An embedded system is a computer that has been built to solve only a few very specific problems and is not easily changed. The word embedded means it is built into the system. It is a permanent part in a bigger system. It usually does not look like a computer, often no keyboard or monitor or mouse. But like any computer it has a processor, software, input and output.

For example, the controller embedded in an elevator tells the motor to move the elevator to different floors, based on buttons that are pushed. A decoder is embedded in a satellite television set-top box (called STB) to read a signal from the dish and send something that a TV understands.  Often this type of system must do its work in a specific amount of time.  This is called real-time computing.  If a set-top box got interrupted to do another task, you would see a bad picture on the TV, for example.  A general purpose computer will often have short pauses while it does something else, it is not real-time.

Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today, such as card readers in hotel door locks or several things in a car.  They can control small things like an MP3 player or a digital camera, and large things like traffic light systems, airplanes, or assembly lines in a factory.

Examples of embedded systems
Embedded systems are used in many kinds of electrical devices, including:

 Telecommunications systems uses them for telephones, cell phone network, and wi-fi routers.
 Consumer electronics include broadcast receivers, MP3 players, mobile phones, video game consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, home security systems, and printers.
 Household appliances, like microwave ovens, washing machines, burglar alarm systems and dishwashers have embedded systems.
 Transportation uses embedded systems for everything from locomotives for trains, airplanes and automobiles.
 Industry uses electric motors with electronic controllers, card readers and CNC machines which automatically make metal parts.
 Medical devices like defibrillators, automated blood pressure readers, and automated insulin pumps.
 Military devices, like walkie-talkies, satellites and the guiding systems for missiles.

Common features
 Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task, unlike general-purpose computers.
 It does not look like a computer - there may not be a full monitor or a keyboard.
 Many embedded systems must be able to do things in real-time - in a short amount of time (almost instantly from a human view).
 Many embedded systems must be very safe and reliable, especially for medical devices or avionics controlling airplanes.
 Starts very quickly.  People don't want to wait a minute or two for their car to start or emergency equipment to start.
 It may use a special operating system (or sometimes a very small home-made OS) that helps meet these requirements called a real-time operating system, or RTOS.
 The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.

Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Sometimes they are built as a set, like the various parts of a car - the radio, the throttle control, the pollution control, etc. Sometimes they can communicate to the internet or a cell-phone network and they may have a USB reader or other connections.

User interfaces

Embedded systems range from no user interface at all — only sending and receiving electric signals — to a full graphical user interface like on a modern computer. Quite often they will have a few push-buttons and a small display and some LEDs. A more complex system may have a touch screen, allowing the meaning of the buttons to change with each screen as in smart phones.

Hardware
Hardware includes the chips, wires, circuit boards, buttons and displays.

CPUs
The most important chip is the central processing unit or CPU.  This runs the software instructions. It can be a standard microprocessor or a microcontroller.  Microcontrollers include the microprocessor as well as simple peripheral equipment so the system can be smaller and cheaper.  They have less flexibility because those parts cannot be changed.  Usually these parts include Flash memory and support for serial ports, USB, etc.

Unlike a microprocessor for a general-purpose computer, bigger and faster is not always better.  Many embedded processors are very small.  Sometimes this is to use less space or less power, sometimes it is to be cheaper.  General-purpose computers will use microprocessors that read 32-bit or 64-bit words and run at speeds measured in GHz, but embedded processors are usually 4 to 32 bits and run at speeds usually measured in tens of MHz (a hundred times slower). (But the programs are also smaller and do not check for things that are not used).

Ready made computer boards

There are "ready-made" computer boards that can be used in some embedded systems. These often use Windows CE, Linux, NetBSD, or an embedded real-time operating system.

Sometimes it may be easier to use a circuit board that is already made.  These usually share many components with general purpose computers, but are smaller than one in a general purpose computer. Boards such as the VIA EPIA can run Microsoft Windows. The advantage is that it saves some electrical engineering time and can use the same software development tools used for PC-type software development. Examples of such embedded devices are the ATMs or displays in casinos.  This works well if the real-time requirements are not real strict (it doesn't matter much if a job takes eight seconds instead of five, for example).

ASIC and FPGA solutions
If the device needs to be very small or will be sold in very big numbers ("high-volume"), it makes sense to make a custom or specialized chip that does exactly what is needed.  This is a system on a chip (SoC) which holds a complete system - processor, floating point unit, memory cache and interfaces on a single integrated circuit. SoCs can be made as a special-order application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) which is programmed by the people building the embedded system.

Peripherals
Embedded systems talk with the outside world or other components using peripherals such as:
 Serial Ports: RS-232, RS-422, RS-485.  This used to be quite common, with the 9-pin (or larger) connectors.
 Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I²C Inter-Integrated Circuit, I²S Inter-Integrated Sound, SPI, MIcrowire, ...
 Universal Serial Bus (USB).
 Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LonWorks, ...
 Discrete Input/Output: General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO).  This can be a single wire with an on/off signal.  It can be used for a small keypad, or to light an LED.
 Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog converters (ADC/DAC).  This measures something that changes in strength, like a light sensor or a motor control.
 Debugging: JTAG, ICSP port, for software engineers.

Software

Operating systems
Embedded systems often do not need a full operating system. Some use specially-built small and simple operating systems that start very quickly, others do not need one at all. Embedded systems are not adapted as easily, but they are built to perform their tasks much more reliably. Because the hardware is simpler, it is also often cheaper to build and runs faster.

In contrast to this, a general-purpose computer needs to be ready for new device drivers and software to run hardware it doesn't know about yet, like new printers or hard drives. It needs to run different application programs.

As embedded systems get bigger, things that used to be only on general-purpose computers or even mainframes are now becoming common on embedded systems. This includes protected memory space, and open programming environment including Linux, NetBSD, etc.

Some examples of operating systems, from simple to complex:
 Simple control loop - A timer and a loop is used to call different subroutines repeatedly.  This is often made by one person for smaller systems.
 interrupt controlled - The tasks are started by different kinds of events. The event could be something timed (every ten seconds, for example) or by a button press or data received.
 non-preemptive multitasking - Each task gets its turn to run, and when it finishes it calls a scheduler in the OS to run the next task.
 preemptive multitasking or multi-threading - A task can be stopped after some amount of time to let another task run for a while.  No task can hog the system. At this level the system is considered to have an "operating system" kernel and can run tasks in parallel.  This type of OS is usually bought from a company that only works on embedded operating systems.

Real-time operating systems include products like MicroC/OS-II, Green Hills INTEGRITY, QNX or VxWorks.  Unlike MacOS or Windows 7, these operating systems are not known very well by most people.  But they are used in many places where time and safety is very important.  People use them every day and do not realise it.

Common examples of larger kernels are Embedded Linux and Windows CE.  Although these do not have the tight time limits needed for a strict real-time system, they are becoming more common, especially for more powerful devices such as Wireless Routers and GPS.  They allow re-use of code in the public domain for Device Drivers, Web Servers, Firewalls, and other code.  Software developers that are more comfortable writing applications for PCs will find this more familiar as well.  If needed, an FPGA or other special hardware can be used for things that do need tight time limits.

Tools
Like other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use some more specific tools:

 For systems using digital signal processing, developers may use a math tools such as MATLAB, MathCad, or Mathematica.
 Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimisation for the particular hardware.
 An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language like the one used by Basic Stamp.

Debugging tools:
 An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via a JTAG interface. This starts and stops the microprocessor from outside as it runs  the software.  It also allows memory and registers to be read, and to store the software program in memory.
 External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either a flashing monitor (printfs).
 Interactive resident debugging - if the OS supports it, this is a shell on the embedded processor that runs commands typed by the developer (Linux, for example).
 An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor on the board, providing full control over everything the microprocessor could do.
 A complete emulator simulates all the features of the hardware, allowing all of it to be controlled and modified.  The hardware doesn't really exist, but a pretend version of it (a "virtual" machine) is on a normal PC.
 Checking external lines with a logic analyzer or multimeter.

Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as assembly code or source-code.  Some integrated systems (like VxWorks or Green Hills) have special features, like keeping track of how much space the software takes as it runs, what tasks are running, and when things happen.

Depending on what kind of embedded system is being made will affect how it can be debugged.  For instance, debugging a single microprocessor system is different from debugging a system where processing is also done on a peripheral (DSP, FPGA, co-processor).

Safety and Reliability
Embedded systems are often in machines that are expected to run for years without errors, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs.  This means the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives and fans are avoided.

Places where safety and reliability are important:
 Some systems cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too difficult to repair. Examples include space systems (satellites, rovers), under-sea cables, and nuclear power plant controls.
 The system could kill people if it fails, such as aircraft controls, chemical factory controls, train signals, and heart defibrillators.
 The system will lose large amounts of money if it is shut down or if a mistake is made: Telephone switches, factory controls, cash registers, automated teller machines.

Ways to recover from errors — both software bugs such as memory leaks, and also soft errors in the hardware:

 Watchdog timer that restarts the embedded system if something stops working.
 Duplicate parts, where one system can take over if another one stops working.
 Software "limp modes" that provide partial function.
 Immunity Aware Programming

Related pages
 Microprocessor
 Programming languages
 Firmware
 Real-time operating system

References

 John Catsoulis, Designing Embedded Hardware, O'Reilly, May 2005, .
 Anoop MS, Security needs in embedded systems, Tata Elxsi, India, May 2008.

Other websites

 The Embedded Systems Institute
 How a real time operating system works
 Embedded in Electronic Design
 Home of the Embedded Systems Programming magazine
 Embedded System News

Computer science

Embedded system


Claude-Émile Schuffenecker (8 December 1851 – 31 July 1934) was a French Post-Impressionist artist, painter, art teacher and art collector.  A friend of Paul Gauguin and Odilon Redon, and one of the first collectors of works by Vincent van Gogh, Schuffenecker was instrumental in establishing The Volpini Exhibition, in 1889.

Biography

Claude-Émile Schuffenecker, son of Nicolas Schuffenecker (1829–1854) and Anne Monnet (1836–1907) was born in Fresne-Saint-Mamès (Haute-Saône).  His father, a tailor originating from Guewenheim (Alsace, today Haut-Rhin), died when Émile was little more than two years old; the same year his brother Amédée was born in Charentenay (Haut-Rhin).  The widow with her two boys moved to Meudon, close to Paris, where part of her mother's family lived, and where she had found work at a laundry. In the years to follow Émile was raised by his mother's sister, Anne Fauconnet Monnet, and her husband Pierre Cornu in Paris, educated by the Frères des Ecoles chrétiennes, and started work in his uncle's business, a chocolate and coffee-roasting facility in the Les Halles quarter.

On 28 February 1872, Schuffenecker joined the broker Bertin, where he met Paul Gauguin; they became close friends. Both used to study the Old Masters at the Louvre, and worked at the Académie Colarossi. In 1880, Schuffenecker married a cousin, Louise Lançon (1860-); their daughter Jeanne was born in 1882, their son Paul in 1884.  In these years, however, the economic situation decreased.  By 1880, both Schuffenecker and Gauguin evidently had gained enough money to leave Bertin—just in time before the French Panama canal project began to turn into a disaster—and to try to stand on their own feet: Both opted for a career in the arts, and probably for additional income at the stock exchange. Then, in January 1882, the Paris Bourse crashed, and while Gauguin chose to remain independent, Schuffenecker decided to apply for the diploma to teach. Two years later, he was appointed to teach drawing at the Lycée Michelet in Vanves, with the painter Louis Roy as a collegial friend.

Much has been said about Gauguin's portrait of "le bon Schuff" and his family, painted early in 1889 in Schuffenecker's studio, soon after Gauguin's return from Arles: judging from Gauguin's portrait, the personal relations of the couple are widely considered to have been precarious. Since Gauguin's return from Denmark, in 1885, he had been welcome to stay at Schuffenecker's, but soon after his return from Brittany in 1890, Gauguin was asked to find a place elsewhere. Rumours (most probably initiated by Émile Bernard) spread that Schuffenecker had been betrayed by his wife, and for years, he separated himself from his family, until in 1899, his wife demanded a divorce and won the right of custody over their children.

He left the Lycée in 1914.

Schuffenecker died in Paris, 33 rue Olivier de Serres, and was buried at the Montparnasse cemetery on 3 August.

Artist

Together with Gauguin, Schuffenecker was trained at the Académie Suisse, in 1872, and at the Académie Colarossi, in 1883—but his point of depart was, in 1866, the private atelier of Paul Baudry. In 1869 he received a "first-class mention in design" as a pupil of Father Athanase, and from 1872 to 1881, he continued his training with Carolus-Duran, admittance to the annual Salon included. In 1882 and 1883, however, his paintings were refused by the Salon jury. So Schuffenecker, in 1884, joined the Société des Artistes Indépendants and, in 1886, the Impressionists in their 8th and final exhibition.

Art collector
Jean de Rotonchamp, Gauguin's first biographer, described Schuffenecker's collection at 14, rue Durand-Claye, in 1906: Besides paintings by Gauguin such as The Yellow Christ and some of his ceramics, there were works by Cézanne, including a female portrait, and several works by Vincent van Gogh, a Postman, an Olive orchard in Provence, The Good Samaritan, an Arlésienne and a version of the Sunflowers.  Ukiyo-e prints and some Redon complete Rotonchamp's survey.

Alleged forgery
Since the late 1920s, Schuffenecker is suspected to have imitated the work of other contemporary artists including Vincent van Gogh. When the Wacker scandal emerged and Schuffenecker's name was dropped, cautious voices already claimed that a young Swiss artist (!) inspired by Van Gogh cannot be blamed.

Some sketches and drawings prove that Schuffenecker carefully studied works by Van Gogh in his possession. But there is also evidence that Schuffenecker went a step further and "completed" paintings he considered to be unfinished. In 1927, he himself frankly admitted to having "finished" the Large Tree at Montbriand, then in the collection of Maurice Gangnat, as well as other works by Paul Cézanne: a landscape from L'Estaque as well as a portrait of his wife, and a view of the pool at the Jas de Bouffan. Presumably, Schuffenecker also embellished versions of Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Daubigny's Garden slightly, both since 1894 in his possession. This was possibly done simply to adapt a painting to a frame he had at hand, which is the reason he mentioned to Maximilien Gauthier.

But up to now, it has never been established that Schuffenecker indeed forged, comprising the intention to betray. Jill-Elyse Grossvogel stated in the preface to her catalogue raisonné: "We can now confirm the fact, based on the most recent research, that Schuffenecker did no forgeries of Van Gogh's paintings prior to 1900. It is too soon to specify titles and dates of forged works post-1900 until additional evidence is carefully reviewed."

Notes

References
 Boudot-Lamotte, Maurice: Le peintre et collectionneur Claude-Emile Schuffenecker (1851-1934), L'Amour de l'Art XVII/8, October 1936, pp. 284
 Puget, Catherine, & Grossvogel, Jill-Elyse: Emile Schuffenecker 1851-1934, Musée de Pont-Aven & (Saint-Germain-en-Laye,) Musée Maurice Denis "Le Prieuré", 1996
 Grossvogel, Jill-Elyse: Claude-Emile Schuffenecker, Catalogue raisonné, volume I, Alan Wofsky Fine Arts, San Francisco, 2000
 Grossvogel, David I.: Behind the Van Gogh Forgeries, Authors Choice Press (March 2001)   /

External links

 Sacramento Bee - Efforts to authenticate painting brushed off by museum
 Artcyclopedia List
 Man with a pipe

1851 births
1934 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Post-impressionist painters
French art collectors
Art forgers
Alsatian-German people
Pont-Aven painters
Académie Colarossi alumni
19th-century French male artists

Émile Schuffenecker


Hurricane Cesar-Douglas was a Category 4 hurricane that crossed the Atlantic as Hurricane Cesar. The storm continue to move west to the Pacific as Hurricane Douglas. The storm was the strongest storm for the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It was the second hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season, in the Atlantic it was a category 1.

Meteorological History

The start of this storm goes back to a tropical wave near Dakar, Senegal. It crossed the Atlantic and did not start until it was close to the Windward Islands. On July 24 it became Tropical Depression Three. Tropical Depression Three became Tropical Storm Cesar on July 25. Cesar did not strengthen much because it was close to land. It did start to strengthen more as it entered the Southwestern Caribbean Sea. After about half way between Nicaragua and South America, Tropical Storm Cesar became a hurricane on July 27. Hurricane Cesar reached its highest winds on July 28, which were at 85 mph. Later that day, Hurricane Cesar made landfall near Bluefields, in Nicaragua while it still had its highest winds. Cesar weakened into a tropical storm over Central America. But it did survive crossing Central America.

Late on July 28, Cesar reached the Pacific Ocean and was renamed Tropical Storm Douglas. By the next day, Tropical Storm Douglas became a hurricane. Later, on August 1, Hurricane Douglas reached its highest wind, which were at 130 mph. Douglas started getting weaker because of cooler waters. On August 5, Hurricane Douglas died.

Retirement

The name "Cesar" was retired and the name "Douglas" was not retired. In 2002 and 2008 the name Cristobal was used instead, it was not retired. For the Pacific, the name "Douglas" used in 2002 and 2008, it still wasn't retired.

Reference

July 1996 events
Cesar-Douglas
Cesar-Douglas
Cesar

Hurricane Cesar-Douglas


Fiorentino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 2,526 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.57 km².

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Chiesanuova, San Marino, Borgo Maggiore, Faetano, and Montegiardino and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.

Municipalities of San Marino

Fiorentino


Ancient philosophy refers to the philosophies of Ancient China, Greece, Rome, India, Iran, etc. These places had large empires before 200 BC. This time is sometimes called the Axial Age of thought. In the western world it is the birthtime of western philosophy.

Greece and Rome
Ancient philosophy in Europe refers mainly to that of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Diogenes Laërtius, a 3rd-century scholar wrote Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, which summarized the position of many Ancient Greek philosophers. This work was translated into Latin and meant that Ancient Greek philosophy remained known even after Library of Alexandria lost its influence. Most of Ancient philosophy was forgotten after the 6th century. After this, it was mainly through Islamic thinkers such as Avicenna (11th century), Averroës (12th century), or the Jewish philosopher Maimonides (12th century) that Ancient philosophy became known again. Medieval philosophy, such as that of Albertus Magnus (13th century) or Thomas Aquinas meant that the works of thinkers such as Aristotle were well known.

Other websites

 Western philosophy -Citizendium

Citations

Branches of philosophy

Ancient philosophy


मलबार किंवा मलबार विभाग/किनारपट्टी (मल्याळमः മലബാര് ) [मला/माला/मालै/माळा/माळै म्हणजे टेकड्यांची रांगा,पर्वतरांग आणि बार म्हणजे पट्टी (पट्टिनम्/पट्टनम्/पुरम) ह्या शब्दाचे इंग्रजीतील समानार्थी रूप "बार"]is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The name is thought to be derived from the Malayalam word Mala (Hill) and Puram (region) derived or westernised into bar. This part of India was a part of the British East India company controlled Madras State,when it was designated as  Malabar District .
It included the northern half of the state of केरळ and some coastal regions of present day Karnataka. The area is predominantly Hindu but the majority of केरळ's Muslim population known as Mappila also live in this area, as well as a sizable ancient Christian population.
The name is sometimes extended to the entire southwestern coast of the peninsula, called the Malabar Coast. Malabar is also used by ecologists to refer to the tropical moist forests of southwestern India (present day केरळ).

मलबार (विभाग)
The Malabar region lies along the southwest coast of the Indian peninsula and forms the northern part of present-day केरळ state. Malayalam is the chief language of the region, and the ancestors of today's population have inhabited the region for centuries. The region formed part of the ancient kingdom of Chera until the early 12th century. Following the breakup of the Chera Kingdom, the chieftains of the region proclaimed there independence. Notable among these were the Kolathiris of North Malabar, Zamorins of Calicut and the Valluvokonathiris of Walluvanad. The Zamorin of Calicut became the most powerful of the Kings in the region by the 13th century primarily due to flourishing international trade at Calicut and Beypore port. The region came under British rule in the 18th century, during the Anglo-Mysore Wars.  During the British rules, the Malabar area was divided in to two categories as North and South.  North Malabar comprises : Present Kasaragod and Kannur Districts, Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad District and Vadakara Taluk of Kozhikode District.  Left over area in South Malabar.

At the conclusion of the Anglo-Mysore wars, the region was organized into a district of Madras Presidency. The British district included the present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, much of Palakkad and a small portion of Thrissur. The administrative headquarters was at Calicut (Kozhikode). With India's independence, Madras presidency became Madras State, which was divided along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956, whereupon Malabar district was merged with the Kasaragod district immediately to the north and the state of Travancore-Cochin to the south to form the state of केरळ.

मलबार कोस्ट्/किनारपट्टी

The Malabar Coast, in historical contexts, refers to India's southwest coast, lying on the narrow coastal plain of Karnataka and केरळ states between the Western Ghats range and the Arabian Sea. The coast runs from south of Goa to Cape Comorin on India's southern tip.

The Malabar Coast is also sometimes used as an all encompassing term for the entire Indian coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin. It is over 525 miles or 845 km long. It spans from the South - Western coast of महाराष्ट्र and goes along the coastal region of Goa, through the entire western coast of Karnataka and केरळ and reaches till Kanyakumari. It is flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Western Ghats on the east. The Southern part of this narrow coast is the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests.

The Malabar Coast features a number of historic port cities. Notable among these are the Muziris, Beypore and Thundi (near Kadalundi) during ancient times and Kozhikode (Calicut), Cochin, and Kannur in the medieval period and have served as centers of the Indian Ocean trade for centuries. Because of their orientation to the sea and to maritime commerce, the coastal cities of Malabar are very cosmopolitan and have hosted some of the first groups of Christians (now known as Syrian Malabar Nasranis),  Jews (today called as Cochin Jews), and Muslims (at present known as Mappilas) in India.

Geographically, the Malabar Coast, especially on its westward-facing mountain slopes, comprises the wettest region of southern India as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains.

मलबार वर्षावने
The term Malabar rainforests refers to one or more distinct ecoregions recognized by biogeographers:
 the Malabar Coast moist forests formerly occupied the coastal zone to the 250 meter elevation (but 95% of these forests no longer exist)
 the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests grow at intermediate elevations
 the South Western Ghats montane rain forests cover the areas above 1000 meters elevation

The Monsooned Malabar coffee bean comes from this area.

हेसुद्धा पाहा
मलबार जिल्हा
उत्तर मलबार
मलबार हिल

References

केरळ

ca:Malabar
de:Malankara
en:Malabar
fr:Malabar
it:Malabar
ml:മലബാര് ജില്ല
nl:Malabar
pl:Wybrzeże Malabarskie
ru:Малабар
sv:Malabar
zh:马拉巴尔

मलबार


Benjamin Pulleyn (; died 1690) was the Cambridge tutor of Isaac Newton.  Pulleyn served as Regius Professor of Greek from 1674 to 1686.  He was known as a "pupil monger", meaning one who increased his income by accepting additional students.

Pulleyn was admitted as a sizar to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1650, became a scholar there in 1651 and graduated BA in 1653–4, MA in 1657. He became a Fellow of Trinity in 1656. Appointed Regius Professor of Greek in 1674, he became Rector of Southoe on his retirement from the chair in 1686.

References

17th-century births
1690 deaths
Year of birth missing
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Regius Professors of Greek (Cambridge)

Benjamin Pulleyn


The Oxford Parliament, also known as the Mongrel Parliament, was the Parliament assembled by Charles I of England for the first time on 22 January 1644 and adjourned for the last time on 10 March 1645, with the purpose of being an instrument of the Royalist war campaign.

Charles was advised by Edward Hyde and others not to dissolve the Long Parliament as this would violate the statute of 1641 which said that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. So all members of the Long Parliament were summoned by King Charles to assemble for a session of Parliament to be held at Christ Church Hall, Oxford. Eighty-two peers, which was most of the House of Lords, and 175 commoners, which was about one-third of the House of Commons, heeded the summons and came. Sir Sampson Eure was elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.

The Parliament met a number of times during the First English Civil War and was seen by Charles as a way of raising revenue. However, some of the members defected back to Westminster because they did not like his alliance with Irish Catholics, and others argued strongly for a negotiated peace with the Long Parliament in Westminster Hall.

The first session lasted from 22 January 1644 until 16 April 1644. The second session was from 8 October 1644 until 10 March 1645.

Not much is known of its proceedings because all its records were burnt just before Oxford fell to Parliamentary forces in 1646.

See also
 List of parliaments of England
 Oxford Parliament (1258)
 Oxford Parliament (1681)

Further reading
 British Civil Wars: Oxford Parliament
 Oxford Parliament

References

1644 establishments in England
1645 disestablishments
1645 in England
17th-century English parliaments
Parliament (1644)
Christ Church, Oxford
1644 in politics
17th century in Oxfordshire

Oxford Parliament (1644)


GLAAD () is an American non-governmental media monitoring organization. Originally founded as a protest against defamatory coverage of gay and lesbian demographics and their portrayals in the media and entertainment industries, it has since included bisexual and transgender people.

History
Formed in New York City as Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation in 1985 to protest against what it saw as the New York Posts defamatory and sensationalized AIDS coverage, GLAAD put pressure on media organizations to end what it saw as homophobic reporting. Initial meetings were held in the homes of several New York City activists as well as after-hours at the New York State Council on the Arts. The first reported meeting occurred on November 14, 1985. The founding group included film scholar Vito Russo; Gregory Kolovakos, then on the staff of the NYS Arts Council and who later became the first executive director; Darryl Yates Rist; Allen Barnett; and Jewelle Gomez, the organization's first treasurer.

In 1987, after a meeting with GLAAD, The New York Times changed its editorial policy to use the word "gay" instead of harsher terms referring to homosexuality. GLAAD advocated that the Associated Press and other television and print news sources follow. GLAAD's influence soon spread to Los Angeles, where organizers began working with the entertainment industry to change the way the gay and lesbian community were portrayed on screen.

Entertainment Weekly has named GLAAD as one of Hollywood's most powerful entities, and the Los Angeles Times described GLAAD as "possibly one of the most successful organizations lobbying the media for inclusion".

Within the first five years of its founding in New York as the Gay and Lesbian Anti-Defamation League (soon after changed to "Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation" after legal pressure by the Anti-Defamation League), GLAAD chapters had been established in Los Angeles and other cities, with the LA chapter becoming particularly influential due to its proximity to the California entertainment industry. GLAAD/NY and GLAAD/LA would eventually vote to merge in 1994, with other city chapters joining soon afterward; however, the chapters continue to exist, with the ceremonies of the GLAAD Media Awards being divided each year into three ceremonies held in New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Following the 2011 resignation of Jarrett Barrios from the GLAAD presidency, Mike Thompson served as interim president until the announcement of Herndon Graddick, previously GLAAD's Vice-President of Programs and Communications, to the presidency on April 15, 2012. Graddick is the younger son of Charles Graddick of Mobile, a circuit court judge and the former Attorney General of Alabama.

In 2013, the year GLAAD changed its name from Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to GLAAD, Jennifer Finney Boylan was chosen as the first openly transgender co-chair of GLAAD's National Board of Directors.

Name change
On March 24, 2013, GLAAD announced that it had formally dropped the "Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation" from their name and would now be known only as GLAAD to reflect their work more accurately; the name change was a commitment to incorporate bisexual and transgender people in their efforts to support the LGBTQ+ community in its entirety.

Executives
Sarah Kate Ellis is the current president and CEO of GLAAD. Ellis took the positions in 2014 and under her leadership GLAAD's revenue grew by 38%. In 2015, Ellis promoted Nick Adams to the newly created position of Director of Transgender Media & Representation. Adams started working at GLAAD in 1998 and had previously been GLAAD's Director of Communications & Special Projects.

GLAAD/NY Executive Directors (1985–1994)
 Gregory Kolovakos (1985–1987)
 Craig Davidson (1987–1990)
 Ellen Carton (1991–1995)

GLAAD Early Board Members/Officers
 Christopher Borden Paine (1985–?)
 Amy Bauer (1986–?)

GLAAD/LA  Executive Directors (pre-1994)
 Richard Jennings and Jehan Agrama (1989–1992)
 Peter M. Nardi (1992–1993)
 Lee Werbel (1993–1994)

Post-merger (1994–present)
 William Waybourn (as national managing director; 1995 – 1997)
 Joan M. Garry (1997 – June 2005)
 Neil Giuliano (September 2005 – June 2009)
 J. Michael Durnil (interim; June – September 2009)
 Jarrett Barrios (September 2009 – June 2011)
 Mike Thompson (acting) (June 2011 – 2012)
 Herndon Graddick (April 2012 – May 2013)
 Dave Montez (May 2013 – November 2013)
 Sarah Kate Ellis (2013 – present)

Other executives
 Scott Seomin
 John Sonego

Programs

GLAAD Media Awards

The GLAAD Media Awards were established in 1989. Ceremonies are held annually in New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Announcing Equality Project
Established in 2002, GLAAD's Announcing Equality project has resulted in more than 1,000 newspapers including gay and lesbian announcements alongside other wedding listings.

Commentator Accountability Project
In March 2012, GLAAD launched the Commentator Accountability Project, which seeks to index and document frequent contributors, guests and pundits who regularly express anti-LGBT bias and misinformation in their contributions to journalism outlets.

Studio Responsibility Index
In August 2013, GLAAD launched its first annual Studio Responsibility Index, which indexes "the quantity, quality and diversity of images of LGBT people in films released by six major motion picture studios".

GLAAD Media Reference Guide
The GLAAD Media Reference Guide is a style guide of recommendations for writers, especially journalistic outlets, to reference in positive, inclusive depiction of LGBT people. It has been published since the 1990s (then known as the GLAAD Media Guide to the Lesbian and Gay Community), with the 11th edition, being the most recent, published in 2022.

Social Media Safety Index
The 2021 GLAAD Social Media Safety Index, based on an analysis of Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter and YouTube, assessed that social media was "effectively unsafe for LGBTQ users."

Movements
GLAAD has begun the Together Movement, which encourages all to join in support of those discriminated against including women, Muslims, immigrants and members of the LGBTQ+ community.

In 2010, GLAAD launched Spirit Day. Spirit Day is an annual national day of action to show LGBTQ youth that they are not alone.

In 2016, Spirit Day was the world's largest and most visible anti-bullying campaign. The campaign works to bring anti-bullying resources to classrooms all around the world by inspiring educators to take action against bullying through hosting events and rallies. The campaign also created a GLAAD's Spirit Day kit for use in classrooms, which is available in 6 languages.

On social media, people are encouraged to wear purple or go purple online in order to stand united against bullying. Large media companies such as NBC Universal and Viacom show support for Spirit Day on the airwaves, and change their on-air logo to purple for the day. They also enlist people who wear purple during the day's broadcast. The hashtag #Spirit Day has become a trending topic on Twitter and Facebook every year. On social media, people such as Oprah Winfrey, Ellen DeGeneres and President Barack Obama have shown their support for the campaign.

Media consultation
GLAAD has at times worked with companies and studios in a consultative role to help with the depiction of LGBT characters and themes in specific projects. In 2004, Fox provided GLAAD with an advance copy of their reality television special Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay for review. Upon review of the special, GLAAD condemned it as "an exercise in systematic humiliation." The special was shelved only hours before a scheduled meeting between GLAAD and Fox entertainment president Gail Berman to discuss the network's on-air depictions of gay men. Ray Giuliani, an executive producer of Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay, largely attributed the special's cancellation to pressures that Fox faced from GLAAD. Following the cancellation of the special, Fox organized another meeting with GLAAD for discussion over how to improve their on-air representations of the LGBT community. Following the cancellation of Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay the executive producers of the TBS series He's a Lady consulted GLAAD for review of the transgender representation in their own program.

The crossover fighting game Street Fighter X Tekken, developed by Japanese video game developer and publisher Capcom, was released in 2012. The game features Poison, who is a transgender woman, as a playable character. Capcom worked closely with GLAAD on the game's script to ensure they do not "alienate anybody" in regard to Poison's representation, and "anything that might be offensive has been very tailored to not be".

Tell Me Why is an episodic narrative adventure game developed by French studio Dontnod Entertainment and published by Xbox Game Studios in 2020. The game focuses on twin siblings Alyson and Tyler Ronan, who is a transgender man. Tell Me Why was the first Triple-A game to feature a transgender protagonist. GLAAD helped in creating Tyler's character, with the game's director Florent Guillaume described GLAAD as "invaluable" in developing Tyler's character and making him a "realistic hero". GLAAD's director of transgender representation Nick Adams served as consultant who, amongst other areas, helped ensure that Tyler would be played by a trans actor; August Black. Adams described authentic representations of trans people in media as a "powerful tool for acceptance and understanding".

The third season of Young Justice consulted GLAAD on the subject of representing minority characters and narratives.

See also

 All About Trans
 List of LGBT rights organizations
 Trans Media Watch
 Violence against LGBT people

References

External links

1985 establishments in New York City
Anti-bullying organizations in the United States
Anti-homophobia
LGBT political advocacy groups in the United States
LGBT portrayals in mass media
Mass media monitoring
Organizations based in Los Angeles
Organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 1985

GLAAD


Abu Al-Asar Hafeez Jalandhari () (born 14 January 1900 – 21 December 1982) was born in Jullundher, Punjab, India. After the partition of India in 1947 he moved to Lahore. He wrote the words for the national anthem of Pakistan. He also wrote the words for an anthem for Kashmir, as well as patriotic songs during the war against India in 1965.

He studied in a mosque and then in a local school to 7th grade. He then did a lot of things to further educate himself. The great Persian poet, Maulana Ghulam Qadir Bilgrami, gave him advice on writing poetry. Hafeez worked hard to earn a reputation as a poet. One of Hafeez's most famous poems is Shahnam-e-Islam, which tells the history of Islam in verse. His poems, written in a blend of Hindi and Urdu, are about romance, religion, patriotism and life. It is known for its gentle rhythm.

Long before Hafeez Jullundhri's lyrics were adopted as the national anthem in 1950s, Pakistan had an anthem written by Jagannath Azad, son of Lahore-based poet Tilok Chand Mahroom. Azad was asked to write the anthem three days before the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

References

1900 births
1982 deaths
Writers from Lahore
Pakistani writers
Pakistani poets

Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri


A rehearsal is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance. The group of performers will get together to rehearse. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.

A dress rehearsal is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.

Orchestras often have section rehearsals or sectionals. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.

An open rehearsal is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").

A technical rehearsal in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.

Performing arts

Rehearsal


Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British company that built racing cars. It also ran a racing team in Formula One. It was founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac. The team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2008, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.

Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One drivers' championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car.

British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.

Formula One constructors

Brabham


The Force is a term from the Star Wars universe. It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have. They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.

The sides of the Force
There are two sides to the Force: the light (or good) side and the dark (or bad) side.

The light side
The light side is used for good things like healing. The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called Jedi.

The dark side
The dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the Star Wars movies. Sith have a lot of anger, fear, hate and aggression. The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have. For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers. The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained.

Sith Lords
 Darth Maul
 Darth Tyranus/Count Dooku
 Darth Sidious
 Darth Vader

Further reading

Crewe, Dave. "Cinema Science: Using the force of'Star Wars'." Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine 204 (2020): 86-91.

Other websites
 Philosophy and the Force

Star Wars

de:Star Wars#Die Macht

The Force


The Royal Palace (,  or ) in Oslo, Norway is the official home of the present Norwegian monarch. It was built in the early 19th century as the Norwegian home of King Charles III. He was King of Sweden as well as Norway. The palace has 173 rooms.

History
Before the Royal Palace was built, Norwegian royalty lived in Paleet. It was a very nice town house in Christiania. Paleet was given to the government of Norway by a rich merchant named Bernt Anker in 1805. During the last years of the union with Denmark, it was used by the viceroys of Norway. In 1814, the first king of independent Norway, Christian Frederick used it as his home.

King Charles III John picked the site for the Royal Palace on the western side of Christiania in 1821. He had the inexperienced Dutch-born architect Linstow design the building. The Parliament approved the cost of 150 000 Speciedaler. Work on the site started in 1824. On 1 October 1825, the king laid down the foundation stone beneath the altar of the future Royal chapel.

The cost of the foundation works caused the building to cost more than expected. They had to stop construction in 1827. It was started again in 1833. During this time, the Storting would not approve more money for the construction. They did this because they did not like that the king was trying to create closer ties between Norway and Sweden. In 1833, Linstow changed his plans to reduce the cost. Improved relations with the king made the Storting approve the money to finish the construction. The roof was put on in 1836. The inside of the building was finished during the late 1840s. King Charles John, who died in 1844, never lived in his palace. The first people to live in the palace were his son Oscar I and his queen Josephine.

Images

Other websites

The Royal Palace (Official website of The Royal Norwegian Family)

Buildings and structures in Norway
1849 establishments
Palaces in Europe
Oslo
1840s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Norway

Royal Palace, Oslo


The Korang River is a stream in Punjab, Pakistan. It originates from Murree Hills and flows towards Islamabad. Korang Stream along with some other small streams coming from Margalla Hills have been set to form the artificial Rawal Lake in Islamabad. Korang River is the outlet stream of Rawal Dam. This stream crosses Islamabad Express Highway from between Korang Town and Judicial Colony. The terrain of this stream is eye catching and the Loi Bhair Wildlife Safari Park is located on the beautiful terrain of the left bank of Korang Stream. Onward, this stream joins Soan River before reaching the Grand Trunk Road. Just after this point, Lai Nullah also joins Soan River.

References

 Environment.gov.pk: Dam & reservoir on Korang River

Rivers of Punjab (Pakistan)
Landforms of Islamabad
Indus basin
Rivers of Pakistan

Korang River


Rosehill Cemetery, was founded in 1864, is an American cemetery on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois, and at , is the largest cemetery in the City of Chicago. The name "Rosehill" came from a City Clerk's error – the area was previously called "Roe's Hill".  It is located in the north east section of the Lincoln Square community area.

The Rosehill Cemetery Administration Building and Entry Gate was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Like its sister cemetery Graceland, Rosehill is the burial place of many well-known Chicagoans. The cemetery contains many monuments that are notable for their beauty and eccentricity, such as that of Lulu Fellows.

Many famous Chicagoans are buried here such as: Lester L. Bond, Levi Boone, Jack Brickhouse, Harvey Doolittle Colvin, DeWitt Clinton Cregier, Charles G. Dawes, Robert Franks, Augustus Garrett, John Charles Haines, Alexander Loyd, Roswell B. Mason, Isaac Lawrence Milliken, Buckner Stith Morris, Richard B. Ogilvie, John Blake Rice, John A. Roche, Richard Warren Sears, John G. Shedd, William Stratton, George Bell Swift, Aaron Montgomery Ward, and John Wentworth.

References

Cemeteries in Chicago
1864 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Illinois

Rosehill Cemetery


The Oder-Neisse line (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost a part of its territory to Poland. Previously, the German Empire had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreußen, as well as parts of upper Silesia, to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919.  In earlier centuries these territories were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.  They were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, as a result of the tripartite partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire.

Most of the ethnically-German part of the population of these provinces, alongside most of the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (741,000 people), either fled before the Red Army to central and western Germany or were forcibly resettled later. It should be noted here that German citizens of Polish descent and ethically-Polish residents of these regions and other parts of Germany faced systematic discrimination, internment in concentration camps, property-confiscations, forced-resettlement and expulsion under the Nazi administration.

Geography of Germany
1945 establishments in Germany
Geography of Poland
1940s establishments in Poland
World War II

Oder-Neisse line


The Sámi revolt in Guovdageaidnu, also known as the Kautokeino uprising, was a revolt in the town of Kautokeino in northern Norway in 1852 by a group of Sámi who attacked representatives of the Norwegian authorities. The rebels killed the local merchant and the local lensmann, whipped their servants and the village priest, and burned down the merchant's house. The rebels were later seized by other Sámi, who killed two of the rebels in the process. Two of the leaders, Mons Somby and Aslak Hætta, were later executed by the Norwegian government.

Background
The incident was connected to a religious revival movement that was inspired by the preacher Lars Levi Laestadius. His teaching, which had great influence on the Sámi in Norway at the time, demanded a more spiritually pure lifestyle and abstaining from alcohol. The movement turned more militant as their followers, called Laestadians, saw the Norwegian State Church as too close to the state-run alcohol industry. They formed their own congregations separate from the state church. In a short period of time, a minority of these followers became more militant. They believed their moral authority was greater than that of the state church, and they were later accused of interrupting its services.

During this time, the Sámi were economically far poorer than the Norwegian settlers in the north, counting wealth in reindeer or other livestock (rather than currency), and they were considered socially inferior to the Norwegians. The local merchant, who sold the local Sámi liquor, was a target for the rebellion due to his repeated cheating and exploitation of Sámi customers, many of whom were vulnerable alcoholics. Alcoholism was widespread and had been highly destructive to the Sámi and their culture during this time. The Laestadians were against the sale and use of liquor. Thus, the Sámi were at odds not only with the local priest and merchant but also Norwegian law.

Aftermath
All the men arrested for participating in the revolt - except the two leaders Aslak Hætta and Mons Somby (who were beheaded in Alta) - ended up in Akershus Fortress at Oslo. The women, including Ellen Aslaksdatter Skum, were imprisoned in Trondheim. Many of the rebels died after a few years in captivity. Among the survivors was Lars Hætta, who had been 18 years old at the time of imprisonment. He was given the time and means in jail to make the first translation of the Bible into Northern Sámi.

The Kautokeino rebellion was one of the few violent reactions by the Sámi against the exploitation policies of the Norwegian government and was the only known confrontation between Sámis and Norwegians with loss of human lives. The rebellion was not a direct response to the forced assimilation policy of Norwegianization that later became an official government policy, but the 1852 rebellion affected the choices made by the new Norwegian state as this policy was implemented.

The opera Aslak Hetta (1922) by Finnish composer, Armas Launis tells the story of the rebellion in somewhat romanticized form.

See also
The Kautokeino Rebellion - 2008 film about the 1852 riots

References

External links
 NRK Radio interview Niillas Somby, descendant of Mons Somby November 13, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2009. .
 Kautokeino-opprøret: Kautokeino 1852, April 17, 1997. Retrieved February 21, 2009. Dagogtid.no

1852 in Norway
19th-century rebellions

Laestadianism
Religious riots
Rebellions in Europe
Sámi in Norway
Sámi history
19th-century murders in Norway
History of Finnmark
Conflicts in 1852

Kautokeino
Military history of the Arctic

Kautokeino rebellion


Ennio Porrino (born Cagliari, 20 January, 1910 – died Rome, 25 September, 1959) was an Italian composer and teacher.

Amongst his compositions were orchestral works, an oratorio and several operas and ballets. His best known work is the symphonic poem "Sardegna," a tribute to his native Sardinia, which premiered in Florence in 1933. In the course of his career, Porrino taught at the conservatories of Rome, Venice, and Naples, and in 1956 became the director of the Cagliari Conservatory.

That same year he married Malgari Onnis (born 1935), a painter and theatrical designer. She designed the production of Porrino's last work, the opera I Shardana, which premiered on 21 March 1959, six months before his death. The couple had one daughter, Stefania (born 1957), who became a playwright and stage director.

References

1910 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Italian composers

Ennio Porrino


Francis Eaton was born ca. 1596 in Bristol, England, and died in the autumn of 1633 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. He signed the Mayflower Compact.

In England
Eaton was the son of John Eaton and his wife Dorothy (Smith) Eaton. He was baptized on 11 September 1596 at St. Thomas church in Bristol, England.  Eaton was a house carpenter. He married Sarah about 1618 and had a son named Samuel. The family left for North America in 1620 on the Mayflower.

In North America
Sarah died in the New World during the winter of 1620-1621. Eaton married John Carver's servant Dorothy _ before 1623. She died shortly after the marriage, leaving no children.

In the 1623 Division of Land at Plymouth, Eaton received four shares: one for himself, one for his deceased first wife Sarah, one for his son, and one for his current wife Dorothy. They were all Mayflower passengers.

About 1626, Eaton married Christiana Penn. They had three children: Rachel, Benjamin, and a child whose name is unknown but was called "an ideote" (mentally disabled).

Last years
In 1631, Eaton began having money troubles. He sold some of his land, some livestock, and his house. He died some time between 25 October and 8 November 1633 at Plymouth. He died in debt. His estate included some livestock, fifty bushels of corn, some clothing, some carpenter's tools, some boards, fishing lead, and some kitchen items. He was buried in Burial Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony.

References
 Caleb Johnson's Mayflower History: Francis Eaton

1596 births
1633 deaths
Carpenters
Mayflower passengers
People from Bristol

Francis Eaton


Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (also called Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs or simply known as Ice Age 3) is an American computer animated comedy drama epic movie. It was released on July 1, 2009. It is the third movie in the Ice Age series. The movie was produced by Blue Sky Studios. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The movie was also released on RealD anywhere available.

In the movie, Manny, Diego, Ellie, Crash, and Eddie travel in a underground dinosaurs's world. They want to save Sid who was taken by a female T-Rex for kidnapping her children. The group is helped by an eccentric one-eyed weasel named Buck.

This movie is the second sequel to the 2002 movie, Ice Age. The other Ice Age movies are: Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006), Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012), and Ice Age: Collision Course (2016).

Queen Latifah recorded and performed a version of the song "Walk the Dinosaur" with John Leguizamo.

The movie was positively welcomed from audience, cost $90 million to make and it earned $886,686,817 worldwide. In 2017, the movie was ranked as the 47th highest earnings amount worldwide.

Cast
The characters are all prehistoric animals. The animals can talk to and understand each other.

Ray Romano as Manny, a woolly mammoth
Denis Leary as Diego, a Saber-tooth tiger
John Leguizamo as Sid, a giant ground sloth
Queen Latifah as Ellie, a woolly mammoth
Seann William Scott as Crash, an opossum
Josh Peck as Eddie, an opossum
Simon Pegg as Buck, a one-eyed weasel
Chris Wedge as Scrat
Karen Disher as Scratte

Release Dates

References

2009 animated movies
American animated movies
Movies about animals
Movies about dinosaurs
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Ice Age (franchise)
Movies directed by Carlos Saldanha

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs


Roman Jacek Giertych is a former Minister of Education in Poland.  He was born February 27, 1971 in Śrem.

Biography
Roman Giertych comes from a family of Polish politicians, being a son of Maciej Giertych and a grandson of Jędrzej Giertych.

His brother (holding a Ph.D. himself) said he was a young bookworm who made dozens of books, especially on history. He improved in history throughout his school years while his grades in other subjects remained normal.

He graduated from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań with a master's degrees in both law and history. In 1989, he reactivated the far-right "All-Polish Youth" (Młodzież Wszechpolska) organization, becoming its chairman; he remains honorary chairman to this day. For several years he was a member of the National-Democratic Party (Stronnictwo Narodowo-Demokratyczne) and the National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe), which went with several other organizations to form the League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR) in 2001.

Other websites
Roman Giertych - sejm page  (in Polish)
The page of opponents Giertych (Polish)

Giertych, Roman
1971 births
Living people
Polish lawyers

Roman Giertych


With a Song in My Heart is a musical biographical movie. It was released in 1952. The story is about the life of Jane Froman, who was paralyzed in an airplane crash in 1943. The cast includes Thelma Ritter, Susan Hayward and Robert Wagner.

The movie won the Academy Award for Original Music Score and a Golden Globe Award for best musical/comedy picture.

1952 musical movies
American biographical movies
American musical movies

With a Song in My Heart


A certified check (or certified cheque) is a form of check for which the bank verifies that sufficient funds exist in the account to cover the check, and so certifies, at the time the check is written. Those funds are then set aside in the bank's internal account until the check is cashed or returned by the payee. Thus, a certified check cannot be stopped or bounce, and, in this manner, its liquidity is similar to cash barring bank failure or an illegal act (such as the funds being based on a fraudulent loan, at which point the check will be disavowed).

In some countries (e.g., Germany), it is illegal for a regular bank to certify checks. This regulation is supposed to prevent certified checks from becoming a universal substitute for cash, which is considered the only legal tender. In the case of Germany, the Deutsche Bundesbank (Federal Bank) is the only financial institution authorized to issue certified checks.

Because of the liquidity and certainty of payment of a certified check, it is sometimes considered equivalent to cash such as in the regulation of credit for casino gaming in Macau where the law explicitly states that, if a casino patron obtains casino chips and pays with a certified check, the transaction is not regarded as credit for gaming (see Law 5/2004, art. 2).

It is possible to counterfeit or forge a certified check in which case it is not binding on the bank; see cashier's check for an exploration of associated risks.

See also
Cashier's check
Certified funds

References

External links
Definition at law.com

Cheques

Certified check


In psychology, nativism is a theory that says that most basic skills are hard-wired in the brain at birth. This theory is the opposite of the theory called the blank slate, or tabula rasa. Blank slate theories said that humans have almost no skills or abilities at birth: they learn these skills over the course of their life. People who believe in nativism (within certain limits) include Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. These psychologists believe that humans are born with a set of abilities that help them learn other skills, such as speech.

Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.

Charles Darwin, in The expression of emotions in man and animals (1872), showed that the way most emotions were shown was common between human cultures. He said this was inherited and had been the result of evolution. Behaviorism says that man's behaviour is affected by its results (operant conditioning). Behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts, or an inherited tendency to behave. People who believe in evolutionary psychology think this is wrong. They think human behaviour has deep roots in our evolutionary past.

References

Related pages
Evolutionary psychology
Unconscious mind#Adaptive unconscious
Human nature
Blank slate

Psychology

Psychological nativism


Orlando Riva Sound (commonly abbreviated as O.R.S.) was a German Euro disco group founded in 1977 by Anthony Monn and Rainer Pietsch.

Their first success was in 1977 with the song "Moon Boots", a mostly instrumental piece. Soon after the group's founding, they added Sophia Reaney as a singer/dancer. The following year, they released "Body to Body Boogie", which was more downtempo compared to "Moon Boots". The song also spawned the album of the same name with the following songs: "Disco Mussorgsky," "Sweet Release" and "Dream Machine", plus the 12" version of "Moon Boots".

In 1979, the group ended fifth place in the competition to represent Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest with "Lady, Lady, Lady". That year, they also had another hit with the song "Indian Reservation", a cover of the hit by Paul Revere & the Raiders. The following year, they had yet another hit with "Fire on the Water". Their final success came in 1981 with "O.T.T. (Over The Top)" after which the band broke up.

Songs
"Verde"
"Moon Boots"
"Body to Body Boogie"
"Lady, Lady, Lady"
"Indian Reservation"
"We're Not Alone"
"Fire on the Water"
"The Blaze"
"O.T.T. (Over The Top)"
"Who Built The Pyramids?"

References

External links
Discography at Swisscharts.com

1977 establishments in West Germany
Eurodisco groups
German dance music groups
Musical groups established in 1977

Orlando Riva Sound


Modular arithmetic, sometimes also called clock arithmetic, is a way of doing arithmetic with integers. Much like hours on a clock, which repeat every twelve hours, once the numbers reach a certain value, called the modulus, they go back to zero.

In general, given a modulus , we can do addition, subtraction and multiplication on the set  in a way that "wrap around" . This set is sometimes represented by the symbol , and called the set of integers modulo .

People talked about modular arithmetic in many ancient cultures. For instance, the Chinese remainder theorem is many centuries old. The modern notation and exact definition of modular arithmetic were first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Congruence
Modular arithmetic can be used to show the idea of congruence. In general, given a positive integer n, two integers a and b are congruent modulo n, if they have the same remainder when both are divided by n. Congruence can be written this way:

The number n is called the modulus. Another definition of congruence, that means the same thing but is sometimes more useful, is that the two integers are congruent modulo n if the difference (a - b) is an integer multiple of n. That is, if n is a factor of (a - b), then a and b are congruent mod n.

For example:

The remainder when 32 is divided by 7 is 4, and the remainder when 11 is divided by 7 is also 4. This tells us that they are congruent—when the modulus is 7.

We can use this example with the other definition too. The difference, (a - b), is 32 - 11 = 21. This shows the two numbers are congruent, because 21 = 3 × 7 and 7 is a factor of 21.

Uses
Modular arithmetic is useful in many fields, and its applications include RSA algorithm in cryptography, primality testing in computer science, and 12-tone arithmetic in music. It is often used in calculating checksums and check digits.

Related pages
 Modulo operation
 Primitive root modulo n

References

Arithmetics
Number theory
Abstract algebra

Modular arithmetic


In Greek mythology, Telamon (; Ancient Greek: Τελαμών) was the son of Aeacus, king of Aegina, and Endeïs, a mountain nymph. He was the older brother of Peleus. The brothers joined Jason as members of the Argonauts. He was also the father of Ajax the Greater and Teucer. They both fought during the Trojan War.

People in Greek mythology

Telamon


A black powder rocket motor pushes a model rocket using black powder. Black powder in the rockets is made of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate. The amount of each part can be changed to change how fast the black powder burns. The black powder burns very fast. The hot gases move fast as they leave the back of the rocket. This pushes the rocket forward.

Black powder rocket motors were made in a simple form by the Chinese. They were first written about in the early 13th century. The rocket motors have gotten better over the years. They have several uses. Some can be used as weapons. Some have cameras to take pictures from a height to get information. Some are also used just for fun.

Black powder rocket motors are only made in small sizes. If they are bigger there is a bigger chance of exploding. They also do not perform as well if they are bigger. They are made in different sizes called classes. The classes are 1/4 A through E. If the motor needs to be bigger than this, a different type of fuel is used. This is called a composite fuel. Some examples of composite fuels are ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate.

History
Black powder is the oldest type of mixed rocket fuel. It was used in rockets even before it was used in guns. The three main parts of black powder are charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre (or potassium nitrate). The Chinese were making black powder as early as 1045, which is about 1000 years ago. In the early thirteenth century (about 800 years ago) the Chinese turned black powder into a way to power weapons. Before that it was only used for fun. The first recorded use of rockets as military weapons was in 1232. The Chinese 'arrows of fire' were fired from a sort of catapult. The black powder was packed in a closed tube that had a hole in one end for escaping hot gases. The tube was mounted on a long stick so it was more balanced.

Black powder had a very low specific impulse. The way rockets were made got more advanced, but only on paper. People had not really built a much better rocket yet. They only had ideas and sketches of better models. In 1591 a Belgian, Jean Beavie, wrote about and drew the important idea of rockets that had more than one stage. This is called Multistaging. This means that the fuel is burned through in more than one step. This is the answer to escaping earth's gravity and going into space.

By 1600, rockets were being used in some parts of Europe. They were used against cavalry, which is a group of fighting soldiers on horseback. By 1688, rockets weighing over 120 pounds had been built and fired in Germany. These German rockets could carry 16-pound warheads.

During the late 1700s, a London lawyer, Sir William Congreve, wanted to try to make rockets better. He did many experiments with different fuels and cases. His experiments were careful and orderly. He improved how far rockets could go, how stable they were, and how accurate they were. The British army used Congreve's new rockets to help them in the Napoleonic wars.

In 1939 researchers at the California Institute of Technology were trying to make a motor to help launch aircraft. They mixed black powder with common road asphalt to make the first composite motor. This was the beginning of the composite motor. It also ended the use of black powder for big rockets.

How It's Made
Black powder rocket propellant is a lot like old fashioned gunpowder. It has one different part called a binder. The binder is usually a substance called Dextrin. One common model rocket engine company is Estes Industries. Their motors are made with black powder propellant. Black powder propellant must be pressed very tightly to work well. If it is not packed tightly, it will burn too fast and might explode. A simple way of combining the parts to make black powder rocket propellant is: 75% potassium nitrate, 10% sulphur, and 15% charcoal. This is the most common way of making it. Dextrin may be added as a binder (usually between 0 and 5%). Extra (coarse) charcoal or metal powders (5 - 10%) may be added to make a spark trail. Adding these extras might change how fast the fuel burns.

Performance

Thrust is how hard of a push the rocket produces. Burn time is how long the fuel in the motor takes to burn while pushing gases out of the back of the rocket. The impulse of a rocket motor is the area under the thrust-time curve. This means the impulse is a number for how much force the rocket makes and for how long. The impulse of a black powder motor is used to tell what size class it is in. Motors are divided into classes from 1/4A to E. These classes hold rockets with impulses from 0 to 40 Ns (Newtons*seconds). Other kinds of model rocket motors can be named up to an 'H', which is up to 320 Ns.

Figures from tests of Estes rocket motors are used in the following examples of rocket motor performance.

For miniature black powder rocket motors (13 mm diameter), the maximum thrust is between 5 and 12 N, the total impulse is between .5 and 2.2 Ns, and the burn time is between .25 and 1 second. For Estes 'regular size' rocket motors (18 mm diameter), there are three classes: A, B, and C. The A class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 9.5 and 9.75 N, a total impulse between 2.1 and 2.3 Ns, and a burn time between .5 and .75 seconds. The B class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 12.15 and 12.75 N, a total impulse between 4.2 and 4.35 Ns, and a burn time between .85 and 1 second. The C class 18mm motors have a maximum thrust from 14 – 14.15 N, a total impulse between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between 1.85 and 2 seconds.

There are also 3 classes included in Estes large (24 mm diameter) rocket motors: C, D, and E. The C class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 21.6 and 21.75 N, a total impulse of between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between .8 and .85 seconds. The D class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 29.7 and 29.8 N, a total impulse between 16.7 and 16.85 Ns, and a burn time between 1.6 and 1.7 seconds. The E class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 19.4 and 19.5 N, a total impulse between 28.45 and 28.6 Ns, and a burn time between 3 and 3.1 seconds.

Related pages
 Rocket candy

References

Rockets
Fuel

Black powder rocket motor


, is a 3D action video game for the Nintendo DS based on the anime, Mobile Suit Gundam 00. The game involves four main characters who control their mobile suits, performing interventions against various conflicts around the world. It was developed by BEC, and published by Namco Games.

Gameplay
There are four main parts to the gameplay: discussion, mission choice, getting ready for battle, and mission itself. Starting off with the setting, players will commence dialogue and retrieve information to continue the plot although this is optional and can be skipped. Then, players choose a mission to accept. Players are able to choose a Gundam Meister of their choice, with a gundam that may be suited for the mission. The aim of the game is to deplete the military strength, represented by a health bar, of the three nations which dominate the world: the Union, Advance European Union and the Human Reform League. Each of the pilots have an advantage against their home nation except for Tieria who has a small advantage against each bloc.

There are two types of missions: scenario and normal. Scenario missions follow the anime plot whereas normal missions are interventions not shown in the anime. Normal missions can be unlocked by completing certain scenario missions. There are a total of 23 scenario and 30 normal missions. Within scenario missions, there are a number of bosses that may require the user to either complete the missions as well as beat them. There are a total of 7 different endings: one good, one normal, and 5 bad endings. Good ending is selected when all Union, Human Reform League, and AEU lose almost all of their army, and lets the player face the three Trinity Gundam meisters. Then battle simulation 3 appears when starting a new game, which lets the player face the Trinity Gundam meisters once again.

There are two unlockable mobile suits in the game. After beating the game twice, the option of three battle simulations becomes available. Face all four, including the character, Celestial Being Gundam meisters in battle simulation 2 to unlock Gundam Exia Roll Out Colour Ver., as well as Gundam Nadleeh. While in the confirmation screen, holding "down and the select button" while selecting "Setsuna F Seiei" lets the user to play as Exia Roll Out Colour Ver., and selecting "Tieria Erde" while holding "down and the select button" allows the player to play as Nadleeh instead of Virtue.

GUNPLA Navi

There is a special mode, first time in all of Gundam games, called GUNPLA NAVI, which provides advice on how to create and customize real Gundam models (aka Gunpla) that are sold by Bandai in Japan. There's a lesson and also some information on Mobile Suit Gundam 00 edition Gundam models. In the lesson, on the top screen, the image of Gundam parts are shown. Few of them show the comparison between the before and after image of them. On the bottom screen, descriptions of the parts shown, and the instructions and advice to get the image shown in the top screen.

There are also FG Series, HG Series, Others, and HCM-Pro Series gallery. The information in the navi are from at the time of January 2009. FG Series gallery shows Exia, Dynames, Kyrios, and Virtue models. HG Series gallery also shows them but with the addition of Tieren, Union Flag, and Graham Aker's Union Flag Custom models. In Others, 1/100 Exia and Dynames models, as well as 1/60 Exia model is shown. And in HEM-Pro Series gallery, Exia, Dynames, Kyrios, and Virtue models are shown. All galleries show the model from front and rear, as well as in some of their action pose, and ends with a brief description of the cost and others.

Mobile suits and characters

GN-001 Gundam Exia piloted by Setsuna F. Seiei.
GN-002 Gundam Dynames piloted by Lockon Stratos.
GN-003 Gundam Kyrios piloted by Allelujah Haptism.
Can be transformed into a mobile armour.
GN-005 Gundam Virtue piloted by Tieria Erde.

The following are unlockable after fulfilling certain requirements:

GN-001 Gundam Exia (Rollout Colour Ver.) piloted by Setsuna F. Seiei.
Unlocked after completing Battle Simulation 2.
GN-004 Gundam Nadleeh piloted by Tieria Erde.
Unlocked after completing Battle Simulation 2.

Boss characters and mobile suits
AEU-09 AEU Enact piloted by Patrick Colasour.
SVMS-01 Union Flag and  SVMS-01E Graham's Union Flag Custom piloted by Graham Aker.
MSJ-06 II-C Tieren High Mobility Type and MSJ-06 II-E Tieren Space Type piloted by Sergei Smirnov
AEU-09 AEU Enact and AEU Enact (Ali Al-Saachez custom) piloted by Ali Al-Saachez.
MSJ-06 II-SP Tieren Taozi piloted by Soma Peries.
GNW-001 Gundam Throne Eins piloted by Johann Trinity.
GNW-002 Gundam Throne Zwei piloted by Michael Trinity.
GNW-003 Gundam Throne Drei piloted by Nena Trinity.

Supporting characters
Supporting characters, who will help the player gain some advantage during the missions, are available at the time of mission selection. Supporting characters may be used more than once but you'll need to wait a few days in order to use them again. There are a total of 12 supporting characters.

Pre-order edition
A special gundam model, , was included in all pre-order versions. This is the first time for a Gundam video game to have an official privilege for pre-ordering.

References

External links
Official Site
Screenshots by GameSpot

2008 video games
Bandai Namco games
Gundam video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Mobile Suit Gundam 00
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Video games developed in Japan

Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (video game)


Baffin Island () is an island in the territory of Nunavut. It is the largest member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest island in the world, with an area of 507,451 km² (195,928 sq mi). It has a population of 11,000 people as of the year 2007. It is named after the British explorer William Baffin. The island was known to the Norse as Helluland.

Islands of Canada
Nunavut
Arctic islands

Baffin Island


John Theodore Eardley Kenney (1911–1972) was an English illustrator who worked on a number of Reverend Wilbert Awdry's The Railway Series books from 1957 to 1962.

Introduction

Kenney was born in 1911 and trained at the Leicester College of Art, the same school that produced Clarence Reginald Dalby, the first illustrator of the Railway Series. Upon graduation he was employed by J.E. Slater, a firm of commercial artists located in Leicester.
Kenney served with the 44th Searchlight Regiment and the 121st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment during World War II. He landed in Normandy on D-Day, and although he was not officially a war artist he recorded the scenes he saw in a number of impromptu drawings. He continued to draw what he saw as his regiment swept across Europe with the rest of the Allied contingent. After the war, he returned to Leicester, resuming work at J.E. Slater. It was at that time that he met his future wife, Peggy. In 1957 Kenney quit his position, choosing to work as a full-time freelance artist.

As a full-time artist, Kenney became mentor to Neil Cawthorne. Neil is a well known equestrian artist, painting official pictures for the Grand National steeple chase, and the Prince of Wales, playing polo. Neil started the Society of Equestrian Artists.

Contributions as illustrator

Awdry's choice of Kenney as a replacement for Dalby has been considered a fortuitous one. Kenney brought a lightness of touch and a naturalism to the illustrations that had been previously lacking. In the first book illustrated by Kenney, The Eight Famous Engines, Kenney's superb draftsmanship and his attention to detail are already obvious.

Kenney's last illustrations in the Railway Series were for 1962's Gallant Old Engine. By that time his eyesight was failing and he was unable to handle the fine details required for the series' illustrations.

He was replaced by Peter and Gunvor Edwards as illustrator for the Railway Series.

Before his retirement, Kenney also illustrated 31 children's books for the Leicester publisher Ladybird Books, including a series on important British historical figures, such as Charles Dickens, Florence Nightingale, and Queen Elizabeth I, as well as a 1956 book of motor vehicle characters that has an affinity with the Awdry books he was soon to work on. He also provided art for the Hunter Hawk, Skyway Detective series.

John T. Kenney died in 1972 at the age of 61.

Books

W. Awdry's Railway Series (published by Edmund Ward)

The Eight Famous Engines (1957)
Duck and the Diesel Engine (1958)
The Little Old Engine (1959)
The Twin Engines (1960)
Branch Line Engines (1961)
Gallant Old Engine (1962)

Ladybird Books (published by Wills & Hepworth)

The Silver Arrow – A Robin Hood Adventure (1954)
The Ambush – A Robin Hood Adventure (1955)
Tootles the Taxi and Other Rhymes (1956)
King Alfred the Great (1956)
William the Conqueror (1956)
The Circus Comes to Town (1957)
Sir Walter Raleigh (1957)
The Story of Nelson (1957)
The Story of the First Queen Elizabeth (1958)
The Story of Captain Cook (1958)
Florence Nightingale (1959)
Julius Caesar and Roman Britain (1959)
The Story of Charles II (1960)
David Livingstone (1960)
Stone Age Man in Britain (1961)
Christopher Columbus (1961)
Marco Polo (1962)
The Story of Henry V (1962)
Oliver Cromwell (1963)
Captain Scott (1963)
Alexander the Great (1963)
Robert the Bruce (1964)
Richard the Lion Heart (1965)
Charles Dickens (1965)
Warwick the Kingmaker (1966)
Cleopatra and Ancient Egypt (1966)
James I and the Gunpowder Plot (1967)
Napoleon (1968)
King John and Magna Carta (1969)
Joan of Arc (1971)
The Pilgrim Fathers (1972)

References

External links
 Short biography with illustrations

The Railway Series illustrators
British illustrators
Military personnel from Leicester
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery soldiers
1911 births
1972 deaths
Artists from Leicester
People from Leicestershire

John T. Kenney


CrystEngCommunity is a virtual web community for people working in the field of crystal engineering. The website is owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).

CrystEngCommunity has links to the main international research groups working in crystal engineering; publishes occasional profiles (interviews) of crystal engineers; a conference diary that lists and links to international events in the field of crystal engineering; and a terminology wiki, CrystEngWiki, for crystal engineering.

Also on the community are links to research articles on crystal engineering including CrystEngSelects (a selection of recent articles of interest to crystal engineers from across the RSC journals Chemical Communications, CrystEngComm, Dalton Transactions, Journal of Materials Chemistry, New Journal of Chemistry and Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry); links to special CrystEngComm Discussion conference special issues; and links to past crystal engineering articles from the RSC Journals Archive.

Other useful links include downloadable wallpapers for PC desktops, book reviews and a compilation of useful weblinks for crystal engineers

The community has a particularly close association with the RSC's crystal engineering journal, CrystEngComm.

See also
CrystEngComm
Dalton Transactions

External links

 CrystEngCommunity
 CrystEngWiki

Royal Society of Chemistry
Crystal engineering
British science websites

CrystEngCommunity


Radiation hardening is the designing of electronic parts and systems so they can withstand the damage done by ionizing radiation.  Such radiation occurs in outer space and when flying at high altitudes in the Van Allen radiation belts. They also occur in nuclear explosions, and near nuclear reactors and other sources of radiation.

There are many techniques which can achieve hardening. The MRAM, Magnetoresistive random access memory, is proposed as the solution to long-lasting electronic memory. This is the heart of radiation resistance, because if the system memory is undamaged, the system can be rebooted.

Electrical engineering

Radiation hardening


Bill Randle (March 14, 1923 – July 9, 2004) was an American disc jockey, lawyer and university professor.

Biography
Randle was born William McKinley Randle Jr. in Detroit, Michigan.  In Detroit, he hosted a popular show on WJLB-AM radio (now WDTK) called The Interracial Goodwill Hour, featuring rhythm and blues music and hot jazz.  As a pioneering disc jockey at radio station WERE in Cleveland, Ohio, he helped change the face of American music. In the 1950s, Time magazine called Randle the top DJ in America. His popularity and huge listening audience allowed him to bolster the careers of a number of young musicians, including the Four Lads, Bobby Darin, and Fats Domino. Nicknamed "The Pied Piper of Cleveland", a 1955 musical documentary film was made about him titled The Pied Piper of Cleveland: A Day in the Life of a Famous Disc Jockey. The film includes a Cleveland concert at Brooklyn High School on October 20, 1955, featuring Pat Boone and Bill Haley & His Comets with Elvis Presley as the opening act. It is the first commercial film footage of a Presley performance but has never been released.

Curiously enough, Randle almost did not survive early radio.  One Thanksgiving, he played an unusual version of "Silent Night" sung by gospel and blues artist Sister Rosetta Tharpe.  Many persons called in to complain and the station manager, longtime radio and television fixture Sidney Andorn fired Randle.  The next morning, WERE owner Ray T. Miller, the chairman of the Cuyahoga County Democratic Party, rehired Randle after he learned he had so many listeners to Randle's program, and fired Andorn instead.

While working in Cleveland, Randle would travel back to Detroit for some radio programs.  In the late 1950s, Randle would fly back and forth from Cleveland to New York where he produced radio shows in both markets (at WERE and WCBS-AM, respectively). He sat alongside other top DJs of the era including Carl Reese, Phil McLean and Howie Lund.

In spring of 1955 Randle told listeners to his WERE radio show that while in New York City he had received a recording of a hot new talent from the singer's manager, Colonel Tom Parker. He decided to premiere it in Cleveland (understanding the crossover appeal there of a young Elvis Presley). Randle championed Elvis' early recordings on Sun Records and those following his signing by RCA Victor that fall. On January 28, 1956, Bill Randle introduced Elvis on TV to America on the Dorsey Brothers' Stage Show.

Many songs that Randle championed on-air ended up as commercial hits, the most successful of which was an edited 45 rpm single of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir's "Battle Hymn of the Republic". That version, which Randle suggested to and arranged with Columbia Records (then owned by CBS and a sister property to WCBS-AM) was an unlikely hit in 1959; it ended up on the Billboard charts for 11 weeks and reached as high as #13 on Billboard "Hot 100" that autumn. In addition, the album The Lord's Prayer hit No. 1 and stayed on the charts for 80 weeks, and the choir won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group or Chorus.

A wealthy Bill Randle left Cleveland radio in the 1960s to enhance his education. During the 1960s, Randle appeared on the local CBS affiliates in New York City interviewing celebrities.   He obtained an undergraduate degree from Wayne State University and a law degree from Oklahoma City University. He went on to earn a doctorate in American studies, a master's degree in sociology from Western Reserve University, a master's degree in journalism from Kent State University and a master's degree in education from Cleveland State University. He also has an honorary doctorate from Bowling Green State University.  Randle also studied history at Columbia University under Richard Hofstadter.  While away from radio, Randle taught popular music at Case Western Reserve University assisted by Roger Lee Hall. Randle also taught communications at Kent State University and the University of Cincinnati.

At age 64, he passed the Ohio State Bar exams and opened a law office in Lakewood, Ohio, where he practiced bankruptcy and estate planning law for sixteen years. He also was knowledgeable in energy and zoning law. In addition, Randle became an educator, and taught sociology and mass communication classes at several universities.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Randle resurfaced on several different Cleveland radio stations, even hosting a talk show on WBBG 1260-AM in 1977. In the 1990s, Randle joined the airstaff of the now-defunct WRMR 850-AM, anchoring the Big Show on Sunday afternoons and a late-afternoon program. His success in afternoon drive time prompted station management to move him to morning drive time in April 1998. While the station's format was adult standards similar to the Music of Your Life satellite network, Randle's shows bucked the mold, featuring a unique combination of big band standards, early rock and roll, and new artists such as Norah Jones, Michael Buble, *N Sync, Jewel, Sarah Vaughn, Dido and the Backstreet Boys. Following an ownership, format and frequency swap in 2001, Randle retired from full-time on-air duties at WRMR. However, he would rejoin the rechristened WCLV 1420-AM a year later with a Saturday night music show, which would ultimately move back to Sunday afternoons as the Big Show. (WCLV would revert to the WRMR call letters in 2003.)

Dr. Randle died of cancer in Cleveland on July 9, 2004. In a sad irony, WRMR was sold off the day before, and signed off two days later with Randle's final broadcast, which had been prerecorded via voice-tracking.

His wife of 51 years, Annalee, with whom he had a daughter, Patricia, predeceased him in 2000.

References

External links

The Bill Randle Chronicles
Elvis Presley and the Cleveland disc jockey

1923 births
2004 deaths
American radio personalities
20th-century American educators
Lawyers from Cleveland
Kent State University alumni
Cleveland State University alumni
Wayne State University alumni
Kent State University faculty
University of Cincinnati faculty
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Oklahoma City University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Ohio
Music of Cleveland
Bowling Green State University alumni
20th-century American lawyers

Bill Randle


The Villa District, also known as Villa Historic District, () is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located on Chicago's Northwest Side within the community area of Irving Park. Its borders are along Pulaski Road to the west, the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line to the north, Hamlin Avenue to the east, and Addison Street to the south. Located directly north of the Wacławowo area of Avondale, the Villa District is serviced by the Blue Line's Addison street station.

The district was built in 1902 by a number of architects, many of them visibly influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie Style of architecture. Most notable among these were bungalows designed by the architectural firm of Hatzfeld and Knox, whose partner Clarence Hatzfeld would later design the fieldhouse and natatorium at Portage Park. The area was originally developed as the "Villa addition to Irving Park" and showcases many unique Craftsman and Prairie style homes fronting on picturesque boulevard style streets. Although St. Wenceslaus church, a majestic Romanesque-Art Deco hybrid draws many of the tourists visiting the area, this historic church is actually a few blocks south of the district's formal boundaries.

The Villa district was the northwest "bookend" for Chicago's vaunted Polish Corridor along Milwaukee Avenue that extended from Division and Ashland Avenue at Polonia Triangle. Journalist Mike Royko famously dubbed the area as the Polish Kenilworth after the posh suburb of Chicago's North Shore.

The Villa Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 11, 1979.  Its area was increased on March 10, 1983 by the addition of the Villa Apartments, 3948-3952 and 3949-3953 W. Waveland Ave.

The Villa District was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 23, 1983.

References

External links
 The Villa Improvement League

Historic districts in Chicago
North Side, Chicago
Neighborhoods in Chicago
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Houses completed in 1902
Polish-American culture in Chicago
Populated places established in 1902
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Chicago Landmarks

Villa District


A stock, also known as a shoulder stock, a buttstock, or simply a butt is a part of a rifle or other firearm, to which the barrel and firing mechanism are attached. It is held firmly against the shooter's shoulder when firing the gun. Stocks are also found on crossbows, though a crossbow stock is properly called a tiller. The stock provides a means for the shooter to firmly support the device and easily aim it. The stock also transmits recoil (the shock of firing the weapon) into the shooter's shoulder. The term stock dates to 1571 and comes from the Germanic word stoc, meaning tree trunk. This refers to the wooden nature of the gunstock.

References

Firearm components

Stock (firearm)