In mathematics, the  Bohr compactification of a topological group G is a compact Hausdorff topological group H that may be canonically associated to G. Its importance lies in the reduction of the theory of uniformly almost periodic functions on G to the theory of continuous functions on H. The concept is named after Harald Bohr who pioneered the study of almost periodic functions, on the real line.

Definitions and basic properties
Given a topological group G, the Bohr compactification of G  is a compact Hausdorff topological group Bohr(G) and a continuous homomorphism

b: G → Bohr(G)

which is universal with respect to homomorphisms into compact Hausdorff groups;  this means that if K is another compact Hausdorff topological group and

f: G → K

is a continuous homomorphism, then there is a unique continuous homomorphism

Bohr(f): Bohr(G) → K

such that f = Bohr(f) ∘ b.

Theorem.  The Bohr compactification exists and is unique up to isomorphism.

We will denote the Bohr compactification of G by Bohr(G) and the canonical map by

The correspondence G ↦ Bohr(G) defines a covariant functor on the category of topological groups and continuous homomorphisms.

The Bohr compactification is intimately connected to the finite-dimensional unitary representation theory of a topological group.  The kernel of b consists exactly of those elements of G which cannot be separated from the identity of G by finite-dimensional unitary representations.

The Bohr compactification also reduces many problems in the theory of almost periodic functions on topological groups to that of functions on compact groups.

A bounded continuous  complex-valued function f on a topological group G is uniformly almost periodic if and only if the set of right translates gf where

is relatively compact in the uniform topology as g varies through G.

Theorem. A bounded continuous  complex-valued function f on G is uniformly almost periodic if and only if there is a continuous function f1 on Bohr(G) (which is uniquely determined) such that

Maximally almost periodic groups
Topological groups for which the Bohr compactification mapping is injective are called maximally almost periodic (or MAP groups).  In the case G is a locally compact connected group, MAP groups are completely characterized: They are precisely products of compact groups with vector groups
of finite dimension.

See also

References

Topological groups
Harmonic analysis
Compactification (mathematics)

Bohr compactification


Boondall is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Boondall had a population of 9,603 people.

It was formerly known as Cabbage Tree Creek (after the creek that flows through the area).

Geography
Situated approximately  north of Brisbane near Moreton Bay, almost halfway between Brisbane and the coastal city of Redcliffe. Bounded on the north by Deagon, Sandgate and Shorncliffe, on the east by Nudgee and Nudgee Beach, on the south by Banyo, Geebung and Virginia and on the west by Taigum and Zillmere.

The borders of Boondall are defined by loosely following the Cabbage Tree Creek (Tighgum) to the north and then following down Muller Road in the west. When Muller Road intersects with Zillmere Road, it forms a corner near Zillmere Water Holes in the south and follow the creek to its connection with Nundah Creek and use Nundah Creek as a border back up to the Cabbage Tree Creek estuary completing the border.

The Boondall Wetlands are located in the east of the suburb. These internationally significant wetlands contain more than 1000 hectares of protected area that provide habitat to a wide range of animals including more than 190 species of birds.

A residential zone, Boondall is home to a mix of young and established families and retirees.

History

The name of Boondall is derived from an Aboriginal word meaning either crooked creek or cunjevoi (Alocasia macrorrhiza). The Turrbal people of north Brisbane were the original owners of the country around the Boondall Wetlands.

St Joseph's Nudgee College was established in January 1891 by the Christian Brothers, a Roman Catholic order. The site for the college was chosen by Ambrose Treacy after the Archbishop of Brisbane Robert Dunne asked that the Brothers establish a boarding school for Catholic boys from rural areas.

In January 1916, the Zillmere congregation of the Church of Christ commenced outreach in the Nudgee College area, erecting a bush shelter. On 23 December 1916, a chapel was built in a day by volunteers. In 1957, a new church building was erected and the old church building was used as a hall.

Boondall State School opened on 6 April 1925.

St Matthew's Anglican church at 178 Lyndhurst Road () was dedicated on 21 September 1974 by Archbishop Arnott. It closed circa 1988. The property was purchased by Turbert Bhagwan Ram Dutta and his mother Gayatri Dutta with a view to using it as a Hindu temple. The local Hindu community supported the plan and the Hindu Society of Queensland was incorporated on 22 January 1992 and took over the ownership of the property.  The Gayatri Mandir was officially opened and blessed on Sunday 26 January 1992.

In 1975, Boondall Methodist Church was at 2218 Sandgate Road (approx ), becoming Boondall Uniting Church after the amalgamation of the Methodist Church into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977. In June 1990 the Uniting Church in Australia congregations of Boondall, Brighton, Sandgate and Shorncliffe decided to amalgamate. Their new Sandgate Uniting Church in Deagon was opened in Sunday 20 November 1994.

Demographics
In the , Boondall recorded a population of 9,217 people, 49.4% female and 50.6% male. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2.5% of the population. The median age of the Boondall population was 37 years of age, 1 year below the Australian median. 68.7% of people living in Boondall were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 66.7%; the next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 5.3%, India 4.1%, England 2.2%, Philippines 2.1% and Fiji 1.3%. 77.0% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Punjabi 2.7%, Hindi 1.2%, Mandarin 1.2%, Cantonese 1.1% and Italian 1.1%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 30.3%, No Religion 25.4% and Anglican 11.6%.

In the , Boondall had a population of 9,603 people.

Heritage listings
Boondall has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 23 Carlyle Road: Church of Christ Hall (also known as Boondall Church of Christ)
 11 Peacock Street: Railway footbridge (also known as the former Boondall Station pedestrian footbridge)
 2199 Sandgate Road: St Joseph's Nudgee College
2210 Sandgate Road: Boondall State School's Arbor Day trees
Adjacent Sandgate Road (): Cabbage Tree Creek railway bridge

Education

Boondall State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls on the corner of Sandgate Road and Roscommon Road (). It includes a special education program.  In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 681 students with 48 teachers (43 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (22 full-time equivalent). In 2022, the school had 654 students with 49 teachers (43 full-time equivalent) and 31 non-teaching staff (18 full-time equivalent).

St Joseph's Nudgee College is a Catholic primary and secondary (5–12) school for boys at 2199 Sandgate Road (). The school is in the southern part of the suburb and was formerly within the suburb boundaries of neighbouring Nudgee. In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1,586 students with 130 teachers (128 full-time equivalent) and 115 non-teaching staff (91 full-time equivalent). In 2022, the school had 1,719 students with 144 teachers (142.2 full-time equivalent) and 121 non-teaching staff (99.6 full-time equivalent).

There are no government secondary schools in Boondall. The nearest government secondary schools are Sandgate District State High School in neighbouring Deagon to the north and Aspley State High School in Aspley to the west.

Amenities

Close to the Boondall railway station is the Brisbane Entertainment Centre, where many live entertainment shows are held.  One of the shows at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre was the popular musical theatre production The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular. Popular celebrities including Billie Eilish, JoJo Siwa, Dua Lipa, Kiss, The Killers, Kendrick Lamar, Elton John, Arijit Singh, and P!nk have also performed at the Entertainment Centre.

The suburb is also home to the Ice World Boondall, where the Brisbane Blue Tongues of the AIHL used to play before relocating to Bundall Iceland on the Gold Coast.

There are a number of parks in the suburb, including:

 Barlow Place Park ()
 Boondall Park ()
 Boondall Wetlands ()
 Boondall Wetlands Western Extension ()
 Donna Philp Park ()
 Eton Avenue Park ()
 Frank Sleeman Park ()
 Gildor Street Park ()
 Jalomy Street Park ()
 Keppel Street Park ()
 Laar Crescent Park ()
 Lambert Mcbride Park ()
 Mulbeam Park ()
 Northumbria Road Park ()
 Roghan Road Park (no.2260) ()
 Wahl Street Park ()

References

External links

Suburbs of the City of Brisbane

Boondall, Queensland


The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an order of chivalry, associated with Scotland. Its original date of founding is unknown. James VII (also King of England as James II) created the modern Order in 1687. The Order is the Sovereign and sixteen Knights and Ladies, as well as certain "extra" knights (members of the British and foreign royal families). The Sovereign decides who is to be a member. He or she is not advised by the Government, as occurs with most other Orders. The sixteen members are required to be Scottish-born, but  the "extra" knights and ladies are not.

The Order's main emblems are the thistle, the national flower of Scotland, and Saint Andrew holding a saltire (X shaped cross).  The motto is Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity"); the same motto is also on the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland and on some pound coins. St Andrew is also the patron saint of the Order.

Most British orders of chivalry cover all of the United Kingdom, but the three most most senior ones each cover only one constituent country . The Order of the Thistle, which covers to Scotland, is the second-most senior in precedence. Its equivalent in England, The Most Noble Order of the Garter, is the oldest order of chivalry in the United Kingdom, dating to the middle fourteenth century. In 1783 an Irish order, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, was founded; but since the independence of the Republic of Ireland the Order has fallen dormant. The last new knight was made in 1927, and the last surviving Knight of St Patrick died in 1974.

History

The first date of the Order's creation is not known. One story says that Achaius, King of Scots,  was fighting King Aethelstan of East Anglia and he saw cross of St Andrew in the sky.  After he won the battle, Achaius established the Order of the Thistle. Even though Achaius and Aethelstan never fought, this story of the foundation, is given in the Royal Warrant 'reviving' the Order in 1687.  Another story says that the Order was instituted, or re-instituted by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn.

King James II and VII issued letters patent "reviving and restoring the Order of the Thistle to its full glory, lustre and magnificency" in 1687.  Only 12 knights were allowed, and he appointed eight before the King was deposed in 1688.  His successors, the  William and Mary, did not make any more appointments to the Order. In 1703 however, Anne once again revived the Order of the Thistle.

Composition

The Kings of Scotland–later the Kings of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom–have served as Sovereigns of the Order.

When James VII revived the Order, the statutes said that the Order would continue the ancient number of Knights, which was described in the preceding warrant as "the Sovereign and twelve Knights-Brethren in allusion to the Blessed Saviour and his Twelve Apostles.

In 1827, George IV increased the Order to sixteen members. Women were excluded from the Order.  George VI created his wife Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon a Lady of the Thistle in 1937, and in 1987 Elizabeth II allowed the regular admission of women to both the Order of the Thistle and the Order of the Garter.

From time to time, individuals joined the Order by special permission. These members are known as "Extra Knights" and do not count towards the sixteen-member limit. Members of the British Royal Family are normally admitted by special permission; the first was Prince Albert.  King Olav V of Norway, was the first foreigner to be admitted to the Order, was also admitted by special permission in 1962.

The Sovereign has historically had the power to choose Knights of the Order. From the eighteenth century onwards, the Sovereign made his or her choices upon the advice of the Government. George VI felt that the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle had been used only for political patronage, rather than to reward actual merit. Therefore in 1946, with the agreement of the Prime Minister (Clement Attlee) and the Leader of the Opposition (Winston Churchill), both Orders returned to the personal gift of the Sovereign.

Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also be admitted to the Order of the Garter.

Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also have their knighthoods taken away. But this has happened only once, to John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar who was deprived of  both the knighthood and the earldom after taking part in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

The Order has five officers:
 the Dean - a minister of the Church of Scotland
 the Chancellor - who keeps the seal of the order
 the Usher of the Green Rod
 the Secretary
 the King of Arms

Uniform

For the Order's great occasions, such as its annual service each June or July, as well for coronations, the Knights and Ladies wear an elaborate costume:

The mantle is a green robe worn over their suits or military uniforms. The mantle is lined with white taffeta; it is tied with green and gold tassels. On the left shoulder of the mantle is the star of the Order
The hat is made of black velvet and has white feathers with black egret or heron's feathers in the middle.
The collar is made of gold and depicts thistles and sprigs of rue. It is worn over the mantle.
The St Andrew, also called the badge-appendant, is worn hanging from the collar. It comprises a gold enamelled picture of St Andrew, wearing a green gown and purple coat, holding a white saltire.

Aside from these special occasions, however, much simpler badges are used whenever a member of the Order attends an event at which decorations are worn.

The star of the Order is a silver St Andrew's saltire, with clusters of rays between the arms. In the centre is depicted a green circle bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters; in the circle is a thistle on a gold field.
The broad ribbon is a dark green sash worn across the body, from the left shoulder to the right hip.
At the right hip of the sash, the badge of the Order is attached. The badge depicts St Andrew in the same form as the star surrounded by the Order's motto.

Chapel

When James VII revived the Order in 1687, he wanted the Abbey Church at the Palace of Holyroodhouse to be the Chapel for the Order of the Thistle, perhaps copying the idea from the Order of the Garter (whose chapel is located in Windsor Castle).

James VII was deposed by 1688 and the Order did not have a Chapel until 1911, when one was added onto St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh. Each year, the Sovereign stays at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in June or July; during the visit, a service for the Order is held. Any new Knights or Ladies are installed at annual services.

Each member of the Order, including the Sovereign, is allotted a seat in the Chapel.  Their coat of arms is above their seat.

Current Members and Officers
 Sovereign: Charles III
 Knights and Ladies Companion:
  The Earl of Elgin and Kincardine  (1981)
  The Lord Mackay of Clashfern  (1997)
  The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn  (2000)
  The Lord Steel of Aikwood  (2004)
  The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen  (2004)
  The Lord Cullen of Whitekirk  (2007)
  The Lord Hope of Craighead  (2009)
  The Lord Patel  (2009)
  The Lord Smith of Kelvin  (2014)
  The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry  (2017)
  Sir Ian Wood  (2018)
  Lady Elish Angiolini LT DBE KC (2022)
  Sir George Reid KT (2022)
 Extra Knights and Ladies Companion:
  Anne, Princess Royal  (2000)
  Prince William, Duke of Rothesay  (2012)
  The Queen LG LT GCVO PC (2023)
 Officers:
 Chancellor: Vacant
 Dean: The Reverend Professor David Fergusson,
 Secretary: Elizabeth Roads
 Lyon King of Arms: Joseph Morrow,  (Lord Lyon King of Arms)
 Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod: Rear Admiral Christopher Hope Layman

References

British monarchy
1687 establishments
17th-century establishments in Scotland
1680s establishments in Europe

Order of the Thistle


Maoism is the communist (a plan about how countries should work) idea created by the Chinese man Mao Zedong. Mao believed that peasants, not factory workers, should lead the communist revolution (change in government). China followed Maoism when he became leader, in 1949. This created differences with communism in the USSR and Cuba. Maoism is still practiced in China today, but it has become different since Mao died in 1976. Today the Chinese economy is still considered a communistic economy. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) completely controls all aspects of production and sets workers wages artificially low for the "good of all", which is the basic premise of Maoism. All worker production is also relegated to the overall good and equality of all,  the definition of which is also determined by the state (CCP). This effectively shackles the profit motive (upward wage mobility) for the working class, as upward mobility is all but nonexistent except for those in line with, or actively participating in, the Chinese Communist Party.

Overview
Maoism was a theory created because of Mao's beliefs and ideologies. Similar to Karl Marx, he agrees that a proletariat revolution is essential in order for society to change. As opposed to Marx who states that the factory workers should revolutionize, Mao felt that the farmers in China were the ones in need of this revolution.  Marx supports an economically strong state that is industrialized. Mao on the other hand, does not support industrialization or technology.

The reasoning behind this is that he felt that industrialization would give owners the ability to exploit their workers even more which will result in a weakened proletariat class. While Karl Marx viewed industrialization to play vital role in the proletariat since factory workers were most likely the ones suffering under capitalism. Marxism states that "social change is driven by the economy" meaning that society and the economy are intertwined; while Maoism states that willpower is what changes us.

Then in 1960 as the USSR denounced Stalin's ideas who Mao was an avid admirer of, Mao's own popularity started to decrease.  With the leader Liu Shaoqi, Mao's policies were no longer in effect.  Then in 1964, the "Cultural Revolution" happened due to the distribution of Mao's "Little Red Book" which reemphasized his ideologies. This resulted in the deaths of many civilians due to conflicts and fighting between Mao's party and the Red Guard.

References

Related pages
Chinese Civil War

Other websites
Guiding thought of revolution: the heart of Maoism international project
Marx2Mao.org Mao Internet Library
The Encyclopedia of Marxism  Mao Zedong Thought.
The Encyclopedia of Marxism  Mao's life.
Monthly Review January 2005  Text of the leaflets distributed by the Zhengzhou Four.
World Revolution Media  Maoist revolutionary film, music, and art archive
 Batchelor, J. Maoism and Classical Marxism , Clio History Journal, 2009.

Politics of the People's Republic of China
Marxism

Maoism


The Heraia were footraces held in honor of the goddess Hera in Olympia, Greece since early ancient times. The races were said to have been created by Hippodameia in gratitude for her marriage to Pelops.

Only virgins from Elis, Greece competed. They wore a short tunic that fell just above the knees. The right shoulder was bare to the breast. Competitors ran only about 160 meters in the stadium of Olympia. This was somewhat short of the stadium's complete length.

The judges were 16 Eleian women. Every four years, they wove Hera's sacred peplos (dress), and took it to her Temple. The judges had two special dances: the Hippodameia and the Physkoa. The latter was dedicated to a local nymph with whom Dionysos fell in love.

Winners of the race received an olive branch wreath and a portion of the cow's meat sacrificed to Hera. They had the right to dedicate their statues to the Temple of Hera. The Heraia was not held during the years of the men's Olympic Games. About two years separated the events.

Ancient sports

Heraia


Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is a group of epileptic disorders that are believed to have a strong underlying genetic basis. IGE is considered a subgroup of Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE). Patients with an IGE subtype are typically otherwise normal and have no structural brain abnormalities. People also often have a family history of epilepsy and seem to have a genetically predisposed risk of seizures. IGE tends to manifest itself between early childhood and adolescence although it can be eventually diagnosed later. The genetic cause of some IGE types is known, though inheritance does not always follow a simple monogenic mechanism.

Types

Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy
This form of epilepsy is very rare, representing less than 1% of cases, and is twice as prevalent in boys compared to girls. Age of seizure onset is between 5 months and 5 years of age. Children with this disorder often present with head drops and brief arm jerks. Although there is believed to be a genetic basis for this disorder, no genetic linkage has been shown.

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is an umbrella for many other syndromes that share causative genes. Patients experience febrile seizures early in childhood and grow to experience other types of seizures later in life. Known causative genes for GEFS+ are the sodium channel α subunit genes SCN1A and SCN2A and the β subunit gene SCN1B. Mutations in the GABAA receptor γ subunit GABRG1 are also causative for this disorder.

Epilepsy with myoclonic absences
This rare epilepsy has a wide age range of presentation (from the first year of life through the early teens). This epilepsy is characterized by absence seizures concurrent with myoclonic jerks, typically occurring several times daily. The genetics of this disorder have not been delineated. Seizures from this disorder often cease within 5 years.

Epilepsy with myoclonic-astatic seizures
Originally called Doose syndrome, epilepsy with myoclonic-astatic seizures accounts for ~2% of childhood epilepsies. Children with this disorder have incredibly brief (<100ms) myoclonic jerks followed by equally brief loss of muscle tone, sometimes resulting in dangerous falls. Some patients have much longer lasting seizures of this type. Many patients with this disorder also have absence seizures. This is believed to be a polygenic disorder.

Childhood absence epilepsy

Also known as pyknolepsy, childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) represents up to 10% of all childhood epilepsies. It first manifests in childhood between the ages of 4 and 8 as brief periods of unconsciousness (absence). Mutations in the calcium channel α subunit encoding gene CACNA1H and the GABA receptor γ subunit encoding gene GABRG2 yield susceptibility for CAE.

Juvenile absence epilepsy
Juvenile absence epilepsy is similar to CAE but has an onset between ages 9 and 13. Other differences are that patients with this disorder have less frequent but longer absence seizures than those with CAE. There are a number of possible genetic loci for this disorder, though no causative genes have been demonstrated.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Also known as Janz syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a common form of epilepsy, accounting for ~10% of all cases and ~25% of cases of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Many children with CAE go on to develop JME. JME first presents between the ages of 12 and 18 with prominent myoclonic seizures. These seizures tend to occur early in the morning. Patients with JME may also have generalized tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures. Linkage of this disorder has been shown to mutations in the genes GABRA1, CACNB4, CLCN2, GABRD2, EFHC1, and EFHC2.

Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures only
This type of IGE can present at almost any age and is poorly characterized. Because of its loose definition, it is impossible to supply an accurate estimate of its prevalence. As implied by its name, patients with this disorder present only with tonic-clonic seizures.

References

Epilepsy types

Idiopathic generalized epilepsy


Photographic film is able to record images.  In order to make these images visible, the film needs to undergo a number of chemical processes. The result of these processes will either be negatives or slides. This is generally known as developing. Different films need different processes. The process for black and white film is different from that for slide film. In general, the process involves the following steps:
Making the image visible. The chemicals to do this are known as developer.
Making the visible image fixed, so it changes no longer.
There are different kinds of films. The most common of these is film negative.  With negative film, all colors are reversed. This is corrected in an additional step of making a print of each image.

So called reversal film, which is used for diapositives, directly produces positive images (which are framed to become a slide).

This whole process is known as film processing.

Photography

Film processing


The Toilette of Esther or Esther Preparing to be Presented to King Ahasuerus, is an 1841 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Théodore Chassériau. The painting depicts a moment from the scriptural Book of Esther, when Esther prepared to meet King Ahasuerus, ruler of Persia, who subsequently took her as his wife. The painting is in the Musée du Louvre. Vincent Pomarède of the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon has described it as "one of the most famous (paintings) in the Louvre".

Narrative
The subject derives from the Book of Esther (2:8-9, 15), in which King Ahasuerus, having renounced his wife Vashti, seeks a new queen. Esther, a woman of great beauty, finds favor with Hegai, the eunuch responsible for preparing women for presentation to the king. Upon seeing Esther, Ahasuerus chooses her as his wife. She later reveals that she is Jewish, and intercedes with the king in order to spare the lives of the empire's Jews.

While choosing a biblical theme as a subject, it is likely that Chassériau drew upon more recent literary sources for inspiration. The play Esther, produced by Jean Racine in 1689, offers a more chaste version of Esther's seduction, while describing the artifice employed by her rivals for the king's attention. The exoticism of the painting is closer to an 1817 poem by Alfred de Vigny entitled Le Bain d'une dame romaine, which includes the description:

A slave from Egypt, her skin glistening and black,
Presents her, kneeling, with the pure steel of the mirror,
To tie up her hair, a virgin from Greece,
In Isis's compass joins her two braids....

and is reminiscent also of Les Orientales by Victor Hugo:

Have I not, for you, lovely Jewess,
Sufficiently emptied my seraglio?

The episode had rarely been painted before. Only two previous versions are known: a 17th-century painting by Aert de Gelder, and an 18th-century work by Jean-Francois de Troy. Given the dearth of pictorial illustrations of the story, Chassériau would have looked to paintings of women at their toilette, including depictions of Venus, of which there were more numerous examples.

Description
Esther is shown seated at the center of the canvas, arms above her head as she arranges her blond coiffure. Preparing to offer herself for the king's approval, she holds a pose that is "profoundly erotic in its pictorial treatment". She is nude to the waist except for a necklace and bracelets on her arms; her legs are swathed in white- and rose-colored garments. At the left a servant woman dressed in rich blue brings accessories, and at the right Hegai, clad in bright red, offers a jewel box. Esther acknowledges neither of them, staring out of the picture to the left. Behind them is a landscape of trees and sky.

Several preparatory studies exist. Two drawings in the Louvre evidence an initially circular composition, a tondo like The Turkish Bath that Chassériau's teacher Ingres would paint in 1862. Such experiments underscore Chassériau's desire to find original motifs, as he wrote alongside a drawing at the time: "....Put...the history...of the world in a new way...allowing one to see these beautiful things once again by presenting them in a fresh manner. May 1841. For my painting Esther preparing her toilette". The lush accessories and overall coloring owe something to Chassériau's admiration for Eugène Delacroix.

Art historians have long noted Chassériau's affection for his sisters, and their subconscious influence on the female figures in his art. Perhaps drawing on the recollection of Chassériau's mistress Clémence Monnerot, who said "Adèle has superb arms; they appear everywhere", Jean-Louis Vaudoyer believed that the beauty of the artist's older sister could be found in Esther's "muscular, almost masculine, arms".

Exoticism
The choice of an Old Testament story about a young woman in a harem freed Chassériau to take advantage of Orientalist and Romantic elements. The presence of Asian figures and sumptuous jewelry serves to further eroticize Esther's figure. Having previously painted a Birth of Venus and a Susanna and the Elders, Chassériau found another theme which permitted a frankly sexual presentation of the female body.

The painting was not fully understood when first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1842. If the critics recognized an insipidness in Esther's expression—one journalist complained "But why that elongated figure, those wild eyes, that savage look? There is no soul under that face..."—they failed to properly appreciate the originality of a biblical story re-imagined in an erotic, Romantic fashion. The painting would later inspire painters such as François-Léon Benouville and Gustave Moreau.

The Toilette of Esther was bequeathed to the Louvre in 1934 by Baron Arthur Chassériau, a distant relative of the artist, as part of a donation that included most of the artist's work in his possession.

Notes

References
Guégan, Stéphane, et al. Théodore Chassériau (1819-1856): The Unknown Romantic. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

External links
Louvre
Fritz Novotny, Painting and sculpture in Europe 1780-1880, p. 168

1841 paintings
Paintings in the Louvre by French artists
Paintings of Esther
Paintings by Théodore Chassériau

The Toilette of Esther


Symphonic metal is a term uised tae describe hivy metal that haes symphonic elements; that is, elements that ar either borraeed frae classical muisic or, as wi progressive rock muisic, create a style reminiscent o it, e.g. operatic female lead vocals; instrumentation that includes acoustic guitars an different types o keybuirds insteid o relyin solely on electric guitars; asymmetrical meters such as 5/4 an 7/8, an classical thematic material in addition tae characteristically hivy metal pouer riffs.

When referrin tae baunds frae ither genres, it refers tae baunds who uise minor classical an operatic themes in thair muisic seemilar tae wha ane fynds in the symphonic metal genre, tae shaw thay are mair "symphonic" than ither baunds athin thair genre.

Fusion muisic genres
Hivy metal subgenres

Symphonic metal


Dudgeon v the United Kingdom (1981) was a European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case, which held that Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 which criminalised male homosexual acts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland violated the European Convention on Human Rights.

The case was significant
as the first successful case before the ECtHR on the criminalisation of male homosexuality
as the case which led to legislation in 1982 bringing the law on male homosexuality in Northern Ireland into line with that in Scotland (since 1980) and in England and Wales (since 1967);
as a lead-in to Norris v. Ireland, a later case before the ECtHR argued by Mary Robinson, which challenged the continued application of the same 1885 law in the Republic of Ireland; and,
for setting the legal precedent that ultimately resulted in the Council of Europe requiring that no member state could criminalise male or female homosexual behaviour.

Facts
Jeff Dudgeon was a shipping clerk and gay activist in Belfast, Northern Ireland, when he was interrogated by the Royal Ulster Constabulary about his sexual activities. He filed a complaint with the European Commission of Human Rights in 1975, which after a hearing in 1979 declared his complaint admissible to the European Court of Human Rights. The Court hearing was in April 1981 before a full panel of 19 judges. Dudgeon was represented by barristers Lord Gifford, Terry Munyard, and solicitor Paul Crane.

Judgment
On 22 October 1981, the Court agreed with the Commission that Northern Ireland's criminalisation of homosexual acts between consenting adults was a violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights which says: "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society ... for the protection of health or morals". Judgment was given in Dudgeon's favour on that aspect by 15 votes to 4.

It stated the "restriction imposed on Mr. Dudgeon under Northern Ireland law, by reason of its breadth and absolute character, is, quite apart from the severity of the possible penalties provided for, disproportionate to the aims sought to be achieved." However, the ruling continued, "it was for countries to fix for themselves ... any appropriate extension of the age of consent in relation to such conduct."

The Court held by 14 votes to 5 that it was not necessary also to examine the case under Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 8, which would otherwise have meant considering the aspect of discrimination. It stated that "once it has been held that the restriction on the applicant's right to respect for his private sexual life give rise to a breach of Article 8 by reason of its breadth and absolute character, there is no useful legal purpose to be served in determining whether he has in addition suffered discrimination as compared with other persons." Minority opinions were written on both aspects.

Significance
This was the first case at the European Court of Human Rights to be decided in favour of LGBT rights. It was only the thirty-fifth case judged by the Court, and the fifth violation found against the UK. There have been upwards of ten thousand more cases judged at Strasbourg.

As a consequence of the judgment, male homosexual sex was decriminalised in Northern Ireland in October 1982. Female homosexual behaviour was never criminal anywhere in the United Kingdom.

The MPs from Northern Ireland who voted on the proposed decriminalising Order were universally opposed.

In the Article 50 settlement of 24 February 1983, no damages were awarded, the verdict being seen as sufficient reward for the hurt and pain suffered. Costs of £3,315 were awarded towards Dudgeon's legal fees but he was denied the remaining £1,290 because of a view by the Court that his then lawyers were operating on a contingency basis. Three of the five judges who voted against him on the main case and the British judge constituted a majority of the seven judges on the settlement court panel.

A Freedom of Information Request later revealed a note from a Conservative minister from that time, saying, "Put this to one side; Strasbourg will do the needful." This implied that although sympathetic to Dudgeon's case, the UK government preferred using the European Court of Human Rights to change the law in Northern Ireland rather than intervene itself.

The same provision of the 1885 Act was still in force in the Republic of Ireland, and upheld by the Supreme Court of Ireland in 1983. Norris v. Ireland (1988), successfully challenged this in the ECtHR, with Dudgeon serving as the key precedent. This led to decriminalisation in the Republic of Ireland in 1993. It was similarly followed in Modinos v. Cyprus (1993), finding an equivalent law to be a violation.

Dudgeon v. United Kingdom was cited by Justice Anthony Kennedy in Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the US Supreme Court decision which found anti-sodomy laws in 14 remaining states to be unconstitutional.

See also

LGBT rights in Northern Ireland
List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies
Privacy law
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom
Smith and Grady v United Kingdom
Sutherland v United Kingdom
1981 in LGBT rights

Notes

External links and related literature

 A people's history of the European Court of Human Rights, Michael D Goldhaber, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 2007. Chapter 3 'Gay in a Time of Troubles'.
 Human Rights Advocacy Stories, Foundation Press, New York, 2009, Chapter 3 'The Stories of Dudgeon and Toonen: Personal Struggles to Legalize Sexual Identities', Mark Bromley and Kristen Walker.
 J. Dudgeon Speech to the ILGA conference in Turin, 2011

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Discrimination in the United Kingdom
European Court of Human Rights cases decided by the Grand Chamber
European Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom
United Kingdom LGBT rights case law
1981 in Northern Ireland
1981 in LGBT history
1981 in United Kingdom case law
LGBT rights in Northern Ireland

Dudgeon v United Kingdom


The Olt Defile () is a defile that has been cut into the Transyvanian Alps in south-central Romania by the river Olt. In the Brezoi–Titești Depression portion of the defile there are located hot spring resorts. In the surrounding mountains grow walnut and oak trees, wild roses, and white ivy.  Transportation is provided by highways and railways between Râmnicu Vâlcea and Sibiu.

History

The defile was important when Rome occupied the area during the 1st century BC to 2nd century AD, building roads and fortifications along the Olt to north of the Danube. This line of fortifications was known as the Limes Alutanus, which once marked the eastern frontier of Roman Dacia. Remains of these Roman castra have been found in several villages, including those of Boița, Câineni, and Călimănești.  From the 14th to 18th century, several monasteries were built in the area.  One of these, Turnul Monastery from the 17th century, even had cells that were carved into the cliffs by hermits from the 14th century Cozia Monastery, which was known for its exterior frescoes. The Ostrov Hermitage, also in the area, dates from the 17th century, while the Cornet Hermitage was built during the 17th and 18th centuries. There are also two fortresses, dating from the 16th century, located in Turnu Roșu and Boița.

Notes

Canyons and gorges of Romania

Olt Defile


Thien Duong Cave, Paradise Cave, is a cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam, 450 km south of Hanoi. The cave is 31km long, the longest cave in Asia. It was found by a local man in 2005, British scientists explored the whole cave from 2005—2010. The access road to the cave was built and finished in September 2010. Tourists can go 1km into the cave.
Caves of Asia

Thien Duong Cave


Meridiano Televisión is a 24-hour sports network in Venezuela.

History
Meridiano Televisión was created in 1996 as a privately owned television network in Venezuela, exclusively dedicated to national and international sports.  Its owned by Bloque De Armas, a company that is also the owner the newspaper, Diario Meridiano, which also specializes in sports.

With many similarities to the sport network ESPN, Meridiano Televisión transmits almost all sporting events, mainly baseball (the Major League of Baseball and the Venezuelan League of Professional Baseball) because it is considered to be the Venezuelan national sport.  Also, sporting events that are popular in Venezuela and that are widely seen on Meridiano Televisión are Venezuela First Division games, the Spanish La Liga, the AFF Cup, the AFC Cup and the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Euro 2012 among others.

Programming
The most watched programs on Meridiano Televisión are:

Noticiero Meridiano (3 broadcasts a day)
Solo Basket

External links
Official website

Television channels and stations established in 1996
Television networks in Venezuela
Television stations in Venezuela
Spanish-language television stations

Meridiano Televisión


Jersey is a type of fabric which is mainly used for clothing. Originally it was made of wool, but today other materials, such as cotton or synthetic fibers are also used. Since the Middle Ages, the island of Jersey exported a lot of knitted goods; the fabric used became well-known under the name.

Cloth

Jersey (fabric)


Destroy the Opposition is the third album bi the Maryland daith metal baund Dying Fetus. This album marks a chynge in DF's direction, whaur the politeecal themes become dominant, which haes continued in aw o their albums frae this point on.

Producer Steve Carr wis brocht in tae help give the album a clearer, mair polisht soond. He an aa helped introduce the idea o writin mair politeecal sangs; housomeivver, John Gallagher haes an aa statit that he wantit tae take the baund in "a mair serious direction, an tae hopefully bring aboot some chynges in the warld. I ken that's no vera likely frae daith metal, but hey, we're tryin!"

In the 2004 buik "Choosing Death," Destroy the Opposition wis ane o the albums citit as an unnergrund daith-metal classic.

DF formed Blunt Force Records in 2000 as well.

Track leetin
 Praise the Lord (Opium of the Masses) - 5:31
 Destroy the Opposition - 5:11
 Born in Sodom - 4:46
 Epidemic of Hate - 4:42
 Pissing in the Mainstream - 1:57
 In Times of War - 3:08
 For Us or Against Us - 5:34
 Justifiable Homicide - 5:35
 Reduced To Slavery - 3:27 (ae available on Japanese Import)

Line up

John Gallagher: Guitars/vocals
Jason Netherton: Bass/vocals
Sparky Voyles: Guitars
Kevin Talley: Drums

Dying Fetus albums
2000 albums
Relapse Records albums

Destroy the Opposition


Gordon "Gordie" Fashoway (June 16, 1926 – May 1, 2012) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger that played 13 games for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1950-51 NHL season. Fashoway also played in the Western Hockey League with the New Westminster Royals, Victoria Cougars, and Portland Buckaroos. He won the Fred J. Hume Cup in 1960 while playing with the Buckaroos.

After Fashoway retired, he became the head coach of the Oakland Golden Seals in 1968. He coached the Golden Seals for one year before he decided to coach the Portland Buckaroos for five years. In the 1970–71 WHL season, the Buckaroos won their third WCHL championship when Fashoway was coaching them.

Other websites

1926 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba

Gord Fashoway


The Winds of War is Herman Wouk's second book about World War II (the first being The Caine Mutiny). Published in 1971, The Winds of War was followed up seven years later by War and Remembrance; originally conceived as one volume, Wouk decided to break it into two volumes when he realized it took nearly 1,000 pages just to get to the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The book was adapted into a highly successful miniseries in 1983. In 2020, a new miniseries adaptation was announced.

Overview
The novel features a mixture of real and fictional characters that are all connected to the extended family of Victor "Pug" Henry, a fictional middle-aged Naval Officer and confidant of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The story arc begins six months before Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939 and ends shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, when the United States and, by extension, the Henry family, enters the war as well.

Wouk interspersed the narrative text with epistolic "excerpts" taken from a book written by one of the book's fictional characters, German general Armin von Roon, while he was in prison for war crimes. Victor Henry translates the volume in 1965 after coming across Von Roon's German version. While the texts provide the reader with a German outlook on the war, Henry occasionally inserts notes as counterpoints to some of von Roon's statements.

Plot
In 1939 Navy Commander Victor "Pug" Henry has been appointed US Naval attaché in Berlin. During the voyage to Europe aboard , Victor befriends a British radio personality, Alistair Talcott "Talky" Tudsbury, his daughter, Pamela, and a German submarine officer, Commodore Grobke. In the television version, he also meets German General Armin von Roon. In the book he only meets Von Roon later at a Berlin dinner party. Von Roon becomes the viewpoint character for the German side of the war and witnesses the German government's worsening persecution of the Jews.

Pug quickly recognizes—through his work as the attaché—that Nazi Germany is intent on invading Poland. Realizing that this would mean war with the Soviet Union, he concludes that the only way for Germany to safely invade is to agree not to go to war with the Soviets. Pug submits a report back to Washington—going over his supervisor's head—which predicts the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact before it is signed. When the pact is made public, Pug's report draws him to the attention of President Roosevelt, who asks the Navy Commander to be his unofficial eyes and ears in Europe. Although this new assignment again delays his desired sea command, it gives him the opportunity to travel to London, Rome, and Moscow where he meets Winston Churchill, Benito Mussolini, and Iosif Stalin in addition to Adolf Hitler, whom he met in Berlin.

Due to Pug's increasing amount of travel and his aversion to many of the cultural events which are enjoyed by his wife, Rhoda, she spends increasing amounts of time alone. Through Pug, she meets a widowed engineer named Palmer (Fred) Kirby, who later will be involved in the first phase of the Manhattan Project. Rhoda and Palmer begin to spend time together attending the opera and other events, but soon this leads to a romantic relationship. For his part, Pug begins a platonic but very close and borderline romantic relationship with Pamela; however, he cannot decide to leave his wife Rhoda for her.

After having finally obtained command of a battleship, , he leaves for Pearl Harbor from Moscow, where he has discussed Lend-Lease issues and observed a battle. He flies over Asia and spends time in Manila listening to the radio broadcast of the annual Army–Navy football game. When his flight is approaching Pearl Harbor, they receive the message that an attack is under way. Arriving at the base, they see the burning ships, including his own.

Pug's three children each have their own story lines. His older son, Warren, is a United States Naval Academy graduate who enters Navy Flight School in Florida. His daughter, Madeline, begins a job in a radio company.

The child most prominent in the story is middle child and younger son Byron, named after Lord Byron, the English poet. Though a Columbia University graduate and holding a naval reserve commission, Byron has not committed himself to a career. In 1939 he accepts a job as a research assistant for an expatriate Jewish author, Aaron Jastrow, who is best known for his book A Jew's Jesus and lives in Siena, Italy.

Byron also meets Jastrow's niece, Natalie, and her soon-to-be fiancé, Leslie Slote, who works for the Department of State. Readers later discover that Natalie and Slote are also close friends of Pamela Tudsbury from their time in Paris together. Byron is three years younger than Natalie, but catches her attention by heroically saving her uncle from being trampled by a stampeding horse during the Palio, a festival in Siena.

Byron and Natalie visit her family's native town in Poland, Medzice, for a wedding, which occurs the night prior to the German invasion of Poland. They are awakened early the next morning to evacuate as the town citizens flee from the invaders. They travel from Medzice to Warsaw ahead of the invading German army, and at one point the refugees are strafed by the Luftwaffe and many are killed and injured. As they approach Warsaw, they encounter Polish soldiers who confiscate Byron's passport and attempt to commandeer their automobile and leave them stranded. Finally, they are in Warsaw as the Germans begin the siege and are evacuated along with other Americans and citizens of neutral countries.

During their encounters with the German and Polish soldiers, Byron repeatedly behaves heroically. Leslie behaves in cowardly fashion under artillery fire, but stands up to the Germans when they attempt to separate Jewish Americans from their group.  When Natalie receives the proposal of marriage from Leslie that she has been eagerly awaiting, she realizes that the experience in Poland has changed her heart and that she is now in love with Byron. After much beating around the bush, she admits this to Byron, who promptly offers his own proposal of marriage, which Natalie accepts. She returns to America upon receiving word that her father is quite ill, and she is also able to attend Warren's wedding. Her father dies of a heart attack upon hearing of the invasion of Norway and Denmark on April 9, 1940.

In January 1941, she marries Byron and devotes herself to getting her reluctant uncle out of Europe to escape the Nazis, soon discovering she is pregnant.

All of the story lines are left as a cliffhanger as the United States is drawn into the war by the attack on Pearl Harbor. Rhoda makes and then retracts a request for a divorce. With USS California damaged and out of action, Pug is given command of a cruiser, . Byron has been trained as a submarine officer. Warren has graduated from Pensacola, married a Congressman's daughter, Janice Lacouture, and is assigned to  as a dive bomber pilot. Aaron, Natalie, and Natalie's infant son Louis are trapped in Europe as the United States is plunged into the global conflict. These storylines continue in War and Remembrance.

Author's viewpoint and focus
Wouk never presumes to read the minds of historical characters; only fictional characters have thoughts the reader can share in this novel.  Wouk wrote that the novel was a traditional and linear narrative of the war that began with the cataclysmic event of Pearl Harbor,

Wouk wrote that in "'The Winds of War,' I did my best to shake up the familiar elements in the kaleidoscope of art, to give them an organizing vision and a shape, so that he who runs might read and picture what happened in this worst world catastrophe — the worst, that is, so far."

Characters
 Victor "Pug" Henry — A "Zelig-like" character, he is almost inhumanly stoic, an image that he betrays as a facade through the bold assertions and opinions that come through in his writing. Pug's character is largely to observe the main players in the war. He becomes a trusted adviser to Franklin Roosevelt and meets Hitler, Göring, Churchill, Mussolini and Stalin.
 Byron "Briny" Henry — The middle child, who long ago gave up competing with Warren, often acting (or failing to act) out of what seems to be a sense of spite against his father, who he alternately worships and reviles. War brings out unexpected qualities in him.
 Natalie Jastrow — Niece of Aaron and Berel, she is a brilliant writer and historian who also tends towards obstinate and bratty behavior that constantly places her in or near mortal danger. She is Byron's love and eventually his wife.
 Warren Henry — Pug's elder son is the high-achiever of his generation.
 Madeline Henry — Drops out of college to work for radio star Hugh Cleveland, providing a look into American radio, where author Herman Wouk was working at the time war broke out in Europe. Briefly she becomes Cleveland's mistress.
 Leslie Slote — Foreign Service bureaucrat pursued by Natalie Jastrow until he reveals his physical cowardice during the Siege of Warsaw. Natalie is subsequently impressed with his moral courage in standing up to the Germans and refusing to point out American Jews during the evacuation of neutrals from Warsaw, but ultimately rejects him and confesses her love to Byron.
 Rhoda Grover Henry — Pug's wife, she is a bored, selfish and shallow woman, a frustrated actress who thrives on the social power and prestige her husband's rank and position affords her.
 Palmer Kirby — Described as a large, ugly man. He owns a business that produces high-quality electromagnets, and becomes a U.S. government contractor for the Manhattan Project.  When Germany invades the Soviet Union, Kirby wonders if Hitler is taking this enormous risk because he is confident he will have atomic bombs soon.
 Berel Jastrow — A cousin of Natalie's father and of Aaron.
 Janice Lacouture Henry — Following her husband Warren to Hawaii, we see the attack on Pearl Harbor through her eyes.

Other fictional characters

 Pamela Tudsbury — becomes a viewpoint character in the second book, but is seen only through Pug's eyes in this one. She shared an apartment in Paris with Natalie before the war. Acted by Victoria Tennant in both programs.
 Alistair Tudsbury — Pamela's father, an English journalist who fought Germans in the last war and refuses to trust them now.
 Hugh Cleveland — A rising radio star with no real knowledge or interest in anything beyond his career, except pretty young women.
 Isaac Lacouture — Florida congressman and Janice's father, Ike Lacouture is an isolationist who fights each step the United States makes toward involvement in the war.
 Commander Ernst Grobke — German submariner Pug meets on the Bremen.
 Wolf Stoller — Göring's minion, who has made a large fortune arranging the legal robberies of Jewish-owned businesses.
 Ludwig Rosenthal — the Jewish owner of the mansion the Henrys rent in Berlin at a ridiculously low rate.
 Fred Fearing — American reporter working in Berlin during Pug's assignment there. Fearing also reported on the Spanish Civil War, which wound up in early 1939 just as the novel begins.
 Luigi Gianelli — A California banker Pug accompanies on an errand from FDR, an unofficial peace mission. He might have been inspired by A.P. Giannini, founder of the Bank of America.
 Sewell "Bozey" Bozeman — A naive Communist trombone player Madeline dates for a short time. Bozey's only appearance is in Chapter 18, when he sets Warren and Janice right about Stalin's recent doings in Poland and Finland while they visit Madeline in her apartment.

Reception

The Winds of War was #9 on the New York Times Fiction Best Seller List for November 28, 1971. Critical reviews were generally negative.

Miniseries

The book was adapted in 1983 into a highly successful miniseries on the ABC television network, directed and produced by Dan Curtis. Just as in the book, in addition to the lives of the Henry and Jastrow families, much time in the miniseries is devoted to the major global events of the early years of World War II. Adolf Hitler and the German General Staff, with the fictitious general Armin von Roon as a major character, is a prominent subplot of the miniseries. The Winds of War also includes segments of documentary footage, narrated by William Woodson, to explain major events and important characters. With 140 million viewers of part or all of Winds of War, it was the most-watched miniseries at that time. It was followed by a sequel, War and Remembrance, in 1988, also based on a novel written by Wouk and also directed and produced by Curtis.

In 2020, a new miniseries adaptation of The Winds of War was announced, to be co-written by Seth MacFarlane as his first project with NBCUniversal.

See also

War and Remembrance
War and Remembrance (miniseries)

References

DVD-featurettes on "The Winds of War"-DVD
Morse, Barry - Remember With Advantages (2006),

1971 American novels
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
Family saga novels
Novels about the Holocaust
Little, Brown and Company books
Novels by Herman Wouk
Novels set during World War II
Works about women in war
American novels adapted into television shows

The Winds of War


Radio frequency sweep or frequency sweep or RF sweep  apply to scanning a radio frequency band for detecting signals being transmitted there. A radio receiver with an adjustable receiving frequency is used to do this. A display shows the strength of the signals received at each frequency as the receiver's frequency is modified to sweep (scan) the desired frequency band.

Methods and tools
A spectrum analyzer is a standard instrument used for RF sweep. It includes an electronically tunable receiver and a display. The display presents measured power (y axis) vs frequency (x axis).
The power spectrum display is a two-dimensional display of measured power vs. frequency. The power may be either in linear units, or logarithmic units (dBm). Usually the logarithmic display is more useful, because it presents a larger dynamic range with better detail at each value. An RF sweep relates to a receiver which changes its frequency of operation continuously from a minimum frequency to a maximum (or from maximum to minimum). Usually the sweep is performed at a fixed, controllable rate, for example 5 MHz/sec.

Some systems use frequency hopping, switching from one frequency of operation to another. One method of CDMA uses frequency hopping. Usually frequency hopping is performed in a random or pseudo-random pattern.

Applications
Frequency sweeps may be used by regulatory agencies to monitor the radio spectrum, to ensure that users only transmit according to their licenses. The FCC for example controls and monitors the use of the spectrum in the U.S. In testing of new electronic devices, a frequency sweep may be done to measure the performance of electronic components or systems. For example, RF oscillators are measured for phase noise, harmonics and spurious signals; computers for consumer sale are tested to avoid radio frequency interference with radio systems. Portable sweep equipment may be used to detect some types of covert listening device (bugs).

In professional audio, the optimum use of wireless microphones and wireless intercoms may require performing a sweep of the local radio spectrum, especially if many wireless devices are being used simultaneously. The sweep is generally limited in bandwidth to only the operating bandwidth of the wireless devices. For instance, at American Super Bowl games, audio engineers monitor (sweep) the radio spectrum in real time to make certain that all local wireless microphones are operating at previously agreed-upon and coordinated frequencies.

See also
 Measuring receiver
 Spectrum management
 Technical surveillance counter-measures

References

Donald G. Fink, Donald Christiansen – Electronic Engineer's Handbook, Second edition.
Ulrich L. Rohde, Jerry C. Whitaker, T.T.N. Bucher – Communications Receivers: Principles and Design, Second edition.

Electronic test equipment
Laboratory equipment
Measuring instruments
Radio technology
Signal processing
Covert listening devices

Radio-frequency sweep


For the Wikipedia style guide, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style.
A style guide (also known as style manual) is a set of rules for language usage and design of documents (records). Some style guides are about things related to graphic design, such as arranging words and white space on a page. Website style guides often help with visual or technical things. Literary style guides help with choosing the best words, common errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling; and help for how to express ideas in a precise, fair and forceful way.

Some modern style guides are for use by all people. These are usually more about language than about how it should look.

Style guides do not stop a writer from using his own unique style, but some writers believe style guides are too restrictive.

Like language itself, many style guides change as time passes. For example, the Associated Press stylebook is updated every year.

Style guides
Graphics

Style guide


The International Baccalaureate, or IB, is a well-known advanced school program. It is taught in English, French and Spanish in more than 140 countries.

Students earn an IB Diploma after passing exams and completing the program requirements. They have to take classes in 6 subject areas. This is more than most countries.

The six subject areas are: Language 1 (first language), Language 2 (second language), Math, Science, World Studies, and Electives. History, Literature, Geography, and Economics are all World Studies subjects. Students also have the option of taking a second science class instead of an elective.

Students have to write a 4000-word paper called an Extended Essay, take a philosophy class called Theory of Knowledge, and complete 150 hours of CAS (Creativity, Action, Service).

Students have to do to 3 subjects at Higher Level (HL) and 3 subjects at Standard Level (SL). HL classes are longer and more complex, although SL classes are still somewhat more challenging than regular program classes.

IB is studied in most countries, but some schools study the IB differently.

Similar articles
Advanced Placement Program, a competitor to the IB Program

Other websites
International Baccalaureate official website
List of IB World Schools by country
Examinations

International Baccalaureate


Joshua David Bell (born 9 December 1967) is an American violinist.  He is considered one of the greatest violinists of today.

Childhood
Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, United States.  His father was a psychologist and therapist.  He began  violin lessons at the age of four after his mother found that Bell had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his dresser drawer to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano. His parents got him a very small violin  and started giving him lessons.  He learned the violin very quickly, but also had time to enjoy things such as  video games and  sports.

Bell's first violin teacher suggested that he should learn with Josef Gingold.  Bell says that Gingold was a great teacher.  At the age of fourteen, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Muti. He studied the violin at the Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music, while managing to graduate from Bloomington High School North in 1984.

Career
Joshua Bell first played in the Carnegie Hall, New York in 1985 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. He has since performed with almost all of the world's major orchestras and conductors.  He has played all the well known concertos as well as new works.  In 1993 he gave the first performance of Nicholas Maw's violin concerto which was dedicated to him. The recording of this work won Bell a Grammy award. He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack for the movie The Red Violin and was also featured in Ladies in Lavender. Bell also made an appearance in the movie Music of the Heart, a story about the power of music, with other famous violinists.

Bell's violin is a 300-year-old Stradivarius violin called the Gibson ex Huberman, which was made in 1713, a time when Stradivarius was making his best instruments.   This violin had been stolen twice from the previous owner, Bronislaw Huberman; the last time the thief confessed as he was dying to having stolen it.  Bell had held and played the violin, and its owner at the time jokingly told Bell the violin could be his for four million dollars.  Shortly afterwards, by chance, Bell came across the violin again and discovered it was about to be sold to a wealthy German  to become part of a collection. According to the Joshua Bell website Bell "was practically in tears."  Bell then sold the Stradivarius violin that he had at the time for a little more than two million dollars and bought the Gibson ex Huberman for a little under the four million dollar asking price. His first recording made with the Gibson ex Huberman was Romance of the Violin. It sold more than 5,000,000 copies and remained at the top of classical music charts for 54 weeks.  In September 2006 he made a CD called the Voice of the Violin and was released in September 2006. It has songs arranged for the violin.  He played the song Vocalise by Rachmaninoff in the Royal Albert Hall at the Last Night of the Proms in 2007.  He is a visiting professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

In an unusual experiment the Washington Post asked Bell to stand in the street and busk (play his violin) by the entrance to a Washington Metro station one cold morning in January 2007.  During the 45 minutes that he played more than 1000 people passed him but only a few people stopped to listen, most of whom were children.  Only one person recognized him and one other person realized he was a great violinist.

Personal life
Bell lives in Manhattan. He is keen on sports such as golf and tennis. He has three children born by a former girlfriend, however married another woman on 5th October 2019.

Other websites
Official Website
Recording  of Bell's performance in L'Enfant Plaza.

1967 births
Living people
People from Bloomington, Indiana
American violinists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Indiana

Joshua Bell


A semicolon is a punctuation mark. It looks like this: ;

Use in English
In the standard English language, a semicolon has only two uses.  First, to connect two independent clauses into a single sentence.  For example:
"I could tell that it was getting late; it was growing darker by the second."
The second use of a semicolon is to separate items in a series when the items contain parenthetical elements within themselves.  For example:
"The following crewmembers were on the bridge: James T. Kirk, captain of the
Enterprise; Mr. Spock, first science officer; Mr. Sulu, helmsman; Mr. Scott,
engineer; and Dr. McCoy, chief medical officer."

A semicolon is also used with a conjunctive adverb when joining two clauses.  In reality, this is the same as the first rule, but it looks different enough to sometimes cause concern.

For example:
"huzaifa, context in which all life exists; consequently, it is more than a political issue."

Use in Computer Programming
A semicolon is sometimes used in programming. In programming languages such as C, semicolons are used to separate logical statements.

int main() {
  int x, y;
  x = 1; y = 2;
  printf("X + Y = %d", x + y);
  return 0;
}

Punctuation

Semicolon


The Joe Pitt Casebooks are a series of supernatural noir thrillers written by American author Charlie Huston. Each casebook chronicles Joe Pitt's life as well as his struggles in the underground of vampyre clans of New York. At first Pitt is an unaffiliated vampyre, living in between the cracks by doing jobs for various clans in exchange for blood and freedom.  However, as the series progresses, this shifts and Pitt's life evolves with each book.

Series
There are five books in the Joe Pitt Casebooks series:
Already Dead (December 27, 2005)
No Dominion (December 26, 2006)
Half the Blood of Brooklyn (December 26, 2007)
Every Last Drop (September 30, 2008)
My Dead Body (October 13, 2009)

Overview

Setting
The stories take place in modern-day New York City, primarily on Manhattan Island (and sometimes in Brooklyn, the Bronx, or Queens).

Clans
In the Joe Pitt Series, local vampyres have loosely organized themselves into clans, each with their own territory on Manhattan Island.  Each of the clans jealously guards their own territory from other vampyres, as their continued existence is largely dependent on being able to feed on humans unnoticed - a feat that becomes increasingly difficult as their population increases.  Vampyres who are not a member of a clan are referred to as Rogues.

The Coalition
The Coalition is the largest and most powerful of the clans, with more members and resources than any other clan.  In the fourth book of the series, Pitt estimates that the Coalition may have as many as a thousand members.  However, throughout the fifth book, it also becomes clear that the Coalition is actively supporting other minor clans across the island.  The Coalition seems to operate in a cross between the mafia and a corporation.  Dexter Predo is the face of the organization, sometimes described as being in charge of the organization's enforcers and, at one point, describing himself as chief of intelligence.  By the end of the fifth book it becomes clear the Predo answers to a person or persons calling themselves the "Secretariate."

The Enclave
A clan of vampyres who organize themselves as a religion, roughly analogous to Buddhist monks.  The central tenet of their faith is that the vyrus is supernatural and possibly divine.  They focus on allowing the vyrus to slowly consume them in the hope that, one day, they will be able to walk in the sun without burning.  The Enclave is often portrayed as a group of mad zealots, but their leader, Daniel considers Pitt to be a member of clan.  As such, Pitt often turns to the Enclave for information.  In the fourth book, Pitt estimates the Enclave consists of roughly a hundred members, but between the fourth and fifth book, that number doubles. The Count later takes over the enclave, when Daniel tests his faith and walks into direct sun light. Joe is no longer considered a member and is now an enemy, because of the Count. The Enclave is feared and avoided by every other clan, and a 'no man's land' of several blocks is observed around their headquarters, though they do not take active part in any of the Clan affairs.

The Hood
A clan that organizes and conducts itself like a street gang, unifying visible minorities such as African-Americans and Latinos, initially formed by a man called Luther X. Luther split the clan from the Coalition years before the first book, and as of the second, has died - apparently of an assassination. His protégé, DJ Grave Digga takes over control of the clan and declares a state of emergency, assuming total control in order to combat the Coalition, who he believes is responsible for Luther's Death. By the end of the second book, Digga assures his continued control of the clan by discovering that Papa Doc. the leader of his opposition and head of the tons tons macoute, the Hood's enforcers (named for the Haitian secret police force) is guilty of trafficking a drug called 'Anathema' within The Hood and on Society turf. The Hood concerns itself primarily with the welfare of visible minorities and opposition of The Coalition. They enjoy cordial relations with The Society.

The Society
The Society is a prominent clan in lower Manhattan, and Joe Pitt lives on their turf as a Rogue (non-Clan member). It is run by Terry Bird and is made up of a ragtag mixture of Anarchists, Gay rights activists, and other small groups. The highest power level is made up of Bird, Lydia (gay rights), Tom (Anarchists), and Hurley, who is the main bodyguard to the three. Their mission is to bring together all the clans into a single group and go public with information of The Vyrus so that they may live like normal people, and a cure may one day be found.

Minor Factions
During the course of the series, a large number of other clans and factions are mentioned in passing, including The Dusters, a clan that organizes itself as a biker gang, The Bulls and Bears, Mungiki, The Family, The Cannon Balls, and others.  Maps at the front of the fourth book hint that there might be even more clans that go unmentioned in the series.

Main characters
Joe Pitt:
Joe Pitt (born Simon) is the main character of the series.  In the beginning of the series, Pitt is an unaffiliated vampyre who gets by doing odd jobs for the different clans of New York.  However, by the end of the first book, Pitt has pretty much pissed the Coalition off, causing him to no longer receive much needed jobs to keep his stash of blood up.  By the end of the second book, No Dominion, Pitt has joined Terry Bird's group, The Society, giving him immunity from the Coalition due to treaties and the need to avoid a war.  However, in the third book, Half the Blood of Brooklyn, Pitt is sentenced to death by Bird's group, and is rescued by a former Society member. Joe ends up pissing the Enclave off as well, making him a marked man again, by most of the big clans of New York.

Terry Bird: Head of The Society; a vampyre with something of a hippie complex. He harbors a fondness for Joe, and, unlike Predo, can see that Joe has a sharp wit, and acts as a bit of a father-figure to vampyres in need.

Daniel: Leader (and Elder) of the Enclave; a very old vampyre, but possibly one of the single most dangerous ones in Manhattan. He and his followers have made an art out of "starving" the Vyrus, so it could be stretched to its full potential in combat and survival. Tends to refer to Joe as by real name, "Simon", which usually aggravates him, but he believes Joe will be the one that eventually takes his place as leader.

Dexter Predo: A very powerful vampyre in charge of running the security apparatus of The Coalition, the most
prestigious clan in New York. Sometimes Joe takes odd jobs for him if he's in need of blood. Predo is powerful, but he is ultimately a pawn of the Coalition Secretariat, a claque of what are implied to be ancient and very wealthy vampyres.

Amanda Horde: Scientist, daughter of a wealthy magnate, Amanda is trying to isolate and create a cure for the vyrus, creating a safe haven for vampyres who wish to be cured in the process.

Secondary Characters
Evie: Joe's girlfriend, a redheaded bar tender who works at Joe's regular hang-out.  She's HIV positive at the beginning of the series, but her health eventually deteriorates.  The relationship she and Joe share is often rocky, as Joe insists on keeping his life a secret from her.

Hurley: Terry's extremely burly Irish bodyguard

Lydia Miles: The head of the LGBT faction of the Society.  Often acts as one of Terry's lieutenants.

Philip Sax: A drug dealer and user who often plays the part of Joe's informant.

Tom Nolan: An anarchist who handles security for Terry.  Is extremely antagonistic towards Joe.

DJ Grave Digga: Leader of the Hood clan who is attempting to capitalize on tensions between the Society and the Coalition.

The Count: A trust-fund college party-boy who intends to continue his carefree lifestyle even after being infected with the vyrus.

Sela: A pre-op transgender vampyre who serves as both bodyguard and lover to Amanda Horde.

Christian: Leader of the Dusters motorcycle clan who has a history with Joe.

Minor characters

Skag Baron Menace: Leader of the Mungiki clan in Queens, a group of vampyres who sharpen their teeth and wear claws.

Lament: Dickensian Fagin-type character who creates and terrorizes child vampyres.

Esperanza: Top vampyre in the Bronx who may have more than a professional interest in Joe.

Chubby Freeze: Unusually well-spoken internet porn producer who has professional dealings with Joe.

Stretch: Leader of Brooklyn-based clan called the Freaks.

Rebbe Moishe: Leader of The Chosen vampyre clan in Brooklyn.

Mrs. Vandewater: Dangerous grande dame of the Coalition who may have ties to both Predo and Terry.

Percy: One-armed barber to DJ Grave Digga who also has more secretive ties.

Leprosy: Runaway squatter and sometime informant to Joe; has a mean dog named Gristle.

See also
 Charlie Huston

External links

Charlie Huston's official site

2005 British novels
British horror novels
Novel series
Contemporary fantasy novels
Urban fantasy novels
Vampire novels

Joe Pitt Casebooks


Reader's Digest is a family magazine for general interest. It is published 10 times a year. Reader's Digest has 50 editions in 21 languages. Because of that, it has an additional 40 million readers in more than 70 countries. It is also published in Braille, digital, audio, and a version in large type called Reader's Digest Large Print. The magazine is small in size. Its pages is roughly half the size of most American magazines. Because of that, its U.S. edition adopted the motto, "America in your pocket", in 2005. However, it was then changed to "Life well shared" in January 2008. Reader's Digest has a total sales of 17 million copies, making it the largest paid circulation magazine in the world. Its headquarters was at first in Chappaqua, New York, but it is now in New York City. It was founded by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace in 1922. For many years, Reader's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States until it lost to Better Homes and Gardens in 2009.

American magazines
Companies based in New York City

Reader's Digest


Fibre Channel, or FC is an architecture (and a set of protocols to attach disk drives to computers, like in a Storage Area Network. Networks today are done with 4 GBit/s and 8 GBit/s over fiberglass cables. This is enough to support data transfer rates of up to 800 MBit/s. Fibrechannel permits connecting the same disk subsystem to several computers. It typically uses the SCSI command set.

Basically, there are two topologies (ways to do this):
Arbitrated Loop: All the devices are connected in a logical bus topology (shown on the right in the picture above). The devices can be connected in a ring much like Token Ring. This avoids using the Fibre Channel Switches, which are very expensive.
Fabric All devices are connected to Fibre Channel Switches. This is similar to Ethernet. It is more expensive though, because Switches that support Fibre Channel are very expensive.

Computer science

Fibre Channel


Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga is an oil on wood painting attributed to the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael, executed c. 1504–1505, and housed in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

History
Contemporary sources speak of a portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga executed by Raphael.

The painting was likely part of the Ducal collection of Urbino, brought to Florence in 1635 as Vittoria della Rovere's dowry. It is mentioned with certainty for the first time in 1773, when it was transferred from Palazzo Pitti to the Grand Ducal wardrobe of the Uffizi. In a 1784 inventory it was attributed  to Giovanni Bellini's school, while that of 1825 listed it as by Andrea Mantegna.

It was attributed to Raphael for the first time in 1905. Other artists to whom the portrait has been assigned include Francesco Francia, Giovan Francesco Caroto, Francesco Bonsignori and Albrecht Dürer.

Description
The woman portrayed is Elisabetta Gonzaga, wife of Duke Guidobaldo I of Urbino (the portrait is now exhibited at the Uffizi next to the latter's) and a woman of literary and artistic interests. Details include the black dress with applied trim in a patchwork pattern, and the scorpion-like ferronière on the woman's forehead. Her hairdo includes the coazzone, a long plait which is present also in a medal of her now at the British Museum.

See also
Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro

Sources

Scaricamazza, Dario (2023). (in Italian). Lo scorpione di Elisabetta Gonzaga. Raffaello e la creazione del segno, Milan, Preprint.

Elisabetta
1500s paintings
Elisabetta
Paintings by Raphael in the Uffizi
Portraits of women

Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga


The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (credited onscreen as Friz Freleng's Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie) is a 1981 American animated comedy package film with a compilation of classic Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies Warner Bros. cartoon shorts and animated bridging sequences produced and directed by Friz Freleng, hosted by Bugs Bunny. The new footage was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and the first Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies film with a compilation of classic cartoon comedy shorts produced by Warner Bros. Animation.

Synopsis
The animated comedy film starts with a showing of the 1958 award-winning Warner Bros cartoon Knighty Knight Bugs before going into its film opening credits. This is followed up by Bugs Bunny narrating how Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies immediately replaced baggy-pants comedy before he introduces us to "a warm-hearted humble little introvert cartoon character called Yosemite Sam".

=== Act 1: Satan's Waitin ===
In a shot-for-shot remake of Devil's Feud Cake, Yosemite Sam courts Granny with evil intentions for the $50,000,000 she has inherited, but Bugs overhears his scheming and thwarts Sam under the guise of another suitor and later Granny herself. In the end, Sam dies after being crushed by a safe that Bugs drops on him and lands in Hell. Satan offers to give Sam another chance in life provided he sends someone in his place. Sam agrees to this and, as a Roman guard captain, an Arab, and in his usual cowboy guise, attempts to kill Bugs. His attempts are unsuccessful, but when Satan keeps offering him one more chance, Sam refuses, stating Satan should get the rabbit himself and decides to stay.

 Act 2: The Unmentionables
Bugs Bunny explains about cops and robbers, as well as gangster films. In Act 2, there are three cartoons dedicated to the gangster character, Rocky.

Immediately after becoming a police detective (with the codename "Elegant Mess"), Bugs is captured by Rocky and his gang, who try to drown him. Bugs promptly escapes that and then infiltrates Rocky's birthday party that night, disguised as a showgirl. Rocky soon sees through Bugs' disguise and, accompanied by Mugsy, chases him into a cereal factory, where Bugs traps the pair on the cereal manufacturing machine. Afterwards, he brings Rocky to court, but thanks to some manipulations and obfuscating legalese by Rocky's sleazy and unethical lawyer at his trial, the mobster is free to go.

Bugs has problems finding Rocky's new hideout until word breaks out of farmer Porky Pig's golden egg, which was apparently laid by Daffy Duck. Upon reading of this, Rocky and his men capture Daffy and demand him to lay a golden egg. He eventually does after Rocky shoots him in the head, and is then ordered to lay more to fill up their collection of egg cartons. Bugs and the police suddenly bust in and arrest Rocky's troop. But another law loophole sets Rocky free again.

Rocky then captures Tweety and holds him for ransom, and Bugs appoints Sylvester to find Tweety. Sure enough, the pussycat finds Tweety in Rocky's hideout. After several failed attempts by Sylvester to free Tweety, the police arrive and surround Rocky's hideout. Sylvester ends up being hailed as a hero for having seemingly rescued Tweety, and Bugs brings Rocky to justice, but is forced to go to jail with him and Mugsy (who was likely arrested too) because he lost the keys to his handcuffs.

 Act 3: The Oswald Awards
In the third and final act, Bugs introduces the Oswald Awards, an award ceremony created by Friz for animated characters. He then hosts the ceremony himself, announcing the nominees - the Wolf from Three Little Bops, Sylvester & Tweety and himself. During Bugs' show, Daffy talks to an impressed Yosemite Sam, who then yells at him to shut up, which sends Daffy right into Granny's arms who glares at him and an angry Sam. After Sylvester and Tweety's performance, Clarence eats Tweety, but Sylvester and Granny both grab Tweety back from him. In the meantime, Daffy continually gripes about the fact that he has not been nominated. When Bugs wins the award, an infuriated Daffy challenges Bugs to a talent showdown. Bugs seems to have the audience's favor, but Daffy ultimately wins their applause by blowing himself up. Bugs gives the now-ghostly Daffy the award, with the duck responding, "It just goes to show you, you gotta kill yourself to win an Oswald in this town!" He then bows but the audience stops applauding, and he leaves in a huff. The only explanation is they only applauded because he is now dead.

 "That's all Folks!"
There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the "That's all Folks!" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, "D-D-Dirty Guys" as the film fades out.

 Featured cartoons
The cartoons used to make the animated film include:
 Knighty Knight Bugs (introduction. Full episode. Merrie Melodies intro music used instead of Looney Tunes music and red rings used instead of blue rings, no credits and end card removed)
 Hare Trimmed (act 1)
 Satan's Waitin' (brief snippet of Satanic bulldogs originally barking at Sylvester)
 Roman Legion-Hare (act 1, as part of Devil's Feud Cake)
 Devil's Feud Cake (act 1; Note:'''  Uses the same premise of that short, but features a different Satan design/voice and new animation and dialogue; some scenes are re-used from Devil's Feud Cake such as when the lions pursue Sam to a cliff, with a river below. Faced with an awkward dilemma of falling to his death [again] or being eaten by the lions, Sam hastily jumps, hoping to land in the river, but is killed again and ends up back in Hell. Also used is the ending where Sam does say "I'm staying" and wickedly laughs dressed as the devil)
 Sahara Hare (act 1, as part of Devil's Feud Cake)
 Wild and Woolly Hare (act 1)
 The Unmentionables (act 2)
 Golden Yeggs (act 2)
 Catty Cornered (act 2)
 Three Little Bops (act 3)
 Birds Anonymous (act 3)
 High Diving Hare (act 3)
 Show Biz Bugs (act 3)

Also, clips from Little Red Rodent Hood, Speedy Gonzales, and A Pizza Tweety Pie can be seen in the introduction.

 Voice cast
 Mel Blanc - Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Yosemite Sam, Porky Pig, Pepé Le Pew,  Speedy Gonzales, Sylvester, Tweety, Rocky and Mugsy, King Arthur, Sir Osis of Liver, Sir Loin of Beef,  Gerry the Idgit Dragon, Treasury Director, Judge, Cop # 1, Cop # 2, Clancy, Clarence, O'Hara, Cats in B.A
 June Foray - Granny
 Bea Benaderet - Granny (classic cartoons, uncredited)
 Stan Freberg - The Singing Narrator, Big Bad Wolf, Three Little Pigs
 Ralph James - The Narrator (classic cartoons)
 Frank Nelson - Satan
 Frank Welker - Reporter Dog, Lawyer, The Narrator (bridging sequences)

 Home media
The film was released on VHS in 1982 by WCI Home Video. The film was re-released on VHS on October 26, 1999 and first time on DVD in the USA on April 28, 2009 from Warner Home Video.  Special features for the DVD release included three bonus animated shorts: Box-Office Bunny, From Hare to Eternity and Pullet Surprise''.

References

Notes

External links

1981 films
1981 comedy films
1981 animated films
1980s American animated films
1980s children's animated films
1980s English-language films
American children's animated comedy films
American crime comedy films
Animated anthology films
Animated crime films
Looney Tunes films
Arthurian animated films
Films based on The Three Little Pigs
Bugs Bunny films
Daffy Duck films
Foghorn Leghorn films
Pepé Le Pew films
Porky Pig films
Rocky and Mugsy films
Speedy Gonzales films
Sylvester the Cat films
Tweety films
Yosemite Sam films
Animated films about kings
Animated films about dragons
The Devil in film
Films about kidnapping in the United States
Animated films about revenge
Animated films set in England
Animated films set in castles
Animated films set in the Middle Ages
Animated films set in hell
Animated films set in the United States
Animated films set on farms
Films set in apartment buildings
Films set in a theatre
Films set in 1981
Films directed by Friz Freleng
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
Films scored by Robert J. Walsh
Films scored by William Lava
Warner Bros. films
Warner Bros. animated films
Warner Bros. Animation animated films


Lumbarda () is a village and a municipality located on the eastern tip of Korčula in Croatia, seven kilometers away from the town of Korčula. A road passing through a picturesque area of pine woods and olive groves connects these two places.  Lumbarda is surrounded by sandy vineyards (famous white wine "Grk" produced from the native grape of the same name) and sandy beaches such as Vela Pržina, Bilin Žal and Tatinja. Lumbarda is a tourist centre, many of its 1,200 inhabitants are active in the local tourist service (private accommodation, tourist excursion to islands Mljet and Lastovo and around islands of Korčula archipelago, scuba diving excursions etc.) but they are also wine-growers, fishermen and stone-dressers. Lumbarda has a rich history preserved in written documents dating back to more than 2,000 years ago.

History
Throughout its history, Lumbarda was a region combining various nations and cultures. Based on current research, the first inhabitants were the Illyrians, ruling the island during the Bronze and Iron Age. Their artifacts can be found in the graves and strategic stone stacks, concentrated primarily on the western areas of Lumbarda. Today you can find many geographical toponyms with the name Lumbardhë in Albania and Kosovo, Lumbardhë meaning white river.

With the intrusion of Greek interests on the Adriatic, the island relinquished its historical obliviousness becoming known as Korkyra Melaina (black). The region was of great importance to the Greeks, establishing two settlements on the Black Korkiri. The later settlement was founded in the 3rd century in Lumbarda. The most renowned and significant Antic stone inscriptions found in the Republic of Croatia give witness to this historical event.

The Lumbarda Psephisma is kept in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. The decree details the particular details surrounding the establishment of the colony. The text, amongst other things, provides information on the Greeks from the island of Issa (today Vis) establishing the settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrii, Pil and his son Daz. The Lumbarda Psephisma was discovered on the top of the hill Koludrt, where the Issian town most likely once stood. Somewhat south, in the Sutivan area, is located the necropolis colony from which originate Greek vases, now kept in the Korčula Town Museum.

The Greek colony designated the beginning of the end of the Illyrian era on Korčula, but their real downfall occurred during the invasion by the Roman Emperor Octavian in 35 B.C. Very soon following this dramatic event, the first Roman families arrived on the island. One of these families owned a spacious villa dating back to the first century, and located in Knežina region in the Lumbardian Veli area. Other than the building's total area, it is particularly significant due to the way it was built – made of small pyramidal blocks placed in a slanted net. The technique is opus reticulatum, typical for the Roman regions in Italy, hence the Lumbardian villa is a unique case on the eastern Adriatic coast. The significant Roman remains are also to be found in the Koludrt and Sutivan regions. In the later, a thermal facility belonging to a smaller settlement with a respective necropolis was discovered. Furthermore, in the Lumdardian aquarium there is evidence of a Roman quarry on the islands of Sutvara, Vrnik and Kamenjak. The latter Antic age was preserved in the region mainly through remains relating to the early Christian age. Of all the remains, the best preserved is the chapel of St. Barbara on the island of Sutvara, dating to the 6th century. In the 6th century Lumbadara came under Byzantine rule.

The lack of early Middle Ages ruins confirms the theory that with the fall of the Antic age, Lumbarda was all but abandoned (and later resettled). Its current name first appears in the statute of Korčula, originally compiled in 1214 (suggesting a presence of a trading post) .
Consequently, one of the provisions of the statute prohibits the permanent settlement of Lumbarda and imposes a monetary fine for those staying over night. As per its flat sandy topography, two quite bays and its previous church holdings (in the form of land fraternities), it is possible that the trading post in question developed as a reaction to the local Catholic church's dwindling income. Border disputes with the Republic of Dubrovnik and the Diocese of Ston might have left Korcula council & its church council under a financial hardship. In this respect, the monetary fine imposed on anyone who stayed in the vicinity after dark, might have been a toll levied on respective traders anchored in the bay. In such a scenario it is quite possible that the name in question could be a version of the word Lombard, as a reference to a centre of business demarcated by commodities based collateral. It further suggests a tangible link to North Italy, the Lombard League, the Republic of Venice and the presence of Lombard Dalmatian trade.

It is not surprising therefore that the only witnesses of that time are two sacral buildings, the church of St. John on Sutivan and St. Barbara on Žabnjak. The former is the oldest church in Lumbarda, (since it is mentioned in 1388 as a ruin). It was renovated a few times, until 1893 when a new church was built on its ruins. The church of St. Barbara on Žabnjak was most likely built toward the end of the 13th century, and it also was renovated, first in 1728, and once again toward the end of the 19th century when it received its present form.

In 1420, Korčula came under the long authority of the Venetian Republic  and since then it has shared its history with Dalmatia. With the stabilization of existential circumstances began the continual settling of Lumbarda. In the 16th century, it was a formed settlement, grouped around churches built mainly on private land of the Korčulan nobles. The oldest of them all is the church of St ROK in Vela Glavica. It was probably built at the beginning of the 16th century, since its expansion is mentioned in 1561. It received its present form in 1886, while the bell-tower was erected in 1996. In the 16th century, the church of St Barthol in Vela Postrana was erected, the church of St. Peter and Paul in Vela Glavica, the church of Mary's Visitation (Gospica) in Mala Glavica, and the church of the Holy Cross in the field. The later was renovated in 1774, while a lodge was added in 1881 to accommodate the increasing number of parishioners, during the expansion of the main church in Vela Glavica.

The parish of Lumbarda, founded in the 16th century, is first mentioned in 1612, at the diocesan synod in Korčula. The registry books originate from the same century: matrimonial from 1620, the deceased from 1635 and the baptised from 1641.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Lumbarda was the countryside residency for the Korčulan bishops and nobility. The first preserved summer residence belonged to the diocese and was built in the 15th century, in the cove of Bilin žal. However, two centuries later, the countryside architecture matured and the favored regions were Tatinja and Prvi žal. At that time castles were also built, which other than business, also had a defensive function. Hence, Cankin's and Nobilo's castles above the Tatinja cove, and the rook in the Veli poj, dominate the surroundings due to their height.

The 19th and 20th centuries were characterized by the formation of various religious, cultural and artistic associations. In 1857 the brotherhood of the Holy Sacrament was established, and later the brotherhoods of St. ROK and Our Lady of Karmen also joined. Traditional music was founded in 1929, while the church choir was formed in 1935. One of the last associations founded was the Cultural association "Ivo Lozica" (1980)  and the girls church choir (1999).

In the early 20th century, two of the most recent sacral objects were erected in Lumbarda. They are the church of St. Špiridijun in the village of Javić dating back to 1900, and the chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes at the base of Koludrt was built in 1922.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 1,209.

Numerous Lumbardian artists made a significant contribution to this region, some of whom gained world recognition. They include the sculptors Frano Kršinić (1897-1982), Ivo Lozica (1910-1943), Lujo Lozica (born 1934), an amateur sculptor Ivan Jurjević - Knez (born 1920), painter Stipe Nobilo (born 1945), composer Ivo Lipanović (born 1958), actor Damir Markovina (born 1973) and the village mascot simply known as Renato or Rene (born 1969). Also, journalist and US Foreign Service officer Sipe "Steve" Sestanovich (1912–2014) was born in Lumbarda.

See also
 Lumbarda Psephisma
Croatia
Korčula
Dalmatia

References

External links

Lumbarda tourist board
Lumbarda online
History of Lumbarda at www.korcula.net

Korčula
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated coastal places in Croatia
Illyrian Croatia
Greek colonies in Illyria
Cities in ancient Illyria

Lumbarda