The Massachusetts Department of Public Health is a governmental agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with various responsibilities related to public health within that state.  It is headquartered in Boston and headed by Commissioner Monica Bharel.

Goal

Broadly stated, the goal of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health is to:
serve all the people in the Commonwealth, particularly the under served, and to promote healthy people, healthy families, healthy communities and healthy environments through compassionate care, education and prevention.

Bureaus and programs
Among the bureaus and programs of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health are the following:

Bureau of Communicable Disease Control is concerned with areas including tuberculosis prevention and control, sexually transmitted disease prevention, epidemiology, immunization, influenza and West Nile virus monitoring and control, disease quarantine requirements, HIV/AIDS surveillance and health programs for refugees and immigrants.
Bureau of Environmental Health has a broad mission of protecting against a variety of environmental exposures and environmental health concerns including epidemiologic and toxicological health assessments.  BEH monitors beaches, water, fish, wildlife, air quality, soil and other areas for lead, mercury, radiation and other contaminants.  The bureau also investigates likes between environmental factors and ailments such as asthma and lupus.
Bureau of Family and Community Health seeks to promote high quality, comprehensive, community-based, family-centered systems of care through divisions focused on areas such as perinatal and early childhood health, child and adolescent health, primary care and health access, special health needs, community health promotion, violence and injury prevention, nutrition, sexual assault and domestic violence prevention, statistics and evaluation.
Quality Assurance and Control is a bureau involved with areas such as determination of need, emergency medicine, various areas of licensure and certification  for health care professionals, organ transplant programs, drug control programs and clinical laboratory programs.
Center for Health Information, Statistics, Research and Evaluation monitors the health status of state residents through collecting information on births, deaths, marriage records, newly diagnosed cases of cancer, injuries, occupational conditions and illnesses, and health behaviors.
Bureau of Hospitals is organized as a system of four multi-specialty hospitals that provide acute and chronic care to those for whom community facilities are not available or access to health care is restricted.  The bureau operates Lemuel Shattuck Hospital, Tewksbury Hospital, Pappas Rehabilitation Hospital for Children and Western Mass Hospital.
Bureau of Laboratory Sciences provides public health testing services, and supports training and quality of in-state laboratories (hospital and private).  This bureau is poised for emergency response to biologic and chemical terrorism.
State Laboratory Institute houses two bureaus which provide diagnostic testing and vaccine production.
Public Health Library system consists of five individual libraries whose purpose is to serve the educational and research needs of public health professionals, health care providers and citizens.  This department also maintains the archives of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health.
Tobacco Control Program works to improve public health by reducing death and disability from tobacco use and addresses areas such as tobacco use among young people, exposure to second-hand smoke and tobacco-related disparities in specific population groups.
Office of Emergency Medical Services promotes statewide emergency medical services through the coordination of local EMS and first responders.
Office of Healthy Communities works to coordinate existing interdepartmental community health efforts, eliminate health disparities among population groups, and expand the reach of public health programs.
Office of Multicultural Health promotes the health and well being of racial and ethnic minority communities throughout the Commonwealth coordinates the translation of written materials throughout the department.
Office for Pharmacy Services establishes up to date clinical pharmacy practices, assures full regulatory compliance, implements and maintains pharmacy software and provides for all aspects of pharmacy services to public sector in a cost-effective and clinically responsible manner.

See also
Stroke Heroes Act FAST

References

Massachusetts Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
State departments of health of the United States
1869 establishments in Massachusetts


Croydon is a large town in Greater London, southern England in the United Kingdom. It is south of London and is part of the London Borough of Croydon.

History
The town grew up from Anglo-Saxon times around a palace belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1276 the archbishop allowed a weekly market to take place nearby and this date is taken as the founding of the town. The town grew in the eighteenth century as a stage coach stop on the way to the popular seaside town of Brighton from London. In the nineteenth century railways put the town only 15 minutes from London by fast train and it grew 23 times in terms of the number of people living there between 1801 and 1901.

Things to do

Croydon is well known for having many places to go shopping, which includes two shopping centres called Centrale and the Whitgift Centre. A third one called Park Place is planned. Croydon has been rated the 20th best shopping area in the UK. It is also well known for holding a lot of offices for companies to let. The council wants to keep Croydon a big town by building more offices and entertainment facilities so a new place called the Croydon Gateway is planned. Purley Way, just west of Croydon, is a large retail park area which has many shops like Comet (which went in admin in 2012), Sainsbury's, McDonald's, IKEA, Argos, M&S, Boots along with a cinema and bowling alley.

Transport
Croydon is very easy to get to. There is a large bus station on the edge of Croydon, and three railway stations called East Croydon, West Croydon, and South Croydon.

Croydon is also served by Tramlink, a tram system, the only tram system in all of Greater London. It is the place where all four routes meet. They go to places like Elmers End and Beckenham in Bromley to the east, Wimbledon and Mitcham in Merton to the west, and Addington and Addiscombe to the south.

References

London Borough of Croydon
Towns in London

Croydon


Ring It Up!, released on 8 September 2012, was the 2012–2013 robotics competition for FIRST Tech Challenge. In the competition, two alliances, each consisting of two teams, competed to score plastic rings on a set of pegs aligned in a three-dimensional tic-tac-toe board. Ring It Up! is the eighth FTC challenge. More than 2400 teams competed worldwide, surpassing the number of competitors in the previous year's Bowled Over! challenge.

Alliances
In each match, the four teams competing were organised into red and blue alliances. The members of an alliance competed together to earn points. Alliances were selected randomly prior to the start of each competition.

Field
The field for the competition was a square measuring 12 feet by 12 feet, which could be constructed by teams for practising prior to competitions. In the centre of the field there is a vertically constructed set of pegs, which are arranged in a three-by-three grid (as a tic-tac-toe board). Along the edges of the field, there are other pegs, each of which contains a set of six red or blue rings, which can be harvested and scored by the corresponding alliance. The field is also divided into two triangular sides, one red and one blue.

Scoring
There were three sections to the game: the Autonomous Period, the Driver-Controlled (or Tele-Operated) Period, and the End Game. The criteria for scoring was different during each segment.

Autonomous Period
In the Autonomous Period, robots could run autonomously for thirty seconds. Infrared beacons were placed randomly on a peg in the tic-tac-toe board prior to the start of the match, but after autonomous programs have been selected. Each robot was allowed to begin with one specially-marked autonomous ring. Unscored rings were removed by referees after the end of the Autonomous Period. An infrared sensor is available to aid in autonomously locating the IR beacon.

Driver-Controlled Period
During the two-minute Driver-Controlled Period, teams could use standard gamepad controllers, each with two joysticks, to operate their robots.

End Game
In FTC, the final thirty seconds of the Driver-Controlled Period are referred to as the End Game. During the Ring It Up! End Game, teams were permitted to attempt to score points for special tasks, but these tasks could not begin before the start of End Game.

Advancement criteria
During tournaments and championships, match wins did not necessarily take priority over other advancement criteria. As in all FTC challenges, the winner of the top judged award (the Inspire Award) ranked higher than the winner of the competition-based component (Winning Alliance Captain). Winning lesser judged awards (Think Award, Connect Award, etc.) also played a part in the advancement order.  The criteria for the Inspire Award are "...match performance, observations made during interviews and in the pit area, and the team's Engineering Notebook as equal factors...". Criteria for the other awards also include robot design, creativity, innovation, team performance, outreach and enthusiasm.

For the Ring It Up! challenge, a new format for qualifying competitions was introduced in the United States regions for Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington, and St. Louis. Shorter competitions, called "meets", were held over weekends. Meets were smaller, shorter and more frequent than normal qualifying competitions. This makes the format more accessible for new teams, in addition to providing more opportunities for structured practice in the company of other local teams. They were designed for participation more similar to participation in organised sport at the high school age.

Notes

2012 in robotics

Ring It Up!


The Round Table was a table used by King Arthur and his knights, in the legends about him. The Round Table was in Camelot, the castle where King Arthur and his knights lived. In the legends, they met at the table to talk about the safety of Camelot and the kingdom, and about what adventures and quests they could go on. This got them the name 'The Knights of the Round Table'.

Shape
The shape of the table was very important. Most tables are rectangular, and have a place called the "head of the table". This is the narrow part at the top, where the leader usually sits. Because the table was round, it meant that the people who sat around it were all seen as equal.

Characters
The table is used by King Arthur and his knights. King Arthur's wife, Guinevere, did not have a seat at the table, but King Arthur did take her advice on occasion. In some versions of the legend, the wizard who lived in Camelot, called Merlin, also had a seat at the table. He was seen by King Arthur as a good friend and adviser.

Dangerous Chair (Siege Perilous)
Some legends also note a special chair at the Round Table, called the Siege Perilous, or 'Dangerous Chair'. Legend says that the seat could only be used by a knight who had a pure heart. A person with a pure heart was seen as someone who had committed no crimes or done any wrong. In the tale, anyone who sat in the chair but did not have a pure heart would die instantly. It was kept free by Merlin for the person who would one day find an object called the Holy Grail. This was a magical cup that was supposed to have been the one that Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper. In the story, this person was either Sir Galahad or Sir Percival, depending on what version of the story is told.

Related pages
 King Arthur
 Camelot
 Knights of the Round Table
 Holy Grail

Arthurian legend

Round Table


Hypersomnia is a medical condition which is characterized by unusual sleepiness. People with hypersomnia easily feel sleepy during the day, and fall asleep. The condition where people wake up often during the night, and have trouble sleeping through the night is called insomnia and is different. Hypersomnia is a sleep disorder.

Hypersomnia affects about five percent of the population, or about one of twenty people. Very often, people with Sleep apnea suffer from hypersomnia. Hypersomia can also occur with other conditions, such as mood disorders.

If the hypersomnia is caused by a problem with the brain or nervous system, it is called primary hypersomnia. Narcolepsy is an example of a primary hypersomnia. If the hypersomnia is the effect of another condition, it is usually called secondary hypersomnia. Examples of secondary hypersomnias include someone losing consciousness because of epilepsy. Sleep apnea, cited above, is one of the most common forms of secondary hypersomnia. Certain drugs can also cause (secondary) hypersomnias.

Primary hypersomnias are very rare. Secondary hypersomnias are quite common.

Sleep disorders

Hypersomnia


Lola Prusac (18 January 1895 – 29 October 1985) was a Polish-born French fashion designer noted for her inventive and original way of dressing, who worked for Hermès in Paris between 1925 and 1935. She was first "with the unusual position of counselor for colors", then as a modéliste (designer). At Hermès she designed in 1929 their first women collection, silk squares,.
and in the early 1930s bags with geometric inlays inspired by the Dutch painter Mondrian.  In 1936, she founded her own fashion house, specialising in "sport-tricot" (casual knits) clothes. For this reason, though she had been a member since 1942, the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture denied her in 1952 the "Couture-Création" status.

In 1978, Lola Prusac received an aiguille d'or (golden needle), a French award sometimes granted together with the more prestigious dé d'or (golden thimble)..

References

French fashion designers
French women fashion designers
1895 births
1985 deaths
Polish emigrants to France

Lola Prusac


HMS Victory is the oldest ship still in use. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Warrior and the remains of the Mary Rose, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England.

Her most famous captains are Horatio Nelson, who died on the ship during the Battle of Trafalgar, and Samuel Hood.

Other websites
 HMS Victory  Royal Navy website
 Pictures of HMS Victory
 Restoration of HMS Victory  Society for Nautical Research website
 HMS Victory Model
 Google Maps Image of HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour
 Local.Live.com Bird's Eye View of HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour
 Nelson's Victory
 Life onboard HMS Victory
 HMS Victory datasheet
 Royal Naval Communications Association, Communications History - The First Signal Schools
 MaritimeQuest HMS Victory Photo Gallery
 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

Victory
Portsmouth

HMS Victory


A harmonic of a wave is the part of a signal's frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. If f is the fundamental frequency (that is, 1f), then the harmonics have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f..., and so on. The second harmonic (2f) has a frequency twice that of the fundamental frequency, the third harmonic three times, and so on. This concept applies to wave motions of any form of energy, but is perhaps most often related to acoustics.

Frequencies that lie between one harmonic and another harmonic are called interharmonics. For example, 1f is an interharmonic between the fundamental frequency (or first harmonic) and the second harmonic. Interharmonics is a term invented, or at least standardised, by the international electronics industry about 1999, particularly for use in electrical energy. However, interharmonic frequencies also occur naturally in other radiant energies, for example music or any type of sound.

Related pages
 Harmonics (music)
 Harmonic series (mathematics)
 Harmonics (electrical power)
 Sine wave

Wave physics

Harmonic


Feria Del Sol (), or Carnaval Taurino de America (), is an international cultural festival held in the city of Mérida every February of the year. The Feria festival is held alongside the carnival feast. The festival includes bull competitions, cultural expositions, commercial and zootechnic expositions, concerts, parades, sports, and a voting competition for La Reina Del Sol ().

History
In the city of Mérida; celebrates a more ancient interest of Venezuela, but in the City of the Knight, which did not celebrate fairs similar to the cities of San Cristóbal, Barquisimeto, Maracaibo, Táriba. Therefore, a group of amateurs had the idea to build a Plaza de Toros, so that Mérida had a taurine calendar and was added to the most important fairs of the country, which already had a peak imponente in all the national territories. At the beginning the fairs, who was set up the first days of December, had the function of celebrate the day of the "Immaculate Conception", therefore the people set the date of the fairs on 9 December and 10 December. For the bullfighting, César Faraco, Manuel Benítez "El Cordobés", Francisco Rivera "Paquirri", Julio Aparicio, Curro Girón, Paco Camino and the mounted bullfighter, Juan Cañedo, who is of Mexican origin, and fought bulls of Félix Rodríguez, "Achury Vejo" and "Ambaló" who all originated in the country of Colombia.

For the first run, heavy rainfall prevented the inauguration, which resulted in two runs, which had to be held on the second day: one in the morning hours and the other during the afternoon, which was, the first time this had happened in a same square, in the same day in Venezuela. Previously in Caracas, which celebrated two runs in the same day, but in two different squares, in the "Circo Metropolitano" and the "Nuevo Circo", but in the same square, during the same day, which also, was the first time that this had happened.

In 1968, the fair was not celebrated, but a bullfighting occurred on 13 April 1968 in coincidence of the Holy Saturday. Was fought a stupendous closing of "Dosgutiérrez" and acted Alfredo Leal, Curro Girón and Pepe Cáceres. Then, decided celebrate the fairs so that they coincided with the carnivals under the name of Feria del Sol and like this was as in 1969 celebrated the first fair with three run of bulls the days 15, 16 and 17 February of said year. The first poster was composed by bulls of "Valparaíso" for Alfredo Leal, Daniel "Matatoba" Santiago, Manuel Benítez "El Cordobés" and the Venezuelan Lucio Requena. The first ear of the fair was for Alfredo Leal.

At the end, the fair has transformed into one of the most important fairs of Venezuela and, also, the taurine world. Regarding the fair of the "Immaculate" which, has celebrated in these years, 1990, 1991, and 1997 but with very little acceptance.

Bibliography

References

Other websites
  Official Website of the Feria del Sol

Venezuelan culture

Feria del Sol (Mérida)


Stabule, also known as stebule or stabuļa. is a Latvian woodwind instrument. The name can apply to variety of wind instruments, but in general sense it is a pipe with 4-8 finger holes. These instruments are 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter and can be anywhere from 20 to 40 cm in length. Stabules have either fipple or reed. Reed stabules were usually made from wood or reed with mouthpiece also made either from reed or wood. Fipple stabules were usually made of wood, although in some areas clay and bark stabules of this type were made and bone stabules have been found by archaeologists. A similar more simple type of stabule without finger holes can be made from willow bark. This type of instrument differs in that its end (opposite to mouthpiece) is plugged. The plug is generally meant for tuning the stabule, but sometimes also used as a slide to adjust tone while playing. All bark stabules were usually made in spring when bark is looser – the features of the stabule are carved right on a fresh broom of willow and the bark is then slid off; the remaining branch is then used to make the fipple and, for the simpler type of stabules, the plug. Due to the natural shrinkage of bark they were short-lived.

Fipple flutes
Latvian musical instruments

Stabule


Gerdes Folk City, sometimes spelled Gerde's Folk City, was a music venue in the West Village, part of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, in New York City. Initially opened by owner Mike Porco as a restaurant called Gerdes, it eventually began to present occasional incidental music. It was first located at 11 West 4th Street (in a building which no longer exists), before moving in 1970 to 130 West 3rd Street. The club closed in 1987.

On January 26, 1960, Gerdes turned into a music venue called The Fifth Peg, in cooperation with Izzy Young, the director of the Folklore Center. The Fifth Peg's debut bill was gospel folk singer Brother John Sellars and Ed McCurdy, writer of the anti-war classic "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream". Porco and Young had a falling-out, and on June 1, 1960, Gerdes Folk City was officially born, with a bill featuring folk singers Carolyn Hester and Logan English. Gerdes Folk City was soon booked by English and folk enthusiast Charlie Rothschild (who later became Judy Collins' long-time manager).

Gerdes Folk City quickly emerged as one of the central music venues of the era, helping to launch the careers of several world-renowned musical acts, from Bob Dylan to Sonic Youth, and showcased numerous music styles from folk to alternative rock. It became one of the most influential American music clubs before finally losing its lease in 1987. "Rolling Stone Book of Lists" called Folk City one of the three top music venues in the world, along with The Cavern and CBGB.

History
Opening officially on January 26, 1960, Folk City was born in Greenwich Village, and generated several waves of musical genres ranging from folk music to rock 'n' roll; folk rock to punk; blues to alternative rock, bringing the world a wide range of music from Pete Seeger to 10,000 Maniacs.  Singer and poet Logan English performed at the opening night, together with Carolyn Hester.  From The Weavers to Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Judy Collins and Rev. Gary Davis, many musicians who formed contemporary music's foundation performed there. Doc Watson made his first solo performance at Gerdes. It was recorded and released as Doc Watson at Gerdes Folk City. Simon & Garfunkel and Peter, Paul & Mary performed early in their professional careers at Gerdes, and Peter, Paul & Mary's first official performance as a trio was at Folk City.<ref>[http://czakl.blogspot.com/2010/05/my-back-pages-commemorating-gerdes-folk.html Critic-at-Large, Commemorating Gerdes Folk City] Retrieved July 1, 2010</ref>

Bob Dylan played his first professional gig there on April 11, 1961, supporting John Lee Hooker. Logan English was instrumental in securing Dylan his first appearance.  His widow Barbara Shutner said:

My husband Logan English and I met Bob Dylan at Bob and Sid Gleason's house ... One night we were all sitting around and Woody [Guthrie] said something like, "Play something" to this kid sitting on the couch. The kid was Bob Dylan, and he sang and it was just beautiful. So Logan said, "I'm working at Gerde's. I'm the MC. We'll get you to play there." So that Monday night, Bob came in and did his first set.

Dylan's September 29, 1961 appearance was reviewed in The New York Times by Robert Shelton, after which Dylan's reputation was made. Gerdes was where Bob Dylan debuted "Blowin' in the Wind" and was also the place where Joan Baez and Dylan met for the first time. On October 23, 1975, at a celebration for Mike Porco's 61st birthday, Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue staged a dress rehearsal and played its first real concert. The Revue began its national tour a week after playing at Gerdes on October 30, 1975.

In May 1976, folk legend Bob Gibson and his manager Doug Yeager produced a week-long celebration to Mike Porco and Folk City, where more than thirty of the club's early star performers came out to honor the club. Folk City is the place where many of the 1960s folk-rock and '70s singer-songwriters first found their voices, and shows included future stars such as Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, The Mamas and The Papas, the Byrds, The Lovin' Spoonful, the Youngbloods, Emmylou Harris (who also waitressed at the club), Joni Mitchell, Phoebe Snow, Loudon Wainwright III and many other well-known names.

New ownership
Starting in 1978, the soon-to-be new owners, Robbie Woliver, Marilyn Lash and Joseph Hillesum took over the booking duties from Mike Porco, continuing to 1980 when they officially bought the club from Porco. Folk City, under new ownership, underwent a revival, bringing back folk legends like Odetta, Arlo Guthrie, Ewan MacColl ("The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"), Maria Muldaur, Eric Andersen, The Band and others, and also introducing a new breed of singer-songwriter and expanding its boundaries to a wider range of rock music, especially alternative music like Richard Thompson, Pentangle, Elvis Costello, Sonic Youth, The Bongos (who made their debut there backing up Helen Hooke of The Deadly Nightshade), Yo La Tengo, the Replacements, 10,000 Maniacs and many others. A new wave of singer-songwriters found a home at Folk City during this time as well, such as Suzanne Vega, Shawn Colvin, Lucinda Williams and comedians Adam Sandler, Chris Rock and others.

Folk City was not just about music; comedians also performed at the club throughout its history. From Martin Mull to Andy Kaufman, many comic actors and comedians got their early start at the club: Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, Kathy Kinney, Carol Leifer, Richard Lewis, Mary Kay Place, Larry David, Jim Belushi, Andy Breckman (creator of Monk), Martin Mull, Steve Buscemi and more. Under the direction of actress/comedian/singer Jane Brucker ("One Life To Live", "Dirty Dancing"), improv and comedy became all the rage, with Jane introducing such new acts as Adam Sandler and Kathy Kinney ("Mimi" on the Drew Carey Show.) Actor/director Matt Mitler created "Theater Night at Folk City," where singer/performer Fran Maya introduced Steve Buscemi and his partner Mark Boone Jr. (Sons of Anarchy) who became popular mainstays at the venue. Other artists in the vanguard of the performance scene who frequented "Theater Night" include John Kelly, David Cale, Georg Osterman, Kestutis Nakas, and Anna Kohler.

In the 1980s, the club underwent another revival, introducing a new breed of singer-songwriter and in expanding its boundaries to a wider range of rock music,  with its alternative Wednesday night music series "Music For Dozens," which featured David Johansen, Sonic Youth, Yo La Tengo, Alex Chilton, the Minutemen, The Smithereens, Violent Femmes, The Replacements, 10,000 Maniacs, Richard Lloyd, Chris Stamey, Dream Syndicate, Hüsker Dü, X, Golden Palominos, the Blasters and many others. A new wave of singer-songwriters found a home at Folk City during this time as well, such as Suzanne Vega, Shawn Colvin and Lucinda Williams. In 1982, Kevin F King, and the Seven Letters performed in one of the final Best of the Songwriters Series.

In 1985, the club held a benefit 25th Anniversary Concert, which was part of the NYC Pier Summer Concerts, and was an immediate sell-out. The club lost its lease and closed in 1987, at the height of its revival.

The owners, however, have continued over the years to produce and present Folk City concerts and performances around the country featuring Folk City alumni and new up-and-coming artists.

A theatrical production - Folk City - a musical based on the club's history and the book "Bringing It All Back Home," by Robbie Woliver (play written by Woliver and Bernadette Contreras) was produced at Theater for the New City in New York City and at the Brunish Theater in Portland Oregon. It won 10 out of the 10 Broadway World awards for which it was nominated, including "Best Musical."

Partial list of performers
Gerde's. has hosted performances by:

 Bert Sommer
 David Amram
 Eric Andersen
 Dominic Chianese, who acted as MC and house-performer for many years
 Joan Baez
 Pat Benatar
 The Band
 Bermuda Triangle Band
 The Bongos
 Oscar Brand
 David Bromberg
 Judy Collins
 Johnny Cash
 T-Bone Burnett
 Harry Chapin
 Dominic Chianese
 The Clancy Brothers
 Shawn Colvin
 Larry Coryell
 Elvis Costello
 Richard Robinson
 David Crosby
 Rev. Gary Davis
 Dinosaur Jr
 John Denver
 Bob Dylan
 The Mamas and The Papas
 The Byrds
 Dream Syndicate
 Ramblin' Jack Elliott
 John Fahey
 Richard Farina
 Jose Feliciano
  Ray Ferrara
 Bob Gibson
 Allen Ginsberg
 Cynthia Gooding
 Karen Gorney
 The Greenbriar Boys
 Arlo Guthrie
 Tim Hardin
 Jack Hardy
 Richie Havens,
 Screamin' Jay Hawkins
 Jimi Hendrix
 Carolyn Hester
 Helen Hooke (The Deadly Nightshade)
 John Lee Hooker
 Cisco Houston
 Hüsker Dü
 Janis Ian
 Jake and the Family Jewels
 Lonnie Johnson
 The Johnstons
 Janis Joplin
 Al Kooper
 Bruce Langhorne
 Buzzy Linhart
 Rod MacDonald
 Raun MacKinnon
 Taj Mahal
 Tommy Makem
 Melissa Manchester
 The Manhattan Transfer
 Barry Manilow
 Buffy Sainte-Marie
 Kate & Anna McGarrigle
 Melanie
 Bette Midler
 Liza Minnelli
 the Minutemen
 Joni Mitchell
Eddie Mottau
 Phil Ochs
 Odetta
 Tom Paxton
 Pentangle,
 The Roches
 Jimmy Rogers
 Linda Ronstadt
 Brother John Sellers
 Carly Simon
 Simon and Garfunkel (as Kane & Garr)
 Patti Smith
 Phoebe Snow
 The Smithereens
 Victoria Spivey
 Salem 66
 The Staple Singers
 Andy Statman
 Steely Dan
 Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee
 Richard Thompson
 10,000 Maniacs
 Dave Van Ronk
 Townes van Zandt
 Violent Femmes
 Loudon Wainwright III
 Muddy Waters
 Doc Watson
 Josh White
 Josh White Jr.
 Lucinda Williams
 The Youngbloods
 Grayson Hugh

Recordings
Live albums recorded at Gerde's Folk City include:Reverend Gary Davis at Gerde's Folk City, February 1962Big Joe Williams at Folk City, February 26, 1962Doc Watson at Gerdes Folk CityJean Ritchie and Doc Watson at Gerde's Folk City, 1963
Richard Thompson – Small Town RomanceFurther readingBringing It All Back Home (Pantheon/Random House, 1986) by Robbie Woliver documents Folk City's history and went into a second printing as Hoot'' (St. Martins Press, 1994).

See also
Cafe Wha?
Live at The Gaslight 1962
Cafe Au Go Go
The Gaslight Cafe
The Bitter End

References

1960 establishments in New York City
Nightclubs in Manhattan
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Folk music venues
Defunct drinking establishments in Manhattan
Cultural history of New York City
Former music venues in New York City
Drinking establishments in Greenwich Village
1987 disestablishments in New York (state)

Gerde's Folk City


Romanos IV Diogenes also known as Romanus IV, was the Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071. He was a member of the Byzantine military aristocracy and became Emperor when he married the widowed empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa. He tried to stop the decline of his armies and to stop Turkish army from attacking the Byzantine Empire. In 1071 he was captured and his army defeated at the Battle of Manzikert. While he was still a prisoner, he was replaced as emperor. After his release he was quickly defeated and detained by members of the Doukas family. In 1072, he was blinded and sent to a monastery, where he died of his wounds.

Byzantine emperors
1070s deaths
11th-century births

Romanus IV


Marc R. Alexander (born April 13, 1958) is a Roman Catholic priest of the diocese of Honolulu.  Prior to February 1, 2006, he served the diocese as diocesan theologian and pastor of a clustered parish known as the Manoa-Punahou Catholic Community.

He was born in Sagami, Japan. He was educated in Hawai'i at Saint Anthony of Padua Elementary School in Kailua, and Damien Memorial High School in Honolulu. He completed his secondary education in 1976 at Mount Vernon High School in Alexandria, Virginia. He studied at Saint Meinrad College Seminary in southern Indiana, as well as the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium. He also studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, earning a doctorate in sacred theology in 1993.

Priestly ministry

After completing his seminary studies in the American College of Louvain (Leuven), he was ordained to the presbyterate for the diocese of Honolulu at Saint John Vianney Church in Kailua on October 18, 1985, where he served as a parochial vicar.  From 1987 until 1990 he served as an associate director for adult religious education/catechesis for the Diocese of Honolulu, with an office at Saint Stephen Diocesan Center.  In 1989, he was appointed interim pastor for the topside parishes on the island of Molokai. He created one of the first clustered parishes by combining these communities into the Molokai Catholic Community, where he served until 1990.

After his doctoral studies in Rome, he returned to Hawaii in 1993 to be appointed diocesan theologian and director of the diocesan lay ministry training program called Servant Leadership. He became founding executive director of the Hawaii Catholic Conference, the public policy arm of the Roman Catholic Church in the State of Hawaii, from 1994 until 1999. In 1998, Bishop Francis DiLorenzo appointed him as pastor of Sacred Heart Church and Maryknoll School in Punahou. This also included the Korean Catholic Community. In 1999 he was subsequently also appointed as pastor of Saint Pius X Church in Manoa.  The two parishes were clustered and have since been called the Manoa-Punahou Catholic Community.

Since his public policy days, Alexander has testified on legislation addressing homelessness, housing (including the rental housing trust fund), same-sex marriage, euthanasia/assisted suicide and domestic violence. As vicar general, he led initiatives in strategic planning (the first-ever plan for the diocese won the 2008 American Planning Association Hawaii Chapter's Donald Wolbrink Chapter Achievement award), the diocesan capital campaign (which raised gifts and pledges over $57 million on a $30 million goal), and restructuring the central administration of the diocese. Bishop Clarence Silva appointed Alexander to the office of vicar general for the Diocese of Honolulu effective February 1, 2006. Bishop Silva appointed Alexander as his moderator of the curia on May 5, 2006. Alexander has also served as vice-president and chief executive officer of The Augustine Educational Foundation.

Alexander resigned as the Homeless Coordinator for the Hawaii Governor's Office in January 2012 due to an affair with a woman while he was an ordained Catholic Priest.

References

http://www.snapnetwork.org/_caldwell_appoints_marc_alexander_to_lead_honolulu_housing_office_victims_respond

Sources

 Hawaii Catholic Herald, Vol. 68, No. 29, December 30, 2005
 Hawaii Chapter of the American Planning Association, https://web.archive.org/web/20100802102756/http://www.hawaiiapa.org/awards_2008.html
 With Grateful Hearts Capital Campaign, https://web.archive.org/web/20100423052153/http://www.withgratefulhearts.org/index.htm

Publications

"The Problems with Physician-Assisted Suicide," Origins: CNS Documentary Service (April 7, 2005).
"Catholic Perspectives on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: The Human Person and the Quest for Meaning," Cultural Issues in End-of-Life Decision Making (Sage Publications, 2000)
"Church and Ministry in the Works of G.H. Tavard" (Leuven University Press, 1994)
"G.H. Tavard's Concept of Tradition," The Quadrilog: Essays in Honor of George H. Tavard (Liturgical Press, 1994)

1958 births
Living people
Hawaii Catholic priests
People from Hawaii
KU Leuven alumni
American College of the Immaculate Conception alumni
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
21st-century American Roman Catholic priests

Marc R. Alexander


Charles Owen Hobaugh (born November 5, 1961, in Bar Harbor, Maine) is a former NASA astronaut and a retired U.S. Marine Corps officer. He has had three spaceflights, all of which were Space Shuttle missions to the International Space Station, lasting between 10 and 13 days.

Hobaugh was selected to be an astronaut in 1996, and his first spaceflight was STS-104, for which he was designated pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis. That mission took place in July 2001, less than a year after the space station received its first long-duration crew. His most recent spaceflight was in November 2009, STS-129 on Atlantis again; this time he was designated commander. In total, he has logged 36 days in space.

Education
In 1980 he graduated from North Ridgeville High School, North Ridgeville, Ohio. In 1984 he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the United States Naval Academy. From January 1993 to August 1994 he attended the University of Tennessee Space Institute. He is a member of the U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association.

Awards and honors
Hobaugh has received several awards and honors, including those listed below.
 U.S. Naval Academy Distinguished Graduate
 Joe Foss Award for Advanced Jet Training
 U.S. Naval Test Pilot School Distinguished Graduate
 Strike/Flight Air Medal
 Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal
 Combat Action Ribbon
 Navy Unit Commendation

Military career
Hobaugh received his commission as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy in May 1984. He graduated from The Basic School in December 1984. After a six-month temporary assignment at the Naval Air Systems Command, he reported to Naval Aviation Training Command and was designated a Naval Aviator in February 1987. He then reported to VMAT-203 for initial AV-8B Harrier training. Upon completion of this training, he was assigned to VMA-331 and made overseas deployments to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan, and flew combat missions in the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm embarked aboard the . While assigned to VMA-331, he attended Marine Aviation Warfare and Tactics Instructor Course and was subsequently assigned as the Squadron Weapons and Tactics Instructor. Hobaugh was selected for U.S. Naval Test Pilot School and began the course in June 1991.

After graduation in June 1992, he was assigned to the Strike Aircraft Test Directorate as an AV-8 Project Officer and as the ASTOVL/JAST/JSF Program Officer. While there, he flew the AV-8B, YAV-8B (VSRA) and A-7E. In July 1994, he went back to the Naval Test Pilot School as an instructor in the Systems Department, where he flew the F-18, T-2 Buckeye, U-6A and gliders. Hobaugh was assigned to the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School when he was selected for the astronaut program. In September 2010 he retired from the U.S. Marine Corps.

Hobaugh has logged over 5,000 flight hours in more than 40 different aircraft and has over 200 V/STOL shipboard landings.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in April 1996, Hobaugh reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. He completed two years of training and evaluation, and was qualified for flight assignment as a pilot. Hobaugh was initially assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft Systems/Operations Branch. Projects included Landing and Rollout, evaluator in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), Advanced Projects, Multifunction Electronics Display Enhancements, Advanced and Upgrade, Rendezvous and Close Proximity Operations and Visiting Vehicles prior to his first flight assignment. Most recently, he served as Capsule Communicator, working in the Mission Control Center as the voice to the crew.

Hobaugh was the reentry and landing CAPCOM for the STS-107 mission, on which the Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed on reentry.  He spoke the words "Columbia, Houston. UHF Comm Check" several times after Mission Control had lost contact with Columbia.

STS-104
Hobaugh flew as the pilot of STS-104 (July 12–24, 2001). This mission was the tenth mission to the International Space Station (ISS). During the 13-day flight the crew conducted joint operations with the Expedition 2 crew and performed three spacewalks to install the Quest Joint Airlock and to outfit it with four high-pressure gas tanks. The mission was accomplished in 200 Earth orbits, traveling 5.3 million miles in 306 hours and 35 minutes.

STS-118
He flew as pilot on STS-118 in August 2007 for 13 days.

STS-129
Hobaugh served as commander on the STS-129 mission aboard  for 10 days in November 2009.

Civilian career
Hobaugh was hired by FedEx in 2011.

Personal life
Hobaugh is married to the former Corinna Lynn Leaman of East Petersburg, Pennsylvania; they have four children. He enjoys weight lifting, volleyball, boating, water skiing, snow skiing, soccer, bicycling, running, rowing and competing in triathlons.

See also

 STS-104
 STS-118
 STS-129

References

External links
 Spacefacts biography of Charles O. Hobaugh

1961 births
Living people
United States Marine Corps astronauts
People from Bar Harbor, Maine
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni
United States Marine Corps colonels
United States Naval Aviators
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Gulf War
Recipients of the Air Medal
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Recipients of the Legion of Merit

Charles O. Hobaugh


Max Wells Jakeman (1910 – July 22, 1998) was the founder of the department of archaeology at Brigham Young University (BYU) and an early member of the advisory board of the New World Archaeology Foundation (NWAF).  Jakeman has been described as "the father of Book of Mormon archaeology".

Jakeman received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley where he wrote his doctoral dissertation based on a combination of archaeological evidence and Spanish documents relating to the history of the Yucatan.  Jakeman believed that archaeology must be grounded in a firm understanding of documents, and he did not see archaeology as a sub-discipline of anthropology.

In 1946 Jakeman joined the faculty of BYU where he worked to teach archaeology in the framework of "historical archaeology," that is, archaeology based on a close connection with historical documents.  Jakeman was also closely connected with the Society for Early Historic Archaeology of which he served for a time as the director.

Jakeman was also the author of The Origin and History of the Mayans: Vol. 1

Jakeman was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a believer in the historicity of the Book of Mormon.

See also
 John L. Sorenson
 Thomas Stuart Ferguson

Notes

Sources
Daniel C. Peterson and Matthew Roper. "Ein Heldenleben? On Thomas Stuart Ferguson as an Elias for Cultural Mormons" in FARMS Review Vol. 16, Issue 1.
 Stewart W. Brewer. "The History of an Idea: The Scene on Stela 5 from Izapa, Mexico, as a Representation of Lehi's Vision of the Tree of Life", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. Vol. 8, issue 1
"Memorial: Max Wells Jakeman: 1910-1998". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies Vol. 7, Issue 1
article on Mormonism and the Book of Mormon that mentions Jakeman's studies

1910 births
1998 deaths
Latter Day Saints from California
Book of Mormon studies
Brigham Young University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Latter Day Saints from Utah
20th-century American archaeologists

M. Wells Jakeman


Events in the year 2004 in Iraq.

Incumbents
 Head of State -
 Government Administrator – L. Paul Bremer III (until June 28)
 President – Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (from June 28)
 Vice President – Ibrahim al-Jaafari (from June 1)
 Vice President – Rowsch Shaways (from June 1)
 Head of Government -
 President of the Governing Council of Iraq – Adnan Pachachi (January 1 – January 31)
 President of the Governing Council of Iraq – Mohsen Abdel Hamid (February 1 – February 29)
 President of the Governing Council of Iraq – Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum (March 1 – March 31)
 President of the Governing Council of Iraq – Massoud Barzani (April 1 – April 30)
 President of the Governing Council of Iraq – Ezzedine Salim (May 1 – May 17)
 President of the Governing Council of Iraq – Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (May 17 – May 28)
 Prime Minister of Iraq – Ayad Allawi,  (from May 28)

Events

January
 January 10 – Protests in the city of Amarah because of an unemployment crisis. Police officers and soldiers open fire on demonstrators.
 January 15 – The United Nations call direct elections in advance of July impractical, due to continuing disorder and other factors.
 January 18 – A suicide bomber blew up a pickup truck packed with 1,000 pounds of explosives outside the headquarters of the US led coalition killing about 20 people and injuring more than 60 – most of them Iraqis.

February
 February 1 – During the Muslim eid, two suicide bombers kill 117 and wound 235 at two Kurdish buildings in the northern Iraqi city of Erbil. The bombers targeted the two offices for Iraq's main secular Kurdish parties packed with well-wishers. Sunni militant group Ansar al-Sunna claimed the attack.
 February 3 – The CIA admits that there was no imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
 February 7 – The Prince of Wales (now Charles III) begins a tour of the Middle East, visiting troops in Iraq.
 February 10 – At least 50 people killed in a car bomb attack on a police recruitment centre south of Baghdad.
 February 11 – Up to 47 people killed in a car bomb attack on an army recruiting centre in Baghdad.
 February 21 – The U.S. permits the Red Cross to visit Saddam Hussein for first time since his capture in December.

March
 March 2 – In the Ashoura Massacre almost 200 are killed in a series of bomb blasts in Baghdad and Karbala at the climax of the Shi'a festival of Aashurah. A combination of suicide bombers and mortars hit large Shi'ite crowds mourning outside revered shrines in Kerbala and Baghdad's Kadhimiya shrine.
 March 8
 The governing council unanimously approves the country's new interim constitution
 Abu Abbas dies in U.S. custody from natural causes.
 March 31 – Four American defense contractors are attacked and killed in Fallujah and their burned bodies are hung openly from a bridge.

April

 U.S. General Tommy Franks reportedly estimated soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi casualties as of April 9, 2003. After this initial estimate he made no further public estimates.
 April 2 Al Sadr gives a heated sermon, which leads to the uprising of the Mahdi army.
 April 3 Polish-Bulgarian defense of Karbala's City Hall starts.
 April 4 – Operation Vigilant Resolve begins in response to the mutilation on March 31 in Fallujah. U.S. coalition forces face tough opposition as the resistance uses Soviet-style defense in depth tactics.
 April 5 – U.S. forces seal off Fallujah
 April 6 Defense of Karbala's City Hall ends with victory of Polish-Bulgarian troops
 April 7
 U.S. forces fired upon a mosque compound in Fallujah. Officials claim that it was being used by insurgents to fire RPGs and mortars. Fox
 After three days of fighting, the U.S. forces are only able to secure 15% of Fallujah in Operation Vigilant Resolve.
 ar Ramadi is returned to the control of the Iraqi Police Services and Iraqi Civil Defense Corps.
 April 8 The Mahdi army has taken full control in Kut and partial control of Najaf, Karbala and Kufa.
 April 9 A civilian fuel convoy operated by private contractors Halliburton and Kellogg, Brown and Root is ambushed en route to Baghdad International Airport. The Mahdi Army is believed to be responsible for the attack. 7 civilians and several US Army Soldiers were killed in the attack. One of the truck drivers and one Soldier are still missing.
 April 10 The U.S. forces declare a unilateral cease fire in Fallujah. Although the U.S. forces fight when provoked, they do not move to take more area.
 April 16 Kut is retaken by coalition forces, but Najaf, Karabla and Kufa remain under control by Al Sadr.
 April 20 12 mortar rounds were fired on Abu Ghraib Prison by insurgents.  22 detainees were killed and 92 wounded.
 April 21 – At least 73 people were killed, including 17 children, along with 94 wounded in Iraq in suicide attacks on police stations in Basra and Az Zubayr.
 April 26 – The Iraq Interim Governing Council announced a new flag for post-Saddam Iraq. The flag is later abandoned among sentiments that it looks too much like Israel's flag.
 April 29
 The U.S. Marines announce it will pull out of Fallujah over a two- or three-week period and hand over control to the Iraqi army.
 At least 600 civilians have been killed during the American attack on Falluja
 8 U.S. soldiers are killed and 4 wounded in a car bomb attack near Mahmudiyah, south of Baghdad.

May
 May 17 – A suicide car bomb in Baghdad kills the head of Iraq's Governing Council Abdul-Zahra Othman Mohammad, a prominent Shi'ite politician from Basra also known as Izzedin Salim. More than a dozen others were also killed in the blast at the gates of the fortified Green Zone in Baghdad.
 May 28 – Iyad Allawi is chosen as the prime minister for the interim Iraqi government. The handover is scheduled to take place on June 30.

June

 June 28 – Two days ahead of schedule, control and sovereignty of Iraq is handed over from the United States to an interim Iraqi government. Allawi becomes the prime minister, and Paul Bremer leaves the country. A slightly modified form of the flag is used.

July
 July 1 – Saddam Hussein goes on trial for war crimes, arraigned before an Iraqi judge on seven preliminary charges.
 July 12 – At a press conference, Prime Minister Allawi announces the creation of the General Security Directorate, a domestic intelligence agency.
 July 19 - FOB Chosin mortar attack, casualties listed in Stars and Stripes.

August

August 5 – Marines from 1st Battalion 4th Marines begin battle in Najaf, Iraq. Is created a new flag of country
 August 8 – United States Marine Jonathan Collins of Crystal Lake, Illinois was KIA in Al Ramadi, located in the Al Anbar Province.

September
 September 14 – A car bomb near a crowded market and police station in a Shi'ite area of Baghdad kills at least 47 people and wounds 114.
 September 30 – Insurgents detonate three car bombs killing 41 people (34 of them children) in the Shi'ite Amil area of southern Baghdad. The blasts, which wounded 139, occurred shortly after U.S. troops had celebrated opening a new sewage system and distributed sweets to children.

October
 October 1 – An early morning coordinated invasion of Samarra by 3,000 US troops and 2,000 Iraqi troops begins. Iraqis take two religious sites by force. Americans claim to have killed as many as 125 insurgents.
 October 9 – Major-General Tim Cross is appointed the new General Officer Commanding, Theatre Troops, commanding all British forces deployed in the country.
 October 10 – Tawhid and Jihad claims responsibility for two car bombs in Baghdad, killing at least 11 people including an American soldier, and wounding at least 16.
 October 12 – Army of Ansar al-Sunna claims to have beheaded Alaa al-Maliki. They claim he was a spy for the United States and Muqtada Al Sadr.
 October 12 – Germany's defense minister, Peter Struck, indicated that Germany might deploy troops in Iraq if conditions there change. This gesture appears to provide backing for John Kerry, the US Democratic presidential challenger.
 October 13 -
 A suicide attack and roadside bombings kills six American soldiers.
 Brigades of Abu Bakr Al-Sidiq, believed to be linked to al-Zarqawi, release a video via internet showing the beheading of two Iraqis: Fadhel Ibrahim and Firas Imeil, believed to be members of the Iraqi National Intelligence.
 In a refusal of orders, American Army reservists participating in the Iraq War refused an order to drive a convoy of fuel tankers lacking armour plates through Baghdad on a "suicide mission".
 September 28 -
 U.S. troops swept into the Sunni stronghold of Ramadi and joined Iraqi police and National Guardsmen in raids in Baqouba.
 Investigators uncovered more than 100 bodies in a mass grave near the northern Iraqi village of Hatra. The bodies were believed to be Kurds killed during Saddam's crackdown in 1987–1988. The bodies includes those of small children and their mothers with bulletholes in their skulls.
 October 14 -
 Two suicide bombers penetrate the highly guarded green zone in Baghdad and detonate bombs in their backpacks. 5 are killed, 4 of them Americans. 20 others are wounded. Tawhid and Jihad, a group connected to al-Zarqawi, claim responsibility. The bombers are reportedly Jordanians. This is the first successful attack in the green zone. AP
 Ansar al-Sannah Army posts a video showing the beheading of a Turkish driver. AP
 The U.S. responds to the suspension of talks with more air, artillery, and ground attacks. AP
 October 15 – A platoon in the 343rd Quartermaster Company refuses orders to convoy supplies from Tallil, Iraq to Taji, Iraq, citing safety concerns. They claim that their vehicles were unsafe and that the convoy isn't adequately protected. The Army launches an investigation. AP
 October 25 – Nearly 380 tons of conventional high-explosives are found missing from an Iraqi site formerly used by Saddam Hussein for his dismantled atom bomb program, that was never secured by the United States Army. It is reported by MSNBC that the site was looted in April 2003, before coalition troops reached the area. US troops reported at the time that the explosives were missing. MSNBC

November
 November 7 – The United States Marine Corps and the United States Army (1st Infantry Division) launched the bloodiest offensive of the Iraq War on November 7, 2004, Operation Phantom Fury against the insurgency in the city of Fallujah.
 November 10 – The Battle of Mosul (2004) officially begins even though intense fighting had already spread throughout the streets and city days before.

December
 December 19 – A suicide car bomb blast in Najaf, 300 metres from the Imam Ali shrine, near crowds of people, kills 52 and wounds at least 140. On the same day, a car bomb exploded in Kerbala, killing 14 and injuring at least 52.
 December 21 a huge explosion rocked a US-base in the northern city of Mosul killing 22 people (14 U.S. soldiers, 4 U.S. contractors and 4 Iraqi National guards) and wounding more than 70 people. At first, there were reports of a rocket attack but later it was said to be a suicide bomber. The Ansar al-Sunnah army in Iraq claimed responsibility. It was the deadliest single-attack on Americans (soldiers and civilians) in Iraq since the war ended on May 1, 2003.
 December 21, the French hostages Georges Malbrunot and Christian Chesnot were released, after having been taken hostage in August.
 December 27 – A suicide car bomber kills at least 13 people outside the offices of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), one of the largest Shi'ite parties in Iraq in the upscale Jadiriya area of Baghdad. Its leader Abdel Aziz al-Hakim said it was a failed attempt on his life and blamed the bombing on Sunni militants.

Notable deaths

January 24 – Abdul Rahman Munif, author
February 28 – Andres Nuiamäe, 21, first Estonian soldier to be killed in Iraq
March 8 – Abu Abbas, terrorist
May 7 – Waldemar Milewicz, 48, Polish journalist, and Mounyra Beouamrane, killed in Iraq
May 8 – (body found) Nick Berg, 26, American civilian killed in Iraq
May 17 – Ezzedine Salim, 60?, president of the Iraqi Governing Council
May 18 – Joseph "SSG G" Garyantes, 34, U.S. Army Staff Sergeant, M1 Abrams Tank Commander killed by sniper fire while on Combat Patrol in Muqdadiyah, Diyala Governorate Iraq.
June 22 – Kim Sun-il, 33, South Korean translator, decapitated by Iraqi militants
June 28 – Keith Matthew Maupin, 20, U.S. Army Private First Class, killed by Islamist militants in Iraq
August 26 – Enzo G. Baldoni, 56, Italian journalist, murdered in Iraq
September 20 – Eugene Armstrong, 52, American civilian contractor, beheaded by Muslim terrorists in Iraq.
September 21 – Jack Hensley, 48, American civilian contractor, beheaded by Muslim terrorists in Iraq.
October 7 – Ken Bigley, 62, British hostage in Iraq, executed by hostage takers
October 28 – Shosei Koda, 24, Japanese backpacker, beheaded by his captors in Iraq
November 16 – Margaret Hassan, 59, British-born Iraqi chief of the humanitarian relief organization CARE International, killed by hostage takers in Iraq (unconfirmed, but presumed dead)

See also

 Iraq War

References

External links

Years of the 21st century in Iraq
Iraq

2004 in Iraq


Dr. Salim Mehmud, also known as Salim Mehmood, is a Pakistani rocket scientist and a nuclear engineer. He is the former chairman of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO). He has served as chief scientist at the Defence Science and Technology Organization. Currently, he is the chief Scientific and Technological Advisor at the Ministry of Communications of Pakistan.

Education
Mehmud took his BSc in Physics and a BA in Mathematics in 1955 from the Punjab University. The same year, he was admitted at the Punjab University's Graduate Program, and continued his research in Physics. He graduated and received his MSc in Physics and Electronics from Punjab University in 1957. The same year, he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as Engineer Officer (EO) and served in Nuclear Engineering Division. However, he was awarded a scholarship by former Chairman of PAEC Nazir Ahmad to continue his higher studies, and travelled to United States.

There, he attended North Carolina State University where he received his double MSc in Physics and MS in Electrical engineering in 1959. The same year, he began his post-graduate research work at Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education which he did until 1961. In 1964, he studied Nuclear engineering with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), also at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as part of the Atoms for Peace Program In 1961, he took his MSc in Nuclear engineering, followed by PhD in Nuclear engineering from Oak Ridge National Laboratory under the supervision of Dr. William "Bill" Nelson in 1964.

While studying at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, his mentor Dr. Bill Nelson has called him one of his brightest and finest students in his doctoral teaching experience. His doctoral dissertation covered a vast amount of study in the field of Nuclear electric rocket.

NASA career
Mehmud who was working at an Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a nuclear engineer was asked by Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani to go to Pakistani Embassy at the Washington, D.C., and met with Professor Abdus Salam. He along with fellow nuclear engineer Tariq Mustafa arrived at the Pakistani Embassy at Washington, D.C. After the formal conversation, Professor Salam and the engineers went to a local restaurant where the engineers was personally asked by Professor Abdus Salam to join NASA.

According to his interview, Mehmud expressed his concern over joining NASA and clearly notified Abdus Salam about his willingness to work in Pakistan's nuclear industry. However, with Salam's insistence, Mehmud and Mustafa visited NASA's headquarter and examined the American advances in rocket technology. The rocket science was found to be more challenging than it seems, according to Mehmud. After his visit to NASA, Mehmud and Mustafa decided to join NASA to study and trained in the field of rocket science.

Role in the development of NASA's solid rockets

Mehmud and Mustafa were assigned to conduct research in space and rocket technology. They, at first, declined the Salam's offer and vowed to work in a Pakistan's nuclear program, according to the interview given by CNBC Pakistan. However, after Abdus Salam's insistence, Mehmud and Mustafa visited the Goddard Space Flight Center. After the visit, Mustafa and Mehmud agreed to work for NASA. Mehmud and Mustafa arrived at Greenbelt, Maryland on a Douglas DC-6. Mehmud and Mustafa joined NASA in 1961. He was trained at the Goddard Space Center in rocket technology. He was the one of the earliest pioneers of Nike-Cajun and Judi-Dart, a solid fuel propellent based rocket. He closely collaborated with NASA scientists and engineers in the development of solid fuel sounding rockets during the 1960s.

SUPARCO career and chairman

Mehmud joined SUPARCO in 1961 on the request of Abdus Salam. He was immediately transferred in SUPARCO's rocket fabrication laboratory. Mehmud was one of the distinguished member of SUPARCO's team who launched the Satellite Launch Vehicle technology based-Rehbar-I under the direction of Air Cdre. dr. Wladysław Józef Marian Turowicz. He then was sent back to NASA where he specialised in satellite and rocket technology. He then travelled with Air Cdre. Wladyslaw Turowicz to the United States where both had studied and conduct research in space and rocket technology. Mehmud came back to Pakistan where he carried out his research in rocket science and satellite launch vehicles under the supervision of Wladyslaw Turowicz. Along with Turowicz, he sat the Sonmiani facility and was the responsible for installing the Launch pads and computer facility at the Sonmiani center.

On 15 December 1980, with the support of PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan, President of Pakistan General Zia appointed Salim Mehmud as chief executive officer of SUPARCO and asked him to submit necessary recommendations for up-gradation of SUPARCO to the status of a full-fledged Commission.

Hatf missile program
In 1980, he was made the Chairman of SUPARCO with the support of PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan. He successfully convinced General Zia to set up funds for SUPARCO. Zia who was a strong advocate for the space program, allowed SUPARCO to developed the indigenous satellite capabilities. During the 1980s, he started the Hatf Missile Program and was the project director of the Missile program. He was the principal figure and scientist in Hatf missile program and was the brain behind the indigenous missile development. As a profession, Mehmud is a nuclear engineer, and designed the missile in a complex model that the rocket can carry approximately up to 500 kg HEU fissile material. It was his leadership that in 1989, 23 March, on the Republic Day of Pakistan, SUPARCO, along with Engineering Research Laboratories, publicly tested the Hatf Missile.

Design of Hatf
The Hatf-I, the first derivative, was designed as a highly mobile, tactical system. The missiles are said to have been derived from the second-stage of the French Eridan missile system. Due to difficulty in acquiring the technology needed in satellite development in the 1980s, the first derivative of Hatf missile is designed with zero or no satellite guidance. Dr. Mehmud's team also designed the missile that it can be considered as an artillery rocket. It is ground mobile and can be launched from a transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles.

Badr satellite program

In 1984, Salim Mehmud quickly launched the Badr satellite program. The development and the construction of Badr-1, Pakistan's first domestically-built digital communication satellite, was started. A small team of SUPARCO scientists and engineers who had studied and trained in University of Surrey were the part of the university's UO-9, UO-11 and UO-22 hamsat miniature satellite development and program, began the development of the satellite. Mehmud, then briefed the General Zia and suggested to launch the satellite from Pakistani Satellite Launch Vehicle. However, having found difficulties in SLV-required technology, the idea of Pakistani SLV was postponed and later was cancelled. Mehmud retired from SUPARCO in 1989 as a chief scientist and was transferred in DESTO. In 1990, Badr-1 was finally launched via Long March 2E rocket from Xichang Satellite Launch Center.

Support for rocket science in Pakistan
Mehmud has been a vocal supporter of rocket science and technology in Pakistan. He, along with other scientists, has raised his voice in different occasion for Pakistan's space program as well as a Pakistan's satellite launch vehicle project. His efforts were involved in Pakistan's pursuit for peaceful use of satellite technology and has been a strong supporter of science in Pakistan.

Legacy
Mehmud's profile has been kept in secrecy but it is known that he has work in Pakistan's aerospace weapon development program agency, DESTO. It is unknown whether how long did he stay there and when was he took his retirement from the agency. However, it is known that he has played a "father-like" role in the establishment of the Sonmiani and Tilla spaceports and have been a scientist behind the Pakistan's solid-fuel rocket firing program during the 1960s.

Along with other Pakistani scientists, Mehmud's profile and credits have been kept in high level of ambiguity. Mehmud's credit and work, such as other noted Pakistani scientists, have kept lower than Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. Currently, he has been retired from Pakistan's strategic program and remained untouch to the other Pakistan's classified program. As of 2009, he is the chief Scientific and Technological Advisor at the Ministry of Communications of Pakistan.

Research papers
 Pakistan's Space Programme, by Salim Mehmud, published as a part of Space Policy in August 1989.
 Pakistan and Earth Observation System, by Salim Mehmud.
 Pakistan and Geostationary satellites, by Salim Mehmud

References

External links

University of the Punjab alumni
Pakistani nuclear physicists
Pakistani aerospace engineers
Pakistani scientists
Pakistani scholars
Pakistani nuclear engineers
North Carolina State University alumni
Project-706
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission people
Living people
Pakistan Army civilians
Administrators of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
Rocket scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aerospace engineers

Salim Mehmud


John Hunter (29 August 1737 – 13 March 1821), was a Royal Navy admiral who became the second Governor of New South Wales.

Early life
John Hunter was born in Leith, Scotland. His parents were William Hunter and Helen Drummond. He lived for a while with his uncle at Lyn, Norfolk. He studied music with composer Dr. Charles Burney. He started studying at the University of Aberdeen so that he could become a minister in the Church of Scotland. In 1754 he decided to become a sailor and started as the captain's servant in HMS Grampus. The Grampus was a 14 gun sloop.

Sailor
By 1755 he was an able seaman in the HMS Centaur, the next year a midshipman on the HMS Union and the HMS Neptune. These were the flagships of Admiral Charles Knowles. In 1757 Hunter took part in an attack on Rochefort. In 1757 he was involved in the attack on Quebec. Hunter passed his exams in navigation and astronomy in 1760 and qualified to be a lieutenant. It took until 1780 to get a job as lieutenant.

Hunter was a midshipman with Admiral Durrell on his flagships, the HMS Royal Ann, HMS Princess Amelia and the HMS Royal George. Durell made Hunter the master's mate in his new ship, the HMS Launceston. He served in North America and by 1768 was the ship's master. He served on the HMS Carysfort at Jamaica from 1769 to 1771. He went to the East Indies on the Intrepid from 1772 to 1774. He then served in the Kent and the Foudroyant. He returned to North America and was on the HMS Eagle with Admiral Lord Howe. With Howe's help and support, Hunter was finally made a lieutenant, 20 years after he passed his exams. Officer jobs were hard to get; there were more officers on shore on half pay than there were serving on ships.

John Hunter became lieutenant on the HMS Berwick and then on the HMS Victory. He was made captain of the fireship HMS Spitfire, and in November 1782, the sloop HMS Marquis de Seignelay.

The First Fleet
Hunter was made the second Captain of HMS Sirius (1786), which was to escort the First Fleet taking convicts to settle in Australia. Governor Arthur Phillip was the first captain, but he was also responsible for all the ships. Hunter's job was to be in charge of the Sirius. Hunter was also to become the Governor of Australia if any thing should have happened to Phillip. After the settlement was set up, Hunter was to return to England in the Sirius. After the fleet arrived at Botany Bay, Hunter and Phillip went off to find a better site, and then moved the fleet to Port Jackson.

Early days in Sydney
Hunter was involved in survey work around the new settlement and as a judge in the new criminal court. Both he and the judge advocate, David Collins, found they were unable to work with the Lieutenant Governor, Major Robert Ross. Hunter was an artist, and kept a sketch book with more than 100 paintings of plants, animals, fish and scenes around Sydney.

Other websites
 Three paintings from John Hunter's sketch book

References

1737 births
1821 deaths
British admirals
Governors of New South Wales
People from Edinburgh

John Hunter


Avellino is a city in southern Italy. It is capital of the province of Avellino.

Museums
 National Gallery of selachoidei (Museum of sharks), Corso Umberto I, 131 and Via F. Petronelli, 8
 Museum of Art - MdAO, Via degli Imbimbo, 47
 Museum of the Cathedral and the Diocese of Avellino, Via 23 novembre
 Provincial Archaeological Museum, Corso Europa
 Provincial Art Gallery, in the "Carcere Borbonico"
 Zoological Museum of invertebrates "L. Carbone", Corso Umberto I, 131

Capital cities in Italy

Avellino


Ludvík Svoboda  (25 November 1895 – 20 September 1979) was a czechoslovak legionnaire in World War I and Commander of Czechoslovak army in Russia in World War II. Later he became a president (1968-1975)

Early Life

Ludvík Svoboda was born in Hroznatín in Moravia in district Třebíč. He joined Austro-Hungaryan army when he was 20 in year 1915.They send to east to fight against Russia. He was captured and then he joined Czecholovak legion in Russia. He fought in battles like of Zborov  and Bakhmach. When he came back he was hero and then his military carreer started in new Czechoslovak army in the year 1921.

World War II
In early 1930' he taught in  military academy in Prague. After the Munich betrayal in spring 1939 he was in underground organization named National Defence (Obrana národa). He started in cooperation with Soviet Union (SSSR). In start of June he moved to Poland and established a Czechoslovak legion, but when SSSR invade Poland from east, he was captured and senteced to die. His contacts in Moscow freed him.With connection to Moscow he started to free people from gulag and used them to his legion.He became a commander of Czechoslovak army on east. The first battle of his was in 1943 in battle of Sokolov  in Ukraine. His position was leader of 1st Czechoslovak corps. In this battle died a Czech hero captain Jaroš. Then he fight in battle of Dukla Pass. With trust from Klement Gottwald he became a general in year 1945 and was named a Hero of East front.

Presidency
After the ending of the Antonín Novotný regime, in the period known as the Prague Spring, Svoboda was elected President of Czechoslovakia on 30 March 1968, on the recommendation of Alexander Dubček, the First Secretary. He was an acceptable candidate both for Czechs and Slovaks, and as a war hero and a victim of the purges of the early 1950s. People saw him as a new light of democracy and reform. But he was afraid of Soviet Union, because he saw all the crimes that they made.

He was respects by nation, because he took war hostiges from gulags and save them. Until he sign paper of Warsaw pact that Czechoslovakia will do nothing against Russian invasion in the year 1969. He has no word in home and abroad politic. He was puppet of KSČ. He said he don't trust leadership of political party. He tried to meet important people of factories and normal people, but his political status lower and lower. He even tryied to help poor east Slovakia.

When he was elected 2nd time he had a heart attack and must left his post. His succesor was G.Husák.

Rest of his life
Rest of his life spend on wheelchair in his house in Prague with wife Irena. After his death in 1979 he had big national and military funeral. His funeral was not organized, but thousands of people came to show respect.He was bury on Žižkov with anthem of 1st Czechoslovak corpse ,,Směrem k Praze'' (Headed to the Prague). In 1995 he was removed and send to his family crypt in Kroměříž.

1895 births
1979 deaths

Ludvík Svoboda


A Ship of the line was a kind of warship. Most ships of the line were built between the 17th and 19th century. At that time, battles were fought by many such ships, which sailed in a line. At first, such ships were sailing boats, but from about the 1840s, steam-driven ships of the line were built. The steam-powered ships of the line were still made of wood. From about 1859, the Ironclad warship replaced them.

At that time, ships had cannons. Larger ships had room for more cannons, and were therefore more likely to hit the enemy. Today, ship designs are noticeably different, as cannons are no longer used.

Warships

Ship of the line


Richard Trevithick (April 13,1771 - April 22, 1833) was a Cornish inventor and engineer. He is best known for making the first working steam locomotive. However, it was designed to be a road vehicle, not a railroad one.

Trevithick was from the heart of a big mining area in Cornwall, U.K. His parents were Richard Trevithick (1735-1797) and Ann Teague (d. 1810.) In 1797, Trevithick married Jane Harvey. He died of pneumonia in 1833.

1771 births
1833 deaths
English inventors

Richard Trevithick


Oxygen  saturation (symbol SO2) is a relative measure of the concentration of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium as a proportion of the maximal concentration that can be dissolved in that medium at the given temperature. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. The standard unit of oxygen saturation is percent (%).

Oxygen saturation can be measured regionally and noninvasively. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) is commonly measured using pulse oximetry. Tissue saturation at peripheral scale can be measured using NIRS. This technique can be applied on both muscle and brain.

In medicine

In medicine, oxygen saturation refers to oxygenation, or when oxygen molecules () enter the tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air into the blood. Oxygen saturation (() sats) measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. Fish, invertebrates, plants, and aerobic bacteria all require oxygen.

In environmental science

In aquatic environments, oxygen saturation is a ratio of the concentration of "dissolved oxygen" (DO, O2), to the maximum amount of oxygen that will dissolve in that water body, at the temperature and pressure which constitute stable equilibrium conditions. Well-aerated water (such as a fast-moving stream) without oxygen producers or consumers is 100% saturated.

It is possible for stagnant water to become somewhat supersaturated with oxygen (i.e. reach more than 100% saturation) either because of the presence of photosynthetic aquatic oxygen producers or because of a slow equilibration after a change of atmospheric conditions. Stagnant water in the presence of decaying matter will typically have an oxygen concentration much less than 100%, which is due to anaerobic bacteria being much less efficient at breaking down organic material. Similarly as in water, oxygen concentration also plays a key role in the breakdown of organic matter in soils. Higher oxygen saturation allows for aerobic bacteria to persist, which break down decaying organic material in soils much more efficiently than anaerobic bacteria. Thus soils with high oxygen saturation will have less organic matter per volume than those with low oxygen saturation.

Environmental oxygenation can be important to the sustainability of a particular ecosystem. The US Environmental Protection Agency has published a table of maximum equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration versus temperature at atmospheric pressure. The optimal levels in an estuary for dissolved oxygen is higher than 6 ppm. Insufficient oxygen (environmental hypoxia), often caused by the decomposition of organic matter and/or nutrient pollution, may occur in bodies of water such as ponds and rivers, tending to suppress the presence of aerobic organisms such as fish. Deoxygenation increases the relative population of anaerobic organisms such as plants and some bacteria, resulting in fish kills and other adverse events. The net effect is to alter the balance of nature by increasing the concentration of anaerobic over aerobic species.

See also

 Oxygen deficiency

References

Aquatic ecology
Blood
Water quality indicators
Oxygen

Oxygen saturation


Ice cubes are small pieces of ice that are often cubes. These pieces are sometimes used to cool drinks. Ice cubes are used in mixed drinks, when the drink has the words "on the rocks."

Ice cubes are made by filling a tray with water and putting it in a freezer. Many freezers also have an icemaker. Icemakers make ice cubes and put them in a bin. After that, they can be put in a glass.

Ice cubes are also made commercially and sold in large amounts. These ice cubes are usually cylindrical, and might have holes through the center. Commercially made ice cubes are very clear, as the water doesn't have much air dissolved in it.

Ice cubes can also be crushed into different-shaped flakes, which some people think makes some kinds of cocktails look better. Crushed ice is also used to cool a drink or other liquid quickly because the speed of cooling depends on the amount and average radius of the ice particles.

First artificial ice cubes

American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 to be able to cool air. His refrigerator made ice, which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie is the creator of ice cubes, even though he was not trying to cool drinks. Instead, he used the ice to cool the room's temperature. During that time, people thought that bad air quality made people sick. So, to help treat sickness, he advocated for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

Ice cube tray

Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then put in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, thus creating ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the ice cubes can be removed easily by flexing the tray. Another design is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes up, releasing them from the tray. A motorized kind of this is in most automatic ice-making freezers.

Even though ice cubes are usually shaped like cubes, there are trays that make spherical or cylindrical shapes. These are sometimes called ice tubes. Some novelty trays make blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes.

The first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was made by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was made by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup, Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them.  After talking about it with his patent attorney at lunch, he did experiments using rubber cups. Later, he made and patented several kinds of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made of only rubber.

References

Water

Ice cube


The All-Seeing Eye, known to its community of users as ASE, was a game server browser designed by Finnish company UDP Soft. It helped online gamers find game servers. ASE took two years to develop and was introduced as shareware on June 15, 2001.

Despite UDP Soft lacking the marketing power of GameSpy, ASE's popularity grew swiftly and steadily. It was sold to Yahoo! for an undisclosed sum in September 2004.

Yahoo! All-Seeing Eye
The purchase by Yahoo! was a defensive move against acquisition activity by CNet and others, and a desire on Yahoo!'s part to tap into the hard-core gaming market.  At the time of the acquisition, All-Seeing Eye had over 12M downloads, and was actively used by more than a million gamers per month.   While some mistakenly assumed the acquisition was in some way a move against Xfire, the reality is that Ultimate Arena had only rebranded themselves as XFire a couple of months prior to the ASE acquisition, and announced an impending launch of their product.  Further, instant-messaging-based applications such as XFire at its launch, differed greatly from first-generation server browsing applications such as GameSpy 3D (Arcade is second-generation) and All-Seeing Eye and even Roger Wilco "TF Soldiers".  Subsequently, that gap has been closed.

Months later, XFire was the target of a Yahoo! lawsuit over an alleged patent infringement, partly because Xfire's two primary developers were previously engineers on the Yahoo! Games team, where they had authored a patent (granted to Yahoo!) on messenger-based game play notification. The legal battle was resolved in January 2006 with details of the settlement remaining unknown.

ASE's continued development was limited after Yahoo! acquired it, and at the time of writing there is only an unofficial forum where people can exchange hand-made updates. As a result, scanning for games developed after 2005 became problematic, and although the application's life cycle has been extended by community-developed filters, without a major update to the program's core, ASE had an uncertain future. As a result, many game enthusiasts have since actively boycotted Yahoo services.

In March and April 2008 Yahoo! sent emails to ASE subscribers informing them that ASE will be discontinued as of 15 May 2008 and that a $15 refund will be issued to current subscribers.

ASE has now been officially shut down, including all of their tracking servers. All games that previously used the ASE service will no longer display server listings. Yahoo! now redirects users seeking ASE to GameSpy Arcade, which has since been shut down also.

References

External links
 The All-Seeing Eye former official site (archive)
 Yahoo's "videogames.yahoo.com" has been turned off for the time being notice (archive)
 Old forum (archive)

2001 software
Discontinued Yahoo! services
Game server browsers
Internet Protocol based network software
Yahoo! acquisitions

The All-Seeing Eye


Teplice  (German name: Teplitz) is a city in Bohemia, the western area of the Czech Republic.  Teplice (pronounced in Czech: "Tep-li-tse") is a famous spa town where, in earlier times, lots of famous people went for holidays to improve their health.  Goethe, Beethoven, Chopin, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner all stayed there.

Teplice lies between Prague and Dresden in a mountain area called Krušné hory (Iron Mountains).  In the year 762 hot springs were found there.  The waters from these springs helped people who were ill to get better so it became a spa town.

Since 1990 many buildings have been restored.  The Krušnohorské divadlo (Krušnohorské theatre) is now being refurbished.  The North Bohemia Philharmonic Orchestra give concerts there in the open air.  There is a museum and many restaurants, wine bars and cafés.  In the winter the mountain slopes are good for skiing.

Other websites
Official website

Spa towns in the Czech Republic
Cities in the Czech Republic

Teplice


Ernst Julius Öpik ( – 10 September 1985) was an Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist who spent the second half of his career (1948–1981) at the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland.

Education
Öpik was born in Kunda, Kreis Wierland, Governorate of Estonia then a part of the Russian Empire. He went to the University of Moscow to specialize in the study of minor bodies, such as asteroids, comets, and meteors. He completed his doctorate at the University of Tartu.

Astronomical work
In 1916 Öpik published an article in the Astrophysical Journal, in which he estimated the densities of visual binary stars. In his sample was ο2 Eridani B, a white dwarf star. Öpik determined its density as 25,000 times the density of the Sun but concluded that the result is impossible.

In 1922, Ernst Öpik published a paper in which he estimated the distance of the Andromeda Galaxy. He determined the distance using a novel astrophysical method based on the observed rotational velocities of the galaxy, which depends on the total mass around which stars are rotating, and on the assumption that the luminosity per unit mass was the same as that of our galaxy. He concluded that the distance was 450 kpc. His result was in good accordance with other estimates of these days (100 to 1000 kpc) and were closer to recent estimates (778 kpc) than Hubble's result (275 kpc). His method is still widely used.

In 1922 he correctly predicted the frequency of craters on Mars long before they were detected by space probes. In 1932 he postulated a theory concerning the origins of comets in the Solar System. He believed that they originated in a cloud orbiting far beyond the orbit of Pluto. This cloud is now known as the Oort cloud or alternatively the Öpik-Oort Cloud in his honour. From October 1931 to the end of July 1933, Öpik, Harlow Shapley and Samuel L. Boothroyd headed the Arizona meteor expedition, which detected approximately 22,000 meteors. He also invented a rocking camera for the study of meteors. In 1951 he published a paper concerning the triple-alpha process, describing the burning of helium-4 into carbon-12 in the cores of red giant stars. However, this achievement is often overlooked because Edwin Salpeter's paper on the same subject had already been published by the time Öpik's paper reached Britain and the United States.

In 1958 he published "Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere".

In 1972, Öpik published a piece on the origin of the Moon by capture in the Irish Astronomical Journal (vol. 10, pp. 190–238). He included breakup and re-assembly of rings into which the Moon was broken.

Yarkovsky effect connection
The Yarkovsky effect was discovered by the Russian civil engineer Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky (1844–1902), who worked on scientific problems in his spare time. Writing in a pamphlet around the year 1900, Yarkovsky noted that the diurnal heating of a rotating object in space would cause it to experience a force that, while tiny, could lead to large long-term effects in the orbits of small bodies, especially meteoroids and small asteroids. Yarkovsky's work might have been forgotten had it not been for Öpik, who read Yarkovsky's pamphlet sometime around 1909. Decades later, Öpik discussed the possible importance of the Yarkovsky effect for moving meteoroids about the solar system.

Exile
Öpik fled his native country in 1944 because the approaching Red Army raised fear among Estonians. Living as a refugee in Germany, he became the Estonian rector of the Baltic University in Exile in the displaced persons camps. In 1948 he was offered a post in Armagh and remained there despite offers of lucrative jobs in America.  From the early 1960s to the mid-1970s he also held a position at the University of Maryland, which he visited annually, typically for one semester.  As air travel became more common, his refusal to fly made travel to the U.S. from Armagh systematically more difficult and he eventually ceased the annual ritual.

Awards
He won the J. Lawrence Smith Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1960, the Meteoritical Society Frederick C. Leonard Memorial Medal in 1968, the Kepler Gold Medal from the American Association for the Advancement of Science & Meteoritical Society in 1972, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1975 and the Bruce Medal in 1976.

Legacy
Oort cloud is sometimes called "Öpik-Oort cloud". The Comet Interceptor's Optical Periscopic Imager for Comets, or OPIC, instrument is named after Ernst Öpik to celebrate the first Estonia's contribution to a science mission of the European Space Agency.

The asteroid 2099 Öpik is named in his honour. The crater Öpik on the Martian moon Phobos is also named for him.

His grandson, Lembit Öpik, was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 to 2010, and has advocated searching for asteroids that may collide with the Earth. Lembit also became Chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia in 2019 and is a member of the Supreme Space Council (SSC).

References

External links
 Optical Periscopic Imager for Comets (OPIC) Tartu Observatory Space Exploration Group
 Sonoma State University on Ernst Öpik
 Armagh Observatory on Ernst Öpik
 Evening Standard (London); "Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family"

1893 births
1985 deaths
People from Kunda, Estonia
People from Kreis Wierland
20th-century astronomers
Estonian astrophysicists
Estonian astronomers
Planetary scientists
20th-century Estonian scientists
Astronomers from Northern Ireland
Moscow State University alumni
University of Tartu alumni
Members of the Estonian Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
White movement people
Estonian World War II refugees
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Estonian emigrants to Northern Ireland
People from Armagh (city)
Scientists from County Armagh
Irish astrophysicists

Ernst Öpik


Cambridge University Amateur Boxing Club (CUABC) is the boxing club of the University of Cambridge, England. The club was founded in 1896 after the King's College Boxing Club amalgamated with Fordham's School of Arms to form the Cambridge University Boxing & Fencing Club (CUB&FC).

The club has competed against Oxford University Amateur Boxing Club in the Varsity Match each year since 1897 to win the Truelove Bowl. Typically, the match location switches between Oxford and Cambridge, though recently Cambridge have hosted matches in London. Boxers who compete in the Varsity Match are traditionally awarded a Full Blue by the Cambridge University Men's Blues Committee if they win individually or the team wins. Other boxers, such as those having been selected for a second Varsity Match, can be awarded a Blue at the discretion of the committee.

In the 2005 Varsity Match, Kaleen Love of Oxford defeated Catherine Tubb of Cambridge in the first women's varsity boxing bout. Catherine Tubb had previously beaten Kaleen at the BUSA championships held in December 2004. Both were awarded Extraordinary Full Blues for their athletic accomplishments. In recent years, two more Extraordinary Full Blues have been awarded to Sarah Burden and Heley Matthews. Chris Webb remains the only boxer in history to have represented Cambridge in the Varsity match 4 times, and won all 4 bouts.

In both the 2005 and 2009 Varsity Matches, CUABC beat OUABC by the maximum 9-0 margin. Cambridge University Amateur Boxing Club (CUABC) remains the only side to have achieved this feat since the number of bouts was increased to 9 in the 1950s.

On 1 March 2015 CUABC broke OUABC's five year winning streak in the Varsity Match, winning 6-3.

The running total for the Men's Varsity Match is 55-54 in CUABC's favour as of 2020 after a three year winning streak by the Cambridge boxers.

CUABC trains at University of Cambridge Sports Centre.

See also
 Oxford–Cambridge rivalry
 Varsity match

References

External links

Boxing clubs in the United Kingdom
Boxing Club
Boxing in England
1896 establishments in England


Esther Delisle (born 1954) is a French Canadian historian and author of historical works from Quebec.

Biography
Born and raised in Quebec City, she completed her BA and MA in political science at Université Laval in Sainte-Foy, Quebec, and taught political theory at a Quebec CEGEP and worked as a researcher for the CBC news show the fifth estate. She then studied for three years at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem before returning to Laval to complete her doctorate, following which she did post-doctoral studies at the department of history at McGill University.

Delisle-Richler controversy
Her doctoral thesis, in which she adduced evidence of a history of antisemitism and support of fascism among Quebec nationalists of the 1930s, was controversial long before it was published. The book was strongly critical of the nationalist historian Lionel Groulx and the newspaper Le Devoir. The normal time for a thesis at Université Laval to be approved was three months; her committee delayed a decision for almost two years, until articles about the delay and the controversy surrounding her work had appeared in the French and English press.

In 1993, she published a book based on her doctoral political science thesis, short-titled The Traitor and the Jew. The book aroused considerable hostility; when she appeared at one Quebec bookstore, the manager of the shopping mall cut the electricity to the bookstore in order to interfere with her book signing. (Different versions of this incident appear in Sara Scott, "The Lonely Passion of Esther Delisle", Elm Street, April 1998, p. 97, and Sheli Teitelbaum, "Quebec and French Nazis", The Canadian Jewish News, December 15, 1994, reprinted from The Jerusalem Report.) A 2002 documentary film by Eric R. Scott titled Je me souviens, recounts Delisle's story using rare archival footage with speeches and commentaries by some of Quebec's leading nationalist figures of the time.

The controversy over whether or not Quebec society is or was antisemitic simplifies her thesis and has obscured the more important themes of her work. For Delisle, Quebecers were not uniformly antisemitic; antisemitism was a disease of Quebec intellectuals rather than of the common people, part and parcel of their condemnation of the vices of liberalism, modernity, urbanism, not to mention movies and jazz music and other aspects of American culture, all of which they saw as dangers to their conception of the ideal Quebec society. She attacks as myth the beliefs put forward by historians such as Lionel Groulx that the Québécois are a racially and ethnically homogeneous group of pure descent from French-speaking Catholic immigrants to New France. She argues that the Quebec intellectuals of the 1930s and 1940s were far less isolated and more deeply influenced by the intellectual currents in Europe, particularly the nationalism of the extreme right, than is described in most Quebec histories of the period.

In 1998, Esther Delisle published, Myths, Memories and Lies, an account of how some members of Quebec's elite, nationalist and federalist, supported Nazi collaborator Marshal Philippe Pétain and his Vichy government in Nazi-occupied France during World War II and helped bring French war criminals to safety in Quebec after the war ended.

Criticism
Historian Gérard Bouchard, who also published a book critical of Lionel Groulx, has been very critical of The Traitor and the Jew. In a letter to Le Devoir, published on May 1, 2003, he contended that only 14 of 58 quotes of Lionel Groulx in Delisle's thesis are accurate, and that the 44 other quotes contain 56 irregularities, including additions and amputations of the text, word replacements that change the meaning, and quotes that are not found in the text where Delisle claims they are. He asserts that the magnitude of inaccuracy discourages him from even considering Delisle's work as a basis for his own criticism of Groulx (Les Deux Chanoines - Contradiction et ambivalence dans la pensée de Lionel Groulx, 2003). Delisle admitted to 13 irregularities in the references of her book and later corrected citations for some of the disputed quotations.

Bouchard and Delisle agree that Groulx expressed antisemitic opinions. For Bouchard, these opinions do not taint Groulx's scholarship or secular Quebec nationalism because Groulx's antisemitism is seen as a personal bias unrelated or peripheral to his academic work. Delisle, by contrast, argues that antisemitism is an integral component of Groulx's race-based nationalism and his enthusiasm for right-wing authoritarian governments.

Bibliography

References

1954 births
Living people
Canadian political scientists
French Quebecers
Academics in Quebec
Writers from Quebec City
Université Laval alumni
Canadian non-fiction writers in French
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
McGill University alumni
Canadian women historians
Women political scientists
20th-century Canadian historians
20th-century Canadian women writers

Esther Delisle


Búri was the first Norse god. He became the father of the other gods. He was married to Hárm. He ruled prehistory. He gave birth to the Nephaeleus. His reign ended when Thor and Loki were born.

Búri was born when the Divine Cow, Audhumla, licked him out of his icy prison. In his life, Búri lived alongside the ice giant Ymir. Ymir was also released from ice in a similar way.

Norse gods and goddesses

Búri


Gille Escoib or Gilleasbaig of Menstrie is the earliest member of the Campbell family to be attested in contemporary sources, appearing in royal charters dating to the 1260s. His existence is confirmed by later Campbell pedigrees. According to these genealogies, he was the son of a man named Dubhghall ("Dugald"). However, nothing is known of this man, nor of the 4 or 5 generations of his ancestors who constitute the probable historical section these genealogies preceding Dubhghall. Gilleasbaig's first historical appearance dates to 1263, when he appeared in a charter of King Alexander III of Scotland, being named as "Gilascoppe Cambell". He was granted the estates of Menstrie and Sauchie in Clackmannanshire (but then under the supervision of the sheriff of Stirling). His next appearance, and indeed his final appearance, is in 1266, when he witnessed another royal charter at Stirling granting favours to Lindores Abbey. The genealogies, and indeed later 13th century patronymic appellations, tell us that Gilleasbaig was the father of Cailean Mór, probably by marriage to the Carrick noblewoman, Afraig, a daughter of Cailean of Carrick.

The name Gilleasbaig is a modernization of "Gilla Escoib" (with a variety of related spellings, such as Gille Escoib), and is often rendered as "Archibald" in English or occasionally "Gillespie" or "Gillespic".

Notes

References
 Boardman, Stephen, The Campbells, 1250-1513, (Edinburgh, 2006)
 Sellar, W. David H., "The Earliest Campbells - Norman, Briton, or Gael", in Scottish Studies, 17 (1973), pp. 109–26

Clan Campbell
Medieval Gaels from Scotland
13th-century Scottish people

Gilleasbaig of Menstrie