Anna Kasyan () (born 7 October 1981) is a Georgian-born Armenian opera singer (soprano) living in France. Kasyan is one of the young artists who is viewed with high expectations in her field.

Early life and education
Kasyan began her early musical training by studying piano and violin at the Central Music School for gifted children in Tbilisi, Georgia. From an early age, she participated in many performances as a soloist. At the age of nine, she made her debut with an orchestra. In 1999, Kasyan entered Tbilisi State Conservatory in violin class. By this time she became interested in singing and in 2001, she continued studying singing at the same Conservatoryby professor Svetlana Egorova.

After completing her musical education, Kasyan continued her studies in France. Since 2003, she pursued singing classes at the Ecole Normale de Musique de Paris, where she graduated in 2008 with the Diploma of Higher Concertiste with unanimous approval. Simultaneous to her studies, Kasyan also entered "cycle du perfectionnement" (specialization) at Conservatoire de Paris between 2004 and 2006. Kasyan participated in master classes led by Tom Krause, Raina Kabaivanska, Viorica Cortez, Janine Reiss and baroque music with Nicolau de Figueiredo and Jory Vinikour.

Awards and nominations
Kasyan is a prize-winner of numerous international competitions, including the 1st Renata Tebaldi International Competition in San Marino (organized by the Renata Tebaldi Foundation in 2005, Second Prize); a First Prize in Singing Musical Autumn Festival, Adams, then a 1st Prize in Singing Competition in Pretoria. She was the winner of the Meyer Foundation award for the years 2004–2005.

Kasyan was selected by Adami (Society for Administration of Rights of Artists, Musicians and Performers) for Revelations Classics 2006.

In May 2008, she participated in International Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Belgium. She gave an outstanding performance and the competition went well for Kasyan: 24 candidates were selected out of 72 eligible to compete. Kasyan participated in the semi-final on 13 May 2008. At the end of the semi-finals, she was one of the 12 finalists, and then became the winner of the 4th prize in this very prestigious competition held every four years.

On 12 June 2009, Anna Kasyan won the Grand Prix at the 3rd International Singing Competition at the 71st Strasbourg Music Festival under the chairmanship of Barbara Hendricks.

In 2010, Anna Kasyan was nominated for the Victoires de la Musique Classique award.

In 2012, Anna Kasyan was selected by Ararat as being among top 50 most influential Armenians today, among other notable names such as Charles Aznavour, Serj Tankian, Ruben Vardanian and others.

Performances
Being an active performer, Kasyan has sung in prestigious halls such as Carnegie Hall, Opéra de Genève, Saint Petersburg, Salle Cortot in Paris, UNESCO, Cité de la Musique, gives concerts in San Marino and in Italy.

In December 2005, she made the notable performance of Mozart's Requiem at St. Eustache Church in Paris.

In 2006, she sang Rachmaninoff-Scarlatti-Haendel in Paris. She also performed works of Armenian composer Garbis Aprikian before her Mozart concert in Toulouse. Her talent was rewarded again in the same year 2006, when she received: the 3rd Prize in Opera category, Mozart Prize and the Best Opera Singer Prize at the ARD International Music Competition in Munich, and 1 Song Award at the International Pamplona.

In 2007, she performed in Basel, where she performed songs of Schubert and French opera arias. The artist also gave a series of Mozart concerts in Warsaw, Zurich, Osnabrück, Pamplona and Toulouse and appeared in recital at the Festival of Sacred Music in Nice, and at the Opera de Toulon (Jano in Jenufa).

Her recently notable roles include Zerlina in Mozart's Don Giovanni, Despina in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Rosina in Rossini's The Barber of Seville and Norina in Donizetti's Don Pasquale.

In September 2019, with the baritone Adam Barro, she was the head of the concert organized in tribute to Komitas in the Church of the Madeleine in Paris.

References

External links
AnnaKasyan.com – official website
Biographical note

Musicians from Tbilisi
French operatic sopranos
Georgian people of Armenian descent
21st-century Armenian women opera singers
Emigrants from Georgia (country) to France
21st-century women opera singers from Georgia (country)
1981 births
Living people
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
Armenian operatic sopranos
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
21st-century French women opera singers

Anna Kasyan


Irving is a city in Dallas County, Texas. As of 2010, the population was 225,427. It is the thirteenth largest city in Texas. The arrest of Ahmed Mohamed in September 2015 resulted in claims of Islamophobia against some officials in the city.

Cities in Dallas County, Texas

Irving, Texas


The term Eastern world means very broadly the various cultures or social structures and philosophical systems of Eastern Asia or geographically the Eastern Culture. This includes the Indian subcontinent (which is Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal and sometimes Afghanistan), the Far East (which is China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Philippines,
Malaysia, Mongolia, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), Eastern Europe/Eurasia (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkey). The Middle East/Near East and Central Asia are, as their names imply, often considered 'east' in terms of Europe

Introduction

The division between "East" and "West" is from European cultural history.  There is a difference between European Christendom and the alien cultures beyond it to the East. With the European colonization of the Americas the East/West distinction became global. The idea of an Eastern, "Indian" (Indies) or "Oriental" sphere was made stronger by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such differences were shown by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as Orientalism and Indology. People from the East are known by certain regions in the West as "Oriental". During the Cold War, the term "Eastern world" was sometimes used to mean the Eastern Bloc, which was the Soviet Union, China and their communist allies.  The term "Western world" often meant the United States and its NATO allies such as the United Kingdom. The idea is often another term for the Far East—a region that bears considerable cultural and religious sameness. Eastern philosophy, art, literature, and other traditions, are often found throughout the region in places of high importance, such as popular culture, architecture and traditional literature. The spread of Buddhism and Hindu Yoga is partly responsible for this.

Eastern culture

Eastern culture has created many themes and traditions. Some important ones are:

Eastern religion, Eastern philosophy
Far Eastern religions
Confucianism — the belief that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation.
Eastern Buddhism
Shinto
Daoism
Indian religions
Dharmic religions
Buddhism — path of liberation attained through insight into the ultimate nature of reality
Hinduism — an umbrella term for religious sects native to India
Jainism
Sikhism — A religion that developed in the warring plains of Punjab in an atmosphere of ideological clash between Islam and Hinduism. Its followers keep spiritual as well as martial qualities.
Ethnic religions (Folk religions)
Donyi Poloism — originated from Arunachal Pradesh
Bathouism — originated from Assam
Sanamahism — An eastern religion developed in Manipur (politically inside India) but the ideologies and cultural heritage closer to the Sinosphere.

The Middle East, today largely the same as the Islamic world
Christianity — like other Abrahamic religions like Judaism and Islam, originates in the Middle East, where it is now a small minority religion.
Islam — the majority of the world Muslim population have always lived in Asia, due to Islam spreading and becoming the main religion of these areas.
Judaism — although not as much of a presence as it once was, Judaism still exists in Asia (see Mizrahi Jews).
Zoroastrianism, the monotheistic state religion of Sassanid Persia
Oriental medicine
Ayurveda
Chinese medicine
Kampo
Traditional Tibetan medicine
Traditional Korean Medicine

References

Country classifications
Political geography
Cultural geography

Eastern world


Greip or Saturn LI (provisional designation S/2006 S 4) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 5 and May 1, 2006.

Greip is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,066,000 km in 906.556 days, at an inclination of 172.7° to the ecliptic (159.2° to Saturn's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.3735.

It is named after Greip, a giantess (female giant) in Norse mythology.

References
 Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
 IAUC 8727: Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 30 (discovery)
 MPEC 2006-M45: Eight New Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)
 IAUC 8873: Satellites of Saturn (subscription-only) 2007 September 20 (naming)

Saturn's moons

Greip (moon)


A hydrothermal vent is an opening in the seabed of the Earth by which geothermal energy escapes. Sea water enters, becomes very hot, and rises. The hottest ones carry many black chemicals, and are called black smokers. Scientists have found fewer white smokers. Heat escapes from underground in many places. If they are on land, they are usually hot springs, geysers, or fumaroles. Many archaea and bacteria live near hydrothermal vents. They support giant tube worms, clams and shrimp, and many other eukaryotes. The earliest known life forms are thought to have lived near such vents.

Biological communities
Deep sea organisms have no access to sunlight, so they must depend on nutrients in the chemical deposits and hydrothermal fluids in which they live. Despite this, hydrothermal vent zones have more than 10,000 to 100,000 times as much life as the rest of the seafloor.

Hydrothermal vent communities are able to sustain such vast amounts of life because vent organisms depend on chemosynthetic bacteria for food, as opposed to the photosynthetic plants other ecosystems use. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most other organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis.

The chemosynthetic bacteria grow into a thick mat which attracts other organisms such as amphipods and copepods which graze upon the bacteria directly. Larger organisms such as snails, shrimp, crabs, giant tube worms, fish, and octopus form a food chain of predator and prey relationships above the primary consumers.

The main groups of organisms around seafloor vents are worms,  gastropods, and crustaceans, with large bivalves, and 'eyeless' shrimp making up the bulk of non-microbial organisms.

Tube worms form an important part of the community around a hydrothermal vent. They absorb nutrients directly into their tissues. There are approximately 285 billion bacteria per ounce of tubeworm tissue.

Tubeworms have red plumes which contain haemoglobin. Haemoglobin combines hydrogen sulfide and transfers it to the bacteria living inside the worm. In return the bacteria nourish the worm with carbon compounds.

Other examples of the unique fauna who inhabit this ecosystem are the gastropod Crysomallon squamiferum, a species of snail with a foot reinforced by scales made of iron and organic materials, and the 'Pompeii Worm' Alvinella pompejana, which is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 80°C (176°F).

Over 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vents, many of them "sister species" to others in geographically separated vent areas. It has been proposed that before the North American plate overrode the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, there was a single biogeographic vent region found in the eastern Pacific. The subsequent barrier to travel began the evolutionary divergence of species in different locations. The examples of convergent evolution seen between distinct hydrothermal vents is seen as major support for the theory of natural selection and evolution as a whole.

Scientists have found bacteria that use photosynthesis in a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of . No sunlight penetrates that far into the waters. Instead, the bacteria, part of the Chlorobiaceae family, uses the faint glow from the black smoker. This is the first organism discovered in nature to exclusively use a light other than sunlight for photosynthesis.

References

Geology
Extremophiles
Protista
Biomes

Hydrothermal vent


The Cephalopoda (Greek meaning "head-foot") is an important mollusc class. They have bilateral symmetry, a head, and arms or tentacles. Teuthology, a branch of malacology, is the study of cephalopods.

The class has two living subclasses. In the Coleoidea, the mollusc shell has become smaller, or is not there at all; this subclass has the octopus, squid, and cuttlefish. The Nautiloidea have a shell; Nautilus is its only living genus.

There are at least 800 different living species of Cephalopods. Two important extinct taxa are the ammonites, and the belemnites (order Belemnoidea, of class Coleoidea). Cephalopods are found in all the oceans of the world and at all pelagic levels. None of them can live in freshwater (water with no salt in it), but a few species live in brackish (partly salty) water.

Cephalopod groups
Nautiloids: Nautilus
Ammonoids: Ammonites (extinct)
Coleoids
Belemnites (extinct)
Squid (4 different groups)
Cuttlefish (Sepia)
Octopus

Number of species
There are still discoveries of new species of cephalopods:
1998: 703 recent species
2001: 786 recent species
2004: estimate: from 1000 to 1200 species

There are many more fossil species. It is thought there are around 11,000 extinct taxa.

Nervous system and behaviour
Cephalopods are the most intelligent invertebrates and have good senses and large brains. The nervous system of cephalopods is the most complex of the invertebrates, and their brain to body mass ratio falls between that of warm and cold blooded vertebrates. The giant nerve fibers of the cephalopod mantle have been a favourite experimental material for many years; their large diameter makes them easier to study.

Colour and light

Most cephalopods have chromatophores – that is, cells with different colours – which they can use in a number of surprising ways. As well as blending with their background, some cephalopods bioluminesce, shining light downwards to hide their shadows from any attackers. The bioluminescence is made by bacterial symbionts; the host cephalopod is able to find the light made by these animals. Bioluminescence may also be used to attract prey, and some species use colourful shows to get mates, amaze predators, or even signal to one another.

Colouration
Colouration can be changed in milliseconds as they adjust to their environment, and the pigment cells can expand or contract. Rapid colour change is usually more common in near-shore species than those living in the open ocean. Those in open ocean mostly use camouflage to make their body outline less easy to see.

Evidence of original colouration has been found in cephalopod fossils as far back as the Silurian; certain straight-shelled species had lines round their shell, which are thought to have used as camouflage of their body outline. Devonian cephalopods bear more complex colour patterns, whose function may be more complex.

Moving around
Cephalopods usually move by jet propulsion (squirting water). This uses a lot of energy to travel compared to the tail propulsion used by fish. They use jet propulsion because they do not have fins or flippers. The efficiency of jet propulsion goes down with larger animals. This is probably the reason why many species use their fins or arms for moving if possible.

Oxygenated water is taken into the mantle cavity to the gills. By contracting the mantle's muscles, the water is pushed out through the siphon, made by a fold in the mantle. Motion of the cephalopods is usually backward as water is forced out forwards, but the siphon can be pointed in different directions. Some cephalopods can adjust their body shape to move through the water more easily.

Some octopus species are also able to walk along the sea bed. Squids and cuttlefish can move short distances in any direction by moving a flap of muscle around the mantle.

Ink
With the exception of the Nautilidae and the species of octopus of the suborder Cirrina, all known cephalopods have an ink sac, which can be used to push out a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators.

Blood
Like most molluscs, cephalopods use haemocyanin, a copper-containing protein, rather than haemoglobin to transport oxygen.  As a result, their blood is colourless when deoxygenated and turns blue when placed in air.

Reproduction and life cycle
With a few exceptions, Coleoideans live short lives with fast growth. Most of the energy from their food is used for growing. The penis in most male Coleoidea is a long and muscular end of the vas deferens (tube for sperms) used to transfer spermatophores (sperm packages) to a modified arm called a hectocotylus. That in turn is used to transport the spermatophores to the female. In species where the hectocotylus is missing, the penis is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfers the spermatophores directly to the female. The females lay many small eggs in one batch, and die afterwards. The Nautiloidea, on the other hand make a few large eggs in each batch, and live for a long time.

Evolution
The class developed during the late Cambrian and were the most common and varied marine life forms during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras. Tommotia, an early cephalopod, had squid-like tentacles but also a snail-like foot it used to move across the sea floor. Early cephalopods were at the top of the food chain.

The old (cohort Belemnoidea) and modern (cohort Neocoleoidea) coleoids, as well as the ammonoids, all diverged (evolved away) from the external shelled nautiloids during the middle Paleozoic Era, between 450 and 300 million years ago. Most ancient varieties had protective shells. These shells at first were conical but later developed into the curved shapes seen in modern nautilus species. Shells inside the body still exist in many living cephalopod groups, such as cuttlefish. The most famous group with external shells, the ammonites, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

References

Other sources
Berthold, Thomas, & Engeser, Theo. 1987. Phylogenetic analysis and systematization of the Cephalopoda (Mollusca). Verhandlungen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg. (NF) 29: 187-220.
Engeser, Theo. 1997. Fossil Nautiloidea page. <http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~palaeont/fossilnautiloidea/fossnautcontent.htm>
Felley J. Vecchione M. Roper C.F.E. Sweeney M. & Christensen T. 2001-2003: Current classification of Recent Cephalopoda. internet: National Museum of Natural History: Department of Systematic Biology: Invertebrate Zoology: http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/
Shevyrev A.A. 2005. The Cephalopod macrosystem: a historical review, the present state of knowledge, and unsolved problems: 1. Major features and overall classification of cephalopod molluscs. Paleontological Journal. 39: 606-614. Translated from Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal #6, 2005, 33-42.

Other websites

CephBase - cephalopod database
TONMO.COM - The Octopus News Magazine Online - cephalopod articles and discussion
Tree of Life Web Project - Cephalopoda
Mikko's Phylogeny Tree
Articles on various fossil cephalopod topics for non-specialists
Fish vs. Cephalopods
Will Fast Growing Squid Replace Slow Growing Fish?
Bipedal Octopuses with links to video and original paper
 Palcephalopoda/Neocephalopoda Hypothesis
Biomineralisation in modern and fossil cephalopods
 Cephalopods

Cephalopod


The Triumph Acclaim wis a front wheel drive medium-sized faimlie caur makkit bi British Leyland (BL) frae 1981 tae 1984. It wis based on the Honda Ballade an uised a Honda-designed ingine, but met Unitit Kinrick component-content requirements. It wis the final model o the Triumph marque.

The development process began in 1978 whan delegates o British Leyland entered talks wi owerheids at Honda wi a view tae developin a new smaw faimlie saloon. On 26 December 1979, Michael Edwardes offeecially signed a collaboration atween British Leyland an Honda. Echtteen months later, the new caur went intae production, badged as the Triumph Acclaim an based on the Honda Ballade. The end o Dolomite an TR7 production meant that the Acclaim wis the anerlie caur tae wear the Triumph badge efter 1981.

The Acclaim wis significant as the first essentially Japanese caur tae be biggit athin the European Economic Community (nou the European Union), tae bypass Japan's voluntary leemit o 11% mercat o the tot nummer o European sales.  The Acclaim wis an aa a major turnaround pynt for BL itself, wi the caur sportin guid reliability an big quality frae the ootset.  It paved the wey for the Honda-based, Rover-badged range o caurs whilk BL (an successor organisations Austin Rover an Rover Group) wad develop throughout the 1980s an 1990s.

The maist notable ootward chynge frae the Honda wis the appearance o a central badge on the grille. At the time, the Japanese model haed "Honda" tae the right-haund side o the grille. Ither chynges includit twin Keihin carburettors (the Ballade anerlie haed a single carburettor), the mirrors wur situate on the doors, the independent front an rear MacPherson strut suspension wis tweaked for the UK mercat an the seats wur based on Ford Cortina frames. The Acclaim wis providit in a mair luxurious interior trim nor its Honda equivalent, even in its base models.  The brakes wur disc at the front an drum at the rear.

Aw Acclaims wur powered bi the transverse-mounted aw alloy an owerheid cam 1335 cc ingine foond in the Honda Civic drivin the front wheels throu a five-speed manual gearbox or a three-speed Trio-matic (whilk wis a manually selectable automatic transmission) gearbox (whilk wis the same as the Hondamatic) an the interior wis nearly identical (except for the seats). The uisual BL trim levels wur offered: L, HL, HLS an the tap o the range CD, whilk haed front an rear electric windaes, chrome bumpers, headlamp washers, 165/70 tyres (caurs up tae the HLS haed 155/80 tyres), plastic wheel trims, velour upholstery wi seat pockets on the back o the front seats an optional air conditioning. The caur remained largely the same throughout its production life. A Mark 2 version o the Acclaim came oot in 1983 (frae VI No. 180415 onwards). The main chynges wur tae the exterior door handles, the clock, a restyled steerin wheel, a restyled gear knob, the rear interior door handles (thay wur juist swapped) an the heater recirculation control, whilk wis muived. Mark 2 HL an HLS caurs wur better equipped nor the earlier anes.

Thare wis a leemitit-edition Avon Acclaim whilk haed leather seats wi pipin tae match the body colour, leather door panels, widden dashboard, widden door cappings, twa-tone metallic paint, colour-coded wheels wi chrome embellishers, chrome-plated grille, colour-coded headlamp surrounds, vinyl ruif an extra soundproofing. Thare wis an aa an Avon Turbo whilk haed Lunar alloy wheels wi 205/60 tyres, suede upholstery, front air dam, side decals an a Turbo Technics turbocharger whilk increased pouer tae 105 bhp (frae the standard 70 bhp) It is thocht that thare ar anerlie fower survivin Avon Turbos includin the press caur whilk wis an aa the first Avon Turbo.

The Acclaim replaced the Triumph Dolomite o the 1970s an wis succeeded bi the first Rover 200-series, based on the next incarnation o the Honda Ballade.

It wis the last caur tae wear the Triumph badge. The last Acclaim off the production line is nou in the Heritage Motor Centre.

In 1982 an 1983, it featurt in the tap-ten-sellin caurs in Breetain, the first Triumph tae achieve this feat syne records began in 1965.

A tot o 133,625 Acclaims wur produced, the vast majority o whilk wur selt in Breetain.

Production finisht in the simmer o 1984, whan the Rover 200 wis launched, an the Acclaim's demise saw the end o the Triumph marque, as Austin Rover's restructurin saw anerlie the Austin, Rover an MG marques bein retained.

Urban myth
An urban myth surroonds the caur in that it wis claimed it wad hae tae be re-badged for the German mercat as the name 'Triumph Acclaim' translates tae 'Sieg Heil' in German. In truth, the Acclaim wis anerlie sauld in Germany tae Breetish servicemen an -weemen based in Germany throu the NAAFI.

Acclaim
British Leyland vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 1981

Triumph Acclaim


Reincarnation is the name of the idea that people are born again  in another body after they die and this cycle continues over many lifetimes. Rebirth or "transmigration" is the preferred term for those believers who do not believe in eternal souls. Many Hindus, Jainists, Celtic pagans, Buddhists, and people who follow some African religions believe in reincarnation or rebirth/ transmigration. Carnate means "of flesh", and reincarnate means to "reenter the flesh".

Belief in reincarnation or rebirth/transmigration
The belief is held in many religions except Islam and Christianity, although 20 to 30 percent of Christians in western countries also believe in reincarnation.

Ethnologists have documented the belief among nearly all the traditional religions of ethnic groups in Africa, North and South America, and Australia/Oceania.  The tribes of north-west North America continue to believe in reincarnation despite negative attitudes towards it on the part of Christian missionaries and churches.

Reincarnation in Hinduism

Hindus believe in reincarnation, the process where the soul repeatedly takes on a physical body through being born on Earth. Ancient scriptures of Hinduism starting around 700 BC teach that the soul, or immortal "self", takes birth time and time again. The soul survives and continues its long journey until it is one with God. Hindus believe that the soul never dies, but inhabits one body after another during its evolutionary journey guided by karma. Karma (literally: action) is the sum of one's actions, and the force that determines one's next reincarnation.

The soul evolves from immaturity to spiritual illumination. Therefore, each reincarnating soul chooses a home and a family which can best fulfill its next step of learning and maturation. Each life on Earth is similar to a class in school. Maturation of the soul on Earth means fulfilling its worldly desires, which can only be experienced through a body.

At death the soul leaves the physical body. But the soul does not die. It lives on in a subtle body called the astral body. The astral body exists in a nonphysical dimension called the astral plane. Here the soul continues to have experiences until it is born again in another physical body as a baby.

After many lifetimes of following dharma (right way of living), the soul is fully matured in love, wisdom and knowledge of God. There is no longer a need for physical birth, for all lessons have been learned, all karmas fulfilled. When all desire has vanished, the person will not be born again anymore.

Reincarnation research

Ian Stevenson found that the best research evidence supporting the belief in reincarnation comes from the cases of young children who, typically between the ages of 2 and 5, make statements about a previous life they claim to have had before being born. Some 35 per cent of the children also have birthmarks or birth defects which often correspond to injuries or illness experienced by the deceased person who the subject remembers. Medical documents have confirmed this correspondence in more than forty cases.

Related pages
 Resurrection
 Life Before Life
 Ian Stevenson

References

Theology
Cultural studies
Afterlife

Reincarnation


A wheelwright is someone who builds or repairs wheels. In the olden days there were lots of carts. The wheels were made of wood. It was a difficult job to make them, so the cartwright made the cart and the wheelwright did the specialized job of making the wheels. In ancient times some wheels were made of bone in order to look beautiful.

The word wheelwright is not often used for people who make wheels today. Wheels are made in factories and lots of people on the production line each have their bit to do.

pt:Anexo:Lista de municípios de Santa Fé#Comunas
Artisans
Occupations

Wheelwright


CJRM-FM was a French-language Canadian radio station located in Montreal, Quebec.  It opened on September 30, 1965, and closed on June 24, 1968, due to financial difficulties.

The station broadcast on 98.5 MHz with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts using an omnidirectional antenna (class C1). It had a classical music format.

Licensed as one of the first standalone FM stations in Canada, the station's budget was so tight that it had only four employees (which was unusual at the time for a radio station), and it relied entirely on newspapers as a source for news bulletins. The station was plagued with serious technical and financial difficulties; listeners received the station with indifference.

One consequence of the failure of CJRM-FM to succeed with its classical music format was that the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) rejected for decades new applications to open a private classical music station in Montreal. When the CRTC finally gave Jean-Pierre Coallier permission to open CJPX-FM in 1997, that station would turn out to be a success.

The 98.5 MHz frequency was reactivated in the Montreal area on April 9, 1977, when CIEL-FM (now CHMP-FM) went on the air.

References

External links

Jrm
Jrm
Jrm
Radio stations disestablished in 1968
1968 disestablishments in Quebec
1965 establishments in Quebec
Radio stations established in 1965
JRM

CJRM-FM (Montreal)


James Miles Langstaff (June 3, 1825 – 1889) was the reeve of Richmond Hill, Ontario in 1880 and a village councillor there in 1878.

Born in Richmond Hill, at the Langstaff residence around today's Highway 7 and Yonge Street, an area then known as Langstaff Corners. He was the son of Jon Langstaff and Lucy Miles  and grandson of Abner Mills. Langstaff first studied medicine as a "house pupil" under John Rolph in Toronto.  He later travelled to study in England, at Guy's Hospital in London. After completing his schooling, he was licensed by the Upper Canada Medical Board and he set up a medical practice in Unionville in April 1849 but after only four months relocated it to Richmond Hill. In 1850 and 1851, Langstaff was listed as a professor at Rolph's Toronto School of Medicine. Langstaff married Mary Ann Miller in 1854.  The couple had ten children, with three surviving to adulthood.

Langstaff also owned a sawmill in the area.  Although his fees were the same as those suggested by the local medical association, he often did not collect them from the poor, or reduced them for various reasons, and the addition income from the sawmill was needed to support his family.

In 1878, Langstaff was elected to the Richmond Hill Village Council as a councillor.  He served one year.  In 1880, he was elected to the council as reeve. In 1882, the widowed Langstaff married Louisa Palmer, with whom he had four children.

Langstaff died in 1889, still an active doctor.

Langstaff Secondary School in Richmond Hill was opened in 1964 and named in his honour. Dr. James Langstaff Park in Richmond Hill is also named in his honour. It is part of the Langstaff Discovery Centre whose name more generally honours his family line.

References

1825 births
1889 deaths
Canadian people of English descent
Mayors of Richmond Hill, Ontario

James Langstaff (politician)


Angioedema is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface.

Hives are often called welts. They are a surface swelling. It is possible to have angioedema without hives.

Causes

Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction. During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream. The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.

In most cases, the cause of angioedema is never found.

The following may cause angioedema:
 Animal dander (scales of shed skin)
 Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat
 Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)
 Insect bites
 Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)
 Pollen
Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, leukemia, and lymphoma).

A form of angioedema happens in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments. This is called hereditary angioedema.

Allergies

Angioedema


The Michigan State Police (MSP) is the state police agency for the U.S. state of Michigan. The MSP is a full-service law enforcement agency, with its sworn members having full police powers statewide.

The department was founded in 1917 as a wartime constabulary (originally named the Michigan State Troops Permanent Force) and eventually evolved into the modern agency that it is today. The department's entry-level members are called "Recruits", who eventually earn the title of "Trooper". Its headquarters is in Dimondale, Michigan.

History
The Michigan Department of State Police began as a temporary, wartime emergency force for the purpose of domestic security during World War I. On April 19, 1917, Governor Albert Sleeper created the Michigan State Troops Permanent Force, also known as the Michigan State Constabulary. With Colonel Roy C. Vandercook as the first commanding officer, this new force consisted of five Troops of mounted, dismounted and motorized units, totaling 300 men. With Michigan going "dry", enacting state liquor prohibition effective May 1, 1918, and Ohio "wet", the force was soon stationed in Monroe County by 1918 due to the smuggling going on. On March 26, 1919, Public Act 26 reorganized the Constabulary as the permanent, peacetime Michigan State Police.

Throughout the history of the department, its members have participated in many important events. Some of the earliest duties of the department involved its troopers being dispatched on horseback to the iron-rich regions of the state's Upper Peninsula to guarantee the mining and distribution of the vital ore.

A Bureau of Investigation and Identification was started by Capt. Ira H. Marmon opened in 1919 at the East Lansing Headquarters with an old shoebox fingerprint records file previous kept under his barracks cot next to his desk.

In the mid-1970s Michigan Governor William Milliken gave the Michigan State Police a permanent presence on Detroit area freeways which culminated in the opening of the Detroit Freeway post in Downtown Detroit. This action was taken after a rash of crimes on the Detroit area freeway system and local law enforcement had limited resources in doing expressway patrols on a regular basis. MSP troopers were deployed in Benton Harbor in the summer of 2003 to quell civil unrest that was occurring within that city.

Troopers were also deployed to Louisiana in September 2005 following Hurricane Katrina to assist local authorities with search and rescue, law enforcement, and humanitarian efforts in the devastated city of New Orleans, Louisiana. In January and February 2006, the Michigan State Police deployed several hundred Troopers to Detroit during Super Bowl XL and worked with local and federal agencies to ensure a safe environment for the game and its related festivities.

The summers of 1987 and 2007 saw a major mobilization of departmental resources for the National Governors' Conference in Traverse City. The state police were also requested to assist local police agencies with patrol support in the cities of Flint and Saginaw; a similar request was made in February 2008 by the city of Pontiac after budget difficulties forced the cash-strapped city to lay off many police officers.

In 2017, the MSP went from the garrison style cap to a navy blue straw "Smokey" campaign hat as part of their uniform. In July 2018, the MSP switched back to the garrison style cap after most troopers voted to switch back to the old hat.

2011 Redistricting

On October 1, 2011, in an effort to achieve its $17.7 million general fund reduction for fiscal year 2012, the department's districts were realigned and the number of posts was reduced from 62 to 29. In total, 18 posts were converted to detachments (private auxiliary offices for other posts) and 14 posts were closed; however, no MSP employees were laid off. The number of posts increased to 30 in December 2016, when the Metro South post reopened in Taylor, a suburb of Detroit. In 2023, the Traverse City post reopened, bringing the total number of posts to 31.

Duties
Troopers with the Michigan State Police are entrusted with the authority to conduct investigations concerning violations of criminal and traffic statutes throughout the state and answer service calls regardless of city, township, or county boundaries.

Department Overview

The Michigan State Police (MSP) is a full-service law enforcement agency, with approximately 3,000 employees who provide over 60 different services either directly to Michigan residents or in support of other law enforcement agencies. The MSP personnel most visible to the public are the uniform troopers of the Field Services Bureau whose primary responsibilities include investigating crimes, deterring criminal activity, apprehending criminals and fugitives, conducting traffic enforcement to increase traffic safety, and participating in community outreach and prevention services activities. The MSP also has a cadre of highly trained detectives who conduct investigations in specialized fields such as homicides, fraud, felonious assault, computer crimes, fire investigation and criminal sexual conduct.

The MSP has a variety of specialized teams that each receive advanced training and equipment and are available to provide direct service or to assist other law enforcement agencies. These teams include the Bomb Squad, Canine Unit, Marine Services Team, Aviation Unit, Emergency Support Team, Motor Unit and Tactical Bike Team. The MSP also provides leadership for over 20 multijurisdictional teams in areas including narcotics, auto theft, computer crimes and cold cases. In addition, MSP motor carrier officers perform commercial motor vehicle enforcement and truck safety initiatives statewide.

The MSP provides 24-hour, forensic science services from eight regional laboratories to all police agencies in the state. Each laboratory meets the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Quality Assurance Standards and is accredited by the American National Standards Institute-American Society of Quality (ANSI-ASQ) National Accreditation Board.

The MSP is the repository for criminal justice records including criminal history records, traffic crash records, firearms records, concealed pistol registrations, sex offender registry, missing persons, stolen property, mug shots and fingerprints. The department  makes use  of Michigan Residents Directory Database and other similar public records meant for the state. The department also administers the Law Enforcement Information Network (LEIN) to provide criminal justice agencies access to this information. In addition, the MSP uses Michigan Incident Crime Reporting to prepare the annual Uniform Crime Report that provides both a local-level and statewide description of crime in Michigan.

Michigan's Homeland Security Advisor is the Michigan State Police Director, who is responsible for protecting Michigan's citizens, its critical infrastructure and key resources, and responding to attacks, incidents and natural disasters that occur in Michigan. The State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) is managed and maintained by the Michigan State Police, Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division. The SEOC is responsible for facilitating the coordination of all state agency activities and resources during an emergency or disaster ensuring an effective and efficient state response. During activation of the SEOC, personnel monitor ongoing incidents, communicate with affected jurisdictions and government agencies, as well as assess and coordinate any requests for state resources or assistance. The SEOC is typically staffed by state agency personnel, nonprofit organizations, as well as members of the private sector affected by the incident. The Governor is kept informed of state response and recovery activities from the SEOC.

In addition to helping local governments plan and prepare for both man-made and natural disasters, the MSP coordinates state and federal resources to assist local jurisdictions with response and relief activities in the event of an emergency or disaster. The MSP coordinates all state-level homeland security initiatives and serves as the State Administrative Agency for federal homeland security grants.

The MSP Training Academy located in Dimondale provides learning opportunities and training programs for both MSP employees and the broader criminal justice community in areas such as leadership development, narcotics investigation, pursuit driving, first aid, marksmanship and Michigan law. The MSP's Precision Driving Unit is internationally recognized for its annual Police Vehicle Evaluation program.

Agencies housed within the MSP include the Auto Theft Prevention Authority, Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards and Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning.

Patrol vehicles

Vehicle types
The familiar blue MSP Patrol Car is referred to as "the blue goose" by members of the department. The department's fleet consists of the Dodge Charger, the Chevrolet Tahoe Special Service Vehicle, and the Ford Police Utility SUV. MSP has now retired the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor from their fleet.

Several other varieties of vehicles, including Chevrolet Suburbans and Impalas, are used by the department's specialized divisions. MSP also deploys troopers on Harley Davidson and BMW R1200RT-P motorcycles. Michigan State Police choose their vehicles using a weighted formula and results from their annual vehicle evaluation tests.

Paint color and marking styles

The distinctive blue paint color used on Michigan State Police vehicles is one of the few law enforcement vehicle special order (VSO) colors that manufacturers add to their color palette specifically for an agency.  Per Michigan State Police specifications, the color is the "same as Dulux 93-032" (and which may be identified by other color designations or codes depending on whether Ford, GM, or Chrysler produced the vehicle to which the paint is applied). MSP is fairly unusual in its use of both the blue paint of the patrol cars and the red hue of the rotating overhead light as basic livery; the department has used the blue paint scheme and the current door decals since 1954.

The MSP also utilizes "slick top" patrol units for traffic enforcement. There are two types of traffic cars:  the traditional blue patrol car minus the traditional "gumball" light, and a semi-marked variety that is painted in colors other than blue and marked only on the passenger side. Available in tan, red, white, silver, and black, these units also use hidden LED lights to increase their effectiveness and have been extremely successful.

MSP Motor Carrier Enforcement officers of the Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Division (CVED) who enforce truck safety laws, drive vehicles identical to regular MSP patrol vehicles, except that they have a "Commercial Vehicle Enforcement" designation on the rear quarter panels of the unit in gold lettering. CVED currently uses only the Chevrolet Tahoe. Starting in 2008, CVED moved to the Tahoe platform and began using the same paint scheme as the Troopers' vehicle. The words "Commercial Vehicle Enforcement" were added to the quarter panels and the 'Motor Carrier Enforcement' decals on the rear were replaced with standard "State Police" decals.

Unique lighting
Fully marked patrol vehicles feature a single red overhead light, the RV-26 or RV-46 "Spitfire" made by Unity Manufacturing that rotates when activated; however, in late 2009, MSP announced that these are being retrofitted with red LED lamps rather than incandescent beams to reduce the hassle and expense of replacing the PAR 36 or PAR 46, 60,000 CP sealed beam bulbs and servicing the rotor motors. Red lenses on some MSP vehicle roof beacons have one or two clear horizontal stripes that allow some white light to shine through, giving the lamps a pinkish glow at long distances. Michigan State Police have continued to use the "gumball" style lights instead of lightbars, claiming they are unique, reduce wind drag, and are highly visible at long distances.

MSP vehicles also feature a clear plastic sign, referred to as a "hood light" or "hailer" or "shark fin" on the hood that lights up when activated. The historical use of this hood light dates from the time when a "side stop" patrol stop would be initiated by pulling up next to an offender and the Trooper would motion them to pull over in daylight; at night the hood light was illuminated displaying the words "State Police" and "STOP" (MSP no longer use the "side stop").

Patrol units also use red and blue LEDs facing to the rear of the vehicle and in some forward facing push bumpers, as well as headlight and tail light flashers. Both the rotating overhead light and the hood light have traditionally been synonymous with the MSP. The rotating red light has been used by the MSP since the 1950's and the current style red overhead light has been in use by the agency since 1979. The red overhead lights on some MSP cars are 25–30 years old.

Vehicle testing
Michigan State Police is one of only two agencies in North America (the other being the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department) that conduct annual tests of police and special services vehicles. MSP typically conducts their top speed and braking tests each fall at Chrysler Proving Grounds in Chelsea, Michigan and vehicle dynamics and handling tests on the road course at Grattan Raceway in Grattan Township, Michigan. Tests are open to members of the law enforcement community, fleet managers, and other interested parties, and results are published for the benefit of the law enforcement community.

Many of the specifications and option offerings for Chrysler, Ford, GM police vehicles are a result of findings and suggestions stemming from MSP evaluations. Annual test results are published at the MSP Website

Aviation Unit

The five aircraft in the Michigan State Police Aviation Unit are assigned several duties:
search and rescue
relays
traffic enforcement
traffic control
security
training
investigative and administrative flights

Mobile Command Vehicle
The Michigan State Police operates one Mobile Command Vehicle as of 2006. The  vehicle has an International chassis and engine and weighs . It is equipped with GPS, satellite television, a diesel electric generator, and a lavatory.

The vehicle is also equipped with a variety of radio systems that allow those operating it to communicate effectively in the field. The vehicle was utilized during Hurricane Katrina relief in September 2005 and is also frequently used at large events throughout the state.

Miscellaneous information

The department's value statement is: A PROUD tradition of SERVICE through EXCELLENCE, INTEGRITY, and COURTESY. The department requires that the emphasized words be shown in capitalized print when the statement is reproduced in any fashion.

The department's work sites are called "Posts," much as a local police department's offices are referred to as "stations." Many MSP posts are similarly designed and feature a distinctive two-story architectural style with a front door centered above exterior steps to the first level and a sandstone center section engraved with the state seal and the words "Michigan State Police". Many of these buildings were built in the 1930s in the years following The Great Depression just before World War II.

To date, 53 Michigan State Police Troopers have died in the line of duty.

As of January 2019, the Director of the MSP is Colonel Joseph Gasper. He was appointed to the position of Director by Governor Gretchen Whitmer and was preceded by Col. Kriste Kibbey Etue.

Recruits must complete an intensive twenty-six week training academy prior to being confirmed as a Trooper. The paramilitaristic, residential school is held at the MSP Training Academy in Lansing, MI.

Troopers are issued a Glock 17 Gen 5 as their sidearm.

Budget

The State Police Budget for 2009-2010 fiscal year is US$527.3 million, an increase of 5.5 million from the previous year. For the 2018-19 fiscal year, the MSP had a budget of $738.1 million.  For the 2020-21 fiscal year, the governor recommended a budget of $735.6 million.

Department rank structure
The MSP uses a paramilitary ranking system, as follows (from highest to lowest rankings):

Demographics
The demographics of the Michigan State Police force, as of March 2015:

Male: 91.7%
Female: 8.3%
White: 84%
African-American/Black: 6.1%
Hispanic: 3%
Native American: 2%

See also

 List of law enforcement agencies in Michigan
 Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
 Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
General:
 State police
 State patrol
 Highway patrol

References

External links

Fallen Officers of the Michigan State Police
MSP Post locations and district boundaries as of March 27, 2013
Connect With Us on Social Media
MSP post coverage by county as of April 2020

State law enforcement agencies of Michigan
Government agencies established in 1917
1917 establishments in Michigan

Michigan State Police


Medusa is a character in Greek mythology. Her story has been told and retold by ancient and modern storytellers, writers, and artists.

The Latin poet Ovid writes in Book IV of  his Metamorphoses that Poseidon had raped Medusa in the temple of Athena. The goddess was angry, and changed Medusa into a monster with snakes for hair.  To people in Ovid's time, Medusa, not Poseidon, was the one who had done something wrong.

Artists have made statues and paintings of Medusa for thousands of years.  Ancient Greeks and other ancient people painted Medusa's face on pots and doors and other things.  In Greek art from this time, artists usually painted or carved people looking out to the side.  Medusa was almost always carved looking out of the picture toward the viewer. This was so Medusa could scare evil things away.  These pictures of Medusa are called Gorgoneions. They are an example of using one evil thing to make other evil things leave, the same way Perseus used Medusa against his other enemies.

Myth

Medusa was one of three sisters, the Gorgons. Medusa's sisters were Stheno and Euryale. Medusa was mortal, but her sisters were immortal. They were all children of the sea gods, Phorkys and his sister Keto. Before they were monsters, all three sisters were beautiful young women, Medusa the most; however, she was a priestess in the temple of Athena and was bound by a vow of celibacy.

Any man or animal who looked directly upon her was turned to stone.

The hero Perseus cut off Medusa's head.  He snuck up on her by using his shiny shield as a mirror. He put Medusa's head in a special bag and then showed it to his enemies.  They turned to stone.  Then he gave Medusa's head to the gods.  Either Zeus or Athena put her head on the shield called aegis.

Medusa was pregnant by Poseidon at the time of her death. Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a golden giant, sprang from her blood.

Medusa in art

Medusa was a subject for ancient vase painters, mosaicists, and sculptors. She appears on the breastplate of Alexander the Great in the Alexander Mosaic at the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy (about 200 BC).

A Roman copy of Phidias' Medusa (left) is held in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.

Among the Renaissance depictions are the sculpture Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Benvenuto Cellini (1554) and the oil painting Medusa by Caravaggio (1597).

Baroque depictions include Head of Medusa by Peter Paul Rubens (1618); the marble bust Medusa by Bernini (1630s); and Perseus Turning Phineus and his Followers to Stone, an oil painting by Luca Giordano from the (early 1680s).

Romantic and modern depictions include Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Antonio Canova (1801) and Perseus, a sculpture by Salvador Dalí. Twentieth century artists whno tackled the Medusa theme include Paul Klee, John Singer Sargent, Pablo Picasso, Pierre et Gilles, and Auguste Rodin.  The twenty-first century sculpture Medusa with the Head of Perseus by Luciano Garbati became part of the #MeToo Movement.

References

Greek legendary creatures
Monsters

Medusa


Fibrinogen is the clotting element present in blood.  When blood comes out of a wound in a vessel, the fibrinogen is activated and forms fibrin, which clots the blood. Although this is fibrinogen's main job, it also forms bridges between platelets. Fibrinogen is a protein made by the liver. It is a dimer (made up of two similar units). Each unit has an alpha, beta, and gamma chain. The alpha and beta chains have a small peptide called fibrinopeptide.

When fibrinogen is activated to form fibrin, an enzyme called thrombin cleaves the fibrinopeptides off of the alpha and beta chains.

It is possible to examine a small sample of a person's blood to find out how much fibrinogen is in the blood.  This helps medical professionals to know if too much or too little fibrinogen is the cause of a patient's medical problems.

Blood

Fibrinogen


François-André Danican Philidor (7 September 1726 – 31 August 1795), often referred to as André Danican Philidor during his lifetime, or to personal friends as André, was probably the best chessplayer of his time, and a notable composer of light operatic music. He was born into a family of musicians who served at the French court. He became the author of a book on chess which influenced players for many years.p303p15

Early years
His family name had once been Duncan, until they came from Scotland to Brittany. Danican was then their family name. Then, after their appointment to the court of King Louis XIII in the 17th century, they adopted the name Philidor as a tribute to an Italian court musician called Filidori. Young Philidor was trained in music from an early age, and learnt chess from musicians in intervals between musical numbers. He turned out to be equally good at both activities, though initially the music came first.

Philidor took chess lessons from the leading French master of the time, du Kermeur, Sire de Légall (known as Légall). After three years, he was on equal terms. In 1746 he found himself in Rotterdam without money, after a tour had ended in the death of a young girl harpsichord player. He started to play chess for money, and came to London in 1747 to play a match against the strongest English player, whom he beat. Thus started his new life. He played chess in London, and wrote light operatic scores for the Comédie-Française in Paris.

His life in chess

Philidor started playing regularly about 1740 at the Parisian Café de la Régence. It was there that he played with a friend from 'New England', Mr. Benjamin Franklin.

At 21 Philidor met the Syrian Philip Stamma of Aleppo, who was a translator and chess player of note. Philidor won by 8½–1⅓. At 29 he defeated his tutor Légall in a match. Unfortunately, none of these games survive, though we do have a number of games from his later career. In 1744, as a teenager, he could play two games of chess simultaneously blindfold, and in Berlin he played three games without sight of the board. He gave these exhibitions many times. This was thought to be a marvel, though it had been done before, by an Italian priest, Saccheri.p45

The book
In 1749 he published a book on chess which was to make his name. The first edition, in French, included a subscription list of prosperous sponsors, such as the Earl of Sandwich and the Duke of Cumberland. An edition in English, Chess analysed, came out in 1750. He revised and extended the book twice, in 1777 and 1790.

Over the years, the book was a steady success. By 1871, it had gone through about 70 editions, and had been translated into English, German, Russian and Italian. Eventually it went through over a hundred editions in ten languages.p17

His chess ideas
As one commentator said:
"Philidor's Analyse revolutionised chess thought. For the first time the principles of chess were laid down in an intelligible manner... In particular, he laid down the rules for the correct handling of pawns... [There are] games... to illustrate his principles... He gives some remarkable [endgame] analysis". Hartston p17
Philidor's motto "Les pions sont de l'âme du jeu" (Pawns are the soul of chess) is a saying which is still taught to young players today. It sums up the idea that the pawn 'skeleton' gives the game its long-term structure, and influences how a game proceeds.

Philidor's book was the first that gave (1) detailed annotations on how to play the middlegame, (2) that presented chess strategy as a whole, and (3) that presented the concepts of the blockade, prophylaxis, positional sacrifice, and mobility of the pawn formation (though without fully identifying those ideas).

Philidor also studied chess endgames, and the book gives generally accurate information about them. An important chess  endgame position that he wrote about is called the Philidor position.

He gave his name to one of the basic chess openings, Philidor's defence.

Philidor was now received into fashionable society in France and England. He took his mistress with him to Prussia, then back to England. Later, in 1760, he married a singer, and had seven children.p304 Philidor played chess at the Café de la Régence in Paris, and at the Salopian Coffee-house and at Parsloe's chess club in London.

His music
Philidor's contemporaries had some difficulty believing he could be so good at two such different arts, but he was. His work on comic opera (opéra bouffe) excelled. He wrote 25 such works, four with collaborators (including Rousseau). "His Tom Jones (1765) was regarded as the finest work in the theatre...  His Ernelinda, Princess of Norway (1766) so pleased Louis XV that he gave Philidor a pension of 25 louis d'or (French gold coin) from his own purse".p304 The English, however, ignored his music, and after 1792 he never returned home. The French Revolution made his connection with royalty a danger.

Philidor died in 1795, and the Comédie-Française held a benefit concert for his widow.

References

1726 births
1795 deaths
French chess players
18th-century French composers
Writers from Centre-Val de Loire
People from Eure-et-Loir

François-André Danican Philidor


A compiled programming language is a programming language which is compiled.  When a program is compiled, the compiler will change it from a programming language that a person can read, to a set of instructions that a computer can follow. These instructions (written in machine code) are then stored as an executable in a file.  This file can be run quickly by the computer.

The other kind of language is an interpreted language.  A program, or even single lines, will be interpreted one line at a time by the computer.  This is slower for a computer than following compiled instructions.  But it can be faster to write and test programs that are interpreted.

Scripting languages are often interpreted. Some languages can be either compiled or interpreted. Java, Lisp, Python and AutoIT are examples.

References

Programming languages

Compiled language


A milk shake, or milkshake, is a cold drink made by mixing milk, ice cream, and sweet syrups like chocolate syrup. Usually a blender is used for the mixing. People usually drink milkshakes with a drinking straw and from a tall glass or cup.

Comparison between smoothies and milkshakes
Milk shakes are similar to smoothies. Smoothies are a type of cold drink made with an electric blender. Smoothies are made with a liquid (either milk, fruit juice, or water), crushed ice or ice cubes, different fruits, and honey or maple syrup.

In popular culture
Milk shakes and other cold drinks such as "ice cream floats" (a scoop of ice cream placed in a glass of cola or other carbonated soda drink) or "malts" (a milk shake with malt powder added to it) were popular among teenagers in the 1950s. Teenagers would go to ice cream parlors and order cold drinks.

Dairy products
Ice cream
American food

Milk shake


Tort law is the part of law for most harms that are not either criminal or based on a contract.  Tort law helps people to make claims for compensation (repayment) when someone hurts them or hurts their property. For example, a car accident where one driver hurts another driver because he or she was not paying attention might be a tort.  If a person is hurt by someone else, he or she can sue in court.

Many torts are accidents, like car accidents or slippery floors that make people fall down and get hurt. These are called negligent torts. But some torts are done on purpose.  These are called intentional torts.  For example, if one person punches another person in the nose, it might be an intentional tort called battery.

Many torts cause physical harm to people.  Some torts cause damage to property, like a broken window.  Some torts can harm other things, like someone's reputation or a business.

The kinds of torts this article talks about are a part of the common law.  The common law is found in England and former British colonies, such as the United States of America.  Different laws are found in civil law countries such as France or Germany.  In those countries people usually use the word delict instead of tort, but they mean very similar things.

In general

Torts are what happens when one person (or organization) injures another.  The person or organization that causes the injury is known as a tortfeasor.  The person who is injured is often called the victim.

The victim may sue the tortfeasor.  The people or organizations on each side of a lawsuit are called the parties.  In a lawsuit, the victim is called the plaintiff.  The tortfeasor is called the defendant.

Usually, the plaintiff in a lawsuit is asking the court to make the defendant pay money to make up for the harm that the defendant caused.  For example, the money that the plaintiff asks for might pay for the plaintiff's medical bills if he or she was hurt in an accident. Money that the court orders the defendant to pay is called damages. For some torts, especially ones done on purpose (intentional torts), the plaintiff might also ask the court to punish the defendant by making him or her pay extra money. That extra money is sometimes called punitive damages.

Sometimes a plaintiff also asks the court to order the defendant to stop doing something, like polluting the air or water.  An order to stop doing something is called an injunction (in the United States it is sometimes called a restraining order).

Tort law or 'The Law of Torts' is a body of laws that is applied by civil court proceedings to compensate people who have suffered harm due to the wrongful act of another.

Sometimes the same act can be both a tort and a crime.  For instance, stealing someone else's property might be a criminal offense, but it is also a tort against the person who owns the property. Similarly, punching somebody in the nose can constitute both the crime and tort of battery.

Kinds of torts

Intentional torts
When a defendant causes an injury on purpose, that injury is an intentional tort.  Sometimes, an injury can be an intentional tort if the defendant knows it will happen, even if the defendant does not want it to happen.  Intentional torts include hitting people and saying things about them that are not true.

Unintentional torts
Unintentional torts are accidents.  They usually happen because someone was not being careful.  When someone is not careful, it is called negligence or recklessness.

An example of negligence is driving a car while not paying attention to the road. In a case of negligence, the court figures out what happened and decides whether the defendant was careful enough.  It orders the defendant to pay money only if the defendant was not careful enough.

Recklessness occurs when somebody knows that a substantial risk may result to the lives and safety of others as a result of his or her actions, but acts with indifference to the safety of others. An example of a reckless act is shooting a gun randomly toward an occupied building. Although there is no intent to hurt anybody inside of the building, the action creates a significant risk that somebody could be injured or killed.

Strict liability
In some kinds of cases, it does not matter whether the defendant was careful or not.  This is called strict liability or absolute liability.  For example, in the United States, if someone buys a soda can and it explodes because it was manufactured badly, the manufacturer will probably have to pay the victim money even if the court finds that the defendant was as careful as it could be.

Physical torts
Physical torts are injuries to a person's body, such as hitting them or making them sick.

Abstract torts
Abstract torts are injuries to a person's mind, reputation, or property.  A person's mind or reputation can be injured by saying things about them that are not true.  A person's property can be injured by taking it from them without permission or saying that it belongs to someone else.

Torts involving people
Torts that involve people include hitting them, saying things about them that are not true, and making them stay in one place when they want to leave.  Hitting someone is called battery.  Saying things about someone that are not true is called slander, and writing things about someone that are not true is called libel, both of which are forms of defamation. When a police officer takes a person to prison when he or she is not supposed to, that is called false imprisonment or false arrest.

Torts involving property
Torts involving property include walking on someone else's property without permission, taking someone else's property without permission, or damaging someone else's property.  Walking on someone else's property without permission is called trespassing.  Taking someone else's property without permission is called stealing or conversion.

References

Legal terms

Tort


Coatlicue, kent as Teteoinan an aw (transcribit Teteo Inan an aw), "The Mither o Gods" (, ), is the Aztec goddess who gave birth tae the muin, starns, an Huitzilopochtli, the god o the sun an war. She is kent as Toci (, "oor grandmither") an Cihuacoatl ( an aw, "the lady o the serpent"), the patron o weemen who dee in shootin.

Etymologie
The wird Coatlicue is Nahuatl for "the ane wi the skirt o serpents". The wird for serpent is coātl. "Mither Goddess o the Yird who gives birth tae aw celestial things", "Goddess o Fire an Growthiness", "Goddess o Life, Daith an Rebirth", an "Mither o the Soothren Starns."

Meeths
She is representit as a wumman wearin a skirt o writhin snakes an a necklace made o human herts, haunds, an skulls. Her feet an haunds are adorned wi claws an her breists are depictit as hangin flaccid frae pregnancy. Her face is formit bi twa facin serpents (efter her heid wis cut aff an the bluid spurt fort frae her neck in the form o twa gigantic serpents), referrin tae the meeth that she wis sacrificit durin the beginnin o the present creation.

Maist Aztec artistic representations o this goddess emphasise her deadly side, acause Yird, as well as luvin mither, is the insatiable monster that consumes iverything that lives. She represents the devourin mither; in her baith the womb an the grave exist.

Accordin tae Aztec legend, she wis ance magically impregnatit bi a baw o feathers that fell on her while she wis sweepin a temple, an subsequently gied birth tae the gods Quetzalcoatl an Xolotl. Her dochter Coyolxauhqui then rallied Coatlicue's fower hunder ither childer thegither an goadit thaim intae attackin an decapitatin their mither. The instant she wis killt, the god Huitzilopochtli suddenly emergit frae her womb fully grown an airmit for battle. He killt mony o his brithers an sisters, includin Coyolxauhqui, whase heid he cut aff an threw intae the sky tae become the muin. In ane variation on this legend, Huitzilopochtli hissel is the bairn conceivit in the baw-o-feathers incident an is born juist in time tae save his mither frae hairm.

References

 Vistas Project at Smith College. Edited bi Dana Leibsohn and Barbara Mundy.
 Boone, Elizabeth H. "The Coatlicues at the Templo Mayor."  Ancient Mesoamerica  (1999), 10: 189-206 Cambridge Varsity Press.
 Carbonell, Ana Maria. "From Llorona to Gritona: Coatlicue in Feminist Tales by Viramontes and Cisneros." MELUS 24(2) Summer 1999:53-74
 Cisneros, Sandra. "It occurs to me I am the creative/destructive goddess Coatlicue." The Massachusetts Review 36(4):599. Winter 1995.
 Klein, Cecelia F. "A New Interpretation of the Aztec Statue Called Coatlicue, 'Snakes Her Skirt,'" Ethnohistory 55(2):229-250. 2008
 De Leon, Ann. "Coatlicue or How to Write the Dismembered Body." MLN Hispanic Notes Volume 125, Number 2: 259-286 March 2010.
 Dorsfuhrer, C. "Quetzalcoatl and Coatlicue in Mexican Mythology." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (449):6–28 November 1987.
 Fernández, Justino. Coatlicue. Estética del arte indígena antiguo. Centro de Estudios Filosoficos, U.N.A.M., Mexico, 1954.
 Franco, Jean. "The Return of Coatlicue: Mexican Nationalism and the Aztec Past." Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 13(2) August 2004: 205 - 219.
 Granziera, Patrizia. "From Coatlicue to Guadalupe: The Image of the Great Mother in Mexico." Studies in World Christianity 10(2):250-273. 2005.
 León y Gama, Antonio de. Descripción histórica y cronológica de las dos piedras: que con ocasión del empedrado que se está formando en la plaza Principal de México, se hallaron en ella el año de 1790. Impr. de F. de Zúñiga y Ontiveros, 1792; reprint Nabu Press (2011; Spanish), ISBN 1-173-35713-0. An expanded edition, wi descriptions of additional sculptures (like the Stane o Tizoc), edited bi Carlos Maria Bustamante, published in 1832. Thare hae been a couple o facsimile editions, published in the 1980s and 1990s. Library of Congress digital edition of Leon y Gama's 1792 wirk on the Calendar Stone
 Pimentel, Luz A. "Ekphrasis and Cultural Discourse: Coatlicue in Descriptive and Analytic Texts (Representations of the Aztec earth mither goddess). NEOHELICON 30(1):61-75. 2003.

Freemit airtins

Aztec goddesses
Destroyer goddesses
Growthiness goddesses
Life-daith-rebirth goddesses
Fire goddesses
Mither goddesses
Yird goddesses
Creation meeths
Creator goddesses

Coatlicue


Moshe Gil (; February 8, 1921 – January 23, 2014) was an Israeli historian.

Academic career
Moshe Gil specialized in the historical interaction between Islam and the Jews, including the history of Palestine under the Islamic domination, the institution of the Exilarchate, and Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites. Gil was professor emeritus of the Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies at Tel Aviv University and held the Joseph and Ceil Mazer Chair in the History of the Jews in Muslim Lands.

Awards
In 1998, Gil was awarded the Israel Prize, for Land of Israel studies,
primarily for his work analyzing some 846 document fragments from the Cairo Genizah and for his work in documenting the role of Jewish merchants in the development of medieval society.

Published works
(1997) "The Babylonian Encounter and the Exilarchic House in the Light of Cairo Geniza Documents and Parallel Arab Sources." (Conference Paper in Proceedings: Judaeo-Arabic studies proceedings of the Founding Conference of the Society for Judaeo Arabic Studies.)
(1995) "The Exilarchate." (Conference Paper in Proceedings : The Jews of medieval Islam: Community, society, and identity: proceedings of an international conference held by the Institute of Jewish Studies, University College London, 1992 )
(1992) A history of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
(1987) "The Medinan Opposition to the Prophet". (Journal Article in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam.)
(1987) Review of "Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century" by Golb and Pritsak (Book Review in Journal of Near Eastern studies.)
(1984) "The Origin of the Jews of Yathrib." (Journal Article in Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam.)
(1976) Documents of the Jewish pious foundations from the Cairo Geniza. Leiden: Brill. (Book, Edited, Vol. 12 in a series/set )
(1974) "The Radhanite Merchants and the Land of Radhanite." (Journal Article in Journal of the economic and social history of the Orient.)
(1974) "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration" (Journal Article in Israel oriental studies.)

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

1921 births
2014 deaths
Polish emigrants to Israel
Israel Prize in history recipients
Israel Prize in Land of Israel studies recipients
Israeli historians
Jewish historians
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Israeli medievalists

Moshe Gil


Northern Bulgaria (), also called Moesia (, Mizija) is the northern half of Bulgaria, located to the north of the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains which conventionally separates the country into a northern and a southern part. Besides the Balkan Mountains, Northern Bulgaria borders the Timok River and Serbia to the west, the Danube River and Romania to the north and the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast to the east.

Geographically, the terrain is relatively uniform, dominated by the hilly Danubian Plain, with some low plateaus to the east. Northern Bulgaria covers an area of 48,596 square kilometres and has a population of 2,674,347 according to the 2011 census (36% of Bulgaria's entire population), with a population density of 55 people per km². The three largest cities are Varna, Rousse and Pleven.

Administratively, Northern Bulgaria includes the following 14 Bulgarian provinces:

 Dobrich Province
 Gabrovo Province
 Lovech Province
 Montana Province
 Pleven Province
 Razgrad Province
 Rousse Province
 Shumen Province
 Silistra Province
 Targovishte Province
 Varna Province
 Veliko Tarnovo Province
 Vidin Province
 Vratsa Province

Parts of Burgas Province, Sliven Province, and Sofia Province also geographically belong to Northern Bulgaria.

Northern Bulgaria covers the historical region of Moesia, which in turn includes several sub-regions such as Dobruja (sometimes not considered part of Moesia), Ludogorie, Gerlovo and Zlatiya. Northern Bulgaria is also conventionally divided into Northwestern, Central Northern and Northeastern Bulgaria, with slightly varying borders. The lower northern reaches of the Balkan Mountains are called the Fore-Balkan, as opposed to the Sub-Balkan valleys to the south of the main ridge. In Antiquity, the Jireček Line divided Latin (in the north) and Ancient Greek (in the south) language influence in the Balkans, with Northern Bulgaria to the north of it and Southern Bulgaria to the south. Much later, after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, all of Northern Bulgaria and the region of Sofia became the Principality of Bulgaria while most of the rest of Southern Bulgaria was part of Eastern Rumelia until the Bulgarian unification in 1885.

Gallery

See also
 Southern Bulgaria

References

External links

Geography of Bulgaria
Historical regions in Bulgaria

Northern Bulgaria


Champagne-Ardenne () is a former administrative region of France, located in the northeast of the country, bordering Belgium. Mostly corresponding to the historic province of Champagne, the region is known for its sparkling white wine of the same name.

History
The administrative region was formed in 1956, consisting of the four departments Aube, Ardennes, Haute-Marne, and Marne. On 1 January 2016, it merged with the neighboring regions of Alsace and Lorraine to form the new region Grand Est, thereby ceasing to exist as an independent entity.

Geography
Its rivers, most of which flow west, include the Seine, the Marne, and the Aisne. The Meuse flows north.

Transportation

Highways
 A4 connecting Paris and Strasbourg and serving the Reims metropolitan area
 A5 connecting Paris and Dijon and serving Troyes and Chaumont
 A26 connecting Calais and Troyes and serving Reims and Châlons-en-Champagne
 A34 connecting Reims and the Belgian border and serving Charleville-Mézières

Rail
The rail network includes the Paris–Strasbourg line, which follows the Marne Valley and serves Épernay, Châlons-en-Champagne, and Vitry-le-François. The LGV Est TGV line also connecting Paris and Strasbourg opened in 2007 and serves Reims with a train station in the commune of Bezannes.

Water
The region's canals include the Canal latéral à la Marne and Marne-Rhine Canal, the latter connecting to the Marne at Vitry-le-François. These are petit gabarit canals.

Air
The Vatry International Airport, primarily dedicated to air freight, has a runway  long. The airport is in a sparsely populated area just  from Paris.

Economy

 61.4% of its land is dedicated to agriculture
 1st in France for the production of barley and alfalfa
 2nd in France for the production of beets, onions, and peas
 3rd in France for the production of tender wheat and rapeseed.
 282.37 km2 of vineyards
 Champagne sales in 2001: 263 million bottles (4% increase from 2000) of which 37.6% were exported.
 25% of French hosiery production
 3rd metallurgic region in France

Businesses
 Verreries Mécaniques de Champagne
 Produits Métallurgiques à Reims
 Vallou

Food processing
 Champagne-Céréales
 France-Luzerne
 Béghin-Say

Demographics
The population of Champagne-Ardenne has been in steady decrease since 1982 due to a rural exodus. With 1.3 million people and a density of 52/km2, it is one of France's least populated regions. After a brief period of stabilization in the 1990s, the region's population is now among the fastest "dying" in Europe, with several municipalities losing people at a faster rate than a lot of Eastern European areas, especially in the Haute-Marne department. The region is among the oldest in France, has a weak fertility rate, and its immigrant population, while growing, is still minimal compared to the national average.

Major communities

 Châlons-en-Champagne
 Charleville-Mézières
 Chaumont
 Épernay
 Reims
 Saint-Dizier
 Sedan
 Troyes

See also

 Ardennes
 Champagne Riots
 Champagne (historical province)

References

External links
  https://web.archive.org/web/20061013154125/http://www.cr-champagne-ardenne.fr/

Former regions of France
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
1956 establishments in France
States and territories established in 1956
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015

Champagne-Ardenne


A list is a part of a text, which has many words separated by commas (,) or a group of words going down the page that may use bullet points, letters, or numbers. Semicolons (;) are also used sometimes to separate items in a list.

These are lists:

I have invited Peter, Mary, and Henry to my birthday.

People who I have invited to my birthday are:
Peter
Mary
Henry

People I invited to my birthday: Peter; Mary; Henry.

Related pages

 Mailing list

Basic English 850 words

List


Bryophytes are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

Bryophyta is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits.

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

Life cycle

Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid.

A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again.

Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common.  Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

References

Other websites
The British Bryological Society

Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants

Bryophyte


The middle finger (also called the long finger or the tall finger is the third finger on the human hand. It is between the index finger and the ring finger. When people study anatomy, they call the middle finger the third finger, digitus medius, digitus tertius, or digitus III.

Sometimes the middle finger is used as an insult or to offend someone. When it is extended, usually by itself, it is known as "giving the finger", "flipping the bird", or"flipping someone off".

Limbs and extremities

Middle finger


An allowance is usually an amount of money that a parent gives to his/her child.

Possible reasons why allowance is given:
The parent might have extra money so he/she shares or gives it to the child(ren).
The parent might want to teach the child how to manage money.
The parent might want the child to help him/her to do chores with or without allowance.

Income

Allowance


A sulfoxide is a molecule that has a sulfur atom bonded to two carbons and one oxygen atom. It comes from oxidising thioethers, without going all the way to the sulfone. Like many molecules containing sulfur, sulfoxide can sometimes smell a lot.

Sulfoxides can be written with the general formula R–S(=O)–R'. Sulfur has a double bond with the oxygen, and single bonds with the carbons. That leaves a lone pair on the atom. This means that the shape at that atom is tetrahedral. It also means that the sulfur can be a chiral centre. Sulfoxides are used as good ligands for transition metals.

An important molecule of this kind is dimethyl sulfoxide. It is also called DMSO. It is used as a solvent for many reactions, especially in biochemistry.

Functional groups
Organosulfur compounds

Sulfoxide


Michael Wagener is a muisic producer, mixer, an ingineer frae Hamburgh, Germany, best kent for his wirk wi mony tap haurd rock an hivy metal baunds in the late 80's.  Wagener's wirks hae sauld ower ninety fower million albums warldwide. Wagener wis the oreeginal guitarist for the German baund Accept. When he turned 18, he wis draftit intae the German airmy an wis stationed 350 mile away frae hame. This made it difficult for him tae practice wi the rest o the baund an hence he quit the baund. Efter completin his military service, Wagener began wirkin as an audio ingineer in Hamburgh in 1972. Throu a friendship wi sangster Don Dokken, Wagener muivit tae Los Angeles. In 1981 he produced the first Dokken album, an wad go on tae produce sic seminal albums as Skid Row's self titled debut, which sauld five million copies in the US alane, an Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears, which sauld seiven million in the US. Wagener an aa mixed Metallica's 1986 classic Master of Puppets.

Wagener haes produced or mixed platinum sellin albums bi Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P., Overkill, Accept, Great White, Stryper, Poison, Keel, Alice Cooper, Extreme, Megadeth, Janet Jackson, Ozzy Osbourne, Dokken, Metallica, White Lion, an Skid Row.

Selectit discography
Accept - Breaker (ingineer)
Accept - Balls to the Wall (mixer)
Alice Cooper - Constrictor (ingineer, mixer)
Alice Cooper - Raise Your Fist and Yell (ingineer, mixer)
Bonfire - Fireworks (producer)
Bonfire - Point Blank (producer, sang writin)
Dokken - Breaking the Chains (producer)
Dokken - Tooth and Nail (mixin)
Dokken - Under Lock and Key (producer)
Extreme - Pornograffitti (producer)
Great White - Great White (producer)
Kane Roberts - Saints and Sinners (mixer)
Keel - Keel (producer)
King's X - Ogre Tones (producer)
King's X - XV (producer)
Lordi - Babez for Breakfast (2010) (producer)
Megadeth - So Far, So Good...So What! (mixin)
Metallica - Master of Puppets (mixin)
Mötley Crüe - Too Fast for Love (producer)
Overkill - Under the Influence (mixin)
Ozzy Osbourne - No More Tears (mixin)
Raven - All for One (producer)
Skid Row - Skid Row (producer, ingineer, mixin)
Skid Row - Slave to the Grind (producer, mixin)
Smashed Gladys - Social Intercourse (mixin)
Stryper - Soldiers Under Command (producer, ingineer)
The Rasmus - Black Roses (mixin)
White Lion - Pride (producer)
White Lion - Big Game (producer)
Road to Evenmind - Diagnosis: Unsolved (mixing) Road To Evenmind Offeecial Wabsteid

References

External links
Michael Wagener's offeecial steid
Full discography

German record producers
German audio ingineers
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Hamburgh

Michael Wagener


A circuit containing resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C) is called an RLC circuit. A simple circuit only has one RLC series.

With a resistance R present, the total electromagnetic energy U of the circuit (the sum of the electric energy and magnetic energy) is no longer constant.  Instead, it decreases with time as energy is transferred to thermal energy in the resistance. Because of this loss of energy, the oscillations of charge, current and potential difference continuously decrease in amplitude, and the oscillations are said to be damped.

They are damped in exactly the same way as those of the damped block-spring oscillator. To analyze the oscillations of this circuit, an equation can be written for the total electromagnetic energy  in the circuit at any instant. This is because the resistance does not store electromagnetic energy.

  (Eq. 1)

However, this total energy decreases as energy is transferred to thermal energy.

  (Eq. 2)

where the minus sign indicates that  decreases. By differentiating Eq. 1 with respect to time and then substituting the result in Eq. 2, the following is obtained:

Substituting  for  and  for , the following is obtained:

'  (RLC circuit)

Electronic circuits

RLC circuit


Gretna is a toun in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. Acause thay is near the Scots-Inglis Border, nearby Gretna Green, an tae a lesser extent Gretnam, is associatit tradeetional wi elopin English couples, acause o the mair leeberal mairiage proveesions in Scots law compare't tae English law. Acause o this, 'Gretna'  his become a term for a place for quick, easy mairiages.

Greta is pairt o the historic coonty o Dumfriesshire.

History

Etymology

Gretna means "(place at the) graively hill", fae Auld English greot "grit" (in the dative form greoten (that is whaur the -n comes fae) an hoh (hill-spur).

The Lochmaben Stane is a megalith staundin in a field, awmaist 1 mile wast o the Sark mooth on the Solway Firth, three hunner yairt or sae abuin the heich watter merk on the ferm o Old Graitney. It wis yin o the tradeetional gree'd meetin places on the England/Scotland border.

17t century

Afore the Acts o Union 1707 o the Pairlaments o England an Scotland, Gretna wis an excise post for collectin taxs on cattle crossin the border atween the twa kinricks. The Gretna exise post wis estaiblisht in 1612. A drave road wis biggit atween Gretna an Annan in 1619, mebbe tae facilitate the transportation o cattle fae Wigtounshire, Kirkcoubrieshire, and Dumfriesshire tae mercats en England.

18t century

Gretna's principle claim tae fame araise in 1753 whan an Act o Pairlament, Lord Hardwicke's Mairiage Act, wis passt in England, that providit, amang ither things, that if baith pairties tae a mairiage wisna at least 21 year old, consent til the mairiage hid tae be gied by the paurents. This Act didna applee in Scotland, that alloued boys tae mairy at 14 an girls at 12, wi or withoot paurental consent. In addeetion, the Ac require't procedures that gied notice o an impendin mairiage til the community. As a result, mony elopers flew fae England, an the first Scots veelage thay reakit wis aften Gretna. Wi the biggin o a new heichwey, Gretna Green becam easier tae reak, and Gretna's appeal as an elopement destination dwyne't.

Warld War I

The veelage wis namely for HM Factory, Gretna, code-name't Moorside, a muckle cordite ammuneetion warks built nearby o the shore o the Solway Firth tae fend ammuneetion tae Breetish forces durin Warld War I. The warks, the mucklemaist ammuneetion warks ever built, reakit for 9 mile fae Eastriggs alang the Solway coast as faur as Langtoun in England an 2 mile across. The Factory teuk 10,000 navvys tae built it, an employed 30,000 wirkers, maistly weemen.  The wirkers mixt by haund a Devil's Porridge o nitro-glycerine an guncotton intae cordite glouter,
an laidit the extrudit cordite ply intae shell cases.

Gretna an Eastriggs wis built tae hoose the warkforce, an many wis accomodatit nearby in Cairl. Whan 5,000 wirkers arrived back by train tae Cairl, yin hottle-keeper hid 1,000 whiskys line't up. The laubourers and wirkers hid sic a reputation for druckenness, that wis seen by the Government as sic a threit til the national interest, that Gretna an the surroondin auries becam a historical curiosity for a lang time. Unner the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 a State Management Scheme wis set up in 1916 tae bring the liquor industry, includin change-hooses an the local pundie-hooses unner Government control ower a wide aurie reakin as faur as Cairl an Maryport. The war Speeritless Sundays, an buyin onybody else a drink (shoutin) an heaters an coolers (drinkin beer an speerits in the same change-hoose) wis bannit. The change-keepers becam ceevil servands an wis instructit tae follae a disinterestit management policy an no allou fowk tae get bluitert in the change-hoose. The State Management Scheme persistit for mony years efter the First Warld War wis lang ower an the ammuneetion warks demolisht. It wisna until the early 1970s, whan the law prices an unadulteratit beer in the Grenta auria begoud tae become conspeecuous, that the government enterprise wis sauld aff by the Health government.

Geography an admeenistration

Gretna is in Dumfries an Gallowa, in the sooth o Scotland, on the A74(M) near the mairch tae England, an near the mooth o the River Esk. The tounship is sindry fae the wee-er nearby veelage o Gretna Green, famous for mairiages, that mairches but is a separate aurie fae Gretna proper. Til the wast in Scotland is Eastriggs (aboot 5 mile til the wast) an Annan (aboot 8 mile to the wast), baith situatit on the B721 and linkit til the nearby A75 road.

Transport

A military road wis built in 1763 by General George Wade linking Gretna tae Portpaitrick, than the main ferry port tae Northren Ireland. This wis later tae become the route o muckle o the A75 road tae Stranrawer. Houiver, the A75 is a modren road, post-datin Warld War I. the oreeginal route atween Gretna an Annan is noo the B721 road, an the A75 sinders signeeficant fae it; siclike, the B724 road wis the oreeginal route atween Annan an Dumfries.

In the 1840s, the war three main railwey companys buildin lines aroond Gretna an this his ootcam in three railwey stations name't "Gretna".  The first station cried "Gretna" wis appent by the Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway on 23 August 1843, this station wis rename't Gretna Green railwey station in 1852. It wis closed on 6 December 1965, bit a new station wis appent by British Rail nearby on 20 September 1993; this station is served by Glasgow South Western Line. This station hid a new platform addit in 2009, tae complouther wi the redooblin o this section o track. The tither twa stations wis locatit a short distance til the east o Gretna, ower the mairch in England. Gretna (Caledonian) railwey station wis appent on 9 September 1847 by the Caledonian Railway on its main line atween Cairl an Glesga an Edinburgh. The station closed on 10 September 1951. The North British Railway built Gretna (Border Union) railwey station nixt til the Caledonian Station, at Gretna infaw, on its short link tae the Border Union Railwey. The station appent on 1 November 1861 an closed durin Warld War I on 9 August 1915.

The main Anglo-Scots trunk road rinnin north-sooth throu Gretna wis the A74 road. Wi the appenin o the M6 motorwey til the sooth o Cairl in December 1970, a hantle o the A74 in Scotland wis upgradit tae motorwey standard in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, and the upgradit sections o road wis rename't the A74(M). The sae-cried Cumberland Gap wis the remeenin 6 mile o no-upgradit dual-cairiagewey A74 atween the northren stance o the M6 at Cairl, and the soothren end o the A74(m) at the Scots mairch.

The A75 is a major trunk road heidin wast along the sooth coast o Scotland fae Gretna. Its eastlin stance at Gretna wis oreeginal the A74, bit this wis changed til a infaw wi the A74(M). The A75 rins passt Eastriggs, Annan, Dumfries, Castle Douglas, Gatehoose o Fleet, Newton Stewart, an Glenluce afore endin in the wast at Stranrawer.

Praisent day

A hantle o the local economy is driven by the mairiage industry, whaur by some accoonts, as mony as yin o ivery sax Scots weddins taks place in Gretna an Gretna Green. Maist mairiages tak place in Gretna itsel, at the Register Office, the Anvil Hall, or in the rowth o hottles in the centre o the toun. Gretna is an aw the location of the Gretna Gateway Outlet Village, a development o discoont factory shaps.

Thoosands o stirlins occasionally flee in flocks abuin Gretna. The birds gaither in flocks cried murmurations, havin migratit fae Roushie an Scandinavie tae escape the hersher winters there.

A nearby sculpture his been approved cried the Star of Caledonia.

Sport

Gretna was an aw the offeecial hame o the [[Gretna F.C.
Gretna Fitbaw Club]], that played in the Scottish Premier League durin the 2007-8 saison, the club playin hame gemms at Fir Park, Mitherwall. The club reaked an aw the 2006 Scots Cup final. The risin financial problems saw the club relegatit fae the SPL at the end o the saison, them demotit tae Diveesion 3 o the Scottish Football League. Efter attempts tae find a buyer for the club pruived no successfu, Gretna hinderly resignt fae the SFL on 3 Juin 2008. A new club, Gretna F.C. 2008 his been foonded in its place. Rugby league his an aw a lairge follaein in the aurie.

References

Notes

Soorces

 Chatsworth, George (1984). A history of British motorways. London: Thomas Telford Limited. .
 Haldane, A.R.B. (1997). The Drove Roads of Scotland. Edinburgh: Berlinn. .
 Routledge, Gordon L. (1999).Gretna's Secret War.
 Ordnance Survey Landranger Map (number 85) - 1:50,000 scale (1.25 inches to 1 mile). .
 Ordnance Survey Explorer Map (number 323) - 1:25,000 scale (2.5 inches to 1 mile)

External links

Gretna Registration Office
Civil Parish Historical Tax Rolls for the Civil Parish of Gretna, Dumfriesshire, (Volumes 1-5)

Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa

Gretna