The Southern Command (), often abbreviated to Padam (פד"מ), is a regional command of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). It is responsible for the Negev, the Arava, and Eilat. It is currently headed by Yaron Finkelman.

History
For many years the Southern Command was tasked with defending the Negev and securing the border on the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. The Southern Command led IDF troops in five wars against Egypt: the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Suez War, the Six-Day War, the War of Attrition, and the Yom Kippur War. This high operational activity and its demanding toll resulted in the Southern Command's Alufs (SCA) being replaced fairly rapidly. The most famous replacements took place in 1973, during the Yom Kippur War when Shmuel Gonen was suspended as the SCA due to repeated disputes with Ariel Sharon, who was the previous SCA. The government-appointed Haim Bar-Lev, who was the former Chief of the General Staff, as the new SCA in an emergency directive. After the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the southern front remained quiet and most of the activity centred on guarding the borders from smugglers and fluid security over the Gaza Strip.

During the Second Intifada, the Command was placed in charge-of counter-terrorist efforts. The Gaza Strip, one of the most densely populated places in the world, was known as a stronghold for extremist groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad, who engaged in Palestinian political violence. The local production and proliferation of light anti-tank weapons by these groups, made travel by lightly armored vehicles dangerous.

From 2004, the fighting in Gaza became especially intensive, and on the IDF's part, included targeted killings, short armored expeditions, and efforts to locate and destroy the smuggling tunnels used by Palestinian militant groups to obtain weapons.

During 2005, the Southern Command was involved in the unilateral Gaza disengagement plan, initiated by Ariel Sharon (Prime Minister of Israel, 2001–2006), which mainly entailed the removals of all Israeli settlements from the Gaza Strip and back to the Israeli side of the Green Line. The Command re-situated itself north of the Gaza fence, while the Philadelphi Route was given to Egypt, who did not, however, prevent the movement of thousands of Palestinians between the Gaza Strip and the Sinai through the city of Rafah. , the attempt to infiltrate Israel to perform suicide bombings and the launch of Qassam rockets, especially by Islamic Jihad and the Popular Resistance Committees, remains ongoing and is the central focus of the Southern Command.

Units

 Southern Command in Beersheba
 80th "Edom" (Territorial) Division
 143rd "Fire Fox" (Territorial) Division (former Gaza Division)
 162nd "Ha-Plada"/"Steel" Armor Division
 252nd "Sinai" (Reserve) Armor Division
 5005th "Southern Command" Logistic Support Unit (South West)
 5006th "Southern Command" Logistic Support Unit (South East)
 Southern Command Signal Battalion
 Southern Command Engineering Unit
 Southern Command Intelligence Unit
 Southern Command Military Police Unit
 Southern Command Medical Unit
 653rd Maintenance Center

Commanders

References

Southern Command (Israel)
Regional commands of Israel

Southern Command (Israel)


Punggol MRT/LRT Station (NE17/PTC) is an MRT and LRT Station in Singapore. It is an interchange station between North East MRT Line and Punggol LRT Line. These are connected with MRT/LRT stations around the Punggol area.

The station opened on 20 June 2003. It is the terminus station along the North East MRT Line. Waterway Point is located nearby.

Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Punggol MRT/LRT station


Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.

Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband.

During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became more distant from people. Some people thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.

1768 births
1830 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
James Monroe

Elizabeth Monroe


The Glacial till plains are a till plain landform in Northern Ohio, located near the shore of Lake Erie and produced by the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation. Since glacial till is highly fertile soil, agriculture on the glacial till plains is very productive.

The region has gently rolling moraine hills left over from the retreating glaciers, as well as small sandy ridges, which were formed as coastal dunes during periods in which Lake Erie was higher than it is today (14,000-12,000 years ago).

References

Landforms of Ohio
Regions of Ohio
Geology of Ohio

Glacial till plains (Ohio)


Charge could mean:
 Electric charge, the charge in electricity
 to take charge, or being in charge means to take or have authority and responsibility for decisions
 In firearms, to charge a weapon is to load it with a round and ready it for firing
 Charge (engine), the air or fuel/air mixture being fed into the intake in an internal combustion engine. Charge air usually refers to air that has not had fuel mixed with it.
 During the European Middle Ages, a charge (youth) often meant an underage person placed under the supervision of a nobleman
 Charge (warfare), a maneuver in battle where soldiers rush towards their enemy to engage in close combat
 In context of wartime operations, to charge with certain rights, such as guaranteeing persons held in custody are allowed those rights
 In money, a charge is any fee assessed, such as a charge for using an automatic teller machine (ATM), entering a museum, being late with a payment, etc.
 In basketball, a charge is an foul, called when an offensive player with the ball makes illegal contact with a defensive player who has legally established his position
CHARGE syndrome, birth defects in children
Charge card, similar to a credit card
 A pen spinning trick where the pen makes conic rotations between two fingers

In law:
A criminal charge is an indictment before a court by a prosecuting authority
A jury charge is are jury instructions given by a judge to a jury concerning the law applicable to the case under consideration
An equitable charge is a security interest similar in effect to a mortgage

Charge


Changi is a place in the east of Singapore. It has Changi Airport, Singapore Expo, Changi Air Base and Changi Naval Base.

History

Singapore had its international airport at Kallang and Paya Lebar. But it expanded so rapidly that the Singapore government worried about having not enough space for airport to grow bigger. There were many proposals for a new location and the Singapore government chose Changi in the end.

Other places in Changi

There are also other places in Changi, for example the Changi Prison, which had the Japanese Prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. These camps had the Allied powers prisoners staying there.

There is also the Changi Air Base, Changi Naval Base, Changi Point Ferry Terminal and Changi Ferry Terminal.

Changi


In astrodynamics, orbital eccentricity shows how much the shape of an object's orbit is different from a circle.

Eccentricity () is defined for all circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits. It can take the following values:
for circular orbits:  is equal to zero,
for elliptical orbits:  is more than zero but less than 1,
for parabolic trajectories:  is equal to 1,
for hyperbolic trajectories:  is more than 1.

Finding eccentricity
Here is a formula to find eccentricity:

Where eobj is the eccentricity, ra is the apoapsis (far point) of the object's orbit, and rp is the periapsis (near point) of the object's orbit. The near and far points are the apsides.

Orbits

Orbital eccentricity


The Fondaco dei Turchi (Venetian: Fontego dei Turchi, ) is a Veneto-Gothic style palazzo, later on named as the Turks' Inn, on the Grand Canal of Venice, northeast Italy.

It was described by Augustus Hare in the 19th century as "a Byzantine palace of the 9th century, and one of the earliest buildings, not ecclesiastical, in Venice. .... A few years ago it was one of the most unique and curious buildings in Europe, and the most important specimen of Italo-Byzantine architecture, but it was modernised and almost rebuilt by the ... government in 1869".

Early history

The palace was constructed in the first half of the 13th century by Giacomo Palmier, an exile from Pesaro. The Venetian Republic purchased it in 1381 for Niccolò II d'Este, the Marquess of Ferrara. During its early history, the palazzo also served as a residence to many visiting dignitaries.

Turkish quarters
From the early 17th century through to 1838, the fondaco served as a residence for Venice's Ottoman Turkish population (thus "dei Turchi"). The fondaco (from Arab: fonduk) then served as a combination home, warehouse, and market for the Turkish traders, as the Fondaco dei Tedeschi served as headquarters and restricted living quarters for German foreigners.

A number of restrictions were placed on the fondaco and its residents, including certain times one was able to enter and leave the fondaco, as well as on trading. Among other things, Venetian Turks imported wax, crude oil, and wool to the city.  After the Venetian Republic was conquered and abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797, the Turkish traders continued to live in the palazzo until 1838.  The building was in a very bad state by the mid-19th century, and was completely restored between 1860 and 1880. Some innovations have been added to the original Veneto-Byzantine design: for example, there were originally no towers on either side.

Today
From 1890 to 1923, the area was home to the Museo Correr collection, which was moved to the Procuratie Nuove and Ala Napoleonica museums, at the Piazza San Marco, after 1923. Today, the area houses the Natural History Museum of Venice, with historical collections of flora and fauna, fossils, and an aquarium.

See also
Venetian Ghetto
Fondaco dei Tedeschi

Notes

References

Houses completed in the 13th century
Dei Turchi
Dei Turchi
Museums in Venice
Ottoman Empire–Republic of Venice relations
Republic of Venice
Geography of Venice

Fondaco dei Turchi


Christopher (; 1341 – 11 June 1363), Duke of Lolland, was the son of King Valdemar IV of Denmark and his wife, Helvig of Schleswig. Christopher was appointed duke in 1359 and also was selected to succeed as king.

He was first mentioned in 1354–55, and in 1358 was sent by his father to Nyborg to negotiate with representatives of the rebellious Jutes. He became involved in government decisions, and was appointed Duke of Lolland. He also entitled himself as the True Heir of Danes and Slavs.
Christopher actively participated in the war for reconquest of Scania which his father had initiated. Christopher was injured during the Battle of Helsingborg in 1362. German chronicles are not clear about what weapon inflicted the prince's mortal wound, but according to Swedish Henrik Smith's chronicle from the early 16th century Christopher was hit by a rock while fighting at sea. According to Nordisk familjebok, Christopher was shot in the head with a rock and subsequently suffered from a mental disorder.

Christopher died from an illness the following year in Copenhagen. Although his death is often attributed to his war wounds it is unknown to what extent his injuries actually contributed to the illness.

Instead being buried at Sorø Abbey with his father and mother, he was buried in Roskilde Cathedral with his sister Margaret I of Denmark.
His tomb was originally commissioned in Central Europe, and depicts the alabaster effigy of a young knight in full armor studded with jewels and surrounded by the heraldic shields of Denmark, Halland and Lolland. The tomb is empty as the prince is probably buried beneath the church floor.
The alabaster tomb visible today was restored in 1879 by sculptor Vilhelm Bissen from fragmentary pieces after being destroyed during the Reformation.

References

Other sources
 Jörgensen Ellen: Valdemar Atterdag. Utvalg af kilder. Copenhagen 1911.

 Nordisk familjebok (1911), band 14, s. 1453–1454 (länk)

House of Estridsen
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Danish princes
1341 births
1363 deaths
Dukes of Lolland
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
People from Helsingør Municipality
Sons of kings

Christopher, Duke of Lolland


Faith Like Potatoes is a 2006 South African biographical drama film based on the 1998 book written by Angus Buchan, "Faith Like Potatoes". It is written and directed by Regardt van den Bergh, and stars Frank Rautenbach, Jeanne Wilhelm, Hamilton Dhlamini, and Sean Cameron Michael. The film follows Buchan and his family's move from Zambia to South Africa and chronicles his Christian faith throughout that time.

Plot

When Angus Buchan, a white Zambian farmer of Scottish origin, emigrates to escape political unrest and worrying land reforms, he looks south for a better life. With nothing more than a trailer in the untamed bush, and help from his Zulu foreman, Simeon Bhengu, the Buchan family struggles to settle in their new homeland. Faced with ever-mounting challenges, hardships and personal turmoil, Buchan quickly spirals down into a life consumed by anger, fear and destruction. Finally, his wife convinces him to attend a local church, where the religious testimony of other farmers influence his decision to give his life to Jesus Christ. His outlook takes a complete turnaround, and supernatural occurrences begin to happen when Angus prays in faith. He begins giving his testimony in different towns, and eventually gathers thousands of people in Kings Park Stadium for a time of unified prayer for the nation and for the land.

Traditionally a maize and cattle farmer, Buchan decides to plant potatoes. Scientists had warned the farmers not to plant that season unless they had irrigation. Because of the unprecedented drought, planting potatoes would be a massive risk. Believing he is led by the Lord, he plants potatoes in the dry dust. When harvest time comes, there is a crop of giant potatoes.

Production
Faith Like Potatoes was produced by Frans Cronje from Global Creative Studios. Most of the filming took place at Shalom Farm, the famous Buchan farm in Kwa-Zulu Natal.

Release and reception
The movie opened in cinemas in South Africa on 27 October 2006.

Faith Like Potatoes was shown at several small film festivals including the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival and the Australian International Film Festival. It was especially well received by Christian organizations, and won the audience choice award at the 2006 Sabaoth International Film Festival held in Milan, Italy.

Ted Baehr, chairman of the Christian Film and Television Commission, described the film as "Fireproof on steroids."

Soundtrack
A soundtrack consisting of the songs played in this movie has been released, with the score by Grant Innes McLachlan. The title song for the movie, A New Day, was written and performed by South African artist Joe Niemand.

Home Media
Faith Like Potatoes was released on DVD, December 2006 in South Africa, as well as in Australia, Italy, Germany and the UK. Sony Pictures released the DVD in April 2009 in North America and worldwide in July 2009.

References

External links
Official Movie Website
Official DVD website
Faith like Potatoes at the Internet Movie Database

2006 films
2006 biographical drama films
2000s English-language films
English-language South African films
Zulu-language films
Films about Christianity
Films about evangelicalism
Films directed by Regardt van den Bergh
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in South Africa
Films set in Zambia
South African biographical drama films
2006 drama films

Faith like Potatoes


William of Ockham was a Franciscan friar who lived in the 14th century. He was born around 1285, in Ockham, Surrey, England, and died April 9, 1347 in Munich. He was a scholastic  philosopher and theologian. He is most famous for inventing Occam's razor. He wrote about logic, epistemology, natural philosophy, political philosophy, metaphysics and ethics.

William of Ockham went to school at the University of Oxford, where he studied theology. After he graduated, he became a teacher of philosophy at the school. However, the Church did not like the ideas he was teaching, and brought him to court on charges of heresy in 1327. Because he was afraid he would be executed, William of Ockham fled the school and spent the rest of his life living with a group of friars who also did not like the large power that the Church had.

1280s births
1347 deaths
English philosophers
English Roman Catholics
English theologians
Franciscans
Writers from Surrey
14th-century works

William of Ockham


In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is "out of control," when prices increase very fast as money loses its value.

One example of hyperinflation is in Germany in the 1920s. In 1922, the largest bank note was 50,000 Reichsmark, In 1923 the largest bank note was 100,000,000,000,000 Mark. In December of 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar. These bank notes were so worthless that people would burn them in fires to keep them warm. The notes would burn longer than the amount of wood you could buy with them. Sometimes the rate of inflation was so high that prices doubled every two days. The Rentenmark was introduced to stop this problem. The exchange rate was set at 4.2 Rentenmarks to 1 US Dollar.

In Zimbabwe, the inflation rate was 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

References

Inflation

Hyperinflation


Panzanella  or panmolle  is a Tuscan and Umbrian chopped salad of soaked stale bread, onions and tomatoes that is popular in the summer. It often includes cucumbers, sometimes basil and is dressed with olive oil and vinegar.

It is also popular in other parts of central Italy.

History
The 16th-century artist and poet Bronzino sings the praises of onions with oil and vinegar served with toast and, a page later, speaks of a salad of onions, purslane, and cucumbers.  This is often interpreted as a description of panzanella.

The name is believed to be a portmanteau of "pane", Italian for bread, and "zanella", a deep plate in which it is served.

Ingredients

Panzanella was based on onions, not tomatoes, until the 20th century.

Modern panzanella is generally made of stale bread soaked in water and squeezed dry, red onions, tomatoes, olive oil, vinegar, salt, and pepper.  Cucumbers and basil are often added.

Other ingredients—lettuce, olives, mozzarella, white wine, capers, anchovies, celery, carrots, red wine, tuna, parsley, boiled eggs, mint, bell peppers, lemon juice, and garlic—are sometimes used, but Florentine traditionalists disapprove of them.

See also
 Fattoush, a Levantine bread salad
 List of bread dishes
 List of Italian dishes
 List of salads

References

Further reading

Cuisine of Tuscany
Bread salads

Panzanella


Albuquerque (also known by locals as Duke City or ABQ) is the largest city in the state of New Mexico and is the seat of Bernalillo County. It has a population of 559,277 as of 2016, making it the 32nd largest city proper in the United States.

The city was founded as Alburquerque in 1706, and is notable for its mix of European, Hispanic, and Native American populations and cultures. Albuquerque is located on the Río Grande.

Interstate 40 and Interstate 25 meet at an interchange known as the Big I, and U.S. Route 66 used to run through Albuquerque along Central Avenue.

Events held in Albuquerque include:

Gathering of Nations, the largest pow-wow in North America
Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, the largest hot air balloon festival in the world

The popular TV show Breaking Bad was set in Albuquerque between 2008 and 2010.

Climate
Albuquerque's climate is semi-arid. During the summer temperatures average highs in the 80s to 100s in degrees Fahrenheit (30s and 40s in degrees Celsius) and lows in the 60s and 70s ºF (10s and 20s ºC). During the winter temperatures average highs in the 40s and 50s ºF (0s and 10s ºC) and lows in the 20s and 30s ºF (-0s and 0s ºC).

References

1700s establishments in North America
1706 establishments
18th-century establishments in New Spain

County seats in New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico


Sir Henry Fielding Dickens, KC (16 January 1849 – 21 December 1933) was an English barrister, who served as a KC and Common Serjeant of London. He was the eighth of ten children born to English author Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine, and the last surviving child of Dickens.

Early life

Baptised in St Marylebone Parish Church in London on 21 April 1849, Henry Fielding Dickens was named after Henry Fielding, one of his father's favourite authors. His father had originally thought to name him after Oliver Goldsmith, but thinking that his son would constantly be teased as "Oliver asking for more", he changed his mind. His family nicknames were 'H', 'Mr Harry', and 'Mr H'. While a boy living at Gads Hill Place, his father's country home, he, with his brother Edward, started the 'Gad's Hill Gazette', a family newspaper printed on a small printing press given to him by Mr Wills, the sub-editor of All the Year Round. His father, Charles Dickens, and Henry Fothergill Chorley were contributors. Dickens was educated at Wimbledon School at Wimbledon and at Mr Gibson's boarding school in Boulogne-sur-Mer, along with his brothers Alfred and Sydney. He became the only one of Dickens's seven sons to attend university.

Legal career

He attended Trinity Hall, Cambridge, from 1868, graduating BA in mathematics (29th Wrangler) in 1872 before studying law at the university. Of that period at Cambridge, Dickens later wrote:

Looking back now upon the years that are gone, I find that there are one or two scenes or incidents which arise with astonishing vividness to my mind that may be worth recording ... I hope it will not be thought that I tell this story vaingloriously, as it was but a small matter so far as I was concerned. Nothing is farther from my thoughts. I do so because it is typical of a strange reticence on [my father's] part, an intense dislike of 'letting himself go' in private life or of using language which might be deemed strained or over-effusive; though, as will be seen later, when he was deeply moved he was at no pains to hide the depth of his emotion. Thus it came about that, though his children knew he was devotedly attached to them, there was still a kind of reserve on his part which seemed occasionally to come as a cloud between us and which I never quite understood.

In the year 1869, after I had been at college about a year, I was fortunate enough to gain one of the principal scholarships at Trinity Hall, Cambridge – not a great thing, only 50 pounds a year; but I knew that this success, slight as it was, would give him intense pleasure, so I went to meet him at Higham Station upon his arrival from London to tell him of it. As he got out of the train I told him the news. He said, 'Capital! capital!' – nothing more. Disappointed to find that he received the news apparently so lightly, I took my seat beside him in the pony carriage he was driving. Nothing more happened until we had got half-way to Gad's Hill, when he broke down completely. Turning towards me with tears in his eyes and giving me a warm grip of the hand, he said, 'God bless you, my boy; God bless you!' That pressure of the hand I can feel now as distinctly as I felt it then, and it will remain as strong and real until the day of my death.

In 1873 he was called to the bar, and in 1892 he was appointed Queen's Counsel.  In 1899, he became a bencher of the Inner Temple. Sir Henry's best recalled case was his defence of Kitty Byron for the murder of her lover in 1902.  Although she was convicted, Dickens's defence was so spirited that she was given a reduced prison sentence due to public petition.

For some years he was the Recorder for Deal and Maidstone in Kent. His interests included fencing, and he was the first President of the Chatham Yachting Club. He succeeded Sir Frederick Albert Bosanquet as Common Serjeant of London in November 1917, an ancient office first recorded in 1291 with the appointment of Thomas Juvenal, and the second most senior judicial position at the Old Bailey after the Recorder of London. As Common Serjeant, Dickens judged criminal trials at the Old Bailey for over 15 years, retiring on 18 October 1932. He was succeeded by Cecil Whiteley, KC.

On one occasion, Dickens was judging a case when the male prisoner interrupted him by saying "You ain't a patch on your father." "I quite agree with you. What do you know of my father?" Dickens replied. The prisoner, who had spent most of his life in prison, answered "Well, I have read some in prison." "Have you?", Dickens replied, "That's capital; for you will now have eighteen months in which to resume your studies." He repeatedly refused nominations for election to Parliament, believing it would adversely affect his legal practice.

Later years
At family Christmas gatherings at his home at 8 Mulberry Walk in London, he performed imitations of his father giving his famous "Readings", during which he would wear a geranium, his father's favourite flower, and lean on the same velvet-covered reading stand used by Charles Dickens during his reading tours. He had listened to his father many times, and older members of his audience said Henry Dickens's performances were amazingly like those given by his father. To celebrate his eightieth birthday in 1929 he went through the whole of A Christmas Carol without a hitch, his false teeth loosening at the melodramatic sections: 'I know him – Marley's ghosht!'.

From October 1914 he performed the recitals of his father's works in support of the Red Cross Society. These included excerpts from David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol, The Chimes, and The Cricket on the Hearth. Through his efforts he raised £1,200 for the Society. He was a Life President of the Dickens Fellowship.

Personal life

Henry 'Harry' Dickens married Marie Roche (1852–1940), the daughter of Monsieur Antonin Roche, and the granddaughter of Czech Jewish composer and piano virtuoso Ignaz Moscheles, on 25 October 1876, in Portman Square in London; they had four sons and three daughters together. Within the Dickens family the couple were known as 'The Guvnor' and 'The Mater'. Their son Philip Charles Dickens is buried beside them in Putney Vale Cemetery in London, while a second son, Henry Charles Dickens, was the father of the author Monica Dickens. Henry Charles was a long serving member of Kensington Council in London where he was very active in improving housing in the poorer part of the borough after World War II; a block of flats in North Kensington is named after him. On his retirement when the borough was amalgamated with Chelsea in 1955 he was created an honorary Freeman. A third son, Cedric 'Ceddy' Dickens, fell in action at the Battle of the Somme in World War I.

Dickens was also the father of Admiral Sir Gerald Charles Dickens and the grandfather of Cedric Charles Dickens, an author and the steward of Charles Dickens's literary legacy. He is the great-grandfather of actor and performer Gerald Dickens and the great-great-grandfather of biographer and writer Lucinda Hawksley and actor Harry Lloyd.

Dickens was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1922, and retired in August 1932. He died at St. Luke's Hospital, Chelsea, in 1933, five days after being hit by a motorcyclist while crossing Chelsea Embankment at his usual place and by his usual method of warning motorists by holding up his walking stick and stepping out into the road. He was the last surviving child of Charles Dickens.

Henry Fielding Dickens was buried in Putney Vale Cemetery.

See also
 Dickens family

References

Publications
Memories of My Father Gollancz, London (1928)
The Recollections of Sir Henry Dickens, K.C. William Heinemann Ltd (1934).

External links
Excerpt from Memories of My Father
Photographs of Dickens in the New York Public Library Digital Gallery
Portraits of Dickens in the National Portrait Gallery

1849 births
1933 deaths
English barristers
English lawyers
20th-century King's Counsel
English King's Counsel
Members of the Inner Temple
Common Serjeants of London
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in London
Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery
Charles Dickens

Henry Fielding Dickens


Bié is a province of Angola. It is on the Bié Plateau in central part of country. The capital is Kuito. There are about 800,000 people.

The climate of Bié is fresh.  The large amount of rainfall makes possible the culture of corn, sugar cane, rice, coffee and peanuts. The ground is one of the most fertile of Angola.

The Cuanza River flows through the province.

Civil War

Bié was greatly affected by the Civil War. Agriculture stopped in several areas.  Some of the rural population fled to the cities. The province capital Kuito was partly destroyed by bombing.

Provinces of Angola

Bié Province


David Belden Lyman (July 28, 1803 – October 4, 1884) was an early American missionary to Hawaii who opened a boarding school for Hawaiians. His wife Sarah Joiner Lyman (1805–1885) taught at the boarding school and kept an important journal. They had several notable descendants.

Family life
David Belden Lyman was born in on July 28, 1803, in Hartford, Connecticut. from a family with a long Puritan history. He attended Lenox Academy and Williams College from 1824 to 1828. He then went to Andover Seminary and graduated and was ordained on October 12, 1831. He married Sarah Joiner (1806–1885) on November 2, 1831. Only a few days later they sailed from Massachusetts in the fifth company of missionaries from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to Hawaii. They reached Honolulu in May 1832.

They had eight children including sons David Brainerd (1833–1836), Henry Munson (1835–1904), Frederick Swartz (1837–1918), another David Brainerd (1840–1914), Rufus Anderson (1842–1910), and Francis Ogden (1847–1915). Daughters were Ellen Elizabeth (1845–1868) and Emma Washburn (1849–1934).

David Belden Lyman died in Hilo, Hawaii on October 4, 1884. Sarah died on December 7, 1885.

Hilo
After arriving in Honolulu, they were assigned to work at the mission in Hilo under Reverend Joseph Goodrich.
The Scottish botanist and explorer David Douglas stayed with the Lymans between his historic climb to the summit of Mauna Loa, and his death exploring Mauna Kea in 1834. Mrs. Lyman made a note in her diary about the unusual customs of drinking hot coffee, tea, and "English dinners".
Sarah Joiner Lyman's journal recorded earthquakes felt in Hilo and volcanic eruptions of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. It was used as an informative record on the frequency and strength of tremors and of volcanic activity for subsequent researchers.  Mrs. Lyman kept it between 1833 and her death in 1885, and it was later maintained by other members of the Lyman family up to 1917. The journal was referenced during Mrs. Lyman's lifetime by members of the United States Exploring Expedition in 1840.
She also published a letter in the American Journal of Science.

Titus Coan and his wife Fidelia arrived in 1836 and officially took over preaching duties at the Haili church. However, Rev. Coan was often traveling through nearby districts, and Lyman continued to run the church during these trips.
Lorrin Andrews had established the Lahainaluna Seminary in 1831, but primary and secondary schools were also needed on each island. The small school that had operated since 1828 in Hilo could only handle about 60-70 students.
The Lymans founded the Hilo Boarding School in 1836 with a grant of $500. After the first year, only $140 of the grant was spent on two grass huts for only about 12 boarders.  By 1837, six graduates were sent to the seminary and the school continued to expand.

In 1838, the students were put to work on another project: building a new wood-framed building for the school and a house for the Lyman family.
Mrs. Lyman opened a school for girls in 1839. Students tended a garden to grow their own food, and to raise some cash crops to support expenses. By 1840 thousands of pounds of sugar and molasses were being produced each year.

Before any hotels were built in Hilo, they often welcomed visitors into their home.
Chester Lyman, a distant cousin who was a professor from England, visited in 1846.

In 1846, King Kamehameha III granted the school water rights to the Wailuku River. In 1848 the school was officially incorporated, and the Great Mahele formally acknowledged property of . Dr. Charles Wetmore became the first doctor in Hilo and taught some classes at the school, moving into the former house of the Lymans. By 1849 the Lahaina seminary became a government public school (as it is today), and the Hilo school shifted its emphasis to educating teachers and other vocations. The Lymans enforced strict discipline, dismissing students at a high rate because of the large demand to be admitted. However, the native population kept declining due to epidemics and emigration.

In 1853, despite Lyman's protest, instruction in the English language was added to that in the Hawaiian language. On November 2, 1853, the school and church were destroyed by a fire. There were no deaths and only one serious injury; arson was suspected.
Local businessmen such as Pitman raised funds to rebuild, aided by an appropriation of the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
An entire ship-load of lumber from the west coast of North America was purchased. It went into building a new wood-framed church, new boarding school buildings, and a new wing and second floor on the house to accommodate the growing family. The third and final school campus opened in 1856 about  inland from the church and Lyman house.

Lyman retired as head of the school in 1873. Native Hawaiian Reverend J. Makaimoko Naeole next became Principal for about five years. William Brewster Oleson (1851–1915) was principal from 1878 to 1886, when he was called upon to organize the Kamehameha Schools as a similar boarding school, using the resources of the vast Bernice Pauahi Bishop estate.
Author Isabella Bird stayed with the Lymans and Coans during her stay in Hilo during the 1870s, and published a book about her experiences.

Legacy

The school became the first building with electricity in Hilo when a dynamo was installed on the river in 1892. They would later sell the power to the new company formed by the Lymans' son.
Similar "manual training" schools would become popular on the mainland many years after the Hilo school.  Samuel C. Armstrong (1839–1893), Hawaii-born son of Richard Armstrong, the Minister of Education in Hawaii during the Lyman period, founded what is now Hampton University in Virginia in 1867 based on this model.

Henry Munson Lyman graduated from Williams College in 1858 and became a physician in the American Civil War, then married Sarah K. Clark and moved to Chicago. In 1870 he joined the faculty of Rush Medical College, and published medical books and articles. He died in Evanston, Illinois November 21, 1904. He wrote a book on his childhood in Hawaii.

Frederick Swartz Lyman, born July 25, 1837, married Isabella Chamberlain, daughter of Levi Chamberlain, another missionary, on February 16, 1861, and had 6 children. He died in Hilo on April 14, 1918.

Frederick's son Levi C. Lyman served 25 years as principal of the Hilo Boarding School, from 1897 to 1922.
After a fire in 1927 destroyed the original 1856 building, Levi Lyman phased out church control of the school in favor of public schools of the Territory of Hawaii. During World War II the dormitories were used by the military, and were finally torn down in the 1960s.

David Brainerd Lyman was born March 27, 1840, and named for missionary David Brainerd. He moved to the U.S. and served in the Civil War, graduated from Yale in 1864 and Harvard law school in 1866.  He married Mary Cossitt in 1870 and became a lawyer in Chicago where he helped develop the village of La Grange, Illinois, serving as the first village attorney. He named a street "Waiola Avenue" which means "Water of Life" in the Hawaiian language.
He returned to visit in 1910, and died April 8, 1914, in Chicago.

Rufus Anderson Lyman born on June 23, 1842, was probably named after Rufus Anderson who was foreign secretary of the mission board and visited the mission in 1863, married Chinese-Hawaiian Rebecca Brickwood, became a local politician and judge, and had fifteen children. He died July 5, 1910.

Francis Ogden Lyman was born August 6, 1847. He moved to the U.S. in 1866, graduated from Harvard in 1871 and married Ruth Charlotte Dana (daughter of Richard Henry Dana Jr.) in 1876. He became a lawyer in Chicago with his brother David, and died December 16, 1915.

Emma Washburn Lyman, born September 16, 1849, married Samuel Whitney Wilcox (1847–1929), son of missionary Abner Wilcox (1808–1869) on October 7, 1874. He was a politician and businessman on the island of Kauai.
She died July 28, 1934.

The original Lyman house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1978. The restored house and a modern addition was opened to the public as part of the Lyman House Memorial Museum in 1931.

Family tree

References

Further reading

  (Author is a great-great-grandson of Sarah Joiner and David Belden Lyman)

1803 births
1884 deaths
Congregationalist missionaries in Hawaii
American Congregationalist missionaries
Williams College alumni
People from Hartford, Connecticut
American expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom
Missionary educators

David Belden Lyman


Peter Seiffert (born 4 January 1954) is a German tenor.

Biography

Born in Düsseldorf, Seiffert studied at the Musikhochschule in Düsseldorf and made his debut in 1978 at the Deutschen Oper am Rhein, Düsseldorf/Duisburg. In 1979, he was awarded a second place in the Deutscher Musikwettbewerb (German Music Competition), and appeared on the TV show Anneliese Rothenberger gibt sich die Ehre (Anneliese Rothenberger has the honour [of meeting ...]).

In 1986, he married the soprano Lucia Popp, 15 years his senior. She died in 1993, after which he married another soprano, Petra-Maria Schnitzer.

He established his career at the Bayreuth Festival, regularly appearing in the title role of Lohengrin, which he last performed in 2005 with his wife Schnitzer in the role of Elsa. In 2003 he was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording, for his performance of Tannhäuser, under Daniel Barenboim. Today, he is a sought-after Heldentenor, singing many of the title roles of Wagner's best-known operas.

Sources
Most of the information in this article is taken from the German Wikipedia article.

External links

Biography at the Bayerischen Staatsoper

German operatic tenors
1954 births
Living people
Musicians from Düsseldorf
Österreichischer Kammersänger
20th-century German  male opera singers
21st-century German  male opera singers
Robert Schumann Hochschule alumni
Grammy Award winners

Peter Seiffert


A Japanese dragon, also known as  is a mythical animal from Japan.

Like other creatures called dragons, the Ryū is a big, fantastic animal that looks similar to a serpent, and is related to the Chinese lóng and the Korean yong. Like all these Asian dragons, it is shown without wings, has legs with claws, and usually lives in the ocean, the clouds, or heavens. Japanese dragons do not fly as often as the Chinese one, which is the reason why they usually appear much more like serpents. The ryū in art has only three toes, instead of the lóng's five or the yong's four.

Japanese dragons usually live in the sea. This is because Japan is an island, and the sea is present in most of its geography.

Ryū originated from China and is one of the four creatures from heavens of Japanese mythology (the other three are the phoenix, turtle and tiger). It has often been the symbol of the Emperor or of a hero.

Dragons in Japanese mythology

In Japanese mythology, one of the first dragons is the Yamata-no-Orochi, a very big serpent with eight heads and eight tails. The serpent ate girls, and it was killed by Susanoo after Susanoo tricked the creature into becoming drunk on sake.

Dragons in later Japanese folklore were often good, perhaps because of influence from Chinese culture. In Urashima Tarō, the main character rescues a turtle which turns out to be the son of Ryūjin, the dragon king of the ocean.

Related pages
 Japanese mythology

Dragons
Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology

Japanese dragon


Energy drinks are beverages whose producers say they can "can boost energy". This claim has to do with vitamins and stimulants in these drinks. Examples of energy drinks are Red Bull and Monster Energy. They are usually well liked by young people. 66 percent of energy drink sales are to people between the ages of 14 and 35.

Soft drinks

Energy drink


The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR) enshrines certain political, social, and economic rights for European Union (EU) citizens and residents into EU law. It was drafted by the European Convention and solemnly proclaimed on 7 December 2000 by the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Commission. However, its then legal status was uncertain and it did not have full legal effect until the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009.

The Charter forms part of the area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) policy domain of the EU. It applies to all the bodies of the European Union and the Euratom which must act and legislate in accordance with its provisions, as the EU's courts will invalidate any EU legislation or ruling assessed as non-compliant with the Charter.

The EU member states are also bound by the Charter when engaged in implementation of the European Union law. However, Poland has been granted a partial opt-out from enforcement of the CFR in spite of participating in the AFSJ; in contrast, Denmark and Ireland have fully adopted the Charter, in spite of having been granted opt-outs from the AFSJ (a general and a partial one, respectively).

Background

The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome) did not include any reference to fundamental or human rights. The EEC Treaty was written a few years after the failure of the European Defence Community Treaty and the European Political Community Treaty. The latter treaty had included rights provisions and Craig and de Búrca argue that, in light of that failure, the drafters of the EEC Treaty wished to eschew any implicitly political elements. However, the idea that the purely economic end of the new EEC Treaty would be unlikely to have any implications for fundamental rights was soon to be tested.

Court cases
Soon after the entry into force of the EEC Treaty, the Community established itself as a major political entity with policy ramifications beyond its economic aims. In 1964, the European Court of Justice handed down its decision in Costa v ENEL, in which the Court decided that Union law should take precedence over conflicting national law. This meant that national governments could not escape what they had agreed to at a European level by enacting conflicting domestic measures, but it also potentially meant that the EEC legislator could legislate unhindered by the restrictions imposed by fundamental rights provisions enshrined in the constitutions of member states. This issue came to a head in 1970 in the Internationale Handelsgesellschaft case when a German court ruled that a piece of EEC legislation infringed the German Basic Law. On a reference from the German court, the ECJ ruled that whilst the application of Union law could not depend on its consistency with national constitutions, fundamental rights did form an "integral part of the general principles of [European Community] law" and that inconsistency with fundamental rights could form the basis of a successful challenge to a European law.

In ruling as it did in Internationale Handelsgesellschaft the ECJ had in effect created a doctrine of unwritten rights which bound the Community institutions. While the court's fundamental rights jurisprudence was approved by the institutions in 1977 and a statement to that effect was inserted into the Maastricht Treaty. It was only in 1999 that the European Council formally went about the initiating the process of drafting a codified catalogue of fundamental rights for the EU.

Proclamation
In 1999 the European Council proposed that a "body composed of representatives of the Heads of State and Government and of the President of the Commission as well as of members of the European Parliament and national parliaments" should be formed to draft a fundamental rights charter. On being constituted in December of that year the "body" entitled itself the European Convention.

The Convention adopted the draft on 2 October 2000 and it was solemnly proclaimed by the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Commission on 7 December 2000. It was at the same time, however, decided to defer making a decision on the Charter's legal status. However, it did come with the political weight of having been approved by three powerful institutions and as such was regularly cited by the ECJ as a source of fundamental rights.

Legal force
A modified Charter formed part of the defunct European Constitution (2004). After that treaty's failure, its replacement, the Lisbon Treaty (2007), also gave force to the Charter albeit by referencing it as an independent document rather than by incorporating it into the treaty itself. However, both the version included in the Constitution and the one referenced in the Lisbon Treaty were amended versions of the Charter.

On the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding proposed that Commissioners should swear to uphold all EU treaties and the Charter. On 3 May 2010, the European Commission swore a solemn declaration at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg, pledging to respect the EU Treaties and to be completely independent in carrying out their duties during their mandate. For the first time, the Commissioners also explicitly pledged to respect the new Charter of Fundamental Rights.

Several states insisted upon an opt-out from national application of the charter (see below for details).

Legal status

Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 the fundamental rights charter has the same legal value as the European Union treaties. The Charter referred to in the Treaty is an amended version of the 2000 document which was solemnly declared by the same three institutions a day before the signing of the Lisbon Treaty itself.

Article 51(1) of the Charter addresses the Charter to the EU's institutions, bodies established under EU law and, when implementing EU laws, the EU's member states. In addition both Article 6 of the amended Treaty of European Union and Article 51(2) of the Charter itself restrict the Charter from extending the competences of the EU. A consequence of this is that the EU will not be able to legislate to vindicate a right set out in the Charter unless the power to do such is set out in the Treaties proper. Furthermore, individuals will not be able to take a member state to court for failing to uphold the rights in the Charter unless the member state in question was implementing EU law. It is this last point that has been subject to the most debate.

The Charter is not the first attempt to place human rights principles at the core of European Union law. All EU member states are, and candidate states are required to be, signatories to the Council of Europe's European Convention on Human Rights, so that many principles from the convention, such as the right to a fair trial, were taken as the baseline for European Court of Justice jurisprudence even before their formal reiteration in Charter. In interpreting the human rights protections provided by the general principles of EU law (described in the Court cases section above), the ECJ had already dealt with the issue of whether the rights protected by those general principles applied to member states. Having ruled in Johnston v Royal Ulster Constabulary that a right to fair procedures was one of the general principles of EU law, in Kremzow v Austria the ECJ had to decide whether or not a member state was obliged to apply that principle in relation to a wrongful conviction for murder. Kremzow's lawyers argued that his case came within the scope of EU law on the grounds that his wrongful conviction and sentence had breached his right to free movement within the EU. The ECJ responded by saying that since the laws under which Kremzow had been convicted were not enacted to secure compliance with EU law, his predicament fell outside the scope of EU law.

The wording in Kremzow v Austria, referring to the "field of application of EU law", differs from the wording in the Charter which refers to the implementation of EU law. However, the amended explanatory memorandum issued alongside the Charter in 2007 describes the wording used in the Charter as reflecting ECJ precedent.

In 2019, the German Federal Constitutional Court established in Recht auf Vergessen II that it applies the Charter as the standard of review for matters regarding EU law and its national implementation, under the premise that the Charter offers sufficiently effective protection of relevant fundamental rights when compared to the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.

The British and Polish protocol

In the negotiations leading up to the signing to the Lisbon Treaty, Poland and the United Kingdom secured a protocol to the treaty relating to the application of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights in their respective countries.

The protocol, in article 1(1) states that the "Charter does not extend the ability of the Court of Justice of the European Union, or any court or tribunal of Poland or of the United Kingdom, to find that the laws, regulations or administrative provisions, practices or actions of Poland or of the United Kingdom are inconsistent with the fundamental rights, freedoms and principles that it reaffirms." Article 1(2) then says that the Title IV of the Charter, which contains economic and social rights, does not create justiciable rights, unless Poland and the UK have provided for such rights in their national laws.

Poland and the United Kingdom wanted the protocol for different reasons. The United Kingdom originally opposed a legally binding charter over concerns that it would result in a stream of British citizens going to the European Court of Justice in attempts to enforce their Charter rights in the United Kingdom, and in increased costs for business. While the British accepted a legally binding rights charter during the negotiations of the failed European Constitution, they negotiated a protocol during the Lisbon negotiations which, according to the then British Minister for Europe, would ensure that the Charter would not extend the powers of the European Court of Justice over United Kingdom law. Poland, on the other hand, disliked what it perceived as the Charter's liberal stance on social issues, and so in September 2007 the Polish government indicated that they wished to be included in the British protocol.

There is considerable debate concerning the legal effect of the protocol. One view, shared by Jan Jirásek, is that the protocol is an opt-out that excludes the application of the Charter to Poland and the United Kingdom. Another, shared by Ingolf Pernice, is that the protocol is only an interpretive one which will either have limited or no legal consequence. Craig and de Burcá argue that the protocol is merely declaratory. It says that the "Charter does not extend the ability" of the ECJ or other court to overturn British or Polish law, but the ECJ already had the power to do this in any case. Accordingly, the Protocol is "unlikely that it will have any significant effect in practice."

In NS v Home Secretary, the ECJ ruled that Article 1(1) of the protocol "explains Article 51 of the Charter with regard to the scope thereof and does not intend to exempt the Republic of Poland or the United Kingdom from the obligation to comply with the provisions of the Charter or to prevent a court of one of those Member States from ensuring compliance with those provisions."

Under section 5(4) of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, the Charter of Fundamental Rights was not retained in British law after its exit from the EU.

Proposed Czech protocol
During the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon, Czech President Václav Klaus expressed concern that the Charter would allow families of Germans who were expelled from territory in modern-day Czech Republic after the Second World War to challenge the expulsion before the EU's courts, though legal experts have suggested that the laws under which the Germans were expelled, the Beneš decrees, did not fall under the jurisdiction of EU law. After Klaus refused to finalize the Czech Republic's ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon unless the country was excluded from the Charter, as Poland and the United Kingdom had been, EU leaders agreed in October 2009 to amend the protocol to include the Czech Republic at the time of the next accession treaty in a measure designed to persuade Klaus to sign the treaty which he subsequently signed.

In September 2011, the Czech government formally submitted a request to the Council that the promised treaty revisions be made to extend the protocol to the Czech Republic, and a draft amendment to this effect was proposed by the European Council. However, the Czech Senate passed a resolution in October 2011 opposing their accession to the protocol. When Croatia's Treaty of Accession 2011 was signed in late 2011, the Czech protocol amendment was not included. During the Czech Republic's parliamentary ratification of the accession treaty in the spring of 2012, the government attempted to combine the approval of the Charter opt-out with the ratification bill. However, with the Senate controlled by the opposition parties, their objections to the opt-out could have led to the accession treaty being rejected. As a result, the government decided to separate the proposed opt-out from the accession treaty bill.

A vote on a draft report by the European Parliament Constitutional Affairs Committee in January 2012 recommending against granting the Czech Republic's request to be added to Protocol 30 resulted in a tie. The report argued that Protocol 30 was not functioning as a general opt-out from the Charter, but only allowed the countries to limit the application of subsequent EU laws based solely on the charter. Thus, the Czech Republic would still be bound by the Charter even if they were added to the Protocol. In October 2012, the committee approved the report, and a third draft of the report was published on 11 December 2012. The report was tabled in Parliament during its session on 22 May 2013, and the Parliament voted in favour of calling on the European Council "not to examine the proposed amendment of the Treaties". The Parliament did, however, give its consent in advance that a treaty revision to add the Czech Republic to Protocol 30 would not require a new convention.

In January 2014, after presidential and parliamentary elections the previous year had resulted in new leadership in the country, new Czech Human Rights Minister Jiří Dienstbier said that he would attempt to have his country's request for an opt-out withdrawn. This was confirmed on 20 February 2014 by the new Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka, who withdrew the request for an opt-out during a meeting with President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso shortly after his newly elected government won the confidence of Parliament. In May 2014, the Council of the European Union formally withdrew their recommendation to hold an Intergovernmental Conference of member states to consider the proposed amendments to the treaties.

Content
The Charter contains some 54 articles divided into seven titles. The first six titles deal with substantive rights under the headings: dignity, freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizens' rights and justice, while the last title deals with the interpretation and application of the Charter. Much of Charter is based on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), European Social Charter, the case-law of the European Court of Justice and pre-existing provisions of European Union law.

 The first title (Dignity) guarantees the right to life and personal integrity and prohibits torture, slavery, the death penalty, eugenic practices and reproductive human cloning. Its provisions are mostly based on the ECHR, although Article 1 closely reflects Article 1 of the German Basic Law.
 The second title (Freedoms) covers liberty, privacy, protection of personal data, marriage, thought, religion, expression, assembly, education, work, property and asylum.
 The third title (Equality) covers equality before the law, prohibition of all discrimination including on basis of disability, age and sexual orientation, cultural, religious and linguistic diversity, the rights of children and the elderly.
 The fourth title (Solidarity) covers social and workers' rights including the right to fair working conditions, protection against unjustified dismissal, and access to health care, social and housing assistance, environmental protection and consumer protection.
 The fifth title (Citizen's Rights) covers the rights of the EU citizens such as the right to vote in election to the European Parliament and to move freely within the EU. It also includes several administrative rights such as a right to good administration, to access documents and to petition the European Parliament.
 The sixth title (Justice) covers justice issues such as the right to an effective remedy, a fair trial, to the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, non-retrospectivity and double jeopardy.
 The seventh title (General Provisions) concerns the interpretation and application of the Charter. These issues are dealt with above.

Raising the Charter's profile
The EU has attempted to raise the profile of the Charter so that citizens are more aware of their rights. For example, the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) has produced apps for iOS and Android with the text of the Charter in all EU languages and related information. It has also published mini-versions of the Charter in all EU languages.

In 2010, the FRA put out a tender for poets to turn the Charter into an 80-minute-long epic poem, with music, dance and multimedia elements. This was also to raise awareness and to simplify the legal text into more understandable language. However, Viviane Reding, the European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom & Security, wrote to the director of the FRA slamming the idea on cost and dignity grounds and instructing him to cancel the project.

See also
Capital punishment in Europe
Citizenship of the European Union
Fundamental Rights Agency
European Single Market
European Social Charter
Fundamental rights
Three generations of human rights
LGBT rights in the European Union

References

Further reading

External links

 Charter (2000), original version as proclaimed by the institutions
 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2007), version incorporated in the Treaty of Lisbon and explanation relating to it
 The Charter in the latest (2012) consolidated version of the Lisbon Treaty
 European Parliament's explanation of the Charter
 The Charter on the European Commission's website

Fundamental rights
European Union law
Declarations of the European Union
Human rights instruments
2000 in law
2000 in the European Union
Political charters
2000 documents
Human rights in Europe


Pakistani rock is a form of rock music from Pakistan. It mixes up Pakistani classical music with American rock. It has its own vibrant elements, with slightly different sounds and tunes. Pakistani rock is mostly sung in Urdu, however large numbers of songs are also sung in languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Seraiki. Many new music bands are also now singing in English.

History
The rock music of Pakistan first began in the 1990s, with Vital Signs and Junoon as the first rock bands to come out. There were then some other bands like Strings, which also began later. After the year 2000, there were suddenly hundreds of rock music groups across Pakistan that began to create.

Popularity
Pakistani rock music has become massively popular among people in the country. It is listened to in countries such as Iran, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India and even as far as China and Japan.

Sources

Pakistani music
Rock music

Pakistani rock


Kemble Scott is the pseudonym for fiction used by American journalist Scott James (born 1962), writer of a weekly column about the San Francisco Bay Area for The New York Times and The Bay Citizen. His debut novel SoMa became a bestseller (San Francisco Chronicle) in the spring of 2007. The novel tells the interwoven stories of twentysomethings on the prowl for thrills in San Francisco's South of Market (SoMa) neighborhood following the city's infamous Dot-com crash. In June 2008 the novel SoMa was honored as a finalist for the national Lambda Literary award for debut fiction.

At the time SoMa was published, James produced a series of videos for YouTube in which he appeared as Kemble Scott to take viewers to the real places that inspired the novel. It's believed this was the first time an author launched a novel this way. The videos received thousands of views and may have contributed to the book's bestseller status. The influential tech blog Valleywag noted the videos, but criticized them for being too tame, compared to the sexually explicit content of the novel.

In May 2009 James published his second novel, The Sower by Kemble Scott. The first edition premiered as a digital book and was the first novel sold by social publisher Scribd.com in a new e-commerce venture called "Scribd Store," according to the Associated Press.

The author's decision to release the first edition of The Sower exclusively as an e-book received widespread media coverage. This led to offers to create a printed version. On August 31, 2009, Numina Press published the first hardcover edition, which instantly hit the San Francisco Chronicles bestsellers list, premiering at #5 for that week.

In October 2010, a second digital edition of was released: The Sower 2.0. Debuting exclusively on Scribd, the new version was reimagined by the author and updated with topical references for late 2010.

Prior to working in fiction, James was a longtime television news writer, producer and executive. While at WLNE-TV in Providence, Rhode Island, he was honored with three Emmy awards. During his tenure there as news director, the station twice won the News Station of the Year Award from the Associated Press.

James has an MS from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, and a BA from Adelphi University. He resides in San Francisco and is co-founder of The Castro Writers' Cooperative, known as The Coop, a co-working space for Bay Area writers.

References

External links
Author's Homepage
Kemble Scott's YouTube page
Interviews, reviews and news coverage
Small Spiral Notebook Literary Journal Q & A with author
In Newsweekly profiles Kemble Scott

American male novelists
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Adelphi University alumni
1962 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
American LGBT journalists
American gay writers
American LGBT novelists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

Kemble Scott


Luhman 16 is a binary brown dwarf in the southern constellation Vela at 6.6 light-years from the Sun. It is also known as WISE 1049-5319.

These are the nearest known brown dwarfs to the Solar System, and the closest system discovered since Barnard's Star in 1916.

The primary has a stellar classification of L8 ± 1, and the secondary is probably near the L/T transition. The pair orbit each other at a distance of about 3 AU with an orbital period of about 25 years.

References

Binary stars

Luhman 16


Shah Dara or Shahdara or Shahdara Bagh (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River.

The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times.

Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby.

Lahore District

Shah Dara


Pinochle (pronounced pea-nukkle) is a card game.  It is played with four players on two teams.  It can be played with one or two special pinochle decks.  A pinochle deck has 48 cards, two each of 9, 10, J, Q, K, and A in each suit.  A pinochle game has four hands.  The team with the highest score at the end of four hands wins.  The first part of a hand is melding.  Various combos of cards can be melded.  (for example, having two Js of diamonds and two Qs of spades is worth 300 points).  The team that bids the highest is allowed to call, the suit that will count higher in melds and take tricks.  The second part of a hand is the tricks.  Each player throws in a card.  The player with the highest trump card, or highest card of the suit led, takes the trick.  Each K, 10, or A taken in tricks is worth 10 points.

Other websites
Belote Play the French pinochle

Card games

Pinochle


A web browser is a computer program application for reading pages of the World Wide Web. Since the late 1990s, most personal computers and mobile phones and other mobile devices have a browser.

Web browsers are used by people to find and look at websites on the Internet. The first web browser was created in 1990. Many web browsers are available for free. All web browsers can go to websites but each browser has good things and bad things about it. For example, some browsers focus on data security and keeping computers safe from viruses. Other browsers are made so that web pages appear on-screen faster.

Examples
Some popular web browsers include:

 Mozilla Firefox
 Google Chrome
 Opera
 Safari
 Internet Explorer included with Microsoft Windows
 Microsoft Edge, a more modernized version of Internet Explorer, included with Windows 10

Other browsers are:
 Flock
 Epiphany

Web browsers and HTML
A webpage is one page of a website.  Every web page has a web address.

A web browser goes to a web page using a web address. It downloads the HTML file stored at that address. Its browser engine then reads and translates the HTML file. The browser will then show the webpage on the screen as text, images and clickable links.

Other websites
 What is browser? Video by Google
 How browsers work
 Web Browser -Citizendium

Web browser


Frisia is an area along the coast of the North Sea. Frisians live in this area. After Wijerd Jelckama and Pier Gerlofs Donia lost a rebellion against the Burgundians and the Saxons, Frisia lost its independence. Less than a century later, parts of Frisia were conquered by the Netherlands. Those are now known as the Dutch province of Friesland or Fryslân.

Languages spoken in Frisia are Frisian (Frysk, Frasch/Fresk/Freesk/Friisk, Saterland Frisian), Low German ((West Low German) East Frisian, Gronings), Dutch, German, Danish.

History of Germany
History of the Netherlands

Frisia


In biology, binomial nomenclature is how species are named. The name of a species is made of two parts: one indicating the genus and one indicating the species. Binomial nomenclature means "two-part name" or "system of two-part names".

History
The person who popularized this system for use was Swedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778).  He gave a two-part name to every species he knew.  This kind of naming had been used before Linnaeus by some naturalists, but after Linnaeus, it was accepted as a good method.

Value of binomial nomenclature
The value of the binomial nomenclature comes from several things. It saves words because it replaces long descriptions, it is used everywhere, and the names are unique and stable. The system ended the use of local common names, which was the source of much confusion. When science was done by just a few European countries their common names for species were well-known. But as it happened, the common names in all countries was rather different. The same name might be used for more than one species, and several species given the same name. In the Linnaeus system, everyone uses the same name for the same species. Linnaeus chose Latin names: first, because it avoided competitive nationalism; second, because most educated people in his day learned Latin.

The system has been a great success, but it does have some problems. It is not always clear what is a species and what is not. Although many species are quite clear, some are put into one species by some biologists, and into several species by others. Linnaeus himself noticed that species were not always distinct.Today we know something about why this is so. In practice, international committees make decisions about naming species in difficult cases.

Main points
Widespread: worldwide use instead of different local names.
Clarity: avoids the same term used for different species. Example: "robin" used for different birds in America compared to Europe.
Uniqueness: One name for a species.
Stability: the rules favour stability.
Simplicity: said to be easier to remember than the previous system.

Where names come from
The components of a name may come from any source whatsoever. Often they are Latin words, but come originally from Greek. This is gradually changing, and names may now come from a Latinized version of a place, a person, a name from a local language, etc.

Related pages
 Biological classification
 Taxonomy

References

Other websites
 The Language of Horticulture

Taxonomy

Binomial nomenclature


The Bagvalal language (Bagulal) is an Avar–Andic language spoken by the Bagvalals in southwestern Dagestan, Russia, along the right bank of the river Andi-Koisu and the surrounding hills, near the Georgian border. It is fairly similar to Tindi, its closest relative. The 2010 Russian census recorded 1,450 Bagvalal speakers.

The tradition and culture of the Bagvalal people is very similar to that of the Avar people, due to their common history within the Avar Khanate.

Bagvalal has three dialects which are named after the names of the villages in which they are spoken in. Only the Tlisi dialect has been studied to a certain significance, because of its similarities to the Tindi language.

Bagvalal has numerous loanwords from such languages as Arabic, Russian, Turkish, and Avar. It is only used as an oral language; Avar or Russian are used as written languages. Nowadays Bagvalal is only used in family settings, using Avar or Russian for every other area of communication.

Bagvalal has been suffering severe problems and is in serious danger of extinction. The schooling and cultural revolution have contributed to Bagvalal's serious decline. Bagvalal pupils are taught in Avar in primary school, and in secondary school they are taught in Russian. Between 1950 and 1970, Bagvalals migrated to different districts in the Astrakhan province of Russia, and this also affected the Bagvalal language.

Despite this, most of the Bagvalal are supportive towards the language, and around 30~50% of children are fluent in the language.

Bagvalal was first mentioned in the 19th century, but very few recordings of the language have been made. There has been very little linguistic research done on the language.

References

External links
The peoples of the Red Book: Bagulals

Northeast Caucasian languages
Andic languages
Languages of Russia
Endangered Caucasian languages

Bagvalal language


The Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) is an inter-governmental forum for enhancing cooperation towards promoting peace, security and stability in Asia. It is a forum based on the recognition that there is a close link between peace, security and stability in Asia and in the rest of the world. The key idea of the Conference is based on the priority of the indivisibility of security, joint initiative and mutually beneficial interaction of small and large states.

The idea of convening the CICA was first proposed by Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev on 5 October 1992, at the 47th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. On October 5, 2017, the CICA process celebrated its 25th anniversary.

Background

The proposal for convening the CICA was welcomed by a number of Asian countries. During the next seven years, a series of meetings were held among the interested countries to discuss modalities of convening the CICA and draft basic documents.

The first meeting of the CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs was held on 14 September 1999 with participation of 15 Member States. The Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between CICA Member States was adopted at this meeting.

The first CICA summit was held on 4 June 2002 with participation of 16 Member States and Almaty Act, the charter of the CICA, was adopted. The impetus for this meeting came from the 9-11 terrorist attacks of the previous year. Thus, counter-terrorism became an important issue for CICA, and this theme has run through the subsequent meetings.

At the second meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs in 2004, CICA Catalogue of Confidence-Building Measures and CICA Rules of Procedures were adopted. At the second CICA Summit in 2006, it was decided to admit Thailand and Republic of Korea as new members and to establish a permanent secretariat. At the third meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs in 2008, Jordan and UAE were admitted as new members. At the third CICA Summit in 2010, Turkey assumed Chairmanship of CICA from the founding Chairman Kazakhstan. The third Summit also admitted Iraq and Vietnam as new members and adopted the CICA Convention. Bahrain and Cambodia joined CICA in 2011, Bangladesh and Qatar joined in 2014, Sri Lanka in 2018 and Kuwait in 2022.

Membership
 Member states (28)

 Observer states (9)

 Observer organizations (5)
 International Organization for Migration

  Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries

 Partner Organizations (6)
 Assembly of People of Kazakhstan
 Economic Cooperation Organization
 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Chairmanship
  (2002–2010)
  (2010–2014)
  (2014–2018)
  (2018–2020)
  (2020–2024)

Summits

2002 Summit

The first CICA summit was held in Almaty on June 4, 2002. The idea was proposed by Kazakhstan at the end of the Cold War and at the time of shifting geopolitics, provided a timely opportunity for the Asian nations to address modern challenges to the international peace and stability and set out the vision to tackle them.

The fledgling forum's main purpose of bringing peace to all, including bringing together seemingly irreconcilable countries and interests, was immediately put to a real life test.

The CICA Summit drew spotlight of the world's attention to Almaty, provided the background for laying the foundations for the first security organization in Asia.

The 16 nations signed the Almaty Act, the Charter of the CICA and pledging to work "towards promoting peace, security and stability in Asia".

The Act was signed by Chairman of the Administration of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, President of China Jiang Zemin, Prime Minister of India Atal Behari Vajpayee, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev, President of Mongolia Natsagiin Bagabandi, President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, President of Russia Vladimir Putin, President of Turkey Ahmet Necdet Sezer, and President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon. Signatories from other CICA members included the prime ministers of Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan, a deputy prime minister of Israel, as well as special high-level envoys from Egypt, Iran, and Palestine.

Ten more nations, including the United States, were accorded observer status in the new forum, as also a number of international organizations, such as the UN, the OSCE and the Arab League.

In the final Almaty Act, the 16 leaders said that the CICA process presents "new opportunities for cooperation, peace and security in Asia" and "will guide us towards a better future, which our peoples deserve". They declared their "determination to form in Asia a common and indivisible area of security, where all states peacefully coexist, and their peoples live in conditions of peace, freedom and prosperity, and confident that peace, security and development complement, sustain and reinforce each other."

The leaders agreed to hold summits every four years, while the foreign ministers are to meet every two years. There are also provisions allowing for special meetings and summits to be convened at the consensus at other times. The committee of senior officials will keep up the organizational work and will meet annually.

In another major development, the leaders adopted the CICA Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism and Promoting Dialogue among Civilizations, condemning "all forms and manifestations of terrorism, committed no matter when, where or by whom," and declaring their commitment to cooperation with each other and other nations in combating terrorism.

2006 Summit

The second CICA summit was held in Almaty on June 17, 2006 with participation of the Heads of State/Government of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand and Uzbekistan and Special Envoys of the Heads of State/Government of Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Mongolia, Palestine, Turkey and Republic of Korea which was admitted as the eighteenth member of CICA.

The Second Summit adopted the Statute of CICA Secretariat and Declaration of the Second CICA Summit. The Declaration of the Second CICA Summit reflected the general view of the member states on key problems of security and cooperation in Asia and in other parts of the world. The Declaration also reiterated the desire of the member states to continue the efforts to move forward CICA process to achieve its shared objectives; and noted with satisfaction that the establishment of CICA Secretariat in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan was an important milestone in the evolution of CICA process. It was also decided to mark October 5 as CICA Day to commemorate the initiation of the proposal for convening the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia by H.E. Mr. Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the 47th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1992.

2010 Summit

The third CICA Summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey on 8 June 2010 with participation of the Heads of State/Government of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia and Turkey; Deputy Heads of State/Government of Iraq and Vietnam; and Special Envoys of China, Egypt, India, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Palestine, Tajikistan, Thailand and United Arab Emirates. Uzbekistan was the only member state that was not represented at the Summit. For the first time in the short history of CICA, Chairmanship passed from Kazakhstan to Turkey. Iraq and Vietnam were admitted as new members of CICA taking the membership to twenty two. Bangladesh was accorded the status of observer.

Summit adopted the declaration: "Constructing Cooperative Approach to Interaction and Security in Asia and Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Secretariat, its Personnel and Representatives of Members of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia."

The declaration reflected CICA's stand and views on important issues of security and cooperation in Asia and other parts of the world including terrorism, disarmament, illicit drugs, global financial crisis, environment as well as situation in Afghanistan and Middle East. The declaration also reiterated commitment of the member states to carry forward the CICA process and reaffirmed the importance of initiating deliberations on security issues in accordance with the provisions of the CICA Catalogue of CBMs.

Turkish President Abdullah Gul mentioned in his concluding statement that during the summit, Israel was condemned by all members save itself for its Gaza flotilla raid. He also mentioned that Israel was isolated and "[would] suffer the consequences of its mistake."

2014 Summit
The Fourth CICA Summit, presided by H.E. Mr. Xi Jinping, paramount leader of China, was held in Shanghai on 21 May 2014 with participation of twenty six member states, eleven observer states and international organizations, two partner international organizations, and eight guest states and international organizations. The Republic of Turkey passed on the CICA Chairmanship to the People's Republic of China for the period 2014-16. The People's Republic of China became the third Chairman of CICA after the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkey.

Salient feature of the Fourth Summit was the largest ever participation by the Heads of State and Government. Thirteen Heads of State and Government and the Secretary General of the United Nations participated in the Summit besides other high level dignitaries including Vice Presidents, Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers of Foreign Affairs.

The People's Republic of Bangladesh and the State of Qatar were admitted as new members of CICA.

On the eve of the Summit, Chinese leader Xi Jinping hosted a banquet and gala evening, with the theme "United and Harmonious Asian Countries move together towards future", for the participants.

At the Summit, participating leaders expressed their views on topics such as security situation in Asia and measures to promote CICA dialogue, trust and coordination. In his keynote address, Chinese leader Xi Jinping presented a new regional security cooperation architecture respecting and ensuring the security of each and every country and jointly building a road for security of Asia that is shared by all in a win-win situation. Xi announced the New Asian Security Concept. Implying that Asian countries can handle their security without the involvement of the United States, the core of the New Asian Security Concept is that "Asian issues should be taken care of by Asians, and Asian security should be maintained by Asians."

The Summit adopted a declaration espousing its theme "On Enhancing Dialogue, Trust and Coordination for a New Asia of Peace, Stability and Cooperation". The declaration reflected CICA's stand and views on important issues of security and cooperation in Asia including terrorism, disarmament, illicit drugs, organized transnational crime, food and energy security, human rights, information and communication technology, environment as well as situation in Afghanistan and Middle East. The declaration also reiterated commitment of the member states to carry forward the CICA process and reaffirmed the importance of implementing agreed confidence building measures in all dimensions. The Summit also welcomed adoption of the new CICA Rules of Procedure.

A memorandum of understanding between the CICA Secretariat and the SCO Secretariat was signed on the sidelines of the CICA Shanghai Summit.

Summit also adopted revised CICA Rules of Procedure.

2019 Summit
The Fifth CICA Summit, presided by Emomali Rahmon, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, was held in Dushanbe on 15 June 2019. The Fifth Summit gathered the largest ever participation by the Heads of State and Government. Fifteen Heads of State and Government participated in the Summit besides other high level dignitaries including Vice-President, Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Ambassadors.

2022 Summit
The Sixth CICA Summit, presided by Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President of Kazakhstan, was held in Astana on 12-13 October 2022.

Ministerial meetings

1999 Ministerial meeting

The first meeting of CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs was held in Almaty on September 14, 1999 with participation of fifteen member states: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Palestine, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. Representatives of the then Observer States: USA, Japan, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Ukraine, and International Organizations like UN and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) also participated in the meeting.

The First Ministerial Meeting laid the foundation of CICA with the signing of the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between CICA Member States by the Ministers. The Ministers, while reaffirming commitment to the United Nations Charter, agreed that the Member states will respect each other's sovereign equality; refrain from the threat or use of force; respect the territorial integrity of each other; settle disputes in accordance with the Declaration, UN Charter and international law; refrain from any intervention in the internal affairs of each other; reaffirm their commitment to the goal of achieving general and complete disarmament under effective control; enhance the process of economic, social and cultural cooperation; and respect human rights and fundamental freedoms of all individuals.

2004 Ministerial meeting

The second meeting of CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs was held in Almaty on October 22, 2004. At this meeting, CICA Catalogue of Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), CICA Rules of Procedure and Declaration of CICA Ministerial Meeting were adopted. Thailand was admitted as the seventeenth member of CICA.

CICA Rules of Procedure laid down ground rules for decision making, member ship, observer status, chairmanship, types of meetings and procedure for conducting meetings. One of the most important aspects of the Rules of Procedure is that decisions and recommendations at all levels are taken by consensus. Rules of Procedure were amended by a decision adopted on September 1, 2009. With this amendment, period of Chairmanship was reduced from four years to two years. It was also decided that the member state hosting regular Summit would be Chairman till the next regular meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs. The member state hosting the regular meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs would be Chairman till the next regular Summit.
Declaration of the Second Ministerial Meeting included assessment of the situation at that time at the regional and global levels including Afghanistan, Iraq, Middle East, South Caucasus, and Korean peninsula. Member states once again condemned terrorism in all forms and manifestations and reiterated their commitment to fight this menace.

2008 Ministerial meeting

The third meeting of CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs was held in Almaty on August 25, 2008. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and United Arab Emirates were admitted to CICA on this occasion taking the member ship to twenty. State of Qatar was conferred the status of observer.
The Declaration of the Ministerial Meeting, titled CICA Progress in Implementation of CBMs, reaffirmed the importance of promoting CICA as a multilateral forum for close cooperation; continuous dialogue and interaction; comprehensive exchange of views; addressing new challenges and threats; facilitating prevention of conflicts; peaceful settlement of disputes; as well as for developing and implementing agreed Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) in the Asian continent. The Ministers welcomed commencement of implementation of CBMs and appreciated the efforts of coordinating and co-coordinating countries in the process.

The Ministers also reviewed the tasks given by the Heads of State and Government at the Second CICA Summit of 2006 and adopted Conclusions of the Third Meeting of CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs reflecting the results of the work done by the Member states in order to accomplish the tasks given at the Second Summit and to continue the work towards preparations for the Third CICA Summit in 2010. The Ministers adopted the Protocol Amending the Statute of the Secretariat of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia which provides for shifting of CICA Secretariat from Almaty to Astana as and when need arises. The Ministers also adopted, in principle, Convention on the Legal Capacity of CICA Secretariat, its Personnel and their Privileges and Immunities and urged the Member states to finalize their respective internal procedures with a view to sign it at the earliest possible.

2012 Ministerial Meeting

The Fourth Meeting of CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs was held in Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan on 12 September 2012 with participation of ministers and their special envoys. The meeting was jointly presided by Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey and Kazakhstan, representing CICA Chairmanship and the host country. Ministerial Meeting was preceded by a commemorative session celebrating twentieth anniversary of CICA, which was addressed by President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan. A comprehensive declaration adopted by the ministers reaffirmed CICA's stand and views on important issues of security and cooperation in Asia and other parts of the world including terrorism, disarmament, illicit drugs, energy security, environment as well as situation in Afghanistan and Middle East. The declaration also encouraged Member States to initiate implementation of confidence-building measures in military-political dimension. Ministers agreed to initiate steps to develop CICA Action Plan for implementation of the UN Global Counter-terrorism Strategy; constitute a CICA Business Council; explore opportunities of developing road and railway links in the CICA region; and finalise the revised rules of procedure.

Ministerial 2017 Marking 25th Anniversary
The informal ministerial marking the 25th anniversary of the CICA was held on September 20, 2017 on the sidelines of the 72nd UN General Assembly. Kazakshtan's Foreign Minister Kairat Abdrakhmanov recognized Ambassador Gong Jianwei, Executive Director of CICA Secretariat, with a medal honoring the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan's diplomatic service corps.

See also
 Asia Cooperation Dialogue
 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 Asia–Europe Meeting

References

External links
 CICA (official website).
 CICA description at the Kazakhstan Foreign Ministry official website.

1996 in international relations
20th-century diplomatic conferences
21st-century diplomatic conferences
Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
International organizations based in Asia
United Nations General Assembly observers


A player-coach, in sports, is a member of a sports team who simultaneously holds both playing and coaching duties. The term can be used to refer to both players who serve as head coaches, or as assistant coaches.

Player-manager
Player/manager is a sports term used to described a manager of a team who is also registered to play for the team. In association football, this situation usually arises when a manager leaves a team suddenly, and the chairman has to make a quick decision to appoint someone new as a caretaker manager. The chairman will usually either ask a coach to take temporary charge or turn to the club's most senior player. If this particular player gains good results for the team during his time in charge, he may be appointed full-time manager, which leaves him a player/manager.

However, there are instances when a free agent is signed by a new team as a manager and offers his playing abilities.

In the United States, player/managers and player-coaches were once common, especially in the early days of baseball. The last player-manager in Major League Baseball was Pete Rose, who began managing the Cincinnati Reds in 1985, the second-to-last season of his playing career. Fred Clarke spent the longest time as a player-manager.

Sports words

Player-coach


Neo-Miltonic Syllabics is a meter devised by Robert Bridges. It was first employed by the poet in a group of poems composed between 1921 and 1925, and collected in his book New Verse (1925). In "Kate's Mother," included in New Verse, Bridges had found that form which he later employed in The Testament of Beauty, a book-length poem written when he was over eighty. He arrived at that syllabic meter used in the New Verse collection by way of his earlier detailed analysis of  John Milton's versification in Milton's Prosody (1889, rev. ed. 1921).

The first poem in this form was "Poor Poll" which F. T. Prince regarded as the best illustration of Bridges' meter. Prince later adopted Neo-Miltonic Syllabics when writing his own work, Afterword on Rupert Brooke (1976).

Notes

References
 Bridges, Robert: The Poetical Works of Robert Bridges, Oxford Editions of Standard Authors, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 1936.
 Prince, F.T., Collected Poems: 1935 – 1992, The Sheep Meadow Press, 1993. . See the author's note to the poem Afterword on Rupert Brooke.
 Stanford, Donald E.: In the Classic Mode: The Achievement of Robert Bridges, Associated University Presses, 1978.

Poetic rhythm
John Milton

Neo-Miltonic syllabics


An electoral college is a group of people who are chosen to elect a candidate to a particular office (job). The electors usually have one vote each. Often each elector represents a particular organization or entity. Many times, though, the electors are simply important people whose wisdom would ideally make a better choice than a larger group of people. The electoral college can ignore the wishes of a general membership.

A similar concept existed in the former Holy Roman Empire, in which the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by the rulers of various provinces of the Empire, or their representatives. These rulers were referred to as Electors. For instance, King George III of Great Britain was also Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") and later became King of Hanover, though he never visited Hanover.

Related pages
 U.S. Electoral College

Elections

Electoral college