Systematics is the name given by John Godolphin Bennett (1897–1974) to a branch of systems science that he developed in the mid-twentieth century. Also referred to as the theory of Multi-Term Systems or Bennettian Systematics, it focuses on types, levels, and degrees of complexity in systems, the qualities emergent at these levels, and the ability to represent and practically deal with ("understand") complexity using abstract models. Thus to understand the notions of sameness and difference requires a system or universe of discourse with a minimum of two terms or elements. To understand the concept of relatedness requires three, and so on.

Bennettian Systematics evolved through various stages of formulation as described in his major, four-volume work The Dramatic Universe (initially published 1955-1966) and in various articles in Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences, published from 1963 to 1974. Bennettian Systematics has been further refined and advanced by students such as A. G. E. Blake, Anthony Hodgson, Kenneth Pledge, Henri Bortoft, Richard Heath and others.

Overview
Bennett has described his discipline of Systematics in quite general terms as "the study of systems and their application to the problem of understanding ourselves and the world." He notes in this general context 4 branches of Systematics:
 Pure Systematics – seeks "to identify and describe the universal properties or attributes common to all systems".
 Formal Systematics – studies "the properties of systems without reference to the nature of the terms. It consists mainly of the investigation of possible modes of connectedness which evidently can be very complex for systems with more than three or four terms".
 Applied Systematics – "the study of systems occurring in our experience and is chiefly directed to the identification of the terms and their characteristics".
 Practical Systematics – focuses on "the application of the understanding gained through the study of systems to the problems that arise in all departments of life".

Bennett's use of the term "Systematics" is basically synonymous with what today falls under the terms "systemics", "systemology", "systems science", and "systems theory". However, his own specific work under the name "Systematics" takes approaches that are still unfamiliar to many current systems specialists, making his work a specialty in a much broader field. In addition, the use of the term "systematics" in biology to refer to the classification of types and forms of organisms creates ambiguity and rather overwhelms the term's current viability within general systemology. Thus reference can be made simply to "Bennettian Systems" (or Systemics or Systematics), or to "Multi-Term Systems" to describe his work and its continuations.

Formal Bennettian systems are defined around and focus on the idea of logical or qualitative complexity rather than quantitative complexity. There is thus a possible analogy to the philosophical program of logical atomism. ("Quantitative complexity", as contrasted with "qualitative", results from the presence in a practical setting of two or more actual components of the same qualitative type. However, in practical Systematics, the quantity or amount of a component also has concrete qualitative effects, and the two categories cannot always be separated.)

Thus in formal Systematics, Bennettian systems are abstract, and each system represents a qualitative or logical "type" or level analogous to the logical levels used by Bertrand Russell in his Theory of Types.

Each formal level consists of qualitatively independent but mutually relevant "terms" that constitute a "universe of discourse" specific to that level, and terminology suitable at one level can cause category confusion when used in other contexts.

Every multi-term system so-defined has its special system-level attribute or characteristic emergent quality, such as "dynamism" for the triad, or "significance" for the pentad. The emergence of these qualities, according to the work of Anthony Blake in what he calls Lattice Systematics, is mysterious but not random and occurs within a process involving both increasing "spiritualization" of will and increasing specification or "materialization" of function.

The logical level of the system depends on the number of the qualitatively different but mutually relevant terms in the system. Bennettian systems thus increase in qualitative complexity, and display new emergent qualities, in a quantized, progressive series as the number of qualitatively distinct terms within the system increases.

Conversely, the "terms" of a given formal system correlate in a general way with the specific degree, type, or level of the system they occur in, so that the terms of a dyad are characterized as "poles", those of a triad as "impulses", those of a tetrad as "sources", those of a pentad as "limits," and so on.

Each system beyond the first contains subsystems and all systems, theoretically, are embedded in supersystems with a higher number of terms.

In practical Systematics, Bennett carried this process of elaboration up to the 12-term system as best he could within the constraints of the very limited technical vocabulary currently available to make such distinctions. Beyond the 12-term system he spoke of "societies".

Bennett correlates the logical levels or leaps of qualitative complexity with what he calls the "concrete" or "qualitative" significance of number, perhaps again analogous to what Russell calls "relation number" in Principia Mathematica and in looser reference to Pythagorean traditions, although Bennett was at pains to distinguish what he was doing from various kinds of mere "numerology".

The series of Bennettian systems includes the monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, and so on, open-endedly. Systems progress in complexity from the monad up, and from vague wholeness to increasingly articulate structure that reaches into society, history and the ontological fabric of the cosmos.

Practical and applied Bennettian systems

The series of Multi-Term Systems can serve in applications as simplified but progressively complex outer checklists to ascertain the objective diagnostic completeness of a survey and analysis of a system or situation. Conversely, the system models can be used "inwardly" as an aid to subjectively assessing one's own impartiality, wisdom and adequacy of comprehension. They thus can point toward real structures and processes in the outer world of fact as well as, logically, those structures and processes in the inner world of values and human capacities.

The Enneagram of Process of Gurdjieff is a central but partial part of the Bennettian Systematics of the ennead.

History
Systematics came in part out of the Pythagorean historical tradition but was influenced by twentieth century movements such as A. N. Whitehead's philosophy of organism, C. S. Peirce's pragmatism, and Bertrand Russell's logical atomism, theory of types, and logic of relations. However, it was independent of Bertalanffy's general systems theory and other systems thinking work. The strongest personal influence was from Gurdjieff and his writings. Gurdjieff had taught the significance of the 'law of three' and the 'law of seven' in a meta-scientific context, but Bennett proposed that there was a 'law' for every integral number, and that this could help people understand practical things such as management and education.

Parallels can be drawn between Bennettian Systematics and the work of C. G. Jung and Marie Louise von Franz on number as archetypal, as well as with the philosophies of engineers such as Buckminster Fuller and Arthur Young.

Programme
Bennettian Systematics has an integrative programme. Throughout all cultures and throughout all disciplines there are discernible threads of meaning associated with multi-term systems that might otherwise be missed. Bennettian Systematics links with understanding which is connected with structural unity and how insight from one area of experience can be transferred to another without distortion. A journal called Systematics was launched by Bennett's Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences in 1963 to publish a diversity of articles relating to this programme. Systematics also led into the development of a new learning system called structural communication, which later became a broad methodology called logovisual thinking (LVT).

See also
 John G. Bennett
 Systemics
 Systemography
 Systems philosophy
 Systems science
 Systems theory

References

Further reading
 John G. Bennett, General systematics in: Systematics, Vol 1 No. 1, June 1963.
John G. Bennett: The Dramatic Universe, Vols. I – IV, 1955-66.
John G. Bennett (ed. David Seamon): Elementary Systematics – a tool for understanding wholes, 1970.
Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences (1963-1974).

External links
Systematics.org website about Systematics, with many links.
Duversity.org. A website with further materials.
Meaninggames. A compendium of sources related to Bennettian Systematics.
LOGOVISUAL THINKING website.
Deeper Dialogue, a discussion group.

Fourth Way
Systems theory

Systematics (systems theory)


Fulbourn Institute Football Club is a football club based in Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, England. The club are currently members of the  and play at the Recreation Ground.

History
The club were established in 1902. The joined the Cambridgeshire League in the 1920s and were Division 3B champions in 1925–26. They were promoted to Division Two, and were known as Fulbourne Athletic for a while, before reverting to their current name at the start of the 1930s. They won the Cambridgeshire Junior Cup in 1931–32 and by 1933 had reached Division 1A. In 1970–71 they were promoted to the Premier Division as Division 1A champions.

In 2002–03 they won Senior Division A and were again promoted to the Premier Division, which they went on to win in 2003–04 and 2004–05. Following their second title they were promoted to the Eastern Counties League Division One. Despite finishing in third position, which would have earned them promotion to the Premier Division, the club were forced into resigning from the league at the end of their first season in the ECL as their ground did not meet the league's requirements and planning permission for improvements had not been approved.

As a result they dropped into the Senior A Division of the Cambridgeshire League. At the end of the 2007–08 season they were promoted back to the Premier Division after finishing as runners-up, earning promotion to the Premier Division. The following season they won the Premier Division, as well as the Premier Cup and Cambridgeshire Challenge Cup. In 2009–10 they won the Premier Division for the second consecutive season.

Honours
Cambridgeshire League
Premier Division champions 2003–04, 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10
Premier League cup winners 1984–85, 1989–90, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2008–09
Senior Division A champions 2002–03
Division 1A champions 1970–71
Division 3B champions 1926–26
Cambridgeshire Challenge Cup
Winners 2008–09
Cambridgeshire Junior Cup
Winners 1931–32

References

External links
Club website

Football clubs in Cambridgeshire
Association football clubs established in 1902
1902 establishments in England
Football clubs in England
Cambridgeshire County Football League
Eastern Counties Football League
Institute F.C.

Fulbourn Institute F.C.


Norman Eugene Brinker (June 3, 1931 – June 9, 2009) was an American restaurateur who was responsible for the creation of new business concepts within the restaurant field. He served as president of Jack in the Box, founded Steak and Ale, and helped establish Bennigan's and founded Brinker International.

Biography

Brinker was born on June 3, 1931. He began his career in the 1960s in Southern California with fast-food company Jack in the Box, rising to oversee its expansion into a regional chain in the United States. After leaving the company, he founded several chains, including Steak and Ale. With its sale to Pillsbury in 1976, Brinker rose to new heights, eventually becoming president of the company's entire restaurant operations. At the height of his tenure with Pillsbury, he was responsible for the creation or oversaw the operations of such restaurants as Bennigan's, Burger King, and Häagen-Dazs. When he left Pillsbury in 1984 to purchase a small gourmet burger shop called Chili's, Brinker saw his greatest business success. The company eventually became one of the largest restaurant holding companies in the world with five chains operating 1900 restaurants in 25 countries. Now known as Brinker International, the company currently employs over 100,000 people and has system-wide sales exceeding US$4 billion annually.

During the 1950s, Brinker engaged in a hectic and busy lifestyle. He joined the U.S. Navy in 1952; during his stint in the service, Brinker used his passion and talent for horsemanship to earn a place on the United States Olympic Equestrian team in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, and the 1954 modern pentathlon world championships in Budapest, Hungary. While stationed in San Diego, California, he chose to attend San Diego State College, now San Diego State University. While in college, he met and married Tennis Grand Slam winner and world champion Maureen "Little Mo" Connolly in 1955, became president of his class, and graduated with honors in 1957. His marriage, which produced two children, ended in 1969 when she succumbed to ovarian cancer. His 1971—1976 marriage to Margrit Fendt produced two more children. In 1981, Brinker met and later married his third wife, Nancy Goodman, on February 14, 1983. He was gravely injured in a polo accident in 1993, was chair of the United States Polo Association, inducted into the Museum of Polo and Hall of Fame on March 6, 1998, and retired from Brinker International in 2001. They engaged in many Republican causes and fund-raising missions during their time together. The couple was amicably divorced in 2003. He married his fourth wife, Toni Chapman, in March 2003 and remained with her until his death in 2009.

While Brinker created and donated to numerous charities and foundations over his lifetime,  his 20-year marriage to Nancy produced one of the most famous charities of the 20th century. With the memory of his first wife's battle with the disease in the 1960s, the Brinkers used his wealth to establish a fund dedicated to advancing treatment for cancer in the name of Mrs. Brinker's sister who had died of breast cancer in 1980 at the age of 36. The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation was established in 1982 and eventually became known as Susan G. Komen for the Cure; it since has become one of the most prominent cancer-related charities in the world. Despite the divorce, Brinker remained with the foundation until the end.

Professional

After Brinker had graduated from college, he took a job with a small chain of diners in San Diego named Oscar's. At the time, Oscar's owner Bob Peterson had also opened a second chain in the area called Jack in the Box; while Brinker succeeded in his position, he was eventually drawn to Peterson's growing fast-food business. At Jack-in-the-Box, Brinker flourished, helping the business expand across the Southwestern United States. Within two years of moving over to the company, he had been elevated to the position of president of the company and amassed a 20% stake in it. Brinker developed a close professional relationship with Peterson, taking many of his business philosophies to heart and developing the food-service philosophy that he attempted to follow throughout his career. Brinker said of Peterson, "Bob Peterson was really my mentor. Everything we do here today started back then. Letting ideas rise from below, treating people right—all of that."

When Jack in the Box went public in the early 1960s, Brinker sold his interest in the company and moved to Dallas with the intent to open a new business. His first endeavor was a coffee shop he named after himself, Brinks. The concept was to create a restaurant that catered to the 25- to 44-year-old demographic, a group that was still in the early stages of developing a taste for inexpensive fast food. The shop proved successful, and he sold it two years later. Using the proceeds from the sale, he opened a new chain in 1966 with the intent of providing an affordable steak dinner to the middle class. He called his new concept Steak and Ale.

With the Steak and Ale chain, Brinker originated the concept of the modern casual dining restaurant that is now ubiquitous in the marketplace. One of the innovations that Brinker introduced with Steak and Ale was the salad bar . Besides the novel concept of having customers leave their tables to serve themselves from a salad buffet, the Dallas-based chain also created the now common stock introduction of "Hi, my name is __, and I will be your waiter tonight." These ideas were part of an overall plan to establish a restaurant that was more relaxed with a more casual atmosphere. Over the next ten years, he went on to establish a niche industry that was situated between the fast-food and higher-priced gourmet segments of the restaurant field. By 1976, he had taken the chain to 109 restaurants, and had successfully introduced the American consumer to the concept of the chain restaurant. He then sold his company to Pillsbury and assumed a position in the company's restaurant division.

As a part of the acquisition, Brinker was given the position executive vice president of Pillsbury's restaurant operations, as well as a seat on the company's board of directors. During his tenure as executive VP, Brinker oversaw the creation of the company's Bennigan's chain. Bennigan's was the first in a new concept of restaurants intended to attract single people, a concept that became known as the "fern bar". As his status in Pillsbury grew, Brinker was asked to take over the operations of its main fast-food chain, Burger King.

By the early 1980s, Burger King's sales had begun to fade. Brinker was asked to turn the brand around and strengthen its position against its main rival, McDonald's. One of his first acts was to initiate an advertising plan emphasizing claims that Burger King's flame-broiled burgers were better and larger than its rival's. The program, arguably the first attack ads on a food chain by a competitor, was controversial in that before it fast-food ads only made allusions to the competition in a vague manner, never mentioning them by name. McDonald's sued Burger King and their ad agency at the time, the J. Walter Thompson Company. Child actress Sarah Michelle Gellar was also implicated in the lawsuit because of her appearance in these television commercials. The suit was settled the following year on undisclosed terms. Despite the controversy, the ad plan boosted same-store sales when sales took off. The whole situation at the time became known as the Burger Wars.

He worked for the company in this capacity until 1982, when he was promoted to president of Pillsbury's food-service division. His new role expanded his oversight to include the company's other chains, including Burger King, Quik-Wok, and Poppin' Fresh. However his new position was short lived, as he left the company in 1984 to take over a small, Dallas-based gourmet burger chain called Chili's.

Industry impact
Beyond launching several restaurant chains and the creation of one of the most widely emulated restaurant formats used in the market today, Brinker had another, indirect impact on the food-service industry. Over his nearly 50-year career, he worked with, hired or trained many executives who have gone on to establish themselves within the modern restaurant industry in the United States and Canada. Many of these individuals started with him either at his Steak and Ale chain beginning or met him during the establishment of Bennigan's in the 1970s. Others were with him during the time as president of Pillsbury's restaurants division or came up through the Chili's system under his watch.

Some of the people who have worked with Brinker have gone on to oversee competing chains, such as Applebee's and T.G.I. Fridays. The vice president of OSI Restaurant Partners of Tampa, Florida, Joseph L. Jackson, began his career as a general manager of Steak and Ale who made a favorable impression with Brinker during his time with the company. Other restaurant chains and food service companies that Brinker directly or indirectly influenced include Boston Market, Flying J, Lettuce Entertain You, Sizzler, and many others. Outside of the restaurant business, former colleagues have taken the lessons they learned from him and gone into such divergent fields as human resources management, corporate and private investigations, and market research services using such programs as customer satisfaction surveys and mystery shopping.

Nations Restaurant News has an award that honors Brinker. The Norman Award recognizes industry executives annually, who have inspired future leaders and has had "a significant impact" in their industry.

Personal life
Brinker was born on June 3, 1931, in Denver, Colorado, as an only child. His parents, Kathryn and Eugene Brinker, later moved to a  farm in Roswell, New Mexico. As a child, Norman took on odd jobs to supplement the family's modest income, creating a rabbit farm at the age of 10, managing a "120-mile-long" paper route and buying and selling horses to help make ends meet for the family. He attended Roswell High School and proceeded to attend the New Mexico Military Institute. He later served in the Navy, which brought him to San Diego, California. He later attended San Diego State College and graduated in 1957 at the age of 26. An avid and talented polo enthusiast, in 1952, Brinker was a member of the Olympic Equestrian team, competing in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, and later competed in the 1954 pentathlon competition at the world championships in Budapest.

In June 1955, Brinker married tennis player Maureen "Little Mo" Connolly. The couple shared a passion for horses. Her professional tennis career ended due to a freak accident on a horse at the age of 18. They had two daughters, Cindy Brinker (Simmons), who was born in 1957, and Brenda Brinker (Bottum), who was born in 1959. Maureen died at the age of 34 on June 21, 1969, after a three-year-long battle with ovarian cancer. The relationship between Norman and Maureen Brinker was depicted in a 1978 telefilm, Little Mo, which starred Glynnis O'Connor as Maureen, Mark Harmon as Norman, and Anne Baxter as Maureen's mother.

Brinker married his second wife, Magrit L. Fendt, on March 7, 1971. Over the next five years, the couple had two children: Christina and Mark. The couple divorced in 1976.

On February 14, 1981, Brinker married a third time, to Nancy Goodman, the former wife of Neiman Marcus executive Robert Leitstein. Goodman's son with Leitstein, Eric Blake Leitstein, took Brinker's surname after the marriage. The marriage provided Nancy with funding and an immediate network of financial and political support for the foundation dedicated to the memory of Nancy's sister, Susan G. Komen, which became the Susan G. Komen for the Cure and related Komen Race for the Cure. The couple were active Bush Pioneers, wealthy donors who provided $100,000 or more of financial support for George W. Bush's presidential ambitions.

On January 22, 1993, Brinker was seriously injured during a polo match in a high-speed collision with another rider at the West Palm Beach Polo and Hunt Club in West Palm Beach, Florida. Suffering serious head injuries and in what was anticipated to be a prolonged coma, three days after the accident, Brinker was succeeded by Ron A. McDougall as chief executive officer of Brinker International; despite his retirement, Brinker retained the title of chairman emeritus. Some years after the accident, Norman and Nancy Brinker had an amicable divorce after 20 years of marriage and Nancy moved on to serve as the U.S. ambassador to Hungary early in the George W. Bush administration from 2001 to 2003. Norman Brinker remained a close advisor to Nancy Brinker in the years following their divorce.

Brinker died on June 9, 2009, from aspiration pneumonia while on vacation in Colorado, six days after his 78th birthday.

Publications
Brinker, Norman Donald T. Phillips, On the Brink: The Life and Leadership of Norman Brinker Summit Publishing Group, 1996, 203 pages,

References

1931 births
2009 deaths
American chief executives of food industry companies
Deaths from pneumonia in Colorado
San Diego State University alumni
American polo players
Jack in the Box
Burger King people
California Republicans
Texas Republicans
American restaurateurs

Norman E. Brinker


Castel di Sangro Cep is an Italian association football club from Castel di Sangro in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo. They currently play in Eccellenza Molise.

Their moment of greatness came in 1996, when they were promoted to Serie B, a noteworthy accomplishment for a team coming from a town of only 5,500 residents. Even greater, they were able to survive in that league another year. The story of their first season in Serie B is chronicled in the book The Miracle of Castel di Sangro by Joe McGinniss. The team played at the 7,220 seat Stadio Teofilo Patini in Castel di Sangro. The team's colours are red and yellow.

History

Beginnings
The village of Castel di Sangro had suffered great damage during the Second World War. At the end of the war, a priest named Don Arbete organized a football team to help to rebuild the community. Materials were scarce, so the players used a ball of socks tied with twine. They won their first match against a neighboring town, thus setting the bar high as far as expectations went. A formal team was organized by 1953, joining the lowest of all leagues in Italy, Terza Categoria (third category).

It took the team thirty years to earn a promotion to Seconda Categoria, doing so in 1983. However, the jump up a league meant they needed money for league fees, players' wages, and better equipment, and they had none. Their savior came in the form of Pietro Rezza, a southerner from the region of Apulia who had married into one of the town's wealthiest families and who left the operation of the team to his niece's husband, Gabriele Gravina.

The club's promotion to the Prima Categoria came only two years later. At this point, it was no longer possible to remain competitive by fielding a team composed solely of local talent, and although they were still not a professional team, Gravina "hired in" players from out of town to work at local jobs and thus be available to play for the team. In this way, the team quickly moved up the ranks, and by 1989 it had reached the professional ranks of Serie C2.

1993–1996
At this point, the road to success became a little bumpy, and they struggled to stay in C2. One-third of the way through the 1993–94, things were looking bad and they were facing relegation. Gravina brought in manager Osvaldo Jaconi, who worked a minor miracle by leading the team to a seventh-place finish. The next season, he astonished again by taking them to Serie C1.

The difference between C1 and C2 is vast. C2 may be professional, but it is barely so, and the teams are generally from small towns. Still, it was mind-boggling that a team from tiny Castel di Sangro deep in the hinterlands of the Abruzzo not only made it there but lasted seven years. For them to get to C1 was inconceivable, for C1 contained truly professional teams, some of whom had even been in Serie A at one point (Ascoli had been there in 1990, and Lecce in 1993; both would later return to Serie A).

Naturally, expectations were low. Simply staying in C1 itself would have been quite an accomplishment, but Jaconi outperformed far beyond that; that season they finished second, meaning they qualified for the playoffs to determine promotion to Serie B. Their first playoff was a two-legged match against nearby Gualdo. They lost the first match 1–0 on the road. At home, it looked as if the match would end in a scoreless tie (meaning that Castel di Sangro would lose on the aggregate score), when Jaconi made a seemingly bizarre substitution. With only fifteen seconds or so left, he sent in a defender who had played in only seven games the entire season. His maneuver worked to perfection: He scored seven seconds after that. Castel di Sangro thus advanced, having finished higher in the standings than fifth-place Gualdo.

The second playoff was a single match against Ascoli, to whom they had lost twice during the season. Ninety minutes went by without a goal, then thirty minutes more of overtime, still without a score, and it was up to a penalty shootout to decide the victor. One minute before the end of overtime, Jaconi had made another inexplicable substitution: He sent in Pietro Spinosa, a goalkeeper who had not played a single minute that season. As the shootout progressed, neither side missed, until the eighth round, when Spinosa made a seemingly impossible save, securing the victory — and promotion — for his team. This was the "Miracle of Castel di Sangro".

The Serie B debut: 1996–97 season
Having been in the lower leagues, the team was forced to upgrade their stadium in accordance with Serie B regulations, and as construction hadn't finished by the beginning of the season, they played their first several home matches in nearby Chieti. After months of delays, when it finally did open in December, the severe winter weather and poor fertilizer made the pitch unplayable, causing their first fixture there to be called off. Later that month two of their players, Danilo Di Vincenzo and Pippo Biondi, died in a car crash.

At the beginning of 1997, another player, Gigi Prete, was arrested in connection with a drug-smuggling operation.  Prete was eventually acquitted after being detained for 22 weeks.

It looked like they were going to get some help in the form of Joe Addo of FSV Frankfurt of the German Oberliga Hessen. He was also captain of the Ghana national football team, which had made the semifinals in the 1996 Summer Olympics. However, Jaconi refused to sign the contract and Addo went on to Sparta Rotterdam of the Eredivisie.

Following this, Gravina announced the team was to sign a Nigerian player from Leicester City F.C. of the FA Premier League named Robert Ponnick. Being the first Premiership player to play in Serie B, the press crowded his debut in an exhibition match. The match was a disaster, with Ponnick showing almost no sense of understanding football and getting into a fight with one of his teammates. At the end, it was revealed that the opposing team was an acting troupe and he was one of its members. The whole charade had been cooked up by Gravina in order to generate publicity. As might be expected, it worked, but all of the press was sharply negative.

Throughout the turmoil, the team was near the bottom of the standings, and only monumental performances by goalkeeper Massimo Lotti as well as critical goals by Claudio Bonomi and Gionatha Spinesi (obtained on loan from Inter Milan) kept them from falling to the bottom. In the second-to-last game, they scored a 2–1 victory over Pescara to keep from being relegated, and the miracle continued.

According to McGinniss, the last match of the season was fixed; he overheard players before the match discussing how Bari, who needed a victory to ensure promotion to Serie A, would be allowed to score three goals and win, with Castel di Sangro allowed one consolation goal from a penalty kick. One player explained to him that Bari had asked for a favor, and even had they not done so, Castel di Sangro was unlikely to win anyway because of the emotional and physical toll consumed by the relegation battle. However, because "it is demanded by il sistema" (McGinniss claims that several members of the Castel di Sangro squad told him that the pre-arrangement of results in end-of-season matches that are significant to one of the teams was common in Italian football), the team could not possibly refuse. Bari won the match 3–1, Castel di Sangro's goal coming from a penalty.

Falling down: 1997–98 season and on
Their second year in Serie B did not go nearly as well. Many players were sold or left through other means, and Jaconi was fired midway through the season. Their relegation that year was their first in any league since 1983.

The first year back in Serie C1, however, saw some success in the 1999 Coppa Italia, where they were able to defeat Serie A teams Perugia and Salernitana before losing to Inter Milan in the quarterfinals.

In 2005, the club was wound up due to financial issues. Out of its ashes a new club was formed, called Pro Castel Di Sangro.

Quest for promotion
In the 2005–2006 Promozione season, Pro Castel di Sangro battled for promotion from beginning to end. After a long, hard fought season, the club fell short of promotion by three points (73) to Canistro (76). In 2006–07, Pro Castel di Sangro clearly won the league with an 11-point advantage to the second-placed team, moving up the ranks of Italian football to Eccellenza for the next season, with a squad featuring former Serie B protagonists Bonomi and Martino. Pro Castel di Sangro then ended their first Eccellenza campaign of the 2000s with a mid-table placement, in a league which also featured former professional teams Chieti (who were eventually crowned champions) and L'Aquila.

In Summer 2008 the club changed its name to A.S.D. Castel di Sangro Calcio.

Further reading

References

External links
 Pro Castel di Sangro 2007–08 management and roster

Football clubs in Abruzzo
Association football clubs established in 1953
Serie B clubs
Serie C clubs
1953 establishments in Italy
Castel di Sangro
Phoenix clubs (association football)
2005 establishments in Italy
2012 establishments in Italy
Serie D clubs

ACD Castel di Sangro Cep 1953


Magnetostatika nyaéta pangajaran ngeunaan medan magnet statik. Lamun dina elektrostatika mah muatan anu cicing henteu obah (stasioner) téh mangka dina magnetostatika mah arus listrik anu stasioner teh.

Panerapan

Magnet statik ngarupakeun kasus husus tina rumus Maxwell
Dimimitian tina rumus Maxwell, bisa dilakukeun panyaderhanaan saperti kieu:
 listrik statis ulah diperhitungkeun
 medan listrik ulah diperhitungkeun
 anggap medan magnet konstan ti waktu ka waktu

The quality of this approximation may be guessed by comparing the above equations with the full version of Maxwell's equations and considering the importance of the terms that have been removed. Of particular significance is the comparison of the  term against the  term. If the  term is substantially larger, then the smaller term may be ignored without significant loss of accuracy.

Re-introducing Faraday's law
A common technique is to solve a series of magnetostatic problems at incremental time steps and then use these solutions to approximate the term . Plugging this result into Faraday's Law finds a value for  (which had previously been ignored). This method is not a true solution of Maxwell's equations but can provide a good approximation for slowly changing fields.

Solving magnetostatic problems
If all currents in a system are known (i.e. if a complete description of  is available) then
the magnetic field can be determined from the currents by the Biot-Savart equation:

This technique works well for problems where the medium is a vacuum or air or some similar material with a relative permeability of 1. This includes Air core inductors and Air core transformers. One advantage of this technique is that a complex coil géometry can be integrated in sections, or for a very difficult géometry numerical integration may be used. Since this equation is primarily used to solve linear problems, the complete answer will be a sum of the integral of éach component section.

One pitfall in the use of the Biot-Savart equation is that it does not implicitly enforce Gauss's law for magnetism so it is possible to come up with an answer that includes magnetic monopoles. This will occur if some section of the current path has not been included in the integral (implying that electrons are being continuously créated in one place and destroyed in another).

Using Biot-Savart in the presence of Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic or Paramagnetic materials is difficult because the external current induces a surface current in the magnetic material which in turn must be included in the integral. The value of the surface current depends on the magnetic field which was what you were trying to calculate in the first place. For these problems, using Ampére's law (usually in integral form) is a better choice. For problems where the dominant magnetic material is a highly perméable magnetic core with relatively small air gaps, a magnetic circuit approach is useful. When the air gaps are large in comparison to the magnetic circuit length, fringing becomes significant and usually requires a finite element calculation. The finite element calculation uses a modified form of the magnetostatic equations above in order to calculate magnetic potential. The value of  can be found from the magnetic potential.

Magnétisme

Magnétostatika


The Gospel of John is a book of the Bible. It is one of the four "gospels" at the beginning of the New Testament. The four gospels tell the life of Jesus. The Gospel of John is the fourth book of the New Testament, after the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

In the gospel, it is says that the book was written by "the disciple whom Jesus loved".  It is believed that John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee, wrote the gospel. He was probably the youngest of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the last book of the New Testament, called the "Book of Revelation".

The Gospel of John tells many of the stories of Jesus' life that are in the other three gospels, but also contains a lot of different information. The Gospel begins by calling Jesus "the Word" (the Communication of God). It says "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God." In John's Gospel, the writer shows that Jesus was part of God, who came to live among humanity so that they could "hear His voice" and have the power to become true "children of God".

According to the gospel, the accounts are written so that the reader "may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name". (TNIV; John 20:31)

The book follows a pattern.  There are seven "signs" leading up to the raising from the dead of Lazarus (this anticipates the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discussions, leading up to Thomas saying that the risen Jesus is "my Lord and my God"

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote the Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

In popular culture
The phrase "born again" comes from the third chapter, and was the title of a book by Chuck Colson who was a lawyer for President Nixon but after being in jail became a prison reformer.   The phrase was used later for any person who had a dramatic change in their life.

Chapter 3, verse 16 is perhaps the best known verse in the entire New Testament.  "For God loved the world so much that He gave his only son (Jesus), so that whoever believed in Him, would not die but live forever". This verse was searched on the internet by millions of people after Tim Tebow, an American football player wrote "Jn 3:16" on his face in an important football game.

Related pages

 Jesus
 Bible
 Christianity

References

4
New Testament books

Gospel of John


Alexandertorte, also known as Alexander Torte or Aleksander Torte, is a dessert of pastry strips filled with raspberry preserves.

Its origin is not really known.  Although Alexander I employed Carême, this dessert is not claimed by Carême. It was possibly first made in Finland, by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, when Alexander was due to visit.  It is also said to be a Latvian dish.

Related pages
List of foods named after people

Dishes named after people

Alexandertorte


Elisha Litchfield (July 12, 1785 Canterbury, Connecticut – August 4, 1859 Cazenovia, New York) was an American merchant and politician from New York.

Life
He attended the common schools, and learned the carpenter's trade. In November 1808, he married Percy Tiffany (d. 1827), and they had five children, among them Edwin Clark Litchfield (1815–1885). In 1812, he removed to Delphi. He fought in the War of 1812 and was promoted to Major. He was a Justice of the Peace and Supervisor of Onondaga County. He abandoned carpentry, and became a merchant. He was appointed Postmaster of Delphi on November 28, 1817, and served until June 25, 1821.

He was a member of  the New York State Assembly in 1819. Litchfield was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 17th, and as a Crawford Democratic-Republican to the 18th United States Congress, holding office from December 3, 1821, to March 3, 1825. In 1828, he married Lucy Bacon, widow of Dr. Enos Bacon, and they had four children.

He was again a member of the State Assembly in 1831, 1832, 1833 and 1844, and was Speaker in 1844. Afterwards he removed to Cazenovia and died there on August 4, 1859. He was buried at the City Cemetery in Delphi Falls.

His son Edwin C. Litchfield ran for Congress as a Democrat in 1858 in the 2nd District, but was defeated by Republican James Humphrey.

References

Sources

The New England Historical and Genealogical Register published by the New England Historic Genealogical Society (1855; Vol. IX; pages 215f)
The Nominee of the Second Congressional District in NYT on October 6, 1858
EDWIN C. LITCHFIELD obit in NYT on July 23, 1885

1785 births
1859 deaths
People from Canterbury, Connecticut
Speakers of the New York State Assembly
People from Pompey, New York
New York (state) postmasters
American military personnel of the War of 1812
People from Cazenovia, New York
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American legislators
American carpenters

Elisha Litchfield


Human
Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital  cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of the volume of the occipital lobe. It is known as a "Visual Association Area" or V2 and is a first stage in processing or feature extraction of retinotopic images from V1.

This area is also known as parastriate area 18. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the cuneus, the lingual gyrus and the lateral occipital gyrus (H) of the occipital lobe. It is bounded on one side by the Brodmann area 17, from which it is distinguished by absence of a band of Gennari, and on the other by the peristriate area 19 (Brodmann-1909).

Guenon
Brodmann area 18 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to parastriate area 18 of the human (Brodmann-1909). Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a wide, dense internal granular cell layer (IV); a distinct sublayer 3b of closely packed large pyramidal cells positioned in the external pyramidal layer (III) directly above layer IV; an almost cell-free, narrow internal pyramidal layer (V) with no larger ganglion cells; a very narrow, dense multiform layer (VI) composed of small polymorphic cells that form a distinct boundary with the underlying subcortical white matter. Like area 17 of Brodmann-1905, area 18 is relatively thin, with the three deep layers thin relative to the three outer layers, and has distinct boundaries between layers, abundance of granule cells, narrow layer VI, and sharp boundary between cortex and subcortical white matter.

See also
 Brodmann area
 List of regions in the human brain

External links

 For Neuroanatomy of the parastriate area 18 visit BrainInfo
 For Neuroanatomy of Brodmann area 18 visit BrainInfo

18
Occipital lobe

Brodmann area 18


William of Auvergne (1180/90–1249) was a French theologian and philosopher who served as Bishop of Paris from 1228 until his death. He was one of the first western European philosophers to engage with and comment extensively upon Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy.

He is also known as Guillaume d'Auvergne,  Guilielmus Alvernus, or William of Paris.

Early life
Very little is known of William's early life. He was born in Aurillac and the likely date range for his birth is reckoned from the fact that a professor of Theology normally needed to be at least 35 years old. If that holds good, then William could have been born as early as 1180 or as late as 1190.

He went to Paris to study and earned a master's degree in Theology at the University of Paris. A Scholastic philosopher, he was made a professor first in the faculty of arts and then in 1220 in that of theology. His theology was systematically Aristotelian, although not uncritically so, and he was the first theologian to attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine, and especially with the teachings of Augustine of Hippo.

The Aristotelian texts which were then available in Western Europe were few in number and mostly Arab translations. William sought to rescue Aristotle from the Arabians and worked to refute certain doctrines, such as the eternality of the world and the heresy of Catharism. His major work is the Magisterium Divinale, which has been translated as "Teaching on God in the Mode of Wisdom".

Career
By 1223, William was a canon at the Notre Dame cathedral. Upon the death of the bishop of Paris, Bartholomaeus (20 October 1227), the canons elected Nicolas as the next bishop. William was dissatisfied with this outcome and went to Rome to ask the Pope to intervene. Whilst in Rome he made such a strong impression on Pope Gregory IX that the pope chose William in 1228 to be the next bishop of Paris.

As bishop of Paris William was a strong supporter of the university although his episcopacy was not without controversy in the eyes of the university. Following a heavy-handed use of royal force, which led to several students being killed in Paris, university staff turned to William expecting him to defend them. His failure to do so led to a university strike with many prominent masters and students leaving to go to other cities where they then founded new schools and universities. With the academic staff on strike William decided to appoint Roland of Cremona OP to a master's chair in theology, thus beginning a long and distinguished tradition in which Dominican and Franciscan masters taught at the university.

Whilst William was a strong advocate for the use of reason and academic study in theology, he also maintained that academic theology was at the service of the church and must conform to doctrinal requirements. As a result of this in January 1241 he published a list of 10 theological propositions which he condemned and ordered should not be taught at the university.

During his episcopate he also took action against prostitution in the city. In 1248, he served on the Regency council during Louis IX's absence on the Seventh Crusade.

Works
Teaching on God in the mode of Wisdom (Magisterium Divinale et Sapientiale) (consisting of the following seven works)
Why God became Man (Cur Deus Homo)
On the Soul (de anima)
On Faith and Laws (de fide et legibus)
On the Virtues (de virtutibus)
On the Sacraments (de sacramentis)
On the Trinity (de trinitate)
On the World (de universo)
The Faces of the World (de faciebus mundi)
The Art of Preaching (de arte praedicandi)
On Good and Evil (de bono et malo)
On the cloister of the Soul (de claustro animae)
On Granting Benefices (de collatione et singularitate beneficiorum)
On Grace and Free judgement (de gratia et libero arbitrio)
On the praises of patience (de laudibus patientiae)
On the Mass (de missa)
On the passion of the Lord (de passione Domini)
A New Tract on Penance (de paenitentia novus tractatus)
Commentary on Ecclesiastes (In Ecclesiasten)
Commentary on Proverbs (In Proverbia)
Divine Rhetoric (Rhetorica divina)

Translations
Selected spiritual writings: Why God became man; On grace; On faith, translated by Roland J Teske, Medieval Sources in Translation 50, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2011)
The providence of God regarding the universe: part three of the first principal part of The universe of creatures, translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2007)
The soul, translated by Roland J Teske, Medieval philosophical texts in translation, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2000)
On the virtues: part one of On the virtues and vices, translated by Roland J Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2009)
The universe of creatures, selections translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998)
The immortality of the soul = De immortalitate animae, translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1991)
The Trinity, or, The first principle = De Trinitate, seu De primo principio, translated by Roland J. Teske and Francis C. Wade, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1989)
Rhetorica divina, seu ars oratoria eloquentiae divinae, Latin text and translation by Roland J. Teske, ( Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 17, Leuven, Peeters, 2013)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Thomas B. de Mayo, The demonology of William of Auvergne: by fire and sword, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
 Jordan, William Chester. Europe in the High Middle Ages. Penguin Books, 2001.
 Steven P. Marrone, William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste. New Ideas of Truth in the Early Thirteenth Century, Princeton 1983.
 Noone, Timothy B., Gracia, Jorge J. E. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
 Thomas Pitour, Wilhelm von Auvergnes Psychologie. Von der Rezeption des aristotelischen Hylemorphismus zur Reformulierung der Imago-Dei-Lehre Augustins, Schoeningh Verlag Paderborn, 2010).
 Roland J. Teske, Studies in the philosophy of William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1228-1249), Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2006.
 Noël Valois, Guillaume d'Auvergne, Évèque de Paris (1228–1249): Sa vie et ses ouvrages, Paris, Picard, 1880.
 Ayelet Even-Ezra,Ecstasy in the Classroom: Trance, Self and the Academic Profession in Medieval Paris (Fordham University Press: NY, 2018)

External links

1249 deaths
1190 births
Bishops of Paris
13th-century philosophers
Scholastic philosophers
13th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
13th-century French writers
13th-century writers in Latin

William of Auvergne


Duecento is the name of the 13th century in the Italian language. It is related to the culture of the Pre-Renaissance in Italy.

Characteristics

The Duecento is considered the century before the beginning of the Italian Renaissance cultural movement in the Trecento. It is sometimes called Early Proto-Renaissance.

One of the most important centres of art and architecture in this period is Florence, a political, economical and cultural pole of Italy. Other important cities were Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Mantua and Perugia, all of them in the area of Tuscany.

In the Duecento Italy developed the music of the so-called Trovatori, including Sordello of Mantua. From them later developed the classical music of the Italian Renaissance.

The main personalities in this century were: Dante Alighieri (considered the "father" of the Italian language); Guittone d'Arezzo; Cimabue; Giotto di Bondone; Guido da Siena; Nicola Pisano; Arnolfo di Cambio and others. Giotto, who was an Italian painter and architect from Florence, is generally thought of as the first in a line of great artists of the Italian Renaissance that stretched until Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

During the Duecento the religious figure of Saint Francis of Assisi dominated the Italian souls. His poem Canticle of the Sun is considered a precursor of Renaissance poetry

Related pages
 Trecento
 Quattrocento
 Cinquecento

Notes

Bibliography
 Eugenio Garin. Medioevo e Rinascimento. Studi e ricerche Laterza. Milano, 2005.
 Luiz C. Marques, La peinture du Duecento en Italie centrale. Picard, 1987

13th century in Italy
Renaissance

Duecento


Passive matrix addressing is an addressing scheme used in early LCDs. This is a matrix addressing scheme meaning that only m + n control signals are required to address an m × n display.  A pixel in a passive matrix must maintain its state without active driving circuitry until it can be refreshed again.

The signal is divided into a row or select signal and a column or video signal.  The select voltage determines the row that is being addressed and all n pixels on a row are addressed simultaneously. When pixels on a row are being addressed, a Vsel potential is applied, and all other rows are unselected with a Vunsel potential. The video signal or column potential is then applied with a potential for each m columns individually. An on-switched (lit) pixel corresponds to a Von, an off-switched (unlit) corresponds to a Voff potential.

The potential across pixel at selected row i and column j is

and

for the unselected rows.

This scheme has been expanded to define the limits of this type of addressing typical LCDs.

Passive matrix addressed displays, such as Ferro Liquid Display, do not need the switch component of an active matrix display, because they have built-in bistability. Technology for electronic paper also has a form of bistability. Displays with bistable pixel elements are addressed with a passive matrix addressing scheme, whereas  TFT LCD displays are addressed using active addressing.

See also
 Active matrix addressing
 Pixel geometry
 Liquid crystal display

References

Digital imaging
Liquid crystal displays

Passive matrix addressing


Chikafu, chidyo kana zvidyo (food) zvinhu zvakasikwa kuti zvidyiwe zvingava zvakabikwa kana zvisina.

Mhando dzeZvidyo

Michero
Nyama
Muriwo
Mukaka
Mbesa
Midzi
Mazai

Kurerutsa Mutauro

Kusvusvura (eat in the morning) zvinoreva kudya mangwanani.
Chiteve kana chibanze (Pot of beer, or other food, set aside for a neighbour).
Chidyavohwo (Owner's portion - of beer, meat, etc. being distributed)
Chikone (Mashed cooked vegetable (e g potatoes, tsenza; not served as side-dish).
Maruwo kana makwato (Place other than one's home where one goes for free food) kureva imba isiyako yaunoenda kunodya chokudya pasina muripo. Munhu akadai anonzi ane rukwato kana kuti iye muruwi - ane musambo wekukwata kana kuruwa. Karuwo rikagova zita remunhu.
Dekenera kana kudedenhera (Eat one thing after the other till everything is finished) apa kureva kudya zvinhu zviripo pashoma nepashoma kusvika zvipere.
Kudangarira kana kudunga (Swallow without chewing) zvichireva kumedza usina kutsenga kana kudungira.
Kuponga (eat anything).
Kuwotesa (digest)??
Kudakanura (savour; to enjoy the full taste or flavour of something, especially gby eating or drinking it slowly) apa kureva kunatsozipirwa nechidyo uchidya pashoma.
Kudzurudzuta mwoyo (cause to feel sick, to nauseate)
Ngombo (personal food ration)
Kurondera (to eat greedily). Rondo (that which sticks in the throat - chokes). Kurondiwa (to be choked by food).
Kupakura kana kupangura (to dish or serve out food; to take out) apa kureva kugova chikafu kubva mupoto uchiisa mundiro kuti vanhu vadye.
Kupangurirana (to divide up among one another, to share).
Jeja (ideophone of eating together) Kana dare rangorira vose vanobva vanoti jeja mundiro.
Mhuma (young squash which is to be or has been cooked whole). Zvichida ndipo panonva zita rokuti Rumhuma.
Gapukapu (Very hot food - high temperature).
Gunyere (Food taken to dare by wife for her husband).
Berenzvere, gashwa kana mutate (glutton).
Kuronda (to be particular about food).
Kudoma (Start eating before others). Zvichida zita reguta rinonzi Kadoma rakatumidzwa richirevera munhu aivambwa kudya vamwe vasati vavepo?
Kudomera, kuraura kana kuravira (Eat for the first time, in life, or in a season, 2. Be first to eat first beestings). Ndiani adomera mhuru: who (having been the first to eat the bee-stings) has passed on to the calf his personal characteristics (e.g. laziness or vigour) ?
Borongwe kana maporongwe, (One who is selfish in sharing food) apa kureva muruti.
Manhapa (Abundance of food) apa kureva dukutuku rezvokudya.

Chitendero

Deuteronomy 14:21 Musazodya chiro nachimwe chakafa chega; unozochipa kuno mupara uri mukati mwemadhorobha enyu kuti achidye nokuti mungachitengesere kunowedzinza mukanza. Do not eat anything you find already dead. You may give it to the foreigner residing in any of your towns, and they may eat it, or you may sell it to any other foreigner.

Mitauro yeBantu

VaGungu vanoti kidyo kana bidyo ( food; things that people or animals eat) vachireva zvidyo.
VaGungu vanoti kiriisa (nutrient) vachireva zvidyo.
VaSwahili vanoti posha (support, ,maintain, provide with food).
VaSwahili vanoti posho kana maposho (1. daily rations (e.g., of corn meal, issued to farm workers, 2.  maintenance, support; means of subsistence, livelihood. ).
VaChewa vanoti mchiro (food; sustenance) vachireva chokudya.
VaLenje vanoti chilio kana chilyo (food, anything eatable) vachireva kudya.

Kubika kweZimbabwe

Zvidyo


John Snyder Carlile (December 16, 1817October 24, 1878) was an American merchant, lawyer, slaveowner and politician, including a United States senator. A strong supporter of the Union cause during the American Civil War, he represented the loyalist faction of Virginia, which was eventually separated into two distinct states.

Biography
Carlile was born in Winchester, Virginia. He was educated by his mother until he was fourteen years old, when he became salesman in a store, and at the age of seventeen went into business on his own account. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice in Beverly. Entering politics, he joined the Democratic Party. He was selected as a delegate to the Virginia state constitutional convention in 1850. Carlile served in the Virginia State Senate from 1847 to 1851. He joined the new Know Nothing political movement in 1854 and represented Virginia's 11th District in the United States House for one term.

Carlile was a delegate from Harrison County to the Virginia secession convention in 1861, voting no on the controversial resolution. He was a leader in the anti-secession movement, and was prominent in the Wheeling Convention of June 1861.  On June 13, 1861, at the first session of the Second Wheeling Convention, Carlile authored  "A Declaration of the People of Virginia."  The document pronounced Virginia's Ordinance of Secession illegal because the convention at which it had been drafted had been convened by the General Assembly, not by a referendum.  It also called for the reorganization of the government of Virginia, arguing that due to Virginia's decision to secede from the United States, all state government offices had been vacated.  The pro-Union Restored Government of Virginia was quickly recognized by President Abraham Lincoln and Congress as the legitimate government of the entire Commonwealth of Virginia, with Wheeling as its provisional capital.  He was averse, however, to the formation of a new state out of the bulk of the pro-Union territory of Virginia—what became West Virginia.

Carlile was again chosen to Congress in 1861 on a Unionist Party position, but kept his seat in the House of Representatives only from July 4 through July 13, when he was elected as one of two United States Senators representing the Restored Government.  He served until 1865. In the Senate, he was uniformly in favor of a strict construction of the Constitution, opposing all measures recognizing that there existed a rebellion of states instead of individuals, and denying the right of Congress to interfere in any way with the slaves (Carlile being a slaveowner himself). He frequently met with Lincoln to try to garner his support for his causes.

Following the war, Carlile retired from politics and returned home to resume his law practice. He died in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery.

References and links

John S. Carlile in Encyclopedia Virginia
 Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887–1889.

1817 births
1878 deaths
19th-century American lawyers
Delegates of the 1861 Wheeling Convention
Democratic Party United States senators from Virginia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
People from Beverly, West Virginia
Politicians from Clarksburg, West Virginia
Politicians from Winchester, Virginia
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
Union (American Civil War) political leaders
Unionist Party United States senators
Virginia Know Nothings
Virginia lawyers
Virginia Secession Delegates of 1861
Democratic Party Virginia state senators
Virginia Unionists
West Virginia lawyers
Unionist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Clarksburg, West Virginia
United States senators who owned slaves
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves

John S. Carlile


"Star of the County Down" (euskaraz Down Konderriko Izarra) Ipar Irlandan dagoen Down Konderriko Banbridge hirian kokatzen den irlandar abesti zaharra da. Bere hitzen egilea Cathal Garvey (1866-1927) da, Donegal Konderriko Ramelton udakerrian jaioa.

Abestia gizon gazte baten ikuspuntutik abesten da, honek Rose (edo Rosie) McCann deituriko neskatil xarmangarri bat topatzen du, hau da abestiaren izenburuko "Down Konderriko Izarra". Topaketa honetatik idazleak abestiaren gaia egituratzen joango da eta amaiera aldera neskatil horrekin ezkontzen dela imaginatuko du.

Hitzak

Near Banbridge town, in the County Down
One morning in July
Down a boreen green came a sweet colleen
And she smiled as she passed me by.
She looked so sweet from her two white feet
To the sheen of her nut-brown hair
Such a coaxing elf, I'd to shake myself
To make sure I was standing there.

Chorus
From Bantry Bay up to Derry Quay
And from Galway to Dublin town
No maid I've seen like the sweet colleen
That I met in the County Down.

As she onward sped I shook my head
And I gazed with a feeling rare
And I said, says I, to a passerby
"Who's the maid with the nut-brown hair?"
He smiled at me, and with pride says he,
"That's the gem of Ireland's crown.
She's young Rosie McCann from the banks of the Bann
She's the star of the County Down."

Chorus

I've travelled a bit, but never was hit
Since my roving career began
But fair and square I surrendered there
To the charms of young Rose McCann.
I'd a heart to let and no tenant yet
Did I meet with in shawl or gown
But in she went and I asked no rent
From the star of the County Down.

Chorus

At the crossroads fair I'll be surely there
And I'll dress in my Sunday clothes
And I'll try sheep's eyes, and deludhering lies
On the heart of the nut-brown rose.
No pipe I'll smoke, no horse I'll yoke
Though with rust my plow turns brown
Till a smiling bride by my own fireside
Sits the star of the County Down.

Chorus

Bideoak
 The Chieftains eta Van Morrison abeslariaren "Star of County Down" abestiaren bertsioaren bideoa ikusgai
 Orthodox Celts taldearen "Star of County Down" abestiaren bertsioaren bideoa ikusgai
 The Pogues taldearen "Star of County Down" abestiaren bertsioa
 The Irish Rover taldearen "Star of County Down" abestiaren bertsioa

Erreferentziak

Kanpo estekak

Irlandako abestiak

Star of the County Down


The  was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the , and its military symbol was 11D. The 11th Division was one of six infantry divisions newly raised by the Imperial Japanese Army after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). The division received its colors on 1 October 1898 and was disbanded in September 1945. Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the four prefectures of the island of Shikoku. It was originally headquartered in the city of Zentsuji, Kagawa, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Nogi Maresuke.

Action

Russo-Japanese War to Siberian Intervention
During the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Tsuchiya Mitsuharu, this division was assigned to General Nogi's 3rd Army, and thus saw considerable combat (and casualties) at the bloody Siege of Port Arthur. It subsequently formed the core of General Kawamura Kageaki's 5th Army, where (under the command of Lieutenant General Samejima Shigeo, it played a significant role in securing the Japanese victory at the Battle of Mukden. The division remained stationed in Manchuria as a garrison force for two years after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and only returned to Zentsuji 7 May 1911.

The 11th Division was deployed again to the continent during the Japanese intervention in Siberia in August 1920, replacing the IJA 14th Division. The division has demobilized and returned to Japan in June 1921.

Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War
The 11th Division was one of the three Japanese divisions deployed to Shanghai in China during the January 28 Incident in 1932. It returned to Shanghai in July 1937 with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was reassigned to garrison duty in Manchukuo from September 1938. In October 1939, the division was reorganized into a triangular division, with its IJA 22nd Infantry Regiment forming the core of the new 24th Division.

After the start of the Pacific War, the division was based at Mishan, near Lake Khasan in eastern Manchukuo as part of the 5th Army, in support of anti-partisan police actions and to act as a deterrent against Soviet border forces. At the time it was commanded by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima.

In February 1944, a large part of division (3rd battalions of 12th infantry, 43rd infantry and 11th mountain artillery regiments) of the 11th Division's strength were detached to 10th Independent Mixed Regiment (tsūshōgō code 17584) and sent to Guam to reinforce the 1st division, which was annihilated at the Battle of Guam (1944) in July–August 1944.

In April 1945, the remainder of the 11th Division was transferred from Manchukuo back to Shikoku under command of the 55th army in preparation for the expected Allied invasion of Japan.  It and disbanded with the surrender of Japan in August 1945.

See also
 List of Japanese Infantry Divisions

References

 Madej, W. Victor. Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945 [2 vols] Allentown, PA: 1981
 This article incorporates material from the Japanese Wikipedia page 第11師団 (日本軍), accessed 10 February 2016

Notes

Japanese World War II divisions
Infantry divisions of Japan
Military units and formations established in 1898
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1898 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan
Nanjing Massacre perpetrators

11th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


Darius Sessions (17 August 1717 – 27 April 1809) was a deputy governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations during the buildup to the American Revolutionary War.  He was heavily involved in moderating the effects of the Gaspee Affair, and was instrumental in keeping the perpetrators from being identified.

Early life
Born in Pomfret, Connecticut, Sessions was the son of Nathaniel Sessions and Joanna Corbin. His family was fairly well-to-do, and owned a lot of land in eastern Connecticut.  Sessions attended Yale College, graduating in 1737, and subsequently worked in Rhode Island in the mercantile business.  In 1746, during King George's War, he was part owner of the privateer sloop Reprisal.  Later, in 1750, he was the master of the schooner Smithfield, working in the West Indies. He was also likely involved in the distillery business of his father-in-law, William Antram, who had a stillhouse just north of Sessions' home in Providence.  About 1763, he bankrolled the efforts of his brother, Captain Amasa Sessions, to raise a company of soldiers to fight in the French and Indian War.

Sessions became a close friend of Brown University's first president, James Manning, and has been credited with the university being located in Providence, instead of Newport or Warren.  In 1763 he became an Assistant, and in 1769 was elected as deputy governor of the colony, replacing Joseph Wanton who became the new governor.

Gaspee Affair
In March 1772 Sessions, working in Providence, sent a letter of concern to Governor Wanton in Newport.  He expressed alarm at a British schooner that had been cruising the Narragansett Bay, disrupting the traffic by stopping and searching commercial ships. Sessions requested that the governor take measures to bring the ship's commander to account. A chain of threatening correspondence ensued between the governor and the commander of the Gaspee, Lieutenant William Dudingston, and the commander's superior, Admiral John Montagu.

On the night of 9–10 June, a party of incensed colonists attacked the vessel, and burned it to the waterline. Officially, Sessions was outraged at the incident, and offered the colony's assistance in bringing the perpetrators to justice.  To ameliorate retribution by the British authorities, Rhode Island officials took visible steps to find the culprits who burned the ship. Behind the scenes, however, Sessions did all he could to thwart any attempts to identify and find the attackers. When a royal commission was appointed by the British to investigate the incident, they demanded that any indicted person be sent to England for trial. This egregious threat to local liberty prompted the colonists to form the Committees of Correspondence.

Loyalist Massachusetts Governor Hutchinson further aggravated the colonists sensitivities by urging Britain to rescind the Rhode Island charter.

Sessions conferred with Chief Justice Stephen Hopkins and lawyer John Cole, then appealed to Massachusetts' statesman Samuel Adams, who urged Rhode Island to remain defiant, or at least to stall matters by appealing the creation of the royal commission. Governor Wanton was put at the head of this commission, but was compliant with Sessions' and Hopkins' attempts to frustrate the aims of the commission.

Sessions, Hopkins, and others coordinated their efforts to lose evidence, threaten potential witnesses, and discredit those who testified.  In particular, Sessions attacked the reliability of Aaron Briggs and Stephen Gulley, the former of whom gave the names of some of the attackers. The vast majority of Rhode Island's citizens were supportive of the attackers, and kept quiet about their identities. A year after the incident, the royal commission was terminated without a single indictment.

Later life
In 1774 Sessions was put in charge of Rhode Island's military preparedness.  Both he and Wanton did not want a standing army in Rhode Island, out of fear of inspiring British retribution. In the election of 1775, Sessions was replaced as Deputy Governor by Nicholas Cooke, but Wanton was re-elected as governor.  The hawkish state legislature prevented Wanton from being sworn in as governor, and he was deposed in November 1775, becoming a confirmed Loyalist, and being replaced by Cooke. Sessions, on the other hand, wrote a letter to the General Assembly asking for forgiveness for his earlier positions, and "was received into their favor and friendship."

Sessions had returned to his farm in Connecticut, which he had reconstituted as a stately colonial mansion. His farm then became a command center during the Revolutionary War, and even George Washington visited on occasion.

Following the war, Sessions stayed out of the public spotlight. In 1795, he and his son Thomas were involved in shipping between Rhode Island and St. Croix. Sessions died on 27 April 1809 at the age of 91, still with "full strength of mind." He was returned to Providence to be buried in the North Burial Ground beside his wife, Sarah.

See also

 List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island
 List of colonial governors of Rhode Island
 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

References

Further reading

External links

State list of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island

1717 births
1809 deaths
People from Pomfret, Connecticut
People of colonial Rhode Island
People of colonial Connecticut
Burials at North Burying Ground (Providence)
Yale College alumni

Darius Sessions


The Siren Music Festival (a.k.a. Sirenfest) was an annual summertime outdoors concert held in Brooklyn's Coney Island from 2001-2010. It was run by the free arts/politics/current-events newspaper The Village Voice, and was completely free-of-charge. The event drew fans of the indie and experimental rock that comprised the bulk of Sirenfest's performers, as the concert itself was held in high esteem for its high-quality sound and performances and for being free of charge. Self-titled the "premier outdoor indie rock festival," the 2005 event drew upwards of 100,000 fans.

The layout usually involved the Main Stage and the Stillwell Stage, placed two blocks apart, upon which performances could go on simultaneously. Performance times were often staggered to allow the audience to move from one set to the next. The event could be considered a showcase for up-and-coming artists, but there were usually at least a handful of "big names" and seasoned musicians that performed as well. Sirenfest had traditionally always been on a Saturday and usually began in the early afternoon or late morning and continued well into the evening. The event was sponsored by many large corporations and publications who in return sought exposure with giveaways, handouts and literature at the festival.  After a 10-year run, the event was discontinued and replaced by the 4knots Music Festival at South Street Seaport.

Line-ups
Bands listed in order of performance.

2001
Date: Saturday, July 21

Main Stage: Enon, Peaches, Rainer Maria, Quasi, Man or Astro-Man?, Superchunk, Guided By Voices, The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion

Puzzles Bar: Sxip Shirey, Jazz Beard Jr., The Tim Heidecker Masterpiece, The Lounge-O-Leers, The Incredible Moses Leroy

Sideshows by the Seashore: Carol Lipnik and Spookarama, The Black Heart Procession

2002
Date: Saturday, July 20

Main Stage: Bob Log III, The Von Bondies, Les Savy Fav, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, The Shins, Modest Mouse, The Donnas, Sleater-Kinney

Stillwell Stage: Rye Coalition, Pretty Girls Make Graves, Shannon Wright, Cirque De Siren, Liars, Mooney Suzuki

2003
Date: Saturday, July 19

Main Stage: The Pattern, The Kills, !!!, Sahara Hotnights, Hot Hot Heat, The Datsuns, Modest Mouse

Stillwell Stage: The Witnesses, Oneida, The Dirtbombs, Northern State, Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, Radio 4, Idlewild

2004
Date: Saturday, July 17

Main Stage: The Ponys, The Fiery Furnaces, Vue, TV on the Radio, Har Mar Superstar, Blonde Redhead, Death Cab for Cutie

Stillwell Stage: Your Enemies Friends, The Thermals, Constantines, The Fever, Electric Six, Mission of Burma, ...And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead

2005
Date: Saturday, July 16

Main Stage: Detachment Kit, Ambulance LTD, The Dears, Q And Not U, Dungen, Brendan Benson, Spoon

Stillwell Stage: Nine Black Alps, Be Your Own Pet, Morningwood, Diamond Nights, Saul Williams, VHS Or Beta, Mates of State

2006
Date: Saturday, July 15

Main Stage: Deadboy and the Elephantmen, The Rogers Sisters, Celebration, Tapes 'n Tapes, The Stills, She Wants Revenge, Scissor Sisters

Stillwell Stage: Priestess, Man Man, Dirty on Purpose, Serena Maneesh, The Cribs, Art Brut, Stars

2007

Date: Saturday, July 21

Main Stage: The Twilight Sad, Dr. Dog, Noisettes, The Black Lips, We Are Scientists, M.I.A., New York Dolls

Stillwell Stage: White Rabbits, Elvis Perkins in Dearland, The Detroit Cobras, Lavender Diamond, Matt & Kim, Voxtrot, Cursive

2008
Date: Saturday, July 19

Main Stage: Dragons of Zynth, Parts & Labor, The Dodos, Times New Viking, Ra Ra Riot, Islands, Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks

Stillwell Stage: These Are Powers, Film School, Annuals, Jaguar Love, Beach House, The Helio Sequence, Broken Social Scene

2009
Date: Saturday, July 18

Main Stage: Tiny Masters of Today, Micachu and the Shapes, Japandroids, Frightened Rabbit, Grand Duchy, The Raveonettes, Built to Spill

Stillwell Stage: The Blue Van, Bear Hands, Thee Oh Sees, Future of the Left, A Place to Bury Strangers, Monotonix, Spank Rock

2010
Date: Saturday, July 17

Main Stage: Dom, Screaming Females, Surfer Blood, The Night Marchers, The Pains of Being Pure at Heart, Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, Matt & Kim

Stillwell Stage: Apache Beat, Wye Oak, Ponytail, Earl Greyhound, Harlem, Cymbals Eat Guitars, Holy Fuck

References

External links
Sirenfest Official Website

Coney Island
Music festivals in New York City
Rock festivals in the United States
Indie rock festivals
Music festivals established in 2001

Siren Music Festival


The United States Department of Defense, also known as the DoD, is a department in the United States government that is in charge of the military of the United States. It was created in 1947 and its headquarters is in The Pentagon in Washington, D.C.. The person in charge of the Department of Defense is called the Secretary of Defense. The current Secretary of Defense is Lloyd Austin. The Secretary of Defense answers directly to the President.

The Department of Defense is made up of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Air Force, the National Security Agency, and the Defense Intelligence Agency. (The Department of the Navy includes the Navy and the Marine Corps. Also, during time of war the United States Coast Guard is under the authority of the Department of Defense.)

United States Department of Defense
1947 establishments in the United States

United States Department of Defense


The Lennox (, ) is a region of Scotland centred on The Vale of Leven, including its great loch: Loch Lomond.

The Gaelic name of the river is Leamhn, meaning the smooth stream, which anglicises to Leven (as Gaelic mh is spirantised). The surrounding area is the field of the smooth stream - Leamhnachd in Gaelic; this was originally anglicised as Levenauchen / Levenachs, then softened into Levenax / Lennax, and eventually the area was known simply as Lennox.

Lennox was not one of the so-called seven ancient Provinces of Scotland, but formed as a province in the Middle Ages. The district embraced the whole of the ancient sheriffdom of Dumbarton: the parishes of Rosneath, Arrochar, Row, Luss, Cardross, Bonhill, Dumbarton, Kilmaronock, New Kilpatrick, Old Kilpatrick, Baldernock, Buchanan, Drymen, Killearn, Balfron, Fintry, and Strathblane, with Campsie and Kilsyth, being all within the bounds ruled over by the Earls of Lennox.

In 1581 James VI of Scotland granted Esmé Stewart, Earl of Lennox, the title of Duke of Lennox; the title is currently held by Charles Gordon-Lennox.

Under local government reforms in the mid-19th century, the province of Lennox was re-structured as the County of Dunbartonshire, when the north-eastern shore of Loch Lomond was transferred to Stirlingshire.

References

External links
Border Disputes: Gaelic Cultural Identity and Interaction in the Lennox and Menteith

East Dunbartonshire
Lennoxtown
Vale of Leven
West Dunbartonshire

The Lennox