The Crazy Snake Rebellion, also known as the Smoked Meat Rebellion or Crazy Snake's War, was an incident in 1909 that at times was viewed as a war between the Creek people and American settlers. It should not be confused with an earlier, bloodless, conflict in 1901 involving many of the same people. The conflict consisted of only two minor skirmishes, and the first was actually a struggle between a group of marginalized African Americans and a posse formed to punish the alleged robbery of a piece of smoked meat.

Rebellion

Crazy Snake was the very loose translation to English of Chitto Harjo's name. Chitto Harjo was a leader of the Four Mothers Society among the Creek and an outspoken opponent of allotment. In 1893 Congress formed the Dawes Commission to seek to have the lands of the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Cherokee allotted. In 1895 Congress authorized surveying of the land and in 1896 they passed a law creating tribal rolls and breaking up the land. The Creek government decided to negotiate the best terms they could, but in 1898 the Creek held an election at which allotment was voted down. In response to this, Congress passed the Curtis Act which dissolved the governments of the Creek and their neighboring tribes.

In 1900 there was a meeting where Chitto Harjo was declared the principal chief of the Creek by a meeting at his ceremonial grounds, near Henryetta, which view Pleasant Porter's methods of introducing the allotment system to be in violation of the 1867 Creek Constitution. The meeting that elected Harjo also elected a second chief, a bicameral legislature and established a court. Since the Creek Nation did not exist in the view of the American government the legality of Harjo's election was not relevant at the time in United States law. The followers of Harjo organized a group called the Lighthorse to serve as a police force to enforce their view of the law. It was alleged that this group whipped some men for accepting allotment but this is disputed by other writers.

The anti-allotment activities of the Lighthorse caused the 8th Cavalry to be called out and several of the followers of Harjo to be arrested. In 1907 Oklahoma had introduced Jim Crow Laws similar to those of neighboring Arkansas and Texas. As a result of these measures, many African Americans faced restrictions on their residence. A group of African Americans who may have been "Creek freedmen", that is descendants of slaves who had been held by the Creek, gathered at Harjo's ceremonial grounds. By July 1908 a large number of African Americans, some of whom were Creek Freedmen, had gathered at Old Hickory, the site where Harjo and his associates ran the Creek government.

In March 1909 during the annual meeting of the Creek traditionalists, there was an allegation that one of them or their African American allies had stolen some meat from a local white farmer. A sheriff's deputy was sent to arrest someone, but the African Americans drove him away both because as auxiliaries to the Creek nation they did not recognize the local county to have authority there and because they had good reason to believe neither an African American nor a Muscogee Creek had chance of a fair trial, and either had a high likelihood of being lynched. The sheriff's deputy organized a posse to enforce the arrest for the stolen smoked meat. In the following battle, one African-American man was killed and forty-two other African Americans were arrested.

A second confrontation happened on March 27 when a posse from McIntosh County attempted to arrest Chitto Harjo who was holed up in his cabin near Hickory Ground with a few other men. At sundown, the posse was approaching the cabin when one of Harjo's bodyguards opened fire from a window, killing two members of the posse. The fire was returned and a lucky shot hit Harjo in one of his legs above the knee. Eventually, the Creeks fled under the cover of darkness and the death of the two Americans created a "furor" in Checotah and Henryetta. A larger posse returned to the cabin only to find a woman. The posse fired into the cabin and burned it down, and the woman fled into the woods. After the second skirmish, vigilante groups roamed the vicinity pillaging Snake farms in search of Harjo. Governor Charles N. Haskell called out the state militia. The First Regiment of the Oklahoma National Guard occupied Hickory Ground with 200 men and quickly restored order. Harjo was never captured, though he likely died in April 1911, either in Choctaw territory or in Mexico.

References

Further reading
Tom Holm. The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.
Mary Jane Warde. George Washington Grayson and the Creek Nation, 1843-1920. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.
Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr. and Lonnie E. Underhill. "The "Crazy Snake Uprising" of 1909: A Red, Black, or White Affair?" in Arizona and the West Vol. 20, no. 4, winter 1978.

1909 in Oklahoma
Conflicts in 1909
March 1909 events
20th-century military history of the United States
20th-century rebellions
History of Oklahoma
Muscogee
African-American history of Oklahoma
Wars involving the United States
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
Rebellions in the United States
Anti-Indigenous racism in Oklahoma

Crazy Snake Rebellion


Brendan Benson (born November 14, 1970) is an American musician and singer-songwriter. He plays guitar, bass guitar, keyboard, and drums. He has released eight solo albums and is a member of the band The Raconteurs.

Recording career

One Mississippi
Benson was born in Royal Oak, Michigan. His debut album, One Mississippi, was released in 1996 on Virgin Records. The album, which features several contributions from Jason Falkner, failed to sell in sufficient numbers and Benson was subsequently dropped by Virgin.

Lapalco
In 2002, the follow-up to One Mississippi was released, Lapalco. Again, the critical plaudits poured in, but this time the record enjoyed a certain degree of commercial success, selling more than three times as many copies as One Mississippi.

The song "Good To Me" from this album appeared on the British show Teachers during series three and was included on the series soundtrack; it was also covered by The White Stripes for the B-side of the single Seven Nation Army. The song "Tiny Spark" featured on an episode from the fourth series of Teachers, as well as in the feature films Along Came Polly, and World's Greatest Dad.

While touring this record Benson played the Reading and Leeds Festivals and finished his Leeds set with a performance of the track "Jet Lag" featuring guest appearances from Meg White of The White Stripes along with members of The Datsuns and Soledad Brothers. In 2003 Benson re-released his debut album along with bonus tracks including the unreleased six-track extended play Wellfed Boy EP.

In 2003, Benson also released Metarie, with his then band The Well Fed Boys, and which featured a cover of Paul McCartney's Let Me Roll It, which featured back-up vocals by Jack White. This was the first song written completely by another artist to be featured on a Benson release. Another cover, this time "Strong Boy", from Gram Parsons International Submarine Band 1968 album, Safe at Home, was released as a B-side in 2005.

The Alternative to Love
In 2005, Benson released his third album, The Alternative to Love, and toured extensively in the US, UK, and Europe with his new touring band, The Stiff Tissues. "Spit It Out" was the first single and reached the UK Top 75 for the first time (peaking at No. 75 in April), and also generated some buzz for Benson. Two further singles were released from the album. "Cold Hands Warm Heart" appeared in many commercials and TV shows and "What I'm Looking For" was used in multiple national advertising campaigns. This album charted at No. 70 in the UK Albums Chart.

The Raconteurs
Benson is a member of The Raconteurs, a collaboration with Jack White, Jack Lawrence, and Patrick Keeler. Benson and White co-write the songs. The group's debut album, Broken Boy Soldiers, was released in the US on May 16, 2006, with "Steady, As She Goes" as the first single. Benson worked as a producer for The Greenhornes, The Nice Device, The Mood Elevator (a permutation of The Well Fed Boys), Whirlwind Heat, and the Stiff Tissues member Dean Fertita's former band, The Waxwings. The Raconteurs released their second album, Consolers of the Lonely in March 2008.

My Old, Familiar Friend
Benson's fourth album was My Old, Familiar Friend. In March 2007, a handful of demos from Benson's upcoming album were posted on his Myspace. "Feel Like Taking You Home" was the first of these demos to appear. Around the same time the demos of "Forget", "Poised And Ready" and "Go Nowhere" leaked onto the internet. Later he posted more songs on his MySpace including "Lesson Learned", "Eyes on the Horizon", and "Untitled". Dean Fertita, who played keyboards with the Raconteurs on tour and now is with Queens of the Stone Age and The Dead Weather, plays piano on all the Benson demos, with all other instruments played by Benson.

In October 2007, two new songs, "Purely Automatic" and "Will it Keep," were published on Benson's official website, presumably finished songs from the album. In November 2008, he uploaded a new song, "Playdown", on his Myspace, but it was quickly taken down. He soon put it back up along with another new song called "No One Else But You". Soon after, the songs "O My Love" and "New Words of Wisdom" were added to his page. Later he added "I'll Never Tell", "Happy Most of the Time", "Only in a Dream" (cover of Young Hines), and "Diamond" on his official MySpace page and he also added "Open Your Eyes" on his Reverb Nation page. In mid March 2009 Brendan put a collaboration with his girlfriend Britt, "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game" (cover of The Marvelettes) on his Myspace page.

On March 18, 2009, KRCW played a new song "A Whole Lot Better" and on May 10, 2009, KRCW played another new song entitled "Garbage Day" both presumably finished songs off his fourth album. The title "My Old, Familiar Friend" and the track list were revealed on June 4, 2009. The album was released on August 18, 2009. My Old, Familiar Friend was produced by Gil Norton according to his MySpace page. He is backed by the Features on some of the record.

Collaboration with Ashley Monroe
In late 2008, Ashley Monroe collaborated with The Raconteurs and Ricky Skaggs on The Raconteurs single, "Old Enough", which was released in bluegrass form, and as a music video which was in rotation on CMT.

In early February 2009, two songs entitled "The Things I Do" and "Grey" appeared on Monroe's MySpace along with this message:"Hey everyone! I just wanted to write ya a quick note to tell you I have put up some new songs you guys haven't heard. I have been working with Brendan Benson ... who I met on the set on The Raconteurs video shoot... and I am SOOO EXCITED about the music we have been making. I can't wait to share more! The two songs I posted of ours are "The Things I Do" and "Grey"... hope you love them as much as I do!"

Well & Goode
Benson teamed with Raconteurs touring member Mark Watrous (Gosling, Loudermilk) in October 2010 to release a single as the fictional duo "Midas Well" and "Upton O. Goode". Well & Goode's debut single was a 7" vinyl record and digital download, and featured the songs "Spray Tan" and "Two Birds".

What Kind of World
What Kind of World was released on April 21, 2012. It was released on his own new label Readymade Records in the USA, and on the indie label Lojinx in Europe. The album was recorded at "Welcome to 1979" Studios in Nashville, Tennessee and recorded entirely in analog. What Kind of World peaked at No. 7 on the UK Indie album chart in the week of release.

You Were Right
You Were Right is the sixth studio album released in December 2013 under Benson's own label Readymade Records in the USA, on Lojinx in Europe, and on Dine Alone Records in Canada. The album is the culmination of a monthly singles series recorded in Nashville, Tennessee at Readymade Studios.

Readymade records
Readymade Records was announced by Benson in early 2012.  The label was started with Benson and Young Hines as the first two signed artists. Benson released What Kind of World in the US on April 21, 2012. The album was released in the UK on April 30, 2012. Young Hines released Give Me My Change in the US on April 10, 2012.

Dear Life and Low Key
Dear Life, Benson's seventh album, was released on April 24, 2020. His eighth album, Low Key, was released on December 2, 2022.

Discography
Studio albums
One Mississippi (1996)
Lapalco (2002)
The Alternative to Love (2005)
My Old, Familiar Friend (2009)
What Kind of World (2012)
You Were Right (2013)
Dear Life (2020)
Low Key (2022)

EPs
Folk Singer (2002)
Metarie (2003)

Singles
"Folk Singer" (April 22, 2002)
"Tiny Spark" (July 8, 2002)
"Good To Me" (October 28, 2002)
"Metarie" (April 14, 2003)
"Spit It Out" (March 28, 2005) – UK No. 75
"Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" (July 4, 2005)
"What I'm Looking For" (November 7, 2005)
"A Whole Lot Better" (August 2009)
"Feel Like Taking You Home"
"Bad For Me"
"Swimming" (January 22, 2013)
"Oh My Love" (February 19, 2013)
"Purely Automatic" (March 12, 2013)

 Videos
"Crosseyed" (1996)
"Tiny Spark" (2002)
"Metarie" (2003)
"Spit It Out" (2005)
"Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" (2005)
"A Whole Lot Better" (2009)
"Pretty Baby" (2012) – Directed by Young Hines

B-sides and covers
"Son of a Welder" (B-side from Folk Singer EP)
"Unfortunate Guy" (B-side from Folk Singer EP)
"Feel Like Myself" (B-side from Folk Singer EP)
"Metarie" (Well Fed Boys version from Metarie EP)
"Metarie" (UK version from Metarie EP)
"Alternative To Love" (Early version from Metarie EP)
"You're Quiet" (Well Fed Boys version from Metarie EP)
"Let Me Roll It" (cover of Paul McCartney from Metarie EP)
"The Swamp" (Bonus track on the Japanese version of "One Mississippi", 1996)
"Jet Stream" (Bonus track on the Japanese version of "One Mississippi", 1996)
"Meaning To Write" (B-side from "Tiny Spark" single)
"No Dial Tone" (Recorded live at the Bowery Ballroom in 2002 from "Tiny Spark" single)
"Old Fashioned" (B-side from "Good To Me" single)
"Pleasure Seeker" (Recorded live at the Bowery Ballroom in 2002, from "Good To Me" single)
"Left And Right" (B-side from "Spit It Out" single)
"Baby on a Rug" (B-side from "Spit It Out" single)
"Some Day" (B-side from "Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" single)
"Christopher's Revolt" (B-side from "Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" single)
"Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" (Live acoustic version from Cold Hands (Warm Heart) EP)
"Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" (Chris Shaw mix from Cold Hands (Warm Heart) EP)
"Strong Boy" (Gram Parsons cover from "Cold Hands (Warm Heart)" single)
"What I'm Looking For" (Michael Brauer mix from What I'm Looking For EP)
"Them And Me" (Alternative version from What I'm Looking For EP)
"Floating" (Jape cover recorded live in Newcastle, 2006)
"I'll Never Tell" (iTunes bonus track)
"New Words of Wisdom" (Bonus track from My Old, Familiar Friend)
"Playdown" (Bee Gees' cover, from "Feel Like Taking You Home")
"Circle" (featuring Jessie Baylin)
"Better Days" (Graham Nash cover, from "A Tribute to Graham Nash's Songs for Beginners" on Grassroots Records, 2010)
"Maybe So Hard" (Out take, bundled with the 2011 Lapalco reissue)
"Doctor, Doctor" (The Who cover, from "The New Sell Out" by Futureman Records, 2012)
"Go Deco" (B-side of the Record Store Day exclusive "What Kind of World" 7'', 2012)

Produced
"Life in the D", taken from "Acoustic, Vol. III" – Brendan Benson (2003)
"East Grand Blues" EP – The Greenhornes (2005)
"Baby I'm With the Band", taken from "Cho Dependent" – Margaret Cho (2010)
"Forever Halloween" – The Maine (2013)

Produced & Mixed
"Meaning to Write", from "Detroit Now 1.5" – Brendan Benson (2001)
"Flamingo Honey" – Whirlwind Heat (2004)
"Let's Make Our Descent" – The Waxwings (2004)
"The Muldoons" – The Muldoons (2007)
"Two Birds" – Well & Goode (2010)
"Simple Man", taken from "Music Gets You High: Songs of Graham Nash" – Brendan Benson (2010)
"Better Days", taken from "A Tribute to Graham Nash's Songs for Beginners" – Brendan Benson (2010)
"Last Night in Detroit" – Brendan Benson (2011)
"Upstairs at United, Vol 1" EP – Brendan Benson (2011)
"Give Me My Change" – Young Hines (2012)
"Old Believers" – Cory Chisel and The Wandering Sons (2012)
"The Passing of the Night" – The Lost Brothers (2012)
"Eric Burdon & The Greenhornes" EP – Eric Burdon & The Greenhorns (2012)
"Howl" – The Howling Brothers (2013)

Co-produced & Engineered
"One Mississippi" – Brendan Benson (1996)
"Listen Up!" – The Mood Elevator (2000)
"The Open Heart" – New Grenada (2002)
"Long Hard Look" EP  – The Mood Elevator (2003)
"Metarie" EP – Brendan Benson (2003)
"Married Alive" – The Mood Elevator (2003)
"One Mississippi/The Wellfed Boy" EP – Brendan Benson (2003)
"If We Can't Trust The Dr's..." – Blanche (2004)
"Sewed Souls" – The Greenhornes (2005)
"Alternative To Love" – Brendan Benson (2005)
"Broken Boy Soldier" – The Raconteurs (2006)
"Consolers of the Lonely" – The Raconteurs (2008)
"Hello=Fire" – Hello=Fire (2009)
"My Old Familiar Friend" – Brendan Benson (2009)
"Death Won't Send a Letter" – Cory Chisel and The Wandering Sons (2009)
"****" – The Greenhornes (2010)

Co-produced, Engineered and Mixed
"Folk Singer", taken from "International Pop Overthrow, Vol. IV" – Brendan Benson (2001)
"Lapalco" – Brendan Benson (2002)
"Folk Singer" EP – Brendan Benson (2002)

Engineered
"Birth of a Lover" – The Nice Device (2003)
"Van Lear Rose" – Loretta Lynn (2004)
"Rated X", taken from "Coal Miner's Daughter: a tribute to Loretta Lynn" – The White Stripes (2010)

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Lojinx artists
Musicians from Michigan
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Power pop musicians
The Raconteurs members
ATO Records artists
Third Man Records artists
V2 Records artists

Brendan Benson


A cranberry is a fruit. It grows on an evergreen dwarf shrub. Cranberries are in the genus Vaccinium, and its subgenus Oxycoccus. In some classification methods, they are regarded as a genus in their own right.

Cranberry plants grow in acidic bogs in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere.  They are low creeping shrubs up to seven feet (3 m) long, from two to eight inches (5-20 cm) high.  They have slender and wiry stems with small leaves which are evergreen with dark pink flowers. Cranberries are usually eaten during Thanksgiving in the United States. They are also eaten in Europe and some parts of South America.

Cranberries are strong cash crops for certain U.S. states.  They are turned into juice, sauce or jam. Since 2000, cranberries have been marketed as superfruit due to their antioxidant and nutrient qualities.

Berries
Vaccinium

Cranberry


An electronic cigarette (or e-cigarette, e-cig), also known as a vape, is a cigarette substitute. It gives small amounts of the chemical nicotine without the tobacco or other chemicals from real cigarettes.

The main substances making up in the liquid in the e-cigarettes are nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin and some flavors or smells. Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping".

Function

An E-cigarette is made of 3 parts:
 a tank holding e-liquid
 an atomizer heating e-liquid
 a battery powering the atomizer

The e-liquid (propylene glycol and/or glycerin) is heated to make a vapour which looks like the smoke from real cigarettes. This caries the nicotine to the lungs where it is absorbed.

As of 2015, 3 generations of electonic cigarettes are known:
 cigalikes early e-cigarettes look like tobacco cigarettes. They're often thrown away after use.
 vapepens have replaceable cartridges or refillable tanks. The atomizer parts can be replaced.
 mods are powered by laptop cells. They feature complicated electronics or no electronics at all. Their atomizers can be rebuilt with heating wire and cotton.

History

The modern electronic cigarette was invented by Hon Lik (regarded as the 'father of the electronic cigarette'), a Chinese pharmacist and inventor. Hon had himself quit smoking, after his father, also a heavy smoker, had died of lung cancer. Hon patented the modern e-cigarette design in 2003, and starting selling it domestically. Many versions made their way to the U.S., sold mostly over the Internet by small marketing firms.

However, many US and Chinese e-cig manufacturers copied his designs illegally, and as a result Hon Lik did not get the expected financial rewards for his invention (although some US manufacturers have recompensated him through out of court settlements).

In 2008, this attracted the attention of the World Health Organization (WHO) who said that these e-cigarettes were not proper nicotine replacement therapy and that this mis-information had to be taken away from any sites or advertisements saying that they were.

Starting 2012 Tobacco companies also want a piece of E-Cigarette-cake and work on their own products. Marlboro goes for heating tobacco, Philip Morris tests a fizz-like method while British American Tobacco tries a medical-like inhaler. Many big tobacco companies didn't do their own research or stopped at some point. Instead they bought smaller e-cig companies to enter the market.

E-Liquid
These devices have a battery powered heating element and tank that contains a liquid solution made by combining nicotine, vegetable glycol or propylene glycol and flavorings. The gadget that can be bought in a variety of shapes and sizes usually resembles a pen or a regular cigarette, and it works like a vaporizer. The liquid used in e-cigs is commonly made of propylene glycol, glycerin, distilled water, artificial (fake) flavors and optionally nicotine. It often tastes like tobacco, fruit, mint/menthol or sweets.

In 2017, the TRPR (Tobacco and Related Products Regulations), which was a revised interpretation of the EU Commission's TPD (Tobacco Products Directive), came into effect in the UK. This piece of legislation aimed to ensure the safety of vape products include vape kits and included the limitations of nicotine-containing e-liquid bottles to 10ml, vape tank sizes to 2ml as well as nicotine strength of e-liquid to a maximum of 20mg. Current UK laws state the sale of e-cigarettes and e-liquids is legal to over 18s only, but many shops allow minors over the age of 12 to purchase nicotine-free e-liquid as all the ingredients in it are safe compared to nicotine e-liquid. Technically it is illegal for a minor to purchase any vaping products or any items associated with e-cigarettes but it is perfectly legal for a minor to use an e-cigarette, nicotine or nicotine-free. These are UK laws only.

Legal History

Many countries are not approving electronic cigarettes as a less harmful alternative to traditional cigarettes.
The sale of tobacco cigarettes with flavor (except menthol) has been stopped in some countries but not yet in Europe or the USA.
The EU is testing if the product is bad to the health and safety of persons in general. They are also researching if electronic cigarettes can be called a medical product. In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was provided authority by Congress to ban all sales of cigarettes with flavors, except menthol.

Because many countries are not sure if electronic cigarettes are a medical product, each country has their own opinion and rules on e-cigarettes.

Health institutions are more and more interested in E-cigarettes because they are much cheaper than smoking regular ones, making them popular alternative. In the United States of America, individual states have different rules on use and sale of electronic cigarettes.

Apart from medical reasons e-cigarettes have also been banned in airport and other high population-density public places due to a number of incidents where they have been a cause of fire.

The United Kingdom are one of few countries to have government support for electronic cigarettes and e-liquids. Specifically, the NHS recommend e-cigarettes as a less harmful alternative to smoking

In Australia vapes are legal but is publicly recommended not to use electronic cigarettes. Such advertisements are "vape truths" also known as "puff or pass" which is displayed on advertisements on social media platforms and public broadcasting television. Western Australia has no laws limiting the sale of vapes to underage minors, and nicotine laws regarding vape pens.

New Zealand has a Vaping Regulatory Authority to manage the  sale of electronic cigarettes.

References
4. https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/smoking-and-tobacco/about-smoking-and-tobacco/about-e-cigarettes  updated 11 august 2021.
Electronics
Addiction
Smoking

E-cigarette


Unit means part of something.  It could mean a unit of measurement, or a unit in an army.

Units sometimes means the digit in a number on the right, which is also called the "ones".

Some other ideas come from this word:

Unity is what is found when parts are joined into one.
To unite is the act of joining parts together.

For example, a football team may be called "X United". This means that the town of X has come together to support the group.

In the BBC TV series Doctor Who, UNIT (UNified Intelligence Taskforce) is a military group on earth who battle invading aliens.

Basic English 850 words

Unit


Anamorphic format is the cinematography technique of shooting a widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film or other visual recording media with a non-widescreen native aspect ratio. It also refers to the projection format in which a distorted image is "stretched" by an anamorphic projection lens to recreate the original aspect ratio on the viewing screen (not to be confused with anamorphic widescreen, a different video encoding concept that uses similar principles but different means). The word anamorphic and its derivatives stem from the Greek  ("to transform", or more precisely "to re-form"), compound of morphé ("form, shape") with the prefix  ("back, again"). In the late 1990s and 2000s, anamorphic lost popularity in comparison to "flat" (or "spherical") formats such as Super 35 with the advent of digital intermediates; however, in the years since digital cinema cameras and projectors have become commonplace, anamorphic has experienced a considerable resurgence of popularity, due in large part to the higher base ISO sensitivity of digital sensors, which facilitates shooting at smaller apertures.

History
The process of anamorphosing optics was developed by Henri Chrétien during World War I to provide a wide angle viewer for military tanks. The optical process was called Hypergonar by Chrétien and was capable of showing a field of view of 180 degrees. After the war, the technology was first used in a cinematic context in the short film To Build a Fire (based on the 1908 Jack London story of the same name) in 1927 by Claude Autant-Lara.

In the 1920s, phonograph and motion picture pioneer Leon F. Douglass also created special effects and anamorphic widescreen motion picture cameras. However, how this relates to the earlier French invention, and later development, is unclear.

Anamorphic widescreen was not used again for cinematography until 1952 when Twentieth Century-Fox bought the rights to the technique to create its CinemaScope widescreen technique. CinemaScope was one of many widescreen formats developed in the 1950s to compete with the popularity of television and bring audiences back to the cinema. The Robe, which premiered in 1953, was the first feature film released that was filmed with an anamorphic lens.

Development
The introduction of anamorphic widescreen arose from a desire for wider aspect ratios that maximized overall image detail (compared to other widescreen formats, not compared to fullscreen) while retaining the use of standard (4 perf per frame) cameras and projectors. The modern anamorphic format has an aspect ratio of 2.39:1, meaning the (projected) picture's width is 2.39 times its height, (this is sometimes approximated to 2.4:1). The older Academy format of Anamorphic widescreen was a response to a shortcoming in the non-anamorphic spherical (a.k.a. "flat") widescreen format. With a non-anamorphic lens, the picture is recorded onto the film negative such that its full width fits within the film's frame, but not its full height. A substantial part of the frame area is thereby wasted, being occupied (on the negative) by a portion of the image which is subsequently matted-out (i.e. masked, either on the print or in the projector) and so not projected, in order to create the widescreen image.

To increase overall image detail, by using all the available area of the negative for only that portion of the image which will be projected, an anamorphic lens is used during photography to compress the image horizontally, thereby filling the full (4 perf) frame's area with the portion of the image that corresponds to the area projected in the non-anamorphic format. Up to the early 1960s, three major methods of anamorphosing the image were used: counter-rotated prisms (e.g. Ultra Panavision), curved mirrors in combination with the principle of total internal reflection (e.g. Technirama), and cylindrical lenses (lenses curved, hence squeezing the image being photographed, in only one direction, as with a cylinder, e.g. the original CinemaScope system based on Henri Chrétien's design). Regardless of the method, the anamorphic lens projects a horizontally squeezed image on the film negative. This deliberate geometric distortion is then reversed on projection, resulting in a wider aspect ratio on-screen than that of the negative's frame.

Equipment
An anamorphic lens consists of a regular spherical lens, plus an anamorphic attachment (or an integrated lens element) that does the anamorphosing. The anamorphic element operates at infinite focal length, so that it has little or no effect on the focus of the primary lens it's mounted on but still anamorphoses (distorts) the optical field. A cameraman using an anamorphic attachment uses a spherical lens of a different focal length than they would use for Academy format (i.e. one sufficient to produce an image the full height of the frame and twice its width), and the anamorphic attachment squeezes the image (in the horizontal plane only) to half-width. Other anamorphic attachments existed (that were relatively rarely used) which would expand the image in the vertical dimension (e.g. in the early Technirama system mentioned above), so that (in the case of the common 2-times anamorphic lens) a frame twice as high as it might have been filled the available film area. In either case, since a larger film area recorded the same picture the image quality was improved.

The distortion (horizontal compression) introduced in the camera must be corrected when the film is projected, so another lens is used in the projection booth that restores the picture back to its correct proportions (or, in the case of the now obsolete Technirama system, squeezes the image vertically) to restore normal geometry. The picture is not manipulated in any way in the dimension that is perpendicular to the one anamorphosed.

It may seem that it would be easier to simply use a wider film for recording movies. However, since 35 mm film was already in widespread use, it was more economically feasible for film producers and exhibitors to simply attach a special lens to the camera and projector, rather than invest in an entirely new film format, which would require new cameras, projectors, editing equipment and so forth.

Naming
Cinerama was an earlier attempt to solve the problem of high-quality widescreen imaging, but anamorphic widescreen eventually proved more practical. Cinerama (which had an aspect ratio of 2.59:1) consisted of three simultaneously projected images side by side on the same screen. However, in practice the images never blended together perfectly at the edges. The system also suffered from various technical drawbacks, in that it required three projectors, a 6-perf-high frame, four times as much film, and three cameras (eventually simplified to just one camera with three lenses and three streaming reels of film and the attendant machinery), plus a host of synchronization problems. Nonetheless, the format was popular enough with audiences to trigger off the widescreen developments of the early 1950s. A few films were distributed in Cinerama format and shown in special theaters, but anamorphic widescreen was more attractive to the Studios since it could realize a similar aspect ratio and without the disadvantages of Cinerama's complexities and costs.

The anamorphic widescreen format in use today is commonly called 'Scope' (a contraction of the early term CinemaScope), or 2.35:1 (the latter being a misnomer born of old habit; see "Aspect ratio" section below). Filmed in Panavision is a phrase contractually required for films shot using Panavision's anamorphic lenses. All of these phrases mean the same thing: the final print uses a 2:1 anamorphic projector lens that expands the image by exactly twice the amount horizontally as vertically. This format is essentially the same as that of CinemaScope, except for some technical developments, such as the ability to shoot closeups without any facial distortion. (CinemaScope films seldom used full facial closeups, because of a condition known as CinemaScope mumps, which distorted faces as they got closer to the camera.)

Optical characteristics

There are artifacts that can occur when using an anamorphic camera lens that do not occur when using an ordinary spherical lens. One is a kind of lens flare that has a long horizontal line, usually with a blue tint, and is most often visible when there is a bright light in the frame, such as from car headlights, in an otherwise dark scene. This artifact is not always considered a problem, and even has become associated with a certain cinematic look, and often emulated using a special effect filter in scenes shot with a non-anamorphic lens. Another common aspect of anamorphic lenses is that light reflections within the lens are elliptical, rather than round as in ordinary cinematography. Additionally, wide-angle anamorphic lenses of less than 40 mm focal length produce a cylindrical perspective, which some directors and cinematographers, particularly Wes Anderson, use as a stylistic trademark.

Another characteristic of anamorphic lenses is that the cylindrical glass effectively creates two focal lengths within the lens. This results in out-of-focus points of light (called bokeh) appearing as vertical ovals rather than circles, as well as an increase in horizontal angle of view, both in proportion to the squeeze factor. A 50mm anamorphic lens with a 2x squeeze will have the horizontal view of a 25mm spherical lens, while maintaining the vertical view and depth of field of a 50mm. This has led to the common claim that anamorphic lenses have shallower focus, as the cinematographer must use a longer lens to obtain the same horizontal coverage.

A third characteristic, particularly of simple anamorphic add-on attachments, is "anamorphic mumps". For reasons of practical optics, the anamorphic squeeze is not uniform across the image field in any anamorphic system (whether cylindrical, prismatic or mirror-based). This variation results in some areas of the film image appearing more stretched than others. In the case of an actor's face, when positioned in the center of the screen faces look somewhat like they have the mumps, hence the name for the phenomenon. Conversely, at the edges of the screen actors in full-length view can become skinny-looking. In medium shots, if the actor walks across the screen from one side to the other, he will increase in apparent girth. Early CinemaScope presentations in particular (using Chrétien's off-the-shelf lenses) suffered from this. Panavision was the first company to produce an anti-mumps system in the late 1950s.

Panavision used a second lens (i.e. an add-on adapter) which was mechanically linked to the focus position of the primary lens. This changed the anamorphic ratio as the focus changed, resulting in the area of interest on-screen having a normal-looking geometry. Later cylindrical lens systems used, instead, two sets of anamorphic optics: one was a more robust "squeeze" system, which was coupled with a slight expansion sub-system. The expansion sub-system was counter-rotated in relation to the main squeeze system, all in mechanical interlinkage with the focus mechanism of the primary lens: this combination changed the anamorphic ratio and minimized the effect of anamorphic mumps in the area of interest in the frame. Although these techniques were regarded as a fix for anamorphic mumps, they were actually only a compromise. Cinematographers still had to frame scenes carefully to avoid the recognizable side-effects of the change in aspect ratio.

Recent use
Beginning in the 1990s, anamorphic began to lose popularity in favor of flat formats, mainly Super 35. (In Super 35, the film is shot flat, then matted, and optically printed as an anamorphic release print.) This was largely attributed to the artifacts, distortions, light requirements, and expenses (in comparison to its spherical counterpart), in the face of the rising use of digital visual effects. Moreover, with the advent of the digital intermediate in the 2000s, film grain became less of a concern with Super 35, as the optical intermediate/enlargement process could now be bypassed, eliminating two generations of potential quality loss (though an anamorphic negative, due to its size, still retained a higher definition widescreen image for mastering).

With the rise of digital cinematography, anamorphic photography has experienced something of a renaissance, as the higher light sensitivity (ISO) of digital sensors has lowered the lighting requirements that anamorphic lenses once demanded. Many vintage lens series, some of which saw little to no use for decades, have been sought by cinematographers wishing to add a more classic, film-like quality to digital cinematography; and manufacturers such as Panavision and Vantage have produced modern lenses using vintage glass for this purpose.

Emulation of anamorphic film has also been achieved in computer animation. One example of this is the animated series Star Wars: The Bad Batch by Lucasfilm Animation, which mimics the natural behavior of an anamorphic lens through simulated depth of field effects and a faux-film grain applied to the footage.

Aspect ratio
One common misconception about the anamorphic format concerns the actual width number of the aspect ratio, as 2.35, 2.39 or 2.40. Since the anamorphic lenses in virtually all 35 mm anamorphic systems provide a 2:1 squeeze, one would logically conclude that a  full academy gate would lead to a  aspect ratio when used with anamorphic lenses. Due to differences in the camera gate aperture and projection aperture mask sizes for anamorphic films, however, the image dimensions used for anamorphic film vary from flat (spherical) counterparts. To complicate matters, the SMPTE standards for the format have varied over time; to further complicate things, pre-1957 prints took up the optical soundtrack space of the print (instead having magnetic sound on the sides), which made for a  ratio (ANSI PH22.104-1957).

The initial SMPTE definition for anamorphic projection with an optical sound track down the side ANSI PH22.106-1957 was issued in December 1957. It standardized the projector aperture at , which gives an aspect ratio of c. . The aspect ratio for this aperture, after a 2× unsqueeze, is  (1678:715), which rounded to the commonly used value .

A new definition issued in June 1971 as ANSI PH22.106-1971. It specified a slightly smaller vertical dimension of  for the projector aperture (and a nearly identical horizontal dimension of ), to help make splices less noticeable to film viewers. After unsqueezing, this would yield an aspect ratio of c. .
Four-perf anamorphic prints use more of the negative's available frame area than any other modern format, which leaves little room for splices. As a consequence, a bright line flashed onscreen when a splice was projected, and theater projectionists had been narrowing the vertical aperture to hide these flashes even before 1971. This new projector aperture size, , aspect ratio , made for an un-squeezed ratio of about  (43:18).

The most recent revision, SMPTE 195-1993, was released in August 1993. It slightly altered the dimensions so as to standardize a common projection aperture width () for all formats, anamorphic () and flat (). The projection aperture height was also reduced by  to give an aperture size of , and an aspect ratio of , and thus retaining the un-squeezed ratio of  about . The camera's aperture remained the same ( or  if before 1958), only the height of the "negative assembly" splices changed and, consequently, the height of the frame changed.

Anamorphic prints are still often called 'Scope' or 2.35 by projectionists, cinematographers, and others working in the field, if only by force of habit. 2.39 is in fact what they generally are referring to (unless discussing films using the process between 1958 and 1970), which is itself usually rounded up to 2.40 (implying a false precision as compared to 2.4). With the exception of certain specialist and archivist areas, generally 2.35, 2.39 and 2.40 mean the same to professionals, whether they themselves are even aware of the changes or not.

Lens makers and corporate trademarks

There are numerous companies that are known for manufacturing anamorphic lenses. The following are the most well known in the film industry:

Origination
 Panavision is the most common source of anamorphic lenses, with lens series ranging from 20 mm to a 2,000 mm anamorphic telescope. These include:
 B-Series (1968) - Panavision's second series of anamorphic lenses, these were restored and brought back into commission in 2013.
 C-Series (1970's) - These are small and lightweight, which makes them very popular for steadicams. The 20mm C-Series is Panavision's widest anamorphic lens, of which only two were ever made. The C-series remain popular among cinematographers for the broad pedigree of popular films they have captured.
 Super High Speed (D-series) (1976) - Made with Nikon glass, these are the fastest anamorphic lenses available, with T-stops between 1.4 and 1.8; there is even one T1.1 50mm, but, like all anamorphic lenses, they must be stopped-down for good performance because they are quite softly focused when wide open.
 E-Series (1980s) - Made with Nikon glass, these are sharper than the C-Series and are better color-matched. They are also faster, but the minimum focus-distance of the shorter focal lengths is not as close. The E135mm, and especially the E180mm, are great close-up lenses with the closest minimum focus of any long Panavision anamorphic lenses.
 Primo (F-series) (1989) - These are engineered with maximum aperture and optical quality in mind across all focal lengths, and as such are quite large and heavy by comparison to other series. They are the sharpest Panavision anamorphic lenses available, and are completely color-matched.
 G-Series (2007) - These combine the optical quality of the E-Series, with the size and weight of the C-Series.
 T-Series (2016), Panavision's latest anamorphic lens series, designed for digital cameras initially, but also film camera compatible through specific re-engineering at Panavision. They are named for, and bear the signature of, Panavision's first lens engineer Takuo Miyagishima, and are based on many of his lens design ideas.
 Vantage Film, designers and manufacturers of Hawk lenses. The entire Hawk lens system consists of 50 different prime lenses and 5 zoom lenses, all of them specifically developed and optically computed by Vantage Film. Hawk lenses have their anamorphic element in the middle of the lens (not up front like Panavision), which makes them more flare-resistant. This design choice also means that if they do flare, one does not get the typical horizontal flares.
 C-Series - developed in the mid-1990s, these are relatively small and lightweight.
 V-Series (2001) and V-Plus Series (2006) - These improve upon the C-Series as far as sharpness, contrast, barrel-distortion and close-focus are concerned. This increased optical performance means a higher weight, however (each lens is around ). There are 14 lenses in this series—from 25 mm to 250 mm. The V-Series also have two macro lenses (65mm and 120mm) with a unique focusing mechanism enabling the closest minimum focus of any anamorphic lenses available.
 V-Lite - 8 very small anamorphic lenses (about the size of a Cooke S4 spherical lens), which are ideal for handheld and Steadicam while also giving an optical performance comparable to the V-Series and V-Plus lenses.
 Vintage 74 - Similar to the V-series, but incorporating vintage uncoated glass from a spherical lens set built in 1974. These lenses have a softer quality and enhanced flares.
 V-Lite 1.3× (2008) - The V-Lite series with a 1.3x squeeze factor, enabling the use of nearly the entire image area of 3-perf 35 mm film or the sensor area of a 16:9 digital camera to provide the 2.39:1 release format.
 V-Lite 16 (2008) - Lenses for 16 mm anamorphic production, in both 1.3x (for Super 16mm) and 2x (for standard 16mm).
 Carl Zeiss AG and ARRI developed their Master Anamorphic lens line, debuted in September 2012, to provide minimum distortion and faster aperture at T1.9. These are spherical lenses with the anamorphic element at the rear, as opposed to third-party modified Zeiss-based anamorphics such as JDC and Technovision.
 Cooke Optics also developed their Anamorphic/i lens line, providing T2.3 aperture and color-matched with other Cooke lens lines, which is marketed as their "Cooke Look" feature. Like Zeiss, it's a totally new lens design which is different from third-party modified Cooke-based anamorphics such as JDC and Technovision. Cooke also developed its Anamorphic/i Full Frame Plus in 1.8× squeeze ratio for full frame cameras.
 Atlas Lens Company: Manufacturer of lower-cost anamorphic prime lenses. They currently produce two lines of lenses:
 Orion Series - 2x anamorphic lenses for film and digital use, which cover the Super 35mm format. The lineup currently consists of 9 lenses, ranging from 21mm to 100mm. They are designed to emulate Panavision's C-series.
 Mercury Series - 1.5x anamorphic lenses for use with full-frame (VistaVision) sized sensors. The lineup currently consists of 6 lenses, ranging from 36mm to 138mm.
 Angenieux: Angenieux's first zoom for 35 mm film camera, the 35–140 mm, was equipped with a front anamorphic attachment built by Franscope. The 40-140 anamorphic was used on several Nouvelle Vague movies such Lola (1961) or Jules and Jim (1962). Panavision adapted the Angenieux 10× zoom for anamorphic productions. The 50-500 APZA was part of the standard anamorphic production package supported by Panavision from mid 1960s to the end of the 1970s. It has been used in numerous movies including The Graduate (1967), MASH (1970), McCabe and Mrs Miller (1971), Death in Venice (1971) and Jaws (1975). In 2013 and 2014 Angenieux released a new series of high end anamorphic zooms. These lenses, the 30-72 and 56-152 Optimo A2S are compact and weigh less than 2.5 kg.
 Joe Dunton & Company (JDC): A manufacturer and rental house based in Britain and North Carolina, which adapts spherical lenses to anamorphic by adding a cylindrical element. JDC was purchased by Panavision in 2007. Much of JDC's former lens inventory has since been scattered among various rental houses and private owners, though a new company called Dunton Cine has re-acquired a large portion of it.
 Xtal Xpres (pronounced "Crystal Express") - This was JDC's most popular line of lenses. Three series were built by Shiga Optical Co. in Japan, from old Cooke S2/S3 and Panchro lenses, Canon lenses, and Zeiss lenses, respectively. The series overall encompassed a very wide range of focal lengths, from 18mm up to 400mm.
 Speedstar - These are modified Zeiss Super Speeds.
 Elite Optics, manufactured by JSC Optica-Elite Company in St. Petersburg, Russia and sold in the United States by Slow Motion Inc. They are similar in quality to Hawk lenses, and are known for their sharpness and contrast at wide apertures.
 Todd-AO manufactured the Todd-AO 35 series of lenses in the 1970s. Designed by optical engineer Richard Vetter, these lenses were the first outside of Panavision to maintain a constant 2X squeeze across the entire focus range. They are known for having especially intense lens flares. The majority of these lenses are held today by Keslow Camera.
 Technovision, a French manufacturer that, like JDC, has adapted spherical Cooke and Zeiss lenses to anamorphic. Technovision was purchased by Panavision in 2004.
 Isco Optics, a German company that developed the Arriscope line for Arri in 1989.

Projection
 ISCO Precision Optics is a manufacturer of theatrical cinema projection lenses.
 Panamorph is a manufacturer of hybrid cylindrical / prism based projection lenses specialized for the consumer home theater industry.
 Schneider Kreuznach, (also called Century Optics) are makers of anamorphic projection lenses. The company also manufactures add-on anamorphic adaptor lenses that can be mounted on digital video cameras.

Super 35 and Techniscope

Although many films projected anamorphically have been shot using anamorphic lenses, there are often aesthetic and technical reasons that make shooting with spherical lenses preferable. If the director and cinematographer still wish to retain the 2.40:1 aspect ratio, anamorphic prints can be made from spherical negatives. Because the 2.40:1 image cropped from an Academy ratio 4-perf negative causes considerable waste of frame space, and since the cropping and anamorphosing of a spherical print requires an intermediate lab step, it is often attractive for these films to use a different negative pulldown method (most commonly 3-perf, but occasionally Techniscope 2-perf) usually in conjunction with the added negative space Super 35 affords.

However, with advancements in digital intermediate technology, the anamorphosing process can now be completed as a digital step with no degradation of image quality. Also, 3-perf and 2-perf pose minor problems for visual effects work. The area of the film in 4-perf work that is cropped out in the anamorphosing process nonetheless contains picture information that is useful for such visual effects tasks as 2D and 3D tracking. This mildly complicates certain visual effects efforts for productions using 3-perf and 2-perf, making anamorphic prints struck digitally from center cropped 4-perf Super 35 the popular choice in large budget visual effects driven productions.

See also
 Arriscope
 Anamorphosis
 Aspect ratio
 Cine 160
 Letterbox
 List of film formats
 Pan and scan
 21:9 aspect ratio

References

External links

American inventions
French inventions
Film and video technology
Motion picture film formats
Audiovisual introductions in 1953

Anamorphic format


Malaysia Airlines (Disingket: MAS ; basa Malayu: Penerbangan Malaysia) nyaéta parusahaan penerbangan nasional Malaysia, nu ngalayanan tujuan internasional jeung domestik. MAS mangrupa salah sahiji tina opat parusahaan penerbangan nu meunang bentang-5 ti Skytrax.

Sajarah
Artikel utama: Sajarah Malaysia Airlines

Info pausahaan
Malaysia Airlines is listed on the stock exchange of Bursa Malaysia under the name Malaysian Airline System Berhad. Its parent company is Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad. The airline has suffered high losses over the yéars as a result of fuel price incréases and poor management. The Government of Malaysia overhauled the operations of the airline and Idris Jala was appointed as the new Céo in 1 December 2005. Under his léadership, Malaysia Airlines unveiled its Business Turnaround Plan (BTP) in February 2006 which highlighted low yield, an inefficient network and low productivity (overstaffing). The airline héadquarters building in downtown Kuala Lumpur has been sold. The new corporate héadquarters is now at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang.

Struktur grup

Malaysia Airlines has over 20 subsidiaries and associates including:
Malaysia Airlines Cargo Sdn. Bhd. - 100%
Malaysia Airlines Cargo Sdn. Bhd. is a cargo division of Malaysia Airlines and commercially known as MASkargo. It is a cargo carrier based in Advanced Cargo Center in KL International Airport.
Main Article: MASkargo

MAS Aerotechnologies Sdn. Bhd. - 100%
MAS Aerotechnologies Sdn. Bhd. is an engineering and maintenance division of Malaysia Airlines also known as Malaysian Airlines' Engineering and Maintenance Division. Malaysian Airlines' Engineering and Maintenance Division offers aircraft maintenance, calibration services, engineering & maintenance training and total engineering & maintenance support to various airline customers, among them are KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Garuda Indonesia and Royal Brunei Airlines.

MAS Academy Sdn. Bhd. - 100%
MAS Academy Sdn. Bhd. is a training facility of Malaysia Airlines built for human factors and resources development. The MAS Academy is a training facility for employees. MAS Academy also provides training for other organisations in  airline operations and other related sectors.

MAS Golden Holidays Sdn. Bhd. - 100%
MAS Golden Holidays Sdn. Bhd. is a division of Malaysia Airlines. Known as Golden Holidays, the division is responsible for marketing and selling Malaysia Airlines holiday packages and tours.

FireFly

MAS announced the formation of a new airline Firefly to be managed by Flyfirefly Sdn. Bhd. The airline will
fly two daily services out of Penang International Airport to Kota Bahru, Langkawi, Kuantan and Kuala Terengganu, plus daily services to Phuket and Koh Samui in southern Thailand. It is expected to begin its first service on late April, 2007 with fares as low as RM9 operating with two Fokker 50 aircraft.

Corporate Image & Logo

Corporate Image

Female Uniform - Sarong Kebaya
The design of the Sarong Kebaya was introduced on 1 March 1986. It was designed by the School of Fashion at Mara Institute of Technology (Malay: Institut Teknologi Mara) and later known as Mara University of Technology (Malay: Universiti Teknologi Mara). The design reflects the Malaysian culture. The batik material depicts the kelarai motif which is a bamboo weave pattern. It appears in the background in subdued hues of the basic uniform colour. Superimposed on the kelarai motif is a mixture of local flora such as the cempaka, jasmine and the leaves of the hibiscus. The geometric Sarawakian motif is used for the lapels of the baju, edges of sleeves and the sarong.

On 1 January 1993, the colors of the batik were enhanced to complement the color of the male cabin crew's new uniform.

Color Code
 Sarong Kebaya with yellow flowers are for the Inflight Supervisors.
 Sarong Kebaya with pink flowers are for the Chief Stewardesses, Leading Stewardesses and Flight Stewardesses.
 Sarong Kebaya with magenta flowers are for the ground frontliners.

Male Uniform - Classic & Service Jackets
Male cabin crews are required to wear the classic jacket whenever they are outside the aircraft with some exceptions. However, onboard the aircraft, male cabin crews with the exception of male In-flight Supervisors are required to wear the service jacket.  The male uniforms are color-coded.

Color Code
 Dark shade Ottanio color jackets are for Inflight Supervisors, Chief Stewards, Leading Stewards and Flight Stewards.
 Light shade Ottanio color jackets are for male ground frontliners.

Corporate Logo
Winged Tiger

The history of the airline started in 1937 when Malayan Airways Limited was registered as a company. Flying operations started in 1947, with the aircraft bearing the symbol of a Winged Tiger. In 1963, the airline was renamed Malaysian Airways Limited when the Federation of Malaysia was formed. Subsequently, Borneo Airways Limited was absorbed by Malaysian Airways Limited.

MSA
In 1965, with the political separation of Singapore from Malaysia, there was continued participation by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore in the airline. In 1967 the company changed its name to Malaysia-Singapore Airline Limited (MSA), which was the joint national air carrier for both countries, and a new logo was introduced.

Moon Kite

In 1971, Malaysia-Singapore Airline Limited was separated into two airlines, each with its own policies and objectives, leading to the birth of Malaysia's flag carrier, Malaysian Airline System (MAS) on 3 April 1971. The name was chosen because, in abbreviated form, MAS in Malay means gold, to symbolize quality service.

Current Logo (since 1987)
A new corporate logo designed by Mara Institute of Technology (Malay: Institut Teknologi Mara) later known as Mara University of Technology (Malay: Universiti Teknologi Mara) was introduced on 15 October 1987, retaining the essence of the moon kite, with a sheared swept-back look for a more aerodynamic posture.

Along with the new corporate logo, a new type style - MALAYSIA, was created.. It is italicized to slant parallel with the logo to accentuate speed as well as direction. Within this corporate typestyle, the alphabets MAS bear red clippings to denote initials of the statutory name of the airline, Malaysian Airline System (MAS) were added after the original design was rejected by former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir. The introduction of blue to the original red logo) has national significance. The red and blue divides equally in the mid-spine to connote equilibrium.

Destinations
Main Article: Malaysia Airlines Destinations

Under the Business Turnaround Plan (BTP), Malaysia Airlines began restructuring. The plan is based on the hub-and-spoke approach and the new Domestic Rationalism Policy announced by the Government. This resulted in Malaysia Airlines' domestic routes being restructured from 118 to 22 routes and international routes from 114 to 90.

The domestic restructuring plan began in August 2006, whilst the restructuring of the international sector is being implemented in phases. Phase one - rerouted flights via KL International Airport as the primary hub and phase two, which required routes to be axed after exhaustive route profitability are completed.

The plan is not just to reduce the airline flights but also to improve connectivity and frequency on targeted routes. Previously, Malaysia Airlines only operated 2 daily waves of flight arrivals and departures, but from August 2006, the airline operated 4 waves of flight per day. The airline also launched its new flight schedules effective August 2006 to ensure better connectivity.

International
As of August 2006, Malaysia Airlines flies to 60 destinations in Asia, Australasia, the Middle East, Europe, North America, Africa and South America plus 16 destinations within Malaysia. In cooperation with codeshare partner airlines, the airline serves a further 23 destinations worldwide. It was the first airline in Southeast Asia to fly to South Africa following the demise of apartheid and the only airline in the region that serves South America via its services to Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Domestic
The implementation of Domestic Rationalism Policy in August 2006, saw Malaysia Airlines lose its non-trunk domestic routes and it will operate only 19 trunk routes within Malaysia. The national carrier operates 7 trunk routes between KL International Airport (KLIA) and Peninsular Malaysia cities, 6 trunk routes between KLIA and Sabah/Sarawak, and 6 trunk routes within Sabah and Sarawak. However, in July 2006, Malaysia Airlines will fly to 3 additional non-trunk routes increasing its domestic routes to 22.

Rural Air Services
From its creation, up until 31 July 2006, Malaysia Airlines provided air links between remote areas of East Malaysia and its urban centers through Rural Air Services (RAS). Using the 19-seater Twin Otter aircraft, Malaysia Airlines provided services to the airstrips in Bakalalan, Bario, Belaga, Kudat, Lawas, Limbang, Mukah, Long Akah, Long Banga, Long Lelang, Long Seridan, Marudi, Mulu and Tomanggong. The loss making RAS was inherited by Malaysia Airlines through the creation of Malaysian Airline System (MAS), from 1971 until 2006. The service is now operated by FlyAsianXpress.

Codeshare Partners
Flights operated by partner airlines on behalf of Malaysia Airlines
Air Mauritius - Mauritius
Austrian Airlines - Vienna [Termination effective March 2007]
Garuda Indonesia - Jakarta, Darwin
Gulf Air - Bahrain, Muscat
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines - Amsterdam, Bergen, Copenhagen, Gothenburg, Helsinki, Jakarta, Oslo, Stavanger, Stockholm
Qatar Airways - Doha
SriLankan Airlines - Colombo
Thai Airways International - Penang
Uzbekistan Airways - Tashkent
Virgin Blue - Adelaide, Ballina Byron, Brisbane, Broome, Cairns, Canberra, Coffs Coast, Darwin, Frase Coast, Gold Coast, Hamilton Island, Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Newcastle, Perth, Rockhampton, Sunshine Coast, Sydney, Townsville, Whitsunday Coast

Flights operated by Malaysia Airlines on behalf of partner airlines
Air India - Bangalore, Hyderabad, Los Angeles, Mumbai, Melbourne, Taipei
All Nippon Airways - Kota Kinabalu,  Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo
Dragon Air - Hong Kong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching
Garuda Indonesia - Denpasar, Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya,  Frankfurt, London, Paris
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines - Amsterdam, Adelaide, Auckland, Brisbane, Kota Kinabalu, Langkawi, Melbourne, Penang, Perth, Sydney
Philippine Airlines - Cebu, Manila, Kota Kinabalu
Swiss International Airlines - Zurich
Thai Airways International - Bangkok, Phuket

Joint operations between Malaysia Airlines and partner airlines
Cathay Pacific Airways - Hong Kong, Penang
Dragonair - Hong Kong, Kota Kinabalu
Korean Air - Séoul, Kota Kinabalu, Penang
Myanmar Airways International - Yangon
Royal Brunei Airlines - Bandar Seri Begawan, Kota Kinabalu
Singapore Airlines - Singapore, Penang
Silk Air - Singapore, Langkawi, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching
SriLankan Airlines - Colombo

Nomer penerbangan
Malaysia Airlines flight numbers are allocated according to géographical regions. In general, even-numbéréd flight numbers are outbound from Malaysia.

 MH001-MH049: Eropa
 MH050-MH089: Greater China, Jepang jeung Korea
 MH090-MH099: North America
 MH100-MH149: Australia jeung Selandia Anyar
 MH150-MH199: Middle East and Indian Subcontinent
 MH200-MH299: Afrika jeung South America
 MH300-MH399: Greater China (from East Malaysia)
 MH600-MH699: Singapura
 MH700-MH999: Asia Tenggara
 MH1000-MH1999: Domestic : Peninsular Malaysia
 MH2000-MH2999: Domestic : East Malaysia
 MH5000-MH5999: Training & maintenance flights
 MH6000-MH6999: MASkargo (Cargo/freighter services)
 MH8000-MH8999: Chartered & Hajj flights
 MH9000-MH9999: International codeshares

Fleet
Main Article: Malaysia Airlines Fleet

Current Fleet

The airline flies Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200 and Airbus A330  aircraft mainly for medium to long haul international routes, while the Boeing 737-400 is often used for shorter international and domestic flights departed from KL International Airport, Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Penang International Airport and Kuching International Airport. The Malaysia Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Notes
-RNSD aircraft is a refurbished aircraft with brand new cabin features.
-As of August 2006, the average age of Malaysia Airlines' fleet was 11 years.

Future Fleet
In 2003, Malaysia Airlines' parent company Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad (PMB) signed a déal for 6 Airbus A380-800 aircraft. The first A380-800 was to be delivered in éarly 2007 under a léase déal from its parent company Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad (PMB). However, in October 2006, Airbus parent company éaDS said that the A380 will be delayed for another yéar.

Historic Fleet
List of aircraft that Malaysia Airlines and its predecessor companies flew in past.

In-flight Entertainment
Select is the in-flight entertainment system of Malaysia Airlines. Passengers can choose over 500 hours of audio and vidéo programming. With 200 music CDs and 40 movies on-demand available, passengers can start, stop, forward and rewind their selected programme at will. A touch screen personal TV is available for First Class passengers and Golden Club Class (Business Class) on board Boeing 747-400 and Boeing 777-200 aircraft.

Loyalty Programmes
Main Article: Enrich Loyalty Programme

Malaysia Airlines has 2 loyalty programmes, Grads for Students by Malaysia Airlines (Grads) and Enrich by Malaysia Airlines (Enrich). Grads is a loyalty programme with benefits designed for students. Enrich by Malaysia Airlines is a travel reward programme for frequent travellers that comprises a variety of airlines, banks, credit card issuers, hotels and lifestyle retailers around the world.

Awards
Main Article: Malaysia Airlines: Awards

Malaysia Airlines has won numerous awards from international organizations, such as Skytrax.

Incidents & Accidents
Malaysia Airlines is accredited by IATA with the IOSA (IATA Operations Safety Audit).

 4 December 1977 - A Boeing 737-200 () as Flight 653 was hijacked, and crashed in Tanjung Kupang, Johor  killing 100 people aboard.
  18 December 1983 - A Airbus A300-B4 (OY-KAA) lease from Scandinavian Airlines crashed 2 km short of the runway in Subang. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft is written off.
 15 September 1995 - A Fokker F50 () crashed during approach in Tawau, Sabah due to wind shear. 34 passengers were killed.
 15 March 2000 - An Airbus A330-300 (9M-MKB) suffered fuselage damage when "hydroxy quino-line" leaked from several canisters when unloading. The 5-year-old Airbus was damaged beyond economical repair.
 1 August 2005 - A Boeing 777-200ER (9M-MRG) made an emergency landing in Perth after the fly-by-wire primary flight control and autopilot failed to operate.

References
Malaysia Airlines; (2002). Malaysia Airlines Cabin Crew Manual: Introduction to Malaysia Airlines. Kuala Lumpur: Flight Operations.
Malaysia Airlines; (2002). Malaysia Airlines Cabin Crew Manual: Grooming & Uniform Procedures. Kuala Lumpur: Flight Operations.
Berita Pulse; (October 2006). Berita Pulse, October 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Communications Division, Malaysia Airlines.
Berita Pulse; (August 2006). Berita Pulse, August 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Communications Division, Malaysia Airlines.
Berita Pulse; (July 2006). Berita Pulse, July 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Communications Division, Malaysia Airlines.
Berita Pulse; (June 2006). Berita Pulse, June 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Communications Division, Malaysia Airlines.
"Malaysia Airlines: Corporate Info" . Retrieved 31 October 2006.
"MASkargo: Corporate Info" . Retrieved 31 October 2006.
"Berita Pulse". Retrieved 31 October 2006.
Going Places; (August 2006). Going Places, August 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Communications Division, Malaysia Airlines.
"AeroMalaysia: Malaysia Airlines: Current Fleet" . Retrieved 31 October 2006.
"AeroMalaysia: Malaysia Airlines: Former Fleet" . Retrieved 31 October 2006.

Tumbu luar
 Malaysia Airlines - Corporate Website
 Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad  - Parent Company

Pausahaan panghiberan Malaysia
Malaysia Airlines
Perusahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1972

Malaysia Airlines


The Sunchild First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Alberta, Canada part of Treaty 6, signed on May 25, 1944, under the leadership of Chief Louis Sunchild. The First Nation has one reserve, Sunchild 202. The reserve,  in size, is located approximately  northwest of Rocky Mountain House. It shares the western border of the O'Chiese First Nation.

As of March 11, 2013, the Sunchild First Nation is led by Chief Jonathan Frencheater and councillors Paul Bigchild, Edgar Bigchild, Clint McHugh, Lisa Daychief and Edwin Frencheater. The Chief and Council oversee approximately 1300 members( 1,209 in 2008 census), with approximately 75% living on the Nation. The community is served by the Sunchild First Nation's administrative office, Sunchild First Nation School, Sunchild health centre, Sunchild convenience store, a community head-start program, volunteer fire department, community corrections and a RCMP remote office.

The Sunchild First Nation is home of the Sunchild Bison Cheerleading team, Canada's first and only First Nation Cheerleading program on a reserve.

References

External links
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada's profile for Sunchild First Nation
Sunchild First Nation School Website
Treaty Six Nations Website

First Nations governments in Alberta
Cree governments

Sunchild First Nation


The Legacy of Heorot is a science fiction novel written in 1987 by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes.

This is the first book in the Heorot series. It is about a human space colony at the star Tau Ceti.

Plot Summary

Hundreds of years in the future, people travel to the star Tau Ceti. It takes 100 years to fly there. To live that long the people go to sleep and freeze each other. When they get there they unfreeze, but some people do not wake up. Some people wake up but are not as smart as they were.

They land on the fourth planet from the sun and build a town on a big island. Everything is peaceful until they are attacked by a large animal. The animal is like a cross between a frog and an alligator. It is big but also very fast and smart. They call it a Grendel. The Grendel kills several people but then it is killed.

The people get very scared and build fences, land mines, and guns. After a while they get less scared and think that the Grendel they killed was the only one. They build boats and get brave. Then another bigger Grendel kills some of the people in the boats. The People trap and kill this Grendel.

The People get really mad. They find out that Grendels have to stay near water because when a Grendel moves fast it makes a lot of heat. If it does not cool off it will die. They go all around the island and kill all the Grendels. This makes them very happy.

They feel safe and travel all around the island. They notice that the alien fish are big now. They think that without the Grendels around there will be lots of fish to eat. This makes them happy.

Everything is good until the fish get very big. When they get big enough they grow legs, breath air, and move very fast. The fish are baby Grendels. Now instead of a few big Grendels there are thousands of small ones.

Some people escape to the space ship. But, other stay to defend the town. They use the electric fences and land mines and guns to kill the little Grendels. After awhile the town gets too damaged to protect anymore. The people run away to a cave on a mountain. The Grendels follow them up a river and attack the cave. The people use kerosene to burn the Grendels. Also, they knock big rocks down onto them. After enough Grendels get killed, the other Grendels learn to run away instead of just attack. The people win.

Over time the people hunt down all the new Grendels and all the alien fish. Finally they are safe.

1987 books
American science fiction books

The Legacy of Heorot


Philae (before known as RoLand) is an ESA lander spacecraft. It went with the Rosetta spacecraft. It landed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenkoon on 12 November 2014 to analyze it.

The name Philae was chosen through a contest organized by ESA, won by fifteen year old Serena Olga Vismara from Milan. The name comes from the orbiter name, already defined as Rosetta, which is the name of the stele that allowed Jean-François Champollion to understand ancient Egypt hieroglyphics. In order to complete the translation, he needed to use also the monuments on the island of Philae, the same way Philae lander will help to complete the work of the Rosetta lander.

European Space Agency spacecraft

Philae (spacecraft)


"Can't Hold Us" is a song by American rapper Macklemore and producer Ryan Lewis. It is from their album The Heist (2012). The music video is nominated for Best Music Video at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in 2014. It was released on August 16, 2011. The song also features actress Susannah Wetzel, who sings portions of the chorus alongside Ray Dalton.

2011 songs

Can't Hold Us


Lord Invader (Rupert Westmore Grant; 13 December 1914 – 15 October 1961) was a prominent calypsonian with a very distinctive, gravelly voice.

He was born in San Fernando, Trinidad. He became active in calypso in the mid-1930s, and was considered a country bumpkin by his contemporaries, because of his humble beginning. It was Grant's tailor who gave him his moniker by commenting, "I tell you, Rupert, you should call yourself Lord Invader so when you go up to the city you be invadin' the capital."  With a new name, in 1937 he went to the capital city of Port of Spain and began his career in earnest.

He competed in many calypso competitions (including the very first Calypso King competition) and recorded for RCA Bluebird. Lured by Decca Records, he travelled to New York City in 1941 with other calypsonians such as Roaring Lion and Atilla the Hun to make records and promote calypso music. He wrote many calypsos; his most famous lyrics, "Rum and Coca-Cola", were plagiarised by Morey Amsterdam and became a hit for the Andrews Sisters. Invader travelled to New York and sued, eventually winning compensation, although the final settlement allowed Amsterdam to retain his copyright. In the early 1940s, radio stations in the USA refused to play his own version on the grounds of its using the trademarked name, Coca-Cola, and its references to prostitution and alcohol. He stayed in New York for a few years because of the lengthy court case. During his tenure in New York City, he became a fixture in the local calypso scene and recorded many tracks for Moses Asch. Eventually, he won his court case, but did not receive his settlement check for seven years, so he returned to Trinidad in the meantime. He opened a calypso club there and penned and recorded many original songs.

He is often credited with writing "Zombie Jamboree", although the song was actually written by Lord Intruder (Winston O'Conner), who released it on the B-side of his 1953 single "Disaster with Police". It was covered by Conrad Eugene Mauge Jr, who recorded it in 1959 and was also often credited for writing it. The confusion probably stems from the introduction of the version by the Kingston Trio, which mentions "Lord Invader and his Twelve Penetrators".
At long last, Invader collected his money from his court case, and began to tour the U.S., later expanding to Britain and Europe. In the last half of 1958, he returned to New York City and continued recording for Moses Asch. He continued to return to his homeland for business and pleasure, although he had, with Wilmoth Houdini, made himself one of America's most successful calypsonians. On 15 October 1961, Lord Invader died at a Brooklyn, New York hospital.

The following discs give a good idea of his work:

 Calypso in New York (Smithsonian Folkways 40454), released in 2000, is a collection of Invader's recordings across his whole career.
 Calypso at Midnight and Calypso After Midnight come from a live recording organized by Alan Lomax in New York in 1946.
 Calypso War, Kings of Calypso, and Trojan Calypso boxed set all feature the same set of songs recorded in the United Kingdom in the 1950s.
 Folkways Records also have a number of CDs that Invader recorded in the late 1950s in New York, including, Calypso (1955), Calypso Travels, and There's a Brown Boy in the Ring and Other Children's Calypso Songs (1959).

In 1961, Invader released an atypical LP, West Indian Folk Songs for Children (Caedmon Records).

See also
Mighty Sparrow
Lord Kitchener
 List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences

References

External links

Lord Invader at Smithsonian Folkways
Invader Discography at Smithsonian Folkways

1914 births
1962 deaths
Calypsonians
20th-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers
20th-century Trinidad and Tobago singers
People from San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago

Lord Invader


Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (, 19 March 1739 – 16 June 1824) was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer and Prince of the Empire by Napoleon I.

Biography

Ancien Régime
Born in Saint-Sauveur-Lendelin (Manche), after studies of philosophy at the Collège de Navarre, he started his career during the Ancien Régime, making his first appearance as a lawyer in Paris in 1762. He filled the posts of censeur du Roi (1766) and then Inspector General of the Domains of the Crown (1768).

During the early 1760s, Lebrun became a disciple of Montesquieu and an admirer of the British Constitution, travelling through Southern Netherlands, the Dutch Republic, and finally to the Kingdom of Great Britain (where he witnessed the debates in the London Parliament).

He became one of Chancellor René Nicolas de Maupéou's chief advisers, taking part in his struggle against the parlements and sharing his downfall in 1774. Lebrun then devoted himself to literature, translating Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (1774) and the Iliad (1776). He retreated from public life to his property in Grillon, attempting to live a life as envisaged by the philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau. During the cabinet of Jacques Necker, he was consulted on several occasions, but never appointed to high office.

Constituent Assembly and provincial politics
At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, he foresaw its importance in his volume La voix du Citoyen, published the same year, and predicted the course which events would take. In the Estates-General and (after he took the Tennis Court Oath) in the National Constituent Assembly, where he sat as deputy for the Third Estate in the bailiwick of Dourdan, he professed Liberalism and proposed various financial laws, without affiliating to any particular faction. A partisan of constitutional monarchy even after King Louis XVI's flight to Varennes (June 1791), he became the target for the suspicions of the Jacobin Club.

After the voting of the 1791 Constitution, he was ineligible for the Legislative Assembly (like all former members of the Constituent Assembly), and became instead president of the directory of Seine-et-Oise département.

Lebrun retired from this position on 7 August 1792, and again retired to Dourdan. Three days later, the storming of the Tuileries Palace signalled the move towards the establishment of the French Republic by the creation of the National Convention. Lebrun further aroused the indignation of republicans when he accepted to represent Dourdan in the electoral college of Seine-et-Oise which nominated deputies to the Convention.

Terror, Thermidor, and Directory
A suspect during the Reign of Terror, he was twice arrested: the first time in September 1793, liberated after the intervention of Joseph Augustin Crassous (representative on mission to Seine-et-Oise); the second time in June 1794 (paradoxically, on orders from the same Crassous) – threatened with the guillotine, he was saved by a relative of his who stole his record of prosecution, thus causing a delay long enough for Lebrun to be saved by the Thermidorian Reaction.

In 1795, Lebrun was elected as a deputy to the French Directory's Council of Ancients and, although a supporter of the House of Bourbon, he voted against prosecutions of Jacobins, and showed himself in favour of national reconciliation.

Consulate, Empire, and Restoration

Lebrun was made Third Consul following Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup in the Year VIII (9–10 November 1799; see French Consulate). In this capacity, he took an active part in Napoleon's reorganization of the national finances and in the administration of France's départements. He was made a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1803, and in 1804, he was appointed Arch-Treasurer of the French Empire. From 1805 to 1806, he was governor-general of Liguria, during which time he completed its annexation by France.

He opposed Napoleon's restoration of the noblesse and, in 1808, only reluctantly accepted the title of duc de Plaisance (Duke of Piacenza), a rare, nominal, but hereditary duché grand-fief, extinguished in 1926. From 1811 to 1813, he served as governor-general of a part of the annexed Netherlands, reorganizing its départements – Zuyderzée and Bouches-de-la-Meuse. He was assisted by Antoine de Celles and Goswin de Stassart.

Although to a certain extent opposed to the autocracy of the Emperor, he was not in favor of his deposition, although he accepted the fait accompli of the Bourbon Restoration in April 1814. Louis XVIII made him a Peer of France, but during the subsequent Hundred Days, he accepted from Napoleon the post of grand maître de l'Université. As a consequence, he was suspended from the House of Peers when the Bourbons returned again in 1815, but was recalled in 1819. He died five years later in Sainte-Mesme (then in Seine-et-Oise, now in Yvelines).

Notes

References
 Endnotes:
Auguste-Armand de la Force, L'Architrésorier Lebrun (Paris, 1907)
M. Marie du Mesnil, Memoire sur le prince Le Brun, due de Plaisance (Paris, 1828)
ed. Anne-Charles Lebrun (Lebrun's son), Opinions, rapports et choix d'écrits politiques de C. F. Lebrun (1829)

External links
 Heraldica.org (Napoleonic heraldry)

|-

1739 births
1824 deaths
18th-century heads of state of France
19th-century heads of state of France
18th-century French translators
People from Manche
University of Paris alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Charles Francois
Dukes of the First French Empire
French male essayists
Heads of state of France
French political writers
French translators
People of the French Revolution
Members of the Sénat conservateur
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
French Consulate
Translators from Italian
Translators of Ancient Greek texts

Charles-François Lebrun


Pip, Squeak and Wilfred was a British strip cartoon published in the Daily Mirror from 1919 to 1956 (with a break c. 1940–1950), as well as the Sunday Pictorial in the early years. It was conceived by Bertram Lamb, who took the role of Uncle Dick, signing himself (B.J.L.) in an early book, and was drawn until c. 1939 by Austin Bowen Payne, who always signed as A. B. Payne. It concerned the adventures of an orphaned family of animals. Pip, who assumed the "father" role, was a dog, while the "mother", Squeak, was a penguin. Wilfred was the "young son" and was a rabbit with very long ears.

Character beginnings
The characters Pip, Squeak and Wilfred were created by Bertram Lamb, a journalist on the Daily Mirror, who was born in Islington, London, on 14 May 1887 and died in Switzerland in 1938. He never drew the cartoons, but thought up the idea of the characters.

The origins of the characters are mentioned in the cartoon strips. Squeak was found in the London Zoological Gardens after hatching on the South African coast years before. Pip was discovered begging by a policeman on the Thames Embankment, and was sent to a dogs' home, where he was bought for half-a-crown. Wilfred was found in a field near his burrow and was adopted by Pip and Squeak, who were in turn looked after by Uncle Dick and Angeline, the housemaid of their family house on the edge of London.

The WLOG fanclub
In 1927 the Pip, Squeak and Wilfred club began. It was named the Wilfredian League of Gugnuncs (WLOG) and organised many competitions and events for thousands of members, especially at the British South Coast Seaside resorts. "Gugnuncs" is a combination of two baby-talk words used by Wilfred, who as a toddler-aged rabbit cannot speak yet, nunc being his version of uncle. There was a WLOG member's badge in blue enamelled metal, featuring the long ears of Wilfred. Among the WLOG rules was one to never eat rabbit.

Cartoon films
A series of silent animated cartoons were produced in 1921 by Lancelot Speed, titled "The Wonderful Adventures of Pip, Squeak & Wilfred". Twenty–five 5-minute shorts were made (being paired with the Mirror-Pictorial Newsreel), and were first–shown between 17 February 1921 and 11 August 1921. Titles included 'Pip And Wilfred Detectives', 'Over The Edge Of The World', 'The Six-Armed Image', 'The Castaways', 'Ups And Downs', 'Popski's Early Life', 'Wilfred's Nightmare', 'Wilfred's Wonderful Adventures' and 'Trouble In The Nursery'. None appears to be currently available in any format.

Annuals
An early book was Pip, Squeak & Wilfred, Their "Luvly" Adventures, issued in 1921 by Stanley Paul & Co, London. This book recapped on the earliest Daily Mirror strips, showing how they were introduced. Luvly being one of Squeak's favourite words.

Pip and Squeak Annuals appeared each year from 1922, dated as the 1923 to 1939 annuals. A separate Wilfred's Annual also appeared, dated 1924 to 1938, featuring stories aimed at under-10 year olds.
The 1934 Pip & Squeak Annual featured a 'magic red frame' which allowed the reader to see hidden pictures on several pages. The 1934 Wilfred's Annual similarly featured a Pantomime cut-out insert.
The final Pip & Squeak annual of 1939 incorporated Wilfred's Annual, which had ended the previous year, and is the rarest of the series due to low sales and poor quality paper being used. No annual was issued in 1940.

The annuals continued the 1920s type of fairyland surrealism in their pages until the last annual, by which time other more popular annuals such as Bobby Bear and Teddy Tail were more contemporary, leaving this series appearing rather dated in comparison, meaning later years of Pip and Squeak annual and especially Wilfred's annual sold in smaller quantities.

There were three Uncle Dick's Annuals issued from 1929 to 1931, dated as the 1930 to 1932 annuals, the first one being fully named 'Uncle Dick's Competition Annual'. These annuals were aimed more at boys, with action stories and very little Pip & Squeak content. As their title suggests, the books were in an elaborate competition format where you had to solve quizzes, paint in pictures and similar to win prizes.

A short-lived revived Pip, Squeak & Wilfred annual was issued in the mid-1950s, as the characters had been revived in the Daily Mirror a few years previously. This featured the characters updated and now drawn by a new, uncredited, artist. A newly bow-tied Wilfred and a younger Auntie, both previously only saying the odd nonsensical word, were now made to speak fully, losing the innocence and surreal charm of the pre-war years, to better fit the 1950s. Stanley, a young penguin, became a regular character, having been introduced in the later 1930s annuals. The annual featured stories with the characters as well as cartoon strips and other non-related stories.

A small paperback comic book, Adventures of Pip Squeak & Wilfred was published in the early 1920s in the Merry Miniatures series by Home Publicity of London, and was just  in size.

Newspaper supplements
The Daily Mirror featured a Saturday 4-page pull-out comic supplement, starting on Saturday, 15 October 1921, titled The Adventures of Pip, Squeak and Wilfred : No 1 - Thrills in the Dog and cat Later editions were reduced to 3 pages on 25 March 1922, then to 2 pages on 8 July 1922 until the supplement ended in 1924.

The popularity of Pip, Squeak & Wilfred was immense. The 16 December 1922 edition of the Daily Mirror reported 100,000 copies of the 1923 Pip and Squeak Annual had been sold.

In military terminology

War medals
After the First World War (1914–18), three medals were awarded to most of the British servicemen who had served from 1914 or 1915. They were either the 1914 Star or the 1914–15 Star, the British War Medal, and the British Victory Medal. They were irreverently referred to as Pip, Squeak and Wilfred respectively.

Royal Air Force
After the First World War, the Royal Air Force named its three Blackburn Kangaroo training aircraft Pip, Squeak, and Wilfred.

During the Second World War, Pip-squeak was the code name of a radio–navigation system fitted to some RAF fighters. This periodically transmitted 15-second tones from the aircraft's radio. These signals were used by ground-based radio direction finder stations to determine the location of the aircraft.

In early 1944 the radio callsign GUGNUNC was used by No. 255 Squadron RAF in southern Italy. The squadron's Operations Record Book makes specific reference to this in the context of a search for a missing Beaufighter.

Palestine, 1936

During the first stage of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, two anti-aircraft guns and one searchlight were taken, with their crews, from HMS Sussex (96) and mounted on trucks, in order to provide fire support to ground units. These were named "Pip" (a two-pounder QF 2-pounder naval gun), "Squeak" (a QF 3-pounder Vickers gun) and "Wilfred" (the searchlight).

Operation Wilfred
Operation Wilfred was a 1940 operation, during the Phoney War, to mine the waters off the Norwegian coast in an attempt to restrict the supply of iron ore from Sweden to Germany.  The name was coined by Winston Churchill and inspired by the comic series.  In The Gathering Storm, Churchill explains that the operation was called this because it was so small.

Gun sites
Stationed in France to guard the airfields of the RAF's Advanced Air Striking Force during the Phoney War, 53rd (City of London) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery code-named its gun-sites PIP I & II, SQUEAK I & II and WILFRED I & II (Regimental HQ was codenamed PIXO).

Wilfred and Trotsky
According to 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Doris Lessing's autobiography, Wilfred, or "Wilfski" as she calls him, was based on Trotsky.

References
Citations

Bibliography
 Daily Mirror Newspaper Saturday Editions 15 October 1921 - 8 September 1923
 Pip, Squeak & Wilfred, Their "Luvly" Adventures (1921) Stanley Paul & Co, London
 Pip and Squeak Annuals 1923-1939
 Wilfred's Annual 1924-1938
 Uncle Dick's (Competition) Annual 1930-1932
 Cartoons Details
 Under My Skin: Part One of My Autobiography. To 1949.  London: HarperCollins Publishers. (1994.)

British comic strips
1919 comics debuts
1956 comics endings
Humor comics
Text comics
Fantasy comics
Fictional dogs
Anthropomorphic dogs
Fictional rabbits and hares
Fictional penguins
British comics characters
Comics about dogs
Comics about penguins
Comics about rabbits and hares
Comics about animals
Comics adapted into animated series
Male characters in comics
Daily Mirror

Pip, Squeak and Wilfred


The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh. It is not clear who wrote the book, although most of the Jewish tradition believe it was Joshua, son of Nun. It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament) covering the history of Israel from the arrival in the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity.

It is not known when the Book was written, but it cannot have been written before roughly 1200 BC, as the events described in the book occur then. Some scholars believe it was written much later, perhaps in 550 BC, at the time of the Babylonian exile, when there was a desire to remember and retell their own history.

Summary
After the death of Moses, God put Joshua in charge of the people. Joshua sent two spies to spy on the city of Jericho. A woman prostitute called Rahab hid these two men and told the enemies they had already left. She hid them on top of her roof, underneath stalks of flax. The spies later promised that they would keep the oath that Joshua made with them.

Jericho fell when the people of Israel, instructed by God, circled around the wall of Jericho seven times and blew their ram's horns, and on the seventh time, they all shouted with a great shout, causing the wall to fall.

Joshua told the spies to go to Rahab's house and bring out her family and belongings. The spies did as they were told, as they kept the oath. Joshua saved Rahab's life, and she went to live in Israel.

Later, God told Joshua to invade the city of Ai. After they did this, the people of Gibeon tricked Joshua into a treaty.

However, three days later, the people of Israel realized that they really made a treaty with Gibeon's neighbors, the Hivites. The Hivities became cursed, but the people of Gibeon promised that they would do whatever the Israelites say.

After making peace with the Hivites, they went to lay siege to Gibeon. The Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua saying he needs to save the people of Gibeon. So, God killed many of the Amorites by making large hailstones. Then Joshua made the sun stay over Gibeon, and the moon over Ajalon. Joshua later got very old and died.

Quotes
No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so too I will be with you; I will not fail you nor forsake you. (1:5)

Decide today whom you will serve, the gods your ancestors worshipped in Mesopotamia or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are now living. As for my family and me, we will serve the LORD. (24:15)

Other websites
 Book of Joshua (KJV)
 Book of Joshua (NIV)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
7th-century BC books

Book of Joshua


Leon Isserlis (1881–1966) was a Russian-born British statistician known for his work on the exact distribution of sample moments, including Isserlis' theorem. He also brought to the attention of British statisticians the work of Russian mathematicians and statisticians, including Chebyshev and Chuprov.

He was born in Bohuslav near Kyiv in June 1881 and was a direct descendant of the eminent rabbi Moses Isserles. He moved to Britain when he was ten years old with his widowed mother, an elder brother and two sisters. He attended the City of London School and won an open scholarship to study mathematics at Christ's College, Cambridge. Upon leaving Cambridge in 1904 he was appointed head of mathematics at the West Ham Municipal Technical Institute (one of the forerunners of the University of East London). He also registered as a research student at University College London, where he studied under Karl Pearson, and was awarded a D.Sc. in 1916. In March 1920 he moved to become statistician to the Chamber of Shipping and remained there until his retirement in 1942, when his position as statistician was taken by Maurice Kendall.

In 1926 he wrote a review for the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of R. A. Fisher's seminal book Statistical Methods for Research Workers. The review was rather critical, particularly of Fisher's lack of references to earlier work by others such as Chebyshev.

He was a friend of Major Greenwood and worked with him on statistical issues for the Medical Research Council, although most of this work was anonymous and unpublished. He was also chairman of the Jewish Health Organization from 1931 to 1939. He served as secretary of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934–35 and again in 1944–45, and was awarded its Guy Medal in Silver in 1939.

References

External links

1881 births
1966 deaths
British statisticians
British Jews
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom

Leon Isserlis