie atween 1858 an 1872. In addeetion tae the leeterar pentins favoured bi the Pre-Raphaelite schuil, Solomon's subjects aften included scenes frae the Ebreu Bible an genre pentins shawin Jewish life an reetuals.

In 1873 his career wis cuttit short whan he wis liftit in a public toilet in Lunnon an chairged wi undacent exposure. He wis feyed tae ser aichten month' haurd laubour in the jyle, but this wis later reduced tae polis superveesion. He flew tae the French Thrid Republic. He wis houaniver liftit again in 1874, an syne wis feyed tae spend three month in the jyle.

In 1885 he wis admeetit tae the puirhoose whaur he continad tae mak warks; houaniver, his life an ingine wis scaudered bi alcoholism. Twintie year efter in 1905, he dee'd frae wimples brocht on bi his alcoholism. He wis birriet in a Ebreu cemetery in Willesden.

Ensaumples o his wark is on permanent shaw at the Victoria an Albert Museum an at Leighton Hoose.

Fremmit airtins

 Biographical Timeline
 Selection of Solomon's work
 A more detailed profile of him
 A profile of his brother Abraham
 A profile of his sister Rebecca

1840 births
1905 daiths
Pre-Raphaelite penters
19t-century Inglis penters
Inglis male penters
20t-century Inglis penters
Artists' Rifles sodgers
Buirials at Willesden Jewish Seemetry
Inglis Jews
Jewish penters
Gay airtists
LGBT Jews
LGBT airtists frae the Unitit Kinrick
LGBT fowk frae Ingland
Orientalist penters
Penters frae Lunnon
Fowk prosecutit unner anti-homosexuality laws
Ryal Society o Portrait Penters
Fowk frae the Ceety o Lunnon

Simeon Solomon


Złotoryja (German: Goldberg, Latin: Aurum) it's a town in southwest Poland in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Złotoryja is a capital of Złotoryja County.

Since 1945 Złotoryja was a part of German Reich.

History
Since 8th until 10th century in the area of Złotoryja lived people from tribe called Trzebowianie. At the end of the 12th century German miners settled here.

In 1211 Złotoryja received the city law. In 1241 miners from Złotoryja fought in Battle of Legnica against Mongols.

Złotoryja was Czech fief since 1328.

Towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Złotoryja


The Senegal River is a river in West Africa. It is 1,800 km long and is the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Pliny the Elder called it Bambotus (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it Nias. Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea. Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Senegal River. The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea. The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.

Near the river's mouth, the Senegal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river. The city of Saint-Louis is on this island. The river then turns south. There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie. After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea. The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir. The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.

The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year. The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Senegal River.

In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS). This organisation manages the land around the river. Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.

References

Other websites
 Map of the Senegal River basin
 Hydrology of Senegal (Powerpoint presentation)

Geography of Mauritania
Rivers of Senegal

Senegal River


The Model Cities Program was an element of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty. The concept was presented by labor leader Walter Reuther to President Johnson in an off-the-record White House meeting on May 20, 1965. In 1966, new legislation led to the more than 150 five-year-long, Model Cities experiments to develop new anti-poverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government. Model Cities represented a new approach that emphasized social program as well as physical renewal, and sought to coordinate the actions of numerous government agencies in a multifaceted attack on the complex roots of urban poverty. The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders. The program ended in 1974.

Program development
Authorized November 3, 1966, by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, the program ended in 1974. Model Cities originated in response to several concerns of the mid-1960s. Widespread urban violence, disillusionment with existing urban renewal programs, and bureaucratic difficulties in the first years of the War on Poverty led to calls for reform of federal programs. The Model Cities initiative created a new program at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) intended to improve coordination of existing urban programs. Several cities including Detroit, Oakland, Newark and Camden received funding. The program's initial goals emphasized comprehensive planning, emphasizing not just rebuilding, but also rehabilitation, social-service delivery, and citizen participation. In 1969, the Nixon administration officially changed course; however in the majority of cities, citizen-participation mechanisms continued to play an important role in local decision-making.

Other evaluations have identified both failures and success in the Model Cities program, with its limited effectiveness attributed to a combination of complicated bureaucracy, inadequate funding, and competing agendas at the local level.

Specific cities

Smithville, Tennessee, the smallest city to receive such funding, is an example of a city that benefited from the Model Cities Project. Congressman Joe L. Evins secured his hometown's inclusion in the project. Several buildings in downtown Smithville, such as the Dekalb County Court House and the Smithville City Hall, were built from funds from the Model Cities Project. They are still in use as of 2014, and make up a good portion of the city's downtown landscape.

Pikeville, Kentucky was the location of one of the biggest Model Cities projects. The Pikeville Cut-Through is  wide,  long, and  deep. The project was completed in 1987 following 14 years of work for a total cost of $77.6 million. The cut-through provides a path for a four-lane highway, a CSX railroad line, and the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River, which snaked through the downtown area, to eliminate almost yearly flooding. The river bed then was reclaimed by depositing fill from the cut-through into the old riverbed, significantly increasing the available space for development within the city.

McAlester, Oklahoma, represented by Speaker of the House Carl Albert, was another Model Cities site. There, the program was instrumental in acquiring the land for a regional hospital, among other projects.

Detroit, Michigan was one of the largest Model Cities projects. Mayor Jerome P Cavanaugh was the only elected official to serve on President Johnson's task force. Detroit received widespread acclaim for its leadership in the program, which used $490 million to try to turn a  section of the city (with 134,000 inhabitants) into a model city.

In Atlanta there was a battle between competing visions. The city's political and business elite, and city planners, along with Atlanta's black middle class, wanted the federal funding to accelerate the economic growth of the entire city. They sought to protect the central business district property values from nearby slums and to construct new revenue-generating structures. However local community activists rallied poor residents in opposition to these plans, arguing that federal renewal funding should be used to replace deteriorating housing stock, whether with new public housing or with low-cost housing built by private developers.

References

Further reading
 Fine, Sidney. Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (1989)
 Frieden, Bernard J.,  and Marshall Kaplan, eds. The Politics of Neglect: Urban Aid from Model Cities to Revenue Sharing (MIT Press, 1975)
 Greenstone, J. David,  and Paul E. Peterson. Race and Authority in Urban Politics: Community Participation and the War on Poverty (University of Chicago Press, Russell Sage Foundation, 1976)
 Haar, Charles. Between the Idea and the Reality: A Study in the Origin, Fate and Legacy of the Model Cities Program (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975)
 Weber, Bret A., and Amanda Wallace, "Revealing the Empowerment Revolution: A Literature Review of the Model Cities Program," Journal of Urban History (2012) 38#1 pp. 173–92
 Sasso, John,  A Little Noticed Revolution: An Oral History of the Model Cities Program and Its Transition to the Community Development Block Grant Program (Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2005)
 Schindler, Susanne, "Model Cities Redux," Urban Omnibus (October 2016).
 Schindler, Susanne, "Model Conflicts," e-flux Architecture (July 2018).

Dissertations
 Larry Richard Davis, "An Appraisal of Selected Economic Development Projects of the Texarkana, Texas Model Cities Program" (PhD diss., University of Arkansas, 1975)
 Franklyn Lee Hruza, "Seattle Model Cities Program: A Case Study of Citizen Participation in the Planning Process During the Initial Planning Year, 1967–68" (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1972)
 Solomon G. Jacobson, "Implementation of a Federal Program at the Local Level: A Critique of the Introduction of the Model Cities Planning Program in Detroit" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1977)
 Martin David Lowenthal, "The Politics of Planning in the Model Cities Program" (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1970).
 Ricardo A. Millett, "Examination of 'Widespread Citizen Participation' in the Model Cities Program and the Demands of Ethnic Minorities for a Greater Decision Making Role in American Cities" (PhD diss., Brandeis University, 1973)
 Susanne Schindler, "The Housing that Model Cities Built: Context, Community, and Capital in New York City, 1966–76" (PhD diss., ETH Zurich, 2018).
 John Mitchell Sidor, Jr., "Comprehensive Planning in a Pluralist Environment: Model Cities Planning in Pittsburgh" (PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1969)
 Charles Tantillo, "An Analysis of the Model Cities Program in Atlantic City, New Jersey" (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1974)

Great Society programs
Urban planning in the United States

Model Cities Program


Events

January
 January 1 - Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.
 January 1 - South Korea's Ban Ki-moon becomes the new UN Secretary-General, replacing Kofi Annan.
 January 1 - Irish (also known as Gaeilge) becomes an official working language of the European Union.
 January 1 - Slovenia adopts the Euro as its official currency, replacing the tolar.
 January 1 - Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva starts his second government term.
January 2 - Memorial services are held for the late president Gerald Ford in Washington, D.C.
 January 3 - Former U.S. president Gerald Ford is laid to rest in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
 January 4 - The 110th United States Congress is sworn in.
 January 9 - Far-right politicians in the European Parliament form a new trans-national caucus.
 January 10 - Following the 2006 general election, Daniel Ortega becomes the new President of Nicaragua.
 January 11 - Austria's new government is sworn in under Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer (SPÖ) and Vice-Chancellor Wilhelm Molterer (ÖVP).
 January 14 - The Union for a Popular Movement nominates Nicolas Sarkozy as its candidate to become the next President of France in the 2007 French presidential election.
 January 15 - Rafael Correa becomes President of Ecuador, replacing Alfredo Palacio
 January 16 - Hans-Gert Pöttering, a German conservative politician becomes the President of the European Parliament.
 January 16 - Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev nominates Felix Kulov for Prime Minister.
 January 18 - The United States Senate passes ethics and lobbying reform legislation.
 January 20 - Senator Hillary Clinton announces her intention to run for President of the United States in next year's election.
 January 21 - An election in Serbia gives Ultra-nationalists 81 of the 250 seats in the Serbian Parliament.
 January 22 - Muqtada al-Sadr ends his boycott of the Iraqi political process and rejoins the government.

February
February 9 - The Turks and Caicos Islands hold parliamentary elections.
February 11 - Presidential elections are held in Turkmenistan.
February 11 - Portugal. An abortion referendum is held in order to decide whether to legalize abortion up to 10 weeks.
February 14 - Turkmenistan presidential elections. Acting President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, member of The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, is declared the winner of the election with 89% of votes.
February 22 - Netherlands. The fourth Balkenende cabinet is installed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.

March
March 23 - Royal Navy intrusion into Iranian waters incident. Fifteen British sailors were arrested by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, for violation of maritime boundary.

April
 April 3 - Royal Navy intrusion into Iranian waters incident. The 15 sailors arrested in Iranian waters are released.
 April 27 - The Cabinet Office of New South Wales is merged with the Premier's Department of News South Wales to form the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet .

May
 May 3 - Scottish Parliament Election. The Scottish National Party (SNP) win with one more seat than the incumbent Scottish Labour Party. The election is noted for the controversy over ballot papers and the electoral wipe-out of virtually all of the small parties and independent candidates, except the Scottish Green Party and Margo MacDonald (Ind).
 May 6 - French Presidential election. Nicolas Sarkozy defeats Segolene Royal in the second round of the election for the next President of France.
 May 14 - Scotland. The SNP and the Scottish Green Party reach agreement on their relationship within the Scottish Parliament. Despite hopes that the Greens would enter into coalition or a confidence and supply arrangement with the SNP, the final deal was not quite as encompassing as that model .
May 16 - French Presidential election. Nicolas Sarkozy is installed as the 23rd President of the French Republic.
May 24 - Irish General Election. The ruling Fianna Fáil party comes close to an overall majority, winning 78 of the 166 seats in Dáil Éireann. (BBC News)
 May 25 - Victor Yushchenko orders interior ministry troops into the capital amid a deepening political crisis.
 May 26 - Margaret Hodge controversy. UK Trade Minister becomes embroiled in a race-relations disaster after the British National Party (A Xenophobic Right-Wing political party) say that they agree with her view "that British people should be given priority over migrants for social housing." (BBC News)
 May 27 - Gordon Brown, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime minister in-waiting of the UK admits that he believes mistakes were made in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq war .
 May 27 - Ukrainian political crisis. President Victor Yushchenko and Prime Minister Victor Yanukovych end a deepening political crisis by agreeing to hold elections on 30 September 2007. (BBC News)
 May 29 - 33rd G8 summit. As with many previous G8 summits, the 33rd, being hosted in Germany, is marred by violent clashes between the police and Anti-globalisation demonstrators before it starts. 21 arrests are made and approximately 600 people are injured in riots in the city of Hamburg. (BBC News-Hamburg Police Battle Protesters)
 May 31 - Northern Ireland. Sinn Féin members take their first seats on the Policing Boards of the reformed Royal Ulster Constabulary - the Police Service of Northern Ireland. (BBC News-Sinn Feín's Policing Board Debut)

June
 June 1 - Scottish Parliament Election. After nearly a month of ignoring the new First Minister of Scotland (Alex Salmond) Gordon Brown finally phones to congratulate Salmond on his electoral success. (BBC News-Chancellor congratulates Salmond)
 June 1 - The European Union (EU) announces that talks with Serbia regarding its joining of the EU are expected to restart sometime in June. (BBC News-EU-Serbia talks 'resume in June')
 June 2 - United Kingdom. Deputy British Prime Minister John Prescott is taken to hospital with a suspected chest infection. (BBC News-Ill Prescott remains in hospital)
 June 4 - Alexander Litvinenko murder. President Vladimir Putin of Russia says that the UK's request for the extradition of Andrei Lugovoi (a former KGB agent) is "pure foolishness". (BBC News-"Litvinenko Demand Foolish"-Putin)
 June 6 - Spain. ETA announces an end to their ceasefire beginning at midnight due to the lack of progress made in negotiations with the Spanish government. (BBC News)
 June 6 - G8 Summit. The USA rejects a Carbon Dioxide emissions reduction agreement while protests continue outside the venue. (BBC News-US Rejects German G8 Climate Goal)
 June 6 - Scotland. Health Secretary Nicola Sturgeon overturns the previous Labour/Liberal Democrats administration's decision to close two Accident and Emergency units at two hospitals. (BBC News-A&E closure decisions overturned)
 June 14 - 2007 Irish general election. Bertie Ahern is re-elected Taoiseach. The new government is a coalition of Fianna Fáil, the Progressive Democrats and the Green Party. (Ahern re-elected as Ireland's PM)
 June 14 - Scottish Parliament. MSPs support a Green Party motion opposing the renewal of the Trident missile system and its siting in Scotland. (MSPs vote against Trident Renewal)
 June 14 - Palestinian Territories. President Mahmoud Abbas dissolves the government in the face of Hamas attacks on government buildings and security forces loyal to Fatah.
 June 15 - EU Constitution. The UK government announces that there will not be a referendum on the revised EU constitution. (BBC News-EU Treaty Referendum is Ruled Out)
 June 15 - Palestinian Territories. President Abbas appoints a new Prime Minister, Salam Fayyad (an independent) and declares a State of emergency. (BBC News-Abbas appoints new Palestinian PM)
 June 15 - Iraq. The USA announces that all troops sent as part of the 2007 "surge" are in place and that the security situation should improve quickly. (BBC News-US Iraq troop surge 'starts now')
 June 15 - Malawi. In the 2007 Malawian political crisis, President Bingu wa Mutharika faces calls for early elections after a judge rules that members of parliament who were elected for other parties before switching to his party (estimated to be 70 out of all 193 sitting MPs) acted illegally. (BBC News-Court blow for Malawi president)
 June 17 - Israel. In an eerie echo of the Hezbollah Israel Conflict of 2006, two Katyusha rockets are fired into Israel from Southern Lebanon, although this is attributed to Palestinian militant groups rather than Hezbollah. (BBC News-Rockets From Lebanon Hit Israel)
 June 24 - Gordon Brown becomes leader of the British Labour Party. Harriet Harman is elected deputy leader of the Labour Party in a surprise result.
 June 27 - Tony Blair resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Gordon Brown, former Chancellor of the Exchequer becomes Prime Minister.
 June 29 - Two car bombs are discovered in London, England before they detonate and are defused. (Timeline: Failed Carbomb Attacks)
 June 30 - Glasgow Airport Bombing. A jeep is driven into the front of Glasgow International Airport and is set on fire in a suspected terrorist attack. Other than one of the perpetrators who suffers 90% burns, no one else is injured. (Timeline: Failed Carbomb Attacks)

July
 July 3 - Red Mosque Siege. Situation begins when female students abduct prostitutes working in the city of Islamabad.
 July 4 - Glasgow Airport Attack. The UK lowers the terrorism threat level from 'critical' to 'severe'.
 July 5 - 2007 Japanese House of Councillors election. The 166th session of the Japanese House of Councillors ends enabling unofficial campaigning for the election to begin.
 July 6 - 2007 National Assembly for Wales election. Welsh Labour Party members endorse a deal that will enable Assembly members to enter into a coalition with Plaid Cymru, despite some opposition from Welsh Labour Members of Parliament and Assembly Members. (BBC News-Labour Agrees Historic Coalition)
 July 6 - 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack. Dr. Bilal Abdullah is charged with conspiracy in relation to the Glasgow airport bombing. (BBC News-Man charged over 'airport bomb')
 July 7 - 2007 National Assembly for Wales election. Plaid Cymru members vote on the One Wales coalition government agreement, leading to its approval.
 July 9 - Iraq and Ankara. Amid a continuing Turkish troop build up along its northern border, the Iraqi Foreign Minister, Hoshiyar Zebari, warns Turkey against crossing Iraq's borders to target Kurdish guerrillas. (BBC News-Iraq fears Turkey troop build-up)
 July 10 - Red Mosque Siege. Pakistani soldiers and special forces storm the Red Mosque after negotiations break down. (BBC News-Pakistani soldiers storm mosque)
 July 11 - The British government announces a review of plans to build a super-casino in Manchester after concerns are raised about building it in an economically deprived area.
 July 12 - 2007 Japanese House of Councillors election. Official campaigning begins for the election to half the seats in Japan's Upper House. (Campaigning Starts in Japan Poll)
July 29 - 2007 Japanese House of Councillors election. Polling Day.

August

 August 5 - The 2007 Baja California state elections are held in Baja California, Mexico. José Guadalupe Osuna Millán, a member of the National Action Party of Mexico, wins the gubernational election.

September
 September 7 - Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond marks Green Energy Day by rejecting the UK government's plans to build more nuclear power stations. (BBC News)
 September 30 - Ukrainian parliamentary elections.

October

 October 15 - Opening of the Seventeenth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in the Great Hall of the People.

November
 November 6 - In the 2007 Pittsburgh mayoral special election, Democratic Incumbent Luke Ravenstahl defeats Republican Mark DeSantis.
 November 24 - Australians elect the Kevin Rudd-led Australian Labor Party from opposition to government at the federal election.

December

 December 2 - United Russia wins 62.8% of votes in Russia's parliamentary elections.
 December 18 - General elections are held in Bermuda.

See also
 Elections in 2007
 List of years in politics

References

Politics by year
21st century in politics
2000s in politics

2007 in politics


Operant conditioning is a form of learning. In it, an individual changes its behaviour because of the consequences (results) of the behaviour.

The person or animal learns its behaviour has a consequence. That consequence may be
 Reinforcement: a positive or rewarding event. This causes the behaviour to occur more often
 Punishment: a negative or punishing event. This causes the behaviour to occur less often
 Extinction: no event follows, so the behaviour has no consequences. When a behaviour has no consequences, it will occur less frequently.

There are four different contexts in operant conditioning. Here, the terms 'positive' and 'negative' are not used in their basic sense; positive means that something is added, and negative means something is taken away:
 Positive reinforcement (often just "reinforcement") occurs when there is a reward for a form of behaviour. This will increase the frequency at which the behaviour occurs. In the Skinner box experiment, the reward is in the form of food when the rat presses a lever.
 Negative reinforcement (sometimes "escape") occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed. This will increase the frequency at which the behaviour occurs. In the Skinner box experiment, there was a loud noise, which was removed when the rat pressed the lever.
 Positive punishment occurs when a stimulus is added, which results in the behaviour occurring less often. Example stimuli may be loud noise, electric shock (rat), or a spanking (child).
 Negative punishment occurs when a stimulus is taken away, which results in the behaviour occurring less often. An example might be a child's toy taken away after the child does an undesired behaviour.

The idea of operant conditioning was first discovered by Edward Thorndike, and analyzed by B.F. Skinner.

Operant conditioning is different from Pavlov's classical conditioning. Operant conditioning deals with the voluntary modification of behaviour; classical conditioning with training a reflex.

Thorndike's law of effect
Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental learning, was first studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949). He observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. When first put in the boxes, cats took a long time to escape. With experience, successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the cats to escape in less time. In his law of effect, Thorndike theorized that behaviours followed by satisfying consequences tend to be repeated, and those that produce unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. In short, some consequences strengthened behavior and some consequences weakened behavior. Thorndike produced the first known learning curves by this procedure.

B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) worked out a more detailed analysis of operant conditioning. Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber which let him measure rate of response as a key dependent variable. He used a record of lever presses or key pecks.

Principles of operant conditioning:
Discrimination, generalization and the importance of context.
Learning takes place in contexts.
Most behaviour is under stimulus control: a particular response only occurs when an appropriate stimulus is present.
Stimulus control is effective even if the stimulus has no meaning to the respondent.
Extinction: operant behaviour undergoes extinction when the reinforcement stops.
The reinforcements only occur when the proper response has been made, and may not occur even then. Behaviours do not weaken and extinguish because of this.
Results depend partly on how often reinforcement is received.
Schedules of reinforcement: the timing of the reinforcements is crucial.
Fixed interval schedule: reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.
Variable interval schedule: a behaviour is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement. Ratio schedules:  based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements.
Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made. The special case of presenting reinforcement after each response is called continuous reinforcement.
Variable interval schedule: the delivery reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.

References

Ethology
Psychology

Operant conditioning


Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins, CBE (born 28 April 1980) is a British cyclist. He was born in Ghent, Belgium. He grew up in Kilburn and Maida Vale, London. His mother Linda is English; his father was Australian cyclist Gary Wiggins (1952-2008).

Wiggins won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2012 Tour de France.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
British cyclists
British Olympic bronze medalists
British Olympic gold medalists
British Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Ghent
People from the City of Westminster
Sportspeople from London
Tour de France winners

Bradley Wiggins


Kiviuq is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 5.

It was named in 2003 after a "giant" of Inuit mythology. Kiviuq (also spelled Keeveeok, Qiviuq or Kivioq) is a legendary and heroic Inuk, a sort of Inuit Odysseus. He has lived very long (or has had several lives), has wandered and journeyed, living all sorts of adventures whose details depend on the story-teller's local tradition.

Kiviuq is about 16 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11.1 million kilometers in 450 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.

Kiviuq displays light-red colours and the infrared spectrum very similar to Siarnaq and Paaliaq, further supporting the thesis of a possible common origin of the Inuit group in the break-up of a bigger body.

Other websites
David Jewitt pages

Saturn's moons

Kiviuq (moon)


Chit Lom station (, ) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is located on Phloen Chit Road at Chit Lom intersection to Lang Suan and Chit Lom Road. It is also linked by Skybridge directly to Central Chidlom department store, and Sky Walk to Ratchaprasong intersection where Central World, Gaysorn Plaza and Erawan Shrine is situated next to Pratunam clothing market within walking distance from the intersection. The Sky Walk also links the station with Siam station, with cluster of luxury shops in Siam Square and Siam Paragon shopping mall.

See also
 Bangkok Skytrain

BTS Skytrain stations

Chit Lom BTS station


Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang or Jambhul जांभुळ (मराठी)(Syzygium cumini), Kaalo Jaam (Bangla) Naavar Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar, Nepal and Afghanistan.  The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname.  In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits.  The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blueberry , jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambolão. Scientific synonyms include Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini and Eugenia jambolana.

A fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years.  Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value.  The wood is strong and water resistant.  Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.

The Jamun tree starts flowering in March-April. The fragrant flowers of Jamun are small, nearly 5 millimetres in diameter.  This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry. The berry is oblong and ovoid.  It is green when just appearing, pink when as it matures, and shining crimson black when fully ripe.  Another variety comes in white and some people say that it can be used as a medicine.  Jamun fruit is a mixture of sweet, slightly sub acid spicy flavour that stands out even after eaten since it turns the tongue into purple color. The fruit is universally accepted to be very good for medicinal purposes, especially diabetics.  The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis.  Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit.

Tropical fruit
Trees
Myrtaceae

Jambul


A burn bag is a security bag that holds sensitive or classified documents which are to be destroyed by fire or pulping after a certain period of time. The most common usage of burn bags is by government institutions, in the destruction of classified materials.

Burn bags are designed to facilitate the destruction process by not requiring the removal of the items to be destroyed beforehand and by indicating if the items require special procedures. Destruction via burn bags is considered superior to shredding, because shredded documents may be reconstructed. After the capture of the United States embassy in Tehran during the Iran hostage crisis, shredded documents were turned over for painstaking manual reconstruction, which revealed to Iran some U.S. operations, including spies.

Usage

In government institutions

Burn bags are generally associated with US governmental organizations like the CIA and NSA, due to the classified nature of their work. Most other governmental organizations have some form of burn bag system to destroy documents deemed of a Top Secret, Secret, Classified, or other similar nature.

Burn bags are mostly used to satisfy destruction of articles pursuant under Executive Order 12958 section 1.4, in part:
Classified information must fall under one of the following categories:
1.4 (a) Military plans, weapons systems, or operations;
1.4 (b) Foreign government information;
1.4 (c) Intelligence activities, sources or methods or cryptology;
1.4 (d) Foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States including
1.4 (e) Scientific, technological or economic matters relating to national security;
1.4 (f) United States Government programs for safeguarding nuclear materials or facilities;
1.4 (g) Vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations, projects or plan relating to the national security; or,
1.4 (h) weapons of mass destruction
The order was subsequently replaced by Executive Order 13526.

Due to environmental concerns and the high value of recycled paper, institutions that generate large amounts of classified material tend to securely desensitize their data in disintegrators with a 3/32" NSA/DOD approved top-secret screen. Even though the moniker "burn bag" is still very popular, rarely within the United States is classified material incinerated.

Overseas military outposts and diplomatic missions frequently have emergency disposal procedures in place for the rapid burning of classified materials. These often include special burn bags with built-in thermite charges.

Haz-mat usage

The term "burn bag" can also refer to bags that contain haz-mat protective gear after inspection of sources deemed hazardous.

In private businesses

Document destruction companies have rarely used burning in disposing of documents, mainly opting to shred material before disposal. However, due to the possibility that shredded material can be reconstructed, and recent increases in identity theft and corporate espionage, some services have started to offer destruction by burning instead of disposal into landfills.

The waste-to-energy industry often offers a "secure disposal" service to allow businesses to use the waste-to-energy plants' municipal waste incineration units for sensitive material disposal. Services range from a basic drop-off at the facility to actually having a witness to the incineration process and issuance of a certificate of destruction.

In popular culture

 A burn bag is used prominently in the movie Spy Game. In it, the character Nathan Muir uses a burn bag to hide—and subsequently destroy—documents he was keeping from the CIA pertaining to his protégé, Tom Bishop.
A similar document destruction system (sans burn bags) called the "memory hole" is used in the Ministry of Truth (Newspeak: Minitrue) in the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Burn bags are featured in the works of many military and espionage authors. The works of Tom Clancy and W. E. B. Griffin feature them prominently.
 In an episode of The West Wing ("Let Bartlet Be Bartlet"), Josh asks Mandy if she's ever heard of a burn bag relating to a memo which is critical of the President.
The July 5, 2007 installment of the Garry Trudeau Doonesbury comic refers to Vice President Dick Cheney burn-bagging lawyers who have written secret legal opinions.
 In the movie American Made, a burn bag is used by C.I.A. employees to disassociate any connection with the main protagonist, Barry Seal.
In the Showtime series Billions season two finale "Ball in Hand", Bobby Axelrod uses a burn up box instead of a burn bag to destroy evidence of his involvement in securities fraud.
 In the 2012 movie Argo, about the Iran hostage crisis, the Americans in their embassy in Iran tried to burn their embassy documents in a furnace but it malfunctioned and they had to use a paper shredder.

References

Notes

Sources
Government sites
Department of Energy Office of Administration Headquarters Waste Disposal Program
NOAA Office of Security Education Refresher Briefing (Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation) HTML version

Non-government sites
Nixon Logs Burn to Ashes
Everything2 definition

Bags
Classified information
Waste collection

Burn bag


The EE Rising Star Award, formerly known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is one of the award categories for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).  It is for new talents in the acting industry. The award was made after Mary Selway's death in 2004. She helped many new actors and actresses to fame. The five nominees can be any nationality and either gender.  Their breakthrough can be in television, film or both. The nominees are chosen by the BAFTA juries. The winner is chosen entirely by the public votes by text, internet or phone. This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012. From 2013, it was sponsored by EE.

Winners and nominees

Other websites
 The EE Rising Star Award at BAFTA

BAFTA Awards

BAFTA Rising Star Award


"Waiting in the Wings" is the thirteenth episode of season 3 in the television show Angel. Written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon, it was originally broadcast on February 4, 2002 on the WB network. In "Waiting in the Wings", Angel takes the gang out for an evening at the ballet but becomes suspicious when the prima ballerina (Summer Glau) is the same one he saw dance more than 100 years ago.  When Cordelia and Angel sneak backstage to investigate, they are consumed by overwhelming passion for each other as they are possessed by spirits of unrequited ballet lovers held captive by the sinister ballet troupe leader.  Also, Fred finds that both Wesley and Gunn have feelings for her too, but she must eventually choose one of them.

Plot
Wesley researches a demon from one of Cordelia's visions while Cordelia questions Wesley about his romantic feelings towards Fred. After Gunn and Fred return from breakfast, Angel announces he is taking them all to a ballet production of Giselle, by the same company he witnessed perform in 1890.

At the theater, the company's owner, Count Kurskov, promises the theater manager an unforgettable show while a shadowed figure watches from above the stage and laughs. In preparation for their glamorous night at the ballet, Fred and Cordelia shop for new dresses, which they intend to return after wearing them for the night. Subtly, Cordelia broaches the subject of Fred's romantic interests, but Cordelia thinks Fred's mind is on Wesley, when it's really on Gunn.

Compliments are directed to everyone as their attire is revealed at the hotel, and they depart together. At the theater, Cordelia is literally bored to sleep while the others enjoy the show. Angel finds the dancers familiar since he saw the same people perform the first time he saw the show. During intermission, Angel tells his friends about his revelation. He and Cordelia sneak backstage to investigate, where they discover they are mystically trapped in a maze of corridors.

Looking through the prima ballerina's dressing room, Angel observes that the dressing room hasn't changed in two hundred years as Cordelia examines a cross necklace from a table. Both feel the room warm, and Cordelia suddenly asks Angel to undress her. Soon they find themselves possessed by spirits in love and are unable to keep their hands off each other, until Cordelia accidentally burns Angel with the cross. Both come to their senses and leave the dressing room before things go too far.

Worried, Fred encourages the guys to help her look for the missing Angel and Cordelia. The Count directs his demon minions to deal with those sneaking around backstage. While trying to escape the backstage halls, Cordelia recalls an element of fear she felt while possessed. She convinces Angel to reenter the dressing room so that they can break the spell holding them backstage, where they are possessed by the spirits again with wild passion for each other. Cordelia calls Angel "Stefan" and confesses her fears of another man who is controlling her life. They kiss, and "Stefan" offers to take her away, but she wants him to help her deal with the problem instead. As Fred tends to a wound Gunn received in the battle with the Count's minions, he jokes about his injury, and Fred gets emotional because she thought he was seriously hurt. The two kiss as Wesley quietly discovers them and walks away sadly.

The ballet continues on stage as the gang gathers backstage. Wesley explains that the Count was a wizard who discovered the prima ballerina whom he adored had a lover. To repay her for her betrayal, the count forced her into a temporal shift where she would dance for only him, forever. As Angel searches for the Count's power center, he finds the prima ballerina waiting in the wings, resigned to perform the same dance for the rest of eternity. Angel tells her to break the magic holding her prisoner, she has to change the dance. She dances on stage using her own steps. Angel attacks the Count and, guessing the power center is in a medallion the count wears, smashes it with a powerful punch, finally releasing the ballet dancers. Wesley dresses Gunn's injury and watches on in emotional agony as Fred and Gunn exchange loving looks.

Angel and Cordelia agree that they are embarrassed about what happened between them while they were possessed. As Angel is about to declare his feelings for Cordelia, the Groosalugg from Pylea appears on the stairs, drawing Cordelia's attention. Groo and Cordelia kiss as Lorne comes downstairs to inform Angel that Pylea has formed a republic; with no need for a monarch, Groo returned for his true love, Cordelia.  Angel goes upstairs to check on Connor while Fred and Wesley watch on. Wesley realizes the path of love is not something that can be foretold.

Production
In the DVD commentary, writer/director Joss Whedon revealed that the main impetus for this episode was learning that Amy Acker danced ballet for fifteen years, although he also was excited to see the group dressed up.

Whedon filmed a scene in which Amy Acker and Alexis Denisof dance in the ballet. The scene, which was ultimately cut, was a fantasy of Wesley's during the performance. In the scene, Amy Acker - who danced fifteen years - dances properly, while Alexis Denisof dances farcically. The scene is included on the DVD as a bonus feature.

This episode was shot on location at the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles.

Acting
This episode features Summer Glau in her first acting role as a Prima Ballerina cursed to carry out the same performance over and over again. Glau, who is also a classically trained ballerina, would go on to star in Angel co-creator Joss Whedon's Firefly later that year as River Tam, and later have a recurring role in his show Dollhouse.

Reception
In her essay examining the maturation of Wesley's character over time, Stacey Abbott writes, "Denisof delivers a fearless comedic performance as he...prances across the stage with little grace and elegance", undercutting the romantic atmosphere of the ballet - which ultimately resulted in the scene being cut to maintain the more serious tone of the episode.

References

Further reading
John Kenneth Muir. The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television (2nd edn), p. 65 (McFarland; 2008)

External links

Angel (season 3) episodes
2002 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Joss Whedon
Television episodes directed by Joss Whedon
Television episodes about spirit possession

Waiting in the Wings (Angel)


The Old National Library Building was a demolished historical library building at Stamford Road in the Museum Planning Area of Singapore. Originally completed in 1960, the library building was a national icon for many Singaporeans. Despite a huge groundswell of public dissent, the library was closed on 31 March 2004, and was demolished in July that year to make way for the construction of the Fort Canning Tunnel to ease road traffic to the city. The controversy surrounding the building's demise has been credited for sparking greater awareness of local cultural roots and an unprecedented wave in favour of heritage conservation among Singaporeans.

History
The Old National Library traces its roots to Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore, who in 1823 started a small private collection of books housed in the Raffles Institution. This was known as Raffles Library, and access to the collection was limited to the British and privileged class. Dr. Robert Morrison, an eminent missionary and educator became the first librarian from 1823 to 1845. He was mainly responsible for establishing the plans with Raffles and soliciting book donations for the Library. When it was first built, it has a red-brick façade.

World War II
The Raffles Library was converted into a Regimental Aid Station by the British and Australian army during the Japanese invasion in February 1942. The Library building suffered damages on its northwestern wall and rooftop during the invasion. After the British surrender of Singapore on 15 February 1942, the Library was taken over by the Japanese and renamed the  during the Japanese Occupation. On 29 April 1942, it reopened to the public on the occasion of the birthday of the Emperor of Japan, Hirohito.   Shōnan Toshokan was headed by Marquis Yoshichika Tokugawa as its president, a relative of the Japanese Emperor.

On 18 February 1942, E.J.H. Corner, the assistant Director of Gardens in the Straits Settlement, with the support of Sir Shenton Thomas, met a group of Japanese scientists and nobles with the intention of protecting the invaluable collections of the Library and museum. He was later enlisted by Professor Hidezo Tanakadate to assist in re-establishing the library and museum. To increase its collection, abandoned books and journals were collected from all across the states of Malaya and deposited at the Library.

The Library was patronised mainly by the Japanese and captured European staff from the Department of Information, who created propaganda for the Japanese invasion of India and Australia. More than 13,000 volumes were also circulated to civil internees at the Maxwell Road Customs House and prisoners-of-war at Changi Prison. Among these volumes were prayer books, hymnals, music sheets and children's books.

Post-war
After the Japanese surrender in September 1945, Lieutenant-Colonel G. Archey of the British Military Administration took over Directorship of the Library and museum on 6 September. The Library only suffered minimal losses and damages during the three and a half years of Japanese Occupation, as the Japanese preserved the Library well due to its respected reputation in academia. Compared to other libraries in Malaya which lost nearly half of their collections, only some 500 reference books were looted according to a stocktake done after the war.

In the 1950s, public demand mounted for a free public library to meet the needs of all levels of society. Lee Kong Chian, a renowned Chinese community leader and philanthropist, offered S$350,000 in 1953 towards the founding of the first free public library in Singapore on condition that vernacular languages were promoted and encouraged in the public arena. The British government accepted the offer without hesitation and began demolishing the old St Andrew's Chapel and the British Council Hall sited at the foot of Fort Canning Hill along Stamford Road to make way for the new library. The chosen site was situated among many civic and educational institutions on or around Fort Canning Hill and the nearby Bras Basah area. Lee later laid the foundation stone that reads:

50 years later, on 15 September 2003, his son Dr. Lee Seng Gee repeated history when the Lee Foundation he chaired gave S$60 million to the National Library Board, the largest single corporate donation ever in Singapore. In July 2005, the new National Reference Library at Victoria Street was named Lee Kong Chian Library in his father's honour.

On 1 April 1958, after the Raffles National Library Ordinance came into effect, the Raffles Library was renamed Raffles National Library.

New building
Designed and built by the Public Works Department, the new red-bricked building was officially opened and christened as the National Library on 12 November 1960 by the President of Singapore, Yusof bin Ishak. The architecture was said to reflect the red-brick epoch of British architecture in the 1950s. Hedwig Anuar was appointed the first Singaporean Director of the National Library in April 1960 and served until June 1961. Aside from its extensive English collection, the library also made Chinese, Malay and Tamil books available for loan. Occupying a total floor area of 10,242 square metres, the library included reading sections for adults and children, a microfilm unit and a lecture hall.

To cultivate reading habits among the young, the Library initiated many activities such as story-telling sessions for children and talks for teenagers, conducted by the staff or members of the public.  Among adults, the Library also promoted books written by local writers, publishing a bibliography of their writings and encouraging Singaporeans to read local literature in all languages. Such activities are still being carried out by the National Library Board to the present day.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, the Library became a popular destination for studying and hanging out for young people from well-known neighbouring schools such as Raffles Institution, Raffles Girls' School, St Joseph's Institution and Tao Nan School that had their early beginnings in this area. The landmark Balustrade or front porch and steps leading up to the Library became an intimate public space where one could sit and read, wait, chat or simply watch the world go by.

The Courtyard Cafe and The Fountain located within the Library also became an institution, well-patronised by library users, office workers and the local arts community from The Substation. As such, many fond memories were created for those who visited the compounds of the Library. At the same time, the pressure of urban redevelopment in the city was building up, resulting in demolishing of old city fabric that would threaten the Library building's fate and its sentimental memories in the ensuing years.

Civic and Cultural District Master Plan
A Civic and Cultural District Master Plan Exhibition was held in April 1988 by the Ministry of National Development (MND) to garner public feedback to develop the Central area into a historical, cultural and retail zone. The 1988 Master Plan was aimed to revitalise Singapore's civic and cultural hub, citing the location of key cultural institutions such as the Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, the National Museum, as well as the National Library within the District.

On 28 May, the MND Minister, S. Dhanabalan chaired a dialogue attended predominantly by invited professionals such as planners, architects and property consultants to review the Master Plan exhibited a month earlier. During the professional dialogue, the Urban Redevelopment Authority's (URA) many microplanning proposals were reviewed, including the proposed demolition of the National Library to create a "clear view of Fort Canning Hill from Bras Basah Park". No conclusive statement on the building's fate was made in the press report or in URA's publication, Skyline Vol. 35/88 (Jul/Aug 1988).

New national library

On 23 March 1989, the MND revealed plans in Parliament to build a new National Library and four new branches in Yishun, Tampines, Hougang and Woodlands. This announcement generated extensive discussion in the ensuing months on the potential of a new National Library. On 17 March 1990, the Ministry of Community Development confirmed in Parliament that the new National Library would be sited at the former Raffles Girls' School site in Queen Street. A library consultant was appointed the following month to advise on the planning of the new building.

Revision in plan
The 1992 Civic District Master Plan public exhibition was held from 22 to 26 February by the URA. An important revision was the mentioning of the one-way Fort Canning Tunnel, entering the hill at the existing National Library and emerging at Penang Road to be built by the year 2000. The URA explained that the 380m long tunnel would help smoothen the major traffic intersection in front of Cathay Building and direct heavy traffic away from the Marina to Orchard areas, thus giving the museum precinct a peaceful and quiet ambience.

Work on the tunnel was expected to start after the National Library is relocated to Victoria Street by 1996. In the extensive press reports in 1992, neither the demolition of the National Library building nor the reasons for changing the site of the new National Library to Victoria Street were given.

In the subsequent 1997 Master Plan for the area, plans for the Fort Canning Tunnel remained unchanged and it was not explicitly stated in the report that the National Library building would be demolished. In April 1997, the Library was closed for a S$2.6 million upgrading and renovation programme to meet the needs of the IT age. It was planned to reopen on 1 Oct, with its facilities upgraded, with new computers, and its collection updated with 80,000 volumes added. Actual renovations took nine months and the library was officially reopened on 16 January 1998.

'National Library to go'
On 8 December 1998, a letter by Kelvin Wang to the Straits Times Forum page triggered a string of events that would bring the normally passive Singaporeans to display rare sparks of civic activism. Wang brought to the public attention that there was a possibility that the National Library would be demolished, after a recent announcement by the newly formed Singapore Management University (SMU) that its new city campus would be sited in the Bras Basah area including the National Library's present site. Wang wrote:

In response, the SMU assured the public that they could play a part in deciding the fate of the red-bricked building housing the National Library, as it had not decided what to do with the building. On 13 March 1999, SMU organised a public symposium at the Singapore Art Museum (former St Joseph's Institution) to gather feedback for its campus masterplan. Overwhelming turnout and passionate debate amongst the audience marked this highly publicised event, which lasted over 4 hours. This was the first occasion where URA made public their definitive decision to demolish the National Library building as "it was not of great architectural merit and should not be conserved."

Public dissent
From March to April 1999, there arose a huge groundswell of public dissent in the media over the National Library building's fate, as well as the drastic physical alterations of its environs. A number of featured columns by journalists touched on gradually disappearing heritage landmarks, as well as shared memories of Singaporeans.

On 24 January 2000, after SMU chaired a technical workshop to obtain feedback on three alternative proposals, a well-known architect named Tay Kheng Soon held a press conference at The Substation to unveil his unofficial SMU masterplan. URA was invited to the presentation but did not show up. His proposal entailed re-routing the tunnel to save the National Library building. A week later, Tay wrote to the Prime Minister's Office regarding his proposal which was referred to the MND. Many members of the public wrote in publicly either in support of Tay's plans or argue for heritage conservation in general. A few articles and letters highlighted that the adamant official response to public dissent ran counter to the spirit of the Government's S21 Vision, which expressed a desire to foster civic participation and active citizenry.

On 7 March 2000, the Minister for National Development, Mah Bow Tan, announced in Parliament that the National Library building would have to go.  According to Mah, the authorities had assessed Tay's plans but concluded that the URA's plan was a better proposal for preserving the Civic District's ambience and being more people-friendly. With no choice, the public and activists accepted the final decision to demolish their beloved Library and the debates slowly frizzled off.

Aftermath
The old National Library was eventually torn down in July 2004.  Today, all that remains of the building at its original site are two red-bricked entrance pillars standing near the Fort Canning Tunnel. The controversy surrounding the building's demise has been credited for sparking greater awareness of local cultural roots and an unprecedented wave in favour of heritage conservation among Singaporeans.

The new National Library at Victoria Street was completed in July 2005. In memory of the old National Library building, about 5,000 red bricks were salvaged from the old Library and used to construct a commemorative wall in a bamboo garden located within the new building.

See also

National Library, Singapore
Singapore National Theatre
Fort Canning Lighthouse

References

Bibliography
Kwok Kian Woon et al. (2000). Memories and the National Library: Between forgetting and remembering. Singapore: Singapore Heritage Society, pp. 1–213. .
Dr. K.K. Seet (2005). Knowledge, Inspiration, Possibility – Singapore Transformative Library. Singapore: SNP International Publishing Pte Ltd. .
National Library Board (2004). Moments in Time – Memories of the National Library. , Singapore: National Library Board.

Demolished buildings and structures in Singapore
Government buildings completed in 1960
Buildings and structures demolished in 2004
1960 establishments in Singapore
Libraries established in 1960
Library buildings completed in 1960
2004 disestablishments in Singapore
Libraries in Singapore
Museum Planning Area
Defunct libraries
20th-century architecture in Singapore

Old National Library Building


Heidi Lynne Fleiss (born December 30, 1965 in Los Angeles) is an American television personality and columnist, regularly featured in American media. She is often called "Hollywood Madam" (formerly she was a madam and for a short time a prostitute) and is a periodic guest on Fox News programs. Her father was Paul M. Fleiss. She is of Jewish descent.

Fleiss had been convicted of tax evasion and spent some time in prison. She was in a domestic partnership with Dennis Hof until his death in October 2018.

References

1965 births
Living people
American columnists
American prisoners
American prostitutes
American sex industry businesspeople
Brothel owners and madams
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Jewish American criminals
Jewish American entertainers
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish sex industry people
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles

Heidi Fleiss


The Pursuit of Love is a novel by Nancy Mitford, first published in 1945. It is the first in a trilogy about an upper-class English family in the interwar period focusing on the romantic life of Linda Radlett, as narrated by her cousin, Fanny Logan. Although a comedy, the story has tragic overtones.

The book was an immediate best-seller and sold 200,000 copies within a year of publication.

Mitford wrote two sequels to the novel, Love in a Cold Climate (1949) and Don't Tell Alfred (1960). Her penultimate novel, The Blessing (1951), also makes references to The Pursuit of Love and characters from The Blessing later appear in Don't Tell Alfred.

Plot summary
The narrator is Fanny, whose mother (called the "Bolter" for her habit of serial monogamy) and father have left her to be brought up by her aunt Emily and the valetudinarian Davey, whom Emily marries early in the novel. Fanny also spends holidays with her uncle, Matthew Radlett, her aunt, Sadie and numerous cousins at Alconleigh. Linda, the second Radlett daughter, is Fanny's best friend and the main character of the novel. The early chapters recount the Radlett children's bizarre upbringing, including their contrasting obsessions with hunting and preventing cruelty to animals, and the activities of their secret society, the "Hons". The Radlett daughters receive little in the way of formal education, and as Linda grows older she is increasingly consumed by a desire for romantic love and marriage.

Louisa, the eldest Radlett child, makes her début and quickly becomes engaged to John Fort William, a Scottish peer more than twenty years her senior. Linda finds Lord Fort William an unromantic choice of husband, but is deeply jealous that Louisa is getting married. Linda becomes bored and depressed, awaiting her own coming-out party. During this time she makes friends with Lord Merlin, a neighbouring landlord who is a wealthy, charming aesthete with many fashionable friends. Merlin brings Tony Kroesig, heir to a wealthy banking family, as a last-minute guest to Linda's coming-out ball. Linda falls in love with Tony, but their relationship is rocky from the start. Linda's father Matthew disapproves of Tony's German ancestry (he believes that all foreigners are fiends) and is furious when Linda and Fanny sneak away to Oxford to have luncheon with Tony. Linda and Tony eventually marry despite the strong disapproval of their families.

Linda very quickly realises that she has made a serious mistake, but she keeps up a pretence of having a happy marriage. Linda and Tony have one child, Moira, to whom Linda takes an instant dislike. Linda almost dies during Moira's birth, and her doctors strongly advise her to have no more children. Moira is soon abandoned to the care of her paternal grandparents. During this time, Fanny marries a young man called Alfred and begins a family of her own; she therefore sees Linda less frequently.

After nine years of marriage, Linda leaves Tony for Christian Talbot, an ardent Communist. Christian is kind but vague, and ultimately uninterested in individuals, preferring to focus on the plight of the working class. Linda's divorce and remarriage cause a rift between her and her parents, but after some months they reconcile. Linda and Christian go to France to work with Spanish refugees in Perpignan during the Spanish Civil War, where they meet Linda's old friend Lavender Davis, an efficient young woman also volunteering to help the refugees. Linda realises that Christian and Lavender are falling in love with one another and that they would be a better pairing. Linda decides to leave Christian and leave France.

On the way back to England, Linda runs out of money in Paris and meets Fabrice de Sauveterre, a wealthy French duke. Linda becomes his mistress and lives with him in Paris for eleven months. During this time she cultivates a great interest in clothes, which Fabrice encourages and finances, but most of her happiness is the result of the fact that she has finally found the love of her life. When World War II breaks out, Fabrice persuades Linda to return to England alone, for he has work to do in the French Resistance. During the war, he is able to visit Linda in England once. She becomes pregnant.

Meanwhile, for safety during the London Blitz, Fanny, Louisa and their children are living at Alconleigh, along with Matthew, Sadie, Emily, Davey, the "Bolter" and her new lover Juan (whom Matthew calls "Gewan"). When Linda's house in London is bombed, she also goes to stay at Alconleigh. The Bolter sees Linda as a younger version of herself, which Linda resents, because she is certain that she has found the love of her life in Fabrice and will not run off from any more husbands. Fanny is also expecting a baby, and she and Linda give birth to their sons on the same day. Linda dies in childbirth, as the doctors had warned; around this same time, Fabrice is killed in the war. Fanny and her husband adopt Linda's child and name him Fabrice.

The Radletts
 Uncle Matthew, "Lord Alconleigh"; an eccentric, bullying patriarch who periodically uses bloodhounds to hunt his children across the Oxfordshire countryside
 Aunt Sadie, an affectionate but somewhat ineffectual matriarch
 Louisa, the dependable, domestic eldest daughter
 Linda, beautiful and highly strung, the central character in The Pursuit of Love
 Bob, the eldest son, one of the few well-behaved Radlett children
 Jassy, Matt's inseparable friend, who is perpetually saving up to run away from home
 Matt, Jassy's inseparable friend, eventually runs away from Eton to fight in the Spanish Civil War
 Robin, the youngest son
 Victoria, the baby of the family, born when the older children are entering their teens. An irrepressible child, she appears more prominently in the sequel, Love in a Cold Climate

Other characters
 Fanny Logan, the narrator, a cousin of the Radletts and Linda's best friend
 Fabrice de Sauveterre, a wealthy French duke, Linda's final lover and the great love of her life
 Emily Warbeck, Sadie's sister and Fanny's aunt
 Davey Warbeck, Emily's husband, a distinguished writer and critic, and also a hypochondriac who undergoes unusual remedies for the sake of his health
 The Bolter, for whom no other name is given, Fanny's mother and younger sister to Sadie and Emily; she is called the Bolter because of her many marriages
 Lord Merlin, a neighbour of the Radletts who befriends and mentors Linda, and introduces her to high society
 Tony Kroesig, Linda's first husband, a banker and later a Conservative MP
 Sir Leicester Kroesig, Tony's father, also a banker, who strongly dislikes Linda
 Moira Kroesig, Linda and Tony's child, whom Linda dislikes on sight
 Christian Talbot, Linda's second husband, an ardent Communist
 Lavender Davis, a childhood acquaintance of Linda's
 John Fort William, Louisa's husband, in the House of Lords
 Alfred Wincham, Fanny's husband, an Oxford don
 Juan, the Bolter's Spanish lover

Adaptations
In 1980 The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate were adapted into an eight part miniseries by ITV under the title Love in a Cold Climate.

A second adaptation of The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate by the BBC and WGBH Boston was released in 2001 as the two-part drama Love in a Cold Climate. Tom Hooper directed the screenplay adapted by Deborah Moggach from the novels.

In 2019 the BBC announced plans for another adaptation, The Pursuit of Love directed by Emily Mortimer and starring Lily James and Emily Beecham. The miniseries began filming in 2020; it was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and premiered on BBC One in May 2021.

In 2022 India Knight published the novel Darling, an updating of The Pursuit of Love set in modern times featuring many of the same characters.

See also

 The Pursuit of Laughter
 The Pursuit (album)

References

External links
 Official Nancy Mitford website

1945 British novels
Novels by Nancy Mitford
Novels set in Oxfordshire
Hamish Hamilton books
British novels adapted into television shows

The Pursuit of Love


Youssef Mahmoud, a national from Tunisia was appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Representative for the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT), effective 1 June 2010. He replaces Victor da Silva Angelo of Portugal, whose function ended in March 2010.

Prior to this appointment, Mahmoud served as United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator and the United Nations Development Programme Resident Representative.

Mahmoud was previously UN Resident Coordinator in Guyana. He also served as UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia(UNTAC) and worked in the Office of Human Resources and Management in New York City.

Mahmoud joined the UN in 1981. Before that, he was Assistant Professor of Linguistics at the University of Tunis, Tunisia and Chairman of the English Department of the Bourguiba Institute of Modern Languages in Tunis.

He was born on 7 August 1947 and is married with two children.

References

External links
 UN Biography, Youssef Mahmoud

Tunisian officials of the United Nations
Living people
1947 births
Academic staff of Tunis University

Youssef Mahmoud