Old Saxony was the homeland of the Saxons during the Early Middle Ages. It corresponds roughly to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, eastern part of modern North Rhine-Westphalia state (Westphalia), Nordalbingia (Holstein, southern part of Schleswig-Holstein) and western Saxony-Anhalt (Eastphalia), which all lie in northwestern Germany. It had four provinces: Nordalbingia, Eastphalia, Westphalia and Angria (or Angaria), these provinces, in turn, were divided into smaller territories, the gaue, which are equivalent to modern Districts of Germany (Kreise), and were equivalent to the English shires (modern counties).

It should not be confused with the modern German state of Saxony, which is in eastern Germany, adjoining the northwest border of the Czech Republic.

Origin and history
Ptolemy's Geographia, written in the 2nd century, is sometimes considered to contain the first mentioning of the Saxons. Some copies of this text mention a tribe called Saxones in the area to the north of the lower River Elbe, thought to derive from the word Sax or stone knife.

However, other copies call the same tribe Axones, and it is considered likely that it is a misspelling of the tribe that Tacitus in his Germania called Aviones. These earliest known tribal Saxons inhabited "Northern Albingia", a region bordering the northern bank of the mouth of River Elbe in what is now Western Holstein. As land became scarce, the Saxon population began to expand southward where it absorbed indigenous populations such as Cherusci, Chamavi and Chatti, and remaining portions of the Langobardi (Lombards) and Suebi. This broader domain is called "Old Saxony". The Chauci, according to Tacitus, also lived in the general area later known as Old Saxony and were highly respected among Germanic tribes. He describes them as peaceful, calm, and levelheaded. At some point they may have merged with, or were perhaps synonymous to, the Saxons.

Saxons had been raiding the eastern seaboard of Britain from here during the 3rd and 4th centuries (prompting the construction of maritime defences in eastern Britain called the Saxon Shore) and it is thought that following the collapse of the Roman defences on the Rhine in 407 pressure from population movements in the east forced the Saxons and their neighbouring tribes the Angles and the Jutes to migrate westwards by sea and invade the fertile lowland areas of Britain. The traditional date for this invasion is 449 and is known as the Adventus Saxonum. However, there is little archaeological evidence of any subsequent long-term conflict, and the evidence for large-scale Germanic migration into Britain is equally scant. It is possible that the level of migration was relatively minimal and that the ethnic makeup of the post-Roman population in Britain remained largely unchanged.  Nevertheless, the cultural and linguistic changes were stark and led to the creation of various Saxon kingdoms in England including that of the South Saxons (Sussex), the West Saxons (Wessex) and the East Saxons (Essex) alongside others established by the Angles and the Jutes and are the foundations of the modern English nation.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century the Old Saxons who remained in Germania were loosely associated with the Merovingian kingdom of Franks, but practically remained independent and maintained their old pagan religion (for more on this see: Germanic paganism). The Saxon pagan religion appears to have focused on the worship of the Irminsul or "great pillar"; a divine tree that connected Heaven and Earth and is thought to have existed at a site close to modern Obermarsberg.

For the most part, the Saxon lands were a broad plain, save on the south, where they rose into hills and the low mountainous country of the Harz and Hesse. This low divide was all that separated the country of the Saxons from their ancient enemies and ultimate conquerors, the Franks. The lack of clear physical definition along this border, from time immemorial, had been the cause of incessant tribal conflict between them. Saxons as inhabitants of present-day Northern Germany are mentioned in 555, when Theudebald, the Frankish king, died and the Saxons used this opportunity for war. The Saxons were defeated by Chlothar I, Theudebald's successor. Some of their Frankish successors fought against the Saxons, while others were allied with them; Chlothar II won a decisive victory against the Saxons.

In 690, two priests called Ewald the Black and Ewald the Fair set out from Northumbria to convert the Old Saxons to Christianity. It is recorded that at this time Old Saxony was divided into the ancient dioceses of Münster, Osnabrück, and Paderborn. However, by 695 the pagan Saxons had become extremely hostile to the Christian priests and missionaries in their midst and began to realize that their aim was to convert their overlord and destroy their temples and religion. Ewald the Fair was quickly murdered, but Ewald the Black they subjected to torture, and he was torn limb from limb. Afterwards the two bodies were cast into the Rhine. This is understood to have happened on 3 October 695 at a place called Aplerbeck, near Dortmund, where a chapel still stands. The two Ewalds are now celebrated in Westphalia as saints.

Their reluctance to accept the new Christian religion and propensity to mount destructive raids on their neighbours would eventually bring them into direct conflict with Charlemagne, the powerful king of the Franks and later emperor. After a bloody and highly attritious thirty-year campaign between 772–804 the Old Saxons led by Widukind were eventually subdued by Charlemagne and ultimately forced to convert to Christianity.

The bonds of kindred and clan were particularly strong among the Saxons, and in spite of many divisions the Saxons were an unusually homogeneous nation living as late as the 8th century as the early Germans described by Tacitus in Germania had lived. The long warfare with the Franks largely reduced but did not wholly obliterate their distinct cultural identity.

 For more information on Charlemagne's campaign to subdue and convert the Old Saxons, see: Saxon Wars.
 For more information on the later Duchy of Saxony that emerged after this campaign, see: Duchy of Saxony.

Adam of Bremen, writing in the 11th century, compared the shape of Old Saxony to a triangle, and estimated from angle to angle the distance was eight days journey. In area Old Saxony was the greatest of the German tribal duchies. It included the entire territory between the lower Elbe and Saale rivers almost to the Rhine. Between the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser it bordered the North Sea. The only parts of the territory which lay across the Elbe were the counties of Holstein and Ditmarsch. The tribal lands were roughly divided into four kindred groups: the Angrians, along the right bank of the Weser; the Westphalians, along the Ems and the Lippe; the Eastphalians, on the left bank of the Weser; and the Nordalbingians, in modern Holstein. But not even with these four tribal groups was the term of tribal division reached. For the Saxon "nation" was really a loose collection of clans of kindred stock. For example, the Nordalbingians alone were divided into lesser groups: Holsteiners, Sturmarii, Bardi, and the men of Ditmarsch.

Old Saxony is the place from which most of the raids and later colonisations of Britain were mounted. The region was called "Old Saxony" by the later descendants of Anglo-Saxon migrants to Britain, and their new colonies in Wessex and elsewhere were the "New Saxony" or Seaxna. In Germany, the Saxon lands were known simply as "Saxony" (Modern German: Sachsen) and only later came to be called Lower Saxony, to differentiate those original Saxon tribal territories from what became the Kingdom of Saxony or Upper Saxony in territories far to the south-east of the original Saxon homeland. The Anglo-Saxon writer Bede claimed in his work Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (731) that Old Saxony was the area between the Elbe, the Weser and the Eider in the north and north-west of modern Germany and was a territory beyond the borders of the Roman Empire.

It has been claimed that the Old Saxons were composed of an aristocracy of nobles, a free warrior class of distinction and renown, leading freemen united and controlled by ancient custom of kindred and clan.

 "Social differences were jealously guarded by social prescription. The death penalty was imposed on any man who married above his rank; the marriage of a man below his station was severely condemned; bastardy was not tolerated; intermarriage between Saxons and other Germans was frowned upon; and strangers were hated. So tenaciously did the Saxons cling to their ancient customary law that clear traces of these social survivals persisted in Saxony down through the Middle Ages."

See also
 History of Saxony
 Duchy of Saxony, the early Medieval stem duchy
 List of rulers of Saxony

References

Former states and territories of Lower Saxony
Former states and territories of North Rhine-Westphalia
Former states and territories of Schleswig-Holstein
States and territories established in the 530s
States and territories disestablished in the 800s
530s establishments
800s disestablishments
9th-century disestablishments in Europe
Barbarian kingdoms

Old Saxony


Imagotaria is an extinct monotypic genus of walrus with the sole species Imagotaria downsi.  Fossils of Imagotaria are known from the early late Miocene of California (c. 10-12 million years ago).

Description
The  long pinniped more closely resembled in its overall shape a sea lion rather than a walrus. Unlike the extant walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), Imagotaria did not possess elongate, ever-growing tusks, but instead bore enlarged canines (with respect to other pinnipeds).

Imagotaria is an example of a primitive walrus that does not grossly appear similar to a modern walrus. However, the walrus family (the Odobenidae) is a more inclusive group, that includes walruses without tusks (e.g. Imagotaria), walruses with upper and lower tusks (the subfamily Dusignathinae), and walruses with upper tusks like the extant walrus (subfamily Odobeninae, tribe Odobenini). It is possible to classify these pinnipeds as walruses because they share many other skull features (besides tusks) as well as many skeletal features, all of which indicate common ancestry.

Palaeobiology
The teeth of Imagotaria indicate that its feeding ecology was markedly different from that of modern walrus, and more similar to that of less specialized pinnipeds like seals, fur seals, and sea lions. Conical, unworn teeth and the lack of a vaulted palate indicate that Imagotaria did not feed on molluscs like modern walrus. Modern walruses do not use their teeth to chew molluscs like sea otters do. Instead, they hold a clam in their lips, and the vaulted palate allows them to use their tongue as a powerful piston to suck the soft parts right out of the clam shell. The shell is then dropped to the seafloor, never entering the oral cavity.

Additionally, fossils of Imagotaria (and the earlier Neotherium, c. 15 million years ago) demonstrate that early walruses had, by the middle and late Miocene, already developed extreme sexual dimorphism (males and females having different body sizes). It is unclear whether extreme sexual dimorphism is ancestral to all pinnipeds, or if it has been independently acquired in multiple pinniped lineages.

References

Miocene pinnipeds
Prehistoric pinnipeds of North America
Prehistoric monotypic mammal genera
Prehistoric carnivoran genera
Odobenids
Fossil taxa described in 1968

Imagotaria


Herefordshire () is a historic an ceremonial county in the Wast Midlands region o Ingland. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG11) an is ane o three coonties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire an Gloucestershire" NUTS 2 region. It an aw forms a unitary destrict kent as the Coonty o Herefordshire. It borders the Inglis ceremonial coonties o Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire tae the east, Gloucestershire tae the sooth-east, an the Welsh preservit coonties o Gwent tae the sooth-wast an Powys tae the wast. Hereford is a cathedral ceety an is the coonty toun; wi a population o approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is an aw the lairgest settlement.

The coonty is ane o the maist rural an spairsely populatit in Ingland, wi a population density of 82/km² (212/sq mi). The land uise is predominantly agricultural an the coonty is weel kent for its fruit an cider production, an the Hereford cattle breed.

References

Freemit airtins

 Herefordshire County Portal Local events, jobs, photos an news
 Herefordshire Libraries 10 Libraries athort Herefordshire
 Herefordshire & Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust Records an protects the coonty's Earth Heritage

Unitary authorities o Ingland
Local govrenment destricts o the Wast Midlands (region)
NUTS 3 statistical regions o the Unitit Kinrick

Herefordshire


Euclid's lemma, also called Euclid's division lemma or Euclid's first theorem, is an important lemma. It was made by the mathematician Euclid.

Formula ( a = bq +r )
He basically proposed that for any two integers (let us call them 'a' and 'b') there exists 2 unique integers (Let us call them ' q ' and ' r ') that satisfies the equation, a = qb + r, where r<a.

In the equation, the variable 'b' is dividing the variable 'a'. This makes 'b' the divisor and 'a' as the dividend
'q' is the quotient and 'r' is the remainder

The equation thus means that a dividend is equal to its divisor multiplied with its quotient and added with its remainder.

Number theory

Euclid's lemma


In stratigraphy, bedrock is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.

The top of the bedrock is known as the rockhead and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as drift) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.

References

Geology

Bedrock


The banner o Portugal () is the naitional banner o the Portuguese Republic. It is a rectangular bicolour wi a field unevenly dividit intae green on the hoist, an reid on the flee. The lesser version o the naitional coat o airms (i.e. airmillary sphere an Portuguese shield) is centred ower the colour bundary at equal distance frae the upper an lawer edges. On 30 Juin 1911, less nor a year efter the dounfaw o the constitutional monarchy, this design wis offeecially adoptit for the new naitional banner, efter selection bi a special commission whose members includit Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas an Abel Botelho.

The conjugation o the new field colours, especially the uise o green, wis no traditional in the Portuguese naitional banner's composition an representit a radical republican-inspired chynge that broke the bond wi the umwhile releegious monarchical banner. Syne a failed republican insurrection on 31 Januar 1891, red an green haed been established as the colours o the Portuguese Republican Pairty an its associatit movements, whose poleetical prominence kept growin till it reached a culmination period follaein the Republican revolution o 5 October 1910. In the ensuin decades, thir colours wur popularly propagandized as representin the hope o the naition (green) an the bluid (red) o thae who dee'd defendin it, as a means tae endou them wi a mair patriotic an dignified, therefore less poleetical, sentiment.

The current banner design represents a dramatic chynge in the evolution o the Portuguese staundart, which haed aye been closely associatit wi the ryal airms. Syne the kintra's foondation, the naitional banner developit frae the blue cross-on-white armorial square banner o Keeng Afonso I tae the leeberal monarchy's airms ower a blue-an-white rectangle. In atween, major chynges associatit wi determinant poleetical events contributit tae its evolution intae the current design.

Portugal

Naitional seembols o Portugal

Banner o Portugal


Jeffrey Kenneth "Jeff" MacNelly (September 17, 1947 – June 8, 2000) was an American editorial cartoonist and the creator of the comic strip Shoe. After Shoe had been established in papers, MacNelly created the single-panel strip Pluggers. The Wall Street Journal wrote: "MacNelly's superb draftsmanship as well as his heightened sense of the ridiculous is in the vanguard of a new generation of American cartoonists."

Early life
MacNelly was born in New York City in 1947 and grew up on Long Island. MacNelly's mother was a retired journalist. His father, C.L. MacNelly, ran an advertising firm, and was the publisher of the Saturday Evening Post from 1964 to 1968.
MacNelly was educated in his teens at Phillips Academy in Massachusetts, where he was a class clown and decided to be an illustrator.

He graduated in 1965 and went to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He joined the literary society St. Anthony Hall and worked as a sports journalist and illustrator (specializing in satire) for The Daily Tar Heel. He considered himself to be a horrible sportswriter, but his illustrations for the paper were well beyond the ability of an average art student. His work for the college's newspaper led to work at the Chapel Hill Weekly. MacNelly dropped out just shy of getting his bachelor's degree in 1970.

In 1969, MacNelly was commissioned to paint a representation of the Carolina Inn, which became an "iconic" image representing the Chapel Hill campus hotel and appeared on promotional brochures and menus issued by the inn in the ensuing decades. The painting mysteriously disappeared in the 1980s and resurfaced in Massachusetts in 2008, when it was returned to the Carolina Inn and presented to the public for the first time at an official unveiling in January 2009, attended by MacNelly's son Danny.

Career
MacNelly got a job at the Chapel Hill Weekly during his years at school in UNC. He worked there for the editor who became his mentor, Jim "Shu" Shumaker, who was also a professor at UNC-Chapel Hill. Shumaker's impression on the cartoonist was so profound that MacNelly created the comic strip Shoe after "Shu," and the strip's lead character is based upon him. MacNelly considered his two years at the Chapel Hill newspaper to be what led to his "break"; his cartoons were picked up by newspapers across the state.

By 1970, MacNelly had become such an accomplished artist that he was hired by Ross Mackenzie at The Richmond News Leader in Richmond, Virginia to be the newspaper's main illustrator and satirist. In less than two years, MacNelly won his first Pulitzer Prize in 1972, helping to put the small paper on the map.

At this time, MacNelly was courted by various newspaper syndicates and journals to work for them, but he turned them down, preferring the slower pace of southern culture. In 1974, MacNelly was settling into being syndicated through the Chicago Tribune, while making the South his home. MacNelly's editorial page editor at the Chicago Tribune, Jack Fuller, said in 1986 that MacNelly's editorial cartoons were "magic... I wish I could say just what combination of graphic mastery, writing skill and sheer perversity goes into Jeff's work. I can't, but when people say Jeff has a special perspective on the world, they are engaging in heroic understatement."

In 1977, he launched his first comic strip, Shoe, which was an immediate success. In 1981, he quit as editorial cartoonist at the News-Leader to focus on Shoe full-time, but found he needed to work in a newspaper office atmosphere to concentrate. In the 1980s, MacNelly moved to Chicago (to work for the Chicago Tribune) and eventually back to Virginia. Shoe was syndicated in 950 newspapers by 1986, with millions of readers. A line of stuffed animals based on the cartoon's characters was produced. MacNelly also illustrated a book written by former Senator Eugene McCarthy and columnist James Kilpatrick, A Political Bestiary- Viable Alternatives, Impressive Mandates, and Other Fables.

MacNelly's editorial cartoons often appeared in book collections. When MacNelly represented the Irish Republican Army as a leprechaun that was a rat in one of his Chicago Tribune syndicated editorial cartoons after the IRA blew up a bus filled with schoolchildren, protesters objecting to the cartoon's contents picketed outside the Boston Globe'''s offices for three weeks. One of his most reprinted cartoons featured Mikhail Gorbachev with a birthmark in the shape of Afghanistan. MacNelly believed that in order to draw and write editorial cartoons, an artist had to have an opinion on the news, so he watched television news to gauge what other Americans were seeing and read the columns of Hugh Sidey, George Will and Meg Greenfield.

MacNelly said: "Cartoons are really a negative art form. You never say anything nice. You're always criticizing and dumping on people." Some of his most frequent targets were Jimmy Carter and Gorbachev. MacNelly was present when Gerald Ford fell and hit his head on a tarmac on an overseas trip in 1976: "I was the only cartoonist to see that, to actually see it. And all I could think of was, 'Gee, I hope he didn't hurt his head.' Meanwhile, back in the States, all my colleagues were doing Jerry Ford-falling-down jokes, and Chevy Chase started an entire career on it. I never did one. And I was the only guy that was right there. I missed the whole story, the entire point of it and everything."

In 1988, the Dayton Daily News reported that a cartoonist for the Ohio Republican Party named Ed Wilson drew cartoons which were "strikingly similar" and "virtually the same" to MacNelly's. The party subsequently fired Wilson.

In 1992, MacNelly met Chris Cassatt, a computer expert and cartoonist who became his assistant. Cassatt helped him change the way he worked by adding digitalization to his mediums. In 1992, MacNelly hired Cassatt full-time, and they tele-commuted between Fishhawk Pass in Virginia and Cassatt's home in Aspen, Colorado. Also in 1993, on a suggestion from his wife Susie and long-time friend and Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer, David Kennerly, MacNelly launched his strip Pluggers.

Later career and legacy
One of MacNelly's friends and colleagues at the Richmond Times-Dispatch, Gary Brookins, had assisted MacNelly in filling in doing finish work. Brookins was a fan of Pluggers and could replicate MacNelly's style. Exhausted after his son's death, MacNelly gave the strip to Brookins to take over in early 1997. Pluggers was produced by Brookins until 2020, after which it was handed over to Rick McKee; it is syndicated in more than 60 newspapers in the United States.

In the late 1990s, MacNelly began to also put more concentration into fine art painting and sculpture. He did a caricature of the Louisiana cartoonist Pap Dean. By 1999, he had almost finished passing the task of creating Shoe onto Cassatt, Susie MacNelly and Brookins. Then, in December 1999, MacNelly was diagnosed with lymphoma. He continued working in spite of his illness, producing "Shoe" and editorial cartoons and Dave Barry illustrations in his Johns Hopkins Hospital bed right up to the day he died, June 8, 2000.

MacNelly's legacy is continued through the work of Chris Cassatt, Gary Brookins, Susie MacNelly, his head writer Bill Linden and Doug Gamble. This team keeps alive Jeff MacNelly's work on Shoe'' and Dave Barry's illustrations, as well as museum shows, fine art sales, licensing and publishing.

Awards and honors
MacNelly won his first Pulitzer Prize in 1972, a second Pulitzer in 1978, and a third Pulitzer in 1985.

He received a Reuben Award in 1978 and 1979.

MacNelly won "Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year" from the National Cartoonists Society in 1978 and 1979.

In 1977, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

MacNelly won the Thomas Nast Award in 1985. He also won a George Polk Award.

He was the first cartoonist inducted into the UNC School of Journalism Hall of Fame in 1985. He said at the time of his induction: "I'm afraid if my mother finds out, I'll be in big trouble. She thinks I'm running numbers in Baltimore."

Personal life
MacNelly married his first wife, Rita MacNelly, in 1970. His son Jake was born in 1972, followed by Danny in 1974. He married Scottie Perry in 1985, and had a son Matt in 1986. In 1989, MacNelly met his last wife, Susie MacNelly. They married in Washington D.C. in 1990 and soon thereafter moved to Flint Hill, Rappahannock County, Virginia. Matt died suddenly in 1997.

References

External links

 NCS Awards
Shoe Official Site
Jeff MacNelly Art site

1947 births
2000 deaths
American editorial cartoonists
Artists from New York (state)
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Chicago Tribune people
Deaths from lymphoma
George Polk Award recipients
People from Long Island
Artists from Richmond, Virginia
Phillips Academy alumni
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners
Reuben Award winners
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Journalists from Virginia
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Jeff MacNelly


The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), or Zambezi shark, is a species of shark of the genus Carcharhinus.

The shark grows to a maximum length of 11.5 feet (3.5 metres), but is usually 7.3-7.8 feet (2.2-2.3 metres) long. It is found in tropical and subtropical coastal waters worldwide, as well as river systems and freshwater lakes.

This species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN, and is considered to be the third most dangerous sharks in the world.

Description

Bull sharks have a very sturdy body, and have a blunt, rounded snout, giving the Bull shark its name. The first dorsal fin is large and widely triangular with a pointed tip. The second dorsal fin is noticeably smaller. The pectoral fins are also large, and have sharp tips. Bull sharks have quite small eyes as compared to other carcharhinid sharks, which might mean that vision is not a very important hunting tool for this species which is usually found in muddy waters. Bull sharks are usually pale to dark grey above, and their undersides are white. In young Bull sharks, the fins have black tips which turn to a dusky colour as they grow.
The teeth of the upper jaw are wide, triangular, and heavily jagged. The teeth of the lower jaw have a wide base, and are narrow, triangular, and are finely jagged. The front teeth are raised and are nearly symmetrical, while the back teeth are more slanted in shape. WSG

The maximum weight is over 500 pounds (230 kg). The size at birth is around 29 inches (75 cm). Females are larger than males, reaching a length of around 7.8 feet (2.4 metres) as adults, and weighing around 285 pounds (130 kg). This is the result of a longer lifespan of about 16 years, compared to 12 years for males. Males reach a length of around 7.3 feet (2.2 metres), and weigh 209 pounds (95 kg). The growth rates calculated from captive Bull sharks were estimated to be about 11 inches (28 cm) per year in the first years of life, slowing to half that rate after about 4 years of age.

Habitat
The Bull shark is found in tropical and subtropical coastal waters worldwide as well as in many river systems and some freshwater lakes. They have been reported 3700 km (2220 miles) up the Amazon River in Peru, and over 3000 km (1800 miles) up the Mississippi River in Illinois. A group of Bull sharks found in Lake Nicaragua (Central America) was once thought to be landlocked, but they found access to the ocean through rivers and estuaries. In the western Atlantic Bull sharks migrate north along the coast of the U.S during summer, swimming as far north as Massachusetts, and then return to tropical climates when the coastal waters cool.
The Bull shark likes to live in shallow coastal waters less than 100 feet deep (30 metres), but ranges from 3–450 feet deep (1–135 metres). It commonly enters estuaries, bays, harbours, lagoons, and river mouths. It is the only known shark species which is found in freshwater, and can spend long periods of time in such environments. It is not likely that the Bull shark's entire life cycle is within a freshwater system, however. There is evidence that they can breed in freshwater, but not as regularly as they do in estuarine and marine habitats. Young Bull sharks enter estuaries with low salt contents and lagoons as readily as adults do, and use these shallow areas as nursery grounds. They can also live in waters with high salt contents; as high as 53 parts per thousand.

Behaviour

Even though humans are not on their diet, bull sharks have been known to be very aggressive towards humans. This shark can be a danger to people since many people don't have the knowledge that Bull sharks can be found in rivers and freshwater. Almost all of the close to shore shark attacks on humans have been caused by this species.
They are listed as the 3rd largest risk to humans when it comes to sharks. They are only behind the Great White Shark and the Tiger shark.
They are very territorial and they will attack anything that gets into their environment and they feel is a risk. They have been known to bite horses and other animals that come to close to the water.

Although the Bull shark has no real predators, young Bull sharks have been known to fall prey to Tiger sharks, Sandbar sharks, and even adult Bull sharks. Parasites, like Pandarus sinuatus and Perissopus dentatus, have been found in Bull sharks, and parasitize the body surface of this shark.

Diet
The Bull shark mainly feeds on bony fish and small sharks. In the western Atlantic they commonly feed on mullet, tarpon, catfish, menhaden, gar, snook, jacks, mackerel, snappers, and other schooling fish. They also regularly feed on stingrays and young sharks including small individuals of their own species in their inshore nursery habitats. Bull sharks are also been known to feed on sea turtles, dolphins, crabs, shrimp, sea birds, squid, terrestrial mammals, echinoderms, and crustaceans. Bull sharks often appear sluggish as they slowly swim along the bottom, but are quite quick and good at capturing smaller, agile prey, and are capable of burst speeds of over 11 mph (19 km/h).

Bull sharks may spend many hours each day looking for food. They will eat heavily too when there is a large amount of food to be found. They mostly hunt on their own, but there have been observed times when a pair of Bull Sharks will hunt as a team.

Reproduction
Bull sharks are viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. The gestation period is about one year, usually during the summer months but sometimes in early autumn as well. Bull sharks usually migrate to river mouths to mate and have their young. Pups are about 60 cm (24 inches) long, and mothers give birth to 5 to 15 pups at a time. Coastal lagoons, river mouths, and estuaries with low salt contents are common nursery habitats.

Bull sharks reach maturity depending on where they are. One study in the southern Gulf of Mexico found that the age of maturity was 10 years (7 feet) for females and 9–10 years (6.2-6.6 feet) for males. Another study in the northern Gulf of Mexico showed that the age of maturity was 7 feet (14–15 years) for males and 7.4 feet (18 years) for females.

Other names
The Bull shark gets its name from its sturdy appearance and aggressive nature. In French, the Bull shark is known as "requin bouledogue". In Spanish it is known as "tiburon sarda". It is known by many different names throughout its range including "Zambezi shark" and "Van Rooyen's shark" in Africa, "Ganges shark" (India), "Nicaragua shark" (Central America), and "Freshwater whaler", "Estuary whaler", and "Swan River whaler" in Australia. In English it is also known as the "Shovelnose shark", "Square-nose shark", "River shark", "Slipway grey shark", "Ground shark", and "Cub shark".

Conservation
Although the Bull shark is rarely the target species of commercial fisheries, it is usually caught accidentally along with other catches. Since it is found inshore, it has been made a target for artisanal fisheries. The meat of the Bull shark is eaten by humans, the hide is used for leather, the fins are used in shark-fin soup and the liver is made into vitamin-rich oils. In certain areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico and South Africa, the Bull shark is also a popular game fish. The Bull shark's inshore and freshwater habitat not only makes it an easier target of fisheries, but since these habitats are usually polluted and are targets to habitat modification, the Bull shark is in danger. The Bull shark is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN

Danger to humans
According to the International Shark Attack File (ISAF), Bull sharks are responsible for at least 69 unprovoked attacks on humans around the world, 17 of which have resulted in deaths. However, this species is likely to be responsible for many more attacks, and has been considered by many experts to be the most dangerous shark in the world. Because of its large size, its ability to enter freshwater, and the fact that it is found inshore, it might be more of a threat to humans than either the Great White Shark or the Tiger shark. Since the Bull shark is found in many Third World regions including Central America, Mexico, India, east and west Africa, the Middle East, southeast Asia, and south Pacific islands, attacks are often not reported. The Bull shark is also not as easily identifiable as the Great White or the Tiger shark, so it is likely to be responsible for a large percentage of attacks with unidentified culprits.
The Bull shark has been considered to be the culprit in the infamous series of five shark attacks in New Jersey in 1916 which resulted in four deaths over a 12-day period. Three of these attacks happened in Matawan Creek, a shallow tidal river, only 40 feet (12 metres) across, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from bay waters, and over 15 miles (24 km) from the open ocean; not a location where any other large shark species would likely be found. A 7.5 foot (2.25 metres) Great White was captured two days after the last attack, however, just 4 miles (6.4 km) from the mouth of Matawan Creek, and contained human remains in its stomach. A 9-foot (2.7 m) Bull shark was also captured a day later only 10 miles (16 km) from Matawan. This has been a topic of debate for many years, and there is evidence that points at both, the Bull shark and the Great White as the culprits.

References

Sharks

Bull shark


Bolesław I the Brave (Polish Bolesław I Chrobry) (967  June 17, 1025) was the duke of Poland from 992 to April 18, 1025 and King of Poland from April 18 to June 17, 1025. He was also a duke of Bohemia known as Boleslav IV from 1003 to 1004. He was the son of Mieszko I, first known ruler of Poland.

Conquests
Boleslav wasn't aggressive as long as his friend - the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire lived. After his death in 1002, Boleslav started the imperial policy. During the chaos in Reich, duke conquered the border areas : Lusatia and Meissen. When finally Henry II took over the German Throne, he accepted annexiation of Lusatia, giving it to Bolslav as a fiefdom, and giving Meissen to his ally - Gunzelin. In 1003 the duke of Bohemia - Vladivoj, died. This death caused intervention in Czechia, where Boleslav put on the throne Boleslav III, that was banished before. In the same year, probably thanks to requests of the Czech opposition, Boleslav (Polish one) put out the Boleslav's (Czech one) eyes and become the Duke of Bohemia himself. He wouldn't like to pay tribute to the German Emperor, like did the Czech dukes, and that was an excuse, that started Polish - German War from 1003 -1018.

We know 7 children of Bolesław I. Two of them, Mieszko II Lambert and Bezprym ruled Poland after his death.

Interesting Facts
 The King introduced new law - any man that will sleep with multiple woman will be taken to the bridge and his private areas will be nailed to it. Then he will be left with knife and choice - either die on the bridge over the time or cut himself. This simple rule caused - until now pogan - culture to promote sacred life with one partner only.
 Image of Bolesław the Brave is on 20 zlotys paper money

References

967 births
1025 deaths
Polish dukes
Kings of Poland
Piast dynasty

Bolesław I the Brave


A Gardon gauge or circular-foil gauge is a heat flux sensor primarily intended for the measurement of high-intensity radiation. It is a sensor that is designed to measure the radiation flux density (in watts per metre squared) from a field of view of 180 degrees.
The most common application of Gardon gauges is in exposure testing of sample materials for their resistance to fire and flames.

Explanation
While heat flux sensors can be made according to various designs, the sensor of a Gardon gauge consists of a foil connected to the sensor body at its external radius, and connected to a thin wire at the center, named after its originator Robert Gardon. The foil center and side are the hot- and cold joint of a thermocouple respectively. When radiation hits the sensor this generates a signal. It is typically water-cooled and does not require any power to operate.
A so-called Schmidt-Boelter Gauge has the same outward appearance as a Gardon Gauge, but employs different sensor technology. The Schmidt-Boelter has a plated constantan wire wrapped around an insulating chip. Both are heat flux sensors. The only difference is practical; Gardon gauges can be manufactured in such a way that they withstand extremely high flux levels. The range for Schmidt-Boelter technology is more limited. On the other hand the Schmidt-Boelter technology can reach higher sensitivities at a lower response time.
Please note: Images on this page are of a Schmidt-Boelter gauge.  While of similar appearance externally, the internal construction is not that of a Gardon gauge.  Construction of both is detailed in the explanation.

A high intensity radiation spectrum extends approximately from 300 to 2,800 nm.  Gardon gauges usually cover that spectrum with a spectral sensitivity that is as "flat" as possible.

For a flux density or irradiance measurement it is required by definition that the response to "beam" radiation varies with the cosine of the angle of incidence; i.e. full response at when the radiation hits the sensor perpendicularly (normal to the surface, 0 degrees angle of incidence), zero response when the radiation is at the horizon (90 degrees angle of incidence, 90 degrees zenith angle), and 0.5 at 60 degrees angle of incidence. It follows from the definition that a Gardon gauge should have a so-called "directional response" or "cosine response" that is close to the ideal cosine characteristic.

Design of Gardon gauges
In order to attain the proper directional and spectral characteristics, a Gardon gauge's main components are:

A thermocouple sensor with a black coating. This sensor absorbs all radiation, has a flat spectrum covering the 300 to 50,000 nanometer range, and has a near-perfect cosine response.

The black coating on the thermopile sensor absorbs the radiation that is converted to heat. The heat flows through the sensor to the sensor housing and from the housing to the cooling water. The thermopile sensor generates a voltage output signal that is proportional to the heat flux.

Usage
Gardon gauges are frequently used in fire testing. Typically installed vertically and next to the sample under testing.
Gardon- or Schmidt Boelter gauges are unprotected heat flux sensors, and that they are highly sensitive to local convection. In general users should make sure that:

 Radiation is dominant, which is generally the case above 50 kW per square meter
 Convection is not carrying away too much of the flux; this may happen at high air speeds or in case the sensor temperature and air temperature are very different (so air temperatures above 500°C

Standardisation
Gardon gauges are standardised according to the ASTM standard.

References

Measuring instruments
Radiometry

Gardon gauge


Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (born 3 February 1736 in Klosterneuburg near Vienna; died 7 March 1809 in Vienna) was an Austrian composer, organist, music theorist and music teacher.  He is most known today because he was Beethoven's teacher for a time.

Life
From the age of seven, Albrechtsberger was a choirboy.  He had lessons in organ and music theory.  As an adult, he had several jobs in churches in small towns.  He became Kapellmeister at St Stephen's Church, Vienna in 1793.  This was the best job for a church musician in the empire.

Writing music
Albrechtsberger wrote hundreds of compositions. He wrote most of them before he got the job in Vienna.  He wrote in a classical style. Albrechsberger enjoyed doing things with music which were not normally done. He would ask string players to tune their strings in different ways (called "scordatura"). He would also write slow movements with muted strings.  As well as classical sonatas he wrote lots of fugues.  Several people, including Mozart, thought of him as the greatest organist in the world.

Teaching
Albrechtsberger was a very important music teacher.  Joseph Haydn thought he was the best teacher in Vienna.  He was very interested in contrapuntal music of the Baroque period. He copied many fugues by Bach and other composers.

When Beethoven was a young man, he had some composition lessons from Joseph Haydn.  When Haydn was going to travel to England for several months, he asked Albrechtsberger to teach Beethoven while he was gone. These lessons took place from 1793 to 1795.  A few years later, Albrechtsberger said about Beethoven that "he learned absolutely nothing and will never accomplish anything decent".  Beethoven said that Albrechtsberger was a "musical pedant".  However, Beethoven still studied Albrechtsberger's books on music theory.  The string quartets which Beethoven wrote near the end of his life show the influence of Albrechtsberger.

References

1736 births
1809 deaths
Austrian composers
Classical era composers
Music theorists
Austrian organists
People from Lower Austria

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger


Louis Antoine Godey (June 6, 1804 – November 29, 1878) was founder and publisher of the 19th-century women's magazine, Godey's Lady's Book.

He was born in poverty in New York City, New York. His parents were survivors of the French Revolution. He was mostly self-educated. Godey went to work as a paperboy at age 15, moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went to work for the Daily Chronicle.

Within a few years, he began publishing his own magazine, The Lady's Book. Contributors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Godey also published The Young People's Book in 1841, and the Lady's Musical Library in 1842.

On August 31, 1833, Godey married Maria Duke. They had five children. He  retired to St. Augustine, Florida. He died after a short illness in Philadelphia in 1878.

References
 Godey, Louis Antoine

American publishers
1804 births
1878 deaths
Writers from New York City

Louis Antoine Godey


Thrymr or Saturn XXX, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 7.

Thrymr is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,810,000 km in 1120.809 days, at an inclination of 175° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.453.

Thrymr may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe at some point in the past.

Its name comes from Norse mythology, where Thrymr is a Jotun or frost giant.

The name was said as Thrym in IAU Circular 8177. However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending -r to the root Thrym.

References
 IAUC 7538: S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9 2000 December 7 (discovery)
 MPEC 2000-Y15: S/2000 S 1, S/2000 S 2, S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9 2000 December 19 (discovery and ephemeris)
 IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (naming the moon Thrym)
 IAUC 8471: Satellites of Saturn 2005 January 21 (correcting the name)

Saturn's moons

Thrymr (moon)


Elisha Gerald "Jerry" Hopkins (November 9, 1935 – June 3, 2018) was an American journalist and author. He was best known for writing the first biographies of both Elvis Presley and Jim Morrison of The Doors, as well as serving for 20 years as a writer for Rolling Stone magazine.  He also wrote several other biographies, wrote history and humor, and was a writer-producer for Mike Wallace, Steve Allen and Mort Sahl.  He has published 36 books and an estimated one thousand magazine articles. The books have been translated into 16 languages and total sales exceed 6 million.

Early life

Hopkins was born on November 9, 1935 in Camden, New Jersey. He was raised in nearby Haddonfield, a town founded by Quakers.  His parents operated a dry cleaning store.

Education

He attended a Quaker school through 6th grade and public schools through 12th. He earned a BA in journalism from Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia (1957). For a short time, he worked as a reporter for the Twin City Sentinel in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He was in the US Army for a short time. After that, he earned an MS in journalism from Columbia University in New York (1959).

Early career

After freelancing articles to the then-young Village Voice while at Columbia, he worked as a reporter for the Times-Picayune and as news editor of WWL Radio in New Orleans (1959-1961).  He joined Mike Wallace as a writer-producer in New York for one year (1961-62) then moved to Los Angeles where he was a talent coordinator and writer-producer for Steve Allen (1962-1964).  He also wrote and produced television programs for Mort Sahl, ABC-TV and Universal Studios (1964-1966; 1971).  He wrote his first books during this period, an as-told-to autobiography of a health faddist, Bare Feet and Good Things to Eat (1965), and an astrological spoof, You Were Born on a Rotten Day (1969).

Career

In the mid-1960s, he left television to open the first "headshop" in Los Angeles. He then became the Los Angeles correspondent for Rolling Stone (1967-1969). He wrote features and columns for alternative newspapers, MC'ed the first love-ins in Los Angeles, edited a collection of material from the underground press, The Hippie Papers (1968) and wrote a history of rock and roll, The Rock Story (1970).

Leaving Rolling Stone temporarily in 1969 to write Elvis: A Biography (1971), it was while then serving as the magazine's London correspondent (1972) he began researching his Morrison biography, No One Here Gets Out Alive.  It was rejected by more than 30 publishers before publication in 1980, when it topped the New York Times bestseller chart and was credited by many with helping kick-start the Doors' revival as well as inspiring a new publishing genre, the rock biography.  A sequel to the Elvis biography, Elvis: The Final Years (1981) followed, along with biographies of Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, Yoko Ono, and Raquel Welch, the latter of which was authorized but not published.

He moved to Honolulu, where he edited a monthly newsletter about Hawaiian music and dance and published several books taking Hawaiian culture as their subject, including The Hula (1981), a history; How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments (1988); Elvis in Hawaii (2002); and Don Ho: My Life, My Music (2007). He also was an editor at Pacific Business News in Honolulu and a speechwriter for Mayor Frank Fasi.

Moving to Thailand in 1993, he wrote for many travel, food and airline magazines. He worked with photographer Michael Freeman on Strange Foods: An Epicurean Adventure Around the World (1999), which was expanded and reissued as Extreme Cuisine with a foreword by Anthony Bourdain (2004). A collection of expatriate profiles, Bangkok Babylon (2005); a book of stories and essays, Thailand Confidential (2005); and Asian Aphrodisiacs (2006) followed.  His 37th book, profiling Western novelists who helped forge the Asian myth, Romancing the East, will be published in 2013.

Personal life

Hopkins has been married four times, to Sara Cordell (1959-1963), Jane Hollingsworth (1968-1976), Rebecca Erickson Crockett (1980-1988) and has two grown children by his second wife, Erin Hendershot (b.1970) and Nick Hopkins (b. 1972), and six grandchildren.  He and his wife, Lamyai (m. 2003), a citizen of Thailand, divide their time between a flat in Bangkok and a house and farm six hours away in rice country near the Cambodian border.

Hopkins died on June 3, 2018 in Bangkok of heart failure at the age of 82.

Bibliography

 Bare Feet & Good Things to Eat (1965) with Gypsy Boots
 The Hippie Papers (1968) Editor
 You Were Born on a Rotten Day (1969) with Jim Critchfield
 The Rock Story (1970)
 Groupies & Other Girls (1970) with John Burks
 Festival: An American Celebration (1970) with Jim Marshall & Baron Wolman (photographers)
 Elvis: A Biography (1971)
 The Last Sex Manual (1978) with Ron Pion, MD
 No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980) with Danny Sugerman
 The Hula (1981)
 Elvis: The Final Years (1981)
 Hit & Run: The Jimi Hendrix Story (1983)
 Bowie (1985)
 Fax to Da Max (1985) with Peppo (illustrator)
 Yoko Ono (1986)
 The L.A. Book of Lists (1987)
 Vinny: Part II, The Habilitat Story (1987) with Vincent Marino
 Fax 2 Da Max (1988)
 How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments (1988) with Martin Charlot (illustrator)
 The Westin Maui (1989) with William Waterfall (photographer)
 Kauai Lagoons (1990) with William Waterfall (photographer)
 50 Simple Things You Can Do to Save Hawaii (1990) with Susan Manual
 Frank DeLima's Joke Book (1991) with Frank DeLima
 The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison (1992)
 The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1996) Updated reprint
 Strange Foods (1999) with Michael Freeman (photographer)
 Elvis in Hawaii (2002)
 Extreme Cuisine (2004) with Michael Freeman (photographer)
 In the Name of the Boss Upstairs: The Father Ray Brennan Story (2004)
 Thailand Confidential (2005)
 Bangkok Babylon (2005)
 The Pacific Showman (2005) with Tom Moffatt
 Asian Aphrodisiacs (2006)
 Aloha Elvis (2007)
 Don Ho: My Life, My Music (2007) with Don Ho
 Elvis: The Biography (2007)
 Memberships
 The Writers Guild of America (1961-Emeritus)
 The Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (1993-Present)
 The Explorers Club (2000-Present)

References

Other websites
Official website
Interview
Interview from 2009
Interview from 2012 (PDF)

1935 births
2018 deaths
American biographers
Journalists from New Jersey
Writers from Camden, New Jersey

Jerry Hopkins


Daejeon () is a city in South Korea It is in the middle of the southern Korean peninsula. Daejeon means "a grand field".

Its official name is "Daejeon metropolitan city". The population in Daejeon is around 1,480,000 people. There are 5 districts (, Gu) in the city.

Daejeon started as a small village called Hanbat. Daejeon started to grow into a large city during the Japanese occupation period. Since the location of Daejeon is near to Seoul, the Ho-Nam train was opened in 1914. In 1949, Daejeon was no longer a part of Chungcheong province. It became an independent metropolitan city. It has the same role as a province.

Today, the city is important as a local self-governing city in Korea. As the population of the city grew, the first subway station in Daejeon was opened in 2006. The formal president Noh Mu Hyun once planned to move some of the public administration buildings in Seoul to Daejeon.

Daejeon is seen as a city of science and technology. It has Daedeock science research town, National Science Museum. It was built to support scientists and researchers in Daejeon. In 1993, the city held the Daejeon Expo Festival.

Daejeon attractions include the O-world, the Expo Science Park, Hanbat Arboretum, Roots Park, Gyejoksan Hwangtogil , Daecheong, Jangtaesan recreational forest, Mountain pass around Daejeon, Daejeon Culture and Arts Center, Dongchundang, Euneungjeonge Culture Street,  Famous people from Daejeon are Park Se Ri, a world famous golfer, and celebrities such as Kwon Sang Woo and Park Hae Mi.

Cities in South Korea

Daejeon


Imprinting is a term used in ethology and psychology to describe a special type of automatic learning.

It usually occurs early in life, during a critical period. That is why the textbooks call it phase-sensitive learning. It is learning which happens at a particular age or a particular life stage. The animal fixes on a particular signal (sound or sight), which is said to be 'imprinted' onto the subject. The process of imprinting is caused by an inherited instinct.

The best-known form of imprinting is the imprinting of the newly-hatched (or born) on one or both parent. Its function is to keep the young near their parent(s) during the early learning period. It is most obvious in birds, such as ducks and geese, after the fledglings have left the nest. They imprint on their parents and then follow them around, often in a long line, on land and on water.

It was first reported in domestic chickens, by the 19th-century amateur biologist Douglas Spalding. It was rediscovered by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularised by his disciple Konrad Lorenz, and by Niko Tinbergen.

Lorenz showed how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what a 'critical period' of 13–16 hours after hatching. For example, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself (to be more specific, on his wading boots). He is often shown in photographs being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him.

In child development, imprinting is how a baby learns who its mother and father are. The process begins in the womb, when the unborn baby starts to recognise its parents' voices.

The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create the movie Winged Migration (Le Peuple Migrateur), which contains footage of migratory birds in flight. The birds imprinted on handlers, who wore yellow jackets and honked horns constantly. The birds were then trained to fly along with a variety of aircraft, usually ultralights.

References

Learning
Ethology

sk:Reflex#Podmienený reflex

Imprinting (ethology)


José Enrique Camilo Rodó Piñeyro (15 July 1871 – 1 May 1917) was a Uruguayan essayist.
He cultivated an epistolary relationship with important Hispanic thinkers of that time, Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) in Spain, José de la Riva-Agüero in Peru, and, most importantly, with Rubén Darío, the most influential Latin American poet to date, the founder of modernismo. As a result of his refined prose style and the modernista ideology he pushed, Rodó is today considered the preeminent theorist of the modernista school of literature.

Rodó is best known for his essay Ariel (1900), drawn from The Tempest, in which Ariel represents the positive, and Caliban represents the negative tendencies in human nature, and they debate the future course of history, in what Rodó intended to be a secular sermon to Latin American youth, championing the cause of the classical western tradition. What Rodó was afraid of was the debilitating effect of working individuals' limited existence doing the same work, over and over again, never having time to develop the spirit. Among Uruguayan youth, however, he is best known for Parque Rodó, the Montevideo park named after him.

For more than a century now, Ariel has been an extraordinarily influential and enduring essay in Latin American letters and culture due to a combination of specific cultural, literary, and political circumstances, as well as for its adherence to Classical values and its denunciation of utilitarianism and what Rodó called "nordomanía" (explained below).

Literary characteristics
Ariel belongs to the movement known as modernismo, characterized by its elegance, artistic prose, and worldly references and allusions. Even though it is an essay, its ideas are expressed through Prospero's narrative voice. Prospero, the teacher, and Ariel are references to the characters in William Shakespeare's The Tempest, and the use of their names is an example of modernismo's desire for cosmopolitism. In Ariel, Prospero's seminar includes both famous and lesser-known European authors. He makes frequent reference to Goethe, Gaston Deschamps, St. Francis of Assisi, Schiller, and Guyau. Prospero also focuses on locations such as Ancient Greece, and he emphasizes Hellenic beauty as the only ideal worthy of imitation. Rodó uses Ariel as a metaphor that symbolizes beauty, the spirit, and that which is good. The opposite of Ariel is the utilitarian, symbolized by Caliban, and he cites positivismo and nordomanía as two reasons why this movement has gained popularity. Ariel is structurally based on binary opposition, and the figures of Ariel and Caliban are diametrically opposed.

Classical culture

In Ariel, Rodó surveys the situation Latin America was facing at the end of the 19th century. He points out that utilitarianism relies on specialization and materialism, and that consequently, the wealth of our minds is affected. Such practice can and will affect the spirit. In order for Latin America to revive its spirit, Rodó proposed strict adherence to the aesthetic ideals of the Greek and the Roman cultures. He believed both of these embody a sense of beauty, and most important, both realms recognize the significance of devoting oneself to an activity of the mind. Art is then a form of learning that finds and enriches the spirit and negates utilitarianism.

Denunciation of utilitarianism
Rodó denounced pragmatic utilitarianism, i.e. the philosophical movement that considered utility as the way to bring the most happiness to all those affected by it: "the name Ariel means the affirming of an idealist sense of life against the limitations of utilitarianism".  He furthers his argument by stating that utilitarianism causes certain individuals to become specialized in very specific fields and as an effect of such specialization, they end up receiving an incomplete, deformed education. Rodó argues that due to specialization, an individual could be a genius in one aspect of life and completely inept in another. Rodó describes this as the mutilation of the person, because without a general understanding of life through knowledge, the person is no longer complete. The specialization of jobs causes societies to become underdeveloped as opposed to evolving towards maturity. It is this specialization that causes societies to arrive at mediocrity, and as Rodó informs us, another culprit of mediocrity is democracy as it is applied today. This is a strong statement, and Rodó justifies it by clarifying that because democratic societies give power to the masses, whom he deems less capable of making good decisions; but he is not against democracy but rather shows many ways in which its weak points can be strengthened, pointing for instance at the importance of the most capable educating the rest of society to pull the average upwards instead of letting the trend be the opposite.

The concept of "nordomanía"
Rodó warns against "nordomanía," or the attraction of North America, and yankee materialism. However, this is only a hegemonical trend in the Nordamerica -compárese con nordomanía- because, as tell us Rodó, in his essay Rubén Darío. His literary personality. His last work, one of the manners to be with a original style, in agreement to the homeland, is the refractive from Whitman. The other is the reflex: the poet inspired by nature [Rodó, José Enrique. (1899). La Vida Nueva II. Rubén Darío. Su personalidad. Su última obra. Montevideo: Imprenta de Dornaleche y Reyes]. His thought reflects on history, when the United States was growing in the Western Hemisphere, especially in Latin America early in the 20th Century. Rodó echoes the importance of regional identity and how it should be rooted deeply into every country. However, to create and maintain regional identity proves difficult at times due to outside cultural and economic influence. There were many examples in Rodó's immediate past, mainly the Spanish–American War of 1898. Rodó posits that even though outside influence from other countries may be beneficial, it might destroy the principles on which that particular country or region were based from their origin. This is why Rodó argues that it is the responsibility of Spanish-American youth to help form and maintain regional and cultural identity to the best of its potential.

See also
Alfred Fouillée
Aneurin Bevan
Caliban

References

Secondary reading
 Antuña, José. "Rodó's Ariel". Américas 13.3 (March 1961): 32–34.
 Aronna, Michael. "José Enrique Rodó's 'Ariel': The Therapeutic Program for Pan American Recovery", in "Pueblos enfermos": The Discourse of Illness in the Turn-of-the-Century Spanish American Essay. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 1999: 87–134.
 Bachellier, C. C. "An Introduction for Studies on Rodó". Hispania 46.4 (December 1963): 764–769.
 Brotherston, Gordon. "The Literary World of José Enrique Rodó (1871–1917)". En Homenaje a Luis Alberto Sánchez. Eds. Víctor Berger y Robert G. Mead, Jr. Madrid: Editorial Ínsula, 1983: 95–103.
 Earle, Peter G. "Utopía, Univerópolis, Macondo". Hispanic Review 50 (1982): 143–157.
 Earle, Peter G. "José Enrique Rodó". Latin American Writers. Vol. II. Ed. Solé/Abreu. NY: Charles Scribner%27s Sons, 1989: II: 447–455.
 González Echeverría, Roberto. "The Case of the Speaking Statue: Ariel and the Magisterial Rhetoric of the Latin American Essay". The Voice of the Masters: Writing and Authority in Modern Latin American Literature. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985: 8–32.
 Jauregui, Carlos. "Los monstruos del latinoamericanismo arielista: variaciones del apetito en la periferia (neo)colonial" (capitulo 4) de "Canibalia." Madrid: Iberoamericana 2008. 311-391.
 Miller, Nicola. In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-Century Latin America. London: Verso, 1999: 96–114.
 Pereyra-Suárez, Esther. "José Enrique Rodó y la selección en la democracia". Hispania 58.2 (1975): 346–350.
 Rodríguez Monegal, Emir. "Sobre el Anti-imperialismo de Rodó". Revista Iberoamericana 80, Vol 38 (1972): 495–501.
 Rodríguez Monegal, Emir. "La utopía modernista: el mito del nuevo y el viejo mundo en Darío y Rodó". Revista Iberoamericana 46 (1980): 427–442.
 Sánchez, Luis Alberto. Escritores representativos de América. Primera serie. Segunda edición. 3 tomos. Madrid: Gredos, 1963: Tomo III, "José Enrique Rodó", 77–94.
 San Román, Gustavo. A Companion to José Enrique Rodó. Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2018.
 Symington, James W. "Echoes of Rodó". Américas 20.3 (March 1968): 8–13.
 Symington, James W. "Learn Latin America's Culture". New York Times (Friday, September 23, 1983): Editorial Page.
 Tiempo, César. "Vistazo a José Enrique Rodó". Hispania 39.3 (1956): 269–274.
 Ward, Thomas. "Rodó y las 'jerarquías imperativas". En La resistencia cultural: la nación en el ensayo de las Américas. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2004: 72–85.
 Ward, Thomas. "El concepto krausista de la belleza en Rodó" y "La belleza como solución", En La teoría literaria: romanticismo, krausismo y modernismo ante la 'globalización' industrial. University, MS: University of Mississippi, "Romance Monographs", 2004: 70–82.

External links

 Online version of Ariel

1871 births
1917 deaths
Writers from Montevideo
Uruguayan people of Catalan descent
Uruguayan male writers
Colorado Party (Uruguay) politicians
Uruguayan essayists
Burials at the Central Cemetery of Montevideo

José Enrique Rodó


The Phya Thai Palace ( Wang Phaya Thai) or Royal Phya Thai Palace ( Phra Ratcha Wang Phaya Thai) is on the banks of the Samsen Canal ( Khlong Sam Sen) on Rajavithee Road ( Thanon Ratchawithi) in the Ratchathewi District of Bangkok. King Rama V bestowed on it the royal name of the Royal Residence of the Phya Thai ( Phra Tamnak Phaya Thai) or the Phya Thai Palace, with Phya Thai ( Phaya Thai) meaning "lord of the Thais", during his reign and so it was built with this bearing on design.

History

Construction of Phya Thai Palace began in 1909. It was built at Rama V's behest so that he might stay there and look out over the farms, plantations, and livestock in the area. The palace grounds included those areas directly opposite the palace. He also had a complex included in the compound where the Royal Ploughing Ceremony might take place, since used on many occasions.

The Phya Thai Palace was only used by King Rama V for a short time as he died several months after its completion.

During the reign of King Rama VI, Queen Saovabha, then Queen Mother, was invited to live there, which she did until her death in 1920. Rama VI then had the palace demolished, leaving only the Devaraja Sabharamaya Hall ( Phra Thi Nang Thewarat Sapharom) and Throne Hall, and ordered that many new palace halls be built together to form a new Royal Phya Thai Palace.

King Rama VI lived at the palace until the later years of his reign, when he moved to stay at the Chakraput Piman Hall ( Phra Thi Nang Chakkraphat Phiman) of the Grand Palace until his death.

King Rama VII ordered the palace be converted into an international hotel, an enterprise which ended five years later. Phya Thai Palace then became the site of the first Thai radio broadcast station. Later, after a change of government the palace became a clinic for the Royal Thai Army and has since changed its name to the Phramongkutklao Hospital ( Rong Phayaban Phra Mongkut Klao).

Miscellaneous
The palace was featured in the famous The Amazing Race 14 as the 8th and last non-elimination pit-stop.

External links

 Ministry of Defence (of Thailand)

Former royal residences in Bangkok
Ratchathewi district
Museums in Bangkok
Historic house museums in Thailand
Registered ancient monuments in Bangkok

Phaya Thai Palace


The Secret Six was a name given (by James Doherty of The Chicago Tribune) to six influential businessmen in Chicago who organized the business community against Al Capone.

Formation
The event that triggered the formation of the Secret Six was the shooting of a building contractor's superintendent, Philip Meagher, on February 5, 1930 at the construction site of the Lying-In Hospital (later part of the University of Chicago Hospitals) at 59th and Maryland Avenue. The superintendent's employer, Harrison Barnard, went to the Chicago Association of Commerce (CAC), now the Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce, demanding action. The CAC's president, Colonel Robert Isham Randolph, shortly after announced that he was the spokesman of a committee formed to prevent and punish crime. Randolph said the members of the committee did not want to reveal their names. When asked by Doherty how many there were, Randolph replied, "half a dozen."

Eliot Ness gets his commission
The Secret Six hired Alexander Jamie, who had been Chief Special Agent of the Department of Justice, as its chief investigator. He was the brother-in-law of Eliot Ness. Jamie influenced Randolph to speak with U.S. District Attorney, George Emmerson Q. Johnson, and through Johnson Eliot Ness got his special commission.

Of the Secret Six, in his book, The Untouchables, Eliot Ness says this, "These six men were gambling with their lives, unarmed, to accomplish what three thousand police and three hundred prohibition agents had failed miserably to accomplish: The liquidation of a criminal combine which paid off in dollars to the greedy and death to the too-greedy or incorruptible."

Activity
Very little is known of their operations, mandated as they were to be secret. It is known they set up a speakeasy in Cicero known as the Garage Café to acquire information. They provided funds to execute the tax evasion case that eventually put Al Capone behind bars, and paid for a trip to South America for a cashier who informed against the mobsters.

Alexander G. Jamie summed the work of the Secret Six as follows: It handled 595 cases, aided in 55 convictions, with sentences totaling 428 years. Fines of $11,525 had been paid, and they recovered $605,000 in bonds and $52,280 in merchandise. The Secret Six handled 25 kidnapping and extortion cases in which nine convictions were made.

Members
Twenty years later James Doherty wrote an article entitled, "Curtains for Capone", in which he states, "To this day there has been no disclosure of the identity of the crime fighters known as the Secret Six. Even I don't know them and I gave them the name that went all over the world in 1930."

In his scrapbook found years after his death, Harrison Barnard wrote on Doherty's 1951 article, "I was one of the Secret Six." Since he was the one whose employee was shot, and he brought the matter to the Chicago Association of Commerce, which brought the committee into existence, it is a reasonable inference that he was one of the committee. He was a prominent businessman, a trustee of the University of Chicago and Shedd Aquarium.

U.S. Bureau of Investigation reports (1932) indicate that Robert Isham Randolph, Julius Rosenwald (president of Sears, Roebuck and Company), and Frank J. Loesch belong to the Secret Six. In interviews Randolph gave to the press after Capone's conviction, he disclosed that Samuel Insull, the utilities magnate, and Rosenwald were in the Secret Six. Judge John H. Lyle (1960), who was directly involved in the private war on Capone, named Edward E. Gore, Samuel Insull, and George A. Paddock as members of the Secret Six.

Further reading
Bergreen, Laurence, Capone: The Man and the Era, Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, c1994
Grant, Bruce, Fight for a City, Rand McNally, c1955
Lyle, John H., The Dry and Lawless Years, Prentice Hall, c1960
Ness, Eliot with Oscar Fraley, The Untouchables, Julian Messner, c1957

Civil crime prevention
History of Chicago
Chicago Outfit
Al Capone

Secret Six (Chicago)


Tom Sleigh () is an American poet, dramatist, essayist and academic, who lives in New York City. He has published nine books of original poetry, one full-length translation of Euripides' Herakles and two books of essays. His most recent books are House of Fact, House of Ruin: Poems and The Land Between Two Rivers: Writing In an Age of Refugees (essays). At least five of his plays have been produced. He has won numerous awards, including the 2008 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award, worth $100,000, an Academy Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, The Shelley Award from the Poetry Society of America, and a Guggenheim Foundation grant. He currently serves as director of Hunter College's Master of Fine Arts (MFA) program in Creative Writing. He is the recipient of the Anna-Maria Kellen Prize and Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin for Fall 2011.

Life
Tom Sleigh was born in Mount Pleasant, Texas, where he lived until the age of five, when he moved to Utah. He lived in Utah until seventh grade, when he moved to California. He attended the California Institute of the Arts, Evergreen State College, and the Writing Seminars Johns Hopkins University for two years, where he graduated with an MA. In his mid-twenties he moved to Massachusetts, to work at the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown. He began teaching at Dartmouth College in 1986 and later taught at New York University, the University of Iowa, UC-Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University. He lives in Brooklyn, New York, and serves as director of the Hunter College Master of Fine Arts Program in Creative Writing, where he also teaches poetry writing.

Artistic influences
In an interview published in the literary journal AGNI, Sleigh lists his poetic influences:
I'd have to say that Browning for his technique; Wallace Stevens for a certain quality of gravitas, what Keats feels near his death, when he said he was living a sort of posthumous existence; Philip Larkin for his sense of extremity; Pound for his fluidity of conception and hardness of execution; Baudelaire for his music and intense scrutiny and affection for street life; and Bishop and Lowell for their immersion in the physical world, would be my fathers and mothers.

Published works
Poetry collections
 House of Fact, House of Ruin (Graywolf Press, 2017)
 Station Zed (Graywolf Press, 2015)
 Army Cats (Graywolf Press, 2011)
 Space Walk (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007)
 Far Side of the Earth (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003)
 The Dreamhouse (University of Chicago Press, 1999)
 The Chain (University of Chicago Press, 1996)
 Waking (University of Chicago Press, 1990)
 After One (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983)

Prose works
 The Land Between Two Rivers: Writing in an Age of Refugees (Graywolf Press, 2017)
 Interview with a Ghost (Graywolf Press, 2006)

Dramatic works
 Ice Trucker Pilgrimage, a multi-media opera (presented at San Francisco Film Festival 2006)
 The Knowledge and Conversation of My Holy Guardian Angel, or an Old-Fashioned Love Story (produced in 2004, New York Fringe Theater Festival)
 Rubber (performed at the Midtown International Theatre Festival, Raw Space Theater, New York City, 2002; winner of "Best of the Fest" award and a 2003 OOBR Award from the Off Off Broadway Review)
 Barbarosa (staged reading at Boston University's Playwright's Theater, 1998)
 Ahab's Wife (performed at Loeb's ART Institute, Boston, 1997; and Jim Henson Foundation's International Festival of Puppet Theater, New York City, 1998)

Translations
 Herakles by Euripides (Oxford University Press USA, 2000)

Honors and awards
 Kingsley Tufts Award (2008), for Space Walk
 Academy Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 The Shelley Award from the Poetry Society of America
 Guggenheim Foundation Grant
 Ingram Merill Foundation Grant
 Two National Endowment for the Arts grants

References

Sources
 http://www.bu.edu/agni/interviews/online/2003/sleigh-wong.html
 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2000/mar00/sleigh.html
 http://www.pshares.org/authors/author-detail.cfm?authorID=1425
 http://www.pw.org/content/poet_tom_sleigh_walks_away_100000

External links
 http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/creativewriting/sleigh.shtml - Tom Sleigh's official website
 http://www.slate.com/id/2120981/ - A recording of Sleigh reading his poem "The Hole"
 http://www.slate.com/id/2175506 - A recording of Sleigh reading his poem "Recording"
 http://www.bostonreview.net/BR21.5/sacks.html - A review of The Chain

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Texas
Johns Hopkins University alumni
American male poets
American translators
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Evergreen State College alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty
Hunter College faculty
New York University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American academics of English literature
American dramatists and playwrights
Writers from New York (state)
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male non-fiction writers

Tom Sleigh


Major Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort, KG (5 February 1792 – 17 November 1853), styled Earl of Glamorgan until 1803 and Marquess of Worcester between 1803 and 1835, was a British peer, soldier, and politician.

Background
Beaufort was the eldest son of Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort, and Lady Charlotte Sophia, daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford. Lord Granville Somerset was his younger brother.

Military and political career
Beaufort was commissioned a cornet in the 10th Hussars on 18 June 1811. He was promoted to lieutenant in the 14th Light Dragoons on 21 August, but transferred back to the 10th Hussars on 6 September. Worcester also served as an aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain between 1812 and 1814.

In 1813, Beaufort was returned as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Monmouth Boroughs, as a Tory, and continued to hold the seat until 1831. On 26 October 1815, he transferred to the 7th Hussars. In the following year, he was appointed a Lord of the Admiralty under Lord Liverpool, serving on the Board until 1819. On 2 December 1819, he was made a captain in the 37th Foot, and on 30 December, was promoted to the rank of major.

In the contentious election of 1831, Beaufort was defeated by Benjamin Hall at Monmouth Boroughs. While Hall's victory was overturned on petition and Beaufort regained the seat, he again lost to Hall in the 1832 election. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Gloucestershire Yeomanry in 1834. In 1835, he successfully contested West Gloucestershire, but left the House when he succeeded as Duke of Beaufort that November. In 1836, he became High Steward of Bristol and was appointed a Knight of the Garter on 11 April 1842.

Family

Beaufort married Georgiana Frederica Fitzroy (1792–1821), daughter of the Hon. Henry FitzRoy and Lady Anne Wellesley, on 25 July 1814. Georgiana's paternal ancestors included the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family and the Delancey family of British North America. They had three daughters:

Lady Charlotte Augusta Frederica Somerset (1816–1850), married, on 5 December 1844, Baron Philipp von Neumann (4 December 1781 – 14 January 1851), an Austrian diplomat, by whom she had issue.
Natalie von Neumann
Charlotte Augusta von Neumann
Lady Georgiana Charlotte Anne Somerset (1817–1884), married, in 1836, Sir Christopher Bethell-Codrington, son of Christopher Bethell-Codrington.
Alice Bethell-Codrington, married Sir Henry Mervyn Vavasour, 3rd Bt.
Sir Gerald Codrington, 1st Bt., married Lady Edith Denison, daughter of William Denison, 1st Earl of Londesborough.
George Bethell-Codrington.
Lady Anne Harriet Charlotte Somerset (1819–1877), married Colonel Philip James of Dorset.

After the death of his wife in 1821, he married her younger half-sister, Emily Frances Smith, daughter of Charles Culling Smith, on 29 June 1822; they were both daughters of Lady Anne Smith, the Duke of Wellington's sister. (This marriage, in contravention of the canon laws of the Church of England, rendered his marriage potentially annullable for many years: for this reason, Wellington himself strongly opposed it.) They had seven children, one son and six daughters:

Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort (1824–1899), married Lady Georgiana Charlotte Curzon and had issue.
Lady Emily Blanche Charlotte Somerset (1828–1895), married George Hay-Drummond, 12th Earl of Kinnoull.
George Robert Hay, Viscount Dupplin, married Agnes, daughter of James Duff, 5th Earl Fife.
Lady Constance Blanche Louisa Hay, married cricketer Walter Hadow.
Archibald Hay, 13th Earl of Kinnoull.
Capt. Hon. Alistair George Hay, married Camilla, daughter of Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville.
Hon. Claude George Drummond Hay, unmarried.
Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance, married Prince Alexander Münster.
Lady Rose Caroline Mary Somerset (1829–1885), who eloped to marry Captain Francis Frederick Lovell, son of Peter Harvey Lovell. No issue.
Lady Henriëtta Louisa Priscilla Somerset (1831–1863), married John Morant, son of John Morant and Lady Caroline Hay. No issue.
Lady Geraldine Harriett Anne Somerset (1832–1915), served as Lady-in-Waiting to Princess Augusta, Duchess of Cambridge and left a diary: died unmarried
Lady Katherine Emily Mary Somerset (1834–1914), married Arthur Walsh, 2nd Baron Ormathwaite.
Arthur Walsh, 3rd Baron Ormathwaite, unmarried.
George Walsh, 4th Baron Ormathwaite, unmarried.
Reginald Walsh, 5th Baron Ormathwaite, married Lady Margaret Douglas-Home, daughter of Charles Douglas-Home, 12th Earl of Home.
Lady Edith Frances Wilhelmina Somerset (1838–1915), married William Denison, 1st Earl of Londesborough, and had issue.
William Henry Francis Denison, 2nd Earl of Londesborough, who married Lady Grace Adelaide Fane, daughter of Francis Fane, 12th Earl of Westmorland.
Lady Edith Henrietta Sybil Denison, married her half-cousin Sir Gerald Codrington, 1st Bt.
Lady Lilian Katharine Selina Denison, who married Newton Charles Ogle of Kirkley.
Lady Ida Emily Augusta Denison, married Sir George Reresby Sitwell, 4th Baronet.

In 1840, Beaufort bought the house at 22 Arlington Street in St. James's, a district of the City of Westminster in central London from John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden and proceeded to expend enormous sums refurbishing the interior of the house. He renamed the house after his title and during his residency, it was known as "Beaufort House." He hired architect Owen Jones, who had studied the Alhambra to embellish the interiors. Beaufort sold the house a year before he died to William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton.

Beaufort died in 1853, aged 61 at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, and was buried at St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton. He is best known today for his two marriages, and his involvement, as a very young man, with the courtesan Harriette Wilson, to whom he apparently proposed marriage.

Fictional portrayal
Both Beaufort and Harriette Wilson feature as minor characters in Black Ajax by George MacDonald Fraser.

Ancestry

References

External links

1792 births
1853 deaths
10th Royal Hussars officers
7th Queen's Own Hussars officers
14th King's Hussars officers
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
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15
07
Henry Somerset, 07th Duke of Beaufort
Knights of the Garter
Lords of the Admiralty
Masters of foxhounds in England
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Royal Gloucestershire Hussars officers
37th Regiment of Foot officers
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
Worcester, Henry Somerset, Marquess of
UK MPs who inherited peerages
19th-century British landowners

Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort


Bábism is a religion. It was started in Persia in the middle of the 19th century. The founder was Mirza Ali Muhamed Reza ash-Shirazi. He claimed to be a kind of savior for Shi'a Muslims. He took the title Báb (), meaning "gate" in Persian. Bábism was originally based on his interpretation of the Quran and other Islamic texts. There were similar movements like this, but the Bábí movement tried to break with Islam to start a new religion. It was opposed by the government in Persia, which used laws and violence to destroy it. Bábism continued in exile in the Ottoman Empire. It led to the creation of Azali Babism and the Bahá'í Faith.

1844 establishments

Bábism


The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is a working group of the European Union (EU). The agency offices are in Cologne, Germany. EASA which has been given regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety. The current Head of the EASA is Luc Tytgat.

History
EASA was created on 15 July 2002. The agency took over functions of the JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities) in 2008.

Functions
The Agency's responsibility and jurisdiction include
 Rulemaking in the fields of air operations and pilot licensing
 Oversight of Third Country Operators
The EASA is the European point of reference in aviation safety. The agency has taken over functions of the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs). This is part of the process of standardisation across the EU. EASA assists the European Commission in international harmonisation agreements.

EASA is tasked by Article 15(4) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 to provide a review of aviation safety each year. The Annual Safety Review presents statistics on European and worldwide civil aviation safety.

Related pages
 Civil Aviation Authority
 ICAO

References

Other websites
 EASA website
 EASA member states
 European Strategic Safety Initiative

Aviation authorities
Agencies of the European Union

European Aviation Safety Agency


REN21, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, is an organization which provides a forum for international leadership in renewable energy policy, in order to promote the rapid growth of renewable energy technologies in developing countries and industrialised economies.

The network was launched in June 2005 as a result of discussion held the previous year at the International Conference for Renewable Energies in Bonn, Germany.  Its secretariat operates from offices in Paris, France, and is provided by the United Nations Environment Programme and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation), in collaboration with the International Energy Agency.

REN21 has produced a number of internationally recognised reports on renewable energy policy and the development of the renewables marketplace. Since 2005 REN21 has produced an annual Renewables Global Status Report, with Eric Martinot and Janet Sawin as lead authors.

Energy

REN21


Thunderbird sau Thunderbirds se poate referi la:

IT
 Mozilla Thunderbird, un client de e-mail și știri
 Thunderbird (supercomputer), un cluster de supercomputere în Sandia National Laboratories
 Athlon Thunderbird, un microprocesor AMD

Film și televiziune
 Thunder Birds (1942 film), a WWII drama
 Thunderbirds (1952 film), a 1952 film starring John Derek
 Thunderbirds (film), a 2004 science fiction film loosely based on the Gerry Anderson TV series
 Thunderbirds (TV series), a 1960s British series created by Gerry Anderson
 Thunderbirds 2086, (Scientific Rescue Team TechnoVoyager), a 1982 Japanese anime series inspired by the Gerry Anderson TV series

Muzică
 Thunderbird (Cassandra Wilson album), 2006
 Thunderbird (Louis Bellson album), 1965
 Thunderbird (Willis Jackson album), 1962
 Gibson Thunderbird, o chitară bas
 The Thunderbirds, grupul back vocal al cântăreței pop Chris Farlowe
 The Fabulous Thunderbirds, o formație blues rock
 "Thunderbirds Are Go" / "3AM", un cântec de Busted
 "Thunderbird", un cântec de Iron Savior, de pe albumul Condition Red
 "Thunderbird", un cântec de Quiet Riot, de pe albumul Metal Health
 "Thunderbird", un cântec de Seasick Steve, de pe albumul I Started Out with Nothin and I Still Got Most of It Left
 "Thunderbird", un cântec de They Might Be Giants, de pe albumul The Spine
 "Thunderbird", un cântec de ZZ Top, de pe albumul Fandango!
 "Thunderbird", un cântec de Call Me No One, de pe albumul Last Parade

Comic
 Thunderbird (comics), a Marvel Comics superhero introduced in 1975
 Warpath (comics), aka Thunderbird, a Marvel Comics superhero introduced in 1984
 Neal Shaara, aka Thunderbird, a Marvel Comics superhero introduced in 2000

Sport
 Adelaide Thunderbirds, an Australian netball team
 Albuquerque Thunderbirds, an American basketball team
 Dubuque Thunderbirds, a former American junior hockey team
 Hamilton Thunderbirds, a Canadian baseball team
 Sault Thunderbirds, a 1959–1962 Canadian hockey team
 Seattle Thunderbirds, an American hockey team
 Soo Thunderbirds, a Canadian hockey team, launched in 1999
 Thunderbird Soccer Club, a Taiwanese football club
 UBC Thunderbirds, the athletic teams of the University of British Columbia
 AA Thunderbirds, Canadian ice hockey team on which Corey Haim played
 The Thunderbirds, a civic group that organizes the Phoenix Open golf tournament
 Thunderbirds, Los Angeles roller derby team

Aeronautică
 English Electric Thunderbird, a British Army missile
 Thunderbird (B-17), a surviving B-17 Flying Fortress
 Thunderbird Field, a former military airfield in Arizona
 United States Air Force Thunderbirds, an air demonstration squadron
 No. 426 Thunderbird Squadron, a Royal Canadian Air Force transport training squadron
 Northern Thunderbird Air, an airline

Land transport
 Thunderbird (train), a Japanese train service
 Ford Thunderbird, a car
 Royal Enfield Thunderbird, an Indian motorcycle
 Triumph Thunderbird, a British motorcycle introduced in 1949
 Triumph TR65 Thunderbird, a British motorcycle introduced in 1981
 Thunderbird (locomotive), a locomotive used to rescue failed trains
 A nickname for Virgin Trains' British Rail Class 57, often used as such due to the aforementioned 60s television programme

Lodging and accommodation
 Thunderbird Motel, an American Indian-themed motel in Minnesota
 Thunderbird Motel, one of the Miami modern architecture buildings
 Thunderbird Motel (built 1962, on Hollywood's Sunset Strip), now one of four Standard Hotels in a chain
 Thunderbird Motel (Pennsylvania), as last known address of American jihadi Michael Curtis Reynolds before his conviction in 2007
 Thunderbird Motel (Hope, British Columbia), as place of death of a primary suspect in the death of Jasmine Fiore
 Thunderbird (Fremont Inn), a motel on Seattle's Aurora Avenue (US 99) demolished under a local nuisance abatement law
 Thunderbird Hotel, a Paradise, Nevada, hotel and casino

Alte utilizări
 Thunderbird (wine), made by E & J Gallo Winery
 Thunderbird 26, a class of sailboat
 Thunderbird Products, the manufacturer of Formula Boats
 Thunderbird School of Global Management, a private business school whose main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona
 Thunderbird (roller coaster), a roller coaster at PowerPark, Alahärmä, West Finland
 The nickname of the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team

Thunderbird


Freddy Timms (1946, Bedford Downs Station – 2017) was an Australian indigenous artist from the Kimberley region.

Life and art
Timms commenced painting on canvas in the 1990s at Turkey Creek / Warmun in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

In 2002, a controversy that came to involve Timms, developed when writer Keith Windschuttle argued that claims made by some historians about the killing of indigenous people by white landholders were false. Windschuttle's arguments were part of a broader debate about Australian indigenous historiography and conflict between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. One argument put in this debate was that some authors, including Windschuttle, were privileging written history (which was at that time invariably recorded by white Australians) over oral histories of indigenous people. These oral histories included accounts of the Mistake Creek massacre of indigenous people (including members of Timms' family). Angered by Windschuttle and others' claims, Timms and several other artists including Paddy Bedford created paintings documenting the events recorded in their oral histories. These paintings were exhibited in Blood on the spinifex at the Ian Potter Museum of Art in 2003.

Timms collaborated with former gallerist Tony Oliver and others to create Jirrawun Arts, a company established to assist the development and sale of works by indigenous artists from parts of the Kimberley. By 2007 the company had become one of a very small number of profitable, privately financed, indigenous-owned and controlled businesses operating in the field of indigenous art.

References

Australian Aboriginal artists
1946 births
2017 deaths
People from Warmun Community

Freddie Timms


Epiktetos was an ancient Greek potter and vase painter. His name means "newly acquired". He may have been a slave, as were most potters and painters in ancient Greece. He worked mostly with cups and plates between 520 and 490 BC in the red-figure style. He signed more than half his works. He was an expert with the tondothe circular picture at the bottom of a cup. He painted mostly everyday scenes rather than mythological ones. His end is unknown.

Related pages
 Youth Riding a Rooster (Epiktetos)

Other websites

Ancient Greek painters
Ancient Greek potters

Epiktetos


The Library of Congress Control Number is a number given to an item in the Library of Congress. It is used to identify items in the Library's collection. Each number is issued as part of a series. It is not based on a classification system. The numbering system began in 1898, and it was called the Library of Congress Card Number.

The Library made cards for its library catalogue, and they also made cards which could be sold to other libraries. They introduced the number to identify the sets of cards.

Librarians around the world still use the number, especially when identifying books published in the United States.

The number has two parts; the first is a two digit number based on the year, and the second is the next number in the series, written as a six digit number. Since 2001, the year has been written as a four digit number.

Related pages
 International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

Publishing

Library of Congress Control Number


The National Commission on Social Security Reform, also known as the Greenspan Commission due to its chairmanship by Alan Greenspan, was a commission that was appointed by the United States Congress and President Ronald Reagan in 1981 to study and make recommendations regarding the short-term financing crisis that Social Security faced at that time. Its 1983 report led to the Social Security Reform Act of 1983. Greenspan himself was critical of this act, stating, "Do I like the present Social Security system?    No. If you asked me whether it would be necessary in the ideal society, I'd    say no. Our type of economy is far removed from where I would like to see it,    but you have to be careful about moving from one type of society to another."

References

Social security in the United States

Greenspan Commission


Louis Persinger (b. Rochester, Illinois, USA, 11 February 1887; died New York 31 December 1966)  was an American violinist and pianist.

Louis Persinger first performed in public when he was 12 years old.  He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory with Hans Becker,  and later with  Eugène Ysaÿe in Brussels, and for two summers with Jacques Thibaud in France. He became leader of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra and the Royal Opera Orchestra in Brussels.  In 1912 he returned to the USA and played with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski.  In 1915 he was appointed leader and assistant conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. He followed Leopold Auer in 1930 as a teacher at the Juilliard School, in New York.

Besides his work performing with orchestras he played chamber music, forming his own string quartet and directing the Chamber Music Society of San Francisco.

Persinger is particularly remembered now as the teacher of several great violinists, including Yehudi Menuhin, Ruggiero Ricci, Isaac Stern.   His way of teaching was different from that of most other teachers.  He focussed on things that would make his pupils interested and used simple words.

As a piano accompanist he played with Ruggiero Ricci for many recitals and recordings.  He also played for Yehudi Menuhin when the 10 year old boy gave his first recital in New York.

On his 75th birthday he gave a recital at the Julliard School of Music, playing half the programme on the violin and the other half on the piano.

References
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed Stanley Sadie vol 14 (1980)
 Unfinished Journey, Yehudi Menuhin (1976), Macdonald and Jane's.

American violinists
Concertmasters
American pianists
1887 births
1966 deaths

Louis Persinger


Service could mean:
 Service (economics), an activity offered as a product--the non-material equivalent of a good in economics and marketing
 The Service Sector, the tertiary sector of industry
 Domestic service, employment in a residence
 Military service, the whole or part of a country's armed forces, or the act of serving in those forces
 Civil service, career employees of government
 Service, a Pakistani group of companies, comprised of (among others) Service Shoes, Service Tyres and ServAid (Chain of Pharmacies)
 A penetrant, as defined by a building code
 Systems Architecture Service, the provision of a discrete business or technology function within a systems environment; i.e. Business Service – "Manage Customer Address"; Technical Service – "Create E-Mail Notification"
 Serve (tennis), a shot to start a point in tennis
 Windows Service, a background computer program in Microsoft Windows
 Web service, a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network
 A program in the Services menu that processes selected data
 IRC services, a set of features implemented in most modern Internet Relay Chat networks
 Service of worship, a meeting for the worship of God
Service (music), musical settings for sections of a service of worship
 Service of process, the delivery of a summons, complaint or other court petition
 Service Tree (Sorbus domestica), a species of tree
 Robert W. Service, poet

Related pages
 Servant

Service