In electrical engineering, voltage regulation is a measure of the difference in voltage between the sending and receiving ends of a transmission system or distribution system. On one end of these systems is the source, where the power is received, and on the other end is the load, where the power is sent to. Voltage regulation involves measuring the difference in the voltage at each end.

Electric utility companies use some electrical equipment to maintain the voltage constant magnitude value transmitted or distributed along the power line, such as tap changer, voltage regulator, capacitor etc.

Electricity

Voltage regulation


Fripp Island is a 6.546 sq mi (16.954 km2) barrier island and census-designated place (CDP) located along the Atlantic coast of the lowcountry part of South Carolina. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 963.

It is approximately 21 miles from Beaufort, 96 miles south of Charleston, and 65 miles north of Savannah, Georgia. Some of the neighboring islands include Hunting Island, Harbor Island, Saint Helena Island, Lady's Island, and Pritchard's Island. The island mostly serves as a residential vacation resort, but several hundred residents make it their permanent home. It is also the most seaward of the South Carolina Sea Islands. Fripp is renowned for its resort amenities and natural conservation.

History
Although it has had several names over its history, the island is presently named after Captain Johannes Fripp, a British sailor charged with protecting the Carolina colony from Spanish attacks. Local folklore history has long suspected Fripp to be the location where Edward Teach, the pirate known as Blackbeard, had stowed away some of his treasures. There may have been pirates who stopped at the island, but treasure was seldom buried by 18th-century sea rovers.

Due to its relatively remote location, the island was utilized primarily as a private hunting range for most of its history. In the mid-20th century, completion of bridges connecting Beaufort with nearby Hunting Island State Park, investors looked to develop a residential resort community on Fripp. Upon securing bonds and establishing a public service district, a bridge was built in 1961 that connected Fripp with Hunting Island, U.S. Highway 21, and nearby Beaufort and began to stimulate residential development. Within 10 years, developers had built the Ocean Point Golf Links, a Racquet Club for tennis, a marina and a variety of homes and condominium units that would serve as the benchmark for development for the next thirty years.

In 1994, the island underwent its final major development phase on its southwestern end. Ocean Creek Golf Course designed by Davis Love III was built, as well as a new amenities center. Additional housing styles were offered and the marina was expanded. Though the island will not undergo any future expansion, nearly one-third of the lots on the island remain undeveloped.

Island Services

Fire Department
The need for a fire department was determined in 1962 by legislation establishing the Fripp Island Public Service District. Originally, the fire department and first fire truck was housed in a three-sided building. The fire department started as a volunteer effort and was later recognized by South Carolina as a volunteer organization. In 1982, a new fire station was built to park the two trucks owned by the department. Four years later the Public Service District hired its first professional Fire Chief to operate the department on a daily basis. The fire station that serves as the island's current station was built in 1999. A full-time paramedic was later hired by the county in 2001. The department is composed of 34 volunteers and 19 paid personnel. The department has owned two fire truck pumpers, a squad truck, a Quick Response Vehicle, and a 6-wheeled Beach Rescue ATV since 2006. The fire department's main services include Fire Suppression, Search and Rescue, Medical Emergency Response, Vehicle Extrication, Top Water Rescue, and Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education.

Water System

In the early days of the island's population, all drinkable water had to be transported onto the island. St. Helena Island started to pump water into Fripp's central water tank by 1965. By 1980, all water was bought from the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority and pumps an average 172 million gallons a year into the island for use by the public.

Fripp Inlet Bridge
The main bridge leading to Fripp Island was completed in 1964. The legislation authorizing the 2,067 foot bridge called for a two dollar toll; it is now toll-free. The bridge is owned and managed by the Fripp Island Public Service District.

Geography
Geologically speaking, Fripp Island is considered to be a barrier island. The island is the most seaward of the Sea Islands and forms a de facto cape. Located halfway between Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia along the coast, it is locally positioned between Hunting Island State Park to the north and Pritchards Island to the southwest. A wide marsh and estuarine system separates these islands from the larger St. Helena's Island to the northwest. The upland acreage of the island is approximately . Fripp has approximately three miles of beachfront along the Atlantic, though some parts of the beach are fully submerged at high tide.

Fripp Island is located approximately 20 miles (30 km) from Beaufort and is connected with the city via U.S. 21. Savannah is approximately a 75-minute drive by car while Charleston is approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes away. Bermuda lies 900 miles (1,450 km) due east of Fripp.

Population and governance
According to the 2000 census, Fripp Island has a year-round primary population of 887 residents. The realistic figure is likely higher than reported because many homeowners consider Fripp Island property as second homes and may spend weeks or months on the island, but do not consider it their primary residence. In summer months the island's population can rise to about 5,000 due to an increase in visitors.

Fripp Island is a private, gated community, run by the Fripp Island Property Owners Association (FIPOA) since the mid-1980s. It is not a municipality though it maintains island operations via a public service district and property owners association. In addition to providing a security force and fire/rescue squad, the island also maintains its own bridges, roads, paths, parks, and beach access routes. Meetings and gatherings are typically held at the Fripp Island Community Centre. An all-faiths chapel is also located on the island.

Demographics

2020 census

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

Transportation
Although cars and trucks are allowed on roads and streets, golf carts are the prevailing method of transportation on the island. Bicycles are also popular and are used among residents and visitors alike, and several streets offer parallel bike trails to separate bicyclists from motor vehicles.

Amenities
All amenities are owned and operated by Fripp Resorts. These include all restaurants, golf courses, tennis courts, pools and stores. The initiation fee is $25,000. There are three levels of membership with an annual fee depending on the membership level.

Restaurants
The Beach Club Restaurant
Ocean View Sports Bar
The Bonito Boathouse
The Ocean Point Grille
Cabana Club Restaurant
The Food Club
The Marina Deli
The 19th Hole

Golf
Ocean Point Golf Links
Ocean Creek Golf Course (designed by Davis Love III)

Rentals
The island offers:
 stand up paddle surfing rentals and tours
 bicycles
 golf carts
 mopeds
 kayaks and canoes

Nature

Flora

Most of the island's trees are loblolly pine, though there are some hardwood live oak and magnolia stands located throughout the island. Spanish moss is a prevalent feature as well.

Fauna
Prior to human development, the island was fertile ground for several wild animals, including wild hogs. Development though has been carefully undertaken to preserve much of the wildlife habitat that existed beforehand. It is common to see deer in any area across the island, and population control of deer has been a major concern for the island.There are several small mammals that inhabit Fripp, including squirrels, raccoons, opossums, bats, and armadillos. Most interior lagoons contain an alligator population.

Fripp and its surrounding areas are home to dozens of species of birds. Among the most striking include populations of egrets, herons, osprey, and pelicans, though seagulls are the most common. Island residents established an Audubon Club in 1978 and the entire island is an Audubon-designated bird preserve.

The island is a major loggerhead turtle hatchery and an active group of residents works to make the beaches safe for the laying turtles by observing outside lighting precautions during nesting seasons and protecting nests from predation by humans, raccoons and other animals.

Numerous fish and crustacean species can be found in the waterways and estuaries that surround the island, and the island remains a popular destination for fishing and crabbing. Fiddler crab is the most common of crab species, while blue crab is the most common species caught.

Media
The Pat Conroy novel Beach Music makes reference to the "Isle of Orion", which is a fictional stand-in for Fripp Island. Conroy was a full-time resident of the island for many years, but resided in Beaufort until his death in March 2016.
The Vietnam War scenes from the movie Forrest Gump (1994) were filmed on Fripp Island. Also, many other scenes were filmed in the Beaufort area. The Gay Fish Company, right outside of Fripp, sold shrimp to the production and served as a real life prop for the shrimping boat scene.
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book was filmed on this island in 1994. Jason Scott Lee starred as Mowgli. His scenes featuring wild animals were shot on the island near the present location of the Ocean Creek Golf Course as well as Fall Creek Falls State Park in Tennessee.
The Prince of Tides (1991), based on the Pat Conroy novel of the same name, was partially filmed on Fripp Island in 1990. The home of Tom (Nick Nolte) and Sally Wingo (Blythe Danner) and their children is located along the beach on the northern section of the island.

References

Miller, Page Putnam. Fripp island: A History. The History Press, 2006. 190 pp.
Fripp Island: Block Group 2, Census Tract 12, Beaufort County, South Carolina United States Census Bureau

External links
About Fripp Island
Fripp Island Public Service District
Fripp Island Audubon Club
Fripp Island Turtle Nest Protection Program

Barrier islands of South Carolina
Populated places in Beaufort County, South Carolina
Seaside resorts in the United States
Populated coastal places in South Carolina
Hilton Head Island–Beaufort micropolitan area
Islands of Beaufort County, South Carolina
Census-designated places in Beaufort County, South Carolina
Census-designated places in South Carolina

Fripp Island, South Carolina


Poker is a game which people play with a normal set (or deck) of 52 cards.  Poker is a gambling game which involves some luck, but also some skill.  In poker, players make bets against each other depending on the value of their poker hand. Bets are usually made with plastic or ceramic discs called chips.  Bets may also be made with coins or cash, but chips are more often used because they are easier to handle and count. At the end of the game, players may swap their chips for money. If the players are not playing for real money, the chips are counted at the end of the game to determine the order of winners.

There are many different kinds of poker. In draw poker, each player is dealt five cards.  A player can decide to throw away a number of these cards and then take (draw) new cards to replace them.

In stud poker (for example, seven-card stud), some of each player's cards are laid (face-up) on the table so that the other players can see them.   In community card poker (for example, Texas hold 'em), players share some of their cards in the center of the table.

History

The history of poker is a matter of some debate.  The name of the game likely descended from the French poque, which descended from the German pochen ('to knock'), but it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names.  It closely resembles the Persian game of as nas, and may have been taught to French settlers in New Orleans by Persian sailors.  It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the Renaissance game of primero and the French brelan.  The English game brag (earlier bragg) clearly descended from brelan and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time).  It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now.

English actor Joseph Crowell reported that the game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable.  Jonathan H. Green's book, An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by Mississippi riverboats, on which gambling was a common pastime.

Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used, and the flush was introduced.  During the American Civil War, many additions were made, including draw poker, stud poker (the five-card variant), and the straight.  Further American developments followed, such as the wild card (around 1875), lowball and split-pot poker (around 1900), and community card poker games (around 1925).  Spread of the game to other countries, particularly in Asia, is often attributed to the U.S. military.

The game and jargon of poker have become important parts of American culture and English culture.  Such phrases as ace in the hole, beats me, blue chip, call the bluff, cash in, pass the buck, poker face, stack up, up the ante, when the chips are down, wild card, and others are used in everyday conversation even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table.

Modern tournament play became popular in American casinos after the World Series of Poker began in 1970.  It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably The Theory of Poker by David Sklansky (), Super System by Doyle Brunson (),  and The Book of Tells by Mike Caro ().

Poker became more popular early in the 21st century, largely due to the introduction of online poker and the invention of the hole-card camera which finally turned the game into a spectator sport. Viewers could now follow the action and drama of the game, and broadcasts of poker tournaments such as the World Series of Poker and the World Poker Tour  brought in large television audiences.

Game play

The game of poker is played in hundreds of variations, but the following overview of game play applies to most of them.

Depending on the game rules, one or more players may be required to place an initial amount of money into the pot before the cards are dealt.  These are called forced bets and come in three forms: antes, blinds, and bring-ins.

Like most card games, the dealer shuffles the deck of cards. The deck is then cut, and the appropriate number of cards are dealt face-down to the players. In a casino a "house" dealer handles the cards for each hand, but a button (any small item used as a marker, also called a buck) is rotated among the players to determine the order of dealing and betting in certain games. In a home game, the right to deal the cards typically rotates among the players clockwise, but a button may still be used.

After the initial deal, the first of what may be several betting rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands develop in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. During a round of betting, there will always be a current bet amount, which is the total amount of money bet in this round by the player who bet last in this round.  To keep better track of this, it is conventional for players to not place their bets directly into the pot (called splashing the pot), but rather place them in front of themselves toward the pot, until the betting round is over.  When the round is over, the bets are then gathered into the pot.

After the first betting round is completed (every participating player having called an equal amount), there may be more rounds in which more cards are dealt in various ways, followed by further rounds of betting (into the same central pot).  At any time during the first or subsequent betting rounds, if one player makes a bet and all other players fold, the deal ends immediately, the single remaining player is awarded the pot, no cards are shown, no more rounds are dealt, and the next deal begins.  This is what makes it possible to bluff.

At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a showdown in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their hands.  The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot.

Hands
The following are poker hands, from best to worst:

Straight flush:  Five cards of the same suit in sequence (if those five are A, K, Q, J, 10; it is a Royal Flush)
Four of a kind: Four cards of the same rank and any one other card
Full house: Three cards of one rank and two of another
Flush: Five cards of the same suit
Straight: Five cards in sequence (for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Three of a kind: Three cards of the same rank
Two pair: Two cards of one rank and two cards of another
One pair: Two cards of the same rank
High card: If no one has a pair, the highest card wins

Poker chips
Poker chips are small discs. They made by various materials including molded plastic, colored metal  molded clays. They are used in table games as play money. Modern poker traces its roots towards the 1800s, and in those days, players used what you could to help keep a tally. Coins, gold dust and nuggets were used until they considered replacing with something which would indicate them. Thus, the casino chips happen to be introduced within the gambling business.

Poker rooms started using casino chips to simply manage the cash and then collect charges. In those days, casino chips were created of ivory, bone, paper  wood. However, the most generally used chips were created of composite clay. One problem made an appearance due to the developing casino chips which was cheating. Some players considered sneaking some chips in their hands. To avoid this, manufacturers created differentiated disks. Consequently, a range of styles was created. With time, other manufacturers could use many other materials for making casino chips, for example, plastic and metal.

Poker variations
Texas hold'em
Omaha hold'em
Five card draw
Five card stud
Seven card stud

References

More reading

Poker


Dean Lawrence Kamen (sündinud 5. aprill 1951 New York Long Island) on Ameerika ettevõtja ja leiutaja.

Tunnustus
1997 – valiti USA Inseneriakadeemia liikmeks

Viited

Välislingid
 TED – Dean Kamen: Inventor
 Bio of Dean Kamen – from Wired Magazine
 Listen to the Dean Kamen interview on Radiophiles.org
 TED Talks: Dean Kamen on inventing and giving at TED in 2003
 Kamen's biography at FIRST
 "Segway creator unveils his next act" – Dean Kamen aligning with Iqbal Quadir, the founder of Grameen Phone to bring remote villages electricity and cell phones
 Inventor Profile at National Inventors Hall of Fame
 Dean Kamen's US patents
 Speech by Dean Kamen at Bates College Commencement 2007
 TED Talks: Dean Kamen previews a new prosthetic arm at TED in 2007
 D:All Things Digital, May, 2008, video of Kamen on the topic of robotic prosthetics
UK Daily Telegraph profile of Kamen by Adam Higginbotham
Interview and profile of Dean Kamen in The Guardian, 22 July 2009, Mark Harris
Interview with Dean Kamen in Engineering & Technology, 30 November 2009, Mark Harris
Dean Kamen: The emotion behind invention at TED in 2010
Dina Kraft. Segway inventor Dean Kamen brings his high-tech vision to Israel

Ameerika Ühendriikide leiutajad
Ameerika Ühendriikide ettevõtjad
Sündinud 1951

Dean Kamen


Colonel William Kelsey Lanman Jr., (October 9, 1904 – March 26, 2001) was an American philanthropist and benefactor of Yale University. He served as an aviator in the United States Marine Corps from 1935 to 1955, and later took up real estate and investment management.

Early life
His father, William K. Lanman Sr., was chairman of the Columbus Bolt Company in Ohio. William K. Lanman Jr. graduated from Yale University in 1928 (B.S. from Sheffield Scientific School), as had his ancestor United States Senator James Lanman, who graduated from Yale College in 1788. Colonel Lanman's two brothers graduated from Yale College: Henry Reese Lanman in 1932, and Jonathan Trumbull Lanman in 1940 and from the Yale School of Medicine in 1943.

Marine Corps career
Lanman was also a United States Naval Aviator, graduating from the Naval Aviation School in 1931. He served in the Pacific theater during World War II, with South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command (SCAT) where he was executive officer of the legendary World War II "Flying Boxcar" SCAT squadron. He received the Distinguished Flying Cross, four Air Medals, a Bronze Star and a U.S. Navy Commendation for action in the Solomon Islands campaigns. In 1949 he was commissioned Colonel.

Yale benefactor

Lanman made a series of major gifts to Yale, reported to total $40 million. He funded major renovation projects and endowed several chairs, in Economics, Sociology, Computer Science, International Studies, and Anthropology and International Affairs. In addition, Lanman was the major donor supporting the university's Tercentennial celebration in 2001.
In 1974, he made a gift of John Trumbull's painting "Lady of the Lake, from Scott's The Lady of the Lake" c. 1811, to the Yale University Art Gallery.
Lanman was awarded the Yale Medal in 1996.

Colonel Lanman died on March 26, 2001, the 300th anniversary year of the founding of Yale.
He was survived by his sister, Harriet Lanman Fulton, and his friend, Isabel Pollen. Colonel Lanman was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Of interest, Lanman's childhood home at West Fifth and Roxbury Road in Columbus, Ohio was just around the corner from that of his friend, Prescott Sheldon Bush, who also attended Yale as did his son U. S. President George H. W. Bush and grandson, U. S. President George W. Bush.

Commemoration at Yale
Lanman-Wright Hall in Old Campus
William K. Lanman Jr. Center at Payne Whitney Gymnasium
William K. Lanman Jr. Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics
William K. Lanman Jr. Professor of Economics

See also

References

1904 births
2001 deaths
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
Benefactors of Yale University
United States Marine Corps colonels
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Air Medal
Yale College alumni
20th-century American philanthropists

William K. Lanman


Teresa of Ávila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, (March 28, 1515 – early or mid October 1582) was a well known Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, writer of the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. She was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be a founder of the Discalced Carmelites along with John of the Cross.

In 1622, forty years after her death, she was canonized by Pope Gregory XV and was in 1970 named a Doctor of the Church by Pope Paul VI. Her books, which include her autobiography (The Life of Teresa of Jesus) and her seminal work El Castillo Interior (The Interior Castle) are an integral part of Spanish Renaissance literature as well as Christian mysticism and Christian meditation practices as she entails in her other important work, Camino de Perfección (The Way of Perfection).

Quote
'Would it not be gross ignorance, my daughters, if, when a man was questioned about his name, or country, or parents, he could not answer? Stupid as this would be, it is unspeakably more foolish to care to learn nothing of our nature except that we possess bodies, and only to realise vaguely that we have souls...
(Interior Castle, chapter one)

Other websites
 Christian Classics

1515 births
1582 deaths
Christian mystics
Christian saints
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish writers
Doctors of the Church

Teresa of Ávila


Mammals (class Mammalia ()) are a clade of  warm-blooded amniotes. Among the features that distinguish them from the other amniotes, the reptiles and the birds, are hair, three  middle ear bones, mammary glands in females, and a neocortex (a region of the brain). The mammalian brain regulates body temperature and  the circulatory system, including the four-chambered heart. The mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorqual whales, as well as some of the most intelligent such as elephants as well as some primates and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for  life at sea, in the air, in the trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta which feeds the offspring during pregnancy. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 millimeter (1- to 1.5-inch) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108-foot) blue whale.

ថនិកសត្វ


Kari or Saturn XLV (provisional designation S/2006 S 2) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.

Kari is about 7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 22,305,100 km in 1243.71 days, at an inclination of 148.4° to the ecliptic (151.5° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3405.

It was named in April 2007 after Kári, son of Fornjót, the personification of wind in Norse mythology.

References
 Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
 IAUC 8727: Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 30 (discovery)
 MPEC 2006-M45: Eight New Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)
 IAUC 8826: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn (subscription-only) 2007 April 5 (Naming the moon)

Saturn's moons

Kari (moon)


Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope was a worldwide benefit held for the tsunami victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. It was broadcast on NBC and its affiliated networks of USA Network,  Bravo, PAX, MSNBC, CNBC, Sci-Fi, Trio, Telemundo and other NBC Universal stations and was heard on any Clear Channel radio station. The benefit was led by the actor George Clooney on January 15, 2005, and was similar to America: A Tribute to Heroes (set up after the September 11th, 2001 attacks).  Digital Media innovator Jay Samit enabled viewers to purchase digital downloads of the performances as a new way to raise money for the cause; including live recordings by Elton John, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Eric Clapton, Roger Waters and Diana Ross.  Taking a cue from Bob Geldof (the man who had organized the Live Aid concerts for African famine relief), it consisted of famous Hollywood entertainers and former American presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton.  It was two hours long with stories and entertainment from a huge array of Hollywood popstars notables that include Brad Pitt, Donald Trump, and much more.  It was estimated to raise at least five million dollars by the end of the broadcast.

External links

Benefit concerts
2005 television specials
American telethons
International broadcasting
Simulcasts

Tsunami Aid


Disinfectant is a liquid used to destroy and kill unwanted germs and parasites. It is often used in the activity of cleaning, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, as they are the areas most likely to be contaminated with dangerous microorganisms.  Disinfectants are dangerous liquids and should be used carefully because they can be deadly to humans and animals when in large amounts; it is also different to antiseptics for this reason - disinfectants can only be used on non-living things, while antiseptics are not strong enough to combat the germs disinfectant fights.

Types of Disinfectant
Disinfectant types are classified based on various types of applications.
Different disinfectants are used differently.

Four types of disinfectant:
 Air Disinfectant – These types of disinfectants are applicable in hospitals.
 Phenols – These are household types of disinfectants.
 Alcohol – These are surface disinfection type.
 Oxidizing Agents – These are water treatment types of disinfectants.

Healthy lifestyle
Hygiene

Disinfectant


The McLean Falls on the Tautuku River in Catlins Forest Park descend a number of steep drop offs and terraces, with the very top of the waterfall, where it meets its first waterpool being 22-metres. It then descends for many more metres over a series of terraces. The McLean Falls are often described as the most spectacular in the region. However, its sister waterfall Purakaunui Falls is more visited, due to it being more easily accessible.

The entrance to the McLean Falls River Walk is three kilometres from the Southern Scenic Route on Rewcastle Road. The track from the road to the falls passes through a variety of native forest and shrub types: Rimu, Kamahi, divaricating shrubland, huge tree fuchsia, stands of olearia and podocarp forest.

A footbridge then crosses the subsidiary, Duckaday Creek, named by the early settler, Doug McLean, who used to bathe in it from time to time. The walk follows an easy grade along the Tautuku River valley with views of the river and bush. The path, including boardwalks and footbridges, is maintained by the Department of Conservation  and is regularly gravelled.

References

Waterfalls of New Zealand
The Catlins
Landforms of Otago
Clutha District

McLean Falls


Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.

Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London. The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

In his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper. Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality. He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water. He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.

His observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves.

Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932]. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines. New York: Dover Publications reprint of original edition by Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Related pages
List of biologists

Other websites
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

1632 births
1723 deaths
Dutch biologists
Microbiologists
People from Delft

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek


Hierocles (Greek: Ἱεροκλῆς Hierokles) was a Byzantine geographer of the sixth century and the attributed author of the Synecdemus or Synekdemos, which contains a table of administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire and lists of the cities of each.  The work is dated to the reign of Justinian but prior to 535, as it divides the 912 listed cities in the Empire among 64 Eparchies.  The Synecdemus is thus one of the most invaluable monuments which we have to study the political geography of the sixth century East. The work of Hierocles along with that of Stephanus of Byzantium were the principal sources of Constantine VII's work on the Themes (De Thematibus).  Hierocles was published by Parthey (Hieroclis Synecdemus; Berlin, 1866) then in a corrected text, by A. Burckhardt in the Teubner series (Hieroclis Synecdemus; Leipzig, 1893).  The most recent major publication was by E. Honigmann (Le Synekdèmos d'Hiéroklès et l'opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre; Brussels, 1939).

The Synecdemus of Hierocles should not be confused with a Greek Orthodox prayer book by the same name.

References
 Wolfgang Buchwald, Dictionnaire des auteurs grecs et latins de l'Antiquité et du Moyen-Âge, s. v. Hiéroclès, p. 408.
 Getzel Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor (), p. 7.

 Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, s. v. Hierokles, vol. II, 930.

External links
 Synecdemus (the Balkanic provinces), with 2 maps at SOLTDM.COM

Byzantine geographers
6th-century Byzantine writers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
6th-century geographers

Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)


John Ramsey McCulloch (County Withorn, 1 de març de 1789 - Londres, 11 de novembre de 1864) fou un economista escocès.

Obres

 An Essay on a Reduction of the Interest of the National Debt, 1816.
 "On Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation", 1818, Edinburgh Review
 "Taxation and the Corn Laws", 1820, Edinburgh Review
 "The Opinions of Messrs. Say, Sismondi and Malthus, on Effects of Machinery and Accumulation", 1821, Edinburgh Review
 "On Combination Laws, Restraints on Emigration, &c.", 1824, Edinburgh Review
 "Political Economy", 1824, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
 "French Law of Succession", 1824, Edinburgh Review.
 A Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects and Importance of Political Economy, 1824.
 The Principles of Political Economy, with a sketch of the rise and progress of the science. 1825.
 An Essay on the Circumstances which Determine the Rate of Wages and the Condition of the Working Classes, 1826.
 "On Commercial Revulsions", 1826, Edinburgh Review
 "Abolition of the Corn Laws", 1826, Edinburgh Review
 "On Poor Laws", 1828, Edinburgh Review
 "Rise, Progress, Present State, and Prospects of the British Cotton Manufacture", 1827, Edinburgh Review.
 "Introduction" to An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, (ed. J.R. McCulloch), 1828.
 "Jones on the Theory of Rent", Edinburgh Review, 1831.
 Principles, Practice and History of Commerce, 1831.
 "Chalmers on Political Economy", 1832, Edinburgh Review.
 A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, 1832.
 A Descriptive and Statistical Account of the British Empire, exhibiting its extent, physical capacities, population, industry, and civil and religious institutions. 2 volumes, 1837
 Statements Illustrative of the Policy and Probable Consequence of the Proposed Repeal of the Existing Corn Law, 1841.
 The Literature of Political Economy, 1845.
 The Works of David Ricardo, Esq. with a notice of the life and writings of the author (ed. J.R. McCulloch), 1846.
 A Treatise on the Succession to Property Vacant by Death, 1848.
 A Treatise on Metallic and Paper Money and Banks, 1858
 Treatises and Essays, 1859.
 A Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System, 1863.

Economistes escocesos
Alumnes de la Universitat d'Edimburg
Morts a Londres
Professors del University College de Londres

John Ramsey McCulloch


George Taro "Joe" Sakato (February 19, 1921 – December 2, 2015) was an American combat soldier of World War II who received the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military award for valor.

Biography
Sakato was born in Colton, California. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation born American citizen of Japanese descent.
He graduated from Redlands High School in Redlands, California.

The Sakato family moved to Arizona during World War II to avoid internment.

World War II
Sakato joined the US Army in March 1944.

He volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team and was assigned to 3rd platoon, Company E, 2nd Battalion.  The US Army unit was mostly made up of Americans of Japanese descent from Hawaii and the mainland.

Sakato was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for extraordinary heroism on October 29, 1944, in France.

Post World War II
In the 1990s, there was a review of US military service records of Americans of Asian descent who received the DSC during World War II.  Sakato's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. President Bill Clinton presented Sakato the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000. Twenty-one other American servicemen of World War II of Asian descent also were presented the Medal of Honor during the ceremony, but only seven were living recipients. Sakato died in the evening of December 2, 2015 in Denver, Colorado, at the age of 94.

Medal of Honor citation

Sakato's Medal of Honor recognized his heroic conduct in frontline fighting in northern France in 1944. He charged an enemy stronghold,  and then took command of his platoon and led it in defense of the position.

CITATION:
Private George T. Sakato distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 October 1944, on hill 617 in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France. After his platoon had virtually destroyed two enemy defense lines, during which he personally killed five enemy soldiers and captured four, his unit was pinned down by heavy enemy fire. Disregarding the enemy fire, Private Sakato made a one-man rush that encouraged his platoon to charge and destroy the enemy strongpoint. While his platoon was reorganizing, he proved to be the inspiration of his squad in halting a counter-attack on the left flank during which his squad leader was killed. Taking charge of the squad, he continued his relentless tactics, using an enemy rifle and P-38 pistol to stop an organized enemy attack. During this entire action, he killed 12 and wounded two, personally captured four and assisted his platoon in taking 34 prisoners. By continuously ignoring enemy fire, and by his gallant courage and fighting spirit, he turned impending defeat into victory and helped his platoon complete its mission. Private Sakato's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

References

External links

 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov

1921 births
2015 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
American military personnel of Japanese descent
People from Colton, California
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

George T. Sakato


The Ford Elite wis an automobile produced bi the Ford Motor Company for the North Americaen mercat frae 1974 tae 1976.  The Elite wis based on the Ford Torino, an wis a twa-door coupe intendit tae be, in the words o Ford's advertising, a "mid-size caur in the Thunderbird tradition"—a mair affordable personal luxury caur than the Thunderbird, intendit tae compete wi sic caurs as the Chevrolet Monte Carlo an the Chrysler Cordoba. It wis essentially the concurrent Mercury Cougar XR-7 wi a mild front end restyle.

In the 1974 model year, the Elite wis considered a sub-model o the Torino; awtho advertised separately, the side script said "Gran Torino Elite" an the caur wad be titled an registered as a Gran Torino.  In 1975 an 1976 (wi "Elite" side script) ,the Elite wis fully its awn model.  In aw three years, the caur sauld well.

The Elite name wis dropped efter 1976 acause the Ford range wis bein restructured an dounsized.  The Thunderbird wis dramatically reduced in size an price for 1977, movin tae the LTD II platform that replaced the Torino. In effect, the Elite continued unner the mair-recognised Thunderbird name, wi the lairger caur bein discontinued.

Standard equipment

As standard, the Elite came wi:
 351W 351M V8 ingine o 351 CID (5.8 L)
 3-speed automatic transmission
 Pouer brakes (front disc brakes, rear drum brakes).
 Pouer steerin
 Cloth bench seats
 Vinyl roof wi twin opera windaes, Landau (partial) vinyl tap for 1976 model year.
 Protective padded body side moldings

Options
Amang the options that coud be specified on the Elite wur:
 400M V8 ingine o 402 CID (6.6 L)
 460 V8 ingine o 460 CID (7.5 L)
 Pouer gless moonroof
 Pouer steel sunroof
 Air conditioning wi standard manual control or optional Automatic Temperature Control
 Metallic Glow paint
 Cruise (speed) control
 Gauge package wi tachometer, ile pressure gauge, coolant temperature gauge, an ammeter gauge
 Fuel Sentry Vacuum Gauge - monitors intake manifold vacuum tae gie an indication o hou haurd the ingine is workin, an sicweys economy (no available wi gauge package).
 Fuel Monitor Warning Licht - as abuin, but an on/off licht insteid o a gauge.
 Bucket seats an centre console (1976 ae).

References
 The Ford Torino Page. Ford Elite.  Retrieved on Aprile 24, 2005.
 Ford Motor Company. 1975 Ford Elite advertising .

Elite
Motor vehicles manufactured in the Unitit States
Luxury vehicles

Ford Elite


A* is a set of steps (an algorithm) that computers can use to figure out how to get somewhere fast between two places. If you have a list of locations, and how hard it is to get from one straight to the other, using A* can quickly tell you the fastest way. It's related to Dijkstra's algorithm, but makes smart guesses so that it doesn't spend as long trying slow ways. It's a good series of steps if you only want the path between two places. If you're going to ask for many paths from the same map, then there are faster ways, that find all the answers at once, like the Floyd–Warshall algorithm. A* will not work if you want to visit several places on one trip (the Travelling salesman problem).

The steps

For an example, we'll say A is connected to places B and C, and B and C are both connected to D and E. D and E are both connected to Z. There are 4 possible ways to go from A to Z. You can go A-B-D-Z, A-C-D-Z, A-B-E-Z, or A-C-E-Z. A computer using A* first looks at how hard it is to get from A to B, and from A to C. This is the "cost" for those places. The cost of a place means how hard it is to get from A to that place. After writing down both costs, the computer looks at how hard it is to get from B to D, and adds this to B's cost. It writes this down as D's cost. Then the computer looks at how hard it is to get from C to D, and adds this to C's cost. This is a different cost for D, and if it's less than the one it already has, it will replace the old one. The computer only wants to know the best path, so it ignores the path with the higher cost. It will only remember one of A-B-D and A-C-D, whichever is faster.

The computer goes on and finds the fastest way to get to E. Finally, it goes from D to Z, and finds a cost, and from E to Z and finds a cost. It gets a final cost for Z, and this is the smallest cost it can get. Now the computer knows which way is the fastest, and it has the answer. The computer can do a similar series of steps, but with many many more places. Each time, it will look at the place that's nearest to A, and will add up the costs to that place's neighbors.

People call the above series of steps Dijkstra's algorithm. Dijkstra's algorithm can be slow, because it will look at many places that might be going the wrong way from Z. If you asked the computer how to get from one city to a near one, Dijkstra's algorithm might end up looking in another state.

A* fixes this problem. A* lets you tell the computer a guess for how far it will be from each place to the end. The computer can use the guess to tell roughly how far it will take to get from a certain place to Z. Instead of just picking the place nearest to A to look at, it will look at the one which is probably going to have the lowest total. It finds this total by adding the cost to the expected distance left. This way, it can look only in the direction where things will probably get better. It's okay if the guess is not perfect, but even a simple bad guess can make the program go a lot faster. If you're trying to find a path between two places in the real world, a good guess is just the distance between them in a straight line. The real path over roads will be longer, but this lets the program guess it, and it won't go in the wrong direction.

In math or computer science literature, this guess is often a function of the place, and it is called a heuristic. Each place is a vertex, and each path between two places is an edge. These are words from graph theory.

Uses
A* is one algorithm in a big group of similar algorithms. These algorithms are all different ways of finding a path between two places, over certain paths between them. They are called path-finding algorithms. "Places" and "paths" aren't always real places, though. They can be abstract, and they can be a metaphor for something else. One example where it is a real place is trying to find a road trip on Google Maps or Mapquest. In this example, the paths are roads, and the places are houses or cities. A second example is sending information over the Internet. The information needs to go through many computers to get to the end. Many routers use A* to find the best way to send information across the Internet. Here, the paths are cables, and the places are computers. For a third example, where it's not literal, you want to make a certain chemical from the ingredients you have. Mixing some of these ingredients will produce new chemicals, and those can be mixed with each other. A path-finding algorithm could tell you which order to mix them in. Here, the paths are chemical reactions, the cost is how long the reaction takes to finish, and the places are the different chemicals you can make.

Searching and sorting algorithms

A* search algorithm


Windows Update is a feature found in Microsoft Windows (after Windows 98) that lets the user update their copy of Windows. The Windows Update website can only be used with Internet Explorer.

It also allows updates to the definitions file of Windows Defender and to the Junk Mail filter in Windows Mail.

Microsoft Update

Microsoft Update is a feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for Windows but also other Microsoft software (such as Microsoft Office).

History

Windows Update first became part of windows with the launch of Windows 98. Since then the Windows Update site has gone through many updates.

With the release of Windows Me a feature called Automatic Updates was added; this meant updates could be installed in the background.

In Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7, instead of using a Windows Update website you now use a application to receive your updates in Windows.

Microsoft software

Windows Update


The capsule of hip joint, articular capsule, capsular ligament, is strong and dense attachment of the hip joint.

Anterosuperiorly, it is attached to the margin of the acetabulum 5 to 6 mm. beyond the labrum behind; but in front, it is attached to the outer margin of the labrum, and, opposite to the notch where the margin of the cavity is deficient, it is connected to the transverse ligament, and by a few fibers to the edge of the obturator foramen.

It surrounds the neck of the femur, and is attached, in front, to the intertrochanteric line; above, to the base of the neck; behind, to the neck, about 1.25 cm. above the intertrochanteric crest; below, to the lower part of the neck, close to the lesser trochanter.

From its femoral attachment some of the fibers are reflected upward along the neck as longitudinal bands, termed retinacula.

The capsule is much thicker at the upper and forepart of the joint, where the most resistance is required; behind and below, it is thin and loose.

It consists of two sets of fibers, circular and longitudinal.

The circular fibers, zona orbicularis, are most abundant at the lower and back part of the capsule, and form a sling or collar around the neck of the femur.

Anteriorly they blend with the deep surface of the iliofemoral ligament, and gain an attachment to the anterior inferior iliac spine.

The longitudinal fibers are greatest in amount at the upper and front part of the capsule, where they are reinforced by distinct bands, or accessory ligaments, of which the most important is the iliofemoral ligament.

The other accessory bands are known as the pubofemoral ligament and the ischiofemoral ligament.

The external surface of the capsule is rough, covered by numerous muscles, and separated in front from the psoas major and iliacus by the iliopectineal bursa, which not infrequently communicates by a circular aperture with the cavity of the joint.

Pathologies
Hip Capsule Contracture

This pathology is similar to the frozen shoulder.
It may be caused by arthritis or by a long period of immobilization

Capsular Pattern :
 According to Cyriax : ROM of Medial rotation, flexion and abduction are more reduced than extension

End-Feels
 The end-feel is abnormal when there's a capsule contracture.
 you may feel a firm capsular end-feel, but it's before the complete ROM.
 it may be empty, caused by severe pain

References

Ligaments of the lower limb

Capsule of hip joint


Tobias is a Greek form of the Hebrew name "Tobijah" from the Bible, meaning "Jehovah [God] is good". It is often used as a male given name, but has also been a surname (last name).

The surname Tobias may refer to the following people:
Andrew Tobias, American journalist, author and columnist
Channing Heggie Tobias
Charles Tobias, American songwriter
Errol Tobias, former South African rugby union footballer
George Tobias, American character actor
Gert & Uwe Tobias
Herbert Tobias
Jenny Kendall-Tobias, British radio presenter
Jesse Tobias, American guitarist
John Tobias, American co-creator of the Mortal Kombat fighting game series
Mahlon Tobias
Marc Tobias
Michael Tobias
Murray Tobias
Nataliya Tobias
Oliver Tobias, British film, stage and TV actor
Paul Tobias, former member of the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses
Phillip V. Tobias, South African palaeoanthropologist
 Ambassador Randall L. Tobias, former United States Director of Foreign Assistance and administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development
Rudolf Tobias, first Estonian professional composer
Seth Tobias
Timothy J. Tobias
Todd Tobias

Related pages
Tobias, a disambiguation page
Tobias (given name)

Tobias (surname)


A multi-core CPU is a computer processor which has two or more sections. Each section of the chip executes instructions as if it was a separate computer. The actual processors are still on one chip. On this chip every core looks mostly like the other. They are several mostly independent cores which work together in parallel. A dual-core processor is a multi-core processor with two independent microprocessors. A quad-core processor is a multi-core processor with four independent microprocessors. As you might be able to tell from the prefix, the name of the processor is based on the number of the microprocessors on the chip.

History
In the 20th century most computers used single-core processors and not multi-core processors.  Multi-core solutions were only used in unusual cases.  The usual way to make a computer faster was to increase the clock rate.  But at a frequency about 4 GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity.  This was the point when multi-core processors became more important.  Therefore, the demand for multi-core processors increased.  In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors.  Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four, eight, or more independent microprocessors.  Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers, but they remain popular in embedded systems which do not need a fast processor.

Advantages
 A multi-core processor in a computer will work faster for certain programs.
 The computer may not get as hot when it is turned on.
 The computer needs less power because it can turn off sections that are not needed.
 More features can be added to the computer.
 The signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, therefore they degrade less.

Disadvantages
 They do not work at twice the speed as a normal processor. They get only 60-80% more speed.
 The speed that the computer works at depends on what the user is doing with it.
 They cost more than single core processors.
 They are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-core processors.
 Not all operating systems support more than one core.
 Operating systems compiled for a multi-core processor will run slightly slower on a single-core processor.

Operating System Support
The following operating systems support multi-core processors
 Microsoft Windows (Windows XP or newer)
 Linux
 macOS
 Most BSD-based systems
 Solaris

Computer hardware
Multi-core processors

Multi-core processor


The National Football League (NFL) is an American football league. There are 32 teams in the league. The league is one of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada. The players are among the highest-paid athletes in the world. A league is a competition between a number of teams. The teams play other teams, and the results are used to list the teams in order of who is The team at the top of the list (called a league table) is the best team and the team at the bottom is the worst team.

It is now the most popular professional league in the United States by number of television viewers. The NFL also has the highest per-game attendance of any professional league in the world; in the most recently completed 2014 season, the average crowd at an NFL game was more than 67,000. Its championship game, the Super Bowl, is an unofficial national holiday in the U.S., and is seen by more people than any other American television program.

In terms of number of players and people involved, the NFL is the largest professional sports league in the world.  It is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for American football.

History of the NFL

In 1920, an American football league was formed. It was called the American Professional Football Association. In 1921 it changed its name to the National Football League. In 1960 another league was formed, called the American Football League. In 1970 the National Football League and the American Football League joined so that the teams from each league could play each other. The league called the National Football League changed its name to the National Football Conference (usually called the NFC) and the league called the American Football League changed its name to the American Football Conference (usually called the AFC). The two conferences together are now called the National Football League. People can also call it by the acronym NFL for short.

Teams
Because the U.S. is a big country and it would be hard for teams to travel a long way to play other teams, the teams are separated into smaller regional divisions based on where they are in the country. The teams are separated like this:
Teams in the AFC

AFC East
 Buffalo Bills (playing in Orchard Park, New York, near Buffalo)
 Miami Dolphins (playing in Miami Gardens, Florida, it is in laundry, New York it is own by Patrick mahomes Miami)
 New England Patriots (playing in Foxborough, Massachusetts, about halfway between Boston and Providence)
 New York Jets (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey, near New York City)

AFC North
 Baltimore Ravens (playing in Baltimore, Maryland)
 Cincinnati Bengals (playing in Cincinnati, Ohio)
 Cleveland Browns (playing in Cleveland, Ohio)
 Pittsburgh Steelers (playing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

AFC South
 Houston Texans (playing in Houston, Texas)
 Indianapolis Colts (playing in Indianapolis, Indiana)
 Jacksonville Jaguars (playing in Jacksonville, Florida)
 Tennessee Titans (playing in Nashville, Tennessee)

AFC West
 Denver Broncos (playing in Denver, Colorado)
 Kansas City Chiefs (playing in Kansas City, Missouri)
 Las Vegas Raiders (playing in Paradise, Nevada)
 Los Angeles Chargers (playing in Inglewood, California, in the stadium owned by the Rams)
Teams in the NFC

NFC East
 Dallas Cowboys (playing in Arlington, Texas, near Dallas and Fort Worth)
 New York Giants (playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey in the same stadium as the Jets)
 Philadelphia Eagles (playing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
 Washington Commanders (playing in Landover, Maryland, near Washington, D.C.)

NFC North
 Chicago Bears (playing in Chicago, Illinois)
 Detroit Lions (playing in Detroit, Michigan)
 Green Bay Packers (playing in Green Bay, Wisconsin)
 Minnesota Vikings (playing in Minneapolis, Minnesota)

NFC South
 Atlanta Falcons (playing in Atlanta, Georgia)
 Carolina Panthers (playing in Charlotte, North Carolina)
 New Orleans Saints (playing in New Orleans, Louisiana)
 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (playing in Tampa, Florida)

NFC West
 Arizona Cardinals (playing in Glendale, Arizona, near Phoenix)
 Los Angeles Rams (playing in Inglewood, California, suburb of Los Angeles)
 San Francisco 49ers (playing in Santa Clara, California, near San Francisco)
 Seattle Seahawks (playing in Seattle, Washington)

Schedule

The teams in the NFL play games against each other from September to January. This time is called a season. Each team plays 17 games, most recently increased from 16 starting with the 2021 season. This is how which games a team will play are chosen:
 Each team plays a game against all the other teams in their division twice, once at their own stadium (this is called playing "at home") and once at the other team's home stadium (this is called playing "away").
 Each team will also play all the teams in another division in the same conference (AFC or NFC). They will play two of those teams at home and two of the teams away. The other division that they play changes every year. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams in the AFC South one year, the AFC East the next year, the AFC West the year after that, and then the AFC South again the year after that.
 Each team will also play all the teams in one of the divisions of the other conference. They will play two of these teams at home and the other two teams away. The regional league from the other conference changes every year too. For example, a team in the AFC North will play teams from the NFC North one year, then teams from the NFC South the next year, then teams from the NFC West the next year, then teams from the NFC East the next year, then teams from the NFC North again the next year.
 Each team will also play two teams from the same conference in the division that they are not already supposed to play against. The teams that they play will be the teams that were about as good as they were last season and finished in the same position in their own division. For example,  if we look at a team in the AFC North that finished 3rd out of the 4 teams in the AFC North, if this team is going to play all the teams in the AFC West this year anyway, they will play the teams that finished 3rd in the AFC East and the AFC South.
 Finally, each team plays one game against a team in the other conference that finished in the same position within its division. The divisional matchups rotate every year, and each team will alternate home and away games—meaning that if a team played this specific game on the road in one season, it plays that game at home in the next.
 Therefore, during the regular season, each team plays:
 Teams in its own division twice a year
 Teams in other divisions in its own conference at least once every 3 years, but on average once every 2 years
 Teams in the other conference at least once every 4 years

Flexible scheduling
Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a "flexible scheduling" system for the last seven weeks of the regular season where there is a Sunday night game. The system is designed so that the league has the flexibility in selecting games to air on Sunday night that will feature the current hottest, streaking teams.

Under the system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks will tentatively have the "early" start time of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have the tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT. On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league will move one game to the prime-time slot, and possibly move one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slot. During the last week of the season, the league could reschedule games as late as six days before the contests so that as many of the television networks as possible will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications.

Playoffs
At the end of every NFL season, the eight teams that finish the season at the top of their divisions and three teams from each conference that were the best teams apart from the eight division winners (these six teams are called Wild Cards) enter a competition to see who is the best team in the whole league. This is called the Playoffs. There are a total of 14 teams in the Playoffs, seven from both the AFC and NFC. The seven teams in each conference are listed in order of how well they played in the season. This is called seeding and it is done to make it easier for the better teams to win. The teams that did not win their leagues (the Wild Cards) are always the bottom three seeds in the list, even if one or more had a better record than a team that won its division.

Wild Card games
The first round of the playoffs, known as Wild Card Weekend, features six games. The matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
 The fifth seed visits the fourth seed.
 The sixth seed visits the third seed.
 The seventh seed visits the second seed.

The winners of each game advance to the next round; the losers' seasons end. This leaves 8 teams.

Division playoffs
The second round, called the Divisional Playoffs, has four games. Again, the matchups by seed are the same in both conferences.
 The lowest seed among each conference's three Wild Card Round winners visits the top seed in its conference.
 The remaining two teams in each conference play, with the team with the higher seed (i.e., the lower number) hosting.

As in the previous round, only the winners advance to the next round.

Conference championships
The third round, the Conference Championship Games, involves two games.
 The two survivors of the AFC Divisional Round play in the AFC Championship Game, with the winner being AFC Champion.
 Similarly, the two survivors of the NFC Divisional Round play in the NFC Championship Game, with the winner being NFC Champion.

Super Bowl

The last part of the playoffs is called the Super Bowl. The AFC Champion and the NFC Champion teams play each other to decide who is the best team in the NFL. The team that win the Super Bowl claims the Lombardi trophy. Also, each player of the winning mvp will always get and X factor in madden.

References

Other websites
 Official NFL website
 NFL Playoffs News

 NFL
1920 establishments in the United States
Sports in the United States

National Football League


Lorrin Andrews (April 29, 1795 – September 29, 1868) was an early American missionary to Hawaii and judge. He opened the first post-secondary school for Hawaiians called Lahainaluna Seminary, prepared a Hawaiian dictionary and several works on the literature and antiquities of the Hawaiians. His students published the first newspaper, and were involved in the first case of counterfeiting currency in Hawaii. He later served as a judge and became a member of Hawaii's first Supreme Court.

Life
Lorrin Andrews was born in East Windsor, Connecticut, on April 29, 1795. He graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and attended Princeton Theological Seminary. He married Mary Ann Wilson from Washington, Kentucky on August 16, 1827.
The marriage produced seven children: son Lorrin Jr. (1828–1857), daughters Elizabeth Maria (1830–1868), Sarah (October 10, 1832 – 1899), sons Robert Wilson (1837–1921), Samuel (1839–1911), William (1842–1919), and daughter Mary Ellen (1844–1930). Sarah would marry Asa Goodale Thurston, son of Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston, earlier missionaries from the first company to the islands. Sarah's son, Lorrin Andrews Thurston, played a pivotal role in later Hawaiian history.

He sailed for the Hawaiian Islands in November 1827, on the ship Parthian. The physician Gerrit P. Judd was also in this third company from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
He was assigned to the mission at Lahaina, Hawaii on the island of Maui which had been established by William Richards in 1823.
He moved to Honolulu in 1845 where he died on September 29, 1868.

Work
One of his first tasks after arriving in March 1828 was to learn the Hawaiian language. On his voyage he had already transcribed a list of Hawaiian words which had been sent back to the New England mission office in 1827.
In June 1831 the mission hoped to establish a seminary on Maui, since it was somewhat centrally located among the Hawaiian Islands. Andrews was selected to run the school. He and Richards suggested a site about two miles inland from the village of Lahaina, which was later called Lahainaluna for "upper Lahaina".
On September 5, 1831, classes began in thatched huts with 25 married Hawaiian young men.  It was the first college west of the Rocky Mountains.

The students built a stone building by 1832. The first classes were reading and writing, since the Hawaiian language was only oral before the missionaries. Next Arithmetic and Geography were added. By the end of the second year, enrollment had reached 85.
Andrews served as principal, and then professor for ten years. Notable early students include David Malo (class of 1835) and Samuel Kamakau (class of 1837).

By May 1832 he helped translate the New Testament of the Bible into Hawaiian, which would prove to be part of a long and collaborative effort. Other ministers involved included Richards, Asa Thurston, and Hiram Bingham I.

First newspaper

In December 1833, an old Ramage press was shipped from Honolulu and installed in a small thatched roof building on the school campus by January 1834. The manual flat-bed technology was not very different from that used by Benjamin Franklin almost 100 years earlier. The press had been sent along with printer Elisha Loomis (a distant cousin via his mother) on the first company of missionaries in 1820, and used to print a few hymnals and spelling books. Loomis had to return in 1827, probably bringing with him the word list Andrews had studied. The ministers had to take over managing the printing while training Hawaiians. Although Andrews had only worked briefly as an assistant in a printer's office, he taught classes in printing at Lahainaluna. Students learned how to set type, operate the old press, create copper engravings and bind books.

On February 14, 1834, about 200 copies of the first Hawaiian newspaper were printed, a four-page weekly called Ka Lama Hawaiʻi (The Hawaiian Luminary).
By February 1836, he published a list of about 5,700 words in the Hawaiian language that had been edited through the years (based on Elisha Loomis' work) using the press.
In June 1836, the school changed from admitting only married adult men to a boarding school for children aged 10 to 20 years. He published the first Hawaiian grammar book in 1838.

His students were to become authors and publishers of newspapers and books throughout Hawaii.
In 1837 work began on a more substantial building called Hale Paʻi (printing house). It was made of stone, mortar made by burning coral, and timbers hauled to the site from the forests on the opposite side of the island.

Starting in about 1835, the students compiled a classic collection of stories about ancient Hawaiian life and traditions titled Ka Moo o lelo Hawaii ("The Hawaiian Antiquities"). David Malo had served as court historian and genealogist during the formation of the kingdom, so is generally credited as the major source. Sheldon Dibble first organized a printing of the book in the Hawaiian language about 1838 (reprinted in Hawaiian in 2005).
In 1858 more stories were added and a second Hawaiian edition was published. The book was translated  by Nathaniel Bright Emerson and published in English in 1898, and again in 1951 and 1987 editions. Andrews had his students write a history of Kamehameha I, but the manuscript has been lost.

He left the mission in April 1842 because the board in New England continued to accept funds from slave owning states. This demonstration of his moral character would lead to his next career as a judge. He served as a seamen's chaplain at Lahaina, which had become a popular port for the whaling industry. He remained involved with publishing and in 1843 directed the printing some of the first paper currency issued in the Kingdom. Since the nation had no official currency of its own, it was based on the U.S. Dollar and called hoʻokahi dala. Five smaller paper denominations were also printed. By 1844 a student was expelled for counterfeiting, forcing all the paper money to be re-issued with secret marks.

Law
There were very few members of the law profession in the Kingdom of Hawaii; the first lawyer arrived in 1844. On September 19, 1845, the Governor of Oahu Mataio Kekūanaōʻa appointed Andrews to be judge of foreign cases despite the lack of any formal training. In June 1846 local judges were added for the other islands, and he was given appellate jurisdiction as well as handling major original cases. His next project was to make court procedures more formalized and uniform. He began by issuing twenty-one rules of practice in July 1846. There were only three lawyers at this time besides Attorney General John Ricord, who probably helped draft the rules. In 1847 his position was officially named the "Superior Court of Law and Equity".

Starting in 1846 he served as secretary of the King's Privy Council, keeping records in both English and Hawaiian.
William Little Lee drafted a judiciary bill to implement the provisions of the 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. It was passed by the Privy Council and signed by King Kamehameha III who appointed the incumbents of the Superior Court to the new Supreme Court of Hawaii. Lee became Chief Justice, and Lorrin Andrews and John Papa ʻĪʻī associate justices. Before then, the Supreme Court was essentially the King and some high chiefs. A smallpox epidemic caused an increase in the number of probate cases, and in December 1854 Andrews became the lone judge in a special court for divorce and probate.

More publishing
He resigned from the court in 1855, and went back to his publishing.
He worked again on Bible translation, publishing the books of John, Jude, and Proverbs. He translated and published some of the important chants from Hawaiian culture.
He combined his 1835 work with several other word lists and published a larger Hawaiian dictionary containing about 15,000 words in 1865.
This dictionary has been the base of many others through history.
Although his eyesight failed, he employed assistants to act as scribes until he died in 1868.

Legacy
Lorrin Andrews' grandson Lorrin A. Thurston would follow him and also become a lawyer without any formal training.

Lahainaluna Seminary eventually split into Lahainaluna High School which exists today as a public high school, and what evolved into the University of Hawaii.
His works were valuable in the reconstruction of Hawaiian language and culture that started in the 1980s.

Hale Pai was opened to the public as a museum in 1960. However, the building fell into disrepair. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1976. The Lahaina Restoration Foundation restored the building and re-opened it in 1983.

His grandson Lorrin Andrews became Attorney General of the Territory of Hawaii in 1903.

Family tree

References

External links

1795 births
1868 deaths
People from East Windsor, Connecticut
American Congregationalist missionaries
Congregationalist missionaries in Hawaii
Translators of the Bible into Polynesian languages
American lexicographers
Hawaiian Kingdom judges
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council
Justices of the Hawaii Supreme Court
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
American emigrants to the Hawaiian Kingdom
19th-century lexicographers
19th-century American judges
19th-century American translators
Missionary linguists

Lorrin Andrews


An acidophile is an extremophile organism which thrives in extremely acidic conditions. What "acidic" usually means here is environments at pH 2.0 or below. These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and a few eukaryotes.

Inside the organisms, their cells are at a normal pH. They have evolved mechanisms which pump protons (H+) out of the intracellular space in order to keep the cytoplasm at or near neutral pH.

microbiology
Extremophiles

Acidophile


In the legends of King Arthur, Camelot is Arthur's castle. In fiction about the Middle Ages, Arthur rules Scotland from Camelot and holds feasts at his round table. The round table, which has no legs or head, symbolized the idea of a good king because every knight who sat at it had an equal place. Since Camelot's original place is still uncertain, the truth about it, if it ever existed, is still unknown. Camelot once held many great things such as The Holy Grail, The Holy Sword Excalibur and The Round Table which brought Arthur's best knights together.

The end of Camelot was caused by Sir Lancelot's and Queen Guinevere's love affair, which forced Camelot to plunge into civil-war.

Arthurian legend

Camelot


When a computer program is run,  it will use memory, to store certain values. While these values are used, there is a reference to them. When they are no longer used, there are no more references. Clearing the parts of memory which a computer program used, but where there are no more references is called garbage collection.

Computer science

Garbage collection (computer science)


Market entry strategy is a planned distribution and delivery method of goods or services to a new target market.  In the import and export of services, it refers to the creation, establishment, and management of contracts in a foreign country.

Factors affecting viability of entry
Many companies can successfully operate in a niche market without ever expanding into new markets. On the other hand, some businesses can only achieve increased sales, brand awareness and business stability if they enter a new market.

Developing a market-entry strategy involves thorough analysis of potential competitors and possible customers. Relevant factors that must be considered when deciding the viability of entry into a particular market include trade barriers, localized knowledge, price localization, competition, and export subsidies.

Timing of market entry
Lymbersky has said that "What countries to enter and when mainly depends on the financial resources of a company, the product life-cycle and the product itself."
The different strategies available are:
Waterfall model
Wave strategy
Sprinkler strategy

Strategies
Some of the most common market entry strategies are: directly by setup of an entity in the market,  directly exporting products, indirectly exporting using a  reseller, distributor, or sales outsourcing,  and producing products in the target market. Others include:

Licensing
Greenfield project
Franchising
Business alliance
 Exporting-(Direct/Ind)
 Turnkey project
 Joint ventures
 Outsourcing

See also Permanent establishment risk

Market entry and trade risks
Some of the risks incurred when entering a new market and start domestic or international trade include:
Weather risk
Systematic risk, different from systemic risk, the systematic risk is the risk inherent to the entire market or an entire market segment
Sovereign risk
Foreign exchange risk
Liquidity risk
Cultural risk

While some companies prefer to develop their own their market entry plans, other outsource to specialised companies. The knowledge of the local or target market by those specialized companies can mitigate trade risk.

Other market entry strategies include:

Production at home
Indirect exporting (export merchant)
Direct exporting (foreign customer, agent, distributor, representative office, foreign branch, foreign subsidiary)
Production abroad
without direct investment (management contract, franchising, licensing, contract manufacturing)
with direct investment (partly owned subsidiary, acquisition of a foreign company, set up a new company, equity joint venture)

Sources
Reviving Traditions in Research on International Market Entry, Po Li (Auteur), T. Li, JAI Press, 2003
On durable goods markets with entry and adverse selection, Janssen, M. Roy, CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 2004, VOL 37; NUMBER 3, pages 552-589  ISBN   ISSN 0008-4085

References

Business terms

Market entry strategy