Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) wis an American marine biologist ad nature writer whose writings are credited wi advancin the global environmental movement.

Carson startit her career as a biologist in the U.S. Bureau o Fisheries, an became a full-time nature writer in the 1950s. Her widely praised 1951 bestseller The Sea Around Us wan her financial security an recognition as a gifted writer. Her next book, The Edge of the Sea, an the republished version o her first book, Under the Sea Wind, wur an aa bestsellers. Thegither, her sea trilogy explores the whole o ocean life, frae the shores tae the surface tae the deep sea.

In the late 1950s, Carson turned her attention tae conservation an the environmental problems caused bi synthetic pesticides. The result wis Silent Spring (1962), which brocht environmental concerns tae an unprecedentit portion o the American public. Silent Spring spurred a reversal in naitional pesticide policy—leadin tae a naitionwide ban on DDT an ither pesticides—an the grassroots environmental movement the book inspired led tae the creation o the Environmental Protection Agency. Carson wis posthumously awardit the Presidential Medal o Freedom bi Jimmy Carter.

1907 births
1964 daiths
Alumnae o weemen's varsities an colleges
American conservationists
American environmentalists
American marine biologists
American naituralists
American naitur writers
American non-fiction environmental writers
American weemen writers
American Presbyterians
American vegetarians
American zoologists
Cancer daiths in Maryland
Chatham Varsity alumni
Daiths frae breast cancer
Guggenheim Fellaes
John Burroughs Medal recipients
Johns Hopkins Varsity alumni
Varsity o Maryland, College Park faculty
Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients
Writers frae Maryland
Writers frae Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie
Seestems ecologists
Recipients o the Cullum Geographical Medal

Rachel Carson


"Eveline" is a short story by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first published in 1904 by the journal Irish Homestead and later featured in his 1914 collection of short stories Dubliners. It tells the story of Eveline, a teenager who plans to leave Dublin for Argentina with her lover.

The story
A young woman, Eveline, of about nineteen years of age sits by her window, waiting to leave home. She muses on the aspects of her life that are driving her away, while "in her nostrils was the odor of dusty cretonne". Her mother has died as has her older brother Ernest.  Her remaining brother, Harry, is on the road "in the church decorating business". She fears that her father will beat her as he used to beat her brothers and she has little loyalty for her sales job. She has fallen for a sailor named Frank who promises to take her with him to Buenos Aires. Before leaving to meet Frank, she hears an organ grinder outside, which reminds her of a melody that played on an organ on the day her mother died and the promise she made to her mother to look after the home. At the dock where she and Frank are ready to embark on a ship together, Eveline is deeply conflicted and makes the painful decision not to leave with him.  Nonetheless, her face registers no emotion at all.

Like other tales in Dubliners, such as "Araby", "Eveline" features a circular journey, where a character decides to go back to where their journey began and where the result of their journey is disappointment and reluctance to travel.

References

External links
 Full text

External links

Short stories by James Joyce
1914 short stories

Eveline (short story)


Little Current (April 5, 1971 – January 19, 2003) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the final two legs of the 1974 U.S. Triple Crown both the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes.

Background
Owned and bred by John W. Galbreath's Darby Dan Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, he was out of the mare Luiana and sired by the great European champion Sea-Bird, whose Timeform rating at 145 is the second highest in racing history, surpassed only by Frankel's 147.

John Galbreath and his wife owned a summer retreat at Manitoulin Island on the north shore of Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada. In 1969, they named one of their new foals Manitoulin. Sired by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Tom Rolfe, the colt raced for the Galbreaths in Ireland, where at the famous Curragh Racecourse he won the 1972 Royal Whip Stakes and Blandford Stakes. In 1971, the Galbreaths named another new foal for their summer home, this time for the island's town of Little Current.

1973: Two-Year-Old Season
Trained by Lou Rondinello and ridden by Ángel Cordero Jr., Little Current made four starts at age two but despite his breeding, showed little promise. Wintered in Florida, at age three Little Current prepared for the  1974 Kentucky Derby. He won two of his first five races that spring, including the 1⅛ miles Everglades Stakes at Hialeah Park. Entered in the Blue Grass Stakes, under new rider Miguel Rivera he finished fourth to Claiborne Farm's Judger. Trained by Woody Stephens, Judger went to the gate in the Kentucky Derby as the betting favorite.

The 1974 U.S. Triple Crown Series

Kentucky Derby
One year earlier, Thoroughbred racing had witnessed Secretariat captivate much of the American public with his record-breaking performances en route to becoming the first Triple Crown winner in twenty-five years. One of the spillovers from Secretariat's enormous popularity was the record crowd of 163,628 who showed up at Churchill Downs on May 4, 1974, for the 100th running of the Kentucky Derby. Among those in attendance were Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret and her husband, Lord Snowden.

In light of Little Current's performances leading up to the 1¼-mile Derby, he was given little consideration by the betting public and was sent off at more than 22-1 odds. Because jockey Miguel Rivera had earlier committed to ride Rube The Great in the Derby, Bobby Ussery was aboard Little Current in the twenty-three-horse field, the largest in the race's history. Complicating matters for Little Current was the fact that trainer Lou Rondinello was in hospital recovering from surgery.

Leaving from post position 10, Little Current was last at the quarter pole and at the mile mark was still trapped behind the large field in seventeenth place. Despite a strong drive after the mile pole, he finished fifth, more than six lengths back of winner Cannonade, who was ridden by Ángel Cordero Jr.  Little Current in the homestretch had run down the middle of the track and passed numerous horses to finish fifth. As a result of the difficulties experienced by many entrants due to the large field, Churchill Downs officials, including Chairman of the Board and owner of Little Current John W. Galbreath, adopted a new rule limiting the field to twenty horses beginning in 1975.

Preakness Stakes
Notwithstanding Little Current's off-the-board showings in the Blue Grass Stakes and the Derby, his handlers believed the colt was in part a victim of circumstances and a much better racehorse than his record showed. As such, he was entered in the Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the Triple Crown.

Ridden by Miguel Rivera, Little Current was again given little chance by bettors and was sent off at 13-1 odds. Near the back of the pack for much of the 1 3/16 mile race, he raced close to the inner rail until a hole opened between horses. Launching an explosive drive, the colt drove through the narrow opening, quickly caught the leaders, then stormed past them to win by seven lengths over Neapolitan Way and Derby winner Cannonade. Little Current's winning margin was the largest in twenty-three years.

Belmont Stakes
The third and final leg of the American Classic Races is the 1½ l-mile-long Belmont Stakes. Over the years, many great horses have won the Derby and Preakness only to fall short in the longer race. However, Little Current's sire, Sea Bird, had established himself as one of Europe's greatest runners with dominating victories at 1½ miles in the 1965 Epsom Derby and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.

In a nine-horse field, Little Current sat nine lengths back in eighth place while Kentucky Derby winner Cannonade and Jolly Johu dueled for the lead. Making the turn for home, again Little Current came storming through to run away from the pack and score another seven-length win.

After capturing the Belmont, Little Current only raced three times. He did not start again until August's Monmouth Invitational Handicap where, after being nearly 20 lengths behind the leader, he put on another explosive drive to finish second by a nose to Holding Pattern. These two horses then met in the Travers Stakes with the same result.

John Galbreath, Little Current's owner, had also raced successfully in Europe. In 1972, his colt Roberto won England's most prestigious race, The Derby. He wanted to win France's most important race, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and because of Little Current's easy victory at 1½ miles in the Belmont Stakes, Galbreath believed the horse had a chance in the Arc. In order to first see how the colt could handle the grass surface he would run on in France, Galbreath entered him in the Lawrence Realization Stakes on Belmont Park's turf course. However, Little Current chipped a bone in his right front ankle and was retired from racing. Despite his shortened racing season, he was voted the 1974 Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse.

Stud career
With owner John W. Galbreath maintaining a 25% interest, Little Current was syndicated for $4 million. He stood at stud for the first time in 1975 at his owner's Darby Dan Farm in Lexington, Kentucky. He was eventually sent to stand at Buck Pond Farm in nearby Versailles, whose owners, Doug and Karen Arnold, acquired an interest in him. He was later sent for stud duty at Good Guys Farm in Folsom, Louisiana then in 1995 was purchased by equine veterinarian Dr. Ann Hansen and her husband, Mark, who brought him to their farm near Monroe, Washington.

Little Current met with modest success as a stallion. He sired thirty-five stakes winners including 1983 Flamingo Stakes winner Current Hope, 1990 James F. Lyttle Memorial Handicap winner Little Raisin, as well as Curribot (Little Current—Ameribot, by Ribot), who won 22 stakes races and placed in 16 others with lifetime earnings of $491,527. In 1997 he was pensioned and lived at the Hansen's farm for another six years, the oldest living winner of a Triple Crown race. At age thirty-two, Little Current had to be euthanized as a result of an intestinal tumor. His remains were sent to Buck Pond Farm for burial in their equine cemetery.

Pedigree

References
 Little Current's pedigree and partial racing stats
 Website dedicated to Little Current with photos and magazine and newspaper writings
 Churchill Downs article on the 1974 Kentucky Derby
 Little Current's 1974 Kentucky Derby official statistics and race video

1971 racehorse births
2003 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Preakness Stakes winners
Belmont Stakes winners
Eclipse Award winners
American Grade 1 Stakes winners
Thoroughbred family 16-h

Little Current


Dina statistik, mode nyaéta nilai nu mibanda angka observasi panggedéna, disebut nilai atawa nilai nu pangremenna bijil. Mode lain hal anu unik, teu saperti arithmetic mean jeung median. Leuwih gampang dipaké lamun nilai atawa observasi lain data numeris: contona, mode tina {1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 9} nyaéta 2, mode tina {apple, apple, banana, orange, orange, orange, péach} nyaéta orange.

 Tempo oge: summary statistics, descriptive statistics

 In fashion the mode is also the largest number, but of the number of péople following that trend.
 In music a mode is a kind of scale; see musical mode.
 In computer software, a mode is distinct method of operation within a computer program. Three popular examples of software employing modes:
 vi - has one mode for inserting text, and a separate mode for entering commands. Some péople also call vi's ability to line-edit a "mode" (even though it is launched outside of vi's normal interface, by invoking "ex" from the operating system's command line interface.)
 Emacs - has many modes that can be evoked based on file type to more éasily edit files of a certain type. Modes are written in Emacs's LISP, and all modes may not be included with all versions.
 CIOS (Cisco Internetworking Operating System) - in order to gain the privilege to execute certain commands, you must enter a certain mode that allows you to execute that command.
 In a waveguide or cavity the mode is one of the possible patterns of electromagnetic field. Available patterns are derived from Maxwell's equations and the applicable boundary conditions. They may be longitudinal or transverse.
 An example of waveguide mode: fiber optic mode.
 An example of cavity mode: laser mode.
 In acoustics, a mode is one of the possible patterns of vibration, analogous to waveguide and cavity modes, only that electrical and magnetical fields are replaced by velocity and displacement. éach mode has a characteristic vibrational frequency and damping. See also: Ernst Chladni, Cymatics.
 An example of acoustic modes: An "ideal" guitar string of length L, fixed at both ends, will have modes in the shape of sin(n*x*pi/L), where n is the mode number.
 See also modality.

Mode


James Hawes is a British television director. He has worked in British television drama since the mid-1990s, and has also produced documentaries for British and American television networks. His work has ranged across high-end period pieces and prime-time adventure drama, including the re-launch of Doctor Who and Enid, a biopic starring Helena Bonham Carter about the celebrated children's author Enid Blyton, which won Hawes a BAFTA nomination as Best Director at the 2010 ceremony.

Early life
Hawes was born in Wimbledon, England, but his father's career in the mining industry soon moved the family to South America. Hawes started school in Lima, Peru. Eventually returning to the UK, the family settled in Cornwall where Hawes attended the local Constantine Primary School before moving on to Truro School. He read law at the University of Warwick, combining his studies with acting and directing in the student drama society. Around him at the time was an unusually talented group of students who would go on to considerable success as actors, writers, directors, producers and agents – including Ruth Jones, Stephen Thompson, Paul W. Anderson, Lawrence Till and Paul Stephens. On the Warwick academic staff at this time was Andrew Davies, soon to become a celebrated screenwriter.

In his graduate year, Hawes directed his own adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry plays, touring it to commercial venues.

TV career
Hawes began his television work in factual programming, working in the BBC's documentary and current affairs departments. In parallel, he launched The Young Shakespeare Company, a professional touring theatre company, which he ran as artistic director and which performed in the UK and US. In 1990, he directed Prince Charles in The Earth in Balance, the prince's documentary about the challenges facing the global environment, which filmed across the world, including locations such as Hong Kong harbour, to Kennedy Space Center and the Sumatran jungles. The film was to set Hawes on a future that often found him shooting in challenging locations. Other documentary work includes the investigative strand, Inside Story for the BBC, the Emmy Award-nominated Egypt's Golden Empire and the 2003 drama-documentary, Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World, which he both wrote and directed. It used the story of Lawrence's life as a prism through which to study the shaping of the Middle East in a post-9/11 world.

Move to drama
Hawes moved into drama, earning his spurs on popular drama The Bill. Hawes' work on the BAFTA winning Doctor Who has been particularly well received. He directed Christopher Eccleston in  "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" which won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form in 2006. As a result, Hawes was hired to helm episodes of the second season, directing the Christmas special and introducing David Tennant as the new Doctor.  "School Reunion" was also nominated for the 2007 ceremony. Hawes was awarded the BAFTA Cymru Award for Best Drama Director for his work on "The Christmas Invasion".

In early 2006, Hawes directed an Andrew Davies-scripted 90-minute television drama based on the Lady Chatterley's Lover obscenity trial of 1960, The Chatterley Affair. This one-off drama for digital television channel BBC Four features Doctor Who star David Tennant as Richard Hoggart. It was one of the first of what would become an extremely successful run for single dramas on British television, often bringing big screen stars to individual and authored projects. The Chatterley Affair also won Best Single Drama in the same BAFTA awards as the Doctor Who success.

Hawes was also announced in late 2005 as the producer and lead director of the forthcoming Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood — however, in early 2006 it was confirmed that he would not in fact be producing the series. According to Doctor Who and Torchwood executive producer Russell T Davies in Doctor Who Magazine issue 366 (dated 1 March 2006), Hawes' direction of the Chatterley piece and his decision to back down from producing Torchwood were related. "James Hawes has been having such a good time... that he's decided directing is his greatest passion, and as a result, he's stepped down."

In 2007, he linked up again with Andrew Davies to direct an adaptation of the 18th-century novel Fanny Hill, for Sally Head Productions and BBC Four.

In 2008, Hawes was appointed lead director on the BBC fantasy series Merlin, which began broadcasting in September 2008. Merlin has been picked up by NBC in the US where it premiered in summer 2009. As such, it is the first UK-produced show to make the switch to a US network in 30 years.

Later in 2008 he also directed a new version of The 39 Steps, again for BBC One. Hawes picked up a Best Director trophy for this at the 2009 Shanghai TV Festival.

Hawes began 2009 directing a BBC TV film, Enid, with Helena Bonham Carter starring as author Enid Blyton. Scripted by Lyndsay Shapero, the film co-stars Matthew Macfadyen and Denis Lawson. The films' success on the digital networks earned it a transfer to BBC1 and several major award nominations, including Best Director for Hawes, and Best Actress nods for Bonham Carter at both the BAFTAs and the International Emmys. The film has earned Hawes high praise for the performances and the stylishness of a big screen production on a small screen budget.

Building on his success with fact-based drama, Hawes embarked on the ambitious project to bring The Suspicions of Mr Whicher to the screen. Adapted by Neil Mackay, the original book, telling the story of a horrific child murder in 1860s England, had been a break-out best-seller. Paddy Considine took the title role and the film scored big audiences and critical acclaim.

Hawes has also demonstrated his ease with contemporary work, including the piloting of DCI Banks for ITV and season two of Mad Dogs, the high-action comedy thriller for Sky TV.

Hawes directed The Mill, a mini series for Channel Four TV about the people and politics of Quarry Bank Mill, a 19th-century cotton mill.

In April 2012, he signed up to direct a TV movie telling the story of the inquiry into the Challenger Space Shuttle disaster and the role of Richard Feynman in uncovering the cause. Commissioned for the BBC, the film is set to shoot in the US later in 2012.

He is a long-serving board member of Directors UK, the screen directors' organization in Britain. He lives in London with his wife and daughter.

Filmography
Feature film

Television
 Egypt's Golden Empire – 2000
 Lawrence of Arabia: Battle for The Arab World – 2002
 Doctor Who (five episodes) – 2005-2006
 The Chatterley Affair – 2006
 Miss Marie Lloyd – Queen of The Music Hall – 2007
 Fanny Hill – 2007
 The 39 Steps – 2008
 Merlin (three episodes) – 2008
 DCI Banks (pilot) – 2009
 Enid – 2010
 The Suspicions of Mr Whicher – 2011
 Mad Dogs (four episodes) – 2011
 The Challenger Disaster – 2013
 The Mill (four episodes) – 2013
 Penny Dreadful (five episodes) – 2013–15
 Undercover – 2016
 Black Mirror ("Hated in the Nation") – 2016, ("Smithereens") – 2019
 The Alienist (two episodes) – 2018
 Snowpiercer (three episodes) – 2020
 Raised by Wolves (one episode) – 2020
 Slow Horses (six episodes) – 2022

References

External links

British television directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Truro School
Hugo Award winners

James Hawes


The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) was a British railway company between 1846 and 1922. In the late 19th century the LNWR was the largest joint stock company in the world. The LNWR was formed in 1846 by a merger of the Grand Junction Railway, the London & Birmingham Railway and the Manchester & Birmingham Railway. The London terminus was at Euston railway station

In 1923, the LNWR became a part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) under the Railways Act 1921. In 1948, it became the London Midland Region of British Railways. The LNWR may be seen as an ancestor of today's West Coast Main Line.

Pre-grouping British railway companies

London and North Western Railway


The Royal Danish Ballet is one of the oldest ballet companies in the world. It is based in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its origin dates to 1748, when the Royal Danish Theatre was founded. The company was finally organized in 1771 in response to the great popularity of French and Italian styles of dance. The Royal Danish Theatre has served as the company's home since its founding.

Ballet companies

Royal Danish Ballet


Phetchabun () is ane o the northren provinces (changwat) o Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (frae north clockwise) Loei, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit an Phitsanulok.

Geography
Phetchabun is locatit in the lawer northren region o Thailand, in the aurie atween the northren an the central region.

The province lies in the broad fertile river valley o the Pa Sak River, wi muntains o the Phetchabun muntain range tae the east an wast.
It is surroondit bi places o interest, mony well-kent naitional
pairks, bonnie waterfalls an great lakes.

Etymology
The wird Phetcha oreeginates frae the Sanskrit wird vajra meanin "diamond" (or wappen o Indra), an the wird bun frae Sanskrit purna meanin "full", "perfect" or "whole". Hence the name o the province literally means "Perfect Diamond".

Initially, the province wis cried "Phe-cha-buth" as "Phuenchapura", which means the ceety that is plenty o crops. The reason for bein gien sic name is acause the province is vera fertile an full o naitural resoorces. acause o the fertility o the land, Phetchabun haes aaways been agriculturally productive aurie.

History

Frae historical evidence, it is believed that Phetchabun wis established bi twa kingdoms – namely the Sukhothai Kinrick, an the Ayutthaya Period o the great Keeng Narai.

In the Thesaphiban admeenistrative reforms at the beginnin o the 20t century the province thegither wi the province o Lom Sak tae the north formed the monthon Phetchabun. As it wis the smawest monthon, it wis an aa the first monthon tae be dissolved in 1915, efter bein temporarily admeenistrated frae Monthon Phitsanulok atween 1903 an 1907. The province Lom Sak wis abolished an includit intae Phetchabun in 1932.
Phetchabun  province is situatit atween the northren an the central region.

Frae historical evidence, it is believed that Phetchabun wis established bi  twa kinricks – namely the Sukhothai Kinrick an the Ayutthaya Period o the great Keeng  Narai. Initially the province wis cried "Phe-cha-buth" as  "Phuenchapura", which means the ceety that is plenty o crops.
The reason for bein gien its name is acause the province is vera fertile an full o naitural resoorces.

Durin the period atween 1968-1982 communist insurgents establisht thair base in the muntains in this province. Frae hidden locations thay focht occasional skirmishes against the Thai Airmy.

The day, Phetchabun is a province wi rich tourism potential sic as fascinatin naitur, prosperous history for mair nor 1,400 years an indigenous traditional ceremonies.

Seembols
The provincial seal shows a diamond on a muntain, as diamonds are foond in the province. In the front are tobacco plants as ane o the crops grown in the province.

The provincial tree is the Tamarind (Tamarindus indica).

Admeenistrative diveesions

The province is subdividit in 11 destricts (amphoe). Thir are further subdividit intae 117 subdestricts (tambon) an 1261 veelages (muban).

References

Provinces o Thailand

Phetchabun Province


Joseph Vine (15 May 1875 – 25 April 1946) was a professional cricketer, who played his first-class cricket for Sussex County Cricket Club and London County. Vine also played two Test matches for England and was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1906.

Vine's cricket career was not one of a rapid rise to fame. Although he played his first first-class match in 1896, it was not until 1900, after some tentative appearances in the three previous seasons, that he earned a regular place in the Sussex eleven. After that, however, he was indispensable. He was essentially a county cricketer, nearly all his work having been done for Sussex, but if, in addition to his batting and fielding, he had managed to retain his skill as a leg-break bowler it is quite likely that he would have played for England before he played his two Test matches in 1911/2. Already a dependable player, he made a great advance as a batsman in 1904 and during 1905 he was better than he had ever been before, scoring for Sussex in county matches alone over sixteen hundred runs. Good as his position is he would probably have been thought still more of if he had belonged to another county. A batsman would need to be great indeed to play on the same side as Ranjitsinhji and C.B. Fry, and not be overshadowed. His success as a batsman was largely gained in a series of first-wicket partnerships with Fry, and though he may at times carry caution a little too far and keep an undue check on his hitting powers, the result is nearly always so satisfactory that it would be sheer hypercriticism to find fault with him. As an outfield Vine has not the wonderful pick-up of Denton, but in every other respect was in the highest class, and in the course of a season at the beginning of the twentieth century, perhaps no one saved a larger number of runs.

In total Vine played 547 first-class matches, which included 421 consecutive appearances for Sussex. Soon after retiring from county cricket Joe Vine became coach at Brighton College, an office he held for many years. He died aged 70 in 1946.

References

Citation for Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1906. This citation is now out of copyright and this article is based in part on this citation.

1875 births
1946 deaths
People from Willingdon
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
London County cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Players cricketers
Players of the South cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team cricketers
Cricketers from East Sussex

Joe Vine


The 2012 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cardinals were led by third-year head coach Charlie Strong and played their home games at Papa John's Cardinal Stadium. They were a member of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 11–2, 5–2 in Big East play to finish in a four-way tie for the Big East championship. As the highest rated of the four Big East champions in the final BCS poll, the Cardinals received the conference's automatic bid into a BCS game. They were invited to the Sugar Bowl where they upset the heavily favored Florida Gators.

Personnel

Coaching staff

Schedule

Rankings

Roster

References

Louisville
Louisville Cardinals football seasons
Big East Conference football champion seasons
Sugar Bowl champion seasons
Louisville Cardinals football

2012 Louisville Cardinals football team


Natalie Jane Appleton Howlett (born 14 May, 1973) is a Canadian pop singer and actress. She became famous as a member of the band All Saints. During part of All Saints' five years of inactivity, she was a member of Appleton with her younger sister Nicole Appleton. The sisters starred in the movie Honest in 2000.

Appleton was born in Mississauga, Ontario. Her daughter was born in 1992. She married her daughter's father, Carl Robinson, in New York in 1993. The couple divorced in 1995. She married Liam Howlett of The Prodigy in 2002. The couple's son was born in 2004.

References

Other websites

1973 births
Living people
Actors from Ontario
Canadian movie actors
Canadian pop singers
Musicians from Ontario

Natalie Appleton


Edvard Evers  (12 May 1853 – 22 October 1919)  was a Swedish Lutheran priest and hymnwriter. Edvard Evers is mostly famous for writing the lyrics of the Christmas carole Jul, jul, strålande jul. The song  was composed by Gustaf Nordqvist and was first published in 1921.

Edvard Evers was born at Uddevalla in Västra Götaland, Sweden. He was the son of Per Emil Evers and Mathilda (Nordström) Evers.  Evers studied at Lund University and graduated in theology in 1878. He was ordained a parish priest in the Diocese of Strängnäs during 1879. Evers subsequently served as a priest in  Stockholm where he became curate of Adolf Fredrik Church (Adolf Fredriks kyrka) in 1884. Edvard Evers was appointed vicar at Norrköping in Östergötland during 1892.  He subsequently worked within the Norrköping school system serving as an inspector of the girl's high school (1895 to 1906) and was elected chairman of the Norrköping public school board in 1910. Evers died during 1919 in Stockholm, Sweden.

References

1853 births
1919 deaths
People from Uddevalla Municipality
Swedish Lutheran hymnwriters
19th-century Swedish Lutheran priests
Lund University alumni
20th-century Swedish Lutheran priests

Edvard Evers


Stream of consciousness is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports the thought processes of a person.

If it is done in context with the surrounding world it is called interior or internal monologue. That means it is unspoken, and in some cases could not be spoken. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog (1925) the first chapter is entirely based on the dog's unspoken thoughts on the world about him.

Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his  Principles of Psychology. The use of the term in literature is attributed to May Sinclair.

Several famous works that employ stream of consciousness are:
 Édouard Dujardin's Les Lauriers sont coupés (1888)
 Arthur Schnitzler's Leutnant Gustl (1901)
 Nadine Gordimer's July's People
 Shikibu's The Tale of Genji
 Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song.
 Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage (1915-67)
 James Joyce's Ulysses (in particular Molly Bloom's Soliloquy), as well as A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
 Samuel Beckett's Trilogy
 Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and The Waves
 William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying
 T.S. Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
 Jack Kerouac's On the Road
J.D. Salinger Seymour: An Introduction
Sam Selvon's The Lonely Londonders
Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time
William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch

References

Literature

Stream of consciousness writing


USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) (formerly CVA-67), the only ship of her class, is an aircraft carrier, formerly of the United States Navy. Considered a supercarrier, she is a variant of the , and the last conventionally powered carrier built for the Navy, as all carriers since have nuclear propulsion. Commissioned in 1968, the ship was named after John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was originally designated a CVA, for fixed wing attack carrier, however the designation was changed to CV, for fleet carrier.

After nearly 40 years of service, John F. Kennedy was decommissioned on 1 August 2007. She is berthed at the NAVSEA Inactive Ships On-site Maintenance facility in Philadelphia, formerly the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, and, until late 2017, was available for donation as a museum and memorial to a qualified organization. In late 2017, the Navy revoked her "donation hold" status and designated her for dismantling.

She has been succeeded by the  Pre-Commissioning Unit , laid down in July 2015, launched in October 2019, and scheduled to enter service in 2025.

Ship history

Design and early years
Designed under Ship Characteristics Board project SCB-127C, the ship's keel was laid on inclined Shipway 8 by Newport News Shipbuilding on 22 October 1964. By 1965, the larger semi-submerged Shipway 11 became available, where final construction was completed. The ship was christened 27 May 1967 by Jacqueline Kennedy and her 9-year-old daughter, Caroline, two days short of what would have been President Kennedy's 50th birthday. The ship entered service 7 September 1968.

John F. Kennedy is a modified version of the earlier s. Originally scheduled to be the fourth Kitty Hawk-class carrier, the ship received so many modifications during construction she formed her own class. The ship was originally ordered as a nuclear carrier, using the A3W reactor, but converted to conventional propulsion after construction had begun. The island is somewhat different from that of the Kitty Hawk class, with angled funnels to direct smoke and gases away from the flight deck. John F. Kennedy is also  shorter than the Kitty Hawk class.

After an ORI (operational readiness inspection) conducted by Commander, Carrier Division Two, John F. Kennedy left for the Mediterranean in April 1969. The ship reached Rota, Spain on the morning of 22 April 1969 and relieved . Rear Admiral Pierre N. Charbonnet, Commander, Carrier Striking Forces, Sixth Fleet, and Commander, Carrier Striking Unit 60.1.9, shifted his flag to John F. Kennedy. The turnover complete by nightfall, the carrier, escorted by destroyers, transited the Strait of Gibraltar at the start of the mid watch on 22 April. The next day, John F. Kennedy refueled from , and acquired the company of a Soviet  (Pennant No. 383).

1970s

John F. Kennedys maiden voyage, and several of her subsequent voyages, were on deployments to the Mediterranean during much of the 1970s to help deal with the steadily deteriorating situation in the Middle East. During the 1970s John F. Kennedy was upgraded to handle the F-14 Tomcat and the S-3 Viking.

John F. Kennedy was involved in the Navy response to the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in October 1973, with her actions and the larger U.S. Navy picture being described in Elmo Zumwalt's book On Watch.

In 1974, she won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet.

On 20 June 1975 John F. Kennedy was the target of possible arson, suffering eight fires, with no injuries, while at port in Norfolk, Virginia.

On 22 November 1975, John F. Kennedy collided with the cruiser , severely damaging the smaller ship. As a result of the collision with John F. Kennedys overhanging deck, JP-5 fuel lines were ruptured spraying fuel over an adjacent catwalk, and fires ensued aboard both ships. Belknaps superstructure was gutted almost to the main deck, and seven of her crew killed. Aboard John F. Kennedy, smoke inhalation claimed the life of Yeoman 2nd Class David A. Chivalette of VF-14, CVW-1.

On 14 September 1976, while conducting a nighttime underway replenishment  north of Scotland, the destroyer  lost control and collided with John F. Kennedy, resulting in such severe damage to the destroyer that she was removed from service in 1977. Earlier the same day, one F-14 Tomcat, following a problem with the catapult, fell off of the flight deck of John F. Kennedy, with AIM-54 Phoenix missiles in international waters, off the coast Scotland. Both crew members ejected and landed on the deck, injured but alive. A naval race (surface and submarine) followed between the Soviet Navy and U.S. Navy to get back not only the plane (because of its weapon system), but also its missiles. After a prolonged search, the U.S. Navy retrieved the aircraft and its missiles.

In 1979 John F. Kennedy underwent her first, year long overhaul, which was completed in 1980. While the carrier was at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Virginia for the overhaul, arson attacks were carried out on the ship on two occasions. On 9 April 1979, she experienced five fires which killed one shipyard worker and injured 34 others, and on 5 June 1979 the carrier was the target of two more fires; no one was injured in the latter incident.
In 1979 she won her second Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award.

1980s

On 4 August 1980, John F. Kennedy left Norfolk, Virginia and voyaged to the Mediterranean Sea.

On 4 January 1982, John F. Kennedy, with Carrier Air Wing Three (AC), sailed as the flagship for Carrier Group Four (CCG-4) from Norfolk, Va. on her ninth deployment, and her first visit to the Indian Ocean after port visits to St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Malaga, Spain, and transiting the Suez Canal. In her time in the Indian Ocean John F. Kennedy conducted her only port visit to Perth/Fremantle, Western Australia, anchoring in Gage Roads on 19 March 1982 for a R&R visit, departing on 25 March back to the Indian Ocean. During this time John F. Kennedy played host to the first visit of the Somali head of state. Her cruise ended with port visits to Mombasa, Kenya and Toulon, France, and another visit to Malaga, Spain before returning home on 14 July 1982.

In October 1983 John F. Kennedy was diverted to Beirut, Lebanon from her planned Indian Ocean deployment, after the Beirut barracks bombing killed 241 U.S. military personnel taking part in the Multinational Force in Lebanon, and spent the rest of that year and early 1984 patrolling the region. On 4 December 1983 ten A-6 aircraft from John F. Kennedy along with A-6 and A-7 aircraft from  took part in a bombing raid over Beirut, in response to two U.S. F-14 aircraft being fired upon the previous day. The Navy lost two aircraft during the raid: an A-7E from Independence and an A-6E from John F. Kennedy were shot down by SAMs. The A-7E pilot was picked up by a fishing boat, but the A-6E pilot Lt. Mark Lange died after ejecting and the B/N Lt. Robert "Bobby" Goodman was taken prisoner and released on 3 January 1984.

In 1984 the ship was drydocked at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for a one-and-a-half-year complex overhaul and upgrades.

In 1985 John F. Kennedy received the initial awarding of the Department of Defense Phoenix Award for Maintenance Excellence for having the best maintenance department in the entire Department of Defense.

Setting sail in July 1986, John F. Kennedy participated in the International Naval Review to help mark the Re-dedication of the Statue of Liberty. John F. Kennedy served as the flagship for the armada before departing on her eleventh overseas deployment to the Mediterranean in Augusthighlighted by multiple Freedom of Navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, and operations off of the coast of Lebanon as a response to increasing terrorist activities and U.S. citizens being taken hostage in Beirut. The ship returned to Norfolk, Virginia in March 1987 and was dry-docked a second time for fifteen months for critical upgrades and major repairs.

In August 1988 John F. Kennedy departed on her twelfth overseas deployment. During this deployment, a pair of MiG-23 Flogger fighter aircraft from Libya approached the carrier task force, which was  off the shore of Libya near the declared Libyan territorial waters of the Gulf of Sidra. John F. Kennedy launched two F-14 Tomcats from VF-32 "Fighting Swordsmen" to intercept the incoming MiGs. The U.S. planes were sent to escort the MiGs away from the task force. During the course of the intercept, the MiGs were determined to be hostile and were both shot down.

1990s

John F. Kennedy returned to the U.S. in time to participate in Fleet Week in New York and Independence Day celebrations in Boston, Massachusetts before receiving an "All-hands" recall on 10 August 1990, for Operation Desert Shield. The ship was empty of fuel, and ordnance and equipment as she was ready to join the yards for some SRA maintenance. Once the Warning order was issued, the ship went into 24-hour supplies replenishment procedures. She took on all the supplies and equipment she had just been offloading. She took on additional fuel and ordnance while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. She departed the United States combat ready faster than any ship had accomplished since the Vietnam War. She departed on 15 August 1990, and became the flagship for the commander of the Red Sea Battle Force. At midnight on 17 January 1991 John F. Kennedys Carrier Air Wing 3 commenced the very first strike operations against Iraqi forces as part of Operation Desert Storm. Between the commencement of the operation and the cease-fire, John F. Kennedy launched 114 airstrikes and nearly 2,900 sorties against Iraq, which delivered over 3.5 million pounds of ordnance. On 27 February 1991 President George H. W. Bush declared a cease-fire in Iraq, and ordered all U.S. forces to stand down. John F. Kennedy was relieved, and began the long journey home by transiting the Suez Canal. She arrived in Norfolk on 28 March 1991.

While at Norfolk the ship was placed on a four-month selective restricted-availability period as shipyard workers carried out maintenance. Extensive repairs to the flight deck, maintenance and engineering systems were made. Additionally, the ship was refitted to handle the new F/A-18C/D Hornet.

With the upgrades completed, John F. Kennedy departed on her 14th deployment to the Mediterranean, assisting several task forces with workup exercises in anticipation of intervention in Yugoslavia. When John F. Kennedy returned she was sent to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, where she underwent a two-year extensive overhaul. Upon completion of the overhaul the ship was transferred to the Mayport Naval Station near Jacksonville, Florida, which remained the ship's home port.

On 1 October 1995, John F. Kennedy was designated to be an operational reserve carrier and Naval Reserve Force ship with a combined full-time active duty and part-time Naval Reserve crew complement, assigned to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. John F. Kennedy would be available to deploy with either an active or reserve carrier air wing when mobilized in support of urgent operational requirements. In this capacity, John F. Kennedys new primary function would be to provide a surge capability, and in peacetime, to support training requirements. She would participate in routine fleet exercises, aviator carrier qualifications, and battle group training. The impetus for this initiative was post-Cold War defense spending in the mid-1990s, however, the Naval Reserve was never adequately funded to accomplish major maintenance actions for the John F. Kennedy, further exacerbated by additional defense cutbacks that eliminated Carrier Air Wing Reserve 30 and the downgrading of Carrier Air Wing Reserve 20 to a non-deployable Tactical Support Wing and the return of many of the Reserve's front-line combat aircraft to the active duty force. Following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, the Operational Reserve Carrier concept was discontinued and John F. Kennedy was returned to the active duty fleet and placed back in the same maintenance rotation as active duty carriers.

John F. Kennedy made a high-profile visit to Dublin, Ireland during an Atlantic deployment in 1996. Here, more than 10,000 people were invited to tour the ship at anchor in Dublin Bay. The visit was also intended to honor two personalities who had made a great impact on history: John F. Kennedy, for whom the ship was named, and Commodore John Barry, a native of County Wexford, Ireland who played an instrumental role in the early years of the United States Navy. Officers and crew from John F. Kennedy joined local military and civilian organizations in celebrating Barry's achievements at his statue in Crescent Quay, Wexford, and three F-14 Tomcat fighters flew at low level over the town. Jean Kennedy Smith, sister of John F. Kennedy, was the U.S. ambassador to Ireland at the time, and was among those who welcomed the ship to Ireland.

During her visit to Ireland, high winds in Dublin Bay caused the boarding pontoon to tear a large hole in John F. Kennedys hull.

John F. Kennedys 15th Mediterranean deployment included two transits of the Suez Canal, and four months deployed in the Persian Gulf. One night in the Gulf two Iranian F-14's were flying low altitude at high speed heading toward the ship. The AEGIS cruiser  acquired the jets on radar and warned them to turn away, which they did. She returned in time to participate in Fleet Week '98 in New York City.

Shortly before John F. Kennedys 16th deployment, she became involved in a rescue mission when the tug Gulf Majesty foundered during Hurricane Floyd in mid-September 1999. The ship successfully rescued the crew of the vessel, then headed toward the Middle East, where she became the first U.S. aircraft carrier to make a port call in Al Aqabah, Jordan, in the process playing host to the King of Jordan, before taking up station in support of Operation Southern Watch.

John F. Kennedy was the only conventionally powered U.S. carrier underway at the end of 1999, arriving back at Mayport on 19 March 2000. After a brief period of maintenance (Advanced combat direction system was installed), the carrier sailed north to participate in 4 July International Naval Review, then headed to Boston for Sail Boston 2000. The City of Boston arranged this independent event to take advantage of the transit of Tall sailing ships participating in Operation Sail 2000 as they passed by from New London, Connecticut en route to their final port-of-call in Portland, Maine.

2000s

During John F. Kennedys last round of refits the ship became a testbed for an experimental system for the Cooperative Engagement Capability, a system that allowed John F. Kennedy to engage targets beyond original range.

In 2001, during a pre-deployment trial, John F. Kennedy was found to be severely deficient in some respects, especially those relating to air group operations; most problematic, two aircraft catapults and three aircraft elevators, which are used to lift aircraft from the hangar deck to and from the flight deck, were non-functional during inspection, and two boilers would not light. As a result, her captain and two department heads were relieved for cause.

As the 11 September attacks of 2001 unfolded, John F. Kennedy and her battle group were ordered to support Operation Noble Eagle, establishing air security along the mid-Atlantic seaboard, including Washington, D.C. John F. Kennedy was released from Noble Eagle on 14 September 2001.

During the first six months of 2002, John F. Kennedy aircraft dropped 31,000 tons of ordnance on Taliban and al Qaeda targets in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.

In August 2002, John F. Kennedy visited the city of Tarragona in Spain.

In July 2004 John F. Kennedy collided with a dhow in the Persian Gulf, leaving no survivors on the traditional Arab sailing boat. After the incident the Navy relieved the commanding officer of John F. Kennedy. The carrier herself was unscathed, but two jet fighters on the deck were damaged when an F-14B Tomcat assigned to VF-103 slid into an F/A-18C Hornet assigned to VFA-81 damaging the wing of the F-14 as well as the upper section of the radome and forward windscreen of the F/A-18 as the ship made a hard turn to avoid the tiny vessel. A popular misconception is that John F. Kennedys captain waited to make the turn at the last possible moment to recover aircraft critically low on fuel returning from airstrikes. The official review board determined this was not the case and the aircraft could have remained safely aloft until John F. Kennedy maneuvered to avoid the dhow.

John F. Kennedy was the most costly carrier in the fleet to maintain and was due for an expensive overhaul; budget cutbacks and changing naval tactics
prompted the U.S. Navy to decide to retire her. On 1 April 2005 the Navy formally announced that the carrier's scheduled 15-month overhaul had been cancelled.

Before decommissioning she made a number of port calls to allow the public to "say farewell" to her, including a stop at her "homeport" Boston Harbor. John F. Kennedy also took part in the 2005 New York City Fleet Week festivities at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum. She was decommissioned in Mayport, Florida on 23 March 2007.

The ship's unique in-port cabin, which was decorated by Jacqueline Kennedy with wood paneling, oil paintings, and rare artifacts, was disassembled, to be rebuilt at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.

Ex-John F. Kennedy was towed to Norfolk, Virginia on 26 July 2007. She remained in Norfolk until a shoaled area near Pier 4 in Philadelphia could be dredged to enable the ship to safely dock. On 17 March 2008 at about 1700, she was seen leaving Norfolk Naval Station under tow of the tug Atlantic Salvor. On 22 March 2008 ex-John F. Kennedy arrived, with the afternoon high tide, at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in Philadelphia. She is currently laid up in the Philadelphia reserve fleet.

Retirement
In November 2009, the Navy placed John F. Kennedy on donation hold for use as a museum and memorial. A report in the Boston Herald newspaper on 26 November 2009 mentioned the possibility of bringing John F. Kennedy to the Boston, Massachusetts area, as a museum or memorial at no cost to the city, if desired.

In August 2010, two groups successfully passed into Phase II of the U.S. Navy Ship Donation Program:
Rhode Island Aviation Hall of Fame, Providence, Rhode Island
 USS John F. Kennedy Museum, Portland, Maine
On 4 January 2010, Portland, Maine City Council unanimously endorsed the efforts of the USS John F. Kennedy Museum while Gov. John Baldacci also offered his support. One year later on 19 January 2011 the Portland, Maine City Council voted 9–0 to not continue with the project to bring the ship to Maine.

Plans as of September 2014 had the Rhode Island Aviation Hall of Fame working to secure Pier 2 of the Naval Station Newport. These developments come after the former  was sold for scrapping earlier after years of being moored in Newport.

With the advent of the nuclear carrier,  and John F. Kennedy are the last two candidate carriers to become museum ships as they have conventional propulsion. Nuclear carriers, such as  and the , require extensive deconstruction to remove their nuclear reactors during decommissioning, leaving them in an unsuitable condition for donation. In October 2017, it was announced that Kitty Hawk would be disposed of by scrapping, leaving John F. Kennedy the last available carrier capable of conversion to a museum.

In late 2017, the Navy revoked John F. Kennedys "donation hold" status and designated her for dismantling. There are still several groups, from Florida, Maine and Rhode Island, with the assistance of the USS John F. Kennedy Veteran's Association, hoping to persuade the Navy to reinstate the "donation hold" status, while they pursue the goal of obtaining her as a museum.

On 6 October 2021, John F. Kennedy and Kitty Hawk were sold for one-cent each to International Shipbreaking Limited.

In popular culture
The TV series Supercarrier was partially filmed on board the ship between September and November 1987, while the ship was undergoing a period of upkeep.

See also
 List of memorials to John F. Kennedy

References

External links

 USS John F. Kennedy webpage Unofficial
 Maritimequest USS John F. Kennedy CV-67 Photo Gallery
 USS John F. Kennedy history at U.S. Carriers

 USS John F. Kennedy Project

Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carriers
1967 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
Maritime incidents in 1975

USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)


An ode is a type of lyric poem.  The word comes from the Ancient Greek.  An ode is a poem which is written in praise of something or someone, saying how wonderful they are.

Very often an ode will have the title "Ode to..." followed by the name of the thing or person that it describes, e.g. John Keats wrote a poem "Ode to a Nightingale".

Odes were written by the poets of Ancient Greece as well as by the Romans.  Horace was particularly famous for his odes, and many English odes written centuries later were based on Horace's lyrical verses.

Poets who wrote odes
  John Keats
  Samuel Taylor Coleridge
  William Wordsworth
  Percy Bysshe Shelley
  Edmund Spenser
  Pablo Neruda
  Horace
  Ovid
  Sappho

Poetry forms

Ode


An Italian American is a U.S. citizen of Italian descent. It may mean someone born in the United States with Italian parents or grandparents or someone born in Italy who moved to the United States. The largest group of Italians moved to the United States in the early 1900s; two million moved between 1900 to 1914. Only Irish and Germans moved to the United States in bigger numbers. In 2000 the government counted 15.6 million Italian Americans in the United States. This means that in the year 2000, for every 1000 Americans, 56 of them were Italian Americans.

Italian Americans have been an important part in building the United States. Many great politicians, inventors, scientists, soldiers, musicians and film makers (actors and directors) have been Italian Americans. The Mafia in the United States was made by some Italian Americans but nearly all Italian Americans have nothing to do with it.

Most of them came from southern Italy, in regions such as Sicily, Naples and Calabria, only a sizeable minority of Italian Americans have ancestral roots in Northern Italy.

New York City has more Italian Americans than any other city in the United States.  More than 3 million Italians live in or near New York. The states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Florida and Massachusetts also have large Italian American populations.  There are large Italian-American populations in the cities of Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit, Ohio, which each have over a half million Italians.

Ethnic groups in the United States
America

Italian Americans


Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire.

Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis's organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.

Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.

Other websites
 Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd., Organ Builders
 Biography
 Groves Music Online

Organ builders
People from London
1821 births
1901 deaths

Henry Willis


Leandro Valencia Locsin (August 15, 1928 – November 15, 1994) was a Filipino architect, artist, and interior designer known for his use of concrete, floating volume and simplistic design in his various projects. An avid collector, he was fond of modern painting and Chinese ceramics.  He was proclaimed a National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1990 by the late President Corazon C. Aquino.

Life and career
Locsin was born on August 15, 1928, in Silay, Negros Occidental, a grandson of the first governor of the province. He completed his elementary education at De La Salle College in Manila before returning to Negros due to the Second World War. Locsin then returned to Manila to finish his secondary education in La Salle and studied Pre-Law before shifting to pursue a Bachelor's Degree in Music at the University of Santo Tomas. Although he was a talented pianist, he later shifted to Architecture, one year before graduating.

He married Cecilia Yulo, and one of their two children is also an architect.

An art lover, Locsin frequented the Philippine Art Gallery, where he met the curator, Fernando Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo. The latter recommended Locsin to the Ossorio family that was planning to build a chapel in Negros. When Frederic Ossorio left for the United States, the plans for the chapel were canceled.

In 1955, Fr. John Delaney, S.J., then Catholic Chaplain at the University of the Philippines - Diliman, commissioned Locsin to design a chapel with an open plan and can easily accommodate 1,000 people. The Church of the Holy Sacrifice is the first round chapel in the Philippines to have an altar in the middle, and the first to have a thin shell concrete dome. The floor of the church was designed by Arturo Luz, the stations of the cross by Vicente Manansala and Ang Kiukok, and the cross by Napoleon Abueva, all of whom are now National Artists. Alfredo L. Juinio served as the building's structural engineer. Today, the church is recognized as a National Historical Landmark and a Cultural Treasure by the National Historical Institute and the National Museum, respectively.

On his visit to the United States, Locsin met some of his influences, Paul Rudolph and Eero Saarinen. It was then he realized to use concrete, which was relatively cheap in the Philippines and easy to form, for his buildings.

In 1969, he completed what was to be his most recognizable work, the Theater of Performing Arts (now the Tanghalang Pambansa) of the Cultural Center of the Philippines.  The marble façade of the building is cantilevered 12 meters from the terrace by huge arching columns at the sides of the building, giving it the impression of being afloat. A large lagoon in front of the theatre mirrors the building during daytime, while fountains are illuminated by underwater lights at nighttime. The building houses four theaters, a museum of ethnographic art and other temporary exhibits, galleries, and a library on Philippine art and culture.

In 1974, Locsin designed the Folk Arts Theater, which is one of the largest single-span buildings in the Philippines with a span of 60 meters. It was completed in only 77 days, in time for the 1974 Miss Universe Pageant. Locsin was also commissioned to build the  Philippine International Convention Center, the country's premiere international conference building and now the seat of the Vice Presidency.
thumb|200px|right| Leandro V. Locsin Senior High School (Kaligayahan, Novaliches)
After the Federico Ilustre-designed original terminal of Manila International Airport was destroyed by a fire in 1962, the Philippine government chose Locsin for the rehabilitation design. Serving as an international terminal for 10 years, it later became a domestic terminal upon the opening of what is now the present-day Terminal 1, which was also designed by Locsin. A second fire later damaged the rehabilitated domestic terminal in 1985 and the site is currently occupied by the present-day Terminal 2.

Locsin was also commissioned in 1974 to design the Ayala Museum to house the Ayala art collection. It was known for the juxtaposition of huge blocks to facilitate the interior of the exhibition. Locsin was a close friend of the Ayalas. Before taking the board examination, he took his apprenticeship at Ayala and Company (now the Ayala Corporation) and was asked to design the first building on Ayala Avenue, and several of the Ayalas' residences. When the collection of the Ayala Museum was moved to its current location, the original was demolished with Locsin's permission. The current building was dedicated in 2004, and designed by his firm, L.V. Locsin and Partners, led by his son Leandro Y. Locsin, Jr.

Locsin also designed some of the buildings at the UP Los Baños campus. The Dioscoro Umali Hall, the main auditorium, is clearly an example of his distinct architecture, with its large canopy that makes it resemble the main theatre of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP). Most of his work is concentrated in the Freedom Park, with the Student Union Building which was once damaged by a fire, the Carillon, the Continuing Education Center and the auditorium. He also designed the SEARCA Residences, and several structures at the National Arts Center (housing the Philippine High School for the Arts) at Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Laguna.

Most of Locsin's work has been within the country, but in 1970, he designed the Philippine Pavilion of the World Expo in Osaka, Japan.  His largest single work is the Istana Nurul Iman, the official residence of the Sultan of Brunei. In 1992, he received the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize from Fukuoka.

Locsin's last work was a church in Malaybalay, Bukidnon. Locsin died early morning on November 15, 1994, at the Makati Medical Center in Makati after suffering a stroke 10 days earlier.<ref>"Did you know", Philippine Daily Inquirer", August 15, 2016.</ref> The campus of De La Salle-Canlubang, built in 2003 on a land donated by his family, was named after him.

 Works

Churches
 Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1955
 Ozamiz City Cathedral, 1960
 Manila Memorial Park Chapel, Paranaque, 1965 (renovated in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2010 & 2020)
 Doña Corazon L. Montelibano Chapel, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod, 1965
 Church of Saint Andrew, Bel-Air Village, Makati, 1968
 Holy Cross Memorial Chapel, Novaliches, 1969
 Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, UP Village, Quezon City, 1970
 Chapel of St. Alphonsus Ligouri, Magallanes Village, Makati, 1970 (destroyed by fire in 2004, now replaced and rebuilt by Arch. Dominic Galicia in 2007.)
 Cadiz Church, Negros Occidental, 1972
 Church of the Monastery of the Transfiguration, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, 1983
 St. John the Baptist Church, Kalibo, Aklan, 1993
 St. Joseph the Worker Parish Church, Bacnotan, La Union, 1994

Public Buildings

Hotels

 Davao Insular Hotel, Davao City, 1960 (now renamed as Waterfront Insular Hotel)
 InterContinental Manila, Ayala Avenue, Makati, 1969 (closed on December 31, 2015 [Hotel site redevelopment is being studied with Locsin's firm L. V. Locsin and Partners according to Ayala Land])
 Hyatt Regency Hotel (now occupied by Midas Hotel & Casino Manila in 2011)
 Mandarin Oriental Manila (closed on September 9, 2014 [Hotel site redevelopment is being studied with Locsin's firm L. V. Locsin and Partners according to Ayala Land])
 Manila Hotel (New Building)
 Philippine Plaza Hotel, 1976 (now Sofitel Philippine Plaza Hotel)

Commercial Buildings

Sets for Theatrical Production
 Sets for Various Ballets by Ricardo Casell, 1954
 Lady Be Good production by Frederico Elizarde, 1954
 Noche Buena, CCP Dance Co., 1970
 Jewels, CCP Dance Co., 1970
 Madame Butterfly, CCP Dance Co., 1972
 Lucifer, Martha Graham Dance Co., for its 50th Anniversary Celebration, New York, 1975
 Adoration, Martha Graham Dance Co., New York, 1976
 Point of Crossing, Martha Graham Dance Co., New York, 1976
 Larawan ng Pilipino Bilang Artista, CCP, 1989
 La Traviata, CCP, July 1990
 Madame Butterfly, CCP 1994
 Midsummer Night's Dream, Ballet Philiipines, 1994
 Suite for Lindy, from Ballet Philippines' Ellias, CCP, 1995

Interior Design

 See also
 Culture of the Philippines

References

External links

Arkitekturang Filipino - Leandro V. LocsinThe Architecture of Leandro V. Locsin, Nicholas Polites, Weatherhill Books.
Parish of the Holy Sacrifice declared a National Treasure, Francezca C. Kwe. Retrieved on March 31, 2007.
Leandro Locsin. Arkitekturang Filipino. Retrieved on April 18, 2011.Leandro Valencia Locsin. Filipino architect'', Jean-Claude Girard, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel / Berlin / Boston 2022. ISBN 978-3-03562-092-4.

Modernist architects
 01
Modernist architecture in the Philippines
1928 births
1994 deaths
De La Salle University alumni
National Artists of the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas alumni
People from Silay
20th-century Filipino architects
Visayan people

Leandro Locsin


This is a list of places in Northumberland, in England. The area covered is the ceremonial county, hence the exclusion of places traditionally regarded as being in Northumberland which are now in Tyne and Wear for administrative and ceremonial purposes, for places in Tyne and Wear see List of places in Tyne and Wear.

A
Abberwick, Acklington, Acomb, Acton, Akeld, Allendale, Allenheads, Alnham, Alnmouth, Alnwick, Alwinton, Amble, Ancroft Northmoor, Anick, Ancroft, Apperley Dene, Ashington, Aydon, Ayle

B
Bamburgh, Bardon Mill, Barrasford, Bassington, Baybridge, Beaconhill, Beadnell, Beal, Beanley, Bearsbridge, Beauclerc, Bebside, Bedlington, Belford, Bellingham, Bellshill, Belsay, Beltingham, Benthall, Berrington, Berwick Hill, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Biddlestone, Bilton, Bilton Banks, Bingfield, Birtley, Birling, Black Heddon, Blanchland, Blyth, Bolam, Bolam West Houses, Bolton, Bomarsund, Bothal, Boulmer, Bowsden, Bradford (Adderstone with Lucker), Bradford (Belsay), Branch End, Brandon, Branton, Branxton, Bridge End, Brinkburn, Broomhaugh, Broomhill, Broomley, Brownieside, Brunton, Burradon, Burton, Butteryhaugh, Byrness, Bywell, Bywell Saint Andrews, Bywell Saint Peters, Byker (inner city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne)

C
Callaly, Cambo, Cambois, Capheaton, Carr Shield, Carter Bar, Carterway Heads, Cartington, Catton, Causey Park Bridge, Charlton, Chathill, Chatton, Chesterwood, Cheswick, Cheswick Buildings, Chillingham, Chollerford, Chollerton, Choppington, Christon Bank, Clennell, Clifton, Coalcleugh, Coanwood, Cottonshopeburnfoot, Collingwood, Colpitts Grange, Colwell, Corbridge, Cornhill-on-Tweed, Coupland, Cowpen, Cramlington, Craster, Cresswell, Crookham

D
Dalton (nr Hexham), Dalton (nr Ponteland), Dissington (nr Ponteland), Duddo, Dunstan,

E
Eachwick, Earle, East Cramlington, East Ord, Eglingham, Elsdon, Embleton, Ellington, Eshott, Etal

F
Fallodon, Falstone, Felton, Ford, Ford Forge

G
Glanton, Goswick, Great Bavington, Greenhaugh, Greenhead, Gubeon, Guidepost, Guyzance

H
Hadston, Haltwhistle, Harbottle, Hartley, Harnham, Haydon Bridge, Hazon, Hexham, High Angerton, High Buston, High Callerton, High Church, High Newton-by-the-Sea, Highfields, Holburn, Holystone, Holywell, Horsley (nr Prudhoe), Horsley (nr Redesdale), Horton, Housedon Hill, Housesteads, Howdon,  Howtel, Howick, Hartburn, Humshaugh

I
Ilderton, Ingram

K
Kielder, Kilham, Kirkharle, Kirkwhelpington, Kirkley

L
Langley, Linton, Little Bavington, Longframlington, Longhirst, Longhorsley, Low Alwinton, Low Angerton, Low Brunton, Low Buston, Low Cocklaw, Low Newton-by-the-Sea, Lowick, Lucker, Lynemouth

M
Marshall Meadows, Meldon, Middle Ord, Middleton, Mindrum, Morpeth, Mitford, Murton

N
Nesbit,  Netherton, Netherwitton, New Bewick, Newbiggin by the Sea, New Hartley, Newton-by-the-Sea, North Blyth, North Charlton, North Seaton

O
Ogle, Old Bewick, Once Brewed, Otterburn

P
Pegswood, Pigdon, Ponteland, Powburn, Prudhoe

R
Radcliffe, Ramshope, Red Row, Redesdale, Ridsdale, Riverside, Rochester, Rothbury

S
Scremerston, Scots Gap, Seahouses, Seaton Delaval, Seaton Sluice, Seghill, Sheepwash, Shilbottle, Shipley, Snitter, South Beach, South Broomhill, South Charlton, Stakeford, Stannington, Stobswood, Stocksfield, Stonehaugh

T
Throphill, Tranwell, Tranwell Woods, Tughall, Twizell Castle

U
Ulgham,
Unthank (near Alnham),
Unthank (near Haltwhistle)

V
Vindolanda

W
Wall,Wallington, Wark on Tweed, Wark on Tyne, Warkworth, West Chevington, West Woodburn, Whalton, Widdrington, Whittingham, Wooler, Wylam

Y
Yarrow, Yeavering, Yetlington

Places of interest
Cheviot Hills
Churnsike Lodge
Coquet Island
Cragside
Dunstanburgh Castle
Farne Islands
Hadrian's Wall
Hexham Abbey
Kielder Water
Lindisfarne
North Pennines AONB
Northumberland National Park
Prudhoe Castle

See also
List of settlements in Northumberland by population
List of places in England

Northumberland
Places

List of places in Northumberland


FAQ is an abbreviation for "Frequently Asked Question(s)". The term is used for a list of questions and answers. All of the questions are supposed to be asked often and they all are about the same thing. Since the acronym was first used in written form, there are different ways it is said; both "fak" and "F.A.Q." are commonly used.

Internet slang

FAQ


Isabel Freire de Matos (February 2, 1915 – September 30, 2004) was a writer, educator, journalist, and activist for Puerto Rican independence. Freire de Matos was the author of several children's books and the wife of Francisco Matos Paoli, a high-ranking member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.

Early years
Freire de Matos (birth name: Isabel Freire Meléndez ) was born in the town of Cidra, Puerto Rico. There she received her primary and secondary education. During her years as a child she became interested in juvenile literature and poetry. After graduating from high school she attended the University of Puerto Rico where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in education.

During her years as a student at the university she became interested in the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and an advocate for Puerto Rico's independence. She continued her postgraduate studies in the UPR and moved to Paris, France, for a year to study comparative literature at the Sorbonne. There she met Francisco Matos Paoli, a fellow independence advocate who in 1942 became her husband.

Educator
After she returned to Puerto Rico, she began to work in the public and private school systems of the island. She co-authored a children's book titled El libro Isla para niños (The island book for children) with her husband.

Nationalist revolts of the 1950s

On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements on the archipelago. The Senate, which at the time was controlled by the Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín, approved the bill. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist Smith Act passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the Ley de la Mordaza (Gag Law, technically "Law 53 of 1948") when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero, signed it into law on June 10, 1948. Under this new law it became a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the Flag of Puerto Rico, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000 (), or both. According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment to the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. In 1949, the Nationalist Party held an assembly in the town of Arecibo and named Paoli Secretary General of the party. Some of his duties as Secretary General of the party included the presentation of patriotic speeches. Due to Law 53, these duties placed her husband on a collision course with the U.S. government.

In September 1950, her husband traveled to the towns of Cabo Rojo, Santurce, Guánica and Lares, where he participated in Nationalist activities. On October 30, the Nationalists staged uprisings in the towns of Ponce, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo, Utuado (Utuado Uprising), San Juan (San Juan Nationalist revolt), and Jayuya (Jayuya Uprising). On November 2, 1950, the police arrived at their home in Río Piedras and searched for guns and explosives. The only thing they found was a Puerto Rican flag but, due to Law 53 (the Gag Law), this enabled them to arrest and accuse her husband of treason against the United States. The evidence used against him was the Puerto Rican flag in their home, and four speeches he'd made in favor of Puerto Rican independence.

On the basis of this "evidence" her husband was fired from his professorship at the University of Puerto Rico, and sentenced to a twenty-year prison term, which was later reduced to ten years. In jail, her husband shared his cell with Pedro Albizu Campos. Campos suffered from ulcerations on his legs and body caused by radiation, and her husband tended to his needs.

Her husband wrote patriotic poems on scraps of paper which were smuggled out of the prison by Freire de Matos. She tried to get them published and even though they were inoffensive, the context of the "Gag Law" and its intended effect, to silence all opposition made the poems take on a different meaning.

Her husband was released on probation on January 16, 1952. However, on March 2, 1954, after the Nationalists attack of the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. government ordered the wholesale arrest of Nationalist Party members including her husband, who was not involved in the incident.

In 1954, Freire de Matos founded the "Escuela Maternal Hostoniana" (Maternal Hostonian School) named after Eugenio María de Hostos". On May 26, 1955, after ten months in jail and in poor health, her husband was finally pardoned by Puerto Rican Governor Luis Muñoz Marín.

Author
Freire de Matos continued to teach and write. In her college she established a creative experimental method in which she explored the balance between freedom and nature among individuals. She hoped that with her methods her students would develop positive attitudes and love for education. She hoped that her students had would fully develop their talents.

Written works
Among her written works are the following:

 La poesía en la escuela elemental, (Poetry in elementary school) 1962
 Poesía menuda, (Poetry menuda) 1965
 ABC de Puerto Rico, (ABC of Puerto Rico) 1968
 La casita misteriosa y otros cuentos, (The mysterious house and other stories) 1979
 La brujita encantada y otros cuentos, (The enchanted little witch and other stories) 1979
 Juego para los dedos, (A finger game) 1980
 Isla para los niños, (An island for children) 1981
 Eugenio María de Hostos para la juventud, Eugenio María de Hostos for the young) 1989
 Ritmos de tierra y mar, (Rhythms of the earth and sea) 1992
 La poesía y el niño, (Poetry and children) 1993
 El teatro y el niño, (Theatre and children) 1995
 El pajarito feliz, (The happy little bird) 1996
 Los derechos del niño, (The rights of children) 1996
 El cuento y el niño, (Story telling and children) 1997
 Liza en el parque de las palomas, (Liza in the Park of the pigeons) 2000

Later years
In 1968, Freire de Matos collaborated as a co-author with Rubén del Rosario, in the publication of Antonio Martorell's "ABC de Puerto Rico". The publication is used in Puerto Rico's elementary schools. On 1971, she also collaborated with the publication of Fe Acosta de González's "Matemáticas modernas en el nivel elementa" (Modern Math at the elementary level.

Francisco Matos Paoli died on July 10, 2000, in their home in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Freire de Matos died four years later on September 30, 2004. They were survived by two daughters, Susana Isabel and María Soledad, and four grandchildren.

There is a plaque, located at the monument to the Jayuya Uprising participants in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Freire de Matos' name is on the sixteenth line of the third plate.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
History of women in Puerto Rico
19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement

María de las Mercedes Barbudo
Lola Rodríguez de Tió
Mariana Bracetti

Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

Blanca Canales
Rosa Collazo
Julia de Burgos
Lolita Lebrón
Ruth Mary Reynolds
Isabel Rosado
Isolina Rondón
Olga Viscal Garriga

 Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Ponce massacre
Río Piedras massacre
Puerto Rican Independence Party
Grito de Lares
Intentona de Yauco

Notes

References

External links
 Tributo a Isabelita

1915 births
2004 deaths
People from Cidra, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican poets
Puerto Rican women activists
Members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
University of Paris alumni
University of Puerto Rico alumni
Puerto Rican women writers
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
Female revolutionaries

Isabel Freire de Matos


Roberto Firpo (May 10, 1884June 14, 1969) was an Argentine tango pianist, composer, and leader. Firpo was among the first innovators of the classic tango music genre. He was the establisher of the piano in the tango orchestra.

Firpo was born in the Flores district of Buenos Aires, where his father owned a grocery store. Firpo left school at 15 to work with his father and then several other companies, he eventually saved 200 Pesos (around US$100, at the time) to buy his first piano.

Around 1903 he began to have lessons with one of the greats of the period, Alfredo Bevilacqua. In 1907 he began composing and performing.

In 1913, at the age of 29, he formed his first orchestra that played the hits "Argañaraz", "Sentimiento criollo", "De pura cepa", and "Marejada" that year. In 1914 classic tango "Alma de bohemio" materialized and presented; one of his most admired work until today.

During his career Firpo played in most of the famous Buenos Aires tango venues such as the Armenonville, El tambito, Palais de Glace, Bar Iglesias, L'Abbaye, Teatro Buenos Aires, Teatro Nacional, Salón San Martín and Colonia Italiana. Many famous musicians passed through his various orchestras including the  bandoneonist Pedro Maffia, the violinist Elvino Vardaro, Cayetano Puglisi, Juan Guido, Luis Cosenza and . His quartet was one of his most famous ensembles and he wrote many tangos.

He was one of the few tangueros to play in a cafe in Avenida de Mayo in Buenos Aires and he was the first person to play the tango La Cumparsita in the cafe La Giralda in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Firpo in 1930 gave up his tango career for a short while, to try his hand at cattle ranching, but he was forced to return to tango when the Paraná river's floods destroyed his livestock, and after that (trying to recover from the losses and trying his luck) he lost the rest of his fortune on the stock market.

Firpo retired in 1959 and died on June 14, 1969.

Legacy

It is estimated that Firpo made between 1,800 and 3,000 recordings in his career. He is considered one of the most conservative of the tango traditionalists but also one of the greatest and most prodigious of tango musicians and composers.

External links
Todo Tango profile
Tango.info profile

References

1884 births
1969 deaths
Musicians from Buenos Aires
Argentine tango musicians
Argentine composers
Argentine conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
20th-century conductors (music)

Roberto Firpo


Munisipalitas (, ) nyaéta hiji entitas administratif nu kadefinisikeun sacara jelas wilayah jeung pangeusina, nu ilaharna ngarujuk ka hiji kota atwa désa, atawa kelompok leutik tina entitas-entitas eta. Hiji munisipalitas biasana diparentah ku walikota (mayor) jeung déwan kota atawa déwan munisipal.

Di lolobana nagara, munisipalitas mangrupa subdivisi administratif pangleutikna nu pingpinannana diangkat ngaliwatan prosés pamilihan nu demokratis. Di sababaraha nagara, munisipalitas ogé bisa ngarujuk kana hiji komuni, misalna di Perancis (commune), Spanyol (comuna) jeung Swédia (Kommun).

Munisipalitas minangka éntitas nu leuwih handap

Di Aljazair, munisipalitas (komun) nyaéta bagian tina daïra, nu mangrupa bagian tina wilayah; aya 1,541 komun i Aljazair.

 Di Australia, municipalities are subdivisions of a state or territory. (See Local Government Areas in Australia).
 In Austria, a municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Bezirk), which is in turn part of a state (Bundesland).
 In Belgium, a municipality (gemeente/commune) is either part of a province (provincie/province) or of the Brussels-Capital Region
 In Bolivia, a municipality (municipio) is part of a province, which is part of a departamento
 In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a municipality (općina or opština) is
 part of a canton (kanton)
 a subdivision (grouped in regions)
 In Brazil, a municipality (município) is part of a state (estado)
 In Canada, a municipality is a city, town, township, county, or regional municipality which has been incorporated by statute by the legislatures of the Provinces and territories of Canada. It is also a specific designation for certain municipalities in Quebec , Nova Scotia and Ontario. Certain aréas of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are designated as rural municipalities, while equivalent aréas in Alberta are designated as municipal districts.
 In Chili, a municipality (municipalidad) is a legal entity which administers one or more communes (comuna) which are the third-level division of the country. The first division are regions which a next divided into provinces (provincia). These provinces are next divided into comunas which are assigned to a municipality for administration. In most cases the municipality and the comuna have the same name, but the constitution permits a single municipality to be responsible for more than one commune.
 In Kolombia, a municipality (municipio) is part of a department (departamento). It also subdivided into Corregimientos and Veredas.
 In Kroasia, a municipality (općina) is part of a county (županija)
 In the Czech Republic, a municipality (obec) is part of a district (okres)
 In Denmark, a municipality (kommune) is part of a county (amt). However, amts were abandoned in Denmark on January 1, 2007.
 In Estonia, a municipality (omavalitsus) is the smallest division.
 In Finlandia, a municipality (kunta) co-operates with municipalities néarby in a sub-region (seutukunta) and region (maakunta); a region belongs to a province (lääni) of the state. A municipality can freely call itself a "city" (kaupunki).
 In France, a municipality (commune) is part of a department (département) which is part of a region (région)
 In Jérman, a municipality (Gemeinde) is part of a district (Kreis). Larger entities of the same level are called towns (Stadt).
 In Greece, a municipality is either an urban demoi or rural koinotetes which is then part of a prefecture (nomos) and then a larger region known as a periphery.
 In Haiti, a municipality (commune) is part of an arrondissement, which is part of a department (département).
 In Hungary, a municipality (települési önkormányzat) is part of a county (megye).
 In Italy, a comune is part of a province (provincia) which is part of a region (regione). The term "municipality" is reserved for subdivisions of larger communes (in particular, the commune of Rome).
 In Japan, a municipality is the sphere of government within the prefectures, the sub-division of the state.
 In Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run éach of the 12 Parishes into which it is subdivided.
 In Kenya, a municipality is one of four types of local authorities. Néarly 50 major towns are given the municipality status.
 In Luxembourg, communes are the lowest divisions.
 In Mexico, a municipality (municipio) is a subdivision of a state (estado) and a borough (delegación) is a subdivision of the Federal District (see municipalities of Mexico and Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District).
 In the Netherlands, a municipality (gemeente) is part of a province (provincie).
 Every part of mainland New Zealand is part of either a "city" (mostly urban) or a "district" (mostly rural).  The term "municipality" has become rare in New Zéaland since about 1979 and has no legal status.
 In Nicaragua, a municipality (municipio) is subdivision of a department (departamento) or of one of the two Autonomous Regions, Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte and Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur.
 In Norway, a municipality (kommune) is part of a county (fylke)
 In the Philippines, a municipality (bayan) is part of a province (lalawigan) and is composed of barangays.
 In Poland, a municipality (gmina) is a part of a county (powiat).
 In Portugal, a municipality (município) is subdivision of a district (distritos).
 In Puerto Rico, a municipality (municipio) is a city. éach municipality has an elected mayor.
 In Romania, a municipality (municipiu) is a town or a city ranked by law at this level. A commune is the lowest subdivision of a judeţ .
 In Serbia, a municipality (opština) is part of a county (okrug)
 In Slovakia, a municipality (obec) is part of a district (okres). There are 2 891 municipalities in the state.
 In South Africa, district municipalities and metropolitan municipalities are subdivisions of the provinces, and local municipalities are subdivisions of district municipalities.
 Di Swédia, munisipalitas (kommun) nyaéta bagian tina hiji county (län).
 In Switzerland, a municipality (commune/Gemeinde/comune) is part of a canton (canton/Kanton/cantone) and defined by cantonal law.
 In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a municipality is governed by official political borders, such as that of the Greater Belfast area in Northern Ireland. As is the same for the Greater London area and not just the City of London. The term municipality and the word municipal in general is not commonly héard. Greater x area would be the most common in usage.
 In the United States, the entities that have status as a municipality vary from state to state. Cities, towns, boroughs, or villages are common terms for municipalities. Townships, counties, and parishes are not generally considered to be municipalities, although there are exceptions. In some states, towns have a non-municipal status similar to townships.
 In Venezuela, a municipality (municipio) is part of a state, as well as a subdivision of the Capital District (estado).

Babagian administratif

Munisipalitas


A plasma lamp is a type of gas discharge lamp that is filled with different gases. It uses dielectric barrier discharge, which is also known as plasma discharge. Nikola Tesla invented it to study the properties of plasma, in 1892. He obtained a patent in 1894. Tesla called the lamp Inert Gas Discharge Tube.

Plasma globe lamps were popular in the 1980s.

Physics

Plasma lamp


The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care is a New York Times bestseller from journalist T. R. Reid. Reid compares health care systems in a half-a-dozen wealthy nations with the health care models followed in the United States, in a straightforward, easy to read narrative. The countries whose systems are discussed are: France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada and a specific example from India. Reid visited all these countries personally and claims to have chosen them since they exemplify specific kinds of health-care system models. The book also discusses transitions in the health care systems of Taiwan and Switzerland.

The major theme of the book is the contrasting of health care in other developed countries with health care in the United States. Reid is critical of the United States for not being able to provide guaranteed health services to all its citizens as is done in virtually all developed countries. Along with the study of various health systems, Reid also documents his attempts to get treatment for his shoulder during the journey described in the book. Reid finds suitable treatment in India, which has an out-of-pocket model, the only one Reid considers to be worse than the American system of health care.

Major forms of international health care systems

The Bismarck Model
This is the model followed in Germany and in its rudimentary form was laid out by Otto von Bismarck. The system uses private initiatives to provide the medical services. The insurance coverage is also mainly provided through private companies. However, the insurance companies operate as non-profits and are required to sign up all citizens without any conditions. At the same time all citizens (barring a rich minority in the case of Germany) are required to sign up for one or the other health insurance. The government plays a central role in determining payments for various health services, thus keeping a decent control on cost.

The Beveridge Model
This model adopted by Britain is closest to socialized medicine, according to the author. Here almost all health-care providers work as government employees and the government acts as the single-payer for all health services. The patients incur no out-of-pocket costs, but the system is under pressure due to rising costs. The author, Reid, was told by a British doctor to live with his shoulder problem. The system would not treat it, and that every other British doctor would tell him the same thing.

The National Health Insurance Model
The Canadian model has a single-payer system like Britain; however, the health care providers work mostly as private entities. The system has done a good job of keeping costs low and providing health care to all. The major drawback of this system comes from the ridiculously long waiting times for several procedures. The author, Reid, would have had to wait 18 months for his shoulder treatment in Canada.

The Out of Pocket Model
This is the kind of model followed in most poor countries. There is no wide public or private system of health insurance. People mostly pay for the services they receive 'out of pocket'. However, this leaves many underprivileged people without essential health care. Almost all countries with such a system have a much lower life expectancy and high infant mortality rates. The author gives his experience with the system in India, and a brief description of the ancient medical system of Ayurveda.

American Model for Health
According to the author the United States follows many of the international systems in bits and pieces, yet he concludes that in the US there is rather a healthcare market than an actual healthcare system.

 For most working people under sixty-five: The model is closest to the Bismarck system adopted by Germany and Japan. However, in America health insurance companies can be for-profit enterprises, unlike in Germany and Japan.
 For Native Americans, military personnel, and veterans: America follows the Beveridge Model of Britain, where the government acts as both the payer and provider.
 For those over sixty-five: The American model here is very close to the Canadian single-payer model. The government ends up acting as the insurer, while the private sector provides the medical services.
 For uninsured Americans: Americans with no health insurance experience the health care world of poor people in various underdeveloped countries. Most of the medical facilities are too expensive for these people and they are left with virtually no health care.

References

External links
 T.R. Reid: Can We Really Fix U.S. Health Care? at the Commonwealth Club of California

2010 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books

The Healing of America


Ralph Wilford Samuelson  (July 3, 1903 – August 28, 1977) was the inventor of water skiing, which he first performed in the summer of 1922 in Lake City, Minnesota, just before his 19th birthday. Samuelson was already skilled at aquaplaning—standing on a board while being pulled by a powerboat—but he hoped to create something like snow skiing on the water. Lake Pepin, a wide portion of the Mississippi River between Minnesota and Wisconsin, was the venue for his experiments.

Patent
Samuelson did not patent his invention, nor was his work sufficiently publicized at the time to prevent U.S. Patent 1,559,390 for water skis from being subsequently issued, on October 27, 1925, to prolific inventor Fred Waller of Huntington, New York. Waller marketed his product as "Dolphin Akwa-Skees". Waller later invented the cinema widescreen motion picture system, and in 1952's This Is Cinerama, the first feature film released in the panoramic format, water skiing at Cypress Gardens, Florida, was a prominently featured subject. Famed journalist Lowell Thomas was an early investor in Cinerama, and in his introduction to the book Water Skiing (1958, Prentice-Hall), by Dick Pope, Sr., creator of Cypress Gardens, Thomas described the connection between Waller and water skiing's prominence as a subject in the motion picture. In several instances in the book, Pope reiterates—erroneously, we now know—that Waller was the first to invent water skis.

Early attempts
Samuelson's early attempts included using staves from wooden barrels and snow skis before he created new skis made of pine boards 8 feet long and 9 inches wide (240 × 23 cm).  He bent up the front tips after softening the wood by boiling them in his mother's copper kettle. Gaining confidence on the water, he began jumping wakes, but broke the original skis (the remains of which were believed to be found on a beach on Pepin) in one landing.  His slightly modified second pair still exists; today they are at the Lake City Chamber of Commerce, in Lake City, Minnesota.

Samuelson first succeeded on June 28 by starting off wearing skis while standing on top of an aquaplane board, and then slipping one foot and then the other into the water.

Ski jumping
He attracted a lot of attention locally in the following days and weeks.  On July 8, 1925, Samuelson went on to perform the first ski jump on water.  He fell flat in his first attempt, but soon greased the launch platform with lard and succeeded on the second try.  Also that year, he became the first speed skier as he found himself racing across the water at , pulled by a Curtiss flying boat that flew just above the waves.

Later years
In his later years, Samuelson moved to Pine Island, Minnesota where he was a turkey farmer.  He was a guest of honor at a water skiing 50th anniversary in 1972, and was inducted into the Water Ski Hall of Fame on January 22, 1977.  When he returned to Minnesota, he began to suffer the effects of cancer, and died in Pine Island on August 28, 1977.

References

External links
 Water Ski Hall of Fame.
Andreas Jordahl Rhude. Minnesota - Birthplace of Water Skiing. The Boathouse.

1903 births
1977 deaths
People from Lake City, Minnesota
People from Pine Island, Minnesota
Sports inventors and innovators
American water skiers

Ralph Samuelson


Aixinjueluo Yuhuan (; ) (October 1929 – 23 June 2003) was a recent Chinese traditional artist in both traditional Chinese paintings and traditional Chinese music. He is also one of the few descendants of the royal family of the Qing Dynasty. He is the great-great-grandson of the Daoguang Emperor. He was born in the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing, China.

Art career
In 1957, he joined the China Artists' Association, and in 1981 he was added into The Chinese Great Artists' Dictionary. He has won many art prizes in China dealing with Chinese traditional art, his pieces are mostly landscapes, people, and close-up flowers and bamboo.

Early art career
YuHuan was an only son of Aixinjueluo Pu Shu Ming who has lived in the Prince Gong Mansion for some time after the Qing Dynasty was overruled. Good links to his uncle Pu Xin-Yu, who was a famous traditional artist of China, provided him with art lessons which set his appetite for painting Chinesetraditional art. In Junior High School, he has already started publishing his own comics on the newspapers, he became more and more interested in the arts, he eventually applied and was accepted by the Arts Department of the Beijing Normal University. The art he was taught at the Beijing Normal University was Western art although he was used to Chinese paintings.

Music career
Artist YuHuan was also a sanxian musician, his lessons with traditional Chinese instruments started when he was a child, and still living in the Prince Gong Mansion. At his death, he had already mastered many difficult pieces and he played until his late 60s.

The Song of Qing Dynasty
At the age of eight, he started to learn the sanxian, a 500-year-old Chinese three-string, plucked instrument. The song he learned was a song from the Qing Dynasty(the dynasty of his great-great-grandfather), it consisted of 13 pieces, with each piece about 20–45 minutes long. He did not learn all of the pieces of the song because his tutor only knew 13 of them (there were more that his tutor did not know); even so, it took him 2 years to master it, with courses of one 2-hour lesson per week. He had already passed on the song to a lecturer in the Central Conservatoire of Music in Beijing, his student also took two years to master it.

Influences
The leaders of many countries and foreign ministers have met with Yuhuan and either bought or received his paintings as donations or presents, the countries include: Hungary, Germany, the US, Canada, Japan, and many more. He has also lectured in many universities Japan, Singapore and Indonesia. Galleries and exhibitions of his work were also presented to and hosted at many of the above countries.

Family
Mr. Aixinjueluo has three successful sons, whose names are Aixinjueluo Hengyue(writer), Aixinjuelo Hengkai(artist), and Aixinjueluo Hengjun(IT specialist).

References
 Zhang, Hu. "A Developed Era with a Beautiful Sound: Mr. YuHuan Discusses Music at Prince Gong Mansion". Beijing Morning News 16 July 1988.
 Xia, Jun. "The Knowledgeable and Talented Ai Xin Jue Luo YuHuan". Renmin Ribao of Hong Kong 13 July 1988.
 Xia, Jun. "Ai Xin Jue Luo YuHuan and the Music of Prince Gong Mansion". Renmin Ribao of China 24 February 1989.
 "Royal Painting". The Indonesia Times: an Independent Newspaper 16 September 1992.
 "The Last Emperor's Nephew: My two Grueling Years to Master Qing Song". The Strait Times 30 January 1992.

1929 births
2003 deaths
Chinese painters
Chinese musicians

Aisin Gioro Yuhuan