We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah is a document published in 1998 by the Catholic Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, under the authority of Pope John Paul II. In this document the Vatican condemned Nazi genocide and called for repentance from Catholics who had failed to intercede to stop it. It urges Catholics to repent "of past errors and infidelities" and "renew the awareness of the Hebrew roots of their faith" while distinguishing between the Church's "anti-Judaism" as religious teaching and the murderous antisemitism of Nazi Germany which it described as having "roots outside Christianity."

In a cover letter dated 12 March 1998, addressed to Edward Idris Cardinal Cassidy president of the Commission for Religious Relations With the Jews, the Pope describes his "sense of deep sorrow [regarding] the sufferings of the Jewish people during the Second World War" and how the "Shoah remains an indelible stain on the history of the century", with his hopes that the document would "help to heal the wounds of past misunderstandings and injustices" and help create "a future in which the unspeakable iniquity of the Shoah will never again be possible".

Reactions
An 18 March 1998, editorial in The New York Times, called the document, 11 years in the making, a "carefully crafted statement that goes further than the Roman Catholic Church has ever gone in reckoning honestly with its passivity during the Nazi era and its historic antipathy toward Jews" that breaks new political and theological ground that is a denunciation of antisemitism and the Holocaust and a call to repentance. The New York Times criticized the Pope's failure to address the alleged silence of Pope Pius XII, finding it "regrettable that the Vatican has not yet found the courage to discard this defensive, incomplete depiction" that includes details of church efforts to save Jews and thanks that Pope Pius XII received from Jewish organizations while neglecting details of what it claimed to be his silence in dealing with Nazi Germany.

Rabbi David G. Dalin, however strongly criticized the New York Times for its one-sided hostility to the Vatican's role during the Holocaust. He added that, "it is particularly irresponsible and outrageous for liberal papal critics... to blame the Catholic Church for anti-Semitism, to falsify the Church's efforts to save Jews during the Holocaust, and to ignore the fact that popes since the twelfth century have rejected the blood libel."

Rabbi Leon Klenicki, then director of interfaith relations for the Anti-Defamation League, called the document "a salad" which was important in describing the Holocaust and insisting that it never be forgotten, noting that "the deniers of the Holocaust in Europe now have to deal with the Vatican", but which missed an opportunity for "a reckoning of the soul" by the Vatican.

The interreligious affairs director of the American Jewish Committee, Rabbi A. James Rudin, indicated that expectations were high, and praised its emphasis on remembrance of the Holocaust, a call for repentance from individuals who stood by and efforts to combat antisemitism. Rudin lamented the absence of an acknowledgment that the Church's anti-Jewish teachings created an environment in which lethal antisemitism could take hold and flourish.

References

External links
Documents relating to We Remember: A Reflection On The Shoah, Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews
A Jewish response to We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah

Pope John Paul II
1998 documents
1998 in Christianity
Catholicism and Judaism

We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah


Ivry-sur-Seine is a town and commune in the southeast suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. About 56,000 people lived there in 2006.

Education
The engineering schools École spéciale de mécanique et électricité, École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique and Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées are located at Ivry-sur-Seine.
The schools École des technologies numériques appliquées and IONIS School of Technology and Management are also located in the commune.

Communes in Val-de-Marne

Ivry-sur-Seine


A ship's bell is a bell usually made of bronze that is used on ships and sailboats. It is most often rung to announce the time, such as at the hour and half-hour.

Sometimes a ship's bell may be used as a percussion instrument in an orchestra.

Navy
Bells

Ship's bell


Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The lead singer and songwriter of the band is Thom Yorke, who also plays guitar and piano. Thom is known for his high voiced singing style. The band is known for their different style of rock music.

The band has five members, and three of them play guitar. In their early years, Radiohead was known for their layered and heavy guitar sound. In later years, the band began using other instruments too, and creating more electronic sounds. The band still performs live and attracts large crowds of fans to sold-out concerts, even though they play many different styles of music.

They have created nine albums so far, the most recent being A Moon Shaped Pool (2016).

History
Radiohead started in 1985. The members of the band went to school together at Abingdon School, a boys' school in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The band first called themselves "On a Friday". The band would usually rehearse on Friday in their school's music room.

On A Friday signed a contract with EMI, a large record label, in 1991. They changed their name to "Radiohead". This name came from the song "Radio Head" on the album True Stories by Talking Heads. They released their first EP, called Drill, in May 1992. It was not very popular. Radiohead started work on their first album. It was called Pablo Honey and it was recorded in 1992 in a studio in Oxford. They released their first single, "Creep", late in 1992. They released Pablo Honey in February 1993. Initially, the album was going to be released also in late 1992 but was delayed. The album did not become popular, but "Creep" did, and the band got a lot of fans because of it. At the time, Radiohead's style of music was not very popular, and people said it sounded like Nirvana, but was not as good. They said that other Britpop bands, like Suede, were better. "Creep" was played on the radio at a lot of colleges around the world, however. When Radiohead went on tour in the United States in early 1993, the music video for "Creep" was being played frequently on MTV.

Radiohead made an EP in 1994. This was called My Iron Lung, and contained the title single, and seven songs known as B-sides (because they were not on a full-length album). The main song, "My Iron Lung", was about the way fans had reacted to their song "Creep". The band was happy the song had been a hit, because otherwise they might not have been able to continue the band. But the band, especially Thom Yorke, were reluctant to be celebrities. They were already disturbed by the workings of the music industry. They felt they had no control over things. "Creep" was popular, so they felt under pressure to make more similar songs. They hated the way "Creep" was the only Radiohead song anyone listened to at their concerts, yet it was all that was keeping them popular and afloat in the record industry. The "iron lung" was a metaphor for such a "life support".

Their second normal album, The Bends, came out in 1995. The album was going to released in late 1994 but was also delayed. The song "My Iron Lung" was on it, along with 11 new ones. The band released four more songs as singles: "Fake Plastic Trees", "High and Dry", "Just" and "Street Spirit [Fade Out]". None of these songs were as popular as "Creep" around the world. Radiohead was now a one-hit wonder to many people in America. Songs from The Bends did not get played on the radio very much there. But the album became very popular in Radiohead's home of the UK. It also got excellent reviews from music critics, unlike the band's first album. Many said it was one of the best rock records in memory. The album was produced by John Leckie, a veteran at EMI's Abbey Road studios. As a young man Leckie had assisted on Pink Floyd albums in the 1970s.

The band's lineup was the same for The Bends. Thom Yorke and Ed O'Brien played rhythm and auxiliary guitar; Thom sang and Ed sang backup. Phil Selway played drums and percussion. Colin Greenwood played bass guitar. Radiohead's lead guitarist was Jonny Greenwood, Colin's younger brother. Jonny was also younger than any of the other members. Jonny was the only member of the band who did not graduate from university. He was also the only member who had attended music school. Jonny had had to leave university after a few months to join Radiohead on a tour when they became popular. But he played in an orchestra when he was young, and he had a knowledge of classical and experimental music and jazz. Thus, Jonny became the band's musical expert. At this stage he already played many instruments, such as keyboard.

It was Jonny's complex and cathartic guitar solos in songs like "Just" and "The Bends" that soon began to attract notice. So did his simpler playing in other songs. The circle of Radiohead fans began to grow. Thom Yorke's lyrics also began talking about larger more political themes during this time. Mostly, they were still about personal disappointments, loves, losses, depression, unease, and anger. But Thom wrote songs like "Fake Plastic Trees" and "Street Spirit" which found the source of the unease in the larger structure of society, not the individual.

Radiohead's style of music had gotten more mature, according to most people, without changing too much. Some others felt their songwriting had improved so much it was no longer unrecognizable. The band used more keyboards and acoustic guitar this time, and made a more subtle atmosphere. But electric guitars were the main instrument used on the record. Some of Radiohead's influences this time were: the post-punk band Magazine, the singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley, Morrissey's (former Smiths singer) Vauxhall & I, and the music of R.E.M. That band had inspired Radiohead from the beginning. Radiohead would get a chance to tour with them in summer 1995, after releasing the album. Lead singer Michael Stipe became a friend and mentor to Thom, and also a public fan of Radiohead. In 1995 he said "they're so good, they're scary".

The band's influences had expanded once more by the time of their next album OK Computer.

With OK Computer (released in 1997), the band started the next section of their career. They started using more sounds from electronic music. They released the album Kid A (released in 2000, was initially going to release sometime in late 1999) which had a lot less use of guitar than on previous albums, but was still called one of their best albums (with some people calling it their best). An album of songs recorded during this time, but that did not appear on Kid A was released, called Amnesiac (released in 2001). In 2003 they released the album Hail To The Thief which was a return to a sound with more guitars and less use of electronic sounds. In 2007 they released In Rainbows. It was first released for free on the band's website, then released properly on January 1, 2008. The album was delayed two times. It was going to be released in late 2005, then it was going to be released sometime in 2006, before finally being released in 2007.

After this, they went on to release The King of Limbs (2011) and A Moon Shaped Pool (2016), which both garnered critical and popular acclaim. Additionally, they released TKOL RMX 1234567 (2011), an album of collaborations with the likes of Four Tet, Jamie XX, and Caribou and an remix of OK Computer named OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017 (2017). Their most recent album is KID A MNESIA (2021), an extended and reworked version of Kid A which is over 2 hours long.

Discography
 Pablo Honey (1993) (originally going to be 1992)
 The Bends (1995) (originally going to be 1994)
 OK Computer (1997)
 Kid A (2000) (originally going to be 1999)
 Amnesiac (2001)
 Hail to the Thief (2003)
 In Rainbows (2007) (originally going to be 2005 then 2006)
 The King of Limbs (2011) (originally going to be 2009 then 2010)
 (2016) (originally going to be 2014 then 2015)
KID A MNESIA (2021)

Awards

BRIT Awards
Radiohead has been nominated five times at the BRIT Awards.

|-
|rowspan="3"| 1998 || Radiohead || Best Group ||
|-
| OK Computer ||  Best Album ||
|-
| "Paranoid Android" || Best Single ||
|-
| 1999 || "No Surprises" || Best British Video ||
|-
| 2001 || Radiohead || Best British Group ||

Grammy Awards
Radiohead has received three awards from fourteen nominations at the Grammy Awards.

|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998 ||rowspan="2"| OK Computer || Best Alternative Music Performance ||
|-
| Album of the Year ||
|-
| 1999 || Airbag/How Am I Driving? || Best Alternative Music Performance ||
|-
| 2000 || Meeting People Is Easy || Best Music Video Long Form  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 ||rowspan="2"| Kid A || Best Alternative Music Performance ||
|-
| Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2002 || Amnesiac || Best Alternative Music Performance ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004 || "There There" || Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group ||
|-
| Hail to the Thief || Best Alternative Music Performance ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2009 ||rowspan="3"| "House of Cards" || Best Rock Song ||
|-
| Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group ||
|-
| Best Music Video Short Form ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| In Rainbows || Album of the Year ||
|-
| Best Alternative Music Album ||
|-

Ivor Novello Awards
Radiohead has received one Ivor Novello Award.

|-
| 2008 || In Rainbows || Album Award ||

Mercury Prize
Radiohead has received four Mercury Prize nominations.

|-
| 1997 || OK Computer || Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2001 || Amnesiac || Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2003 || Hail to the Thief || Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2008 || In Rainbows || Album of the Year ||

MTV Video Music Awards
Radiohead has received one award from ten nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards.

|-
|  || "Just" || Breakthrough Video  ||
|-
|  || "Paranoid Android" ||  Breakthrough Video  ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|  ||rowspan="4"| "Karma Police" || Best Group Video ||
|-
| Best Direction ||
|-
| Best Cinematography ||
|-
| Best Alternative Video  ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|  ||rowspan="4"|  "There There" || Best Art Direction ||
|-
| Best Special Effects ||
|-
| Best Editing ||
|-
| Best Cinematography ||

PLUG Awards
Radiohead has received one nomination at the PLUG Awards.

|-
| 2008 || In Rainbows || Album of the Year ||

Q Awards
Radiohead has received two awards from the Q Awards.

|-
| 2001 || Radiohead || Best Act in the World Today ||
|-
| 2002 || Radiohead || Best Act in the World Today ||

References

Other websites

 Radiohead.com, official site

1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1985
Oxfordshire

Radiohead


The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is a 1989 crime drama art film written and directed by Peter Greenaway, starring Richard Bohringer, Michael Gambon, Helen Mirren and Alan Howard in the title roles. An international co-production of the United Kingdom and France, the film's graphic violence and nude scenes, as well as its lavish cinematography and formalism, were noted at the time of its release.

Plot
English gangster Albert Spica has taken over the high-class Le Hollandais restaurant, which is managed by French chef Richard Boarst. Spica makes nightly appearances at the restaurant with his retinue of thugs. His oafish behavior causes frequent confrontations with the staff and his own customers, whose patronage he loses but whose money he seems not to miss.

Forced to accompany Spica is his reluctant yet elegant wife, Georgina, who soon catches the eye of a quiet regular at the restaurant: bookshop owner Michael. Under her husband's nose, with the help of the restaurant staff, Georgina carries on an affair with Michael. Ultimately, Spica learns of the affair, forcing Georgina to hide out at Michael's book depository. Boarst sends food to Georgina through his young employee Pup, a boy soprano who sings while working. Spica tortures the boy before finding the bookstore's location written in a book the boy is carrying. Spica's men storm Michael's bookshop while Georgina is visiting the boy in hospital. They torture Michael to death by force-feeding him pages from his books. Georgina discovers his body when she returns.

Overcome with rage and grief, she begs Boarst to cook Michael's body, and he eventually complies. Together with all the people that Spica wronged throughout the film, Georgina confronts her husband finally at the restaurant and forces him at gunpoint to eat a mouthful of Michael's cooked body. Spica obeys, gagging. Georgina then shoots him in the head, calling him a cannibal.

Cast

 Richard Bohringer as Richard Boarst, "The Cook": The head chef of "Le Hollandais". He resents Albert Spica, who has taken control of the restaurant.
 Michael Gambon as Albert Spica, "The Thief": A violent gangster and owner of "Le Hollandais", with pretensions of being a gourmet, but his coarse and violent behavior wreaks destruction on everyone around him.
 Helen Mirren as Georgina Spica, "The Wife": The sophisticated and battered wife of Albert Spica, from whom she has unsuccessfully tried to escape.
 Alan Howard as Michael, "The Lover": An erudite bookshop owner who dines at "Le Hollandais" every night while reading a book. He carries on a doomed affair with Georgina.
 Tim Roth as Mitchel, a dim-witted goon in Spica's gang.
 Ciarán Hinds as Cory, a pony-tailed pimp who is ejected from Spica's gang after he protests against Spica's brutal treatment of his girls.
 Gary Olsen as Spangler, a brutal member of Spica's gang.
 Ewan Stewart as Harris, a less brutal member of Spica's gang.
 Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Turpin, the bespectacled book-keeper in Spica's gang.
 Liz Smith as Grace, Spica's mother, somnolent and no more suited to the enjoyment of fine dining than her son.
 Ian Dury as Terry Fitch, in a rare acting appearance, as a rival gangster.
 Diane Langton as May Fitch, Terry's wife.
 Paul Russell as Pup, a kitchen boy who brings food to Georgina and Michael while they are in hiding at Michael's bookshop. He is a boy soprano who sings while washing dishes.
 Emer Gillespie as Patricia, one of Cory's luckless girls who tell Spica about his wife's affair.
 Ron Cook as Mews, a bespectacled member of Spica's gang.
 Alex Kingston as Adele, a red-dressed waitress at the restaurant.
 Roger Lloyd-Pack as Geoff, a fellow gangster and diner.
 Bob Goody as Starkie, a member of Spica's gang.

Production

Writing
Peter Greenaway has said that the Jacobean play 'Tis Pity She's a Whore provided him with the main template for his screenplay.

Music
Michael Nyman's score prominently incorporated his 1985 composition Memorial.

Design
Jean-Paul Gaultier designed the costumes. Italian chef Giorgio Locatelli prepared the food, used as props.

Release

Box office
The film debuted at the 1989 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 13 October 1989 in London on two screens. It grossed over $500,000 in London. During its opening week in Paris it grossed $158,500.

It earned £640,213 in the UK.
Miramax acquired the rights for $500,000, and released the film in New York on 6 April 1990. It was Greenaway's first film to be released fully in the US since The Draughtsman's Contract in 1982. It grossed $7.7 million in the US.

Versions
The film's original running time was 124 minutes. Due to the content, the MPAA gave Miramax a choice of either an X rating or go unrated (adults only) for theatrical release. Unrated was chosen in light of the X rating being more associated with pornographic films. Two versions of the film were released on VHS in the 1990s. One was an R-rated cut running 95 minutes (mainly for large video store chains); the other was the original version.

Critical reception
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an 86% rating based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 7.60/10. The site's consensus states: "This romantic crime drama may not be to everyone's taste, but The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is an audacious, powerful film." The film received a score of 62 on Metacritic based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, noting that the film's raw emotion and violent interpersonal conflict was a departure from Greenaway's typically cerebral and intellectual films.

Soundtrack

The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is the twelfth album release by Michael Nyman and the ninth to feature the Michael Nyman Band. The album includes the first commercially released recording of Nyman's composition "Memorial".

There is some music not included on the soundtrack album: the love theme for Michael and Georgina, which is "Fish Beach" from Drowning by Numbers, the song performed as a show in the restaurant, sung by actress and singer Flavia Brilli, or a doubly pulsed variation of "Memorial" that occurs about halfway through the film. Edits of "Memorial" appear throughout the film, with the entire twelve-minute movement accompanying the final scene and end credits, but one variation is uniquely created for the film.

References to Flemish Baroque painting

The filming is inspired by Flemish Baroque painting as Peter Paul Rubens or Anthony van Dyck. The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1616, a painting by Frans Hals, appears on the restaurant wall.

References

External links

1980s British films
1980s English-language films
1989 crime drama films
1989 independent films
1989 films
1989 romantic drama films
Adultery in films
British crime drama films
British independent films
British romantic drama films
Cooking films
Fictional couples
Fictional married couples
Films about cannibalism
Films about domestic violence
Films about violence against women
Films directed by Peter Greenaway
Films set in restaurants
Films scored by Michael Nyman
Films shot in Hertfordshire
Obscenity controversies in film


Victor Amadeus II (Vittorio Amedeo Sebastiano; 14 May 1666 – 31 October 1732) was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of Marquis of Saluzzo, Duke of Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont, Count of Aosta, Moriana and Nizza.

Biography

He was the only child born to Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and Marie Jeanne of Savoy. At his fathers death in 1675, his mother took over a regency in the name of her nine year old son and would remain in de facto power till 1684 when Victor Amadeus banished her further involvement in the state. Louis XIV organised his marriage to Anne Marie d'Orléans in order to maintain French influence in the Duchy but Victor Amadeus soon broke away from the influence of France. Anne Marie was a devoted wife but Victor Amadeus did not love her.

Having fought in the War of the Spanish Succession, he became king of Sicily in 1713 but he was forced to exchange this title and instead became king of Sardinia to which his direct descendants claim as part of the Kingdom of Italy. He abdicated in 1730 and the crown was inherited by his son Charles Emmanuel III. Victor Amadeus left a considerable cultural influence in Turin remodelling the Royal Palace of Turin, Palace of Venaria, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi as well as building the Basilica of Superga where he rests.

Family and issue

His distant relationship with his mother was always strained and has been blamed on her ambition to keep power to herself. Marie Jeanne spent most of her time relegated to state business which she enjoyed and had little time for her only child whom she kept under close supervision in order to make sure he would try to assume power. Anne Marie gave her husband six children but also had two stillbirths of each gender one in 1691 and again in 1697. Three of these children would go on to have further progeny including the eldest Maria Adelaide who was the mother of Louis XV of France. His second daughter Maria Luisa known in the family as Louison would marry Philip V of Spain in 1701 and was also regent of Spain for various periods. These two marriages were tactics used by Louis XIV to keep Victor Amadeus close to France prior to the War of the Spanish Succession.

Anne Marie would remain a devoted wife. She quietly accepted his extramarital affairs the longest one being with the famed beauty Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert by whom he had two children. Jeanne Baptiste was his mistress for eleven years and eventually fled Savoy due to Victor Amadeus' obsession with her. Victor Amadeus subsequently had his daughter including the future Maria Vittoria marry the Prince of Carignan from which the present Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples is a direct descendant. His favourite child was Victor Amadeus born in 1699 and given the title Prince of Piedmont as heir apparent. At the death of the Prince of Piedmont in 1715 from smallpox Victor Amadeus II was very upset. His devoted wife Anne Marie died in 1728 after a series of heart attacks.

His relationship with his younger son and eventual successor Charles Emmanuel was a cold one and the two were never close. Victor Amadeus organised the first two marriages of Charles Emmanuel the first one being to Anne Christine of Sulzbach, daughter of the Count Palatine of Sulzbach which produced a son which died in infancy. The second marriage was to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg a first cousin of Anne Christine and mother of six children including the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

Legitimate issue

Maria Adelaide of Savoy (1685–1712); married Louis, Duke of Burgundy and had issue;
Maria Anna of Savoy (1687–1690);
Maria Luisa of Savoy (1688–1714) married Philip V of Spain and had issue;
Victor Amadeus of Savoy (1699–1715) died unmarried;
Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1701–1773); the next Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia.
Emanuele Philibert of Savoy (1705-1705) died in infancy.

Illegitimate issue
 Maria Vittoria of Savoy (1690–1766) married Victor Amadeus, Prince of Carignan and had issue;
Vittorio Francesco of Savoy (1694–1762) married Maria Lucrezia Franchi di Pont, had no issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

14 May 1666–12 June 1675 His Highness the Prince of Piedmont
12 June 1675–June 1689 His Highness the Duke of Savoy
June 1689–22 September 1713 His Royal Highness the Duke of Savoy
22 September 1713–24 August 1720 His Majesty the King of Sicily
24 August 1720–3 September 1730 His Majesty the King of Sardinia
3 September 1730–31 October 1732 His Majesty King Victor Amadeus

1666 births
1732 deaths
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Deaths from stroke
Smallpox survivors

Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia


The Kyffhäuser (, sometimes also referred to as Kyffhäusergebirge) is a hill range in Central Germany, shared by Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, southeast of the Harz mountains. It reaches its highest point at the Kulpenberg with an elevation of . The range is the site of medieval Kyffhausen Castle (Reichsburg Kyffhausen) and the 19th century Kyffhäuser Monument; it has significance in German traditional mythology as the legendary resting place of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

Etymology
The origin of the name has not been conclusively established. Kyffhäuser (formerly also Kiffhäuser) probably stems from the Low German word cuf, meaning "head" or "peak", and huse, "house". Other explanations refer to kiff, "quarrel" and the historic castles at the site.

Geography

The Kyffhäuser is a small Mittelgebirge located in the Kyffhäuserkreis district of Thuringia and the Mansfeld-Südharz district of Saxony-Anhalt, not far from the larger Harz range to the northwest. The range has a length of , from west to east, and a width of . The highest point at the Kulpenberg, with the Kulpenburg TV tower, is located near the village of Steinthaleben in Thuringia. The range borders on the Hainleite hill chain and the fertile Goldene Aue basin in the south. Large portions are protected as a nature park.

Some parts of the range on the western and southern slopes are karstified and bare of trees, covered by calcareous grassland. The area shaped by numerous sandstone quarries today is the site of a geopark, comprising the Kyffhäuser Monument, the Barbarossa Cave near Rottleben, the Kaiserpfalz at Tilleda, and the Bilzingsleben Paleolithic site. The Schlachtberg hill on the southeastern rim near Bad Frankenhausen was the site of the decisive Battle of Frankenhausen during the German Peasants' War in 1525, commemorated in the monumental Early Bourgeois Revolution in Germany by Werner Tübke.

History
The settlement of Tilleda, located below the northern rim of the range, was already mentioned as Dullide in the early 9th century in the Breviarium Sancti Lulli register of Hersfeld Abbey. A Kaiserpfalz at the site is attested by the 972 Marriage Charter of Empress Theophanu. Numerous stays of her husband Otto II, as well as by his successors Otto III, Conrad II, and Henry III are documented by deeds they issued here.

During the 11th century, Tilleda was superseded by a castle on the hill above the settlement that may have been erected by Emperor Henry IV during the Saxon Rebellion. His son Henry V inherited the quarrels and the castle was finally slighted by the Saxon Duke (and later Emperor) Lothair of Supplinburg in 1119. Lothair himself started the reconstruction in his later years and the Imperial Castle of Kyffhausen, one of the largest castle complexes in Germany, was completed under the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Tilleda was last mentioned as an Imperial castle in 1194, when Frederick's son Henry VI reconciled here with the insurgent Welf duke Henry the Lion.

In 1698 Count Albert Anton of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt had a Baroque hunting lodge erected at the hamlet of Rathsfeld in the centre of the Kyffhäuser range. Last used as a residence by Prince Günther Victor of Schwarzburg after his abdication in 1918, it was turned into a recreation home of the Kyffhäuserbund veterans' association in 1925. After World War II the remote site became a Young Pioneer camp and a training camp of the East German Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik; since German reunification, the empty premises have decayed.

Kyffhäuser legend

According to a king asleep in mountain legend, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who actually drowned on 10 June 1190 in the Calycadnus River near Seleukeia in Asia Minor during the Third Crusade, is not in fact dead, but sleeps in a hidden chamber underneath the Kyffhäuser hills. He sits motionless at a stone table and his beard has supposedly grown so long over the centuries that it grew through the table. As in the similar legend of King Arthur, Barbarossa supposedly awaits Germany's hour of greatest need, when he will emerge once again from under the hill. The presence of ravens circling the Kyffhäuser summit is said to be a sign of Barbarossa's continuing presence. Similar rapture legends refer to Emperor Frederick II or to Charlemagne sleeping in the Untersberg near Salzburg.

The Barbarossa myth was first documented in the late 17th century and later popularized by the Brothers Grimm and a poem written in 1817 by Friedrich Rückert. Frequently taken up by Romantic authors, and satirized in Germany. A Winter's Tale by Heinrich Heine, it became the expression of the desire for the Old Empire's re-emergence as a German nation state. When the Kyffhäuser Monument was built at the ruins of the Imperial Castle in 1890–1896, with a statue of Frederick Barbarossa and an Emperor William monument, the German Emperor William I was thought to have "laid to rest" Barbarossa by the 1871 unification of Germany.

Today
Today, the hills are a popular tourist site, featuring the restored medieval Reichsburg Kyffhausen complex, including a small museum and the castle well, at  depth said to be "the deepest castle well in the world". The downhill Pfalz of Tilleda is an archaeological open-air museum and a stop on the scenic Romanesque Road.

The range is also the site of an annual touring car hillclimbing and of the Kyffhäuser-Berglauf cross country running competition. The range is a popular destination for hikers; the Kaiser Way leads across the Kyffhäuser northwards to the Harz mountains.

See also

List of mountains and hills of Thuringia
Sebastianism

References

Sven Frotscher: Der Kyffhäuser – Natur, Geschichte, Architektur, Denkmale Europas. Artern 1996,

External links
Kyffhäuser Monument at the official Thuringia tourism website

Landforms of Thuringia
Hill ranges of Germany
Kyffhäuserkreis
Forests and woodlands of Thuringia
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Kyffhäuser


Money laundering is a process some criminals do to hide the money they make from crimes or political corruption, which is called "dirty money". Such dirty money needs to be "cleaned" so it looks like it came from legal sources, and banks can accept it without being suspicious on where it came from. Criminals also do money laundering to make it hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

One way criminals launder money is by using the money earned from illegal activities to buy things (like gold and silver, shares or casino chips, other legitimate business activities like food or liquor stores) and then selling those things to get the money back. If a criminal buys and sells things many times it is hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

Some countries have laws to try to stop money laundering. These laws help the police to find out when criminals try to do money laundering. Under the laws in some countries, business people must:
tell the Government when someone pays them a lot of money (for example $10,000) or when someone puts a lot of money in their bank
tell the Government if they think someone is doing money laundering, and
write down on paper, or on a computer, every time someone gives them a lot of money or they give someone a lot of money.

In 1989, some countries set up a group of people from different Governments to tell countries the best ways to stop money laundering. This organization is called the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The following countries have joined the Financial Action Task Force (FATF/GAFI):

Argentina
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahrain
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Curaçao
Denmark
European Commission
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong, China
Iceland
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Kuwait
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Oman
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Russian Federation
Saint Maarten
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States

Money laundering in Canada

In Canada money laundering is a serious issue. The government of Canada has allocated more than $70 million to fight money laundering.

The province of British Columbia announced it is holding a public inquiry into this issue.

References

Organized crime
Financial crimes

Money laundering


General Raymond Judson Reeves (February 5, 1909 – November 16, 1998) was a United States Air Force four-star general who served as the Commander in Chief, North American Air Defense Command/Commander in Chief, Continental Air Defense Command (CINCNORAD/CINCONAD) from 1966 to 1969.

Reeves was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1909. He moved to Washington, D.C., at an early age where he attended grammar and high school. After two years at the University of Maryland he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He graduated and was commissioned a second lieutenant in June 1934.

He entered flying training the same year and received his pilot wings in October 1935 at Kelly Field, Texas. In February 1936 he was assigned to the 3rd Pursuit Squadron at Clark Field, Philippine Islands. Two and a half years later he returned to the United States and was assigned to the Air Corps Technical School at Lowry Field, Colorado.

At the beginning of World War II, he was assigned as director of training, Army Air Forces Technical School, Gulfport Field, Mississippi. Later Reeves served as director of training, then commanding officer of the Army Air Forces Technical School at Yale University. Under his command, the school graduated more than 14,000 officers specifically trained in aircraft maintenance, engineering, air and ground communications, aircraft armament and aerial intelligence photography.

In 1945 he was assigned to the Far East Command as chief of the Redeployment Section, later becoming assistant chief of Air Staff for Supply. During his Far East Air Forces tour of duty he also served as deputy commanding officer, 13th Fighter Command; chief of staff, 85th Fighter Wing; and as commander, Fort William McKinley.

Following duty assignments at U.S. Air Force Headquarters in Washington, D.C., Reeves was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Wiesbaden, Germany, as assistant chief of staff for personnel. During this time USAFE was helping to reinforce the North Atlantic Treaty Organization through a buildup of U.S. Air Force units in Europe. He was responsible for manning combat and support units, as well as for personnel policies for a command of more than 100,000 people in more than 15 countries of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.

Returning to U.S. Air Force headquarters in 1954, he was assigned as director of military personnel under the deputy chief of staff, personnel. In July 1959 he became vice commander of the Military Air Transport Service with headquarters at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, and in August 1963 he became commander in chief, Alaskan Command with additional duty as commander, Alaskan NORAD Region.

In August 1966 Reeves was appointed commander in chief of NORAD/CONAD, with headquarters at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado.

His military decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Army Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster and Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Ribbon with oak leaf cluster.

He retired from the Air Force on July 31, 1969, and died November 16, 1998.

References

United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Military personnel from Chattanooga, Tennessee
United States Military Academy alumni
1909 births
1998 deaths

Raymond J. Reeves


Annabeth Chase is a fictional character in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and Heroes of Olympus series. She is a demigod, meaning she is half-mortal and half goddess. Her father is the mortal Frederick Chase and her mother is Athena, the goddess of wisdom, crafts, arts, and battle strategy. She is first cousins with Magnus Chase, whose mother is her paternal aunt. She appears first in the first novel of the series, The Lightning Thief. Throughout the series she becomes close friends with Percy Jackson, later becoming his main love interest and girlfriend.

Annabeth is architect of Olympus and one of the leaders in Camp Half Blood for half bloods/demigods.

She is played by the actress Alexandra Daddario in the movie Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, which is based off the first book, The Lightning Thief. She played the same part in the movie " The Sea of Monsters", which is based on the novel "Percy Jackson: The Sea of Monsters".

She is played by Kristin Stokes in the musical The Lightning Thief: The Percy Jackson Musical, which is based off of the first novel in the series, The Lightning Thief.

Development
The writer of the books, Rick Riordan, was asked in an interview, "Do you feel those who said the main characters, such as Grover and Annabeth, are heroes in their own right?". He answered, "Annabeth is Percy's rational side. She can think through things and look at options that sometimes evade Percy in his moments of battle panic." This means she can think even when there is a fight going on, unlike Percy, and can find solutions to problems. That is also why Annabeth is a daughter of Athena because she is the goddess of wisdom and battle strategy.

Fictional biography
Annabeth Chase is the half-blood daughter of the goddess Athena and the mortal man Frederick Chase. She was born July 12, 1993. Being a daughter of Athena, who is a virgin, she was not physically born, but is a literal 'brain child'; she was born as a gift to the man her mother loved. When she was seven, she ran away from home. On her journey, she met Luke Castellan, Thalia Grace, and Grover Underwood. Together, they traveled to Camp Half-Blood, running from and fighting hordes of monsters. When they got to the borders of Camp  half blood,Thalia made her final stand fighting monsters so that Luke, Grover and Annabeth could safely get into camp. Thalia's father, Zeus, changes her into a pine tree on top of a hill that comes to be known as Thalia's Pine Tree. Annabeth lived at Camp Half-Blood for five years prior to Percy Jackson's arrival.

It has been shown that Annabeth does not get along with her father and step-family. According to her, her father was not very happy when she first appeared and tends to look at her as a nuisance. Her step-siblings appear to dislike her and feel afraid of her. Her stepmother seems to hate her and feel that she endangers the family by being only half-mortal. At the end of The Lightning Thief, Annabeth returns to her family to see if she can get along with them. She is able to stay with them for approximately a year, but it is unknown if her feeling towards her family have changed; however, in The Titan's Curse, her father and stepmother seem to care for her deeply, and her father helps fight off Kronos's army to save Annabeth.

Annabeth is a good fighter, and has been shown to be able to think on her feet in very hard situations. Despite this, Annabeth dreams of being an architect (building things), and the story has made many references to this. In The Lightning Thief, she enjoys and quickly becomes addicted to the 3-D holographic SimCity-esque game at the Lotus Hotel and Casino, and in The Sea of Monsters, it was shown that Annabeth's greatest dream is to redesign the whole world to make it better, make Luke good again, and be accepted by her mother and father. In The Last Olympian, she is granted the status of being the architect of Olympus.

Hubris, or deadly pride, is Annabeth's fatal flaw. Annabeth thinks that she is able to do anything: get her parents back together, build great monuments, and save Luke, as shown in the second book. She sometimes even thinks she can rebuild the world into an even better place than the immortals did. She also has a deep fear of spiders, (arachnophobia), due to the contest between Athena and Arachne.

Annabeth is described as being athletic and having curly blond hair (like a princess's), tan skin, and stormy gray eyes. Percy Jackson describes her as "cute" at first but eventually she becomes "seriously beautiful."

In the books

The Lightning Thief

Annabeth first appears in The Lightning Thief and is twelve years old. She was nicknamed "Wise Girl" by Clarisse, in a spat of insults. The  name was meant as an insult but, now it's an affectionate pet name.

She first meets Percy Jackson after he was attacked by the Minotaur and makes his way into Half-Blood Hill. When he first saw her, Percy described Annabeth as "pretty" with blond hair curled "like a princess"  After Percy heals from the Minotaur attack, Annabeth hears that he is to go on a quest (search) and she wants to go along, thinking Percy is "the one" from The Great Prophecy. Together, she, Percy, and Grover go searching for Zeus's stolen lightning bolt. Throughout the book, Annabeth shows her unique intelligence, which she inherited from her mother, and also her arachnophobia (fear of spiders) that she shares with all her siblings on her mother's side (originating from the story of Arachne and Athena)

The Sea of Monsters
Annabeth, Percy and Tyson, having not been allowed to go on the quest for the Golden Fleece to save Thalia's Pine Tree and find Grover by Chiron's temporary replacement, sneak out of Camp Half-Blood to do so. During the book it is revealed that Annabeth's greatest dream is to redesign the whole world to improve it, save Luke (from himself), and be accepted by her mother and father. After getting stranded on the island of the Queen-Witch Circe, Annabeth saves Percy after he is turned into a Guinea Pig using the multivitamins given to them by Hermes. During the fight with Polyphemus Annabeth (while invisible with the use of her Yankee's Cap) pretends to be Nobody and distracts him long enough for Percy to vanquish him. Annabeth is injured fatally during the fight but is healed with the help of the Golden Fleece.

The Titan's Curse

Annabeth is kidnapped along with the goddess Artemis and has to be saved by Percy, Thalia, Grover, and the huntresses Zoë Nightshade and Bianca di Angelo. In a dream Percy has, Annabeth is on a mountain, and she sees Luke holding up a black roof (unknown to Percy, it is the sky). Annabeth helps him hold it, and then Luke slips out from underneath, making Annabeth hold it. This is later used to trick Artemis into holding the sky, as Artemis would not be able to resist helping a maiden. Unlike the other books, Annabeth's role is quite small. It is hinted in this book that there will be a romantic future for her and Percy. Aphrodite, the goddess of love, also convinced Percy about his feelings for Annabeth, though she also made it even harder for them to fall in love. In the end, Percy saves both Annabeth and Artemis, while Thalia is fighting Luke until he falls off a cliff.

The Battle of the Labyrinth

By this book, Annabeth is fourteen. Percy and Annabeth find an entrance into the Labyrinth. She realizes that Luke may try to use this entrance to invade Camp.

Annabeth leads the quest into the Labyrinth, fulfilling one of her ambitions. She goes into the Labyrinth with Percy, Grover, and Tyson to find a way to stop Kronos's evil forces from entering the borders of Camp Half-Blood by searching for the Labyrinth's inventor, Daedalus. The prophecy the Oracle gave her appears to have scared her and she refuses to say the last line. As they go into the Labyrinth, they face many hardships. Annabeth faces a Sphinx and finds the riddles (which are actually factual questions) not challenging and an insult to her intellect. They escape the claws of the Sphinx and continue on to find Hephaestus so he can tell them about where to find Daedalus.

As they head towards Hephaestus' forge in Mount St. Helens, they find telekhines there making a weapon for Kronos. Percy tells Annabeth to escape while she can. She kisses him for luck and they part ways. Annabeth believes that he dies when Mount St. Helens erupts, but this is not the case. Percy fell onto the island Ogygia, prison of the nymph Calypso, a daughter of Atlas. When Percy comes back to camp, Annabeth is performing a funeral ritual for him. When she notices him, she hugs him, making a scene. However, when she finds out about Calypso, she is very jealous. Percy then asks a mortal girl, Rachel Elizabeth Dare, to help them on their way through the Labyrinth (Rachel has a rare ability to see through the Mist). Annabeth becomes very jealous at how close Percy and Rachel are getting. The three of them discover Luke, who has become Kronos's vessel. After a battle, Luke is forced back into the Labyrinth, leaving two casualties. Annabeth refuses to believe that Luke is all bad, and gets quite mad at Percy for saying otherwise.

After they fulfilled their mission, Annabeth and Percy are standing on Half-Blood Hill, and are matching their goals with the prophecy, Annabeth reveals the last line of her prophecy, "To lose a love to worse than death" and is confused, not sure about her feelings for Luke, or a secret love for Percy. At the end she leaves with her dad to go to a private school in San Francisco.

The Last Olympian

In the final book, Annabeth first appears when Percy returns from blowing up Kronos's ship, the Princess Andromeda. Following his arrival, Annabeth helps Percy hear the Great Prophecy. Percy bathes in the River Styx (he narrowly escapes by imagining Annabeth pulling him out of the river) and calls Annabeth, telling her to meet him in front of the Empire State Building with all the demigods from Camp Half Blood. When Annabeth and Percy go to Olympus, they meet Hermes, to whom Annabeth tries to apologize about Luke turning into Kronos. Hermes becomes angry at her and blames her for not saving Luke. Hermes leaves, and they return to the other campers to defend Manhattan and Mount Olympus. In battle, Ethan Nakamura attempts to stab Percy in the small of his back, his Achilles spot, and Annabeth jumps in front of him, taking the knife. After a few hours of rest, Annabeth, though still weak from poison, goes back into battle. Kronos goes to Olympus, and Grover, Thalia, Percy, and Annabeth follow him. Kronos attacks Percy, and Annabeth joins the fight, but is knocked out of the fight when Kronos slams her into Athena's throne. In the end, she saves Percy and Olympus by finally realizing the prophecy's true meaning. She convinces Percy to give Luke her knife (which was given to her by Luke when she was seven) so he can stab himself, killing himself and banishing Kronos to Tartarus yet again. She is rewarded by the gods, who allow her to use her talents as an architect to rebuild Mount Olympus. Percy Jackson refuses immortality because of his feelings for Annabeth. At Camp Half-Blood in the dining hall later that day, Annabeth kisses Percy after he admits his feelings for her. She warns him that she will never make things easy for him. After this, they kiss underwater after eavesdropers dump them into the canoe lake.

Magnus Chase And The Gods Of Asgard
Magnus Chase And The Gods Of Asgard, Book 1 The Sword of Summer

Annabeth appears in this book searching, with her dad, for cousin Magnus. She finds Magnus after his death and belives he is a Greek or Roman demigod.

Magnus Chase And The Gods Of Asgard, Book 2 The Hammer of Thor

Percy appears at the end of the book when Magnus Chase learns that he needs to go somewhere called the "Ship of Dead". He goes to ask Annabeth for tips, in which Annabeth quotes "I don't know much about the sea, but my boyfriend does. It's time you met Percy..."

Magnus Chase And The Gods Of Asgard, Book 3 The Ship of Dead

In the beginning of the book the first chapter is called "Percy Jackson Does His Level Best to Kill Me". Annabeth and Percy give tips about the sea but Magnus sucks at everything to do with the ocean, nearly getting himself killed.

In the movie
In the movie, Alexandra Daddario plays Annabeth, a warrior at Camp Half-Blood with Percy and potential romantic interest. In the movie trailer, Annabeth says to Percy, "I definitely have strong feelings for you. I just haven't decided if they are positive or negative yet." Another scene shows them leaning in, seemingly to kiss. It was really a tease, which was revealed when she suddenly steals Percy's sword from his sheath and at the brings her own sword to his throat and says, "First rule of battle strategy, never let your opponent distract you." In the movie, Annabeth is seen with brown, straight hair, a definite change from the book's description of her (with curly blonde hair). She is shown in the movie with blue eyes not gray. She does not display much love towards Luke.

In the TV show
Annabeth will be played by Leah Sava Jeffries in the upcoming Percy Jackson and the Olympians Disney + show.

Romance
A key subplot in the series is the relationship between Annabeth, Percy, and Luke. Luke is Annabeth's hero and one of her first half-blood friends. Annabeth likes Percy, which she hints at, but she still has feelings towards Luke. At the end of The Last Olympian, Luke shows slight feelings for her, sort of like an older brother. These feeling are present despite the fact that Luke and Percy are arch enemies and he has attempted to kill Percy many times. In The Sea of Monsters, it is shown that one of her life's wishes is to save Luke from Kronos.

In the beginning of The Lightning Thief, Annabeth is shown to dislike Percy when she finds out that Percy is the hero of the prophecy. She thinks he is weak, and is influenced by the rivalry between her mother, Athena, and Percy's father, Poseidon. But while they are on their quest, they have to ride a truck to get to their destination. This is the first time they actually talk. In The Mark of Athena, Annabeth says that's when she chose to "like" him. At the very end of The Sea of Monsters Annabeth kisses Percy on the cheek after winning the chariot race. In The Titan's Curse, there are suggestions of some romance between Annabeth and Percy, although this is complicated by her lingering feelings towards Luke and the fact that her mother, Athena, disapproves of her "friendship" with Percy. In The Battle of the Labyrinth, Annabeth finally expresses her feelings for Percy by kissing him good luck before vanishing using her Yankee's cap. When Percy returns, she is highly jealous, because she knows he has been with the sad but seductive Calypso. It is implied that Percy is trying to tell Annabeth about his feelings, but Annabeth remains distant,still due to her lingering feelings towards Luke.

In The Last Olympian, after the defeat of Kronos and the saving of Luke's soul, the romantic relationship between Percy and Annabeth is solidified. Annabeth also states Percy looks 'cute when he's worried' when he first checks on her after she took a knife that was meant for him. Annabeth tells Luke as he dies that she always saw him as a brother, but never loved him. Later, she and Percy share their second kiss after she tells him that she will never, ever make things easy for him. He describes it as if his brain felt it was melting through his body. But nosy campers snoop on this and throw them into the camp lake. Then comes a third kiss underwater in an air bubble made by Percy. They are together at the end of the series. It is hinted that they might be married one day in the future, as Annabeth said she wanted "to build something permanent," and Percy states that maybe they were "getting a good start together."

They continue their relationship through the Heroes of Olympus series and the Magnus Chase series. As far as we know, Annabeth and Percy are going to stay together throughout their lives.

Powers and abilities

General
 Like other half-bloods, Annabeth has ADHD, which increases battle awareness.
 Also like most other half-bloods, she has dyslexia, because her brain is 'hard-wired' from birth to read Ancient Greek.
 Annabeth is trained in hand-to-hand combat during her stays at Camp Half-Blood.
 Wields a dagger in battle as opposed to a sword through all of Percy Jackson & the Olympians.
 She uses her intelligence in her fights.
 Wants to be an architect.
 Is Percy's love interest and later becomes his girlfriend.

Knowledge capabilities

 Annabeth knows a lot about architecture, history, and Greek myths.
 Annabeth is a master strategist.
 Annabeth is extremely intelligent, wise, and clever.
 Annabeth is good at arts and crafts because of her mother. She is especially good at weaving, as revealed in "The Mark Of Athena".
 Annabeth never forgets what she had heard.
 Annabeth can read faces, and is able to have a good sense of what one is thinking, as revealed in "The Mark Of Athena".

Weapons/magical Items
 A magical Yankees cap that turns her invisible, which was a gift from her mother Athena.
 A celestial bronze dagger, given to her by Luke when she was 7. Celestial bronze is a metal designed to wound immortals and monsters without injuring mortals. It is the metal favored by many demigods for their weapons.
 A drakon bone sword given to her by giant Damasen, while she was in Tartarus.
 A laptop with ideas and information from Daedalus (creator of the great Maze in Crete).

Reception

In the books
B. Allison Gray praises how in Battle of the Labyrinth: Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Book 4, Riordan "successfully conveys Annabeth's emotions."

In the movie
The casting for the movie has had a different reception. On one hand, as Rama's SCREEN reports, "the one that's been causing argument is Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase...apparently some of Rama's SCREEN readers out there did and the comments on her casting were in mixed response...Ashley thought Annasophia Robb (Race To Witch Mountain) should've played that role meanwhile Kara and Victoria saw Daddario as too old because apparently, the character Annabeth Chase in the book is about 12 years old but Lily thought Daddario should be given a chance to prove herself worthy and Joe said that to make this work, the movie needs to make her hot, athletic, with blond hair and grey eyes." On the other hand, Katey Rich writes that Daddario "looks just right for that Hermione-esque role of the brainy brunette...Daddario, who has been in movies like The Hottest State and the recent Jonas Brothers concert movie, may have just signed on for a role that will take over her life, poo and bring her plenty of Emma Watson-scaled fame in the process. I hope she's got her wizard's wand-- oh, wait, I mean mythical god powers-- ready for the challenge."

In the TV show
The casting of Annabeth as Leah Sava Jeffries was very controversial. Many fans were quick to point to the fact she was very different in appearance to the book as, for one thing she is Black with dark brown hair and brown eyes as opposed to the books where she is White, Blonde with grey eyes.

References

Other websites
"Annabeth Chase" on the Camp Half-Blood Wiki
Official UK Site

Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters

Annabeth Chase


Wensleydale is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. Wensleydale is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is named after the small village of Wensley. The village name 'Wensley' comes from the words Woden's ley, or meadow of the pagan god Woden. It is famous for its cheese.

Cheese
Wensleydale cheese is made from cow's milk. It is produced in a village in the county of North Yorkshire in England. It is usually shaped into a flat disc known as a truckle. The history of the cheese began in Wensleydale in 1150 when monks started making cheese. This became a farmhouse industry until the first commercial cheese was made in Hawes in 1897. Cheese making continued until May 1992 when the cheese factory closed. Six months later a group of local businessmen, ex-factory workers and cheesemakers, were able to reopen the business and promote Real Yorkshire Wensleydale Cheese. This business has become very successful making specialty cheese and now employs more than 200 people.

Wensleydale in popular culture
In the 1990s, sales of the cheese had fallen very low. However, in the popular Wallace and Gromit animated cartoons, A Grand Day Out and A Close Shave the main character Wallace, a cheese lover, mention Wensleydale as a particularly favourite cheese, which boosted sales of the cheese.

References

Yorkshire

Wensleydale


The moonwalk or backslide is a dance movement that was made popular worldwide by Michael Jackson. The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer appears to be moving forwards, but is actually moving backwards. It is Michael Jackson's signature move, and in an exclusive interview with Oprah Winfrey, he said that he just adapted the moves of little kids he saw dancing. Michael Jackson first performed the moonwalk onstage at a concert while singing his popular single "Billie Jean" on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983.[2]. He said later that after the performance, he was unhappy and cried backstage because he didn't quite master the dance move.

References

Dances
Michael Jackson

Moonwalk


The Chalk Circle Man (French: L'Homme aux cercles bleus) is a novel by French crime-writer Fred Vargas. The first of her Detective Adamsberg series, it was published in 1991.

The novel describes the background of Adamsberg's move to Paris, the origins of his partnership with inspector Danglard, and a glimpse at his elusive relationship with Camille. Much emphasis is placed on the theme of different ways of thinking - contrasting the two policemen's distinct approaches to investigations, and indeed life. There are also a number of typical Vargas elements in the story: a pedestrian's view of the geography of Paris, independent, eccentric but effective older women, a misdirection of the apparently abnormal drawn over the deliberate actions of a killer.

A telefilm of the novel (2009) starred Jean-Hugues Anglade, Charlotte Rampling, Jacques Spiesser and Jean-Pierre Léaud.

References

1991 French novels
Novels by Fred Vargas
French mystery novels
Novels set in Paris
French novels adapted into films

The Chalk Circle Man


James Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American R&B and funk singer. He was known as the "Godfather of Soul".

He was born in Barnwell, South Carolina and grew up in Augusta, Georgia. Brown was arrested by police on many occasions. When he was 16, he was convicted of armed robbery, for which he spent three years in a youth detention center. His other convictions include assaults.

Four of Brown's albums were in Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Brown's most well known song is "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine".

In 2006, Brown died of pneumonia and heart disease in Atlanta. There was a public memorial service at Apollo Theater. Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Prince were there. In 1993 Brown was in The Simpsons episode Bart's Inner Child.

References

1933 births
2006 deaths
African-American singers
American people convicted of assault
American R&B singers
American robbers
American soul musicians
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Atlanta
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from South Carolina
Musicians from South Carolina

James Brown


Netflix, Inc. is an American entertainment services provider in Los Gatos, California, founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley, California. As of April 2019, Netflix had over 148 million paid subscriptions worldwide, including 60 million in the United States, and over 154 million subscriptions total including free trials. It was started in California in 1997. It allows members to rent movies on DVD or Blu-ray, and also watch movies and TV shows online with a computer, game console, smartphone, tablet or Internet-connected TV.

Netflix originally started as a DVD sales and rental by mail then switched to focus on the DVD rental business. In 2007, Netflix expended their business with streaming media.

Since December 2018, Netflix provided their first interactive film, called Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2012, debuting its first series Lilyhammer This introduced the "Netflix Original" content and its on online library. In 2016, Netflix released around 126 original series and films. Netflix is not available in mainland China (due to local restrictions) as well as Syria, North Korea, Iran, and Crimea (due to US sanctions).

The company's primary business is its subscription-based streaming which offers online streaming of a library of films, TV programs, and Netflix originals.

Netflix is up for launching NetFX, a cloud-based platform which is allowed to make easier for artists, and creators to keep connected and collaborate on visual effects for titles on Netflix.

Supported Devices

 Computer running Microsoft Windows (XP or later), Mac OS X (only on an Intel processor), Chrome OS, or Linux. Google Chrome is the only officially supported browser on Linux. Support for Windows XP and server versions of Windows is unofficial. ARM-based Chromebooks could not connect to Netflix until March 2013.
 iPad, iPhone
 Android devices (only with an ARM CPU)
 Wii
 Wii U
 PlayStation 4
 Xbox One
 PlayStation 3
 Xbox 360
 Nintendo Switch
 Smart televisions
 Many set-top boxes

References

Other websites
 ; Netflix Supported Devices

Netflix


Live Free or Die is the offeecial motto o New Hampshire, ane o the fifty states o the Unitit States o Americae. It was taen up in 1945 an it is belike the maist weel kent state motto. It was frist said in 1809 by General John Stark that wis the maist famous sodger o New Hampshire; aucht unweel health, he coulna gae an meet wi his comrades for tae celebrate the anniversar o the Fecht o Bennington, sae he wrate the salutation:

Leeve free or dee; daith is nae the warst o ills.
New Hampshire

Live Free or Die


Rippon Lea Estate is a heritage-listed historic house and gardens located in Elsternwick, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the care of the National Trust of Australia. It was added to the Australian National Heritage List on 11 August 2006.

History

The Rippon Lea Estate was built in 1868 for Sir Frederick Sargood, a wealthy Melbourne businessman, politician and philanthropist.  Frederick and his wife Marion purchased Crown Allotment 253 and either all, or part of Crown Allotment 260 in the Parish of Prahran, Elsternwick giving them a total area of . Located about 8 kilometres from the Melbourne central business district, he contracted a two-storey, 15 room house be built. An extensive pleasure garden was laid out around the house, together with glasshouses, vegetable gardens and orchards. The gardens were designed to be self-sufficient as regards water, and the large man-made lake on the property was designed to store storm water run-off from the surrounding area. By the late 1870s Rippon Lea was a total of  with the kitchen garden alone taking up . From 1881 William Sangster was engaged as a consultant by Frederick Sargood for significant re-design work. In 1882 the Nursery lawn replaced flower beds. In October 1882 Head Gardener Adam Anderson arrived after being recruited by Mr Sargood in England. In 1883 the lakes were significantly expanded and the hill and lookout were created according to Sangster's recommendations.

The Sargood family lived at Rippon Lea until Frederick's death in 1903, and over the years extended the house on several occasions. The greatest structural changes occurred in 1897 when the house was extended to the north, and a tower was added. The style of the house has been described as "polychromatic romanesque" and the architect, Joseph Reed, was said to have been inspired by the architecture of the Lombardy region of northern Italy. The house also contained many other innovations; it was one of the first in Australia to be lit by electricity, produced by its own generators, and Sargood employed a full-time electrician to maintain the system, and the fittings included an electrically powered bell system to communicate with the servants quarters and kitchens below stairs.

On Frederick's death in 1903, the property was sold to a consortium of real estate developers who had plans to demolish the house and subdivide the land. Adam Anderson remained as Head Gardener but departed in 1903 as the subdivision commenced. Elsternwick at this time was a new suburb on the outskirts of Melbourne; 35 years earlier when the Sargoods bought the land, it had been well outside the built-up area of Melbourne.

The house was empty for six years, while the developers sold off various parcels of land, particularly the orchards and paddocks. However, before the final carve-up of the estate could be undertaken, the leader of the consortium, Sir Thomas Bent, died and the property was put on the market in 1910.

It was bought by Ben and Agnes Nathan, who owned the Maples chain of furniture stores in Melbourne. The Nathans lived there until Ben's death in 1935. The property then passed to their eldest daughter, Louisa, along with a legacy of £1 million.

Louisa (married name, Mrs Timothy Jones) was a leading figure in the Melbourne social set in the 1930s. She undertook extensive remodelling and renovation of the house to allow her to entertain on a lavish scale.  The interior of the house was redecorated in a restrained classical 1930s style, drawing heavily on Hollywood film style of the 1930s and Syrie Maugham's "all white room" as influences. These renovations substantially altered most of the surviving Victorian features of the house—for example, the wallpaper in the entrance hall and corridors (originally embossed in gold) was over-painted in white, as were the marble columns around the main entrance.

The ornate iron-framed ballroom built by Frederick Sargood (which was converted from an earlier conservatory) was demolished to make way for a lavish "Hollywood style" swimming pool and ballroom and  of gardens were maintained. Mrs Jones also installed a new modern kitchen on the ground level and the original basement kitchen and service areas were closed up, which preserved many of the surviving 19th century features of this section of the house, including the cool room, the wine cellar and the large fuel stove.

In preparation for the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, a section of the property was compulsorily acquired by the Victorian government to house a new television studio complex for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). The Rippon Lea studio became the ABC's Melbourne studio and in later years were used as the production centre for many renowned ABC programs including Bellbird, Countdown, The Big Gig and The Late Show.

Another section of the property was compulsorily acquired by the state government a few years later and Mrs Jones fought a long-running legal action against it. She eventually settled with the government, agreeing that, on her death the house and the land still in her possession would be bequeathed to the National Trust. With Mrs Jones death on 27 July 1972, the house and gardens were reunited with the disputed acquisition, saving the estate from the threat of sale and subdivision and allowing the public to enjoy the estate in perpetuity.
During the 1970s and 1980s the Vernon Family resided in the gate house.

Of particular note in the grounds are the lake, the spectacular iron-framed fernery, the swimming pool and associated ballroom (1939, now leased to Showtime Event Group for social functions) and the stable complex (1868).  The rooms of the basement kitchen complex are also of special interest, having been built in the 1880s and then abandoned in 1938 following the installation of a modern kitchen on the ground floor.  Today they are a rare surviving Australian example of a 19th-century kitchen suite; comprising kitchen, scullery, pantries, cool rooms, servants' hall and wine cellar.

References

External links
Official Rippon Lea website operated by the National Trust
Photo galleries of Rippon Lea Estate and function hire details
 Culture Victoria – story and historical images of Rippon Lea and the families who lived there

Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne
Australian National Heritage List
Gardens in Victoria (state)
Victorian architecture in Victoria (state)
Historic house museums in Victoria (state)
National Trust of Australia
Houses in Melbourne
1868 establishments in Australia
Landmarks in Melbourne
Elsternwick, Victoria
Buildings and structures in the City of Glen Eira
Houses completed in 1868

Rippon Lea Estate


The Budatín Castle () is a castle in north-western Slovakia, near the city of Žilina, where the Kysuca river flows into the Váh river.

History
It was built as a guarding castle in the second half of the 13th century near the confluence of the Kysuca and the Váh, where tolls were collected. At the beginning of the 14th century, the originally royal fortress passed into the hands of Matthew III Csák and the castle, especially the towers, were fortified, and inside the fortress a new palace was built.

Beginning in 1487, the new owner of the castle was Gašpar Suňog (Hungarian:Gáspár Szunyogh), whose family owned it until the end of the 18th century. In the mid-16th century, the castle was rebuilt in the Renaissance style. The Turkish threat from the south, and more uprisings at the beginning of the 17th century forced the Suňogs to fortify the castle in the Renaissance style. At that time, the Gothic castle was changed into a comfortable Renaissance palace. During the Baroque period in the 17th century, efforts were concentrated on building a chapel and finishing various outbuildings of the castle and surrounding it by the park. After the Suňog family became extinct, the new owners were the Csákys, who owned the castle until 1945. During the revolutions of 1848/1849, imperial troops seriously damaged the castle, which was repaired in 1870, and was serving as a barracks. The park's size was reduced by the construction of Košice-Bohumín Railway in 1872. The last major reconstruction was done in the 1922–1923, based on the historical and romantic motives. Today, the castle houses three exhibitions of the Považie museum.

Sources
 Budatínsky zámok

External links

 Považie museum - Budatín castle

Castles in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Žilina
Tourist attractions in Žilina Region
History museums in Slovakia

Budatín Castle


Mavrodaphni, Mavrodaphne, or Mavrodafni (Greek: Μαυροδάφνη lit. 'black laurel') is both a black wine grape indigenous to the Achaea region in Northern Peloponnese, Greece, and the sweet, fortified wine first produced from it by Gustav Clauss in around 1850.

Winemaking

Mavrodaphni is initially vinified in large vats exposed to the sun. Once the wine reaches a certain level of maturity, fermentation is stopped by adding distillate prepared from previous vintages. Then the Mavrodaphni distillate and the wine, still containing residual sugar, is transferred to the underground cellars to complete its maturation. There it is "educated" by contact with older wine using the solera method of serial blending. Once aged, the wine is bottled and sold as a dessert wine under the Mavrodaphni Protected designation of origin.

Wine
Mavrodaphni is a dark, almost opaque wine with a dark purple reflected color and a purple-brown transmitted color. It presents aromas and flavors of caramel, chocolate, coffee, raisins and plums.

History
Mavrodaphne literally means "black laurel". The name was chosen by Gustav Clauss, the founder of  the Achaia Clauss winery, because of the berries' resemblance to those of the laurel, though there are various stories about a lover, fiancée, or wife named Daphne, who had black eyes or who died.

References

External links
CHRIS Distillery
Mavrodaphne of Patras CHRIS

Fortified wine
Grape varieties of Greece
Red wine grape varieties
Appellations
Greek products with protected designation of origin
Peloponnese wine
Economy of Patras
Culture in Patras

Mavrodafni


Bruce Reimers (born September 28, 1960) is a former American football guard who played ten seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals and Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the National Football League (NFL).

High school career
From 1975 to 1979 Reimers played at Humboldt High School in Humboldt, Iowa. Weighing 225 pounds, he earned 1st team defense honors and was nominated into the IHSAA Football Hall of Fame.

College career
Reimers played four years at Iowa State University. During his first year of college he was switched from defensive line to offensive line due to injury. While playing offensive guard he put on 45 pounds, going from his high school weight of 225 to 270 at the end of his college career, and now felt he had enough strength and experience to enter the NFL draft. He was drafted 204th pick overall in the 8th round of the 1984 draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.

Life in the NFL
Reimers was drafted in the 1984 draft, and played in 15 games for the Bengals that season. He led them to an average 8-8 season, but fell short of the playoffs. He played mostly offensive guard and occasionally offensive tackle the majority of the games throughout his first three years for the Bengals. In the 1987 season, Reimers was plagued by an ankle injury, only playing in 10 games where the Bengals went 4-11, but bounced back in the 1988 season, in which he played in all 16 games of the regular season and all the way to Super Bowl XXIII, which they lost to the San Francisco 49ers.

Reimers played 15 games in the 1989 season, and suffered a severe ankle injury in 1990. He finished his career with the Bengals in the 1991 season where they went 3-13, and was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers where he played in two more seasons, going 5-11 in each of his last two NFL seasons.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20070930025622/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=REIMEBRU01

http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071025/SPORTS08/710250400/1003/NEWS
http://www.iahsaa.org/football/ARCHIVES/FB.7.IHSAA.PLAYERS.HF.pdf

1960 births
Living people
American football offensive guards
Cincinnati Bengals players
Iowa State Cyclones football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
People from Humboldt, Iowa
People from Algona, Iowa
Players of American football from Iowa

Bruce Reimers


An automatic firearm is a firearm which will keep firing as long as the trigger is being pulled and there is still ammunition in the magazine.

An automatic weapon works by firing, automatically removing the cartridge case from the chamber, ejecting it from the side of the gun, and then loads a new cartridge into the chamber.

Uses
An "automatic pistol" or "automatic shotgun" usually means that it has a semi-automatic design. However, fully automatic pistols (for example the Steyr TMP) and shotguns (such as the Daewoo USAS-12 and the AA-12) do exist. "Automatic rifle" usually means that the rifle has a fully automatic design, not semi-automatic.

In most countries, automatic firearms are usually only allowed for the military and police to use. In countries where automatic firearms can be used by the public, there are usually very strict rules on their use.

A fully automatic weapon (a machine gun) is one that keeps firing bullets as long as the trigger is pulled. It stops when the trigger is let go or the ammunition is all gone. In some countries, any weapon that shoots more than one shot at a time when the trigger is pulled once is legally called a machine gun. Some firearms fire more than one bullet after each trigger pull, but only a limited number. This is called burst fire.

Submachine guns are fully automatic weapons that fire a pistol cartridge. They can also be used by only one person. Sometimes they are called machine pistols.

Patents
 :  Automatic gun

Related pages
 Machine gun
 Submachine gun
 Assault rifle
 Automatic rifle

Notes

Firearms

Automatic firearm


In chemistry, a leaving group is an atom or molecule that leaves another molecule during a reaction. This reaction can be for example a nucleophilic substitution. In this case the leaving group gets a pair of electrons. Some leaving groups are better than others. This is because some atoms or molecules like getting extra electrons. The halides are a good example of good leaving groups.

The type of leaving group can change the type of reaction that happens. For example, bad leaving groups make an SN1 reaction more difficult, while they make an SN2 reaction easier.

Chemical reactions

Leaving group


was a province of Japan created during the Meiji Era.  It originally contained the Kuril Islands from Kunashiri northwards, and later incorporated Shikotan as well.  Its original territory is currently occupied by Russia, and its territory was renounced in the San Francisco Treaty except for the southern Kuril islands (see Kuril Islands dispute).

History
After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido; and regional administrative subdivisions were identified, including Chishima Province.
1869 Japan occupied Kunashir.
August 15, 1869 Chishima Province created with 5 districts.
1872 The population was counted as 437
November, 1875 Karafuto (Sakhalin) ceded to Russia in exchange for Kuril Islands in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875).  Kuril Islands divided into 3 new districts
January, 1885 Shikotan Island transferred from Nemuro Province.  Becomes Shikotan District.
In 1945 the Soviet Union province of Sakhalin been formed which included Kunashir District.

Districts
Kunashiri (国後郡), around Kunashir Island (occupied and administered by Russia, see Kuril Island conflict)
Etorofu (択捉郡), around Iturup island (occupied and administered by Russia)
Furebetsu (振別郡) (dissolved April, 1923 when its villages merged with several villages in Shana and Etorofu districts to form the village of Rubetsu in Etorofu)
Shana (紗那郡) (occupied and administered by Russia)
Shibetoro (蘂取郡) (occupied and administered by Russia)
Shikotan (色丹郡) (split off of Hanasaki District in 1885; currently occupied and administered by Russia)
 Uruppu (得撫郡), around Uruppu island, Acquired in Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875), ceded in San Francisco Treaty
 Shimushiru (新知郡), around Shimushiru island, Acquired in Treaty of Saint Petersburg, ceded in San Francisco Treaty
 Shumushu (占守郡), around Shumushu island, Acquired in Treaty of Saint Petersburg, ceded in San Francisco Treaty

Notes

References
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 58053128

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

1869 establishments in Japan
Former provinces of Japan
Kuril Islands

Chishima Province


Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (August 7, 1533–November 29, 1594), was a Spanish nobleman, soldier and epic poet.  While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanian Indians, and there he began the epic poem La Araucana, said to be the greatest Spanish historical poem. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It tells of the brave uprising of the Araucanians and also tells the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain.

Spanish writers
1533 births
1594 deaths

Alonso de Ercilla


A stagecoach is a type of  horse drawn coach for passengers and goods. They were one of the first forms of organized public transport and originated in the 1600s in Great Britain. Before railways were invented in the first part of the nineteenth century they were the fastest way to travel long distances. Stage coaches were operated across Europe and North America.

The coach would travel between stops called stages at which passengers could obtain food and drink and the horses that pulled the coach would be changed for fresh ones. Regularly changing horses meant the coach could travel much faster than other vehicles. They were mostly of light weight construction which also allowed them to go faster. Their speed meant they were used to carry mail and often called a mail coach.

The name is sometimes shortened to simply a "stage".

Public transport
Animal-powered vehicles

Stagecoach


In computer science, a lookup table is a data structure, usually an array or associative array, used to replace a runtime computation (calculation) with a simple array indexing operation. The main purpose is in saving run time since retrieving a value from memory is often faster than undergoing a time consuming computation (see Space-time tradeoff). Lookup tables are also used to validate input values by matching against a list of valid (or invalid) items in an array.

Table (information)

Computer science

Lookup table


Disassembleri abil tõlgitakse masinkood assemblerkeelde.

Kuna masinkood ja assemblerkeel on üks-ühele seotud, siis on kindel, et assembler, mille keel on vastava disassembleri poolt genereeritava koodiga ühilduv, viib programmi pärast muudatusi jälle esialgsele kujule tagasi.

Vaata ka
 Masinkood
 Dekompilaator
 Assembler
 Assemblerkeel

Välislingid
 transformation Wiki on disassembly
 OpenRCE: Various Disassembler Resources and Plug-ins
 The free country

Disassemblereid

Interactive Disassembler - A commercial, interactive disassembler.
BORG Disassembler with source code
RosAsm - 32 bit Assembler (The Bottom Up Assembler which is free and GPLed). Although this tool is basically an assembler, it also contains a very powerful (though automated) disassembler that is able to rebuild a huge variety of small applications. Support for disassembly of larger applications is under development.
Sourcer - A disassembler based on definition files.
The Bastard Disassembler - Linux disassembler. Doesn't have a usable front-end yet, but it does have an interactive command-line mode.
x86 Disassembler Library - The library that Bastard is based on.
The Libasm from the ELF shell (elfsh) comes with advanced symbol resolving features
Kopi Project
DASMx - A freeware disassembler for a range of common (mostly 8-bit) microprocessors.  Multi-pass operation together with code threading to help distinguish code from data.
PVDasm - Proview (PVDasm) is an online free interactive disassembler, Multi-Cpu (x86/Chip8) Disassembler. with features such as: PE-Editor, Process Manager and Dumper, Plugin SDK, MASM Source Code Generator, MAP File analysis, Hex Editor, Function Param Recognition and more.
HT Editor - Binary editor for Linux and Windows console.
PE Explorer Disassembler - a win32 PE file disassembler designed to reconstruct the assembly language source code of target binary win32 PE (Portable Executable) files such as .EXE, .DLL, Device Drivers (.SYS), OCX Controls, and Borland Libraries (.dpl & .bpl).
Udis86 Udis86 is an easy-to-use minimalistic disassembler library for the x86 and x86-64 (AMD64) range of instruction set architectures, designed to aid software development projects that entail binary code analysis.
diStorm64 diStorm is an open source highly optimized stream disassembler library for 80x86 and AMD64.
PostSharp - Disassembles .NET modules to an object model, lets you modify it and assembles it back.
OllyDbg - Free, small (only one megabyte) and very complete disassembler/debugger for Win32 applications.
ChARMeD Disassembler - A freeware Windows Mobile, Pocket PC and Windows CE executable disassembler and assembler for CPUs using the ARM instruction set. There is a Windows desktop version and a Windows Mobile/Pocket PC version.
Win32 Program disassembler - Open source disassembler for exes and dlls (i.e. PE) written by Professor Sang Cho.
BIEW - BIEW is Binary vIEW project. Highlights AVR/Java/Athlon64/Pentium 4/ disassemblers.

Programmeerimine

Disassembler


Dina tiori probabiliti, keur nyebutkeun yén dua kajadian independent atawa mandiri dumasar kana pamikiran nu gampang yén pangaweruh kana ayana hiji kajadian lain disababkeun ku ayana pangaruh kamungkinan tina hiji kajadian séjénna. Upamana, keur meunang angka "1" dina sakali ngalungkeun dadu sarta meunang deui angka "1" dina alungan dadu kadua mangrupa conto kajadian mandiri.

Hal nu sarupa, waktu urang nyebutkeun dua variabel acak bébas, we intuitively méan that knowing something about the value of one of them does not yield any information about the value of the other. For example, the number appéaring on the upward face of a die the first time it is thrown and that appéaring the second time are independent.

Kajadian bebas

If two events A and B are independent, then the conditional probability of A given B is the same as the "unconditional" (or "marginal") probability of A, i.e.,

There are at léast two réasons why this statement is not taken to be the definition of independence: (1) the two events A and B do not play symmetrical roles in this statement, and (2) problems arise with this statement when events of probability 0 are involved.

When one recalls that the conditional probability P(A | B) is given by

one sees that the statement above is equivalent to

Here A ∩ B is the intersection of A and B, i.e., it is the event that both events A and B occur. Thus we could say:

Thus the standard definition says:

Two events A and B are independent iff P(A ∩ B)=P(A)P(B).

More generally, and collection of events—possibly more than just two of them—are mutually independent precisely if for any finite subset A1, ..., An of the collection we have

This is called the multiplication rule for independent events.

If any two of a collection of random variables are independent, they may nonetheless fail to be mutually independent; this is called pairwise independence.

Independent random variables

Two random variables X and Y are independent iff for any numbers a and b the events [X ≤ a] and [Y ∈ b] are independent events as defined above. Similarly an arbitrary collection of random variables—possible more than just two of them—is independent precisely if for any finite collection X1, ..., Xn and any finite set of numbers a1, ..., an, the events [X1 ≤ a1], ..., [Xn ≤ an] are independent events as defined above.

The méasure-théoretically inclined may prefer to substitute events [X ∈ A] for events [X ≤ a] in the above definition, where A is any Borel set. That definition is exactly equivalant to the one above when the values of the random variables are real numbers. It has the advantage of working also for complex-valued random variables or for random variables taking values in any topological space.

Lamun X sarta Y bébas, mangka operator ekspektasi E mibanda sipat nu hadé

E[X· Y] = E[X] · E[Y]

sarta keur varian mibanda

var(X + Y) = var(X) + var(Y).

Lamun X jeung Y bébas, kovarian cov(X,Y) sarua jeung nol; dina hal séjén mibanda

var(X + Y) = var(X) + var(Y) + 2 cov(X, Y).

(Pernyataan sabalikna yén lamun dua variabel bébas mangka kovarian-na sarua jeung nol mangrupa hal nu teu bener. Tempo taya hubungan.)

Furthermore, if X and Y are independent and have probability densities fX(x) and fY(y), then the combined random variable (X,Y) has a joint density

fXY(x,y) dx dy = fX(x) fY(y) dx dy.

Conditionally independent random variables

We define random variables X and Y to be conditionally independent given random variable Z if

 P[(X in A) & (Y in B) | Z in C] = P[X in A | Z in C] · P[Y in B | Z in C]
for any Borel subsets A, B and C of the réal numbers.

If X and Y are conditionally independent given Z, then
 P[(X in A) | (Y in B) & (Z in C)]
= P[(X in A) | (Z in C)]
for any Borel subsets A, B and C of the réal numbers. That is, given Z, the value of Y does not add any additional information about the value of X.

Independence can be seen as a special kind of conditional independence, since probability can be seen as a kind of conditional probability given no events.

Statistika

Kamandirian statistik


Ashford & Simpson were an American R&B music duo who had a lot of hit singles dating to the mid 1960s and continuing through the early 1990s. The duo consisted of Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson. Ashford was born May 4, 1941 and died due to throat cancer, August 22, 2011; Simpson was on August 26, 1946. Singers associated with Ashford & Simpson included Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross.

American R&B bands

Ashford & Simpson