The Cairns Group (Cairns Group of Fair Trading Nations) is an interest group of 19 agricultural exporting countries, composed of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Uruguay, and Vietnam.

The Cairns Group seeks to liberalize global trade in agricultural produce. In particular, its members aim to abolish export subsidies and trade-distorting ("amber box") domestic support for agricultural products and seek to improve market access for agricultural exports. The coalition attempts to present a common front in multilateral trade negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO), tabling joint proposals and occasionally working with like-minded groups such as the G20 group of developing nations.

In September 2018, the Institute of Economic Affairs proposed that the United Kingdom should join
the Cairns Group "as soon as possible", stating that although "the UK is not a major agricultural exporter, it is locked into EU supply chains.".

History

Founding
The Cairns Group was founded in August 1986, when the Australian government spearheaded the formation of a group and organized the inaugural meeting in the city of Cairns, Australia. There were 14 original member countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Fiji, Hungary, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Uruguay—a very diverse group politically and economically. The Australian government led the formation of the group, though some of the South East Asian countries had been working together on agricultural trade through ASEAN. "One of the most striking aspects of the Cairns Group was the intellectual leadership provided by Australia and to a lesser extent Canada. Australia's commitment to trade liberalization was the outcome of a long domestic debate in which neoliberal ideas had supplanted protectionism and become the guiding rationale of foreign and domestic policy. The Cairns Group offered a mechanism to promote this agenda in a key multilateral forum."

The move to form the group was largely a response to spiralling trade subsidies of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy and the United States' Export Enhancement Program. Particularly, the objection came to the double standards between the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) forcing countries to liberalise their economies, whilst the United States was granted a waiver for agricultural protection in the 1950s.

Uruguay Round
The Cairns Group successfully forced agriculture onto the agenda of the Uruguay Round, which eventually led to the Agreement on Agriculture. In April 1989 in Geneva, Switzerland, the Group played a critical role in the framework agreement with United States, the EU, and Japan to cover negotiations during the remainder of the Round.

Continued protectionism
In the ongoing Doha Round of trade negotiations, they are mainly opposed by WTO members seeking to uphold their high level of agricultural protection on grounds of public policy, such as the EU, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Switzerland, and United States (dubbed the "multifunctionalists").

The Group's newest member is Vietnam, which joined in November 2013 as its 20th member.

After its December 2013 meeting in Bali, Indonesia, the Cairns Group issued a communiqué stating its concern about "the trend of import restrictions" that go against the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and serve as technical barriers to trade on agricultural products. It criticized "overly complex SPS measures and technical regulations, including food labelling".

References

External links
 Cairns Group
 Cairns Group Farm Leaders

International trade organizations
Agricultural policy
Foreign relations of Argentina
Agriculture in Argentina
Foreign relations of Australia
Agriculture in Australia
Agriculture in Bolivia
Foreign relations of Bolivia
Agriculture in Brazil
Foreign relations of Brazil
Agriculture in Canada
Foreign relations of Canada
Agriculture in Colombia
Foreign relations of Colombia
Agriculture in Costa Rica
Foreign relations of Costa Rica
Agriculture in Guatemala
Foreign relations of Guatemala
Agriculture in Indonesia
Foreign relations of Indonesia
Agriculture in Malaysia
Foreign relations of Malaysia
Agriculture in New Zealand
Foreign relations of New Zealand
Agriculture in Pakistan
Foreign relations of Pakistan
Agriculture in Paraguay
Foreign relations of Paraguay
Agriculture in Peru
Foreign relations of Peru
Agriculture in the Philippines
Foreign relations of the Philippines
Agriculture in South Africa
Foreign relations of South Africa
Agriculture in Thailand
Foreign relations of Thailand
Agriculture in Uruguay
Foreign relations of Uruguay

Cairns Group


A mid-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker. These are designed to reproduce sounds which are not very low, but mid-range speaker can also play hi frequency sounds, example frequency going up to 20kHz. Depending on the speakers structure there can be a tweeter that plays hi-frequencies. Typically it is then a 3-way speaker. If there is only a woofer and mid-range speaker, it would be 2-way speaker.

Audio technology

Mid-range speaker


The Slingsby T.12 Gull was a British single-seat glider designed and built by Slingsby Sailplanes and first flown in 1938.

Development
In the late 1930s the gliding movement in the UK did not receive the support from the government that was forthcoming in other European states. Fred Slingsby designed the Type 12 Gull to be relatively inexpensive and easy to fly in the hands of the inexperienced pilots in the UK. Slingsby had had a bad experience with the Type 9 King Kite entering incipient spins at low airspeed which was ascribed to the use of a NACA 4312 aerofoil section at the wing-tips, so he designed the Gull with a modified RAF 34 profile at the tips. The cause of the wing drop problem on the King Kite was later found to be inaccurate manufacture, but the Gull retained the modified RAF 34 section.

Construction of the Gull aircraft was of semi-monocoque wood and plywood throughout, with a mixture of plywood and fabric skinning and covering. The wings were skinned with plywood forward of the main spar to form torsion boxes which increased their rigidity. They had a distinctive gull wing form, as the inner 2 metres carried marked dihedral out to the attachment points of the lift struts to the wing spars.  Beyond, the wings lacked dihedral. The rectangular planform of the inner wings included the gulled portion and 2 metres beyond, with spoilers in the upper surface outboard of the gull joint in some later aircraft. Ailerons filled the trailing edge of the tapered outer wings.

The cockpit was enclosed with a neatly faired multi-panel canopy which was removed for entry and egress. Ten Gulls were built, nine by Slingsby at Kirbymoorside and one by Herman Kursawe in the United States, from plans supplied by Slingsby.

The design was developed in 1939 to include what Slingsby called the cantilever Gull, designated as the T15. More commonly known as the Gull III, it had a slightly higher performance, and was fitted with spoilers on the upper surfaces of the wing. Built in 1939, it was not until January 1940 that the type first flew, and was such a success that Slingsby intended to put the type into production once the War was over.

With the tight post-war economy within Britain, gliders of simplified production quickly became a factor in being able to produce cost-effective sailplanes. This led to the Gull 4, which had a more conventional, less complicated straight wing.

Operational history

In 1939 a Gull, widely known as the Blue Gull became the first glider to fly from England to France, cross channel.  The pilot was G. Stephenson.

The only Gull III to be built survived the war, and along with the Petrel was regarded as one of the prettiest sailplanes to come out of Slingsby's doors. It went on to have a long and distinguished career, and was owned at one point by Prince Bira of Siam, who was at the time the World Motor Racing Champion. Bira had bought the Gull III in 1944 and flew it in the company of his dog, a small white West Highland Terrier called "Titch", on many epic flights, including one to 12000 ft.

The Gull III was later bought by a syndicate at the Oxford Gliding Club operating out of Weston on the Green. After a long rebuild, it was finally flown again in 1973. Its C of A expired again in July 1974 because its wing had been damaged by damp (casein glue failure) during the previous winter, when it had been left out in its closed trailer at St. Mary's Farm, Clifton, near Deddington, Oxon. Expertly restored in the 1980s by the late Mike Beach, it was initially loaned to Brooklands Museum as a non-flying exhibit but was later bought by the Museum in 1998.

There is one other Gull III in existence. Often wittingly referred to as the Gull 3 ½, this Gull is a faithful replica that was made from drawings that had come from Slingsby's during the 1970s, with the drawings being developed for the project by a worker at Slingsby's. The project was the brain-child of the late Mike Garnett, and completed by members of the Bowland Forest Gliding Club. It flew from Bowland Forest until 2011 when it was purchased by the current owner and moved to Lincolnshire. This Gull is currently the only airworthy example of either the Gull 1 or Gull III left in Britain. The only other airworthy Gull 1 went to the United States in 2010.

Aircraft on display

A Gull 1, originally the prototype and sold to Australia before World War II and later registered VH-GHL is currently on display at the Aviation Heritage Museum in Perth, Australia.
A Gull 1, BGA number 902 is on display at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.
A Gull 1, N41829 built by Hermann Kursawe in the USA has been restored and is about to be put on display at the National Soaring Museum at Elmira, NY.
The sole Gull III is on display at the Brooklands Museum, Weybridge.

Variants
T.12 Gull
Initial prototype and nine production gliders with strutted gull wings.
T.14 Gull II
Enlarged Gull with two seats side by side, only one built.
T.15 Gull III
Also known as the Cantilever Gull, a single Gull built during the outbreak of Second World War and first flying in 1940, without struts supporting the wings.  It was rebuilt post war after a crash by Hawkridge Aircraft Co, Ltd. as the Hawkridge Kittiwake.  It later was used at the Oxford Gliding Club.

Specifications (Gull 1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Gull
Gull-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
High-wing aircraft

Slingsby Kirby Gull


Twine (also called baler twine) is a light string or strong thread made from two or more smaller strands or yarns twisted together.  More generally, the term can be applied to a cord. It is often synonymous with string but is usually thicker. Natural fibres used for making twine include cotton, sisal, jute, hemp, henequen, and coir.  A variety of synthetic fibres may also be used. Twine is available in colors, plain or waxed. Twine is as useful as duct tape in that it can be used for a wide variety of repairs.

Uses
In arts and crafts, twine is used for a wide variety of projects. It is used in knitting, crocheting, and making jewellery, to mention just a few. Commercially, twine is used in upholstery, rug-making, agriculture, the cotton industry, textiles, and in the carton industry.

History
Twine traces its history back to as early as 32,000 years ago. Wild flax fibers were used to make twine for clothing, baskets and creating tools. Hunter-gatherers processed flax into strong cords or twine.

Archaeologists discovered flax fiber cords in a western Asian cave that date from 32,000 to 26,000 years ago. In a cave at Lascaux, France fossilized remains of a "two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" were dated to about 15,000 BCE. Hemp twine was used from about 8,000 BCE. By 1,000 BCE hemp rope and twine was used by most civilizations. From 500 BCE to 1900 AD almost all rope and twine used in sailing ships was made from hemp. For example, the USS Constitution used hemp for its rigging lines. Sea bags and other common goods used help cordage or twine.

In the 1630s hemp was used to produce cordage in Boston. Soon there were several ropewalks in Boston producing hemp rope. Hemp twine was twisted into rope.

Related pages
 String
 Fibre
 Rope
 Yarn

References

Fibers

Twine


James Wimshurst (13 April 1832 – 3 January 1903) was an English inventor, engineer and shipwright. Though Wimshurst did not patent his machines and the various improvements that he made to them, his refinements to the electrostatic generator led to its becoming widely known as the Wimshurst machine.

Biography
Wimshurst was born in 1832, in Poplar, East London, England. He was the son of Henry Wimshurst, a shipbuilder of Ratcliffe Cross Dock. Wimshurst was educated at Steabonheath House in London and became an apprentice at the Thames Ironworks until 1853 with James Mare. In 1865, he married Clara Tribble. In 1865, after Wimshurst was transferred to Liverpool, he worked at the Liverpool Underwriters' Registry. In 1874, he joined the Board of Trade as a "chief shipwright surveyor" at Lloyds. Later, in 1890, he became the Board of Trade's representative at an international conference in Washington.

Wimshurst dedicated large amounts of his free time to experimental works. Besides his electrical activities, he invented a distinctive vacuum pump, a device to indicate ship stability and methods for electrically connecting lighthouses to the mainland. In 1878, he began to experiment with electrical influence machines for generating electrical sparks for scientific and entertainment purposes. Beginning in 1880, he became interested in electrostatic machines of the influence type. His house in Clapham, England, had a versatile workshop which had a wide variety of tools and devices for electric illumination. Wimshurst constructed several of the known types of electrostatic generators, such as those created by W. Nicholson, F. P. Carré and W. T. B. Holtz. To these predecessors, Wimshurst made many modifications with the result known as the Holtz-Wimshurst machine.

Shortly afterwards, Wimshurst developed a "duplex machine". The device had two disks turning in opposite directions, with metallic conducting sectors on the surfaces of each. Compared to its predecessors, this machine was less sensitive to atmospheric conditions and did not require an electric power supply. This form of the machine was also improved by other developers (such as the Pidgeon machine developed by W. R. Pidgeon, which increased the electrical induction effect and its electrical output). In 1882, Wimshurst developed his "Cylindrical Machine". By 1883, his improvements to the electrostatic generator led to the device being widely known as the Wimshurst machine. In 1885, one of the largest Wimshurst machines was built in England (and is now at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry).

Wimshurst became a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1889. In 1891, he reported a machine that generated high-tension alternating currents. In 1896, his multiple-disk machines (up to 8 disks) found a new use as Roentgen ray generators for radiography and electrotherapy. For this contribution to medical science, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1898. He died in Clapham, South West London, England, at the age of 70.

Membership and honors
 Fellow of the Royal Society (1898)
 Institution of Electrical Engineers (1889)
 Physical Society
 Röntgen Society
 Institution of Naval Architects

Publications
 "A Book of Rules for the Construction of Steam Vessels", 1898.

References and external links

 S. E. Fryer, Wimshurst, James (1832–1903), rev. Arne Hessenbruch, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 March 2006
 Antonio Carlos M. de Queiroz, James Wimshurst, coe.ufrj.br. (Portuguese)

1832 births
1903 deaths
People from Poplar, London
English inventors
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

James Wimshurst


The Key lime is a citrus fruit. Its Latin name is  Citrus aurantiifolia (often, less correctly: C. aurantifolia), or Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle. It is also known as the Mexican lime, West Indian lime or Bartender's lime. It is a shrub that grows to about 5m in height.

Its fruit is 2.5-5 cm in diameter (1-2 in). The fruit is yellow when ripe but usually, it is picked green. It is smaller, seedier, has higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind than that of the more common Persian lime. It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other lime.  The Key lime usually has a more tart and bitter flavor. It is perhaps most distinguished as an ingredient in the Key lime pie.

C. aurantiifolia is a shrubby tree, that grows to 5 m (16 ft), with many thorns. Dwarf varieties are popular with home growers and can be grown indoors in winter in colder climates. The trunk rarely grows straight, with many branches that often originate quite far down on the trunk. The leaves are ovate 2.5–9 cm (1–3.5 in) long. They resemble orange leaves (the scientific name aurantiifolia refers to the leaves' resemblance). The flowers are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. They are yellowish-white with a light purple tinge on the margins. Flowers and fruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from May to September  .

C. aurantiifolia originally came from  Southeast Asia.  It was introduced through the Middle East to North Africa and Europe during the Crusades. Spanish explorers then took it to the West Indies (at some point including the Florida Keys) contemporaneously with Columbus, then tropical and sub-tropical North America including Mexico, Florida, and later California .  The English name "lime" was derived from the Persian name لیمو Limu in this course.  "Key" would seem to have been added sometime after the Persian lime cultivar became more important commercially in the United States. This was after the hurricane of 1926. The hurricane destroyed most U.S. C. aurantiifolia plants.  Some plants growing in the wild in the Keys survived the hurricane.  Since the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect, many Key limes are grown in Mexico and Central America. They are also grown in Texas and California.

Footnotes

  Alphabetical List of Plant Families with Insecticidal and Fungicidal Properties
  Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle
  Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle

Citrus

Key lime


Analog is a free web log analysis computer program that runs under Windows, macOS, Linux, and most Unix-like operating systems. It was first released on June 21, 1995, by Stephen Turner as generic freeware; the license was changed to the GNU General Public License in November 2004. The software can be downloaded for several computing platforms, or the source code can be downloaded and compiled if desired.

Analog has support for 35 languages, and provides the ability to do reverse DNS lookups on log files, to indicate where web site hits originate. It can analyze several different types of web server logs, including Apache, IIS, and iPlanet. It has over 200 configuration options and can generate 32 reports. It also supports log files for multiple virtual hosts.

The program is comparable to Webalizer or AWStats, though it does not use as many images, preferring to stick with simple bar charts and lists to communicate similar information.
Analog can export reports in a number of formats including HTML, XHTML, XML, Latex and a delimited output mode (for example CSV) for importing into other programs. Delimited or "computer" output from Analog is often used to generate more structured and graphically rich reports using the third party Report Magic program.

The popularity of Analog is largely unknown as no download count information has been released on its historic dissemination. In a 1998 survey by the Graphic, Visualization, & Usability Center (GVU), Analog was reportedly used by 24.9% (up from 19.9% the year before), with its nearest rival, Web Trends holding some 20.3% of the market.

It is not clear how Analog's usage has changed in the decade leading up to 2010, nor how its usage profile has been impacted by on-line analysis services such as Google Analytics. Analog can operate on an individual or web-farm basis from a single process, requiring no modification of web page or web script code in order to use it. It is a stand-alone utility, and it is not possible for visiting clients to block all of the logging of traffic directly from the client.

Analog has not been officially updated since the version 6.0 release in December 2004. The original author moved on to commercial traffic analysis. Updates to Analog continued informally by its user community up until the end of 2009 on the official mailing list. Currently the only formally compiled updated redistributable of Analog is that of Analog CE, which has focused on fixing issues in Analog's XML DTD and on adding new operating system and web browser detection to the original code branch.

History
Analog was first released in June 1995, as research project by its creator Dr. Stephen Turner, then working as a research fellow in Sidney Sussex College in the University of Cambridge. Some of the larger release milestones include:

14 June 1995 Analog 0.8b, the initial full testing build.

29 June 1995 Analog 0.9b was the first public release of Analog.

12 September 1995 Analog 1.0 was the first stable release.

10 February 1997 Analog 2.0 was the initial release of a native Win32 version of Analog.

15 June 1998 Analog 3.0 included support for HTTP/1.1 status codes and included a more refined log parsing engine in addition to the ability to parse non-standard log file formats.

16 November 1999 Analog 4.0 supported new reports including the Organisation Report, Operating System Report, Search Word Report, Search Query Report and Processing Time Report.

1 May 2001 Analog 5.0 is released with support for 24 languages, a range of new configuration commands and a new LaTeX output format.

19 December 2004 Analog 6.0 is released, including support for Palm OS and Symbian OS detection and all other changes from its 21-month beta period. Analog 6.0 was the first stable release made available under GPL license terms.

2 October 2007 Analog 6.0.1 C:Amie Edition the first release of the C:Amie maintenance branch. Included support for Windows Vista, improved support for Windows 3.11 and Windows NT 3.5 detection and allowed for the detection of the NetFront browser.

 4 April 2009 Analog 6.0.4 C:Amie Edition was a bug fix release to Analog 6.0, containing bug fixes to Analog's XML output rendering and new configuration options.

18 July 2011 Analog 6.0.8 C:Amie Edition, with support for Windows Phone 7.5 (Mango), Apple iOS 5.0 and all current Android releases.

17 August 2012 Analog 6.0.9 C:Amie Edition, with new operating system identification profiles for Android 4.1 Jelly Bean, Windows Phone 6.5, Windows Phone 8.0, Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. For the first time, the release expands out the previously grouped operating system detection for Mac OS X so that version number breakdowns are provided where information is available via user agent entries in log-file. The release also includes a number of bug fixes.

7 October 2013 Analog 6.0.11 C:Amie Edition, with improved accuracy in MSIE compatibility mode detection and new detection profiles for iOS, Android, Windows Phone and Windows 8/Server 2012 R2.

28 June 2015 Analog 6.0.12 C:Amie Edition, with new detection profiles for iOS, OS X, Android, Edge, Windows Phone and Windows 10.
27 July 2019Analog CE 6.0.16 added a new ANONYMIZERURL setting to allow the use of a URL forwarding service on reports, a new LINKNOFOLLOW setting to enable/disable hyperlink rel="nofollow" on reports (set to on by default), changed Mac OS X branding with macOS and other improvements to the Operating System report.

A full list of the changes in each release is recorded in the Analog What's New Changelog.

A full list of changes in the maintenance release is recorded on the Analog C:Amie Edition page.

References

External links

 Analog CE
 Analog Mailing List

Internet Protocol based network software
Free web analytics software
Web log analysis software

Analog (program)


Shaun Davey (born 18 January 1948) is an Irish composer.

Early years
Shaun Davey was born in Belfast in 1948 and attended Rockport School in County Down. He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin in the history of Art in 1971. He then took a master's degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. In the late 1970s, he made his first recording, Davey and Morris, with James Morris, and guest artist Dónal Lunny, produced by Tony Hooper of The Strawbs. He worked as a composer of advertising jingles, including "The Pride of the Herd" for the National Dairy Council, 7up, Bank of Ireland and many more.

Orchestral music relating to Ireland
Davey's reputation is built on four large-scale concert works based on Irish history, all using uilleann pipes and folk tunes.
The Brendan Voyage (1980) depicts the journey taken by explorer Tim Severin, in 1978, from Ireland across the Atlantic to Newfoundland in a leather currach. Severin's journey was a recreation of the one allegedly made by Saint Brendan. The style is similar to that of film composer John Williams. The work uses the traditional uilleann pipes to represent the small currach, while the rest of the orchestra represents the conditions, islands and wildlife encountered by the boat.
The Pilgrim (1983) is set in a vaguely medieval world where the Irish, the Bretons and Scots explore the seas of western Europe. It exists in two versions: the 1983 recording made at the Lorient Interceltic Festival, and an expanded version recorded mostly in the 1990s.
Granuaile (1985) tells the story of Gráinne O'Malley, an Irish pirate queen in the 16th century. It has more songs than the previous works and features the voice of Rita Connolly (who married Davey soon after). Dónal Lunny again contributed as a session musician. It is a homophonic piece of music set in the re mode and was also accompanied by a chamber orchestra.
The Relief of Derry Symphony (1990) has a more obvious symphonic structure. It is based around the 17th century Siege of Derry, showing the Protestants inside and the Catholics outside the beleaguered city. Whereas the previous three works involved uilleann piper Liam O'Flynn, this one uses a Scottish bagpipe band, who enter the auditorium from behind the audience.

Other recordings
May We Never Have To Say Goodbye, released by the Tara Music label, is a collaboration between Davey, the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra and a number of famous artists. The album takes its name from the anthem specially composed for the Opening Ceremony of the Special Olympics World Summer Games in Croke Park, June 2003, and performed by Rita Connolly, Ronan Tynan and six Dublin choirs. It is presented along with a range of music from Davey's suite, featuring traditional soloists, singers, choir, pipe band, and orchestra, together with percussion. This release also includes previously unrecorded pieces from The Pilgrim, along with (among others): "Fill to me the Parting Glass" (from the film score of Waking Ned), and "Music of the Spheres", a magical piece from the Royal Shakespeare Company production of Pericles.

Beal Tuinne – Live at St. James' church Dingle (TARA4022) is a collection of songs composed by Davey with lyrics based on the poems of the late Kerry Poet Caoimhín Ó Cinnéide.  Davey is joined on this recording by his wife Rita Connolly and Dingle-based musicians: Séamus Begley, Eilís Kennedy, Lawrence Courtney, Eoin Ó Beaglaoí, Daithí Ó Sé and Jim Murray.

Voices from the Merry Cemetery (TARA4023) is a suite of songs again composed by Davey but this time based on grave inscriptions from the cemetery—known as the Merry Cemetery—of the village of Săpânța on Romania's border with Ukraine. For this live recording, Davey has again teamed up with Connolly (vocals) and O'Flynn (uilleann pipes), as well as the Romanian Men's Choir of the Theology Faculty, Sibiu, directed by Pr. Dr. Sorin Dobre and sections from the Romanian State Philharmonia, conducted by David Brophy.

Film composer
Davey has worked on numerous films. His most famous film score has been Waking Ned Devine (1998), with contributions from John McSherry, Liam Ó Maonlaí, The Voice Squad, Nollaig Casey and Arty McGlynn. His other scores include Twelfth Night, The Tailor of Panama, David Copperfield  , and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Television work includes The Hanging Gale for the BBC (the score won an Ivor Novello and was nominated for a BAFTA) and the theme to Ballykissangel (nominated for a BAFTA). In 2000, he collaborated with Richard Nelson on the musical James Joyce's The Dead which was performed on Broadway, for which the score was nominated for a Tony.

Other notable work remains Granuaile, which features Connolly's soaring soprano voice. Liam O'Flynn's solo album Out to an Other Side (1993) had several tracks written by Davey. He also created a setting of St. Patrick's Breastplate titled The Deer's Cry, first used on the soundtrack of the TV documentary Who Bombed Birmingham and later included on his album The Pilgrim.

Selected discography

Feature Film Soundtracks

 Twelfth Night, (1996), Silva Screen Music America
 Waking Ned , (1998), London Records
 The Tailor of Panama, (2001), Varèse Sarabande
 The Abduction Club, (2002), Silva Screen Music, (FILMCD 362)

Television Soundtracks

 The Hanging Gale, (1995), BBC/Virgin
 Ballykissangel, (1997), BBC/Virgin, (VTCD117)

Theatre Soundtracks

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, (1999), Royal Shakespeare Company, (61021)

Orchestral suites

 The Brendan Voyage (1980), Tara, (TARA3006)
 The Pilgrim (1983), Tara, (TARA3032)
 Granuaile (1985), Tara, (TARA3017)
 The Relief of Derry Symphony (1990), Tara, (TARA3024)
 May We Never Have To Say Goodbye (Special Olympics World Summer Games 2003), (2003), Tara/RTE, (TARA4017)
 Voices from the Merry Cemetery, (2009), Tara, (TARA4023)

References
Official website

All Movie Guide
Tara Music

1948 births
Living people
Broadway composers and lyricists
Male composers from Northern Ireland
Jingle composers
People educated at Rockport School
Musicians from Belfast
Varèse Sarabande Records artists
20th-century composers from Northern Ireland
21st-century composers from Northern Ireland

Shaun Davey


Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are standards made by the United States Federal government for non-military government agencies and by government contractors to use, and they are announced to the public.

Many FIPS standards are modified versions of standards used in the wider community (ANSI, IEEE, ISO, etc.)

Standard Publications
Some FIPS standards were originally developed by the U.S. government. For instance, standards for encoding data (e.g. country codes), but more significantly some encryption standards, such as the Data Encryption Standard (FIPS 46) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (FIPS 197).

Other websites
 FIPS homepage
 FIPS resource center
 Computer Security Division

Standards


"Lethal Inspection" is the sixth episode in the  sixth season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 94th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 22, 2010. In the episode Bender learns that he suffers from a terminal manufacturing defect, effectively rendering him mortal. Bender must cope with his newfound mortality and enlists Hermes Conrad's help to track down the mysterious quality inspector, Inspector  5, whom he blames for allowing him to enter the world only to die.

The episode was written by Eric Horsted and directed by Ray Claffey. From June 8 to June 15, as part of its "Countdown to Futurama" event, Comedy Central Insider, Comedy Central's news outlet, released various preview materials for the episode, including a storyboard of Bender's and Hermes' entry into the Central Bureaucracy and character designs for the war reenactment sequence. "Lethal Inspection" received positive reviews from critics, who viewed the emotional ending to be a return to form that the season had been missing.

Plot
After a reenactment of the "Sith-al War", Bender touts his perfection and "immortality", specifically citing his ability to download a backup copy of himself into a new working body should anything happen to his present one. Bender soon discovers that he suffers from a terminal manufacturing defect: he is built without a backup unit, making him mortal. He is devastated by the revelation of his mortality and of Inspector  5, believing the inspector's careless error resulted in him being sent out into the world only to die. He becomes determined to find Inspector No. 5 and demand an answer to why he allowed Bender to exist despite his fatal flaw.

Hermes agrees to help Bender in his quest to discover the identity of Inspector No. 5, which is locked in the Central Bureaucracy. While at the Central Bureaucracy, Hermes logs into the computer system with his ID to look up Inspector No. 5's records. However, he and Bender find that the electronic record on Inspector No. 5 has been deleted and that the physical file is also missing. Bender calls Mom's Friendly Robot Company, who created him, and tells her he is defective. Mom attempts to have Bender destroyed to cover up the existence of a defective robot. The two flee from Mom's Killbots by train and arrive in Tijuana—where Bender was manufactured.

The original manufacturing plant is abandoned, but Bender finds an old directory listing Inspector No. 5's address. However, upon reaching the home, they also find it abandoned.  Realizing that he may never find the answers he seeks, Bender is forced to confront the reality of death. Hermes consoles him, telling him that now life is precious and he should not spend it bitter and angry. The two bond and soon the Killbots arrive and begin shooting into the house. Hermes tells Bender to flee while he attempts to hack into Inspector No. 5's old Central Bureaucracy computer and fake Bender's death. Successful, Hermes uploads false information to the Killbots claiming Bender has been eliminated, which ends their pursuit and he narrowly escapes the burning wreckage of the house.

Leela has been asked to file incoming papers in Hermes' absence. However, Leela proves to be inept at the job, hiding many incomprehensible alien-language papers in plants in the building. By the time Bender and Hermes return from Tijuana, the place is in complete chaos, with Scruffy attempting to cook Zoidberg and the ship being repossessed among other things. Hermes quickly returns Planet Express into good condition in one hour, burning many of the foreign papers in the fireplace, which he assures Leela he often does to make his job easier. Bender goes out to celebrate his new outlook on life with the other crew members. When the others have left, Hermes secretly burns Inspector No. 5's file, whose cover falls away to reveal that he was Inspector No. 5. A flashback reveals that he overrode the "defective" assessment on Bender to prevent him from being scrapped, then resigned from the company immediately afterward. Hermes' personnel file was deleted, and he stole his own physical file from the Central Bureaucracy during his and Bender's mission; the computer at the Tijuana house was his own, so he did not have to hack into it. In the present, Hermes smiles quietly over the burning file, happy in knowing he did the right thing.

Production
 From June 8 to June 15, as part of its 2010 "Countdown to Futurama" event, Comedy Central Insider, Comedy Central's news outlet, released various preview materials for the episode, including a storyboard of Bender's and Hermes' entry into the Central Bureaucracy and character designs for the war reenactment sequence. The episode is one of the few times where Hermes plays a major role and is key to the plot. The episode ends with "Little Bird, Little Bird", an American children's song, performed by Elizabeth Mitchell.

The cultural references in the episode include when Hermes and Bender enter "cubicle room 729", with cubicles set up in groups of nine, three rows across and three columns down. In order to get to Hermes' cubicle, the group rotates right and left and up and down in the same fashion as a Rubik's Cube. When Hermes's cubicle stops, he says, "This is mine, right next to the center square," also referencing the game show Hollywood Squares. The bureaucrat next to Hermes makes a comment and a red 'X' pops up on his desk. This is a reference to actor and comedian Paul Lynde, who was the regular "center square" on the show.

The episode deals with the concept of realizing one's mortality and discovering that life is more precious because of it.  Learning that he is in fact not immortal as he once thought, Bender initially feels that living a life that is anything less than immortal is worthless.  He deals with the devastating news of his newfound mortality by trying to find the one person who he believes can answer his questions about the reason for his life and why he was allowed to "be born" only to die.  Though Bender cannot find the answers to his mortality, he ultimately ends up developing a new outlook on life, believing it to be more precious than it was before now that it is finite, and he resolves that life is worth living no matter how brief it is.

Reception
"Lethal Inspection" originally aired on July 22, 2010 on Comedy Central. In its original American broadcast, it was viewed by an estimated 1.920 million viewers. The episode had a  1.3 rating/2% share in Nielsen ratings and a 0.9 rating/3% share in the 18–49 demographic, meaning 1.3% of households with televisions were watching the episode and 2% of television viewers during the half-hour were watching this episode. "Lethal Inspection" was down two tenths of a point from the previous week's episode "The Duh-Vinci Code".

The episode received acclaim from critics. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave it an A−, praising the unlikely pairing of Bender and Hermes, writing: "If I had to name a character on the show least likely to pluck at my heartstrings, Bender and Hermes would be near the top of the list...and yet they pulled it off. I'm not sure if Baby Bender violates continuity or not, but I don't care. It worked."  Handlen called the episode "more thoughtful" and also felt that the episode provided depth and growth to both Bender and Hermes without compromising characterization.  In the case of Hermes, Handlen stated, "Hermes can be an obsessive, number-loving accountant, and still have that memory of his younger self saving Baby Bender from the trash heap. It works because the twist is the discovery of compassion in someone we liked and wanted to love."  Danny Gallagher of TVSquad felt that the episode marked the return of the Futurama'''s "true sense of emotion," comparing it to previous episodes like season four's "Jurassic Bark". In particular, Gallagher noted the highly effective use of the Central Bureaucracy, stating that it allowed the show to use a Douglas Adams-feel. Merrill Bar of Film School Rejects stated that the episode worked "99.9%" and that it recovered what he felt had been lacking from the previous episodes of season six.  While he disliked the opening Star Wars gag, he felt that the rest of the episode made up for it, stating that "Lethal Inspection" was "by far, the funniest episode since the shows[sic] return. If the writers can keep this up, then my faith will have been fully restored."

Robert Canning of IGN was also pleased with the episode, noting that Hermes' and Bender's team-up worked well and that the ending was cathartic.  He found the episode to be his favorite of the new season, giving it a 9/10 and stating, "after an okay start, [it] turned out to be my favorite episode of this comeback season so far. The more I think about it, the more pleasure I find in it. It was an episode full of laughs, action and the kind of emotional tug the series has been missing of late."  Sean Gandert of Paste gave the episode a rating of 8.7/10 and wrote: "Judging from this episode and the last it seems like Futurama is intentionally straying away from its old groupings and trying new things. The sixth season is moving off from the repetition of its first two episodes and is all the better for it."  Though he felt the episode was weaker with its jokes, he noted that this "is frequently the case in with episodes that deal more with the characters and less about making jokes in a wacky world. But this isn't something I think will bother real fans, as that's part of what's given Futurama'' its cult audience in the first place: that the show gives a damn about its characters."

See also

 Death
 Stages of grief

References

External links

Futurama (season 7) episodes
2010 American television episodes
Tijuana in fiction
Television episodes about death
Television episodes set in Mexico

Lethal Inspection


Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning "a relative of mine". It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

Early records
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief".  Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from  indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

Totem poles
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs.  A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

History of totemic theory
Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan.

Claude Lévi-Strauss published Totemism in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.

References

Frazer, J.G. (1910) Totemism and Exogamy (4 vols) London: Macmillan
Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) Totemism, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) The Dictionary of Anthropology, Blackwell
Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Routledge

Anthropology
Symbolism

Totemism


Biology  is the science that studies life, living things, and the evolution of life. Living things include animals, plants, fungi (such as mushrooms), and microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.

The term 'biology' is relatively modern. It was introduced in 1799 by a physician, Thomas Beddoes.

People who study biology are called biologists. Biology looks at how animals and other living things behave and work, and what they are like. Biology also studies how organisms react with each other and the environment. It has existed as a science for about 200 years, and before that it was called "natural history". Biology has many research fields and branches. Like all sciences, biology uses the scientific method. This means that biologists must be able to show evidence for their ideas and that other biologists must be able to test the ideas for themselves.

Biology attempts to answer questions such as:

 "What are the characteristics of this living thing?" (comparative anatomy)
 "How do the parts work?" (physiology)
 "How should we group living things?" (classification, taxonomy)
 "What does this living thing do?" (behaviour, growth)
 "How does inheritance work?" (genetics)
 "What is the history of life?" (palaeontology)
 "How do living things relate to their environment?" (ecology)

Modern biology is influenced by evolution, which answers the question: "How has the living world come to be as it is?"

History
The word biology comes from the Greek word βίος (bios), "life", and the suffix -λογία (logia), "study of".

Branches
 Algalogy
 Anatomy
 Arachnology
 Bacteriology
 Biochemistry
 Biogeography
 Biophysics
 Botany
 Bryology
 Cell biology
 Cytology
 Dendrology
 Developmental biology
 Ecology
 Endocrinology
 Entomology
 Embryology
 Ethology
 Evolution / Evolutionary biology
 Genetics / Genomics
 Herpetology
 Histology
 Human biology / Anthropology / Primatology
 Ichthyology
 Limnology
 Mammalology
 Marine biology
 Microbiology / Bacteriology
 Molecular biology
 Morphology
 Mycology / Lichenology
 Ornithology
 Palaeontology
 Parasitology
 Phycology
 Phylogenetics
 Physiology
 Taxonomy
 Virology
 Zoology

References

Science-related lists

Biology


Major General Henry Spencer Palmer (30 April 1838 – 10 February 1893) was a British Army military engineer and surveyor, noted for his work in developing Yokohama harbor in the Empire of Japan as a foreign advisor to the Japanese government

Biography

Palmer was born at Bangalore, British India; his father was a colonel in the Madras army.  He was educated at private schools in Bath in England and by tutors before being admitted in January 1856 to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in December and studied for a year at the Royal Engineers Establishment, Chatham. In October 1858, he was assigned to British Columbia, Canada as part of a survey mission. In addition to undertaking several exploratory surveys, he laid out trails, supervised road construction, and inspected road-works. He was commended for his efforts, and during his stay in Canada also contributed papers on British Columbia to the Royal Geographical Society in London. In November 1863, one month after their marriage, he and his 15-year-old wife, Canadian Mary Jane Pearson, the daughter of a Canadian archdeacon, (17 January 1848 – 10 January 1934) sailed for England.

From 1864 and 1874 Palmer served with the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain. Palmer was well known not only as a soldier but also as a scientist. From 1874, he undertook various postings as a surveyor, civil engineer, and astronomer in New Zealand, Barbados, Hong Kong, and Japan. At some point before Palmer headed out for Japan, he and his wife parted.  She returned to her native British Columbia where she lived for the rest of her life.

After retiring from the Royal Engineers in 1887, he settled in Japan, established a successful civilian practice in Yokohama, where he was hired by the Japanese government to develop designs for the harbor, Ōsanbashi Pier and the city waterworks. He was also a frequent contributor of letters and articles to the Japan Times, Japan Weekly Mail and other newspapers and periodicals, and was also a correspondent for the London Times. He also wrote a profusely illustrated guidebook to Japan, "Letters from the Land of the Rising Sun".

At some point around 1890, he remarried to a Japanese woman, Uta Saito, with whom he had a daughter.

After his death in 1893 from typhoid fever, he was buried at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.

A bronze bust of Palmer was unveiled by the Yokohama Water Works in 1987 to commemorate the centennial of its foundation. The Yokohama Archives of History also held a special exhibition in his honor the same year.

See also
 Anglo-Japanese relations
 O-yatoi gaikokujin

References

 'Henry Spencer Palmer, 1838-93', by Jiro Higuchi, Chapter 18, Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume IV, edited by Hugh Cortazzi, Japan Library, 2002

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Online Museum with much detailed information

1838 births
1893 deaths
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
British expatriates in Japan
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British explorers of North America
Explorers of British Columbia
Royal Engineers officers
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
Deaths from typhoid fever
British Army major generals
Burials in Japan

Henry Spencer Palmer


In human, trapezius muscle or trapezius is a large muscle that extends longitudinally on the upper portion of a human spine.  Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm.

The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region, which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region, which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region, which rotates and depresses the scapulae.

Exercising
The upper portion of the trapezius can be developed by elevating the shoulders. Middle fibers are developed by pulling shoulder blades together. The lower part can be developed by drawing the shoulder blades downward while keeping the arms almost straight and stiff.

Related pages
Bodybuilding
Strength training

Fitness
Muscles

Trapezius muscle


Michael Solomon Alexander (1 May 1799 – 23 November 1845) was the first Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem.

Life
He was the second son and one of five children born to Alexander Wolff. His ancestors may have come to Prussia from England, or may have been in Schönlanke for many generations. His education in the Talmud began when he was seven years old, and from age sixteen to twenty, he was a teacher in his community of both Talmud and the German language. He emigrated to England in about 1820, and became a private tutor for a Jewish family in Colchester. Then he became rabbi at Norwich. Here he came into contact with William Marsh, a stalwart of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews (now known as the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People or CMJ).

Attempting to flee Christian influences, he accepted the post of teacher and shochet at Plymouth.  He taught Hebrew to the Rev. Benjamin Golding of Stonehouse church.  In 1825, he converted to Christianity.

Soon afterwards, he and his wife, Deborah Levy, went to live in Dublin, where he taught Hebrew and was ordained a priest in the Anglican Church in 1827. This was followed by working with CMJ, firstly in Danzig between 1827 and 1830, and then in London between 1831 and 1841.

He was professor of Hebrew at King's College London from 1832 until 1841 and helped Alexander McCaul of the CMJ to revise the Mission's translation of the New Testament into Hebrew in 1835 and to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Hebrew.

Diocese of Jerusalem
In 1841 the British and Prussian Governments as well as the Church of England and the Evangelical Church in Prussia entered into a unique agreement - the establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. Alexander was proposed as the first Protestant bishop.  He was appointed bishop of the United Church of England and Ireland in Jerusalem, and was ordained a bishop on 7 December 1841 at Lambeth Palace. He arrived in Jerusalem in January 1842.

Alexander's position was always a controversial one. He worked alongside the CMJ pioneer, John Nicolayson, in consolidating the Protestant presence in Jerusalem. Various institutions were set up under his leadership, including a School of Industry for training Jewish believers in basic trades, an Enquirers House, a Hebrew College, and the first hospital in Palestine. His presence greatly antagonised the Jewish leadership, who considered him an apostate, as well as provoking the other major churches to consolidate their presence in Jerusalem. The Roman Catholic church subsequently sent a Patriarch to (or re-established the medieval Latin Patriarchate in) Jerusalem to counteract Alexander's influence.

He died in Bilbeis, Egypt while returning to England.  He was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem. He was succeeded by Bishop Samuel Gobat.

He had nine daughters (Sarah Jane Isabella Wolff, Fanny Vincent Steele, Deborah Rebecca Marsh, Anna, Elizabeth, Mary Anne, Louisa, Salome, and Emilie) and two sons (Michael Robert Richard Hawtrey and Alexander Benjamin).

References

Sources

 Crombie, Kelvin (2006) A Jewish Bishop in Jerusalem: The Life Story of Michael Solomon Alexander. Jerusalem: Nicholayson's

External links
 Bishop Michael Solomon Alexander
 Alexander, Michael Solomon (Jewish Encyclopedia)
Records relating to Bishop Alexander at Lambeth Palace Library

|-

Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
1799 births
1845 deaths
19th-century Anglican bishops in the Middle East
English bishops
Anglican bishops of Jerusalem
Christianity in Jerusalem
Christian Hebraists
Academics of King's College London
German emigrants to England
19th-century German Jews
People from Trzcianka
Burials at Mount Zion (Protestant)
German Anglican missionaries
19th-century English rabbis
German people of English descent
Missionary linguists
Messianic clergy

Michael Alexander (bishop)


The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple way to find all the prime numbers up to some number n:

 Write all the numbers from 2 up to n onto a piece of paper, in order. We will perform the following steps so that all the non-prime numbers will be crossed out, and what's left will be the primes.
 Choose the first, i.e. the smallest available number. Call it p (it will be 2 at the start). If there's no more available numbers, stop.
 Count up from p as 2p, 3p, 4p, ..., up to n in steps of p, and cross out each of those numbers. Some numbers will be already crossed out, that's okay. Do not cross out the number p itself but consider it no longer available.
 Go back to step 2.

When the algorithm is finished all the numbers that are left not crossed out are all the prime numbers from 2 up to n.

As an optimization we can start the counting in step 3 from  p2, and stop in step 2 when  p2  is greater than n.

This is allowed because for each number k that is smaller than p, the number kp in step 3 will be already crossed out as part of the algorithm working for some previous prime that is smaller than p – the smallest such prime which divides k evenly.

Number theory

Sieve of Eratosthenes


Regurgitation is the process of a human or animal letting out the food it had been digesting. Sometimes, blood can come out as well.

Regurgitation can be very important to some animals, such as birds for example. It is used by a number of species to feed their young. This is especially when the young is in its nest or home and the parent hunts for food. Or some birds can occasionally regurgitate pellets of food that is not digestable, such as bones and feathers. Owls are known to do this.

Physiology

Regurgitation


Putney is a rich area of the London Borough of Wandsworth in south-west London. Its postcode is SW15. It is bordered to the north by the River Thames. It is easily accessible from Putney Bridge and the A3 main road; it has good connections to central London. The school Putney High is found on Putney Hill.

Putney

Putney


House of Usher is a 1960 American International Pictures horror movie. It stars Vincent Price, Myrna Fahey, Mark Damon, and Harry Ellerbee. The movie was directed by Roger Corman. The screenplay was written by Richard Matheson. It is based on the short story The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe.

House of Usher was the first of eight Corman movies based on Poe's stories.  The movie is also known as Fall of the House of Usher and The Mysterious House of Usher. In 2005, the movie was listed with the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

1960 horror movies
Movies based on short stories
American horror movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Roger Corman
Movies produced by American International Pictures
English-language movies

House of Usher


The Hall of Mirrors () is a gallery in the Palace of Versailles, France. It was constructed on what was once a terrace designed by Le Vau. Mansart and Le Brun designed and built the Hall between 1678 and 1684. The Hall is decorated with marble. The "French order" capitals depict a cock, Apollo, and fleur-de-lys. The walls and cornices are decorated with gilded bronze trophies by Coysevox, Tubi, Le Gros, Clérion, and Flamen. The niches contain depictions of Bacchus, Urania, Modesty, Venus in Modesty and antiques from the collections of King Louis XIV.

The ceiling depicts the War with Holland (1672-1678). The medallions and trompe l'œil paintings depict the War of Devolution (1667-1668). They also depict the administrative reforms in the early years of Louis XIV's reign. Two of the four alabaster tables are from the collections of the duc d'Antin. The vases and busts are from the Royal collections. The 1770 chandeliers and candelabra were reconstructed in 1980 after the originals and documents in the archives.

During the 17th century, the Hall of Mirrors was used by Louis XIV when he walked from his private apartment to the chapel. At this time, courtiers assembled to watch the king and members of the royal family pass. In 1745 the Hall was the scene of "The Yew Tree Ball". It was at this event that Louis XV met Madame de Pompadour. In the 19th century, the Prussian king, William I, was declared German emperor on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors by Bismarck and the victorious German princes and lords. French Prime Minister Clemenceau chose the Hall of Mirrors to sign the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I on 28 June 1919. The Hall of Mirrors still serves for state occasions such as receptions for visiting heads of state.

Gallery

References

Palace of Versailles
17th-century establishments in France

Hall of Mirrors (Versailles)


Oliviero Diliberto (born 13 October 1956 in Cagliari) is an Italian politician. He has been leader of the Party of Italian Communists.

Early life
Oliviero Diliberto was born in a family of public servants (his father Marco was employed as attorney in the Administration of the Region of Sardinia, his mother Lella was a teacher). His youth is scarred by the untimely death of his father in 1971, after which he had to be a fatherly role for his younger siblings: his sister Ludovica, then eight years old, and his brother Alessio, who was born just two months before.
Diliberto becomes involved with politics in 1969 at age 13, when he was in high school. It is a time of turmoil in Italian schools, and young Oliviero quickly rises through the ranks of the student movement during his University studies. He eventually becomes Secretary of the FGCI (Federation of Young Italian Communists, the youth organisation of the PCI) for the province of Cagliari in 1978, the same year of his graduation.

Fascinated by the philosophic thought of Michel Foucault, after graduating from high school he traveled for Paris where, to support himself, he briefly worked at the city morgue, preparing corpses that had to undergo autopsy.

From 1978 to 1986 he earns scholarships to further his law studies in Frankfurt and in Rome, then he works as researcher in the university of Cagliari, where later he will reach the post of Professor of Roman Law.

Political career
A former member of the Italian Communist Party, Diliberto joined the Communist Refoundation Party after the breakup of his former party.

First elected as MP in 1994 for the Communist Refoundation Party, Diliberto left his party in 1998 in contrast with the leadership's line about a motion of no confidence in which Romano Prodi was defeated. So Diliberto, together with Armando Cossutta and others, founded the Party of Italian Communists, of which he became the secretary. Diliberto then served as Minister of Justice in the first government of Massimo D'Alema, becoming one of the only two party members which were part of that government. He maintained the position until 2000, leaving voluntarily in the reshuffle, in order to concentrate on the party.

On taking office as Minister of Justice, he declared to the press his pride in being "The second Communist appointed as Minister of Justice after Palmiro Togliatti", and made a point of having the same desk previously used by the postwar Communist leader restored and placed in his office at the Ministry.

In November 2004 he was widely criticized for meeting with the leader of Hizbollah, Sheik Hassan Nasrallah, during a visit to Lebanon. This prompted a protest note to the Italian Government from the Israeli Ambassador in Rome.

Before the April 2006 general election held in Italy (and won by the centre-left coalition), he declared he would not serve as minister in case of a centre-left win, and instead he would maintain his place as party leader, and so he has.

In May 2006 he was elected to the City Council of Rome. He is currently professor of Roman Law at the Faculty of Law of the "La Sapienza" University of Rome.

Before the April 2008 snap general election (caused by the fall of the Prodi II Cabinet), Diliberto refused candidacy to the Camera dei Deputati in the Torino constituency for the left-wing alliance The Left – The Rainbow, which his party was participating to, on grounds of giving a chance to be elected to a junior party fellow - a steel worker in the local Thyssen-Krupp steelworks, where a fire on 6 December 2007 had killed seven colleagues.

After the disastrous results of both the 2008 general elections and of the 2009 European election, where the Italian left-wing parties failed to reach the minimum threshold, Diliberto has been confirmed as party secretary, with a mandate to pursue unity of the left wing parties.

Family
Oliviero Diliberto has been married twice: in 1985 he married Ms. Delia Cardia, from which he separated after some years. He is currently married (since 1997) to Ms. Gabriella Serrenti with whom he met in 1978 at the university where he was assistant lecturer.

References

1956 births
Living people
People from Cagliari
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Communist Refoundation Party politicians
Party of Italian Communists politicians
Italian Ministers of Justice
Academic staff of the University of Cagliari
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome

Oliviero Diliberto


A culture hero is a person, usually a mythical or legendary person, who is believed to be the first one to do something. In Greek mythology, for example, Prometheus who stole fire from the gods and made it possible for humans to use it for cooking and other purposes. In Chinese mythology, one culture hero is Hou Ji, a person with a human mother and a divine father, who discovered how to grow many crops and taught other humans about farming.

Mythology

Culture hero


Lisnagarvey or Lisnagarvy () is a townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.

The townland was named after an earthen ringfort (lios), which was in the area of present-day "Fort Hill" in Lisburn. Today, most of the north-eastern part of Lisburn is within Lisnagarvey townland. Its eastern boundary is the River Lagan, its southern boundary is Governor's Road and its western boundary is Antrim Street/Antrim Road. It includes Wallace Park, Christ Church Cathedral and Thompson House Hospital.

The name has been used for Lisnagarvey High School, Lisnagarvey Hockey Club and Lisnagarvey transmitting station, although none of these are within the townland itself. When David Trimble, the former First Minister, was created a peer, he took the title Baron Trimble, of Lisnagarvey in the County of Antrim.

Lisnagarvey was the site of a defeat of the mostly Scottish Royalists at the hands of the Parliamentarians in 1649.

References

Townlands of County Antrim
Lisburn

Lisnagarvey


The Departed is a 2006 American crime drama thriller movie. It is directed by Martin Scorsese and written by William Monahan. The movie stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen, Ray Winstone, Vera Farmiga, Anthony Anderson and Alec Baldwin. It was very successful, getting positive reviews and $289.8 million in the box office as well as winning four Academy Awards. It is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong movie Infernal Affairs.

The movie is set in Boston, Massachusetts. Irish Mob boss Francis "Frank" Costello (Jack Nicholson) plants Colin Sullivan (Matt Damon) as a mole within the police force. At the same time, the police get William "Billy" Costigan (Leonardo DiCaprio) to gain access into Costello's crew. This leads to Sullivan and Costigan each trying to find the other's identity before his own cover is blown.

Other websites

2006 drama movies
2000s crime drama movies
2006 crime thriller movies
2000s drama thriller movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American gangster movies
Best Picture Oscar
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
Movies set in Boston
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The Departed


Mutiny is a when a group of people get together to openly oppose, change, or remove the people or person in authority. It usually means a group of soldiers trying to remove their officers, or a group of sailors on a ship trying to remove the captain. The group of people that mutiny are called mutineers.

During the Age of Discovery, mutiny meant open rebellion against a ship's captain. This happened during Magellan's journey and one mutineer was killed. Another mutineer was executed and 2 others were put on land and left there. After a mutiny on Henry Hudson's Discovery, Hudson and several others were left in the ocean in a small boat.

Penalty
Mutiny is still treated as a very bad crime. Mutineers are punished and may even get the death penalty.

Famous Mutinies

17th century
 Batavia was a ship of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), built in 1628 in Amsterdam, which was wrecked on its first trip. The sailors led a mutiny and killed many of the passengers.
 Corkbush Field mutiny occurred on 1647, the Bishopsgate mutiny and Banbury mutiny of 1649 happened during the early part of the Second English Civil War.

18th century
 HMS Hermione was a 32-gun frigate (type of ship) of the British Royal Navy, built in 1782. It is famous for the mutiny which took place on the ship. The captain and 8 officers were killed by the crew.
 The Mutiny on the Bounty,  a British Royal Navy ship in 1789 has been made famous by several books and films.
 Spithead and Nore mutinies were two big mutinies by sailors of the British Royal Navy in 1797. They wanted more pay and better living conditions.

19th century
 The Indian rebellion of 1857 was an armed uprising in India against British colonial power, and known in Britain as the Indian Mutiny.
 The ship Sharon, a New England whaler, had many sailors leave the ship. There were many mutinies. The captain was finally killed and cut up into small pieces by 4 members of the crew.
 The ship Somers built in 1842, had a mutiny on her first voyage. The 3 mutineers were executed.

20th century
 On the Russian battleship Potemkin, there was a rebellion by the crew against their  officers in June 1905. This was part of the Russian Revolution of 1905.  It was made famous by the film The Battleship Potemkin.
 Curragh Incident of July 20, 1914 happened in the Curragh, Ireland, where British soldiers protested against the Home Rule Act 1914.
 French Army mutinies in 1917.  The failure of the Nivelle Offensive in April and May 1917 resulted in a big mutiny by many parts of the French Army. About 50 soldiers were executed and more than 500 were sent to prison.
 Wilhelmshaven mutiny started in the German High Seas Fleet on 29 October 1918. The mutiny was one of the things that led to the end of the First World War, to the end of the Monarchy and to the start of the Weimar Republic.
 Black Sea mutiny (1919) by sailors on the French dreadnoughts (big battleships) - Jean Bart and France. The ships had been sent to help the White Russians in the Russian Civil War. The leaders of the mutiny (including André Marty and Charles Tillon) were given long prison sentences.
 Kronstadt rebellion  was an unsuccessful rebellion by Soviet sailors. It was led by Stepan Petrichenko, against the government of the early Russian SFSR in the first weeks of March, 1921. It proved to be the last big rebellion against Bolshevik rule.
 Invergordon Mutiny was a Strike action (stop work) by around 1000 sailors in the British Atlantic Fleet. It took  place on 15-16 September 1931. For 2 days, the sailors at Invergordon were in mutiny. This was one of the few military strikes in British history.
 Cocos Islands Mutiny was a failed mutiny by Sri Lankan soldiers on the then-British Cocos (Keeling) Islands during the Second World War.
 Port Chicago mutiny  happened on August 9 1944, 3 weeks after the Port Chicago disaster when 320 sailors were killed and 390 injured in an explosion. 258 out of the 320 African-American sailors in the supply part of the Navy would not load any ammunition because they thought it was not safe.
Sonderborg Denmark mutiny on May 4, 1945 German sailors took over German minesweeper M612. The next day they were arrested and 11 executed. Their bodies were thrown into the sea. .

After World War II
 Post-World War II demobilization strikes happened in the Allied military forces stationed across the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia in the months and years following World War II.
 The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny  was a total strike and mutiny by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ships and on shore at Bombay (Mumbai) harbour on 18 February 1946.
 SS Columbia Eagle incident happened on 14 March, 1970 during the Vietnam War. Sailors on an American merchant ship mutinied and took the ship to Cambodia.
 The Storozhevoy Mutiny happened on 9 November, 1975 in Riga, Latvia. The political officer locked up the Soviet Navy captain and sailed the ship toward Leningrad.
 The Velos mutiny  happened on 23 May, 1973 when the captain of HNS Velos, refused to go back to Greece after a NATO exercise.

References

Mutiny


A repairable component is a component of a finished good that can be designated for repair.

Overview
Repairable components tend to be more expensive than non-repairable components (consumables).  This is because for items that are inexpensive to procure, it is often more cost-effective not to maintain (repair) them.  Repair costs can be expensive, including costs for the labor for the removal the broken or worn out part (described as unserviceable), cost of replacement with a working (serviceable) from inventory, and also the cost of the actual repair, including possible shipping costs to a repair vendor.

At maintenance facilities, such as might be found at Main Operating Bases, inventory is controlled by site personnel.  Maintenance personnel will formally "turn-in" unserviceable items for repair, receiving a funding credit in the process.  These "turn-ins" will be fixed, reconditioned, or replaced.  Maintenance personnel can also be issued repaired or new items back from inventory.  These processes are assisted by automated logistics management systems.

In the Navy/Marine Corps supply system repairable items are identified with certain two character cognizance symbols (COGs) and one character Material Control Codes (MCCs).

In United States Marine Corps Aviation, repairables are managed by the Repairables Management Division of the Aviation Supply Department.

In the United States Air Force, repairables can be identified by their ERRC designation or SMR code.

See also

 Level of Repair Analysis
 Repairability

Military logistics

Repairable component


Oil paint is a traditional method used for artists' painting. In oil paint, pigments (colours) are held together by the medium of oil. The most usual type of oil that is used in paint is linseed oil.

A picture that is painted using oil paint is called an "oil painting". Oil paint takes a long time to dry. Artists find this useful because they can keep working on the painting for a long time. People say that Leonardo da Vinci worked on his painting of the Mona Lisa for four years, even though it is not a very large picture. Oils paints, and oil paintings are often just called "oils" for short. If someone talks about "painting in oils" they mean that the painting is done in oil paints.

History

No-one knows when oil paint was first used. Caves in Afghanistan are decorated with ancient paintings in paint mixed with oils.
It is believed that this type of paint was used in other countries of Asia as well.

It is believed that oil paint was used in Europe in the Middle Ages at first for decorating shields, because oil paint lasted better than the traditional paint of tempera when it was in the weather, or if it was roughly treated.

The Renaissance art historian, Giorgio Vasari, said that the art of oil painting came from northern Europe and the person who invented it was the famous Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Artists from the areas of modern Belgium and the Netherlands were the first artists to make oil painting their usual method of painting. This trend spread to other parts of Northern Europe. A famous painting called the Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence in the 1470s at a time when Leonardo da Vinci was young. Oil paintings at this date were usually done on wooden panels, in the way that tempera pictures were.

Another influence on oil painting in Italy was an artist from Sicily called Antonello da Messina, who had learnt to paint in oils. He travelled the length of Italy, from Sicily to Venice and did many small paintings including portraits and pictures of the Madonna and Child and Jesus. He influenced many artists, particularly in Venice. Giovanni Bellini, who was one of a family of well-known painters, was one of the first painters in Italy to paint very large pictures in oil paint. Artists from other parts of Italy visited Venice and soon the new method of painting spread.

By 1540, there were very few painters who still worked in tempera, the previous method for painting on panels.  In Italy, many artists continued to decorate walls and ceiling with frescos. However, it was discovered that oil paint, unlike tempera was flexible (it could bend). This meant that it could be used on flexible surfaces like cloth without breaking away and falling off. Once painting on canvas (heavy linen cloth) became usual, artists were able to do enormous pictures. If the painting was too big to fit through a doorway, the artist could just roll it up.

Since the 1500s, oil painting has remained the favourite technique for artists who want to paint a picture that will last for a long time. The gallery below shows works by some of the most famous artists who have worked in oil paint. The famous artists of the 20th century are not shown here, because many of their works are copyright. Famous modernist artists who have painted in oils include Picasso, Matisse, Mondrian, Chagall, Kandinsky, Malevich, Salvador Dali, Francis Bacon, Lucien Freud, and Jackson Pollock.

Alternative pigments
Up to about 1960 oils and water paints were overwhelmingly the leading materials chosen by painters. In the years since then acrylic paints and water-mixable oil paints have been more and more used.

Technical information

Linseed oil, which is the main type of oil used for oil painting, comes from the flax seed. Flax has been an important crop for thousands of years, because linen cloth is made from it. This means that the oil for painting and the cloth for painting on both come from the same plant. To get different effects, artists would use mixtures of different oils. These include pine resin, frankincense, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and in more modern times safflower oil.

Artists use turpentine or mineral spirits to thin the paint if they wanted to make a fast-drying sketch that they can then paint over in more detail. The oil paint on the artist's brushes is cleaned out with turpentine after use. Modern chemists have made oil paints that can be used with water. This makes the clean-up job at the end of painting much easier and less smelly. Oil paint is usually dry to the touch in a day to two weeks, depending on how much oil and turpentine is in it. An oil painting is generally varnished when it is finished, which gives a slight shine to the surface and protects it. A painting should dry for several months before it is varnished. An oil painting is not completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old. Varnishing used to be considered an important part of finishing a painting. Many modern artists do not varnish their pictures at all.

Linen canvas is the traditional surface for an oil painting. Cotton canvas can also be used, and is cheaper. The canvas must be stretched tightly over a frame called a "stretcher" and fixed into place with little tacks or staples. Then it must be treated with a sort of glue called "size". This is often made from boiled rabbit skins. Some artists like to paint on board rather than canvas.

Painting an oil painting

Before an artist can paint on a board or canvas, they must prepare it with a "ground" or "undercoat" of plain white paint. Then the artist can sketch a picture onto the surface using charcoal, or paint that is made thin and quick-drying with turpentine or mineral spirits. The artist often works in a brownish or bluish colour, to suggest where the "tone" (light and dark) will be in the finished painting. Then the colours and details are put on in layers.

The good thing about oil paint is that it can be used in all sorts of ways that most other types of paint cannot be used.
 Oil paint can be put on thin or thick.
 Oil paint can be almost as smooth as glass, or lumpy, bumpy or streaky.
 Oil paint can be transparent so that the layers underneath can be seen, or it can dense so that it covers everything underneath.
 Oil paint can be put on with brushes; it can also be scaped on with a knife, dobbed and smeared with fingers, rubbed on with a cloth, and squeezed onto the painting straight out of the tube.
Because oil paint can be used in so many different ways, it is better than any other type of paint for painting different textures.

The first European artists to use oils liked to make the surface very smooth. By the middle of the 1500s, some artists like Tintoretto were painting in a much streakier way. Rembrandt, in the 1600s, used the oil paint in all sorts of ways to get different effects. He used every technique that is described in the list above. After Rembrandt, there were always some artists who liked to work in a smooth way, and others who used many different ways of putting on the paint. This has continued through to Modern times.

Related pages
 Acrylic paint
 Fresco
 Gesso
 Mosaic
 Tempera
 Watercolour

References

Paints

Oil paint


Irish Home Rule was a proposed system of government in Ireland, in which Ireland would have its own government inside the United Kingdom. Until 1920, Ireland was ruled directly by the British government. British members of parliament tried to pass bills for Home Rule in 1886, 1893, and 1912, but they never got enough votes to pass. Irish Nationalists supported Home Rule, and Irish Unionists opposed it.

The 1886 bill was supported by the Liberal Party, but did not get enough votes in the House of Commons. The 1893 bill got enough votes to pass in the House of Commons, but not the House of Lords.  William Gladstone was an important supporter of both. The 1912 bill also passed in the House of Commons, but not the House of Lords. In 1912, Unionists in Ulster signed a document called the Ulster Covenant, and made an army called the Ulster Volunteers, to fight against Home Rule.

Although many Nationalists wanted Home Rule, some thought it was not good enough. Most members of the party Sinn Féin wanted Ireland to be completely separate from Great Britain. Sinn Féin became the most powerful party in 1916 and made their own government in Dublin, the Dáil Éireann. Irish Nationalists fought in the Irish War of Independence against the British government from 1919-1921. In 1920, Britain passed a law that said there would be two parliaments, one for Northern Ireland, and one for Southern Ireland. This was a form of Home Rule. However, the Southern Ireland parliament never met. The war did not end until the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, which created the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State still had the same king as Britain, but had a separate government.

Related pages

 History of Ireland

References

History of Ireland

Irish Home Rule


Pelagianism is a theory named after Pelagius. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. For this reason, Adam's sin was there to set a bad example for those that came after him; other than that it had no consequences. Jesus was there to set a good example (much like Adam's bad example) but also to pay the price for our sins. Pelagius believed that because people choose to sin, they are like criminals who need to be pardoned, not victims of an inherited sinful nature.

Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. However, some people believe that Pelagius was simply misunderstood. Today there are no known Pelagians, but there are people who follow Celtic Christianity tradition, which respects Pelagius as a good example of Celtic Christian.

Related pages
Fall of Man

Other websites
Canons From The Council Of Carthage Against Pelagianism, May 1, 418
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
Pelagians, Donatists, Monks, Anabaptists and other Perfectionists  - a sympathetic look at Pelagianism and similar 'perfectionist' movements
Pelagius Library : Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius
Pelagianism: The Religion of Natural Man  - a critical look at Pelagianism

Ancient Christianity

Pelagianism


The Benue River is a river in Africa.  It is the major tributary of the Niger River. The river is about 1,400 km long.  People can travel on it for nearly the whole length in the summer months.  It is an important transportation route in the places it flows through.

It starts in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon. It flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir, into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains.  Then it goes through Jimeta, Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger at Lokoja.

Large tributaries are the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi. Other tributaries are Taraba River and River Katsina Ala.

References

Geography of Cameroon
Rivers of Africa
Rivers of Nigeria

Benue River


United States ex rel. West v. Hitchcock, 205 U.S. 80 (1907), regards a case where the Secretary of the Interior has authority to pass on the right of one claiming to be a member of a band of Indians to select land under an agreement ratified by an act of Congress, his jurisdiction does not depend upon his decision's being right.

The United States promised to allot  to each member of the Wichita band of Indians under the Act of March 2, 1895, 28 Stat. 876, 895.  This promise may confer a right on every single member of the band, but the primary decision as to who the members are must come from the Secretary of the Interior, and, in the absence of any indication in the act to allow an appeal to the courts for applicants who are dissatisfied, mandamus will not issue to require the Secretary to approve the selection of one claiming to be an adopted member of the tribe but whose application the Secretary has denied.

In view of long established practice of the Department of the Interior, and the undoubted power of Congress over the Indians, this Court will hesitate to construe the language of §§ 441, 463, Rev.Stat., as not giving the Department of the Interior control over the adoption of whites into the Indian tribes.

26 App.D.C. 290 affirmed.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 205

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
1907 in United States case law

United States ex rel. West v. Hitchcock


The British Rail Class 930 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units and diesel-electric multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for de-icing and, later, sandite units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series. Electric and diesel units are dealt with separately

British Rail diesel multiple units
British Rail electric multiple units

British Rail Class 930


Judith Rothschild (1921–1993) was an American abstract painter and philanthropist. Rothschild was born in New York city and studied art at Cranbrook Academy and at the Art Students League. Her work is included in the collections of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Phillips Collection.

At the time of her death, Rothschild owned a significant collection works by artists such as Piet Mondrian, Henri Matisse, Constantin Brâncuși, Juan Gris and Pablo Picasso. Rothschild specified in her will that her assets should be used to create the Judith Rothschild Foundation, in order to support the "conservation, publication, and exhibition of works by Ms. Rothschild's contemporaries". The foundation's mandate required it to direct support only to artists who had died between 1976 and 2008.

References

1921 births
1993 deaths
Cranbrook Educational Community alumni

Judith Rothschild


Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland, from 28 January 1547, until his death on 6 July 1553.

Edward was the son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour. His mother died 12 days after his birth. He became king at the age of 9 when his father died. Although he had two older sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, Edward was the next in line for the throne because he was male. Because he was such a young king, the country was governed by nobles. He had two advisors (or regents). The first was his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector. For the first two-and-a-half years of Edward's reign, Lord Somerset advised and guided the young king. Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.

Edward was the first Protestant king of England. Although his father, Henry VIII, had broken the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church, he had not changed much else. Most of the major changes to the Church of England happened during Edward's reign. They were led by Somerset, Northumberland and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Also during his reign, England tried to take over Scotland. After a good start, it ended in defeat. His reign also saw economic problems and unrest.

He died when he was  years old, probably from tuberculosis. Before he died, Edward named his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He was trying to prevent Mary, a Catholic, from returning the country to Catholicism. However, Mary overthrew Jane less than two weeks later and became the queen. Mary undid the reforms of Edward's reign, but Elizabeth restored them in 1559.

Religious changes
Laws were passed to make churches more plain. Catholic churches were rich in decorations and colour. Now under Edward, stained glass windows and icons were removed from churches; the furniture within churches became very basic and plain.

The actual services became more plain and the common person could now understand what was being said at services – now called Holy Communion – were in English rather than Latin. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer also in English. Priests did not have to dress in the bright clothing associated with the Catholic Church and under Edward. They were also allowed to marry. The king remained as Head of the Church.

All of these changes were a major break from the traditions of the Catholic Church. In parts of Germany and Switzerland, religious groups had also broken away in protest against the wealth and corruption of the Catholic Church. They became known as Protestant, and England under Edward, became a Protestant country with an independent Church of England.

Edward had never been a healthy boy and his health failed in 1553. After the nine-day reign of Lady Jane Grey, his Catholic half-sister Mary became queen of England and the country went through another period of religious changes.

1537 births
1553 deaths
House of Tudor
Kings and Queens of England
16th century in England

Edward VI of England


FieldTurf is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990s, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.

The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997, when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.

References

Sports

FieldTurf


The Gulf of Bothnia is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea. Gulf of Bothnia is often divided into three parts which are called in Finnish language:

Perämeri, northest part
Merenkurkku
Selkämeri, southest part

Other websites

Bothnia
Baltic Sea
Geography of Finland
Geography of Sweden

Gulf of Bothnia


The Diver (full name:The Diver:Regeneration) is a sculpture by John Kaufman located in the River Thames at Rainham, east London. The Diver is made of galvanised steel bands on a steel frame and is  tall and approximately  wide and is partly submerged every high tide and totally submerged by spring and neap tides.

The Diver is constructed from (approx.) 300 m of galvanised steel banding and 3000 nuts and bolts and weighs 3 tons.  It is secured  into the Thames mud.

History
John Kaufman (1941–2002) was a self-taught sculptor living and working in the London Borough of Havering, East London. Inspired by prominent public artist Don Rankin to create his own piece of public art, John embarked on the Diver project in 1995. Initially he financed the project himself but later received funding from Cleanaway, a local refuse company. Receiving mentoring from Don Rankin, support from the Havering London Borough Council in the person of Adam Nardell and additional financial support from friend, John Bowyer, John was able to complete and site the statue in August 2000 in its current location. It was installed at 3:30 am in order to avoid river traffic.

The piece is inspired by Kaufman's own family history. His grandfather Friederich Johann Andreas Kaufmann was a diver in the London Docks c. 1900. The sculpture stands as a monument to this man and all working men of the area who have worked in difficult and dangerous conditions.

Soon after the completion of the sculpture, John fell ill and died in 2002. After his death, a wake was held at the location of the sculpture with family and friends.

Location
The sculpture is sited in the River Thames in Rainham, East London. It can be reached from the Ferry Lane Industrial area and Coldharbour Lane. The car park is found by passing the Tilda rice warehouse.

See also
 List of public art in Havering

References

External links
www.thediversculpture.com – Official Sculpture Website
www.mylondondiary.co.uk – Image of sculpture

Media and communications in the London Borough of Havering
Buildings and structures on the River Thames
Outdoor sculptures in London
Steel sculptures in England
2000 sculptures

The Diver


Paddington is a 2014 comedy movie based on Michael Bond's Paddington's book series. It is about a young bear from Peru who travels to London to look for a home. Ben Whishaw voices Paddington. Nicole Kidman plays Millicent. Hugh Bonneville and Sally Hawkins plays Mr. and Mrs. Brown. Imelda Staunton plays as the voice of Aunt Lucy. Michael Gambon, Matt Lucas, Peter Capaldi and Geoffrey Palmer are also in the movie.

The movie was released on November 28, 2014 in the United Kingdom, and on January 16, 2015 in the United States. A sequel was released in late 2017.

2014 comedy movies
British comedy movies
Movies based on books

Paddington (movie)