A harrow is a farm tool.  It is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. In this way it is different from a plow, which cuts deeper into the soil. A plow also lifts up the soil and tips it over, but a harrow works mostly by cutting into the soil and breaking it up. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough surface left by plowing.

The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods (lumps of soil) and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is good for planting seeds. It may also be used to remove weeds and to cover up seed after sowing.

Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, instead of disturbing only narrow trails that avoid crop rows (to kill weeds).

Types
There are four general types of harrows: disc harrow, tine harrow, chain harrow and chain disk harrows. Harrows were originally pulled by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by people. In modern practice they are almost always pulled by tractors, either from a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.

Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a bar at the front of the set.

 Disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following plowing to break up the sod. The discs have notched edges and are slightly curved to help them catch the soil and rotate. This helps mix the soil, instead of leaving ridges and trails behind.  In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than working by being dragged.  Giant disc harrows can be used in place of a plow in rough areas with tree stumps and rocks.

 Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed.  They can also be used on pastures to spread out manure, or for smoothing a playing field, such as a baseball infield.

 Tine harrows are used to prepare the field before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the soil between rows.  This lets water soak into the ground easier. A tine is a metal bar pointing to the ground. Unlike a disc, it does not rotate.

 The fourth is a chain disk harrow. Disk attached to chains are pulled at an angle over the ground. These harrows move rapidly across the surface. The chain and disk rotate to stay clean while breaking up the top surface to about 1 inch (3 cm) deep. A smooth seedbed is prepared for planting with one pass.

Depending on the type of soil and the crop being planted, one or more types of harrows may be used to get the soil ready for planting.  If the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller can be used at the end to settle it.

A drag is a name for a heavy harrow, often a chain type.

References

Agricultural machinery

Harrow (tool)


MonetDB is an open-source column-oriented relational database management system (RDBMS) originally developed at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands.
It is designed to provide high performance on complex queries against large databases, such as combining tables with hundreds of columns and millions of rows.
MonetDB has been applied in high-performance applications for online analytical processing, data mining, geographic information system (GIS), Resource Description Framework (RDF), text retrieval and sequence alignment processing.

History

Data mining projects in the 1990s required improved analytical database support. This resulted in a CWI spin-off called Data Distilleries, which used early MonetDB implementations in its analytical suite. Data Distilleries eventually became a subsidiary of SPSS in 2003, which in turn was acquired by IBM in 2009.

MonetDB in its current form was first created in 2002 by doctoral student Peter Boncz and professor Martin L. Kersten as part of the 1990s' MAGNUM research project at University of Amsterdam. It was initially called simply Monet, after the French impressionist painter Claude Monet. The first version under an open-source software license (a modified version of the Mozilla Public License) was released on September 30, 2004. When MonetDB version 4 was released into the open-source domain, many extensions to the code base were added by the MonetDB/CWI team, including a new SQL front end, supporting the SQL:2003 standard.

MonetDB introduced innovations in all layers of the DBMS: a storage model based on vertical fragmentation, a modern CPU-tuned query execution architecture that often gave MonetDB a speed advantage over the same algorithm over a typical interpreter-based RDBMS. It was one of the first database systems to tune query optimization for CPU caches. MonetDB includes automatic and self-tuning indexes, run-time query optimization, and a modular software architecture.

By 2008, a follow-on project called X100 (MonetDB/X100) started, which evolved into the VectorWise technology. VectorWise was acquired by Actian Corporation, integrated with the Ingres database and sold as a commercial product.

In 2011 a major effort to renovate the MonetDB codebase was started. As part of it, the code for the MonetDB 4 kernel and its XQuery components were frozen. In MonetDB 5, parts of the SQL layer were pushed into the kernel. The resulting changes created a difference in internal APIs, as it transitioned from MonetDB Instruction Language (MIL) to MonetDB Assembly Language (MAL). Older, no-longer maintained top-level query interfaces were also removed. First was XQuery, which relied on MonetDB 4 and was never ported to version 5. The experimental Jaql interface support was removed with the October 2014 release. With the July 2015 release, MonetDB gained support for read-only data sharding and persistent indices. In this release the deprecated streaming data module DataCell was also removed from the main codebase in an effort to streamline the code. In addition, the license has been changed into the Mozilla Public License, version 2.0.

Architecture

MonetDB architecture is represented in three layers, each with its own set of optimizers.
The front end is the top layer, providing query interface for SQL, with SciQL and SPARQL interfaces under development. Queries are parsed into domain-specific representations, like relational algebra for SQL, and optimized. The generated logical execution plans are then translated into MonetDB Assembly Language (MAL) instructions, which are passed to the next layer. The middle or back-end layer provides a number of cost-based optimizers for the MAL. The bottom layer is the database kernel, which provides access to the data stored in Binary Association Tables (BATs). Each BAT is a table consisting of an Object-identifier and value columns, representing a single column in the database.

MonetDB internal data representation also relies on the memory addressing ranges of contemporary CPUs using demand paging of memory mapped files, and thus departing from traditional DBMS designs involving complex management of large data stores in limited memory.

Query Recycling
Query recycling is an architecture for reusing the byproducts of the operator-at-a-time paradigm in a column store DBMS. Recycling makes use of the generic idea of storing and reusing the results of expensive computations. Unlike low-level instruction caches, query recycling uses an optimizer to pre-select instructions to cache. The technique is designed to improve query response times and throughput, while working in a self-organizing fashion. The authors from the CWI Database Architectures group, composed of Milena Ivanova, Martin Kersten, Niels Nes and Romulo Goncalves, won the "Best Paper Runner Up" at the ACM SIGMOD 2009 conference for their work on Query Recycling.

Database Cracking
MonetDB was one of the first databases to introduce Database Cracking. Database Cracking is an incremental partial indexing and/or sorting of the data. It directly exploits the columnar nature of MonetDB. Cracking is a technique that shifts the cost of index maintenance from updates to query processing. The query pipeline optimizers are used to massage the query plans to crack and to propagate this information. The technique allows for improved access times and self-organized behavior. Database Cracking received the ACM SIGMOD 2011 J.Gray best dissertation award.

Components
A number of extensions exist for MonetDB that extend the functionality of the database engine. Due to the three-layer architecture, top-level query interfaces can benefit from optimizations done in the backend and kernel layers.

SQL
MonetDB/SQL is a top-level extension, which provides complete support for transactions in compliance with the SQL:2003 standard.

GIS
MonetDB/GIS is an extension to MonetDB/SQL with support for the Simple Features Access standard of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).

SciQL
SciQL an SQL-based query language for science applications with arrays as first class citizens. SciQL allows MonetDB to effectively function as an array database. SciQL is used in the European Union PlanetData  and TELEIOS project, together with the Data Vault technology, providing transparent access to large scientific data repositories. Data Vaults map the data from the distributed repositories to SciQL arrays, allowing for improved handling of spatio-temporal data in MonetDB. SciQL will be further extended for the Human Brain Project.

Data Vaults
Data Vault is a database-attached external file repository for MonetDB, similar to the SQL/MED standard. The Data Vault technology allows for transparent integration with distributed/remote file repositories. It is designed for scientific data data exploration and mining, specifically for remote sensing data. There is support for the GeoTIFF (Earth observation), FITS (astronomy), MiniSEED (seismology) and NetCDF formats.
The data is stored in the file repository in the original format, and loaded in the database in a lazy fashion, only when needed. The system can also process the data upon ingestion, if the data format requires it.

As a result, even very large file repositories can be efficiently analyzed, as only the required data is processed in the database. The data can be accessed through either the MonetDB SQL or SciQL interfaces. The Data Vault technology was used in the European Union's TELEIOS project, which was aimed at building a virtual observatory for Earth observation data. Data Vaults for FITS files have also been used for processing astronomical survey data for The INT Photometric H-Alpha Survey (IPHAS)

SAM/BAM
MonetDB has a SAM/BAM module for efficient processing of sequence alignment data. Aimed at the bioinformatics research, the module has a SAM/BAM data loader and a set of SQL UDFs for working with DNA data. The module uses the popular SAMtools library.

RDF/SPARQL
MonetDB/RDF is a SPARQL-based extension for working with linked data, which adds support for RDF and allowing MonetDB to function as a triplestore. Under development for the Linked Open Data 2 project.

R integration
MonetDB/R module allows for UDFs written in R to be executed in the SQL layer of the system. This is done using the native R support for running embedded in another application, inside the RDBMS in this case. Previously the MonetDB.R connector allowed the using MonetDB data sources and process them in an R session. The newer R integration feature of MonetDB does not require data to be transferred between the RDBMS and the R session, reducing overhead and improving performance. The feature is intended to give users access to functions of the R statistical software for in-line analysis of data stored in the RDBMS. It complements the existing support for C UDFs and is intended to be used for in-database processing.

Python integration
Similarly to the embedded R UDFs in MonetDB, the database now has support for UDFs written in Python/NumPy. The implementation uses Numpy arrays (themselves Python wrappers for C arrays), as a result there is limited overhead - providing a functional Python integration with speed matching native SQL functions. The Embedded Python functions also support mapped operations, allowing user to execute Python functions in parallel within SQL queries. The practical side of the feature gives users access to Python/NumPy/SciPy libraries, which can provide a large selection of statistical/analytical functions.

MonetDBLite
Following the release of remote driver for R (MonetDB.R) and R UDFs in MonetDB (MonetDB/R), the authors created an embedded version of MonetDB in R called MonetDBLite. It is distributed as an R package, removing the need to manage a database server, required for the previous R integrations. The DBMS runs within the R process itself, eliminating socket communication and serialisation overhead - greatly improving efficiency. The idea behind it is to deliver an SQLite-like package for R, with the performance of an in-memory optimized columnar store.

Former extensions
A number of former extensions have been deprecated and removed from the stable code base over time. Some notable examples include an XQuery extension removed in MonetDB version 5; a JAQL extension, and a streaming data extension called Data Cell.

See also
 List of relational database management systems
 Comparison of relational database management systems
 Database management system
 Column-oriented DBMS
 Array DBMS

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official homepage of MonetDB
 MonetDB Solutions - MonetDB's professional services company
 Database Architectures group at CWI - the original developers of MonetDB
 List of scientific projects using MonetDB
 MonetDB.R - MonetDB to R Connector

Big data products
Client-server database management systems
Column-oriented DBMS software for Linux
Cross-platform free software
Cross-platform software
Data warehousing products
Database engines
Free database management systems
Free software programmed in C
Products introduced in 2004
Relational database management systems
Structured storage

MonetDB


Rain Man is a 1988 American drama movie. It was directed by Barry Levinson and produced by Mark Johnson. It was written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass. It stars Tom Cruise as Charlie Babbitt and Dustin Hoffman as his older brother Raymond Babbitt.

Charlie is a narcissist who is a dealer of new cars in Los Angeles, California. He hears of his father's death and is told that the vast majority of the estate has been left to Raymond, whom he cannot remember. Raymond is an autistic savant, who has an eidetic memory but is incapable of looking after himself. He has lived in an institution in Cincinnati, Ohio for about twenty years. Charlie drives Raymond to Las Vegas, Nevada where Raymond uses his skill at counting cards to win money in card games. They then go on to Los Angeles. During the journey, Charlie changes his feelings towards Raymond from being resentful to being caring and protective. Raymond lacks understanding of the world and requires 24 hour care, which Charlie cannot provide, so Raymond returns to his institution.

Rain Man won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. The movie was inspired by the life of savant Kim Peek (1951-2009).

Other websites

1988 movies
1980s drama movies
1980s road movies
American drama movies
American road movies
Autism in fiction
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Las Vegas in fiction
Movies set in Las Vegas
Movies set in Los Angeles
Narcissism in fiction
Ohio in fiction
Movies directed by Barry Levinson
Movies about autism

Rain Man


The raingutter regatta is a racing event for Cub Scouts in the Boy Scouts of America that is the sailboat equivalent of the pinewood derby. The sailboat kit consists of a seven-inch (178 mm)  long balsa wood hull, a -inch mast, plastic sail, plastic rudder, and metal keel. Within the basic design rules, Scouts are free to paint and decorate their sailboats as they choose. Modifications for speed include the placement of the keel and rudder and the size, shape and location of the sail. A catamaran is an exceptionally fast design, although this modification is not allowed in all races.

The boats are raced in a standard rain gutter that is ten feet long, placed on a table or saw horses, and filled to the top with water. The boats are propelled by blowing on the sail, either directly or through a drinking straw; the boat cannot be touched with hands or the straw. The first boat to reach the end of the gutter is the winner. The overall winner is determined by an elimination system.

Other races
Other youth groups have adopted the event for their programs under different names:
Christian Service Brigade: Shape N Sail Derby
Pioneer Clubs: Sailboat Race
Awana Clubs: Awana Regatta, Sail On Night

See also
 Space derby
 Kon-Tiki (Scouting Event)
 Model yachting
 Ship model
 Radio-controlled boat
 Bicycle rodeo

References

External links

Boy Scouts of America
Scouting events
Model boats

Raingutter regatta


Hypophosphite, also known as phosphonate, is an ion. Its chemical formula is H2PO2-. It contains phosphorus in its +1 oxidation state. It is made by disproportionation of phosphorus in warm alkali. Phosphine is also produced. It is a strong reducing agent. Chemical compounds that contain the hypophosphite ions are called hypophosphites. They are poisonous. Hypophosphites are salts of hypophosphorous acid.

Related pages
Phosphite
Phosphate
Sodium hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Ions

Hypophosphite


Gareth Higgins is a writer from Belfast, Northern Ireland now living in Asheville, North Carolina. He is the founding director of the Wild Goose Festival.

He is a graduate in sociology from Queen's University of Belfast (BA, PhD). He was a co-founder (in 1998) of the zero28 Project, a faith-based peace and justice initiative in Northern Ireland. He has written and spoken widely on religion and conflict, art and spirituality and film, with his work appearing in The Independent, The Irish Times, Sojourners, and Third Way Magazine, among others.

He appears regularly on BBC Radio, and he and Jett Loe co-present a film review podcast called 'The Film Talk'.

Selected publications
Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, co-authored with John D Brewer (Palgrave, 1998)

How Movies Helped Save My Soul: Finding Spiritual Fingerprints in Culturally Significant Films (Relevant Books, 2003)

Religion, Civil Society, and Peace in Northern Ireland, co-authored by John D Brewer and Francis Teeney (Oxford University Press, 2011)

Cinematic States (Burnside Books, 2013)

Chapter in:
Researching the Troubles: Social Science Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Conflict (Mainstream, 2004)

Chapter in:
Artisans of Peace: Grassroots Peacemaking Among Christian Communities (Orbis, 2003)

Article on 'Free Presbyterianism' in The Encyclopaedia of Ireland (Gill & Macmillan, 2004)

How Not to Be Afraid: Seven Ways to Live When Everything Seems Terrifying (Canterbury Press Norwich, 2021)

External links
 Church of Ireland Gazette
 Higgins' blog
 The Film Talk
 Wild Goose Festival
 Cinematic States

Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Christian writers
Living people
Male non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland
Writers from Belfast
Activists from Northern Ireland
21st-century writers from Northern Ireland
Year of birth missing (living people)

Gareth Higgins


The Portsmouth Herald (and Seacoast Weekend) is a six-day daily newspaper serving greater Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Its coverage area also includes the municipalities of Greenland, New Castle, Newington and Rye, New Hampshire; and Eliot, Kittery, Kittery Point and South Berwick, Maine.

Unlike most New England daily newspapers, The Herald circulation grew in the 2000s. Its editors in 2001 credited the newspaper's resurgence with the introduction of the "Wow! factor" -- front-page stories on controversial or sensational topics that appeal to younger readers.

Founding
The Portsmouth Herald considers its foundation date to be September 23, 1884, the day that its predecessor The Penny Post first appeared in Portsmouth. The Penny Post (named for its newsstand price) within two years was claiming to have the largest circulation base in New England. The Post adopted the name Portsmouth Herald in mid-1897, and cost 2 cents per issue.

Traced back through the history of its sister papers, however, the Herald has an even longer pedigree. In 1891, F.W. Hartford took over The Penny Post and initiated a newspaper war with two of the city's longest established papers, the Morning Chronicle (daily since 1852) and the weekly New Hampshire Gazette (the state's oldest newspaper, established October 7, 1756). He eventually bought out his rivals, and announced on April 5, 1898, that he had taken control of the Chronicle and Gazette.

Hartford continued to publish the Morning Chronicle as the morning counterpart to the evening Herald until his death in 1938; he and his son J.D. Hartford kept The New Hampshire Gazette in print as the weekend edition of the Herald, partially out of pride in being associated with "the nation's oldest newspaper". Even after the Herald Sunday paper was renamed in the 1960s, the slogan "Continuing the tradition of the N.H. Gazette" continued to appear on the front page.

Eventually the Herald allowed its claim to the Gazette history fall into disuse, and in 1989, a descendant of the Gazette's founder began publishing an alternative weekly newspaper under the name The New Hampshire Gazette.

Ownership
The Herald and its sister weekly newspapers in New Hampshire and Maine form the Seacoast Media Group, a subsidiary of Local Media Group. It was acquired for the Ottaway chain by Dow Jones & Company, which formerly owned the chain, December 1, 1997, in a newspaper swap in which Thomson Corporation gained The News-Sun of Sun City, Arizona.

News Corporation acquired The Herald when it bought former owner Dow Jones & Company for US$5 billion in late 2007. Rupert Murdoch, the head of News Corp., reportedly told investors before the deal that he would be "selling the local newspapers fairly quickly" after the Dow Jones purchase.

On September 4, 2013, News Corp announced that it would sell the Dow Jones Local Media Group to Newcastle Investment Corp.—an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group, for $87 million. The newspapers will be operated by GateHouse Media, a newspaper group owned by Fortress. News Corp. CEO and former Wall Street Journal editor Robert James Thomson indicated that the newspapers were "not strategically consistent with the emerging portfolio" of the company.  GateHouse in turn filed prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 27, 2013, to restructure its debt obligations in order to accommodate the acquisition.

Competition
During the tail end of Thomson's ownership of The Herald, it was seen as corporate and out-of-touch with the local community. Several weekly newspapers sprang up to challenge it in Portsmouth and surrounding towns.

Years before buying The Herald, Ottaway started a weekly newspaper, the Portsmouth Press, in 1987. For six years, that paper competed with the daily. Its publisher, John Tabor, eventually became publisher of The Herald.

The Herald's strongest daily competitors are Foster's Daily Democrat in nearby Dover, New Hampshire, and the statewide New Hampshire Union Leader. In the late 1990s, the Geo. J. Foster Company launched Foster's Sunday Citizen, to compete with Herald Sunday and the state's largest Sunday paper, the New Hampshire Sunday News. Around the same time, The Herald's Ottaway managers announced they would begin distributing Herald Sunday outside of the daily newspaper's coverage area, into the Exeter and Hampton areas, where Seacoast Media Group publishes weeklies.

The paper also faces hometown competition from an alternative newsweekly, The New Hampshire Gazette, named after the state's oldest newspaper, which had been absorbed into the Herald in the 1890s.

On October 31, 2010, Seacoast Media Group announced plans to charge online users nearly $69 per year to access the previously free content.  The fee took effect November 16, 2010. The print edition is $1.00 a day ($2.00 on Seacoast Weekend).

Footnotes

External links
Seacoastonline.com, The Portsmouth Herald Website

Gannett publications
Newspapers published in New Hampshire
Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Publications established in 1884
1884 establishments in New Hampshire

The Portsmouth Herald


In typography, kerning is changing the distance between two letters to make the text easier to read. Usually, this means that letters look equally spaced, and two letters are never too close together or too far apart. If two letters are too close together or too far apart that would make it difficult to read the plain text message.

The purpose of kerning, and most other typography is to make the printed or screen text more legible, that is, easier to read, and also more attractive.
Typography
A related idea is typographic ligature. This is when two letters are formed so they fit together. In traditional metal type printing, ligatures were formed from lead in certain pairs. It is basically the same idea as kerning, but done automatically.

Kerning


Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the "postulates" (assumptions) that Euclidean geometry is based on. In normal geometry, parallel lines can never meet. In non-Euclidean geometry they can meet, either infinitely many times (elliptic geometry), or never (hyperbolic geometry).

An example of Non-Euclidian geometry can be seen by drawing lines on a ball or other round object, straight lines that are parallel at the equator can meet at the poles.

Origin
It is called "Non-Euclidean" because it is different from Euclidean geometry, which was discovered by an Ancient Greek mathematician called Euclid. The different names for non-Euclidean geometries came from thinking of "straight" lines as curved lines, either curved inwards like an ellipse, or outwards like a hyperbola.

The first authors of non-Euclidean geometries were the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai and the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, who separately published treatises on hyperbolic geometry around 1830. As well Eugenio Beltrami published book on non-Eucludean geometry in 1868. Others, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, had earlier ideas, but did not publish their ideas at the time.

Fields of geometry

Non-Euclidean geometry


Copra is the dried inside of coconuts, the fruit of the coconut palm. This is usually a white substance, which is high in vegetable oil. Usually, it is processed into coconut oil. The name comes from Malayalam: In Malayalam, koppara meams dried coconut. What is left after the oil has been extracted is known as coconut cake, and used as food for livestock.

Food ingredients

Copra


In computing, open implementation platforms are systems where the implementation is accessible.  Open implementation allows developers of a program to alter pieces of the underlying software to fit their specific needs.  With this technique it is far easier to write general tools, though it makes the programs themselves more complex to design and use.

There are also open language implementations, which make aspects of the language implementation accessible to application programmers.

Open implementation is not to be confused with open source, which allows users to change implementation source code, rather than using existing application programming interfaces.

See also

 Aspect-oriented programming for a successor concept in research
 Metaobject protocol for the primary implementation means
 Software architecture for organization of software in general

External links
Links pertaining to open implementation

Free software culture and documents

Open implementation


In Norse mythology, Durinn (Old Norse: ; or Durin) is a dwarf according to stanza 10 of the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda, and repeated in Gylfaginning from the Prose Edda. He was the second created after the first and foremost dwarf Mótsognir.

He is also attested in Hervarar saga, where he forged the magic sword Tyrfing with the help of the dwarf Dvalin. In variant texts of the saga Durinn is known as Dulinn.

Modern influence
In the legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien, Durin is the name given to several kings of the Dwarves including Durin the Deathless, the eldest of the Seven Fathers of their race.

References

Norse dwarves
Swordsmiths
Tyrfing cycle

Durinn


The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1996, and lasted until November 30, 1996. Tropical Cyclones can and have formed outside these dates but not in 1996, because Hurricane Marco ended on November 24. The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season was very active, but not as active as 1995, but it was more active then 1997.

Storms

Tropical Storm Arthur

Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical storm of the 1996 season. It started on June 17 in the Bahamas as Tropical Depression One. One became Tropical Storm Arthur late on June 19. Tropical Storm Arthur made landfall in Cape Lookout, North Carolina was a weak tropical storm. It moved to the east and went back into the Atlantic Ocean and died on June 21. Arthur killed no one and caused only $1 million in damage.

Hurricane Bertha

Hurricane Bertha was the first hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. It started on July 5 near the Cape Verde Islands. On that same day it became Tropical Storm Bertha. By July 7 it became a hurricane, during that day it struck Antigua, and Sint Maarten. Bertha moved along the edges of the islands in the Bahamas. Hurricane Bertha made landfall in North Carolina on July 12 as a category 2 hurricane. It quickly got weaker and died on July 14 as it entered Canada. Bertha killed 9 people and caused $335 million in damage.

Hurricane Cesar

Hurricane Cesar started off the coast of Venezuela on July 24, it was a tropical depression at this time. It slowly got stronger, becoming a tropical storm the next day and a hurricane by July 27. On July 28 it made landfall as a hurricane in Nicaragua. Cesar weakened to a tropical storm over land, but it reached the Pacific Ocean and later on it became Hurricane Douglas. Hurricane Cesar killed 77 people and caused $206 million in damage.

Hurricane Dolly

Hurricane Dolly started as Tropical Depression Four near Jamaica. It got stronger and it became Tropical Storm Dolly soon after. Tropical Storm Dolly became Hurricane Dolly just before it made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula on August 20. It weakened over land and entered the southern Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression. Dolly quickly got stronger again and became a tropical storm. Just before it made another landfall in Mexico, it became Hurricane Dolly again on August 23. The storm weakened a lot over Mexico and it died on August 26. It killed about 14 in Mexico.

Hurricane Edouard

Hurricane Edouard was the strongest hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. It started as Tropical Depression Five near Cape Verde on August 19. Tropical Depression Five did not become Tropical Storm Edouard until August 22. By the next day it had gotten stronger and it was Hurricane Edouard at this point.

Hurricane Edouard strengthened fast, peaking as a category 4 hurricane on from August 24 - 28. After this, it weakened slightly, back to a category 3 hurricane. It turned to the north and repeated this but did not again re-strengthen into a category 4 hurricane. On September 2, Hurricane Edouard passed only 90 miles to the south of Massachusetts. By the next day Hurricane Edouard had died.

Edouard killed 2 people and caused around $3.5 million in damage.

Hurricane Fran

Fran started on August 23 as Tropical Depression Six. It slowly got stronger because Hurricane Edouard was near it. The depression became Tropical Storm Fran on August 27. Fran became a hurricane on August 29, weakened back to a tropical storm on August 30, and became a hurricane again on August 31. Hurricane Fran did not get much stronger until it began on a track more to the north. By September 5, it made landfall in Cape Fear, North Carolina as a category 3 hurricane. It died on September 8. Fran caused the deaths of 26 people and caused $3.2 billion in damage.

Tropical Storm Gustav

On August 26, Tropical Depression Seven started. It slowly grew and became Tropical Storm Gustav. It headed northwest and did not get any stronger because of the large size of Hurricane Fran and wind shear. Wind shear also caused in to die on September 2.

Hurricane Hortense

Hortense started on September 3 as the eighth tropical depression in 1996 in the Atlantic. It slowly strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Hortense on September 7, four days later. As a tropical storm, it passed into the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea. Continuing to slowly strengthen, it became Hurricane Hortense on September 9. Hurricane Hortense made landfall on the southwestern part of Puerto Rico. This resulted in $155 million in damage and the deaths of 18 people. It also moved along the coast of Dominican Republic, which killed 3 people.

It soon re-entered the Atlantic Ocean, and it quickly strengthened. By September 13, it had become a 140 miles per hour, category 4 hurricane. Hortense started moving faster, but weakened at the same time. Finally, by September 15 it had made another landfall in Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia, there was $3 million in damage. Hurricane Hortense died on later on September 15.

Hurricane Isidore

Isidore started on September 24 a few hundred miles south of Cape Verde. It headed westward and later peaked as a category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Isidore began heading north after it became a category 3 hurricane. Isidore weakened and died on October 1.

Other Storms
Tropical Storm Josephine
Tropical Storm Kyle
Hurricane Lili
Possible storm
Hurricane Marco

The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had 4 tropical storms, 3 hurricane, 6 major hurricanes and 1 possible storm.

Unused storm names
There were 8 unused names in 1996 they include:

Retirement
In the spring of 1997 the following names got retired: Cesar, Fran and Hortense and there are replaced by Cristobal, Fay and Hanna for the 2002 season.

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1990s in weather

1996 Atlantic hurricane season


In mathematics and geometry, the Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point. It is also called the rectangular coordinate system. The numbers are usually called the  coordinate and the  coordinate or sometimes the abscissa and ordinate. To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called axes (singular: axis), are drawn. The point where the axes meet is the coordinate origin, written (0,0). The  coordinate gives the position of a point measured along the  axis, and the  coordinate gives the position along the  axis.

Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the  coordinate. In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the  coordinate, is added. Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations. The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations. For example, the  axis is described by the equation . A circle having radius  and centered at the origin can be described with the equation  (see Figure 2).

The name Cartesian comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: Cartesius), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes. In part two of his Discourse on Method, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides. In La Géométrie (Geometry), he further explores these ideas.

Related pages

Polar coordinate system

Coordinate systems

Cartesian coordinate system


Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, or ETA (Inglis: Basque Homeland and Freedom; Scots:Basque Hameland an Freedom") is an airmed Basque naitionalist an separatist organisation. The group wis foondit in 1959 an haes syne evolved frae a group promotin traditional Basque cultur tae a paramilitary group wi the goal o gainin unthirldom for the Greater Basque Kintra frae a Marxist-Leninist perspective. ETA is the main organisation o the Basque Naitional Leeberation Movement an is the maist important participant in the Basque conflict.

ETA's motto is Bietan jarrai ("Keep up on baith"), referrin tae the twa figures in its seembol, a snake (representin politics) wrapped aroond an axe (representin airmed struggle).

Syne 1968, ETA haes killed ower 800 individuals, injured thoosans an unnertaken dozens o kidnappins. The group is proscribed as a terrorist organization bi the Spainyie an French authority, as well as the European Union as a whole, an the Unitit States. This convention is follaed bi a plurality o domestic an internaitional media, which an aa refer tae the group as "terrorists". Mair nor 700 members o the organization are incarceratit in preesons in Spain, Fraunce, an ather kintras.

Spain

ETA


The music of Colombia is an expression of the Colombian culture and has many music types. Modern Colombian culture is a mixture of African, native and European (especially Spanish) music, as well as more modern American and Caribbean musical forms, such as Trinidadian, Cuban and Jamaican.

In the late 1950s, Mexican rock artists like Enrique Guzmán and Cesar Costa became very popular in Colombia.  Soon, native rock bands like Los Speakers earned popularity too.  Starting in 1967, native bands like Genesis combined native music types (like cumbia) with rock.

Cumbia is a mixture of Spanish and African music (which slaves brought to Colombia).  In the 19th century, Colombia got rid of slavery. Since that time, Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups mixed more fully in Colombian music.  Styles like bambuco, vallenato and porro was very important.  When the waltz became popular in the 19th century, Colombian musicians invented a version called pasillo.

Columbian
Music

Music of Colombia


The meridian 20° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic and Indian oceans, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

The 20th meridian east forms a great circle with the 160th meridian west.

Part of Namibia's borders with Botswana and South Africa are defined by the meridian. The boundary between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean is defined by the meridian. The meridian defines the eastern limit of the New Swabia area in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.

Lines of longitude

20th meridian east


Roger Walden (died 1406) was an English treasurer and Bishop of London.

Life

Little is now known of Walden's birth nor of his early years.  He had some connection with the Channel Islands, and resided for some time in Jersey where he was rector of the Parish Church of St Helier from 1371 to 1378.  He then held livings in Yorkshire and in Leicestershire before he became Archdeacon of Winchester in 1387. His days, however, were by no means fully occupied with his ecclesiastical duties, and in 1387 also he was appointed Treasurer of Calais, holding about the same time other positions in this neighbourhood.

In 1395, after having served Richard II as secretary, Walden became treasurer of England, adding the deanery of York to his numerous other benefices. On 8 November 1397 he was chosen Archbishop of Canterbury in succession to Thomas Arundel, who had just been banished from the realm, but he lost this position when the new king Henry IV restored Arundel in 1399, and after a short imprisonment he passed into retirement, being, as he himself says, "in the dust and under feet of men."

On 10 December 1405, through Arundel's influence, Walden was elected Bishop of London, and he died at Much Hadham in Hertfordshire on 6 January 1406. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. An Historia Mundi, the manuscript of which is in the British Museum, is sometimes regarded as the work of Walden; but this was doubtless written by an earlier writer.

Citations

References

Attribution

1406 deaths
14th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops
Archbishops of Canterbury
Bishops of London
Archdeacons of Winchester (ancient)
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Lord High Treasurers of England
Treasurers of Calais
Year of birth unknown
Jersey clergy
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral

Roger Walden


Mumia is often used to speak about Mumia Abu-Jamal

Mumia (also pulvis mumiae, Mumia vera aegyptiaca) was a powder made from ground mummies. It was used as a drug, for good health, and as a coloring agent (a medium to dark brown) until the 1920s. Eating ground mumified corpses is a form of cannibalism.

The powder was said to work against almost any disease. To mummify a corpse, tar was used. It was said this tar had magical powers. It was also said to be an aphrodisiac.

Withdrawn drugs

Mumia


Fotherby is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated just east from the A16 road,  east from Market Rasen, and  south from Cleethorpes.

In the Domesday account Fotherby is written as "Fodrebi". Before the Conquest lordship was held by Thorgot Lag, and after, Berengar of Tosny, with Robert of Tosny as Tenant-in-chief.

In 1885 Kelly's noted six almshouses, built in 1866 for the benefit of six poor people by James Fowler, on the site of an older glebe house. Parish area was  with chief agricultural production of wheat, barley, oats, turnips, seeds and beans, and an 1881 population of 1881.

Fotherby Grade II listed Anglican church is dedicated to St Mary. It was entirely rebuilt by James Fowler in 1863, in Early English style with chancel, nave, south porch, and western tower with a broach spire containing three bells originally cast in 1608.

Further listed buildings are Mawers Farm on Peppin Lane, and a Sunday School building on Church Lane.

References

External links

"Fotherby", Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2011

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
East Lindsey District

Fotherby


The animated documentary (also known as anidoc) is a moving image form that combines animation and documentary. This form should not be confused with documentaries about movie and TV animation history that feature excerpts.

History

The first recognized example of this genre is Winsor McCay's 1918 12-minute-long film The Sinking of the Lusitania, which uses animation to portray the 1915 sinking of  after it was struck by two torpedoes launched by a German U-boat; an event of which no recorded film footage is known to exist.
Since the 1920s, animation has been used in educational and social guidance films, and has often been used to illustrate abstract concepts in mainly live-action examples of these genres. Early examples of fully animated educational films are The Einstein Theory of Relativity and Evolution (both 1923) by Max and Dave Fleischer. Walt Disney used it in films such as Victory Through Air Power (1943), How to Catch a Cold (1951) and Our Friend the Atom (1957).

In 1953, Norman McLaren's Neighbours won the Academy Awards for Best Documentary (Short Subject). The award is somewhat considered a mistake, but the fact that it was not only indicated into that category, but also won, shows that, somehow, the animated images spoke to the judges almost like a documentary.

Of Stars and Men, a 1964 animated feature by John Hubley which tells of humankind's quest to find its place in the universe, won an award in the documentary category at the San Francisco Film Festival.

Mosaic Films promoted the use of animated documentaries in the United Kingdom in 2003 with the award-winning series Animated Minds. Commissioned by Channel 4 and directed by Andy Glynne, it uses real testimony from survivors of mental illness, combined with engaging visuals, to climb inside the minds of the mentally distressed. The first series won the award for Best Animation at the Banff World Media Festival (2004).

The 2007 International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam featured a programme of "documentaries that partly or completely consist of animation". In the article written to accompany the event, Kees Driessen talked about the "least controversial" form of the genre; the "illustrated radio documentary", citing Aardman Animation's 1987 film Lip Synch: Going Equipped (directed by Peter Lord) as an example. One of the most consistent creators of this form of animated documentary today is Paul Fierlinger. His films from the late 1980s-onward typically feature recordings of people talking about certain topics in their lives (such as alcohol abuse or loneliness), accompanied by Fierlinger's animation which mainly illustrates the stories in a realistic way. This is a contrast from films and series such as Aardman's Creature Comforts, which recontextualise such audio recordings by combining them with more fanciful, non-realistic animated interpretations.

Fierlinger's 1995 animated feature-length autobiography Drawn from Memory, in which he is the main subject as well as the director, voice actor and only animator, was also called a documentary by Driessen. This technique of animating interviews has also been used by other filmmakers, such as Chris Landreth in his Oscar-winning 2004 short film Ryan (mainly based on an interview done with animator Ryan Larkin) and Jonas Odell in the 2006 Swedish film Aldrig som första gången! (Never Like the First Time!, consisting of animated segments of people's descriptions of their first time engaging in sex). The film Chicago 10, about the Chicago Seven incident, received some acclaim for recreating courtroom scenes using animation. Another documentary with animated elements is the German film Neukölln Unlimited, which uses animation to depict past traumas of its protagonists.

The Oscar-nominated 2008 Israeli film Waltz with Bashir was advertised as being the first feature-length animated documentary.

In 2011 the Colombian animated documentary "Little Voices" was released, at the same time it's the first Colombian 3D digital movie. On the same year Eva from Argentina produced by Illusion Studios debuts on Argentinian theatres.

Some animated documentaries that were nominated or won for Oscars are So Much for So Little (1949), Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square (1998), The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation (2005), I Met the Walrus (2007), Last Day of Freedom (2015) and Flee (2021).

References

Further reading

External links
AnimatedDocumentary.com - Articles, news & events

Articles about the animated documentary in the March 2005 issue of fps magazine
DocumentaryAnimationDiscourse.com/ - Animated documentary theory and practice based research

Animation
Film genres

Documentary film genres
Articles containing video clips

Animated documentary


Chantal Mouffe (; born 17 June 1943) is a Belgian political theorist, formerly teaching at University of Westminster.

She is best known for her contribution to the development—jointly with Ernesto Laclau, with whom she co-authored her most frequently cited publication Hegemony and Socialist Strategy—of the so-called Essex School of discourse analysis, a type of post-Marxist political inquiry drawing on Gramsci, post-structuralism and theories of identity, and redefining Leftist politics in terms of radical democracy. She is also the author of influential works on agonistic political theory, including Agonistics: Thinking the World Politically and The Democratic Paradox. Her book For a Left Populism was published in 2018.

Education
Chantal Mouffe studied at the Universities of Leuven, Paris and Essex and has worked in many universities throughout the world (in Europe, North America and Latin America). She has also held visiting positions at Harvard, Cornell, Princeton and the CNRS (Paris). During 1989–1995, she served as Programme Director at the Collège international de philosophie in Paris. She currently holds a professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, where she is a member of the Centre for the Study of Democracy.

Work
A prominent critic of deliberative democracy (especially in its Rawlsian and Habermasian versions), she is also known for her use of the work of Carl Schmitt, mainly the concept of "the political", in proposing a radicalization of modern democracy—what she calls "agonistic pluralism". She has developed an interest in highlighting the radical potential of artistic practices. Mouffe's Agonistics: Thinking the World Politically (2013) has been criticised by Timothy Laurie for its strong focus on State institutions, noting that Mouffe's "professed enthusiasm for (some) non-Western Islamist movements is solely conditional upon their assumption of State instruments".

Publications

 (ed.) Gramsci and Marxist Theory. London – Boston: Routledge / Kegan Paul, 1979.
 (with Ernesto Laclau) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London – New York: Verso, 1985.
 (ed.) Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community. London – New York: Verso, 1992.
The Return of the Political. London – New York: Verso, 1993.
Le politique et ses enjeux. Pour une démocratie plurielle. Paris: La Découverte/MAUSS, 1994.
 (ed.) Deconstruction and Pragmatism. London – New York: Routledge, 1996.
 (ed.) The Challenge of Carl Schmitt. London – New York: Verso, 1999.
The Democratic Paradox. London – New York: Verso, 2000.
 (ed.) Feministische Perspektiven. Wien: Turia + Kant, 2001.
 (ed.) The legacy of Wittgenstein: Pragmatism or Deconstruction. Frankfurt am Main – New York: Peter Lang, 2001.
On the Political. Abingdon – New York: Routledge, 2005.
 Hegemony, Radical Democracy, and the Political, edited by James Martin, London: Routledge, 2013.
 Agonistics: Thinking The World Politically. London – New York: Verso, 2013.
 Mouffe C, 1995 'Post-marxism: democracy and identity', Environment and Planning D vol.13 pp. 259–266 ML: P305 E30.
 (in conversation with Íñigo Errejón) Podemos: In the Name of the People (trans. Sirio Canos), London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2016.
For a Left Populism. London – New York: Verso, 2018.
Towards a Green Democratic Revolution. London - New York: Verso, 2022.

Honors
 Doctorate, honoris causa, University of Valparaíso, Chile (2014).
 Doctorate, honoris causa, University of Costa Rica (2019).
 Doctorate, honoris causa, KU Leuven, Belgium (2019).

See also
 List of deconstructionists

References

Further reading
 Anna Marie Smith, Laclau and Mouffe: The Radical Democratic Imaginary, London: Routledge, 1998.
 David Howarth, Discourse, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 2000.
 Louise Philips and Marianne Jorgensen, Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method, London: Sage, 2002.
 David Howarth, Aletta Norval and Yannis Stavrakakis (eds), Discourse Theory and Political Analysis, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
 Jacob Torfing, New Theories of Discourse: Laclau, Mouffe, Žižek, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
 Society is Always Divided, interview with Digital Development Debates, 2015 March.

Living people
1943 births
Writers from Charleroi
20th-century Belgian women writers
21st-century Belgian women writers
Belgian feminists
Belgian political scientists
Belgian political philosophers
Discourse analysts
Feminist studies scholars
Marxist theorists
Left-wing populists
Political philosophers
Populism scholars
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Academics of the University of Westminster
Carl Schmitt scholars
Women political scientists

Chantal Mouffe


Action theory is an area in philosophy that talks about theories about the processes that cause intentional (willful) human body movements.

The philosophy of action
Some Philosophers ask the question 'What is an action?' or 'What makes somebody do an action?'. Here are two theories.

The belief-desire (want-think) theory
Some philosophers say that an action is caused by a person wanting something and thinking that by doing that action they can get it. For example, if I want an apple and think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get one, then I will walk to the table. It is important to have both a want (desire) and a thought about how to get it (belief).
If I think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get an apple, but want an orange and not an apple, then I will not walk to the table. If I want an apple, but think that the table across the room is just a picture of a table, then I will not walk to the table.

The neurological (brain) theory
Other philosophers say that the want-think theory is not true. They say that it is my brain and my nerves that causes an action. They see the brain as working like a computer that directs small electric packages from some nerves to other nerves and stores some for a while in memory. These packages cannot be named, they are just like computer bits and bytes. These philosophers say that we talk about what we want and what we think because the brain is very complicated and we do not understand it yet.

These questions form part of the philosophy of mind.

Branches of philosophy

Action theory


Jane Chambers (March 27, 1937 – February 15, 1983) was an American playwright. She was a "pioneer in writing theatrical works with openly lesbian characters".

Chambers was born in Columbia, South Carolina, but grew up in Orlando, Florida, where she started writing with scripts for local public radio stations. She studied at Rollins College, intending to become a playwright, but dropped out of Rollins after she encountered discrimination as a woman there. After studying acting for a season at the Pasadena Playhouse in 1956, she moved to New York City and then on to Poland Spring, Maine, where she worked for WMTW. Returning to New York in 1968, she enrolled at Goddard College, Vermont to try again for an undergraduate degree. There she met Beth Allen, who would remain her lover, companion and manager.

Completing her degree in 1971, Chambers began to achieve recognition as a writer: she won the Rosenthal Award for Poetry, and her play Christ in a Treehouse, won a Connecticut Educational Television Award. In 1972, she received a Eugene O'Neill Fellowship for Tales of the Revolution and Other American Fables, staged at the Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater. She helped establish theater at the Women's Interart Center in New York, putting on her play Random Violence there in 1972. Her writing for the soap opera Search for Tomorrow won her a Writers Guild of America Award in 1973. A Late Snow, produced at Playwrights Horizons in 1974 was one of the earliest plays to portray lesbian characters in a positive light. In 1980, Chambers started to work with The Glines, writing Last Summer at Bluefish Cove for their First Gay American Arts Festival, about the impact upon a woman and her lesbian friends after she is diagnosed with cancer. Chambers was herself diagnosed with cancer in 1981. She continued to write, producing My Blue Heaven for the Second Gay American Arts Festival at the Glines, and The Quintessential Image for the Women's Theatre Conference in Minneapolis.

She died at her home in Greenport, Long Island on February 15, 1983. Starting in 1984, there has been an annual award in her name, the Jane Chambers Playwriting Award.

In 2022, Chambers was featured in the book 50 Key Figures in Queer US Theatre, with a profile written by theatre scholar Sara Warner.

Works
 Burning: a novel, 1978
 A late snow: a play in two acts, 1979
 Last summer at Bluefish Cove: a play in two acts, 1980
 My blue heaven: a comedy in two acts, 1981
 Warrior at rest: a collection of poetry, 1984
 Chasin' Jason: a novel, 1987

References

1937 births
1983 deaths
American women dramatists and playwrights
American LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from South Carolina
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
Writers from Columbia, South Carolina
LGBT people from Florida
Writers from Orlando, Florida
American lesbian writers
Goddard College alumni
20th-century American LGBT people

Jane Chambers


The Daily Planet is a fictional newspaper in the universe of DC Comics. Superman's ego Clark Kent works here with Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen and Perry White.

The Daily Planet office building has a large globe on its roof. Jerry Siegel said that the design of the building was based on the Old Toronto Star Building. Future appearances of the building were soon inspired by the Chicago Board of Trade Building and the Empire State Building.

Superman
Fictional locations

Daily Planet


The City of Seinäjoki is the center of the Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland and one of the fastest growing urban city centers in Finland. Seinäjoki has a population of more than 60 000 inhabitants and in the Southern Ostrobothnia region there are about 200 000 inhabitants.

Seinäjoki is established 1868.

In 2005, the former municipality of Peräseinäjoki was merged into Seinäjoki. In 2009, the neighbouring municipalities of Nurmo and Ylistaro were merged with Seinäjoki.

Seinäjoki offers high-quality education from primary school to university level as well as good jobs and living conditions for all age groups. Seinäjoki region is Finland's sixth largest market area and offers very competitive and attractive trade services.
A pleasant urban and garden-like environment, short distances, and a wide range of housing types is typical to the city's daily life.

Seinäjoki is known for the unique administrative and cultural center designed by architect Alvar Aalto. The city hosts various summer festivals such as Provinssirock, Tango Festival and Race and Rock Festival (Vauhtiajot), which attract tens of thousands of people to enjoy the city year after year.

Seinäjoki is good living 24 hours a day.

Population grow

References

Other websites
Website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
1868 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Finland

Seinäjoki


Vangelis Moras (; born 26 August 1981) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a centre back and currently a manager.

Club career

Early years
Moras started his football Ampelokipoi Larissa and in 1999 he moved to AEL. In 2001 he played for Proodeftiki and after one season at the club, they won promotion to the first division in 2002.

AEK Athens
After having impressed in his first season in the first division, Moras was transferred to AEK Athens for €260,000, as a personal choice of the then coach, Dušan Bajević. He stayed at the club even at the new effort made by the Demis Nikolaidis administration in 2004 and left in 2007. With AEK he also competed in European in the UEFA Champions League group stage in 2003 and 2006, while also played in the Cup final on 10 May 2006 losing to Olympiacos. He left the club on in 2007 after his contract was expired.

Bologna
On 1 July 2007, Moras signed for the Italian club Bologna. After his first season there, he helped the club to win promotion to the Serie A. Moras scored his first goal for Bologna against S.S.C. Napoli scoring the winning goal.

He made 104 appearances in his career at Bologna in all competitions.

Swansea City
On 14 October 2011, it was confirmed that the player had joined Premier League team Swansea City. Brendan Rodgers' defensive headache has eased slightly with FIFA finally giving Swansea City the green light to sign Vangelis Moras on a three-month deal. The Greek defender, a free agent having left Bologna in the summer, agreed terms with Swansea after a successful trial in South Wales, scoring a goal in a friendly against Llanelli on 7 October 2011, but delays in processing the paperwork looked set to leave Rodgers with only one fully fit centre-half for Saturday's trip to Norwich. He made his Premier League debut in a 2–2 draw with Wolves on 22 October 2011. He left the club after his three-month deal expired in January 2012.

Cesena
Cesena officially signed Moras a free agent after his short-term contract with Swansea expired and has signed a new deal until the end of the season. The Sea Horses announced that Moras will undergo his medical on Thursday before taking on his first training session.

In his interview, the defender who was under contract until June, was ready to take the field against Novara: "I am happy for my arrival even with a two-years' delay, as last season we were very close. With Swansea I did not go well (only 7 games with 6 of them with the reserve-team), so I desperately want to go back to Italy and I thanks Cesena for this opportunity."
Furthermore, he said that "the situation is difficult but we can save, I'm used to fighting. I know the coach, it was he who took me to Italy, in Bologna, where I stayed four seasons, the best time of my career so far. I am a close friend of Antonioli together we were rossoblù: it was old then, it's old now, nothing has changed."

On 21 January 2012, he made his debut with Cesena in a 5–1 loss with Roma. Besides the fact that he is regular starter until the end of the 2011/12 season, he left the club after his six-month deal expired in June 2012.

Hellas Verona
On 1 July 2012, Moras signed for the Italian club Hellas Verona. After his first season there, he helped the club to win promotion to the Serie A. In June 2013, Panathinaikos is chasing the signature of the Greek international, as the club looks to begin rebuilding after a disappointing season. The Athenian giants missed out on European football for the first time in almost two decades last season and the club is expected to change its approach to the transfer market drastically this summer.
A key part of that approach will be focusing on bringing in Greek players and staff, whilst avoiding the exorbitant wages it has previously paid for underperforming foreign players. Moras, who was a key part of Hellas Verona's promotion to Serie A last season, has reportedly been in contact with the club. Panathinaikos did not easily give up, offering him a two-year contract worth around €200-250,000 a year.

Eventually, the upcoming deal with Panathinaikos did not come to an end and the Greek defender signed with the club for another year. Moras scored his first goal for Verona against Varese scoring the winning goal.
In a game against Bologna, Moras did not react to a biff from Jonatan Cristaldo during the Serie A match between his club and Bologna FC at Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi on March 2, 2014, in Verona, showing his character and moral. Additionally, on 9 April 2014, in an interview had made clear that Hellas Verona are not thinking about Europe, but only finishing out the season well. The club has been one of the surprise packages of the season and until recently were in direct competition for a spot in the Europa League. However, on from a recent fall in form, their Greek international centre-back has made clear where focus truly lies. "Europe? I don't even want to hear that word," he told reporters at a trade event this week. "We are thinking about every Sunday's game, we will see at the end where we will be. I am not thinking about Europe, it is the only thing that can make me feel bad. Now we hope to close the season out very well, because it is good for the club and for the fans. This was a very difficult season, we were able to achieve safety in March and this was an important thing. It was not easy to reach this target and teams with more experienced players were not able to do it, and we have. Now let's enjoy this moment, we have been through some difficulties and we now think to finish well."

Vangelis Moras will be part of the 23 players of Greece that will fly in Brazil. A great season with Hellas Verona's performance level that has not gone unnoticed by Fernando Santos, coach of Greece, who decided to bet big on him. But the first to believe in the quality of Vangelis Moras of Bologna was Fabrizio Salvatori, who took him in red and blue, " ...was released, and really wanted to come to Italy – says Salvatori exclusive to GianlucaDiMarzio.com – He accepted a year contract with an option for three more years if he had done well, and so it was with Bologna in Serie B came by a couple of goals in that year, and contributing significantly to the promotion. He steadily grows in confidence, which led him to play in the World Cup. He is a versatile player who improves every year. But even before this is a great guy who deserves this call, after he has done very well this year in Verona."

On 8 July 2014 Hellas Verona have renewed Greek international Moras' contract until June 2015.  The defender put pen to paper on a new deal, which includes an option to add another year until June 2016. On 21 April 2015 Vangelis Moras reached 100 appearances with the jersey of Hellas Verona and Greek international defender celebrated, by holding a Greek flag on Instagram.

On 17 May 2015, Vangelis Moras in an interview, has expressed his concern regarding the future of the club in the midst of rumors suggesting that the club might be sold. Speaking after his side's 2–1 win over Empoli, the Greek centre-back also demanded more clarity from owner Maurizio Setti despite the Italian businessman having recently stated that the club will not be sold in the summer. "The president has denied the sale of the club, but I want more certainty," said the 33-year-old to Sky Sport Italia."And I hope all things are sorted and we'll be ready to start again properly from next season." This situation is being much talked about because there are a number of Gialloblu players whose contract expire in the summer of 2015, including that of Moras.

On 18 September 2015, Moras stated that he wants to finish his career with Hellas Verona " Ours is not a job like any other, in a football team we are mates, the fans and the company. I am at Verona for four years and for me it's like a second family. All helped me to deal with this difficult problem, all were close to me and I can only say thank you to the men with whom I have a relationship important and special. I feel part of this team and I want to close my career here. Toughest opponents? No doubt those lower down in the standings, one must not underestimate them because they might put you in more trouble than large. " said to calcionews. On 29 November 2015, he scored his first goal for the 2015–16 season in a 2–3 away loss against Frosinone with his header from a corner somehow squirming through Nicola Leali's hands in a goalkeeping howler.

Bari
On 5 July 2016 F.C. Bari 1908 announced Moras had signed a two-year deal with the club. He played as a starter in the first Serie B games, but on 5 September 2016, after the training he went for medical examinations that revealed a muscle injury. On 22 October 2016, he returned to the starting XI of the squad in a home game against Trapani Calcio.

Panetolikos
On 30 August 2017, Moras signed a contract with Panetolikos, returning to Greece after almost 10 years in Italy.
On 9 December 2017 Vangelis Moras reached 100 appearances in the Superleague Greece.

Return to AEL
On 31 January 2018, AEL officially announced the acquisition of experienced former international central midfielder on a six-months contract. The 37-year-old player, returned in his hometown Larissa, after 16 years and will probably close there his football career. Moras begun the 2017–18 season in Panetolikos but was released after six months due to mutual disagreement. On 30 March 2019, he scored his first goal with the club with a powerful header from Stefan Živković's corner sealing a 2–1 home win game against rivals Asteras Tripolis in his club effort to avoid relegation.

Apollon Larissa
On 9 September 2020, Moras signed with Super League Greece 2 club Apollon Larissa a year contract for an undisclosed fee. On 17 March 2021 he scored his first goal with the new team against O.F. Ierapetra with the match ended 1-1.

On 7 July 2021, he announced via Instagram his retirement from professional football.

International career
Moras competed for Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Following some impressive performances for his club in the Serie A, Moras was called up to play for Greece on 11 February 2009 in a friendly against Denmark, where he made his international debut. Greece manager Otto Rehhagel announced the ten men who will make up part of the squad to will take on the Danes in Piraeus, with the remainder of locally based players to be called up as the match approaches. It is Moras' name that stands out, the former AEK Athens man clearly having impressed Rehhagel in the Serie A this season.

The 27-year-old has established himself in manager Siniša Mihajlović's first-team, making 18 appearances and even having managed to score a goal during his side's 2–1 away loss against Inter Milan. Quoted by the Hellenic Football Federation (EPO) official website, the Bologna centre-back expressed a desire to seize the rare opportunity; if he plays against Denmark it will be his first ever appearance for the national team. "My call-up to the national team is something that I wanted after all the efforts of my career, something that they have vindicated. I am grateful to the people who have shown faith in me. On my part, I am prepared to do everything to please my manager and to maintain my position in the national team for a long time."  Moras said.

Moras exceptional season year with Hellas Verona was his passport not only to be called by Santos to the 30 man provisional World Cup squad, but also to the final 23-man squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Managerial career
On 12 July 2021, Gamma Ethniki (third tier) Greek club P.O. Elassona announced the signing of Moras as their manager for the 2021–22 Gamma Ethniki season. He successfully managed the team to their second Larissa FCA Cup win, after beating Iraklis Larissa in the final.

On 5 July 2022, it was announced that Moras returned to Apollon Larissa as manager. He resigned on 10 December 2022, citing disorganization within the club structure.

On 4 February 2023, Moras joined Ethnikos Neo Keramidi in the Gamma Ethniki.

Managerial statistics
As of 6 May 2023.

Honours

Player
AEK Athens

 Greek Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Manager

P.O. Elassona
 Larissa FCA Cup: 2021–22
Ethnikos Neo Keramidi

 Pieria FCA Cup runner-up: 2022–23

Personal life
In July 2014, Moras travelled to Australia to donate bone marrow to his brother Dimitris, who had been diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia while on holiday in the country and was being treated in a Melbourne hospital.  On 17 July 2015, Moras' brother left his last breath in Larissa State Hospital, where he had been transferred recently.
On 27 August 2015, Moras received in the Red Room of the Province of Verona the Award "Grande della Scala" by Presidente Giunta Provincia Antonio Pastorello, after the battle alongside his brother, who died from acute myeloid leukaemia last July.

On 20 February 2016, at the stadium Bentegodi, on the occasion of the derby between Hellas Verona F.C. and Chievo will host the "Save Moras" initiative, promoted by the Foundation to sensitize citizens on the importance of bone marrow donation and support for people affected by leukemia. "Save Moras" was founded by Vangelis Moras in memory of his brother Dimitris, who died in 2015 due to leukemia.  During the match, both teams perform on their uniforms playing a patch with the logo of the "Save Moras";  all mesh used by the players during the competition will then be auctioned and the proceeds will be donated to the Foundation.  In the interval between the 1st and the 2nd time, the boys of the project "CSI- The Great Challenge" will play in a mini derby wearing the jerseys of professional football players.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Larissa
Greek men's footballers
Greek football managers
Greece men's international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Olympic footballers for Greece
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Bologna FC 1909 players
AC Cesena players
Hellas Verona FC players
SSC Bari players
Panetolikos F.C. players
Proodeftiki F.C. players
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Wales
Super League Greece players
Football League (Greece) players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Premier League players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Men's association football defenders

Vangelis Moras


Ammophila (synonymous with Psamma P. Beauv.) is a genus of flowering plants consisting of two or three very similar species of grasses. The common names for these grasses include marram grass, bent grass, and beachgrass. These grasses are found almost exclusively on the first line of coastal sand dunes. Their extensive systems of creeping underground stems or rhizomes allow them to thrive under conditions of shifting sands and high winds, and to help stabilize and prevent coastal erosion. Ammophila species are native to the coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean where they are usually the dominant species on sand dunes. Their native range includes few inland regions, with the Great Lakes of North America being the main exception. The genus name Ammophila originates from the Greek words ἄμμος (ámmos), meaning "sand", and φίλος (philos), meaning "friend".

The Ammophila grasses are widely known as examples of xerophytes, plants that can withstand dry conditions. Despite their occurrence on seacoasts, Ammophila grasses are not particularly tolerant of saline soils; they can tolerate a salinity of about 15 g/L (1.5%), which makes them "moderate halophytes".

Ammophila builds coastal sand dunes and thus stabilizes the sand. For this reason, the plants are seen as a useful means of reinforcing sand dunes around the world, and have been introduced far from their native range. Alfred Wiedemann writes that Ammophila arenaria, the European species, "has been introduced into virtually every British colonial settlement within its latitudinal tolerance range, including southeast and southwest Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Norfolk Island and has been reported from Argentina and Chile." Ammophila species were introduced in the late 19th century on the Pacific coast of North America as well, and massive, intentional plantings were continued at least through 1960. In essentially all of the locations where they have been introduced, Ammophila plants are now listed as invasive, and costly efforts are underway to eradicate them.

Species
Only two species seem incontrovertible: A. arenaria and A. breviligulata. Two other species have been proposed, and are discussed below.
 A. arenaria - European marram grass or European beachgrass. Native to coasts of Europe (north to Iceland) and northwest Africa. Inflorescence to 25 cm long; broad.
 A. baltica - Purple marram. A. baltica has now been identified as a hybrid between A. arenaria and Calamagrostis epigejos. The hybrid occurs in parts of northern Europe, mainly from the Baltic Sea west to eastern England, and is known as × Ammocalamagrostis baltica or × Calammophila baltica.
 A. breviligulata - American marram grass or American beachgrass. Native to coasts of eastern North America, including the shores of the Great Lakes. Inflorescence to 30 cm long; narrower than A. arenaria.
 A. champlainensis or A. breviligulata ssp. champlainensis - Champlain beachgrass. Native to shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. Inflorescence to 22 cm long; very similar to A. breviligulata, and no longer considered a distinct species by several authorities.

Ecology

In Europe, Ammophila arenaria has a coastal distribution, and is the dominant species on sand dunes where it is responsible for stabilising and building the foredune by capturing blown sand and binding it together with the warp and weft of its tough, fibrous rhizome system.  Marram grass is strongly associated with two coastal plant community types in the British National Vegetation Classification. In community SD6 (Mobile dune) Ammophila is the dominant species. In the semi-fixed dunes (community SD7), where the quantity of blown sand is declining Ammophila becomes less competitive, and other species, notably  Festuca rubra (red fescue) become prominent.

Uses
The ability of marram grass to grow on and bind sand makes it a useful plant in the stabilization of coastal dunes and artificial defences on sandy coasts. The usefulness was recognized in the late 18th century. On the North Sea coast of Jutland,
Denmark, marram grass was traditionally much used for fuel, thatch, cattle fodder (after frost) etc. The use led to sand drift and loss of arable land. Hence, legislation promoting dune stabilization came into force in 1779 and 1792, successively leading to a system of state-supported dune planters overlooked by dune bailiffs. Marram grass was – and still is – propagated by root and shoot cuttings dug up locally and planted into the naked sand in periods of relatively calm and moist weather.

Women from the village of Newborough, Anglesey, Wales once used marram grass in the manufacture of mats, haystack covers and brushes for whitewashing.

Marram grass has been widely used for thatch in many areas of the British Isles close to the sea. The harvesting of marram grass for thatch was so widespread during the 17th century that it had the effect of destabilizing dunes, resulting in the burial of many villages, estates and farms. In 1695 the practice was banned by an Act of the Scottish Parliament:

Adaptations

Like other xerophytes, marram grass is well adapted to its surroundings in order to thrive in an otherwise harsh environment. The natural loss of water through transpiration is not desirable in a very dry landscape, and marram grass has developed particular adaptations to help it deal with this. Sandy conditions drain water quickly, and very windy conditions will further increase rates of transpiration.

Marram grass has a rolled leaf that creates a localized environment of water vapour concentration within the leaf, and helps to prevent water loss. The stomata sit in small pits within the curls of the structure, which make them less likely to open and to lose water. The folded leaves have hairs on the inside to slow or stop air movement, much like many other xerophytes (though these are typically found on the outside of the plant, but in marram grass they are also within the leaf as this has now become a structure with more volume). This slowing of air movement once again reduces the amount of water vapour being lost. A waxy cuticle on the leaf surface also prevents evaporation.

See also
 List of Poaceae genera

References

External links

 [http://www.ccc.ca.gov California Conservation Corps], spearhead of Ammophila'' removal efforts in California.
 Jepson Manual Treatment

Pooideae
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Poaceae genera

Ammophila (plant)


The Real Audiencia of Guadalajara (or Real Audiencia de Nueva Galicia), was the highest tribunal of the Spanish crown in what is today northern Mexico and the southwestern United States in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. It was created by royal decree on February 13, 1548, and was originally located in Compostela and permanently seated in Guadalajara in 1560. Its president was the chief political and executive officer of the district, subordinated only to the Viceroy.

Structure

Law VII (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de Guadalaxara de la Galicia en Nueva España) of Title XV (De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias) of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the decrees of February 13, 1548; May 26, 1574; and May 3, 1575—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia.

In the city of Guadalajara of New Galicia shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president, and four judges of civil cases [oidores], who will also be judges of criminal cases [alcaldes del crimen]; a crown attorney [fiscal]; a bailiff [alguacil mayor]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district the Province of New Galicia, those of Culiacán, Copala, Colima, Zacatula, and the towns of Avalos, sharing borders: in the east with the Audiencia of New Spain; in the south with the South Sea; and in the west and north with provinces not yet discovered nor pacified; and the president of said Audiencia of Guadalajara, and not the oidores, shall have the government (gobernación) of its district, and in his absence said Audience of Guadalajara, regardless of whatever decrees in which participation in the government along with the presidents had been conceded to the oidores, which we revoke and annul. And we order that this law of ours be kept, as it is in it contained, and in regards to the government of war and the treasury, the orders, which we have given, be kept.

Law XXXXVII, of the same book and title, reproduced the Decree of Philip III of January 30, 1600, which mandated that when the office of viceroy was vacant, the Audiencia of Mexico became the acting viceroy, directly governing the provinces under its judicial jurisdiction, and oversaw the district of the Guadalajara Audiencia in administrative matters.

References

Bibliography
Parry, J. H. (2008) [1948]. The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study in Spanish Colonial Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

See also
 Nueva Galicia
 Nueva Navarra
 Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain
 Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
 La Gran Chichimeca
 Mixtón War
 Chichimeca War
 Santa Fe de Nuevo México
 Nuevo Santander
 Nuevo Reyno de León
 Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas

1548 establishments in New Spain
New Spain
Colonial Mexico
History of Guadalajara, Jalisco

Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara


The Bugs Bunny Show is an animated television anthology series hosted by Bugs Bunny, that was mainly composed of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons released by Warner Bros. between August 1, 1948 and the end of 1969. The show originally debuted as a primetime half-hour program on ABC in 1960, featuring three theatrical Warner Bros. Cartoons with new linking sequences produced by the Warner Bros. Cartoons staff.

After two seasons, The Bugs Bunny Show moved to Saturday mornings, where it remained in one format or another for nearly four decades. The show's title and length changed regularly over the years, as did the network: both ABC and CBS broadcast versions of The Bugs Bunny Show. In 2000, the series, by then known as The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show, was canceled after the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies libraries became the exclusive property of the Cartoon Network family of cable TV networks in the United States. Reruns of The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show were aired on the Canadian channels Teletoon and Teletoon Retro.

Broadcast and format history

The Bugs Bunny Show in prime time
The original Bugs Bunny Show debuted on ABC prime time on October 11, 1960, airing on Tuesdays at 7:30 PM EST, under the sponsorship of General Foods (Post cereals, Tang, etc.). Newly produced linking segments were done for each episode by the Warner Bros. animation staff. Chuck Jones and Friz Freleng produced, directed, and created the storyboards for the earliest of these, with Robert McKimson later taking over the direction while Jones and Freleng continued producing and writing. The wraparounds were produced in color, although the original broadcasts of the show were in black-and-white.

The show's theme song was "This Is It", written by Mack David and Jerry Livingston ("Overture/curtain, lights/this is it/the night of nights..."). The opening title sequence, animated by Freleng unit animator Gerry Chiniquy, features Bugs and Daffy Duck performing the song in unison. For the final chorus, a lineup of Looney Tunes characters joins Bugs and Daffy onstage (Porky Pig, however, is absent from the procession).

The Bugs Bunny Show proved beneficial to the Warner Bros. cartoon staff, as it allowed the studio to remain open despite the shrinking market for theatrical animated shorts. The final first-run episode of the original Bugs Bunny Show aired on August 7, 1962, and the Warner Bros. animation studio closed the following spring.

The move to Saturday mornings, 1962–1985
ABC began re-running The Bugs Bunny Show on Saturday mornings in August 1962 until September 1967 when it was moved to Sunday mornings for the remainder of its run. The series was rerun in color beginning in 1965, and remained on ABC until September 1968. At this point, the series switched to CBS, where it was combined with The Road Runner Show (which had aired on CBS since 1966) to create The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour. The standard Bugs Bunny Show opening and the announcer's introduction of Bugs Bunny ("that Oscar-winning rabbit!") were directly followed by the rabbit's saying, "...and also starring my fast feathered friend, the Road Runner", after which The Road Runner Show's theme was played. The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour combined re-edited bridging sequences from both shows to link the seven cartoons featured in each episode. The bridging sequences would be edited further in later versions of the Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour.

In 1971, The Road Runner Show moved to ABC, and a reconstituted half-hour Bugs Bunny Show aired on CBS, featuring re-edited versions of the bridging sequences and a different grouping of cartoons. In 1973, The Bugs Bunny Show returned to ABC for two seasons, only for CBS to re-acquire both shows and bring back The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour in 1975. In 1976, Sylvester and Tweety were featured in their own Sylvester and Tweety Show for one year, necessitating the removal of most of the Tweety and/or Sylvester cartoons on Bugs Bunny/Road Runner that season. Also that year, a weekly half-hour prime-time edition of The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Show briefly aired on CBS' Tuesday night schedule from April through June.

The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour became The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Show in November 1977 after CBS added another half-hour to the runtime. In 1982, a companion Sylvester & Tweety, Daffy, and Speedy Show was added to the CBS schedule, which included a number of later cartoons produced by a reestablished Warner Bros. Cartoons studio from 1967 to 1969. The following year, this new companion series was canceled, and its cartoons were incorporated into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Show, which was broadcast as two separate hour-long programs on Saturday mornings. In 1983, CBS returned the show to 90 minutes, the bridging sequences were dropped, and the show's opening titles were re-animated. The following year, the "This Is It" opening was jettisoned altogether; a new title sequence (created from clips of the cartoons) and new theme song ("It's Cartoon Gold"), composed by Steve Zuckerman with lyrics by John Klawitter, introduced the show.

Final Saturday morning years, 1985–2000
CBS gave up the rights to broadcast the Warner Bros. cartoons following the 1984–85 season, and as a result, the show moved back to ABC, where it became The Bugs Bunny/Looney Tunes Comedy Hour. Cartoons featuring Tweety or Speedy Gonzales were not broadcast on ABC during the 1985–86 season, the latter presumably due to Mexican stereotypes. The following year, however, Tweety cartoons were added to the program, which was reduced to a half-hour and renamed The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show. Beginning with its third season, The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show was expanded to a full hour, and the original "This Is It" theme was reintroduced, accompanied by a newly animated introductory sequence. Another version of the "This Is It" opening sequence was done in 1992.

Though the program did not qualify for the educational/informational designation, it nonetheless remained on Saturday mornings after the new designation debuted in 1996, one of the few non-E/I programs to survive the rules changes. That same year, ABC was bought by The Walt Disney Company, and The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show was the only non-Disney cartoon to remain on the lineup, due to their contract not being up yet, and was in the first few years of the Disney's One Saturday Morning block starting in 1997 (with "Disney's" omitted from the logos on the Disney's One Saturday Morning bumpers during the show.) The show also continued airing despite Time Warner's purchase of Turner Broadcasting, which included Cartoon Network, that same year. The program was often paired with ABC's in-house Schoolhouse Rock! shorts during this time.

The hour-long Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show remained on the air until 1999, when it was again reduced to a half-hour. In 2000, Warner Bros. made the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies film library exclusive to Cartoon Network, as it, along with Warner Bros., is owned by Time Warner. As a result, The Bugs Bunny Show ended its four-decade-long network run, one of the longest runs in the history of United States network television.

Legacy
This show is credited for keeping the Warner Bros. cartoons made during the Golden Age of American animation a part of the American consciousness. Indeed, the show ran for more than four decades, and helped inspire animators, comedians, historians, and others who watched Saturday morning television. The "This Is It" song's fame is such that it has been used elsewhere such as in the Canadian province of Ontario where it was used in a TV commercial promoting the various performing arts tourist attractions where artists of various disciplines sing separate lines of the song.[citation needed]

When Warner Bros. released its video series "Golden Jubilee", featuring the classic cartoons, the opening sequence shows the Tasmanian Devil maniacally riding a motorcycle down a city street, chased by a police car. He makes a sharp turn into a theater, where the rest of the Looney Tunes are performing to the Bugs Bunny Show tune.

Title sequences and some linking material from the original Bugs Bunny Show are included as bonus features on each volume of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD collection (with the exception of Volume 6). As the original color negatives were cut up by CBS and ABC to create later versions of the show, the linking sequences are presented on DVD using a combination of footage from both what's left of the color negatives (some of which were used in later incarnations, thus helping to preserve them) and the black-and-white ABC broadcast prints prepared in the early 1960s.

On the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, the opening to the Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Show (with the announcer calling it the Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour) and two openings to the Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show (the 1988 opening and the 1992 opening) were released as special features.

In 2009, an episode of the Bugs Bunny Show was released on the Saturday Morning Cartoons 1960s Volume 2 set. Saturday Morning Cartoons 1970s Volume 2 includes an episode of the Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Show.

Formats
 The Bugs Bunny Show, October 11, 1960 – September 8, 1968 (in color starting September 10, 1966) (ABC)
 The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour, September 14, 1968 – September 4, 1971 (CBS)
 The Bugs Bunny Show, September 11, 1971 – September 1, 1973 (CBS)
 The Bugs Bunny Show, September 8, 1973 - August 30, 1975 (ABC)
 The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour, September 6, 1975 – November 12, 1977 (CBS)
 The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Show, November 19, 1977 – September 7, 1985 (CBS)
 The Bugs Bunny/Looney Tunes Comedy Hour, September 7, 1985 – September 6, 1986 (ABC)
 The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show, September 13, 1986 – September 2, 2000 (ABC)

Credits
 Senior Directors: Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, Robert McKimson
 Co-Directors: Hawley Pratt, Gerry Chiniquy, Art Davis, Abe Levitow, Maurice Noble, Alex Lovy, David Detiege, Rudy Larriva, Tom Ray
 Stories, Animation, layouts, and backgrounds: Members of Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Local 839
 Voices: Mel Blanc, June Foray, Arthur Q. Bryan, Daws Butler, Bea Benaderet, Paul Frees, Marvin Miller, Hal Smith, Larry Storch, Barbara Cameron, Julie Bennett, Sara Berner, Robert C. Bruce II, Paul Julian, Dick Beals, Stan Freberg
 Music: Carl W. Stalling, Milt Franklyn, John Seely, William Lava, William L. Hendricks, Walter Greene, Eugene Poddany, Doug Goodwin, Rob Walsh, Quinn Amper, Fred Strittmatter, Dean Elliot
 The Bugs Bunny Show Opening and Closing Theme: "This Is It" by Mack David & Jerry Livingston
 Film Editors: Treg Brown, Hal Geer, Fred Farrell, Chuck McCann, Jim Champin, Lee Gunther
 Producers: Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, David H. DePatie
 Executive Producers: Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, David H. DePatie, William L. Hendricks, Peter Morales, Andrew Stein, Hal Geer, Steven S. Greene, Kathleen Helppie-Shipley, Jean H. MacCurdy, Lorri A. Bond

Referensi

Pranala luar

 An example of the Bugs Bunny Show

Seri televisi Amerika Serikat tahun 1960
Program orisinal American Broadcasting Company
Program orisinal CBS
Seri animasi televisi
Seri televisi oleh Warner Bros. Animation

The Bugs Bunny Show


Tongue and groove is a method of fitting objects together edge to edge. It is used for wood flooring, parquetry, panelling, and similar constructions.

Tongue and groove joints allow two flat pieces to be joined strongly together to make a single flat surface. Before plywood became common, tongue and groove boards were also used for wood-covered buildings and to construct concrete formwork (the wooden frames for concrete to be poured into).

Woodworking

Tongue and groove


Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto, also known as SARSStock, was a benefit rock concert that was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on July 30, 2003. An estimated 450,000 and 500,000 people attended the concert, making it is the largest outdoor ticketed event in Canadian history and one of the largest events in North American history.

Overview

The concert was organized in about a month, upon the suggestion of headliners the Rolling Stones, who wanted to help revive Toronto's economy after the SARS outbreaks earlier in the year. The Rolling Stones have held tour rehearsals in Toronto on more than one occasion; Toronto was also the setting for Keith Richards's 1977 arrest and subsequent trial. When The Rolling Stones announced the concert, Toronto was still under a SARS warning from the World Health Organization. The publicity garnered by the SARS outbreak led to a downturn in Toronto's tourism industry, which the concert was intended to help revive.

Tickets for the concert went on sale on June 27, 2003 and cost $21.50 Canadian. The Canadian portion of 150,000 tickets sold out almost immediately and made a single-day record for the Canadian arm of Ticketmaster.

The concert was held at Downsview Park in northern Toronto, a former military base which also accommodated 800,000 people when Pope John Paul II visited the city in 2002. The concert was hosted by actor/singer Dan Aykroyd, and vendors sold Alberta beef in support of the Canadian beef industry, which had recently suffered because of a case of mad cow disease. North York General Hospital, which had been hit the hardest by the SARS outbreak in previous months, provided emergency on-site hospital services. The Toronto water department was initially supposed to provide free water by tapping the groundwater at the site, but were unable to do so due to health concerns. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and cable music station MuchMoreMusic provided coverage of parts of the concert throughout the day, including the end of the Rolling Stones' set.

The concert opened in the afternoon with Have Love Will Travel Revue, including Aykroyd and James Belushi, Sam Roberts, Kathleen Edwards, La Chicane, The Tea Party, and The Flaming Lips who invited artists from backstage to dance on stage with them dressed in fuzzy animal costumes, Sass Jordan, The Isley Brothers, and Blue Rodeo. Each band performed for 15–20 minutes. The second part of the concert began later in the afternoon and lasted into the night and featured Justin Timberlake, The Guess Who, Rush, AC/DC, and the Rolling Stones, who performed a 90-minute set to end the concert.

Justin Timberlake was booed by the crowd, which was anticipating the harder-rocking second half of the concert. Throughout his performance he had to dodge water bottles, toilet paper, muffins, and other items thrown by the audience. He later returned to duet with Mick Jagger on "Miss You" and also for Justin Timberlake's "Cry Me a River". When some fans continued to throw bottles at Timberlake, the crowd was harangued by a visibly angry Keith Richards.

Rush was the last band to be added to the lineup. According to drummer Neil Peart, "When we were first asked to play Molson Canadian Rocks For Toronto, it seemed impossible to say yes. We had been off the road for 8 months, our gear was in the warehouse, most of our crew was out on other tours, and even we were all over the place - Geddy with his family in France, Alex working in the studio mixing our Rio de Janeiro show, and me on my motorcycle in the California mountains. However, when we thought about everything Toronto meant to our lives, to our work and play, our homes and families and friends, it seemed impossible to say no!"

A documentary DVD entitled Toronto Rocks was released in 2004, showing highlights of the event.

See also

List of historic rock festivals
Hong Kong Harbour Fest, a similar event held in Hong Kong to revive the economy after SARS.

References

External links

CBC Coverage

Music festivals established in 2003
2003 in Canadian music
Music festivals in Toronto
Rock festivals in Canada
Benefit concerts

2003 television films
2003 films
2004 video albums
Canadian documentary television films
English-language Canadian films

Documentary films about rock music and musicians
2003 in Toronto
2002–2004 SARS outbreak
Live video albums
The Rolling Stones video albums
2000s Canadian films

Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto