Peter John Doyle (28 July 1949 – 13 October 2001) was an Australian pop singer who had success with a number of Top 40 hits in Australia in the 1960s, then success internationally as a member of the New Seekers in the early 1970s, before resuming a solo career in 1973.

Early career
He started his career at the age of 9 appearing on a children's television talent show called Swallow's Juniors and appeared as a regular on that show for the next five years. At the age of 10 he made his first recording on a 78rpm acetate, "Lucky Devil"/"If Irish Eyes Were Shining". He was performing in Sunday afternoon pop shows at Melbourne's Festival Hall at the age of 14 and at 16 he was signed to a record contract with Ivan Dayman's Sunshine label (whose roster included top singers such as Normie Rowe and Tony Worsley). This led to regular appearances on Melbourne's teen TV show, "The Go!! Show".

Australian pop star
From 1965 to 1967, he released ten 45 records in Australia, of which seven made the Top 40, the most successful of which were a cover of Conway Twitty's Speechless (The Pick Up), and a rousing version of Solomon Burke's Stupidity. He was backed by Melbourne band The Phantoms on all these recordings. He then recorded two singles with the band Grandmas Tonic as lead vocalist. His last two singles, once again under his own name, were for the Astor label although he was still backed on them by Grandma's Tonic,(ex-members of Tony Worsley's backing band 'The Fabulous Blue Jays').

May 1968 saw him join the vocal trio 'The Virgil Brothers', Australia's answer to The Walker Brothers. The Virgil Brothers released two singles in Australia in 1968, "Temptation 'Bout to Get Me" (a Top 5 hit) and "Here I Am". They then relocated to the UK where they recorded their third single, When You Walk Away with producer David McKay. He then quit the trio which broke up soon after.

With The New Seekers
In 1970, not long after the Virgil Bros had dissolved, he joined the second line-up of The New Seekers. Recommended by Melbourne radio DJ Stan Rofe. This line-up was their most successful and enduring and during his time with them they had a string of international hits, such as Melanie Safka's "What Have They Done to My Song Ma", Delaney & Bonnie's "Never Ending Song of Love" and "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing".

In 1972, The New Seekers came second representing the UK, in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Beg, Steal or Borrow", on which he duetted with his then girlfriend Lyn Paul, becoming the first Australian artist to represent the UK or participate in Eurovision for any nation. As well as sharing vocals in The New Seekers he was a talented songwriter and contributed many songs to their albums which included ballads such as "I Can Say You're Beautiful" and "Lay Me Down" and more uptempo numbers like "Boom Town" and "Cincinnati".

Later career and life
He quit The New Seekers, apparently disillusioned with lack of monetary rewards, in 1973 and resumed his solo career, as a singer-songwriter. He continued working in the UK until 1981, during which period he issued five solo singles, including a cover of The Easybeats "Friday on My Mind", and one album, Skin Deep. During this time in the UK he also recorded advertising jingles for Ribena and Sugar Puffs, provided the vocal for a children's single, "Jungle Ted and the Laceybuttonpoppers" and did backing vocals on Lyn Paul's UK Top 40 solo single, "It Oughta Sell A Million".

In 1975 Glen Wheatley asked Peter to join the Little River Band as lead vocalist, but at this stage Peter wanted to make his way as a solo performer and declined the offer.

By 1976, with the backing of David Mackay, Peter had secured a recording with RCA and his first single, released on 13 August 1976, was a version of the Easybeats' Friday on My Mind. This failed to chart, as did his follow up single, Skin Deep. His album, also entitled Skin Deep, released in 1977, included a variety of musical styles and six songs penned by Peter, but this too failed to provide him with solo success. It was around this time that Peter met Jane Garner, who later became his wife.

Two singles were issued on the independent Limelight label in 1980: the first of these was a cover of Peter McCann's US hit "Do You Wanna Make Love".  This song, ironically, had also been covered two years earlier by The New Seekers with Peter Doyle's replacement, Danny Finn, on lead vocal.

Peter returned to Australia in 1981 to work with a band called Standing Room Only. In 1982, ex-Wings drummer, Steve Holly, invited him to join the group Regis in the US, where he worked for the next five years.

Returning to Australia in 1987, Doyle regularly performed on the club circuit. From 1991 to 1993, he was a member of the Ram Band in Melbourne, providing vocals, played bass and keyboards. He appeared with The Ram Band on the "Living Legends Live Benefit Concert" Filmed and Recorded at The Palace Entertainment Complex St Kilda in May 1992. Four original songs written by John van Boxtel and recorded by Doyle on his 4-track tape deck at his home in 1991 are the last known original new song demos he performed. His musical career was curtailed when he suffered ill-health later in the 1990s.

Death
He died in Castlemaine, Victoria, of throat cancer, on 13 October 2001. He is buried at Muckleford Cemetery.

Discography

Singles

Peter Doyle – solo
 "Stupidity" / "Heigh Ho"  1965 (#6 Melbourne)
 "Speechless (The Pick up)" / "Like I Love You" 1965 (#8 Melbourne)
 "Whatcha Gonna Do About It" / "Do It Zula Style"  1965 (#27 Melbourne)
 "Stupidity & Speechless" (EP) – 1965 – Heigh-Ho / Stupidity / Like I Love You / Speechless
 "The Great Pretender" / "Everybody Loves a Lover" 1966 (#11 Melbourne, No. 28 Brisbane)
 "Something You Got Baby" / "Go Away" 1966
 "Mr Good Time" / "Tweedle Dee"  1966
 "The Great Pretender" (EP) -1966 – The Great Pretender/ Something About You/ Everybody Loves A Lover/ Is This The Dream ?
 "If You Can Put That in a Bottle" / "I'm not the Boy You're After" 1967
 "Plastic Dreams Toy Balloons"  1967–68 (#23 Melbourne)
 "Rusty Hands of Time" / "And So in Life" 1973
 "Friday on My Mind" / "We Believe in Lovin'" 1976
 "Skin Deep" / "We Believe in Lovin'" 1977
 "Do You Wanna Make Love" / "Wake up With Me" 1980
 "This and That" / "It's all Over" 1980

Grandma's Tonic
Peter Doyle (lead vocalist)
 Hi Hi Hazel/Johnny The Hummer 1967 (#36 Brisbane)
 Lost Girl/ I Know 1967 (#38 Brisbane)

The Virgil Brothers
 Temptation 'Bout To Get Me/I See Her Face −1968 (#6 Brisbane, No. 13 Melbourne)
 Temptation 'Bout To Get Me/Look Away/When You Walk Away/Good Love (EP)
 Here I Am/Shake Me Wake Me – 1968
 Temptation 'Bout To Get Me/Look Away – 1969
 When You Walk Away/Good Love – 1969

The New Seekers
See The New Seekers

Jungle Ted
Peter Doyle on lead vocal
 Jungle Ted & The Laceybuttonpoppers 1974

Albums

Peter Doyle – solo
 Peter's First Album  –  1966
 Skin Deep – 1977
 Festival Files: Speechless Vol.16 – 1989
 Rarities – 2004

Appearances on compilation albums
 The Bowl Show  – 1965–66 – includes two tracks – Heigh Ho/Stupidity
 The Big Four  – 1965–66 – includes four tracks – Speechless/ Stupidity/Like I Love/Heigh-Ho
 Sunshine All Star Spectacular – 1967 – two tracks – High Time Baby/Lovey Dovey
 Festivals 10 Years of Hits – 1968 – one track – The Great Pretender
 The Big Parade 1967 – one track – Stupidity
 Ugly Things Vol.2 – 1983 – two tracks – Grandmas Tonic – Lost Girl
 Sixties Downunder Vol.3 – 1998 – one track  – Stupidity
 Hot Generation  – 2002 – one track  – High Time Baby
 Devil's Children Vol.3 – one track – Tweedlee Dee

References

 The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop – Ian McFarlane – Allen & Unwin, Sydney – 1999 –
 Noel McGrath's Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop – Rigby Publishers – 1978 –
 The Who's Who of Australian Rock – Chris Spencer  – Moonlight Publishing –
 An Australian Rock Discography 1960–1989 – Chris Spencer – Moonlight Publishers – 1990 –
 The Various Artists in Australia – Chris Spencer  – Moonlight Publishing – 1990 –
 Gavin Ryan's Chart Books

External links
 Peter Doyle Web Site
 Pop Archives feature – Stupidity
 Pop Archives feature – Whatcha Gonne Do About It
 Pop Archives feature – Virgil Brothers
 Milseago Web Site Peter Doyle page

 Gavin Ryan's Chart Books

1949 births
2001 deaths
Singers from Melbourne
Australian pop singers
Australian people of Irish descent
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1972
Deaths from esophageal cancer
The New Seekers
20th-century Australian male singers

Peter Doyle (singer)


Eberhard's or Eberhard was a supermarket chain based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The company ceased operations in the early 1990s succumbing to increased competition, and the inability to keep up with evolving supermarket trends.

Between 1985 and 1986 Spartan Stores was in negotiations to buy Eberhards' stores and headquarters/distribution center. That deal never materialized, instead, each store was sold individually to a variety of people and groups, including chains and managers of each store. In its prime the chain operated 41 locations around Michigan.

Grand Valley State University's L.V. Eberhard Center in downtown Grand Rapids is named for the company founder who donated funds for the construction of the business oriented academic building.

References

Defunct supermarkets of the United States
Companies based in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Defunct companies based in Michigan

Eberhard's


is a Japanese breaded and deep-fried ground meat patty; a fried meat cake. The meat is usually ground beef, pork, or a mixture of the two. It is often served in inexpensive bento and teishoku.

Preparation
The ground meat is mixed with chopped onion, salt, and pepper, and made into patties. Flour is applied on both sides of these patties. They are coated with beaten eggs, further coated with bread crumbs, and deep fried until golden brown. The bread crumbs, called panko, are specially dehydrated and have a coarser texture than other bread crumbs. Katsu are usually served with Japanese Worcestershire sauce or tonkatsu sauce (a variant of Worcestershire thickened with fruit and vegetable purees) and sliced cabbage.

Etymology
Menchi and katsu are phonologically modified versions of the words "mince" and "cutlet". Katsu may refer to any deep-fried meat cutlet coated with flour, egg, and bread crumbs. It is an example of yōshoku, or foods adapted from western cuisine. Katsu by itself usually refers to tonkatsu, which is made with pork cutlets.

While menchi-katsu is used prevalently in eastern Japan, in western Japan it is more commonly called .

See also

 Kofta
 List of deep fried foods

References

Breaded cutlets
Deep fried foods
Ground meat
Japanese fusion cuisine

Menchi-katsu


Egalitarianism is the belief that people should be equal to one another. The word is named for the French word égal, meaning equal or level.

There are many possible kinds of egalitarianism. For example, legal egalitarianism is the belief that groups of people should be equal in law even if they are of different race or religion. Gender egalitarianism is the idea that men and women are equally important, even though they are different.

This word may be used when talking about philosophy in many slightly different ways. We can best understand the different kinds of egalitarianism by asking, "Who is equal to whom?" and "How are they equal?"

Related pages
Equality before the law
Primitive communism
Social equality
Social justice

Philosophical movements and positions

Egalitarianism


एपेन्डिसाइटिस  भर्मिफर्म एपेन्डिक्स इन्फ्लामेसन जुइगु छगु अवस्था खः। थ्व अवस्थायु माइल्ड केसतेत छुं हे मयासें नं लनेफु धासा सिक्क हे तच्वगु अवस्थाय् इन्फ्लेम्ड एपेन्डिक्सयात ल्यापारोटोमी वा ल्यापारोस्कोपी याना लिकाय् माली। थ्व अवस्था मलंकुसा मनु पेरिटोनाइटिस व शकय् वना सी तक्क नं फु।

ल्वेजुइगु कारण

The appendix loses the ability to fight infection and fecal bacteria begin to grow out of control. Although spontaneous recovery can rarely occur, with time and lack of treatment the walls of the appendix eventually become gangrenous from the infection and lack of blood flow. As bacteria begin to leak out through the dying walls, pus forms within and around the appendix (suppuration). The end result of this cascade is appendiceal rupture causing peritonitis, which may lead to septicemia and eventually death.

Although the model described above is traditionally taught in medical schools, histories of patients operated for appendicitis do not often correlate well with such a single disease progression. Specifically, those with atypical histories have findings at surgery that are consistent with a suppurative process that starts at the onset of symptoms and then smolders. Patients with typical histories may have findings suggesting resolution. Histories to suggest rupture of the appendix while patients are being diagnostically observed are exceedingly rare.

Thus appendicitis is now considered by some to behave as two distinct disease processes, typical and atypical (or suppurative). Approximately two-thirds of patients with appendicitis have typical histories, and findings suggest a virus or mild obstruction as a cause. In the third with atypical histories, an early suppurative process begins at the clinical onset, and severe unremitting obstruction is the likely cause. In any case, early surgical removal is the best treatment for either type of appendicitis. (Hobler,K., 1998)

Appendicitis' apparently idiopathic nature has led to many different theories explaining its occurrence. One theory regarding the cause of appendicitis, sometimes facetiously referred to as "the porcelain throne theory", was proposed by Dr. Denis Burkitt, who developed the theory after observing low rates of appendicitis in Uganda. He proposed two causes for this: one, the Africans ate a diet high in fiber, and two, they used squat toilets rather than seat toilets. Most health practitioners accept Dr. Burkitt's first cause as a contributing factor, but are unfamiliar with the second one, which has never been tested.

A third hypothesis, which has gained less attention, proposes that a lack of adequate sanitary facilities in the developing world may actually have a protective effect against later appendicitis. This theory, proposed by Baker in 1985, hypothesized that infants in the developed world are exposed to fewer enteric organisms, which modifies their immune response to virus infections, which might then cause appendicitis. This is also unverified.

साइन, सिम्प्टम व फाइन्डिंग
Appendicitis can be classified into two types, typical and atypical. The pain of typical acute appendicitis usually starts centrally (periumbilical) before localising to the right iliac fossa (the lower right side of the abdomen). There is usually associated loss of appetite (anorexia) and fever. Nausea, or vomiting may or may not occur. These classic signs and symptoms are more likely in younger patients. Older patients (beyond their teenage years) may present with only one or two. Diagnosis is easier in typical acute appendicitis and surgery removes a swollen appendix with little or no suppuration (pus) if operated early (within 24 hours of onset).

Atypical histories are not unusual and are more often associated with suppurative appendicitis. This condition often starts with right lower quadrant pain and may smolder with non-specific symptoms (e.g.,malaise,lethargy and/or fever) for several days before a diagnosis of appendicitis can be made. Diarrhea, a symptom of gastroenteritis, may occur if the appendiceal inflammation irritates adjacent intestine. Diagnosis is more difficult and surgery removes an appendix that is suppurative, gangrenous or ruptured.

There is typically pain and tenderness in the right iliac fossa in both typical and atypical (suppurative) appendicitis. Rebound tenderness may be present suggesting that there is some element of peritoneal irritation. Asking the patient to cough gently and point to the tender spot is the least painful way to localize the area of peritonitis. If the abdomen is involuntarily guarded (rigid), there should be a strong suspicion of peritonitis requiring urgent surgical intervention.

डायग्नोसिस
Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination backed by an elevation of neutrophilic white cells, and other infection markers on blood testing and imaging.

The classical history in appendicitis is diffuse pain in the periumbilical region which then localizes as pain and tenderness at McBurney's point (associated with an inflamed appendix coming in contact with the surrounding parietal peritoneum). This point is located on the right-hand side of the abdomen one-third of the distance between the anterior superior iliac spine and the navel. Here, on gentle palpation, the abdominal muscles often feel firm to rigid because of involuntary spasm, and a cough also produces a localized soreness.

Other physical findings include right-side tenderness on a digital rectal exam. Since the appendix normally lies on the right, if a finger is inserted into the rectum and there is tenderness when pressure is applied toward the right, this indicates an increased likelihood that the patient has appendicitis.

Other signs used in the diagnosis of appendicitis are the psoas sign (useful in retrocecal appendicitis), the obturator sign (specifically the obturator internus muscle), Blumberg's sign, and Rovsing's sign.

Ultrasonography and Doppler sonography also provide useful means to detect appendicitis, especially in children. In some cases (15% approximately), however, ultrasonography of the iliac fossa does not reveal any abnormalities despite the presence of appendicitis. This is especially true of early appendicitis before the appendix has become significantly distended and in adults where larger amounts of fat and bowel gas make actually seeing the appendix technically difficult. Despite these limitations, in experienced hands sonographic imaging can often distinguish between appendicitis and other diseases with very similar symptoms such as inflammation of lymph nodes near the appendix or pain originating from other pelvic organs such as the ovaries or fallopian tubes.

In places where it is readily available, CT scan has become the diagnostic test of choice, especially in adults. A properly performed CT scan with modern equipment has a detection rate (sensitivity) of over 95% and a similar specificity. Signs of appendicitis on CT scan include lack of contrast (oral dye) in the appendix and direct visualization of appendiceal enlargement (greater than 6 mm in diameter on cross section). The inflammation caused by appendicitis in the surrounding peritoneal fat (so called "fat stranding") can also be observed on CT, providing a mechanism to detect early appendicitis and a clue that appendicitis may be present even when the appendix is not well seen. Thus, diagnosis of appendicitis by CT is made more difficult in very thin patients and in children, both of whom tend to lack significant fat within the abdomen. In most cases, however, appendicitis is a clinical diagnosis and, due to the high radiation dose involved, CT scans are only used when the diagnosis is in doubt (e.g. atypical history) or if there are other considerations involved.

चिकित्सा
चिकित्सा अप्व याना शल्यचिकित्सा यागु माध्यमं जुइ। Appendicitis can be treated by removal of the appendix through a surgical procedure called an appendicectomy (also known as an appendectomy). The incision of appendectomy can be a Gridiron incision, a Lanz incision, or the midline incision.

Often now the operation can be performed via a laparoscopic approach, or via small incisions with a camera to visualize the area of interest in the abdomen. If the findings reveal suppurative appendicitis with complications such as rupture, abscess, adhesions, etc., conversion to open laparotomy may be necessary.

Antibiotics are often given intravenously to help kill remaining bacteria and thus reduce the incidence of infectious complication in the abdomen or wound.

प्रोग्नोसिस
Most appendicitis patients recover easily with treatment, but complications can occur if treatment is delayed or if peritonitis occurs.

Recovery time depends on age, condition, complications, and other circumstances but usually is between 10 and 28 days.

The real possibility of life-threatening peritonitis is the reason why acute appendicitis warrants speedy evaluation and treatment. The patient may have to undergo a medical evacuation. Appendectomies have occasionally been performed in emergency conditions (i.e. outside of a proper hospital), when a timely medical evacuation was impossible.

Typical acute appendicitis responds quickly to appendectomy and occasionally will resolve spontaneously. If appendicitis resolves spontaneously, it remains controversial whether an elective interval appendectomy should be performed to prevent a recurrent episode of appendicitis. Atypical appendicitis (associated with suppurative appendicitis) is more difficult to diagnose and is more apt to be complicated even when operated early. In either condition prompt diagnosis and appendectomy yield the best results with full recovery in two to four weeks usually. Mortality and severe complications are unusual but do occur, especially if peritonitis persists untreated.

श्रोतs

पिनेयागु स्वापूतः
 Appendicitis - MayoClinic.com, from the Web site of the Mayo Clinic
 The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy: Appendicitis
 Appendicitis Research Latest research from the literature on appendicitis
 Acute and Suppurative Appendicitis

Inflammations
Medical emergencies
General surgery

एपेन्डिसाइटिस


Rapping is a type of vocals, like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like talking, but timed with rhythm over music. Someone who raps is called a rapper, or sometimes an MC. That stands for Master of Ceremonies.

Rapping can be done over music of many types (or genres), including jazz, house, reggae and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is hip hop. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in New York City, USA, in the 1970s. People would talk over disco music DJs at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping. But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in Jamaica used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s. Going back further than that, the West African Griots (travelling musicians and poets) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s.

Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music.

References

Vocal music

Rapping


In international relations, defence diplomacy (also known as military diplomacy), refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defence resources and capabilities.

Origin of concept
Defence diplomacy as an organizing concept for defence-related international activity has its origin in post-Cold War reappraisals of Western defence establishments, led by the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, and was a principle "used to help the West come to terms with the new international security environment." While the term originated in the West, the conduct of defence diplomacy is by no means confined to Western countries.

Development
While there is not yet a broadly accepted definition of defence diplomacy, it can be understood as the peaceful application of resources from across the spectrum of defence, to achieve positive outcomes in the development of a country's bilateral and multilateral relationships. "Military diplomacy" is a subset that tends to refer only to the role of military attachés and their associated activity. Defence diplomacy does not include military operations but subsumes such other defence activity as international personnel exchanges, ship and aircraft visits, high-level engagement (such as ministers and senior defence personnel), bilateral meetings and staff talks, training and exercises, regional defence forums (such as Shangri-La Dialogue, Halifax Forum), outreach, confidence and security building measures, and non-proliferation activities.

The United Kingdom identified defence diplomacy as one of the military's eight defence missions, and aims to "dispel hostility, build and maintain trust and assist in the development of democratically accountable armed forces" to make a "significant contribution to conflict prevention and resolution." Defence diplomacy is often developed and implemented in close coordination with the foreign and development ministries to ensure coherence and focus across government.

Major General Ng Chee Khern, Air Force Chief of the Republic of Singapore, summed it up thus:  "In defence diplomacy, we seek to develop mutually beneficial relationships with friendly countries and armed forces to contribute to a stable international and regional environment."

Defence diplomacy is often associated with conflict prevention and security sector reform. It is distinct from the concept of gunboat diplomacy, which is generally understood to be motivated by a desire to intimidate potential adversaries.

See also
 Military attaché
 Medical diplomacy
 Economic diplomacy
 Public diplomacy

References

External links
Reshaping defence diplomacy
Indigenous imprisonment in NSW: a closer look at the trend
Defense diplomacy, Chinese style

Types of diplomacy
Foreign policy doctrines
Foreign relations

Military doctrines

Defence diplomacy


Leopold Šťastný  (born 23 May 1911; died 14 May 1996) was a Slovak football player and coach.

Šťastný  played before the Second World War for  1. ČsŠK Bratislava as defender. The club is named today Slovan Bratislava. The played in the Státní liga, the highest Czech league. In 1935 Bratislava reached the 5th place. In the same year Šťastný  played his first of two match es for the Czech team versus Austria.

During the Second World War an independent Slovakian state existed with an own football league. Bratislava won the league in  1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944. He also played once in the national football team.

After the war he started his coaching career. He was three times (1949 - 1951, 1954 - 1957 and 1963 - 1965) coach of his former club Slovan Bratislava and won 4 times the Czech championship. 1966 he went to Austria and became coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck and led the club to national honours. 1968 he became coach of the Austrian  national football team.(15 W, 16 D, 18 L)  He stayed till 1975 when he retired due to health reasons. After this he was still working 4 years for the Austrian Football Assosciation. He was founder of the Austrian Schülerliga, a football competition for Austrian schools. 1980 he went to his son in Canada but came back to Austria each year to see the finals of the Schülerliga. To honour his work a small street in Vienna was named after him.

References

Slovak footballers
Austria national football team managers
Wacker Innsbruck managers

Leopold Šťastný


George V the Brilliant (; also translated as the Illustrious, or Magnificent; 1286/1289–1346) was King of Georgia from 1299 to 1302 and again from 1314 until his death in 1346. A flexible and far-sighted politician, he recovered Georgia from a century-long Mongol domination, restoring the country's previous strength and Christian culture.

Reign

George was born to King Demetrius II the Self-sacrificing and his third wife Natela, daughter of Beka I Jaqeli, prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe. Demetrius was executed by the Mongols in 1289, and the little prince George was carried to Samtskhe to be reared at the court of his maternal grandfather (Beka).

In 1299, the Ilkhanid khan Ghazan installed him as a rival ruler to George's elder brother, the rebellious Georgian King David VIII. However, George's authority did not extend beyond the Mongol-protected capital Tbilisi, so George was referred to during this period as "The Shadow King of Tbilisi". In 1302, he was replaced by his brother, Vakhtang III. After the death of both his elder brothers – David and Vakhtang – George became a regent for David's son, George VI, who died underage in 1313, allowing George V to be crowned king for a second time. Having initially pledged his loyalty to the Il-khan Öljaitü, he began a program of reuniting the Georgian lands. In 1315, he led the Georgian auxiliaries to suppress an anti-Mongol revolt in Asia Minor, an expedition that would prove to be the last in which the Georgians fought in the Mongol ranks. In 1320, he drove the marauding Alans out of the town Gori and forced them back to the Caucasus Mountains.

King George was on friendly terms with the influential Mongol prince Choban, who was executed by Abu Sa'id Khan in 1327. George used this loss as a pretext to rebel against the already weakened Ilkhanate. He stopped payments of tribute and drove the Mongols out of the country. The following year he ordered great festivities on the Mount Tsivi to celebrate the anniversary of the victory over the Mongols, and massacred there all oppositionist nobles. In 1329, George laid siege to Kutaisi, western Georgia, reducing the local king Bagrat I the Little to a vassal prince.  In 1334 he reasserted royal authority over the virtually independent principality of Samtskhe, ruled by his cousin Qvarqvare I Jaqeli. Having restored the kingdom's unity, he focused now on cultural, social and economic projects. He changed the coins issued by Ghazan khan with the Georgian ones, called George's tetri. Between 1325 and 1338, he worked out two major law codes, one regulating the relations at the royal court and the other devised for the peace of a remote and disorderly mountainous district. Under him, Georgia established close international commercial ties, mainly with the Byzantine Empire, but also with the great European maritime republics, Genoa and Venice. During his reign, Armenian lands, including Ani, were part of the Kingdom of Georgia.

George V also extended diplomatic relations to the Bahri dynasty of Egypt, achieving the restoration of several Georgian monasteries in Palestine to the Georgian Orthodox Church and gaining free passage for Georgian pilgrims to the Holy Land.
According to Kldiashvili (1997), the introduction of the Jerusalem cross, taken as the inspiration for the modern national flag of Georgia in the 1990s, might date to the reign of George V.

In the 1330s, George secured the southwestern province of Klarjeti against the advancing Osmanli tribesmen led by Orhan I. In 1341 he interfered in the power struggle in the neighbouring Empire of Trebizond and supported Anna Anachoutlou who ascended the throne with the help of the Laz, only to be put to death a year later. He also organized a successful campaign against Shirvan, a neighboring state of Georgia.

George V had friendly relations with King Philip VI of France, as evidenced by the correspondence between them. George V wrote to the King of France that he was ready to participate with him in the liberation of the "Holy Lands" of Syria-Palestine, and had 30,000 soldiers.

George V died in 1346.  He was succeeded by his only son, David IX. He was buried at the Gelati Monastery near Kutaisi, western Georgia.

Marriage and child
The identity of his wife is not known. The "Georgian Chronicle" of the 18th century reports George V marrying a daughter of "the Greek Emperor, Lord Michael Komnenos". However the reigning dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century were the Palaiologoi, not the Komnenoi. The marriage of a daughter of Michael IX Palaiologos and his wife Rita of Armenia to a Georgian ruler is not recorded in Byzantine sources. Neither is the existence of any illegitimate daughters of Michael IX. The Komnenoi did rule however in the Empire of Trebizond. A Michael Komnenos was Emperor from 1344 to 1349, but his only attested child was John III of Trebizond; whether John III had siblings is unknown.
He had a son David IX of Georgia and a daughter Soldane who married John of Poitiers-Lusignan.

References

 George V the Brilliant (In Georgian)
 Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition (December 1994), Indiana University Press, , page 44

Kings of Georgia
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia
Monarchs deposed as children
Medieval child monarchs
1280s births
1346 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Regents of Georgia
14th-century monarchs in Europe
14th-century regents
13th-century people from Georgia (country)
14th-century people from Georgia (country)

George V of Georgia


Andrew Alfons Engman (November 21, 1911 – July 16, 2004) was a Swedish/Finnish cartoon animator. Engman worked for Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, from the animating of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film) to the completion of The Jungle Book (1967 film), about 1937 to 1971. He started out as an "In-Betweener" animator. He did some Donald Duck and Goofy cartoons as a character animator, and went on to being a special effects animator. Later he went into production in a middle management position. He also worked on the effect animations of Make Mine Music (1946) and the layout of Der Fuehrer's Face (1943).

Early life

Andrew Alfons Engman was born on November 21, 1911, in Vaasa, Finland. Andy claims he could see Russian soldiers going through his yard when he was a child during World War One in the 1910s.

Works

Visual Effects:

 The Brave Engineer (1950) (effects animator)
 Make Mine Music (1946) (effects animator)
 How to Be a Sailor (1944) (animator)
 The Olympic Champ (1942) (animator) (uncredited)
 How to Play Baseball (1942) (animator)
 Donald's Gold Mine (1942) (animator)
 Donald's Snow Fight (1942) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 The Art of Self Defense (1941) (animator)
 The Art of Skiing (1941) (animator)
 The Reluctant Dragon (1941) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 Baggage Buster (1941) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 A Gentleman's Gentleman (1941) (animator)
 The Little Whirlwind (1941) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 Pluto's Playmate (1941) (animator)
 Pantry Pirate (1940) (animator)
 Goofy's Glider (1940) (animator)
 Fantasia (1940) (effects animator) (segment "The Sorcerer's Apprentice") (uncredited)
 Put-Put Troubles (1940) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 Pinocchio (1940) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 Brave Little Tailor (1938) (effects animator) (uncredited)
 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) (effects animator) (uncredited)

Animation Department:
 Bootle Beetle (1947) (animator)
 Clown of the Jungle (1947) (animator)
 Double Dribble (1946) (animator)
 Frank Duck Brings 'em Back Alive (1946) (animator)
 Canine Patrol (1945) (animator)
 Duck Pimples (1945) (animator)
 Californy'er Bust (1945) (animator)
 African Diary (1945) (animator)
 First Aiders (1944) (animator)
 Victory Vehicles (1943) (animator)
 Saludos Amigos (1942) (animator) (as Andrew Engman)
 Donald's Garden (1942) (effects animator)
 The New Spirit (1942) (animator) (uncredited)
 Der Fuehrer's Face (1943) (animator) (uncredited)

References

External links

American animators
Swedish animators
Finnish animators
1911 births
2004 deaths
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
American people of Finnish descent

Andy Engman


Tubuai is the name for a group of islands in the Pacific. The island of Tubuai is about 640 km south of Tahiti. It is part of the Austral Islands, which belong to French Polynesia. Slightly over 2.000 people live on an area of  about 45 square kilometers. James Cook discovered the island in 1777, but saw no reason to land there. The natives looked hostile. Fletcher Christian landed there in 1789. They founded Fort George on the island, but soon left, because of troubles with the natives.

Islands of French Polynesia

Tubuai


The 'Ramayana' is an ancient Hindu epic about Rama and Sita. It is one of the two most important ancient epics of [India], the first one being the ancient Mahabharata.. The epic was originally written by sage (rishi) Valmiki of Ancient India. The book has about 24,000 verses and is divided into seven parts.

The story of the Ramayana is about Prince Rama who has been exiled from his kingdom of ([Ayodhya]) with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshman. He goes on to kill [king] Ravana of Lanka in a long battle to get back his wife Sita.

Seven different versions of the book are available. It has been translated into all the major languages of the world.

The different parts of the Ramayana are also called books. These seven parts or books are noted below:

 The first book is Balakand, meaning the book of childhood.
 The second book is Ayodhyakanda, meaning the book of Ayodhya.
 The third book is Aranyakanda, meaning the book of the forests.
 The fourth book is Kishkindhakanda, meaning the book of Kishkindha.
 The fifth book is Sundarakanda, meaning the book beautiful.
 The sixth book is Yuddhakanda, meaning the book of the war.
 The seventh book is Uttarakanda, meaning the book of after events.

There are different views about the time the Ramayana was written. Some people believe that it was written 2,500 years ago. Others think that it was written around 1,800 years ago. All agree that the book is very old and was written before the Mahabharata.

The Ramayana is still very popular today. Every autumn the Ramlila (Rama play) is performed at the festival of Dassehra. A huge model of Ravana is set alight. This symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness. It is also believed that he turned in to Krishna and also many more things are believed.

A Tamil version of the book was written between the 9th and 10th centuries. The writer of this book was Kamban. This version is known as Iramavataram, which means the coming of Rama. In the 16th century, Tulasidas wrote a Hindi version of Ramayana. This was named Ramacharitmanasa. Over many centuries, the story of Rama reached places in other countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. The Ramayana has been translated into most of the major languages of the world.

The Ramayana was used in Ancient India for the teaching of young children. It was mainly used for acting out their Dharma so that their children knew that they were to worship the main Hindu beliefs that were: Brahman, Multiple Gods, Dharma, Samsara, and Karma.

There is a series of the Ramayana played on television in major parts of India and goes into the detail of the Ramayana, if you don't like reading books.

The short and basic story of the Ramayana is, a prince named Rama tries to rescue his wife from the clutch of Ravana with an army of bears and several"vanaras" who are kind of like apes.

Hindu texts
2nd millennium BC works

Ramayana


"Another Brick in the Wall" is a rock and roll song by Pink Floyd. It is divided into three parts. It was released on their album The Wall in 1979. Part 1 is a song about the sadness of a child (later to become a rockstar). Part 2 continues from "The Happiest Days of Our Lives". It is a rock opera protest song against the cruelty of teachers in Britain. Part 3 is the loudest and shortest part of Another Brick in the Wall. It is about the rockstar's anger and the completion of his "Metaphorical Wall". It cross-fades to "Goodbye Cruel World". In 2004, Korn made a studio version of "Another Brick in the Wall". The Pink Floyd version reached 57 on the disco chart.

The tunes of all three parts are exactly the same, but one part will be louder than the previous part. It starts off with the tragedy of Part 1 to the protesting of Part 2 to the fury of Part 3.

1979 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Cyndi Lauper songs
Korn songs
Progressive rock songs

Another Brick in the Wall


When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so. These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them. Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like. Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.

The TCP/IP model and other related protocols are not maintained by the  Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC.

Other websites

 Internet History – Pages on Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and TCP/IP (reviewed by Cerf and Kahn).
  – Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
  A TCP/IP Tutorial – from the Internet Engineering Task Force (January 1991)
 TCP/IP FAQ
 The TCP/IP Guide – A comprehensive look at the protocols and the procedures/processes involved
 A Study of the ARPANET TCP/IP Digest
 TCP/IP Sequence Diagrams
 Daryl's TCP/IP Primer – Intro to TCP/IP LAN administration, conversational style
 Introduction to TCP/IP
 A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, Cerf & Kahn, IEEE Trans on Comms, Vol Com-22, No 5 May 1974

Internet
Computer protocols

Internet protocol suite


Norman Manea (; born July 19, 1936) is a Romanian writer and author of short fiction, novels, and essays about the Holocaust, daily life in a communist state, and exile. He lives in the United States, where he is a Professor and writer in residence at Bard College.

He left Romania in 1986 with a DAAD-Berlin Grant and in 1988 went to the US with a Fulbright Scholarship at the Catholic University in Washington DC. He won the 2002 International Nonino Prize in Italy.

Manea's most acclaimed book, The Hooligan's Return (2003), is an original fictionalized memoir, encompassing a period of almost 80 years, from the pre-war period, through the Second World War, the communist and post-communist years to the present.

Manea has been known and praised as an internationally important writer since the early 1990s, and his works have been translated into more than 20 languages.<ref>Manea's books have been reviewed in the American, British, French, Romanian, Italian, Spanish, German press. They can be found in New York Times, New York Times Book Review, New Republic, New York Review of Books, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle (USA); Times Literary Supplement (UK); Le Monde, Figaro, Lire (France); El Pais, La Vanguardia (Spain); Stampa, La Repubblica, Corriere della Sera, 24 (Italy); FAZ, Die Welt, Süddeutsche Zeitung (Germany) etc.

Essential references are to be found in: Neues Literatur Lexicon (1990, Germany), Literary Exile in the Twentieth Century: An Analysis and Biographical Dictionary (1991, USA), Contemporary Authors (Gale Group, 1995, 2008, USA), Who's Who in America (Marquis, 1995–2010, USA), Dictionarul Esential al Scriitorilor Romani (2001, Romania), Dictionarul Analitic de Opere Literare (2001, Romania), Dictionarul Scriitorilor Romani (2001, Romania), Dictionary of Literary Biography, Twentieth Century Eastern European Writers, 2001, USA), Slovnik Rumunskych Spisovatelu (2001, Czech Republic), Enciclopedia Exilului Romanesc (2003, Romania), Dictionar Cronologic al Romanului Romanesc (2004, Romania), Dictionarul de literatura al Academiei Romane (2005, Romania), Enciclopedia della Letteratura (2008, Italy).

See also The Obsession of Uncertainty : In Honorem Norman Manea, Polirom 2011 (Magris, Tabucchi, Roth, Molina, Aridjis, Krüger etc.).</ref> He has received more than 20 awards and honors.

Early years
Born to Jewish parents in the  neighborhood of Suceava (Bukovina, Romania), Manea was deported as a child, in 1941, by the Romanian fascist authorities, allied with Nazi Germany, to a concentration camp in Transnistria, together with his family. He returned to Romania in 1945 with the surviving members of his family and graduated with high honors from the high school (liceu) Ștefan cel Mare in his home town, Suceava. He studied engineering at the Construction Institute in Bucharest and graduated with master's degree in hydro-technique in 1959, working afterwards in planning, fieldwork and research. He has devoted himself to writing since 1974.

Literary career
In 1966, his literary debut took place in Povestea Vorbii (The Story of Speech), an avant-garde and influential magazine that appeared in the early years of cultural liberalization in communist Romania and was suppressed after six issues. Until he was forced into exile (1986) he published ten volumes of short fiction essays and novels. His work was an irritant to the authorities because of the implied and overt social-political criticism and he faced a lot of trouble with the censors and the official press. At the same time that sustained efforts were made by the cultural authorities to suppress his work, it had the support and praise of the country's most important literary critics.

After the collapse of the Ceaușescu dictatorship, several of his books started to be published in Romania. The publication in a Romanian translation of his essay Happy Guilt, which first appeared in The New Republic, led to a nationalist outcry in Romania, which he in turn has analysed in depth in his essay "Blasphemy and Carnival". Echoes of this scandal can still be found in some articles of the current Romanian cultural press.

Meantime, in the United States and in European countries, Manea's writing was received with great acclaim. Over the past two decades he has been proposed as a candidate for the Nobel Prize for Literature by literary and academic personalities and institutions in the United States, Sweden, Romania, Italy and France. Important contemporary writers expressed admiration of the author's literary work and his moral stand before and after the collapse of communism: the Nobel laureates Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Octavio Paz, Orhan Pamuk, as well as Philip Roth, Claudio Magris, Antonio Tabucchi, E. M. Cioran, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Cynthia Ozick, Louis Begley and others.

Honors

1979 – Literary Prize of the Bucharest Writers' Association (Romania)
1984 – Literary Prize of the Romanian Writer's Union (withdrawn by the Communist authorities)
1987 – DAAD Berliner Künstler Programm Grant (Germany)
1988 – Fulbright Scholarship, Catholic University, Washington, DC (USA)
1989–1992 – International Academy for Scholarship and the Arts Fellowship, Bard College (USA)
1992 – Guggenheim Fellowship (USA)
1992 – MacArthur Fellows Award (USA)
1993 – The National Jewish Book Award (USA)
1996 – The Marie Syrkin Jerusalem Fellowship in Letters (Israel)
1997 – The Bukovina Literary Prize (Romania)
2002 – The International Nonino Prize (Italy)
2004, 2005 – American Academy Fellowship in Berlin (Germany)
2004 – The Napoli Literary Prize for foreign novel (Italy)
2005 – Holtzbrinck Prize of the American Academy in Berlin (Germany)
2005 – Best foreign book in Spain (El Regreso del Huligan / The Hooligan's Return)
2006 – Lux Mundi, the Cultural Award of Radio Romania Cultural (Romania)
2006 – Elected jury member of the International Nonino Prize (Italy)
2006 – Finalist, Prix Femina (France)
2006 – Prix Médicis Étranger (France)
2006 – The Cultural Prize of Romanian International Television (Romania)
2006 – Elected member of the Berlin Academy of Art (Germany)
2007 – Finalist, Latinity Prize of the Association of Latin Countries
2007 – Awarded the Order of Cultural Merit (in rank of Commander) by the President of Romania (Romania)
2008 – Honorary degree in literature, University of Bucharest (Romania)
2008 – Honorary degree in literature, Babeș-Bolyai University (Romania)
2009 – The Literary Award of the Fondation du Judaisme Français (France)
2009 – Finalist, Literary Prize of Fundación Príncipe de Asturias (Spain)
2009 – The Observator Cultural Lifetime Award Opera Omnia (Romania)
2009 – Commandant dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres(France)
2011 – Nelly Sachs Prize (Germany)
2012 – Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
2012 – Honorary Degree in Literature, Al.I.Cuza University of Iassy (Romania)
2012 – Fellow of the Institute for Humanities (New York University)
2012 – The National Prize for Literature (Romanian Writers Union)
2012 – The Palau i Fabre Prize for Essay (Spain)
2016 - Awarded the Star of Romania distinction by the Romanian President
2016 - The FIL International Prize for Romance Languages and Literature
2016 - Carlos Fuentes Medal
2017 - Honored as Professor Emeritus and Distinguished Writer in Residence and with the Bardian Award
2018 - Diploma of Excellence, Romanian-American Chamber of Commerce
2018 - Bucovina Merit Distinction, Suceava County Council, Suceava (Romania)
2018 - ALIANTA - Arts and Letters Award, Suceava (Romania)

Works (Romanian)
1969 Noaptea pe latura lungă (Night on the Long Side) (short fiction), Editura pentru literatură
1970 Captivi (Captives) (novel), Editura Cartea Românească; 2011 – second edition, Polirom
1974 Primele porți (First Gates) (short fiction), Albatros
1977 Cartea fiului (Book of the Son) (novel); 2011 – second edition, Polirom
1979 Anii de ucenicie ai lui August Prostul (The Apprenticeship Years of Augustus the Fool) (documentary novel); 2012 – second edition, Polirom
1981 Octombrie, ora opt (October, eight o'clock) (short fiction); 1997 – second edition, Apostrof
1984 Pe contur (On the Edge) (essays)
1986 Plicul negru (The Black Envelope) (novel); 1996 – second edition, Editura Cartea Românească; 2003, 2006 – Polirom
1997 Despre clovni: Dictatorul și artistul (On Clowns: The Dictator and the Artist) (essays); 2005, 2006, 2013 – Polirom
1999 Fericirea obligatorie (Compulsory Happiness) (novellas), Apostrof; 2005, 2011 – Polirom
1999 Casa melcului (The Snail's House) (interviews), Hasefer
2003 Intoarcerea huliganului (The Hooligan's Return) (novelistic memoir), Polirom; 2006, 2011 – Polirom
2004 Plicuri și portrete (Envelopes and Portraits) (essays), Polirom
2006 Textul nomad (The Nomad Text) (interviews), Hasefer
2008 Vorbind pietrei (Talking to a Stone), Polirom
2008 Înaintea despărțirii (Before Parting) (conversation with Saul Bellow), Polirom
2009 Vizuina (The Lair) (novel), Polirom; 2010 – Polirom
2010 Laptele negru (The black milk) (essays and interviews), Hasefer
2010 Curierul de Est. Dialog cu Edward Kanterian, Polirom
2011 Cuvinte din exil. Dialog cu Hanes Stein'', Polirom

References

External links
 Contemporary Romanian Writers
Manea's editorial commentaries for Project Syndicate

1936 births
Living people
Bard College faculty
Jewish American writers
MacArthur Fellows
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Catholic University of America alumni
People from Suceava
Survivors of World War II deportations to Transnistria
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Jewish Romanian writers
Romanian writers
Romanian essayists
Romanian memoirists
Romanian novelists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Prix Médicis étranger winners
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
21st-century American Jews

Norman Manea


Police is a town in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2007, 34,220 people live there.  The town is located on the river Oder, near the border with Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports in Poland. Police borders with Szczecin. In the Police area, there is another town called Nowe Warpno.

Cities in West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Police, Poland


Rafe Needleman is a magazine and website editor and published author. He wrote a Star Trek trivia book in 1980 and has covered technology and business since 1988. Previously a co-host of CNET's Buzz Out Loud Daily Podcast with Molly Wood, and CNET's To The Rescue and the Reporters Roundtable podcast and maintains the blog Rafe's Radar.  Rafe left CNET in August 2012 to become the Platform Advocate at Evernote. On January 7, 2014, he posted on his Google+ account, "I can finally announce my new job. I'm going to Yahoo. I'll be editorial director of the new Yahoo Tech site..."

Star Trek book

As a young man, Needleman wrote the book The Official Star Trek Trivia Book which was published by Pocket Books.

Tech columnist

He started covering technology at InfoWorld as a reviews editor. Following that, he launched Corporate Computing magazine, and then moved on to become manager of advanced technologies for ZD Labs. In 1995, he became editor-in-chief of Byte. He joined CNET as editor of CNET.com, shortly after it started in 1997.

In 1998 he moved to Red Herring, as editorial director of the Events department. After a year he became editor of Redherring.com and started writing a column about startups, which was emailed to over 150,000 subscribers every weekday.

After Red Herring folded, he continued to review cutting edge technology, both online and in print, for a Business 2.0 column called What's Next. He returned to CNET in 2004 as editor of business technology and started the blog Webware in 2006.

He also co-hosted CNET's 'The Real Deal' podcast with Tom Merritt, which dealt with consumer technology.

References

External links
Rafe Needleman's personal blog
The Real Deal podcast
Webware blog
Rafe Needleman's Catch of the Day column
Pro PR Tips

CNET
Living people
American podcasters
Writers from San Francisco
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Year of birth missing (living people)

Rafe Needleman


The Sun automobile was made in Elkhart, Indiana from 1916 to 1917, and in Toledo, Ohio from 1921 to 1922.

The Sun Motor Car Company was originally created in Buffalo, New York, but moved to Elkhart before production began.  Their slogan was "The Sun Outshines Them All". Roscoe C. Hoffman designed a lightweight six-cylinder car, manufactured from 1916 to 1917.   There were four body styles offered on the 116-inch (2946 mm) wheelbase: sedan, roadster, 5 person touring and 7 person touring.  It made 23 horsepower though the company dubiously claimed 50.  The car had shaft drive and a three-speed sliding gear transmission, and was priced in the $1000 range.  Sun Motor Cars ordered 3,500 engines under contract from the Beaver Manufacturing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but since a little over 1,100 cars were made in the two years, the company was in receivership by September 1917. The company's assets were purchased by the Automotive Corporation of Toledo, Ohio.

The Sun automobile of Toledo was a small two-seat roadster, with power coming from a  four-cylinder engine, produced in 1921 and 1922 only. It featured a 91-inch (2311 mm) wheelbase, disc wheels, and a claimed  and .

The Automotive Corporation had built tractors in Toledo since shortly before the end of World War I.  After taking over Sun Motor Car Company, Automotive Corporation provided parts and service to Sun owners, as well as gained useful experience in automobile manufacturing.  Their new car of 1921 shared nothing with the old Sun except the logo.  Even the slogan was new: "America's Greatest Little Car".  Not only were the engines smaller, so was the wheelbase and price-- $375 in 1921 and $475 in 1922.  A new lineup with bigger engines, longer wheelbases, and higher prices were announced but never produced for 1923.

Sources

Kimes, Beverly Rae, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942, Krause Publications, 1996,

Companies based in Elkhart County, Indiana
Brass Era vehicles
1910s cars
1920s cars
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Indiana
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio

Sun (automobile)


In computer science an assembler is a program that turns assembly language into machine code. An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.  The written instructions are called assembler language or assembly language, and the converted version is called machine language or machine code.

Most computers come with a specified set of very basic instructions that correspond to the basic machine operations that the computer can perform. For example, a "Load" instruction causes the processor to move a string of bits from a location in the processor's memory to a special holding place called a register. Assuming the processor has at least eight registers, each numbered, the following instruction would move the value (string of bits of a certain length) at memory location 3000 into the holding place called register 8:
      L        8,3000
The programmer can write a program using a sequence of these assembler instructions.
This sequence of assembler instructions, known as the source code or source program, is then specified to the assembler program when that program is started.
The assembler program takes each program statement in the source program and generates a corresponding bit stream or pattern (a series of 0's and 1's of a given length).
The output of the assembler program is called the object code or object program relative to the input source program. The sequence of 0's and 1's that constitute the object program is sometimes called machine code.
The object program can then be run (or executed) whenever desired.

In the earliest computers, programmers actually wrote programs in machine code, but assembler languages or instruction sets were soon developed to speed up programming. Today, assembler programming is used only where very efficient control over processor operations is needed. It requires knowledge of a particular computer's instruction set, however. Historically, most programs have been written in "higher-level" languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C. These languages are easier to learn and faster to write programs with than assembler language. The program that processes the source code written in these languages is called a compiler. Like the assembler, a compiler takes higher-level language statements and reduces them to machine code.

A newer idea in program preparation and portability is the concept of a virtual machine. For example, using the Java programming language, language statements are compiled into a generic form of machine language known as bytecode that can be run by a virtual machine, a kind of theoretical machine that approximates most computer operations. The bytecode can then be sent to any computer platform that has previously downloaded or built in the Java virtual machine. The virtual machine is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities of the platform and ensures that the Java bytecode can run.

References

Computer science

Assembler


Manama (, transliteration: al-Manāma) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Bahrain, wi an approximate population o 155,000 fowk.

Lang an important tradin centre in the Persie Gulf, Manama is hame tae a vera diverse population.  Efter periods o Portuguese an Persian control an invasions frae the Al Sauds an Oman, Bahrain established itsel as an independent naition durin the 19t Century period o Breetish hegemony. In the 20t Century, Bahrain's ile walth helped spur fast growthe an in the 1990s a concertit diversification effort lead tae expansion in ither industries an helped transform Manama intae an important financial hub in the Middle East.

History

Manama wis mentioned in Islamic chronicles at least as far back as 1345.  It wis conquered bi Portugal in 1521 an then bi the Persians in 1602. Syne 1783 it haes been unner the control o the Al-Khalifa dynasty.  Manama wis declared a free port in 1958, an in 1971 it became the caipital o independent Bahrain.

The north o Bahrain's main island, which is dominatit bi Manama the day, haes seen human activity for roughly 5,000 years, as is indicatit frae the remains aroond Bahrain Fort. Early indwallers are aften associatit wi the historical Dilmun Ceevilisation tho the historical records o Dilmun are scanty. The islanders wur suin, housomeivver, disturbit bi a series o invaders, beginnin wi the Assyrians durin the BC period an endin wi the Arabs. Durin thir mony centuries Bahrain wis a trading post whose importance fluctuatit dependin on which empire dominatit. Manama an its indwallers wur first introduced tae Islam durin the 7t century an bi the 9t century began tae lean tae a mair conservative amaist socialist belief seestem that caused considerable friction wi the surroondin Muslim lands. The Qarmatians, as this group wis kent, ransackt Mecca in 930 durin the sacred Hajj, killin hunders afore escapin wi the hintle revered Black Stane. A feud wi the Baghdad-based Abbasids less nor 50 years later saw the Qarmatians leave the toun.

The next major foreign intervention in Bahrain came at the beginnin o the 16t century when the Portuguese naval fleets arrived, swith crushin the sma local population in Manama an the surroondin auries. Bahrain Fort wis biggit durin this era, probably tae keep oot the Persians who nivertheless managed a series o invasions as the whole island alternatit atween the Portuguese, Persians, an Omanis for the follaein twa centuries. Ance the Persians eventually forced the ither twa oot, it wis no lang afore the Al Khalifa faimily appeared frae nearbi Qatar, tae tak control o the whole o the island at the end o the 18t century. The new rulers, whose dynasty continues tae this day, sought pertection against the Persians frae the Breetish Empire, which bi that time haed establisht its hegemony in hintle o the Middle East, an Manama entered a period o colonial influence.  Colonial interest anerlie increased when ile wis discovered 30 km (19 mi) sooth o Manama in the centre o the island an first extractit in 1931. Efter Warld War II, Bahrain muived slowly towards unthirldom an eventually in 1971 the Breetish pulled oot leavin Manama in chairge o its awn affairs. This wis the beginnin o a period that haes seen it grow an flourish primarily due tae the considerable walth accumulatit throu ile production an processin.

Geography
Historically, Manama haes been restricted tae wha is nou kent as the Manama Souq an the Manama Fort (nou the Meenistry o Interior) tae its sooth. Housomeivver the ceety haes nou grown tae include a nummer o newer suburban developments as well as aulder neighborin veelages that hae been engulfed bi the growthe o the ceety. The neighborhuids o Manama the day include:

 Manama Souq
 (includin Fareeq el-Makharqa)
 Awadhiya
 Adliya
 Bu Ashira
 Bu Ghazal
 Diplomatic Aurie
 Ghuraifa
 Gudaibiya
 Gufool
 Hoora
 Juffair
 Mahooz
 Noaim
 Ras Rumman
 Seef
 Segaya
 Sulmaniya
 Umm Al Hassam
 Zinj

Law an govrenment

Manama is pairt o the Caipital Govrenorate, ane o five Govrenorates o Bahrain. Till 2002 it wis pairt o the municipality o Al-Manamah. Cooncil that existit athin the govrenorates; aicht constituencies wur votit upon athin Caipital Govrenorate in 2006.

Education

Manama haes a wide range o varsities, colleges an schuils.
 Ahlia University
 Applied Science University
 Arab Open University
 Arabian Gulf University
 Bahrain Institute o Bankin an Finance
 King Abdulaziz University College o Health Sciences
 Delmon University
 New York Institute o Technology
 RCSI-Bahrain
 Bahrain School

Freemit airtins

 Offeecial wabsteid

Caipitals in Asie
Umwhile municipalities (regions) o Bahrain
Umwhile Portuguese colonies
Populatit coastal places in Bahrain
Populatit places in Bahrain
Port ceeties an touns o the Persie Gulf

Manama


A national park is a park or an area of land officially recognized and protected by a nation's government. National parks are often made to protect the animals that live inside them or the land itself.  There are many National Parks in the world.

The first one established (in 1872) was the United States Yellowstone National Park. It was the first national park in the world. But the idea of protecting areas from human development was proposed years earlier. American painter George Catlin offered the idea during the 1830s.

An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined National Parks as its category II type of protected areas. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there are about 7000 national parks worldwide (2010 figure).

Definitions
In 1969 the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) declared a national park to be a relatively large area with:

with one or more ecosystems (or ecological system) not much altered by humans. It should have plant and animal species, geology sites and habitats. These should be of special scientific, educative and recreative interest, or contain a natural landscape of great beauty.
the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation in the area. They must enforce respect for its ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features.
visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural and recreative purposes.
a minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones where nature is protected
statutory (or legal) protection
a budget and staff to provide sufficient effective protection
no business use of natural resources (including the development of dams) except such activities as sport, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.

While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia national parks are run by State Governments and predate the Federation of Australia. Also in Japan, some of them called "Quasi-national Parks" (国定公園) are recognized by the government and managed by local governments.

Examples
Manú National Park, Peru
Everglades, Florida
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Yosemite National Park, California
Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona
Yellowstone National Park, United States
Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia
Dartmoor, Devon, England
Galapagos National Park, Ecuador
Teide National Park, Spain

Other websites

 UNESCO — Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)
 World Heritage Sites
 UN Protected Areas database
 EUROPARC federation — Europe's protected areas
 United States National Park Service
 National Parks of Japan by Ministry of the Environment,  Japan
 South Korea- Korea National Park Service
 European National Parks Centre (ENPC)
  TeddyRoosevelt.com:  "The National Parks President"

References

National park


Solvent extraction, also known as Liquid–liquid extraction or partitioning, is a method to separate a compound based on the solubility of its parts. This is done using two liquids that don't mix, for example water and an organic solvent.

Solvent extraction is used in the processing of perfumes, vegetable oil, or biodiesel. It is also used to recover plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel, a process which is usually called nuclear reprocessing. The recovered plutonium can then be re-used as nuclear fuel.

In this process one of the components of a mixture dissolves in a particular liquid and the other component is separated as a residue by filtration.

 Solvent extraction involves crushing of oil seeds and oil seed cakes. From ancient time, vegetable oils were obtained by crushing oil seeds in village ghanis / kolhus / chekkus in India. At the beginning of the 20th century the vegetable oils industry was based on some 500,00 bullock-driven ghanis producing about 800,000 tonnes of oils. Slowly, in addition to these ghanis, power-driven ghanis (rotary ghanis made indigenously) imported expeller and imported hydraulic press plants started crushing oilseeds.

Around this time many European countries and United States of America had established huge solvent extraction plants for recovering directly almost all the available oil in the oilseeds like Cottonseed and Soybean.

References

Chemical processes

Solvent extraction


Lety concentration camp was a World War II internment camp for Romani people from Bohemia and Moravia during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. It was located in Lety.

Background
On 2 March 1939 (two weeks before the German occupation), the Czecho-Slovak government ordered that a correctional facility in the form of labor camp be set up for "people avoiding work and living off crime" (at the time labor duty was mandatory).

The construction of a camp in the municipality of Lety (in South Bohemian Region) started on 17 July during the Nazi-German occupation. The location was picked because nearby forests, owned by the House of Schwarzenberg, had been devastated by a storm. The first twelve prisoners arrived on 17 July 1940. The camp consisted of several large and small wooden barracks surrounded by a wooden fence. Josef Janovský was named commandant. Czech gendarmes guarded the places (service in such camps was considered a disciplinary punishment). Similar forced labor camps existed in Planá, Mirošov, Hradištko and other places; (mostly Czech) prisoners were typically used for hard labour such as road construction. In total, around 50,000 people went through such labour camps during the war. The total number of prisons and camps of all kinds established by Nazis within the boundaries of modern-day Czech Republic was 2,125.

As labor camps
During 1940, 233 persons were sent to Lety, of whom 197 had previous criminal records. During 1941, the numbers were: 537 persons, 498 with previous criminal records, and 45 persons labeled as Gypsies. There were 27 escape attempts with 25 escapees caught. The prisoners were forced to do hard work in a quarry, were treated harshly and the sick lacked medicine. Many guards, including commander Janovský, regularly stole food from the camp stores, further reducing meager rations for the prisoners.

Situation of Romani people during German occupation
Starting in 1940, Romanis were forbidden to travel. In 1942, the measures already in force in Germany were applied in the Protectorate as well and, as an immediate result, a few hundred people deemed "asocial" were deported to Auschwitz. On 24 June 1942, the Protectorate Minister of the Interior, Richard Bienert, ordered the collection of statistics about "Gypsies, mixed Gypsies and people with gypsy style of life". Around 6,500 people were recorded in these statistics (based on older records and often on skin color).

On July 10, SS-Oberführer Horst Böhme, Chief of German Security Police, ordered Romanis to be moved into two camps: Lety for Romanis from Bohemia, Hodonín for those from Moravia.

As "Gypsy" camps
All pre-existing prisoners at Lety were released or transferred, except for 19 Romani already imprisoned. On 2 October 1942, the first new internees arrived. The capacity of the camp was soon exhausted. Even though new buildings were constructed, the site continued to be overcrowded. Some internees were able to secure their release by bribing officials in Prague.

Internees worked on logging trees, road building and on neighbouring farms. The food was meagre and the rations decreased over time. During winter, internees were not provided sufficient clothing. Brutality on behalf of the guards was common. A typhoid epidemic started in December 1942 and did not recede until the camp was closed in May 1943. Commander Janovský was recalled for inability to deal with the epidemic and replaced by Commander Blahynka.

The first transport with 94 people to Auschwitz left on 4 December 1942, and a second followed with 417 people on 14 May 1943. Most of the remaining prisoners were sent to the camp in Hodonín.

Overall numbers
The records are generally considered incomplete and all figures can be considered minimums:

 Compilation of existing data gives a total of 1309 prisoners interned in the camp
 326 deaths (estimate), including all c. 30 children born in the camp
 Over 500 deported to Auschwitz

Postwar investigations
After the war, several trials of Lety camp personnel began. Commander Janovský was jailed and charged in 1945. The investigation was stopped in 1946 but restarted in 1948. Both guards and former prisoners gave testimony about his brutality and theft, but Janovský was acquitted.

Guard Josef Hejduk was accused of torture, and former prisoners accused him of several murders. He was acquitted in 1947; the witnesses were not deemed trustworthy due to their criminal records. Harsh treatment was explained by the "need to deal with dangerous criminals." Guard Josef Luňáček, also accused of torture, was found guilty of a minor offense and punished with an official warning.

The Chief of Police in the Protectorate, Friedrich Sowa, was sentenced to 10 years for crimes that included extermination of Romani. The decision was later overturned, since he was acting on Himmler's orders, and he was expelled from the country.

Forgotten and rediscovered history
After the war, the existence of Romani Nazi camps was practically forgotten outside the Romani community, except by specialized historians. The whole community of Czech Romani was annihilated and the new ones, who came from Slovakia and Romania, had no knowledge of this tragedy. During the 1970s, a large factory pig farm was constructed near the site of the Lety camp. A tourist hotel has been built on the site of the Hodonín camp.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Czech historians, notably Ctibor Nečas, researched and described the persecution of Roma during the Nazi occupation, including the camps in Lety and Hodonín.

In 1992 the book Black Silence by Paul Polansky compiled historical records and testimonials of survivors. The book started heated discussions in the Czech Republic about Czech relations to the Romani and their history.

The most recent book on Lety is 1997's And No One Will Believe You by Markus Pape. One review noted:

Previous studies of the Romani Holocaust in Czechoslovakia have, as Pape suggests, rejected survivors' memories of extermination, executions, murders and rape carried out by the commandant and his guards, and have claimed that the camp did not function as an extermination camp. Such claims are joined to the assertion that survivors have, with the passing of time, confused what they saw with their own eyes in the camp. At the same time, previous studies have concluded that state documents exclude the possibility of such crimes having been committed. Pape succeeds, with this volume, in demonstrating that the state documents themselves not only support, but actually go further than, the eye-witness accounts; the idea that Lety really was an extermination camp is the first of the two main theses of the book... The second thesis of the book is that the camp at Lety operated with a certain independence from the Reich and erratic control from Prague.

Political symbolism
The existence of the camps (or, more precisely, that they were guarded by protectorate policemen and the existence of the privately owned pig farm near Lety) quickly became a very powerful symbol in Czech politics. The issue started to attract minor political groups seeking to receive media attention.

Romani activists picked the pig farm as a symbol of the Czech stance toward the Romani, insisting it is a source of shame for the country internationally. They have repeatedly asked the government to relocate the farm. Their efforts gained further attention by a resolution of the European Parliament in 2005 asking the Czech Government to remove the farm. Opponents have criticized the massive cost of the farm's relocation, and insisted it has no impact on the actual life of the Romani people. They claim that the real intention of the activists is to extort money from the state and that the farm's removal would lead to a worsening of already tense relations between ethnic Czechs and Roma. In both 2005 and 2006, the Czech government announced its intention to buy and liquidate the farm, but later decided against it.

In 2005, an exhibition of historical photographs and documentation entitled "Lety Detention Camp: History of Unmentioned Genocide" was held in the European Parliament and toured cities in Europe.

More recently, organizations in the Czech Republic such as the Committee for the Redress of the Romani Holocaust, Dzeno Association, and Romea are working to keep the issue alive and defend the site from right-wing extremist political demonstrations.

In 2017, the Czech government finally decided to buy the pig farm from company AGPI for 450 million Czech crowns (around 17.5 million EUR). The government will also pay 100 million Czech crowns for demolition of the farm. In the area it will build a heritage site managed by the Museum of Romani Culture. As 2020, the demolition was postponed because of the coronavirus pandemic. In early 2021, a winner of the architectonic competition was announced.

Demolition of the farm began on 22 July 2022.

Lety Stone
A commemorative stone, with a plaque, was erected by the small far right party the National Party at the site of the former Lety concentration camp to reflect its opinion that it was a labour camp. The stone and plaque were immediately removed by the local authorities.

See also
 Hodonin concentration camp
 Porajmos

Notes

External links
(texts in Czech)
 Details of Lety camp, bibliography
 Details of Hodonín camp, bibliography
 Lety: short overview, schema of the camp, photo
 Hodonín: short overview, schema of the camp, photo

(texts in English)
 "Government not to liquidate pig farm in Lety"—Dzeno Association News
  Paul Polansky, Black Silence: The Lety Survivors Speak (New York: Cross-Cultural Communications, 1998)

Antiziganism in the Czech Republic
Lety
History of the Romani people during World War II
Písek District

Lety concentration camp


Lloydminster is a city in Canada. Part of it is in Alberta and part of it is in Saskatchewan.

The city was founded in 1903. It was named for George Lloyd, who was the Anglican Bishop of Saskatchewan in the 1920s. At the time, the area was part of the Northwest Territories. People expected the area to become a single province. Instead, the area was split into two provinces, with the border along the 110th meridian west, which ran down the center of the town.

1903 establishments in North America
1900s establishments in Canada
Cities in Alberta
Cities in Saskatchewan

Lloydminster


Viennoiseries (, "things in the style of Vienna") are French baked goods made from a yeast-leavened dough in a manner similar to bread, or from puff pastry, but with added ingredients (particularly eggs, butter, milk, cream and sugar), which give them a richer, sweeter character that approaches that of pastry. The dough is often laminated.

Viennoiseries are typically eaten at breakfast or as snacks.

Types
Examples include croissants; Vienna bread and its French equivalent, pain viennois, often shaped into baguettes; brioche; pain au chocolat; pain au lait; pain aux raisins; chouquettes; Danish pastries; xuixo; bugnes; and chausson aux pommes.

History
The popularity of Viennese-style baked goods in France began with the Boulangerie Viennoise, which was opened by Austrian August Zang in 1839. The first usage of the expression pâtisseries viennoises appeared in 1877 in a book by the French author Alphonse Daudet, Le Nabab. However, the use of puff pastry came later and is a method that is French, not Viennese.

Gallery

See also

 List of baked goods
 List of French desserts
 Beignet

References

French pastries
Sweet breads

Viennoiserie


The south-west corner drainage region of Western Australia is one of only two temperate and relatively fertile parts of mainland Australia. It covers about , or a little less than 2% of the continent. For comparison, this is about the same size as North Carolina or a little larger than England.

The landscape is generally flat and sandy but there are several major features, in particular the Stirling Range near Albany, which reaches  at its highest point, and the Darling Scarp.

The climate is temperate Mediterranean. Summers are warm to hot and dry, winters are cool and wet. Mountains near the coast concentrate rainfall in that area, with parts of the extreme south-western corner receiving as much as  per year. Away from the coast, however, precipitation drops rapidly, with inland areas averaging about  per year.

Other Western Australian drainage divisions include:
 Pilbara freshwater ecoregion
 Timor Sea drainage division in the Kimberley and the Northern Territory Top End.

Other Australian drainage divisions include:
 Gulf of Carpentaria
 Australian north-east coast drainage division
 Australian south-east coast drainage division
 Murray-Darling Basin
 South Australian gulf drainage division
 Lake Eyre Basin
 Western Plateau

See also
 List of watercourses in Western Australia
 List of rivers of Australia

References
 Beard, J. S. (1999) Evolution of the river systems of the south-west drainage division, Western Australia.  Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Dec. 1999, p. 147-164'
 Olsen, Graeme. and Skitmore, E.  The state of the rivers of the South West Drainage Division Leederville, W.A : Western Australian Water Resources Council, 1991. Water resource perspectives Publication ; no. 2/91
 Schofiled, N.J. et al. ( 1989) Vegetation strategies to reduce stream salinities of water resource catchments in southwest Western Australia : prepared for the Steering Committee for Research on Land Use and Water Supply  Leederville, W.A : Water Authority of Western Australia . Report (Water Authority of Western Australia) ; no. WS 33.
 South West Catchments Council South West regional strategy for natural resource management Bunbury, W.A.: South West Catchments Council

Drainage basins of Australia
Regions of Western Australia
Southwest Australia

South West drainage division


The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415 and was a major win for England against France in the Hundred Years' War. It led to several later English victories. Henry V of England led the English army and Constable of France Charles d'Albret led a larger French army. King Charles of France didn't engage because he was mentally unwell. Henry V was involved in hand to hand combat and was struck by an axe but his helmet saved him.

The English longbow was an important weapon for killing and winning this battle. It was more powerful than the French crossbow and they had more of them. The majority of the army were bowmen. The English army used sharp wooden archer's stakes to protect the archers from French mounted knights.

The English took prisoners but killed all except those of high rank. Overall the French lost 8000 men and the English lost 100 but historians are unsure of the actual numbers. The French mainly lost because they wore heavy armour and got stuck in the sticky mud at Azincourt (Agincourt).

Agincourt
1415
15th century in England
15th century in France
October events

Battle of Agincourt


The Malagasy kestrel (Falco newtoni), also known as the Madagascar kestrel, Malagasy spotted kestrel, Newton's kestrel, Madagascar spotted kestrel, katiti (Creole) or hitsikitsika (Malagasy), is a small bird of prey of the genus Falco. It is named after British ornithologist Edward Newton. It occurs in two subspecies on Madagascar and at Aldabra. The race from Aldabra is also called Aldabra kestrel (Falco newtoni aldabranus). Its closest living relative is the Seychelles kestrel; they were at one time considered conspecific. Their common ancestors appear to have diverged very recently, probably less than 1 million years ago during the Early or Middle Pleistocene.
The Mauritius kestrel is more distantly related.(Groombridge et al. 2002)

Description
It can reach a size of 30 cm. The wings are 180 mm to 195 mm at the males and 188 mm to 203 mm at the females. The males can reach a weight between 112 and 118 grams. The weight of the females is up to 128 grams. The head and the nape of the males is rufous grey with dark streaks. A dark moustachial streak running from the basis of the bill backwards to sides of the throat. The upperparts and the wingcoverts are chestnut with black spots. The uppertail coverts are grey with blackish spots. The long flight feathers are blackish brown, the inner webs are covered with white and chestnut spots. The underparts are whitish. The short flight feathers are chestnut coloured and dark banded. The chest, belly and underwing coverts are covered with black spots. The tail is grey coloured. It has six to seven narrow black bars and a broad subterminal bar. All feathers have white tips. In addition there is a rufous phase. At this morph the head and nape are almost black. Body and underwing coverts are dark chestnut brown with black streaks and spots. The throat exhibits a buffish-white hue. The underwing coverts are greyish white and spotted black. The head of the females is stronger chestnut coloured. The underparts are more spotted and the tail is brown with black bars. Both sexes exhibits a slate grey bill with a black tip. The cere is yellow. The legs are either yellow or bright orange (rufous morph). The juveniles are similar coloured as the females.

Aldabra kestrel
The Aldabra kestrel looks similar to the Malagasy kestrel but it is slightly smaller. The wings are 170 mm to 183 mm at the males and 177 mm to 186 mm at the females. Some females exhibit entirely white underparts.

Distribution and habitat
The Malagasy kestrel has a large range of occurrence and it is native to Madagascar, Mayotte, and the Comores. It is a breeding resident on Madagascar where it occurs in savannas and wetlands but also artificial landscapes in the vicinity of human settlements in altitudes from 0 to 2000 asl. It is uncommon in forests. The habitat of the Aldabra kestrel is the Aldabran Island of Grande Terre but there is also an evidence for the island of Anjouan at the Comores.

Reproduction
The Malagasy kestrel usually nests on rock ledges, in buildings, in tree holes, or in the stick nests of other birds, such as the pied crow. Four to six eggs are laid, usually in September, and are incubated by the female only, who is fed by the male at regular intervals during incubation.

Diet
Insects take up the majority of the Malagasy kestrel's diet, which are usually taken during flight, but it also occasionally eats small birds, frogs, and mammals, all of which are taken on the ground.  It hunts from a low perch, hawking or hovering with the wing, at dawn or dusk.

Voice
The Malagasy kestrel's call consists of a sharp scream of iitsi, kitsi, kitsi, kitsi or a loud repeated twitter.

References

Erritzoe, Johannes & Erritzoe, Helga (1993): The Birds of CITES and How to Identify Them. Lutterworth Press.
 Ferguson-Lees, James & Christie, David A. (2001): Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Groombridge, Jim J.; Jones, Carl G.; Bayes, Michelle K.; van Zyl, Anthony J.; Carrillo, José; Nichols, Richard A.  & Bruford, Michael W. (2002): A molecular phylogeny of African kestrels with reference to divergence across the Indian Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25(2): 267–277.  (HTML abstract)

Footnotes

Notes

External links
 Breeding Biology and Food Habits of the Madagascar Kestrel (Falco newtoni) in Northeastern Madagascar (PDF, engl.)
 Ecology of Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean edited by Dr. David R. Stoddart (PDF, engl.)

Falco (genus)
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Birds described in 1863
Taxa named by John Henry Gurney Sr.

Malagasy kestrel


Wilhelm Harster (21 July 1904 – 25 December 1991) was a German policeman and war criminal. A high-ranking member in the SS and a Holocaust perpetrator during the Nazi era, he was twice convicted for his crimes by the Netherlands and later by West Germany. He had been employed by the government of Bavaria as a civil servant and was let go with a full pension after public outcry.

Education and early career
Harster graduated from University of Munich with a degree in 1927. Before the war, Harster was reservist with the Reichswehr, joining in 1920. In 1929 he joined the Kriminalpolizei (Criminal Police). He joined the Nazi Party on 1 May 1933, holding the party number of 3,226,954.

SS service
He joined the SS on 9 November 1933 with the serial number of 225,932. He joined the Sicherheitsdienst or SD on 29 October 1935 and eventually obtained the rank of Gruppenführer. He was also recalled to service in the Wehrmacht, serving in July 1940 as a member of a machinegun company. From 19 July 1940 until 29 August 1943, he was the commander of the Security Police and SD in the occupation of the Netherlands, where many of his war crimes occurred. He was implicated in the deaths of 104,000 Jews in the Holocaust, including Anne Frank. After his role in the occupation of the Netherlands, he was moved to Italy as the commander of the SD (Bolzano Transit Camp) there under Karl Wolff from 29 August 1943 until his capture.

Criminal convictions
Harster was arrested by the British Army where he was transferred to the Netherlands and tried for war crimes. In 1949, he was convicted and sentenced to 12 years for his role in the deportation and murder of Dutch Jews. He was released in 1953.

Upon release, he again became a civil servant in Bavaria, until he was retired due to public and media pressure in 1963. He kept his full pension. In 1967 he was tried alongside his two closest aides Wilhelm Zoepf and Gertrud Slottke and sentenced to an additional 15 years in jail for deportation of Jews to Auschwitz and Sobibor concentration camps. He was given credit for time served and was pardoned in 1969. His doctorate was officially removed from him. Harster died in 1991.

References

Citations

Sources

Christian Ritz, Schreibtischtäter vor Gericht. Das Verfahren vor dem Münchner Landgericht wegen der Deportation der niederländischen Juden (1959-1967). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2012; p. 257

1904 births
1991 deaths
Military personnel from Munich
Holocaust perpetrators in the Netherlands
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Recipients of German presidential pardons
German people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of the Netherlands
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
Gestapo personnel
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Reich Security Main Office personnel
SS-Gruppenführer
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Nazis convicted of war crimes

Wilhelm Harster


A scarf is a piece of fabric worn on or near the head or around the neck for warmth, cleanliness, fashion or for religious reasons. Neck scarves are usually knitted or crocheted, while headscarves are usually woven.

Many Muslim women wear a headscarf known as a hijab. In the Persian Gulf Region it is called a sheila.

Accessories

Scarf


The violone (pronounced: "Vee-o-LOH-ne") is a very big string instrument that used to be used in the 16th and 17th centuries.  It is like a double bass, but it belongs to the viol family.  The name "violone" means "large viol".  It was really a "double-bass viola da gamba".  It usually had six strings, and the fingerboard had frets (like a guitar) which showed where to put the fingers of the left hand to make the notes.  The bow was held underhand (with the palm of the hand facing up).

Usage

The violone is sometimes heard today in early music groups who are playing Renaissance and early Baroque music music.  The instruments used today are usually ones that have been made recently to look and sound like the old ones.

History
The violone was the last member of the viol family to die out.  When the other sizes of viol had been replaced by orchestras with violins, violas and cellos the violone was often used instead of a double bass. Bach used the violone in his cantatas. Eventually the violone was no longer used, and the double bass was used instead.  The double bass still looks a little bit like the old viol because it has sloping shoulders and the strings are tuned in fourths.

Use of the name "violone" in organs
In organs "Violone" is the name given to a soft organ stop made of  metal or wood, usually in the pedals.

Related pages
Viol
Double bass

Early musical instruments
String instruments

Violone


Young Frankenstein is an American horror comedy parady film frae 1974. The film wis produced an directit bi Mel Brooks an wis wrutten bi Mel Brooks an Gene Wilder. The cast o the film includes Gene Wilder, Marty Feldman, Peter Boyle, Madeline Kahn, Cloris Leachman an Teri Garr.

1974 films
American films
Inglis-leid films
20th Century Fox films
1970s comedy horror films
Black-an-white films
American comedy horror films
Films directit bi Mel Brooks
Films set in Transylvanie
Frankenstein films
Hugo Awaird for Baist Dramatic Presentation winnin wirks
American parody films
Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films
Nebula Awaird for Baist Script winnin wirks
Screenplays bi Mel Brooks

Young Frankenstein