Lacres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France. Lacres is about 12 miles or 19 kilometers south east of Boulogne, where the D901 meets with the D125 and D125e roads.

Some places to visit there are the church of St. Martin, from the 1400's and a farm and manor house from the 1600's.

Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Lacres


Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Jake Szymanski and written by Andrew Jay Cohen and Brendan O'Brien. The film stars Zac Efron and Adam DeVine as the title characters, two brothers who put out an ad for dates to their sister's wedding, and features Anna Kendrick and Aubrey Plaza as the girls who answer the ad. The film is based on an actual news event of a Craigslist ad placed by two brothers who wanted dates for their cousin's wedding that became popular in February 2013, which they then turned into a book, Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates: And a Thousand Cocktails.

The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30, 2016, and was theatrically released on July 8, 2016, by 20th Century Fox. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $77 million worldwide.

Plot
Brothers Mike and Dave Stangle are liquor salesmen whose antics ruin their family's gatherings. With their younger sister Jeanie's wedding in Hawaii approaching, their parents tell them they must bring dates to the wedding to keep them out of trouble. Mike and Dave put out an ad for dates on Craigslist. The ad goes viral and the brothers go on The Wendy Williams Show to advertise themselves.

Meanwhile, Tatiana and Alice are slacker party girls who have just been fired from their waitressing jobs. After seeing the brothers' appearance on television, Tatiana decides that this free trip is just the vacation they need, and they clean themselves up. While the brothers are at a bar, Tatiana—to get their attention—throws herself in front of a moving car outside the bar. After the girls let the brothers think Mike saved Tatiana's life, they all go on a date. Tatiana, posing as a school teacher, flirts with Mike but has no intention of having sex with him. Alice, who is pretending to be a hedge fund manager, thinks sleeping with Dave is just what she needs to get over her ex-fiancé, who left her at the altar. Thinking their family will like the girls, the brothers invite them to Hawaii.

In Hawaii, Tatiana and Alice charm the Stangle family. Dave finds himself falling for Alice, while Mike and his bisexual female cousin, Terry, begin competing for Tatiana's attention. The girls convince Jeanie and her fiancé, Eric, to take an ATV tour through the mountains. Alice and Tatiana show off and perform tricks on their ATVs; Mike attempts the same trick but ends up crashing into Jeanie, which severely bruises her face. Feeling bad for Jeanie, Alice bribes a masseur to give Jeanie a massage with a tantric style "happy ending" to help her relax.

Tatiana goes into a sauna and runs into Terry, who offers her backstage passes to Rihanna if Tatiana fingers her. Meanwhile, Mike walks in on Jeanie having an orgasm during the massage. Upon finding Tatiana and Terry together, Mike and Terry fight, and Tatiana accidentally admits the girls are only interested in the free vacation. Dave and Alice connect on a walk, where she tells him she was left at the altar. When Mike tells Dave the truth about the girls, they disagree over how to handle the situation.

At the rehearsal dinner, Jeanie opens up to Alice over her fears about getting married and Eric being boring. To help calm her nerves, Alice gives her ecstasy. Mike drags Dave backstage and demands he practice their speech instead of spending more time with Alice. They get into an argument, and Mike reveals what happened in the massage parlor—unaware that they are being broadcast over the speaker system. The argument gets physical in front of the entire wedding party, ruining the rehearsal dinner.

High on ecstasy, Jeanie and Alice get naked and release a stable of horses, while Tatiana apologizes to Mike; they relate over how similar they are. After yelling at Alice, Dave gets them both back to the resort, where Eric, mad about the massage, calls off the wedding. The next day, the brothers make up and agree to work together to get the wedding back on track. At the same time, Tatiana and Alice feel guilty and also agree to fix the wedding. All four of them go to Jeanie and Eric's room to apologize, which ends in an argument over who is more at fault. Eric silences and berates all of them, and gives Jeanie an early honeymoon present: tickets for a hot air balloon ride, which Jeanie wanted for their honeymoon even though Eric is afraid of heights. With the wedding back on, the four scramble to get a venue and food for the reception.

Jeanie and Eric end up getting married outside the stables. After the wedding, Tatiana and Mike decide to get into business together. Alice deletes her wedding video before making out with Dave. The brothers perform a heartfelt duet to celebrate Jeanie's marriage; Alice and Tatiana then join them for a raunchy dance number. The fireworks display the brothers set off catches fire, scattering the wedding party. Tatiana and Mike later have sex in the stables.

Cast

 Zac Efron as David "Dave" Stangle, Mike's younger brother
 Adam DeVine as Michael "Mike" Stangle, Dave's older brother
 Anna Kendrick as Alice Davis, Dave's love interest
 Aubrey Plaza as Tatiana Darcy, Mike's love interest
 Stephen Root as Burton "Burt" Stangle, Mike & Dave's father
 Stephanie Faracy as Rosanne "Rosie" Stangle, Mike & Dave's mother
 Sugar Lyn Beard as Jeanette "Jeanie" Stangle, Mike & Dave's younger sister
 Sam Richardson as Eric Huddle, Jeanie's fiancé
 Alice Wetterlund as Cousin Terry
 Mary Holland as Becky
 Kumail Nanjiani as Keanu
 Jake Johnson as Ronnie
 Marc Maron as Randy
 Wendy Williams as Herself
 Branscombe Richmond as Kalani Chef
 Chloe Bridges as Apartment Chloe
 Lavell Crawford as Keith
 Erik Griffin as Driver

Production
The film is based on a real event in which  brothers Mike and Dave Stangle posted a humorous ad looking for wedding dates on Craigslist. The Stangles had a friend, Jay Barbeau, who worked at the Creative Artists Agency and, after the ad became popular, helped the brothers sign both a film and a book deal.

Casting
In January 2015, Zac Efron joined the cast of the film, and by that February Adam DeVine was reported to be in negotiations.  DeVine was initially insecure about starring alongside Efron, due to the difference in physique stating, "I was working so hard to get into great shape, because I was going to have to stand next to him." DeVine suspected that in preparation for the role that Efron did not work out at his normal capacity to "meet me in the middle".

In April 2015, Aubrey Plaza and Anna Kendrick joined the cast. In May 2015, Stephen Root joined the cast of the film, portraying the role of Efron and DeVine's characters' father.

Filming
Principal photography began on May 25, 2015, and lasted through August 13, 2015, much of it on location at the Turtle Bay Resort on the North Shore of the island of Oahu, Hawaii.

Release
The film was released on July 8, 2016 by 20th Century Fox.

Box office
Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates grossed $46 million in North America and $31 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $77 million, against a budget of $33 million.

The film opened alongside The Secret Life of Pets and was projected to gross $13–17 million in its opening weekend. It grossed $1.6 million from its Thursday night previews, on par with Efron's Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising ($1.7 million), and $6.7 million on its first day. In its opening weekend the film grossed $16.6 million, finishing fourth at the box office behind Secret Life of Pets ($103.2 million), The Legend of Tarzan ($20.6 million) and Finding Dory ($20.3 million).

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 170 reviews, with an average rating of 4.77/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates benefits from the screwball premise and the efforts of a game cast, even if the sporadically hilarious results don't quite live up to either." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Aubrey Plaza's performance was particularly praised, and is often noted as a highlight of the film. The Guardian wrote, "Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates is very much an ensemble comedy, but much like A Fish Called Wanda earned Kevin Kline the Oscar, Plaza's ineffable style of comedy (which weirdly teeters between broad farce and muted disinterest) suits the material so perfectly she leaves the others in the dust." Variety stated "where the comedy really takes off, Aubrey Plaza, who was so sharp playing a good girl pretending to be bad in The To Do List, is even sharper playing a bad girl pretending to be good. She's got a face made for deception — she's like a devil doll, eyebrows lowering with cunning — and her line readings are killer."

References

External links

2016 films
2016 directorial debut films
2016 romantic comedy films
2010s buddy comedy films
2010s sex comedy films
20th Century Fox films
American buddy comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American sex comedy films
2010s English-language films
Films about brothers
Films about vacationing
Films about weddings
Films about weddings in the United States
Films produced by Peter Chernin
Films set in Hawaii
Films set on beaches
Films shot in Hawaii
Romantic comedy films based on actual events
TSG Entertainment films
Chernin Entertainment films
American female buddy films
2010s female buddy films
Films directed by Jake Szymanski
2010s American films
English-language romantic comedy films

Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates


Crane flies are flies in the family Tipulidae. They are insects. Crane flies look similar to large mosquitoes but, unlike mosquitoes, crane flies do not bite people or animals. Crane flies occasionally eat nectar.

They are also known as daddy longlegs around the world. The term 'daddy-long-legs' is also given to arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae. The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.

There are about 15,000 different species and 525 genera of crane flies. This means that the Tipulidae (crane flies) are the largest group of flies. Most crane fly species (75%) were found by Charles P. Alexander.

The adult only lives to mate and lay eggs: 10 to 15 days is all. In some species the adult does not eat at all.

Larvae
Most of the crane fly's life is spent as a larva. Crane fly larvae are called leatherjackets or 'leatherjacket slugs' because of the way they move and eat roots (such as those of grass in lawns) and other vegetation. Some leatherjackets are aquatic.

Leatherjackets can cause damage to plants. Because of this, crane flies are a pest of lawn grass in some areas. Invasive (European) crane flies (Tipula paludosa) cause extensive damage to turfgrass.

Larvae of crane flies are divided into segments. They have a distinct head capsule on the front. The segments on the rear portion of the larva (the abdominal segments) often have long fleshy projections (like tentacles). Scientists have never seen the larvae from most crane fly species: less than 2% of the larvae are known.

Appearance

Adult crane flies have very long legs and a long, thin abdomen. It is very easy to accidentally break off their delicate legs when catching crane flies. Their thin legs and  abdomen may help them to escape from birds who try to eat them. Females have larger abdomens in comparison to the males. The female abdomen also ends in a pointed ovipositor that looks a bit like a stinger. Crane flies cannot sting.

The wings are often held out from the body when the crane fly is not moving. When the wings are held out, the large halteres (balancers) can be seen behind the wings. Unlike mosquitoes, crane flies can not fly well. They will sometimes "wobble" when flying.

Crane flies that live in temperate places, such as Tipula species, may grow as big as 60 mm in size. Tropical crane flies may grow to more than 100 mm. The giant crane fly (Holorusia rubiginosa) that lives in the western United States can reach 38 mm (1-3/8 inches). There are also small crane flies, the size of mosquitoes.

References

 Oosterbroek, Pjotr. "Tipulidae" <http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/tipulidae.html >.

Other websites
 Family descriptions and images
 Ohio State University Fact Sheet
 1 Photo
 Crane Flies of Pennsylvania
 Crane Fly Tipula sp.

 Crane Fly Tipula dorsimacula
 Catalogue of Craneflies of the World
 Family Tipulidae - By Pjotr Oosterbroek
  Image Gallery from Diptera.info
 Image Gallery from Bug Guide Extensive

Flies

Crane fly


In orthopedics, weight-bearing is the amount of weight a patient puts on an injured body part. Generally, it refers to a leg, ankle or foot that has been fractured or upon which surgery has been performed, but the term can also be used to refer to resting on an arm or a wrist. In general, it is described as a percentage of the body weight, because each leg of a healthy person carries the full body weight when walking, in an alternating fashion.

After surgery of the hip, or of the bones of the leg, ankle, or foot, it is of the utmost importance for recovery to get the right amount of weight-bearing when moving around with crutches or frames.

The grades of weight bearing for each phase of recovery will be determined by the surgeon. The Anti-Gravity Treadmill can allow testing of weight bearing by lowering effective body weight in 1% increments from 100 to 20% of body weight.

Grades

 Non-weight-bearing (NWB): The leg must not touch the floor and is not permitted to support any weight at all. The patient may hop on the other leg or use crutches or other devices for mobility.  In this grade, 0% of the body weight may be rested on the leg.
 Touch-down weight-bearing or Toe-touch weight-bearing: The foot or toes may touch the floor (such as to maintain balance), but not support any weight.  Do not place actual weight on the affected leg.  Imagine having an egg underfoot that one is not to crush.
 Partial weight-bearing: A small amount of weight may be supported by the affected leg.  The weight may be gradually increased up to 50% of the body weight, which would permit the affected person to stand with his body weight evenly supported by both feet (but not to walk).
 Weight-bearing as tolerated: Usually assigned to people that can support from 50 to 100% of the body weight on the affected leg, the affected person independently chooses the weight supported by the extremity.  The amount tolerated may vary according to the circumstances.
 Full weight-bearing: The leg can now carry 100% of the body weight, which permits normal walking.

References

Orthopedic surgical procedures
Physical therapy

Weight-bearing


Lopburi () is a  province in the central region of Thailand. Many historical structures, artifacts, and prehistoric settlements have been discovered.

History
Known as Lavo during much of its history, Lopburi probably dates to prehistoric times. The name Lavo originated in the Dvaravati period (6th–11th century CE). The  Khmer Empirewould build many impressive temples in the city during its rule.

In 1856, King Mongkut of the Chakri dynasty ordered King Narai's palace to be renovated. The city finally regained its importance in 1938, when  Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram chose Lopburi to be the largest military base in Thailand.

Geography
Lopburi is on the east side of the Chao Phraya River valley. It is between the Lopburi River and Pa Sak Rivers. Most of the land is mixed plains and hills.

Education
Thepsatri Rajabhat University
Kasetsart University, Lopburi Campus
Ramkhamhaeng University, Lopburi Campus

Tourism

Sights
Wat Sao Thong Thong () The temple's shrine hall is believed to have originally been constructed as a religious site for another religion.
 King Narai National Museum () was established in 1923.
 Wichayen House () Christian church.
 Phra Prang Sam Yot () Buddhist temple.
 Lop Buri Zoo ()
Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat (
 Phra Narai Ratchaniwet () King Narai built this palace in 1666 as a royal residence in Lopburi.

Structures built during the reign of King Rama IV include:
Phiman Mongkut Pavilion (หมู่พระที่นั่งพิมานมงกุฎ) was constructed at the command of King Rama IV in 1862 as his private residence when he came to renovate Lopburi.

Phra Prathiap Buildings (หมู่ตึกพระประเทียบ) Composed of two single storey buildings and a group of eight two-storey brick buildings, constructed for being residential quarters for court officials who attended King Rama V when he visited Lopburi.

Thim Dap or Royal Guards Residence (ทิมดาบ หรือที่พักของทหารรักษาการณ์) Passing through the entrance to the middle court, the buildings on both sides of the lawn were the barracks of the royal guards of the palace.

Wat San Paulo (วัดสันเปาโล) A Jesuit church, constructed in the reign of King Narai. At present, only a side of the wall and an observatory remain.

Wat Chi Pa Sitaram (วัดชีป่าสิตาราม) Within the compound of the temple is a bell-shaped chedi representing Ayutthaya art.

Kraison Siharat Hall (พระที่นั่งไกรสรสีหราช) This hall is another residence of King Narai.

Wat Yang Na Rangsi and Lop Buri Boat Museum (วัดยาง ณ รังสี และพิพิธภัณฑ์เรือพื้นบ้าน) Lopburi Boat Museum is at the temple sermon hall, constructed in 1927 on the bank of the Lopburi River. The hall was granted an award for Best Architectural Preservation in 1993. It reflects the rural Thai temple hall's style in central Thailand.

Tha Khae Scripture Hall (หอไตรวัดท่าแค) Dharma Scripture hall of the "Lao Lom" community. Normally, a scripture hall is constructed on high columns in a pond. However, the one at this temple is a wooden house with a cruciform plan located on high columns.

Ang Sap Lek (อ่างซับเหล็ก) A natural ancient reservoir. In 1977, Lopburi improved Ang Sap Lek to be a natural tourist attraction by building roads around the reservoir, planting trees, as well as, erecting a summer relaxation pavilion.

Wat Lai (วัดไลย์) There are remaining ancient stucco reliefs on the Jakata stories and the Buddha's life. Maitreya Bodhisattva's image is another object that has been highly respected by the people from the past. Besides, there are other objects such as an old wihan with slit windows, which is the architecture reflecting the early Ayutthaya style.

Khao Samo Khon (เขาสมอคอน) A mountain range which has been important historically. There are four important temples on this mountain range: Wat Bandai Sam Saen, Wat Tham Tako Phutthasopha, Wat Tham Chang Phueak, and Wat Khao Samo Khon.

Amphoe Ban Mi (อำเภอบ้านหมี่) Famous for Mudmi silk. Most of the locals are Thai Phuan who migrated from Laos around 130 years ago. They named their new settlement as "Ban Mi" after their former Laotian village.

Wat Thammikaram or Wat Khangkhao (วัดธรรมิการาม หรือ วัดค้างคาว) Mural paintings at the four sides of the ubosot depict the life of Buddha. The paintings incorporate Western techniques such as the shading of trees.

Wat Thong Khung Tha Lao (วัดท้องคุ้งท่าเลา) The entrance of the temple is in the shape of Hanuman with its mouth wide open, decorated with glass in distinctive colours.

Wat Nong Tao (Wat Phanit Thammikaram) (วัดหนองเต่า หรือ วัดพาณิชธรรมมิการาม) The ubosot on the back of a turtle, "tao", considered the symbol of the sub-district.

Wat Khao Wongkot (วัดเขาวงกต) There is a bat cave on the shoulder of the mountain above the ubosot. It is the largest bat cave in Lopburi, inside which live millions of bats. The bats' droppings generate an income for the wat of more than ten thousand baht a year.

Khao Wong Phrachan (เขาวงพระจันทร์) At the summit of Khao Wong Phrachan visitors can see the panoramic scenery below. Khao Wong Phrachan is the highest mountain in Lopburi.

Sunflower fields (ทุ่งทานตะวัน) Lopburi is the leading sunflower province. Some 200,000–300,000 rai are planted with sunflowers. They are usually in full bloom from November–January. Sunflower fields are scattered throughout Mueang District, Phatthana Nikhom District, and Chai Badan District.

Wat Phrom Rangsi (วัดพรหมรังษี) This temple has an ubosot with four porches. The bell-shape chedi is similar to the Phra Borommathat, a chedi containing a Buddha relic, in Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Pa Sak Jolasid Dam (เขื่อนป่าสักชลสิทธิ์) It is the longest clay-core dam in Thailand. The Pa Sak River Basin Museum presents information about nature and culture.

Ban Pong Manao Site Museum (พิพิธภัณฑ์เปิดบ้านโป่งมะนาว) A pre-historic archaeological site dating from around 2,500–3,000 years ago or the late-Ban Chiang Period. Thirteen ancient human skeletons were found here.

Khao Somphot Non-hunting Area (เขตห้ามล่าสัตว์ป่าเขาสมโภชน์) A high and steep limestone mountain range stretching along the southwestern direction, full of caves and cliffs. There are two plains in the valley and a plateau, with many spots of water seepage around the area, making it a significant watershed.

Sap Langka Wildlife Sanctuary (เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าซับลังกา) The significance of the area is that it is the source of the Lam Sonthi River, as well as, a source of food for wildlife. At present, there are still goat antelopes which are protected animals living in the sanctuary.

Special Warfare Command (หน่วยบัญชาการสงครามพิเศษ) (Mueang District) Demonstrations of how to survive in the forest, a 34-foot tower jump, parachute from a balloon, shooting, cliff climbing, and a military jungle tour. An Army Special Forces Museum displays photos, equipment, background, evolution and pictures of various activities of the special forces.

Local products
 Metal Casting (Brass) () Casts of brass Buddha images in various shapes and replicas of antiques.
 Khao Phra Ngam Diamond () The gemstone of Lopburi.
 Mudmi Fabric () tie-dyed fabric woven by people.
 Som fak () Preserved fish with fish, salt, cooked rice, and pickled garlic
 Pla som () A preserved fish
 Coconut jelly () A well-known souvenir of Lopburi, produced as a dessert to be eaten with ice. The jelly is produced by fermenting coconut juice. In the fermentation process, white fungi float on the surface and gradually coalesce into a mushroom-like jelly, which will enlarge due to its fermentation. This jelly is called "coconut juice jelly mushroom" or "coconut jelly". The jelly is mixed with various flavours of syrup and bottled.
 Sandstone sculpture () Garden decor, Buddha images, stone boundary markers, and consecration marking balls for temples.
 Corn husks () Produced in Phatthana Nikhom District, where a large amount of corn is planted. After the harvest, the corn husks will be dried in the sun, dyed, and fashioned into handicrafts such as flowers, dolls, key chains.

Culture

Festivals
 King Narai Festival ()  Organised in February every year. To honor the good actions of King Narai.
 Monkey Buffet Festival () On Sunday during the last week of November, where a large number of monkeys stay.
 Sunflower Festival () Takes place around December  every year as it is when sunflowers are in full bloom.

References

Other websites

Website of province
Lopburi provincial map, coat of arms and postal stamp

Provinces of Thailand

Lopburi province


The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is located within the brainstem, and is one of two parts of the pons, the other being the ventral pons or basilar part of the pons. The pontine tegmentum can be defined in contrast to the basilar pons: basilar pons contains the corticospinal tract running craniocaudally and can be considered the rostral extension of the ventral medulla oblongata; however, basilar pons is distinguished from ventral medulla oblongata in that it contains additional transverse pontine fibres that continue laterally to become the middle cerebellar peduncle. The pontine tegmentum is all the material dorsal from the basilar pons to the fourth ventricle. Along with the dorsal surface of the medulla, it forms part of the rhomboid fossa – the floor of the fourth ventricle.

The pontine tegmentum contains nuclei of the cranial nerves (trigeminal (5th), abducens (6th), facial (7th), and vestibulocochlear (8th) cranial nerve nuclei) and their associated fibre tracts, the tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, the mesopontine cholinergic system comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and in the respiratory center the pontine respiratory group – the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. Nearby important structures include the cranial nerve nuclei of the oculomotor (3rd) and trochlear (4th) nerve nuclei, which are located in the midbrain, the pontine nuclei, which are located within the basilar pons, and the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus, nuclei of cranial nerves 9-12, and the dorsal respiratory group, which are located further caudally in the brainstem. The dorsal respiratory group are connected to the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres of the pontine tegmentum.

Function

Thanks to the number of different nuclei located within the pontine tegmentum, it is a region associated with a range of functions including sensory and motor functions (due to the cranial nuclei and fiber tracts), control of stages of sleep and levels of arousal and vigilance (due to the ascending cholinergic systems), and some aspects of respiratory control.

Functions of the cranial nerve nuclei
The pontine tegmentum contains nuclei of several cranial nerves and consequently has a role in several groups of sensory and motor processes.
 The principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve represents touch and position information of the head and face, but not the neck or back of the head, which are innervated by the cervical nerves. Pain and temperature information is also not represented within the principle nucleus, but rather in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, which is caudal to the pontine tegmentum in the medulla.
 The abducens nucleus controls abduction (outward rotation) of the eye.
 The facial motor nucleus and the superior salivary nucleus of the facial nerve are located within the pontine tegmentum. The facial motor nucleus serve motor control of the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius muscle of the ear, while the superior salivary nucleus controls the secretion of saliva and tears through parasympathetic innervation of structures including the lacrimal gland and the mucosal glands of the nose, palate, and pharynx. The facial solitary nucleus, which carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, is located caudal to the pontine tegmentum in the medulla.
 The superior vestibular nucleus, one of four vestibular nuclei, is located within the pons. The vestibular nuclei process information from the ear canals regarding the orientation and acceleration of the head. The remaining nuclei are located within the medulla.
 The two divisions of the cochlear nucleus, which process auditory input from the cochlea, lie on the border of the pons and the medulla. Some of the fibers from the cochlear nerve cross over in the pontine tegmentum, forming the trapezoid body, which is thought to help sound localisation.

Functions of the mesopontine cholinergic system
The pontine tegmentum contains two predominately cholinergic nuclei, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, which project widely throughout the brain.

The PPN is involved in many functions, including arousal, attention, learning, reward, and voluntary limb movements and locomotion. While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex. Recent research has discovered that the PPN is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the PPN are switched on during real and imagined movement.

It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of REM sleep. In animal studies, lesions of the pontine tegmentum greatly reduce or even eliminate REM sleep. Injection of a cholinergic agonist (e.g. carbachol), into the pontine tegmentum produces a state of REM sleep in cats. PET studies seem to indicate that there is a correlation between blood flow in the pontine tegmentum and REM sleep

Pontine waves, (PGO waves) or P-waves in rodents, are brain waves generated in the pontine tegmentum. They can be observed in mammals to precede the onset of REM sleep, and continue throughout its course. After periods of memory training, P-wave density increases during subsequent sleep periods in rats. This may be an indication of a link between sleep and learning.

Function of the respiratory group
The two respiratory areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center make up the pontine respiratory group that provide antagonistic control signals to the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) located in the medulla. Increased input from the pneumotaxic center decreases the duration and increases the frequency of bursts of activity in the DRG, producing shorter and more frequent inhalations. The apneustic center delays the end of a burst in the DRG, extending periods of inhalation.

See also
 Facial colliculus

References

External links

Neuroanatomy
Pons

Pontine tegmentum


Normand Grimard,  (June 16, 1925 – December 28, 2017) was a French Canadian lawyer and politician.

Born in Rigaud, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from St. Joseph Seminary, Trois-Rivières in 1946 and a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1949 from Laval University. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1949 and was created a Queen's Counsel in 1959. A practicing lawyer, he worked in mining law at the Chambre de commerce du Québec.

In a 1977 by-election and the 1979 federal elections, he ran unsuccessfully as the Progressive Conservative candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the Quebec riding of Témiscamingue.

In 1990, he was summoned to the Senate of Canada on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Mulroney used a little-known constitutional provision to increase the number of senators by eight temporarily, thus giving the Progressive Conservatives a majority in the upper chamber needed to pass the Goods and Services Tax legislation. A Progressive Conservative, he represented the senatorial division of Quebec until he retired in 2000. He was Deputy Chair of the Standing Committee - Privileges, Standing Rules and Orders.

He was the author of L'indispensable Sénat: défense d'une institution mal aimée, a book in which he defended the existence of the Senate.

References

External links

1925 births
2017 deaths
Lawyers in Quebec
Canadian senators from Quebec
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election
Université Laval alumni
Canadian King's Counsel
French Quebecers
People from Montérégie

Normand Grimard


Gabbro is a large group of dark, coarse-grained, igneous rocks. They are chemically equivalent to basalt. The rocks are plutonic, formed when molten magma is trapped under the Earth's surface and cools into a crystalline mass.

Most of the Earth's surface has gabbro in the oceanic crust, produced by basalt magmatism at mid-ocean ridges. In general, when the gabbro is formed, it lies above the Earth's mantle, and below the basalt.

Gabbro is generally coarse grained, with crystals in the size range of 1 mm or greater. It is an essential part of the oceanic crust. Long belts of gabbro intrusions are typically formed at proto-rift zones and around ancient rift zone margins.

Notes

Igneous rocks

Gabbro


"Oh Bondage Up Yours!" is the debut single by English punk rock band X-Ray Spex. Released in September 1977, it is regarded by critics as a prototypic example of British punk, though it was not a chart hit.

Background
A version taped on 2 April 1977 at one of the band's earliest public performances had already been issued on a live compilation album, The Roxy London WC2, in June.

The song attracted wide notice and led directly to the band's first record deal—a pact with the Virgin label for one single.

Poly Styrene, X-Ray Spex's songwriter as well as lead vocalist, had been motivated to join the punk scene like many others as a result of attending a Sex Pistols concert—her first encounter with the band, when she still went by Marianne Elliot-Said, was in Hastings in early July 1976. Concerned with issues of consumerism and disposability, reflected in the name she soon adopted, she wrote "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" shortly after seeing the Pistols for a second time the following month. The lyrics combine a depiction of contemporary capitalist materialism as a brand of servitude with a "feminist [...] rallying cry". Styrene later described it as "a call for liberation. It was saying: 'Bondage—forget it! I'm not going to be bound by the laws of consumerism or bound by my own senses.' It has that line in it: 'Chain smoke, chain gang, I consume you all': you are tied to these activities for someone else's profit."

X-Ray Spex' instrumental lineup featured a saxophonist, unusual for a punk band. What made the brass player particularly stand out was that she was a girl, Susan Whitby (known as Lora Logic), just 16 years old as of mid-1977. Band manager Falcon Stuart had helped convince Styrene that the presence of a second woman in the band would be a boon to their marketing.

Content

Whitby's "freeform" style on her horn, writes Maria Raha, often yielded "staccato wails that faded quickly, like those of a sax player whizzing by in a car". Redubbed Lora Logic, her signature "rough rasp" would feature prominently in "Oh Bondage Up Yours!"

Richie Unterberger describes the single version's brief setup and raucous payoff:

"Some people think little girls should be seen and not heard," Poly Styrene solemnly intones. ... "But I think"—and then the voice suddenly rises to a scream—"OH BONDAGE UP YOURS! 1-2-3-4!"

Then the band kicks in with all the immediacy of a custard pie in the face. Fuzzy power chords and careening saxophone bleats fight it out with Styrene's half-chanted, half-sung vocals, a mixture of glee and rage that periodically trails off into caterwauling shrieks.

Steve Huey describes it as "one of the most visceral moments in all of British punk", though Al Spicer considers the studio single recording a "fairly lacklustre" version.

In Gillian G. Gaar's analysis, the song "eagerly steamrolled over the idea of objectifying women by confronting the notion head on".  Raha writes, "Styrene and Logic were joyfully angry, liberated by the freedom punk afforded them." In Lauraine Leblanc's view, Styrene's compositions, and "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" in particular, exemplify the emphasis female punk artists placed on parody and paradox. As she describes, the first verse goes

"Bind me, tie me, chain me to the wall / I wanna be a slave to you all!" Paradoxically, the chorus [runs]: "Oh bondage! Up yours! / Oh bondage! Come on!" As Styrene continue[s] on to the second verse, she reveal[s] that the song is not about sex, but about consumerism: "Chain store, chain smoke, I consume you all / Chain gang, chain mail, I don't think at all!" In this one utterance, Styrene transformed a seemingly masochistic plea into an indictment of consumer culture, denouncing the blind impulses of the mainstream shopper. In depicting herself as both an agent of and resister to her submission, she created a parody of both positions, juxtaposing them powerfully against each other.

Logic later gave her view of the band leader's vision: "I think Marianne felt that everyone was in a type of bondage—restricted, crushed, and alienated by modern materialistic society. The goal of our society is sense gratification—that is the only prize on offer. But one can never satisfy the senses; it is an impossible goal."

Release and reception
Banned by the BBC, the single was very well received by critics, and though it failed to register on the charts, it made the band a subject of extensive media interest. According to Gaar, among punk aficionados the single "quickly became an essential item that found its way into every self-respecting" collection. Retrospectively, John Dougan identifies it, alongside the early recordings of the Sex Pistols and The Clash, as "one of punk rock's defining moments". Jon Savage similarly calls it a "deserved press sensation" and a "definitive punk snapshot".

Within a few weeks of its release, Logic departed the band, apparently sacked because Styrene wanted to be the exclusive focus of attention. The band, now with a male saxophonist, signed with EMI for its debut album, Germfree Adolescents, on which "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" did not appear.

In 2021, it was ranked at No. 120 on Rolling Stone's "Top 500 Best Songs of All Time".

Personnel
 Poly Styrene (Marianne Elliot-Said) – vocals
 Lora Logic (Susan Whitby) – saxophone
 Jak Airport (Jack Stafford) – guitar
 Paul Dean – bass
 B. P. Hurding – drums

References

Sources
 Dougan, John (2002). "X-Ray Spex", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3d ed., ed. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (Backbeat).
 Gaar, Gillian G. (2002). She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll, 2d ed. (Seal).
 Heylin, Clinton (2007). Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge (Canongate).
 Huey, Steve (2002). "Germ Free Adolescents", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3d ed., ed. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (Backbeat).
 Leblanc, Lauraine (1999). Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture (Rutgers University Press).
 Raha, Maria (2005). Cinderella's Big Score: Women of the Punk and Indie Underground (Seal).
 Savage, Jon (1992). England's Dreaming: Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond (St. Martin's).
 Spicer, Al (2003). "X-Ray Spex", in The Rough Guide to Rock, 3d ed., ed. Peter Buckley (Rough Guides).
 Tyler, Kieron (2005). Liner notes to Germfree Adolescents [X-Ray Spex] (Castle 36202–2).
 Unterberger, Richie (1998). Unknown Legends of Rock 'n' Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More (Backbeat).

1977 debut singles
X-Ray Spex songs
Songs with feminist themes
1977 songs
Virgin Records singles
Songs banned by the BBC

Oh Bondage Up Yours!


Sam Bain (born 3 August 1971) is a British comedy writer, best known for the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show. He attended St Paul's School in London before graduating from the University of Manchester, where he met his writing partner Jesse Armstrong.

Career

Collaborations with Jesse Armstrong
At the beginning of their writing career, Bain and Armstrong wrote for the Channel 4 sketch show Smack the Pony and the children's shows The Queen's Nose and My Parents Are Aliens.
They went on to create and write Peep Show, BBC One sitcom The Old Guys, and most recently Channel 4 comedy-dramas Fresh Meat and Babylon. They also wrote for the Radio Four sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Sound, starring Peep Show'''s two main actors David Mitchell and Robert Webb, and its BBC Two adaptation That Mitchell and Webb Look. Peep Show has won several writing awards,
including a BAFTA for Best Situation Comedy in 2008.

To date, Bain and Armstrong have written two films together — the 2007 comedy Magicians, and, alongside Chris Morris, the 2010 terrorism satire Four Lions.

Bain and Armstrong received the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award at the British Comedy Awards 2010. In 2012 both Bain and Armstrong were featured on the TV industry journal Broadcast's 'Hot 100' list, highlighting the most successful people in UK television.

In 2012 Bain and Armstrong wrote the Channel 4 comedy pilot Bad Sugar, a spoof of Dynasty-style soap operas, which starred Olivia Colman, Julia Davis and Sharon Horgan, all of whom also co-conceived the show.

Other writing
Bain wrote the novel Yours Truly, Pierre Stone, which was published by IMP Fiction in 2002.

Bain provided additional material for episode one of the BBC Four political satire The Thick of It, and was the script editor for the second series of BBC2 sitcom Rev.

In 2017, the black comedy Ill Behaviour, his first television series written solo, screened on BBC2 and Showtime.

In 2018, Bain was hired to write the spy action-comedy No Glory by Valparaiso Pictures & Gary Sanchez Productions. Kumail Nanjiani is attached to star.

Personal life
Bain is married to actress/screenwriter Wendy Bain. He was educated at St Paul's School, where he was a classmate of future Chancellor George Osborne.
His father was TV director Bill Bain and his mother, Rosemary Frankau, co-starred in the sitcom Terry and June''. Through his mother, Bain is related to a long line of noted British comedians and writers, including his grandfather Ronald Frankau, his grandmother Renee Roberts, his great-grandmother Julia Davis, and cousins Pamela Frankau and Nicholas Frankau.

References

External links

 Sam Bain on Twitter
 Sam Bain's advice on giving and receiving script notes
 Ideas Factory interview with Sam Bain and Jesse Armstrong

Living people
British people of German-Jewish descent
British male television writers
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People educated at St Paul's School, London
1971 births
English television writers
British people of Australian descent
Frankau family

Sam Bain


The Ancients (also known as the Shoreham Ancients) were a group of young English artists and others who were brought together around 1824 by their attraction to archaism in art and admiration for the work of William Blake (1757–1827), who was a generation or two older than the group. The core members of the Ancients were Samuel Palmer, George Richmond, and Edward Calvert. Except for Palmer, the central members who were artists were all students at the Royal Academy of Arts. They met in Blake's apartment, dubbed the "House of Interpreter" and at the home of Samuel Palmer in the Kent village of Shoreham.  The Ancients made little impact on the English artistic scene during the ten years or so that the group continued, but several members were later significant artists, and interest in the group has gradually increased since the late 19th-century.

They were the first English manifestation of the formalised artistic "brotherhood", an artistic movement whose aims included elements of communal living and promotion of a general vision for society. Continental groups of this sort included the German Nazarene movement and the Barbus in Paris, and the most successful later English example was to be the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.  Like these groups they represented an oppositional break-away from the academic art establishment, and looked back to an idealized version of the past. They pursued equality among their members as a reaction to the hierarchical structure of the conventional art world.  Like Nazarenes and Barbus, they promoted the wearing of special revivalist costume, though only Palmer seems often to have worn it in practice; it seems to be shown in some portraits of Palmer by Richmond such as the bust-length miniature and chalk drawing (1829, both National Portrait Gallery), which shows a round-necked pleated smock under a coat with a loose untidy collar and lapels, combined with somewhat Christ-like long hair and a beard.  The Ancients were probably aware of the Nazarenes, but probably not of the Barbus.

Group aims and activity

Unlike Blake they were mostly High Tory in politics, but equally distrustful of the modern mercantile society booming around them, and looked back to an idealized ruralist past.  They never produced a manifesto, and their activities and relationships are poorly documented; Palmer's son later destroyed most of his father's papers from the period, hinting darkly that they contained sexual material showing "a mental condition ... full of danger, and neither sufficiently masculine nor sufficiently reticent".  Most of the information about the group's activities and dynamics comes from memoirs by them or their families and friends recalled several decades later.  Their name may have come from John Giles, Palmer's stockbroker cousin, who despite being no artist was an important figure in the group and perhaps the initial instigator, as Palmer's son suggested.  He is recorded as very often extolling the superiority of "the ancients" in any context that occurred in conversation, though the word is also an important one for Blake. At this period "ancient" was a vaguer term than in modern English, often used to refer to the medieval or even Renaissance, as in the English legal term "Ancient Monument".

Christiana Payne, in the Grove Dictionary of Art, states,  "Their subject-matter was drawn from the Bible, or from a vision of a golden age of pastoral innocence and abundance that had both Christian and Vergilian overtones."

The artist members submitted works for the Royal Academy exhibitions, many of which were exhibited, but these "stimulated no critical enthusiasm and were evidently not considered sufficiently threatening to provoke outrage, as the Pre-Raphaelites were to do a generation later".  None of the exhibited works seem to have been sold, and the group received very few commissions for works in "Ancient" style, though Richmond's successful career as a conventional portraitist took off in the early 1830s.  Nor did the people of Shoreham seem to take objection to Palmer and his visitors, though he records they were known by some locals as the Extollagers, an attempt at "astrologers".  Palmer added other local properties to his house there, which he rented out for the rest of his life.

Both the Nazarene Brotherhood and the Barbus were able to attempt communal living in abandoned monasteries outside Rome and Paris respectively, but these convenient possibilities on the continent in the Napoleonic period were not available in the London of the 1820s, so Palmer encouraged long-term stays at his house in Shoreham or elsewhere in the village.  Most members had commitments of work or family in London that meant their visits were of weeks if not days, and only William Palmer and Welby Sherman seem to have stayed longer. Blake himself made the trip at least once.

The artist John Linnell  (1792—1882) was not a member of the group however he was close to most of the members.  Palmer's reference to Linnell's young daughters as "little ancients" in a letter to him of September 1824 is a key piece of evidence as to the date the group was formed (Palmer later married one of them, Hannah).  Linnel was seven years older than Calvert, the oldest in the group, and a strong-minded person who disagreed with many of the group's positions.  In a letter to Palmer years later he wrote that "I ought to remember that I was not one of the monthly-meeting elite— when at the Platonic feast of reason and soul only real Greeks from Hackney and Lisson Grove were admitted". Linnell was probably mainly responsible for introducing Palmer and the others to northern European art of the 15th and 16th centuries, which was then relatively little-known in England.  He knew Charles (Karl) Aders, a German businessman living in London who had an important collection of early Northern paintings, including a copy of the Ghent Altarpiece, which Linnell enabled the group to visit.

In 1832 Palmer received a further legacy, with which he bought a cottage in St John's Wood in London, and thereafter he gradually spent more time in London. The monthly dinners to which Linnell's letter refers were usually held there.  Palmer and Richmond with their wives left together for an extended visit to Italy in 1837, which may be taken as the final end of the group, though most members continued as friends long afterwards.  The exposure in Italy to art in the classical tradition influenced both artists to move away from Ancient primitivism.  The proximity of Shoreham to the Captain Swing campaign of insurgency among rural labourers in 1830, which Palmer violently opposed, may have disillusioned him as to the peace and harmony of rural life.  Richmond wrote in a letter to Palmer in later life "We all wanted thrashing when in a dream of sentiment we thought we were learning art".

Membership

If there was ever any formal list of members, it has not survived, but the main figures, recruited roughly between 1824 and 1827, were:
Artists
 Edward Calvert (1799–1883);
 Frederick Tatham (1805–1878);
 Samuel Palmer (1805–1881);
 George Richmond  (1809–1896), the portrait painter;
 Francis Oliver Finch  (1802–1862);
 Henry Walter (c. 1786 – 1849);
 Welby Sherman;

Others
 John Giles, a stockbroker, cousin and "constant supporter" of Palmer.
 Arthur Tatham (1808–1874), for over forty years rector of Broadoak and Boconoc, Cornwall, and prebendary of Exeter Cathedral, brother of Frederick Tatham.

 Also associated
 Julia Tatham (1811–1881), Frederick Tatham's sister, who married George Richmond;

Notes

References

 Vaughan, William, et al., Samuel Palmer, Vision and Landscape, 2005, British Museum Press,
 Wilcox, Timothy. Samuel Palmer. London: Tate, 2005.

English artist groups and collectives
19th-century art groups
British art
Romantic art movements

Ancients (art group)


A piñata is a type of decoration with bright colors. It is made from either clay or cardboard and is covered with papier-mâché.

In Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia and in some other Latin American countries, piñatas are traditionally used only at children's birthday parties.  They are usually made of cardboard, colorfully decorated to match the birthday party theme and filled with candy, chocolates, small toys and confetti.  Colored strings (long enough to reach the ground) are attached to the bottom of the piñata, where a trap-door is hidden under the decoration.  The piñata is then hung somewhere where everyone can see, but the strings are kept out of the reach of children.  Toward the end of the party, usually after the cutting of the cake, an announcement is made that the piñata will be 'broken' and each child is given an empty party bag.  All the children get together directly underneath the piñata and each child is given a string to hold.  Then, at the count of three, the children pull their strings all at the same time.  This opens the hidden trap-door (or 'breaks' the piñata) and the children receive a shower of candy and confetti while they rush to fill up their bags with the treats.

Toys

Piñata


Established in 1952, the Asiatic Society had been known as Asiatic Society of Pakistan, and since 1972 renamed as Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. In establishing the Society, the leading role was played by Ahmad Hasan Dani, the great archaeologist and Indologist of world repute. Other scholars involved in the foundation of the Society were Muhammad Shahidullah, ABM Habibullah, Abdul Halim, and many others. The founding scholars of the Society intended to make the organisation a centre of learning specialising on Asian studies.

The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh is a non political and non profit research organization registered under both Society Act of 1864 and NGO Bureau, Government of Bangladesh. A premier learned organisation in the country, the Society is managed by a 17-member council elected by members. The tenure is for two years. While the day-to-day affairs are managed by the General Secretary and Secretary, the policy matters are being discussed and adopted by the Council. There are several standing subject committees to help the Council implementing its policies. The Council meets mandatorily at least once a month. The office bearers and members of the Council work on honourary basis.

1952 establishments in Asia

Asiatic Society of Bangladesh


A Laserdisc, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed. LaserDisc was also known by the names DiscoVision and LaserVision.

Laserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 USD or more.

Technology
Laser Discs work like a regular CD-ROM or DVD. The surface of the disc is covered with small holes that are read by a laser. This sequence of holes and no holes is turned into pictures and sound by the Laserdisc player. Most Laserdiscs can hold about 30 minutes to an hour of video per side for a total of 1 to 2 hours per disc.

The early Laserdisc players used a Helium-Neon laser to read the disc, but the later models used infrared lasers. The first units that were made with the infrared laser had some problems such as skipping, strange colors spots, and fuzziness. These problems were fixed in later models.

Some of the later Laserdisc players made were ones that could play Audio CDs as well as Laserdiscs. In Japan, one of the last models to be produced even had the ability to play DVDs as well as CDs and Laserdiscs.

Other websites
LaserDisc Database

Optical discs
Video Discs

el:Μέσο αποθήκευσης δεδομένων#Laserdisc

Laserdisc


Year 1060 (MLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

 May – The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto.
 October – The Byzantine army defeats the Normans and enters Taranto.
 December 6 – Béla I the Champion is crowned king of Hungary.
 The New Book of Tang is completed under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.
 Chinese poet, calligrapher, and official Cai Xiang publishes his Cha Lu (Record of Tea).
 Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date).
 Philip I of France begins his reign.
 Upon the death of Emund the Old, he is succeeded by his son-in-law Stenkil as King of Sweden.

Births

Deaths
 August 4 – King Henry I of France (b. 1008)
 November 14 – Count Geoffrey II of Anjou
 King Andrew I of Hungary (b. 1015)
 Emund the Old, king of Sweden since 1050
 Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet

1060


Bilbao is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao.

In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay. Bilbao has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city. There are many things to see in Bilbao:

 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (Modern Art)
 Bellas Artes Museum (Fine Art)
 University of Deusto
 Metro Bilbao (Bilbao's Underground)
 Bilbao's Town Hall
 Arriaga Theatre
 Casco Viejo (Old City)
 St. Jacob's Cathedral
 Virgin Begoña's Basilic
 Gran Vía (Great Avenue)
 Plaza del Sagrado Corazón (Christ's Holy Heart Square)
 San Mamés stadium

Related pages
 Vitoria-Gasteiz

Other websites
 Bilbao's official website
 Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website
 Scholars on Bilbao: This website encompasses academic works that analyse the urban regeneration of the city of Bilbao (e.g. strategic plans, infrastructures, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and dilemmas, cultural tourism, gentrification, uneven development, creative industries, artists ... etc).

Capital cities in Spain

Bilbao


A studio executive is an employee of a film studio or a corporation doing business in the entertainment industry.

A studio executive may be a chief executive officer (CEO), a chief financial officer (CFO), or a chief operating officer (COO), or be employed to serve in a variety of vice presidential capacities, such as senior vice president of corporate relations.

A studio executive may oversee production or may serve in a role identical to a corporation that is not involved in the entertainment industry.

Studio executive is commonly used to describe someone who takes responsibility for all interests, financial or otherwise, between the film studio and the production company of a film.

References

Sources

Filmmaking occupations

Studio executive


In IBM System/360 through present day z/Architecture, an address constant or "adcon" is an assembly language data type which contains the address of a location in computer memory. An address constant can be one, two, three or four bytes long, although an adcon of less than four bytes is conventionally used to hold an expression for a small integer such as a length, a relative address, or an index value, and does not represent an address at all. Address constants are defined using an assembler language "DC" statement.

Other computer systems have similar facilities, although different names may be used.

Types of address constants
A adcons normally store a four byte relocatable address, however it is possible to specify the length of the constant.  For example, AL1(stuff) defines a one-byte adcon, useful mainly for small constants with relocatable values.  Other adcon types can similarly have length  specification.

V type adcons store an external reference to be resolved by the link-editor.

Y is used for two byte (halfword) addresses.  'Y' adcons can directly address up to 32K bytes of storage, and are not widely used since early System/360 assemblers did not support a 'Y' data type.  Early DOS/360 and BOS/360 systems made more use of Y adcons, since the machines these systems ran on had limited storage.  The notation 'AL2(value)' is now usually used in preference to 'Y(value)' to define a 16 bit value.

Q address constants contain not actual addresses but a displacement in the External Dummy Section – similar to the Linux Global Offset Table (see Position-independent code).  A J adcon is set by the linkage editor to hold the cumulative length of the External Dummy Section, and does not actually contain an address.

Other types of address constants are R which had special significance for TSS/360 to address the PSECT, and S, which stores an address in base-displacement format – a 16 bit value containing a four bit general register number and a twelve bit displacement, the same format as addresses are encoded in instructions.

System z supports types AD, JD, QD, and VD, which represent 8 byte (doubleword) versions of types 'A', 'J', 'Q', and 'V' to hold 64 bit addresses.

Relocatability
The nominal value of the 'DC' is a list of expressions enclosed in parentheses.  Expressions can be absolute, relocatable, or complex relocatable.

An absolute expression can be completely evaluated at assembly time and does not require further processing by the linkage editor.  For example, DC A(4900796) has an absolute nominal value.

A relocatable expression is one that contains one or more terms that require relocation by the linkage editor when the program ls linked, for example, in the following code 'ACON' has a relocatable nominal value.

 LAB  DC H'0'
     ...
 ACON DC A(LAB-4)

A complex relocatable expression contains terms that relate to addresses in different source modules.  For example, DC A(X-Y) where 'X' and 'Y' are in different modules.

Examples
All these are valid adcon's:-

 ADCONS   DS    0A                     an aligned label of implicit length 4 and actual length 0
          DC    A(FIELDA)              a 4 byte word, aligned, absolute address of a variable 'FIELDA'
          DC    AL4(FIELDA)            as above but not (necessarily) aligned on a word boundary
          DC    AL3(FIELDA)            a three byte equivalent of the above (maximum 16 megabytes)
          DC    AL2(FIELDA-TABLES)     two byte offset from 'TABLES' label to start of 'FIELDA'
          DC    AL2(L'FIELDA)          a two byte length of the field called 'FIELDA' (=26 in decimal)
          DC    AL1(C'A')              hexadecimal value of the EBCDIC character 'A' (=C1 in hex)
          DC    A(FIELDA-C'A')         a 4 byte, aligned, absolute address --> 192 bytes before the start of FIELDA
          DC    A(*)                   a 4 byte, aligned, address of this adcon  (* means 'here')
          DC    S(SUBRTNA)             a 2 byte, aligned   base+displacement address of the program label "SUBRTNA"
          DC    X'47F0',S(SUBRTNA)     an unconditional branch instruction (built using an S-type address constant)
          DC    SL2(SUBRTNA)           a 2 byte, UNALIGNED base+displacement address of the program label "SUBRTNA"
 STAB     DC    SL2(SUBRTNA,SUBRTNB,SUBRTNC,.etc.) AN ARRAY OF unaligned S-TYPE ADCONS
  *
 INDIRECT DC    A(*+4)                 address of next byte after this adcon (the V-type adcon)
          DC    V(SUBRTNX)             address of an external subroutine entry point
          DC    AL1(−1)                a one byte negative value (= x'FF'), often used as a table de-limiter
 .
 SUBRTNA   DS    0Y                    start of (internal) sub-routine A
 .         instructions go here
 .
 TABLES   DS    0Y                     base address for tables section (halfword aligned)
 LENGTHS  DC    Al2(5,27,56,83,127,32563)   an arbitrary array of 6 x 2 byte hex lengths (defined by their decimal values)
 PARMLIST  DC   A(HERE,THERE,EVWHERE,-1)  an array of 3 x 4 byte aligned pointers to various field labels/entrypoints
 *                                        with additional negative value end-pointer (=X'FFFFFFFF').
 .
 ZERO_255 DC    256AL1(*-ZERO_255)               an array of 256 single byte hex values 00-FF
 * ---------end of adcon examples ---------------- *
 FIELDA   DC    C'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'    a field containing a character string (not an adcon) = A-Z

See also
 Pointer (computer programming)

External links
 Assembly language DC instruction
 IBM HLASM (High level assembler) on-line manual

Data types
Primitive types
IBM software
Assembly languages

Address constant


Socialist Sunday Schools (SSS) were set up to replace or augment Christian Sunday Schools  in the United Kingdom, and later the United States. They arose in response to the perceived inadequacy of orthodox Sunday schools as a training ground for the children of socialists and the need for an organised, systematic presentation of the socialist point of view to teach the ideals and principles of socialism to children and young people.

In the US, a Sunday School movement linked to the German-American socialist movement emerged in New York and Chicago in the 1880s and again on a broader scale as part of the Modern School Movement during the first decade of the 20th century. An even larger network of American Socialist Sunday Schools, closely paralleling the British movement, was launched by members of the Socialist Party of America during the first two decades of the 20th century.

Socialist Sunday Schools in Great Britain

History

The earliest use of secular Sunday Schools by the radical movement began in Great Britain in the early 1830s, when adherents of Robert Owen and Chartism opened Sunday training schools for their children. These schools continued to operate until the decade of the 1850s, fizzling out with the decline of the early radical movement.

For a generation, no such schools existed in Great Britain. Only in 1886 did Socialist Sunday Schools begin to reemerge in Great Britain. The institution was popularized by Mary Gray in 1892, a member of the Social Democratic Federation, who ran a soup kitchen for the children of the dock strike. Her aim, on realising the children had little or no education, was to influence and educate them and make them aware of their socialist responsibilities and provide what was lacking in their day schools. She started the first Sunday with only one other besides her own two children, but twenty years later there were approximately one hundred and twenty schools throughout the country, twenty of them in London itself.

In 1894, another Socialist Sunday School was created by trade unionist Tom Anderson. By 1912 there were over 200 Socialist Sunday Schools throughout Britain. In their early days they encountered opposition from local authorities and politicians, who argued that Socialist Sunday Schools subverted the minds of young people with political and anti-religious doctrines and teachings.

A national movement, the National Council of British Socialist Sunday Schools Union, formed in 1909, traces its origin to a school opened in Glasgow by Caroline Martyn and Archie McArthur. It was established as a protest against, and an alternative to, the perceived middle-class bias and assumptions of regular churches. Its aims were to help the schools in their teaching of socialism. A manual was prepared for the use of teachers. It contained sample lesson plans and teaching tips to help teachers, together with suggested readings for socialist education.

SSS leadership maintained that public education should be secular. Socialist Sunday Schools were purely educational. Their rituals and songs were free of religious content. They worked in close harmony with the Labour Movement and were concerned with the spiritual and social needs of the human race with regard to daily life and conduct.

Socialist Sunday Schools, along with the Labour Church, were hindered by a lack of their own meeting spaces. They met resistance in hiring suitable meeting halls to the extent that, in 1907, London County Council evicted five branches from hired school buildings. A massive demonstration in Trafalgar Square ensued, addressed by Margaret McMillan who, with her sister, was a Christian socialist who campaigned for better education and healthcare for poor children. The Springburn branch met for many years in the Labour Party's Unity Hall in Ayr Street for lack of another venue. In 1926, Fulham Council refused the SSS permission to meet on Sundays because it was of a 'non-theological' character. Socialist Sunday Schools encountered opposition because they were 'seen as subversive and as poisoning the minds of the young people of the country with their political and anti-religious doctrines and teachings' and there were those who tried to discredit the schools by accusations of blasphemy and revolutionary teachings.

Publications

The Young Socialist was a monthly periodical published by the National Council and was first issued in Glasgow in 1901. In the September 1910 edition the editor wrote that the true socialist, whatever his religious denomination, sought fellowship, a kingdom of love and happiness, not hell. The Socialist Sunday Schools were organised with this theory at its heart and although there was no formal set of rules to be followed, there were the guidelines of morality, brotherly love, and social obligation.

 That morality is the fulfillment of one's duty to one's neighbour.
 That the present social system is devoid of the elements of love or justice as it ignores the claims of the weak and distressed, and is, therefore, immoral;
 That society can be reorganised on a basis of love and justice, and that it is every man's duty to use all available social forces in bringing about that reorganisation.

There were also "ten commandments" to be followed which were printed in some of the editions of the hymn book.

 Love your schoolfellows, who will be your fellow workmen in life.
 Love learning, which is the food of the mind; be as grateful to your teacher as to your parents.
 Make every day holy by good and useful deeds and kindly actions.
 Honour good men, be courteous to all men, bow down to none.
 Do not hate or speak evil of anyone. Do not be revengeful but stand up for your rights and resist oppression.
 Do not be cowardly. Be a friend to the weak and love justice.
 Remember that all good things of the earth are produced by labour. Whoever enjoys them without working for them is stealing the bread of the workers.
 Observe and think in order to discover the truth. Do not believe what is contrary to reason and never deceive yourself or others.
 Do not think that he who loves his own country must hate and despise other nations, or wish for war, which is a remnant of barbarism.
 Look forward to the day when all men and women will be free citizens of one fatherland and live together as brothers and sisters in peace and righteousness.

Socialist Sunday Schools in the United States

Origins
The earliest known Socialist Sunday School in the US was launched on March 1, 1880, in New York City by Branch 14 of the Socialist Labor Party of America. Some 30 students participated at the time of the school's launch, which was lauded in the daily New Yorker Volkszeitung as an institution of great benefit to the entire German working-class neighborhood on Manhattan's East Side. The female members of Branch 14 were instrumental in the financial support of the school, which over the next two years conducted a series of concerts, performances, and fundraising social events.

Other early American Socialist Sunday Schools were launched in Chicago during the last years of the 1880s. Four such schools were identified by police officials at the time and declared by the authorities to be of "Socialistic and Anarchistic origin". Classes were conducted in German — the main language of the immigrant-dominated American socialist movement of the day — and about 500 children are believed to have attended in all.

With the memory of the Haymarket Affair still fresh, these Sunday Schools were characterized by police official Michael J. Schaack as "the most conspicuous feature of the propaganda of the Internationale in Chicago today" and condemned for their "sowing in the minds of innocent children the seeds of atheism, discontent, and lawlessness."

One Chicago SSS, the North Side Sunday School, met each week for one hour of instruction by a member of the local Turn Verein, during which the ills of the capitalist system and the proposed alternative of socialism were expounded. An 1888 front-page story in the Chicago Tribune editorialized that under the slogan "no religion and no church" children were being subjected to "an inculcation of socialistic views at an age particularly impressionable." An annual summer picnic and outing was held by the school in conjunction with the Turn Verein, attended by several hundred children ranging in age from 3 to 16.

Socialist Sunday Schools also seem to have existed in a few other major metropolitan areas, including a SSS started in Philadelphia in the fall of 1888, with six teachers and about 150 pupils present for the launch.

Additional Sunday Schools linked to the organized anarchist movement sprouted up in various American urban centers during the first decade of the 1900s, springing primarily from the so-called Modern School movement developed by the Catalan anarchist Francisco Ferrer in 1901. The Modern Schools were intended to be both instruments for self-development and social change and taught the values of cooperation, sympathy for the downtrodden, collective solidarity, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, and opposition to the power of the centralized state. About 22 such schools were established. Although originally intended to be expanded and transformed into regular day schools, most of these radical "Modern Schools" proved to be short-lived.

Schools of the Socialist Party of America

The primary Socialist Sunday School movement in the United States was that connected with the country's largest socialist organization, the Socialist Party of America (SPA). Approximately 100 Socialist Sunday Schools were established by SPA during the first two decades of the 20th century. These institutions were intended to supplement the general education obtained by working class children in the publicly owned school system of the country. Socialist Sunday Schools of the SPA were organized in no fewer than 64 cities and towns spread across 20 states and the District of Columbia.

While schools associated with the Socialist Party were established in such Midwestern cities as Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska, the center of greatest activity was New York City and the neighboring cities of southern New Jersey. According to one scholar, the impetus for these schools came from the Workmen's Circle (Arbeiter Ring), a Yiddish language socialist fraternal benefit society. The publishers of the Socialist New Yorker Volkszeitung were quick to follow, launching a periodical to aid the effort in December 1908 called The Little Socialist Magazine for Boys and Girls. The name of the publication was changed to Young Socialists' Magazine in June 1911. By 1911 some 14 Socialist Sunday Schools were in existence in the New York metropolitan area.

The first Socialist Sunday School on the west coast was established in Oakland, California early in 1906. Coordinated by Socialist Party of California activist H.H. Lilienthal, more than 100 children were enrolled at the organization's January 28 launch, held at the headquarters facility of Local Oakland.

While precise enrollment numbers are not available, one contemporary estimated in the spring of 1911 that some 2,000 children participated in English language Socialist Sunday Schools, supplanted by others in schools for children who spoke German, Latvian, Yiddish, and other languages of the immigrant community.

Among the leaders of the Socialist Party's effort to develop Socialist Sunday Schools was Bertha Mailly, for a time Secretary of the New York State Committee, who encouraged prospective SSS teachers to read John Dewey's School and Society to provide a conceptual basis for their work. During the second decade of the 20th century the Socialist Party's "Young People's Department", headed by William Kruse, published an organizing manual for party locals seeking to establish Socialist Sunday Schools, including an extensive proposed list of books for SSS libraries.

The Socialist education movement in America was closely connected with certain of the foreign language federations of the SPA, which taught children in their native tongue. Known to have organized Socialist Sunday Schools during this period were the Finnish Socialist Federation, the Ukrainian Socialist Federation, the Hungarian Socialist Federation, and the Lettish Socialist Federation.

In tandem with the Socialist Party of America's network of Sunday Schools there existed a system of Sunday Schools conducted by the Workmen's Circle (Arbeiter Ring), a predominantly Yiddish language socialist mutual benefit organization. Founded in 1892, the Workmen's Circle was reorganized in 1901 and had grown to a membership of 6,700 by 1905. By 1924 the Workmen's Circle was considerably larger than the declining Socialist Party, counting a membership of 85,000 in nearly 700 branches spread across 38 states and Canada.

The Workmen's Circle established an educational bureau of its own in 1908 and sponsored programs for both adults and children, including some specifically designated as "Socialist Sunday Schools". Some of these Workmen's Circle schools eventually allied themselves with the closely related network of Socialist Party schools, while others retained an independent affiliation with the Jewish socialist organization which had pioneered them.

Publications
The primary publication of the Socialist Party's youth movement was a monthly magazine called Young Socialist's Magazine, established in 1908. Although it would be incorrect to say that the activities of the British Socialist Sunday Schools were the sole influence upon the American movement, British publications and experiences were closely followed by American SSS activists. American SSS workers traveled to Britain to observe the activities of the thriving school movement there, and reported their findings upon their return.

Socialist Schools in other countries
According to Kenneth Teitelbaum, a scholar of the socialist youth education movement, socialist schools for children also operated in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Hungary, Belgium, and Switzerland.

Footnotes

Further reading
 Eugene V. Debs, "Socialist Sunday School," Socialist News [Cleveland], vol. 1, no. 40 (September 4, 1915), p. 3.
 David S. Greenberg, Socialist Sunday School Curriculum. New York: Socialist Schools Publishing Association, 1913.
 Julia L Mickenberg and Philip Nel, Tales for Little Rebels: A Collection of Radical Children's Literature. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
 Caroline Nelson, Nature Talks on Economics: A Manual for Children and Teachers in Socialist Schools. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1912.
 Celia Rosatstein, "Why Boys Should Not Join the 'Boy Scouts" The Young Socialists' Magazine [New York], vol. 4, no. 6 (June 1911), p. 12.
 Socialist Party of America, How to Organize, Maintain, and Conduct the 'SSS' (Socialist Schools of Science, Sometimes Familiarly Called Socialist Sunday Schools). Chicago: Socialist Party of America, Young People's Department, n.d. [1910].
 Florence Tager, "A Radical Culture for Children of the Working Class: The Young Socialists Magazine, 1908–1920", Curriculum Inquiry, vol. 22, no. 3 (1992), pp. 271–290.
 Kenneth Thompson, "Operating a Socialist Sunday School", Wilshire's Magazine, vol. 14, no. 11 (November 1910), p. 12.
 Kenneth Teitelbaum, "'Critical Lessons' from Our Past: Curricula of Socialist Sunday Schools in the United States", Curriculum Inquiry, vol. 20, no. 4 (1990), pp. 407–436.
 Kenneth Teitelbaum and William J. Reese, "American Socialist Pedagogy and Experimentation in the Progressive Era: The Socialist Sunday School" History of Education Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 429–454. In JSTOR.
 J. Donald Wilson, "'Little Comrades': Socialist Sunday Schools as an Alternative to Public Schools", Curriculum Inquiry, vol. 21, no. 2 (Summer 1991), pp. 217–222. In JSTOR
 Danger Ahead: Socialist and Proletarian Sunday Schools London: British Empire Union, 1922.

External links

Red Clydeside and The Battle of George Square | Hist Env Scotland
songs: Socialist Sunday Schools
Radical Glasgow
BBC - Radio 4 Making History - Latest programme

1892 establishments in the United Kingdom
History of anarchism
Educational institutions established in 1892
Education in the United Kingdom
Education in the United States
Socialism
Socialism in the United Kingdom
Socialism in the United States

Socialist Sunday School


Seán Moncrieff is an Irish broadcaster, journalist and writer. He currently presents the weekday afternoon radio show  Moncrieff on Newstalk and is a columnist for The Irish Times. His television credits include his own Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) chat show Good Grief Moncrieff!, comedy panel show Don't Feed the Gondolas, and The Restaurant of which he is the voice. Moncrieff has also written novels and non-fiction.

Early life
Seán Moncrieff was born in London to a mother from County Mayo, Ireland, and a father from Edinburgh, Scotland. When he was twelve, his family moved to Ballinasloe, County Galway, where he attended Garbally College. After school he studied journalism in Dublin and, later on, did a degree in English and Philosophy in University College Dublin (UCD).

Broadcasting and journalism
Moncrieff initially worked as a freelance journalist in Dublin, writing on everything from flower shows to the conflict in the Middle East. He then moved to London, where he worked for the television trade magazine Broadcast, and then as a researcher for Channel 4.

Upon returning to Ireland, he resumed his career as a freelance journalist, but also began working for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). He started on radio with the daily It Says In the Papers, and followed this up on television by presenting The End, Good Grief Moncrieff!, Black Box and Don't Feed the Gondolas. On RTÉ Radio he presented the Saturday morning show The Right Side, and was a regular contributor to The Arts Show, The Marian Finucane Show and A Living Word. In the UK he has worked for the BBC, Channel 4 and Channel 5, both as a scriptwriter and presenter.

Also on RTÉ, Moncrieff has presented The Big 40, a celebration of forty years of Irish television, Ireland Undercover, HQ, The Holiday Quiz, and he is the voice of The Restaurant. In 2014 he presented the TV3 quiz show "Crossfire".

Moncrieff currently presents The Moncrieff Show each weekday afternoon, between 2.00pm and 4:00pm on the Irish independent radio station Newstalk. Since going on air in 2004, the show has won eleven PPI Radio Awards. In 2016, Moncrieff was named speech broadcaster of the year.

Writing
His first novel, Dublin, was published in May 2001 by Doubleday publishers and reached the bestseller lists in Ireland. A non-fiction book, Stark Raving Rulers: twenty minor despots of the twenty-first century, was published in October 2004, followed by God, A Users' Guide in 2006. A second novel, The History of Things, was published in September 2007 and praised by the Irish Independent, who said it was "arguably the best Irish novel of the year". A third novel, The Angel of the Streetlamps was published in December 2012. His sixth book, "The Irish Paradox" was published in 2015.

Awards
Moncrieff has been voted Radio's Sexiest Voice.

The Moncrieff Show on Newstalk has won twelve PPI/IMRO radio awards in a number of categories and two gongs at the New York radio Awards.

References

External links
 Moncrieff at Newstalk

20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Irish journalists
Irish non-fiction writers
Irish novelists
Irish people of Scottish descent
Newstalk presenters
Broadcasters from County Galway
British emigrants to Ireland
RTÉ Radio presenters
RTÉ television presenters
Irish male novelists
People educated at Garbally College
Year of birth missing (living people)
Male non-fiction writers
Writers from County Galway
People from Ballinasloe

Seán Moncrieff


Christopher "Kit" Williams (born 28 April 1946) is an English artist, illustrator and author best known for his 1979 book Masquerade, a pictorial storybook which contains clues to the location of a golden (18 carat) jewelled hare created by Williams and then buried "somewhere in Britain".

Williams published three other books and was commissioned to create three public clocks with elaborate mechanisms and moving parts, such as animals, for visual interest.

Born in Kent, England, Williams continues to paint figurative art at his studio in Gloucestershire.

Work

Kit Williams now primarily works as a figurative painter in which he uses traditional oil-painting techniques, fashioning first a wooden panel covered in linen and oil gesso. He then uses many layers of opaque and transparent Dutch oil paint to create luminous images.

Williams likes to maintain complete control of every aspect of his artwork including making the clothes worn by the models, creating sets and props, and often making mechanisms either within the frame or the painting that reveal moving elements of the artwork and encourage interaction by the viewer.

Using marquetry, he has always made his own frames which enables him to make pictures of any shape and allow elements of the picture to continue into the frame in often intricate detail.

Past work

As well as his best-known book, Masquerade, Williams wrote The Bee on the Comb, a puzzle book with a bee theme. The book was initially published without a visible title, and readers were challenged to work out the title from clues inside the book and send in their answer without using the written word. This competition ran for just a year and a day, and the winner was revealed on the live BBC TV chatshow Wogan.

In 1985 Kit Williams designed the Wishing Fish Clock, a centrepiece of the Regent Arcade shopping centre in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. More than 45 feet tall, the clock features a duck that lays a never-ending stream of golden eggs and includes a family of mice that are continually trying to evade a snake sitting on top of the clock. Hanging from the base of the clock is a large wooden fish that blows bubbles every half-hour. Catching one of these bubbles entitles you to make a wish, hence the name of the clock. The clock has undergone essential restoration work and is back in full working order .

Other clocks designed by Williams can be found in Telford Shopping Centre and in the Midsummer Place section of Central Milton Keynes Shopping Centre.

Williams was also involved in the design of the Dragonfly Maze in Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire, England, which comprises a yew maze with a pavilion at the centre.  The object is not only to reach the pavilion, but to gather clues as one navigates the maze.  Correctly interpreting these clues when one reaches the pavilion allows access to the maze's final secret.

Masquerade and the Golden Hare

In August 2009 Kit Williams was reunited with the golden hare from Masquerade, which he had not seen for more than 30 years. He was quoted as saying:

"I had not remembered it being as delicate as it is ... Then when I picked it up the little bells jingled, and it sparkled in a way that I had forgotten as well."

This reunion was revealed in a 60-minute documentary about Williams's work, The Man Behind The Masquerade, shown on BBC Four on 2 December 2009. The programme began with Masquerade and ended with an exhibition of the best 18 pieces of his art from the previous 30 years at the Portal Gallery, which had first exhibited his work in the 1970s. The programme showed Williams being reunited with the golden hare for the first time when it was loaned by its anonymous present owner, who lives in East Asia.

The hare was on display at the V&A Museum, London, as part of its retrospective "British Design 1948–2012" from 31 March to 12 August 2012.

Select bibliography
Kit Williams, Masquerade, Jonathan Cape, 1979 (  )
Kit Williams, Masquerade: The Complete Book with the Answer Explained, Jonathan Cape, 1982 [paperback] (  )
Kit Williams, Book Without a Name (referred to by Williams as "the Bee Book"), Knopf, 1984 (  )
Kit Williams, Out of One Eye: The Art of Kit Williams, Crown, 1986 (  )
Kit Williams, Engines of Ingenuity, Gingko Press, 2001 (  )

References

External links
 Kit and Eleyne Williams' official website
 Masquerade, page by page
 The Untitled Book (a.k.a. "The Bee Book") FAQ
 Wishing Fish Clock
 The Portal Gallery
 About Kit Williams including the Frog Clock at Telford
 Art at Midsummer Place the Frog Clock at Milton Keynes
 BBC Gloucestershire The man behind the masquerade

1946 births
Living people
Puzzle designers
British illustrators

Kit Williams


Murcia is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 420,000 in the city and more than 740,000 in the metropolitan area. The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain.

The city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la Huerta de Murcia, which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification). The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.

Capital cities in Spain

Murcia


In Greek mythology, Anchises was a son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus, son of Tros) or Hieromneme, a naiad. He is famous because he was mortal and a lover of the goddess Aphrodite (and in Roman mythology, the lover of Venus).  He was also the father of Aeneas, who is the hero of "The Aeneid."
Anchises, in Greek legend, member of the junior branch of the royal family of Troy: While he was tending his sheep on Mount Ida, the goddess Aphrodite met him and, enamoured of his beauty, bore him Aeneas. For revealing the name of the child's mother, Anchises was killed or struck blind by lightning.

Anchises was the son of Capys and Themiste in Greek mythology, father of Aeneas. He was better known as a lover of the goddess Aphrodite, who appeared in front of him disguised as a Phrygian princess. She then seduced him into lovemaking for two weeks. Aphrodite became pregnant with Aeneas, and she appeared in front of Anchises with the newborn, revealing her true identity. She then told him not to boast of their affair to anyone; he did not listen to her, and Zeus hurled a thunderbolt against him, either scorching him or crippling him. He later married Eriopis, with whom he had at least one daughter, Hippodameia. During Troy's fall at the end of the Trojan War, his son Aeneas helped him escape as he was no longer able to walk after Zeus' punishment.

In later legend and in Virgil's Aeneid, he was conveyed out of Troy on the shoulders of his son Aeneas, whose descendants founded Rome, and he died in Sicily.

People in Greek mythology

Anchises


Ancient Empires is a fantasy turn-based tactics game series developed by Macrospace for cell phones.  The first game Ancient Empires was published by Macrospace on March 4, 2004; its immediate sequel Ancient Empires II was published by Sorrent on June 17, 2005.

Gameplay
The games are played on a 2D landscape filled with grass, trees, mountains, rivers, etc.  The player(s) and the computer control armies separated into squads. All squads have the same number of "hitpoints" (10 in the first game, 100 in the second).  Most units can only attack targets in adjacent cells in main compass directions (north, south, east, and west).  Several are able to attack at range and diagonally. Combat consists of one unit attacking another, then the target retaliates (adjacent main directions only).  Having a castle on the level allows the player to purchase additional units from it.  The first game requires the player's king to be in the castle for this to happen.  This restriction has been removed in the sequel. The standard victory condition for the first game is to kill the enemy king, who is usually found at the castle, making him doubly difficult to kill.  In the second game, the kings (called commanders) take a more active role in the gameplay, as they are not required to stay at the castle. Commanders are now able to be purchased at the castle after they are killed (their price depends on the number of times they have died).  Units gain experience in attacking enemies.  Units with low HP may be placed in a castle or a town to heal (20% of full HP is restored per turn).

Different types of terrain give different defence and movement bonuses to units in them. For example, roads give no defence bonus, as they are good places to be ambushed, but allow a unit to move further per turn. Alternatively, a mountainous area gives a lot of defence bonuses as the enemy must fight uphill, but they are difficult to traverse.

Story

Part 1
The game takes place in a fantasy medieval kingdom of Thorin ruled by the benevolent King Galamar. The game begins with Galamar barely escaping a bloody coup by his younger brother Valadorn, who has taken control of the kingdom and declared a hunt on his brother. Galamar has few troops with him, and he is constantly being attacked by Valadorn's Red Legion. In the first part of the campaign, Galamar has to gather allies in order to strike back at his brother. These allies include the Lizard King, the Wizards of the Grey Tower, the Wyverns captured by Valadorn's forces, etc.
Once Galamar defeats Valadorn for the last time, he realizes that his brother was under demonic control. The game ends with a cliffhanger.

Part 2
The sequel begins almost immediately after the first game ends, as Galamar and Valadorn (free from spell) must now fight off a demonic invasion headed by the demon Saeth. The brothers split up in their attempt to defend their land. They find out that the demons focus their attacks on several temples and are stealing mystical crystals. They finally arrive to face Saeth himself, only to find that he has used the crystals to activate an ancient weapon of great power - Heaven's Fury. Now the brothers must use whatever forces they have with them to defeat Saeth's army and the great demon himself before he is able to destroy the kingdom with the weapon.

Reception
The first installment was rated 3.36 stars out of 5 by GameFAQs. IGN rated it 8.5 stars out of 10.

PocketGamer gave Ancient Empires II a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5  while IGN rated it 8.8 stars out of 10. The second installment also won runner-up award for Best Artistic Design by IGN in 2005.

References

2004 video games
Mobile games
Turn-based tactics video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Fantasy video games set in the Middle Ages
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Macrospace games

Ancient Empires (series)