Jackson is a common patronymic family name in English speaking countries, meaning "son of Jack". The pronunciation of the name is [ jak-suhn ]. It is less common as a given name. This name was ranked #14 on the US Popular Names in 2021. People with the name Jackson include:

Surname

U.S. politics and law

 Alphonso Jackson, 13th U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President
Frank G. Jackson, 57th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio
Henry M. Jackson (1912-1983), U.S. Representative and Senator
Jabez Young Jackson, U.S. Representative from Georgia
James Jackson (politician) (1757-1806), U.S. Representative and Senator from Georgia
James Jackson (congressman) (1819-1887), U.S. Representative from Georgia
James M. Jackson (1825-1901), U.S. Representative from West Virginia
James S. Jackson (1823-1862), U.S. Representative from Kentucky and Union Army General in the U.S. Civil War
Jesse Jackson (born 1941), civil rights leader
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., son of Jesse Jackson and U.S. Representative from Illinois
John G. Jackson (1777-1825), U.S. Representative from Virginia
Jonathan Jackson (delegate) (1743-1810), delegate to the Continental Congress from Massachusetts
Joseph W. Jackson (1796-1854), U.S. Representative from Georgia and mayor of Savannah, Georgia
Linda Jackson, mayor of Vaughan, Ontario
Lorna Jackson, mayor of Vaughan, Ontario
Maynard H. Jackson (1938-2003), mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
Oscar Lawrence Jackson (1840-1920), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
Rebecca Cox Jackson (1795-1871), free African-American during the Civil War, noted in the Norton Anthology of Literature by Women
Richard Jackson, Jr. (1764-1838), U.S. Representative from Rhode Island
Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), Supreme Court Justice and chief American Nuremberg Trials prosecutor
Samuel D. Jackson (1895-1951), U.S. Representative from Indiana
Sheila Jackson-Lee, U.S. Congresswoman from Texas
Thomas B. Jackson (1797-1881), U.S. Representative from New York
Tom Jackson (trade unionist)
William Jackson (1783-1855), U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
William Humphreys Jackson (1839-1915), U.S. Representative from Maryland
William P. Jackson (1868-1939), U.S. Senator from Maryland
William Terry Jackson (1794-1882), U.S. Representative from New York

Military
 Arthur J. Jackson (born 1924), U.S. Marine Corps officer, Medal of Honor recipient for actions during World War II
 Mike Jackson (born 1944), British Army Chief of the General Staff
 Norman Cyril Jackson (1919–1994), British RAF, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 Stonewall Jackson (1824–1863), Confederate general
 Thomas Norman Jackson (1897–1918), British Army, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 William Jackson (Victoria Cross) (1897–1959), Australian Army, recipient of the Victoria Cross

Drama and television
Bill Jackson, U.S. TV personality
Conn Jackson, TV host
Glenda Jackson, two-time Academy Award-winning British actress
Gordon Jackson (actor) (1923-1980), British actor
Joshua Jackson, Canadian-American actor
Kate Jackson, U.S. actress
Keith Jackson, U.S. ABC sportscaster
Peter Jackson, New Zealand director
Randy Jackson, American Idol judge
Samuel L. Jackson, U.S. actor
Shar Jackson, U.S. TV and movie actress

Music
 Alan Jackson Jr, drummer
Alan Jackson, country star
Anthony Jackson, bass player
Curtis Jackson, also known as 50 Cent
Francis Jackson, British composer and organist
Freddie Jackson
Jackie Jackson
Janet Jackson, U.S R&B singer
Jermaine Jackson
Joe Jackson (musician), British singer/songwriter
Joseph Jackson
Kate Jackson (singer)
Katherine Jackson
La Toya Jackson
Mahalia Jackson, gospel singer
Marlon Jackson
Michael Jackson, American pop/soul singer-songwriter
Millie Jackson
Milt Jackson, U.S. jazz vibraphonist
Milton Jackson, music producer
O'Shea Jackson, Ice Cube
Randy Jackson (musician)
Rebbie Jackson
Tito Jackson, guitarist/vocalist of Jackson 5
Tony Jackson
Wanda Jackson

Sports
Andrew JC Jackson, World Champion Surf Lifesaver
Archie Jackson
Arthur Morris Jackson (1915-1971), NHL professional hockey player
Barry Jackson (athlete), English track and field athlete
Bo Jackson, football and baseball player
Bobby Jackson, American veteran NBA basketball reserve point guard and former college star at the University of Minnesota
Colin Jackson, English 110m hurdle athlete
Danny Jackson, American former All-Star Major League left-handed pitcher in the 1980s and 1990s
Darrell Jackson, U.S. football player
 Elphinstone Jackson (1868-1945), England footballer and co-founder of Indian Football Association in 1893
Ernest Jackson (1914-1996), English footballer
Francia Jackson, Dominican Republic volleyball player
Harold Jackson (football player) (born 1946), U.S. football player
Harvey "Busher" Jackson, deceased former Canadian hockey defenceman, and early star of the NHL in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, and now a member of The Hockey Hall of Fame
Jeff Jackson, Canadian former NHL hockey player and current Toronto Maple Leafs executive
Jermaine Jackson (basketball)
"Shoeless" Joe Jackson, baseball player
John David Jackson (boxer)
Keith Jackson, longtime American sportscaster on ABC
Keith Jackson, former NFL Pro Bowl tight end
Lauren Jackson, Australian professional basketball player
Les Jackson, English cricketer
Lucious Jackson, basketball player
Mark Jackson, former American football wide receiver in the 1980s and 1990s for Purdue in college and the Denver Broncos in the NFL
Mark Jackson, former American basketball point guard, starred in college for St. John's and in the NBA for the New York Knicks, Indiana Pacers, and other teams in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, and now an NBA analyst on television for ESPN.
Mike Jackson, American former longtime right-handed Major League relief pitcher in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s
Mike Knox Jackson, professional wrestler
Peter Jackson (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
Phil Jackson, basketball coach
Quinton Jackson, mixed martial arts fighter
Reggie Jackson, retired American baseball player, a star home run-hitting outfielder in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, most notably with the Oakland Athletics, the New York Yankees, and California Angels; a 1993 Hall of Fame inductee
Sam Jackson (19th century), English major league baseball player
Steve Jackson (rugby league footballer), Australian rugby league player
Sugar Jackson, Belgian boxer
Tarvaris Jackson (1983-2020), U.S. football player
Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson (1931-1982), a professional boxer
Travis Jackson, deceased American baseball shortstop, best known for his defensive prowess, he was a star in the 1920s and 1930s for the New York Giants and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1982.
Trina Jackson, freestyle swimmer

Science
Charles Loring Jackson (1847-1935), U.S. organic chemist
Dunham Jackson (1888-1946), mathematician
Frank Cameron Jackson, Australian philosopher
J. D. Jackson, physicist
John Hughlings Jackson, neurologist
Julian T. Jackson, British historian
Michael A. Jackson, computer scientist
Shirley Ann Jackson, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Wes Jackson, founder and president of The Land Institute

Other
André Action Diakité Jackson, African diamond industry administrator
Cindy Jackson, Guinness World Record holder for having the most cosmetic procedures
George Jackson (Black Panther)
Helen Hunt Jackson (1831-85), U.S. novelist and poetess
Jennifer Jackson, first African-American Playmate of the Month, March 1965 Playboy
Jennifer Lyn Jackson, Playmate of the Month, April 1989 Playboy
Michael Jackson (disambiguation)
Patrick Tracy Jackson, Boston merchant
Samuel Macauley Jackson (1851-1912), American clergyman, editor and author
Steve Jackson (US), U.S. game designer
Thomas Graham Jackson (1835–1924), English architect

Fictional characters
Captain Jackson, South African policeman in Rafe McGregor's book trilogy Secret
Daniel Jackson, a character in the movie Stargate and the subsequent television series
Daniel Jackson, sniper in the movie Saving Private Ryan
Michael "Mike" Jackson, cricketer in P. G. Wodehouse's Psmith books
Sgt. Jericho Jackson, title character in the movie Action Jackson

Given name

People
Jackson Browne, U.S. singer
Jackson Davis, founder of charity organization "Protect A Paw"
Jackson Fourgeaud, musician from "Jackson and his computer band"
Jackson C. Frank, singer-songwriter
Jackson Kabiga, Kenyan long-distance runner
Jackson Pollock, U.S. abstract painter
Jackson Proskow, Canadian journalist

Fictional characters
Jackson Stewart, a character in the U.S. children television series Hannah Montana
Jackson Rippner, assassination plotter in the movie Red Eye
Jackson Belleville, a character in the U.S. television series Gilmore Girls

References

English-language surnames

Jackson (name)


運動功能減退症是指一種身體運動能力下降的病症。這種病往往與其他疾病相關連,例如:基底節疾病(如帕金森氏症)、心理健康失調和因疾病而長期不作任何活動所致。

運動功能減退症包含下列光譜的毛病:
無運動症(Akinesia):又名運動不能症,病人會因為中樞神經系統無法或提不起勁去作任何身體移動。常見的例子是嚴重的柏金遜症患者。Common in severe cases of Parkinson's disease, akinesia is a result of severely diminished dopaminergic cell activity in the direct pathway of movement.
Bradykinesia  (brady-, "slow", kinisi, "motion") is characterized by slowness of movement and has been linked to Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia. Rather than being a slowness in initiation (akinesia), bradykinesia describes a slowness in the execution of movement. It is one of the 3 key symptoms of parkinsonism, which are bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. Bradykinesia is also the cause of what is normally referred to as "stone face" (expressionless face) among those with Parkinson's. A very detailed explanation of this topic can be found at http://www.wemove.org/bradykinesia .
Freezing is characterized by an inability to move muscles in any desired direction.
Rigidity results when there is an increase in muscle tone that causes resistance to passive movement throughout the whole range of motion. There are different types of rigidity. The form just described is the so-called 'lead-pipe' rigidity seen especially in Parkinson's disease. 'Cogwheel' rigidity is a combination of rigidity and tremor which presents as a jerky resistance to passive movement. Spasticity is a special form of rigidity that is present only at the start of passive movement. It is rate dependent and only elicited upon a high speed movement. These various forms of rigidity can be seen in different forms of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
Postural instability: loss of ability to maintain an upright posture.

參看

 亞健康

參考資料

医学术语

運動功能減退症


An Ollie is a basic skateboarding trick. It is when the person riding the board leaps into the air with the board still attached to their feet. No hands are used; the board is moved into the air by kicking the back of the board down so the front is raised. From there it uses a combination of grip and momentum to keep the board with the rider.

Skateboarding

Ollie


Robert Berkeley "Bob" Minor (15 July 1884 – 26 January 1952), alternatively known as "Fighting Bob", was a political cartoonist, a radical journalist, and, beginning in 1920, a leading member of the American Communist Party.

Background

Robert Minor, best known to those who knew him by the nickname "Bob", was born July 15, 1884, in San Antonio, Texas. Minor came from old and respected family lines. On his father's side, General John Minor had served as Thomas Jefferson's Presidential campaign manager; his mother was related to General Sam Houston, first President of the Republic of Texas. His father was a school teacher and lawyer, later elected as a judge, while his maternal grandfather was a doctor.

Despite the notable family forefathers, Bob Minor was not brought up with a silver spoon in his mouth — rather he was the product of what one historian has called "the hard-up, run-down middle class," living in an "unpainted frontier cottage in San Antonio." Minor was unable to begin school until age 10 due to his family's dire financial straits before leaving school at age 14 to take a job as a Western Union messenger boy to help support his family.  Minor left home two years later, going to work at a variety of different jobs, including time spent as a sign painter, a carpenter, a farm worker, and a railroad laborer.

Career

In 1904, at the age of twenty, Robert Minor was hired as an assistant stereotypist and handyman at the San Antonio Gazette, where he developed his artistic talent in his spare time. Minor emerged as an accomplished political cartoonist.

Cartoonist
Minor moved to St. Louis to take a position as a cartoonist for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Minor's work, initially very conventional in form using pen-and-ink, was transformed by his move to the use of grease crayon on paper. Minor gained recognition as the chief cartoonist at the Post-Dispatch and was considered by many to be among the best in the country.

In 1911, Robert Minor was hired by the New York World, where he became the highest paid cartoonist in the United States. His father was on a parallel path of advancement, transformed by a 1910 election "from an unsuccessful lawyer to an influential district judge."

Journalist

In 1907, Minor joined the Socialist Party of America. However, by the beginning of 1912, he had moved towards an anarchist orientation and support of revolutionary industrial unionism.

Minor had saved several hundred dollars earned in St. Louis and decided that he wanted to go to Paris to attend art school to perfect his craft. In France he enrolled in a class at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, the French national art school, but he found the experience unsatisfying. Minor spent the rest of his time in Paris studying art on his own and taking part in the left wing labor movement through the Socialist Party of France. Minor returned to the United States in 1914, just prior to the outbreak of World War I.

The year 1914 saw Minor in the unusual position of being paid but unable to work, with an old contract he had signed with the New York World continuing to pay him a salary merely to keep him from drawing for other papers. However, with the outbreak of hostilities in August Minor began to make a series of aggressive and provocative cartoons attacking both sides of the European conflict for their imperialism. While The World initially began to use these cartoons, it was not long before Minor came to the banks of the Rubicon, when his employer demanded that the artist begin to draw pro-war panels. Minor was unalterably opposed to the World War and was faced with a choice between his paycheck and his beliefs. His convictions won and Minor was successful in having his contract with The World annulled.

On June 1, 1915, Minor moved to the New York Call, a Socialist Party-affiliated daily broadsheet. Minor also began contributing aggressively anti-war cartoons to Max Eastman's radical New York monthly, The Masses. Minor's radical cartoons would later provide fodder for the United States government's prosecution of The Masses for alleged violation of the Espionage Act of 1917, a legal assault which would eventually lead to the demise of the magazine when Wilson's administration banned it from the U.S. Mail. (Eastman regrouped and commenced publication of The Liberator, whose editorial staff Minor later joined.) Minor was sent as a war correspondent of The Call to Europe, where he wrote from France and Italy. Part of Minor's European expenses were being borne by a liberal newspaper syndicate in exchange for use of his drawings from the front. The syndicate found themselves unable to use the radical material which Minor was by this time producing and The Call was forced to recall him from Europe.

In 1916, Minor was dispatched by The Call to Mexico to cover the American intervention there. When the "Mexican War" came to a sudden conclusion, Minor went to California for a rest. There he became deeply involved in the defense campaign of radical trade unionists Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings in their highly publicized legal case accusing them of bombing of the 1916 San Francisco "Preparedness Day" parade. Minor worked full-time for a year and a half as the publicity director for the International Workers Defense League, an organization established to provide legal support and build public sympathy for Mooney and Billings and their co-defendants. Minor authored several pamphlets in 1917 and 1918 and spoke to a wide range of audiences about the "frame-up" being perpetrated on the radical trade unionists through their convictions.

The Call, dispatched Minor to Europe as a war correspondent in 1918, with Minor continuing to contribute material on the European revolutionary movement to the successor to The Masses, The Liberator. In May 1918, Minor arrived in Soviet Russia, where he remained until November. While there, he met Vladimir Lenin and wrote anti-war propaganda for distribution to English-speaking troops involved in the invasion of Soviet Russia. The experience proved to be a watershed for Minor, winning him over to the cause of communism. Minor later traveled to Germany, where he saw the German Revolution firsthand, and thereafter to France.

While in Paris in 1919, Minor was arrested and charged with treason for advising French railway workers to strike against the shipment of munitions to interventionist forces in Soviet Russia. Minor was shipped out to Germany, where he was confined in the American military prison at Coblenz, Germany for several weeks, eventually gaining his release due in large measure to political pressure exerted by his well-connected family in America.

Communist

Upon his return to the America in 1920, Minor immediately joined the underground American Communist Party. Minor was a supporter of the United Communist Party in the convoluted factional struggle of the day, joining the newly unified Communist Party of America (CPA) along with the rest of his organization when the UCP merged with the old CPA in the spring of 1921.

After the merger of the UCP with the old CPA in May 1921, Minor, using his underground pseudonym of "Ballister", was sent to Soviet Russia as the representative of the newly unified party to the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI). Minor was also a delegate of the CPA to the 3rd World Congress of the Comintern, held in Moscow in June 1921. While there, he met Lenin for a second time. Minor was recalled to America by the CPA in November 1921, replaced as American "Rep" to the Comintern by L. E. Katterfeld.

Minor was coopted to the governing Central Executive Committee of the CPA on April 24, 1922, by decision of the CEC itself. He was re-elected in his own right at the ill-fated August 1922 convention held on the shores of Lake Michigan just outside the tiny Michigan town of Bridgman. This convention was raided by local and Michigan state authorities, acting in concert with the Bureau of Investigation of the U.S. Department of Justice, who had an undercover agent sitting as a delegate. Wanted by the police, Minor surrendered with 9 others on March 10, 1923, and was released shortly thereafter on $1,000 bond. He was never tried for this alleged violation of the Michigan criminal syndicalism law.

From 1923 to 1924, Minor sat on the Executive Committee of the Friends of Soviet Russia, the American affiliate of the Comintern's Workers International Relief organization. He was also elected to the governing Central Executive Committee of the CPA's "legal" political offshoot, the Workers Party of America, elected by the conventions of that organization in 1922 and 1923. He was returned to ECCI in 1926 at the time of the 7th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI and was elected to the ECCI's inner circle, the Presidium, using the party-name "Duncan." Minor was also elected as an alternate to the Comintern's Budget Commission.

Minor became responsible for the Party's Central Committee for Negro Work, and oversaw the Communists attempts to build unity with Marcus Garvey and his Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. During the tumultuous factional politics of the middle 1920s, Minor was a loyalist to the faction headed by C.E. Ruthenberg, John Pepper, and Jay Lovestone. Minor had been disappointed by the watering down of the "Negro Equality" proposal the Communists submitted to the founding convention of the Farmer–Labor Party in 1924. He believed the party leadership under William Z. Foster "went along with ... concessions in the hope of mollifying antiblack southern farmers and AFL leaders with an eye toward future cooperation."

On March 6, 1930, Minor was part of a great series of demonstrations of the unemployed conducted around the United States under the guidance of the Communist Party. Minor was arrested at the demonstration held in Union Square in New York City, a rally which ended in a riot pitting marchers and police. Minor was arrested in conjunction with these events, together with his Communist Party comrades William Z. Foster, Israel Amter, and Harry Felton. The four were sentenced to 3 year terms in the New York state penitentiary. After serving 6 months in jail, Minor fell ill with appendicitis, which caused him to be taken out in an ambulance to a private hospital for surgery. Minor spent the better part of the next two years attempting to recover his health.

Bob Minor ran for elective political office a number of times. In 1924 he ran for U.S. Congress in Illinois as a candidate of the Workers Party for an at-large seat. In 1928, he ran on the Workers (Communist) Party ticket for U.S. Senator from New York. He ran for Congress from New York in 1930 and again ten years later. He also ran for Mayor of New York City in 1933, and in 1936 he headed the state Communist ticket as the party's candidate for Governor of New York.

At the 7th World Congress of the Comintern in 1935, Minor was elected to the Comintern's International Control Commission, which dealt with personnel assignments and questions of discipline. He was an unflinching supporter of every twist and turn of Soviet foreign policy throughout the decade of the 1930s.

On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Minor traveled to Spain and helped in the organization of the Lincoln Battalion, a unit of international volunteers that supported the Spanish Popular Front government in the battle against the nationalists led by General Francisco Franco.

In 1941, with Communist Party General Secretary Earl Browder jailed for passport charges, Minor served as the acting General Secretary of the party.

In 1945, as a member of the CPUSA's governing National Committee, Minor dissociated himself from the discredited Browder, but he was nonetheless relegated to the role of Washington correspondent of The Daily Worker.

Bob Minor suffered a heart attack in 1948 and was bedridden during the time of McCarthyism when his fellow leaders of the American Communist Party were arrested and imprisoned. Owing to his frail health, the United States government chose not to proceed against him.

Death
Robert Minor died in 1952, survived by his wife, the artist Lydia Gibson. The couple had no children.

Legacy
Minor is remembered by some as the inspiration for the fictional character "Don Stevens" in John Dos Passos' U.S.A. trilogy.

The historian Theodore Draper opined:    Minor is a study in extremes. A truly gifted and powerful cartoonist, he renounced art for politics. He made this gesture of total subservience to politics after years as an anarchist despising and denouncing politics. But he could not transfer his genius from art to politics. The stirring drawings were replaced by boring and banal speeches. He had none of the gifts of the natural politician, his stock in trade was limited to platitudes and slogans. The wild man, tamed, became a political hack. If as an anarchist he had believed that politics was a filthy business, as a Communist he still seemed to believe it was — only now it was his business.   Minor's papers are housed in the Rare Book & Manuscript section on the 6th floor of Butler Library at Columbia University. Approximately 15,000 items are included in the collection, which is housed in some 65 archival boxes.

Works

Books, pamphlets, article
 1916:  "War Pictures," New York Call
 1917:
 The Frame-Up System: Story of So-Called Bomb Trials in San Francisco. San Francisco: International Worker's Defense League
 Fickert has Ravished Justice: Story of So-Called Bomb Trials in San Francisco . San Francisco: International Worker's Defense League
 1918:  Shall Mooney Hang?: Justice Raped in California. San Francisco: International Worker's Defense League
 1920:  Stedman's Red Raid. Cleveland: Toiler Publishing Association
 1921:  "Resolved: That the Terms of the Third International are Inacceptable to the Revolutionary Socialists of the World": Being the Report of a Debate, Held in Star Casino, New York City, Sunday, January Sixteenth, 1921: Affirmative James Oneal vs. Negative Robert Minor. New York: Academy Press
 1936:  The Struggle Against War: And the Peace Policy of the Soviet Union. New York: Workers Library Publishers
 1941:  The Fight Against Hitlerism. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1941. (With William Z. Foster.)
 One War to Defeat Hitler. New York: Workers Library Publishers
 1942:
 Free Earl Browder!
 The Year of Great Decision, 1942. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1942
 Our Ally: The Soviet Union. New York: Workers Library Publishers
 1943:  Invitation to Join the Communist Party. New York: Workers Library Publishers
 1944:  The Heritage of the Communist Political Association. New York: Workers Library Publishers
 1946:  Lynching and Frame-up in Tennessee. New York: Workers Library Publishers

Contributed works
 Red Cartoons of 1926: From The Daily Worker and the Workers Monthly. New York: The Daily Worker Publishing Company, 1926. Also available from Marxist Internet Archive.
 Red Cartoons of 1927: From The Daily Worker and the Workers Monthly. New York: The Daily Worker Publishing Company, 1927. Also available from Marxist Internet Archive.
 Red Cartoons of 1928: From The Daily Worker and the Workers Monthly. New York: The Daily Worker Publishing Company, 1928. Also available from Marxist Internet Archive.

Articles
 "Have You A Country?". Revolt, Vol. 1, No. 2 (January 15, 1916), pp. 6–7.
 "Our 'C.E.': In Memory of C.E. Ruthenberg, July 9, 1882–March 2, 1927". The Communist, Vol. 14, No. 3 (March 1935), pp. 217–226.  Full issue available at Marxist Internet Archive.

References

External links
 Robert Minor cartoon archive at Marxists Internet Archive
 "Cartoons from the Daily Worker," at Marxists Internet Archive
Robert Minor Original Editorial Cartoons Collection at St. Louis Public Library
Robert Minor Editorial Cartoons Collection at the St. Louis Public Library
 Biographical profile at Spartacus Educational
 Works at The Online Books Page
 Finding aid to Robert Minor papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
 North, Joseph. "'Fighting Bob' Minor" (Eulogy). Masses and Mainstream (1953), pp. 15–28
 University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa:  Robert Minor in Social Movements collection

1884 births
1952 deaths
American syndicalists
American editorial cartoonists
American Comintern people
American communists
American Marxists
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Members of the Communist Party USA
American male journalists
Marxist journalists
American people of the Spanish Civil War
Activists for African-American civil rights
Artists from San Antonio
St. Louis Post-Dispatch people

Robert Minor


Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), also known as acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells. It is the rapid growth of uncommon white blood cells that build up in the bone marrow and harm the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults.

Cancer

Acute myeloid leukemia


The Weserstadion is a stadium in Bremen, Germany. It lies to the right side of the Weser, in the Pauliner Marsch, a flooding area in the quarter of Peterswerder. It is the homeground of the Werder Bremen football club.

History
The Weser stadium was built in 1909 by Bremen's Allgemeiner Bremer Turn- und Sportverein as a sports field. After its first change in the year 1926, it was given the name ATSB Kampfbahn. Today's name, which goes back to the direct situation at the Weser river, exists since the year 1930. Since this time there also the sports association Werder Bremen makes its plays. At the beginning of the first season of the soccer Bundesliga in the year 1963 the stadium received its first roofed grandstand. In the following decades also the other grandstands were built and modernized gradually. 1992 for the first time in a stadium a VIP Loge was inserted.

Bremen (city)
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bremen (state)

Weserstadion


Clerks is an 1994 American comedy movie directed by Kevin Smith. It takes place in and around a convenience store in New Jersey. Clerks was controversial. Due to graphic language it received an NC-17 rating, although the rating was later changed to R. Clerks was distributed from Miramax. It was released in October 1994.

Other websites

1994 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New Jersey
Miramax movies
American independent movies

Clerks


A terrestrial animal is an animal that lives on land such as dog, cat, an ant or an emu. It can also be used for some species of amphibians that only go back to the water to lay their eggs. It is usually a term to describe the difference between animals that live in water, (such as lobsters and fish), from animals that live on land.

Books
 Clark J. A. (2002). Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods. Indiana University Press, 369 pp., .
 Cloudsley-Thompson J. L. (1988). Evolution and adaptation of terrestrial arthropods. Springer, 141 pp., .
 Little C. (1983). The colonisation of land: Origins and adaptations of terrestrial animals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 290 pp., .

Zoology

Terrestrial animal


Mahogany are an electric music-based multidisciplinary media ensemble formed in Michigan in 1995 and currently working in Philadelphia, New York City, Chicago, and other locations. The band's sound combines vocals, cello, massed guitars, pianos, melodicas, sequencers, synthesizers, samplers, tape, percussion, and other instruments. Mahogany also use film, video, animation, cinema, graphic design, photography, typography and other realization and rendering techniques for a cumulative effect that the band refers to as the "Hypercube".

Mahogany have released two critically acclaimed full-length albums, The Dream of the Modern Day (2000) and Connectivity! (2006), as well as numerous singles, EPs and compilation tracks collected on Memory Column: Early Works and Rarities 1996-2004 (2005). They have performed live with Vampire Weekend, Spoon, Chairlift, Clinic, Bloc Party, Serena Maneesh, Interpol, Luna, Broadcast, Resplandor, and others, maintaining a cult status among the group's listeners.

Foundation
Mahogany are the brainchild of Andrew Prinz, created as a response borne of multidisciplinary generational precedent initiated by Prinz's great-grandfather Harry S. Will, a violinist, artist, designer and founder of the Columbus Orchestral Society (who Prinz cites as establishing Mahogany's organizational tabula rasa), and his grandfather Vernon A. Will, a mathematician and guitarist (who, according to Prinz,  provided the ensemble's theoretical, aesthetic and ethical basis via his 1961 doctoral thesis The Order of Freedom: An Inquiry into the Theory of Human Selection).

According to Prinz, the band's name references the Kurt Weill/Bertolt Brecht opera Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, as well as the mahogany tree's role as a "precious and beautiful living resource, essential to the Earth's biosphere...and a superior material for the construction of both interiors and musical instruments, prized for its beauty and naturally harmonious resonant characteristics."

The group was founded by Prinz and cellist/vocalist Allysa Massais in 1995 while Prinz attended Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, initially studying music theory and composition, then photography, art history, studio art, and graphic design. With concentrations in cello under Owen Carman and bass with Peter Dominguez, Prinz had already performed with and attended workshops and master classes led by jazz greats like Maynard Ferguson, John Faddis and Dizzy Gillespie before forming the first iteration of Mahogany.

Prior to Mahogany, Prinz collaborated with mentor Scott Cortez in two of the latter's musical projects, Lovesliescrushing and Astrobrite. He contributed cover art photography to Lovesliescrushing's second album Xuvetyn and performed 12-string electric guitar with that band on their 1995 East Coast tour. With Astrobrite, Prinz performed as guitarist in 1995–1996 at both live shows and recording sessions. Prinz also worked with Massais in the music project Century Wheatfield, who debuted in 1995 at the Odeon Theatre in East Lansing, Michigan, with an algorithmic video presentation by René Corriveau; their recordings and the video are assumed lost.

History
Mahogany's first release, the Dual-Group split 12-inch EP with fellow Michigan band Auburn Lull, was released in 1997 on Burnt Hair Records. Prinz and Massais were joined by Prinz's sister, keyboardist Marissa von Wohl (Marissa Kaloga), and the group released various recordings on indie labels such as Tinseltones and Liquefaction.

Mahogany established their own provisional label, Simdisc (aka Disques de Simultaneous), in 1998 as an equity-driven concern to provide budgeting capital for the group's releases when little or no capital was available for printing or promotion (Simdisc was subsumed by Renovo and Studio Renovo upon the inception of the Renovo concept in May 2003). The 1997 EP What Will Become of the Key of Reason? was reissued jointly by Simdisc and Clairecords in 1998.

The group's debut full-length album, The Dream of a Modern Day, was recorded in 1998 (augmented by Asha Vida's Jesse Rafferty on percussion) and was initially issued on Burnt Hair in 2000, then reissued in 2001 on Darla Records (CD) and Simdisc/Burnt Hair (LP). Massais left the band after the recording of the album.

In 1999, Prinz and von Wohl relocated to Brooklyn, New York. Joined by several additional musicians (they eventually grew to an octet and even larger live ensembles), Mahogany issued additional compilation tracks. The band's oeuvre was collected on the 1995 Darla 2-CD set Memory Column: Early Works and Rarities 1996-2004.

The group's second album, Connectivity!, featuring production work on several tracks by Robin Guthrie of Cocteau Twins, was issued as a double-CD on Darla in 2006. In February 2007, American webzine Somewhere Cold voted Connectivity! No. 4 on their 2006 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame.

On November 18, 2009, Prinz declared the ensemble to be "a sovereign city-state canton-town within the country of Renovo." He also said: "Mahogany recognizes the corridor concept city-state Newphilyorkadelphia and the wilds between and beyond. Mahogany seeks rewilding, cessation of egregious production of petroleum-based transportation, integration of city concepts and environs, and reification of both high-speed rail and interurban electric traction."

The band announced their signing to BLVD Records on September 27, 2011. In 2013, Mahogany (down to a duo of Prinz and Jaclyn Slimm) issued a digital single, "Phase Break".

Discography

Studio albums
 The Dream of a Modern Day (2000, Burnt Hair Records; 2001 Darla Records/Clairecords)
 Connectivity! (2006, Darla Records/Track & Field)

Singles and EPs
 Dual Group 12-inch split EP with Auburn Lull (1997, Burnt Hair Records)
 Luminous Constructions 7-inch single (1997, Tinseltones TINT 5)
 What Will Become of the Key of Reason? single-sided 12-inch EP (1997, Blackbean & Placenta Tape Club )
 What Will Become of the Key of Reason? CD EP (1997, Simdisc/Clairecords)
 "In the Presence of the Crepuscular" 7-inch single (1999, Amberley/Simdisc)
 "In Search of the Radiant Sun" 7-inch single (1999, Elefant Records)
 "Phase Break" digital single (2013, Renovo)

Compilation albums
 Memory Column: Early Works and Rarities 1996-2004 (2005, Darla Records)

Compilation appearances
 "Il Dynamo de Luce" on Clairecords Presents: Solutions & Remedies CD (1998, Clairecords)
 "On The Threshold of the Absolute" on Losing Today Volume I CD (1998, Losing Today)
 "Mindful Contradiction" on Nocturnal Electrics 7-inch EP (1998, Liquefaction Duske)
 "Semaphore Stream/Lines" on 13 Elements CD (1999, Disasters by Choice)
 "Singing Arc Lamp (Natural Satellites Mix)" on Home Is Where You Hang Yourself CD (1999, Tiger Style Records)
 "L'ephemere est Eternel" on Resonances 7-inch EP (2000, Amberley)
 "Bunker Soldiers" on Pretending to See the Future: A Tribute to OMD CD (2001, Shelflife Records)
 "Soleil Radieux" on Little Darla Has a Treat for You Vol. 16 CD (2001, Darla Records)
 "Accelerations" on Little Darla Has a Treat for You Vol. 18 CD (2002, Darla Record)
 "Planar Cluster, Planar Burst" on Little Darla Has a Treat for You Vol. 24 CD (2006, Darla Records)
 "Supervitesse (Ulrich Schnauss Remix)" on Little Darla Has a Treat for You Vol. 25 CD (2007, Darla Records)

Mahogany Music in Films
"Windmill International A" and exclusive track "Synchromie #3" were featured in Gary Hustwit's 2009 documentary film Objectified. "Windmill International A" was also featured in a documentary film about artist Chris Burden's 2011 sculpture Metropolis II, installed at LACMA.

References

External links

Musical groups from Michigan
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Michigan
Darla Records artists

Mahogany (band)


In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics are the same in all frames of reference.

In 300 BCE, Greek philosopher Aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster than objects that are not heavy. The natural science of Aristotle was most popular in Western thought for 2,000 years.

In 1600, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei proved that all objects fall with the same acceleration. Therefore, the longer an object moves with constant acceleration the faster its final velocity is. Also, if different objects each having a different mass are dropped from rest (initial velocity is zero) at the same height in a vacuum, they will all hit the ground at the same velocity regardless of their mass. The experimental discoveries of Galileo and the Laws of Motion developed mathematically by Newton gave birth to modern science.

Galileo's principle of relativity states "It is impossible by mechanical means to say whether we are moving or staying at rest". If two trains are moving at the same speed in the same direction, then a passenger in either train will not be able to notice that either train is moving. However, if the passenger takes a fixed frame of reference, a fixed point, like the earth, he will then be able to notice the motion of either train. Another thing, if one stands on the earth one will not be able to see that it is moving.

This principle is just taken from observation. For example, if we are travelling by airplane at a constant speed, we can walk through the inside of the airplane without noticing anything special.

From a practical point of view, this means that Newton's laws of motion are valid in all inertial systems, which means those at rest or those moving with constant speed relative to one considered at rest. This is the law of inertia: a body at rest continues at rest and a body in motion continues in motion in a straight line unless influenced by an external force. A Galilean coordinate system is one where the law of inertia is valid. The laws of mechanics of Galileo and Newton are valid in a Galilean coordinate system. If K is a Galilean coordinate system, then every other system K' is a Galilean coordinate system if it lies at rest or moves according to the law of inertia relative to K. Relative to K', the mechanical laws of Galileo and Newton are as valid as they are relative to K.

       If, relative to K, K' is a coordinate
       system moving according to the law of
       inertia and is devoid of rotation, then
       the laws of nature obey the same general
       principles in K' as they do in K. This
       statement is known as the Principle of
       Relativity.

In other words, if a mass m is at rest or is moving with constant acceleration (the constant acceleration could be equal to zero in which case the velocity would remain constant) in a straight line relative to a Galilean coordinate system K, then it will also be at rest or moving with constant acceleration in a straight line relative to a second coordinate system K' provided the law of inertia is valid in system K' (in other words, provided it is a Galilean coordinate system).

Therefore, if we want to observe an effect in a moving system at constant speed, we can apply the Newton laws directly. If the moving system speeds up (or we speed up relative to it, like looking at the stars from the earth) then we will have to introduce imaginary forces to compensate this effect.

These fictitious forces are called centrifugal force and coriolis force.

Newton's Laws of Motion are mechanically accurate for speeds that are slow compared with the velocity of light. For speeds that approach the speed of light, it is necessary to apply the discoveries of Einstein's  Special Theory of Relativity.

In order to describe what happens mechanically in the universe, physicists use mass, length and time. In the physics of Galileo and Newton, these quantities remain the same throughout the universe.

With Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, these quantities can change.

Related pages
 General theory of relativity
 Special relativity

Relativity

Principle of relativity


The Divine Praises or Laudes Divinae informally known as Blessed be God is an 18th-century Roman Catholic expiatory prayer. It is traditionally recited during Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.  It may also be said after having heard, seen or inadvertently uttered profanity or blasphemy.

History
The Divine Praises were originally written in Italian by Luigi Felici in 1797 for the purpose of making reparation after saying or hearing sacrilege or blasphemy.  The praises were later expanded by Pope Pius VII in 1801 and eventually came to be a recitation following the Benediction, usually with the priest saying each line (depends), which is then repeated by the congregation.

Text of the prayer

Notes

Roman Catholic prayers

Divine Praises


Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), who was an important Chinese philosopher. Confucianism has a complete system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.  Some people think Confucianism should be called a religion but others do not agree.

Confucianism was made to stop the fall of former Chinese society. After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared only for themselves and did not have any respect for others. Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important. People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to have peace, but they had to care for themselves too. As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.

Confucianism was started in Ch'u-fu, Confucius's birthplace.  Today, Confucianism has spread around the world, but it is still more important in China.

The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one's parents, elders, and ancestors. He also taught that humans 'can never stop learning'; meaning that knowledge is infinite, therefore we will always learn, never stopping. For example, he once asked a seven-year-old child to be his teacher, because the child knew something that he did not.

Confucianism Beliefs and Teachings
Confucianism is mainly built on the idea of etiquette and building good relations within a community. Confucius, founder of Confucianism, taught that harmony was a fundamental aspect of the world, and viewed God (Tian) as not the personal maker of the universe, but as the governing order and regularity of the universe, and that people should regularly engage in ritual dedicated to God in order ground oneself and the community with the divine.

The Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues: are the bases of morality.

Bonds:

 Father and son
 Lord and retainer
 Husband and wife

Virtues:

 Ren (Jen), altruism and humanity.
 Yi, righteousness.
 Li, good conduct.
 Zhi, knowledge.
 Xin, loyalty.

Chinese culture that exists today has its roots in Confucianism. Confucius believed that families are the building blocks of a society, which is why he laid emphasis on Filial Piety, which is known as xiào (孝) in Chinese. Filial Piety means loyalty towards one's family. A Filial son is expected to take care of his parents and go to any extent to make their wishes come true. Confucians venerate their ancestors in the form of ritual dedicated to statues or representations of them.

Confucianism advocates for people to strive for achieving the title of a Junzi, or "gentleman". The Confucian Junzi acts as a leader to the community, has the ability to see beyond himself and works in the interest of the whole rather than himself, works towards gradual, rather than immediate, goals, and is loyal and humble.

I Ching divination is regularly practiced in the realm of Confucianism, as the book of I Ching is part of the Confucian Five Classics.

The book, Analects, describes the teachings of Confucius and was written by his disciples.

Related pages
 Ogyū Sorai

References

History of China
Religion in China

Confucianism


Uremia is a Greek word used in English to describe the condition of a person's blood. Uremia is caused by urine products building up in the blood. If those come over the normal filtration system of the kidneys then the condition is called uremia. People with chronic renal disease or acute renal failure are usually affected by uremia.

Physical signs, symptoms and laboratory findings
Fatigue
Peripheral neuropathy
Anorexia
Decreased sense of smell and taste
Cramps
Restless legs
Sleep disturbances
Coma
Reduced muscle membrane potential
asterixis and tremor
lethargy/deterioration in mental status, encephalopathy, seizures
hyperreflexia and upgoing toes
uremic fetor
pericarditis and/or bruising (from qualitative, not quantitative, platelet dysfunction)
fall in BP and body temperature
nausea/vomiting
Amenorrhea and sexual dysfunction
Reduced body temperature
Altered amino acid levels
Bone disease due to phosphate retention, hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency
Insulin resistance
Increase protein-muscle catabolism
Anemia due to erythropoietin deficiency and shortened red-cell survival

Blood

Uremia


Oliver Francis Luck (born April 5, 1960) is an American business executive and former football quarterback. He is currently the executive director of the United Athletic Conference, a new NCAA Division I FCS conference starting play in 2023 as a football-only merger of the ASUN Conference and Western Athletic Conference. He was the CEO and Commissioner of the XFL until it suspended operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to that, he was Director of Intercollegiate Athletes at West Virginia University (WVU), his alma mater, and an executive with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in charge of the organization's regulatory functions. Luck is a retired American football player who spent five seasons in the National Football League (NFL) as a quarterback for the Houston Oilers (1982–1986). He was also the first president and general manager of the Houston Dynamo of Major League Soccer (MLS). Under his watch, the Dynamo won the MLS Cup in 2006 and 2007.

He is the father of former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Andrew Luck.

Football career

Collegiate career

Luck attended St. Ignatius High School in Cleveland, where he was a standout quarterback. He then enrolled at WVU, playing quarterback from 1978 to 1981. In his freshman season, Luck only had 151 yards passing and five interceptions. As a sophomore in 1979, he passed for 1,292 yards and eight touchdowns, but threw 12 interceptions. He also rushed for 407 yards and five touchdowns, including a career-high 120 yards against Tulane.

In his junior season of 1980, Luck earned first-team Academic All-American honors. Luck's 19 touchdown passes was a school record, while he also added 1,874 yards. As a senior in 1981, he led the Mountaineers to the Peach Bowl where they defeated the Florida Gators by a score of 26–6. Also named Academic All-American for the second consecutive season, Luck threw for a school record 216 completions and 394 attempts to add to his 2,448 yards and 16 touchdowns. He added career-highs 360 passing yards and a school-record 34 completions in a loss to Syracuse that season.

Luck, who was a three-year starter, ended his career with school records of 43 career touchdown passes, 466 completions, and 911 pass attempts. His 5,765 career passing yards currently ranks fourth on the all-time school list. Luck still ranks in the top ten in nearly every career passing category.

Luck was a finalist to be a Rhodes Scholar (but he did not obtain the scholarship), a National Football Foundation Scholar, and a two-time GTE/CoSIDA Academic All-American who graduated magna cum laude from WVU in 1982. He was named the team MVP in 1980 and 1981 and won the 1981 Louis D. Meisel Award. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Luck was inducted into the Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 2000.

Professional career
Luck was the 44th overall selection in the 1982 NFL Draft, taken in the second round by the Houston Oilers. He was the third quarterback taken, after Art Schlichter (4th to Baltimore) and Jim McMahon (5th to Chicago). As a rookie in the strike-shortened 1982 season, Luck saw no action. In his second season, the Oilers inserted him at the starting quarterback position, from which he threw eight touchdowns and 13 interceptions, completing 124 of 217 pass attempts for 1,375 yards as the Oilers struggled to a 2–14 record. He was a teammate of fellow quarterback Archie Manning during the 1982 and 1983 seasons.

In 1984, the Oilers signed Canadian Football League star Warren Moon. Luck played as Moon's back-up for the majority of the season. He completed 22 of 36 pass attempts for 256 yards, two of which were touchdown passes, with one interception. Luck also had some success running the ball, with 10 carries for 75 yards and one touchdown.

In 1985 and 1986, Luck continued to play back-up to Moon. He threw 100 passes in 1985, completing 56 of them with two touchdowns and two interceptions. In 1986, Luck's final season in the NFL, he completed 31 of 60 passes for 341 yards with one touchdown and five interceptions.

Post-football career
After retiring from pro football, Luck earned a J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law in 1987. He graduated with honors, then accepted a fellowship to study the European Union and its legal system in Germany. Luck is also a long-time member of the American Council on Germany. In 1990, he was the Republican nominee for Congress from West Virginia's 2nd congressional district, which included his alma mater, but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Harley O. Staggers Jr. An ethical controversy arose after his campaign used a mailing list generated by the non-profit Mountaineer Athletic Club to send a photo of himself as WVU's quarterback, along with a letter from Luck, to over 4000 of the club's contributors. A state ethics commission report subsequently found that the list had been generated at Luck's request, and Luck apologized.

In 1991, he became general manager of the Frankfurt Galaxy of the fledgling World League of American Football. He held the post for two years until the league was suspended. Upon its resumption in 1995, he became general manager of the Rhein Fire, and was named league president the following year. Luck held that role until 2000, during which time he oversaw the league's rebranding as NFL Europe, intended to strengthen the connection between the league and its parent, the NFL.

In 2001 Luck was sworn in as Chief Executive Officer of the Houston Sports Authority. In this role he oversaw the operations of the Harris County Houston Sports Authority, the governmental entity created in 1997 to provide the financing, construction and management oversight of the three large sports and entertainment venues in Houston: Minute Maid Park (home of the Houston Astros), Reliant Stadium, (home of the Houston Texans and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo), and the new Downtown multi-purpose arena (home of the Houston Rockets and Comets).

Prior to joining the Sports Authority, Luck was a top-ranking executive with the National Football League for more than ten years, where he served as Vice President of Business Development and President and CEO of NFL Europe. In 2005, he was named president of the Houston Dynamo of Major League Soccer. Luck worked with the City and County to create a publicly funded downtown soccer stadium, BBVA Compass Stadium, which opened to much fanfare in March 2012.

On June 27, 2008, Luck was appointed by West Virginia Governor Joe Manchin to the West Virginia University Board of Governors, effective July 1. On June 9, 2010, Luck was hired as the athletic director of West Virginia University. Two years later his name surfaced as a potential candidate to fill the open athletic director's slot at Stanford University, where his son Andrew played quarterback and one of his daughters played volleyball. But Luck announced on May 17, 2012, that he was staying at WVU.

During Luck's tenure the WVU athletic program made significant changes, including: WVU's move from the Big East Conference to the Big 12 Conference; the resignation of head football coach Bill Stewart and subsequent promotion of Dana Holgorsen to that spot; and the firing of baseball coach Greg Van Zant, instituted beer sales at football stadiums, restructured the WVU compliance office, and took the school off of major probation; facilitated multi-media rights to IMG in a 12-year, $86million guaranteed deal, added men's golf after a 32-year hiatus; hired baseball coach Randy Mazey who led the team to a 3rd-place finish in the Big 12, and organized state TIF funding to build a new baseball stadium eventually known as Monongalia County Ballpark.

As of October 12, 2012, WVU amended Luck's employment agreement, extending his contract through 2017.

On October 14, 2013, Luck was one of 13 members unanimously chosen by the College Football Playoff Management Committee to select the four teams to compete in the first College Football Playoff which was to be held in 2015.

On December 17, 2014, the NCAA announced that Luck would take a newly created post as executive vice president for regulatory affairs. Luck is in charge of all national office regulatory functions, including academics, membership, eligibility, and enforcement. The position had been created by current NCAA president Mark Emmert as part of a major restructuring of his senior staff. Notably, the NCAA offices are in Indianapolis, where Andrew played at the time.

On June 5, 2018, the XFL announced that Luck would be the league's Commissioner and CEO. After a start that was possibly "the best launch of a new sports league in the last 30 years, if not ever,"  the league suspended play on March 12, 2020, due to the outbreak of the coronavirus.  On Thursday April 9, XFL owner Vince McMahon fired Oliver Luck two working days before the league filed for bankruptcy. Luck sued XFL owner Vince McMahon for wrongful termination on April 21.  As XFL President Jeffrey Pollack noted: "Our shutdown and our bankruptcy filing had nothing to do with anything other than the pandemic.  Our business was working, our proof of concept was successful, and we were on our way to a phenomenal first season."

Luck was named on January 5, 2023 as the executive director (de facto commissioner) of the newly formed ASUN–WAC Football Conference. The football-only merger of the ASUN Conference and Western Athletic Conference is set to start play in the 2023 season in the second tier of NCAA Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision.

Personal life
Luck is married to the former Kathy Wilson, with whom he has four children: Andrew, Mary Ellen, Emily, and Addison. The three oldest are  graduates of Stanford University, where Andrew played football and Mary Ellen played volleyball. When Luck's NCAA employment was announced,  Addison was attending Morgantown High School. Andrew played quarterback at Stanford and was selected number one overall by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2012 NFL Draft.

In addition to his professional pursuits, Luck was actively involved as a coach for youth sports.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American soccer chairmen and investors
Houston Dynamo FC
Houston Oilers players
Major League Soccer executives
NFL Europe executives
Players of American football from Cleveland
Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland) alumni
Sportspeople from Cleveland
University of Texas School of Law alumni
West Virginia Mountaineers athletic directors
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
College Football Playoff Selection Committee members

Oliver Luck


Pro Tools is a Digital Audio Workstation platform for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was developed and manufactured by Digidesign. Digidesign a division of Avid Technology. Pro Tools is similar to a multi-track tape recorder and mixer. It has other features that can only be done in the digital medium. The high-end version supports sample rates of up to 192 kHz and bit depths of 16 and 24 bit, opens WAV, AIFF, mp3, SDII audio files. It also supports QuickTime video files.

Music technology
Music software

Pro Tools


Thallium(I) chloride, also known as thallous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlCl. It has thallium and chloride ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Thallium(I) chloride is a colorless odorless solid. It is very toxic. It is insoluble (does not dissolve) in cold water but dissolves a little in hot water. Otherwise, it is somewhat similar to potassium chloride in being colorless and silver chloride in being insoluble in water.

Preparation
Thallium(I) chloride is made by reacting any soluble chloride such as hydrochloric acid with thallium(I) sulfate. This makes a thallium(I) chloride solid. It can also be made by reacting thallium metal with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
It is the result of a certain way to make hexafluorophosphates from chlorides.

Related pages
Thallium(I) bromide
Thallium(III) oxide
Thallium(I) carbonate

Thallium compounds
Chlorine compounds

Thallium(I) chloride


Fingerprint scanners are security systems of biometrics.  They are used to unlock doors and in other security applications.  During the 2010s fingerprint scanners became commonplace on mobile phones.

People have a pattern of ridges on their fingers.  This fingerprint cannot be removed or changed.  Every fingerprint is different from any other in the world.  Because there are countless combinations, fingerprints are much used for identification.

Various Types

Optical reflexive
They are based on the oldest technique, that consists of placing your finger on a glass surface or a prism that is illuminated by a led diode. When the ridges of fingerprints touch the surface, the light is absorbed, while between these crests a total reflection occurs. The resulting light and dark areas are recorded in an image sensor.

In practice there are some difficulties with this technique: wet and dry fingers make very different images, and the system is sensitive to dust and dirt on the surface. The unit is large and expensive. This system is also easy to cheat and if the skin is damaged, the fingerprint is not recognized correctly. The recognition of the fingerprint of older people is also difficult to do because their skin may not be elastic enough. In some circumstances this may result in false recognition. If the stored fingerprint was taken with less pressure, false acceptances may occur.

Capacitive
The sensor is a silicon integrated circuit with a surface that is covered by a large number of transducer elements (or pixels), with a typical resolution of 500 dpi. Each element contains two adjacent metal electrodes. The capacitance between the electrodes, which forms a feedback path for an inverting amplifier, is reduced when the finger is applied to said surface: it is further reduced when it detects ridges and less reduced when it detects the space between them.

The sensor is susceptible to electrostatic discharge. These sensors only work with normal healthy skins, they are not operative being used on skins with hard areas, calluses or scars. Moisture, grease or dust can also affect its operation.

Mechanical
It consists of tens of thousands of tiny pressure transducers that are mounted on the surface of the sensor. An alternative design uses switches that are closed when pressed by a ridge, but that stay open when they are under a valley. This only provides one bit of information per pixel, instead of working with a gray scale.

Thermal
In this case the heat driven by the finger is detected, which is greater when there is a ridge than when there is a valley. A silicon component has been developed with a matrix of pixels called "FingerChip", that is, "finger integrated circuit", each of which is covered with a layer of pyroelectric material in which a change in temperature translates into a change in the load distribution of its surface. The image is in the gray scale that has the right quality even with the finger worn, with dirt, with grease or with humidity. The sensor has a robust protective layer and can provide a dynamic output.

Dynamic output
Most of the sensors described have been altered in the past. To avoid this, a new operating mode has been added. Instead of simply placing your finger statically on the sensor, the finger moves slowly along it. The sensor only has a narrow sensitive area, and generates a complete sequence of images, which can be reassembled, by means of a processor, in a complete image. The benefits are improved appreciably and the elimination of any residual grease is guaranteed.

Use

The most important use area is in access control for computers. This is especially important for laptops and PDAs. Thanks to the price falling, more and more devices are equipped with sensors. Other devices with built-in fingerprint sensors include USB hard drives, USB memory modules and card readers. They are also available in mice and keyboards.

Sensors are increasingly used to secure financial transactions and change machines for "online" banking. In the future, the owner's fingerprint will be stored securely on identity cards and credit cards and may also be used for authentication of emails using digital signatures.

Direct physical access to rooms and devices can also be ensured by coupling fingerprint sensors with door opening systems.

Construction forms
There are two construction forms: the stagnant and the moving fingerprint scanner.

 Stagnant: The finger must be dragged over the small scanning area. This is cheaper and less reliable than the moving form.  The image is not very good when the finger is not regularly dragged over the scanning area.
 Moving: The finger lies on the scanning area, while the scanner runs underneath. Because the scanner runs regularly over the fingerprint, the images are better.

Computer hardware
Data input
Authentication methods

Fingerprint scanner


John Nichol Irwin (December 25, 1844 – December 22, 1905) was an American businessman, politician and diplomat. Among the positions he held were Mayor of Keokuk, Iowa, Governor of Idaho Territory, Governor of Arizona Territory, and U.S. Minister to Portugal.

Background
Irwin was born December 25, 1844, in Butler County, Ohio, to Stephen and Elizabeth Martha (Nichol) Irwin. His family moved to Keokuk, Iowa, in 1856 and he was educated in public schools in both Ohio and Iowa before attending Miami University in his birth state. His education was interrupted by the American Civil War, when Irwin served with the 45th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and reached the rank of sergeant. Following the war he returned to his studies and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1867. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity.

After graduation, Irwin returned to Keokuk and studied law at the firm of Miller and Rankin. He additionally studied for a time at the University of Michigan Law School. On June 6, 1871, he married his mentor's daughter, Mary Love Rankin. The couple had three children, Alice, Elizabeth, and John R.

Despite his legal training, Irwin spent most of his efforts working at the family dry goods business. Performing occasional legal work, he also became a founder and director of the Keokuk Building and Loan Company. He served five terms as mayor of Keokuk and two terms in the Iowa House of Representatives.

Idaho Territory
Following the removal of John Baldwin Neil, Irwin was nominated as Governor of Idaho Territory by President Chester A. Arthur and commissioned on March 5, 1883. Arriving in the territory in April, he took a brief tour with Theodore F. Singiser before returning to Keokuk to handle personal business and prepare his family to move to the territory. At the end of a 60-day leave, he requested and received a 60-day extension. In August, news reached Idaho that Irwin had developed problems with his eyes. By October, the new governor was expressing his desire to soon return to his duties while at the same time expecting to undergo surgery to correct the problem with his eyes. Citing "personal reasons", Irwin submitted his resignation on December 20, 1883. During his tenure of over nine months as governor, he had spent less than one month in the territory.

An unusual aspect of his tenure was Irwin returning most of his salary, claiming he could not in good conscience accept the unearned pay.  This action received widespread newspaper results due to its rarity – most political appointees of the day took all monies they could collect without question.  It also created a problem for the Treasury Department which was unsure how to handle the situation. They initially attempted to place the returned money in the Conscience Fund, but this resulted in a protest from Irwin who did not wish the returned salary to be associated with monies returned by guilt-ridden criminals. The returned funds were eventually credited to the public debt.

Arizona Territory
Following the resignation of Lewis Wolfley as Governor of the Arizona Territory, President Benjamin Harrison took over a month to choose a replacement. Upon the recommendation of U.S. Senator William B. Allison, Irwin was nominated for the governorship on September 29, 1890, and confirmed on October 4, 1890. The new governor was however delayed in assuming his new position, being quarantined in his home after his son was diagnosed with scarlet fever till January of the next year.

Irwin was sworn into office on January 21, 1891.  By this time the 16th Arizona Territorial Legislature was already in session.  Secretary Oakes Murphy, as Acting Governor, had already given the session's opening address, so Irwin made his wishes felt through use of his veto. To help control the territorial deficit the governor vetoed an "outrageous" appropriation bill, forcing the legislature to pass a less ambitious spending plan. Irwin was however convinced to sign a twenty-year tax exemption on newly constructed railroad lines.

Among the other actions of the 16th legislature was an act calling for a constitutional convention. In response to this act, Irwin called a special election to choose delegates. A constitution was written by the convention and approved by Arizona voters in 1891, but the document never received serious consideration by interests in the U.S. Congress due to its provisions supporting Free Silver, state control of rivers and canals, and state aid to railroads and other businesses.

On June 15, 1891, Irwin left for the East Coast. At the time of his departure the territory's bonds were selling for below par and the governor wished to negotiate with New York financial interests about the territorial debt. He also used the visit to extol Arizona's virtues during a July 28, 1891, dinner.  Following his stay in New York he returned to Keokuk to continue his work of refinancing the territorial debt.

While in Keokuk, Irwin found his mother had taken ill.   This prompted him to extend his stay and he did not return to Arizona until November 9, 1891.  Irwin's mother became ill again in April 1892, prompting the governor to return to Iowa. Following his mother's death, Irwin submitted his resignation on April 18, 1892, to deal with resulting family business concerns.

Later life
After leaving Arizona, Irwin made his home in Keokuk. He remained there till 1899 when he was appointed Minister to Portugal. Irwin resigned his diplomatic appointment in June 1901.

Irwin's death occurred on December 22, 1905, in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He was buried in Keokuk's Oakland Cemetery.

See also

John N. and Mary L. (Rankin) Irwin House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

1844 births
1905 deaths
Mayors of places in Iowa
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Ambassadors of the United States to Portugal
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
People from Butler County, Ohio
Governors of Idaho Territory
Governors of Arizona Territory
Year of birth uncertain
People from Keokuk, Iowa
Miami University alumni
Union Army soldiers
Dartmouth College alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Iowa lawyers
Arizona Republicans
Idaho Republicans
19th-century American politicians

John N. Irwin


Matunga (Marathi pronunciation: [maːʈuŋɡaː]) is a locality in the heart of Mumbai City towards downtown Mumbai. It is serviced by the Matunga Road station on the Western line, Matunga station on the Central Line and King's Circle station on the Harbour Line.

Geographically, Matunga is surrounded by the Sion-Dharavi belt to the North, Mahim to the North-West, GTB Nagar to the North-East, Wadala to the East and Dadar to the South.

History

Matunga formed a part of the seven original islands of Mumbai with Mahim, then known as Mahikavati. It is said that the King of Mahikavati had his elephant stables in Matunga, and that the name Matunga was derived from "Matanga", the Sanskrit word for Elephant.

Matunga was among the first well planned localities of Mumbai. The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion plan of 1899-1900 was formulated to evenly distribute population as well as provide better living standards. Matunga has a juxtaposition of Irani cafes and Udupis and houses one of the oldest residents of Mumbai.

The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme of 1899-1900 was the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay. The City Improvement Trust formulated this plan in order to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics of the 1890s. According to the survey plan, 60,000 people were to be housed at Dadar-Matunga and an equal number in Sion-Matunga. 85,000 people were to be accommodated in the developments in Sewri-Wadala. The plans regulated constructions with emphasis on proper sanitation. No building was to be more than three storeys high, and the buildings were to have open spaces between them. The land-use was planned to be a mix of residential, commercial and institutional constructions. Parks and gardens were planned, and the streets were well laid out.

440 acres of land was procured and leased to the Government for selling. For the first time housing cooperatives were formed to take advantage of newly developed land. The Parsi and Hindu colonies in Dadar and the Tamil colony in Matunga were developed in this way.

Among the institutions which moved here according to the CIT plan were the VJTI and King George's School.

Demographics
Matunga has a large population of South Indians especially, Tamil Brahmins, who have been residing here for several decades. An effect of this has been a good number of traditional South Indian temples and restaurants serving authentic South Indian dishes that can be found in the area. The number of Gujaratis has also been on the rise in recent years. One of the earliest Gujaratis to come to Matunga were from the Kapol community. They built the Kapol Hostel and Kapol Niwas in Matunga.

Matunga, having a predominantly Hindu population, also has a sizeable presence of Marathis, Bengalis and members of the Parsi community.

Culture
Matunga has numerous temples, namely, the Astika Samajam, the South Indian Bhajan Samaj, Sri Sankara Matham, Sri Kanyaka Parmeshwari Temple, The Church of Mary, Help of Christians (also known as Don Bosco Church), the Jain temples in Kings Circle and the Marubai Temple.

There is also the Matunga Mosque which is an important place of worship for members of the Muslim community.

The Shanmukhananda Auditorium and Mysore Auditorium, a major cultural centre lies on the border of Matunga and Sion. Matunga also houses multiple cultural centres, namely, the Mysore Association, the Gujarati Seva Mandal and the Karnataka Sangh Hall in Matunga West.

Matunga is known for its eateries serving south Indian food.

Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated on a large scale in Matunga, with multiple Ganesh Mandals that are beautifully decorated during the 10 day festival.

Matunga market

The Lal Bahadur Shastri Market in Matunga is the main market of Matunga, housing multiple shops and hawkers selling vegetables, clothes, jewellery and groceries. Matunga East does not house either a meat market or a fish market and the nearest shops for poultry and fish are in Matunga West, Wadala and Dadar.

The flower market of Matunga is famous for its South Indian essence and is quite well known in Mumbai.

Educational institutions
The Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Institute of Chemical Technology (erstwhile University Department of Chemical Technology), Guru Nanak Khalsa College, R.A. Podar College, Ramnarain Ruia College, and Welingkar Institute of Management are some of higher education institutions located in Matunga. These institutions are accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).

Some of the other schools nearby are South Indian Education Society High School, J.B.Vacha School in Dadar Parsi Colony, and King George School nearby in Dadar, which is on the border of Matunga and Dadar.

In 1937, the general council of Salesians of Don Bosco approved a plan to buy  land in Matunga from the Bombay Municipal Corporation. The Corporation approved the sale on 16 July 1937. The Salesians bought the land for ₹229,160. The Don Bosco High School (formerly known as The Catholic Educational Institute) run by them was shifted from the rented premises at Tardeo to the new Don Bosco campus at Matunga.

Matunga boarding which was known as Shri Hirji Bhojraj & Sons KVO Jain Chhatralaya was established in 1915. This campus also houses Shishuvan school.

Sports facilities
The Matunga Gymkhana and associated ground is a home for budding cricketers. Similarly, Matunga Gymkhana has facilities for Tennis, Squash, Swimming and Badminton. Indian Gymkhana in Matunga is a preferred venue for Cricket and Basketball training.

The Indian Gymkhana has facilities for basketball, swimming, tennis, badminton, cricket, etc.

The Don Bosco School has multiple facilities for football, cricket and basketball.

References

Mumbai City district
Neighbourhoods in Mumbai

Matunga


Brian Vincent Tobin  (born October 21, 1954) is a Canadian businessman and former politician. Tobin served as the sixth premier of Newfoundland from 1996 to 2000. Tobin was also a prominent Member of Parliament and served as a cabinet minister in Jean Chrétien's Liberal government.

Early life, education, and family
Tobin was born in Stephenville, Newfoundland. He studied political science at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's. He worked a brief stint as a TV news announcer with NBC (now NTV) before joining the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador as a political aide to former federal Member of Parliament (MP) and federal cabinet minister Don Jamieson.

Tobin is married to Jodean (Smith) and they have three children: Heather, Adam, and Jack.

Political career
Tobin was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal in the 1980 election. He was re-elected in the 1984 election even though Brian Mulroney's, Progressive Conservative Party (PC) won the largest majority government in Canadian history. It was at this time however that Tobin gained prominence as a member of the "Rat Pack", which was the nickname given to a group of young, high-profile Canadian Liberal opposition MPs during Mulroney's government.

In government
Following the 1993 election in which the Liberals regained power from the Progressive Conservatives after almost a decade in opposition, Tobin was appointed Minister of Fisheries and Oceans.

In the ministry, Tobin distinguished himself from his colleagues with speeches rife with rhetoric and his youthful exuberance. Throughout 1994 he mounted a fierce campaign against foreign over-fishing of waters on the nose and tail of the Grand Banks, located just outside Canada's declared 200 nautical mile (370 km) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). People across Canada took notice of this new and aggressive posture, a position that had not been taken by a federal minister—Liberal or Conservative—since the EEZ was declared in 1977.

Critics note that Tobin was likely doing this to preserve his political life in his home province. At this point, Newfoundland and Labrador was wracked by rapidly rising unemployment and social unrest over the fiscal situation which many believed had been caused by federal mismanagement of foreign and domestic overfishing. This had resulted in the 1992 "Northern Cod Moratorium." In April 1995, Tobin's department was embroiled in the Turbot War (known in Spain as Guerra del Fletán). He received full backing of the United Kingdom and Ireland in the pursuit. Later that month, Tobin conducted an international news conference from a barge on the East River outside the United Nations headquarters and dramatically displayed an illegal, under Canadian Law, trawl net that had allegedly been cut from a Spanish trawler which was arrested outside the Canadian EEZ, on international waters. The net was over 16 stories high and was hung from a crane causing a media sensation. Tobin was accused by the arrested shipmen of ill-intentionally orchestrating a media-oriented frame-up to mislead attention from economic and public image problems Canada was facing.

Tobin helped organize a pro-Canada rally in Montreal before the October 1995 Quebec referendum—busing in thousands of university students and other residents from English Canada. For his roles as Fisheries Minister and in the referendum, he earned the nickname "Captain Canada".

Premier of Newfoundland
In 1996, Tobin resigned from federal politics to succeed Clyde Wells as leader of the governing Liberal Party of Newfoundland and premier. The Liberal Party won a large majority government later that year. During his time as premier Tobin pursued tough negotiations with out-of-province companies seeking to export resources for refining and smelting elsewhere. He insisted that the resources will never be mined unless Newfoundlanders received secondary manufacturing and tertiary service spin-offs. A similar tough stance was taken in seeking to develop the Lower Churchill River, keeping in mind the contract his predecessor Joey Smallwood had negotiated. His Liberals won re-election in 1999.

It was also during this time in the lead-up to the millennium that Newfoundland undertook an aggressive tourism marketing campaign which focused on important anniversaries such as the 500th year since John Cabot's voyage of discovery (1997), as well as the 1000th year since Vikings, such as Leif Ericson, made landfall on the province's shores (2000).

Return to federal politics
In October 2000, Tobin suddenly resigned to join the federal Cabinet and run for re-election to the House of Commons in a snap election called by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson on the advice of her prime minister, Jean Chrétien. Chrétien advised that his friend be appointed as Minister of Industry before the election, replacing John Manley, and Tobin was easily elected in the riding of Bonavista—Trinity—Conception. His departure from the premiership caused speculation among Newfoundlanders and Canadians about his aspirations for the leadership of the federal Liberals following what was assumed would be Chrétien's final term as prime minister.  Tobin's position in Industry would allow him to develop a relationship with the nation's business leaders who would ultimately be financing any potential leadership campaign. In January 2002, Tobin abruptly resigned both his cabinet portfolio and parliament seat. Observers interpreted that his departure of federal politics was due to his frustration at the stranglehold on the future leadership of the Liberal party by the then Minister of Finance, Paul Martin, and possibly because Chrétien had promoted Manley to Deputy Prime Minister.

Post-political career
In retirement from politics, Tobin has served on the board of several Canadian corporations. He became CEO of Magna International Developments (MID), controller of Magna's vast real estate and horse track holdings, the latter through Magna Entertainment Corporation. After only a few months in the position, he left after disagreements with Magna chairman and controlling shareholder Frank Stronach. The dispute was supposedly over the propriety of a share buyback program, while others suggested that it was because Stronach would not give Tobin autonomy to operate. Tobin has since joined the libertarian think-tank the Fraser Institute. In the past, Tobin had referred to the Fraser Institute and its fellows as "Loony-Tunes". It is there that Tobin began his association with the ideas and political plans of Preston Manning and Mike Harris. Tobin is also a Senior Business Advisor with Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP in Toronto and is a member of the firm's Public Policy Group.Through his involvement in policy decisions first entered as ideals at the Fraser Institute, Tobin has influenced the sale of energy interests in Alberta including the sale of two billion dollars worth of Alberta oil and gas interests to Abu Dhabi a Middle Eastern company through their Houston affiliate as shown on the Fraser Milner Casgrain website.

In 2003 Tobin authored his biography titled "All In Good Time".

With the defeat of the Liberals in the 2006 Canadian federal election to Stephen Harper's Conservatives, Prime Minister Martin resigned from the leadership of the party. There were frequent rumors that Tobin, and other former cabinet colleagues Allan Rock and John Manley would run to succeed Martin. On January 31, 2006, Tobin officially announced that he would not be running for the federal Liberal leadership.

On December 25, 2010, Tobin's son Jack was charged with impaired driving causing death over an incident in which his best friend, Alex Zolpis, was killed.  His son later pleaded guilty and was granted full parole just over a year into a three-year sentence.

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on 19 November 2012.  His citation reads:
Brian Tobin is highly regarded for his strong and principled leadership. As a federal cabinet minister, he was instrumental in leading the implementation of the Oceans Act, which provides a unique framework for modern ocean management. He also took a strong stance against offshore over-fishing by foreign fleets. His term as premier of Newfoundland and Labrador was marked by important economic reforms to traditional industries, the modernization of the educational system, and the development of the offshore oil and gas industry. In the corporate sector, he is known for his commitment to sound governance and corporate social responsibility.

In April 2013, BMO Capital Markets, the investment & corporate banking arm of BMO Financial Group, announced that it hired Tobin as Vice-Chair.

References

External links

1954 births
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the 26th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada

Brian Tobin


Georges-Émile Lapalme (January 14, 1907 – February 5, 1985) was a politician in Quebec, Canada and a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, and leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.

Background
He was born in Montreal. He studied law at the Université de Montréal. Lapalme was married to Maria Langlois for nearly 50 years, with whom he had seven children.

Member of Parliament
Lapalme was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1945 federal election and served until 1950.

Provincial politics
He resigned his federal seat to be acclaimed Leader of the Liberal Party of Quebec in 1950.  He ran for a seat to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the district of Joliette in the 1952 election, but was defeated by Minister of Labor and Union Nationale candidate Antonio Barrette.

Lapalme won a by-election in the district of Montréal-Outremont in 1953.  He was re-elected in the 1956 election, but under his leadership, his party lost the election against the Union Nationale. He remained a Liberal leader until 1958 and remained Leader of the Opposition in Quebec until 1960.

It was during his leadership that the Quebec Liberal Party severed its affiliation with the federal Liberal Party in 1955.

Member of the Cabinet
Lapalme won re-election in the 1960 and 1962 elections.  He never became premier, but served as deputy premier under Jean Lesage, and as Attorney-General and was the province's first Minister of Cultural Affairs.  Lapalme did not run for re-election in the 1966 election.

Elections as party leader
Lapalme lost two general elections as party leader, the 1952 election and the 1956 election.

See also
Politics of Quebec
Timeline of Quebec history
List of Quebec general elections
List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition
History of Quebec

External links

1907 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Canadian lawyers
Deputy premiers of Quebec
Lawyers from Montreal
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Montreal
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Quebec political party leaders
Université de Montréal alumni
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery

Georges-Émile Lapalme


The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or cutty GFDL) is a copyleft license for free content, designed bi the Free Saftware Foondation (FSF) for the GNU project. It is the coonterpairt tae the GNU GPL that gies readers the same richts tae copy, caw aboot an modifee a wark an requires aw copies an affcomes tae be tae haund unner the same license. Copies can be selt commercial an aw, but if duin in lairger quantities (greater nor 100) nor the oreeginal document or soorce code maun be seen on tae the wark's receepient.

The license wis designed for guidals, textbeuks, ither reference an instructional materials, an documentation that aften gangs alang wi GPL saftware. Houaniver, it can be uised for ony text-based wark, regairdless o subject maiter.  The lairgest project uisin the license is Wikipedia, a general-purpose encyclopaedia, but the license isna awfu popular amang ither projects.

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Specifically, the authors of prior versions hae tae be acknowledged an certaint "invariant sections" specified bi the oreeginal author an dealing wi his or her relationship tae the subject matter mey nae be changed. If the material is modified, its title haes tae be changed (unless the prior authors gie permission tae retain the title). The license an aa haes provisions for the handling of front-kiver an back-kiver texts of beuks, as well as for "History", "Acknowledgements", "Dedications" an "Endorsements" sections.

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Criticism of the GFDL
The Debian project an Nathanael Nerode haes raised objection. Debian developers eventually voted tae consider works licensed unner the GFDL tae comply wi thair Debian Free Software Guidelines providit the invariant section clauses are nae uised. Thir critics recommend the use of alternate licenses sic as the share-alike Creative Commons licenses or even the GNU GPL. Thay consider the GFDL a non-free license. The reasons for this are that the GFDL allows "invariant" text which canna be modified or removed, an that its prohibition against digital rights management (DRM) seestems applies tae valid usages, lik for "private copies made and not distributed".

Overly broad DRM clause
The GNU FDL conteens the statement:

"You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute."

A criticism of this leid is that it is too broad, acause it applies tae private copies made but nae distributed. This means that a licensee is nae allowed tae save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or uisin encryption.

In 2003, Richard Stallman said aboot the abuin sentence on the debian-legal mailing leet:

"This means that you cannot publish them under DRM systems to restrict the possessors of the copies. It isn't supposed to refer to use of encryption or file access control on your own copy. I will talk with our lawyer and see if that sentence needs to be clarified."

As of 2006, the sentence haes nae yet been clarified.

Invariant sections
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Richard Stallman said aboot invariant sections on the debian-legal mailin leet:

"The dool o invariant sections, e'er syne the 80s whan we first made the GNU Manifesto an invariant section in the Emacs Manual, wis tae mak sure they coud nae be remuived. Specifically, tae mak sure that distributors o Emacs that awso distribute non-free software coud nae remuive the steitments o wir philosophy, whilka they micht think o doin acause those steitements criticize their actions."

GPL incompatible in both directions
The GNU FDL is incompatible in baith directions wi the GPL: that is GNU FDL material canna be put intae GPL code an GPL code canna be put intae a GNU FDL manual. Because of this, code samples are eften dual-licensed sae that thay mey appear in documentation an can be incorporated intae a free software program.

At the Juin 22nt an 23rd internaitional GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, Moglen hinted that a future version o the GPL coud be made suitable for documentation:
By expressing LGPL as just an additional permission on top of GPL we simplify our licensing landscape drastically. It's like for physics getting rid of a force, right? We just unified electro-weak, ok? The grand unified field theory still escapes us until the document licences too are just additional permissions on top of GPL. I don't know how we'll ever get there, that's gravity, it's really hard.

Burdens when printing
The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when prentin a document covered bi the license, must an aa include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document". This means that if a licensee prints oot a copy of an article whose text is covered unner the GNU FDL, he or she must an aa include a copyright notice an a physical printout o the GNU FDL, which is a significantly lairge document in itself.

Ideological tone
The license haes a preamble, which some critics dislike acause of its ideological tone. Because the preamble is pairt o the license, it must be included (alang wi the rest o the license's text) wi every copy o a licensed document.

Transparent formats
The definition o a "transparent" format is complicated, an mey be difficult tae apply. For ensaumple, drawings are required tae be in a format that allows them tae be revised straightforwardly wi "some widely available drawing editor." The definition of "widely available" mey be difficult tae interpret, an mey chynge ower time, syne, e.g., the open-soorce Inkscape editor is rapidly maturing, but haes nae yet reached version 1.0. This section, which wis rewritten somewhat atween versions 1.1 an 1.2 o the license, uses the terms "widely available" an "proprietary" inconsistently an wioot defining them. Accordin tae a strict interpretation o the license, the references tae "generic text editors" coud be interpreted as ruling oot a format uised bi an open-soorce wird-processor sic as Abiword; accordin tae a loose interpretation, houiver, Microsoft Word .doc format coud qualify as transparent, syne a subset of .doc files can be edited perfectly uisin OpenOffice.org, an the format therefore is nae ane "that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors."

History
The FDL wis released in draft form for feedback in late 1999. Efter revisions, version 1.1 wis issued in Mairch 2000, an version 1.2 in November 2002. The current state o the license is version 1.2.

The first discussion draft o the GNU Free Documentation License version 2 wis released on September 26 2006, alang wi a draft o the new GNU Simpler Free Documentation License.

The new draft o the GNU FDL includes a nummer of improvements, sic as new terms crafted during the GPLv3 process tae improve internationalization, clarifications tae help fowk applying the license tae audio an video, an relaxed requirements for uisin an excerpt frae a work.

The new proposed GNU Simpler Free Documentation License haes no requirements tae maintain Cover Texts an Invariant Sections. This will provide a simpler licensing option for authors who dae nae wish tae use thir features in the GNU FDL.

Other free content licenses
Some of thir war developed independently o the GNU FDL, while others war developed in response tae perceived flaws in the GNU FDL.
 Creative Commons licenses
 Design Science License
 Free Art license
 Open Content License
 Open Publication License

See also

 BSD license
 Copyright
 Copyleft
 Free software license
 GNU
 Open content
 Share-alike
 Software licensing
 Non-commercial educational

External links
 GFDL official text
 The GNU Free Documentation License
 Free Software and Free Manuals
 Draft of Debian position statement about the GFDL
 Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL
 Why Wikivoyage isna GFDL: Problems wi uisin the GFDL for short printed texts
 The Free Universal Encyclopedia And Learning Resource
 Guide to the new drafts of documentation licenses

GNU Project
Free content licenses
Saftware documentation
Copyleft
Free Software Foundation

GNU Free Documentation License