The Hippodrome Theatre, also called the New York Hippodrome, was a theater in New York City from 1905 to 1939, located on Sixth Avenue between West 43rd and West 44th Streets in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan. It was called the world's largest theatre by its builders and had a seating capacity of 5,300, with a 100x200ft (30x61m) stage. The theatre had state-of-the-art theatrical technology, including a rising glass water tank.

The Hippodrome was built by Frederic Thompson and Elmer "Skip" Dundy, creators of the Luna Park amusement park at Coney Island, with the backing of Harry S. Black's U.S. Realty, a dominant real estate and construction company of the time, and was acquired by The Shubert Organization in 1909. In 1933, it was re-opened as the New York Hippodrome cinema, and became the stage for Billy Rose's Jumbo in 1935. Acts which appeared at the Hippodrome included numerous circuses, musical revues, Harry Houdini's disappearing elephant, vaudeville, silent movies such as Neptune's Daughter (1914) and Better Times (1922) and 1930s cinema.

The theatre closed in August 1939 for demolition, and in 1952, a large modern office building known as The Hippodrome Center (1120 Avenue of the Americas), opened on the site.

Construction

Construction of the Hippodrome began in June 1904, with Frederick Thompson and Jay H. Morgan as architects, and the Fuller Company as the general contractor.  Finishing touches were still being put in place days before the April 12, 1905 opening. With a seating capacity of 5,300, almost twice that of the Metropolitan Opera's 3,000 seats, the gargantuan building is still considered one of the true wonders of theatre architecture. Its stage was 12 times larger than any Broadway "legit" house and was capable of holding as many as 1,000 performers at a time, or a full-sized circus with elephants and horses – who could be housed in built-in stalls under the stage. It also had an  high,  diameter, 8,000-gallon clear glass water tank that could be raised from below the stage by hydraulic pistons for swimming-and-diving shows.

The exterior of the red-brick and terra-cotta building was Moorish in style, with two corner towers, each of which was topped by a globe covered in electric lights.

Opening
The gala opening on April 12, 1905, was completely sold out, with seats being priced at as little as 25 cents in the theatre's "Family Circle", while others had been auctioned off for as much as $575.  The performance was a four-hour extravaganza, the first act of which was called A Yankee Circus on Mars, which featured space ships, horses, elephants, acrobats, clowns – including the noted Spanish clown Marceline – a baboon named Coco, an orchestra of 60, hundreds of singers, and 150 dancers performing to Ponchielli's Dance of the Hours. The second act was Andersonville, about the notorious Confederate military prison where many Union soldiers were maltreated. The spectacle depicted the Union raid on the camp, with gunfire, explosions and cavalry troops on horseback swimming across the huge water tank simulating a lake.

The glory years

Under the direction of Charles Dillingham, the Hippodrome was the largest and most successful theater in New York. The Hippodrome featured lavish spectacles complete with circus animals, diving horses, opulent sets, and 500-member choruses. Until the end of World War I, the Hippodrome housed all sorts of spectacles then switched to musical extravaganzas, including Good Times which ran for 456 performances from 1920 to 1921. and Better Times, which ran for 405 performance in 1922-23
When Dillingham left in 1923 to pursue other interests, the Hippodrome was leased to Keith-Albee, which hired architect Thomas W. Lamb to turn it into a vaudeville theatre by building a much smaller stage and discarding all of its unique features. The most popular vaudeville artists of the day, including illusionist Harry Houdini, performed at the Hippodrome during its heyday. Others might vanish rabbits, but in 1918, on the brightly lit stage of the Hippodrome, Houdini made a 10,000-pound elephant disappear, creating a sensation.

The Hippodrome's huge running costs made it a perennial financial failure, and a series of producers tried and failed to make money from the theatre. It became a location for vaudeville productions in 1923 before being leased for budget opera performances, then finally becoming a sports arena.

Decline and fall
In 1922, the elephants that graced the stage of the Hippodrome since its opening moved uptown to the Bronx's Royal Theater. On arrival, stage worker Miller Renard recalled, the elephants were greeted with extraordinary fanfare:

The next day the Borough President gives them a dinner on the lawn of the Chamber of Commerce up on Tremont Avenue, with special dinner menus for the elephants. It was some show to see all those elephants march up those steps to the table where each elephant had a bale of hay. The[n], the Borough President welcomes the elephants to the Bronx, and the place is just mobbed with people. And that was the worst week's business we ever done in that theatre.

In 1925, movies were added to the vaudeville, but within a few years, competition from the newer and more sumptuous movie palaces in the Broadway-Times Square area forced Keith-Albee-Orpheum, which was merged into RKO by May 1928, to sell the theatre. Several attempts to use the Hippodrome for plays and operas failed, and it remained dark until 1935, when producer Billy Rose leased it for his spectacular Rodgers & Hart circus musical Jumbo, which received favorable reviews but lasted only five months due to the Great Depression.

After that, the Hippodrome sputtered through bookings of late-run movies, boxing, wrestling, and jai alai games, then was demolished in 1939 as the value of real estate on Sixth Avenue began to escalate.
The New York Hippodrome closed on August 16, 1939, and was demolished. World War II delayed re-development, and the Hippodrome site remained vacant for over a decade.

Legacy
The office building and parking garage built on the site in 1951–52, owned by Edison Properties, uses the name "The Hippodrome Center." Through the 1960s, the modern building was the corporate headquarters of the Charter Communications media publishing company.

Selected shows
 A Yankee Circus on Mars (1905)
 A Society Circus (1905)
 Neptune's Daughter (1906)
 The Auto Race (1907)
 Sporting Days (1908)
 A Trip to Japan (1909)
 The International Cup, the Ballet of Niagra, and the Earthquake (1910)
 Around the World (1912)
 Under Many Flags (1912)
 America (1913)
 Wars of the World (1915)
 Hip! Hip! Hooray! (1915)
 The Big Show (1916)
 Cheer Up (1917)
 Everything (1918)
 Happy Days (1919)
 Good Times (1920)
 Get Together (1921)
 Better Times (1922)
 Jumbo (1935)

In popular culture
 In 1915, John Philip Sousa composed a march titled "The New York Hippodrome" commemorating his band's performance run in the Hip Hip Hooray extravaganza at this venue.
 In 1944, in the Leonard Bernstein musical On the Town, Chip isn't aware of its demolition in the number "Come Up to My Place."

References
Notes

Bibliography
, pp. 188–193
Epstein, Milton. The New York Hippodrome: A Complete Chronology of Performances, From 1905 to 1939. Performing Art Resources, vol. 17–18. New York: Theatre Library Association, 1993.
Shanor, Rebecca Read. "Hippodrome" in , pp. 597–598

External links

Cinema Treasures

Concert halls in New York City
Former music venues in New York City
Former theatres in Manhattan
Theatre in New York City
Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Demolished theatres in New York City
Defunct concert halls in the United States
1905 establishments in New York City
1939 disestablishments in New York (state)
Theatres completed in 1905
Buildings and structures demolished in 1939

New York Hippodrome


"School Days" (also known as "School Day (Ring! Ring! Goes the Bell)") is a rock-and-roll song written and recorded by Chuck Berry and released by Chess Records as a single in March 1957 and on the LP After School Session two months later (see 1957 in music). It is one of his best-known songs and is often considered a rock-and-roll anthem.

The last verse of the song contains the lyrics "Hail, hail rock and roll / Deliver me from the days of old." Hail! Hail! Rock and Roll became the title of a 1987 concert film and documentary about Berry; the song itself is also commonly mistitled as Hail Hail Rock and Roll. Much of the song's musical arrangement was reused by Berry in 1964 in "No Particular Place to Go". A similar arrangement, though quite different, was also used for "Big Ben".

Recording
Berry recorded the song on January 21, 1957, at Universal Recording Corporation in Chicago, Illinois. The sessions were produced by the Chess brothers, Leonard and Phil.
 Chuck Berry - vocals, guitar
 Johnnie Johnson - piano
 Hubert Sumlin (known for his work with Howlin' Wolf) - guitar
 Willie Dixon - bass
 Fred Below - drums

Charts
Berry's record peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (his third highest-ranked pop hit) and hit number one on the R&B Best Sellers chart. It was also his first appearance on the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 24.

Cover versions
A 1959 live version by Eddie Cochran was released in 1999 on the album The Town Hall Party Shows.

A 1957 British cover version by Don Lang and His Frantic Five reached number 26 in the UK.

The song was covered in 1957 by "The Bob Court Skiffle" as "School Day" and released on UK Decca F 10905

The song was covered by Jan & Dean on their 1964 album Dead Man's Curve – The New Girl In School, under the title "School Days". Their version was released on a single by Liberty Records in 1966.

The Knights, a studio project of Gary Usher, covered the song on their only album, Hot Rod High, in 1964.

The song was covered by Phil Ochs played at second concert at Carnegie Hall in 1970.

The song was covered by Australian rock band Daddy Cool on their debut album Daddy Who? Daddy Cool. The album was number 1 in Australia for seven weeks in 1971.

An unofficial version of "School Days" was played at the sound check for a Led Zeppelin concert at Chicago Stadium on July 6, 1973.

New Riders of the Purple Sage performed "School Days" live at the Academy of Music in New York City on November 24, 1973.

The Australian hard rock band AC/DC recorded a version of "School Days" for their second album, T.N.T. It was originally released only in Australia, but in 1997 it was released internationally on Volts, a compilation of songs sung by Bon Scott, as part of the box set Bonfire.

The song was remade by the British rocker Gary Glitter, who recorded it under the title "School Day (Ring! Ring! Goes the Bell)" on his album Glitter in 1972.

The song was covered by the Iron City Houserockers for their first album, Love's So Tough, under the title "School Days (Ring! Ring! Goes the Bell)", but was cut from the final release. The track was released on their compilation album Pumping Iron & Sweating Steel: The Best of the Iron City Houserockers.

The Australian rock-and-roll revival band Ol' 55 recorded a version of "School Days" as an "outro" track on their album Take It Greasy, released in 1976.

"School Days" was covered by the Beach Boys, under the title "School Day (Ring! Ring! Goes the Bell)" on their 1980 album Keepin' the Summer Alive, with Al Jardine on lead vocals. This version includes a verse from the 1907 song of the same name in the intro.

"School Days" was covered and performed by The Rock-afire Explosion in 1981

"School Days" was covered by the blues pianist and vocalist Ann Rabson on her album Struttin' My Stuff in 2000.

Lil Rob remade the song, retitled "Street Dayz", for his album The Album, adding a skit and replacing the school-related lyrics with references to gang life, drugs, and sex.

A version of "School Days" was included on The Simpsons album The Simpsons Sing the Blues, with vocals from Buster Poindexter and the cartoon character Bart Simpson, and featured a lead guitar solo by Joe Walsh.

Elvis Presley's orchestra often played a version of "School Days" in concert in the last years of his life as an instrumental as Elvis introduced the members of his ensemble. Record releases of this performance were often mistitled "Hail Hail Rock and Roll."

References

External links
"School Days" at AllMusic
Analysis of the song on ReasonToRock.com

Chuck Berry songs
Jan and Dean songs
The Beach Boys songs
AC/DC songs
Gary Glitter songs
1957 singles
Chess Records singles
Songs written by Chuck Berry
Eddie Cochran songs
Songs about school
1957 songs

School Days (Chuck Berry song)


In music, flat, or Bemolle, means "lower in pitch." In music notation, flat means "lower in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and has the symbol ().  The Unicode character '' (U+266D) is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is ♭.

Under twelve tone equal temperament, C flat is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, B natural, and G flat is the same as F sharp.

Double flats also exist, which look like  and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Sometimes you will encounter half or three-quarter flats. The Unicode character '𝄫' 𝄫 (U+1D12B) represents the double flat sign.

A triple flat can be found, but it is very rare.  It lowers a note three semitones.

The note A flat is shown in musical notation in Figure 1, together with A double flat.

In tuning, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments at the same time, the lower-pitched one is flat compared to the higher-pitched one.

A half flat, showing quarter tones, is sometimes shown with a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign. A three-quarter flat is represented by a half flat and a regular flat.

Related pages
 Accidental
 Sharp
 Electronic tuner

References

Musical notation

Flat (music)


Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.

Biography
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871.  Her parents died while she was a young teenager.  She began art lessons when she was sixteen.  When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco. She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria.  After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies.  She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting.  She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.

When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people.  Her paintings were even laughed at.  She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house.  She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.

In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven.  They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.

In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books.  Klee Wyck was the title of one of these books.  It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada.  She also wrote The Book of Small. She died in 1945 in Victoria.

Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture.  For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles.  The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one."  She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.

She also liked to paint Canadian nature.  She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe.  She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.

One of Carr's most famous paintings is The Raven.  The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her.  She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.

References

1871 births
1945 deaths
Canadian painters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia

Emily Carr


Antoine-Louis Rouillé, comte de Jouy (, 7 June 1689 – 20 September 1761) was a French statesman and comte of Jouy-en-Josas.

Born in Paris, the son of Marie-Louis-Paulin Rouillé and Marie-Angélique d'Aquin, he was in succession conseiller to the parlement de Paris (1711), maître des requêtes (1717), intendant of commerce (1725), conseiller d'État and finally commissaire to the French East India Company (1744).  Named Secretary of State for the Navy to replace Maurepas, he worked to reorganise the French Navy.  He left this ministry on 24 July 1754 to hold that of Foreign Secretary.  As Foreign Secretary, Rouillé generally pursued a pacific policy, trying to avoid escalation of the increasingly bitter colonial feud with Britain in North America.  His role in French foreign policy, however, was not central, as most of the important initiative during the time of his ministry was conducted personally by King Louis XV and his favorite Madame de Pompadour.  Rouillé was unable to prevent the escalation of the Anglo-French conflict into open war in 1756.  Although he had little to do with the diplomatic maneuvers which led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, Rouillé, as Foreign Secretary, was one of the French signatories of the first Treaty of Versailles (1756), which joined France and Austria together in an alliance.  Soon after the conclusion of that alliance led to open war between France and its former ally, Prussia, in late 1756, Rouillé was replaced as Foreign Secretary on 28 June 1757 by Cardinal de Bernis.  He died in Neuilly.

External links

  160 Ministries of Foreign Affairs (1589-2000)
  160 Ministries of Foreign Affairs (1589-2000)

1689 births
1761 deaths
Counts of France
Secretaries of State of the Navy (France)
Secretaries of State of Ancien Régime France
French Foreign Ministers

Antoine Louis Rouillé


Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I, Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne (1185 or 1186, Schloss Burg – 7 November 1225, Gevelsberg) was archbishop of Cologne and a saint; he was notoriously murdered by a member of his own family.

Early life
Engelbert was born in 1185 or 1186 in Schloss Burg (present ), the younger son of Count Engelbert I of Berg and his wife Margarete of Guelders. He was educated at the cathedral school in Cologne. From 1198 (at the age of twelve or thirteen) he held the office of provost of St. George in Cologne, and from 1199 to 1216 he also held the office of cathedral provost at Cologne Cathedral. He further acquired at various times a number of other provostships: in Cologne, Aachen, Deventer and Zutphen. He was elected Bishop of Münster in 1203, but he declined because of his age.

Engelbert was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in 1206, on account of his support for his cousin Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne, in the interests of Philip of Swabia against Otto of Brunswick but was pardoned in 1208. In 1212, as an act of penance for his earlier rebellion, he took part in the Albigensian Crusade. He gave his allegiance to the future Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214.

Archbishop of Cologne and after

Engelbert was elected Archbishop of Cologne as Engelbert I on 29 February 1216 and was consecrated on 24 September 1217, in which office he remained until his death.

Engelbert came to enjoy the trust of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming imperial regent (Reichsverweser) in 1220 and guardian of the Emperor's son Henry. In 1222, Engelbert crowned twelve-years-old Henry as King of the Romans in Aachen. Engelbert remained Henry's tutor and guardian until his death.

It is not clear to what extent Engelbert was personally involved with the , a treaty with the ecclesiastical princes, which Frederick signed on 26 April 1220, although as Administrator of the German Kingdom () he must have had at least some input. Clearly, however, in the increased powers it gave to all ecclesiastical princes it was of benefit also to the archbishops of Cologne, and the establishment and development of the new powers was part of Engelbert's archiepiscopal strategy.

When Engelbert succeeded, the rights and territories of the archdiocese were in bad order, following a long period of civil unrest in Germany. He engaged himself at once in a series of campaigns and strategies to win them back and safeguard them, principally against the Dukes of Limburg and their allies the County of Cleves. Engelbert in turn set up alliances with Brabant and Namur.

Engelbert also defended his personal inheritance as Count of Berg against Duke Waleran III of Limburg. In 1218 Engelbert's elder brother Count Adolf VI of Berg died on the Fifth Crusade without a male heir. Waleran considered himself entitled to inherit the County of Berg because his son Henry was married to Irmgard of Berg, Adolf's only daughter. According to the Salic law, however, Engelbert was the heir. He won the dispute in two feuds. In 1220 a peace was concluded and Waleran's claim settled by the payment of a year's revenues.

Engelbert granted town privileges to many places, including Wipperfürth, Attendorn, Brilon, Siegen, Werl and Herford, Vianden, Hamm, Neuerburg and Manderscheid.

During his incumbency as archbishop, Engelbert continued to fight for the re-establishment and security of the Archdiocese of Cologne both as an ecclesiastical authority and also as a secular territory. (It was said of him that despite his personal piety he was more of a monarch than a churchman). Not only did he constantly battle, by all means necessary, for the secular well-being of the lands of the archdiocese, of which he may be counted the de facto founder as a significant state; he also took energetic measures for the effective regulation of the City of Cologne itself; and he was a zealous champion of the religious throughout his archdiocese.

Death

Engelbert earned the respect and affection of his subjects through his devotion to justice and his energy in maintaining law, and took great pains to ensure the well-being of the religious within his authority. However, his effectiveness in achieving his goals by all means necessary, including military action, his allegiance to the pope and the emperor, and his uncompromising defence of the law and the rights of religious persons and bodies, brought him into conflict with the nobility, including his own family, and this led to his death.

His cousin Count Frederick of Isenberg was vogt of Essen Abbey, and abused his position by defrauding the nuns. Engelbert was determined to protect the nuns' interests and sought to bring Frederick to justice. On 7 November 1225 while they travelled together to Cologne from a judicial hearing in Soest, Engelbert was killed, possibly by Frederick, in a defile near present-day Gevelsberg near Schwelm.

It seems probable that a group of disaffected nobility was behind the attack which may have been intended to take Engelbert captive rather than kill him.

Engelbert's body was taken to Cologne on a dung-cart, and when examined, found to have forty-seven wounds.

Veneration
Engelbert's body was buried in Cologne Cathedral on 24 February 1226 by order of Cardinal Conrad of Urach, the papal legate, who declared him a martyr, though a formal canonization did not take place.  His remains are preserved today in a Baroque shrine prepared on the authority of Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, who in 1618 also ordered the celebration of his feast on 7 November.

See also

Notes

References

This article is in part based on a translation of the article in the German Wikipedia

Further reading

  An article on the murder of Engelbert 1225
 Kreuzzug gegen die Albigenser. Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne Page: 183, 198, 299, 300, 373. Autor; Pierre des Vaux de Cernay. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt nr. 13688-8. 1996

External links

 Biography on genealogie-mittelalter.de
 07. November 1225 from the Exhibition NRW 2000
http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/76425

 The death of Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne, poem by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff at Project Gutenberg
 Engelbert's shrine in Cologne Cathedral

1180s births
1225 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Medieval murder victims
People from Solingen
Archbishops of Cologne
Engelbert 01
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Counts of Berg
German Roman Catholic saints

House of Limburg-Stirum
Burials at Cologne Cathedral
13th-century Christian saints
Recipients of papal pardons

Engelbert II of Berg


South Petherton is a small town in Somerset, a county in England. Over 4, 000 people live there.
It is twinned with the town of Javané, which is in France.
There are two schools in South Petheton: South Petherton Infants School, which is run by the Church of England and is for children from the age of 4 to 7, and South Petherton Junior School, which is for children aged 7 to 11.

Towns in Somerset

South Petherton


The Treaty of Amritsar was signed on March 16, 1846 to settle a dispute over territory in Kashmir after the First Sikh War with the United Kingdom.  The treaty was signed in the city of Amritsar.  As part of the treaty land was given to Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra. Gulab Singh was then able to rule over the lands to the west of the Ravi River including Chamba. Gulab Singh paid money to the British Government to get this land. The Treaty of Amritsar marked the beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir, which was to end in 1948 after India got independence from Britishers.

Related pages
Treaty of Lahore

19th century in India
Amritsar
1846

Treaty of Amritsar (1846)


The naitional banner o Slovenie features three equal horizontal baunds o white (top), blue, an reid, wi the Slovenian coat o airms locatit in the upper hoist side o the banner centred in the white an blue baunds. The coat o airms is a shield wi the image o Munt Triglav, Slovenie's heichest peak, in white against a blue backgrund at the centre; beneath it are twa wavy blue lines representin the Adriatic Sea an local rivers, an abuin it are three sax-pointit golden starns arranged in an invertit triangle which are taken frae the coat o airms o the Coonts o Celje, the great Slovenian dynastic hoose o the late 14t an early 15t centuries.

The banner's colours are considered tae be Pan-Slavic, but thay actually come frae the medieval coat o airms o the Duchy o Carniolae, consistin o a blue eagle on a white backgrund wi a reid-an-gowd crescent. The existin tricolour wis creatit during the Spring o Naitions in 1848, when a group of students frae Ljubljana teuk the colours frae the Carniolan coat o airms, arrangin them in sic a wey that it resembled the Roushie naitional banner.

The ceevil an state ensign for ships haes the same design as the naitional banner, but a different shape (2:3 instead o 1:2). (Boats up tae 24 meters uise the naitional banner as an ensign.) The naval jack is a white, blue, an yellae horizontal tricolor.

Historical development

Oreegins

The white-blue-red Slovenian banner wis first exposed on 7 Aprile 1848, on a biggin atween the Congress Square an the Prešeren Square in Ljubljana, bi a group o naitionally mindit students led bi the renouned naitional conservative activist an poet Lovro Toman. Despite opposition frae the local Ethnic Germans it wis subsequently recognised bi the Austrian Govrenment as the offeecial banner o Carniolae. This formal recognition, albeit on a regional level, wis an exception tae the policy o the Austrian Govrenment which tendit tae persecute naitional seembols o the non-German naitionalities in the Empire. In addition, Austrian authorities saw aw tricolours as basically naitionalist an potentially revolutionary seembols, sae Austrian provinces (as the Empire itself) wur anerlie alloued tae uise bicolours (the anerlie exception bein the banner o the Kinrick o Croatie an Slavonie, syne it wis interpretit tae be a combination o the Croatian an Slavonian bicolours). Sae the offeecial recognition o the Carniolan white-blue-red tricolour instead o the traditional white-blue bicolour wis seen as a major achievement bi the Slovenes an it quickly became the seembol representin the idea o Unitit Slovenie. In the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the Slovenian naitional tricolour became the ae truly aw-Slovenian seembol, representin aw Slovenes, regairdless o the historical region in which thay lived.

The tricolor banner continued tae be associatit wi Slovenie durin the kintra's incorporation intae Yugoslavie, Awtho offeecially the whole kinrick includin Slovenie haed the same banner, in this case, the blue-white-red. In the interwar period, it wis an aa uised bi the Slovenes o the Julian March that wur annexed tae Italy, whaur it wis prohibitit an persecutit bi the fascist regime.

Slovenian banner durin an efter WWII

Durin Warld War II The Slovene naitional colours wur uised baith bi the Partisan Resistance Movement (uisually wi a reid starn in the middle) an bi the Slovenian Hame Guard, the voluntary anti-Communist militia sponsored an supportin bi the Nazi German occupation forces.

In 1945 a reid starn wis offeecially placed on the banner o the Socialist Republic o Slovenie, a constituent o the Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie.

Flag o independent Slovenie

Follaein Slovenian unthrildom frae Yugoslavie, the reid starn wis removed an the new coat o airms, designed bi Marko Pogačnik, wis addit. The banner wis offeecially adoptit on 27 Juin 1991, follaein a lang an controversial dispute aboot the coat o airms o the new Republic.

References

Naitional seembols o Slovenie
Slovenie

Banner o Slovenie


In taxonomy, the term incertae sedis (abbreviated inc. sed.) is used for a taxon when its broader relationship to other taxa is unknown. The first person who used the term in botany was probably Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. In his book Genera Plantarum of 1789 he listed a few plantae incertae sedis.

Reasons why a taxon might be classified as incertae sedis include:
The description is not detailed enough to permit a clear classification.
A scientific publication about a taxon does not focus on its classification. The taxon is labeled incertae sedis, because the authors of the publication do not want to guess where the taxon belongs.
Different researchers may have different opinions of where a taxon should be classed. Until the conflicts are resolved, the taxon is classed as incertae sedis.

Incertae sedis


The Wild Tchoupitoulas were originally a group of Mardi Gras Indians formed in the early 1970s by George "Big Chief Jolly" Landry. Landry, with his Autochthon American (Choctaw) heritage, had been an active performer in the Mardi Gras Indian styling for a number of years. The group is named after the Tchoupitoulas tribe who also gave their name to Tchoupitoulas Street.

With help from local New Orleans musicians The Meters, The Wild Tchoupitoulas recorded an eponymous album, which featured the "call-and-response" style chants typical of Mardi Gras Indians. Vocals were provided by Landry, as well as other members of his Mardi Gras tribe. Instrumentation was provided in part by members of the Meters. The album also notably featured Landry's nephews, the Neville Brothers, providing harmonies and some of the instrumentation. The album was produced by famed New Orleans writer-musician-producer Allen Toussaint.

While not a financial success, the album and The Wild Tchoupitoulas' style was well received critically and the experience working with them encouraged the four Neville brothers to continue performing together as a group.

Discography
The Wild Tchoupitoulas (1976)

See also

 Tchoupitoulas Street

References

Musical groups from New Orleans
Mardi Gras in New Orleans
Musical groups established in 1976

The Wild Tchoupitoulas


Neil Francis Gerrard (born 3 July 1942) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Walthamstow from 1992 until 2010.

Early life
Gerrard was born in Farnworth, England, and educated at Manchester Grammar School and Wadham College, Oxford where he was awarded a BA degree in natural science in 1964. He later studied at the Chelsea College of Science and Technology where he received a MEd in Education in 1973. He received a Diploma in Professional Studies in Education (DPSE) from the Polytechnic of the South Bank in 1983.

From 1965 he taught at the Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, leaving in 1968 to take up the position of lecturer in chemistry and later in computing at Hackney College, where he remained until his election to parliament 24 years later.

He was elected as a councillor in the London Borough of Waltham Forest in 1973; he was the leader of the Labour group from 1983, and the leader of the Council from 1986 until he left the council in 1990.

Parliamentary career
He was selected to contest the Chingford constituency at the 1979 general election but was defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Norman Tebbit by 12,383 votes. He was elected to the House of Commons at the 1992 general election for Walthamstow, when he unseated the one-term Tory Hugo Summerson by 3,022 votes. He received 45.7% of the vote, compared to his Conservative opponent who received 37.2% of the vote.

He made his maiden speech on 12 May 1992.

In Parliament he served on the environment select committee from 1995 until he was made a Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Financial Secretary to the Treasury Dawn Primarolo following the 1997 General Election. He resigned as Primarolo's PPS just a few months later in 1997 over lone-parent benefits cuts introduced by the Secretary of State for Social Security Harriet Harman. He served on several select committees and was a member of the administration committee since the 2005 general election. He was the chairman of the all-party groups on AIDS and on refugees.

He is a left-winger within the Labour Party, and was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group and formerly a member of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's national council. In the 1990s he was a director of the Theatre Royal, Stratford East.

Gerrard announced on 23 February 2007 that he would be standing down as an MP at the next general election.

Personal life
Gerrard married Marian Fitzgerald in 1968; the couple had two sons, but they divorced in 1983. He has lived in Walthamstow for the past 50 years, and used to own a racing greyhound with fellow MP Harry Cohen which, although now retired, raced at the Walthamstow Dog Track.

References

External links
 Neil Gerrard official website
 ePolitix — Neil Gerrard
 Guardian Unlimited Politics — Ask Aristotle: Neil Gerrard MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com — Neil Gerrard MP
 The Public Whip — Neil Gerrard MP voting record
 BBC News — Neil Gerrard profile 16 March 2006

1942 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of London South Bank University
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Councillors in the London Borough of Waltham Forest
European democratic socialists
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
People from Farnworth
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010

Neil Gerrard


Sikhye (also spelled shikhye or shikeh) is a Korean traditional rice beverage which is fermented for some periods. It is usually served as a dessert with its sweet taste. The main ingredients of Sikhye is liquids, cooked rices. When we drink Sikhye, we can see that there are some residue of cooked rice. Sikhye is also called 'Dansul' and 'Gamju.' Both of these names mean "sweet wine." These days, Sikhye is also served in cans at Korean markets so that it can be easily enjoyed by people. The Vilac company is the most famous company which produce Sikhye in South Korea.

Recipe
Sikhye is made by malt water and cooked rice, etc. The malt water soak in boiled rice until grains of rice appear on the surface. And the liquid is poured out, drained, and boiled with sugar and ginger. After this, it is cooled down and kept in the jar.

Regional Variations
There are some regional variations of Sikhye. These include 'Andong Sikhye' and other varieties of Sikhye like 'Jinju sikhye,' 'Gangwon-do sikhye,' and 'Gyeongsang-do sikhye.' Andong Sikhye is a little bit different from the ordinary style of Sikhye. It uses radishes, carrots, and powdered red pepper to make it somewhat hot. And then, it is fermented for several days. The important thing is the crunchy texture of the radishes. It should be kept through the long fermentation process of Sikhye. Sikhye with a soft texture of the radish is regarded as an inferior product. Andong Sikhye is good for digesting because it has lactobacillus in it.

Effects
Sikhye has a lot of effects. First, it helps the function of digestion. Sikhye is one of the fermented foods which can help internal organs' movement and this movement of internal organs helps a digestion. Second, Sikhye contains a lot of fibers and these fibers work in body to accelerate a digestion as the main element. Third, it is helpful for chronic constipation and prevention of colorectal cancer and arteriosclerosis. Moreover, Sikhye is good for relieveing hangover. Lastly, According to Sasang typology in Oriental culture, Sikhye helps people who have cold constitution to be warmer.

Related pages
 Korean cuisine

References

Drinks
Korean food

Sikhye


Ammonium perchlorate is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and perchlorate ions. It is a colorless crystalline chemical. It is a strong oxidizing agent and contains chlorine in its +7 oxidation state. It breaks down when heated slowly and detonates when heated strongly. It is made by the reaction of ammonia with perchloric acid. It is not very toxic. It is used in rocket propellants.

Related pages
Potassium chlorate
Sodium hypochlorite

.

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine compounds

Ammonium perchlorate


Tsunami warning system or TWS detects tsunamis and issues warnings to prevent loss of life and property. It consists of two equally important components: a network of sensors to detect tsunamis and a communications infrastructure to issue timely alarms to start evacuation before the big waves reach the land to let the people to rush to safety.

There are two distinct types of tsunami warning systems: international and regional. Both of those systems depend on the fact that tsunami waves travel, approximately, 15-30 times slower than seismic waves.

Notes

Tsunamis

Tsunami warning system


Lee Alexander McQueen (17 March 1969 – 11 February 2010) was a British fashion designer and couturier. His creative and experimental design received a lot of attention in the world of fashion.

Early life and education
McQueen was born on 17 March 1969 at University Hospital Lewisham in Lewisham, London. He started drawing at age three. He wanted to be a designer since he was in primary school. McQueen left school at age 16 and started to serve an apprenticeship with Savile Row tailors in 'Anderson & Sheppard'. Afterwards, he also worked for 'Gieves & Hawkes', which made stage costumes for famous shows in London. The skills he learned as an apprentice on Savile Row helped him to get a reputation in the fashion world. At the age of 21, McQueen was hired by Romeo Gigli as assistant designer in Italy.

Career
In 1994, McQueen returned to London and got a master's degree from Central Saint Martins College. It was the turning point that led him to be a designer. McQueen worked at Givenchy as a head designer from 1996 to 2001.  After he separated with Givenchy, he focused on his own label. Then, in 2001, he made a debut with The Dance of the Twisted Bull collection in Paris which provoked some scandals.

In 2001 "Gucci" Group got 51% shares of Alexander McQueen brand, which was named after McQueen, and became his new partner. As time passed, McQueen launched "McQ" as second brand, and "My Queen" as perfume brand. McQueen also conducted various brand and design collaboration with Puma, Samsonite and Chivas Regal. By the end of 2006, Alexander McQueen brand has entered 25 cities including London, Paris, New York City, Boston, Milan, Moscow, Tokyo and Seoul.

In 1996, he was nominated as the youngest British Fashion Designer of the Year, and again in 1997, 2001 and 2003. Moreover, in 2003 he was nominated as  by Council of Fashion Designers of America(CFDA) and received 'Commander of the Order of the British Empire' from Queen. From mid 1990s to 2000s, he had success in his career.

Personal life, death and afterwards
McQueen was openly gay. He suffered from depression since the suicide of his close friend Isabella Blow. He hanged himself at his London home nine days after from the death of his mother. Depression was presumed to be the cause of his suicide. After his death, Sarah Burton is now the chief designer of the Alexander McQueen business.

References

1969 births
2010 deaths
British fashion designers
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT fashion designers
People from London
Suicide in the 2010s
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom

Alexander McQueen


Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c. 1820 or 1821 – March 10, 1913) was an African-American anti-slavery worker, and humanitarian. She was also a Union spy and the first black woman to ever lead an American mission during the American Civil War. She was born into slavery but she escaped. During her life, she made nineteen trips. She helped more than 700 slaves escape. She used the Underground Railroad.

When Tubman was a child in Dorchester County, Maryland, she was whipped and beaten by many different masters. When she was very young, an angry overseer threw a heavy metal weight at another slave. The weight accidentally hit Tubman's head. That caused seizures, headaches, powerful visionary and dream experiences. She had those problems all her life. Tubman believed the visions and vivid dreams came from God.

In 1849, Tubman escaped to Philadelphia. Slaves were free there. She later returned to Maryland to rescue her family. She eventually guided dozens of other slaves to freedom. Slave owners offered large rewards for the return of their slaves. Tubman was never caught because nobody knew she was freeing the slaves.

When the American Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army. She worked first as a cook and nurse. Later she was an armed scout and spy. She was the first woman to lead an armed group in the war. She guided the Combahee River Raid, which freed more than 700 slaves in South Carolina. After the war, she moved to her family home in Auburn, New York. There she cared for her aging parents. She became active in the women's suffrage movement in New York until she became ill. Near the end of her life, she lived in a home for elderly African Americans. Years earlier, she had helped create that home. Harriet was a leader and still is.

Early life and Education
Tubman's mother Rit (whose father might have been a white man) was a cook. Her father Ben was a woodsman. He did the timber work on a plantation. They married around 1808. According to court records, they had nine children together. Linah was born in 1808, Mariah Ritty in 1811, Soph in 1813, Robert in 1816, Minty (Harriet) in 1821, Ben in 1823, Rachel in 1825, Henry in 1830, and Moses in 1832.

Childhood
Tubman's mother was assigned to "the big house" and had very little time for her family. Tubman took care of a younger brother and a baby. This was typical in large families. When she was five or six years old, Brodess hired her out as a nursemaid to a woman named "Miss Susan". Tubman was ordered to watch the baby. Tubman was whipped. She later talked about a day when she was whipped five times before breakfast. She had the scars for the rest of her life. She found ways to resist such as running away for five days, wearing layers of clothing as protection against beatings, and fighting back.

As a child, Tubman also worked at the home of a planter named James Cook. She had to check muskrat traps in nearby marshes. She did that work even after she got measles. She became so ill that Cook sent her back to Brodess. Her mother nursed her back to health. Brodess then hired her out again. Tubman spoke later of her acute childhood homesickness. She compared herself to "the boy on the Swanee River" (referring to Stephen Foster's song "Old Folks at Home"). When she was older and stronger, she did field and forest work, driving oxen, plowing, and hauling logs.

Head Injury
One day, the adolescent Tubman was sent to a dry-goods store for supplies. There she met a slave owned by another family. That slave had left the fields without permission. His overseer was angry. He demanded that Tubman help restrain the young man. Tubman refused. As the slave ran away, the overseer threw a two-pound weight at him. The weight hit Tubman instead. Tubman said the weight "broke my skull". She later explained her belief that her hair – which "had never been combed and ... stood out like a bushel basket" – might have saved her life. Bleeding and unconscious, Tubman was returned to her owner's house and laid on the seat of a loom. She had no medical care for two days. She was sent back into the fields, "with blood and sweat rolling down my face until I couldn't see." Her boss returned her to Brodess, who tried unsuccessfully to sell her. She began having seizures and seemed to fall unconscious. She later said she was aware of her surroundings while appearing to be asleep. These episodes were alarming to her family. They couldn't wake her when she fell asleep suddenly and without warning. This condition remained with Tubman for the rest of her life. Larson suggests she may have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy because of the injury.

Family and marriage
Around 1844, Tubman married a free black man named John Tubman. Little is known about him or their time together. Their marriage was complicated because she was a slave. Since children would have the status of the mother, any children born to Harriet and John would become slaves. By this time, half the black population on the Eastern Shore of Maryland was free. Marriages between free people and enslaved people were not uncommon. Most African-American families had both free and enslaved members. Larson suggests that they might have planned to buy Tubman's freedom. Tubman changed her name from Araminta to Harriet when she arrived to Philadelphia. When she returned to Manchester to tell her husband to come with him, he was remarried already.

References

Bibliography
 Anderson, E. M. (2005). Home, Miss Moses: A novel in the time of Harriet Tubman. Higganum, CT: Higganum Hill Books. .
 Bradford, Sarah (1961). Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People. New York: Corinth Books.
 Bradford, Sarah (1971). Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press. .
Clinton, Catherine (2004). Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom. New York: Little, Brown and Company. .
Conrad, Earl (1942). Harriet Tubman: Negro Soldier and Abolitionist. New York: International Publishers. .
Douglass, Frederick (1969). Life and times of Frederick Douglass: his early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history, written by himself. London: Collier-Macmillan. .
 Humez, Jean (2003). Harriet Tubman: The Life and Life Stories. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. .
Larson, Kate Clifford (2004). Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero. New York: Ballantine Books. .

 Sterling, Dorothy (1970). Freedom Train: The Story of Harriet Tubman. New York: Scholastic, Inc. .

Other websites
 Harriet Tubman, Biographies for kids

1820 births
1913 deaths
African-American people
American abolitionists
Spies

Harriet Tubman


Artur da Costa e Silva (; 3 October 1899 – 17 December 1969) was a Brazilian Army Marshal and the second president of the Brazilian military government that came to power after the 1964 coup d'état. He reached the rank of Marshal of the Brazilian Army, and held the post of Minister of War in the military government of President Castelo Branco.

During his term in office Institutional Act 5 was promulgated. This law gave the president powers to dismiss the National Congress, strip politicians of their offices of power, and institutionalize repressive methods of rule against left-wing parties and individuals. Costa e Silva's government started the most oppressive stage of the military regime against opposition, left-wing activists and suspected communists, which would be continued and expanded under his successor Emílio Garrastazu Médici.

Early life

Birth
Costa e Silva was born in Taquari in Rio Grande do Sul state on 3 October 1899. While several sources erroneously suggest that Costa e Silva's parents were Portuguese from Madeira, both his parents were Brazilians, although one of his great-grandparents was a Portuguese immigrant from Lisbon.

Military career

Costa e Silva began his military career by entering the Military College of Porto Alegre, where he finished first of his class and commander of the cadet corps. He then entered the Military School of Realengo in Rio de Janeiro in 1918, where he finished third of his class. Made an aspirant on January 18, 1921, he was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in 1922 and was stationed with the 1st Infantry Regiment in Vila Militar until 5 July 1922, when he was involved in Tenentist rebellion and imprisoned for six months. He then married Iolanda Barbosa Costa e Silva, an officer's daughter.

As part of a joint program, he was trained in the United States of America from January to June 1944, after having been an assistant instructor of general tactics at the School for Command and the Army General-Staff. He served as a military attaché in Argentina from 1950 to 1952, and was then appointed to command the 3rd Military Region (Rio Grande do Sul) from 1957 to 1959, and to command of the 4th Army (Pernambuco) from August 1961 to September 1962. He was then appointed chief of the General Personnel Department and later the chief of the Department of Production and Works.

Costa e Silva was promoted to general on 2 August 1952, and reached rank of Army General on 25 November 1961.

Involvement in politics
During the presidency of João Goulart, Costa e Silva put down left-wing student demonstrations that broke out in the Northeast and subsequently was removed from command of the 4th Army.

By the end of 1963 he actively participated in the plot that overthrew Goulart, who was accused of aligning with Communists during the Cold War tension. After the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Costa e Silva was appointed the Minister of War on 1 April 1964, and remained in that post during the presidency of Castelo Branco.

As Minister of War, Costa e Silva defended interests of hard-liners, the ultra-right faction of the Armed Forces. As such he was considered an acceptable candidate to succeed Castelo Branco, who was judged to be too liberal. This also served well to isolate from power more moderate soldiers – such as future President Ernesto Geisel and his future chief aide Golbery do Couto e Silva.

Presidency (1967–1969)

Under the Constitution of 1967, the president was to be elected indirectly, by an absolute majority of both houses of Congress.  Costa e Silva was nominated as the candidate of the military-backed National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA); he was the only candidate. In any event, ARENA's dominance of Congress was so absolute that the presidential campaign essentially ended with Costa e Silva's nomination. He was duly elected on 3 October 1966, by a vote of 295–0, with 41 abstentions and 136 members not voting. He was sworn in on 15 March 1967.

While Costa e Silva was campaigning for the presidency of the republic, he barely escaped death during a left-wing guerrilla attack at Guararapes International Airport in Recife on 25 July 1966. The attack happened while he was waiting with around 300 other people at the airport. Since the airplane that was supposed to take him had broken down earlier that day in João Pessoa, Costa e Silva decided to leave Recife by automobile, thereby avoiding the assault which left several men dead or injured in what became known as the Attack of the Guararapes.

As president, he outlawed the Broad Front (Frente Ampla), an opposition movement that had brought together politicians from the pre-1964 period. He fought against inflation, revised government salaries and enlarged foreign trade. He also began a reform of the administrative organs, expanded the communication and transportation systems, but failed to resolve the problems in the education system. His time in power initiated the "Brazilian Miracle" – a growth rate ranging from 9–10% per year.

In 1968 the death of college sophomore Edson Luís de Lima Souto in a confrontation with a police officer provoked a massive protest (The One Hundred Thousand March) in Rio de Janeiro. The political situation worsened in August, when Congressman Márcio Moreira Alves suggested in a speech that young women should refuse to dance with military cadets in an act of protest against the military regime. The government asked the National Congress to prosecute the deputy. This was too much even for the ARENA-dominated legislature, which turned down the request. Costa e Silva then convened the Council of National Security and enacted the Institutional Act 5. It gave him the power to close Congress or any state legislature, rule by decree, dismiss state governors, and suspend citizens' political rights. It also instituted heavy-handed censorship, abolished habeas corpus for political crimes, and gave the federal government nearly unlimited authority to intervene in state and local affairs.  Almost as soon as Costa e Silva signed this decree, he used its provisions to close Congress, as well as the legislatures of all states except São Paulo, and assumed full legislative powers. For all intents and purposes, AI-5 placed Brazil under a tight dictatorship. Congress remained shuttered for the remainder of Costa e Silva's term.

Resistance
Armed resistance against Costa e Silva's government intensified in 1968. The most noticeable act of resistance took place on 26 June 1968, when Diógenes José Carvalho de Oliveira, Pedro Lobo de Oliveira and José Ronaldo Tavares de Lira e Silva, members of an eleven-man cell that was part of the People's Revolutionary Vanguard (VPR), managed to detonate a bomb at the General Headquarters of the 2nd Army in São Paulo. The car-bomb was launched without a driver towards the compound's front gate. The guards fired on the vehicle, which hit the external wall of the headquarters. Mário Kozel Filho, a soldier who was completing his compulsory military service and serving as a sentry on that day, left his post and ran towards the vehicle, trying to see if anyone was trapped inside. At that moment the car, filled with 50 kilograms of dynamite, exploded, damaging everything within a 300-meter radius around it. Kozel's body was ripped to pieces from the force of the explosion, and six other soldiers were seriously wounded. In response to this action, the government intensified its repressive and subversive activities.

Illness and death
After suddenly suffering a cerebral thrombosis, Costa e Silva was removed from duties on 31 August 1969. Although civilian Vice President Pedro Aleixo should have succeeded him, the three armed forces ministers instead took power as a military junta under the 12th Institutional Act. Costa e Silva legally remained president until 14 October when he was formally removed from office by the 16th Institutional Act. Costa e Silva died on 17 December of that same year, the victim of a heart attack.

Taking advantage of the opportunity, the military junta introduced new amendments to the 1967 Constitution that gave the already highly authoritarian document an even more repressive tone. Despite this, it was less repressive than the AI-5. Shortly after this "Constitutional Amendment no. 1", sometimes referred to as the Constitution of 1969, was passed into law by the junta, Congress was summoned from its two-year recess and charged with electing a successor. General Emílio Garrastazu Médici was the sole candidate, and was elected unanimously.

Due to the heavy press censorship of the time, many people did not accept the official version of events about Costa e Silva's illness, instead believing that he had been removed by the more conservative elements of the military regime. Regardless of such theories, there is no proof that Costa e Silva was anything else but seriously ill at the time of his removal.

Honours

Foreign honours
 Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (Portugal, November 13, 1965)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword (Portugal, August 4, 1967)
 Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (Norway, September 6, 1967)
  Honorary Knight Grand Cross of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (United Kingdom, November 5, 1968)

See also
 President Costa e Silva Bridge
 List of presidents of Brazil
 History of Brazil (1964-present)
 1964 Brazilian coup d'état

References

Bibliography
KOIFMAN, Fábio (org.) – Presidentes do Brasil, Editora Rio, 2001.
PORTELLA DE MELLO, Jayme A Revolução e o Governo Costa e Silva, Editora Guavira, 1979.
SILVA, Hélio, Costa e Silva – 23º Presidente do Brasil, Editora Três, 1983.
TAVARES, Aurélio de Lyra,O Exército no Governo Costa e Silva, Editora Departamento de Imprensa Nacional, 1968.

1899 births
1969 deaths
People from Taquara
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
National Renewal Alliance politicians
Presidents of Brazil
Energy ministers of Brazil
Marshals of Brazil
Military dictatorship in Brazil
Brazilian anti-communists
Politicide perpetrators
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Conservatism in Brazil
Far-right politics in Brazil

Artur da Costa e Silva


Winnowing is a farming method developed by ancient people for separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain. Threshing, which is the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw, comes before winnowing. In place of a winnowing basket a colandar can be used.

In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff. The heavier grains fall back down for recovery. This method is called "wind-grading". Other methods include using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff). Yet another is using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain.

Winnowing can also describe the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. This is similar to separating wheat from chaff.

References

Agriculture
Grains

Winnowing


Hiram Bradley Clawson (November 7, 1826 – March 29, 1912) was a Latter-day Saint businessman and Church leader in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Life and career
Clawson was born in Utica, New York.  He was educated at the Utica Academy. In 1838 he joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints along with his widowed mother. In 1841 they moved to Nauvoo.

Clawson went west with the Latter-day Saints, arriving in Salt Lake City in 1848. He supervised the building of the first adobe building in Salt Lake City and then was the head mason for the Council House of which Truman Angell was the architect.  Also for a time while Angell was away on a mission Clawson served as acting architect of the Salt Lake Temple.

Clawson was a close associate of Brigham Young and for many years served as his business manager. He also was involved in the building of the Salt Lake Theatre and was often a performer in its plays. Clawson was also for a time manager of the theatre.

Clawson served as an aide-de-camp to Daniel H. Wells in running the Nauvoo Legion in 1850. He later served as adjutant general of the Legion from 1863 until the legion was disbanded in 1870.

In 1865 Clawson bought out William H. Hooper to become partners with Horace S. Eldredge.  Clawson and Eldredge dissolved their firm in 1868 and sold it to Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI). Clawson was then the general superintendent of ZCMI from 1868-1873.  After being replaced for a short time by Hooper, Clawson took over the head of ZCMI again from 1874-1875. In 1875 Clawson bought the agriculture, hide and wool departments of ZCMI which he ran as an independent business until 1885.

From 1884 until 1902 Clawson served as the bishop of the Twelfth Ward in Salt Lake City.

Family
Clawson had four wives. His first wife was Ellen Curtis Spencer Clawson, a daughter of Orson Spencer. Among their children was Spencer Clawson who ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Salt Lake City.

Clawson's second wife was Margaret Gay Judd, who was born in Canada. One of their children was Rudger Clawson who was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Another of their children, Thomas A. Clawson, became a dentist and served in several callings in the LDS Church including succeeding Orson F. Whitney as bishop of the Eighteenth Ward in Salt Lake City.

Clawson's third wife was Alice Young, a daughter of Brigham Young and Mary Ann Angell.

Clawson's fourth wife was Emily Young, a daughter of Brigham Young and Emily Partridge.

Clawson had a total of forty-two children.

Notes

References
Andrew Jenson. LDS Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 629.
Richard H. Cracroft and Neal E. Lambert, ed., A Believing People, (Provo: BYU Press, 1974) p. 119.
University of Utah bio of Clawson

External links
 H. B. Clawson certificate, MSS 1167 in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
 Hiram B. Clawson Papers at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections

1826 births
1912 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Businesspeople from Salt Lake City
Businesspeople from Utica, New York
Converts to Mormonism
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Mormon pioneers

Hiram B. Clawson


Gary Glitter (Born — 8 May 1944) kent by his Mither and his Faither as Paul Francis Gadd is a fourmer seenger and intertainur. He is well-kent fur soangs sic as "Dae Yae Wahnt Tae Be In Ma Gang", an "Rock an Roll part Twae". Gairy goat himsel in a richt muckle when he went tae tak his computer machine intae a shop fur computers tae get it fixt. When wan ae the loons in the shoap was aboot tae tak it apart for repair, they fun sumthin oan his hard drive that wisnae supposed tae be there. They fun dodgy photaes ae bairns. Glitter wis appairently affrontit n got the jile. It tak' a wee meenit fir fowk tae tak in that Glitter wis a peedo. Glitter's cirrently still a peedo, an fur a while noo hes been daen maist ae his peedoing in fur awa countraes sic as Vietnam n Cambodia. He's noo back in Britain n fowk here arny tae chuffed that he micht start the peedo-ing. Foreby, he's oan that durty bastairt registur fur leef. Fur Glitter, its nae sae gud tae be back.

Livin fowk
1944 births

Gary Glitter


The A536 road links the Cheshire towns of Congleton and Macclesfield.

Route
Starting at the junction with the A34 in Lower Heath, Congleton, the road travels through the villages of Eaton and Gawsworth before entering Macclesfield. Once into Macclesfield, it take a right turn at the traffic lights by the Flower Pot public house, becoming Park Lane.

Passing the Learning Zone (Macclesfield College and The Macclesfield Academy) it travels to the end of Park Lane, veering right at a roundabout to become Park Street. After a short distance, the road turns right at the Park Green traffic lights and runs a short distance to join the A523 Mill Lane / The Silk Road at a T junction controlled by traffic lights.

The Congleton Link Road, which was completed in 2021, continues the A536 from just south of Eaton to join the A534 Sandbach Road, bypassing Congleton to the north.

History
Between Eaton and Gawsworth, there are three places in the space of 4 miles now signposted as lay-bys which used to be the original course of the A536 but which have been left in place as stopping areas following straightening of the road.

Closer to Gawsworth, the road used to pass immediately in front of the Harrington Arms public house and then take a right angle turn around the pub. This original route can be seen when examining Cheshire Tithe Maps.

References

Roads in England
Roads in Cheshire

A536 road


The 2013 Allstate Sugar Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game on Wednesday, January 2, 2013, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The game featured the Florida Gators of the SEC and the Louisville Cardinals of the Big East.  The game was broadcast live on ESPN at 8:30 PM ET. Louisville was selected to their first Sugar Bowl after a 10–2 regular season that culminated in a share of the Big East title. Florida was picked as the other half of the matchup following an 11–1 campaign.

As two touchdown underdogs, the Louisville Cardinals beat the Gators 33–23. In recognition of his performance during the game, Louisville quarterback Teddy Bridgewater was named the game's most valuable player.

Teams
The 2013 Sugar Bowl marked the third meeting between Florida and Louisville, with Florida holding a 2–0 advantage coming into the game. The previous meeting was on October 24, 1992, in a 31–17 win for the Gators.

Florida

Florida started the season with 7 straight wins before suffering their only regular season loss against rivals Georgia. The Gators ended the season 11–1 and were SEC Eastern Division Co-Champions. Because of their loss to Georgia, Florida did not play in the 2012 SEC Championship Game against Alabama. However, because Alabama was playing in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game, Florida was selected as an at-large pick to replace Alabama in the Sugar Bowl.

Florida came into the game with one of the nation's best defenses. In the regular season, Florida allowed an average of only 12.9 points per game, which was third in the FBS, and allowed only 5 passing touchdowns while making 19 interceptions. The Gators' defense was led by first-team All-America safety Matt Elam. On offense, the Gators were led by All-SEC running back Mike Gillislee, who came into the game with 1,104 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns.

This was the Gators' 9th Sugar Bowl appearance; they had previously appeared in the 2010 game against Cincinnati, where they won 51–24. Florida had a 3–5 record in the Sugar Bowl coming into the game.

Louisville

Louisville started the season with a 9–0 record before dropping back-to-back games against Syracuse and Connecticut. In their regular season finale, the Cardinals were able to beat Rutgers 20–17 in a come from behind victory to clinch a share of the final Big East title. Louisville ended the season with an overall record of 10–2.

Louisville entered the game averaging 31 points and 425.67 yards of offense per game. The Cardinals offense was led by Big East Offensive Player of the Year Teddy Bridgewater, who came into the game with 3,452 yards passing yards and 25 passing touchdowns. Louisville's ground game was led by running backs Jeremy Wright and Senorise Perry, who combined for 1,445 rushing yards and 20 rushing touchdowns.

This was Louisville's first appearance in the Sugar Bowl.

Game summary

First half
Louisville scored on the first offensive play of the game when Louisville cornerback Terell Floyd intercepted Jeff Driskel and returned the ball 38 yards for a touchdown. Louisville further extended their lead to 14–0 on a 1-yard touchdown run by Jeremy Wright. Florida finally got on board in the second quarter with a 33-yard field goal from Caleb Sturgis to make it 14–3. Louisville responded with a 27-yard field goal from John Wallace to make it 17–3. After forcing Florida to punt, Louisville extended their lead 24–3 on a 15-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Teddy Bridgewater to DeVante Parker. Florida was able to close the gap towards the end of the second quarter on a 4th down, 1-yard touchdown run from Matt Jones to make the score 24–10 going into halftime.

Second half
Florida opened the second half on with an onside kick. However, Florida was unable to recover the onside kick, giving Louisville the ball at Florida's 19-yard line following personal foul penalties on Florida. Taking advantage of the good field position, the Cardinals scored on a 19-yard touchdown pass from Teddy Bridgewater to Damian Copeland. The extra point was blocked, however, giving Louisville a 30–10 lead. Louisville had a few more opportunities in the third quarter to extend their lead. The Cardinals defense recovered a fumble at Florida's 4-yard line. However, after Bridgewater was sacked twice on drive, placekicker John Wallace missed a 43-yard field goal. After forcing Florida to punt on the ensuing drive, Louisville was able to drive to Florida's 9-yard line. However, after an illegal block penalty that backed up the Cardinals to the 24-yard line, John Wallace's 41-yard field goal attempt was blocked.

Early in the 4th quarter, Florida drove to Louisville's 9-yard line. Florida came up empty, however, after Louisville's Andrew Johnson intercepted Jeff Driskel in the endzone. Taking advantage of the interception, Louisville extended their lead to 33–10 on a 30-yard field goal from John Wallace. On the ensuing kickoff, Florida's Andre Debose returned the ball 100 yards to cut the lead down to 33–17. After forcing Louisville to punt, Florida was able to cut further into the lead on a 5-yard touchdown pass from Jeff Driskel to Kent Taylor. Florida's two-point conversion attempt was unsuccessful, however, making the score 33–23 with 2:13 left in regulation. Florida was unable to recover the ensuing onside kick, and Louisville was able to hold on for the victory after getting a 1st down.

Scoring summary

Statistics

References

Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl
Sugar Bowl
Florida Gators football bowl games
Louisville Cardinals football bowl games
Sugar Bowl

2013 Sugar Bowl


The International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP; also known as the 2½ International or the Vienna International; , IASP) was a political international for the co-operation of socialist parties.

History
The IWUSP was founded on February 27, 1921, at a conference in Vienna, Austria, by ten parties, including the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the Independent Labour Party (ILP), the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SPS), the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), and the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties (FPSR, created by splinter groups of the Socialist Party of Romania). In April 1921, it was joined by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The Maximalist faction of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) also joined.

Members
The secretary of the IWUSP was the Austrian Friedrich Adler of the SPÖ; other prominent members were Otto Bauer and Julius Martov. The group was heavily influenced by Austromarxism. It published Nachrichten der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialistischer Parteien ("News of the IWUSP"). Poale Zion (labour Zionist) leaders David Ben-Gurion and Shlomo Kaplansky were active in the movement behind the Two and a Half International.

Ideology
The founders of the IWUSP were parties that saw neither the reformist Second International nor the Communist and pro-Soviet Third International as alternatives for affiliation. The IWUSP criticized the other two Internationals for what it perceived to be dogmatism, and advocated that more consideration should be given to the particularities of the political situation in each country. It worked for the unification of the Second and Third Internationals. From April 2 to April 5 1922 the Conference of the Three Internationals was held in Berlin with delegations from the three different international bodies to discuss a merger, but unity was not achieved and the Comintern withdrew from the talks.

Dissolution
In Germany on September 24, 1922, the USPD, one of the main components of the IWUSP, merged with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), a member of the Berne International. Discouraged by the intransigent position of the Third International, the Berne International and the IWUSP merged to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) at a joint congress in Hamburg in May 1923. Some, such as the FPSR, refused to join the new body.

In the 1930s, a similar effort was made to create an international between the reformism of the Second and the Stalinism of the Third, as the London Bureau of left-wing socialist parties. Sometimes called the "Three-and-a-Half International", it involved many of the same parties.

See also
Democratic socialism

References

Further reading
 André Donneur: Histoire de l'Union des partis socialistes pour l'action internationale (1920-1923). Sudbury Ontario: Libr. de l'Université Laurentienne, 1967.
Lenin "The restoration of the International"
Trotskyism versus Centrism in Britain

External links
Archive of the International Working Union of Socialist Parties
A Communist view on the Conference of the Three Internationals
The Second and Third Internationals and the Vienna Union The proceedings of the Berlin conference

Socialism
History of socialism
International socialist organizations
Political parties established in 1921
1923 disestablishments


William Norris Powell (June 3, 1952 – January 28, 2009) was an American musician and the keyboardist of southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1972 until his death in 2009.

Biography

Early life
Powell was born in Corpus Christi, Texas. He grew up in a military family and spent several of his childhood years in Italy, where his father was stationed with the U.S. Navy. After his father died of cancer in 1960, the Powells returned to the United States to settle in Jacksonville, Florida. In elementary school, Powell met Leon Wilkeson, who became a lifelong friend and the bassist for Lynyrd Skynyrd. Powell took an interest in piano and he began taking piano lessons from a local teacher named Madalyn Brown, who claimed that Billy did not need a teacher as he was a natural and picked things up well on his own. When it was time for high school, his mother enrolled Billy and his brother Ricky at Sanford Naval Academy in Sanford, Florida. Powell returned to Jacksonville, where he enrolled at Bishop Kenny High School. After graduation in 1970, he enrolled at and briefly attended a community college, majoring in music theory.

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Around 1970, Powell found work as a roadie for Lynyrd Skynyrd and remained a member of the crew for two years, during which the band secured a support role for the band Mountain. In 1972, Skynyrd played a show at the Bolles School prom. During a break at that event, Powell sat down at a piano and played a song. When the band realized their roadie's ability, he was offered the position of keyboardist.

In 1973, Lynyrd Skynyrd was signed to MCA Records and received national exposure following the release of their first album, (pronounced 'lĕh-'nérd 'skin-'nérd). The band's popularity soared in 1974 with their follow-up album, Second Helping, which featured their highest-charting single, "Sweet Home Alabama". The band enjoyed increasing popularity over the next three years, culminating in the 1977 release of Street Survivors.

Three days after the release of Street Survivors, Skynyrd's chartered Convair CV-240 crashed into a forest near McComb, Mississippi. The crash took the lives of singer Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist Steve Gaines, his sister and backing vocalist Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, and both pilots. The remainder of the band suffered mild to severe injuries. Powell suffered severe facial lacerations, almost losing his nose, but was otherwise relatively uninjured. He was the first to be released from the hospital, and the only member able to attend the funerals of his fallen bandmates.

During the time between the plane crash and the Lynyrd Skynyrd reunion in 1987, Powell joined the Christian rock band Vision in 1984. With Vision he recorded three albums (Mountain in The Sky, Vision, and Streetfighter), and toured extensively. His keyboard performances were spotlighted in Vision concerts. During the concerts, Powell spoke about his newfound Christianity; messages that were also delivered via two bonus tracks included on the album Mountain in the Sky. Powell also worked with 38 Special during this time.

Powell rejoined Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1987 for a tribute tour, and remained with the band until his death. At the time of his death, he and guitarist Gary Rossington were the only members from the classic lineup who were active in the band.

Death
On January 28, 2009, Powell died at the age of 56 at his home in Orange Park, Florida. It was during a break from Skynyrd's touring schedule that Powell suffered a fatal heart attack. His death inspired countless tributes, in and out of the Southern rock community and extending across the country-music world, where he had many friends and admirers. The music he had recorded with Vision was played exclusively at a private memorial service, and Kid Rock sang a tribute. Many Southern Rock musicians were in attendance, including his Skynyrd and Vision bandmates, their families, Hank Williams Jr. and others. He was survived by his wife Ellen, sons Brandon and Joel, daughters Layla, Ashley, and Maggie, brother Rick, and sister Donna. The song "Gifted Hands" was later written and recorded by Lynyrd Skynyrd as a tribute to Powell.

References

External links

 Swampland: GRITZ Billy Powell Obit
 Swampland: GRITZ Billy Powell Memorial Page

 Lynyrd Skynyrd Plane Crash

1952 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American musicians
American Protestants
American rock keyboardists
Burials in Florida
Bishop Kenny High School alumni
Lynyrd Skynyrd members
Musicians from Corpus Christi, Texas
Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
People from Orange Park, Florida
Rossington Collins Band members
Allen Collins Band members
20th-century American keyboardists
Blues rock musicians

Billy Powell


Albert Pell (12 March 1820 – 7 April 1907) was an English solicitor and Conservative Party politician.

Early life
Pell was born in 1820, the eldest son of Sir Albert Pell, a judge of the Bankruptcy Courts and Margaret Letitia Matilda St John, daughter of John St John, 12th Baron St John of Bletso. Pell was educated at Rugby School before matriculating to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1839. While at Cambridge, Pell is credited with introducing the game of rugby union, then simply called football, to the University, and describes in his autobiography the difficulties of setting up a team.

Pell gained his MA in 1842, and in the same year was admitted to the Inner Temple on 1 June.

On 8 September 1846, Pell married Elizabeth Barbara Halford, his cousin, and daughter of Sir Henry Halford. Sir Henry was the 2nd Baronet of Wistow and had been the Member of Parliament for the Southern Division of Leicestershire from 1832 to 1857.

Political career and later life
Pell was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Southern Division of Leicestershire, like his father-in-law before him, during the general election of 1868, defeating Liberal candidate Thomas Paget. He successfully defended his seat on two occasions, in 1874 and 1880.

Pell was a keen Parliamentarian and sat on various committees and bodies, including the Royal Commission on City Parochial charities, City guilds and the aged poor. He also had an interest in British agriculture and was a member of a group of MP's, which included Henry Chaplin, Sir Massey Lopes and Clare Sewell Read, who supported farming interests. He was also a member of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

References

External links

1820 births
1907 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Rugby School

Albert Pell


New Zealand English is the English spoken in New Zealand. The words are mostly the same as in British English, but are pronounced (spoken) differently.

Some words are only found in New Zealand English. These include dairy (corner shop; small grocery shop), bach (small holiday house, usually by the beach), and heaps (lots of, i.e "I ate heaps of pavlova last Christmas").

New Zealand
Dialects of English

New Zealand English


Bylazora or Vilazora () was a Paeonian city from the period of early classic antiquity. It is located near the village of Knezhje, which is part of the municipality of Sveti Nikole in North Macedonia.

History
Polybius tells us:

In 219 BC, the Dardanians collected their forces for a raid into Macedonia and at that time Bylazora must already have been in their hands. With its location at Sveti Nikole, Bylazora commanded the entrance to a long defile and, no less important, a route southwestwards into Pelagonia via the Babuna Valley, or Raec Valley into Styberra and interior of the Macedonian Kingdom. It can be assumed that Bylazora, as the largest Paeonian town, must have been in Dardanian possession when Philip V captured it in 217 BC, with the aim of garrisoning it and ending Dardanian raids. Bylazora is also mentioned by Livy in his "The History of Rome" when Perseus in 168 BC arranged military support from the Gauls who were campaigning in Desudaba, Maedica, requesting the Gaulish army to shift their camp to Bylazora, a place in Paeonia, and their officers to go in a body to him at Almana on the River Axius.
The geographic dominance over the surrounding valley has determined the communications significance of the city in ancient times. It was situated between the states (or sometimes provinces) of the Dardani, and of Thrace and Macedonia. Ancient Bylazora was the largest and most significant city of Paionia, mentioned in the records of Polybius and Titus Livius. They emphasize its strategic geographic position as a frontier of the northern border of Macedonia against the Dardanians.

According to experts, there are two significant dates related to the relations between ancient Macedonia and Bylazora: The first is 217 BC when king Philip V of Macedonia reconstructed its fortifications; The second is 168 BC when king Perseus of Macedonia, during the Third Macedonian War, arranged military support from the Gauls who were camping nearby in defending the city against the Romans.

Discovery
A strange fabrication, to the effect that Bylazora was located at the village of Kneze near Sveti Nikole stems from professor Ivan Mikulcic, who in 1976 set foot on the hill called Safara and claimed "this is Bylazora" without presenting a single substantial fact. In that manner he was able to move the ancient Bylazora on the bank of the Axius River to the inland of Paeonia at Kneze near Sveti Nikole.

In August 2008, a team of researchers led by archaeologist Boban Husenovski from the National Museum of Macedonia with the participation of researchers from the Texas Foundation for Archaeological & Historical Research discovered the main gate of a city, fortification walls, and plenty of small archaeological finds that have been dated to between the 6th and 3rd century BC.

From these findings, they have been able to confirm that these are in fact the remains of the ancient Paeonian city of Bylazora. The excavations are ongoing (2008).

External links
 2008 Summary Report, TFAHR
 2008 Excavation Photos, TFAHR
 2008 Excavation Report, TFAHR

References

Archaeological sites in North Macedonia
Paeonia (kingdom)
Geography of ancient Paeonia
Former populated places in the Balkans
Sveti Nikole Municipality

Bylazora


Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi (1184-1291) () or Saadi was a Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz, Iran. He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. His most famous poetry book is the Bostan (, meaning The Orchard). He also wrote the Golestan (, meaning The Rosery). His poems are in Persian and Arabic.

1184 births
1291 deaths
Persian poets

Saadi


Andreas Schroeder (b. , West Germany 26 November 1946) is a German-born Canadian poet, novelist, and nonfiction writer who lives in the small town of Roberts Creek, British Columbia.

Career
Schroeder is the author of some 23 books, including fiction, creative nonfiction, poetry, translations and criticism. For many years he appeared on the CBC radio show Basic Black as its "resident crookologist", presenting a segment on some of the world's most outrageous and humorous crimes and criminals.

He served a term as Chair of the Writers' Union of Canada (1976/77), at which time he took over the Union's crusade for Public Lending Right. When that program was finally achieved, in 1986, he became its founding Chair, and served as the Union's PLR representative on the Public Lending Right Commission until 2008.

Schroeder teaches Creative Non-Fiction in the University of British Columbia's Creative Writing program, where he holds the Rogers Communications Chair in Creative Nonfiction.

Schroeder has been shortlisted for a Governor-General's Award (Nonfiction: Shaking It Rough) in 1977, the Sealbooks First Novel Award (1984), an Arthur Ellis Award for Best Nonfiction (1997), The Stephen Leacock Award for Humor (1997) and the Malahat Review Novella competition (1998). He has won the OLA's Red Maple Award for Young Adult Nonfiction twice (2005; 2007), has received several National Magazine Awards, and won the Canadian Association of Journalists' "Best Investigative Journalism" award in 1990. He is a member of the New Democratic Party and describes himself as a "non-observant Mennonite".

He is married to Sharon Brown; the couple have two daughters.

Works

Poetry
The Ozone Minotaur – 1969
File of Uncertainties – 1971
Universe: The Burden of Performance is on the Rider – 1977

Nonfiction
Shaking it Rough: A Prison Memoir – 1976
The Mennonites: A Pictorial History of their Lives in Canada – 1990
Carved From Wood – A History of Mission, BC. – 1991
Scams, Scandals, and Skulduggery – 1996
Cheats, Charlatans, and Chicanery – 1997
Fakes, Frauds, and Flimflammery – 1999
Scams! (Young Adult Nonfiction) – 2004
Thieves! (Young Adult Nonfiction) – 2005
 Auf der Flucht mit Mona Lisa. Von Meisterdieben und charmanten Schwindlern.. Transl. Walter Goidinger. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1998
Duped! (Young Adult Nonfiction – 2011
Robbers! (Young Adult Nonfiction) – 2012

Fiction
The Late Man – 1972
Toccata in 'D': A Micro Novel – 1984
Dust-Ship Glory – 1976
The Eleventh Commandment – 1990
Renovating Heaven – 2008

References

External links

theglobeandmail.com

1946 births
Living people
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
Canadian radio personalities
German emigrants to Canada
Writers from British Columbia
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian Mennonites
Mennonite poets
Forest of Reading Award winners

Andreas Schroeder


Vár is a goddess of promises and agreements in Norse mythology. She listens to people that make agreements with one another. She also punishes those that break their promises and contracts. Vár is described in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. The contracts that Vár makes are called  varar. Her name means 'pledge' or 'beloved'.

Norse gods and goddesses

Vár


Fima (born Efraim Roeytenberg) (1914 – 2005) was an Israeli artist born in China. He spent most of his career in France.

Biography
Ephraim (Yafim) Roeytenberg, known as "Fima" or "Pima", was born 22 December 1914 and grew up in Harbin, China. Harbin was a Russian-Chinese city with a large white émigré community. Roeytenberg was the son of Russian-Jewish parents. His father was an engineer who worked on the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway.

Roeytenberg studied in a Russian high school in Harbin, where he learned Chinese as well. After graduating secondary school in 1933, he moved to Shanghai, where he studied architecture while taking painting classes at night. During the 1940s, he worked in Shanghai painting set designs for shows. He attended and later taught at the Russian Academy of Fine Arts in Shanghai.  In 1947, he had a solo exhibition at the Jewish Recreation Club in Shanghai. He also displayed his work in group shows.

Roeytenberg immigrated to Israel in February 1949 and settled in Jerusalem. During the 1950s, he made contacts with contemporary artists in Israel and explored new ways of painting. In 1954, Roeytenberg traveled to Italy and in 1956 to Paris. In 1960, he had a sold-out exhibition at the Rina gallery in Jerusalem.

In 1961, Roeytenberg moved to Paris, where he developed an association with the Jacques Massol gallery. He was there until 2002, exhibiting works in Paris, Israel, and elsewhere. His works were displayed at the Bineth gallery, and he took part in the 1964 Art Israel show at the New York Museum of Modern Art. In 1966, after the death of his wife, Roeytenberg spent a year in Finland. There, he met his second wife.

Roeytenberg exhibited at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem in 1970, the Jewish Museum in New York in 1972, the Barbican Centre in London in 1990, and had a solo exhibition at the Tel Aviv Museum in 1976.

In 2002, Roeytenberg returned to live in Israel. He travelled to Hong Kong in 2004 when his work was being exhibited there. He continued to paint until a month before his death. He died in Jerusalem on 16 October 2005.

See also
Visual arts in Israel

References

External links

1914 births
2005 deaths
Israeli artists
Chinese emigrants to Israel
Israeli expatriates in France

Fima (artist)


After the Agrarian society, and the Industrial revolution, the Information age is the third big epoch in the history of economics. In the information age, information has become a prime economic good, and there are industries that transform information form one form to another. The changer from industrialized society to the society of the information age is called Digital Revolution.

Related pages
Digital divide

Society
Periods and ages in history
Innovation

Information Age


The Scion xB was a car made by Toyota for the United States and was sold under the Scion brand. It is a box-shaped, 5-door small car and is sometimes called the box car. There are two types of Scion xB cars on the road today. The first type was made from 2004 until 2006. This type was known for its boxy shape and high fuel economy.
The second type was made from 2008 until 2015. This type looks much rounder and it is more powerful than the first type of car. This type is also not as popular because it is a more generic type of car. There has been a lot of criticism about the second type of Scion xB because of this reason. Also, many original xB owners despise the xB2 even being called an xB. The xB2 has its own name in other markets. Scion used the xB name in an attempt to help sell it in America.

Toyota automobiles

Scion xB


A relay race is a track and field event in which athletes run a pre-set distance carrying a baton before passing it onto the next runner. Often, a relay team is a team of four sprinters.

In athletics, the two standard relays are the 4x100 meter relay and the 4x400 meter relay. Traditionally, the 4x400 meter relay finals are the last event of a track meet.

Nowadays, long distance relays have become increasingly popular with runners of all skill-levels. These runners typically have 5 to 36 legs, each between 5 and 10 kilometers (3-6 miles) long.

Related pages

 Middle distance race
 Long distance race
 Walking race
 Hurdle race
 Sprint
 Steeplechase
 Cross-country race
 Marathon

Running

Relay race


Samuel Torrey Orton (October 15, 1879 – November 17, 1948) was an American physician who pioneered the study of learning disabilities. He examined the causes and treatment of dyslexia.

Career
Orton's interest in learning disabilities stemmed from his early work as a pathologist in Massachusetts, where he worked with adult patients with brain damage. This led him to study why some children with apparently intact neurological functioning have language disabilities. In 1919, Orton was hired as the founding director of the State Psychopathic Hospital in Iowa City, Iowa, and chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Iowa College of Medicine.  In 1925, Orton set up a 2-week mobile clinic in Greene County, Iowa to evaluate students referred by teachers because they "were retarded or failing in their school work." Orton found that 14 of the students who were referred primarily because they had great difficulty in learning to read, in fact had near-average, average, or above-average IQ scores.

Orton's study of reading difficulties in children led him to hypothesize that these individuals have failed  to establish appropriate cerebral organization to support the association of visual words with their spoken forms. He termed this difficulty strephosymbolia, meaning "twisted symbols". This term stemmed from Orton's observation that many of the children he worked with tended to reverse letters or transpose their order. Orton also reported that some of his research subjects could read more easily if they held pages up to a mirror, and a few were rapid mirror writers.

Working in the 1920s, Orton did not have access to modern brain scanning equipment,
but he knew from his work with brain damaged adults that injuries to the left
hemisphere produced symptoms similar to those he observed in children. Many of the children Orton studied were also ambidextrous or had mixed handedness. This led Orton to theorize that the children's reading problems stemmed from the failure of the left hemisphere to become dominant over the right. Some of Orton's theories about brain structure and organization would later be confirmed by modern brain researchers, such as Albert Galaburda, who compared the brains of deceased dyslexic and non-dyslexic adults in the late 1970s.

Dr. Orton's key contribution to the field of education was the concept of "multisensory" teaching–integrating kinesthetic (movement-based) and tactile (sensory-based) learning
strategies with teaching of visual and auditory concepts. Dr. Orton wanted a way to teach reading that would integrate right and left brain functions. He was influenced by the work of fellow psychologist Grace Fernald, who had developed a kinesthetic approach involving writing in the air and tracing words in large written or scripted format, while simultaneously saying the names and sounds of the letters.

Later, Orton began working with psychologist Anna Gillingham, who introduced a systematic and orderly approach of categorizing and teaching a set of 70 phonograms, single letters and letter pairs representing the 44 discrete sounds (or phonemes) found in English. In the years since Dr. Orton's death in 1948, his name has come to be strongly associated with the Orton-Gillingham teaching method, which remains the basis of the most prevalent form of remediation and tutoring for children with dyslexia, or dyslexia-like symptoms, such as reading disabilities.

Impact
The studies of Orton have led the studies on dyslexia and have found validation in current cognitive science and learning theory. Although he did not have access to brain scanning equipment, most of his findings have eventually been found to be correct. His work is the basis of current neuropsychological concept of laterality of brain and reciprocal functions of the two cerebral hemispheres. Working in association with Anna Gillingham and Bessie W. Stillman the Orton-Gillingham approach to teaching language was developed. The original manual, originally published in 1935, is currently in its seventh edition.

See also
List of Phonics Programs
Orton-Gillingham
Spalding Method
International Dyslexia Association, originally named the Orton Dyslexia Society

References

External links
 Samuel T Orton and June L Orton Personal Papers and Manuscripts at the Columbia University Health Science Library collection

1879 births
1948 deaths
Learning disabilities
Taft School alumni
University of Iowa faculty
Dyslexia researchers
Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association

Samuel Orton