The Green Goblin is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first and best-known incarnation Norman Osborn, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, is generally regarded as one of the archenemies of the superhero Spider-Man, along with Doctor Octopus and Venom. Originally a manifestation of chemically induced insanity, others such as Harry Osborn would take on the persona. The Green Goblin is a Halloween-themed supervillain whose weapons resemble bats, ghosts, and jack-o'-lanterns and in most incarnations uses a hoverboard or glider to fly.

Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character: "Of all the costumed villains who've plagued Spider-Man over the years, the most flat-out unhinged and terrifying of them all is the Green Goblin." The Green Goblin has appeared in numerous media adaptations of Spider-Man over the years, including films, animated television series, and video games. Norman and Harry Osborn were portrayed by Willem Dafoe and James Franco in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy (2002–2007), and by Chris Cooper and Dane DeHaan in the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014). Dafoe reprised his role as Norman Osborn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) which used the concept of the multiverse to link the Raimi trilogy to the MCU.

Publication history
According to Steve Ditko:
Stan's synopsis for the Green Goblin had a movie crew, on location, finding an Egyptian–like sarcophagus. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin. He naturally came to life. On my own, I changed Stan's mythological demon into a human villain.
The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14. At this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. According to both Stan Lee and John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, Lee always wanted the Green Goblin to be someone Peter Parker knew, while Ditko wanted his civilian identity to be someone who had not yet been introduced. Lee elaborated:
Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in real life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong. I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. ... if it's somebody you didn't know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues? I think that frustrates the reader.
However, Lee prefaced this statement by admitting that, due to his self-professed poor memory, he may have been confusing the Green Goblin with a different character. Moreover, in an earlier essay he had said that he could not remember whether Norman Osborn being the Green Goblin was his idea or Ditko's. Ditko has maintained that it was his idea, even claiming that he had decided on it before the first Green Goblin story was finished, and that a character he drew in the background of a single panel of Amazing Spider-Man #23 was meant to be Norman Osborn (who is not introduced until issue #37).

Ditko left the series with issue #38, just one issue after Norman Osborn was introduced as the father of Harry Osborn. The first issue without Ditko saw the Green Goblin unmasked. John Romita, Sr., who replaced Ditko as the title's artist, recalled:

In the landmark story, "The Night Gwen Stacy Died" (The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122), the Green Goblin kills Gwen Stacy and later perishes in a fight against Spider-Man. However, the story's writer, Gerry Conway, had Harry Osborn adopt the Green Goblin identity in that story's aftermath, later remarking that "I never had any intention of getting rid of the Green Goblin as a concept". Harry Osborn's becoming the Green Goblin was mostly well-received, with fans remarking that Harry was more menacing than his father had ever been.

Several other characters would take on the Green Goblin identity, and writer Roger Stern later introduced the Hobgoblin to replace the Green Goblin as Spider-Man's archenemy. In addition, a retcon during the "Clone Saga" determined that the original Green Goblin survived the events of The Amazing Spider-Man #122 and had been playing a behind-the-scenes role in Spider-Man's adventures since then.

Fictional character biography

Norman Osborn

Norman Osborn is the first and most-known character connected with the Green Goblin alias who developed the equipment used by the others ever since he was exposed to the Goblin formula.

Harry Osborn

Harold "Harry" Osborn is Norman Osborn's son and the second character who used the Green Goblin alias.

Bart Hamilton
Dr. Barton "Bart" Hamilton was a psychologist born in Scarsdale, New York and the third character to use the Green Goblin alias. When Harry was put under medical care, Dr. Hamilton managed to make Harry bury the vendetta as the Goblin identity from Harry's subconscious via hypnosis. Dr. Hamilton uses these secrets to be the third Goblin. But since Harry has no knowledge of where Norman's strength-enhancing Goblin formula is, Hamilton is unable to locate it. He hatches an elaborate plot to kill Silvermane but Harry resumes the Goblin identity to stop him. They battle and Hamilton is accidentally killed by a bomb with which he meant to kill Spider-Man.

Years later, there was speculation that Hamilton was the Hobgoblin but this is disproved.

A Goblin that was presumably Hamilton appears as a member of the second incarnation of the Legion of the Unliving created by the Grandmaster. After being pitted against the Avengers, the group and their master are vanquished by Death.

During the "Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy" storyline, Bart's Goblin form is cloned by the Jackal's company New U Technologies.

Phil Urich

Philip Benjamin "Phil" Urich is the nephew of Ben Urich and the fourth character to use the Green Goblin alias.

Nameless construct
Norman begins trying to convince the public after returning from the dead of never being the infamous supervillain, and conspired with associate Doctor Angst genetically engineer a new Green Goblin, one slavishly devoted to help his case. Norman uses this Goblin as a bodyguard, to torment Spider-Man, and in ploys designed to draw public sympathy (such as kidnapping Normie Osborn for ransom). After Norman is incapacitated by the Gathering of Five, the Goblin is left alone and begins to degenerate due to no longer having access to the Goblin Formula required to keep him stable. The Goblin goes after Liz Allan in a desperate bid to find a cure for his condition, but is driven off by Spider-Man. During a second attempt to capture Liz, the Goblin unmasks himself in front of Spider-Man (shuffling through a variety of faces (with the most prominent being Harry Osborn) after doing so) and melts into a pile of protoplasm as he claims Norman would return.

Powers and abilities

In his first appearances, the Green Goblin seems to be a normal man (albeit very nimble and athletic) who gets his powers from his many gadgets. In later appearances, it is established that due to the "Goblin Formula", Norman and most successors to the Green Goblin persona possesses superhuman strength (lifting nine tons under optimal conditions), increased speed, reflexes, endurance, intelligence and healing rate.

Norman started with a portion of the chemical's power, because he only received an accidental splash in the face at a time where one had to bathe in it long enough to get the full effect. Eventually a new version of the chemical was developed, which was suitable for directly drinking it. Though much slower than the likes of Wolverine, he can regenerate damaged tissue and organs. However, if seriously wounded, it would leave scars on his body.

His intelligence has been enhanced to gifted levels, though at the price of his sanity. His involvement with the Gathering of the Five loosened his grip on reality, though he is able to maintain some semblance of his sanity via chemically treated dermal patches. When not impaired by mental illness, Osborn is a cunning businessman, masterful strategist, and highly skilled in electronics, mechanics, engineering and chemistry.

The Green Goblin is armed with a variety of bizarre devices. He travels on his bat-shaped "Goblin Glider", an incredibly fast and maneuverable rocket glider equipped with various armaments. Other weapons the Goblin uses include incendiary Pumpkin Bombs and Ghost Bombs, smoke- and gas-emitting grenades resembling jack-'o'-lanterns and ghosts, respectively, razor-edged boomerang-like throwing weapons called razor bats and gloves woven with micro-circuited filaments which channel pulsed discharges of electricity at nearly 10,000 volts. He wears a green costume underneath bulletproof chainmail with an overlapping purple tunic. His mask has a built-in gas filter to keep him safe from his own gases.

Goblin Glider
In the Green Goblin's first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #14, he rides a steel rocket-powered wingless broomstick (not a glider). In his second appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #17, he changes to the familiar bat-shaped glider. The Goblin Glider's controls and microprocessor are located behind the head of the glider. The pilot is attached to the glider via electromagnetic clasps on the wings of the glider. It has great maneuverability and is steered mostly by leaning, but manual controls are available behind the head of the glider. The Goblin later added radio-linked voice controls to his mask. Its top speed is , and it can support about , though it could lift far more for brief periods. Flying at top speed with a full load and a full fuel tank would deplete its fuel supply in about an hour.

In the Goblin's later appearances, the glider possesses a wide array of armaments, including heat-seeking and smart missiles, machine guns, extending blades, a flamethrower and a Pumpkin Bomb dispenser/launcher.

Pumpkin Bombs, Ghost Bombs, and the "Bag of Tricks"
A grenade used by the Green Goblin, the Pumpkin Bomb resembles a miniature Jack-o'-lantern and, when thrown, ignites almost soundlessly and produces enough heat to melt through a  thick sheet of steel. The Goblin carries these and a variety of other weapons, such as razor bats (akin to bladed boomerangs) and miniature "Ghost Bombs", in an over-the-shoulder satchel he calls his "Bag of Tricks". The Green Goblin has a range of other "Pumpkin Bombs" and "Ghost Bombs" at his disposal, including smoke and gas-emitting bombs. Some release hallucinogenic gases, while others emit a specially-created mixture that neutralizes Spider-Man's spider-sense for a limited period of time. Still others emit a flame-retarding gas, which the Goblin once used against the Human Torch. All of these are covered in a light plastic coating.

Groups

Goblinettes
Some time after Norman's death, Harry is abducted by a trio of mysterious female Goblins. With the aid of Ben Urich and Molten Man, Spider-Man discovers that these "Goblinettes" are robots created by Harry, and controlled by a supercomputer containing copies of Harry and Norman's minds. The Goblinettes are destroyed along with the computer, which had been programmed to expose Normie Osborn to the same version of Goblin serum that killed Harry, in attempt to create a new Green Goblin.

Order of the Goblin
An offshoot of the Scriers cult founded by Norman, consisting of only his most loyal followers.

Goblin Gangs
Following Norman's rise and fall from power, a number of Goblin Gangs sprang up across America. Composed mostly of white supremacists who agreed with his plans to remove the Asgardians from the country, they wear purple clothes, green face makeup and have goblin-based tattoos. Vin Gonzales was revealed to have received one of these tattoos while in prison passing a message from Norman to Harry about Stanley Osborn.

Goblin Nation
The Goblin Nation, also known as the "Goblin Underground", is a group of organized crime composed of Goblin-themed villains led by the Goblin King against the Superior Spider-Man.

War Goblins
In the eight-month ellipsis that occurred subsequent to the events of Secret Wars, a heavily bandaged arms dealer claiming to be Norman Osborn began selling Goblin-based costumes and equipment on the black market, establishing private armies of "War Goblins".

Other versions
As a fictional character, the Green Goblin has appeared in a number of media, from comic books to films and television series. Each version of the character is typically established within its own continuity within parallel universes, to the point where distinct differences in the portrayal of the character can be identified. Various versions of the Goblin are depicted in works such as Marvel's Ultimate line and Earth X.

2099
In the Marvel 2099 setting, the Goblin is a radical trickster who wants to prove that Spider-Man (Miguel O'Hara) is in the pay of a megacorp like Alchemax. He has bat-like glider-wings and a bag of "tricks", similar to the 20th century version. He also has the ability to project illusions.

He is eventually unmasked, and appears to be Spider-Man's brother Gabriel O'Hara, although it is later revealed, in a retcon, that he is a shapeshifter who took Gabriel's identity. Writer Peter David, who quit the book between creating the character and the unmasking, has said that it was his intent for the Goblin to be a female Catholic priest named Father Jennifer, and for Gabriel to be a red herring. This Goblin was never called the Green Goblin, but instead simply Goblin 2099.

In All-New, All-Different Marvel during a travel to 2099, Spider-Man (O'Hara) is captured by that era's Venom and Doctor Octopus. Miguel later wakes up in Alchemax, which is run by that era's Sinister Six. The Sinister Six discover that the Goblin is actually Father Jennifer D'Angelo, an undercover ally of Kasey. After receiving a message from the Sinister Six, Miguel and Kasey go to Alchemax to rescue Father Jennifer. Upon escaping, Spider-Man and Father Jennifer arrive at an area where the time door appears, but Jennifer is killed by Doctor Octopus.

Avataars: Covenant of the Shield
In the miniseries Avataars: Covenant of the Shield, which takes place in an alternative universe referred to as Eurth created by the Shaper of Worlds, the Green Goblin appears as the Goblin King. A small, nimble creature green in color and adorned in purple rags, the Goblin King is shown to speak solely in rhyme and runs a toll booth in the Webwood, extorting goods from travelers along with his henchmen the Six Most Sinister.

House of M
In the Spider-Man: House of M from the 2005 Marvel comics series House of M, there are two versions of the Green Goblin.

 The first is Peter's wrestling friend and rival Crusher Hogan, who uses the identity as his wrestling franchise.
 The second is Peter Parker himself, who, feeling guilty posing as a mutant when really he was a human given powers in the usual Spider-Man fashion (radioactive spider bite), poses as the Green Goblin to reveal the information about him being a human to J. Jonah Jameson, his then publicist, and eventually the entire world. Norman Osborn is also present in this continuity, as an industrialist whose company is bought out by Peter.

Spider-Ham
In the universe where Marvel characters are animals, Norman Osbird, as he's called in this universe, is a crazy turkey who calls himself the Green Gobbler.

MC2

Fury the Goblin Queen
Élan DeJunae, daughter of the San Mardeo DeJunae crime family in South America, is betrothed to Normie Osborn when she is just a baby because of her father's involvement with the Order of the Goblin.

From then on, Élan learns the family business and eventually makes connections with the Black Tarantula. She grows up training to follow Norman Osborn's footsteps, and eventually becomes the leader of the Order of the Goblin. Following a near fatal attack on Normie, Élan returns to New York to follow through with their arranged marriage, but Normie was not aware of the betrothal. Meanwhile, Élan and the Black Tarantula plot to use Spider-Girl to destroy Lady Octopus and Canis so they can take control of the New York underworld. Following plans made by Norman Osborn before his death, the Queen of the Goblins tries to dose Normie Osborn with a new version of the Goblin Formula. Spider-Girl manages to defeat Élan, but in the battle, the formula explodes and the Queen escapes.

Because Normie spurned her and denied his place in the Goblin legacy, Fury crashes his wedding to Brenda Drago and forcibly bonds the Venom-symbiote to him in an attempt to corrupt him. This backfires, as Normie gained control of the symbiote and went on to become a hero. After Fury crashed Normie's wedding, Phil Urich (the good Green Goblin) defeats her and sends her to prison.

Normie Osborn

Normie Osborn is the son of Harry Osborn and Liz Allan, and the grandson of Norman Osborn. In the alternative timeline of the MC2 universe he becomes the Green Goblin and battles Spider-Man's daughter, May "Mayday" Parker, before reforming and becoming her ally.

Phil Urich
In the MC2 timeline, Phil Urich marries his girlfriend Meredith and is a forensic scientist and friends with Peter Parker. He is aware of both Peter and Spider-Girl's identities. Phil Urich resumes the Goblin identity, first under the name of the Golden Goblin, then as the Green Goblin with the assistance of Normie Osborn (III). After Phil lost a long series of battles, Normie recreates Phil's original mask, which grants him superhuman strength and other abilities, greatly enhancing his effectiveness. He is also a founding member of the New New Warriors.

Spider-Man: India
Spider-Man: India features Nalin Oberoi, a ruthless businessman in Mumbai, who is ravaging villages for a mystical amulet to connect with evil, supernatural demons who once ruled the world. The process works and transforms Oberoi into "Green Goblin". He also transforms a meek doctor into "Doctor Octopus" and sends him to find Pavitar Prabhakar (Spider-Man). Oberoi later burns down Pavitar's village (branding it with his initials NO), and kidnaps MJ, and Aunt Maya (Aunt May). At Oberoi HQ, he tries to bring down the demons, until a reformed Octopus and Pavitar attack and rescue the ladies. After killing the doctor, Oberoi is later defeated by Pavitar. Oberoi also has a son mentioned by Pavitar, Hari.

Ultimate Marvel

In other media

Notes

References

External links
 Green Goblin (disambiguation) at the Marvel Universe

Comics characters introduced in 1964
Articles about multiple fictional characters
Villains in animated television series
Spider-Man characters code names
Fictional mass murderers
Marvel Comics titles
Spider-Man characters
Characters created by Stan Lee
Characters created by Steve Ditko
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Fictional engineers
Fictional chemists

Green Goblin


A reed is a piece of dry bamboo that is used in some musical instruments such as saxophones, clarinets and oboes.  The musician blows air through the mouthpiece where the reed is firmly placed, and the air makes the reed vibrate; this vibration in the mouthpiece produces sound all along the instrument, which is changed into specific musical notes depending on the physical nature of the instrument.

Musical instruments that use reeds are members of the woodwind family, because many years ago the instruments were all made of wood.  Today the instruments can be made of metal (brass, silver, gold), wood, or a hard plastic made to look like wood.

The bassoon family of instruments and the oboe family of instruments play with a double reed. Players play through blowing air through the double reed, making the reeds vibrate. A mouthpiece is not needed.

Other reeds can be made from metal or plastic.

Musical instrument construction
Woodwind instruments

Reed (instrument)


Rubella (also known as German measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus.

It is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed. However, this can make the virus very difficult to diagnose.

The disease can last 1–5 days. Children recover more quickly than adults.

The virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat. Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out.

Rubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby (fetus) through the placenta.  This can be very dangerous to the fetus, especially if the mother gets rubella early on in her pregnancy.  Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in developing fetuses.

The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established. Common symptoms are a red/pink rash, swollen lymph nodes, and a high fever.

The disease is named German measles because it has a similar red rash to measles and was first described in detail by German doctors.

Eliminated in North and South America
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that rubella has been eliminated in North American and South America. A scientific group of experts said it took 15 years of work for this to happen. Among the groups are: Pan American Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, and the United Nations Foundation.

References

Diseases caused by viruses

Rubella


Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (November 4, 1877 – January 21, 1934) was an American historian who largely defined the field of the social and economic studies of the history of the Antebellum South and slavery in the U.S. Phillips concentrated on the large plantations that dominated the Southern economy, and he did not investigate the numerous small farmers who held few slaves. He concluded that plantation slavery produced great wealth, but was a dead end, economically, that left the South bypassed by the industrial revolution underway in the North.

Phillips concluded that plantation slavery was not very profitable, had about reached its geographical limits in 1860, and would probably have faded away without the American Civil War, which he considered a needless conflict. He praised the entrepreneurship of plantation owners and denied they were brutal.  Phillips argued that they provided adequate food, clothing, housing, medical care and training in modern technology—that they formed a "school" which helped "civilize" the slaves. He admitted the failure was that no one graduated from this school.

Phillips systematically hunted down and revealed plantation records and unused manuscript sources. An example of pioneering comparative work was "A Jamaica Slave Plantation" (1914). His methods and use of sources shaped the research agenda of most succeeding scholars, even those who disagreed with his favorable treatment of the masters. After the civil rights movement of the 1960s historians turned their focus away from his emphasis on the material well-being of the slaves to the slaves' own cultural constructs and efforts to achieve freedom.

By turning away from the political debates about slavery that divided North and South, Phillips made the economics and social structure of slavery the main theme in 20th century scholarship. Together with his highly eloquent writing style, his new approach made him the most influential historian of the antebellum south.

Life and career
He was born on November 4, 1877, in LaGrange, Georgia; his parents were Alonzo R. and Jessie Young Phillips.  He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Georgia in 1897. He obtained his Master of Arts degree from UGA as well in 1899 and his Ph.D. in 1902 from Columbia University where he studied under William Dunning. His dissertation, Georgia and State Rights won the Justin Winsor Prize in 1901 and was published by the American Historical Association.

Phillips was especially influenced by Frederick Jackson Turner who invited Phillips to the University of Wisconsin where Phillips taught from 1902 to 1908. He taught for three years at Tulane University. In 1911, Phillips moved to the University of Michigan where he taught until 1929 when he left to teach at Yale as Professor of American History until his death in 1934.  In the 1920s he spent a year in Africa traveling and doing research.  He received an honorary D. Litt. from Columbia University in 1929.

He married Lucil Mayo-Smith on February 22, 1911, and had three children: Ulrich, Mabel, and Worthington.

Historiography

Some of Phillips' views were rejected in the 1950s, but they were revived again in the 1960s. As Harvard Sitkoff wrote in 1986, "[I]n the mid-1960s Eugene D. Genovese launched a rehabilitation of Phillips that still continues. Today, as in Phillips' lifetime, scholars again commonly acknowledge the value of many of his insights into the nature of the southern class structure and master-slave relationships." In his own right, Genovese recognized in Phillips' work, as many of his colleagues chose to ignore, that master-slave relationships were complex, multi-faceted, more often negative, exploitive, and dehumanizing, yet provided very limited opportunities for some bondsmen to earn cash, travel outside the plantation situation, and enhance their personal values.

The Phillips school asked, what did slavery do for the slaves? As the historian Herbert Gutman noted, the Phillipsian answer was that slavery lifted the slaves out of the barbarism of Africa, Christianized them, protected them, and generally benefited them. What is apparent is that Phillips over-valued Christianity while under-valuing the sophistication of west African cultures, and had a rather limited grasp of African history in general. Scholarship in the 1950s then moved to the question, what did slavery do to the slaves, and concluded it was a harsh and profitable system. More recently, scholars such as Genovese and Gutman asked, "What did slaves do for themselves?" They concluded "In the slave quarters, through family, community and religion, slaves struggled for a measure of independence and dignity.

Views

Inefficiency of plantation slavery
Phillips argued that large-scale plantation slavery was inefficient and not progressive. It had reached its geographical limits by 1860 or so, and eventually had to fade away (as happened in Brazil). In 1910, he argued in "The Decadence of the Plantation System" that slavery was an unprofitable relic that persisted because it produced social status, honor, and political power, that is, Slave Power.

Phillips' economic conclusions about the inefficiency of slavery were challenged by Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer, and Robert Fogel in the 1950s and 1960s, who argued that slavery was both efficient and profitable as long as the price of cotton was high enough. In turn Fogel came under sharp attack by other scholars.

An essay by the historians George M. Fredrickson and Christopher Lasch (1967) analyzed limitations of both Phillips and his critics. They argued that far too much attention was given to slave "treatment" in examining the social and psychological effects of slavery on Afro-Americans. They said Phillips had defined the treatment issue and his most severe critics had failed to redefine it:

By compiling instances of the kindness and benevolence of masters, Phillips proved to his satisfaction that slavery was a mild and permissive institution, the primary function of which was not so much to produce a marketable surplus as to ease the accommodation of the lower race into the culture of the higher. The critics of Phillips have tried to meet him on his own ground. Where he compiled lists of indulgences and benefactions, they have assembled lists of atrocities. Both methods suffer from the same defect: they attempt to solve a conceptual problem—what did slavery do to the slave?—by accumulating quantitative evidence.... The only conclusion that one can legitimately draw from this debate is that great variations in treatment existed from plantation to plantation.

Race as "central theme" of Southern history
In "The Central Theme of Southern History" (1928), Phillips maintained that the desire to keep their region "a white man's country" united the white southerners for centuries.  Phillips' emphasis on race was overshadowed in the late 1920s and 1930s by the Beardian interpretation of Charles A. Beard and Mary Ritter Beard, who in their enormously successful The Rise of American Civilization (1927) emphasized class conflict and downplayed slavery and race relations as a cause of the American Civil War. By the 1950s, however, the Beardian economic determinism was out of fashion, and the emphasis on race (rather than region or class) became a major topic in historiography.

By 2000, Jane Dailey, Glenda Gilmore, and Bryant Simon argue by citing Phillips:

The ways in which white southerners "met" the race "problem" have intrigued historians writing about post-Civil War southern politics since at least 1928, when Ulrich B. Phillips pronounced race relations the "central theme" of southern history. What contemporaries referred to as "the race question" may be phrased more bluntly today as the struggle for white domination. Establishing and maintaining this domination--creating the system of racial segregation and African American disfranchisement known as Jim Crow--has remained a preoccupation of southern historians.

In his review of Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited From Slavery by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang and Jenifer Frank, the historian Ira Berlin wrote, "Slavery in the North, like its counterpart in the South, was a brutal, violent relationship that fostered white supremacy. Complicitys authors shred the notion, famously advanced by the Yale historian U.B. Phillips, that the central theme of Southern history was the region's desire to remain a white man's country. Phillips was not so much wrong about the centrality of white supremacy to the South as blind to its presence in the North."

Claims of bias
John David Smith of North Carolina State University argues:

[Phillips was] a conservative, proslavery interpreter of slavery and the slaves ... In Life and Labor in the Old South Phillips failed to revise his interpretation of slavery significantly. His basic arguments—the duality of slavery as an economic cancer but a vital mode of racial control—can be traced back to his earliest writings. Less detailed but more elegantly written than American Negro Slavery, Phillips's Life and Labor was a general synthesis rather than a monograph. His racism appeared less pronounced in Life and Labor because of its broad scope. Fewer racial slurs appeared in 1929 than in 1918, but Phillips's prejudice remained. The success of Life and Labor earned Phillips the year-long Albert Kahn Foundation Fellowship in 1929-30 to observe blacks and other laborers worldwide. In 1929 Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, appointed Phillips professor of history.

Phillips contended that masters treated slaves relatively well.  His views  were rejected most sharply by Kenneth M. Stampp in the 1950s. However, to a large degree Phillips' interpretive model of the dynamic between master and slave was revived by  Eugene Genovese, who wrote that Phillips's "work, taken as a whole, remains the best and most subtle introduction to antebellum Southern history and especially to the problems posed by race and class." In 1963, C. Vann Woodward wrote: "Much of what Phillips wrote has not been superseded or seriously challenged and remains indispensable."

Phillips denied he was proslavery. He was an intellectual leader of the Progressive Movement and slavery, in his interpretation, was inefficient and antithetical to the principles of progressivism.  Phillips (1910) explained in detail why slavery was a failed system. It is Smith's opinion that:

Phillips's contributions to the study of slavery clearly outweigh his deficiencies. Neither saint nor sinner, he was subject to the same forces-- bias, selectivity of evidence, inaccuracy--that plague us all. Descended from slave owners and reared in the rural South, he dominated slave historiography in an era when Progressivism was literally for whites only. Of all scholars, historians can ill afford to be anachronistic. Phillips was no more a believer in white supremacy than other leading contemporary white scholars.W. E. B. Du Bois criticized Phillips's 1918 book American Negro Slavery, writing that it was a "defense of American slavery" and that Phillips engaged in the special pleading fallacy.

Works
For a comprehensive annotated guide see Fred Landon and Everett E. Edwards, "A Bibliography of the Writings of Professor Ulrich Bonnell Phillips," (1934).
 Georgia and State Rights: A Study of the Political History of Georgia from the Revolution to the Civil War, with Particular Regard to Federal Relations. American Historical Association Report for the Year 1901, Vol. 2. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902, his dissertation, earned him the Justin Winsor Prize awarded by the American Historical Association (reprint 1983)  online edition
 A History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860. (1908).  online edition
 The Life of Robert Toombs. (1913). online edition
 American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment, and Control of Negro Labor, as Determined by the Plantation Regime. (1918; reprint 1966)online at Project Gutenberg; online at Internet Archive
 Life and Labor in the Old South. (1929).  excerpts and text search
 The Course of the South to Secession: An Interpretation. (1939).  online editionEdited Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. 2 Volumes. (1909). vol 1&2 online edition
 The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb. Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911, Vol. 2. Washington: 1913.
 Florida Plantation Records from the Papers of George Noble Jones. (coedited with James D. Glunt). (1927).Major articles "Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1782 - 1850" Dictionary of American Biography (1929)  3:411-419;  7400 words

ReferencesNotesBibliography'''

 Dillon, Merton Lynn. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips: Historian of the Old South (1985), biography.
 Fogel, Robert William, and Engerman, Stanley L.  Time on the Cross:  The Economics of American Negro Slavery, (1974), 1995 reissue, New York:  Norton, .
 Fogel, Robert William. The Slavery Debates, 1952-1990: A Retrospective Louisiana State University Press, 2003. , chapter 1.
 Genovese, Eugene D. "Race and Class in Southern History: An Appraisal of the Work of Ulrich Bonnell Phillips." Agricultural History, 41 (October, 1967): 345-358.  in JSTOR
 Genovese, Eugene D. "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips & His Critics." [Introduction to] Ulrich Bonnell Phillips. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime Louisiana State University Press, 1966, pages vii-xxi.
 Hofstadter Richard. "U.B. Phillips and the Plantation Legend." Journal of Negro History, 29 (April, 1944): 109-124.  in JSTOR
 Kugler, Ruben F. "U.B. Phillips' Use of Sources." Journal of Negro History, 47 (July, 1962): 153-168. in JSTOR
 Landon, Fred, and Everett E. Edwards. "A Bibliography of the Writings of Professor Ulrich Bonnell Phillips," Agricultural History, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1934), pp. 196–218 in JSTOR
 Parish, Peter J. Slavery: history and historians (2nd. ed. 1990)
 Potter, David M. "The Work of Ulrich B. Phillips: A Comment." Agricultural History, 41 (October, 1967): 359-363.  in JSTOR
 Pressly, Thomas J. "Ulrich B. Phillips." In Americans Interpret Their Civil War (Princeton University Press, 1962), pages 265-272.
 Roper, John Herbert. U.B. Phillips: A Southern Mind Mercer University Press, 1984.
 Singal, Daniel Joseph. "Ulrich B. Phillips: The Old South as the New," Journal of American History, 63 (March, 1977): 871-891. in JSTOR
 Smith, John David. An Old Creed for the New South: Proslavery Ideology and Historiography, 1865-1918 Greenwood Press, 1985, Chapter 8.
 Smith, John David; and John C. Inscoe eds; Ulrich Bonnell Phillips: A Southern Historian and His Critics (1990)   online, essays by leading scholars, pro and con
 Smith, John David. "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877-1934)" in The New Georgia Encyclopedia (2003)  online version
 Smith, John David. Slavery, Race and American History: Historical Conflict, Trends and Method, 1866-1953 (1999)
 Smith, John David. "U. B. Phillips, the North Carolina State Literary and Historical Association, and the Course of the South to Secession," North Carolina Historical Review, (2010) 87#3 pp 253–282
 Stampp Kenneth M. "Reconsidering U.B. Phillips: A Comment." Agricultural History, 41 (October, 1967): 365-368.  in JSTOR
 Stampp Kenneth M. "The Historian and Southern Negro Slavery." American Historical Review, 57 (April, 1952): 613-624.  in JSTOR
Stephenson Wendell H. "Ulrich B. Phillips: Historian of Aristocracy." in The South Lives in History: Southern Historians and Their Legacy Louisiana State University Press, 1955, pages 58–94.
 Tindall George B. "The Central Theme Revisited." In Charles G. Sellers Jr., ed. The Southerner as American University of North Carolina Press, 1960, pages 104-129.
 Wish Harvey. "Ulrich B. Phillips and the Image of the Old South." in Wish, The American Historian: A Social-Intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past Oxford University Press, 1960, pp. 236–264.
 Wood, Kirk. "Ulrich B. Phillips." In Clyde N. Wilson, ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Twentieth-Century American Historians. Gale Research, 1983, pages 350-363.
 Woodward C. Vann. "Introduction" in Ulrich B. Phillips. Life and Labor in the Old South''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963, pages iii-vi.

External links

 Biography
 Ulrich Bonnell Phillips papers (MS 397). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

1877 births
1934 deaths
People from Troup County, Georgia
Historians of the Southern United States
Historians of the United States
Deaths from esophageal cancer
University of Georgia alumni
Yale University faculty
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
University of Michigan faculty
Dunning School
Historians from Georgia (U.S. state)

Ulrich B. Phillips


The structured program theorem is a theorem in programming and computer science. A computer program can be split into pieces of code that do a certain task. According to the structured program theorem, these smaller tasks can be combined in only three ways to get any larger task done.

A program gets a large task done by splitting it into many smaller tasks that the computer can do easily. These smaller tasks are called subprograms in computer science. According to the structured program theorem, the three ways subprograms can be combined are:
 In sequence. Executing (running) one subprogram, and then executing another subprogram.
 By selection. Executing a subprogram based on a certain condition.
 In repetition. Executing the same subprogram over and over again.
The theorem was first published in 1966 by Corrado Böhm and Guiseppe Jacopini. It comes from the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture and the normal form theorem developed by Stephen Kleene.

Computer programming
Theoretical computer science
Mathematical theorems

Structured program theorem


Alrayyan TV (Arabic; قناة الريان الفضائية) is one of the arms of Al Rayyan Media and Marketing Company of the Special Engineering Office, the manufacturing company, and through "Al Rayyan" Productions a series of films and programs for the organizing committee of the national day celebrations.

Channel vision
AlRayyan TV adopts Qatar National Vision (2030) and aspires to be a supportive media for achieving sustainable development through three main functions: "Development, Awareness and Entertainment", which the channel will translate into a program mix representing its media strategy.
Al Rayyan is a diverse channel that targets the Qatari community as a key audience and takes into account the specificity of its national identity and aspirations. It aims at promoting the development of the society and educating its groups to contribute to the realization of the Qatar National Vision (2030). It also promotes the values of virtue and positiveness, the authenticity of the Qatari heritage, the support of social communication and the promotion of the spirit of competition and creative thinking among the youth in general and all segments of society in general. Useful and within the framework of combining interest and entertainment using the best production and broadcast techniques. The channel will also keep abreast of the times by announcing a visionary creed that supports the renaissance of Qatar and contributes to sustainable development.

References

External links
 AlRyyan TV website

Television in Qatar
Arab mass media
Arabic-language television stations
International broadcasters
Qatari brands
Arab Spring and the media
Mass media in Doha
Television channels and stations established in 2011
2011 establishments in Qatar

Alrayyan TV


Tahir Salahov (Azerbaijani, in full: , ; 29 November 1928 – 21 May 2021) was a Soviet, Azerbaijani painter and draughtsman. He was First Secretary of the Artists' Union of the USSR (1973–1992), Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Arts, member of over 20 academies and other creative organizations throughout the world, including academies of art of France, Spain, Germany, and Austria. He was awarded the honorary titles People's Artist of the USSR (1973), and People's Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR.

Biography
Salahov was born in Baku. His father Teymur Salahov was a victim of Stalin's repressions, having been arrested in 1937 and executed shortly after. His mother Sona was left to bring up four children on her own but the family did not learn of their father's death until 1956 after Stalin's death.

Tahir Salahov studied at the Azimzade Art College in Baku in 1945–1950 and the Surikov Moscow Art Institute in 1951–1957. Salahov won an early recognition: his diploma work, The Shift is Over, was exhibited in 1957 at the Moscow All-Union Art Exhibition and received public and critical acclaim. He became one of the leading representatives of the so-called "severe style" (Russian: "суровый стиль"), a trend in Soviet art of the 1960s that aimed to set off a hard, publicist, realist view against the ceremonial "polished reality" of the Joseph Stalin era. Salahov's compositions on the life and work of the Baku oil-workers (e.g. "Repair Men", 1961, Mustafayev Azerbaijan State Museum of Art, Baku) and portraits, e.g., his portrait of Azerbaijani composer Gara Garayev (1960, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow), and Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich (1976, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow), are characterized by a forcefulness and lack of idealization. Salahov chose a sparing palette of contrasting red, black, light- and dark-grey tones and gave colored plains a decorative function.

His later works are more peaceful and lyrically contemplative, and Eastern influences are more apparent, as in Portrait of Grandson Dan (1983, Azerbaijan State Museum of Art), in which the composition and colouring are subordinate to the flowing rhythms of Eastern medieval miniatures. His lines became smoother and more melodious, his palette more sophisticated. Many of his most successful works are associated with his impressions of foreign countries (e.g., Mexican Corrida; 1969, Mustafayev Azerbaijan State Museum of Art). He also produced expressive drawings and stage designs. In 1998, Salahov was appointed an Academician of the National Academy of Arts of the Kyrgyz Republic, alongside fellow artists Durdy Bayramov, Suhrob Kurbanov, Turgunbai Sadykov, and Erbolat Tolepbai.

Awards

  Hero of Socialist Labour (1989)
  Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 2nd class (2003)
  Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd class (1998)
  Order of Lenin (1989)
  Order of the October Revolution (1976)
  Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1971)
  Order of Friendship of Peoples (1982)
  People's Artist of the USSR (visual arts) (1973)
  USSR State Prize (1968 – for the portrait of composer Gara Garayev)

See also
 House-Museum of Tahir Salahov

References

External links
 Salahov's paintings at AZgallery.org
 "Tahir Salahov, A Hint of Red – Pushing the Limits of Socialist Realism" by Azad Sharifov and Jean Patterson in Azerbaijan International, Vol 7:2 (Summer 1999), pp. 51–54.]
"Oil Rocks in the Caspian: Birthplace to a New Trend in Soviet Art," by Betty Blair in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:2 (Summer 2006), pp. 46–55
 "Deafening Silence: Waiting 18 Years for Father to Return Home" by Tahir and Zarifa Salahov in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 13.4 (Winter 2005), pp. 80–87.
 Salahov in Russian Academy of Arts (in Russian)
 Azeri Artists Take on the World

1928 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Azerbaijani painters
20th-century male artists
21st-century Azerbaijani painters
21st-century male artists
Artists from Baku
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Seventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Eighth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Arts
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Arts
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Heroes of Socialist Labour
People's Artists of Russia (visual arts)
People's Artists of the USSR (visual arts)
Recipients of the Heydar Aliyev Order
Recipients of the Istiglal Order
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of Honor (Georgia)
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Azerbaijani emigrants to Russia
Azerbaijani portrait painters
Soviet painters
Burials at Alley of Honor
People's Artists of the Azerbaijan SSR

Tahir Salahov


Polymer chemistry (also called macromolecular chemistry) is  the science of chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. According to IUPAC recommendations, macromolecules refer to the individual molecular chains and are the domain of chemistry. Polymers describe the bulk properties of polymer materials and belong to the field of polymer physics (a part of physics).

The different kinds of macromolecules include:

Biopolymers produced by living organisms:
structural proteins: collagen, keratin, elastin and others
chemically functional proteins: enzymes, hormones, transport proteins and others
structural polysaccharides: cellulose, chitin and others
storage polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and others
nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
Synthetic polymers used for plastics—fibers, paints, building materials, furniture, mechanical parts, adhesives:
thermoplastics: polyethylene, Teflon, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, rayon, celluloid, silicone and others
thermosetting plastics: vulcanized rubber, Bakelite, Kevlar, epoxy and others.

Polymers are formed by polymerization of monomers. Chemists describe a polymer by its degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, tacticity, copolymer distribution, the degree of branching,  by its end-groups,  crosslinks,  and crystallinity. Chemists also study a polymer's thermal properties such as its glass transition temperature and melting temperature. Polymers in solution have special characteristics for solubility, viscosity and gelation.

History

Polymer chemistry started by studying the long fibers in plants. The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose treated with camphor makes celluloid. Chemists dissolve celluloid in ether or acetone to make collodion. Doctors have used collodion as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865. In 1834, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year before.

In 1884, Hilaire de Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber factory based on regenerated cellulose, or viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it was very flammable. In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first synthetic polymer, a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin called Bakelite. Around the same time, Hermann Leuchs reported the synthesis of N-carboxyanhydrides and their high molecular weight products upon reaction with nucleophiles. But Leuchs did not call them polymers, possibly due to the strong views held by Emil Fischer, his direct supervisor, denying the possibility of any covalent molecule exceeding 6,000 daltons. Cellophane was invented in 1908 by Jocques Brandenberger who squirted sheets of viscose rayon into an acid bath.

In 1922, Hermann Staudinger (a German chemist) proposed that polymers were long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds. He also proposed to name these compounds "macromolecules". Before that, scientists believed that polymers were clusters of small molecules (called colloids), without definite molecular weights, held together by an unknown force. Staudinger received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953.

Wallace Carothers invented the first synthetic rubber called neoprene in 1931. Neoprene was the first polyester. Carothers went on to invent nylon, a true silk replacement, in 1935. Paul Flory was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 for his work on polymer random coil configurations in solution in the 1950s. Stephanie Kwolek developed an aramid, or aromatic nylon named Kevlar, patented in 1966.

There are now a large number of commercial polymers. They include composite materials such as carbon fiber-epoxy, polystyrene-polybutadiene (HIPS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Chemists design commercial polymers to combine the best properties of their various components. For example, special polymers used in automobile engines are designed to work at high temperatures.

It took a long time before universities introduced teaching and research programs in polymer chemistry.
An "Institut fur Makromolekulare Chemie was founded in 1940 in Freiburg, Germany under the direction of Hermann Staudinger. In America a "Polymer Research Institute" (PRI) was established in 1941 by Herman Mark at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic Institute of NYU). Several hundred graduates of PRI played an important role in the US polymer industry and academia. Other PRI's were founded in 1961 by Richard S. Stein at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1967 by Eric Baer at Case Western Reserve University and in 1988 at the University of Akron.

References

Other websites
 Polymer Chemistry Hypertext, Educational resource
 Graduate studies in macromolecular science and engineering

Polymer chemistry

Polymer chemistry


A sniper team (or sniper cell) is made up of one or more snipers and support personnel such as a spotter. Members can sometimes fulfill several roles. The spotter helps to closely observe the targets and their surroundings. The sniper fires the shots. Sometimes there may be extra members in the team, including someone to secure and defend the team's position, and to communicate with other teams. This third member is known as the flanker.

The spotter finds, watches, and assigns targets, and also watches to see whether the shot has hit or missed the target. They use a specialised telescope to do this. They also make calculations for distance and angle, and try to read the direction and strength of the wind. This is so that the sniper can make adjustments to the aim to make the shot more accurate.

As well as their long-range rifle, a sniper team is usually armed with a shorter-ranged weapon. This is to defend the team in case enemies come in close contact. Equally important is remaining hidden from view. Teams use camouflage, and choose locations where there is something for them to hide behind.

References

Military

Sniper team


Algorithmic information theory is a field of theoretical computer science. It is concerned with how information and computation are related. Most information can be represented as a String (or a sequence of characters). Algorithmic information theory studies the complexity of information represented that way (In other words, how difficult it is to get that information, or how long it takes). Unlike regular information theory, it uses Kolmogorov complexity to describe complexity, and not the measure of complexity developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Kolmogorov complexity was developed independently by Andrey Kolmogorov and Gregory Chaitin .

Example
According to Claude Shannon the following two binary strings have the same content in information (this is only valid for the first-order entropy):

1000110111100101
1111111100000000

The first was generated with a random number generator, for example by throwing a coin. The second is easier to describe (eight times "1", then eight times "0"). For this reason, the first sequence has more algorithmic information, because it is harder to shorten ("compress") the description on how to generate it. Shortening the description may not be possible at all. The information value of a string is higher, if it is more difficult to shorten ("compress") its description. Random strings and white noise do not contain patterns that occur again. For this reason they cannot be compressed, and have a higher information value.

Theoretical computer science

Algorithmic information theory


Events

Europe

Western Europe
 August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating the last refuge of the heretical Cathars after the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a program to crush the sect, starting in 1209 with the Albigensian Crusade.
 The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts persecution of Jews in England on accusations of blood libel.
 Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.
 The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086; the Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274/1275 and 1279/1280.

Central and Eastern Europe
 May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.
 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) is founded in Prussia.
 Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. He concludes the task successfully a year later in 1256.
 The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria
 The German state of Nassau is divided, not to be reunited until 1806.
 King Béla IV of Hungary grants Banská Bystrica municipal rights of a royal town.

Asia
 Hulagu Khan is dispatched by his brother Möngke Khan to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.

Births
 Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1308)
 William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, claimant to the crown of Scotland (died 1317)
 Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sienese painter (died 1319)
 Grand Prince Andrey of Gorodets (approximate date; died 1304)
 Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans (approximate date; died 1298)

Deaths
 May 1 – Walter de Gray, English prelate and statesman
 Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (born 1247)
 Jarler, Archbishop of Sweden
 Sundiata Keita, semi-historical hero and founder of the Mali Empire. (approximate date; born c. 1190)
 Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde.

1255


Thomas C. Stanford (September 30, 1865 – January 14, 1946) is the founder of Carey, Idaho. He was a Mormon rancher and a state legislator in Idaho.

Early years
Stanford was born in Logan, Utah Territory, a son of Stephen and Louisa (Forman) Stanford. His father, a native of England, came to Utah Territory in 1861. Of the ten children, Thomas C. was the fifth and was four years old when the family moved to Salt Lake City, where he grew up and received a basic education. He later attended the Brigham Young Academy.

Homesteading and ranching
In 1884, at age nineteen he moved to Albion, Idaho. After a brief stay there, he located a homestead in the Little Wood River valley, which was the center of his operations as a rancher and stockman.  Along with operating his own ranch, Stanford also worked for a number of years as a cowboy, stage driver, and freighter.

In 1895 he bought additional land and engaged in sheep raising as well a continuing his interests in cattle and horses. He was regarded as one of the most successful livestock producers in Idaho. In his later years he also raised hogs on an extensive scale. His home place consisted of 160 acres (64.7 hectares) near Carey, Blaine County, Idaho. Further down the valley he had 250 acres (101.2 hectares) of land. Both farms were under irrigation and capable of producing fine crops.

Stanford continued actively in the sheep business until 1918. He then sold his flocks and focused on general ranching and cattle raising. Over the years he replaced the family's original log home with "a beautiful and commodious residence" and similarly upgraded the ranching structures.

Organizing stock growers
Stanford was instrumental in the organized activities of Idaho stock growers and in 1908-10 served as president of the Idaho Wool Growers Association. He was instrumental in getting much legislation passed beneficial to wool growers, and as president of the association called the first meeting that led to the organization of the National Wool Warehouse. Western wool growers organized the National Wool WareHouse and Storage Company at a 1909 meeting in Chicago. Their intent was to deal cooperatively with wool buyers to regularize pricing and avoid wide swings in the supply-demand situation.

Political activity
Stanford was a Republican member of the Ninth Idaho Legislature in the lower house (1907), and Governor Hawley appointed him a member of the livestock board of the state. For many years he played an active and influential role at the Republican state convention. Supporters and friends urged him to run for governor in 1912, but he declined. He did serve in Blaine County as a Justice of the Peace and in other local offices.

Family and religion
In June 1900, he married Ida Ivie, daughter of John Ivie, an old Indian scout, who served during the early Indian wars in Utah. The four children of their marriage were: Roka, Esther, Charles, and Frank.

Mr. Stanford was for a number of years actively connected with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served as a missionary in New Zealand for three years and for two years in the United States.

Community development
Mr. Stanford assisted in developing irrigation projects in Blaine County and surrounding parts of Idaho. In fact, his name seems to have been associated both as a worker and liberal contributor to all the community development projects in the Little Wood River valley for many years. He was an organizer of the local telephone company at Carey, served as vice president of the company, and was afterward elected its president. He was also one of the organizers of the Carey State Bank and at one time was president of the Cooperative Store.

He moved to Boise, Idaho in 1945 due to ill health and died there. He is buried in the Cloverdale Memorial Park, west of Boise.

References
Substantial passages of this article were copied directly, not just paraphrased, from the biography published in the 1914 Hiram T. French reference.

1865 births
1945 deaths
Politicians from Logan, Utah
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Republican Party members of the Idaho House of Representatives
Rural community development
American Mormon missionaries in New Zealand
American city founders
People from Carey, Idaho
People from Albion, Idaho
Latter Day Saints from Idaho

Thomas C. Stanford


A CD player is a device that can read the binary data on a CD (compact disc) and turn that into sound waves.

A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor.  A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks.  The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD.  The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player.  When the 1's and 0's are added to the CD a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the CD "skipping" in the event of a small scratch. The CD player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker. The conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix(maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions.

Music technology
Audio technology

Compact disc player


The Gainesville Sun () is a newspaper published daily in Gainesville, Florida, United States, covering the North-Central portion of the state.

History

The paper was founded in July 1876 as the Gainesville Times, by brothers E. M. and William Wade Hampton, and was renamed as The Gainesville Sun in February 1879. The paper was first printed on July 6, 1876. It went through a series of ownership and name changes in the 1880s and 1890s, first being consolidated with Henry Hamilton McCreary's Weekly Bee as the Gainesville Sun and Bee, then as the Gainesville Daily Sun, and finally back to the Gainesville Sun.

It was bought by W.M. Pepper Sr., in 1917 for $50,000, and was published by the Pepper family for three generations, until it was sold to the Cowles Media Company in 1962. During the time it was owned by the Pepper family (specifically in 1922) an editor at the paper openly admitted his membership in the Ku Klux Klan and praised the Klan in print. This attitude helps to explain the editorial published in the paper following the Rosewood massacre justifying the actions of the whites, saying "Let it be understood now and forever that he, whether white or black, who brutally assaults an innocent and helpless woman, shall die the death of a dog." Conversely, the Tampa Tribune of the time called it "a lasting blot on the people of Levy county", clearly condemning rather than justifying the massacre.

In 1971, it was sold to The New York Times Company. On January 6, 2012, The Gainesville Sun was purchased by Halifax Media Group. In 2015, Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group.

An online edition was launched in 1995, initially called SunOne, and later simply GainesvilleSun.com. The website is now known as Gainesville.com. In 2005, it launched The Gainesville Guardian, a weekly paper aimed at East Gainesville and the city's African-American population, to mixed opinions.

Awards
The Gainesville Sun has won two Pulitzer Prizes: publisher John R. Harrison won in 1966 for his campaign for better housing codes, and editorialist Horance G. "Buddy" Davis Jr. won in 1971 for his editorials in support of peaceful desegregation of the local school system.

References

External links
 Gainesville.com, Gainesville Sun home page

Newspapers published in Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Newspapers established in 1876
Daily newspapers published in the United States
1876 establishments in Florida
Gannett publications

The Gainesville Sun


Henry's Crime is a 2010 American romantic comedy crime film directed by Malcolm Venville and starring Keanu Reeves, Vera Farmiga, and James Caan. The film follows Henry (Reeves), who goes to jail for a bank robbery he did not commit. Once released, he plans to rob the same bank with his former cellmate Max (Caan). The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 14, 2010, and was given a limited release in the United States on April 8, 2011.

Plot
Working the night shift as a toll collector on a lonely stretch of highway in Buffalo, New York, Henry is a man seemingly without ambition, dreams or purpose; a man sleepwalking his way through life. His wife Debbie is not happy with the situation.

One morning Eddie, a friend, drops by to ask Henry to play in a baseball game, as one of the others is ill, and Henry agrees to. As they drive to the game in Henry's car, Eddie asks Henry to stop at an ATM. But Eddie, and two acquaintances also in the car, instead rob the Buffalo Savings Bank, and Henry is arrested as an accomplice.

Rather than give up the names of the real culprits, Henry takes the fall and goes to jail. There his cellmate is the irrepressible Max, a conman who has grown far too comfortable with the familiarity and security of his "idyllic" life behind bars, but one who also helps plant an idea in Henry's mind which will change his life forever: for a man to find his purpose, he must first have a dream. Debbie decides to divorce him, and she marries Joe, one of the men who carried out the robbery.

Upon his release eighteen months later, Henry finds his purpose. Having done his time, he decides he might as well do the crime. Discovering a long forgotten bootlegger's tunnel which runs from the very same bank to a theater across the alleyway, he convinces the reluctant Max to file for his long overdue parole – to help stage a robbery of the bank.

Max encourages Henry to become an actor in the theater's current production of Anton Chekhov's 1904 play The Cherry Orchard, to assist Max, "volunteering" to work in the theater, in getting access to the tunnel. Meanwhile, Henry finds himself falling for the production's mercurial leading lady, Julie.

Debbie's husband Joe is recruited to help clearing the tunnel of mud; he informs Eddie, who insists on participating too. Frank, a guard at the bank forced into retirement, helps by informing the robbers when there is a lot of money in the vault. During the actual robbery, Eddie uses a gun to try to take all the money himself, but is overpowered by Max and is left behind in the vault. As the three make their escape, Henry demands Joe stop the car. Henry wishes Max well, and he then returns to Julie.

Cast

 Keanu Reeves as Henry Torne
 James Caan as Max Saltzman
 Vera Farmiga as Julie Ivanova
 Judy Greer as Debbie Torne
 Fisher Stevens as Eddie Vibes
 Peter Stormare as Darek Millodragovic
 Bill Duke as Frank
 Danny Hoch as Joe
 Currie Graham as Simon
 David Costabile as Arnold

Production

Development
Malcolm Venville directed the film from a screenplay written by Sacha Gervasi and David N. White. The screenplay was adapted from a story by Gervasi and Stephen Hamel. Hamel produced the picture alongside Jordan Schur and David Mimran through their company Mimran Schur Pictures, and Lemore Syvan and Keanu Reeves through the production company Films.

Casting
In August 2009, it was announced that Keanu Reeves had joined the cast and would be producing the project. In October 2009, Variety reported that Vera Farmiga and James Caan had also joined the project in main roles.

Filming

Principal photography for the project took place in Buffalo, New York, Queens, New York City, and Tarrytown, New York. Production started in December 2009 and was completed in January 2010. Filming also took place in Nassau County Corrections Facility in East Meadow, New York.

Release

Box office
Henry's Crime ranked #75 in its opening weekend taking $8,726 from two theaters. The film went on to make $102,541 in the United States and $2,062,820 in foreign markets, for a worldwide total gross of $2,165,361.

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from film critics. , Henry's Crime holds a 41% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 reviews with an average score of 5.07 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Supporting actors Vera Farmiga and James Caan give the movie a little heft, but Henry's Crime is an otherwise predictable heist/comedy with slow pacing." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 49 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C grade, and wrote, "This picaresque caper might do well as a novel, but as a movie – assembled with no consistent sense of moviemaking, each performer left to his or her own actorly whims – it's a grab bag of comic clichés about bank robberies and regional theater." Film critic Roger Ebert wrote, "Reeves has many arrows in his quiver, but screwball comedy isn't one of them. Vera Farmiga, James Caan and Fisher Stevens can do it, but they often seem to be looking back, waiting for Reeves to pass the baton. What's needed is someone nervous to play Henry. A Steve Buscemi for example. Reeves maintains a sort of Zen detachment. Whatever happens is all right with him."

References

External links

2010 films
2010s crime comedy-drama films
American crime comedy-drama films
American heist films
American independent films
Films about bank robbery
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in Buffalo, New York
Films shot in New York City
2010 independent films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Malcolm Venville
2010s American films

Henry's Crime


Fértilisasi nyaéta prosés ngahijina spérma jeung ovum, nu ngahasilkeun tumuwuhna émbrio.

Sakabéh prosés tumuwuhna individu anyar disebut prokréasi.

Fértilisasi mamalia

Pikeun nganteurkeun spérma ka bikangna, si jalu ngasupkeun organ kelaminna, sirit, kana heunceut, palawangan kana organ kelamin bikang séjénna (prosés ieu mangrupa bagian tina kopulasi). Nalika si jalu bucat, sél-sél spérma nu dipancerkeun nuju ka ovum.

The capacitated spermatozoon and the oocyte meet and interact in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.  In mammals, binding of the spermatozoon to the zona pellucida, an extracellular layer surrounding the oocyte, initiates the acrosome reaction.  This process reléases the enzyme hyaluronidase, which digests the matrix of hyaluronic acid in the vestments surrounding the oocyte.  Fusion between the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes follows, allowing the entry of the sperm nucleus, mitochondria, centriole and flagellum into the oocyte.

This process ultimately léads to the formation of a diploid cell called a zygote.  Once this happens, the female is said to be pregnant.

Fértilisasi tatangkalan

Sanggeus na kembang lumangsung penyerbukan, pollen grains attempt to travel into the ovary by créating a path called "pollen tube." The pollen tube does not directly réach the ovary in a straight line. It travels néar the skin of the style and curls to the bottom of the ovary, then néar the receptacle, it bréaks through the ovule and réaches the ovum to fertilize it. After being fertilized, the ovary starts to swell and becomes a fruit.

With multi-seeded fruits, multiple grains of pollen are necessary for syngamy with éach ovule.
The process is éasy to visualize if one looks at corn silk, which is the female flower of corn. Pollen from the tassel (the male flower) falls on the sticky external portion of the silk, then pollen tubes grow down the silk to the attached ovule. The dried silk remains inside the husk of the éar as the seeds mature, so one can carefully remove the husk to show the floral structures. The development of the flesh of the fruit is proportional to the percentage of fertilized ovules. For example, with watermelon, about a thousand grains of pollen must be delivered and spréad evenly on the three lobes of the stigma to maké a normal sized and shaped fruit.

Tempo ogé
 fértilisasi in vitro
 reuneuh
 pollination

Rujukan
 Evans, JP & HM Florman. 2002. The state of the union: the cell biology of fertilization. Nature Medicine. 8 Suppl S57-63.

Réproduksi biologis

Fértilisasi


Events
 Louis XIV of France passed the "Code Noir," allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies.
 January 11 – The Parliament of England declares King James II of England deposed.
 February 13 – William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland. Scotland and Ireland do not yet recognize them.
 April 11 – The Estates of Scotland declare King James VII of Scotland deposed.
 April 11  – Crowning of co-rulers King William III and Mary II as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Ireland does not recognize them yet.
 May 12 – King William's War: William III of England joins the League of Augsburg starting the war.
 May 24 – The Act of Toleration passes the English Parliament protecting Protestants (Roman Catholics are intentionally excluded).
 May 25 – Last collection of the Hearth Tax n England and Wales. It was abolished by William III of England
 May 31 – Leisler's Rebellion – Calvinist Jacob Leisler deposes lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and assumes control of New York colony
 July 27 – Glorious Revolution: Battle of Killiecrankie ends
 August 5 – 1,500 Iroquois attack village of Lachine, in New France.
 August 27 – China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
 December 16 – The official declaration of the English Bill of Rights

1689


Clément Pansaers (1 May 1885 – 31 October 1922) was the main proponent of the Dada movement in Belgium.

He began writing poetry in 1916 after abandoning his career as an Egyptologist. Along with several members of the Brussels avant-garde circle, he founded the review Résurrection, which published early texts by Carl Einstein, Pierre Jean Jouve, Franz Werfel, and others.

His first properly "Dadaist" work, Pan-Pan au Cul du Nu Nègre was published in 1920. This pamphlet, along with Bar Nicanor (1921), was read and admired by figures like James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Theo van Doesburg, Francis Picabia and André Breton.

Pansaers moved to Paris in 1921, where he took part in Dada manifestations until his early death from Hodgkin's disease.

Bibliography

Le Pan-Pan au Cul du Nu Nègre (Brussels: Editions Alde, 1920)
Bar Nicanor (Brussels: Editions AIO, 1921)
L'apologie de la paresse (Antwerp: Ca Ira!, 1922)
Bar Nicanor et autres textes dada, edited by Marc Dachy (Paris: Lebovici/Champ Libre, 1986)
Apologia dell'ozio, (Firenze, Italia, Gratis, 1993)
L'apologie de la paresse (Paris, Allia, 1996)
Le Pan Pan au Cul du Nu Nègre, (Brussels, Didier Devillez éditeur, 2002, collection "fac similé", with a preface by Benjamin Hennot)
 Bar Nicanor, (Brussels, Didier Devillez éditeur, 2002, collection "fac similé", with a preface by Benjamin Hennot)
Apologie van de luiheid, (Nijmegen, Van Tilt, traduction Rokus Hofstede, with a preface by Benjamin Hennot)
Pan Pan voor de Poeper van de Neger Naakt & Bar Nicanor, (Nijmegen, Van Tilt, 2003, with a preface by Benjamin Hennot)
Pan-Dada: The Writings of Clement Pansaers, edited by Michael Sanchez with a preface by Marc Dachy, forthcoming.

External links

 Facsimiles of Pansaers's three published books, on the International Dada Archive website
 Pan-Pan at the Negro Nude's Ass by Clément Pansaers, translated by Michael Hays Sanchez

1885 births
1922 deaths
Belgian poets in French
Flemish poets
Dada
Deaths from Hodgkin lymphoma
Deaths from cancer in France
20th-century Belgian poets

Clément Pansaers


Prezenta pagină este o listă alfabetică a localităților din statul , .  Sunt prezente orașe (cities și towns) sate (villages) și două tipuri de alte diviziuni administrative, (Civil și Charter townships).

A

 Acme Township
 Ada Township
 Addison
 Adrian
 Ahmeek
 Akron
 Alanson
 Albion
 Algonac
 Allegan
 Allen
 Allen Park
 Allouez Township
 Alma
 Almont Township
 Almont
 Alpena
 Alpha
 Ann Arbor
 Applegate
 Armada
 Ashley
 Athens
 Attica Township
 Au Gres
 Auburn
 Auburn Hills
 Augusta
</div>

B

 Bad Axe
 Baldwin
 Bancroft
 Bangor
 Baraga
 Baroda
 Barryton
 Battle Creek
 Bay City
 Bay Port
 Bay Shore
 Bay View
 Bear Lake
 Beaver Island
 Beaverton
 Bedford Township
 Belding
 Bellaire
 Belleville
 Bellevue
 Belmont
 Bentley
 Benton Harbor
 Benzonia
 Bergland
 Berkley
 Berrien Center
 Berrien Springs
 Bessemer
 Beulah
 Beverly Hills
 Big Bay
 Big Rapids
 Bingham Farms
 Birch Run
 Birmingham
 Bitely
 Black River
 Blanchard
 Blissfield
 Bloomfield Hills
 Bloomfield Charter
 Bloomingdale
 Boon
 Boyne City
 Boyne Falls
 Bradley
 Branch
 Brant
 Breckenridge
 Breedsville
 Brethren
 Bridgeport
 Bridgewater
 Bridgman
 Brighton
 Brimley
 Britton
 Brohman
 Bronson
 Brooklyn
 Brown City
 Bruce Crossing
 Brutus
 Buchanan
 Buckley
 Burlington
 Burnips
 Burr Oak
 Burt
 Burt Lake
 Burton
 Byron
 Byron Center
</div>

C

 Cadillac
 Caledonia
 Calumet
 Camden
 Cannonsburg
 Capac
 Carleton
 Carney
 Caro
 Carp Lake
 Carrollton
 Carson City
 Carsonville
 Casco
 Caseville
 Casnovia
 Caspian
 Cass City
 Cassopolis
 Cedar
 Cedar Lake
 Cedar River
 Cedar Springs
 Cedarville
 Cement City
 Center Line
 Central Lake
 Centreville
 Ceresco
 Champion
 Channing
 Charlevoix
 Charlotte
 Chase
 Chassell
 Chatham
 Cheboygan
 Chelsea
 Chesaning
 Chesterfield
 Chippewa Lake
 Chocolay Charter Township
 Christmas
 Clare
 Clarklake
 Clarkston
 Clarksville
 Clawson
 Clayton
 Clifford
 Climax
 Clinton
 Clio
 Cloverdale
 Cohoctah
 Coldwater
 Coleman
 Coloma
 Colon
 Columbiaville
 Comins
 Commerce
 Comstock
 Comstock Park
 Concord
 Conklin
 Constantine
 Conway
 Cooks
 Coopersville
 Copemish
 Copper City
 Copper Harbor
 Coral
 Cornell
 Corunna
 Covert
 Covington
 Cross Village
 Croswell
 Crystal
 Crystal Falls
 Curran
 Curtis
 Custer
 Cutlerville
</div>

D

 Dafter
 Daggett
 Dansville
 Davisburg
 Davison
 De Tour Village
 Dearborn
 Dearborn Heights
 Decatur
 Decker
 Deckerville
 Deerfield
 Deerton
 Deford
 Delton
 Detroit
 DeWitt
 Dexter
 Dimondale
 Dollar Bay
 Dorr
 Douglas
 Dowagiac
 Dowling
 Drayton Plains
 Drummond Island
 Dryden
 Dundee
 Durand
</div>

E

 Eagle
 Eagle River
 East China
 East Detroit
 East Grand Rapids
 East Jordan
 East Lansing
 East Leroy
 East Tawas
 Eastlake
 Eastpointe
 Eastport
 Eaton Rapids
 Eau Claire
 Eben Junction
 Eckerman
 Ecorse
 Edenville
 Edmore
 Edwardsburg
 Elberta
 Elk Rapids
 Elkton
 Ellsworth
 Elm Hall
 Elmira
 Elsie
 Elwell
 Emmett
 Empire
 Engadine
 Erie
 Escanaba
 Essexville
 Eureka
 Evart
 Ewen
</div>

F

 Fair Haven
 Fairgrove
 Fairview
 Falmouth
 Farmington
 Farmington Hills
 Farwell
 Felch
 Fennville
 Fenton
 Fenwick
 Ferndale
 Ferrysburg
 Fife Lake
 Filer City
 Filion
 Flat Rock
 Flint
 Flushing
 Forestville
 Fort Gratiot
 Foster City
 Fostoria
 Fountain
 Fowler
 Fowlerville
 Frankenmuth
 Frankfort
 Franklin
 Fraser
 Frederic
 Free Soil
 Freeland
 Freeport
 Fremont
 Frontier
 Fruitport
 Fulton
</div>

G

 Gaastra
 Gagetown
 Gaines
 Galesburg
 Galien
 Garden
 Garden City
 Gaylord
 Genesee
 Germfask
 Gilford
 Gladstone
 Gladwin
 Glen Arbor
 Glenn
 Glennie
 Gobles
 Goetzville
 Good Hart
 Goodells
 Goodrich
 Gould City
 Gowen
 Grand Blanc
 Grand Haven
 Grand Junction
 Grand Ledge
 Grand Marais
 Grand Rapids
 Grandville
 Grant
 Grass Lake
 Grawn
 Grayling
 Greenbush
 Greenland
 Greenville
 Gregory
 Grosse Ile Township
 Grosse Pointe
 Gulliver
 Gwinn
</div>

H

 Hadley
 Hagar Shores
 Hale
 Hamburg
 Hamilton
 Hamtramck
 Hancock
 Hanover
 Harbert
 Harbor Beach
 Harbor Point
 Harbor Springs
 Harper Woods
 Harrietta
 Harris
 Harrison
 Harrison Charter Township
 Harrisville
 Harsens Island
 Hart
 Hartford
 Hartland
 Harvey
 Haslett
 Hastings
 Hawks
 Hazel Park
 Hemlock
 Henderson
 Hermansville
 Herron
 Hersey
 Hesperia
 Hessel
 Hickory Corners
 Higgins Lake
 Highland
 Highland Park
 Hillman
 Hillsdale
 Holland
 Holly
 Holt
 Holton
 Homer
 Honor
 Hope
 Hopkins
 Horton
 Houghton
 Houghton Lake
 Houghton Lake Heights
 Howard City
 Howell
 Hubbard Lake
 Hubbardston
 Hubbell
 Hudson
 Hudsonville
 Hulbert
 Huntington Woods
</div>

I, J, K

 Ida
 Idlewild
 Imlay City
 Indian River
 Ingalls
 Inkster
 Interlochen
 Ionia
 Iron Mountain
 Iron River
 Irons
 Ironwood
 Ishpeming
 Ithaca
 Jackson
 Jamestown
 Jasper
 Jeddo
 Jenison
 Jerome
 Johannesburg
 Jones
 Jonesville
 Kalamazoo
 Kaleva
 Kalkaska
 Kawkawlin
 Kearsarge
 Keego Harbor
 Kendall
 Kent City
 Kenton
 Kentwood
 Kewadin
 Kimball
 Kincheloe
 Kinde
 Kingsford
 Kingsley
 Kingston
 Kinross
</div>

L

 L'Anse
 La Salle
 Lachine
 Lacota
 Laingsburg
 Lake
 Lake Ann
 Lake City
 Lake George
 Lake Leelanau
 Lake Linden
 Lake Odessa
 Lake Orion
 Lakeland
 Lakeside
 Lakeview
 Lakeville
 Lambertville
 Lamont
 Lansing
 Lapeer
 Lathrup Village
 Laurium
 Lawrence
 Lawton
 Leland
 Lennon
 Leonard
 Leonidas
 LeRoy
 Leslie
 Levering
 Lewiston
 Lexington
 Lincoln
 Lincoln Park
 Linden
 Linwood
 Litchfield
 Little Lake
 Livonia
 Long Lake
 Loretto
 Lowell
 Ludington
 Luna Pier
 Lupton
 Luther
 Luzerne
 Lyons
</div>

M

 Macatawa
 Mackinac Island
 Mackinaw City
 Macomb
 Madison Heights
 Mancelona
 Manchester
 Manistee
 Manistique
 Manitou Beach
 Manton
 Maple City
 Maple Rapids
 Marcellus
 Marenisco
 Marine City
 Marion
 Marlette
 Marne
 Marquette
 Marshall
 Martin
 Marysville
 Mason
 Mass City
 Mattawan
 Maybee
 Mayfield
 Mayville
 McBain
 McBrides
 McMillan
 Mears
 Mecosta
 Melvin
 Melvindale
 Memphis
 Mendon
 Menominee
 Merrill
 Merritt
 Mesick
 Metamora
 Michigamme
 Michigan Center
 Middleton
 Middleville
 Midland
 Mikado
 Milan
 Milford
 Millersburg
 Millington
 Minden City
 Mio
 Mohawk
 Moline
 Monroe
 Montague
 Montgomery
 Montrose
 Moorestown
 Moran
 Morenci
 Morley
 Morrice
 Moscow
 Mosherville
 Mount Clemens
 Mount Morris
 Mount Pleasant
 Muir
 Mullett Lake
 Mulliken
 Munger
 Munising
 Munith
 Muskegon
 Muskegon Heights
</div>

N

 Nadeau
 Nahma
 Napoleon
 Nashville
 National City
 National Mine
 Naubinway
 Nazareth
 Negaunee
 New Baltimore
 New Boston
 New Buffalo
 New Era
 New Haven
 New Hudson
 New Lothrop
 New Troy
 Newaygo
 Newberry
 Newport
 Niles
 Nisula
 North Adams
 North Branch
 North Lake
 North Muskegon
 North Star
 North Street
 Northeast
 Northland
 Northport
 Northville
 Northwest
 Norton Shores
 Norvell
 Norway
 Nottawa
 Novi
 Nunica
</div>

O

 Oak Grove
 Oak Park
 Oakland
 Oakley
 Oden
 Okemos
 Old Mission
 Olivet
 Omena
 Omer
 Onaway
 Onekama
 Onondaga
 Onsted
 Ontonagon
 Orchard Lake
 Orion
 Orleans
 Ortonville
 Oscoda
 Oshtemo
 Osseo
 Ossineke
 Otisville
 Otsego
 Ottawa Lake
 Otter Lake
 Ovid
 Owendale
 Owosso
 Oxford
</div>

P

 Painesdale
 Palmer
 Palmyra
 Palo
 Paradise
 Parchment
 Paris
 Parma
 Paw Paw
 Pearl Beach
 Peck
 Pelkie
 Pellston
 Pentwater
 Perkins
 Perrinton
 Perronville
 Perry
 Petersburg
 Petoskey
 Pewamo
 Pickford
 Pierson
 Pigeon
 Pinckney
 Pinconning
 Pittsford
 Plainwell
 Pleasant Lake
 Pleasant Ridge
 Plymouth
 Pointe Aux Pins
 Pompeii
 Pontiac
 Port Austin
 Port Hope
 Port Huron
 Port Sanilac
 Portage
 Portland
 Posen
 Potterville
 Powers
 Prescott
 Presque Isle
 Prudenville
 Pullman
</div>

Q

 Quincy
 Quinnesec

R

 Ralph
 Ramsay
 Rapid City
 Rapid River
 Ravenna
 Ray
 Reading
 Redford Township
 Reed City
 Reese
 Remus
 Republic
 Rhodes
 Richland
 Richmond
 Richville
 Ridgeway
 Riga
 River Rouge
 Riverdale
 Riverside
 Riverview
 Rives Junction
 Rochester
 Rochester Hills
 Rock
 Rockford
 Rockland
 Rockwood
 Rodney
 Rogers City
 Rollin
 Romeo
 Romulus
 Roosevelt Park
 Roscommon
 Rose City
 Rosebush
 Roseville
 Rothbury
 Royal Oak
 Ruby
 Rudyard
 Rumely
 Ruth
</div>

S

 Saginaw
 Sagola
 Saint Charles
 Saint Clair
 Saint Clair Shores
 Saint Helen
 Saint Ignace
 Saint Johns
 Saint Joseph
 Saint Louis
 Salem
 Saline
 Samaria
 Sand Creek
 Sand Lake
 Sandusky
 Sanford
 Saranac
 Saugatuck
 Sault Sainte Marie
 Sawyer
 Schoolcraft
 Scotts
 Scottville
 Sears
 Sebewaing
 Seneca
 Seney
 Shaftsburg
 Shelby Charter
 Shelby
 Shelbyville
 Shepherd
 Sheridan
 Sherwood
 Shingleton
 Sidnaw
 Sidney
 Silverwood
 Six Lakes
 Skandia
 Skanee
 Skidway Lake
 Smiths Creek
 Smyrna
 Snover
 Sodus
 Somerset
 Somerset Center
 South Boardman
 South Branch
 South Haven
 South Lyon
 South Range
 South Rockwood
 Southeast
 [[Southfield< Michigan|]]
 Southgate
 Spalding
 Sparta
 Spring Arbor
 Spring Lake
 Springfield
 Springport
 Spruce
 Stambaugh
 Standish
 Stanton
 Stanwood
 Stephenson
 Sterling
 Sterling Heights
 Stevensville
 Stockbridge
 Strongs
 Sturgis
 Sumner
 Sunfield
 Suttons Bay
 Swartz Creek
 Sylvan Lake
</div>

T

 Tawas City
 Taylor
 Tecumseh
 Tekonsha
 Temperance
 Thompsonville
 Three Oaks
 Three Rivers
 Tipton
 Toivola
 Topinabee
 Tower
 Traverse City
 Trenary
 Trenton
 Trout Creek
 Trout Lake
 Troy
 Trufant
 Turner
 Tuscola
 Tustin
 Twin Lake
 Twining
</div>

U

 Ubly
 Union
 Union City
 Union Lake
 Union Pier
 Unionville
 University Center
 Utica
</div>

V

 Vandalia
 Vanderbilt
 Vassar
 Vermontville
 Vernon
 Vestaburg
 Vicksburg
 Vulcan
</div>

W

 Wabaningo
 Wakefield
 Waldron
 Walhalla
 Walker
 Walkerville
 Wallace
 Walled Lake
 Walloon Lake
 Warren
 Washington Township, Gratiot County
 Washington Township, Macomb County
 Washington Township, Sanilac County
 Waterford
 Waters
 Watersmeet Township
 Watervliet
 Watton
 Wayland
 Wayne
 Webberville
 Weidman
 Wells Township, Delta County
 Wells Township, Marquette County
 Wells Township, Tuscola County
 Wellston
 Wequetonsing
 West Bloomfield Township
 West Branch
 West Olive
 Westland
 Weston
 Westphalia
 Westwood
 Wetmore
 Wheeler Township
 White Cloud
 White Lake Township
 White Pigeon
 White Pine
 Whitehall
 Whitmore Lake
 Whittaker
 Whittemore
 Williamsburg
 Williamston
 Willis
 Wilson Township, Alpena County
 Wilson Township, Charlevoix County
 Winn
 Wixom
 Wolverine
 Woodhaven
 Woodland
 Wyandotte
 Wyoming
</div>

Y

 Yale
 Ypsilanti

Z

 Zeeland

Localități
Michigan
Michigan

Listă de localități din statul Michigan


Deepak Parekh (born 18 October 1944) is an Indian businessman and the former Chairman of Housing Development Finance Corporation, India's leading housing private development finance institution. It is based in Mumbai.

Education
Parekh completed his schooling at St. Xavier's High School, Fort and later graduated with a B.Com from Sydenham College affiliated with the University of Mumbai. He went to England in 1965 to qualify as a chartered accountant with the ICAEW; he completed his articles with Whinney, Smith and Whinney (which later became Ernst & Young) in London.

He also cleared the Certified Associate of Indian Institute of Bankers (CAIIB) of Indian Institute of Banking and Finance. He cleared his ACA exams in the first attempt and was afterwards posted at the firm's consulting arm Ernst & Ernst in New York.

Career
Parekh has worked at  Ernst & Young, Grindlays Bank, and  Chase Manhattan Bank as its assistant representative for South Asia. He joined Housing Development Finance Corporation in 1978. Parekh also became the Non-Executive Chairman of Infrastructure Development Finance Company Ltd (IDFC), a specialised financial institution for financing infrastructure projects in 1997. He is also the Non-Executive Chairman of Glaxo India Ltd & Burroughs Wellcome (India) Ltd and on the Board of Castrol India Limited, Fairfax India Holdings Corporation, and  Siemens Ltd, Mahindra & Mahindra, Indian Hotels Company and SingTel. Parekh is an advisory board member of AIESEC India and US Engineering consultancy giant, AECOM and Tribeca Developers.

Parekh has been a member of various Committees set up by the Government of India. He was appointed Chairman of the high level expert committee formed to recommend measures for strengthening the Unit Scheme in 1964. The Reserve Bank of India appointed him Chairman of the Advisory Group for Securities Market Regulation, which was tasked to compare the level of adherence to international standards in India with that in other countries. He was also Chairman of the Expert Committee constituted by the Ministry of Power to look into the reform efforts in the power sector.

Awards and honors
Deepak Parekh has won several awards including Businessman of the Year 1996 from Business India and the JRD Tata Corporate Leadership Award by All India Management Association (AIMA). He was the first recipient of the Qimpro Platinum Award for Quality for his contributions to the services sector, and the youngest recipient of the Corporate Award for Life Time Achievement by the Economic Times. Padma Bhushan was conferred on him by the Government of India. In 2010 he was the first international recipient of The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales' Outstanding Achievement Award, for his contribution over many years to the finance and accountancy profession. He was appointed as the advisor to Sunil Gavaskar  who was interim chairman of IPL-7. Parekh is also on the Advisory board of IIMUN.

References

Businesspeople from Mumbai
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Indian accountants
1944 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Gujarat
HDFC Group
Indian Jains

Deepak Parekh


Casimir (or Kasimir) of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (27 December 1481 – 21 September 1527) was Margrave of Bayreuth or Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1515 to 1527.

Life

Family background
Casimir was born in Ansbach, as the son of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his wife Princess Sofia Jagiellon, a daughter of King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland.

From 1498, Casimir's father Frederick granted him the position of stadtholder of the margraviate during his extensive travels.  He ruled under the guidance of experienced advisors.  In 1515, Casimir and his younger brother George deposed their father, who had greatly burdened the finances of the margraviate with his lavish lifestyle.  Casimir then locked up his father at his residence at Plassenburg Castle, in a tower room from which his father could not escape for 12 years. He took up the rule of the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Kulmbach while his brother George ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach. However, since his younger brother often stayed at the Hungarian royal court, Casimir ruled Brandenburg-Ansbach on his behalf.

The overthrow of his father outraged Casimir's other brothers and led to far-reaching political countermeasures.  When Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg visited Kulmbach during his journey to Augsburg, and wanted to plead for the release of Casimir's father, he was denied access to Plassenburg Castle.  The Elector's brother, Albert of Brandenburg, then turned against him and sided with Emperor Charles V, and was rewarded with a cardinal's hat.  The dispute was resolved when an agreement was reached in 1522, in which the demands of the other brothers of Casimir were met.

Margrave Casimir died at Buda in 1527.  At that point, his brother George took up the regency of Brandenburg-Kulmbach until Casimir's eldest son, Albert II Alcibiades, came of age in 1541.

Involvement in the Swabian League
Casimir was a vassal of Emperor Maximilian I and fought in 1499 alongside his father and Margrave Christopher I of Baden as the commander of the Swabian League against the Old Swiss Confederacy and led the negotiations that resulted in the Peace of Basel.  In subsequent years, he continued to be active as a military leader and diplomat in Habsburg service.  He participated in 1506 in Schwäbisch Hall against the Swabian League and in 1509 in the Diet at Worms.  In 1513, he was imperial commissioner at the assembly of the Swabian League at Nördlingen dealing with a breach of the peace by Götz von Berlichingen.  Casimir and Duke William IV of Bavaria jointly oversaw the conduct of the war.  In 1519, he took part in federal measures against Ulrich of Württemberg; in May 1519, he commanded 700 knights advancing to Ehningen.

Disputes with the city of Nuremberg
Among the traditional arguments of the Burgraves and Margraves with the Imperial City of Nuremberg was a dispute in 1502 over the protection of the fair in Affalterbach.  The City Council claimed to have to right to protect the enclave of Affalterbach itself and Casimir tried to prevent this.  The situation developed in a political power game.  Strong forces from Nuremberg had arrived in Affalterbach early.  Casimir changed course and attacked suburbs of Nuremberg itself.  The Nuremberg had to retreat from Affalterbach with heavy losses and surrender their banners, which were put on display in the church in Schwabach.  This conflict has been immortalized in folk songs.

Casimir was later embroiled in border disputes with Nuremberg.

Franconian war
Casimir had been a leader of the Swabian League since 1499.  In 1522, however, he cancelled his membership, when it became apparent that the Imperial City of Nuremberg, traditionally an enemy of the Burgrave of Nuremberg, and later the Margraves of Nuremberg, intended to start a war against Thomas von Absberg and his allies.  The Franconian War broke out in 1523, and several castles of the robber barons were destroyed.  The war was documented by Hans Wandereisen in a series of woodcuts.

Peasants' War

The first actions of the German Peasants' War in 1525 were incursions into the neighboring Bishopric of Würzburg under Bishop Conrad II of Thüngen and into the Bishopric of Bamberg under Bishop Weigand of Redwitz. In the spring of 1525 Casimir and the neighboring princes met in Neustadt an der Aisch to discuss a common response to the riots that threatened to spill over from Swabia into the Odenwald.  The discussions were attended by Casimir and the two bishops and the Prince Bishop of Eichstätt and by Count Albert of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, George of Waldburg and the counts of Limburg, Wertheim, Henneberg and Castell.  The proceedings were derailed by mistrust, caused by cheating at the boundaries of their principalities.  Casimir opposed the Reformation, unlike his brother George, who supported it.  The assault of the peasants and the Black Company overwhelmed the Bishopric of Würzburg.  The bishop fled and the defenders retreated to the Fortress Marienberg in Würzburg.

Under considerable financial and personal efforts, Casimir prepared to repel the incursions into his territory.  He summoned his subjects to arms and hired mercenaries.  The Margrave had the duty to protect the free imperial city of Rothenburg ob der Tauber.  At Rothenburg, Casimir won his first victory over the peasants, and left the city with a rich booty.  Shortly afterwards, however, the city council bowed for the citizens, who came to an arrangement with the peasants.  The riots spread from Rothenburg into Casimir's territory, into the districts of Crailsheim, Lobenhausen-Anhausen, Werdeck-Gerabronn and Bamberg-Wiesenbach.  Casimir withdrew to Ansbach and dug in.  He tried to raise new troops in Upper Franconia, but they revolted.  So Casimir was limited to using Bohemian mercenaries to defend his most fortified castles.

The unorganized peasant armies were defeated in the Würzburg area by a coalition of the Swabian League and other allies of the bishop of Würzburg.  Their resistance and morale collapsed due to their massive losses.  Casimir, whose actions had earned him the nickname "Bloodhound", gained the upper hand.  Rebel villages, most of whom surrendered without resistance, were pillaged and looted.  Casimir also devastated villages in his own territory: he had entire villages burned down, and rebels were executed.  Reportedly, he had 300 people killed in Feuchtwangen alone.  In Kitzingen, he wanted to set an example: he promised the bailiff Louis von Hutten that the lives of the residents would be spared.  After they surrendered, however, he punished them hard by chopping off their right hand index and middle fingers (the "oath fingers") and blinded them and sent them into exile.  His "captain" Augustin stabbed the eyes of 58 people who had said they "wanted to see no more Margrave" before the rebellion.  This act was even at the time seen as monstrous atrocities.  He also punished Rothenburg and wrung territorial concessions from the city.  Contemporary reports claim that the market squares of Rothenburg and Schweinfurt were dyed red by the blood of the beheaded rebels.  Since Casimir was described as the imperial henchman, it can be assumed that he acted in accordance with the wishes of the Emperor or the Swabian League.  He sent his brother John Albert to Bayreuth to punish the city for its lack of support when he was raising troops.  He only ceased his punishments when it emerged in November 1526 that innocent people were affected as well.

Follower of the Habsburgs
By participating as Imperial Commissioner in the diets in Augsburg in December 1525 and in Speyer in August 1526, Casimir once again proved his loyalty to the Habsburg imperial family.

At the coronation of the future German Emperor Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia in 1527, Casimir, who was seriously marked by disease, joined a military campaign in Hungary against John Zápolya.  Because his brother George the Pious also joined, Casimir returned to appoint a stadtholder for their Franconian possessions and to raise additional troops.  In July 1527, he reached the Hungarian border.  The forts on the Danube surrendered to him, and he moved on to Buda.  On 27 September 1527, he died of dysentery in Buda, in the presence of his brother George and King Ferdinand, to whom he entrusted the care of his five-year-old son Albert II Alcibiades.  George ruled Brandenburg-Kulmbach while Albert was a minor.

Theodore Hirsch concludes his biography with the statement that because of the atrocities Casimir committed, so far no biographer had written a balanced description of his life.

Marriage and issue
On 25 August 1518, Casimir married Susanna of Bavaria, the daughter of Duke Albert IV of Bavaria and Kunigunde of Austria.  Emperor Maximilian I, the maternal uncle of the bride, also participated in the glamorous wedding in 1518, during the Diet of Augsburg.  Casimir's close ties to the imperial family were visible again at the coronation of Emperor Charles V, where he was given the honor of being the First Cutter at the coronation dinner.
After Casimir's death, his widow Susanna married (childlessly) her kinsman Otto Henry of Neuburg (in 1556-1559 the Elector Palatine), who treated Susanna's children like his own and promoted them.

Casimir and Susanna had five children:
 Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, married in 1557, Elector Palatine Frederick III (1515–1576).  They were the parents of  Louis VI, Elector Palatine.
 Catherine of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1520–1521)
 Albert II Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1522–1557)
 Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1524–1558), married in 1551, Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1529–1577).
 Frederick of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1525)

Ancestry

References and sources
 Theodolinde von Paschwitz, Markgraf Kasimir. Ein historischer Roman aus dem 16. Jahrhundert, Regensburg, 1910

External links

 Casimir in Kirchberg an der Jagst – Schicksal einer hohenlohe-fränkischen Stadt vol. I (after a manuscript from the legacy of war court counciller Theodor Sandel at webisphere.de)

Footnotes

House of Hohenzollern
1481 births
1527 deaths
People from Ansbach
Margraves of Bayreuth
German people of Polish descent
Burials at Heilsbronn Abbey

Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach