Survivor: Panama - Exile Island (Survivor: Exile Island or Survivor: Panama for short) is the twelfth season of the American reality show Survivor. The season was filmed in the Pearl Islands, off the coast of Panama. This location was used before in Survivor: Pearl Islands and Survivor: All-Stars. Filming started on October 31, 2005 and the season started being shown on TV on February 2, 2006. The season finale (last episode) was on May 14, 2006 with the votes shown live from the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York.

Applications had to be given on June 17, 2005. Around August 2005, 800 people were invited for an interview by CBS. Out of these 800, 48 of them were chosen as semi-finalists to be interviewed Los Angeles in September 2005. From these 48, 16 were chosen and the show was filmed from November to December 2005.

The season had a twist that started in Survivor: Palau called Exile Island. Each week at least one player is sent to Exile Island after the reward challenge, and will return at the immunity challenge. The exile is given a single machete, a flint, a pot and a bucket of dirty water. The island also had a hidden immunity idol that could be used at tribal council after the votes have been made. This gave the person who found the idol an advantage because that person can keep the idol secret until he or she was voted off. When it's played, the person with next highest number of votes would be voted off. Terry found the idol and never needed to use it at a vote, but him having the idol seemed to influence how many other people voted.

The game started by dividing the 16 players into four tribes by gender and age: young men (Viveros, green buffs), older men (La Mina, orange buffs), young women (Bayoneta, blue buffs) and older women (Casaya, purple buffs). These four tribes were named after four islands in the Pearl Islands. During the second episode, the tribes were switched so that there would only be two tribes, Casaya, and La Mina. Bayoneta and Viveros no longer existed. The last 10 players left merged (combined) into one tribe, and called their new tribe "Gitanos" (black buffs), the Spanish word for "gypsy." One person from each of the four starting tribes were in the final four.

Tina Scheer was supposed to be in Survivor: Guatemala, but she backed out due to her son's death just before that season.

On June 8, 2006 Survivor: Panama became available on Apple's iTunes store.

In a 5-2 vote, Aras Baskauskas won against Danielle DiLorenzo to take the $1 million prize.

Cirie Fields was chosen from this season to return in Survivor: Micronesia as part of the Favorites tribe. Fields also returned once again in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, along with Danielle DiLorenzo. Their places are unknown because the season has not been shown on TV yet.

Players

The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.

 Bruce joined Casaya after the episode 2 vote, which is why he did not vote.

The game

If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork, or where one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.

 Bruce was not chosen by a tribe. He was sent to Exile Island and would join the tribe that loses a member. He joined Casaya after Melinda was voted off.

 There was no Reward Challenge because the tribes were merged, so no one was sent to Exile Island.

 There was no Immunity Challenge because of Bruce being removed from the game.

 As well as a barbecue meal, Terry won a GMC Yukon for winning the second part of the reward challenge.

Episode 1: The First Exile
Reward Challenge: Each of the four tribes will have one perspm who has to run across Exile Island to find a pile of skulls. The person must smash the skull that has a tight ball of fabric. Inside the fabric was either an amulet or a stone. Once the amulet is found the person must run back to their tribemates. First three teams to finish wins Reward.
Reward: All winning tribes will get flint to make fire.
Immunity Challenge: Beginning on platforms in the ocean, the tribes must race over a wall, dive into the ocean and swim to their tribe raft. The last person over the wall dives down to unclip a rope underwater, letting the raft loose. The tribe then paddles the raft towards shore. Once the tribe hooks their raft to the post on shore, they race to solve a puzzle, which lets a giant ring loose. The tribe has the choice to dig down many feet and look for an answer key to solve the puzzle. Once the ring is let loose, the tribe attaches it to a rope that they use to throw at a hook to raise their tribe flag. The first three tribes to raise their flags win Immunity.
All 16 players came on what was later told to be Exile Island for the start of the game. They were divided into four tribes based on their age and gender. Then a Reward Challenge started. With Viveros, Casaya and La Mina winning, the losing tribe, Bayoneta, had to pick one of their own to stay on Exile, who would return in time for the next Immunity Challenge. Through Rock, Paper, Scissors, it was decided among the younger women that Misty would stay at Exile Island. The older tribes did well. Tina's leadership at Casaya helped everyone get chores done. La Mina built a bonfire. However, the two younger tribes could not get anything done. At the first Immunity Challenge, Misty came back from Exile Island and pretended she found the Immunity Idol hidden there, although she didn't need to say that, because Bayoneta finished first. The male tribes La Mina and Viveros finished second and third, and Casaya going to Tribal Council. Back at Casaya, Tina caught a big fish while Ruth-Marie and Melinda wanted to vote off Cirie because they thought she was weak. At Tribal Council, Tina said that her tribemates were much lazier than her, which made everyone want to vote her out. In the end, Ruth-Marie and Melinda chose to keep Cirie in the game and vote out Tina. (3-1)

Episode 2: Breakdown
Reward Challenge: The two new tribes must race through an obstacle course, grabbing six wooden snakes along the way. The tribes will grabe two snakes at each of three stations. Each tribe must get one player to carry all six snakes through the whole course. The first tribe to cross the finish line with all their snakes wins the Reward.
Reward: Fishing spear, bait and a raft.
Immunity Challenge: The two tribes must work together to take a giant zombie head from the ocean to the beach. Each tribe has a boat anchored to the ocean floor with a big wooden box. Also, each boat has six holes filled with rubber plugs. Five tribe members have to pull out the plugs and begin heading out of the water out of the boat while the other two tribe members jump into the water and start moving the boat by pulling the anchor towards shore. Once the boat is clipped onto the hitching post, it's a race up the beach to put the anchor on the finish mat. The first tribe to put the zombie head on the zombie body wins Immunity.

After a storm, the tribes went to a Reward Challenge and were shocked to learn that the tribes would be switched. The tribes were switched so that there were only two tribes, Casaya and La Mina. Bayoneta and Viveros no longer existed. The new La Mina tribe was Austin, Dan, Misty, Nick, Ruth-Marie, Sally, and Terry. The new Casaya tribe was Aras, Bobby, Cirie, Courtney, Danielle, Melinda, and Shane. With Bruce left over because of the odd number of players, he was given immunity and was sent to Exile Island for three days until tribal council and would join the tribe that lost the next Immunity Challenge. The new La Mina Tribe won the Reward Challenge and was given a raft and fishing supplies. Although they quickly lost their new spear in deep water, La Mina won the Immunity Challenge as well. Before Tribal Council, Shane wanted to quit because of nicotine withdrawal but his new alliance of Aras, Courtney, and Danielle told him to get over it. At Tribal Council (with Bruce watching what was happening on the Jury bench), the five new Casaya members wanted vote out the older women, Cirie and Melinda, with Melinda voted out in a 5-2 vote. After Melinda was voted off, Bruce removed his old orange buff and was then given a new purple buff, joining Casaya and headed back to camp with them.

Episode 3: Crazy Fights, Snake Dinners
Reward Challenge: Using a giant slingshot, three tribe members will be the launchers, while the other four will stand on a balance beam over the water. One tribe member will launch a ball to the other four, who must catch it before it hits the water. The first tribe to catch five balls wins the Reward.
Reward: Kerosene lantern, water canisters, blankets, pillows, rope and a tarp
Immunity Challenge: Each team will compete in different match-ups, racing head to head to five circles in the sand. Buried within each circle is a bag. The tribes must dig and find the bag, and then get back to the finish mat. To get a point, there must be at least one hand on the bag while any part of the body touches the finish mat. First tribe to score three wins Immunity.
At Casaya, Bruce used extra T-shirts to make a water filtration system, meaning his tribe did not need to boil the dirty water before drinking it. It was popular with some, but Courtney didn't believe it would work. La Mina won camping essentials and the power to choose which member of Casaya would be sent to Exile Island at the Reward Challenge. They chose Bruce, thinking that him being gone would wreck the tribe. Shane's mood swings continued and started problems among his alliance. Casaya won their first Immunity Challenge, and back at La Mina, Dan and Terry got Nick and Austin to vote Misty. Her lie about getting the Hidden Immunity Idol proved to be untrue; she was voted out 5-2.

Episode 4: Starvation and Lunacy
Reward Challenge: Each tribe gets six floating puzzle pieces. One tribe member at a time will swim out, dive down, unclip a puzzle piece, and bring it back to the puzzle frame. Once the piece is placed in the puzzle frame, the next person can go out. When all six of the puzzle pieces have been collected, the tribe may start putting the puzzle together by matching symbols on each side of every piece. First tribe to get it together right wins the Reward.
Reward: Rolls of toilet paper, bath essentials and a working outhouse, given by Charmin
Immunity Challenge: One person is seated in a chair attached to a pulley, while another person is directly above them in a crow's nest, where an empty water drum hangs. The other four tribe members are together in pairs, which will race across a balance beam carrying buckets. Once they reach the water, they must dip their bucket in, get water, race back and empty the water into a bigger pail. The person in the crow's nest will pull that pail up and empty the water into the drum. As the drum takes on water, it will lower, but the person in the chair will rise until they're high enough to pull a pin raising their tribe's flag. First tribe to raise their flag wins Immunity.
Before the Reward Challenge, Bruce, Aras and Shane returned from looking for food to find the rest of their tribe had let the fire go out. After a lesson about responsibility around the campsite, they pulled together and won the Reward Challenge for bathroom and supplies, and chose to send Terry to Exile Island, because they thought he was his team's leader. Bobby started problems with his teammates by not agreeing with how the reward should be used. La Mina tried to organzie their camp, but were having with Terry at Exile Island. Terry found the Hidden Immunity Idol, which he kept as a secret from his teammates after his return. Dan pulled in Ruth Marie as a fifth person in his alliance, but after losing another Immunity Challenge, Sally told the La Mina men that she was a more weaker player. In the end, they thought strength was more important than loyalty as Ruth Marie was voted out 4-2.

Episode 5: For Cod's Sake!!!
Reward Challenge: Each tribe will choose someone to get rice, beans and fish from a boat to the shore. The person chosen must race out, grab one item and bring it back to shore, then throw the item to their tribemates, who will be lined up. The item will be thrown from one person to the next until it gets to the last person, who will throw it into the tribe's bin. Once the item is in the bin, the person chosen must go out and get another item. The first two items will be a bag of rice and a bag of beans. Next, the items will be fish. Once a fish gets to the end of the line, the last person must cut off its head and the tail before throwing the body into the bin. The first tribe to eight wins the Reward.
Reward: A sack of rice, beans and three big fish
Immunity Challenge Each tribe must send three members to paddle out to grab skulls from four coffins sitting at the bottom of the ocean. Each time a coffin is found, someone must dive under water, open the coffin and find a skull puzzle piece. They'll then untie the puzzle piece and bring it back to the boat. Once all four skull puzzle pieces have been gathered, they will bring  them to shore. The two tribe members left use those four puzzle pieces to build a skull pyramid. The first tribe to build their skull pyramid and put their gold skull on top wins Immunity.
Bruce's "Zen Garden" caused problems at Casaya and Aras felt he should have been helping with camp . The tribe that won the reward challenge would get all the items that were used in the challenge: fish, rice, spices, and wine. The losing tribe will not go back to camp with nothing. They were to choose either a sack of rice or a sack of beans. La Mina lost again and Casaya chose Terry to go to Exile Island for the second time in a row. When Casaya came back to camp, they found out that their shelter was destroyed in the storm that happened during the challenge. Since the storm also got rid of their fire and they could not make another one since everything was wet, they just enjoyed what they had and ate the fish raw. Meanwhile, as La Mina ate the beans that they chose from the Reward Challenge, Austin and Nick got stomach problems. The next morning at Casaya, Danielle and Courtney found out that Bruce and Bobby spent the night sleeping in their outhouse, drinking all the wine they had won. At the Immunity Challenge, La Mina built the skull pyramid faster than Casaya, finally winning Immunity. After the immunity challenge, Shane told Bobby that Bruce was the next to go, as his tribe was worried he would join La Mina's alliance when the tribes merged (combine). He told Bobby he wasn't to go by swearing on his son's name; but, Cirie, Courtney and Danielle told him they thought Bruce could be trusted more. At tribal council, Shane voted for Aras as a "throwaway vote" as not to choose either side, the women of Casaya voted for Bobby. He was voted off in a 3-2-1-1 vote.

Episode 6: Salvation and Desertion
Reward/Immunity Challenge: The tribes must each choose three members to race one at a time out into a field to untie, lower, unhook and return four puzzle pieces. Once all four pieces have been gathered, the two tribe members that are left will use those pieces to solve a spinning puzzle. The first tribe to solve it right will win Immunity and the Reward.
Reward: A feast in a Panamanian village and Immunity.
At La Mina's camp, while Austin and the other men looked for creatures they could eat from the ocean, Dan told Nick about his space flights at NASA. At Casaya, the women were talking about how disrespectful they thought Shane was. In a combined Reward and Immunity challenge Casaya won a barbecue and a trip to a local village, as well as the right to send someone from La Mina to Exile Island. Because the losing tribe would be going to Tribal Council, Sally, the only woman left in La Mina was sent to Exile Island and was given Immunity. She was not allowed to vote at Tribal Council. Although she was alone, she liked how her being gone would break up the men's alliance. Meanwhile, Casaya enjoyed their reward. They rode a boat to a village and gave some toys to children. Shane saw someone smoking and talked about giving up all his clothes just to smoke a cigarette. He ended up smoking after having to stop for a long time. Later the tribe enjoyed barbecue, played soccer, and partied. At Tribal Council, the four men talked about how tight their alliance was, and about the chance of a 2-2 tie vote. In the end, Terry voted with the younger men and Dan was voted off 3-1.

Episode 7: An Emerging Plan
Immunity Challenge: Each tribe member will have to hang upside down with arms and legs wrapped around a pole. They must hang there for as long as they can. Whoever falls off of the pole will be removed from the challenge. The last player hanging wins Immunity.
La Mina got treemail that they are to go to Casaya for the tribal merge. Before they came, Shane pulled his tribe together in an agreement to vote out the other Tribe in the next four Tribal Councils. While building a bigger shelter, Nick accidentally chipped Bruce's tooth with a machete, but Bruce was fine. Meanwhile, Terry tried to tell some Casaya members to vote with La Mina, but no one would say yes. At the Immunity Challenge, the survivors hung on a pole with only their hands and feet. Terry won, winning immunity. Before Tribal Council, Bruce named the new tribe "Gitanos", meaning "gypsies" in Spanish. Later that night, Nick, who they thought was the second strongest player (after Terry) was voted out. (6-4)

Episode 8: The Power of the Idol
Reward Challenge: The Gitanos tribe will be divided into three teams of three. Each team will have one boat and 100 coconuts. They must race to put the coconuts into the boats of the other two teams. The more coconuts in the boat, the slower it will be. Once the teams have used up all their coconuts, they'll paddle out in their boats to find a tribe flag and fishing net, return to shore and use the fishing net to carry all the coconuts from their boat back up the beach and into the bin. The first tribe to get all the coconuts in their bin and on their finish mat with their tribe flag wins Reward.
Reward: Breakfast in bed
Immunity Challenge: The Survivors will race through a group of obstacles in four parts. In the first part, all nine Survivors must race to dig through the sand and pull themselves under a wooden fence. The first six to finish move on to the second round, where they must solve a brainteaser with four written clues to guide them. After finishing the brainteaser, they climb up a sand hill, through a maze and over a second sand hill. The first three to finish this part will move on to part three, where they have to travel across a rope bridge using two wooden planks. Once they're at the end of the bridge, they must jump off the platform into the water and climb up a steep sand bank. The first to the top of the sand bank move on to the last round: a race through a group of vertical and horizontal tunnels and towers until the first person finishes, winning Immunity.
With Nick voted out, the old La Mina tribe tried to get some old Casaya members to vote with them. At the reward challenge, the players were split into three teams, and Bruce, Aras, and Sally won. Austin and Danielle were sent to Exile Island together, while the winners enjoyed a big breakfast in a rain-soaked bed. At the immunity challenge, the players competed in an obstacle course, with a few players getting removed from the challenge in each round. Terry ended up winning his second second immunity challenge in a row. Back at camp, the old La Mina tribe tried to get Bruce and Danielle to vote with them, the two outcasts of their alliance, to switch to the La Mina alliance. Terry told Danielle that she could have the immunity idol if she switched. At Tribal Council, Danielle and Bruce still voted with Casaya, and, with a 6-3 vote, got rid of Austin.

Episode 9: Fight for Your Life or Eat
Reward Challenge: After watching parts of their videos from home, the tribe will be divided into two teams. One person will lie face down on a cradle hanging in the air by bungee cords. Attached to that cradle are three ropes. The teammates will pull those ropes to move the person on the cradle as they grab fifteen flags and place them in order into the right holes. The first team to get all fifteen flags in order wins the Reward.
Reward: Their full videos from home, plus peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and a glass of milk
Immunity Challenge: Each Survivor is asked to grab a nut and a shell, and put one in one hand, and the other in the other hand. For the Challenge, each person will swim out to a long plank with seven symbols on it resting on the ocean floor. They will have to remember the symbols in order and race back to the beach, where they will try to copy those symbols, in order, on their answer board. The first person to solve the puzzle right wins Immunity. But there's a twist: the players don't have be in the immunity challenge. If someone doesn't want to play, they will instead eat cheeseburgers, french fries, and soft drinks. They can only eat for as long as the Challenge goes or until the food runs out. If the players want to feast, they will show the nut. If the players want to be in the challenge, they will show the shell.

After another La Mina was voted off, Sally and Terry were trying very hard to keep themselves in the game. At the Reward Challenge, the team of Bruce, Courtney, Sally, and Terry won videos from home, peanut butter & jelly sandwiches, and ice-cold milk. They chose Aras to be sent to Exile Island. Back at the camp, a worried Shane told Cirie, who's a nurse, that he was "having problems" with his testicles (and stripped naked in the process). When the winning team got back, they brought some of their reward with them. At the Immunity Challenge, the players had to choose between a feast of cheeseburgers, fries, and soft drinks or the immunity challenge. Bruce, Cirie, Courtney, Danielle, and Shane chose to feast. Whereas Aras, Sally, and Terry chose to participate. Terry barely won against Aras, with Sally placing third. When the Survivors got back to camp, Sally and Terry were still trying to get members of Casaya to vote with them. Although old La Mina tried, the old Casaya members still said no, and Sally was voted out 6-2.

Episode 10: Medical Emergency
Reward Challenge: Each of the players will fill out a quiz in private, then the results will be tallied and the Challenge will begin. The questions will be asked to the group. At this time, they will guess whose name came up most often. Each time someone gets a right answer, they'll get to chop one of three ropes for tribe member. After three chops, the rope will let loose a torch that will send their voodoo dolls up in flames.
Reward: A visit to a spa
Immunity Challenge: Because Bruce was removed from the game for medical reasons, there was no immunity challenge.

Terry seemed to become less happy about being outside of the Casaya alliance. In a Reward Challenge where the players voted about the other players, Courtney was shocked to find out that they thought she was the most unpopular of the tribe. By guessing what most of the tribe had chosen for their answers, Cirie won the challenge and sent Terry to Exile Island taking Aras and Danielle to share her reward. Cirie then worried about what effect her decisions might have with the other players. Back at the camp, Courtney was upset because of some of the opinions told in the challenge and Shane was upset because he had not been chosen by Cirie for the reward. Shane tried to ally himself with Courtney, but failed. Bruce, who had been sick for many days, had more pain. Finally, he could not take it any longer and asked for medical help. The medical team came and took him out of the game. Later that day, with the Reward winners came back, Jeff Probst brought Terry back to the camp from Exile Island and said that because Bruce was removed, there was no Immunity Challenge or Tribal Council, and Bruce would become a member of the Jury if he was in good enough shape.

Episode 11: Perilous Scramble
Reward Challenge 1: The tribe will be divided into two teams of three. Each team member will be attached to a rope that's a bit longer than the obstacle course. They must follow the rope while travelling though the different obstacles. When they get to the last platform, they will unclip from the rope and, one at a time, race across a lily pad run, jump into the water and find one of three bags. Once all three bags have been found, they will clip onto the rope again and make their way back through all the obstacles to the beach. The first team to reach the finish with all three members and all three bags wins the first Reward.
Reward 1: A barbecue feast
Reward Challenge 2: The winners of the barbecue feast will now be in another Reward Challenge. Firing marbles using a slingshot, they will have to break three tiles in order to win this Challenge.
Reward 2: A brand new car (a GMC Yukon)
Immunity Challenge: Each tribe member will kneel at the end of a long plank hanging over a pit of water. They'll be holding on to two ropes connected to a hook with weights. Starting with twenty percent of their body weight, the weight will go up by another ten percent every fifteen minutes. When the weight becomes too much to hold, the ropes will slip from their hands, the plank will give out and they'll fall into the water. The last person left standing wins Immunity.
The other players continued to worry about Shane's odd behavior: he had found a piece of wood and was pretending it was his BlackBerry and he was sending messages to people back home. At the Reward Challenge, Terry won a 2007 GMC Yukon, and he, Courtney and Danielle won a meal together. During their reward, Terry made a deal with Courtney and Danielle for the three of them to work together. Back at camp, Cirie went fishing and caught a big fish. After returning to camp, Danielle told Terry she was worried that if they were in the final three with Courtney, she thought he would pick Courtney to go to the final two with because she was less popular. Terry told Danielle that if either of them won the final immunity challenge, they would take the second place winner to the final two. When Courtney found out, she became upset because she felt it suggested she was being carried by other players. Terry won his fourth Immunity Challenge in a row, and the old Casaya alliance had to vote out one of their own. Shane thought the alliance wanted to vote out Danielle, but Courtney thought that her new alliance with Danielle, Terry and fourth member Cirie was voting against Aras. Cirie, who didn't like her low position in this alliance started a new alliance with Aras and Danielle to vote against Courtney. With the votes split three ways, Courtney was voted off. (3-2-1)

Episode 12: Bamboozled
Reward Challenge: The players will dig in a circle of sand, each looking for a bag. The first four to find their bag move on to the second part of the challenge. In the second part, they will carry their bags with them to untie a wooden snake. The first three to get to the finish with both bag and snake move on to the third part of the challenge. In the third part, they will carry the bag and snake as they race over a sand hill and into a water pit, where they will untie a big fish. The first two to get to the finish with the fish, bag and snake will move on to the last part of the challenge. In the last part, the last two standing will play against each other, carrying all three items that they have gathered through a group of wooden tunnels and towers. The first person to the finish wins Reward.
Reward: A hotel stay with their loved one.
Immunity Challenge: Each tribe member will stand on a very small perch at the top of a 20-foot poll in the water. When the game starts, they will lower a bucket into the water to fill it, then pour from the bucket into a very narrow bamboo shoot. As the bamboo shoot fills up with water, it will raise a flag. Once the flag is high enough to reach, they must carefully grab it and raise it above their head in order to win Immunity.

Players competed in a Reward Challenge of obstacles from past challenges for a visit with loved ones. The winner would choose who gets what with their loved one. Terry won and he choose himself and his wife, along with Shane and his son, Boston, to spend the night at a villa. He also chose Cirie's husband H.B. to spend the night at the camp, Aras to just get a hug from his mother and Danielle to get a few words with her mom from where she was standing. After the loved ones left, the players went to the Immunity challenge. For the fifth time in a row, Terry won immunity. Back at camp, Aras wanted to break his alliance with Shane after finding out that Shane wanted to take Courtney to the final two. Aras then made an alliance with Cirie and Danielle. In the end, Shane was voted off. (3-1-1)

Episode 13: Call the Whambulence!
Reward Challenge: The players will each be attached to ropes by one of two carabiners. Using the two carabiners, they will clip and move from one rope to another as they move their way around each other along a main path that goes to six stations: poles, hermit crabs, rocks, iguanas, shells and fish. Each time they get to a station they must count the number of items, race back to the start, and find the answer tile with the same number on it. Once they've been to all six stations, they will have six numbers. They will then place those six numbers into an answer grid. Using the combination, the two numbers in each column will open the locks. If the lock doesn't open, it means they've counted wrong and they can go back and fix their mistakes. Once they've opened all three locks, their tribe flag will drop. The first person to lower their tribe flag wins Reward.
Reward: A luxury yacht tour of the Panama Canal.
Immunity Challenge: Each Survivor will work to solve three puzzles. Using a set of coordinates, each player will cross two ropes. Where the ropes cross each other, a bag of puzzle pieces is buried in the sand. They must dig up the pieces, then race back to their answer boards to solve their puzzle. The puzzle will tell them the next set of coordinates. The first person to solve all three puzzles, with the third one reading "Safe From Vote," wins Immunity.
Terry was accidentally tripped by Cirie's torch and yelled at her while she was taking care of the bonfire, but Aras protected her, saying that it was an accident. This left Terry further separated from the rest of the tribe. Aras, having won the Reward Challenge, chose to take Cirie on a luxurious yacht trip through the Panama Canal; but not before leaving with a argument with Terry as he said he was complaining every time he lost challenges and said "disparaging comments about women." Both Terry and Danielle were sent to Exile Island for losing the Challenge. During their trip, Aras and Cirie talked about how they wanted to be in the Final 2 together; while Danielle and Terry also talked about their fate in the game while they were on Exile Island. Soon after returning from their reward, Cirie built her first fire. In the Immunity Challenge, Cirie and Terry were putting up a good fight but Aras ultimately won the challenge, ending Terry's Immunity winning streak. Before the tribal council, Aras apologized for what he had said after the Reward Challenge, which Terry accepted. Meanwhile, Cirie and Danielle practiced making fire, since they thought this would be the tiebreaker if there was a tie. In the end, the guess proved right as the vote did end up tied between Danielle and Cirie. With Terry not wanting to give Danielle the Hidden Immunity Idol, she and Cirie will have a fire-making challenge. However right before they started, the scene was cut, ending this episode leaving the viewers hanging.

Episode 14: The Final Showdown
Reward Challenge: The Survivors must race to the top of a three-story climbing wall using four individually-shaped pegs. First, they must make their way through a table maze. Once at the end of the maze, each will let loose a bag which has their first two pegs and move to a spinning wheel. Reading the clues, each must spin the wheel clockwise, counter-clockwise, and clockwise again like a combination lock to find the one bag that has their final two pegs. With the help of the pegs, the players must get to the top of the wall and put their pegs in the right holes, which will raise a flag. The first person to raise their flag wins Reward. Terry won the Reward Challenge.
Reward: A protein-enriched meal that would be useful for the final Immunity Challenge.
Immunity Challenge: Starting on the biggest of a group of floating platforms, every fifteen minutes the Final Three will move to the next smaller platform. As the platforms get smaller, it will get hard for the Survivors to stay on the platforms. Only their feet can touch the platform. If their hands or butt touch the platform or they fall off, they are removed from the challenge. The last person standing wins Immunity.
After trying many times to start fires that continue to wear out, Danielle won the fire starting tie-breaker, and Cirie was removed from the game. The next morning, Terry showed the now powerless Immunity Idol back at camp, and in a surprise Reward Challenge, he won a protein-enriched meal that would be useful for the last Immunity Challenge. The final three were taken to Exile Island to take part in a tribute to the players voted off before them. The three placed the old torches of the thirteen players on the big skull-shaped shelter in the center of the island and burned it in the process. Danielle won the last immunity after Terry fell off and Aras jumped off after getting a nod from Danielle. Danielle voted out Terry, thinking that she would have a better chance of winning against Aras, and because Aras was a fellow member of the old Casaya tribe. Aras and Danielle got celebrated with a feast the next day. While walking along the beach rocks, Aras fell and sliced open his hand and back, needing eight stitches. At the last Tribal Council, Aras and Danielle were asked questions, from who helped them the most in getting to the Final, as to why the other player deserved the million dollar prize more. Shane, who thought neither of the two deserved the million dollars, asked them to pick a number between one and a million. At the live reunion, Aras had won, in a 5-2 vote, and became the twelfth Sole Survivor.

Voting history

 Sally was sent to Exile Island during the episode 6 vote, which is why she did not vote.

 Because Bruce was removed due to a medical emergency, he was not voted out, and there was no tribal council.

 Cirie was eliminated using the fire-making challenge, used before in Palau, but it was not shown until the next episode.

References

Other websites
 Official CBS Survivor Panama Website

12

Survivor: Panama


Vini Lunardelli (formally Alessandro Lunardelli) is a winery in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, notorious for selling wine bottles featuring an image of Adolf Hitler and Nazi slogans, and bottles with an image of Stalin and communist slogans, but the trademark's owner  decided to stop this form of marketing from 2023.

History

It was founded in Pasian di Prato in 1968 by Alessandro Lunardelli, who came from a Veneto family with wine industry traditions. Initially, the winery sold its wine in bulk, but has been selling its own bottlings since 1990. In 1987, Alessandro's son Andrea Lunardelli joined the company, and has been in charge of Vini Lunardelli's marketing, which has been successful but have sparked significant controversy.

Annual production is around 100,000 bottles, and include several different white and red varieties produced in different DOC areas within Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

Controversial labels

In 1995 Vini Lunardelli started to sell bottles with pictures of historical personalities, including highly controversial persons, under the name "Historical line" (Linea della storia). Many of their labels seem to be taken from historical posters and sometimes include propaganda slogans. The around 60 different labels are not tied to specific wines, but can be bought on any of Vini Lunardelli's wine bottles. Separate collection of motifs of the "Historical line" include:
 Il ventennio, featuring pictures of Benito Mussolini.
 Communist Collection, with Che Guevara, Joseph Stalin, Josip Broz Tito, Karl Marx and others.
 Der Führer, with pictures of Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, Rudolf Hess, Hermann Göring and others, some of them including Nazi slogans.
 Miscellaneous other images, such as Napoleon I of France and Winston Churchill.

Especially the Hitler labels, and to some extent the Mussolini labels, have been the subject of outrage and accusations of spreading fascist propaganda, especially from Germany, where the use of such images and slogans is strictly regulated. However, the historical line seems also to have been a commercial success for Vini Lunardelli, which claims to sell around 50% of their production with labels from this line.

In September 2007, 20,000 of Vini Lunardelli's bottles bearing labels from "Der Führer" line were confiscated by the Italian police, but were returned in October 2007 after a court decision.

References

External links
 Vini Lunardelli official site

Wineries of Italy
Italian companies established in 1968

Vini Lunardelli


Les Misérables is a novel by Victor Hugo. It was published in 1862. The story is about a former convict named Jean Valjean. He tries to find a meaningful life, but is followed by a police officer. The story has been made into movies several times. It has also been made into a musical. He is trying to run away after being convicted by the police since he stole bread to feed his sister's children.

The work describes French society between the reign of Napoleon and that of Louis Philippe I. One of the main characters, Marius, takes part in the June Rebellion.

Hugo based some of his characters on the lives of real people. That way, Valjean is probably based upon Eugène François Vidocq. He probably used the story of Bienvenu de Miollis to base the Bishop of Digne on. De Mollis was the bishop of Digne from 1805 to 1838. Enjolras, a revolutionary leader is probably based on Louise Michel, a French anarchist.

Plot
Les Misérables starts by describing the life of the nice Bishop Myriel who is always helping the poor. Then the book talks about Jean Valjean, a man who was arrested because he stole some bread to feed his sister's children. He is freed from prison after 19 years and he wanders through France until the Bishop takes him in for the night. Valjean tries to steal the Bishop's silverware, but he is caught. The Bishop pretends that he gave Valjean the silverware and tells him to be good.

Jean Valjean changes his name to M. Madeline and becomes a factory owner and the town's mayor. One of his workers is named Fantine. She had a child called Cosette who lives with an evil innkeeper named Thenardier. The other women in the factory get Fantine fired or removed from her job. When Fantine is attacked by a man on the streets, Valjean protects her from the police and takes her to the hospital because she is sick. Fantine tells Valjean about Cosette and asks him to save Cosette. Unfortunately, she is too sick and dies.

A police officer called Javert finds out about Valjean and he chases him and arrests him, but Valjean escapes from jail and goes to find Cosette. When he does, he takes her from the innkeeper Thenardier and runs away to Paris. There, he is chased by Javert and eventually finds a place where Cosette can go to school and he can work safely.

Meanwhile, a young man named Marius has found a new group of friends at the ABC Café. They (the Friends of the ABC) are unhappy because a lot of people are poor. So they want to make the government help the poor people but only one man in the government wants to. His name is Jean Lamarque, and he is very sick. A girl named Eponine, the daughter of Thenardier, falls in love with Marius, but he doesn't love her.

When Cosette is done with school, she and Valjean go to live in a house on Plumet Street (Rue Plumet). There, Marius meets Cosette and they fall in love. Then, Thenardier, who lost his job, tries to rob Valjean, but Eponine saves him and Cosette.

Then, Lamarque dies! The Friends of the ABC are angry and build barricades (or giant walls) out of furniture in the center of Paris. The government is angry and sends Javert to go spy on the Friends.

Valjean learns that Cosette loves Marius and goes to save Marius at the barricade. While Javert is inside the barricades, the Friends find out that he is a spy and they tie him up. Valjean is supposed to kill him but he decides not to which makes Javert very confused. Javert decides trying to understand why Valjean did not kill him even though Valjean used to be a bad person is too hard for him to understand, so he jumps off a bridge and drowns. Then, the army attacks the barricade! Marius is almost shot but Eponine saves him. However, she was killed while saving him. The fighting continues and most of the Friends are killed. Valjean takes Marius and drags him through the sewers to a safe place.

Cosette and Marius get engaged which means that they are about to get married! Before their wedding, Valjean tells Marius that he is going to go away forever after the wedding because he thinks that he is a bad person. At the wedding, Marius learns that Valjean saved him, so he and Cosette tell Valjean that they don't want him to go away. But Valjean is too sad so he still dies. As he dies though, he sees Fantine again.

Related pages
Les Misérables (musical)
Les Misérables (movie)

1862 books
French novels
Works by Victor Hugo

Les Misérables


The Coradia Juniper series is a family of Electric Multiple Unit trains built by Alstom Transport Birmingham, subcontractor: Ganz Hunslet, Hungary (project for 120 bodyshells in 1998-2000, project manager at Ganz Hunslet; Gabor Honthy)  for use on the railway network in Great Britain. The family is related to the Coradia 1000 series of diesel multiple unit. There are currently three types in service with various TOCs.

British Rail electric multiple units

Alstom Coradia Juniper


Jakob Haibel (20 July 1762 Graz – 24 March 1826 Đakovo) was an Austrian composer, operatic tenor and choirmaster.

Biography
Around 1789, Haibel joined Emanuel Schikaneder's company of performers at the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden. While there, he acted in plays and sang in operas and other musical productions. In the mid-1790s he started composing incidental music for company's plays and writing singspiele. His first score for the company was the ballet Le nozze disturbate, which premiered in 1795 to great success. The company performed the work 39 times that year alone. Beethoven based his 12 variations on a Menuett à la Vìganò WoO 68 (1795) on an air from the ballet. In 1796, his opera Der Tiroler Wastel premiered at the theater to rave reviews. The work was Haibel's greatest success and was given 66 times that year and 118 times in all at the Freihaus-Theater. The work was staged in a multitude of other theatres throughout the Austro-German part of Europe and no other original score by Haibel ever equalled its success.

Haibel continued to compose music for the theater until the death of his first wife Katharina (ca. 1768 – Vienna, 14 February 1806). At the time, he was not to be found in Vienna, for in 1804 he had already left for Diakowar (Đakovo), Slavonia, where he spent the rest of his life as the cathedral choirmaster. Recent research has brought to light 16 Masses by Haibel written during this time, preserved in the Kuhač collection at the Nacionalna i Sveučilišna Knjižnica in Zagreb.

Haibel became Mozart's posthumous brother-in-law when he married Sophie Weber, Constanze's sister, on 7 January 1807. After Haibel's death in 1826, Sophie moved to Salzburg to live with her sister.

References

Sources
Peter Branscombe. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992),  and
Zdravko Blažeković and Ennio Stipčević. "Johann Petrus Jakob Haibel (1762-1826) and His Sixteen Newly Discovered Masses from Djakvo (Croatia)", in: Off-Mozart: Glazbena kultura i "mali majstori" srednje Europe, 1750–1820 / Musical Culture and the "Kleinmeister" of Central Europe, 1850–1826. Muzikološki zbornici 3 (Zagreb: Hrvatsko muzikološko društvo, 1995), 67–75.
Zdravko Blažeković, "Due musicisti nella Pannonia del primo Ottocento: Ðuro Arnod e Petrus Jakob Haibel", Danubio: Una civiltà musicale. IV: Croazia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, ed. by Carlo de Incontrera and Alba Zanini (Monfalcone: Teatro Comunale di Monfalcone, 1994), 47–64.

External links

Austrian opera composers
Male opera composers
1762 births
1826 deaths
Austrian classical composers
Austrian male classical composers

Jakob Haibel


An accompaniment in music is music that accompanies (goes with) something else.

A piece of music may have a melody (tune) and an accompaniment underneath.  The music may be played on the piano with the right hand playing the tune and the left hand playing the accompaniment.  The accompaniment might also be played on a different instrument.

Music does not have to be a tune with accompaniment, although it often is.  The accompaniment does not always have to be lower than the tune.  To play the piano, the pianist has to learn to play a tune in the right hand and accompaniment in the left hand, or the tune might be passed from one hand to the other.  The tune should usually be played a little louder than the accompaniment.  The accompaniment must not 'drown' the tune.

An accompaniment might be single notes, or chords, or any other pattern. The accompaniments help us to feel the harmony. An accompaniment might be another tune (this is called counterpoint).  Tunes can be played or sung without accompaniment.  Folk songs are traditionally sung unaccompanied.

If one instrument accompanies another, the person who plays the accompaniment is an accompanist.  The piano is the most popular instrument for accompanying in Western music.  A good pianist can accompany a violin, cello, oboe, trumpet, singer or choir.  They have to listen carefully to the instrument(s) they are accompanying, and play with the same kind of feeling.

When a soloist plays a concerto the orchestra are accompanying the soloist.  An organist playing a hymn is accompanying the congregation.  A percussion player in a rock band is accompanying the lead instrument.

Guitars and electric keyboards are often used for accompaniment.  In Elizabethan times the lute was popular.  People sang songs and often accompanied themselves on the lute or harp.  In the Baroque period the accompaniment was often played by the basso continuo (harpsichord or organ with cello or bassoon on the bass line).

The pianist Gerald Moore was a famous accompanist.  When he started his career in the 1920s people did not think that the accompanist was very important.  Sometimes their name would not even be printed in the programme.  A singer would expect the audience to start to clap as soon as they had sung their last note, even if the piano had several more bars to play.  This might not matter too much with some music, but in songs by Schubert, Wolf and other composers of Lieder the piano parts are very important.  Gerald Moore made people realize how important the accompanist is.  A good performance can be ruined by a bad accompaniment.
Musical terminology

Accompaniment


Orphans of the Storm  is a 1921 silent movie. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It stars sisters Dorothy and Lillian Gish. The movie is about two sisters (one blind) who are separated during the turmoil of the French Revolution. They are reunited after much tribulation.

Griffith used historical events to comment on contemporary events. In this case, he used the French Revolution to comment upon the rise of Bolshevism. The movie is about class conflict. It speaks for inter-class understanding and against destructive hatred. This was the last Griffith movie to star the Gish sisters. It is often thought to be Griffith's last big moneymaker.  The movie is a remake of the lost The Two Orphans (1915) starring Theda Bara.

1921 drama movies
1920s American drama movies
American silent movies
1920s historical movies
Women's movies
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith

Orphans of the Storm


In re Aimster Copyright Litigation, 334 F.3d 643 (7th Cir. 2003), was a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit addressed copyright infringement claims brought against Aimster, concluding that a preliminary injunction against the file-sharing service was appropriate because the copyright owners were likely to prevail on their claims of contributory infringement, and that the services could have non-infringing users was insufficient reason to reverse the district court's decision. The appellate court also noted that the defendant could have limited the quantity of the infringements if it had eliminated an encryption system feature, and if it had monitored the use of its systems. This made it so that the defense did not fall within the safe harbor of 17 U.S.C. § 512(i). and could not be used as an excuse to not know about the infringement. In addition, the court decided that the harm done to the plaintiff was irreparable and outweighed any harm to the defendant created by the injunction.

Background
Recording industry owners of copyrights in musical performances brought contributory and vicarious infringement action, a type of secondary liability, against a website operator called Aimster, a company similar to Napster which facilitated the swapping of digital copies of songs over the internet.

Owners of copyrighted popular music claimed that John Deep ("Deep")'s Aimster Internet service was a contributory and vicarious infringer of these copyrights. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Marvin E. Aspen, Jr., granted preliminary injunction for plaintiffs, which shut down Defendant's service until the suit was resolved, Aimster appealed from this preliminary injunction to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.

The defendants argued that, unlike Napster, they designed their technology in such a way that they had no way of monitoring the content of swapped files. Someone who wanted to use Aimster's basic service for the first time to swap files had to download Aimster's software and then had to register on the system. After doing this he might designate any other registered user called a buddy, with whom he might communicate directly whenever both of them were online, and have the capability of interchanging music files. If the user did not designate any buddies, then all the users of the system became automatically his buddies to share files.

Opinion
The court held that in this case the users of the systems were the direct infringers, these who are ignorant or more commonly disdainful of copyright and in any event discount the likelihood of being sued or prosecuted for copyright infringement, however companies such as Aimster that facilitate their infringement, even if they are not themselves direct infringers can be liable for copyright violations as contributory infringers.

The court analyzed that the copyrighted materials might sometimes be shared between users of such a system without the authorization of the holder of the copyright owner and, in this case, fair-use privilege will not make the Aimster a contributory infringer. As mentioned in the  Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., also known as the Betamax case, the producer of a product which has substantial noninfringing uses is not a contributory infringer, merely because some of the uses actually made of the product are infringing. In that case, a video reproducer machine called Betamax, the predecessor of today's videocassette recorders was at the issue. The court explained about the sale of the Betamax that the ability of a service provider to prevent its customers from infringing is a factor to be considered in determining whether the provider is or not a contributory infringer. Aimster, however, was not able to produce any evidence that its service had ever been used for a noninfringing purpose, instead the facts showed that Aimster encouraged these infringing activities.

The court rejected Aimster's argument that to prevail the recording industry should prove that some actual loss of money has occurred because of the copying that Aimster service's contribute in producing. The court explained that although the court, in Betamax, emphasized that the plaintiffs had failed to show that they had sustained substantial harm from Sony's video recorder, it did so in the context of assessing the argument that time shifting of television programs was fair use rather than infringement. The court believed that Betamax was not hurting the copyright owners because it was enlarging the audience for their programs, as well as advertisements. However it was also clear that even though without proving economic loss, compensation for damages can not be awarded, plaintiff could still obtain statutory damages and an injunction.

The Court also rejected Aimster's argument that because the court said in Betamax that mere constructive knowledge of infringing uses is not enough for contributory infringement (464 U.S. at 439, 104 S.Ct. 774) and the encryption feature of Aimster's service prevented Deep from knowing what songs were being copied by the users of his system, Aimster lacked the knowledge of infringing uses that liability for contributory infringement requires. The opinion also makes it clear that a service provider that fits within the characteristics of a contributory infringer does not obtain any sort of immunity by using encryption, to avoid knowledge of the unlawful purposes for which the service is being used. Actually, a tutorial for the Aimster software showed as its only examples of file sharing the sharing of copyrighted works. In this sense the tutorial was nothing but an invitation to infringe this copyrighted music, same invitation that the Supreme Court found could not find in the Sony case.

Willful blindness is knowledge, in copyright law (where indeed it may be enough that the defendant should have known of the direct infringement, see Casella v. Morris), as it is in the law generally. Another example is Louis Vuitton S.A. v. Lee, 875 F.2d 584, 590 (7th Cir. 1989) (contributory trademark infringement). The doctrine of willful blindness is established in many criminal statutes, which require proof that a defendant acted knowingly or willfully. Courts have held that defendants cannot escape the reach of these statutes by deliberately shielding themselves, from clear evidence of critical facts that are strongly suggested by the circumstances, understanding that those who behave in such manner should be treated as those who had actual knowledge.

Lastly, the court established that the DMCA § 512 "safe harbors" were unavailable because Aimster had done nothing to comply reasonably with Section 512(i)'s requirement to establish a policy to terminate repeat infringers and instead even encouraged repeat infringement.

Opinion of the Judge
The opinion was written by Judge Richard Posner, known for his publications on law and economics, and followed closely on the heels of the Ninth Circuit's decision in A & M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.

Conclusion
The decision of the District Court was affirmed, concluding that a preliminary injunction against the file-sharing service was appropriate.

Subsequent developments
Petition for writ of certiorari to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit denied.

See also
 Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
 United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
 Richard Posner

References

External links

United States copyright case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit cases
2003 in United States case law

In re Aimster Copyright Litigation


The Junkers Ju 88 is a twin-engine military aircraft. It was built in Nazi Germany. It was used as a bomber, fighter, and reconnaissance in World War II. Its first flight was in 1936. It was first used in 1939. At least 15,000 were built. It was one of the major Luftwaffe aircraft. It was used for the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain.

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft

Junkers Ju 88


The Yehudi Menuhin School is a private music school in Cobham, Surrey, England. It was started in 1963 by the violinist Yehudi Menuhin.

The school is very small: there are about sixty pupils who are boys and girls between the ages of eight and nineteen. The children must have extremely good musical talent.  They all play at least one musical instrument: either a stringed instrument or piano. They are taught other subjects as well, but music is the most important subject, and they are given lots of time to practise their instrument as well as music lessons to help them develop their special musical skills in classical music.  Famous musicians who were pupils at the school include Nicola Benedetti, Nigel Kennedy, Tasmin Little and Alina Ibragimova.

Ofsted rate the school as 'outstanding'.

References

Other websites
Official school website

1963 establishments in England
Schools in England
Organisations based in Surrey

Yehudi Menuhin School


Point can refer to:
 Point and counterpoint, meaning or purpose, especially in a discussion or dispute
 Point of order, a matter raised during a debate concerning the rules of debating themselves
 Point (geometry), an entity that has a location in space or a plane but no extent
 Point man, the lead soldier or vehicle in a patrol
 Basis point, 1/100th of one percent, denoted bp, bps, or ‱
 Point (typography), a measurement used in printing, the meaning of which has changed over time
 In typography, a dot character (e.g.: full stop, interpunct), decimal point)
 Point (coat color), fur coloration of the extremities, in animals
 Point (gemstone) (2 mg) or one-hundredth of a carat
 Point (mortgage), one percent of the loan amount
 Points, a railroad switch (British English)
 Points, contact breaker in an ignition system
 Point system, a system of demerits for driving offenses
 Taking point, being the lead element in a military formation
 Vowel points: niqqud for Hebrew language; harakat for Arabic
 Point Music, a record label
 Point (landform)
 Projectile point, a hafted archaeological artifact used as a knife or projectile tip
 Unit of length
 Le Point, a French weekly news magazine
 Point (album), a 2001 album by Cornelius

 Also see The Point

In navigation:
 Compass point, one of the 32 directions on a traditional compass
 Point, one eighth of a right angle (11.25 degrees).
 Points of sail, a sailing boat's course in relation to wind direction

Places:
 Point, Outer Hebrides, a district of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland
 Points, West Virginia
 Palmer Trinity School, a high school in Palmetto Bay, Florida

In sports and games:
 Point, a unit of scoring in some sports and games
 Point (basketball), units obtained by scoring baskets during a game
 Point (tennis), the smallest unit of scoring in tennis
 Point (ice hockey), a goal or assist a player earns during a game
 Point, a fielding position in cricket
 The point (ice hockey), the location of an ice hockey player
 Point guard, in basketball

Point


Granville Hedrick (September 2, 1814 – August 22, 1881) was a leader in the Latter Day Saint movement after the 1844 succession crisis. In 1863, Hedrick became the founding leader of the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), which is one of many churches that claim to be a continuation of the Church of Christ founded by Joseph Smith in 1830.

Latter Day Saint church membership
In 1843 at Woodford County, Illinois, Hedrick was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Hervey Green, a missionary for the church. Green also ordained Hedrick to the priesthood office of elder shortly after he was baptized. Soon after his baptism, he became dissatisfied with the church and moved to Galena to work in the lead mines.

After Smith's death in June 1844, a number of Latter Day Saint leaders, including Brigham Young, Sidney Rigdon, and James Strang, claimed to be Smith's rightful successor as leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which Smith had founded in 1830 as the Church of Christ. Each leadership candidate established rival organizations, each claiming to be the true successor of the church. Sometime after Smith's death, Hedrick was re-baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints by William O. Clark.

Hedrick traveled to Nauvoo, Illinois, to join the body of Latter Day Saints led by Brigham Young. However, he considered the conditions in Nauvoo dangerous and volatile at the time, and instead settled in Crow Creek, Illinois under the spiritual leadership of Gladden Bishop.

Leadership of unaffiliated branches
By the late 1850s, Brigham Young's organizations of Latter Day Saints had moved to Utah, and Sidney Rigdon's organization had dissolved. However, a number of branches of Latter Day Saints in Illinois and Indiana remained. At this time, these branches were not formally affiliated with any Latter Day Saint organization. Among these was a branch of Latter Day Saints in Crow Creek, Illinois, which had been led by Hedrick since April 1857.

In June 1857, Hedrick's branch and Latter Day Saints from other unaffiliated branches gathered for a joint conference. The conference was attended by John E. Page, one of the men who had been an apostle of the church during Joseph Smith's leadership of the church. Following the conference, Page became a supporter of these unaffiliated branches of Latter Day Saints and they continued to gather together for conferences of what they felt was the continuing remnant of the true Church of Christ.

At a May 1863 conference of these branches, Page ordained Hedrick, David Judy, Jedediah Owen, and Adna C. Haldeman to the priesthood office of apostle. At a conference in July 1863, it was proposed that the members of the unaffiliated branches nominate a person to be president of the high priesthood of the church. Page nominated Hedrick, and with the assent of the Latter Day Saints at the conference, Page, Judy, Owen and Haldeman ordained Hedrick to be the president of the high priesthood and a prophet, seer, revelator, and translator to the Church of Christ, all positions which had been held by Joseph Smith. In typical fashion among various factions of the Latter Day Saint movement, believers associated with Hedrick were nicknamed Hedrickites.

Revelations
Within one month of his ordination in mid-July, 1863, Hedrick began to produce revelations  stating that the pride of Joseph Smith led him to produce false revelations. As a result, Smith was said to have introduced doctrines to the church that were inconsistent with the word of God as found in the Bible and the Book of Mormon. Hedrick declared Smith to be a "fallen prophet". Eventually, Hedrick decided that among the errors introduced by Smith were the creation of a president of the church and First Presidency of the church. Thereafter, Hedrick repudiated his 1863 ordination to these positions, holding that the true Church of Christ was to be headed only by a presiding elder, an office which was done away with by a vote of apostles in 1925. Other doctrines rejected by Hedrick included plural marriage, celestial marriage, exaltation and plurality of gods, tithing as one-tenth of income, and the existence of the priesthood office of high priest.

Move to Jackson County, Missouri
On April 24, 1864, Hedrick produced a revelation directing his followers to return to Independence in Jackson County, Missouri in 1867 to initiate a re-gathering of Latter Day Saints to the region. Granville's wealthy brother John A. Hedrick and two other families were apparently the first "Mormons" to return to  Independence and reside there, John Hedrick purchased a  farm east of the city on October 11, 1865.  About sixty Hedrickites moved by covered wagons to Jackson County in February 1867. Hedrick's followers were the first group of Latter Day Saints to return to this area where they had been driven out in the late 1830s by the Missourian "extermination order". Granville Hedrick himself, ironically, did not move to Independence "...until late 1868 or early 1869. Records show that on May 29, 1868, Granville was still in Illinois when he executed a "Power of Attorney" in behalf of his brother John Hedrick..."   By 1877, the Hedrickites had purchased the most prominent portion of a plot of land which Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon had dedicated in 1831 as the future location of a temple headquartering a "New Jerusalem", a sacred city to be built preparatory to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. As a result of their ownership over this strategic property—later discovered to contain the buried "marker" stones emplaced by Joseph Smith in 1831—Hedrick's church came to be called the Church of Christ (Temple Lot). The church exists today with a worldwide membership of approximately 5000.

Hedrick died at Independence and was buried at the "Hedrick Cemetery" about three miles (5 km) northeast of the Temple Lot. His widow, Eliza Ann Jones Hedrick, died in Independence on April 6, 1910, and their son James A. Hedrick, who had served as the church's "General Secretary," died in Independence, age 60, on April 22, 1926.

See also
Temple Lot Case

References

External links
, from the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) website

1814 births
1881 deaths
American Latter Day Saint leaders
American Latter Day Saints
Church of Christ (Temple Lot) members
Converts to Mormonism
History of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint leaders
Prophets in Mormonism
Religious leaders from Illinois

Granville Hedrick


St Peter's College, Auckland is a Catholic secondary school for boys in central Auckland, New Zealand. The school is the largest Catholic secondary school in New Zealand. It was established in 1939 by the Christian Brothers, but from 2008 is entirely lay-staffed. The school has a multi-ethnic roll of 1200 (for example, 50% are pākehā (i.e. New Zealand-born non-Māori); 20% are Asian; and 20% Polynesian). Academically, the school offers for senior years (i.e. years 11 to 13) the National Certificate of Educational Achievement assessment system (NCEA) and the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE). The school enrols approximately 70 international students. Prominent graduates include: Sir Michael Gerard Fay (b. 1949), merchant banker, chair of the campaigns for three New Zealand challenges for the America's Cup in 1987, 1988 and 1992; and Sam Hunt (b. 1946), who is a well-known poet.

Official website : St Peter's College website
Motto: To Love and To Serve (Amare et Servire)
Type: Integrated Catholic Boys Secondary (Year 7-13)
Address: 23 Mountain Rd, Epsom, Auckland 3 Phone: +64 9 524 8108 Fax: +64 9 524 9459
Email: email@example.com
Principal: K. F. Fouhy

References

Auckland
Schools in New Zealand
1939 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand

St Peter's College, Auckland


Augusta may refer to:

Places

Australia
 Augusta, Western Australia

Brazil
  Rua Augusta (São Paulo)

Canada
 Augusta, Ontario
 North Augusta, Ontario
 Augusta Street (Hamilton, Ontario)

France
 Augusta Suessionum ("Augusta of the Suessii"), Soissons
 Augusta Viromanduorum ("Augusta of the Viromandui"), Saint-Quentin

Germany
 Augusta Treverorum ("Augusta of the Treveri") or Trier
 Augusta Vindelicorum ("Augusta of the Vindelici") or Augsburg

Italy
 Augusta, Sicily
 Augusta Praetoria Salassorum ("Praetorian Augusta of the Salassi") or Aosta
 Augusta Taurinorum ("Augusta of the Taurini") or Turin
 Perugia or Augusta Perusia

Spain
 Emerita Augusta, Mérida, Spain
 Caesar Augusta, Zaragoza, Spain

United States
 Augusta, Arkansas
 Augusta Charter Township, Michigan
 Augusta County, Virginia
 Augusta, Georgia
 Augusta National Golf Club ("Augusta"), home of the Masters Tournament
 Augusta, Illinois
 Augusta, Indiana
 Augusta, Indianapolis, Indiana
 Augusta, Kansas
 Augusta, Kentucky
 Augusta, Maine (capital city of Maine)
 Augusta, Michigan
 Augusta, Minnesota
 Augusta, Missouri
 Augusta AVA, a viticultural area
 Augusta, Montana
 Augusta, New Jersey
 Augusta, New York
 Augusta Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota
 Augusta, West Virginia
 Augusta, Wisconsin
 Fort Augusta, Pennsylvania
 Mount Augusta, Alaska
 North Augusta, South Carolina
 St. Augusta, Minnesota
 Sipapu Bridge, Utah, formerly named as 'Augusta'

Elsewhere
 Augusta Euphratensis, Late Roman and Byzantine province in Syrian region
 Augusta Raurica ("Rauric Augusta"), Kaiseraugst (Augst), Switzerland
 Augusta Traiana ("Trajan Augusta"), Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
 Bracara Augusta, Braga, Portugal
 Isca Augusta ("Augustan Isca"), Caerleon, Wales
 Londinium (former name Augusta), London, England
 Lastovo (former name Augusta), a Croatian island
 Empress Augusta Bay, Bougainville Island

People
 Augusta (honorific), a title used for the Empresses of the Roman and Byzantine Empires
 Augusta (name), a given name and surname

Roman roads
 Via Augusta
 Via Claudia Augusta

Science
 254 Augusta, an asteroid
 Augusta family, an asteroid family
 Augusta, a monotypic spider genus in the family Araneidae with the only species Augusta glyphica
 Augusta (plant), a genus in the family Rubiaceae

Ships
 USS Augusta, U.S. Navy ships named Augusta
 HMS Augusta, Royal Navy ships named Augusta
 Princess Augusta (ship), a British ship wrecked in 1738
 Augusta (lifeboat), a lifeboat, Sheringham, Norfolk, England

Other uses
 Augusta Apartment Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C., US
 Augustan History (Latin: Historia Augusta), a half-mockumentary biography of the Roman emperors of the 1st and 2nd century
 Augusta Heritage Festival, a festival in West Virginia, US
 Legio II Augusta, a Roman legion
 Augusta (album), by Willie Nelson and Don Cherry
 Lancia Augusta, an automobile
 Augusta (grape), an Italian grape variety
 The Augustas, a homemade movie about towns named "Augusta"

See also
 Shire of Augusta-Margaret River, Australia
 Augusta Euphratensis ("Euphratean Augusta"), a Roman province in Syria under Diocletian
 Aust, a village in Gloucestershire, England, claimed to be derived from Augusta
 Augustus (disambiguation)
 August (disambiguation)
 Augusts (given name)
 Agusta (disambiguation)
 Port Augusta (disambiguation)

Augusta


A scalpel is a very sharp knife, made to be used for surgery. Scalpels were developed for cutting through tissue. In 2013, most scalpels used for surgery had blades which are only used once. The blade is replaced after use. Sometimes, the lower part of the scalpel is re-used. The blades are made of different kinds of metal or steel. In some cases, titanium, diamond or obsidian are used. Magnetic resonance imaging uses magnetism to generate an image. This means that people performing operations in such an environment cannot use metal tools. In some cases, scalpels are replaced with lasers, or with electrocautery. Ancient Egyptian medicine used scalpels for enbalming; the material used was obsidian, it is still in use today. Medicine in ancient Rome used over 150 different tools, among them, the scalpel.

References

Medical equipment
Cutting tools

Scalpel


A minuet is a dance which was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in France.  It was danced by the aristocracy, especially at the court of King Louis XIV.

Sometimes the French spelling menuet is used, or the Italian minuetto.  It was a moderate or slow dance.  There were always three beats in a bar (3/4 time).

Composers liked the music of the minuet and often wrote them just as pieces of music for a keyboard or other instruments.  Composers like Bach and Handel included them in their suites (collection of dance movements).  Lully started to put them in his operas, often in pairs: Minuet I, Minuet II, then Minuet I repeated.  Often the second minuet would be played by three instruments, so it was called a trio.

In the Classical music period the minuet and trio were used in symphonies and sonatas. They usually formed the third movement of a four movement work. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote minuets and trios.  Gradually the minuets became faster so that they were called scherzos.  By the 19th century the waltz had become fashionable among the new middle class.  The polite minuet went out of fashion.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms

Minuet


WESC is a Swedish company. The company makes clothing, like jeans and shirts.  Many people like these clothes, and they can buy them in many countries, for example in the United States, Japan and Germany. Because some famous people use the clothes, other people want to buy them too.

Swedish clothing companies

WESC


An angstrom or ångström (symbol Å) is a unit of length that equals 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−10 m (normalized notation) or  (exponential notation) — both mean . It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits. For example, a single atom is about two ångströms wide, and a human hair is about a million ångströms thick.

History
The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, flow of heat, the earth's magnetic field, and the aurora borealis.

In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses each wavelength in the spectrum of sunlight in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.

Human beings can see light having wavelengths ranging from about 4,000 ångströms (violet) to 7,000 ångströms (deep red), so the ångström was a convenient unit of measurement. Because of its closeness to the scale of atoms and molecules it was also popular in chemistry and crystallography.

Today, the use of the ångström as a unit is less popular than it used to be, and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (The ångström is officially discouraged by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, and by the American National Standard for Metric Practice.)

References

Units of length

Angstrom


Bernard Adeney (2 August 1878 – 4 April 1966) was an English painter and textile designer. He was a founding member of the London Group, an artists' exhibiting society, and was its president from 1921 to 1923. Between 1930 and 1947, he was head of the textile school at the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, where he had taught since 1903. One of his most notable works is the painting Toy Sailing Boats (1911), which formed part of a seven-piece collection of panels painted for Borough Polytechnic under the direction of Roger Fry. Other works include Edge of a Wood, Barley Fields, West Wittering, Pond and Trees, Farm Buildings and The Parade, Cowes.

Adeney was born on 2 August 1878 in London, the son of Canon W. F. Adeney. He started his art training in St John's Wood Art School when only nine years old, He then studied at the Royal Academy, the Académie Julian in Paris and later the Slade School of Fine Art. He married the painter Thérèse Lessore in 1909 and they were divorced in 1921.  He subsequently married fellow painter Noël Gilford.

References

1878 births
1966 deaths
19th-century English male artists
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Artists from London
British textile designers
English male painters

Bernard Adeney


The Three Guardsmen is the name popularized in Old West literature describing three lawmen who became legendary in their pursuit of many outlaws of the late 19th century. Deputy U.S. Marshals Bill Tilghman (1854–1924), Chris Madsen (1851–1944), and Heck Thomas (1850–1912) were "The Three Guardsmen", working under U.S. Marshal Evett "E.D." Nix.

Career and notoriety
Beginning in 1889, they began "cleaning up" part of what became the State of Oklahoma.  Widely considered honest, dutiful, and capable, they were responsible for suppressing much of the outlaw element in the Indian Territory and environs, reportedly arresting in excess of some 300 desperadoes during the next decade, and killing several others. All three had the reputation of being dauntless in their pursuit, ignoring bad weather, and each was known for their unique tracking abilities. Ironically the nickname "Three Guardsmen" was given to them by outlaws they pursued. Heck Thomas' relentless pursuit of the Dalton Gang was specifically mentioned by gang member Emmett Dalton as one reason the Dalton Gang attempted to rob two banks simultaneously in Coffeyville, Kansas – to make one big score so that they could leave the territory for a time.  Resistance from the lawmen and citizens of Coffeyville to this robbery ended the gang with the deaths of most of its members.

They are most famous for their relentless pursuit of the  Wild Bunch, or Doolin Gang, which included surviving members of the Dalton Gang.  The three lawmen eliminated many of the Doolin Gang by systematically killing gang members who resisted them and arresting those who would surrender. Deputy Marshal Heck Thomas killed gang leader Bill Doolin. Deputy Marshal Chris Madsen led the posse that killed Doolin gang members "Dynamite Dan" Clifton and Richard "Little Dick" West. Deputy Marshal Tilghman was ultimately responsible for the death of Doolin gang member William F. "Little Bill" Raidler. Other gang members were also captured or killed by them.

Later years
Heck Thomas retired in 1905, and in 1907 accepted a Chief of Police position in Lawton, Oklahoma. He died in 1912 of Bright's disease.

Bill Tilghman retired in 1910 and was elected to the Oklahoma State Senate. On Halloween night, 1924, and at the age of 70, Tilghman was murdered by a corrupt prohibition agent named Wiley Lynn, while serving as town Marshal for Cromwell, Oklahoma. Cromwell at the time was a wild town full of brothels, pool halls and saloons. One month after his death, the entire town was burned to the ground – no building was left standing. Chris Madsen and other former law enforcement friends of Tilghman were believed to have been responsible, but no investigation into the arsons was ever conducted.  The town of Cromwell never recovered; as of the 2000 census, its population was less than 300.

Madsen had retired in 1905, and died in 1944 at the age of 93.

References

External links
The Three Guardsmen

United States Marshals
Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
People of the American Old West

Three Guardsmen


Norman Steven Maciver (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise.

Career
MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.

He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006.

Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Binghamton Whalers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cape Breton Oilers players
Edmonton Oilers players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New Haven Nighthawks players
New York Rangers players
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players

Norm Maciver


Zvi Kolitz (; December 14, 1912 – September 29, 2002) was a Lithuanian-born Jewish film and theatrical producer and a writer whose short story Yosl Rakover Talks to God became a classic of Holocaust literature.

Life
Zvi Kolitz, a son of a prominent rabbinical family, was born in Alytus, Lithuania. He studied at the nearby Yeshiva of Slobodka and then lived for several years in Italy, where he attended the University of Florence and the Naval Academy at Civitavecchia. He emigrated to Palestine in 1936 and led recruiting efforts for the Zionist Revisionist movement. He was arrested by the British and jailed for his political activities. After Israel's independence in 1948, Kolitz became active in the state's literary and cultural life. In 2002, Kolitz died of natural causes in New York, NY.

Yosl Rakover Talks to God
Kolitz is best known for Yosl Rakover Talks to God, a short story he wrote in 1946 for a Jewish newspaper in Buenos Aires. In the story, set in the final days of the Warsaw Ghetto, a pious Jew challenges God. And so, my God, before I die, freed from all fear, beyond all terror, in a state of absolute inner peace and trust, I will allow myself to call you to account one last time in my life, the fictionalized Rakover says, adding later I believe in the God of Israel, even when he has done everything to make me cease to believe in him.

A few years after it was published, the story was translated into English and Hebrew but without Kolitz's name as the author. It was passed on as an authentic testimony of the Warsaw Ghetto and ended up in several Holocaust anthologies and even as a meditation in Jewish prayer books.

It was many years before Kolitz was able to recapture his story and claim it as his own. It was later translated under his name in editions in Polish, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Danish and Swedish. In 1999, Pantheon Books published the story in a slim volume with afterwords by Paul Badde, Emmanuel Levinas and Leon Wieseltier. Dr. Levinas called it a text both beautiful and true, true as only fiction can be.

Other works
While living in Israel in the early 1950s, Kolitz was a co-writer and co-producer of Hill 24 Doesn't Answer (1954), a 1947–1949 Palestine war movie, which was Israel's first full-length motion picture. He later moved to the United States and was co-producer of Rolf Hochhuth's The Deputy, one of the first plays to challenge the Vatican's silence during the Holocaust, which ran on Broadway, amid considerable controversy, for nine months in 1964.

Kolitz was co-producer of several other Broadway shows, including The Megilla of Itzik Manger (1968), and a musical, I'm Solomon, an expensive flop that ran for seven performances in 1968.

Kolitz also wrote several works of fiction and Jewish philosophy, including The Tiger Beneath the Skin: Stories and Parables of the Years of Death (Creative Age Press, 1947), Survival for What? (The Philosophical Library, 1969), The Teacher: An Existential Approach to the Bible (Jason Aronson, 1982) and Confrontation: The Existential Thought of Rabbi J. B. Soloveitchik (Ktav, 1993).

Until a few weeks before his death, Kolitz wrote a weekly column for the Yiddish newspaper Algemeiner Journal. The column appeared under his name for 32 years. He also taught courses in Jewish thought for many years at Yeshiva University.

Awards
 1999: National Jewish Book Award in the Nonfiction category for Yosl Rakover Talks to God

Sources

References

20th-century American writers
Yiddish-language writers
Jewish American writers
Film producers from New York (state)
University of Florence alumni
Lithuanian Jews
Jewish refugees
Lithuanian emigrants to Italy
20th-century Italian Jews
Italian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
People from Alytus
Mass media people from New York City
1912 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Zvi Kolitz


Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adaptit frae Margaret Mitchell's Pulitzer-winnin 1936 novel an producit bi David O. Selznick, o Selznick International Pictures. Set in the 19t-century American Sooth, the film tells the story o Scarlett O'Hara, played bi Vivien Leigh, an her romantic pursuit o Ashley Wilkes (Leslie Howard) who is mairit tae his cousin, Melanie Hamilton (Olivia de Havilland), an her marriage tae Rhett Butler (Clark Gable). Set against the backdrop o the American Ceevil War an Reconstruction era, the story is telt frae the perspective o white Sootherners.

Gone with the Wind
1930s romance films
1939 films
American films
American Ceevil War films
Best Pictur Academy Awaird winners
Cultur o Atlanta
Inglis-leid films
Epic films
Films aboot American sclavery
Films aboot rape
Films based on American novelles
Films directit bi Victor Fleming
Films featurin a Best Actress Academy Awaird-winnin performance
Films featurin a Best Supportin Actress Academy Awaird-winnin performance
Films set in Georgie (U.S. state)
Films set in Atlanta
Films set in Lunnon
Films set in the 1860s
Films set in the 19t century
Films shot in Californie
Films shot in Technicolor
Films that's airt director wan the Best Airt Direction Academy Awaird
Films that's cinematografer wan the Best Cinematografie Academy Awaird
Films that's director wan the Best Directin Academy Awaird
Films that's eeditor wan the Best Film Eeditin Academy Awaird
Films that's writer wan the Best Adaptit Screenplay Academy Awaird
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Rape an revenge films
Rape in fiction
Romantic epic films
Selznick International Pictures films
Unitit States Naitional Film Registry films

Gone with the Wind (film)


The Canons of Dort, also called the Canons of Dordrecht (full name: The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands) is the ruling of the National Synod (or meeting) that took place in the Dutch city of Dordrecht from 1618-1619. Dordrecht is often called Dort in English.

Today, the Canons of Dort are part of the Three Forms of Unity, which is one of the confession standards of many of the Reformed churches around the world. The Reformed churches continued use of the Canons as a standard keeps the Reformed churches from being in full harmony with the followers of Jacob Arminius, the Remonstrants and the Dutch Reformed Churches, who disagree with the Canons.

The Canons are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over. These Canons introduced the Five Points of Calvinism.

Books on the Canons

But for the Grace of God by Cornelis P. Venema
The Golden Chain of Salvation by John Bouwers
Unspeakable Comfort by Peter Feenstra
The Voice of our Fathers by Homer Hoeksema
The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination by Lorraine Boettner
The Synod of Dordt by Thomas Scott
The Canons of Dordt by Henry Peterson
The Five Points of Calvinism by David Steele and Curtis Thomas
The Works of John Owen, Vol. 10
TULIP by William Jay Hornbeck II

Other websites
English Translation of the Canons of Dort
Spanish Translation of the Canons of Dort
http://www.crcna.org/pages/dort_canons_main.cfm
Canons of Dort
Audio Recording of the Canons of Dort (mp3)

1619
Calvinism
Christian texts
Dordrecht
History of the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Protestant theology

Canons of Dort


Penilee is a small housing scheme and suburb on the southwestern edge of Glasgow, Scotland.  The area is bounded to its east by the Glasgow suburbs of Cardonald and Hillington, and to the west by the Renfrewshire border and the farms of North and South Arkleston.  The district's southern boundary forms Glasgow's border with the Renfrewshire settlement of Ralston. The area is currently undergoing considerable residential redevelopment.

Initial development
Penilee was brought into the city of Glasgow with the boundary extension of 1938, and work began on a planned community to house workers at the nearby Hillington Industrial Estate. Some evidence of modernist architecture can be seen in the houses illustrated here, such as the flat roofs, horizontal windows and ship-deck balcony rails.

Although most council house building was suspended for the duration of the Second World War, an exception was made in the case of Penilee because of the demand for homes for workers at the numerous armaments factories at Hillington. Shortage of traditional materials meant that many of the wartime flats at Penilee were built of prefabricated materials such as foamslag.

The war also caused the cancellation of the 1941 census, but it is likely that wartime saw Glasgow's population reach its highest level as workers flooded in to take jobs in the city's numerous essential industries.

The area is served by Hillington West railway station, the lines for which form the northern boundary of the neighbourhood.

Notable residents
Scottish professional footballer Alan Hutton was born in Penilee.

Three members of the music outfit The Orchids grew up and started the band in 1986 in Penilee. The guitarist Zal Cleminson of The Sensational Alex Harvey Band (SAHB) was also born in Penilee.

References

External links

Housing estates in Glasgow
Areas of Glasgow

Penilee


Phoebe is a moon which goes around (orbits) the planet called Saturn. It takes eighteen months for Phoebe to go all the way around Saturn. It is half made out of rock, and half made out of ice. The ground on Phoebe is black, which means that it is very dark when seen from Earth. Phoebe does not have any air, and there is no water on its surface.

There are many craters on Phoebe. These are from asteroids and other things crashing into it, and leaving round marks on the surface.

Phoebe is slightly irregular, which means that it is not perfectly round like a ball. It has an average diameter of 213 km. This means that the Earth's moon is 15 times bigger than Phoebe. The duration between two sunrises (rotation period) is only 9 hours and 16.5 minutes long.

Saturn's moons

Phoebe (moon)


Year 1400 (MCD) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The year 1400 wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

Events

January–December

 January – Henry IV of England stops the Epiphany Rising and kills the Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury and the Baron le Despencer, because they tried to have Richard II made as king.
 February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English army into Scotland.
 February 14 – Richard II of England dies in Pontefract Castle but we don't know what killed him. King Henry IV might have ordered people to starve him to death.
 March 23 – Five-year-old Trần Thiếu Đế is forced to stop being the ruler of Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam) and give the throne to his maternal grandfather Hồ Quý Ly. This was the end of the Trần Dynasty after 175 years and the start of the Hồ Dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.
 May – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg tries to take over from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. However, Frederick is murdered shortly after.
 August
 The English capture the city of Edinburgh in Scotland but do not capture Edinburgh Castle.
 The princes of the German states vote that Wenceslaus is not King of the Romans because he did a bad job as king and because of his mental illnesses.
 August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.
 September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is made Prince of Wales by the Welsh, and he starts attacking English castles in north-east Wales.
 November – Sack of Aleppo (1400) during Timur's conquest of Syria.
 December – Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England.

Date unknown

 Timur wins against the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Timur captures the city of Damascus what is today Syria. Timur's army kills many of the city's people.
 Timur conquers the Empire of the Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid Dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad run away and go to live with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.
 King Jeongjong of Joseon stops being king because he is afraid his younger brother, Taejong, will attack him. Taejong becomes king.
 Prince Parameswara starts the Malacca Sultanate, in what is western Malaysia and northern Sumatra today.
 Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan in what is Okinawa, Japan today.
 Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) stops the Ottomans from invading.
 A Wallachian army captures Iuga, and makes Alexandru cel Bun the Prince of Moldavia.
 The Kingdom of Kongo begins.
 The Haast's eagle and Moa are both made extinct by Māori hunters.
 The Mississippian culture starts to decline.
 Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.
 The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence.
 Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate by Henry IV of England.
 Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles, detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.

Births

 January 13 – Infante John of Portugal, the Constable (d. 1442)
 May 19 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (d. 1462)
 July 26 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)
 December 25 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1487)
 date unknown
 James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (d. 1459)
 Luca della Robbia, Florentine sculptor (d. 1482)
 Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1453).
 Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (d. 1460)
 Owen Tudor, Welsh courtier (d. 1461)
 Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1399)
 Hans Multscher, German painter and sculptor (d. 1467)
 Helene Kottanner, Hungarian writer and courtier (d. after 1470)
 probable – Marina Nani, Venetian dogaressa (d. 1473)
 probable – Giovanna Dandolo, Venetian dogaressa (d. after 1462)

Deaths
Richard II of England

Geoffrey Chaucer

 January 7
 Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed) (b. 1374)
 John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (executed) (b. 1350)
 January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed) (b. 1373)
 January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)
 February 14 – King Richard II of England, (probably murdered) (b. 1367)
 April 21 – John Wittlebury, English politician (b. 1333)
 April 23 – Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford, third son of John de Vere (b. 1338)
 April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist (b. 1327)
 June 5 – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival King of the Romans
 June 17 – Jan of Jenštejn, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1348)
 October 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (b. c. 1343)
 November 8 – Peter of Aragon, Aragonese infante (b. 1398)
 November 20 – Elizabeth of Moravia, Margravine of Meissen (b. 1355)
 November – Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
 December – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate (b. 1328)
 date unknown – Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician (b. 1340)

1400