An earplug is a device usually used to protect the ears from loud noises. They are put inside the ear canal and can also be used to protect the ear from water, dust or anything that doesn't belong in the ear.

Types of ear plugs
Ear plugs are made using many different materials to be used for different reasons.

Wax - these earplugs are harder and usually need to be squeezed and rolled between fingers before pacing in ears
Foam - made of polyvinyl chloride or polyurethane, these plugs need to be squeezed and rolled to be put in the ear. When they are put inside, they will expand to fit the ear canal.
Silicone - these earplugs are usually softer and are not placed inside the ear canal like foam or wax earplugs. Instead, they are placed in the external part of the ear canal.
Flange - flange does not describe the material of these earplugs but their special design. These earplugs are flexible and have ridges and flaps instead of being smooth like the previous earplugs

Ear plugs are also made to be re-used or disposable.

Uses of earplugs
Noise Reduction - the most common use for earplugs is to protect ears from loud sounds. They can be used in places with long periods of noise such as concerts and at restaurants or can be used to block sudden sounds such as an ambulance travelling past you. Ear plugs do not stop all sound from entering your ears, they only reduce sound.
Sleeping - some ear plugs are made to be soft and stay inside the ear during sleep to protect against any loud sounds at night such as snoring.
Swimming - some ear plugs are made to keep water out of the ears and are useful for swimmers and other people who spend a lot of time in the water, helping to avoid surfer's ear.
Flying - for some people, changes in airplane cabin pressure can be painful. There are earplugs that help to prevent this which is very useful during landing and take-off as well as when a passenger is trying to sleep.

Other websites
 National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing prevention.
 Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing loss prevention.

Protective clothing
Ear
Headgear

Earplug


Vitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grape and Virginia creeper. The family name comes from the genus Vitis.  The name sometimes appears as Vitidaceae, but Vitaceae is a conserved name and therefore has priority over both Vitidaceae and another name sometimes found in the older literature, Ampelidaceae.

The relationships of Vitaceae are unclear and the family does not appear to have any close relatives. In the Cronquist system, the family was placed near the family Rhamnaceae in order Rhamnales. The family was placed in the Rosid clade, but not classified in an order, by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Web places Vitaceae in its own order, Vitales. Recent phylogenetic analyses support Vitaceae as the sister-group to all other rosids (Jansen et al. 2006).

Most Vitis species have 38 chromosomes (n=19), but 40 (n=20) in subgenus Muscadinia, while Ampelocissus, Parthenocissus, and Ampelopsis also have 40 chromosomes (n=20) and Cissus has 24 chromosomes (n=12).

The family is economically important as grapes (Vitis species) are an important fruit crop and, when fermented, produce wine.

Species of the genus Tetrastigma serve as hosts to parasitic plants in the family Rafflesiaceae.

Leea, sometimes classified in its own family, Leeaceae, is included in Vitaceae by the APG and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web.

Vitaceae


Simeon ben Zemah Duran, also Tzemach Duran (1361–1444; ), known as Rashbatz () or Tashbatz  was a Rabbinical authority, student of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and especially of medicine, which he practised for a number of years at Palma de Mallorca. A major 15th century posek, his published decisions in matters of halakha have been widely quoted in halakhic literature for hundreds of years.

Biography
Simeon ben Tzemach was born in the Hebrew month of Adar, 1361. Various accounts put his birthplace as either Barcelona, or the island of Majorca.  He was a near relation but not a grandson of Levi ben Gershon. He was a student of Ephraim Vidal, and of Jonah de Maestre, rabbi in Zaragoza or in Calatayud, whose daughter Bongoda he married.

After the 1391 massacre in the Balearic Islands, he fled Spain with his father and sister for Algiers, where, in addition to practicing medicine, he continued his studies during the earlier part of his stay. In 1394 he and the Algerian rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet ("the Rivash") drafted statutes for the Jewish community of Algiers. After the Rivash's retirement, Duran became rabbi of Algiers in 1407. Unlike his predecessor, he refused on principle to accept any confirmation of his appointment by the regent. As Duran had lost all his property during the massacre at Palma, he was forced against his will to accept a salary from the community, not having other means of subsistence. He held this office until his death. His epitaph, written by himself, has been reprinted for the first time, from a manuscript, in Orient, Lit. v. 452. According to Joseph ben Isaac Sambari, Simon was much respected in court circles.  He was the father of the Solomon ben Simon Duran.

Duran's Magen Avot was a polemic against Christians and Muslims, of which the fourth chapter of the second part was published separately as Keshet u-Magen ("The Arrow and the Shield").

Works
Simon was prolific. He wrote commentaries on several tractates of the Mishnah and the Talmud and on Alfasi (Nos. 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, and 16 in the list of his works given below); he treated various religious dogmas as well as the synagogal rite of Algiers (Nos. 5, 8, 10, 16), while in his responsa he showed a profound acquaintance with the entire halakic literature. His theologico-philosophical scholarship, as well as his secular learning, is conspicuous in his elaborate work, Magen Abot, in which he also appears as a clever controversialist (No. 7). The same ability is evidenced in his writings against Hasdai Crescas, which afford him an opportunity to defend Maimonides (No. 2), in his commentary on the Pentateuch (No. 6), where he takes occasion to enter into polemics with Levi ben Gershon, and in that on the Book of Job (No. 1), especially the introduction. In his commentary on the Pirke Avot he shows a broad historical sense (No. 7, part iv.) and it is not improbable that the tradition which ascribes to him the historico-didactic poem Seder ha-Mishneh leha-Rambam (No. 9) is well founded.

Simon also wrote a considerable number of poems, both religious and secular (Nos. 9 [?], 15); commented on the Pesah Haggadah, the Hoshanot, the works of more ancient poets (Nos. 5 (c), 13, 14), and he was the author of numerous pamphlets. The following list of Duran's writings is arranged according to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, on the basis of a catalogue drawn up by the author himself (Responsa, vol. iii.):

 Oheb Mishpaṭ, commentary on the Book of Job, with a theologico-philosophical introduction, Venice, 1589; Amsterdam, 1724-1727 (in the Rabbinic Bible Ḳehillat Mosheh).
 Or ha-Ḥayyim, controversial treatise against Hasdai Crescas' Or Adonai.
 Zohar ha-Raḳia, commentary on Solomon ibn Gabirol's Azharot, Constantinople, 1515. (Jacob Hagis [Petil Tekelet] and Moses Pisante Ner Miẓwah have reedited this work, of which a shorter recension also exists.)
 Ḥiddushe ha-Rashbaẓ, novellæ on and elucidations of Niddah, Rosh ha-Shanah, Kinnim, Leghorn, 1744. (Ḥiddushim, novellæ to Ketubot and Gittin [Färth, 1779], is erroneously ascribed to Duran.)
 Yabin Shemu'ah:
 precepts for shehitah and bedikah
 Ma'amar Ḥameẓ, precepts concerning hamez and mazzah
 Afiḳomen, commentary on the Pesah Haggadah
 Tif'eret Yisrael, on the computations of the new moon ("moladot")
 Perush, commentary on the Mishnah Zebahim, ch. v. ("Ezehu Meḳoman"), and the Baraita de Rabbi Yishma'el (taken from the Sifra) subjoined thereto in the prayerbook (Leghorn, 1744). Part (c) appeared as Ma'amar Afiḳomen with the Haggadah (Rödelheim, 1822).
 Liwyat Ḥen, commentary on the Pentateuch; also two tracts against Hasdai Crescas ("Anaḳim," "Ma'amar Ha-Yiḥud")
 Magen Abot, consisting of four parts with special titles:
 "Ḥeleḳ Eloah mi-Ma'al"
 "Ḥeleḳ Shosenu"
 "Ḥeleḳ Ya'aḳob"
 "Ḥeleḳ Adonai 'Ammo."
 A commentary on Abot, including a literary-historical introduction on the sequence of tradition, appeared under the title "Magen Abot," Leghorn, 1762; reedited by Y. Fischl, Leipsic, 1855. Under the same title appeared parts i.-iii., with the exception of one chapter in part ii. (ib. 1785). The missing chapter in this edition, being a polemic against Christianity and Islam, was published under the title Ḳeshet u-Magen (ib. 1785–1790; reedited by Steinschneider, Berlin, 1881). Extracts from this chapter, "Setirat Emunat ha-Noẓrim," are contained in Milḥemet Ḥobah, Amsterdam, 1710. It is largely taken from Profiat Duran's Kelimmat ha-Goyim (Monatsschrift, iv. 179).
 Minhagim, ritual observances, presumably treating of the rites in Algiers.
 Seder ha-Mishneh leha-Rambam, didactic poem, ascribed to Duran in MS. Poc. 74 (Neubauer, Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS. No. 1971).
 Perush ha-Ketubbah weha-Geṭ, on marriage contracts and divorces, Constantinople, c. 1516–1548.
 Perush Hilkot Berakot le-Harif, commentary on Alfasi's Berakot.
 Perush Masseket 'Eduyyot, commentary on Eduyyot.
 Perush 'al ha-Hosha'not, published with the Hoshanot according to the Spanish rite, Ferrara, 1553. (A short extract from the Perush is contained in the Spanish prayer-book of 1571.)
 Perush Ḳeẓat Piyyuṭim, of which several pieces are inserted in the Algiers Mahzor, Leghorn, 1772. (The commentary on the introduction, "[Baruk] Asher Ishshesh," may also be found in B. Goldberg's Ḥefes Maṭmonim, pp. 85 et seq., Berlin, 1845.)
 Ḳunṭras Teḥinnot u-Pizmonim, religious and secular poems. (The elegy (ḳinah) on the destruction of Jerusalem, "Eksof le-Sapper," was published in Profiat Duran's Iggeret Al-Tehi, Constantinople, c. 1577; that on the persecutions in Spain in the second edition of Magen Abot, Leipsic, 1855. A larger collection was edited by I. Morali in part i. of his Ẓofnat Pa'aneaḥ, Berlin, 1897.)
 Remaze Pisḳe Niddah (distinct from No. 4).
 Taḳḳun ha-Ḥazzanim, of which the title only is known.
 Taḳḳanot ha-Rashbaẓ, inserted in part ii. of the responsa, (19), and in Judah Ayyash's responsa, entitled Bet Yehudah, Leghorn, 1746.
 Tashbaẓ, 802 responsa in three parts, Amsterdam, 1738–1739; title ed., ib. 1741.

External links
Seth (Avi) Kadish, The Book of Abraham: Rabbi Shimon ben Ẓemaḥ Duran and the School of Rabbenu Nissim Gerondi (Doctoral dissertation, University of Haifa, 2006).

References

 It has the following bibliography:
H. Jaulus, R. Simeon b. Zemach Duran, in Monatsschrift, xxiii. 241 et seq.;
A. Fränkel, Allg. Zeit. des Jud. xxiv. 417, 501;
Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, p. 601;
Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 7199;
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi-C. H. Hamberger, Historisches Wörterbuch der Jüdischen Schriftsteller, pp. 92 et seq.;
Joseph Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. pp. 703 et seq.;
Zunz, Literaturgesch. pp. 521 et seq.;
Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., viii. 100;
Brody, in Isr. Monatsschr. 1897, No. 7;
I. Morali, Ẓofnat Pa'aneaḥ, i., Berlin, 1897;
Kaufmann, in Monatsschrift, xli. 660

1361 births
1444 deaths
15th-century Algerian rabbis
Medieval Majorcan Jews
People from Palma de Mallorca
Authors of books on Jewish law

de:Salomo ben Simon Zemach Duran

Simeon ben Zemah Duran


Middle C is the musical note C that is in the middle of the piano keyboard.  It is not perfectly in the middle of the keyboard, but very nearly. When you compare all the Cs in the piano, it is the one nearest to the middle.

When writing Middle C in music notation, it is below the stave when using the treble clef and just above the stave when using the bass clef.  This is shown in the first and last notes of the musical example below.  The Middle C sits on a ledger line (an extension of the stave written just for one note).

On the piano the Middle C key is C4.

When starting to learn the piano, most books make their easiest pieces start on Middle C.  This is because the right hand can then play tunes using 5 notes (C to G) using white notes only (no sharps or flats).  It is also easy to recognize Middle C in notation.  It is also a help to find the correct place to sit at the piano (Middle C is opposite the player's "middle" (tummy)).  One problem can be that young children learning the piano may think that all pieces start on Middle C.  Pieces can start anywhere on the keyboard.

Middle C is the lowest note of the flute.  It is a fairly low note for a child or woman to sing, but a fairly high note for a man to sing.

Middle C vibrates at 262Hz.

Musical terminology
Musical notation

Middle C


A pocket watch is a timepiece that is kept in the pocket rather than worn on a wrist (wristwatch). It is thought to be invented by Peter Henlein.

The pocket watch usually has a chain to connect to a certain clothing, so the watch would not fall out of the pocket and get broken. This watch was popular before the wristwatch become popular. Because of wristwatches, the pocket watch became less common and popular. Still, some people today wear pocket watches, and a golden pocket watch is often a token of a person's retirement.

References

Clocks

Pocket watch


''For the clipboard in computers, see Clipboard (computing).

A clipboard is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.

Clipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, which is a type of plastic.

Police and EMT clipboards

Many police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports.

Tools

Clipboard


The 200th Airlift Squadron (200 AS) is an inactive unit of the Colorado Air National Guard 140th Wing located at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Springs, Colorado. The 200th was last equipped with the C-21A Learjet.

Overview
The 200th Airlift Squadron (AS) provided secure priority airlift from 1946 to 2018 for the highest level of military and civilian leaders throughout the world.

History
Established with the assignment of the C-47 Skytrain to Buckley Field Base Operations section in 1946. The C-47 was the original "Flintstone Airlines".  The C-54 Skymaster (Flintstone II) replaced the C-47 in 1966. Flintstone I and II provided airlift for state emergencies, unit deployments and general requirements of both the Colorado Army and Air National Guard.  The C-131 Samaritan eventually replaced the C-54 and Buckley Base Operations controlled both the C-131 and Cessna O-2 Skymaster aircraft. In 1979 two Boeing T-43A Bobcats arrived at Buckley and replaced the C-131 and O-2s.

The unit was renamed Operating Location AA (OL-AA) and T-43s served as flying classrooms in support of the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) 50th Airmanship Training Squadron Airmanship Program from 1979 through 1997. On 1 July 1983, while under the command of Lt. Col. Mel Walden, the unit separated from other base operations functions and was re-designated Operating Location BB (OL-BB).

In October 1985 the unit received two CT-43As configured for passenger airlift, augmenting and expanding into a dual Operational Support Aircraft (OSA) supporting VIP missions. In addition to the USAFA Airmanship Program, the unit flew worldwide airlift missions supporting many dignitaries including the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, U.S. cabinet members, congressmen, ambassadors, and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Added two additional CT-43As in 1981.  In January 1986, Lt. Col. Ron Germano took command and the unit was designated Detachment One, Headquarters Colorado Air National Guard (Det-1, COANG).  Transferred CT-43s to other organizations in 1991.

In June 1992 the unit was designated the 200th Airlift Squadron (AS) and in November 1997, it received the first of two C-21A aircraft; T-43As to Randolph AFB in 1997.  Replaced with C-26B turboprops in 1996.  Lt. Col. Scott Schofield took command on 6 March 1999 at Buckley Air National Guard Base, and the 200th AS moved to Peterson AFB in April 1999 near USAFA in Colorado Springs.

After the 11 September 2001 attacks, the squadron transported emergency responders to New York and Washington D.C., and began a new mission as target aircraft for NORAD air defense exercises. The 200th AS also supported USNORTHCOM disaster relief missions after hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.

On 23 March 2006, an inter-fly agreement with the active-duty 311th Airlift Squadron was signed and the 375th Operations Group began Total Force Operations. With the inter-fly agreement, the two squadrons share jets, pilots, and deployments.

In February 2010, the 200 AS participated in its first combat deployment, sending six crewmembers to the CENTCOM AOR in support of Operations IRAQI FREEDOM and ENDURING FREEDOM. Since then, several more 200 AS crewmembers have deployed and the unit continues to support and augment the active duty in-theater mission.

After a long and decorated history, the 200th held a formal deactivation ceremony Oct. 14, 2018, presided over by Gov. John Hickenlooper on Buckley AFB, Aurora, Colorado. Prior to the official deactivation in June 2018, the 200th has won Joint Operational Support Airlift Center small unit award seven years in a row.

The U.S. Air Force transferred one of the aircraft to Andrews AFB, with the other transferring to Scott AFB for the C-21 enterprise consolidation.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 200th Airlift Squadron on 16 March 1992
 Activated on 1 June 1992
 Inactivated c. 1 June 2018

Assignments
 140th Fighter Wing, 1 June 1992
 140th Operations Group, 1 October 1995 – c. 1 June 2018

Stations
 Buckley Air National Guard Base, Colorado, 1 June 1992
 Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, 1 October 1997 – June 2018

Aircraft
 Boeing T-43A, 1992-1997
 Fairchild C-26B Metroliner,  1996-1997
 C-21A Learjet, 1997–2018

References

  200th Airlift Squadron History
 Rogers, B. (2006). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978.
Unit deactivation article: 140th Wing bids final farewell to 200th Airlift Squadron

External links

Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
200
Military units and formations in Colorado
Military units and formations established in 1992

200th Airlift Squadron


Faraday's law of induction is a law of physics proposed by English physicist Michael Faraday in 1831. It is one of the basic laws of electromagnetism. The law explains how generators, transformers and electrical motors work.

Faraday's law of induction says that when a magnetic field changes, it causes a voltage, a difference in the electric potential that can make electric currents flow. That phenomenon was also found by Joseph Henry in 1831.

Imagine we have a closed loop of wire. To figure out how much current will be "induced" (i.e. produced by the magnetic field), we need to define the magnetic flux, a number describing how much of the magnetic field is actually going through the loop. Magnetic fields are vector fields, so they have both a strength and a direction. This leads to the following surface integral:

where

ΦB is the magnetic flux
is the (possibly moving) surface whose boundary is the wire loop
B is the magnetic field
dA is a small part of the surface.

That is, we could imagine filling in the wire loop with a thin surface, like a soap film. This formula tells us to look at every point on that surface, measure how much the magnetic field is pointing straight through the loop at that point, and add up all those measurements to get a single number. That number is the magnetic flux. When the flux changes, it produces electromotive force. The flux changes when B changes or when the wire loop is moved or bent, or when both happen. The electromotive force can then be calculated with the following equation:

 is the electromotive force
N is the number of loops the wire makes
ΦB is the magnetic flux of one loop
- is representative of Lenz's law and indicates direction of the electromotive force

This equation says that how much current is induced in the wire loop depends directly on how fast the magnetic flux is changing in time, whether due to the loop moving or the magnetic field changing.

Related pages
Lenz's law

References

Electromagnetism
Laws of physics

de:Elektromagnetische Induktion#Induktionsgesetz in Integralform

Faraday's law of induction


The word "freeganism" (person: freegan; related: freecycling) means to get things for free rather than buy those items. A freegan is a person who does not like to pay for things, but does not steal either. Freegans like to find things that other people throw away that are still useful.  People often throw things away that are not used up or broken.  Sometimes they throw things away because they are bored of them and like to shop for new things.  Freegans look through other people's rubbish bins and take what they can use, to the point of dumpster diving. This can be good for the environment, because no energy is used to make new things, in those cases. However, some cities have rules about taking things out of the rubbish, and freegans can get in trouble for this.

The name "freegan" rhymes with "vegan".  It combines the words "free" and "vegan".  Freegans are not necessarily vegans.

References

Lifestyles
Recycling

Freeganism


Bowenite is a hard, compact variety of the serpentinite species antigorite, (Mg3(OH)O4Si2O5). Classed as semi-precious gemstone it has been used for tools, weapons and jewellery by the Māori in New Zealand, and for jewellery by Fabergé. Deposits are found in several places around the world including Afghanistan, China, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States. It typically ranges in colour from dark green to light olive green, and in shades approaching yellow. Bowenite was named by James D. Dana in 1850 after George T. Bowen, who analyzed it in 1822.

Together with nephrite jade the Māori class bowenite as pounamu, which is also known as greenstone, and is of particular significance to the Ngāi Tahu iwi on whose traditional lands on the South Island of New Zealand most deposits are found. Historically it was used for tools, weapons and ornaments, although modern use is limited to jewellery, such as Tiki. The South Island deposits are legally protected, and taking material without Ngāi Tahu permission has led to prosecutions. In 1992 Ngāi Tahu approved the 'Pounamu Resource Management Plan' to manage deposits of this commercially valuable resource.

Bowenite is the state mineral of the U.S. state of Rhode Island.

Most deposits of bowenite are small, although a large deposit was discovered in South Africa in 1989. Deposits in China are in the Suzhou region, which accounts for its also being known as Suzhou jade with carving in elaborate designs.

References

Mindat with mineral data

Phyllosilicates
Serpentine group
Symbols of Rhode Island
Gemstones

Bowenite


The English unit of length ell is usually 45 inches. That means 1.143 m (for the international inch). It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder (or the elbow) to the wrist, although the exact length was never defined in English law.

Several different national forms existed, with different lengths: the Scottish ell (about 37 inches), the Flemish ell (about 27 inches) and the Polish ell (0.78 metres, about 31 inches).

This unit has mostly fallen out of use, as have others based on the human arm:
digit (1/60 ell)
finger (7/360 ell)
palm (1/15 ell)
hand (4/45 ell)
shaftment (2/15 ell)
span (1/5 ell)
cubit (2/5 ell)

Sometimes ell is used as an other word for the cubit.

An ell-wand or ellwand was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement.   Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one.

References

Units of length

Ell


Amnesty () is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. Amnesty is increasingly used to express the idea of "freedom" and to refer to when prisoners can go free.

Amnesties, which in the United Kingdom may be granted by the crown or by an act of Parliament, were formerly usual on coronations and similar occasions, but are chiefly exercised towards associations of political criminals, and are sometimes granted absolutely, though more frequently there are certain specified exceptions. Thus, in the case of the earliest recorded amnesty, that of Thrasybulus at Athens, the thirty tyrants and a few others were expressly excluded from its operation; and the amnesty proclaimed on the restoration of Charles II of England did not extend to those who had taken part in the execution of his father. Other famous amnesties include: Napoleon's amnesty of March 13, 1815, from which thirteen eminent persons, including Talleyrand, were exempt; the Prussian amnesty of August 10, 1840; the general amnesty proclaimed by the emperor Franz Josef I of Austria in 1857; the general amnesty granted by President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, after the American Civil War (1861–1865), in 1868, and the French amnesty of 1905. Amnesty in U.S. politics in 1872 meant restoring the right to vote and hold office to ex-Confederates, which was achieved by act of Congress. Those were true amnesties, pardoning past violations without changing the laws violated.

Purposes
An amnesty may be extended when the authority decides that bringing citizens into compliance with a law is more important than punishing them for past offenses. Amnesty after a war helps end a conflict. While laws against treason, sedition, etc. are retained to discourage future traitors during future conflicts, it makes sense to forgive past offenders, after the enemy no longer exists which had attracted their support but a significant number remains in flight from authorities. In 1718, when a general pardon was offered to pirates by the British, its advocates hoped it would dissuade recipients from entering Spanish service while the countries were at war.

Amnesty is often used to encourage people to turn in contraband, as in the case of China's gun restrictions, or the Kansas City ban on pit bulls.
Advantages of using amnesty may include avoiding expensive prosecutions (especially when massive numbers of violators are involved), prompting violators to come forward who might otherwise have eluded authorities, and promoting reconciliation between offenders and society. An example of the latter was the amnesty that was granted to conscientious objectors and draft evaders in the wake of the Vietnam War in the 1970s, in an effort by President Jimmy Carter to heal war wounds, given that both the war and the draft were over.

Controversy
Amnesty can at times raise questions of justice. An example was the Ugandan government's offer not to prosecute alleged war criminal Joseph Kony, in hopes that further bloodshed would be avoided. David Smock noted, "The downside of it is the impunity that it implies; that people can commit atrocities and say that they will only stop if they are given amnesty..."

Controversies also raise towards amnesties given to alleged perpetrators of the most serious crimes of international law (or crimes of the Jus Cogens which include genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression). Courts have rejected amnesties for such crimes, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. But scholars have suggested that there should be room for amnesties which were imperative necessities to achieve peace and accompanied by effective Truth and Reconciliation Commissions. One particular case was in Uruguay: the controversial Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State pretended to put an end to unsolved issues deriving from 12 years of civic-military dictatorship; local human rights organizations challenged that law and called a referendum in 1989 which confirmed the law by 56% of the popular vote.

Immigrant amnesty
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986—signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986—granted amnesty to about 3 million undocumented immigrants in the United States.

A controversial issue in the United States is whether undocumented immigrants should be granted some form of amnesty. It is proposed that undocumented immigrants be able to come forward and immediately receive probationary status. California Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said an amnesty program like the one the federal government undertook in 1986 would be ill-advised today. "It backfired big-time. It sent the wrong message: You come here illegally, and then we go and give you amnesty. So then, the next million come and they say, 'Hey, we get amnesty, this is really terrific'."

Related uses of the term
 The term amnesty is also any initiative where individuals are encouraged to turn over illicit items to the authorities, on the understanding that they will not be prosecuted for having been in possession of those items. A common use of such amnesties is to reduce the number of firearms or other weapons in circulation. Several public schools with a zero-tolerance policy on drugs or weapons have an "amnesty box" in which students may dispose of contraband objects brought to school without consequence.
 Amnesty was used in South Africa, during the 1990s, as part of the TRC (Truth and Reconciliation)
 An amnesty law is any law that retroactively exempts a select group of people, usually military leaders and government leaders,  from criminal liability for crimes committed.
 In the illegal immigration debate, allowing illegal immigrants to legally remain in the United States is often called, usually by its opponents, amnesty. Some observers contend that the word amnesty is improperly applied here. One reason is that the proposals under consideration include financial penalties for illegal immigrants. Another reason is that the government's current practice is generally to deport but not prosecute illegal immigrants and so there is sometimes no legal adjudication of "guilt" to be forgiven.
 Many libraries have an amnesty week where people can return late library books and they will not be charged a fine for having them out.
 At the United States Military Academy, United States Air Force Academy,  and the United States Naval Academy, any head of state visiting the academy may ask the Superintendent to grant amnesty to members of the Corps of Cadets with outstanding punishment tours, freeing the restricted cadets from further punishment tours. In the past this was for all offenses, but in recent times only cadets with minor offenses (company board) are eligible for amnesty, while cadets with major offenses (regimental or higher board) are ineligible.

References

External links

 International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page

Pardon
Criminal law legal terminology
Peace mechanisms
Impunity

Amnesty


Circa is Latin for "around" or "about". It is often used to show when something approximately happened. It is often shortened to c., ca., ca or cca.

An encyclopedia entry may begin with circa in the date of birth, for example: "Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227)". The "c." means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain. Sometimes the circa symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.

Estimated values of different units may also begin with circa in research reports and scientific articles, for example "it involved c.450 kg of carved ivory". The "c." means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.

References

Latin words used in English

Circa


Kabul River, or Kabal River (), is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan. It flows 700 km before joining the Indus River near Attock. It passes through the cities of Kabul, Chaharbagh, Jalalabad, and (flowing into Pakistan some 30 km north of the Khyber Pass) Nowshera. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Kunar and Alingar and Bara rivers.

Tributaries
The Kabul river itself is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows. Its largest tributary is the Kunar River, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacier in Chitral, Pakistan and once it flows south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan. The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.
It is also called Sardryab near Distt: Charsadda where it provides a fine avenue for recreation and refreshment. Sardryab is famous for its fishing annd having a worthy fish economy.

The Swat River () flows from the Hindukush Mountains through the Kalam Valley into the Kabul River in the Peshawar valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
The Panjkora River rises rises high in the Hindu Kush at lat. 35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river').

Related pages
List of rivers of Pakistan

Rivers of Pakistan
Tributaries of the Indus River
Rivers of Afghanistan

Kabul River


Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures.  Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a platform.

Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, BlackBerry, Linux and Android are five different types of well-known platforms.

Cross-Platform Development is very crucial towards marketing business over different platforms. Nowadays, there are multiple platforms for the customer base to surf the internet. A website has a particular pixel and differs in height and width that may not locate the different screen sizes. With the help of cross-platform development, a developer creates the website to mold to any screen size.

Developing an application for multiple platforms is very complex, as it needs high-tech backend work to make the app run on different platforms. With the wide range of OS, mainly iOS and Android, the application needs to be developed. However, with a cross-platform, both iOS and Android can install and run the application. It means the business is targeting the world market for enhanced revenues.

Cross-platform


The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial  with the degree , where , the polynomial equation  must have at least one root , and not more than  roots altogether.

Some remarks:
 the degree  of a polynomial is the highest power of  that occurs in it
 some of the roots may be complex numbers
 it is possible to 'count' a root  twice, if  is still a root of the polynomial ; if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial  with degree  has exactly  roots
 it is not a theorem of pure algebra. It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis. This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions  of odd degree the pair of values  and  has opposite positive and negative signs when  is large enough. And secondly, that any polynomial function  on the real line that takes positive and negative values for  has to cross  axis.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Mathematical theorems
Algebra

Fundamental theorem of algebra


Freeview is a free television service in the United Kingdom, and is sent to people's home using a digital signal. It includes more channels than normal analogue television provides. Over 30 television channels and 24 radio stations are on it at the moment. The service was put on air on October 30, 2002 in the early morning. ITV Digital was the previous service but the service had to be replaced because they were having financial problems.

Some TVs can receive Freeview automatically, but most people have to buy a special box to connect to their TV. In March 2006 over 6 million people had Freeview in their homes.

The service replaced the analogue signal in the United Kingdom in 2012.

British television

Freeview


Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs. These bombs have been designed to start a fire. Sometimes they are also called firebombs. They were used very frequently in World War II. Materials such as Napalm, White phosphorus, thermite, chlorine trifluoride are often employed in such bombs. A very crude such bomb (which uses fuel) is the Molotov cocktail.

The United States still uses such bombs, called Mark 77 bomb. They were used during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Most other countries no longer use them, since they are banned by Section III of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. This treaty was ratified in 1980.

Probably the most famous incendiary attack is the bombing of Dresden, Germany during WWII by the Allies. Flamethrowers are also incendiary devices.

Incendiary weapons

Incendiary device


Virgin Islands March (Marsz Wysp Dziewiczych) – hymn Wysp Dziewiczych Stanów Zjednoczonych.

Pieśń stworzyli w latach 20. XX wieku Sam Williams (muzyka) i Anton Adams (słowa).

W roku 1963 przyjęto ją jako oficjalny hymn.

Tekst
All hail our Virgin Islands.
Em'ralds of the sea,
Where beaches bright with coral sand
And trade winds bless our native land.
All hail our Virgin Islands,
Bathed in waters blue,
We give our loyalty,
Full to thee,
And pledge allegiance forever true.

To thee our Virgin Islands,
Loving voices raise
A song in praise of brotherhood,
Where right makes might to fight for good.
To thee our Virgin Islands,
Haven of the free,
We sing our love to thee,
Joyously,
Our own fair islands of liberty.

March on oh Virgin Islands,
In the joyful throng,
Uphold the right and right the wrong
Where only peace and love belong.
March on oh Virgin Islands,
Democratic land.
Together hand in hand,
Take your stand,
Forever soldiers in freedom's band.

God bless our Virgin Islands,
Humbly now we pray,
Where all mankind can join today
In friendly warmth of work and play.
God bless our Virgin Islands,
Beautiful and tall.
Beneath a sunny sky,
Hilltops high
Hold out a welcome for one and all.

W
Wyspy Dziewicze Stanów Zjednoczonych

Hymn Wysp Dziewiczych Stanów Zjednoczonych


The Kir is a French cocktail made with a measure of crème de cassis (blackcurrant liqueur) topped up with white wine.

In France it is usually drunk as an apéritif before a meal or snack. It was originally made with Bourgogne Aligoté, a white wine of Burgundy, but today various white wines are used throughout France, according to the region and the barkeeper. Many prefer a white Chardonnay-based Burgundy, such as Chablis.

It used to be called blanc-cassis, but it is now named after Félix Kir (1876–1968), mayor of Dijon in Burgundy. Kir was a pioneer of the twinning movement in the aftermath of the Second World War, and popularized the drink by offering it at receptions to visiting delegations.  Besides treating his international guests well, he was also promoting two economic products of the region.  Kir allowed one of Dijon's producers of crème de cassis to use his name, then extended the right to their competitors as well.  According to Rolland (2004), the reinvention of blanc-cassis (post 1945) was necessitated by the German Army's confiscation of all the local red Burgundy during the war. Faced with an excess of white wine, Kir renovated a drink that used to be made primarily with the red.

Another explanation that has been offered is that Mayor Kir revived it during a year in which the ordinary white wine of the region was inferior and the crème de cassis helped to disguise the fact.

Following the commercial development of crème de cassis in 1841, the cocktail became a popular regional café drink, but has since become inextricably linked internationally with the name of Mayor Kir.  When ordering a Kir, waiters in France sometimes ask whether the customer wants it made with crème de cassis (blackcurrant), de mûre (blackberry), de pêche (peach), or framboise (raspberry).

The International Bartenders Association gives a recipe using 1/10 crème de cassis, but French sources typically specify more; 19th-century recipes for blanc-cassis recommended 1/3 crème de cassis, which modern tastes find cloyingly sweet, and modern sources typically about 1/5.  Replacing the crème de cassis with blackcurrant syrup is discouraged.

Variations
Besides the basic Kir, a number of variations exist:

 Cidre royal – made with cider instead of wine, with a measure of calvados added
 Communard, or cardinal – made with red wine instead of white
 Hibiscus royal – made with sparkling wine, peach liqueur, raspberry liqueur, and an edible hibiscus flower
 Kir Berrichon – from the Berry region of France. Made with red wine and blackberry liqueur (crème de mûre)
 Kir bianco – made with sweet white Vermouth instead of wine.
 Kir Breton – made with Breton cider instead of wine.
 Kir impérial – made with raspberry liqueur (such as Chambord) instead of cassis, and champagne
 Kir Normand – made with Normandy cider instead of wine.
 Kir pamplemousse – made with red grapefruit liqueur and sparkling white wine
 Kir pêche – made with peach liqueur
 Kir pétillant – made with sparkling wine
 Kir royal – made with Champagne
 Pink Russian – made with milk instead of wine
 Tarantino – made with lager or light ale ("kir-beer")

References

Cocktails with wine
Cocktails with liqueur
Two-ingredient cocktails

Kir (cocktail)


Benjamin "Ben" Parker (better known as Uncle Ben) is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. He is an uncle of Peter Parker because he is the brother of Peter's father Richard Parker. Uncle Ben and his wife Aunt May raised Peter since his parents died. Peter gets bitten by a radioactive spider and gets its powers. Peter sees a robbery happening and can do something about it but chooses not to. The criminal gets away and later kills Uncle Ben. Peter believes it is his fault for not having done anything to stop the robber so he decides to fight criminals by becoming the superhero Spider-Man. Uncle Ben was introduced in a Marvel Comics story called Amazing Fantasy # 15 in 1962. Unlike many comic book characters he stays dead. In later comics he is the one who told Peter Parker "With great power, comes great responsibility."

Uncle Ben in Film

Uncle Ben was played by Cliff Robertson in the 2002 Spider-Man movie. In it Peter Parker fights back against a bully named Flash Thompson. Uncle Ben tells him to be careful about when to use his strength and that "with great power, comes great responsibility." Peter says Uncle Ben is not his father and should stop pretending to be. When Peter finds Uncle Ben's killer, the killer pulls a gun at him and Peter pushes him out of a window. Peter later tells the Green Goblin "I had a father. His name was Ben Parker." In the 2012 reboot The Amazing Spider-Man, Uncle Ben is played by Martin Sheen. Unlike in the original movie, and in the comics, Peter does not catch Uncle Ben's killer. Uncle Ben does teach Peter the importance of responsibility but he never says "With great power, comes great responsibility."

Uncle Ben did not appear, nor was he mentioned, in the movie Spider-Man: Homecoming or its sequel Spider-Man: Far from Home but was mentioned (though he didn't appear) in its sequel  Spider-Man: No Way Home  .

Fictional characters introduced in 1962
Marvel Comics superheroes

Uncle Ben


Sophie Rostopchine, Countess of Ségur, born Sofiya Feodorovna Rostopchina (; 1 August 1799 in Saint Petersburg – 8 February 1874 in Paris), was a French writer of Russian birth and origin. She is best known today for her novel Les Malheurs de Sophie (Sophie's misfortunes), intended for children.

Life
Her father Count Fyodor Rostopchin was lieutenant-general and, later, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Russia. In 1812, he was governor of Moscow during the invasion of the Grande Armée under Napoleon I of France. While facts concerning the origin of the great fire of Moscow are disputed by historians, Sophie Rostopchine's father has been said by some to have organized (despite opposition from the wealthy property-owners in the city) the great fire which forced Napoleon to make a disastrous retreat.

In 1814 the Rostopchine family left Imperial Russia for exile, going first to the Duchy of Warsaw, then to the German Confederation and the Italian peninsula and finally in 1817 to France under the Bourbon Restoration. In France, the father established a salon, and his wife and daughter converted to Roman Catholicism from Russian Orthodoxy.

It was in her father's salon that Sophie Rostopchine met Eugène Henri Raymond, Count of Ségur (Fresnes, Seine-et-Marne on 12 February 1798 – Château de Méry-sur-Oise 15 July 1869), whom she married on 13/14 July 1819. The marriage was largely an unhappy one: her husband was flighty, distant and poor (until being made a Peer of France in 1830), and his infrequent conjugal visits to their château des Nouettes (near L'Aigle, Orne) produced eight children, including Nathalie de Ségur and the father of the historian Pierre de Ségur (Eugène de Ségur is said to have called his wife "la mère Gigogne", or "Mother Gigogne" in reference to a theatre character of 1602, an enormous woman out of whose skirts a crowd of children appeared).

The Comtesse de Ségur wrote her first novel at the age of 58.

Novels
The novels of the Countess of Ségur were published from 1857 to 1872 in the "Bibliothèque rose illustrée" by the publishing house Hachette.  They were collected together in 1990 under the title Œuvres de la comtesse de Ségur in the collection "Bouquins" (publisher: Robert Laffont).
 Un bon petit diable
 Les Malheurs de Sophie
 Diloy le chemineau
 Mémoires d'un âne
 Jean qui grogne et Jean qui rit
 Le Mauvais Génie
 François le bossu
 Les Caprices de Gizelle
 Pauvre Blaise
 La Fortune de Gaspard
 Quel amour d'enfant !
 Les Petites Filles modèles
 La sœur de Gribouille
 Blondine
 Après la pluie, le beau temps
 Les Vacances
 L'auberge de l'Ange Gardien
 Le général Dourakine

References

Tributes

On 1 August 2014, Google celebrated Comtesse de Ségur's 215th Birthday with a doodle.

External links

 Life and works of the comtesse de Ségur (in French)
 Link label  Sophie Heywood, Catholicism and Children's Literature: the comtesse de Ségur (1799–1874), Manchester University Press, 2011

1799 births
1874 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Counts of Ségur
Countesses of the Russian Empire
French countesses
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
French children's writers
French people of Russian descent
Roman Catholic writers
Russian Roman Catholics
Former Russian Orthodox Christians
Women writers from the Russian Empire
French women children's writers
Russian women children's writers
19th-century French women writers
19th-century women writers from the Russian Empire
19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire
19th-century French novelists
Russian women novelists
French women novelists
Russian people of Tatar descent

Countess of Ségur


Videotape is magnetic tape used to record moving images and (usually) sound. Videotape was invented in the 1950s for recording television shows for later broadcasting. In the 1970s it entered use in low-cost filmmaking. In the 1980s analog tape became commonplace at home, and replaced the use of photographic film for home movies. Better digital videotape systems started replacing motion picture film at the end of the 20th century. 21st century video mostly uses digital recording media such as memory cards and hard drives rather than videotape.

Magnetic tape

Videotape


The popularity of the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series has led to several comic book series published by Marvel Comics, Innovation Publishing, Trident Comics, Avatar Press and WildStorm Productions. After the success of Freddy vs. Jason and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake film in 2003, New Line Cinema created their House of Horror licensing division which licensed the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise to Avatar Press for use in new comic book stories, the first of which was published in 2005. In 2006, Avatar Press lost the license to DC Comics imprint, WildStorm Productions which then published several new stories based on the franchise before their license expired as well.

Marvel Comics
In 1989, Marvel Comics released Freddy Krueger's A Nightmare on Elm Street. The black and white comic book was published in a magazine-sized format. The first and only storyline was the two part "Dreamstalker" written by Steve Gerber with art by Rich Buckler. Other than the inclusion of the characters Amanda and Freddy Krueger and the fictional town of Springwood, Ohio, the story does not fit seamlessly into the continuity of the films and even contradicts the film continuity in several places. The series immediately proved to be Marvel's top selling black and white magazine, even outselling the long running Savage Sword of Conan magazine, but despite distributors soliciting the title through the fifth issue, Marvel quietly canceled the title after only two issues had been released. New stories had been written and submitted by Buzz Dixon and Peter David. Speculation arose that, despite Marvel clearly labeling the book as a mature readers title, Freddy Krueger's A Nightmare on Elm Street could have caused image problems for the publisher who generally catered to younger readers. In 1990, Steve Gerber revealed that Marvel had canceled the book in anticipation of pressure from various anti-violence advocate groups that were actively protesting violent media in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the October 6, 1989, issue of the Comics Buyer's Guide, Peter David claimed that, while he originally felt that the story he had submitted for the series was like nothing else that he had ever written, in retrospect, he was no longer happy with it and was somewhat glad that it had never been published.

Innovation Publishing

In 1991, Innovation Publishing acquired the A Nightmare on Elm Street license and published three series based on the franchise, before the company filed for bankruptcy in 1992. All three series were written by Andy Mangels.

The first series was the six-issue Nightmares on Elm Street which featured a collection of surviving protagonists from the first five films, including Nancy Thompson, Neil Gordon, and Alice Johnson, uniting to fight Freddy Krueger in the dream world. The first two issues of the series featured Nancy's return as a spirit in the Beautiful Dream, the place Kristen dreamed Nancy into after Nancy's death, and revolved around Freddy killing Nancy's college roommates. The events of the next four issues take place in the time period between the A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child and Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare films.

The second series, Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare, was an adaptation of the film of the same name. The third issue of the series was published in both normal and 3-D formats. The 3-D issue was published in order to recreate the last ten minutes of the film which also used the visual effect. The three issues were also collected and published as a trade paperback.

The last series to be published by Innovation was A Nightmare On Elm Street: The Beginning. The three-issue mini-series served as a direct sequel to Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare, as Maggie Burroughs continues to have nightmares about her father, Freddy Krueger, following the events of the film. Traveling back to Springwood with Tracy, another survivor from the film, Maggie researches Freddy's life leading up to his death at the hands of the Springwood parents. Only the first two issues of the series were released before Innovation's declaration of bankruptcy, leaving the third issue unpublished and the story incomplete. Mangels made the original script for issue number three available on his website for a time.

Trident Comics
In 1992, Trident Comics released four magazine-sized issues of Freddy's Nightmares, exclusively in the United Kingdom. The series contained no original material, instead opting to reprint Innovation's Freddy's Dead adaptation, the first two issues of Innovation's Nightmares On Elm Street and the first issue of Marvel's Freddy Krueger's: A Nightmare on Elm Street. Despite the title of the series, it has no direct connection, other than the depiction of the Freddy Krueger character, to the Freddy's Nightmares television series which aired in 1988.

Avatar Press
In May 2005, Freddy Krueger returned to comic books, for the first time in thirteen years, with the A Nightmare On Elm Street Special written by former Chaos Comics founder, Brian Pulido and published by Avatar Press in association with New Line Cinema's House of Horror licensing division.

Events from the A Nightmare On Elm Street Special would carry over into the A Nightmare On Elm Street: Paranoid three issue mini-series, published later that same year. Due to Avatar's erratic publishing schedule, the second and third issues of the series were not released until 2006.The mini-series was followed by a stand-alone issue titled Fearbook before Avatar lost the House of Horror license.

WildStorm Productions
In 2006, WildStorm Productions, a publishing imprint of DC Comics, acquired the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" license and, in October of the same year, began publication of a new ongoing comic book series written by veteran comic book writer, Chuck Dixon with artwork by Kevin J. West, Bob Almond and Joel Gomez and covers by Tony Harris of Ex Machina fame.

The first story arc, "Freddy's War", centered on a teenager named Jade, who moves to Springwood and learns about Freddy Krueger. Along with her father, a former army ranger, and a young comatose girl, Jade confronts Freddy. After the "Freddy's War" arc's completion, a story about Freddy employing a teenager to kill the girl who helped Jade and her father was released. The second story arc, titled "Demon of Sleep", detailed a group of social outcasts who, after realizing they are being killed off one by one, decide to summon an Aztec sleep demon to battle Freddy. The last issue, released in June 2007, was about a worker at a fast-food restaurant who was dreaming about Freddy killing other people, until Freddy killed him.

In 2007, Wildstorm announced its plan to cancel their ongoing New Line horror comics in favor of publishing mini-series and specials based on the movie franchises. The ongoing A Nightmare on Elm Street series would come to an end after an eight issue run and be replaced by a mini-series, late in 2007.

In September, Wildstorm released New Line Cinema's Tales of Horrors, a one-shot issue featuring separate stories concerning Freddy Krueger and Leatherface. The Freddy Krueger story was written by Christos Gage and Peter Milligan and involves Freddy dealing with an inhabitant of Springwood who has taken to copying his murder style, in a story aptly titled "Copycat".

Freddy next appeared in the six-issue Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, an intercompany crossover with Dynamite Entertainment. The story serves as a sequel to Freddy vs. Jason and The Evil Dead trilogy, based on the original Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash film treatment by Jeff Katz. The comic book series was written by James Kuhoric and illustrated by Jason Craig. A six-issue sequel titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors followed in 2009 and featured a large cast of supporting characters from both the  A Nightmare of Elm Street and Friday the 13th film franchises.

See also
List of comics based on films

References

External links
Andy Mangels' personal website, documenting his work on Innovation's comic book series
Nightmare on Elm Street at Avatar Press
A Nightmare on Elm Street comic book archive at Nightmare on Elm Street Companion
Interview with comics writer Chuck Dixon at Comic Monsters about A Nightmare on Elm Street

A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise) comics
Marvel Comics titles
Innovation Publishing titles
Avatar Press titles
WildStorm titles
Comics based on films
Comic book limited series
Comics by Steve Gerber
1989 comics debuts
Ohio in fiction

A Nightmare on Elm Street (comics)


Elisabeth is a Viennese, German-language musical commissioned by the Vereinigte Bühnen Wien (VBW), with a book and lyrics by Michael Kunze and music by Sylvester Levay. It portrays the life and death of Empress Elisabeth of Austria, also known as "Sisi", wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I,  from her engagement and marriage in 1854 to her murder in 1898 at the hands of the Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni, through the lens of her growing obsession with death, as her marriage and her empire crumble around her at the turn of the century.

It has been translated into seven languages and seen by over ten million spectators worldwide, making it the most successful German-language musical of all time. , it has not been staged in English-speaking countries.

Synopsis

The show opens in the "world of the dead", where Luigi Lucheni is being interrogated by a Judge as to why he has murdered the Empress Elisabeth. Lucheni claims that he did no more than what Elisabeth herself wanted, since all her life Elisabeth has been in love with Death himself – and vice versa. As his witnesses, Lucheni brings back the dead aristocracy of the bygone era and takes us to the past, where he serves as a sarcastic narrator of the events that lead to the transformation of the sweet and innocent Sisi to the revered and infamous Elisabeth, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, and her decline through later years until her assassination.

At a young age, Sisi, grown up in a seemingly sorrowless environment, experiences her first encounter with Death, which launches a love–hate affair that will span her entire life.
Lucheni claims that once Franz Joseph, the Emperor of Austria, picks Elisabeth as his bride – for once opposing his domineering mother Sophie – he begins a chain of events that will eventually topple the Habsburg Empire. Elisabeth herself very soon comes to regret her seemingly "fairy-tale marriage". She feels abandoned by her careless husband, psychologically abused by her possessive mother-in-law, and is chronically depressed due to her loneliness. There is only one thing that keeps her emotionally stimulated—the dark and sensual shadow of Death; but Elisabeth is reluctant to consummate their relationship. When Death takes her infant daughter, the tragedy shakes the young Empress extremely, but she refuses to give in to Death's sway.

After her other two children, including her only son Rudolf, are taken away by Sophie, Elisabeth calluses over and becomes cold and selfish. She flees the Austrian court and spends decades restlessly travelling all over the world, trying in vain to escape from her fear of emptiness. Eventually, Elisabeth makes peace with her husband and finds new meaning in her life when she helps unify Austria and Hungary, but her newfound purpose makes her neglect her psychologically delicate son even further, sending young Rudolf into deep depression and causing him to bond with Death.

Eventually, Rudolf's own loneliness and his father's pressure cause him to snap and he embraces Death, committing suicide at Mayerling with his mistress, Mary Vetsera. This event completely breaks down Elisabeth and she begs Death to take her. However, her scorned lover now refuses to take her in.

Another decade goes by. Elisabeth still wanders from place to place, dressed in permanent mourning. Franz Joseph visits her from time to time, begging her to return home to Vienna, firmly believing that love is the answer to all sorrows, but Elisabeth refuses, citing that sometimes love is simply not enough to cure old wounds.

Finally, in a horrifying vision of the fall of the House of Habsburg, Franz Joseph at last meets his mysterious rival. He watches as Death throws Lucheni a dagger, but crushed by the weight of his imperial crest, he is powerless to save his wife.

On September 10, 1898, while on her way to board a ship in Geneva, Empress Elisabeth of Austria is mortally wounded, stabbed right in the heart with a crudely sharpened file. As she lies dying, Death comes to claim her spirit with a kiss. With their embrace, the show ends.

Principal characters
Elisabeth, the Empress of Austria and later Queen of Hungary. Nickname is Sisi. Her birthplace is the Kingdom of Bavaria in Germany.
Death, the personification of the abstract concept of "Death" or the "Grim Reaper". His appearance is modeled on the poet Heinrich Heine who was fascinated by Elisabeth, and the rock singer David Bowie.
Luigi Lucheni, an Italian anarchist and Elisabeth's assassin. He serves as a plot device in the story.
Franz Joseph, the Emperor of Austria and later King of Hungary. Husband of Elisabeth.
Archduchess Sophie, Franz Joseph's autocratic mother.
Rudolf, Elisabeth and Franz Joseph's son.
Max, Prince of the Kingdom of Bavaria in Germany. Elisabeth's father.
Ludovika, Princess of the Kingdom of Bavaria in Germany. Elisabeth's mother and Sophie's younger sister.
Helene, Elisabeth's elder sister.
Countess Esterházy, the Mistress of the Household
Count Grünne, Franz Joseph's advisor
Cardinal Archbishop Rauscher, the head of the Roman Catholic Church in Austria
Prince Schwarzenberg, the State Minister
Frau Wolf, the mistress of a brothel in Vienna

Production history
The world premiere of Elisabeth, directed by Harry Kupfer, took place on September 3, 1992, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, Austria, where it ran until January 1997. After a brief hiatus, it reopened on September 4, 1997. The final closing date was on April 25, 1998. In October 2002, a 10th Anniversary miniseries of concerts took place at the Wiener Konzerthaus in Vienna. The Vienna production was revived on October 1, 2003, and ran until December 4, 2005.
Other productions have been mounted in the following countries.
Japan: The Takarazuka Grand Theatre (The Takarazuka Revue), Hyōgo
 February 16, 1996 - current
Japan: The Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre (The Takarazuka Revue), Tokyo
 June 3, 1996 - current
Hungary: The Open-Air Theatre of Szeged, Szeged
 August 17, 1996 - September/October 1996
Hungary: The Operetta Theatre (Budapesti Operett Színház), Budapest
 October 5, 1996 - January 2005
 July 2007 - 2014
Hungary: The National Theatre of Miskolc
 Autumn 1999 - April 2001
Hungary: Katona József National Theatre of Kecskemét
 October 2021 -
Sweden: Musiktheatern i Värmland, Karlstad
 September 30, 1999 - January 9, 2000
Netherlands: Fortis Circus Theatre (Stage Entertainment), Scheveningen
 November 21, 1999 - July 22, 2001
Japan: The Toho Company 1st version
 June 6 - August 30, 2000 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 March 30 - April 28, 2001 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 May 3–27, 2001 – Chunichi Theater, Nagoya
 August 3–31, 2001 – Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
 October 4–31, 2001 – Hakataza Theater, Fukuoka
Germany: Colosseum Theater (Stage Entertainment), Essen
 March 22, 2001 - June 29, 2003
Japan: The Toho Company 2nd version
 March 6 - May 30, 2004 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 August 1–30, 2004 – Chunichi Theater, Nagoya
 October 2–28, 2004 – Hakataza Theater, Fukuoka
 November 3 - December 12, 2004 – Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
 September 1–30, 2005 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 May 3–28, 2006 – Nissay Theater, Tokyo
 August 3–28, 2008 – Chunichi Theater, Nagoya
 September 3–28, 2008 – Hakataza Theater, Fukuoka
 November 3 - December 25, 2008 – Nissay Theater, Tokyo
 January 8 - February 2, 2009 – Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
 August 9 - October 30, 2010 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo. Toho "Elisabeth" 10th anniversary production
 May 9 - June 27, 2012 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 July 5–26, 2012 – Hakataza Theater, Fukuoka
 August 3–26, 2012 – Chunichi Theater, Nagoya
 September 1–28, 2012 – Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
Germany: Apollo Theater (Stage Holding/Stage Entertainment), Stuttgart
 March 6, 2005 - September 17, 2006
Germany: Theater des Westens (Semmel Concerts/Premium Entertainment), Berlin
 April 20 - September 27, 2008
 October 2008 - April 2010 (toured throughout Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Austria. See tour dates below.)
Italy: Miramare Castle, Trieste. Open-Air Concert Version.
 July 21–27, 2004; July 31 - August 6, 2005
Finland: Turun Kaupunginteatteri (The Municipal Theatre of Turku), Turku
 September 23, 2005 - December 30, 2006
Switzerland: Thunersee, Thun. Open-Air Theatre.
 July 19 - August 30, 2006
Japan: Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka. Original Vienna Production.
 March 28 - April 30, 2007
South Korea: Samsung Electronics Hall, Seoul
 February 9 - May 13, 2012
Austria: Raimund Theater, Vienna. Elisabeth: 20th Anniversary Revival
 September 5, 2012 - February 1, 2014
Japan: Elisabeth in Concert: 20th Anniversary
 October 15–22, 2012 – Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
October 26–31, 2012 – Tokyu Orb Theater, Tokyo
South Korea:
 July 26 - September 7, 2013 – Seoul Art Center Opera House, Seoul
 September 14–15, 2013 – Busan Cultural Center, Busan
 October 19–20, 2013 – Seongsan Art Hall, Changwon
China: Shanghai Cultural Square, Shanghai
 December 9, 2014 - January 11, 2015
Japan: The Toho Company 3rd version
 June 13 - August 26, 2015 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 June 28 - July 26, 2016 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 August 6 - September 4, 2016 – Hakataza Theater, Fukuoka
 September 11–30, 2016 – Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
 October 8–23, 2016 – Chunichi Theater, Nagoya
 June 7 - August 26, 2019 – Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 April 9 - May 4, 2020 - Imperial Theater, Tokyo (cancelled due to COVID-19)
 May 11 - June 2, 2020 - Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka (cancelled due to COVID-19)
 June 10–28, 2020 - Misonoza Theater, Nagoya (cancelled due to COVID-19)
 July 6 - August 3, 2020 - Hakataza Theater, Fukuoka (cancelled due to COVID-19)
 October 9 - November 27, 2022 - Imperial Theater, Tokyo
 December 5–21, 2022 - Misonoza Theater, Nagoya
 December 29, 2022 - January 3, 2023 - Umeda Arts Theater, Osaka
 January 11–31, 2023 - Hakataza Theater, Nagoya
South Korea: Samsung Electronics Hall, Seoul
 June 13 - September 6, 2015
European Tour: Germany & Austria
 February 26 - March 22, 2015 – Essen, Germany; Colosseum Theater
 March 26 - June 7, 2015 – Munich, Germany
 July 7 - August 9, 2015 – Linz, Austria
 December 16, 2015 - January 3, 2016 – Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 January 7 - February 14, 2016 – Berlin, Germany
Netherlands: Elisabeth in Concert
 June 12–17, 2017 – Paleis Het Loo, Apeldoorn
 June 8–24, 2018 – Paleis Soestdijk, Baarn
South Korea: Blue Square (theater), Seoul
 November 17, 2018 - February 10, 2019
Austria: Open-air concert at Schönbrunn Palace
 June 25–26, 2019
 June 25–27, 2020 (cancelled due to COVID-19)
 July 1–3, 2021 (cancelled due to COVID-19)
 June 30 - July 2, 2022 (the play was canceled on July 1, 2022 due to the storm in the evening)
Belgium: Château du Karreveld
August 2022

Song list
Additional songs have been added for some productions of Elisabeth that are not featured in all productions. Also the order of songs is often switched, which is the most noticeable between the German and the Viennese versions. This song list and order, with titles in English, is based upon the original Vienna production except where noted.

Act One:
 Prologue (Prolog) - Judge, Lucheni, Death
 Like You (Wie du) - Elisabeth, Max
 Lovely to Have You All Here - (Schön, euch alle zu seh'n) Ludovika, Hélène, Family
 No Coming Without Going (Kein Kommen ohne Geh'n) - Death (Hungarian, Japanese, 2012 and 2022 Vienna productions only (sung by Death and Elisabeth in 2012 and 2022 Vienna production))
 Black Prince (Schwarzer Prinz) - Elisabeth (originally a direct reprise of Like You, rewritten for the Dutch premiere and subsequent productions, cut in 2012 Vienna production)
 To Each He Gives His Own (Jedem gibt er das Seine) - Sophie, Franz-Joseph, the Court
 Things Never Happen As Planned (So wie man plant und denkt...) - Lucheni, Sophie, Hélène, Elisabeth, Franz-Joseph
 Nothing is Difficult Any More (Nichts ist schwer) - Franz-Joseph, Elisabeth
 All Questions Have Been Asked (Alle Fragen sind gestellt) - Wedding Chorus (and Death in Japanese productions)
 She Doesn't Fit (Sie passt nicht) - Sophie, Max, Wedding Guests
 The Last Dance (Der letzte Tanz) - Death
 An Empress Must Shine (Eine Kaiserin muss glänzen) - Sophie, Countess Esterházy, Ladies-in-Waiting
 I Belong to Me (Ich Gehör Nur Mir) - Elisabeth
 The First Four Years (Die Ersten Vier Jahre) - Lucheni, Elisabeth, Sophie, Ladies-in-Waiting, Franz-Joseph, The Court, Hungarians (finale completely rewritten for the Takarazuka production and partially for the Hungarian version.)
 The Shadows Grow Longer (Die Schatten werden länger) (Preview) - Death
 The Cheerful Apocalypse (Die fröhliche Apokalypse) - Lucheni, a Student, a Journalist, a Poet, a Bohemian, a Professor, coffeehouse patrons
 Child or Not (Kind oder nicht) - Sophie, Countess Esterházy, Young Rudolf (appears from the German premiere and subsequent productions, except the Takarazuka production)
 Elisabeth, Open Up My Angel (Elisabeth, mach auf mein Engel) - Franz-Joseph, Elisabeth, Death
 Milk (Milch)  - Lucheni, the Poor (and Death in the Takarazuka production)
 Beauty Care (Schönheitspflege) - Countess Esterházy, Ladies-in-Waiting
 I Just Want to Tell You (Ich will dir nur sagen) (I Belong to Me Reprise) - Franz-Joseph, Elisabeth, Death (originally only Franz-Joseph and Elisabeth in the original Vienna and Hungarian productions)

Act Two:
 Kitsch (Kitsch) - Lucheni
 Éljen (which is Hungarian for "long live...") (Éljen) - Hungarian Crowds, Lucheni (andDeath in Japanese productions)
 When I Want to Dance (Wenn ich tanzen will) - Death, Elisabeth (written for the German premiere and appears in subsequent productions, sans the Hungarian staging and omitted in Stage Entertainment productions)
 Mama, Where Are You? (Mama, wo bist du?) - Young Rudolf, Death
 Mama, Where Are You? (reprise) (Mama, wo bist du reprise) - Young Rudolf, Death (Original Dutch production only; the scene was inserted into the gap made by moving the earlier song into act one)
 She Is Insane (Sie ist verrückt) - Elisabeth, Miss Windisch
 Nothing, Nothing, Nothing at All (Nichts, nichts, gar nichts) - Elisabeth (originally a dance-sequence with Elisabeth as Titania from A Midsummer Night's Dream, missing the second half of the song in the Takarazuka production)
 I Belong To Me (Ich Gehör Nur Mir reprise) - Elisabeth (Takarazuka productions only)
 Us or Her (Wir oder sie) - Sophie, The Court
 Don't Play the Prude (Nur kein Genieren) - Madame Wolf, Lucheni, Whores
 The Last Chance (Or 'The Malady') (Die letzte Chance (Maladie)) - Death, Elisabeth
 Between Dream and Reality (Zwischen Traum und Wirklichkeit) - Elisabeth (Toho 2000-2001 Japanese productions only, also recorded for the Stuttgart production cast recording, though not utilised in the actual show)
 Argument between Mother and Son - Franz Josef & Sophie (Streit Mutter und Sohn) (proceeds Sophie's solo "Bellaira")
 Bellaria (Bellaria) - Sophie (Primarily appeared in Hungarian and Japanese productions starting in 1996; Has been present in all productions since then, except for the Takarazuka production)
 The Restless Years (Die rastlosen Jahre) - Franz-Joseph, The Court, Ladies-in-Waiting, Lucheni
 Hunt (Jagd) - A sequence referencing Elisabeth's hunting trips in Europe in the original Viennese production (deleted in all but the Hungarian production)
 The Shadows Grow Longer (Die Schatten werden länger (Reprise)) - Death, Rudolf
 Argument Between Father and Son (Streit Vater & Sohn) - Rudolf, Franz Joseph (first seen in the Dutch and Essen productions, then inserted into the Viennese revival and subsequent German productions)
 Hate (Hass) - Anti-Semites & Lucheni (cut from the Takarazuka productions due to controversial content)
 Conspiracy (Verschwörung) - Rudolf, Hungarian Nationalists, Death(does not appear in the Vienna production; expanded for the Takarazuka version)
 Like You (Wie du (Reprise)) - Elisabeth, Max's Ghost (does not appear in the Takarazuka production)
 If I Were Your Mirror (Wenn ich dein Spiegel wär) - Rudolf, Elisabeth
 The Mayerling Waltz (Mayerling-Walzer) - Rudolf, Death, Mary Vetsera (orchestrations expanded in the Takarazuka production since the Star Troupe 1996 performance and used for current productions)
 Rudolf, Where Are You? (Dirge) (Rudolf, wo bist du? (Totenklage)) - Elisabeth (a duet with Sophie's Ghost in the Dutch and Hungarian productions)
 No Coming Without Going (Kein Kommen ohne Geh'n Reprise) - Death (Takarazuka productions only)
 My New Assortment (Mein neues Sortiment) (Kitsch reprise) - Lucheni
 Ships in the Night (Boote in der Nacht) - Elisabeth, Franz-Joseph
 On the Deck of the Sinking World (Am Deck der sinkenden Welt) - Lucheni, Death, Franz-Joseph, the Habsburgs (Missing first half of the song in the Takarazuka stagings)
 The Veil Descends (Der Schleier fällt) - Elisabeth, Death
 Closing Music (Schlussapplaus) - Instrumental (Length and assortment of themes vary from production to production)

CD and DVD releases

, there have been a total of at least twenty-five cast albums, complete works, demos, and promotional albums/singles, as well as eight commercial DVDs of the show, released to the public. These releases do not include countless other artists' solo albums and special compilations that also feature songs from the musical. Listed here are a few from the more mainstream, or better-known, productions.

VIENNA 1992 Elisabeth — original cast recording (Originalaufnahmen aus dem Musical Elisabeth)
Elisabeth: Pia Douwes, Der Tod: Uwe Kröger, Luigi Lucheni: Ethan Freeman
Producer – Jimmy Bowien
Polydor GMBH - 513 792-2

VIENNA 1996 Elisabeth — complete live recording (Live aus dem Theater an der Wien Gesamtaufnahme des Musicals Elisabeth)
Elisabeth: Maya Hakvoort, Der Tod: Addo Kruizinga, Luigi Lucheni: Bruno Grassini
Polydor GMBH - 531 481-2
On 19 and 20 January 1996, a complete live recording was made of the original Vienna run.

SCHEVENINGEN 1999 Elisabeth — original Dutch cast album
Elisabeth: Pia Douwes, De Dood: Stanley Burleson, Luigi Luicheni: Wim van den Driessche
Polydor - 543 335-2

ESSEN 2001 Elisabeth — original German cast album (Highlights der deutschen Urauffürung im Colosseum Theater Essen)
Elisabeth: Pia Douwes, Der Tod: Uwe Kröger, Luigi Lucheni: Carsten Lepper
Polydor GMBH - 549 800-2

VIENNA 2004 Elisabeth — Revival cast recording (Aktuelles Cast Album, Wien)
Elisabeth: Maya Hakvoort, Der Tod: Máté Kamarás, Luigi Luicheni: Serkan Kaya
HitSquad Records 6680530

VIENNA 2005 Elisabeth — complete live recording (Gesamtaufnahme live aus dem Theater an der Wien)
Elisabeth: Maya Hakvoort, Der Tod: Máté Kamarás, Luigi Luicheni: Serkan Kaya, Kaiser Franz Joseph: André Bauer, Erzherzogin Sophie: Else Ludwig, Erzherzog Rudolf: Fritz Schmid
HitSquad Records 668262
On 30 and 31 October 2005, a complete live recording of the Vienna Revival was made. A more popular item among fans is a DVD of the show recorded on these same two nights. A November 2007 release of the same live recording in widescreen spread over 2 DVDs also boasts a 1-disc companion with a short history of backstage interviews, pictures, and production videos from the last thirteen years of the musical, subtitled in English and Japanese.
CDs and DVDs have also been released for each of the nine Japanese productions of the Takarazuka Revue since 2016, and additionally for the Japanese 10th anniversary concert in February 2006. A CD has been released for the Vienna 10th anniversary concert which was staged in 2002.

Notes
 The Vienna Revival also went on to tour Japan in 2007. It opened in Osaka at the Umeda Arts Theatre on March 28, 2007, and showed 40 performances through April 30, 2007. On May 7, 2007, the production opened (in concert version) at the Koma Stadium Theatre in Tokyo. The Japan Tour of the Vienna Revival run ended on May 20, 2007.
 For two consecutive summers, these special, week-long invitational concerts were held by the historic Miramare Castle to promote the Vienna Revival. These performances were held during the show's annual summer pause, and several cast members from the Vienna Revival participated. The concerts were performed in German and Italian.
 Elisabeth premiered in the Hungarian language at The Open-Air Theatre of Szeged in August 1996. The Budapest production that premiered at The Operetta Theatre in October 1996, took over the repertoire for the previous Open-Air production. Between the years of 1996 and 2005, with allowance for casting changes and the use of the theatre's space for other various events, subsequent productions were held (including the Miskolc run). The Hungarian production has a running history of eight years, the longest running, un-interrupted Elisabeth production in the world.
A new production of the musical with a partially new cast opened at the Operetta Theatre in Budapest in July 2007. Since then, Elisabeth enjoys a regular run at The Operetta Theatre.
 Since 1996, the musical has been performed at least once by each of the five troupes of the all-female Japanese Takarazuka Revue.
Yukigumi/Snow Troupe- The Takarazuka Grand Theatre (February 16 - March 25, 1996); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre (June 3–30, 1996)
Reprise: The Takarazuka Grand Theatre (May 4 - June 18, 2007); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre (July 6 - August 12, 2007)
Hoshigumi/Star Troupe- The Takarazuka Grand Theater (November 8 - December 16, 1996); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theater (March 4–31, 1997)
Soragumi/Cosmos Troupe- The Takarazuka Grand Theater (October 30 - December 20, 1998); The 1000 Days Theater (February 19 - March 29, 1999)
Hanagumi/Flower Troupe- The Takarazuka Grand Theater (October 4 - November 18, 2002); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theater (January 2 - February 9, 2003)
Reprise: The Takarazuka Grand Theatre (July 22 - August 22, 2014); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre (October 11 - November 16, 2014)
Tsukigumi/Moon Troupe- The Takarazuka Grand Theater (February 4 - March 21, 2005); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre (April 28 - May 22, 2005)
Reprise: The Takarazuka Grand Theatre (May 22 - June 22, 2009); The Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre (July 10 - August 9, 2009)
After its run in Berlin, the Semmel Concerts production of Elisabeth proceeded to tour Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Austria. Dates for the Semmel Concerts Tour are as follows:
Zurich-Oerlikon, Switzerland- Theater 11 (October 17, 2008 - January 4, 2009)
Antwerp, Belgium- Stadsschouburg Antwerpen (March 22 - April 19, 2009)
Munich, Germany- Deutsches Theater (October 21 - December 12, 2009)
Frankfurt, Germany- Alte Oper (December 18, 2009 - January 14, 2010)
Bremen, Germany- Musical Theater Bremen (January 19 - February 14, 2010)
Bregenz, Austria- Festspielhaus (February 24 - March 10, 2010)
Düsseldorf, Germany - Capitol Theater (March 18 - April 25, 2010)
After its run in Seoul, Interpark revealed other cities EMK Musical Company's 2013 production of the Korean version of Elisabeth will travel to and perform in South Korea. Dates are as follows:
Busan, South Korea- Busan Cultural Center (September 14–15, 2013)
Daegu, South Korea- Keimyung Art Center (September 21–22, 2013)
Gwangju, South Korea- Gwangju Culture & Art Center (September 28–29, 2013)
Changwon, South Korea- Sungsan Art Hall (October 19–20, 2013)

References

External links

 Stacy's Musicals: Elisabeth info page (English)
 Website for the current Semmel Concerts production in Berlin (German)
 Official website for the Budapest Operetta Theatre (Hungarian & English)
 Official English website for the Vienna Revival production (German & English)
 Official Website for the Vienna Revival Japan Tour (Japanese)
 Official website for the 2014 Takarazuka production (Japanese)
 Official website for the Toho production of Japanese Elisabeth (Japanese)
 Official fan club for the Stage Entertainment production in Stuttgart (German)
 Official Thunerseespiele website for the Swiss production- Videos and Picture Gallery only (German)
 Official website for the original Stage Entertainment production in Scheveningen (Dutch)
 Official website for EMK Musical Company's production of "Korea's Elisabeth: The Elisabeth in Korea" (Korean)

1992 musicals
Biographical musicals
Cultural depictions of Empress Elisabeth of Austria
Cultural depictions of Franz Joseph I of Austria
Fiction about personifications of death
Musicals by Michael Kunze
Musicals by Sylvester Levay
Musicals set in the 19th century
Musicals set in Austria
Sung-through musicals
Austrian musicals
Takarazuka Revue

Elisabeth (musical)


Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely-used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas).

Description
The genus Gladiolus contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of Gladiolus endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.

These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery,  green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.

These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many famous garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing.

Iridaceae

Gladiolus


The CONSOL Energy Mine Map Preservation Project is a project to preserve and digitize maps of underground coal mines in Southwestern Pennsylvania.

The project is a joint venture between the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the United States Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining, the University of Pittsburgh University Library System, and CONSOL Energy.

Origins
The origin of the collection traces back to 1991, when the Pennsylvania-based coal company CONSOL Energy began depositing mine map materials at the University of Pittsburgh archives. By 2004, CONSOL Energy had donated a vast collection of records, survey books, photographs, and mining maps. Overall,  the collection has grown to over 8,000 individual map sheets relating to mines operated by CONSOL Energy and its corporate subsidiaries throughout Southwestern Pennsylvania in Allegheny, Westmoreland, Washington, Greene, Fayette, and Somerset Counties. The maps are needed for mine safety, transportation planning, mine subsidence insurance. The program often consults with homeowners and developers building new properties or dealing with mine subsidence.  The preservation of historic mine maps took on increased importance following the Quecreek Mine Rescue in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, where the rescue was hampered by faulty maps.

In 2009, the project received $100,000 to be paid over five years from CONSOL Energy, $75,000 from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and $25,000 from the Office of Surface Mining.

Map collections
The collection dates between 1854 and 2002, with most maps dating between 1880 and 1940. The project preservation and digitization efforts are focused on roughly 700 "hardback" maps, which are drafted by hand on heavyweight paper adhered to canvas. The hardback maps are generally oversized, sometimes 5 feet tall and 10 to 30 feet long. These maps, which were used as the "master copies" for other map reproductions, are generally considered the most complete, and sometimes the exclusive map of some abandoned mines.

Conservation and digitization process
In 2007, University Library System staff members began the process of surveying, cleaning, and repairing the maps in order to stabilize them. Maps are dry cleaned with soot sponges to remove surface dirt.

The canvas backing of the maps are vacuumed; those with significant damage are repaired with muslin patches and an Ethylene vinyl acetate adhesive. In order to unroll brittle maps, some of which haven't been opened in over 100 years, the conservator and student assistants use a process of humidification, flattening, and drying to safely open the maps without causing additional damage. First, the maps are placed in a large humidity dome. After 5 or 6 hours of absorbing humidity the maps can be safely unrolled. The maps dry flat between polyester webbing and wool felts overnight. The majority of student assistants performing the preservation work are enrolled in the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences. Next, the maps are transferred to the Office of Surface Mining National Mine Map Repository in Green Tree, Pennsylvania, where they are catalogued and scanned into a digital format. The scanning process uses an overhead CRUSE scanner that has a suction table for maps that do not lay flat. The scanned image files are recorded in .tiff file format. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection office in California, Pennsylvania prepares then the digital files for use in geographic information system programs for use within the Pennsylvania Historical Underground Mine Maps Inventory System. The original maps are returned to University of Pittsburgh archives for permanent storage.

Use
The information is proving useful to homeowners who live atop old mines, and even to developers of a new regional botanical garden.

See also
 National Mine Map Repository
 Office of Surface Mining
 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
 University of Pittsburgh
 CONSOL Energy

References

Pennsylvania maps
Web archiving initiatives
University of Pittsburgh
Historical geographic information systems
History of mining in the United States
Geography of Pennsylvania
Archives in the United States
Preservation (library and archival science)
Energy history of the United States

Consol Energy Mine Map Preservation Project


Kokoreç is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.

Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.

Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.

Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola.

Meat dishes

Kokoreç


Artifact or artefact can be any of the following:

 Any object made or shaped by human hand.
 Artifact (archaeology), any object made or modified by a human culture, and later recovered by an archaeological dig
 Artefact (band)  black metal band from France
 Artifact (band), a band from Norway
 Artifact (error), an error or misrepresentation introduced by a technique and/or technology
Compression artifact, data compression artifact in computer science, resulting from lossy data compression
Cultural artifact, a human-made object which gives information about the culture of its creator and users
Digital artifact, a visible defect in a digital photo or video picture
Iatrogenic artifact, a disease made up by doctors
Social artifact, a product of individuals or groups (social beings) or of their social behavior
Sonic artifact, in sound and music production, sonic material that is accidental or unwanted, resulting from the editing of another sound
Virtual artifact, objects in the digital environment
The Artifact, a role playing board game made by Store32

Artifact


The book of Numbers in the Bible is the fourth book in the Old Testament.  It is called a book of Moses because it contains the story of Moses and the Israelites when they wander throughout the wilderness before ending up at Israel (also known as Canaan or Palestine), where God promised they will settle (the promised land).

Origin of name
The book is called Numbers because at the start God ordered a counting of the people (a census) in the twelve tribes of Israel.  After counting all the men who are over twenty and fit to fight, the Israelites began to travel in well-ordered divisions, with God in the middle with the Ark of the Covenant.

In Hebrew, the book is called Bemidbar (בַּמִּדְבָּר), which means 'in the desert.' This is because Moses and the Hebrew people wandered in the Egyptian desert for 40 years, fleeing from the pharaoh after more than 400 years of slavery. When the people found that Israel was filled with strong and powerful people of other races, they became scared and rebelled against God and Moses. As a result of their bad behavior, therefore, God punished them by making the Israelites travel forty years before they could settle in Israel, the promised land. This was also so that the next generation of Israelites would enter the promised land, following the death of the previous, badly-behaved generation.

Summary
Moses and the Hebrew people are escaping Egypt. They travel through Sinai. Some people complain, insult God, insult Moses. God punishes them. They send 12 spies to see what the promised land, Israel, is like. Two came back saying it is nice. Ten came back saying it is not nice and filled with "giants". So the Israelites do not go. God becomes angry and punishes them. They have to wander the desert for 40 years.

Some people complain about God, and God punishes them (e.g. by giving one leprosy, a nasty disease). The complaints deal with the lack of good food and water, and the difficulty of life in the desert. The food they are given is called manna and quail, which God sends raining down from the sky above. Their ingratitude is an example of the human inclination of moaning rather than being thankful for what one has, which in their case was the ultimate liberation from centuries of wicked slavery. The Levites help Moses pray at the tabernacle.

Moses and the Israelites set for Moab, on the eastern border of Canaan (an earlier name for the promised land). The Israelites become thirsty and blame Moses for lack of water. God tells Moses to talk to a rock to bring out water. Moses hits the rock with his staff instead. For this wrong act, God tells Moses he can never enter the promised land. God punishes the people by preventing them from entering the promised land. They try to find another way. Aaron dies. The Israelites curse at God. They are then attacked by nasty fiery flying serpents. God tells Moses to make a brass serpent (the Nehushtan) and put it on a pole. Whoever looks at that brass serpent is cured of the bite of the serpents.

The Israelites arrive at Moab. Moses names Joshua the new leader, who is tasked with completing their journey into Israel. The land is then divided between various tribes.

Notes

Other websites
 Book of Numbers article (Jewish Encyclopedia)

Online versions and translations
 Original language:
 במדבר Bamidbar - Numbers (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
 Jewish translations:
 Numbers at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
 Numbers (The Living Torah)  Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
 Bamidbar - Numbers (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org
 Christian translations:
 Online Bible at GospelHall.org  (King James Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (New Revised Standard Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (Anglicized New Revised Standard Version)
 Numbers at Wikisource (Authorized King James Version)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
5th-century BC books

Book of Numbers


A trailer vehicle is a vehicle that does not have any engine, and instead is attached to another vehicle to move, which could be another trailer or a truck, but the vehicle at the front almost always has an engine to let the trailers move.

Trailers may be used for carrying cargo either being things that are not alive or sometimes animals like horses that are too big for the main vehicle. Some boats might also be a trailer as well to allow them to be moved on land.

Vehicles

Trailer (vehicle)


Ostara is one of the eight festivals held by Wiccans every year. It is normally held at the time of the vernal equinox; that is, around 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere and 21 September in the Southern Hemisphere. At Ostara Wiccans celebrate the return of Spring.

Religious festivals

Ostara


Sirach, by Ben Sira, which is also known as Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, or Ecclesiasticus, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

Quotes
"All wisdom is from the Lord
and with him it remains for ever.
The sand of the sea, the drops of rain,
and the days of eternity- who can count them?"
(Opening of first chapter, New Revised Standard Version)

Full text.
Sirach texts

Books of the Bible

Sirach


Algeciras is a city in the south of Spain. Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar. It is also the most important port in the country.

In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city. The municipal area is 86 km². It is approximately 20 km to the north of Africa.

The city has a long history. It was founded by phoenicians. Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century.
In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it Al-Yazirat al-Hadra (green island). In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.

In 1704 the city was refounded by Gibraltarians refugees.

Cities in Andalusia
Municipalities in Andalusia

Algeciras


Irazu Volcano National Park has one of the most active volcanos of Costa Rica. It is in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of Cartago, 3,435 meters above sea level. It last erupted in 1963 and 1965.

Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes. The park also includes 2,309 hectares of rain forest. From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time.

The Crater Principal lake has an unusual greenish yellow coloring caused by rainfall dissolving the minerals along the craters walls. It has also been known to change colour to rust-red depending on the minerals present. The inactive, dry Diego de la Haya crater sits just up to the right of the Crater Principal and is filled with volcanic ash.

The park is the site of a reforestation project to restore the area which was destroyed by the eruptions. The forest is made up of conifers and other exotic and native species. There is a native forest consisting mainly of oaks and alder, protecting the watershed of the Reventado River.

The vegetation of the park has been changed by the constant eruptions, but it is very beautiful and diverse.

Other websites
Irazu Volcano National Park

National parks in Costa Rica

Irazu Volcano