George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov (;  – 21 July 1931) was a Russian noble and a descendant of the House of Romanov through a morganatic line.

Early life

George was born in his mother's Moscow apartment on Petersburg Road, near Petrovsky Park. His parents were Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and his mistress, Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert. Grand Duke Michael was the youngest son of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and Empress Marie (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark), and a brother of Emperor Nicholas II.

At the time of George's birth, Natalia was still legally married to her second husband, army officer Vladimir Vladimirovich Wulfert. Wulfert and Grand Duke Michael had served in the same regiment, The Dowager Empress's Life Guard Cuirassier Regiment, known as the Blue Cuirassiers, stationed at Gatchina near Saint Petersburg. After the scandal that arose from Michael's affair with Wulfert's wife, Wulfert was transferred to Moscow, and Michael was transferred to the Chernigov Hussars at Orel. Michael and Natalia feared that her husband would try to claim custodial rights over George, and had instituted divorce proceedings, but the divorce was only finalised after George's birth. It was said that Wulfert was bought off with a bribe of 200,000 roubles, and the date of the Wulferts divorce was back-dated, so that George was recognised as Natalia's illegitimate son, though inheriting her noble status, rather than the legitimate child of Wulfert's.

George was baptised on 22 September 1910 at the Church of St Basil of Caesarea in Moscow, by Father Peter Pospelov, and named after his late uncle, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, who had died in 1899. His godparents were Aleksei Matveev and Margaret Abakanovich. Matveev was the husband of George's maternal aunt, Olga, and Abakanovich was a family friend who was married to Michael's adjutant. Abakanovich was absent, and George's half-sister, Natalia Sergeyevna Mamontova, Natalia's daughter from her first marriage, stood proxy. On 13 November 1910, Emperor Nicholas II decreed that the boy would be known as George Mikhailovich Brasov, with the surname taken from one of Michael's estates: Brasovo near Orel.

Grand Duke Michael was second in the line of imperial succession after his nephew, Tsarevich Alexei, but Alexei suffered from hemophilia and it was feared that he would not live long enough to inherit the throne. Under Russian House Law, Michael, as a member of the imperial family, could not marry without the consent of the ruling monarch, Nicholas II. Nicholas would not grant permission for Michael to marry Natalia, however, because Natalia was twice divorced and not of royal blood. In 1912, Alexei suffered a life-threatening hemorrhage in the thigh and groin while the family was at Spala, Poland. Michael feared that Alexei would not survive, which would make him heir and the possibility of his marriage to Natalia even more remote. Consequently, Michael decided to marry Natalia anyway. They married in a Serbian Orthodox Church in Vienna on 16 October 1912. A few days later, George, his newly-wed parents, and Natalia's daughter from her first marriage met up in Cannes. From there, Michael wrote to his mother and brother to inform them of the marriage. The imperial family was shocked, seeing it as a betrayal of duty, especially as it was done while the Tsarevich was so close to dying. Michael and his family were exiled from Russia. They stayed in grand hotels in Cannes, Paris, Chexbres, Bad Kissingen and London before settling in England in September 1913.

Childhood

In the fall of 1914, at the start of World War I, Grand Duke Michael requested permission to return to Russia to rejoin the army, which was fighting on the Eastern Front. Nicholas II granted his request and George and his family returned to live in a villa at 24 Nikolaevskaya, Gatchina, that Michael had bought for Natalia. (Natalia was not permitted to live at any of the imperial palaces.) George's English governess, Miss Rata, accompanied them to Russia, after marrying Michael's head groom, Mr. Bennett. Michael became a general and earned a Cross of St. George, the highest military award, for action in the Carpathian mountains.

Michael wrote to Nicholas asking him to legitimise George so, he argued, that the boy would be provided for in the event of Michael's death at the front. Six months later, Nicholas legitimised George by decree, and created him a count. George and his descendants would, however, be excluded from the order of succession.

By 1915, Mrs Bennett was pregnant, so she left the family's service and was replaced by her friend and fellow Englishwoman, Margaret Neame. George's father remained at the front until September 1916, but he was invalided from October with stomach ulcers, and the family spent the winter in the Crimea as Michael recuperated, and then spent Christmas at Brasovo. The Christmas holiday was cut short, however, when a guest's child contracted diphtheria and died. At risk of infection, the family evacuated the estate by snow-bound sleigh ride. It was the last time any of them would see Brasovo.

February Revolution

New Year 1917 was spent back at Gatchina. During the February Revolution two months later, Nicholas II abdicated for himself and his son and nominated Michael to succeed him. Michael declined to accept unless ratified by an elected assembly, and issued a manifesto that recognised the de facto control of the Russian Provisional Government. With the revolutionaries in power, and the influence of the imperial family all but ended, George and his family were placed under house arrest at the villa in Gatchina.

In September 1917, the house arrest was lifted. At the end of the following month, Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky was deposed in the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks seized power. With a permit to travel issued by Peter Polotsov, a former army colleague of Michael's who held a command in Saint Petersburg, the family planned to move to the greater safety of Finland. Valuables were packed and the children were moved to an estate south of Gatchina owned by Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, the brother of one of Natalia's closest friends (Nadine Vonlyarlarskaya) and the father of the famous writer Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. George was friends with Nabokov senior's niece, Sophie Vonlyarlarskaya. Their plan was discovered by the Bolsheviks, and the children returned to Gatchina, once again under house arrest.

In March 1918, George's father was exiled to the remote city of Perm by the Bolsheviks, and Natalia became concerned for her family's safety. She turned to her friends, Prince and Princess Putyatin, for help. The Putyatins' apartment in Saint Petersburg was next door to the Danish embassy, and the Danes agreed to surreptitiously smuggle George out of the country. The Danish diplomat overseeing prisoner-of-war exchange, Captain Frits Cramer, gave George and his governess, Miss Neame, rooms at the Burturlina Mansion. This was the former Austro-Hungarian Embassy and was being used by the Danish Red Cross to house POWs awaiting repatriation. After five weeks Margaret and George, posing as mother and son on false Austro-Hungarian passports, slipped out of Bolshevik Russia on a train carrying prisoners-of-war who were being repatriated. A Danish gentleman, Mr Sorensen of the Danish Red Cross, accompanied them, since neither spoke German, and if they were discovered Miss Neame was in danger of being shot as a spy. They reached the Danish embassy in Berlin safely, and were given shelter by the ambassador, Count Carl Moltke. Informed of their escape, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, chose to ignore the fact that the British Miss Neame was an enemy alien, and permitted them to continue their journey to Copenhagen.

Exile
On the night of 12–13 June 1918, George's father was shot dead on the outskirts of Perm by the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. The circumstances of his father's death would not become known until after George's death. Still believing Michael to be alive, George's mother and half-sister Natalia, his mother's daughter from her first marriage, were smuggled out of Russia to Kiev, in German-controlled Ukraine, by the Germans. After the armistice in November 1918, the Royal Navy evacuated George's mother and half-sister to England, and George and Miss Neame joined them in a rented house at Wadhurst, Sussex, just after Easter 1919.

George was enrolled at St Leonards-on-Sea College in September 1919, until he moved to Harrow, a prominent public boarding school in 1920. In 1927, due to financial problems, his mother relocated to Paris but he remained in England to finish his school year. He then went to another boarding school, École des Roches in Verneuil, Normandy, and then the Sorbonne. As he matured, many remarked at his strong resemblance to his father.

To George's amusement, the idea of him claiming the throne was circulated during his lifetime. By the 1920s, the Soviets had a firm grip on power in Russia, and the return of the monarchy was not a serious possibility. Nevertheless, George's cousin, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich, declared himself Emperor Cyril and George a prince.

In 1928, George's grandmother, the Dowager Empress Marie, died and George inherited a third of her estate. He had enjoyed riding his Norton motorcycle as a teenager, and some of his inheritance was spent on a Chrysler sports car. In summer 1931, he finished his final examinations at the Sorbonne, and planned a holiday in the south of France with his 19-year-old Dutch friend, Edgar Moneanaar. On the drive from Paris to Cannes, their car skidded near Sens, while Moneanaar was driving. They crashed into a tree, and Moneanaar was killed. With both thighs broken and severe internal injuries, George was taken to hospital. Natalia rushed to be at his bedside. He died without recovering consciousness the following morning.

George was buried in Passy Cemetery in Paris. In 1952, his mother died from cancer, and she was interred beside him in a grave marked by a Slavonic cross of stone on a marble tomb. (Section 9, near the intersection with the outer wall and Section 8.) The gold inscription reads, Fils et Epouse de S.A.I. Grand Duc Michel de Russie.

Although he had no succession rights due to the morganatic marriage of his parents, George was the last male-line descendant of Alexander III of Russia.

Notes

References
 Clarke, William (2007). Romanoff Gold: The Lost Fortune of the Tsars, Stroud: Sutton Publishing,
 Crawford, Rosemary; Crawford, Donald (1997). Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1910 births
1931 deaths
University of Paris alumni
Morganatic issue of Romanovs
Counts of the Russian Empire
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Road incident deaths in France
Burials at Passy Cemetery
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
House of Romanov in exile

George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov


Kelendria Trene Rowland (born February 11, 1981), also known simply as Kelly Rowland, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. Born  in Atlanta, Georgia and raised in Houston, Texas, Rowland rose to fame as a founding member of Destiny's Child, who have sold 60 million records worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling girl groups. As of November 2012, Rowland, as a solo artist, has sold over 40 million records worldwide. Her work has earned her several achievements, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame with Destiny's Child, four Grammy Awards, a Billboard Music Award, and a Soul Train Music Award. Rowland has been honored by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) and Essence magazine for her contributions to music.

Rowland released her debut solo album Simply Deep in 2002, while Destiny's Child was in recess. It produced her worldwide number-one single "Dilemma" with rapper Nelly, and the international top-ten hit "Stole". The album topped the UK Albums Chart and sold more than 2.5 million copies worldwide. Following the group's disbandment in 2005, Rowland released her second solo effort Ms. Kelly in 2007 and despite being less successful than its predecessor, it included the international top-ten singles "Like This" and "Work". Rowland scored her second worldwide number-one hit in 2009, as a featured artist on French DJ David Guetta's single "When Love Takes Over", and two years later she collaborated with Italian DJ Alex Gaudino on the international top-ten single "What a Feeling". Both songs are included in the international edition of her third album Here I Am (2011), which topped the US R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart. It also included the international top-ten single "Commander" and the US R&B number-one "Motivation". Rowland's fourth album Talk a Good Game was released in 2013, and was preceded by its lead single "Kisses Down Low".

Apart from her work in music, Rowland has also launched a career in film and television. In 2002, she made her acting debut with guest appearances on sitcom series The Hughleys and Taina, prior to appearing in various films, including Freddy vs. Jason (2003), The Seat Filler (2004) and Think Like a Man (2012). In 2007, Rowland appeared as a choirmaster on the reality show Clash of the Choirs, and in 2009 she served as the host on Bravo's reality competition series The Fashion Show alongside Isaac Mizrahi. Rowland served as a judge for the eighth series of UK version of The X Factor in 2011, and currently serves as a judge for the third season of the American version in 2013. In 2012, she became a dance master on the first series of the Australian dance talent show Everybody Dance Now.

Itokasi

Àwọn akọrin ará Amẹ́ríkà

Kelly Rowland


The Sand dollars are species of flattened, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Echinarachnius parma, the Common Sand Dollar, is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, from the intertidal zone to considerable depths. Sand dollars can be found in temperate and tropical zones, but not in Great Britain.p76

All sand dollars have a rigid skeleton known as a test. This is the typical white disk found washed up on beaches. The living animals have a skin of movable spines on the test. Movement is done by the action of the spines. Like other sea urchins, sand dollars have five paired rows of pores. The pores are arranged in a petal-like pattern. These pores are perforations in the endoskeleton through which the tube feet, used in gas exchange, project from the body.

Description

Living sand dollars have small spines covering its entire body. They are softer and much shorter than those of the sea urchin. Like all echinoderms, sand dollars have tube feet. They are not used to move around, but simply to breathe. The sand dollar's tube feet actually stick out of the top of the sand dollar. On a sand dollar test, there is usually a pattern that looks like the petals of a flower. That pattern is made up of many tiny holes, and it is through these holes that the sand dollar's tube feet came out when it was alive.

A sand dollar uses its tiny spines to move around, and to dig into the sand. It often does this to bury itself in the sand. Sometimes, a sand dollar will only partially bury itself in the sand, and ends up poking up from the sand, standing on its side.

On the underside of a sand dollar, there is a star pattern spreading out from the center where the mouth is. This star pattern is made up of grooves that are called food grooves. Sand dollars filter sand and water, catching plankton and other things on their spines. Then, with cilia, the spines move the food into a food groove, and the food travels down the food groove to the mouth. Its food consists of crustacean larvae, small copepods, diatoms, algae and detritus.

Life style
The sand dollars are the most specialised sea urchins. All their features are adaptations for burrowing. They live just beneath the sand, either flat or at an angle. At an angle they keep the edge facing the oncoming currents, presumably to catch food. This excellent habitat has been taken up by other groups of sea urchins. The heart urchins, another order, are even more effective in burrowing.p76 Sand dollars can live for up to 10 years.

Colours
Most living sand dollars have dark colours, like brown or purple. Their darker color helps them stay camouflaged, easily hiding in the sand or mud or on the sea floor. The tests of sand dollars do not have bristles and tube feet, and because of the sun, they usually become bleached white.

References

Other websites

 The Common Sand Dollar by Cheryl Page
  The Biogeography of the Western Sand Dollar - Dendraster excentricus
 Video showing the life cycle of Clypeaster subdepressus

Echinoderms

Sand dollar


The Orkestra Rumpilezz is an orchestra of percussion and brass created in 2006 by Letieres Leite (1959-2021). The group's first album won the Bravo! Award for Best Popular Album of the Year 2010 and the Brazilian Music Award in the categories Best New Artist and Best Instrumental Group.

It's about a group of instrumental folk music in which music is attributed to the ancestral music from Bahia in a harmonic modern garb, percussion with African roots and under the influence of modern jazz. Both compositions and arrangements are conceived from drawings and rhythm of the claves from the percussive universe of Bahia - inspired in large associations such as the percussive Ile Aiye, Olodum, Sambas Recôncavo, among others - with the influence of Candomblé.

The Orchestra consists of five percussionists (drums, timbau, agogo, tambourine, caxixi) and 14 wind instrument players (four trumpets, four trombones, two alto sax, two tenor sax, a baritone sax and one tuba).

Important names of world music already attended concerts of the Orkestra Rumpilezz: Carlinhos Brown, Ed Motta, Stanley Jordan, Toninho Horta, David Moraes and others.

The teacher
In 1979, Letieres Leite initiated his studies by himself, and discovered a vocation in wind instruments such as the flute and saxophone. He received his degree from the Federal University of Bahia. In 1987, he continued his studies at the Konservatorium Franz Schubert in Vienna - Austria. Since then, Letieres has performed with innumerable musicians and in festivals in Europe and Brazil. He has recorded with such artists as Nico Assumpção, Nana Vasconcelos, Gilberto Gil, Elba Ramalho, Lulu Santos, Timbalada, Daniela Mercury, Elza Soares, Hermeto Pascoal, Stanley Jordan, Carlinhos Brown, Toninho Horta, Arthur Maia, Marcio Montarroios and the singer Ivete Sangalo (in whose band he played tenor sax). He contributed performances to eight albums and three DVDs, including one at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Letieres continued to work as producer and musical manager for Sangalo.

Discography
 2009 - Letieres Leite & Orkestra Rumpilezz
 2016 - A Saga Da Travessia

Awards
21º Brazilian Music Award (Best Instrumental Group and Best New Artist of the Year)
Bravo! Award (Best Popular Album)
Funarte
Cultural Itaú
Gold Medal Quality of Brazil Musical
Natura (National Tour)
The Globe (Best in music in 2010)
3rd Best of 2010 by Folha de S.Paulo

References

External links
 Official website

 Official MySpace
 Official Facebook Page

Brazilian jazz ensembles
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Brazil

Orkestra Rumpilezz


Canowindra (pronounced Can-noun-dra) is an historic town near Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. Canowindra is on the Belubula River.

History
A post office opened in 1847. The mail came through Carcoar. It was not part of the road to the Lachlan because it didn't have a bridge.

In October 1863, bushranger Ben Hall's gang took over the village for three days. Everyone was held hostage in the hotel. The gang held a big party for everyone in the hotel. A monument to Ben Hall was put up in 1951 on the site of Robinson's hotel, the Travellers' Rest. New research shows that the events happened at an hotel on the other side of the river.

Modern Canowindra
The Royal Hotel is on the site of another hotel owned by Robinson. A sign on the wall says this was where Ben Hall's gang had their party. Other important buildings include the nursing home, the Junction Hotel, Finn's Building, the Victoria Hotel, the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank. The Trading Post is a homewares shop that won a tourism award for 2006.

Canowindra is also known as the Balloon Capital of Australia. One of the largest festivals in Australia used to take place here every April. This was called Marti's Fiesta, which is no longer held due to lack of money.

Australian country music star Captain Flange makes his home in Canowindra.

Fossils
The town is the site of one of the world's great fossil discoveries. A road worker in 1956 found 360 million year old fish fossils. These were from the Devonian period in the Palaeozoic era. The "Canowindra slab" was taken to the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fish had been trapped in a pool of water that dried up. The fish found were two armoured antiarch placoderms, Remigolepis walkeri and Bothriolepis yeungae. They also found Canowindra grassi, a lobe-finned crossopterygian fish, with two rare young arthrodire placoderms, Groenlandaspis species.

More fossils were found in January 1993 using an excavator to dig down to the fossil layer. Many fish were preserved in detail. Specimens can be seen in the Age of Fishes Museum. This was built with support and funding from the Australian Museum.  The Canowindra site has now been listed as part of Australia's National Heritage because of its international scientific importance.

References

Towns in New South Wales

Canowindra


Pistoia is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is about  west and north of Florence.

History
Pistoria, the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.

In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.

Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".

Notable features

Duomo Square and Bishops' Palace

The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the  Palazzo del Comune and the Palazzo del Podestà. In July, the Giostra dell'Orso ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also in the square.

The Palazzo dei Vescovi ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.
.

Other important buildings
 Church of the Madonna dell'Umiltà (1509), finished by Giovanni Vasari with a high cupola.
 Church of San Bartolomeo in Pantano (12th century).
 The Romanesque church of San Giovanni Fuoricivitas (12th-14th century).
 The Monument in Honour of Brazilians (Soldiers and Pilots) killed in action on Italian Campaign (World War II)
 Church of San Domenico
 Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
 Church of San Pietro Maggiore
 Church of San Paolo
 Church of 'La Vergine"
 the Baroque church of Santissima Annunziata, famous for its Chiostro dei Morti ("Dead's Cloister").
 "Ospedale del Ceppo" ("del Ceppo Hospital") '(13th century).
 The 14th century walls. These had originally four gates: Porta al Borgo, Porta San Marco, Porta Carratica and Porta Lucchese. All were destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century.
 The Medici Fortress of Santa Barbara, built in the 16th century by the Florentines.
 The ancient Pieve San Michele in Groppoli, in the neighbourhood of the city.

Famous people born in Pistoia
 Enrico Betti
 Mauro Bolognini
 Licio Gelli
 Cino da Pistoia
 Ippolito Desideri
 Pope Clement IX
 Christian Orlandi
 Marino Marini
 Filippo Pacini

Sisters towns
Pistoia is twinned with:
 , Pau, since 1975

Other websites
 Comune di Pistoia
 Pistoia Tourist Consortium: lots of information and city map download
 Virtual Tour of the City

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Pistoia

Pistoia


The Dassault Rafale is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation. The prototype first flew in 1986 but was introduced in 2001 by the Marine Nationale. Rafale was introduced in Armée de l'Air in 2006.

Specifications
Using the traditional delta wing of Dassault aircraft, the Rafale is a twin-engine fighter built in composite material and metal.  Near the nose it has small "canard" wings used to stabilize the aircraft during certain phases of flight, especially at low altitude.  The cockpit can be single or tandem seat, depending on aircraft type.  It has an internal 30 mm calibre autocannon.  Rafale has 13 or 14 hardpoints for external weapons :

 Magic, Meteor, and Mica air-to-air missiles.
 AS-30L, Apache, and Storm Shadow surface-to-air missiles.
 ASMP nuclear missile.
 Exocet anti-ship missile.
 A2SM and Paveway guided bombs.
Maximum offensive load of the Rafale is 21 000 pounds (9 500 kg).

The Rafale avionics consists of an RBE2 electronic scanning radar, the OSF passive visual system and SPECTRA electronic warfare. Under wings Rafale may take one or two pods of aerial reconnaissance. It uses the communication Link 16 like as the majority of NATO combat aircraft.

Variants
 Rafale A : Designation assigned to the first prototype, that flown in 1986.
 Rafale B : Designation assigned to the tandem seat version.
 Rafale C : Designation assigned to the single seat version.
 Rafale M : designation assigned to the navalized single seat version.

Users

In 2013 operational users of Rafale were:

 Armée de l'Air.
 Escadron de Bombardement 1/91 Gascogne, also known like EB-1/91.
 Escadron de Chasse et d'expérimentation 5/330 Côte d'Argent, also known like EC-5/330.
 Escadron de Chasse 1/7 Provence, also known like EC-1/7.
 Escadron de Chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen, also known like EC-2/30.
 Escadron de Chasse 3/30 Lorraine, also known  like EC-3/30.
 Escadron de Transformation Rafale 2/92 Aquitaine, also know like ETR-2/92.
 Marine Nationale.
 Flottille 11F.
 Flottille 12F.

Early 2013 in France negotiating the sale of aircraft with Brazil, India, and UAE.

International military commitments

Afghanistan
In the afghan war Armée de l'Air and Marine Nationale used there Rafale like bombers and reconnaissance planes. The main weapon of these aircraft was then laser guided bomb. French navy Rafale flown from French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, named like famous general and political man. Last French Rafale mission in Afghanistan was in december 2011.

Libya
In the war of 2011 French Rafale and Mirage 2000 bombed the armed forces of Colonel Gaddafi. Some comes from aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle but French air forces aircraft were from Solenzara air force base in Corsica. In this kind aerial refuelling were an obligation. Like in Afghanistan French pilots fired laser guided bombs, but also laser guided missiles.

Mali
In january 2013 France launch in Mali the opération Serval whose objective is to fight the Islamist terrorists who occupy the north. Air and land French forces are on alert, and immediately the first French fighter jets launched night bombing. Some are Rafale, but also Mirage 2000D. Once French troops involved, including the Légion Étrangère and Special forces, Rafale and Mirage 2000 were used for close air support. French fighter jets operating from internation airport of N'Djamena in Chad.

References

French military aircraft
Rafale

Dassault Rafale


Frederick Dana Marsh (1872 – December 20, 1961) was an American illustrator.

Born in 1872 to a prosperous Chicago stockyard merchant, Marsh attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where he worked with artists preparing murals for the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, learning the big brush techniques of mural painting.

He went to Paris where in 1895 he married Alice Randall, a fellow Chicago art student. While living in a studio in Montparnasse they had two sons, James and Reginald, both of whom achieved renown as artists. His "Lady in Scarlet", a full-length portrait of his wife, won the International Bronze Medal and was exhibited extensively. It now resides in the Newark Museum in New Jersey.

Marsh and his family returned to New York at the turn of the century, moving to Nutley, New Jersey, where they acquired a home located on The Enclosure, a street that had been established as an artists' colony some decades earlier by the American painter Frank Fowler. In 1914 they moved to the well-known New Rochelle artist colony in New Rochelle, New York. Marsh attended Yale University from 1916 through 1920 during which time he worked as Editor of the 'Yale Record'.

He created paintings for wealthy clients, as well as a series of murals entitled "Allegories of Industry" for the New York Engineering Society Library. Marsh also produced a number of terra cotta murals entitled "Maritime History of the Hudson" for the Hotel McAlpin in New York, which were later relocated to the New York City subway in 2000. During World War I, he produced patriotic posters for the publicity department of the Navy.

Marsh largely retired from commercial art in 1928. During the following year his parents, wife and youngest son all died. In 1930 he married the artist, Mabel Van Alstyne, and in 1931 moved to Ormond Beach, Florida where he built a large Streamline Moderne beachside home known as the "Battleship House" (since demolished) which was extensively decorated with murals and relief sculptures. With assistance from his wife, Marsh continued to create artworks while in Florida, including the statue of "Chief Tomokie" at Tomoka State Park and four sculptures of muses for the exterior of the Peabody Auditorium in Daytona Beach. For the rest of his life, Marsh would also continue to split his time between Ormond Beach and Woodstock, New York.

Marsh died on December 20, 1961.

References

External links
Marine Grill Murals at Broadway/Nassau subway stop
"1918 - House and Garden" Residence of Frederick Dana Marsh, Esq, New Rochelle, NY

1872 births
1961 deaths
American illustrators
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Artists from Chicago
Artists from New Rochelle, New York
People from Nutley, New Jersey
People from Woodstock, New York
People from Ormond Beach, Florida
American expatriates in France

Frederick Dana Marsh


Doncaster railway works is a plant in  Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. When it was set up by the Great Northern Railway in 1853, it replaced the previous works in Boston and Peterborough.

Until 1867 it did only repairs and maintenance. In 1866, Patrick Stirling was appointed as Locomotive Superintendent, and the first of the 875 class was built in 1886. At this time the works also began building new coaches. In 1873 they built the first sleeping cars; in 1879 the first dining cars in the United Kingdom; and in 1882 the first corridor coaches. In 1891, 99 locomotives, 181 carriages and 1493 wagons were built.

In 1957, the last of over two thousand steam locomotives was built. Carriage building finished in 1962. The works was modernised with the addition of a diesel locomotive repair shop. Under BREL, new diesel shunters and 25 kV electric locomotives were built, also Class 56 and Class 58 diesel locomotives.  In July 2003 the works celebrated its 150th anniversary with an open weekend.

Owners Wabtec closed the train engine plant in 2007. In early 2008 the main locomotive repair shop was demolished to make way for housing. Wabtec still does passenger fleet refurbishment at the Doncaster site.

References

Rail transport in Great Britain
British Rail

Doncaster Works


David Wills (February 3, 1831 – October 25, 1894) was the principal figure in the establishment of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of his efforts, the Gettysburg Address was given by Abraham Lincoln. Wills was Lincoln's host while in Gettysburg, and the Gettysburg Address was completed in the large upstairs bedroom occupied by the President during his brief stay in the town.

Biography
David Wills was born in Menallen Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, the son of James Wills, a farmer. He remained on his father's farm until 13 years of age, entering Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College) in 1846 from which he graduated with high honors in 1851. He then became a principal of the Academy at Cahaba, Alabama, where he taught one year. In 1853 he entered as a law student in the office of Hon. Thaddeus Stevens at Lancaster and in 1854 he was admitted to the Bar of Pennsylvania.

He opened a law office in Gettysburg in 1853. He was elected Burgess of the Borough of Gettysburg. He was elected the first County Superintendent of Schools of Adams County, and on him devolved the organization of the new school system. He was also elected director of the Bank of Gettysburg in 1854 and served until 1860 when he was succeeded by his father, James Wills, who served until 1867.

He was a trustee of Wilson College, Chambersburg. He was also a trustee of the Dickinson School of Law, Carlisle. He was for more than twenty years a trustee of Pennsylvania College. In 1874 he was appointed President Judge of the 42nd Judicial District composed of Adams and Fulton Counties.

The American Civil War came to the doorstep of the Wills home July 1–3, 1863. During the Confederate occupation of the town, Wills saw "a group of rebels with an ax break open the store door" of one of his tenants. As the battle raged around the town, local citizens huddled in his cellar.

Mr. Wills suggested the idea of the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg to Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin immediately after the Battle of Gettysburg. He was appointed the agent of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by Governor Curtin to organize the Soldiers' National Cemetery and looked after its interest. However, rival lawyer David McConaughy had already started purchasing land on Cemetery Hill with the intention of preserving it for the Federal government instead of the commonwealth.

Notably, it was in Wills' house on November 18 that President Lincoln wrote the final draft of the Gettysburg Address. The house renovated and reopened to the public in February 2009.

Family
In 1856, he married Catherine Jane "Jennie" Smyser and by the summer of 1863, the Wills had three children. In all, they had seven children: Catherine, Mary, Annie, Jennie, Emma, David Jr., and James.

References

Further reading

External links
David Wills
Online Lincoln Coloring Book for Teachers and Students
David Wills' House
Hallowed Ground
Main Street Gettysburg
Tour the Wills House
David Wills House (Gettysburg Foundation)

1831 births
1894 deaths
People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania lawyers
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
People from Adams County, Pennsylvania
Gettysburg College alumni
Wilson College (Pennsylvania)
Dickinson College
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania)
19th-century American lawyers

David Wills (Gettysburg)


In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext bits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher bit stream (keystream) using an exclusive-or (xor) operation. In a stream cipher the Plaintext digits are encrypted one at a time, and the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption state. An alternative name is a state cipher, as the encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state. In practice, the digits are typically single bits or bytes.

Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of fixed length. Stream ciphers typically execute at a higher speed than block ciphers and have lower hardware requirements. However, stream ciphers can be susceptible to serious security problems if used incorrectly; for example, in particular, the same starting state must never be used twice.

A stream cipher makes use of a much smaller and more convenient cryptographic key, for example 128 bits keys. Based on this key, it generates a pseudorandom keystream which can be combined with the plaintext digits in a similar way to the one-time pad encryption algorithm. However,  because the keystream is pseudorandom, and not truly random, the security associated with the one-time pad cannot be applied and it is quite possible for a stream cipher to be completely insecure.

Types of stream ciphers
A stream cipher generates successive elements of the keystream based on an internal state. This state is updated in two ways:
 If the state changes independently of the plaintext or ciphertext messages, the cipher is classified as a synchronous stream cipher.
 If the state is updated based on previous changes of the ciphertext digits, the cipher is classified as a self-synchronising stream ciphers.

Synchronous stream ciphers
In a synchronous stream cipher a stream of pseudo-random digits is generated independently of the plaintext and ciphertext messages, and then combined with the plaintext (to encrypt) or with the ciphertext (to decrypt). In the most common form, binary digits(bits) are used, and the keystream is combined with the plaintext using the exclusive or operation (XOR). This is termed a binary additive stream cipher.

In a synchronous stream cipher, the sender and receiver must be in  synchronous for decryption to be successful. If digits are added or removed from the message during transmission, synchronisation is lost. To restore synchronisation, various offsets can be tried systematically to obtain the correct decryption. Another approach is to mark the ciphertext with markers at regular points in the output.

If, however, a digit is corrupted in transmission, rather than added or lost, only a single digit in the plaintext is affected and the error does not propagate to other parts of the message. This property is useful when the transmission error rate is high; however, it makes it less likely that the error would be detected without further mechanisms. Moreover, because of this property, synchronous stream ciphers are very susceptible to active attacks — if an attacker can change a digit in the ciphertext, he might be able to make predictable changes to the corresponding plaintext bit; for example, flipping a bit in the ciphertext causes the same bit to be flipped(Toggled) in the plaintext.

Self-synchronizing stream ciphers
Self-synchronizing stream ciphers is another technique that uses part of the previous N ciphertext digits to compute the keystream. Such schemes are known also as asynchronous stream ciphers or ciphertext autokey (CTAK). The idea of self-synchronization was patented in 1946, and has the advantage that the receiver will automatically synchronise with the keystream generator after receiving N ciphertext digits, making it easier to recover if digits are dropped or added to the message stream. Single-digit errors are limited in their effect, affecting only up to N plaintext digits. It is somewhat more difficult to perform active attacks on self-synchronising stream ciphers rather than synchronous counterparts.

An example of a self-synchronising stream cipher is a block cipher in cipher-feedback mode (CFB).

Linear feedback shift register-based stream ciphers
Binary stream ciphers are often constructed using linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) because they can be easily implemented in hardware and can be quickly analysed mathematically. However, the use of LFSRs only is insufficient to provide good security. Various schemes have been designed to increase the security of LFSRs.

Non-linear combining functions
Because LFSRs are inherently linear, one technique for removing the linearity is to feed the outputs of a group of parallel LFSRs into a non-linear Boolean function to form a combination generator. Various properties of such a combining function are important for ensuring the security of the resultant scheme, for example, in order to avoid correlation attacks.

Clock-controlled generators
Normally LFSRs are stepped regularly. One technique to introducting non-linearity is to have the LFSR clocked irregularly, controlled by the output of a second LFSR. Such generators include the stop-and-go generator, the alternating step generator and the shrinking generator.

The stop-and-go generator (Beth and Piper, 1984) consists of two LFSRs. One LFSR is clocked if the output of a second is a "1", otherwise it repeats its previous output. This output is then (in some versions) combined with the output of a third LFSR clocked at a regular rate.

The shrinking generator uses a different technique. Two LFSRs are used, both clocked regularly in the following way:
If the output of the first LFSR is "1", the output of the second LFSR becomes the output of the generator.
If the output of the first LFSR "0", the output of the second is discarded, and no bit is output by the generator.

This technique suffers from timing attacks on the second generator, since the speed of the output is variable in a manner that depends on the second generator's state.  This can be improved by buffering the output.

Filter generator
Another approach to improving the security of an LFSR is to pass the entire state of a single LFSR into a non-linear filtering function.

Other designs
Instead of a linear driving device, one may use a nonlinear update function. For example, Klimov and Shamir proposed triangular functions (T-Functions) with a single cycle on n bit words.

Security
To be secure, the period of the keystream (the number of digits output before the stream repeats itself)  needs to be large enough. If the sequence repeats, then the overlapping ciphertexts can be aligned against each other "in depth", and there are techniques which allow extraction of the plaintext form ciphertexts generated using these methods.

Usage

Stream ciphers are often used in applications where plaintext comes in quantities of unknowable length as in secure wireless connections. If a block cipher were to be used in this type of application, the designer would need to choose either transmission efficiency or implementation complexity, since block ciphers cannot directly work on blocks shorter than their block size. For example, if a 128-bit block cipher received separate 32-bit bursts of plaintext, three quarters of the transmitted data need padding. Block ciphers must be used in ciphertext stealing or residual block termination mode to avoid padding, while stream ciphers eliminate this issue by operating on the smallest transmitted unit (usually bytes).

Another advantage of stream ciphers in military cryptography is that the cipher stream can be generated by an encryption device that is subject to strict security measures then fed to other devices, e.g. a radio set, which will perform the xor operation as part of their function.  The other device can be designed for used in less securely environments.

RC4 is the most widely used stream cipher in software; others include:
A5/1,
A5/2,
Chameleon,
FISH,
Helix,
ISAAC,
MUGI,
Panama,
Phelix,
Pike,
SEAL,
SOBER,
SOBER-128 and
WAKE.

Comparison Of Stream Ciphers

Related pages
 eSTREAM

References
 Matt J. B. Robshaw, Stream Ciphers Technical Report TR-701, version 2.0, RSA Laboratories, 1995 (PDF) .
 Thomas Beth and Fred Piper, The Stop-and-Go Generator. EUROCRYPT 1984, pp 88–92.

Other websites
 RSA technical report on stream cipher operation.
 Analysis of Lightweight Stream Ciphers (thesis by S. Fischer).

Cryptography

Stream cipher


Margaret Douglas, Countess of Douglas (died c. 1474), known as the Fair Maid of Galloway, was a Scottish noblewoman, and a member of the Black Douglas family towards the end of the family's position as a major power in Scotland.

She was the daughter of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, and Eupheme Graham, daughter of Patrick Graham, Earl of Strathearn and Euphemia Stewart, Countess of Strathearn.

She acquired Galloway when her two brothers (one of whom was William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas) were murdered at the Black Dinner in Edinburgh Castle.

She married her cousin William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas.  When he was assassinated she obtained permission to marry his brother, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, but it is not entirely clear that the marriage ever happened; if it did it must have ended in divorce, since they both married again. She then married John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl.

She had no children by the Earls of Douglas, but two daughters by the Earl of Atholl. These were Janet, wife of Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly; and Elizabeth, wife of Andrew Gray, 2nd Lord Gray. Both had issue.

Margaret Douglas in fiction
She is a significant character in Black Douglas by Nigel Tranter, which is rather speculative about her relationship with the 8th and 9th Earls of Douglas.

She is the protagonist and fictional author of Maid Margaret, a 1905 novel by Samuel Rutherford Crockett and also appears as an important character in his earlier novel The Black Douglas (1899).

References

Margaret
Scottish countesses
Daughters of Scottish earls
1470s deaths
Year of birth unknown
15th-century Scottish people
15th-century Scottish women
Lords of Galloway

Margaret Douglas, Fair Maid of Galloway


Introversion and extraversion is a personality dimension. It was promoted by Carl Jung in the 1920s. Individual people differ on this scale. According to the theory, introverts get energy from inside themselves (ideas and concepts in their own minds), while extroverts get energy from outside of themselves (interacting with other people). There are many ideas about introversion and extroversion which are false, such as the idea(s) that all introverts are shy, antisocial and non-emotional.

The idea of introversion and extroversion has been used in many different personality tests and is a key determining factor for many things. Those who follow this way of looking at the world say that everyone has some parts of both traits in them, although one will usually dominate over the other.

At one time, extroverts were thought to make up almost three quarters of American society. In more modern times, however, researchers have been able to ascertain that the number of introverts almost equals the number of extroverts in the country. Interestingly, also, the prevalence of both types varies from country to country, with certain nations (Scandinavian countries, Japan) favouring introversion and others (most notably America) favouring extroversion.
Personality

Extraversion and introversion


The 7.92×57mm Mauser, aka 8mm Mauser round is a German bullet first used in the G98 Mauser rifle. Other German rifles chambered (Size of the bullet the gun can take) in 7.92×57mm include weapons such as the K98, MG34, MG42, FG42, G41, and G43.

A variant (Different style) of the 7.92×57mm, the 7.92×33 mm "8mm Kurz", was created as an intermediate cartridge intended to be used in urban warfare, as the German army learned from fighting in cities, mainly in Russia after Operation Barbarossa. The 8mm Kurz was used in the STG44 assault rifle. This round, weapon, and concept was picked up and expanded on by the Russians after the war, and this led up to the development of the 7.62×39mm cartridge used in the SKS45, AK47 (and variants), and the RPD light machine gun.

After World War II, Germany was split into two countries, West Germany and East Germany, and both countries stopped using 8mm Mauser weapons. This was because the alliances they made required them to use the same ammunition for all their weapons as their allies. West Germany would use NATO weapons, and East Germany would use Warsaw Pact weapons.

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges

7.92×57mm Mauser


Robert Eugene Ferguson (August 29, 1939 – December 30, 2004) was an American football fullback.  He played college football at Ohio State University, where he won the Maxwell Award in 1961.  Ferguson then played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Minnesota Vikings.  He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996.

Playing career
Ferguson attended Troy High School in Troy, Ohio.  Ferguson's first year of eligibility at Ohio State University was 1959. The starting fullback at the beginning of the season was the senior, and Heisman Trophy candidate, Bob White.  Through the course of the season, however, Ferguson supplanted White as the starter and led the team in rushing that season, averaging 6.1 yards per carry.

Over the next two seasons, Ferguson continued to lead the Ohio State offensive attack.  In both 1960 and 1961 Ferguson was a unanimous All-American selection.  In 1961, he won the UPI College Football Player of the Year, the Maxwell Award, and was the runner-up to Ernie Davis for the Heisman Trophy.  The 1961 Heisman vote was the second-closest in the history of the award, with Davis edging Ferguson by 53 points.

Ferguson shared the Ohio State backfield in 1961 with halfbacks Paul Warfield and Matt Snell.  Ferguson was a power runner and Warfield was supplied speed.  The common description of the time said, "Warfield is the lightning, Ferguson is the thunder." The Buckeyes won the Big Ten Conference that year and were voted national champions by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA).

Ferguson finished his career at Ohio State with 2,162 rushing yards.  This rushing total was at the time second in team history behind Howard Cassady.  Ferguson owns the distinction of never having been thrown for a loss during his college football career.  Ferguson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996, and into Ohio State's own Varsity O Hall of Fame in 1987.  He was selected to the Ohio State Football All-Century Team in 2000.

Ferguson was a first-round draft pick by both the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League and the San Diego Chargers of the American Football League.  Ferguson accepted the offer from the Steelers, but a head injury hampered his football career.  After two seasons, playing both for the Steelers and the Minnesota Vikings, he joined the Dayton Colts of the Midwest Football League in 1965.

Later life
Ferguson returned to Ohio State University and earned a master's degree in sociology.  He worked as a youth counselor in Columbus, Ohio until he was forced to retire in 1990 due to health problems.  Ferguson died in 2004 of complications due to diabetes.

References

External links

1939 births
2004 deaths
American football fullbacks
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Maxwell Award winners
People from Troy, Ohio
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
African-American players of American football
Deaths from diabetes
Midwest Football League (1962–1978) players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

Bob Ferguson (fullback)


Brett Ewins (1955 – 16 February 2015) was a British comic book artist best known for his work on Judge Dredd and Rogue Trooper in the weekly anthology comic 2000 AD.

Biography
Ewins studied Conceptual Art at Goldsmiths College, where he was also taught fine art by Michael Craig-Martin. Ewins met future collaborator Peter Milligan at Goldsmiths, and left in 1977. In 1980, Ewins held a solo exhibition of his work at Frestonia's Car Breaker Gallery in London, a squat in Ladbroke Grove's Republic of Frestonia. Ewins formed a long-term collaborative partnership with fellow artist Brendan McCarthy who also showed at the Car Breaker Gallery, creating the comic Sometime Stories, which faltered after the first issue leaving the second issue completed but unpublished. On the strength of Sometime Stories, Ewins soon started providing covers for 2000 AD, the first being issue #33 published in October of the same year.

Ewins and McCarthy continued working together on Future Shocks and Judge Dredd, but soon after Ewins began working solo on Rogue Trooper and later Judge Anderson. In 1985 Ewins started working on Bad Company, a sci-war epic, written by Peter Milligan with artwork by Ewins and Jim McCarthy (brother of Brendan).

Brett Ewins did the cover art for the Judgement Day (1986) supplement for Games Workshop's Judge Dredd: The Role-Playing Game.

Along with Steve Dillon, he started the comic magazine Deadline in 1988, which continued for another seven years. At the same time as Ewins was starting Deadline, he began working on Skreemer for American comics publisher, DC. Ewins was also still contributing art to 2000 AD at the same time. This level of work was to have a serious impact of Ewins' health.

He "suffered a serious breakdown from overwork" in 1991 and was unable to take on work that had a deadline, which led to lost commissions from DC Comics and Penguin Books. His plan to recover was to create an anthology based on work from friends in the industry like Peter Milligan, Alan Grant and Alan McKenzie, as well as friends like musician Michael White. The volume was finished off with, "Machine," a story written by Ewins based on his breakdown. He worked on the stories from 1995 to 2003 and the book was published as The Dark Gate in 2004 by Cyberosia Publishing.

Ewins also was a painter and had a number of exhibitions. Ewins was also an influence on street art, especially The IFC and the Mutoid Waste Company, and a Ewins-influenced exhibition was held in November 2011.

In 2011, Air Pirate Press published a biographical retrospective book of Ewins' life and work, The Art of Brett Ewins ().

In January 2012 it was reported that he had sustained head injuries during a confrontation with police, in which one policeman received stab wounds. He subsequently appeared before Uxbridge Magistrates Court in February 2012 charged with causing Grievous bodily harm with intent.

On 17 February 2015, people received the news from his niece that Brett had died in hospital from emphysema.

Bibliography
Comics work includes:
Tharg's Future Shocks:
 "Robot Repairs" (with writer Robert Flynn and artist Jim McCarthy, in 2000 AD #37-38, 1977)
 "The Man Who Was Too Clever" (with Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #216, 1981)
Judge Dredd:
 "Bring Me The Head of Judge Dredd!" (with John Wagner, as "John Howard", and sharing art duties Brendan McCarthy, in 2000 AD #88, 1978)
 "The DNA Man" (with John Wagner, as "John Howard", in 2000 AD #114-115, 1979)
 "The Haunting of Sector House 9" (with John Wagner, as "T. B. Grover", in 2000 AD  #359, 1984)
 "The Wally Squad" (with John Wagner and Alan Grant as  "T.B. Grover", in "2000 AD" #390 - 392 (1984)
ABC Warriors: "The Order of Knights Martial" (with Pat Mills, in 2000 AD #124, 1979)
Rogue Trooper: "Bagman Blues" (with Gerry Finley-Day, in 2000 AD #261-262, 1982)
Strange Days #1-3 (with Peter Milligan, Eclipse Comics, 1984–1985)
The Johnny Nemo Magazine #1-3 (with Peter Milligan, Eclipse Comics, 1985–1986)
Bad Company (pencils, with Peter Milligan and inks by Jim McCarthy):
 "Bad Company" (in 2000 AD #500-519, 1986–1987)
 "The Bewilderness" (in 2000 AD #548-557, 1987–1988)
 "Young Men Marching" (in 2000AD Annual 1989, 1988)
 "The Krool Heart" (in 2000 AD #576-585, 1988)
 "Simply" (in 2000 AD #601, 1988)
 "Ararat" (in 2000AD Annual 1990, 1989)
 "Kano" (in 2000 AD #828-837, 1993)
 "Down Among the Dead Men" (in 2000AD Annual 2001, 2000)
 "Bad Company 2002" (in 2000 AD Prog 2002 and #1273-1277, 2001–2002)
Swamp Thing #70 (with Rick Veitch, Vertigo, 1988)
Hellblazer #7-8 (with Jamie Delano, Vertigo, 1988)
Skreemer (pencils, with writer Peter Milligan and inks by Steve Dillon, 6-issue limited series, 1989, DC Comics, trade paperback, 169 pages, 2002, )
Secret Origins: "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" #23 (with Rick Veitch, DC Comics, February 1988)
Mr X Special (with Peter Milligan, one-shot, Vortex Comics, 1990)
The Dark Gate (editor and artist, with Peter Milligan, Alan McKenzie and Alan Grant, 64 pages, Cyberosia Publishing, 2004, )

Awards
1990: Won "Favourite Single or Continued Story US" Eagle Award, for Skreemer

Notes

References

 Brett Ewins at Barney

External links

1955 births
Date of birth missing
2015 deaths
British comics artists
Games Workshop artists
Place of birth missing
Role-playing game artists
Deaths from emphysema
English Buddhists
Artists from Hammersmith

Brett Ewins


The Battle of Sculeni was fought on 29 June 1821 in Sculeni, Moldavia between Ottoman forces and the Greek revolutionary forces raised by the Filiki Eteria led by Prince George Katakouzenos. The battle came about as the result of Ottoman reprisals for Alexander Ypsilantis' expedition in the two Danubian Principalities, and followed in the aftermath of the Battle of Dragashani.  When the Ottomans crossed the Bahlui River in Iaşi on 25 June 1821, Lieutenant Catakouzenos and his forces, originally stationed on the Russian frontier, crossed the Prut River.

Battle
The Ottomans possessed a military that outnumbered the Greeks at approximately ten to one. Catacouzenos imitated the retreat of Ypsilantis to the Austrian Empire after Dragashani, by fleeing to Russia. However, his forces, made up of around 500 young Greek soldiers (Edwin Emerson places the number at 400 soldiers), wanted to stay and fight against the Ottoman Empire. During the battle, approximately one-fourth of the Greek army fled by swimming across the Prut. The remaining soldiers continued to fight until they were either killed by the Ottomans or drowned in the river. The Russians, positioned on the opposite bank of the river, applauded the bravery of the Greeks. Giorgakis Olympios, a military leader who commanded an army in Wallachia, was garrisoned in the Moldavian Secu Monastery; Giorgakis fought until the Ottomans stormed the monastery and forced him to light powder kegs from which he perished in the explosion. However, Giorgakis had a Macedonian comrade by the name of Yiannis Pharmakis, who continued the fight for a fortnight longer. In the end, on 4 October 1821, Pharmakis surrendered on the promise that his life would be spared. The promise was not kept by the Ottomans, and Pharmakis was ultimately decapitated in Constantinople.

Aftermath
After the battle, all Greek uprisings in the Danubian Principalities and other northern areas subject to the Ottoman Empire ceased. However, the primary task, which was to divert significant Ottoman military forces at all costs towards the Northern Balkans, that would otherwise be used to fight and crush the Greek War of Independence in the South, was accomplished.

Citations

References

General references

Sculeni
Sculeni
Sculeni
Sculeni
History of Moldavia (1711–1822)
History of Wallachia (1714–1821)
Bessarabia Governorate
1821 in Europe
1821 in the Ottoman Empire
19th century in Moldavia
June 1821 events

Battle of Sculeni


Reye syndrome (also called Reye's syndrome) is an extremely rare though incredibly serious condition that is sometimes fatal. This condition affects primarily the brain and the liver in the body. Aspirin may cause Reye syndrome in teenagers and young adults. The symptoms include but are not limited to vomiting and other problems.

Syndromes

Reye's syndrome


Max Frost and the Troopers were a fictional rock music group created for the exploitation film Wild in the Streets, released in 1968. The film featured Christopher Jones as the highly influential singer Max Frost. The songs performed by Frost and his band, a group that was never formally named in the film, were credited to Max Frost and the Troopers in the subsequent singles and album. The band name "Troopers" is based on the term "troops," the designation Frost used in the film to refer to his friends and followers.

A studio group appeared on the soundtrack album for the film, along with incidental music penned by Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann and composed by Les Baxter; however, the songs were not originally credited to Max Frost and the Troopers, but rather to The 13th Power (see following paragraph).

Owing to the success of the song "Shape of Things to Come" as a single, an accompanying album by Max Frost and The Troopers, Shape of Things to Come, was issued on the Tower record label in 1968. Musicians playing on the album were at first believed to include members of Davie Allan and The Arrows (who also released the "Shapes of Things to Come" without lyrics) with lead vocals by Paul Wibier (who also wrote a majority of the songs on the album), however, it is now thought that the album was actually the work of Wibier's own group, the 13th Power, who had previously recorded for Curb under the name The Moms. The music is high-energy rock with some psychedelic touches.

The group was produced by Harley Hatcher and Eddie Beram for Mike Curb Productions. Their first single was recorded with Curb's Tower subsidiary Sidewalk Records. Subsequent singles were taken from their album.

Their final single, "Sittin' in Circles," was performed in the film Three in the Attic by Davie Allan and the Arrows. The B-side of that single, "Paxton Quigley's Had The Course," was a Chad & Jeremy composition.

The soundtrack album for the 1968 film The Glory Stompers, starring Dennis Hopper, contains two additional songs credited to Max Frost and the Troopers: "There's A Party Going On" (which was released as their first single) and "You Might Want Me Baby."

Later, "Wild In The Streets: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" was released, which included the singles from the original "Shape of Things to Come" LP and an additional four songs: "Wild in the Streets," "Listen to Music," "Love to Be Your Man," and "Fourteen or Fight." A European release of the Shape of Things to Come album, released in 2014 on the Captain High label, includes the entirety of the Wild in the Streets soundtrack album as bonus tracks.

The cultural historian Greil Marcus borrowed the Troopers' song title for his 2006 book "The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy & The American Voice."

Discography

Albums
 Shape of Things to Come Tower ST-5147 (1968)

Singles
 "There Is a Party Going On" / "Stomper's Ride" Sidewalk 938 (1968)
 "Shape of Things to Come" / "Free Lovin'" Tower 419 (1968) US Billboard # 22 Canada (RPM) #9
 "Fifty Two Per Cent" / "Max Frost Theme" Tower 452 (1968) US Billboard # 123
 "Paxton Quigley's Had the Course / "Sittin' in Circles" Tower 478 (1969)

Compilation appearances
 "Shape of Things to Come" was featured on the 1998 4-CD box set, Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968
 "Lonely Man" also appears on the compilation Turds on a Bum Ride

Advertisements
 Beginning in 2005,  "Shape of Things to Come" was used as the theme song to TV commercial advertisements for the Target Corporation chain of department stores.

References

External links

American rock music groups
Fictional musical groups

Max Frost and the Troopers


European may mean:
A person or attribute of the continent of Europe
A person or attribute of the European Union
A person descended from a European ethnic group
A Citizen of the European Union
European windstorm, an extratropical cyclone that affects Europe

Biology
European ash, a tree. It is a kind of ash. It can be found throughout Europe. It is a deciduous tree that grows to a height of 20–35 metres
European magpie, a bird that lives in Europe, much of Asia, and Northwest Africa. It is one of several birds in the crow family named as magpies
European robin, a small bird that is found in many parts of Europe

European badger, a species of badger. Its genus is Meles. It is native to almost all of Europe.
European honey bee, a species of bee
European sprat, a kind of fish

European


Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio is a broadcast presentation of Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio.  The games include the Opening Day game, the Sunday Night Baseball games, Saturday afternoon games, holiday games (like Memorial Day games) and September pennant race games. The All-Star Game and all of the playoffs can also be heard on ESPN Radio including the Division Series, League Championship Series and the World Series.

In addition to affiliate stations on AM/FM radio, ESPN Radio's game broadcasts are also on XM Satellite Radio.  They are not included in the subscription "Gameday Audio" package on MLB.com, however.

History
On September 27, 1997, ESPN outbid CBS Radio to become the exclusive national radio broadcaster of Major League Baseball. This was very surprising, considering that CBS Radio had been the national broadcaster since 1976.

The agreement lasted seven years through 2004 and gave ESPN Radio the rights to broadcast numerous games including opening Day, Sunday Night Baseball, Saturday Game of the Week, holiday games, September pennant race games, the All-Star Game and all of the playoffs, including the World Series.

Then on October 21, 2004, ESPN Radio extended its then seven year relationship with Major League Baseball with a five year, $55 million dollar contract extension through the 2010 season.

The agreement also added a weekly program devoted to baseball, which became The Baseball Show from 3 p.m. ET to 7 p.m. ET on Sundays during the regular season. The program is hosted by John Seibel and Steve Phillips.

Broadcasters
ESPN Radio's lead broadcasting crew consists of Gary Thorne and Dave Campbell.  Thorne succeeded Dan Shulman, who had called for the network since 2002; Shulman, in turn, had been preceded by Charley Steiner from 1998-2002. Campbell replaced Kevin Kennedy as analyst in 2000. The pregame host for all of the games since its debut has been Joe D'Ambrosio.

The broadcast team for the World Series and one League Championship Series is Jon Miller and Hall of Famer Joe Morgan. During all of the games there is also the ESPN Radio SportsCenter every twenty minutes with live cut ins during the games.

Major League Baseball
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Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who was the 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign. Before that, Nixon was the 36th vice president (from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower), and a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. He was a Republican.

Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. He attended Duke University and graduated from its law school in 1937. After graduating, he returned to California to practice law. In 1942, he and his wife Pat moved to Washington to work for the federal government. During World War II, he served on active duty in the Naval Reserve.

Nixon began his career in politics after he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. During this time, he became well known as an anti-Communist. In 1950, he was elected to the Senate. In 1953, he became the vice president of the United States, under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He served in this position for eight years. In 1960, Nixon ran for president. He was defeated by John F. Kennedy. Two years later, in 1962, Nixon ran for governor of California. He also lost this election to Pat Brown. In 1968, he ran for president for a second time. He won the election, defeating Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace in a close election.

As president, Nixon got the United States to stop being involved in the Vietnam War. He ended the military draft in 1973. In 1972, Nixon visited China. This visit would eventually create diplomatic relations between the two nations. The same year, he signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union.

Domestically, Nixon imposed wage and price controls for 90 days. He had Southern schools desegregated (ending the separation of people by their race). He established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). He also began the War on Cancer. He presided over the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969. In 1972, Nixon was re-elected in a landslide, defeating George McGovern.

In his second term, Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the Yom Kippur War, a war which led to the oil crisis at home. In 1973, he had lost a lot of political support because of the Watergate scandal. On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, becoming the first American president to do so. His successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him.

After resigning, Nixon wrote many books and visited many other countries. He died on April 22, 1994, after suffering a stroke. He is ranked lowly in presidential opinion polls. Despite this, evaluations of Nixon have been difficult, as he was viewed to have accomplished good things as president, even though he resigned due to a scandal.

Early life, belief & Californian heritage

Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in his family's home in Yorba Linda, California, to Hannah and Francis Nixon. He is the only president born in California. He was named for King Richard the Lionhearted, and was raised as a Quaker. His brother Edward, was a businessman.  Herbert Hoover was the only other United States President to belong to the Quaker faith (as a coincidence, Hoover was also one of just three presidents, one of whom was Nixon, to hail from California). Nixon was raised in Whittier, California. His father was of Scotch-Irish ancestry and his mother was of German, English, and Irish ancestry. He attended Whittier High School, Whittier College, and Duke University. He served in the Navy during World War II. Later, he married Thelma Nixon (later Patricia Nixon) and had two daughters, Tricia and Julie.

Harvard Scholarship & More
Nixon received a scholarship to Harvard, but declined to help his family on the farm. Nixon was also tapped to join the FBI. He was very pleased, but at the last minute was rejected due to budget cuts.

Early political career

Congressional career

California congressman (1947–1950)
Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. When in the House, he was a member of House Un-American Activities Commission, a group of Congressmen that tried to expose people in the United States who might have been Communists.

U.S. Senate (1950–1953)
He was later elected a Senator in 1950 after running a controversial campaign against Helen Gahagan Douglas.

Vice president (1953–1961)
In the 1952 presidential election, Dwight D. Eisenhower selected Nixon to be vice-president.  People accused him of receiving illegal money contributions to his campaign and some people wanted Eisenhower to pick a different vice president, but Eisenhower still kept Nixon.  Nixon after the accusations made a speech saying that no matter what people accuse him of illegally receiving during the campaign, he is still going to keep one campaign gift: his dog named Checkers.

The Republican Party decided to keep Nixon as their vice-presidential candidate and when Eisenhower won the election, Nixon became vice-president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.  During his vice-presidency, he was very busy and traveled across the world to places like South America.  While he was vice president, he went to the Soviet Union and had a debate with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. They were both arguing that their country was better.

1960 presidential election
In the presidential election of 1960, he ran against Democrat John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was expected to win at first (because he won the first television debate against Nixon), but as Election Day came closer and closer, Nixon was catching up. In the end, Kennedy won, but it was a very close election.

1962 California gubernatorial election
In 1962, Nixon lost the election for governor of California to Pat Brown. After losing, Nixon said "you don't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference.", leading many experts to say that Nixon's political career was over.

1968 presidential election

In 1968, Richard Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey in the presidential election and became president of the United States in 1969. Although Humphrey lost the popular vote narrowly, he lost the electoral college in a landslide, carrying just fifteen states.

Presidency, 1969–74

Nixon took over the Vietnam War from Lyndon Johnson and continued it with the strategy of slowly withdrawing U.S. troops, so that the South Vietnamese troops could take over the fighting by themselves. Nixon secretly bombed many enemy targets in Cambodia and North Vietnam while bringing home the American troops, to make it easier for South Vietnam to win. When his spreading the bombing to Cambodia and Laos became known in 1970, it caused larger protests than ever in America, including at Kent State and even in Washington, DC, where more than 12,000 were arrested in May 1971 at the peak of the protests. Partly because of the amount of opposition, Nixon sped up troop withdrawal and ended the draft.

Nixon was very successful in diplomacy (relations negotiations with foreign countries). He began a policy called "détente" which reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two countries would get along and sign treaties that would limit the production of nuclear weapons between both sides.  Nixon traveled to communist China and established a very good relationship with them. Before that, there was almost no relationship between the United States and China. It opened up the door for decades of trade in the future, which is why many items in the United States were made in China.  His diplomacy with China is seen as one of his greatest accomplishments.  Later, under President Carter, the U.S. broke relations with the Republic of China and recognized communist China, not Taiwan, as the legal government of China.

At home, Nixon put many reforms into law. He created the Environmental Protection Agency, supported anti-drug laws, supported anti-crime laws, and supported anti-discrimination laws.  When inflation (meaning the value of money goes down and prices go up) was high, he ordered that prices should be frozen for 90 days.  Although, he was known as a conservative Republican before he became president, while he was president, he supported some of the liberal ideas that Democrats supported. In 1974, Nixon made a speech that outlined a plan for universal health care.

Nixon was re-elected by a landslide in 1972 with most Americans approving of him, but soon after, Nixon's reputation would be destroyed and most Americans would disapprove of him.  Due to a scandal called "Watergate" during which Nixon attempted to protect (or possibly ordered) men to burglarize the Democratic National Headquarters, Congress was going to put him on trial in a process called impeachment (to remove him from power). Nixon tried to cover up the scandal, but eventually, the Supreme Court ordered him to send his taped conversations (which included him talking about covering up Watergate) to them.  Alexander Haig thought Nixon would be convicted and kicked out of office. To prevent this, Nixon resigned (quit) the presidency in 1974.

Post-presidency

Nixon's second vice president, Gerald Ford, gave Nixon a pardon of any crimes Nixon committed during Watergate. Ford wanted to end the crisis as quickly as possible, because the nation faced more important problems. Many people blamed Ford for letting Nixon go free, and voted against him when he ran in the 1976 election.

Nixon's public image never fully recovered, but he still got some approval back from Republicans as he frequently defended his legacy. He remained as a consultant to later Presidents, and to other people in government and the media especially to British journalist David Frost. His memoirs are considered important readings. His work in negotiating with China in the early 1970s was praised for improving relations between his country and theirs. Nixon died of a stroke in 1994, ten months after his wife Pat died. Not being able to defend his legacy any longer, his overall approval rating fell, and most everyone today acknowledges his wrongdoings related to Watergate.  The house where he was born is now part of the Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. He was buried at the library.

Related pages
 Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon

References

Other websites
 Nixon's White House Biography
 Text, audio, and video of Nixon's famous "Checkers" speech

1913 births
1994 deaths
Lawyers from California
Deaths from stroke
People from Whittier, California
People of the Vietnam War
Presidents of the United States
Quakers
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan

Time People of the Year
1960 United States presidential candidates
1964 United States presidential candidates
1968 United States presidential candidates
1972 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from California
United States senators from California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Yorba Linda, California
20th-century American politicians
Anti-communists
Watergate scandal

Richard Nixon


The 25 October 2009 Baghdad bombings were attacks in Baghdad, Iraq which killed 155 people and injured at least 721 people.

Attack
The attack was caused by two suicide car bombs, in a minivan and a 26-seat bus, which targeted the Ministry of Justice and the Baghdad Provincial Council building in a quick succession at 10:30 am local time. The Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works, which is approximately  from the Justice Ministry, also sustained severe damage. Among the dead were 35 employees of the Ministry of Justice and at least 25 staff members of the Baghdad Provincial Council. Among the wounded were three American contractors. A bus carrying children from a daycare next to the Justice Ministry was also hit, killing the driver and 2 dozen children on board as well as wounding six other children.

The blasts badly damaged St George's church, the only Anglican church in Iraq. Canon Andrew White reported body parts had been blown into the church by the explosion and that a humanitarian medical clinic which operated on the site had been destroyed.

It was the deadliest attack in Iraq since August 2007 and took place very close to where car bombers killed at least 120 people at the Foreign and Finance Ministries two months earlier.

Perpetrators
Iraqi Deputy Interior Minister Ahmad al-Khafaji told Adnkronos International (AKI) that the bombs were manufactured inside the Green Zone, in a location right next to the blasts. Deputy Minister al-Khafaji said, "It seems the individuals who carried out the attacks had rented a house or commercial premises in a sidestreet of the area they intended to target and gradually sneaked in the bomb-making materials."

On 11 March 2010, Iraqi police arrested Munaf Abdul Rahim al-Rawi, the mastermind of the bombings. His capture also led to the death of Al-Qaeda leaders Abu Ayub al-Masri and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi. Al-Rawi was called the "Governor of Baghdad" and masterminded many of the other Baghdad bombings since Aug. 2009, according to Major General Qassim Atta, a Baghdad military spokesman.

Political effects
Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had been trying to portray the country as safer than the period of civil war from 2006 to 2008. Local politicians said the blasts were trying to destroy faith in Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and his ability to secure the country after the U.S. withdrawal. He faced re-election in January 2010, and much of his popularity had rested on the safety of the country. The bombings prompted some Iraqis to reconsider their support for the Prime Minister.

The Prime Minister responded, stating, "The cowardly acts of terrorism which occurred today, must not weaken the resolution of Iraqis to continue their journey and to fight the followers of the fallen regime, the Baathists and al-Qaeda."

US President Barack Obama strongly condemned the attacks; Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in a statement that the U.S. would work together with Iraqis "to combat all forms of violence and attempts at intimidation."

See also

 August 2009 Baghdad bombings
 List of terrorist incidents, 2009

References

External links
  Images of the attack

2009 murders in Iraq
21st-century mass murder in Iraq
Church bombings by Islamists
Mass murder in 2009
Suicide car and truck bombings in Iraq
Suicide bombings in Baghdad
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2009
Terrorist incidents in Baghdad
2000s in Baghdad
October 2009 events in Iraq
Attacks on buildings and structures in Iraq
Mass murder in Baghdad

October 2009 Baghdad bombings


Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution  is a history book by Simon Schama. It was the 2006 National Book Critics Circle Award winner for general nonfiction. A 2007 drama-documentary television programme was based on it.

Synopsis
Rough Crossings gives an account of the history of thousands of African-American slaves who escaped slavery in the American colonies to fight for the British cause during the American Revolutionary War. It tells of the legal battles which established that slavery was not valid in England itself, and how the British government offered freedom to enslaved African Americans if they would fight for Britain and King George III. The book discusses the many ambiguities involved—some white Loyalists were slaveowners, and some blacks were recruited for the War of Independence.

Rough Crossings then follows the fate of the Black Loyalists after the war's end, who, following the British defeat, were sent to Nova Scotia (then still a colony within British North America), where they received a cold welcome, including suffering the first race riots on the continent. Some remained in Nova Scotia, but others returned to Africa to settle in what was to become Sierra Leone. The descendants of those who settled in Freetown are part of the Sierra Leone Creole people, with strong ancestral ties with the United States, the Caribbean, and Canada.

Reception
The reviews were very favourable.

Alex Butterworth wrote in The Guardian:
The early chapters of Rough Crossings still bear traces of the television habit - the scene-setting rhetoric, a tendency to over-emphasis [sic] vivid 'moments', precise character thumbnail ... As the book weaves through London, America, Nova Scotia and Africa, though, Schama's technique relaxes, to be laid, most strikingly, at the service of the book's black characters. ... At the end of this immaculately controlled, brave and important work, only the most callous of readers could fail to shed a tear.

James Walvin, in his Guardian review, stated:
Parts of the story have been well rehearsed by earlier historians, but never like this. One of Schama's great talents is the ability to fit together distinct episodes into a much broader and more telling narrative. He also brings to the story his characteristic flair and historical imagination.

The New York Times Brent Staples praised the book as well, describing it as "a stirringly ambitious reconsideration of the Revolution with the question of slavery set at the very heart of the matter".

Adaptations
In 2007, BBC Two aired the drama-documentary Rough Crossings, based on Schama's book. A reviewer stated that the "success of this endeavour is unfortunately limited as the programme fails to inform its audience which this history should be remembered apart from its perceived strangeness and neglect". "The programme's weakness in delivering an effective message is also let down in its use of Schama's pieces to camera and the dramatic reconstructions of the story." The two halves of the production, with "different styles", "do not sit well together".

It was released to DVD by BBC Home Entertainment.

In 2007, Headlong Theatre produced a stage adaptation, adapted by Caryl Phillips, which toured the UK. The British Theatre Guide review stated, "This play attempts to take a big book with many strands and meld them into a satisfying three hour play", but "is too diffuse to make for a coherent drama".

See also
 Slavery in the colonial United States
 Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
 History of Sierra Leone
 Book of Negroes, a historical document
The Book of Negroes (2007), a fictional telling of this story

References

External links
After Words interview with Schama on Rough Crossings, July 22, 2006
Presentation by Schama on Rough Crossings, June 26, 2006, C-SPAN
Schama reading an excerpt on NPR, July 4, 2006

2005 non-fiction books
African-American literature
Books by Simon Schama
History books about the American Revolution
Sierra Leone Creole history books
National Book Critics Circle Award-winning works
British documentary television films
Documentary films about African Americans
BBC Books books
Black Loyalists

Rough Crossings


The Huaca del Sol is an adobe brick pyramid built by the Moche civilization (100 AD to 800 AD) on the northern coast of what is now Peru. The pyramid is one of several ruins found near the volcanic peak of Cerro Blanco, in the coastal desert near Trujillo at the Moche Valley.  The other major ruin at the site is the nearby Huaca de la Luna, a better-preserved but smaller temple.

By 450 AD, eight different stages of construction had been completed on the Huaca del Sol.  The technique was additive; new layers of brick were laid directly on top of the old, hence large quantities of bricks were required for the construction. Archeologists have estimated that the Huaca del Sol was composed of over 130 million adobe bricks and was the largest pre-Columbian adobe structure built in the Americas.  The number of different makers' marks on the bricks suggests that over a hundred different communities contributed bricks to the construction of the Huacas.

The Huaca del Sol was composed of four main levels. The structure was expanded and rebuilt by different rulers over the course of time.  It is believed to have originally been about 50 meters in height and 340 m by 160 m at the base. Located at the center of the Moche capital city, the temple appears to have been used for ritual, ceremonial activities and as a royal residence and burial chambers. Archaeological evidence attests to these functions.

During the Spanish occupation of Peru in the early 17th century, colonists redirected the waters of the Moche River to run past the base of the Huaca del Sol in order to facilitate the looting of gold artifacts from the temple.  The operation of the hydraulic mine greatly damaged the Huaca del Sol. In total, approximately two-thirds of the structure has been lost to erosion and such looting. The remaining structure stands at a height of 41 meters (135 feet).

Looting and erosion due to El Niño continue to be major concerns to this day.

See also

 Huaca de la Luna
 History of Peru
 Pre-Inca cultures
 List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

References

Sources

 Art of the Andes, from Chavin to Inca.  Rebecca Stone-Miller, Thames and Hudson, 1995.
 The Incas and Their Ancestors: the archaeology of Peru.  Michael E. Moseley, Thames and Hudson, 1992.

External links
 www.huacas.com
 Sun and Moon Temples, Official website
 Huaca del Sol placemarks Google Earth .kmz

Moche sites
Moche culture
Adobe buildings and structures
Archaeological sites in Trujillo, Peru
Museums in Peru
Archaeological museums in Peru
Archaeological sites in Peru

Huaca del Sol


Wellington is a town in New South Wales. It is where the Macquarie and Bell Rivers join. The town is the centre of the Wellington Shire Local Government Area. The town is 362kms from Sydney on the Great Western Highway and Mitchell Highway. The average summer temperatures are between 17.5º Celsius and 31.7º Celsius. In winter the temperatures are between 1.5º Celsius and 15º Celsius. In 2001 there were 4,672 people living in Wellington. There were 9,200 people living in the Wellington Shire.

History
The area was originally lived in by the Wiradjuri people. Explorer John Oxley was the first Europen to visit the area in 1817. He named it "Wellington Valley" after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

Wellington was settled in the 1823 by Lieutenant Percy Simpson in early 1823 as a convict settlement. Farmers started settling along the Macquarie Valley. The convict settlement closed in 1831. In 1832 a Christian mission was started in the settlement for the Aborigines. A village called Montefiores was started on the north side of the Macquarie River crossing. The village of Wellington was officially listed in 1846 and was made a town in 1879. Wellington Shire Council was started in 1947.

Wellington is the second oldest New South Wales settlement west of the Blue Mountains. A hotel that opened in 1842 is the oldest hotel west of the Blue Mountains. It was also the site of the last recorded duel fought in Australia in 1854. The railway from Sydney reached Wellington in 1880.

Economy
Wellington is the centre of rich farm land. Lucerne and vegetables are grown on land beside the river. Wheat, wool, fat lambs and beef cattle are grown nearby. The town acts as a business centre for the district. However, now Orange and Dubbo have become bigger business centres.

In September 2008, a gaol, the Wellington Correctional Centre was opened. A Probation and Parole Office was also opened in the centre of town. Wellington Council hopes this will increase the number of jobs and bring visitors to the town.

The local newspaper The Wellington Times, owned by Rural Press, is printed three times a week.Home - ACM Ad Centre.

Transport
There is a daily train, the CountryLink XPT, which runs between Sydney and Dubbo.

The closest commercial airport is at Dubbo. There are regular daily flights from Sydney. There is a small airport ( Bondangora Airport) for private planes 12 km east of Wellington.

Nearby attractions
Lake Burrendong, a man-made lake. is 30 km south of the town. Its holds three and a half times more water than Sydney Harbour. Its water is used for farming. It is also visited by people wanting to fish, sail and water ski. Burrendong Arboretum is a sanctuary for endangered Australian plants and covers 1.60 km².

The Wellington Caves are millions of years old. The main cave is Cathedral Cave with the massive Altar Rock.

The Wellington Boot, a country racing festival is held in every year in March and April. There is also a winery, the Bell River Wine Estate. The Nangara Gallery has a collection of Aboriginal objects.

Famous people from Wellington
 Ian O'Brien, Olympic gold medallist in the 200m breaststroke at the 1964 Summer Olympics grew up in Wellington.
 Ben Austin, Paralyimpian, grew up in Wellington.

References

Other websites

 Visit Wellington - Official website for visitors
 About Wellington and District
 Travel Mate page

References

Towns in New South Wales

Wellington, New South Wales


In astronomy an navigation, the celestial sphere is an imaiginar sphere o arbitrarily muckle radius, concentric wi Yird. Aw objects in the observer's sky can be thoucht o as projectit upon the inside surface o the celestial sphere, as if it wur the unnerside o a dome or a hemispherical screen. The celestial sphere is a practical tuil for spherical astronomy, allaein observers tae plot poseetions o objects in the sky when thair distances are unkent or unimportant.

Celestial coordinate seestem
Spherical astronomy

Celestial sphere


Identity theft is a type of fraud that involves using personal details belonging to the victim. This may be a passport, social security card, student pass, credit card etc. A person who has his or her identity stolen can end up owing money when the thief spends the person's money or uses the person's credit.

Identity theft is a serious crime that affects thousands of people. Globally around 40% of the people have been targets of an identity theft crime at least once. With the pace of development in the online or the digital landscape, identity theft is becoming more sophisticated each day. As per statistics, there were 4.54 billion internet users in 2020 which is 59% of the world's population. On average, there is a 7% rise in internet penetration annually. Meanwhile, there is a remarkable rise in online shopping, social media, and app usage. Accordingly, on average, people spend nearly 7 hours on the internet. With a wide online presence, identity theft has become inevitable in modern society. Out of all the countries, the USA has consistently topped the list with 16.7 million Identity theft victims reported in 2017 accounting for an overall loss estimated at more than USD 17 billion.

Since there is a marked rise in identity theft every year, people should be more vigilant about the potential theft of their personal and financial information. Accordingly, it is highly advisable to safeguard one's login credentials, create strong passwords and keep the virus guards up to date. It is prudent to constantly monitor your bank accounts for any dubious transactions. Besides, special caution needs to be taken when disposing of financial statements, receipts, and credit card bills.

Five of The Most Common Types of identity theft:
 Financial Identity Theft: This is the most common type of identity theft because cyber crime is an illegal business. The financial motivation is high. Cyber criminals will impersonate you so they can gain access to your money – whether it's stealing and using your credit or debit card information, opening credit lines under your name, or finding ways to get access to your bank account details to drain it.
 Medical Identity Theft: Cyber criminals use your personal information, such as your name, your social security number, and your health insurance information. Why? To either receive medical care in your name, get prescription drugs, buy medical devices, or even submit a claim to your medical insurance.
Criminal Identity Theft: Someone will commit a crime, posing as you when they get in trouble. They may use your name, data of birth, social security number and any other personal information during an investigation or arrest. Imagine if your data is added to the state criminal database or potentially the national database!
 Child Identity Theft: This type of identity theft happens when a Cyber criminal uses a child's sensitive personal information to obtain services or benefits such as applying for government benefits, healthcare coverage or nutrition assistance. It also applies to committing fraud (such as applying for a credit card or loan, signing up for utility services, or renting a living space by using your name, social security number, address, or date of birth.)
 Synthetic Identity Theft: This form of identity theft combines real and fake information. It's using your social security number with fake name or address, therefore creating a new identity. This form of identity theft is more impactful to financial institutions, lenders, insurances, and government agencies; however, if a Cyber criminal is using your social security number, even when the rest of the information is not yours, it could affect your credit score or haunt you in many ways.

References

Related pages
 Impersonator

Types of crime

Identity theft


George Joshua Richard Monbiot (born 27 January 1963) is an English writer and activist. He writes for The Guardian every week about environment issues. Seven of his books have been published. In 1995, Nelson Mandela gave him a United Nations Global 500 Award. In January 2010 he started a website called ArrestBlair.org. The website offers money to people who are trying to have Tony Blair arrested for crimes against peace.

Early life
Monbiot was born in Kensington, London. Both his parents worked in politics. He grew up in a house in Henley-on-Thames. He went to Stowe School. He then won a scholarship to study at Brasenose College, Oxford. He did a Master's degree in zoology there.

Career
After he got his degree, Monbiot made radio programmes about natural history for the BBC Natural History Unit. Then he left and joined the BBC's World Service. He left to write his first book, Poisoned Arrows.

Monbiot was in the 2009 movie The Age of Stupid.

In 2013, Monbiot's book Feral: Searching for Enchantment on the Frontiers of Rewilding was published.

In July 2013, he gave a TED talk about Feral.

Personal life
Monbiot lives in Wales with his wife Angharad Penrhyn Jones.

References

Other websites
Official website

1963 births
English journalists
English writers
Living people

George Monbiot