Hypatia (hy-PAY-shee-uh) of Alexandria was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. She lived around 370 - 415 C.E. Hypatia was the first noted women in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. She lead a philosophical movement called Neoplatonism. Neoplatonism was developed from the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato.

Hypatia was born in Alexandria, a city in Egypt. During Hypatia's time, Egypt was a great place for learning. Her father was also a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, so she had it in her blood line. Her father was Theon. Hypatia and her father worked on commentaries of Ptolemy's work together. Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who was from Alexandria. Hypatia's name was also put on work done by other mathematicians.

The Museum of Alexandria was a more like a university and library than a museum. It played a big role in education, and Hypatia's life. Theon may have been the director of the museum at one point. Theon was interested in mathematics. This may have led Hypatia to pursue astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy.

Her skills were so notable, that she became the leader of the Neoplatonism movement in Alexandria around 400. Her reputation led students from all around the world to come visit here. She was recognized as a better philosopher than most of the men during her time. Hypatia gave lectures at her house and in lecture halls. She lectured on astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and religious literature. She wrote a number of books about mathematics.

Synesius of Cyrene was a student of Hypatia. His letters provided some of the most important information on her life and her teachings. She taught Synesius about the building of an astrolabe.

Hypatia was never married because she said she was "wedded to the truth". She was an acquaintance of Orestes. He was the pagan governor of Alexandria. Radical monks murdered her. They possibly murdered her because the pagans seemed to have caused enmity among the mainly Christian town. They persecuted her, and scattered her body parts around the city. She died at 45 years old, in 415 C.E.

References

Greek scientists

Hypatia


Quack Pack is an animated Disney television series. Is the second spin-off of the series are DuckTales. The series was originally shown from September 3, 1996 to November 28, 1996. It had a total of 39 episodes.

Main Characters
 Donald Duck (voiced by Tony Anselmo) - The main character of the series. Wears a blue shirt with red flowers on it. He is Huey, Dewey and Louie's uncle/parent who refer to him as "Uncle D" if not Uncle Donald. All of them live together in Donald's house. He is also Daisy's boyfriend and cameraman for her T.V. show. He is notoriously well known for being short-tempered and gets angered very easily. Despite that Donald tries to be a goodparental figure and is sometimes less than willing to trust Huey, Dewey and Louie, he has shown that he greatly cares about them and is very protective of them. He portrays himself as a father figure towards them and would usually regard them as his boys. Likewise, Huey, Dewey and Louie have shown they feel the same way as they have referred to Donald as their "own flesh and blood" before. Despite this, Donald usually misinterprets Huey, Dewey and Louie's good intentions for being bad, either by the influence of the unknown bad guy or having nightmares and daydreams about them being destructive. With Huey, Dewey, Louie, Donald and Daisy together, Huey has referred to them as a "happy family". When Donald received super powers he became a super villain known as the Duck of Doom, resulting in a battle between him and Huey, Dewey and Louie (known as the T-Squad when they got their super powers) to get them to clean their bedroom.

 Huey (voiced by Jeannie Elias) - Wears a long red shirt over a light red t-shirt and purple shorts. He usually acts as the leader of the three brothers. In one episode, it is revealed Huey suffered from ailurophobia or fear of cats. His fear was so great that he was afraid of cat sock puppets and had uncontrollable hiccups whenever he saw even a picture of a cat. His fear first began when a swarm of cats scared him while he was dressed as a mouse when he went Trick or Treating with his brothers on one Halloween night when they were little. However, he soon conquered his fear after his conscience got the better of him and he saved a cat that was hanging from a broken tree branch. Unfortunately, it soon turned out Huey was allergic to cats. Huey has a strong belief that the concepts of fate and coincidence are somehow mysteriously linked together; he also believes that they are judges on whether the trio are able to have something or not. This makes Huey possess a more determined character than his brothers as he is usually the last to give up trying to get something when the trio want anything. Huey is also the main brother very easily besotted by girls, sometimes anthropomorphic ducks like he and his family and sometimes they are human. Despite Huey's good character, he can sometimes come across as being arrogant and overly keen on making money on occasions. Huey also has a talent for playing the pipe organ, this was revealed when he performed a parody of the Phantom of the Opera when he got a mind controlling device on his head which he first believed to be braces. When Huey was given super powers, he was given the power of super speed and referred to himself as the Really Incredibly Fast Guy. Huey's full name is never made certain; his brothers sometimes refer to him as Hueton, Huebert or Hueson.

 Dewey (voiced by Pamela Adlon) - Wears a striped blue shirt with the number one on the back over a light blue t-shirt and blue shorts. He has the longest hair out of the three boys and is generally good with computers and technology. He is usually the most logical out of the three boys. Even though the trio love practical jokes, Dewey is the main practical joker and considers himself a master prankster. It is his good knowledge of technology that make him an impressive prankster such as his knowledge of projectors to create ghosts and fog machines to create a more spooky atmosphere. Every Halloween Dewey enjoys pranking Huey, Louie and Donald but on one occasion this led to them being stranded near a haunted house. Dewey believed this would be a great opportunity to perform more pranks, however, it turned out that the house really was haunted and the scary pranks were being pulled by the monsters that lived there. This resulted in Dewey getting the blame and it took a while for Huey, Louie and Donald to realize the truth. While all three boys possess strong consciences, Dewey appears to possess the most powerful. So much so it manifested itself into a giant, fierce version of Dewey and used brute force to make him protect his family in the haunted house when he attempted to sneak away from it. Dewey also has a strong belief in UFOs despite being aware that there have been scams in the past. When Dewey received super powers, he was given powers of super intelligence and psychokinesis. He referred to himself as Brain Boy. Dewey's full name is also not officially revealed; in one episode he refers to himself as Deuteronomy, but Huey has referred to him as Dewis.

 Louie (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) - Wears a green vest over green shorts and a backwards green cap. Louie is a huge fan of comic books moreso than his brothers, with his favorite comic book hero being Mantis Boy. Louie owns a violin just as Mantis Boy does; at first he is not good playing the violin at all, indeed it is regarded as noise to anyone who hears it, but eventually he learns to play it very well. On occasions, Louie uses it to play sad music when he and his brothers are manipulating Donald in order to get out of trouble. In one episode, it was revealed that Louie feels very strongly for animal rights and even makes plans to set traps to catch poachers to stop them taking animals. He can be fickle when it comes to deciding what to be for a future career; he has made ideas to become an astronaut, a sky diver, a top gun pilot, a hockey goal keeper and a policeman. Despite Louie sometimes fails to understand people's aims, he has proven to be a rational thinker; when the trio come up with a plan for a particular situation Louie is usually the first of the boys to have second thoughts and rethink the plan and compare it to the situation. When Louie was given super powers he became very muscular and strong. He referred to himself as Captain Muscle. Louie's full name is Louis.

 Daisy (voiced by Kath Soucie) - Wears a pink dress and dark pink shoes, although sometimes she also wears a purple pant suit or a pink sweater with a dark pink skirt.  She is Donald's girlfriend and the reporter of a T.V. show called What In the World, working for Kent Powers. She does everything she can to try and get a story, even to the extent of unintentionally putting the others in danger. She has a blue pet iguana named Knuckles who eats almost anything. Daisy cares a lot about Huey, Dewey and Louie and is willing to trust them more than Donald does as he often believes they are up to no good.

 Kent Powers (voiced by Roger Rose) - An egomaniacal TV personality, Kent Powers is the boss of both Daisy and Donald, the latter of which he frequently tortures for so little as a good laugh. Despite his popular image, his is overconfident, rude, arrogant, dishonest, greedy, selfish and obnoxious, but unlike Donald has very little to compensate for this. Kent openly dislikes Donald, and takes every opportunity to try and fire him.

 Ludwig von Drake (voiced by Corey Burton) - Duckburg's resident genius and inventor. Donald and the nephews often visit Ludwig when they need his advice or gadgets, though they tend to make matters worse for those involved.

 Gwumpki (voiced by Pat Fraley) - The immigrant owner of the local restaurant where the nephews often patronize. He is generally good-natured, though gets exasperated when the topic of the nephews' unpaid tab is brought up.

Villains
 The Claw (voiced by Frank Welker) - An extremely violent criminal named for the metal claw replacing his hand. The Claw first appears in "Ready, Aim... Duck!" when Donald claims that he was responsible for breaking the nephews' video-game console (in reality, Donald himself was the one who broke it). This causes The Claw to seek out Donald in anger. In his second appearance, "The Long Arm of the Claw", The Claw reappears as a fully rehabilitated "good citizen". However, he relapses back into his violent nature whenever he sees gold and calms down only when he hears the sound of a ringing bell.
 Agent X (voiced by Kath Soucie) - A feminine robot assassin working for an unnamed criminal organization, Agent X appears in "Heavy Dental". Thinking he's visiting the dentist, Huey gets an experimental mind-control helmet attached to his head when the doctor in charge mistakes him for Agent X in disguise. As Huey quickly discovers and abuses the helmet's power, Agent X is sent to terminate him and retrieve the device. She chases Huey back to Donald's house, where the duck is trying (and failing miserably) to fix the kitchen plumbing. Once inside, the pipes burst and drench Agent X in a torrent of water, completely rusting her.

Other websites

 Quack Pack  at Mickey Mouse Athletics

1996 American television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Television series by Buena Vista Television
1990s American animated television series
1996 American television series endings

Quack Pack


Happy Tuesday Quotes Funny
The blue sky kissed the ocean, and the ocean swayed the blue sky. I wrote my blessing on the blue sky and blue waves.The air is fresh in the morning, and everything goes well for you; the morning is sunny, I wish you to double your salary;Give you a good mood, I wish you a happy life; give you an ambitious ideal, may you struggle for life; give you a spiritual space, may you enrich your life. I will give you a request: take good care of yourself.I sincerely wish you: Go to work secretly smirk, go to work jumpily! Humming in the mouth, unknowingly tune! After work at noon, snoring, snoring, and snoring at work at night! Wake up in the morning and startled: again be late!I'm busy on Tuesday Greetings cannot be reduced. The message is sent to you, and the trouble is set aside. Although the pressure is great, blessings cover half of it. Laugh a little bit, and always have good luck!On Tuesday, work, top up, top up, and top up again; pressure, increase, increase, increase again; the boss said: This is called full load work. Fainted, friend. Don't be afraid, send a message to encourage you: come on, come on, come on.Let the early morning sun bring you luck, let the flying willow branches bring you passion, let the blue sky bring you dreams, let the midnight stars bring you sweetness, and let my blessing bring you a joyful Emotions and blessings!On Tuesday, you who are busy, in order to meet your work, donated these four maxims, proud of hard work, ashamed of constant complaints; proud of hard work, ashamed of idleness; proud of uniting colleagues. , Ashamed of selfishness; proud of the combination of work and rest, ashamed of working overtime. With my full blessings, I hope you have a full Tuesday.Tuesday Greetings is stressful and changes in mood. Tuesday is exhausted, has passed and passed, Tuesday is overworked and clenched teeth, Tuesday is not easy, decompression is ongoing, buddies send blessings, I wish you a leisurely simple leisure, adjust your mood, Stress is reduced, exhaustion disappears, fatigue disappears at work.Every morning, may all blessings and greetings bear our love, overflowing in your glass, red, deep, to the core
Standar telepon mobil

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Marginal utility is a concept from economics that describes the change in utility from consuming more or less of a good or service.  Economists sometimes speak of a law of diminishing marginal utility, meaning that consuming the first unit usually has a higher utility than every other unit. When the number of units that are consumed increases, their marginal utility decreases.

The more we have a commodity or a service, the less we want to have more of it.

Economics

Marginal utility


Narimantas or Narymunt (baptized Gleb; 1277 or just before 1300 (according to Wasilewski 1992) – 2 February 1348) was the second eldest son of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. During various periods of his life, he ruled Pinsk and Polotsk. In 1333 he was invited by Novgorod's nobles to rule and protect territories in the north, Ladoga, Oreshek and Korela. He started the tradition of Lithuanian mercenary service north of Novgorod on the Swedish border that lasted until Novgorod's fall to Moscow in 1477.

About 1338, the Golden Horde took him as prisoner. The Muscovite ruler, Ivan Kalita, ransomed him from Tatars, keeping him as hostage in Moscow for a few years.

Narimantas supported his brother Jaunutis when he was deposed by Algirdas and Kęstutis in 1345. In order to avoid getting killed by his younger brothers, he escaped Vilnius in autumn 1344. Narimantas travelled to Jani Beg, Khan of the Golden Horde, asking for support against Algirdas. Though he failed to solicit support, he is rumoured to have married a Tatar princess (possibly as second wife). After returning, Narimantas reconciled with Algirdas and was killed leading the Battle of Strėva against the Teutonic Knights on 2 February 1348. His descendants include Princes Kurakin, Galitzine, Khovansky, Korecki.

He took baptism in 1333 in or before Veliki Novgorod. This made him ineligible to succeed his father as ruler of Lithuanians, despite his primogeniture right.

Sons
It is believed that Narimantas had five sons:
 Aleksander (died after 1386), Prince of Podolia
 Yury (died in 1392), Prince of Belz
 Nikolai, Prince of Pinsk
 Patrikas (died ca. 1387), Prince of Starodub-Seversky
 Simeon (died after 1386)

The Polish genealogist and historian Józef Puzyna (see Dr. Jozef ks. Puzyna, article series on Narimantas, in: Miesiecznik Heraldyczny, 1930–31) refutes strongly the claim that Narimantas' progeny would have been born of a Tatar wife. He advances a hypothesis that the names of Narimantas' sons indicate that their mother was an Orthodox Ruthenian lady.

Other genealogists give as his wife Marija, daughter of Toqta (died c. 1312), khan of the Golden Horde, and wife Maria Palaiologina (born 1297), bastard daughter of Andronikos II Palaiologos, Emperor of Byzantium.

See also
 Family of Gediminas – family tree of Narimantas
 Gediminids

References

 Sjöström (2011), Liettuan gediminidien suomensukuiset geneettiset juuret. ISSN 1239-3487, Donelaitis - Donelaitis-seuran - Liettuan Ystävät ryn lehti 1/2011, ss 16..18

13th-century births
1348 deaths
Gediminids
Military personnel killed in action

Narimantas


Quiet Riot is an American heavy metal band. They are best known for their hit singles "Cum On Feel the Noize" and "Metal Health". The band was started in 1973 by guitar player Randy Rhoads and bass player Kelly Garni, first calling themselves Mach 1, before changing the name to Little Women and finally Quiet Riot in May 1975. The first line-up featured lead singer Kevin DuBrow, Rhoads, Garni, and drummer Drew Forsythe.  The lineup now has no starting members and includes lead singer Scott Vokoun, drummer Frankie Banali, bass player Chuck Wright, and guitar player Alex Grossi. Both Banali and Wright played on the band's most successful album Metal Health era, but Wright played bass on only two songs including the hit song "Metal Health", but did sing backup on the whole album.

The band's name came from a conversation with Rick Parfitt of British band Status Quo in which Parfitt said he'd like to name a band "Quite Right". With his thick English accent, it sounded like he was saying "Quiet Riot". They are ranked at number 100 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".

History
The 70s - The band started in the mid 70s by guitar player Randy Rhoads and bass player Kelly Garni. Lead singer Kevin DuBrow and drummer Drew Forsyth joined later on. They made two albums that only came out in Japan, called Quiet Riot and Quiet Riot II. Kelly Garni left after Quiet Riot II was recorded, but before the album cover was made, so the cover has his replacement, Rudy Sarzo, on the cover. Randy Rhoads left later to play with Ozzy Osbourne who was starting a solo band after being kicked out of Black Sabbath. Drew Forsyth left later.

The 80s - Kevin DuBrow made a new band, with drummer Frankie Banali, guitar player Carlos Cavazo and bass player Chuck Wright, although they called themselves Quiet Riot. Rudy Sarzo came back in the band to record on the band's album Metal Health. It was very successful because of the songs "Bang Your Head" and "Cum On Feel The Noize". The band brought out another album the next year called Condition Critical, although it didn't do quite as well. Kevin DuBrow started taking cocaine, and also started insulting bands similar to Quiet Riot which harmed the band's popularity. Their next album, QR III, had Chuck Wright playing bass as Rudy Sarzo left the band, and didn't do very well. Kevin DuBrow was kicked out as the band was fed up with his insults. The band's new singer was Paul Shortino and they released QR to try to become a well known band again. However, it failed in the charts and was even less successful than QR III. The band split up, but DuBrow had a court battle to own the band's name, and won.

The 90s - DuBrow started another new band, that went through a few brief names before being Quiet Riot again. Old members Banali and Cavazo came back, and the reformed band released Terrified and Down To The Bone. Rudy Sarzo rejoined, therefore bringing together the whole Metal Health lineup again. They released Alive And Well in 1999. The album has many re-recorded versions of older hits.

The 2000s - The Metal Health lineup released another album in 2001 called Guilty Pleasures, the first album by the lineup not to have any covers of other band's songs. They broke up in 2003. DuBrow and Banali started the band again the next year with Chuck Wright and new guitar player Alex Grossi. They started on a new album, but Wright and Grossi left and DuBrow and Banali had many other bass and guitar players join and leave quickly. The band's new album, Rehab, came out in 2006. Wright and Grossi rejoined to play concerts for the album.

On November 19th, 2007, Kevin DuBrow died of an accidental cocaine overdose, and his body was found six days later, on the 25th. Frankie Banali later said the band would never come back because of this.

The 2010s - although Banali said the band would not reform, they did in 2010, with new singer Mark Huff. They toured over the next year, before Huff was fired in 2012. He had to find out he was fired online. Banali hired a new singer called Scott Vokoun in March 2012. Right now, the band are celebrating the 30th anniversary of Metal Health by playing concerts around the world.

Discography
1978 Quiet Riot
1978 Quiet Riot II
1983 Metal Health
1984 Condition Critical
1986 QRIII
1988 Quiet Riot
1993 Terrified
1995 Down to the Bone
1999 Alive and Well
2001 Guilty Pleasures
2006 Rehab

Compilations
1993 The Randy Rhoads Years
1996 Greatest Hits
1999 Super Hits
2000 The Collection
2005 Live & Rare Volume 1

Singles
1977 "It's Not So Funny"
1979 "Slick Black Cadillac"
1983 "Metal Health"
1983 "Cum On Feel The Noize"
1983 "Slick Black Cadillac"
1984 "Mama Weer All Crazee Now"
1984 "Party All Night"
1984 "Winners Take All"
1984 "Bad Boy"
1986 "The Wild and the Young"
1986 "Twilight Hotel"
1988 "Stay With Me Tonight"
1993 "Little Angel"

Videography
Metal Health(Bang Your Head) ( Metal Health )
Cum On Feel The Noise ( Metal Health )
Mamma Were All Crazy Now ( Condition Critical )
Party All Night ( Condition Critical )
The Wild and The Young ( QRIII )
Twilight Hotel ( QRIII )
Stay With Me Tonight ( Quiet Riot )
Picking Up The Pieces ( The Randy Rhoads Years )

References

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Hard rock bands
Glam metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles

Quiet Riot


A hazard is something that can be dangerous. Fire, Explosives and Fuel are all examples of hazards. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things. There are different types of hazards; some can catch things on fire; some can burn skin; some can irritate the eyes, etc.

The term 'hazard' is used in driving instruction, and in some traffic-related laws. It simply means 'something a motorist should notice and drive accordingly'. For example, children playing on the pavement (U.S. = sidewalk; Austr. = footpath) are a potential hazard. If any go into the actual road, then they are a real hazard, and motorist should do whatever is safe.

Safety

Hazard


Rabindranath Tagore (), who is popularly called "Kabiguru", was born on 7 May 1861. His name is written as Rabindranath Tagore in many languages of India. He was a poet, philosopher, and artist. He wrote many stories, novels, poems, and dramas. He is also very well known for composing music. He wrote the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh. His writings greatly influenced Bengali culture during the late 19th century and early 20th century. In 1913, he became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

His major works include Gitanjali (Song Offerings), a world-famous poetry book; Gora (Fair-Faced); Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World); and many other works of literature and art. Tagore was also a cultural reformer and modernized Bengali art. He made it possible to make art using different forms and styles.

Tagore died on August 7, 1941 ("Baishey Shrabon" in Bengali, 22nd Shrabon).

Tagore was born on 7th May in 1861,at Jorasanko in Calcutta. He was the youngest son of his parents. His father was Debendranath Tagore. His mother was Sharada Devi.

Rabindra nath Tagore was admitted to school. But he did not like the still education. So he was educated at home He wrote his first poem when he was eight years old. In 1877, at the age of 16, Tagore published his first large poetry collection and wrote his first short story and dramas.

In February 1873, at age 11, Tagore went on a tour of India with his father. They visited many places like Amritsar in Punjab, and Dalhousie in the Himalayas. Tagore also visited his father's estate at Shantiniketan. There he read biographies and studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit. He also read works of Kalidas.

During this time, Tagore also composed many literary works. Tagore wrote a poem in the style of Vidyapati, a famous poet who wrote in Maithili.

In 1878, Tagore went to London. Because wanted to become a barrister. Later he studied at University College London. But in 1880, after Tagore did not do well in school, his father called him back from London. His father arranged a marriage for him with Mrinalini Devi, a girl of ten years. Child marriage was common during that time. They got married on December 9, 1883. Together they had five children.

Shantiniketan
In 1901, Tagore left Sheildah. He went to Shantiniketan (West Bengal) to build an ashram (which is like a monastery in Indian religions). In English, "Shantiniketan" means "an abode [place] of peace". He built a prayer hall, a school, and a library. He planted many trees and built a garden.

Tagore's wife and two of his children died in Shantiniketan. On January 19, 1905, Tagore's father also died.

By this time, Tagore had started receiving monthly income as part of his inheritance. He also started receiving some royalties for his literary works. He was very popular among readers of the Bengali language, as well as other people who knew his works through translations and reviews. Rabindranath's father bought a large parcel of land in Santiniketan, intending to establish a preparatory school.

On November 13, 1913, Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy had selected him based on a small number of his translated works, and his 1912 work of poems named Gitanjali: Song Offerings.

The British Crown gave Tagore a knighthood in 1915. However, he gave back the title in 1919 to protest the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar. During this massacre, troops of the British Raj killed people who had no weapons.

In 1921, Tagore and an agricultural economist named Leonard K. Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction in a village named Surul, near Tagore's ashram at Shantiniketan. Tagore recruited many scholars and officials from many countries to help the institute. Its goal was to use schooling to "free village[s] from ... helplessness and ignorance".

In the early 1930s, Tagore also grew more concerned about India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and differences based on castes. He lectured on the evils of such practices and also wrote many poems and dramas on these themes. He also became an activist.

He also founded a school named "Sriniketan" for teaching agriculture and crafts at Surul at a distance of about three kilometers from Shantiniketan.

Last years (1932–1941)
Even during the last decade of his life, Tagore continued his activism. He criticized Mohandas Gandhi, one of India's leaders, for his comments about an earthquake on January 15, 1934 in Bihar. Gandhi had said the earthquake had happened because God wanted to punish people for practicing casteism.

Tagore also wrote a hundred-line poem about the poverty in Kolkata. Later on, Satyajit Ray based one of his movies on this poem.

During this period, Tagore wrote fifteen volumes of prose-poems. They covered many parts of human life. In his last years, Tagore took an interest in science and wrote a collection of essays. These essays explored biology, physics, and astronomy.

Tagore spent the last four years of his life in poor health. In late 1937, he lost consciousness. He was in a coma for a long time. Eventually, he woke up, but three years later, he went back into a coma. During these years, whenever he was conscious and felt well enough, he wrote poems. These poems talk about how he came close to death. Tagore died on August 7, 1941 at the age of 80 in his childhood home in Kolkata.

Travels
Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore visited thirty countries on five continents. His goal was to make his literary works known to people who did not speak Bengali. He also spread his thoughts and ideas, including his political ideas.

In 1912, Tagore went to England. The Anglo-Irish poet William Butler Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of Tagore's famous book Gitanjali (Song Offerings). Tagore also met Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and many others.

From May 1916 until April 1917, Tagore gave many lectures in Japan. Shortly after returning to India, the 63-year-old Tagore visited Peru at the invitation of the Peruvian government. At the same time, he also visited Mexico. Both governments pledged donations of $100,000 to Tagore's school at Shantiniketan.

On May 30, 1926, Tagore reached Naples, Italy. The next day, he met fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome. On 20 July 1926, Tagore criticized and spoke out against Mussolini.

In July 1927, Tagore and two friends went on a four-month tour of Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Java (island), Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. Later on, Tagore wrote a book named Jatri (The Traveler) about his experiences during these trips.

In early 1930, Tagore left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the United States. In Paris and London, there were displays of his paintings. During this period, Tagore wrote his Hibbert Lectures for the University of Oxford. He also met Aga Khan III.

From June to mid-September 1930, Tagore toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany. Next, he toured the Soviet Union.

Tagore's travels gave him the opportunity to talk with many notable persons of his time. They included Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Romain Rolland.

Tagore's last trips abroad were his visits to Iran and Iraq in 1932, and to Ceylon in 1933. He visited Iran as a personal guest of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Works
Tagore was mainly a poet, but his other writing includes essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. He was also an expert painter.

Many movies also have soundtracks featuring selections from Tagore's songs, the Rabindra Sangeet.

Tagore also wrote many non-fiction books. These covered many subjects, including the history of India, linguistics, essays and lectures, details of his travels, and other autobiographical things.

One of his famous dramas is 2 plays by Tagore and Dipashri
In 1917, Tagore published a book called My Reminiscences. In this book, Tagore gives credit to his friend and mentor, Akshay Chowdhury, for influencing him in literature since he was a child. Akshay was the youngest son of Mihir Chandra Chowdhury, whose ancestry was linked with the Dutta Chowdhury (Chowdhuries) family of Andul. Rabindranath used to call Akshay Akshay Babu.

Akshay Chowdhury, Romesh Chandra Dutt, and Jyotiridranath Tagore were classmates at Hindu School in Kolkata. Because of this, Akshay developed a strong, friendly relationship with the Tagore family.

Rabindranath wrote that he loved to discuss high-level literature in detail with "Akshay Babu". At times, Akshay and his wife, Sarat Kumari Chaudhurani, used to participate in long talks about literature in a garden at Thakur Bari.

Music and artwork
Tagore was also a musician and painter. He wrote around 2,230 songs. People call these songs "Rabindra Sangeet" (which means "Tagore Song" in English). These songs are now a part of modern Bengali culture. Tagore's many poems and songs are parts of his novels and stories.

His songs and music cover many aspects of human emotion, devotional hymns, and love songs. In most Bengali-speaking families, people sing Rabindra Sangeet'''.

Music critic Arther Strangeways of The Observer first introduced Tagore's songs to non-Bengalis through his book The Music of Hindustan. The book describes Tagore Song as a "vehicle of a personality ... [that goes] behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize." Rabindra Sangeet has two great works, which are now national anthems of two countries: India and Bangladesh. This makes Tagore the only person in the world to have written the national anthems of two nations. They are Bangladesh's Amar Sonaar Baanglaa and India's Jana Gana Mana. Rabindrasangit. They are also influenced by musicians like Vilayat Khan, Buddhadev Dasgupta, and composer Amjad Ali Khan.

At age 60, Tagore took an interest in drawing and painting. He used many styles from different parts of the world. His styles included craftwork by the Malanggan people of northern New Ireland, Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, and woodcuts by Max Pechstein. Sometimes, Tagore used his handwriting in artistic styles on his manuscripts. His drawings and paintings were displayed in France and London.

 Theatrical pieces
When he was 16 years old, he performed in a drama organized by his brother, Jyotirindranath Tagore. When Tagore was 20 years old, he wrote a drama named Valmiki Pratibha (The Genius of Valmiki). This described the life of Valmiki, a man who stopped being a robber and became a learned person, his blessing from the goddess Saraswati, and his writing of the Ramayana.

Another notable play by him is Dak Ghar (The Post Office), which describes how a child tries to escape from his confinement and falls asleep. This sleeping is suggestive of death. This play received reviews in many parts of Europe. In 1890, he wrote Visarjan (Sacrifice). Many scholars believe this to be his finest drama. The Bangla-language original versions included intricate sub-plots and extended monologues. He wrote many other dramas on a variety of themes. In Tagore's own words, he wrote them as "the play of feeling and not of action". Rabindra Nritya Natya means dance dramas based on Tagore's plays.

 Short stories
Tagore wrote many stories. Galpaguchchha (Bunch of Stories) is a three-volume collection of eighty-four of his stories. Tagore wrote about half of these stories during the period from 1891 to 1895. This collection continues to be very popular work of Bangla literature. These stories have been used for many movies and theatrical plays.

Tagore drew inspiration and ideas for writing his stories from his surroundings, from the village life of India. He saw the poor people very closely during travels to manage his family's large landholdings. Sometimes he used different themes to test the depth of his intellect.

 Poetry
Tagore's poetry is very varied and covers many styles. He drew inspiration from 15th and 16th century poets and from ancient writers like Vasa. Bengal's Baul folk singers were also influenced by his style of poetry. He wrote many poems when he was at Shelidah managing his family's estates. Many of his poems have a lyrical quality. These poems tell about the "man within the heart" and the "living God within". Over the next 70 years, he repeatedly revised his style of writing poetry. In 1930s, he wrote many experimental works of poetry, and also used modernism and realism in his works.

One of his poems reads "all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat; only I was left behind". Tagore is known around the world for his Gitanjali ("Song Offerings"), his best-known collection, which won him his Nobel Prize. A freeverse translation by Tagore of a verse of Gitanjali reads as follows:

"My song has put off her adornments. She has no pride of dress and decoration. Ornaments would mar our union; they would come between thee and me; their jingling would drown thy whispers."

"My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight. O master poet, I have sat down at the feet. Only let me make my life simple and straight, like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music."

Anthems

Tagore is the only person to have written anthems for three countries.
 Jana Gana Mana, the national anthem of India

 Amar Shonar Bangla, the national anthem of Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka Matha, the national anthem of Sri Lanka; Tagore wrote the Bengali version and Ananda Samarakoon, his student, translated it into Sinhala

 Political views
Tagore's political views were complicated. He criticized European colonialism and supported Indian nationalists. But he also criticized the Swadeshi movement that many nationalist leaders in India liked. He liked self-help and learning. He asked Indians to accept "there can be no question of blind revolution, but of steady and purposeful education". Many people did not like his thinking. In late 1916, some Indians plotted to kill him when he was staying in a hotel in San Francisco, USA. When they saw him face-to-face, however, they instead started arguing with Tagore and changed their minds about killing him. Tagore also wrote many songs praising the Indian independence movement. He also returned the British honor of Knighthood as a protest against the 1919 Amritsar massacre. In Amritsar, troops of the British Raj had opened fire on unarmed civilians, killing many. Despite his unfriendly relations with Gandhi, Tagore played a key role in resolving a Gandhi-B. R. Ambedkar dispute which was about separate electorates for untouchables. Untouchables were people considered lowest in the social order. Rabindranath Tagore helped the freedom of India. He was first to identify the theme of "Globalization".
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Educational views

Tagore was also critical about the traditional style of education. While on a visit to Santa Barbara, California on October 11, 1917, he thought of a new type of education: a new type of university which he wanted to set up at Shantiniketan. On December 22, 1918, work for building the new university began. It opened on December 22, 1921. He named the university Visva-Bharati University. Tagore worked hard to raise funds for the university, and he toured many parts of Europe and the United States for this purpose. He gave all his Nobel Prize money to this university. The university gave personal guidance to all students. Students lived close to nature, and the teacher-student relationship followed a pattern of the gurukul system of ancient India. In his own words, he wanted this university to become "a world center for the study of humanity ... somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography".

He also had a dream for the future India. He wanted India's freedom from the British rule. He dreamt of an India "where the mind is without fear it is ".

 Legacy
Even many decades after his death, people hold festivals in his honor in many parts of the world. Examples include the following:
 The annual Bengali festival/celebration of Kabipranam - Tagore's birthday anniversary - held in Urbana, Illinois in the United States.
 The Rabindra Path Parikrama'' is held in Shantinketan and many places in Kolkata and West Bengal. Even cultural institutions and families in private households organise programmes to celebrate his birthday.

Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, who is also a Bengali, once noted that even for modern Bengalis, Tagore was a "towering figure", being a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker".

Tagore's collected 1939 Bangla-language writings (Rabīndra Rachanāvalī) are one of Bengal's greatest cultural treasures, and Tagore himself has been proclaimed "the greatest poet India has produced".

He was also famous in much of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Translations of his works are available in many languages, including Russian, English, Dutch, German, and Spanish. In the United States, Tagore gave many lectures during 1916 and 1917. Many people attended those lectures.

Between 1914 and 1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí spouses translated at least twenty-two of Tagore's books from English into Spanish. These Spanish translations influenced many leading figures of Spanish literature, including Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral of Chile; Octavio Paz of Mexico; and José Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, and Juan Ramón Jiménez of Spain

Various composers, including classical composer Arthur Shepherd's, have set Tagore's poetry to music.

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

Notes and references

Other websites

 Rabindranath Tagore poetry

1861 births
1941 deaths
Indian poets
Alumni of University College London
Writers from Kolkata
National symbols of India
Indian Nobel Prize winners

Rabindranath Tagore


Five card draw is a popular version of the card game poker. It is generally considered one of the easiest to play and learn, so it is good for newer poker players.

How to play
Before any cards are dealt, some of the players will make forced bets. The most common method of forced bets is called "blinds", where two players to the left of the dealer make bets which are called the "Small Blind" and "Big Blind". These forced bets must be at least matched by the other players in order to keep their hands. The big blind is twice as much as the small blind. If the big blind was $1000, then it is said that the blinds are 500 and 1000. This money is put into a place in the center of the table that is called the "pot". The other common forced bet is called an "ante", where every player contributes a small amount to the pot for the right to receive cards.

Each player is given five cards face down. These are called the player's "Hole Cards" or what the player has "in the hole". Once all the players have their hole cards, the betting starts. If blinds are being used, the player to the left of the Big Blind player starts the betting; if antes are being used, the player to the left of the dealer starts the betting. Players may "Check", or bet nothing, if no player before them in the turn has bet; this is only possible in a game where antes are used. The lowest amount that can be bet is the amount of the big blind or ante. Players can bet more than the minimum if they want. This is called "Raising". If a player raises, the amount he raised the bet to is the new minimum. Each player in turn may either "Call" (pay the current bet amount), Raise, or "Fold" (quit the hand, and give up one's cards into the "muck," the pile of already used cards which won't be used again). This action keeps going around the table until each player has called or folded his hand.

After the first turn of betting is over, each player may swap some of their cards for new ones, which are given by the dealer. This is called "drawing", and the cards that the players gave up are put into the muck. The number of cards that each player can swap varies depending on the agreed rules. The "draw" round begins with the player to left of the dealer and continues clockwise until everyone has drawn, including the dealer. After the draw round, another turn of betting takes place. There is no starting bet in this turn (no blinds) unless a player makes a bet. Players may "Check", or bet nothing, if no player before them in the turn has bet. If everyone checks, or if a player bets and all the others call or fold, then the round of betting is over.

With their five hole cards, the player with the best poker hand wins the round and the pot. If two or more players have the same hand, those players split the pot evenly. If one person bets and all other players have folded, the hand ends then and that player wins; they don't have to show their cards unless they want to.

Hands
The following are poker hands, from best to worst:

Straight flush:  Five cards of the same suit in sequence (if those five are A, K, Q, J, 10; it is a Royal Flush)
Four of a kind: Four cards of the same rank and any one other card
Full house: Three cards of one rank and two of another
Flush: Five cards of the same suit
Straight: Five cards in sequence (for example, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Three of a kind: Three cards of the same rank
Two pair: Two cards of one rank and two cards of another
One pair: Two cards of the same rank
High card: If no one has a pair, the highest card wins

Other websites
 Pokersites
 Poker Hand  - Poker hands list

Poker

Five card draw


Blatina (Cyrillic: Блатина) is red wine grape variety primarily grown in the Herzegovina region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has a functional female flower (auto-sterile), and for that reason it is always cultivated in plantations with other varieties such as Alicante bouschet (Kambuša), Merlot, and Trnjak, which at the same time pollinate Blatina. During the period of insemination, because of the rain, it can fail in giving fruits, and it is then called "praznobačva" (empty barrel). Blatina can produce dry red wine with 12 to 13.5% of alcohol, 5 to 7 g/L of total acidity, 25-32 g/L of extract. It has a dark ruby red color.

Aged in both stainless steel and oak barrels, Blatina will often exhibit aromas and flavors that are spice and coffee-driven.  Longer aging will often result in dry chocolate flavors as well.

Production is focused in the area south of Mostar around the towns of Čitluk, Međugorje, Ljubuški, and Čapljina.

References

External links
 Wine Route of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Blatina Red Wine

Red wine grape varieties
Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine
Grape varieties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wines of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Blatina


Particles which go near the speed of light are called ultrarelativistic.

The ultrarelativistic limit is the maximum velocity that a particle can move at. Albert Einstein found the equation for energy: E=mc². This means that energy is equal to a certain amount of mass. However, this is a simplified version of his equation. The longer version of his equation is E2=m2c4+p2c2. (Mathematically, if you ignore the p2c2 and take the square root of the equation, you get E=mc2). p2c2 refers to the velocity of a particle multiplied by a very large number.

Einstein then went on to show that a particle can never achieve the speed of light, because you get a divide by zero error from the equation for kinetic energy, .
Look at the denominator (bottom) of the equation, . "v" refers to the velocity of the particle. If its velocity reaches the speed of light (which is "c" in this equation),  will equal one, and since that would leave one minus one in the denominator, there would be a divide by zero error.

Particles which go below the speed of light (all particles which have mass) are called tardyons. Theoretical particles which go above the speed of light are called tachyons.
Relativity

Ultrarelativistic limit


Precocial in biology is a developmental strategy. It refers to species in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. It applies mainly to mammals and birds.

The opposite developmental strategy is called altricial, where the young are born or hatched helpless. These two categories are at ends of a continuum. All degrees exist in birds and mammals. With the tiny eggs of invertebrates, different strategies have evolved. Many use some kind of metamorphosis, in which different stages of growth occupy different environmental niches.

Checklist
A checklist is used to score a species between precocial and altricial. In each case, 'yes' means precocial:
Down or fur present?
Eyes open?
Mobile?
Feed themselves?
Parents present?

Birds
The contrast between the two extremes is seen most clearly in birds. Precocial species leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching. Megapodes are a family of birds found in Australasia. Their eggs are not incubated by the parents. They are buried in compost, covered with sand and left, though the males test the temperature of the heap and make small adjustments. The eggs, which have a large yolk, hatch with full wing feathers. The hatchlings can run and purse prey, and many species can fly on their first day. These birds are super-precocial.

At the other extreme are the most intelligent birds: the passerines (the dominant group of birds, including crows) and hawks, owls and parrots.

Mammals
Mammals never feed themselves at first. Mother's milk is part of the 'contract' a mammal inherits. But there is a big difference between some new-born deer and antelopes, which can run within an hour or so of birth, and a baby marsupial which is in the pouch for days or weeks.

Of advanced mammals, human beings have a long period before they are independent. This is partly because their brains have to grow and mature after birth, and partly because humans depend more on learning and less on inherited behaviour compared to other mammals. Mammalian carnivores take a long time to perfect their  prey-catching skills, and some herd species like elephants also have to do a lot of learning.

Trade-offs
Most accounts of the altricial/precocial differences point out that it is a trade-off. Altricial young require a great investment of parental time and care, and are in constant danger of predation. However, that system permits a long period of supervised learning. Also, their brains grow more after birth, fueled by rich food provided by parents.

Precocial young require more pre-birth preparation for larger eggs, but they are less open to predation and take less parental care after birth. Their brains are ready-to-go, but end up smaller in relation to body size.

"Why have these different modes of development evolved? They are obviously tied into two important aspects of the bird's environment: food availability and predation pressure...

"a complex evolutionary problem of balancing the need to provide nourishment to the young and to protect them from predation has been 'solved' by each group of birds–and the solutions are the different avian developmental patterns we now observe. Similar problems have been solved, also in diverse ways, in the course of mammalian evolution. But many more groups of mammals than birds have managed to become big-brained as both young and adults".

Humans
Humans are rather a special case, for a baby makes great demands on the parent both before and after birth. A human baby looks precocial. But few of the bits are working, and a baby is completely helpless on its own. The key fact is that the cerebral cortex is not yet working properly. Nerve growth is still going on. During the first 18 months the cortex is getting larger and getting into working order. Then, after about 18 months to two years, the infant starts to learn language and from then on there's no stopping them.

There is an interesting reason why the brain is not more advanced at birth. It is that the baby's head (during natural birth) has to get through the female birth canal, which is a space between the bones of the female pelvis. Any larger, and the baby's head would not get through.

There is a cost to the human method. It greatly reduces the average number of offspring that any couple can raise.

References

Developmental biology
Birds
Mammals
Biological reproduction

Precocial


A librarian is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies. Librarians may work in different areas. Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.

The role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations.

Training
To become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a master's degree in Library and Information Science.

Employment
Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.

Related jobs
Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.

References

Education occupations

Librarian


Recruitment is the process of finding new people to do a job. For a company or organization, it is important to choose the right people from the beginning. This is because human resources are often a very important part of a business.

Recruitment has many different steps. First, the company needs to advertise that it has a job available. People then send an application. This usually includes a curriculum vitae, which is a summary of what a person has done until now in their life. The best applicants are selected and they come for an interview. This might also include some further tests or exercises to do. The person chosen is then given an offer of a job. Finally, they can choose to take it or not.

There are many ways of doing recruitment. Some companies go to consultants, who know where and how to find the best people. Universities and schools often have a group of people that tells the students about getting a job. At other times, a company might really want a person that is very good at a job but works for another company. They can then ask directly to this person, maybe offering more money. Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are also sometimes used by people looking for a job.

References

Occupations

Recruitment


"Over the Rainbow" is a song from the movie The Wizard of Oz. It was composed by Harold Arlen and the lyrics were written by E.Y. Harburg. Judy Garland sang the song in the movie. Over time it would become her signature song. The song won an Academy Award. The song is also known as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow".

About five minutes into the movie, Judy Garland (as Dorothy Gale) sings "Over the Rainbow". She is trying to get her aunt and uncle to listen to her story about an incident involving her dog, Toto. Dorothy's Aunt Em tells her to "find yourself a place where you won't get into any trouble". Dorothy walks off with Toto. She says to the dog, "Someplace where there isn't any trouble. Do you suppose there is such a place, Toto? There must be. It's not a place you can get to by a boat, or a train. It's far, far away. Behind the moon, beyond the rain." She begins to sing the song.

MGM executives thought the song "slowed down the picture". They said it did not sound like a song a little girl would sing in a barnyard. They wanted to cut it from the movie. Other people wanted the song to be kept in the movie. The executives changed their minds and the song was kept.

"Over the Rainbow" was going to be sung again by Garland in the scene where she is locked in the witch's room and watches the hourglass. She weeps through the song, and ends with "I'm frightened, Auntie Em! I'm frightened!". The song was cut from the scene. The "I'm frightened" cry was kept in the movie.

The song is number one on the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. The American Film Institute has ranked "Over the Rainbow" as the greatest movie song of all time on the list of "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs". American troops in Europe in World War II adopted the song as a symbol of the United States. Garland performed the song for American troops as part of a 1943 command performance.

Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (1959–1997) recorded a version of "Over the Rainbow" in 1988. It was released in 1993.

References

Pop songs
1930s songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Labelle songs
Jerry Lee Lewis songs
Cliff Richard songs
Ariana Grande songs
Jewel (singer) songs
Willie Nelson songs
Eva Cassidy songs
1939 works

Over the Rainbow


Backpacking is hiking in the outdoors with a backpack full of all your food, clothing, water, and shelter. Usually, backpackers hike in groups to stay safer. They must think to bring first aid supplies, sleeping bags, tents, rain gear, stoves, food and other camping supplies.

Backpacking may be done on short or long trips. Sometimes, backpacking groups begin at a trail head with a parking lot and hike over a weekend until they work their way back to the vehicle. On longer trips, groups may settle in at a base camp and hike for weeks or even months if they are more experienced and prepared.

When following certain rules, backpackers have the chance to leave the outdoors better than they found them. There are certain practices such as Leave No Trace that teach backpackers and hikers to pack out all waste and help conserve nature in every way possible such as not building fires in dry areas, saving water, and protecting the environment. When backpackers use these skills, they help preserve nature while getting to explore themselves while outside the influence of the rest of the world.

Leisure
Camping

Backpacking (wilderness)


The Isaurian War was a conflict that lasted from 492 to 497 and that was fought between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rebels of Isauria. At the end of the war, Eastern Emperor Anastasius I regained control of the Isauria region and the leaders of the revolt were killed.

Background

During the reign of Theodosius II (r. 402–450) people from Isauria, a poor and mountainous province in Asia Minor, reached for the first time high office in the Eastern Roman Empire. Emperor Leo I (r. 457–474) deliberately promoted Isaurians to important posts in the civil and military administration to counterbalance the power of the hitherto all-powerful Germanic elements. The Isaurians, however, were despised as semi-barbarians by the people of Constantinople, who in 473 rose in an anti-Isaurian revolt in the Hippodrome and in 475 overthrew the newly crowned Isaurian emperor Zeno (r. 474–475 and 476–491), killing all the Isaurians in the city in the process.

Zeno returned to the throne in 476, however, this time until his death in 491. Under this emperor, his fellow Isaurians prospered, and the opposition to them, although growing, remained latent. In 484, the Isaurian magister militum Illus rebelled against Zeno and fled to the East, where he supported the usurpation of Leontius. That, however, ended in 488 with the capture and execution of both rebel leaders.

Conflict
In 491 Emperor Zeno died and was succeeded by the silentiarius Anastasius I, chosen by Empress Ariadne. During the brief interregnum, the Constantinopolitan populace had made its views on the succession clear by cries in the Hippodrome demanding a "Roman emperor", thus rejecting the possible succession of Longinus, Zeno's brother. In the same year, anti-Isaurian riots broke out in the Hippodrome, and Anastasius exiled Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala.

In 492 the Isaurians began a revolt, but in the same year their joint forces were defeated by the Roman army, led by generals John the Scythian and John Gibbo (John the Hunchback), at Kotyaion in Phrygia (battle of Cotyaeum). Lilingis, a leading figure in the revolt, died after the battle. The Isaurian survivors took refuge in the mountain strongholds of their country and kept waging war.

In 493 the Roman general Diogenianus captured Claudiopolis but was besieged there by the Isaurians, led by the ex-bishop Conon. To his help came John Gibbo who forced the passes and, helped by a sortie of Diogenianus', won an overwhelming victory against the Isaurians, in which Conon died.

From 494 to 497 the Isaurians closed themselves in their fortresses in the Isaurian mountains, where they were kept supplied by Longinus of Selinus through the port of Antioch.

In 497 John the Scythian killed Longinus of Cardala and Athenodorus, whose heads were exposed on a spear in Tarsus, thus effectively ending the war. In 498, John Gibbo captured the last enemy leaders, Longinus of Selinus and Indes, and sent them to the Emperor, who paraded them along the main road of Constantinople to the Hippodrome, where they had to perform the proskynesis in front of the imperial kathisma.

Aftermath
In 495, Emperor Anastasius I told Patriarch Euphemius that he was tired of war. Euphemius reported this to John, the son-in-law of the Isaurian leader Athenodorus, who referred it back to Anastasius. The emperor had come into conflict with Euphemius before ascending to the throne; furthermore, Anastasius, who had Monophysite sympathies, had been forced by Euphemius to sign a declaration of orthodoxy before being crowned. For these reasons he decided to accuse Euphemius of treason for revealing plans to the enemy. In 496, Euphemius was excommunicated and deposed.

After the war Anastasius rewarded his generals with the consulship: John the Scythian held the post in 498 and John Gibbo in 499. Anastasius also ordered the architect Aetherius to build the Chalke Gate to the Great Palace of Constantinople to celebrate the victory, and the poet Christodorus commemorated the war in a now-lost poem in six books, entitled Isaurica.

Notes

Bibliography
 John Bagnell Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, , p. 433.
 Brian Croke, Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle, Oxford University Press, 2001, , pp. 137-138.
 Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, "Fl. Ioannes qui et Gibbus 93", The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 617-618.

490s conflicts
5th-century rebellions
Civil wars of the Byzantine Empire
Isauria
5th century in the Byzantine Empire
490s
490s in the Byzantine Empire
492
497

Isaurian War


New media is a term meant tae encompass the emergence o digital, computerised, or netwarked information an communication technologies in the later pairt o the 20t century. Maist technologies described as "new media" are digital, aften haein characteristics o bein manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, interactive an impartial. Some ensaumples may be the Internet, wabsteids, computer multimedia, computer gemmes, CD-ROMS, an DVDs. New media isna telly programmes, featur films, magazines, beuks, or paper-based publications.

Reference

Digital media

Contemporary airt

American airt
Airt genres

New media


The Carreau Wendel Museum is the museum of the  Wendel-Vuillemin coal pit, in Petite-Rosselle on the Saarland, Lorraine border (Saar-Warndt coal mining basin). Though often in Germany, since 1945 it has been in Moselle department France.
The museum is an Anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

History
The Wendel 1 pit was closed in 1989, Wendel 2 in 1992 and Wendel 3 in 2001. The first piece of coal was mined in Petite-Rosselle in June 1856, at the Saint-Charles pit. These pits are in France but surrounded on three sides by the national border with Germany. Several pits were dug between 1862 and 1889: Wendel 1, Wendel 2, Vuillemin 1 and Vuillemin 2. Emile Vuillemin was the consulting engineer for Charles de Wendel and Georges Hainguerlot's company- Compagnie Anonyme des Mines de Stiring. The coal produced was primarily used to fire the Wendel steelworks. The company became - Les Petits-fils de François de Wendel et Cie in 1889.

After the Second World War, the government required the industry to triple the Lorraine coal production within ten years. In the 1946 nationalising, the Wendel assets were assigned to public company Houillères du bassin de Lorraine. The Wendel 3 pit was dug in 1952, and in 1958 was equipped with the new wash house 3. The Wendel 1 and 2 pits were modernised and equipped with new headframes. After 1960, the coal recession hit: the company modernised wash house 1–2 in 1962 by creating a new module on top of the former wash house, adapted to the existing equipment. Operations and investment continued up until 1986 when central activities ceased. Some infrastructure continued to be used up until 1989 serving other pits in the Wendel franchise.

Museum
The museum is presented in several section. The simple tour shows the life of the miner and the hazardous working conditions. There is then an opportunity to take a guide tour down the workings seeing the machinery current when the last deep mine in France closed in 2004. There is an AM 100 heading machine, G210 electro-hydraulic loader, Electra 2000 shearer and  ANF winning machine, roof supports etc.

References
Notes

Footnotes

External links

 Museum Website
 Les puits miniers du bassin houiller lorrain (fr)

Museums in Moselle (department)
Mining museums in France
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points

Carreau Wendel Museum


Ernest Moeran (born Heston, Middlesex, England, 31 December 1894; died 1 December 1950) was an English composer.

Early life
Moeran (pronounce: "MORE-an") was born in Heston, to the west of London.  His father was an  Irish clergyman.  Ernest spent most of his childhood living on the coast of Norfolk.  He learned to play the violin and the piano.  At first he was taught at home by a  governess.  When he was ten he went to school.  In 1908, he went to Uppingham School where he spent five years.  When he left school in 1913 he started to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music with Charles Villiers Stanford.

War service

Moeran's studies at the Royal College of Music were interrupted after 18 months because of the start of World War I.  He joined the army as a despatch rider but he was soon badly injured in the head and could no longer fight in the army.    After the war he did some music teaching, but then he started to study music again.  His teacher this time was John Ireland who had been a pupil of Moeran's earlier teacher Stanford.

Composing music

After these studies his music started to be performed a lot.  His First Rhapsody for orchestra was performed several times, including in 1924 by the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Hamilton Harty.  He was asked to compose a symphony for the Hallé Orchestra, but he preferred to write shorter pieces, especially chamber music and piano music.   In 1931 he wrote a String Trio which is one of his best works.

Moeran became interested in folk music.  He liked to go to country pubs and listen to the people singing there.  He collected about 150 folk songs in Norfolk and Suffolk and made many arrangements of them.

By the mid-1920s, Moeran had become close friends with Peter Warlock.  They lived together and often went out drinking together.  Moeran gradually became an alcoholic.

In 1945, after Warlock had died, Moeran married the cellist Peers Coetmore. The marriage was not very happy although it helped Moeran to compose some of his best pieces:  the Cello Concerto and Cello Sonata.

Moeran was found drowned in the River Kenmare.  At first people thought he had committed suicide but then it was found that he had had a heart attack and died before he fell into the water.

His music
Moeran's music is influenced by folk song.  His harmonies are often like those of Delius.  He was also influenced by Vaughan Williams, Holst, Bax, John Ireland and Peter Warlock.  For many years he concentrated on piano music, songs and chamber music, but in his later years he wrote larger works such as the Symphony in G minor (1934-7) and his Concertos for the Violin and the Cello.

Other websites
The Worldwide Moeran Database by Andrew Rose, including a more detailed biography and a complete list of works.

20th-century English composers
1894 births
1950 deaths

Ernest Moeran


A lost city is a city that was normal once but, for some reason, became not lived in any more and forgotten about. Many of these cities are called ghost towns.

Lost cities by continent

Africa
Akhetaten, Egypt – Capital during the reign of 18th Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. Later abandoned and almost totally destroyed. Modern day el Amarna.
Canopus, Egypt – on the now-dry Canopic branch of the Nile, east of Alexandria.
Itjtawy, Egypt – Capital during the 12th Dynasty. Exact location still unknown, but it is believed to lie near the modern town of el-Lisht.
Tanis, Egypt – Capital during the 21st and 22nd Dynasties, in the Delta region.
Memphis, Egypt – Administrative capital of ancient Egypt. Little remains.
Avaris, capital city of the Hyksos in the Nile Delta.
Leptis Magna – Roman city in present day Libya. It was the birthplace of Emperor Septimius Severus, who lavished an extensive public works programme on the city, including diverting the course of a nearby river. The river later returned to its original course, burying much of the city in silt and sand.
Dougga, Tunisia – Roman city in present day Tunisia.
Carthage – Initially a Phoenician city, destroyed and then rebuilt by Rome. Later served as the capital of the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa, before being destroyed by the Arabs after its capture in AD 697.
Great Zimbabwe
Aoudaghost – Wealthy Berber city in medieval Ghana, sacked by mujahideen, location unknown.
Timgad - Roman city founded by the emperor Trajan around 100 AD, covered by the sand at 7th Century.

Asia

Far East Asia
Yamatai – Japan.

Southeast Asia
Sukhothai
Ayutthaya
Angkor and surroundings.

South Asia
Vijayanagar
Poompuhar – in South India
Mohenjodaro – in Pakistan Sindh
Harappa – in Pakistan's Punjab
Taxila – in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Muziris

Central Asia
Abaskun – Medieval Caspian Sea trading port
Ani – Medieval Armenian capital
Harappa – early city part of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Mohenjo Daro – early city part of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Dwarka – ancient seat of Krishna, hero of the Mahabharata.  Now largely excavated.  Off the coast of the Indian state of Gujarat.
Niya – in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.
Loulan – in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.
Subashi – in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.
Otrar – City along the Silk Road, important in the history of Central Asia.
Karakorum – Capital of Genghis Khan.
Old Urgench – Capital of Khwarezm.
Mangazeya, Siberia
Turquoise Mountain - Capital of Afghanistan, destroyed 1220

Western Asia/Middle East
Akkad
Babylon
Çatalhöyük – A Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement, near the modern city of Konya, Turkey.
Choqa Zanbil
Ctesiphon
Iram of the Pillars – Lost Arabian city in the Empty Quarter.
Kourion, Cyprus
Hattusa – Capital of the Hittite Empire. near the modern village of Boğazköy in north-central Turkey.
Kish
Lagash
Nineveh
Persepolis
Petra
Troy
Ur

South America

Inca cities
Machu Picchu – Possibly Pachacuti's Family Palace.
Vilcabamba – Currently known as Espiritu Pampa.
Paititi – A legendary city and refuge in the rainforests where Peru, Bolivia and Brazil meet.
Choquequirao - Considered to be the last bastion of Incan resistance against the Spainiards and refuge of Manco Inca Yupanqui.

Other
Chan Chan – Chimu. near Trujillo, in present day Peru.
Tiahuanaco – pre-Inca. in present day Bolivia.
Cahuachi – Nazca, in present day Peru.
Caral – An important center of the Norte Chico civilization, in present day Peru.
Ciudad de los Cesares - City of the Caesars, A legendary city in Patagonia, never found. Also variously known as City of the Patagonia, Wandering City, Trapalanda or Trapananda, Lin Lin or Elelín,
Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien – First city in the mainland of the American continent, in the Darien region between Colombia and Panama. Founded by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in 1510.
Lost City of Z - A city allegedly in the jungles of the Matto Grosso region of Brazil, was said to have been seen by the British explorer Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett sometime prior to World War I.
Kuelap - A massive ruined city still covered in jungle that was the capital of the Chachapoyas culture in Northern Peru.
Tayuna (Ciudad Perdida) in present day Colombia

North America

Mexico and Central America

Maya cities
incomplete list – for further information, see Maya civilization
Chichen Itza – This ancient place of pilgrimage is still the most visitied Maya ruin.
Copán – In modern Honduras.
Calakmul – One of two "superpowers" in the classic Maya period.
Coba
Naachtun – Rediscovered in 1922, it remains one of the most remote and least visited Maya sites. It is 44 km (27 miles) south-southeast of Calakmul, and 65 km (40 miles) north of Tikal, it is believed to have had strategic importance to, and been vulnerable to military attacks by, both neighbours. Its ancient name was identified in the mid-1990s as Masuul.
Palenque — in the Mexican state of Chiapas, known for its beautiful art and architecture
Tikal — One of two "superpowers" in the classic Maya period.

Olmec cities
La Venta – In the present day Mexican state of Tabasco.
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán – In the present day Mexican state of  Veracruz.

United States
The cities of the Ancestral Pueblo (or Anasazi) culture, in the Four Corners region of the Southwest United States – The best known are at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde.
Cahokia – near present-day St. Louis, MO. At its height Cahokia is believed to have had between 40,000 and 80,000 people, making it amongst the largest pre-Columbian cities of the Americas. It is known chiefly for its huge pyramidal mounds of compacted earth.
Kennett, California was lost under 400 feet of water when Shasta Dam was built.
Kane, Wyoming was a city that was lost when the Yellowtail Dam was built.
Lost counties, cities, and towns of Virginia
Pattenville, New Hampshire was flooded when the Moore Dam was built.
Pueblo Grande de Nevada a complex of villages, near Overton, Nevada

Canada
L'Anse aux Meadows – Viking settlement founded around 1000.

Other
Aztlán- the ancient home of the aztecs
Izapa – Chief city of the Izapa civilization, whose territory extended from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, in present day Mexico, and Guatemala.
Teotihuacan – Pre-Aztec Mexico.

Europe
Akrotiri – On the island of Thera, Greece.
Atil, Tmutarakan, Sarai Berke – Capitals of the steppe peoples.
Attila's Fortified Camp, Romania – Probably the great ruins at Saden (Zsadany, Jadani, now Cornesti -jud. Timis) from or to which the Hun tribe Sadagariem took or gave their name.
Avars'Khan Fortified Camp, Romania - Probably the re-occupied city of Attila at Saden (Zsadany, Jadani, now Cornesti -jud. Timis).
Birka, Sweden
Biskupin, Poland
Calleva Atrebatum,Silchester,England,UK - Large Romano-British walled city 10 miles south of present day Reading. Just the walls remain and a street pattern can be discerned from the air.
Chryse Island in the Aegean, reputed site of an ancient temple still visible on the sea floor.
Damasia – Sank into the Ammersee, Germany.
Dunwich, England, United Kingdom – Lost to coastal erosion.
Hedeby, Germany
Helike, Greece on the Peloponnese – Sunk by an earthquake in the 4th century BC and rediscovered in the 1990s.
Kaupang - In Viksfjord near Larvik, Norway. Largest trading city around the Oslo Fjord during the viking age. As sea levels retreated (the shoreline is 7m lower today than in 1000) the city was no longer accessible from the ocean and was abandoned.
Kitezh, Russia - Legendary underwater city which supposedly may be seen in good weather.
Niedam near Rungholt
Ny Varberg, Sweden
Old Sarum, England, United Kingdom – the people moved to nearby Salisbury although the owners of the archaeological site retained the right to elect a Member of Parliament to represent Old Sarum until the Nineteenth Century (see William Pitt abandoned).
Paestum - Greek and Roman city south of Naples, abandoned after attacks by Muslim pirates. Three famous Greek temples.
Pompeii and Herculaneum in Italy - buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD and rediscovered in the 18th century
Roxburgh, Scotland - abandoned in the 15th century
Rungholt – Sunken in the Wadden Sea, Germany.
Saeftinghe, Netherlands - prosperous city lost to the sea in 1584.
Selsey, England, United Kingdom - mostly abandoned to coastal erosion after 1043.
Skara Brae, Scotland, United Kingdom - Neolithic settlement buried under sediment. Uncovered by a Winter storm in 1850.
Sybaris, Italy - Ancient Greek colonial city of unsurpassed wealth utterly destroyed by its archrival Crotona in 510 BCE.
Tartessos, Spain
Teljä, Finland
Trellech, Wales, United Kingdom.
Uppåkra, Sweden
Vineta – Legendary city somewhere at the Baltic coast of Germany or Poland.
Winchelsea, East Sussex,UK Old Winchelsea,Important Channel port,pop 4000+,abandoned after 1287 inundation and coastal erosion. Modern Winchelsea, 2 miles inland, was built to replace it as a planned town by Edward I
Ys - Legendary city on the western coast of France.

Related pages
Ghost town
Atlantis

References

Lists of cities

Lost cities


McKenzie Mountain is a  mountain in western Essex County in the towns of St. Armand and North Elba in the Adirondack Park, a unit of the Forest Preserve.

History
The mountain was formerly known as Saddleback, due to its shape.  There are two trails to the top. One, maintained by NYSDEC, begins at the Jackrabbit Ski Trail, that runs between Saranac Lake and Lake Placid.  The other, maintained by the Lake Placid Shore Owner's Association, dates to 1896; it leads from the Lake Shore Path to the summit. Views from the top are extensive, from Whiteface Mountain to the north, with Lake Placid at its feet, to Gothics, Mount Marcy and the Great Range, and the Seward Mountains to the south.  A ledge to the west of the trail offers views of the village of Saranac Lake and the Saranac Lakes spread out beyond, Moose Pond, Azure Mountain, Saint Regis Mountain and Debar Mountain to the north.

Climate

Gallery

References

External links
 Peakbagger.com - McKenzie Mountain

Mountains of Essex County, New York
Adirondack Park
Mountains of New York (state)

McKenzie Mountain


The Witch of Portobello () is a fiction work by Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho published in 2006, about a woman born in Transylvania to a Romani mother in a gypsy tribe without wedlock. The central character is abandoned by her birth mother because the father was a foreigner (gadje) and later adopted by a wealthy Lebanese couple.

Theme
In this book, Coelho works with the return to the goddess religion, the interpretation of love, and the feminine part of the Divine within the theme of searching for one's true self and opening to the energies of the world. The question central to the story is "How do we find the courage to be true to ourselves - even if we are unsure of who we are?"

The work also expounds a selection of philosophies, which bear a certain degree of similarity to Coelho's teachings from previous novels and carry the characteristic imprint of his own ideas, as well as a citation regarding the ephemeral nature of desires, which appears in most of Coelho's novels.

The writer elucidates the opinion that the Church has deviated by its stringent rules to the point where it no longer serves Jesus Christ, or as put in his words in one of the interviews: "It's a very long time since they've allowed me in there [the Church]".

Plot
As the book begins, Athena is dead. How she ended up that way creates the intrigue sustaining the book. The child, Sherine Khalil renames herself Athena after her uncle was discussing with her mother on how her real name will betray her origins and something like Athena gave nothing away. As a child, she shows a strong religious vocation and reports seeing angels and saints, which both impresses and worries her parents.

She goes into a London University to pursue Engineering at the age of 19, but it's not what her heart wanted. One day she just decides that she wanted to drop out of college, get married and have a baby. Here, the author mentions that this might be due to the fact that she was abandoned herself and wants to give all that love she could to her child which she didn't receive from her birth mother. Two years later, her marriage falls apart because they are facing too many problems due to their young age and lack of money or mostly because he felt that she loved only the child and used him to get what she wanted. A very interesting quote she uses is "From Ancient Greece on, the people who returned from battle were either dead on their shields or stronger, despite or because of their scars. It's better that way: I've lived on a battlefield since I was born, but I'm still alive and I don't need anyone to protect me."
She grows into a woman in search of answers to many questions that arise within a person. She had a life which many felt was content because she had a child of her own, money, and friends; everything but her mind was at peace, so she searches for the answer to the classical question of "Who am I?" through many experiences. In her quest, she opens her heart to intoxicating powers of mother and becomes a controversial spiritual leader in London.

See also
Fictional representations of Romani people

Notes

References
Readers' Corner for The Witch of Portobello
Interview with Paulo Coelho
AAP May 2007

Further reading
First Chapter of The Witch of Portobello

2006 novels
Novels by Paulo Coelho
Brazilian novels
Portuguese-language novels
HarperCollins books
21st-century Brazilian novels

The Witch of Portobello


Mother's Day is a holiday that is celebrated on the second Sunday of May every year. It started in the United States. The holiday was founded in 1908 by Anna Jarvis. Mother's Day was first made to celebrate a person's own mother. Now it is made to celebrate all mothers and motherhood in general. It is celebrated at different times in different countries. In the United States of America, it is the second Sunday in May. Children can make cards and a lot of other things for their mother.

History

The idea for Mother's Day started in the 1850s. Ann Reeves Jarvis had mother's day work clubs where women tried to fight disease and bad milk. They also helped make hurt soldiers better during the Civil War. After the war, Ann made Mother's Day Friendship picnics and Mother's Friendship Day for the women from both sides of the war.

In 1908 after her mother died, Anna Jarvis made the first Mother's Day celebration in Grafton, West Virginia. People also celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and many other cities. For six years, Anna made the celebration bigger until President Woodrow Wilson made it a national holiday in 1914.

References

 National Geographic Mother's Day history

Observances
1908 establishments in the United States

Mother's Day


Ali Shariati Mazinani (1933-1977) (Persian: علی شريعتی مزینانی) or Shariati was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.

Shariati's life
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran. He studied sociology in the University of Paris. He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad. He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime arrested him again. When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in Damascus, Syria.

Shariati's most important books
  Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
 Where Shall We Begin?
 Mission of a Free Thinker
 The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
 Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
 Martyrdom (book)
 Arise and Bear Witness
 Ali
 An approach to Understanding Islam
 A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
 A Glance of Tomorrow's History
 Reflections of Humanity
 A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
 Selection and/or Election
 Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
 Expectations from the Muslim Woman
 Horr (Battle of Karbala)
 Abu-Dahr
 Hossein Heir of Adam
 Islamology
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Jihad and Shahadat
 Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
 A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
 Art Awaiting the Saviour
 Fatemeh is Fatemeh
 The Philosophy of Supplication
 The Fall
 One, in front of it,Zeros to eternity
 Father,mother,we are culprits
 The Tale, My brother
 The Three Idols
 History of Civilization
 Man and Islam - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
 Religion versus Religion

Related pages
List of sociologists from Asia

Other websites
Dr Ali Shariati
Dr Ali Shariati PDF Books
History of Iran & Persian

Persian poets

1933 births
1977 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Iranian philosophers

Ali Shariati