Spiritism is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:
The Spirits' Book — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
The Mediums' Book — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.

Other characteristics ideas of his were:
 Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
 Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality. This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
 Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.

Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book History of Spiritualism. This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.

Other websites
The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull

References

New religious movements
Occult

Spiritism


"Taps" is a song. It is used as the final bugle call of the day ("lights out") and at solemn ceremonies such as military funerals. It was written in 1862 by General Daniel Butterfield, commander of a Union brigade camped in Virginia. "Extinguish Lights" was the original title. The words of the song (Day is done; Gone the sun) were written at later date. When or why "Taps" replaced the original title is unknown. The meaning of "Taps" is also unknown, but may refer to the sound of a muffled drum beat.

Taps

Taps


In mathematics, Gaussian elimination (also called row reduction) is a method used to solve systems of linear equations. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, a famous German mathematician who wrote about this method, but did not invent it.

To perform Gaussian elimination, the coefficients of the terms in the system of linear equations are used to create a type of matrix called an augmented matrix. Then, elementary row operations are used to simplify the matrix. The three types of row operations used are:
 Type 1: Switching one row with another row.
 Type 2: Multiplying a row by a non-zero number.
 Type 3: Adding or subtracting a row from another row.

The goal of Gaussian elimination is to get the matrix in row-echelon form. If a matrix is in row-echelon form, that means that reading from left to right, each row will start with at least one more zero term than the row above it. Some definitions of Gaussian elimination say that the matrix result has to be in reduced row-echelon form. That means that the matrix is in row-echelon form and the only non-zero term in each row is 1. Gaussian elimination that creates a reduced row-echelon matrix result is sometimes called Gauss-Jordan elimination.

Example
Suppose the goal is to find the answers to this system of linear equations.

First, the system needs to be turned into an augmented matrix. In an augmented matrix, each linear equation becomes a row. On one side of the augmented matrix, the coefficients of each term in the linear equation become numbers in the matrix. On the other side of the augmented matrix are the constant terms each linear equation is equal to. For this system, the augmented matrix is:

Then, row operations can be done on the augmented matrix to simplify it. The table below shows the row reduction process on the system of equations and on the augmented matrix.

The matrix is now in row-echelon form. This is also called triangular form.

The matrix is now in reduced row-echelon form. Reading this matrix tells us that the solutions for this system of equations occur when x = 2, y = 3, and z = -1.

Equations
Linear algebra
Computer science

Gaussian elimination


A handstand is the act of holding the body upside down balancing on the hands. The body is held straight with arms and legs fully extended. The hands are placed about shoulder-width apart. A handstand performer must have balance and upper body strength.

Handstands are used in many activities, including acro dance, acrobatics, cheerleading and gymnastics. Some types of handstand are performed on all gymnastic equipment. Many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position as part of the action. Breakdancers use handstands in freezes and kicks. Sometimes a handstand is used as a starting position for diving. In games or contests, swimmers will sometimes do underwater handstands on pool bottoms with legs and feet extended above the water.

Handstands are known by various other names. In yoga, the handstand is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana (pronounced AHD-hoh MOOK-hah vrik-SHAH-sah-nah) translating to Downward-facing Tree Pose, and in capoeira it is named bananeira.

Types
There are two basic handstands used in modern gymnastics: curved-back and straight-back. Straight-back style is used when straight body lines are wanted and possible. In many cases the curved-back style is better as it has much better control over balance. Balance is kept by shifting body weight towards the fingers or the heel of the hand.

All basic handstands have these features:
Straight arms with hands placed on the ground about shoulder-width apart.
Straight legs, held together.
Pointed toes so as to continue the lines of the legs.

Straight-back handstands have these characteristics:
Tucked head (face pointed forward) as if standing upright.
Straight spine, with hips pushed forward. If performed while lying flat, this would cause the small of the back to contact ground.

Variations

Common handstand variations include:
 Straight legs held in a side or front split.
 Stag split, in which legs are front split with bent knees.
 Back very arched, with bent knees and toes touching the back of the head.
 Hollowback, with the back bent so that legs go further forward than the head.
 One-handed, in which only one hand contacts the ground.
 Handstand pushups, in which one raises and lowers the body while standing inverted on the hands.

Related pages

Diving
Gymnastics

References

Gymnastics
Human skills
Yoga

Handstand


WBBM-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, serving as the market's CBS network outlet. Owned and operated by the network's CBS News and Stations division, the station maintains studios on West Washington Street in the Loop, and its transmitter is located atop the Willis Tower.

History

Early history (1940–1953)
WBBM-TV traces its history to 1940 when Balaban and Katz, a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures, signed on experimental station W9XBK, the first all-electronic television facility in Chicago. Balaban and Katz was already well known for owning several movie theaters in the Chicago area. In order to establish the station, the company hired television pioneer William C. "Bill" Eddy away from RCA's experimental station W2XBS in New York City. When World War II began, Eddy used the W9XBK facilities as a prototype school for training Navy electronics technicians. While operating the Navy school, Eddy continued to lead W9XBK and wrote a book that defined commercial television for many years.

On September 6, 1946, the station received a commercial license as WBKB (for Balaban and Katz Broadcasting) on VHF channel 4, becoming the first commercial station located outside the Eastern Time Zone; it was also the sixth commercial TV station in the United States behind WNBT (now WNBC), WCBW (now WCBS-TV), WABD (now WNYW) all in New York City; WRGB in Schenectady, New York; and WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia. WBKB aired some of the earliest CBS programs, including the 1947 debut of Junior Jamboree (later renamed Kukla, Fran and Ollie after it moved to NBC in 1948). Channel 4 originally operated as an independent station, since at the time it was not clear that it would be an affiliate of either CBS or the DuMont Television Network; eventually, KSD-TV (now KSDK) in St. Louis became the first television station west of the Eastern Time Zone to affiliate with a major network. One of the station's early highlights was its telecast of the National Football League's championship game between the Chicago Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles on December 28, 1947.

In December 1948, WBKB began sharing the market's CBS affiliation with WGN-TV (channel 9), after that station affiliated with the network. In 1949, Balaban and Katz became part of United Paramount Theatres, after Paramount Pictures was forced to divest its chain of movie theaters by order of the United States Supreme Court.

WBKB played an indirect role in DuMont's demise. At the time, Paramount Pictures owned a stake in DuMont. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that Paramount's holdings were large enough that the studio effectively controlled DuMont. Paramount also owned KTLA in Los Angeles; since DuMont already owned WABD (now WNYW) in New York City, WTTG in Washington, D.C., and WDTV (now sister station KDKA-TV) in Pittsburgh, the FCC's decision meant neither Paramount nor DuMont could acquire any more television stations. Paramount even launched a short-lived programming service, the Paramount Television Network (no relation to today's cable-only Paramount Network), in 1949, with KTLA and WBKB as its flagship stations; however, the service never gelled into a true television network.

As a CBS owned-and-operated station (since 1953)
In February 1953, United Paramount Theaters merged with the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), which already owned WENR-TV (channel 7). As the newly merged entity could not keep both stations since FCC regulations enforced during that time forbade the common ownership of two television stations licensed to the same market, WBKB was sold to CBS for $6.75 million. On February 12, one day after the merger was finalized, the station changed its call letters to WBBM-TV, after WBBM radio (AM 780 and FM 96.3), which CBS had owned since 1929. The WBKB call letters were subsequently assumed by channel 7 (that station would eventually change its callsign to WLS-TV in 1968, and the callsign now resides at a CBS-affiliated station in Alpena, Michigan). While the old WBKB's talent remained with the new WBBM-TV under the radio station's longtime general manager, H. Leslie Atlass, the UPT-era management of the old WBKB moved to channel 7.

As a result of WBBM-TV's purchase by CBS, it picked up all CBS programming previously carried by WGN-TV, after a two-month cancellation clause in channel 9's affiliation contract with CBS; this left channel 9 with the quickly crumbling DuMont as its sole network affiliation.

In accordance with the VHF channel allocation realignments imposed by the FCC in its issuance of the Sixth Report and Order, WBBM-TV relocated to channel 2 on July 5, 1953, in order to eliminate interference with WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee and WHBF-TV in the Quad Cities. WTMJ-TV concurrently moved to VHF channel 4—from channel 3—to avoid interference with fellow CBS affiliate WKZO-TV (now WWMT) in Kalamazoo, Michigan (on the other side of Lake Michigan), which itself broadcast on channel 3. The channel 2 allocation was coincidentally freed up at the same time as the state capital of Springfield was forced to let the allocation relocate to St. Louis, where the allocation was assigned to KTVI. The reshuffling also forced Zenith to shut down KS2XBS, an experimental station on channel 2 in Chicago that the company maintained for its pioneering pay-per-view service Phonevision.

In 1956, CBS consolidated its Chicago operations into the former Chicago Arena, a renovated , three-story building at 633 North McClurg Court in the Streeterville neighborhood; the property was built in 1924 as a horse stable, and had operated as an ice rink and bowling alley prior to CBS' approximately $1.3 million purchase of the building.

That year, an episode of What's My Line? originated from the WBBM studios, airing one day prior to the start of the 1956 Democratic National Convention. Between the late 1940s and early 1970s, Columbia Records housed an office and recording studio in the building. On September 26, 1960, WBBM's McClurg Court studios served as the site of the first televised presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. WBBM-TV also served as production home to the syndicated programs Donahue (from 1982 to 1985) and Siskel & Ebert (from 1986 to the late 1990s, when production migrated to the studios of WLS-TV on State Street).

In October 1987, Center City Communications—a locally based investor group led by attorney Brenda Minor—filed a challenge to the FCC's renewal of WBBM-TV's station license. However, in asking the agency not to renew the station's license through 1992, Center City never detailed any specific objections to the station's license renewal, although it had been speculated that the challenge may have been related to the then-recent boycott by Operation PUSH surrounding the lack of diversity with the station's staff and allegations that WBBM's hiring practices were not fair towards Blacks; Minor (who is African American) later cited that the station did not fulfill obligations to public affairs programming. Center City dropped its challenge three months later in July, after reaching a settlement agreement with CBS in which Center City agreed not to challenge the license renewal of any CBS station for a five-year period, in return for a $187,500 payment by CBS. The challenge sparked calls for the FCC to reform its comparative renewal process, which certain broadcasters claim was used solely for the purpose of "extort[ing]" large cash settlements from stations.

The station was brought back under common ownership with Paramount Pictures when Viacom—which acquired the studio from Gulf and Western in 1994—merged with (the original) CBS Corporation in a $36 billion deal in February 2000. This union was broken up again in December 2005 when Viacom became CBS Corporation and spun off Paramount Pictures and Viacom's cable networks into a separate company that assumed the Viacom name.

In 2003, WBBM signed a lease agreement with Chevy Chase, Maryland-based developer Mills Corporation to build a "media center" for the station in the "Block 37" developments in the Loop business district, with plans to include a street-level studio that would overlook Daley Plaza. WBBM had earlier considered selling the McClurg Court facility with the intent to relocate into a new studio complex in 1998 (with areas on North Fairbanks Court, North Michigan Avenue and West Jackson Street as potential sites for the planned facility); however, the plans were postponed due to transition to high-definition broadcasting.

On September 21, 2008, WBBM-TV moved to new facilities in the "Block 37" studio at the corner of Dearborn and Washington streets, with a  LED screen that adorns the lower facade of the 17-story building (which some residents complained is "tacky and visually hyperactive"). This move coincided with the upgrade of channel 2's newscasts to high definition, making WBBM the fourth television station in the Chicago market to begin broadcasting their newscasts in the format (field footage converted to the format over a period of years); in early 2006, the WBBM radio stations moved into new studio facilities within Two Prudential Plaza on North Stetson Avenue. The former McClurg Court facility building was demolished over a two-month period from February to April 2009. WBBM-TV moved its news set upstairs to a more traditional studio in September 2017 after an obligation to maintain its main studio in the streetside space for ten years was fulfilled, with CBS eventually removing the LED screen and putting the space up for retail lease in 2019, though with no interest coming in during the COVID-19 pandemic, WBBM-TV returned to using it late in 2020 to allow for wider social distancing of station workspaces.

WBBM-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal moved from pre-transition VHF channel 3 to the current, post-transition VHF channel 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers continued to display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2.1.

On October 21, 2014, CBS and locally based Weigel Broadcasting announced that they would partner to launch Decades, a digital subchannel network. The network soft launched in the Chicago market on WBBM digital channel 2.2, when that subchannel launched on February 1, 2015, with the network making its formal national debut four months later on May 25. Decades moved to WCIU-DT4 on September 3, 2018, with WBBM-DT2 becoming the home of a second Weigel/CBS concept network known as Start TV, which specializes in airing procedural dramas with women in the lead roles.

On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to sell CBS Radio to Entercom (now Audacy), currently the fourth-largest radio broadcasting company in the United States. The sale was completed on November 17, 2017, and was conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust so that it was tax-free. While CBS shareholders retain a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom is the surviving entity, with WBBM radio and its sister stations now separated from WBBM-TV (though WBBM Newsradio maintains a continuing and strong overall partnership with WBBM-TV).

In August 2018, Jeff Harris took up the helm as news director of WBBM-TV. Long-time evening anchor Rob Johnson was let go in March 2019, replaced by Brad Edwards. Edwards joined Irika Sargent in the 5, 6, and 10 p.m. newscasts. Edwards shifted to the morning newscast in May 2022 as part of a talent adjustment when former WGN-TV and inaugural NewsNation anchor Joe Donlon took over his former position, months after inaugural NewsNation news director Jennifer Lyons became WBBM's president and general manager after a shift in that network's news philosophy the two disagreed on carrying forward for Nexstar.

Programming

Sports programming
From 1946 to 1951, WBKB telecast Chicago Cubs home games. Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley believed baseball could benefit from television if a system could be developed that would appeal to housewives as well as their husbands. Wrigley gave the rights to WBKB to air the Cubs for the first two years for free. The first attempt to telecast a Cubs' game, on April 21, 1946, was unsuccessful, due to electrical interference in the State-Lake building where the station's transmitter was located. The July 13, 1946, contest between the Cubs and Brooklyn Dodgers marked Chicago's first successful telecast of a Major League game.

In 1956, when CBS began televising National Football League (NFL) games, WBBM became the primary station for the Chicago Bears, carrying most of the team's regular-season games (as well as preseason games off and on through the years), and until they moved to St. Louis in 1960, they were also the primary station for Chicago Cardinals regular-season games as well; the WBBM-Bears partnership continued until the end of the 1993 season, when the network lost the rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) to Fox with the majority of games being carried since then by that network's Chicago O&O WFLD. Presently, WBBM-TV carries Bears regular season games only during weeks in which the team is scheduled to host an American Football Conference (AFC) opponent at Soldier Field in a Sunday afternoon timeslot. However, beginning in 2014 with the introduction of "cross-flex" scheduling (and with it the end of determining broadcast rights by conference), exceptions exist for certain game telecasts that CBS originally held rights to which are shifted to Fox (such as the 2014 home game against the Buffalo Bills), and NFC vs. NFC games that are conversely shifted from Fox to CBS (such as a 2019 home game against the Minnesota Vikings). Additionally, Super Bowl XLI, where the Bears played against the Indianapolis Colts, was televised on CBS and WBBM.

From 1973 to 1990, WBBM-TV aired select Chicago Bulls games via the NBA on CBS.

From 2003 to 2007, WBBM-TV served as the host broadcaster of the Chicago Marathon, which is held annually in October, taking over from NBC owned-and-operated station WMAQ-TV; to accommodate the telecast, some CBS News programs were preempted or delayed. Marathon coverage returned to WMAQ-TV in 2008.

News operation
WBBM-TV broadcasts 35 hours, 55 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 5 hours, 35 minutes each weekday; 3½ hours on Saturdays and 4½ hours on Sundays).

News department history

In the late 1970s, WBBM-TV's newscasts surged past WMAQ-TV for first place; its news department during that time had become one of the most respected local news operations in the country, and was considered a bastion of serious journalism. Led by anchors Bill Kurtis and Walter Jacobson, weatherman John Coughlin and sports director Johnny Morris, WBBM dominated the news ratings during the late 1970s and early 1980s. At one point, its dominance was so absolute that the station titled its 10:00 p.m. newscast, THE Ten O'Clock News.

Kurtis and Jacobson were first teamed together in 1973 by general manager Robert Wussler and news director Van Gordon Sauter, who introduced a hard news format and began using the newsroom as the set for all of channel 2's newscasts. Kurtis became known for his "Focus Unit" in-depth reports, and Jacobson for his "Perspective" commentaries. Among the other news staffers employed with WBBM-TV during this period were film critic Gene Siskel; police and crime reporter John "Bulldog" Drummond; women and consumer issues reporter Susan Anderson; feature reporter Bob Wallace; investigative reporter Pam Zekman; medical reporter Roger Field; political reporter Mike Flannery; and reporter/weekend news anchor Mike Parker. Bob Sirott and Phil Ponce—who would both later host the newsmagazine program Chicago Tonight on PBS member station WTTW (channel 11)—were also employed as reporters for WBBM-TV during this period.  Parker and Zekman both remained with the station until their respective departures in 2016 and 2020; Drummond also still contributes occasional reports.

In 1982, Kurtis left WBBM-TV to join CBS News as anchor of the CBS Morning News; he was replaced as anchor of WBBM's weeknight newscasts by former WMAQ-TV anchor Don Craig. When Kurtis returned to channel 2 three years later in October 1985, he was teamed with Craig on the hour-long 6:00 p.m. newscast; Harry Porterfield, who had co-anchored that newscast for several years, was concurrently demoted to weekend evenings. Porterfield—who is African American—later left to become a reporter and part-time anchor at WLS, but his earlier demotion led Jesse Jackson and his locally based civil rights organization Operation PUSH to begin a boycott of WBBM-TV (at one point, drafting a proposal to CBS and WBBM-TV station management that called for the station to implement a 40% minority hiring quota, hire two black male anchors to its news staff and have CBS grant a financial commitment of $11 million to minority interests) that lasted until August 1986; in the midst of the boycott, Gary Cummings resigned as WBBM vice president and general manager in March 1986, and was replaced two weeks later by one-time assistant news director Johnathan Rodgers, who became the first African American GM at the station. WBBM-TV later hired African-American journalist Lester Holt (later of NBC News) to replace Porterfield as evening anchor. Kurtis left WBBM for the second time in 1996.

In March 1986, WLS-TV, which had been third for many years, overtook WBBM at number 1. In 1990, WBBM hired Bill Applegate, who had taken WLS to first place as its news director, as general manager. Applegate took Jacobson off the anchor desk (Jacobson eventually left for WFLD in April 1993) and controversially made the newscasts much flashier than they had previously been; the reporting staff during this period notably included Elizabeth Vargas (formerly with ABC News), Rob Stafford (now at WMAQ-TV), Jim Avila (now at ABC), Larry Mendte (now a commentator at WPIX in New York City) and Dawn Stensland (a former 10:00 p.m. anchor at Fox-owned WTXF-TV in Philadelphia). It was enough for a rebound the station to a first-place tie with WLS-TV by 1993. The momentum did not last as Vargas, Avila, Mendte, Stafford and Stensland all left the station within a short time; by the mid-1990s, however, WBBM-TV had fallen to last place. For most of the next decade, WLS and WMAQ fought for first place, while WBBM-TV's news division languished, with its newscasts often trailing syndicated reruns on WFLD. The station has undergone several different on-air branding schemes over the years—from its longtime brand of Channel 2 News to News 2 Chicago in 1997 and later to the present CBS 2 News.

The most notable of many changes WBBM-TV has made to its news operation occurred in 2000, when it revamped its 10:00 p.m. newscast by ditching the traditional news format in favor of a focus on in-depth "hard news" features, a staple of the station's glory days. Anchored by former longtime WMAQ anchor Carol Marin, the newscast was hailed as a return to quality in-depth journalism in the best CBS tradition at a time when tabloid journalism and "soft news" were becoming the norm in broadcast news. However, plummeting ratings led to the newscast's format being dropped in October after only nine months, with the program reverting to a more traditional late news format.

In April 2002, the station eliminated its year-old computer-intensive graphics and "newsplex" studio in favor of a simpler studio and corresponding graphics set. That March, former Good Morning America newsreader Antonio Mora were appointed as WBBM's main anchor; former WLS-TV anchor Diann Burns joined Mora at the anchor desk in October 2003. In January 2006, WBBM-TV earned its best finish at 5:00 p.m. in 13 years, when it surpassed WMAQ for second place in the timeslot, although it was still far behind WLS. Channel 2's 10:00 p.m. news remained in last place, however it was the only late newscast to increase its audience share during the first month of 2006. WBBM-TV also finished second from sign-on to sign-off (from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m.), leapfrogging from fourth for its best monthly performance in 23 years. In August 2006, WBBM-TV added Rob Johnson (who had previously served as weekend anchor at WLS-TV beginning in 1998) to co-anchor the 5:00 p.m. newscast alongside Burns, while Mora and Burns continued to co-anchor at 6:00 and 10:00. In May 2007, WBBM-TV slipped to fourth from sign-on to sign-off behind WLS-TV, CW affiliate WGN-TV and NBC station WMAQ, and just barely ahead of Fox station WFLD.

Immediately following that, WBBM replaced Antonio Mora on the 10:00 p.m. newscast with Johnson. Mora continued to co-anchor the 6:00 p.m. newscast and hosted Eye on Chicago, before leaving WBBM-TV in January 2008 to become evening anchor at Miami sister station WFOR-TV; Johnson then added the 6:00 p.m. newscast and Eye On Chicago to his duties. On March 31, 2008, WBBM announced that Diann Burns' contract would not be renewed; she, along with medical editor Mary Ann Childers, sports director Mark Malone, and reporters Rafael Romo and Katie McCall were among the 18 staffers laid off from the station due to budget cuts enforced by CBS Television Stations. That month, WBBM hired Ryan Baker (formerly of WMAQ-TV) to serve as its sports director.

On April 30, 2009, WBBM-TV laid off an undisclosed number of additional employees; in addition, the station cancelled its weekend morning newscasts and the public affairs program Eye On Chicago, while also restructuring its weeknight 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. newscasts to a solo anchor format with Anne State being relegated to the 5:00 p.m. newscast, while Rob Johnson continued as anchor of the later editions. With its 10:00 p.m. newscast committed to enterprise reporting, that newscast began year-to-year growth that continues to this day. Harry Porterfield returned to WBBM-TV after 24 years at WLS-TV on August 3, 2009 to anchor the 11:00 a.m. news with Roseanne Tellez, and also to continued "Someone You Should Know", the series of feature reports he began at WBBM in 1977.

On November 13, 2009, as main anchor Rob Johnson was away on vacation, Bill Kurtis and Walter Jacobson returned to channel 2 to anchor the 10:00 p.m. newscast; Jacobson later remained to continue his trademark "Perspective" commentaries. During the November 2009 sweeps period, WBBM-TV's 10:00 p.m. newscast overtook WMAQ-TV for second place, behind market dominant WLS-TV, and was the only late-night newscast in Chicago to see a viewership increase over the November 2008 sweeps period.

In January 2010, ratings for the 10:00 p.m. newscast remained in second place, increasing from the previous year from a 4.3 to 6.0 rating. During the February 2010 Nielsen ratings sweeps period, the 10:00 p.m. news slipped back to third place behind WMAQ due in large part to the latter network's airing of the 2010 Winter Olympics. By May 2012, WBBM-TV's 10:00 p.m. newscast finished second behind WLS. On February 1, 2010, WBBM replaced its weekday morning newscast with Monsters and Money in the Morning, a roundtable talk show hosted by Mike North and Dan Jiggetts (former hosts at radio station WSCR (670 AM) and of Comcast SportsNet Chicago's Monsters in the Morning) that focused on sports and financial topics, along with news and weather segments. The program – which was produced independently from the news department to allow revenue from endorsements and product placement – was cancelled due to low ratings after seven months later, ending on August 27; it was replaced on August 30 by a more conventional morning news program, anchored by former WCBS-TV anchor Steve Bartelstein.

In March 2010, Anne State's contract was not renewed, while longtime meteorologist and technology reporter Ed Curran was relieved of his duties (though he continued to be paid for the remaining 14 months of his contract). Longtime political editor Mike Flannery also left the station after 30 years to join rival WFLD. On September 1, 2010, Kurtis and Jacobson were paired together again as anchors of WBBM's 6:00 p.m. newscast, where they remained until February 2013, at which time Rob Johnson and former WCBS-TV morning anchor Kate Sullivan – the latter of whom joined WBBM on September 13, 2010, to co-anchor the 5:00 and 10:00 p.m. newscasts, where she remained until September 2015 – assumed anchor duties for the program. WBBM's evening newscasts showed significant growth afterward, often battling with WMAQ-TV for second place behind dominant WLS-TV. Weekend morning newscasts returned to WBBM on September 22, 2012; with the relaunch, Ed Curran also returned to the station as meteorologist for the new Saturday and Sunday morning newscasts. Following the station's best ratings turnout on Sunday morning since the introduction of Nielsen's Local People Meters, WBBM expanded its Sunday morning newscast to two hours – with an additional hour-long broadcast at 6:00 a.m. – on September 22, 2013.

On February 17, 2018, WBBM added a 6:00 p.m. newscast on Saturdays, becoming the first and only station in the Chicago media market to have a 6 p.m. newscast on Saturdays; WLS-TV, WMAQ-TV, and WGN-TV are the three remaining stations in the market to carry syndicated programming and locally produced programming or specials (and occasionally, infomercials) during the 6:00-7:00 p.m. hour on Saturdays. It was only temporary however.

WBBM-TV launched a streaming news service, CBSN Chicago (now CBS News Chicago) on April 21, 2020, as part of a rollout of similar services (each a localized version of the national CBSN service) across the CBS-owned stations. The service was initially planned to launch by the end of March 2020, but was delayed by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, WBBM-TV was honored with a Peabody Award for the report "Unwarranted", a 2019 investigation into botched police raids in Chicago and the impact they left on families and their homes.

On December 16, 2021, WBBM-TV announced that Jim Williams and Marie Saavedra will co-anchor a new hour-long 4 p.m. newscast which will debut on January 24, 2022, along with meteorologist Mary Kay Kleist and sports anchor Marshall Harris. In February 2022, reporter Dana Kozlov will replace Williams as weekend anchor.

On September 12, 2022, WBBM-TV debuted a 9 a.m. half-hour weekday morning newscast as a lead-in to The Drew Barrymore Show at 9:30 a.m. From 9:30 to 10 a.m., the newscast streams on CBS News Chicago. It is anchored by morning co-anchors Ryan Baker and Audrina Bigos with meteorologist Laura Bannon and traffic reports from Kris Habermehl.

"The Enforcer"
In 1975, Chicago-based jingle composer Dick Marx wrote a theme music piece for WBBM-TV's newscasts that was based on the song "Chicago" (or "This is my City, Chicago's My Town"), a folk song written by Chicago folk singer Tary Rebenar. The popular theme, known as "Channel 2 News", and several variations on it would be used by WBBM for nearly a half-century (with the periods from 1992 to 1994, 1998 to 1999, and 2009 as said exceptions). The tune has also been adopted by several other stations across the country—mostly CBS-owned-and-operated stations and affiliates—and became the de facto official newscast theme package for CBS's O&Os. From 1994 to 1997, 2000 to 2001, 2002 to 2008 and since 2010, WBBM-TV used an updated and synthesized version of the original theme specially written for the station titled "The CBS Enforcer Music Collection", composed by Frank Gari. From 2006 to 2008, WBBM-TV used an updated version of the theme, composed by Frank's son Christian Gari. Following the station's upgrade to high-definition newscasts, WBBM-TV commissioned a new theme ("Heart of the City") composed by inthegroovemusic. On June 21, 2010, with the adoption of a new standardized graphics package that was rolled out across CBS' O&Os, WBBM-TV brought back "Enforcer" with an orchestrated "New Generation" version originally commissioned by New York City sister station WCBS-TV.

In 2022, CBS News and Stations began to phase out the "Enforcer" music from its stations, replacing it with a new theme by Antfood that incorporates the network's new sound mark.

Ratings
With the station's aforementioned weaknesses in total day ratings since the mid-1990s, WBBM-TV's newscasts are among the lowest-rated out of the news departments operated by CBS' owned-and-operated stations, generally rating fourth among the market's English language stations behind WLS-TV, WMAQ-TV and (particularly with that station's expansion of news programming since 2008) WGN-TV, but still ahead of perennial last placer WFLD; this is despite the strong lead-in by CBS' prime time lineup, which nationally has placed first among the major broadcast networks for most of the time since the 2005-06 season.

In the May 2015 local Nielsen ratings, WBBM's newscasts placed fourth overall among Chicago's television stations. The 10:00 p.m. newscast saw continued decline in viewership among the market's late newscasts, scoring a 3.5 rating (down .1 from the May 2014 sweeps period) and at a distant third in the timeslot in the coveted demographic of adults ages 25–54, earning a 0.9 (with prime time newscasts factored in, WBBM-TV's 10:00 p.m. newscast placed fourth among the Chicago market's late-evening newscasts, behind WGN-TV's 9:00 p.m. newscast). The distant third-place standing for the 10:00 p.m. newscast among the market's late newscasts was also apparent in the February 2015 local ratings, with the program earning a 4.3 rating (down a share of 0.7 compared to February 2014).

Controversy
In 2011, the station drew controversy over an interview with a four-year-old child. The interview was conducted by a freelance video stringer in the aftermath of a drive-by shooting, and when the child was asked if he would stay away from guns, the child replied he will get one in the future because of his aspirations to become a police officer. The portion where the child listed his future career aspirations was not shown during newscasts, which critics say makes the child appear as if he wants to engage in criminal acts in the future.

Station management later apologized for the video, saying they have taken steps to make sure the video will not air in subsequent newscasts, and that management have followed up with employees.

Notable current on-air staff
 Suzanne Le Mignot – anchor / reporter
 Jim Williams – anchor / also field reporter

Notable former on-air staff

 Jim Acosta (now at CNN)
 Mike Adamle (retired)
 Adele Arakawa (later at KUSA, now retired)
 Jim Avila (now at ABC News)
 Stephen Bardo
 Steve Bartelstein (retired from television)
 Steve Baskerville (retired)
 Jim Berry (now at WFOR-TV)
 Diann Burns
 Cyndy Brucato (later at KSTP-TV)
 John Callaway
 Susan Carlson (last at WMAQ-TV, now a voiceover artist)
 Mary Ann Childers
 Lauren Cohn (now at WLS-AM)
 John Coleman
 Jodine Costanzo
 John Coughlin
 Frank Currier
 Penny Daniels
 Paul Douglas
 John Drury
 Jon Duncanson (retired)
 Jerry Dunphy
 Giselle Fernandez (now at Spectrum News 1)
 Fahey Flynn
 Judie Garcia (now at WGN-TV)
 Megan Glaros
 Lauren Green (now at Fox News Channel)
 Alita Guillen
 Chris Hernandez (now at KSHB-TV in Kansas City, Missouri)
 Burleigh Hines
 Lester Holt (now at NBC News)
 Peter Hyams
 Walter Jacobson (now at WLS-AM)
 Bob Jamieson (retired)
 Dan Jiggetts (now at WFLD)
 Rob Johnson
 David Kerley (now at ABC News)
 Lisa Kim
 Rich King (later at WGN-TV) retired
 Irv Kupcinet
 Bill Kurtis
 Kyung Lah (now at CNN)
 Janet Langhart
 Joan Lovett (retired)
 Linda MacLennan
 Mark Malone (now at NBC Sports Radio)
 Carol Marin (last at WMAQ-TV, now co-director and co-founder of DePaul University's Center for Journalism Integrity & Excellence)
 Mai Martinez
 Jennifer McLogan (now at WCBS-TV)
 Corey McPherrin (now at WFLD)
 Larry Mendte (now at WABC-AM)
 Judi Moen
 Antonio Mora (now editor-in-chief at newsandnews.com)
 Geoff Morrell (now at BP)
 Johnny Morris (retired)
 Brent Musburger (later at ESPN on ABC, now semi-retired)
 Mary Nissenson
 Mike North
 Mike Parker
 Phil Ponce (now at WTTW)
 Harry Porterfield (retired)
 Dave Price (now at WNBC in New York City)
 John Quiñones (now at ABC News)
 Robin Robinson
 Randy Salerno
 Cynthia Santana
 Warner Saunders
 Janet Shamlian (now at CBS News)
 Bob Sirott (now at WGN-AM)
 Gene Siskel
 Rob Stafford (now at WMAQ-TV)
 Anne State (now at KGTV)
 Kate Sullivan
 Roseanne Tellez (now at WFLD)
 Elizabeth Vargas (later at ABC News)
 Harry Volkman
 Jenniffer Weigel
 Tim Weigel
 Pam Zekman

 Indicates deceased

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

WBBM-TV is currently the only "full-power" television station in Chicago that operates its digital signal on the VHF band (as it had done prior to the June 2009 digital transition). WBBM-TV's rival station, WLS-TV, was the only other station to have operated its full-power digital signal on a VHF allocation until the station moved its digital broadcasts to UHF channel 44, in order to alleviate reception problems, although it retained VHF channel 7 as the allotment for its digital fill-in translator when it launched on October 31, 2009. Some viewers have had trouble picking up VHF signals after the June 12 transition; as a result, WBBM's newscasts were simulcast over WWME-CA (channel 23), which served as a low-power analog nightlight service on its analog signal following the transition.

Low power repeater
In addition, WBBM-TV applied for a construction permit to build a low-power fill-in repeater on UHF channel 26 (the former allocation of the analog signal of WCIU-TV). However, the FCC notified WBBM that the channel 26 allocation would interfere with low-power station W25DW; on April 1, 2010, WBBM was given a 30-day notice by the agency to address the issue or have the application dismissed. It applied only for a repeater on that channel and not a full-powered signal move (as WLS-TV did). The FCC granted WBBM-TV a construction permit for the channel 26 repeater on January 18, 2012. WBBM's translator on UHF channel 26 signed on the air on March 13, 2014, with its signal operating at low power to prevent signal interference with ABC affiliate WKOW in Madison, Wisconsin.

In February 2017, in a channel sharing partnership reached to address channel 2's ever-persistent reception problems in the market, Weigel and CBS Television Stations announced that WBBM-TV and its Decades subchannel would respectively be simulcast on digital subchannels 48.3 and 48.4 of Weigel-owned independent station WMEU-CD indefinitely.

WBBM-LD (RF 26) signed off April 19, 2017.

See also
 The Magic Door – Jewish children's series that originated from WBBM-TV

References

WBBM-TV: History of CBS 2 (2005). CBS2Chicago.com.
Changing Local News - WBBM Revisited (February 7, 2001). Online NewsHour.
WBBM-TV: Press Release on New Studio location (April 6, 2005). CBS2Chicago.com.
CBS 2 Achieves Strongest Finish In 23 Years (February 2, 2006). CBS2Chicago.com.
WBBM CBS Elects to take VHF Channel 11 in Agreement with WTTW.
WBBM CBS moves to HD Newsgathering Press Release.

External links

Photos of WBBM-TV's news set
WBKB Balaban & Katz Television

CBS network affiliates
CBS News and Stations
Start TV affiliates
Dabl affiliates
Circle (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1940
Television stations in Chicago
1940 establishments in Illinois
National Football League primary television stations

WBBM-TV


The Yoredale Series, in geology, is a now obsolete term for a local phase of the Carboniferous rocks of the north of England, ranging in age from the Asbian Substage to the Yeadonian Substage. The term Yoredale Group is nowadays applied to the same broad suite of rocks. The name was introduced by J. Phillips on account of the typical development of the phase in Yoredale (now generally known as Wensleydale), Yorkshire.

Properties and condition
In the Yorkshire Dales the Carboniferous rocks assume an aspect very different from that which obtains in the South. Beds of detrital sediment, sandstones, shales and occasional ironstones and thin coals separate the limestones into well-defined beds. These limestone beds have received various names of local significance (Hardraw Scar, Simonstone, Middle, Underset, Main and many others), and owing to the country being little disturbed by faulting and being much cut up by the streams, they stand out as escarpments on either side of the valleys. The first indication of the intercalation of thick detrital deposits within the massive limestone is seen in Ingleborough and Penyghent; but as the rocks are traced north the detrital matter increases in quantity and the limestones diminish, until in Northumberland the whole Carboniferous series assumes the Yoredale phase, and consists of alternations of detrital and calcareous beds, no massive limestone being seen.

Fossils
The Yoredale limestones are characterized by the presence of Productus giganteus and the brachiopod fauna usually associated with it. The main limestone of Weardale is full of corals, including Lonsdaleia floriformis, Dibunophyllum sp., Cyclophyllum pachyendothecum, etc., and has a typical Visean fauna; it would therefore correspond, palaeontologically, with the upper part of the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire.

On Ingleborough the limestone is not very fossiliferous, but the Main Limestone contains small corals of a zaphrentoid type and an upper Visean fauna. Posidonomya Becheri occurs fairly low down in the series in the Shale above the Hardraw Scar and Gayle limestones, but it is not accompanied by any of the goniatites or other cephalopods and lamellibranchs which characterize the Posidonomya Becheri beds of the Pendleside Series, the faunas of the Yoredale and Pendleside phases being very distinct.

The Red Bed Limestone of Leyburn, the uppermost limestone of the series, is very rich in fish remains, which are identical in many cases with those found in the topmost beds of the massive Carboniferous Limestone at Bolt Edge quarry in Derbyshire. The shales between the limestones are rich in fossils and contain abundant single corals referable to Zaphrentis enniskilleni, Cyclophyllum pachyendothecum, and others; these, though high-zonal forms, occur low down in the Yoredale strata, even in the shale above the Hardraw Scar limestone. In the Derbyshire area and farther north these corals would indicate the uppermost beds of the limestone series of those districts, and their early appearance in the Yoredale area is probably entirely due to conditions of environment.

Attempts have been made to correlate rocks in a number of widely separated areas with the Yoredale strata, but on wholly insufficient grounds. It is clear that the exact relationship which the Yoredale series of the type area bears as a whole to the lower Carboniferous rocks of the Midlands, north and south Wales, etc., on the one hand, and to the Pendleside series on the other, has yet to be established on a firm palaeontological basis.

References

Geology of the Pennines
Geologic formations of the United Kingdom
Limestone
Wensleydale

Yoredale Series


Yggdrasil (Old Norse: Yggdrasill) is the name of the immense cosmic tree that serves as the connection between the Nine Worlds in Norse mythology. Known as the World Tree, Yggdrasil was said to lie at the very center of the universe, supported by three roots which extend far away into varying locations. Various creatures dwell within Yggdrasil. Upon the onset of Ragnarök, Yggdrasil will shudder and groan, ultimately crumbling as the universe meets its end.

Yggdrasil and Its Structure
Yggdrasil's roots extend into three locations: Urðarbrunnr (Old Norse: "Well of Urðr"), Hvergelmir (Old Norse: "bubbling" or "boiling spring"), and Mímisbrunnr (Old Norse: "Well of Mímir"). As seen in the Poetic Edda poem, Grímnismál (Old Norse: "Sayings of Grímnir"), various creatures dwell within the World Tree, including:

Níðhöggr (Old Norse: Níðhǫggr - "Malice striker"), a massive dragon/serpent-like being that gnaws at its root(s), an unnamed eagle, and the hawk Veðrfölnir (Old Norse: "wind bleached" or "wind-witherer"), who sits between its eyes, along with the four stags Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr, and Duraþrór.

The Three Norns (Old Norse: Nornir) - Urðr (Old Norse: "fate"), Verðandi (Old Norse: possibly "happening" or "present"), and Skuld (Old Norse: possibly "debt" or "future") - attend to Yggdrasil, weaving the fates of both gods and men.

References

Places in Norse mythology

Yggdrasil


Moroni is a character in the Book of Mormon that was the final member of his people before they were all killed. Mormons believe that Moroni later appeared to Joseph Smith as an angel and gave him the Golden Plates from which Joseph translated the Book of Mormon.

He is also the figure of the angel that is plated in gold and which sits on top of all Mormon temples.

Angels
Mormonism

Moroni


Spa Fields is a park and its surrounding area in the London Borough of Islington, bordering Finsbury and Clerkenwell. Historically it is known for the Spa Fields riots of 1816 and an Owenite community which existed there between 1821 and 1824. The park, or open common, was once of 14 hectares but was mostly built over in the 19th century, beginning in the 1830s, and is now a small park, popular with office workers at lunchtime, and as a children's playground.

A large surrounding area was once called by the name, but this is now less common. In the 18th century it was a disreputable area, known for "the rude sports that were in vogue, such as duck-hunting, prize-fighting, bull-baiting, and others of an equally demoralising character", and "seems to have been much infected by sneaking footpads, who knocked down pedestrians passing to and from London, and despoiled them of hats, wigs, silver buckles, and money", The moral tone gradually improved after the Spa Fields Chapel was erected in 1777 by the Countess of Huntingdon, a famous Evangelical.

Owenite community
The community was established in a number of properties at Guildford Street East, Bagnigge Wells Road and Spa Fields, London. The community was based on the cooperative ideas of Robert Owen and was the idea of George Mudie (b. 1788). On 23 January 1821, a group of printers met at Mitchell's Assembly Rooms, London, to discuss Mudie's proposals for a community, and at this meeting a committee was appointed. They met at the Medallic Cabinet, 158 The Strand, to raise money. As part of the fund-raising effort, Mudie began publication of a weekly journal, the Economist, which ran from 27 January 1821 to 9 March 1822.

The plan was soon formulated to create a "Co-operative and Economical Society" of 200 families. The male members had to contribute a guinea to the central fund. There would be a communal kitchen and dining hall, plus there were plans for a school as well. The committee calculated that the community would save around £8,000 per year through its own manufacture of various items that it would use. Mudie believed that the community would be able to become independent.

During this period the chairman was George Hinde and one prominent member was the printer Henry Hetherington.

By December 1821, the "Spa Fields Congregational families" had begun to live together. The women worked from 6am to 8pm, and the children were also kept busy "without a moment's intermission". The community advertised various services that they would provide, such as cobbling, painting, haberdashery, etc., and they also announced that they would be opening a school run on approved Fellenbergian lines.

The community also set up a "monitor" system whereby each monitor looked after one person and acted as his "confessor".

Mudie found himself working very hard to maintain the community, but this affected the quality of the Economist. The publication ceased in March 1822 and the community continued for another two years. The reasons for its demise are not known, but Mudie immersed himself in another community, at Orbiston, run by Abram Combe, but could not agree with Combe and also left this community after a year or so.

References

1821 establishments in England
1824 disestablishments
Districts of the London Borough of Islington
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Islington
Owenism

Spa Fields


Cornelis de Bruijn or Cornelius de Bruyn (; 16521726/7), also formerly known in English by his French name Corneille Le Brun, was a Dutch artist and traveler. He made two large tours and published illustrated books with his observations of people, buildings, plants and animals.

Biography
De Bruijn was born in The Hague.

During his first tour, he visited Rome, where he became a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Adonis, which is how he signed the bentbrief of Abraham Genoels II. He travelled in Egypt and climbed to the top of a pyramid where he left his signature. De Bruijn made secret drawings of Jerusalem, then part of the Ottoman Empire. His drawings of Palmyra are copies. De Bruijn reached Cyprus and stayed among the Dutch merchants in Smyrna and Constantinople. From 1684 he worked in Venice with the painter Johann Carl Loth, returning in 1693 to The Hague, where he sold his souvenirs. In 1698 he published his book with drawings, which was a success and was translated in several languages. Two examples have colored illustrations, the first color prints in history. Among his drawings were the first pictures of the interior of the Great Pyramid and Jerusalem that became known in Europe.

In 1701 he headed for Archangelsk. During his second tour he visited the Samoyeds in northern Russia. In Moscow he became acquainted with emperor Peter the Great: de Bruijn painted his nieces, and the paintings were sent to possible candidates for marriage.

In late April 1703, De Bruijn left Moscow along with the party of an Armenian merchants from Isfahan whose name he recorded as Jacob Daviedof.
De Bruijn and the Armenians sailed down the Moscow River, the Oka and the Volga, eventually reaching Astrakhan. Thanks to de Bruijn's short stopover in Nizhny Novgorod during the Easter holidays, we now have his description of that major center of the Russian Volga trade as it existed in 1703, with its Kremlin, stone churches, and a lively bar (kabak) scene.

Leaving the borders of the Russian state, de Bruijn arrived to Persia, where he made drawings of towns like Isfahan and Persepolis (1704–1705). He continued to Java and returned to Persia, Russia, and ultimately the Netherlands.

His drawings of Persepolis, a city destroyed by Alexander the Great, caused a sensation. The mayor of Amsterdam Nicolaes Witsen and a member of the Royal Society probably asked him to draw the city famous for its 40 columns. For a century, they were the best prints available to western scholars. De Bruijn was accused of plagiarism and his second book, Reizen over Moskovie was not such a success. From Amsterdam he fled to Vianen. De Bruijn was invited by a Mennonite silk merchant and died in Utrecht. It is not known when and where he was buried.

De Bruijn, who had read every Greek and Latin source he had been able to obtain, displays a convincing knowledge of subjects, at times going into the humorous. In Persia, he obtained a copy of Firdausi's Shahnamê, which he summarized and made accessible to the west.

Works

Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia (1698)
Corneille le Brun, Voyage au Levant (French translation, 1700)
Corneille le Brun, A Voyage to the Levant: or Travels in the Principal Parts of Asia Minor (English translation, 1702)
Reizen over Moskovie, door Persie en Indie (1711)
Voyages de Corneille le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Occidentales (French translation, 1718)
Corneille le Brun, Voyage to the Levant and Travels into Moscovy, Persia, and the East Indies (English translation, 1720)
C. le Brun, An Abstract of M.C. Le Brun's Travels through Russia (1722)
Puteshestvie cerez Moskouviju Kornelija de Brujna (Russian excerpt 1873)
Aenmerkingen Over de Printverbeeldingen van de Overblijfzelen van het Oude Persepolis (1714)
Other English translations appeared in 1737, 1759, and 1873.

Notes

Sources
 J.W. Drijvers, J. de Hond, H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg (eds.): "Ik hadde de nieusgierigheid". De reizen door het Nabije Oosten van Cornelis de Bruijn (ca.1652–1727) (1997 Leiden and Leuven)
 J. de Hond, "Cornelis de Bruijn (1652-1726/27). A Dutch Painter in the East", in: G.J. van Gelder, E. de Moor (eds.), Eastward Bound. Dutch Ventures and Adventures in the Middle East (1994 London/Atlanta), pp. 51–81
 G. Jurriaans-Helle (ed.), Cornelis de Bruijn. Voyages from Rome to Jerusalem and from Moscow to Batavia (Catalogue of an exposition in the Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam, 1998)

Sketches

External links

 Livius.org: Cornelis de Bruijn
 Cornelis de Bruijn, traveller and painter
 The Discoverer of Persepolis: Cornelis de Bruijn
 Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste deelen van Klein Asia, de eylanden Scio, Rhodus, Cyprus, Metelino, Stanchio, etc., mitsgaders de voornaamste steden van Aegypten, Syrien en Palestina : verrijkt met meer als 200 kopere konstplaaten ..., alles door den autheur selfs na het leven afgetekend (1698) in Dutch
 Cornelis de Bruins reizen over Moskovië, door Persië en Indië : verrykt met driehondert kunstplaten, vertoonende de beroemste lantschappen en steden, ook de byzondere dragten, beesten, gewassen en planten, die daar gevonden worden: voor al derzelver oudheden, en wel voornamentlyk heel uitvoerig, die van het heerlyke en van oudts de geheele werrelt door befaemde Hof van Persepolis, by den Persianen Tchilminar genaemt (1714) in Dutch

1652 births
1720s deaths
Artists from The Hague
17th-century Dutch explorers
Dutch travel writers
Members of the Bentvueghels
Explorers of Iran
Dutch Golden Age printmakers

Cornelis de Bruijn


Wallabies are marsupials from the islands of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and New Guinea. They are small- to medium-sized kangaroos. There are 30 different types of wallabies that live in many types of habitats, including rocky areas, grasslands, forests and swamps.

About
Wallabies range in size from the size of a rabbit to almost 6 ft (1.8 m) long. The soft, woolly fur can be gray, brown, red or almost black. The belly is lighter. Females (called fliers) have a pouch in which the young live and drink milk. Males (called boomers) are larger than females. Babies are called joeys. They have short arms with clawed fingers, strong, legs, and long, four-toed feet with claws. They can hop and jump with their powerful

These herbivores (plant-eaters) eat grass, leaves, and roots. They swallow their food without chewing it and later regurgitate a cud and chew it. They need very little water; they can go for months without drinking, and they dig their own water wells.

List of wallabies
This is a list of about 30 wallaby species:
 Banded hare-wallaby, Lagostrophus fasciatus
 Brown dorcopsis, Dorcopsis muelleri
 White-striped dorcopsis, Dorcopsis hageni
 Black dorcopsis, Dorcopsis atrata
 Gray dorcopsis, Dorcopsis luctuosa
 Small dorcopsis, Dorcopsulus vanheurni
 Macleay's dorcopsis, Dorcopsulus macleayi
 Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes asomatus
 Spectacled hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes conspicillatus
 Rufous hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes hirsutus
 Eastern hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes leporides
 Agile wallaby, Macropus agilis
 Black-striped wallaby, Macropus dorsalis
 Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii
 Toolache wallaby, Macropus greyii (extinct)
 Western brush wallaby, Macropus irma
 Parma wallaby: Macropus parma (rediscovered, thought extinct for 100 years)
 Pretty-faced wallaby: Macropus parryi
 Red-necked wallaby: Macropus rufogriseus
 Bridled nail-tail wallaby, Onychogalea fraenata
 Crescent nail-tail wallaby, Onychogalea lunata (extinct)
 Northern nail-tail wallaby, Onychogalea unguifera
 Short-eared Rock-wallaby, Petrogale brachyotis
 Monjon, Petrogale burbidgei
 Nabarlek, Petrogale concinna
 Proserpine rock-wallaby, Petrogale persephone
 Rothschild's rock-wallaby, Petrogale rothschildi
 Yellow-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus
 Allied rock-wallaby, Petrogale assimilis
 Cape York rock-wallaby, Petrogale coenensis
 Godman's rock-wallaby, Petrogale godmani
 Herbert's rock-wallaby, Petrogale herberti
 Unadorned rock-wallaby, Petrogale inornata
 Black-flanked rock-wallaby, Petrogale lateralis
 Mareeba rock-wallaby, Petrogale mareeba
 Brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Petrogale penicillata
 Purple-necked rock-wallaby, Petrogale purpureicollis
 Mt. Claro rock-wallaby, Petrogale sharmani
 Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii
 Brown's pademelon, Thylogale browni
 Dusky Ppademelon, Thylogale brunii
 Calaby's pademelon, Thylogale calabyi
 Mountain pademelon, Thylogale lanatus
 Red-legged pademelon, Thylogale stigmatica
 Red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis
 Swamp wallaby or black wallaby, Wallabia bicolor

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia

Wallaby


Cuikin or cuikery is the airt o preparin fuid for consumption wi the uise o heat. Cuikin techniques an ingredients vary widely athort the warld, reflectin unique environmental, economic, an cultural tradeetions an trends. The wey that cuikin taks place depends on the skill an kin o trainin an individual cuik haes. Cuiking can occur throu chemical reactions wioot the presence o heat, maist kenspeckle is wi sushi that uises a chemical reaction atween fish an the acid content o rice glazed wi veinegar. A seimilar fuid is Ceviche, a tradeetional Sooth American dish, whaur fish is cuiked wi the acids in leemon or lime juice.

Survival skills
Hame economics

Cuikin


Abominator is an Australian black/death metal band formed in Melbourne, Australia, in 1994. Their lyrics commonly deal with war and spirituality. They have been compared to Angelcorpse and Morbid Angel.

History
Abominator was formed in Melbourne in 1994 by Andrew Undertaker and Chris Volcano (formerly of Deströyer 666) and self-released their first demo, Barbarian War Worship in May 1995, which featured six tracks. It was later rereleased as a split with Swedish death metal band Mornaland. In late 1995, Dave Deathsaw (guitars) and Gary Gestapo (Bass) were added to the lineup and performed numerous gigs, including with cult black metal band Bestial Warlust. The vocalist for Bestial Warlust, Damon Bloodstorm (bass, vocals) joined Abominator about this time, and Gary Gestapo was dismissed.

In 1997 they recorded their next release, another demo titled The Conqueror Possessed and Dave Deathsaw departed the next year. Abominator achieved a major success in the US, signing a deal with Necropolis Records. They released Damnations Prophecy, and recorded a track for Necropolis' 1999 compilation album, Thrashing Holocaust. Around 2000, they began writing and recording their next album, Subersives for Lucifer, but Necropolis decided that they no longer wished to support Abominator and rendered their contract void.  However, Abominator managed to secure a contract with Osmose Records shortly after, and Subversives for Lucifer was released under Osmose. After the release of this album Damon Bloodstorm departed.

In early 2001, Max Krieg joined the band on vocals. They appeared in Osmose Records' "World Domination" DVD in early 2002, and recorded their next album, a limited edition LP titled Nuctemeron Descent later that year which was released in 2003. The marketing campaign for this album was very successful, and Abominator was soon playing alongside the likes of Deströyer 666, Hobbs' Angel of Death and Mayhem and appeared on "Osmose NoisyMotions", a two-and-a-half-hour DVD featuring bands such as Immortal, Dark Tranquility and Absu. Abominator was also booked to play in the Bloodlust 2004 festival, but Max Krieg unexpectedly left the band and the country, leaving Abominator without a vocalist and forcing them to cancel all remaining shows. They were also released by Osmose in 2004 and soon switched labels, signing a two-album deal with the Displeased label, and released The Eternal Conflagration in May 2006.

Discography
Barbarian War Worship, Demo, 1995
The Conqueror Possessed, Demo, 1997
Prelude to World Funeral..., Split, 1997
Damnation's Prophecy, Album, 1999
Subversives for Lucifer, Album, 2001
Nuctemeron Descent, Album, 2003
The Eternal Conflagration, Album, 2006
Evil Proclaimed, Album, 2015

References

External links
Abominator.net
Review of The Eternal Conflagration on Metalrage.com
Masterful Magazine interview 30 June 2006

Musical groups established in 1994
Australian death metal musical groups
Musical groups from Melbourne
Australian black metal musical groups
Blackened death metal musical groups
Australian heavy metal musical groups
Australian musical trios
1994 establishments in Australia

Abominator (band)


Pareidolia  ) is a word from Ancient Greek to describe the phenomenon, that the human mind often perceives familiar patterns in a stimulus, even when they are not there.

Common examples are perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations, the "man in the moon", the "moon rabbit", and hidden messages within recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds.

Pareidolia is a special case of clustering illusion.

Psychology

Pareidolia


Human–machine system is a system in which the functions of a human operator (or a group of operators) and a machine are integrated. This term can also be used to emphasize the view of such a system as a single entity that interacts with external environment.

A manual system consists of hand tools and other aids which are coupled by a human operator who controls the operation. Operators of such systems use their own physical energy as the power source. The system could range from a person with a hammer to a person with a super-strength giving exoskeleton.

Human machine system engineering is different from the more general and well known fields like human–computer interaction and sociotechnical engineering in that it focuses on complex, dynamic control systems that often are partially automated (such as flying an airplane). It also studies human problem-solving in naturalistic settings or in high-fidelity simulation environments.

Human–machine choreography
The area of human–machine choreography is yet to be extensively explored. How body-structure can be extended through machine mechanisms points to how the body can perform beyond its biological form and functions as well as beyond the local space it inhabits. How human movement is transduced into machine motion and then can be both expressed and extended into virtual performance on the web promises new possibilities in both conceptual approach and aesthetic application. For example, incorporating virtual camera views of the performing human–machine system enriches the choreography and intensifies the artistic result.

The Muscle Machine
The Muscle Machine is a hybrid human–robot walking machine. Designed by artist James Stelarc (who has also created other such systems), it is an exoskeleton with six robotic legs that are controlled by the leg and hand movements of its pilot.

Mechanism
The rubber muscles contract when inflated and extend when exhausted. This results in a more reliable and robust engineering design. The body stands on the ground within the chassis of the machine, which incorporates a lower body exoskeleton connecting it to the robot. Encoders on the hip joints provides the data that will allow the human controller to move and direct the machine as well as vary the speed at which it will travel. The action of the human operator lifting a leg lifts the three alternate machine legs and swings them forward. By turning its torso, the body makes the machine walk in the direction it is facing. Thus the interface and interaction is more direct, allowing an intuitive human-machine choreography. The walking system, with attached accelerometer sensors generates data that is converted to sounds that augment the acoustical pneumatics and machine mechanism operation. Once the machine is in motion, it is no longer applicable to ask whether the human or machine is in control as they become fully integrated and move as one. The six-legged robot both extends the body and transforms its bipedal gait into a 6-legged insect-like movement. The appearance and movement of the machine legs are  both limb-like and wing-like motion.

In popular culture
Human–machine systems have been portrayed in the media on many accounts. Cyborgs, seen in movies such as The Terminator and RoboCop, are fantastical depictions of what human-machine systems may, one day, look like.

See also
 Ergonomics
 Human–computer interaction
 Human–machine interface
 Future human evolution

External links
 Technical Committee on Human-Machine Systems of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)
 Center of Human-Machine-Systems, Technische Universität Berlin
 Locomotor: A Hybrid Human-Machine System

Human–computer interaction
Human communication
Ergonomics

Human–machine system


Matrilineality is a way of identifying kinship ancestry through the mother or female line. A matriline is essentially a mother's line, which traces the descent from a female ancestor to an individual.  Patrilineality is a way of identifying ancestry through the father or male line.  A patriline is essentially a father's line, which traces the descent from a male ancestor to an individual.

The use of these systems often involves inheritance of names and of possessions and a way of identifying kin. The system of patrilineal descent is usually more common than matrilineal descent.

Genealogy
Cultural anthropology

Matrilineality


Richard Chelimo (21 April 1972 – 15 August 2001) was a Kenyan long-distance runner, and a world record holder over 10,000 metres.  However, he is best known as the silver medallist in the controversial 10,000m at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. He was also a world junior record holder in the 10,000m.

Family and tribe

Chelimo, who was born in the Marakwet region of Kenya, was a member of the Kalenjin tribe (known by some as the "running tribe"). He came from a noted athletic family, even amongst the tribesmen, his cousin, Moses Kiptanui, was a three-time steeplechase World champion, whilst his brother, Ismael Kirui, was twice World champion over 5000 m.

Athletics career

Chelimo's first international success was in the junior section of the 1990 world cross country championship in Aix-les-Bains, France, where he took silver.  Though Chelimo received little attention due to the Kenyan domination of the event, their team won 10 successive junior titles.

However, it was not long before the athletic community took notice of Chelimo's talent.  Later that year he won the gold medal in the 10,000 m at the world junior championships in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.  Chelimo won the race by 12 seconds from his own brother, Kirui, who was only 15 at the time.

Chelimo was selected in the Kenyan senior squad for the 10,000 m at the 1991 world championships, which took place in Tokyo.  As Kenya's second runner he was assigned the task of being pacemaker to Moses Tanui.  He was successful in dragging Tanui clear of his main rival, Morocco's Khalid Skah, and on the final lap he allowed Tanui to sprint clear to take the gold medal.

The following year, at the Olympics, Chelimo met Skah again.  With three laps remaining in the 10,000 m final the two athletes were clear and battling for the gold medal.  At this point the pair came to lap another Moroccan athlete, Hammou Boutayeb, who stayed with the leaders even after being lapped.  The rules state that a lapped runner cannot "assist" another runner but, although Boutayeb's actions were interpreted as unsportsmanlike by the crowd, it was not certain that there was any collusion, that Skah gained any advantage or that Chelimo was disadvantaged. Regardless, these events incensed the Spanish crowd, and the Swedish track judge Carl-Gustav Tollemar attempted to interfere with Boutayeb's run.

During the final 150 m Skah sprinted away from Chelimo to win the race, and was temporarily disqualified, making Chelimo the temporary Olympic champion.  However, the Moroccans appealed against the disqualification and Skah was reinstated the next morning because the rule under which he was disqualified did not define a penalty.

In 1993 Chelimo broke the world junior and senior 10,000 m world record, in a time of 27:07.91 minutes, in Stockholm.  He was to hold the senior world record for only five days before it was broken again by his compatriot Yobes Ondieki.  He held the junior record for over 11 years before it was broken by Ugandan Boniface Kiprop Toroitich at a Golden League meeting on 3 September 2004, in a time of 27 min 04.00 s.

At the 1993 world championships in Stuttgart, Germany, Chelimo once again failed to win gold at a major championships.  He managed only third place as he could not match the pace of Tanui and, a new star from Ethiopia, Haile Gebrselassie.  This was another controversial race as Tanui lost a shoe after Gebreselassie stepped on his heel; the Ethiopian went on to win the race.

Life after athletics

Chelimo retired from athletics in 1996; according to his cousin, Kiptanui, he retired after growing despondent following his failure to rise to the very top of the sport.  He returned to his old job in the army and put on a lot of weight and began to drink excessively — a decline quite similar to that of Henry Rono.  However, his friends Tanui and William Mutwol encouraged him to return to training and get back into shape.  Chelimo eventually got back down to within 5 kg of his racing weight.  He died of a brain tumour at the age of 29.

See also
List of notable brain tumor patients

References

New York Times Obituary
Sports Reference

1972 births
2001 deaths
People from Elgeyo-Marakwet County
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Kenyan male steeplechase runners
Kenyan male cross country runners
Olympic male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Kenya
Olympic silver medalists for Kenya
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Deaths from brain cancer in Kenya

Richard Chelimo


New-age music is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation.

One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He could not find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm.

Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitarō, Jean Ven Robert Hal, Loreena McKennitt, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston.

References

New Age music

New-age music


Topology is an area of Mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology.

Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry. In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square. A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square. There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight. A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing.

The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.

Natural Origin

In many problems, we often divide a large space into smaller areas. For instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, and so on. Each of these smaller areas (room, state, number) is next to other small areas (other rooms/states/numbers). The places where the areas meet are connections. If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space. All topological spaces have the same properties such as connections, and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas). This makes it easier to study how spaces behave. It also makes it easier to write algorithms. For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors), and an algorithm that can work out which rooms to go through to reach any other room. For more examples of this type of problem, look at Graph theory.

We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space. For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, and so on. All this kind of information can be described using topology.

Related pages
 Knot theory

Topology


Thomas Weelkes (baptised in Elsted, Sussex,  25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist.  He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music.

Life
Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576.  His father may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood.

We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College.  He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live.  He stayed there for two or three years.

During his time in Winchester Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in  1598 and 1600. He got his B. Mus. Degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral.. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings.  The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children.

Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.  However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job.

In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work.  In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing.  In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service.  However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad.

Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died.  He was buried in St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London.  In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him.

Music
Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral.

Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley.  When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley, (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me".)  Weelkes's madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms.

References
grovesmusic online

1576 births
1623 deaths

English composers
English organists
Renaissance composers
Baroque composers

Thomas Weelkes


Broken Flowers is a 2005 French-American comedy-drama film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch and produced by Jon Kilik and Stacey Smith. The film focuses on an aging "Don Juan" who embarks on a cross-country journey to track down four of his former lovers after receiving an anonymous letter stating that he has a son. The film stars Bill Murray, Jeffrey Wright, Sharon Stone, Frances Conroy, Jessica Lange, Tilda Swinton, Julie Delpy, Mark Webber, Chloë Sevigny, Christopher McDonald, and Alexis Dziena.

The film was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival and won the Grand Prix. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $47.3 million worldwide on a $10 million budget.

Plot
Don Johnston, a former Don Juan who made a small fortune in the computer industry, wants to live in quiet retirement. He is content to lounge around watching old movies and listening to classical or easy listening music. His current girlfriend, Sherry, is ending their relationship and moving out of his house when a letter in a pink envelope arrives.

Later Don reads the letter; it purports to be from an unnamed former girlfriend, informing him that he has a son who is nearly nineteen years old, and who may be looking for him. Initially, Don does not intend to do anything about it, but his busybody neighbor Winston, who is a mystery novel enthusiast, urges Don to investigate. Winston researches the current locations of the five women most likely to have written the letter and gives Don the information along with maps and flight reservations, and persuades him to visit them.

Ultimately Don meets with four women (the fifth one had died before the events of the film), each encounter worse than the last and each woman damaged in some way:
 Laura works as a closet and drawer organizer and is the widow of a race car driver. She is very warm and receptive to Don's visit, but has a very forward teenage daughter, Lolita, who parades nude in front of him before her mother arrives. Both mom and daughter are oblivious to the implications of the name "Lolita". That night, Laura sleeps with Don.
 Dora is a realtor. Once a "flower child" of the 1960s, she is now living a suburban conservative middle class existence married to Ron. The encounter, while friendly on the surface, belies a great deal of tension with Ron coming across as threatening, and Dora as pained and nervous.
 Carmen Markowski works as an "animal communicator". Don recalls how she was formerly so passionate about becoming a lawyer. She is cold to Don and seems to have a close relationship with her secretary, who is very protective of her and unimpressed by Don's sudden visit.
 Penny lives in a rural area amongst bikers. She appears to still harbour a great deal of resentment against Don, and when he asks if she has a son, she becomes furious. Two of the men appear after the commotion and punch Don out. The next morning, Don finds himself in his car, in the middle of a field, with a nasty cut near his left eye.

Later, Don stops at a florist to buy flowers from a young woman named Sun Green who treats his cut.  Don leaves the flowers at the grave of the fifth woman, Michelle Pepe.

Finally, Don returns home where he finds a pink letter from Sherry, admitting she still likes him. He discusses the trip and second letter with Winston, who theorizes that Sherry might have written the original letter as a hoax. He then goes home to compare the two letters.

Don then meets a young man in the street whom he suspects may be his son. He buys him a meal, but when he remarks that the young man believes that Don is his father, the young man becomes agitated and flees. Don attempts to chase the man but gives up, standing in the middle of a crossroads. Don watches a Volkswagen Beetle drive past from which a young man in the passenger seat makes eye contact with Don, while the same music Don has listened to on his trip plays from the passing car.

Cast

 Bill Murray as Don Johnston
 Jeffrey Wright as Winston
 Heather Simms as Mona
 Sharon Stone as Laura Miller
 Alexis Dziena as Lolita Miller
 Frances Conroy as Dora Anderson
 Christopher McDonald as Ron Anderson
 Jessica Lange as Dr. Carmen Markowski
 Tilda Swinton as Penny
 Julie Delpy as Sherry
 Chloë Sevigny as Carmen's assistant
 Pell James as Sun Green
 Meredith Patterson as Flight attendant
 Ryan Donowho as Young man on bus
 Mark Webber as The Kid

Production
The ending of the story was left deliberately unresolved. Director Jim Jarmusch had each of the four female leads write their own pink paper letter "in character" to plant in each one's mind the possibility that she was the mother of Don's supposed son. (The letter used in the film was a composite of the four.) In relation to the ending, Jarmusch said that the film is about "yearning for something that you're missing and not necessarily being able to define what it is".

Murray said in an 2019 interview with the Associated Press that he requested to Jarmusch that the film be shot in locations within an hour of his house; Jarmusch complied with Murray's wishes, adding that Murray "gave us limitations that helped us."

Slates for the film shown on the DVD extra "Broken Flowers: Start to Finish" list the title of the film as "Dead Flowers."

The film is dedicated to French director Jean Eustache. In an interview, Jarmusch said he felt close to Eustache for his commitment to making films in a unique and independent fashion.

Lawsuit
Reed Martin sued Jarmusch in March 2006, claiming that the director stole the film's concept from a very similar script that had circulated among several people eventually involved in the production. Jarmusch denied the charges and stated in response that Martin's claim has "absolutely no merit". On September 28, 2007, a federal district court judge dismissed Martin's lawsuit.

Release
Broken Flowers premiered in Europe at 2005 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2005. It opened on August 5, 2005, in the US in a limited release.  It was released on video January 3, 2006.

Box office
The film was released theatrically on August 5, 2005, earning $780,408 from 27 theaters. After 15 weeks in release, the movie ended with a domestic total of $13,744,960. The film fared much better internationally, taking in $32,975,531 to bring its total gross to $46,720,491.

Critical reception
At the 2005 Cannes Film Festival, the film was nominated for the Palme d'Or and won the Grand Prix. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 87% of 194 surveyed critics wrote a positive review, with an average rating of 7.49/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Bill Murray's subtle and understated style complements director Jim Jarmusch's minimalist storytelling in this quirky, but deadpan comedy." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 79 out of 100, based on 39 reviews from film critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

According to Ken Tucker, "Broken Flowers relies on Bill Murray's persona, but it also turns that persona back on him. Instead of maintaining the satirical distance that made it easy to laugh at heartland eccentrics in, say, Alexander Payne's About Schmidt, Jarmusch's film avoids caricature, and Murray's poker face melts. Don feels a bittersweet regret at becoming exactly the sort of granite-faced wise guy Bill Murray has made his rep at enshrining. Murray is at a point in his career when his self-effacement has achieved high comic art, and he collaborates with Jarmusch at a point in his career when he's trying to be something more than hipster-serene. Both succeed, by committing to the notion that a yearning to be reborn within a hopeless, brittle soul is worthy of drama—as well as a deeper, gentler humor."

Peter Bradshaw called it "Jarmusch's most enjoyable, accessible work for some time, perhaps his most emotionally generous film - like Cronenberg, he has made a bold venture into the mainstream with a movie that creates a gentle cloud of happiness. It is, it must be said, a lot more forgiving about aging men than Alexander Payne's road-movies About Schmidt or Sideways, but it is still a very attractive piece of film-making, bolstered by terrific performances from an all-star cast, spearheaded by endlessly droll, seductively sensitive Bill Murray."

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to the film features an eclectic mix of music, chiefly using instrumentals by Ethiopian jazz artist Mulatu Astatke as the main score, mixed with garage rock (The Brian Jonestown Massacre, The Greenhornes, Holly Golightly), stoner metal (Sleep), soul (Marvin Gaye), rocksteady reggae (The Tennors), and classical (Gabriel Fauré's Requiem). The film's score was composed by Mulatu Astatke.

 "There Is an End" (Holly Golightly with The Greenhornes) - 3:05
 "Yegelle Tezeta" (Mulatu Astatke) - 3:14
 "Ride Yu Donkey" (The Tennors) - 2:03
 "I Want You" (Marvin Gaye) - 3:57
 "Yekermo Sew" (Mulatu Astatke) - 4:03
 "Not If You Were the Last Dandy on Earth" (The Brian Jonestown Massacre) - 2:49
 "Tell Me Now So I Know" (Holly Golightly) - 2:02
 Written by Ray Davies
 "Gubèlyé" (Mulatu Astatke) - 4:35
 "Dopesmoker" (Sleep) - 3:57
 Abridged version of 63:31-minute track.
 Requiem in D minor, Op. 48 ("Pie Jesu") (Oxford Camerata) - 3:30
 Composed by Gabriel Fauré, fourth of seven-movement work.
 "Ethanopium" (Dengue Fever) - 4:38
 Instrumental, composed by Mulatu Astatke
 "Unnatural Habitat" (The Greenhornes) - 2:08

Other songs in the film
Several songs in the film are not on the soundtrack album. They include:
 "Dreams" by The Allman Brothers Band
 "El Bang Bang" - Jackie Mittoo
 "Playboy Cha-Cha" - Mulatu Astatke
 "Mascaram Setaba" - Mulatu Astatke
 "Aire" (Pavan A 5 in C Minor) composed by William Lawes, performed by Fretwork
 "Fantasy" (A 6 in F Major) composed by William Lawes, performed by Fretwork
 "Alone in the Crowd" - Mulatu Astatke

Notes

References

External links

2005 films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jim Jarmusch
Films set in New Jersey
Midlife crisis films
2000s road comedy-drama films
American road comedy-drama films
Films based on the Don Juan legend
2005 independent films
Focus Features films
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York (state)
English-language French films
Cannes Grand Prix winners
Films produced by Jon Kilik
2000s American films

Broken Flowers