Michael Kevin Powell (born March 23, 1963) is an American attorney and lobbyist who served as the 24th chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from 2001 to 2005. Since leaving office, Powell has since worked as the president of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA), a broadband industry trade association.

Powell was appointed to the FCC by President Bill Clinton on November 3, 1997, and was chosen by President George W. Bush to serve as chairman of the commission on January 22, 2001. Powell is the son of former Secretary of State Colin Powell and his wife Alma Powell.

Early life and education
Michael Kevin Powell was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on March 23, 1963, the first child of Colin and Alma (née Johnson) Powell. Because of his father's military career, Michael grew up in various places in the U.S., including Dale City, Virginia; Fort Campbell, Kentucky; and Burke, Virginia, graduating from Lake Braddock High School in Burke in 1981.  He graduated from the College of William & Mary, where he was initiated into Theta Delta Chi, on an ROTC Scholarship. Powell later received a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center

Career
Powell served as an armor officer in the United States Army. He spent the majority of his active service with the 3rd Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in Amberg, Germany, serving as a cavalry platoon leader and troop executive officer. In 1987, Powell was seriously injured during a training mission. He and his unit were traveling in a convoy on the autobahn. Powell was riding in a jeep at the time. Due to heavy rain, the jeep crashed and Powell was ejected from the vehicle. After he hit the pavement, the jeep bounced and crashed down on Powell's midsection.

After his rehabilitation he served as an expert advisor to the Secretary of Defense. and clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He then worked for a year and a half as a private attorney in the Washington, D.C., office of O'Melveny & Myers. From 1996, Powell served in the Clinton Administration as chief of staff of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division.

Federal Communications Commission
As the chairman of the FCC, Powell led the charge to open up markets in VoIP, Wi-Fi, and Broadband over Powerline (BPL). His approach believed that these new communications technologies would allow small companies to take on established corporations, and that regulations often stood in the way of progress. Powell's deregulatory policy coincided with a period of significant consolidation in the communications market. He advocated an updating of media ownership rules to reflect new communications technologies such as the Internet, a move that critics derided as increasing rampant media consolidation.

During his tenure as chair, he spoke at the University of California, San Diego on January 26, 2004. In the talk, Powell spoke about the policymaking process in Washington, and about how ultra-wideband might impact telecommunications. While at the FCC, Powell was also the FCC's defense commissioner and oversaw all National Security Emergency Preparedness functions for the Commission.

Powell opposed applying telephone-era regulations to new Internet technologies, a move critics charged would deny open access to communications facilities. He articulated a policy of network neutrality, and in March 2005 fined Madison River Communications for blocking voice over IP applications, the first-ever government action of its kind. Powell worked so consumers could keep phone numbers when switching wireless carriers and championed the National Do Not Call Registry.

In a notable confrontation over the FCC's local telephone competition rules, Powell was outflanked by Republican Kevin Martin, who formed a majority with the FCC's two Democratic commissioners. Powell was later vindicated by a D.C. Circuit Court decision on March 2, 2004, that struck down Martin's order. Three months later, the U.S. Supreme Court let the D.C. Circuit decision stand. When Powell resigned, Kevin Martin, who served Bush's presidential campaign in Florida, was named the FCC's new Chairman. Martin subsequently purged the FCC of many of Powell's staff.

Some of Powell's initiatives were challenged in federal court. Notably, the FCC's BrandX cable modem service decision, which declared cable modem should be free from telephone service regulations, was overturned in the Ninth Circuit case but was reinstated by the Supreme Court. The FCC's Broadcast Flag proceeding was overturned by the D.C. Circuit Court as an inappropriate exercise of FCC jurisdiction. The FCC's Media Ownership rules were likewise blocked by federal court and the television ownership cap set directly by the U.S. Congress.

Super Bowl XXXVIII controversy
A defining moment of his tenure as FCC chairman was the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy, in which Janet Jackson's breast was exposed on live-broadcast television. This high-profile incident increased public attention toward the FCC's enforcement of indecency rules, which had already stepped up following Bono's use of an expletive on live TV. Powell himself later said that the controversy was overblown, although he recognized that it would cause concern when he saw it at a Super Bowl party.

In an interview with ESPN The Magazine, he stated, "I think we've been removed from this long enough for me to tell you that I had to put my best version of outrage on that I could put on. Part of it was surreal, right? Look, I think it was dumb to happen, and they knew the rules and were flirting with them, and my job is to enforce the rules, but, you know, really? This is what we're gonna do?" In the aftermath, the FCC processed hundreds times more complaints than they had ever received.

Approach to indecency
Howard Stern and other controversial on-air personalities felt the sting of record fines, and both the U.S. House and Senate separately approved legislation significantly increasing the amount of money a station could be fined for indecency. Although the legislation was not ultimately enacted, the climate in Washington became so grey that several TV stations across the country declined to air Saving Private Ryan on Veterans Day for fear of FCC fines. Powell was interviewed on San Francisco talk radio station KGO (AM) when Stern called in to confront Powell. Stern questioned Powell's credentials, saying he got the job only because of his father and accused Powell of targeting him and fining him large amounts of money.

Post-FCC work
Powell resigned as chairman of the FCC on January 21, 2005. He said that he was glad to spend more time with his wife. In March 2006, Powell became a member of the board of trustees, for the RAND Corporation. He served two terms as a member of the Board of Visitors at his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, from 2002 to 2009. On April 21, 2006, Powell was elected the Rector of the Board of Visitors, making him the first African-American to serve in that post in the College's 313-year history. He served as rector for two terms, stepping down on July 1, 2009.

Political activity
Described as a "moderate Republican," Powell has been involved with Republican political campaigns. In the 1990s, Powell urged his father, Colin Powell, to run for President. During the 2008 presidential election, Powell advised and supported Republican nominee John McCain, while his father supported Democratic nominee Barack Obama.

In 2012, the Washington Post speculated that Powell was considering a candidacy for Mayor of the District of Columbia in the 2014 election, though he declined to enter the race. In 2013, Powell was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case.

Lobbying and net neutrality
On March 15, 2011, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA) announced that Powell would take the helm from Kyle McSlarrow beginning April 25. Powell left his advisory role with Providence Equity Partners. In 2012, he spoke with FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski and gave the keynote speech during the industry's Cable Show. In April 2012, he contributed an opinion piece to Politico about the importance of cyber threats.

As a lobbyist representing the telecommunications companies, Powell published numerous editorials and opinion pieces around the country claiming to support net neutrality and opposing the FCC's enforcement of net neutrality through broadband reclassification as a Title II service.

Personal life
Powell married Jane Knott in 1988; they have two children. While serving in the Army, half of Powell's pelvis had snapped off its rear anchor on the lower spine. In the front, it had ripped free of the cartilage connecting it to its other half. His bladder and urethra were torn and several vertebrae were cracked.

After initial attention from German emergency room doctors, Powell was flown to a U.S. Army hospital in Nuremberg. After being stabilized, he was flown to Washington, D.C., and admitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center where he spent a year in recovery. To this day, his spine is still fused at its base, forcing him to walk with a slight forward pitch.

References

External links
 Biography from FCC
 Biography from Forbes magazine
 Interview with the Online Journalism Review
 Interview with Reason magazine
 Powell's Statement On Leaving the Commission
 On-air Confrontation with Howard Stern (youtube)

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1963 births
African-American government officials
Alabama Republicans
American politicians of Jamaican descent
American people of Scottish descent
Chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission
Clinton administration personnel
College of William & Mary alumni
George W. Bush administration personnel
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Henry Crown Fellows
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Living people
Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama
People from Burke, Virginia
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
United States Army officers
People from Christian County, Kentucky
People from Dale City, Virginia
Colin L. Powell family

Michael Powell (lobbyist)


RNDr. Vlastimil Klíma (born 19 February 1957 in Benešov, Czech Republic) is a leading cryptographer, computer security expert, and white hat hacker.

As an academic, he taught Applied Cryptography at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague. He is the author of several works in the field of cryptographic hash functions and digital signatures. Klíma received his doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in 1984.

Dr. Klíma is the former Head of the research and development group at the Federal Ministry of Defense of the Czech Republic and the Czech National Security Authority.

Klíma authored the world's first on-the-fly encryption system, Windows 95 (98/NT/2000). As an ethical hacker, he successfully broke SSL protocol.

He currently works in the digital security sector.

External links
 Personal pages of Vlastimil Klima

1957 births
Living people
Computer security specialists
Modern cryptographers
People from Prague
Czech scientists

Vlastimil Klíma


Crème brûlée (or Crème brulée) is a dessert. It is made of custard. It is topped with a thin, brittle crust of caramelized sugar. It may be served cold, warm, or at room temperature. The custard is baked, and then sprinkled with sugar Casa  that is caramelized under a broiler or with a kitchen blowtorch. The custard is flavored with vanilla. Other flavorings include chocolate, orange liqueur, fruit, or other. The caramelized sugar crust can be covered with a liqueur and set on fire.

The exact origin of crème brûlée is uncertain. France, England, and Spain all claim to be the country where crème brûlée had its origin. The first printed recipe for a dessert called crème brûlée is from the 1691 edition of the French cookbook Le Cuisinier Royal et Bourgeois by Francois Massialot, a cook at the Palace of Versailles. That version was a sweet custard of egg yolks and milk with a burnt sugar crust. It is similar to the modern versions. In the second edition of the book, the dessert is called crème anglaise.

At Trinity College, Cambridge the dessert was known as 'burnt cream'. The college crest was burnt into sugar on top of a custard using a hot iron. It may predate Massialot's cookbook with one authority claiming it was first served at Trinity in 1630.

Catalans claim their dessert known as crema catalana is the original. It is a rich custard often flavoured with cinnamon and lemon or orange zest topped with carmelized sugar. The Catalan version was first recorded in the 18th century. It is also called Crema de Sant Josep, after Saint Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary. In Spain and in many other parts of Europe, Saint Joseph's Day is celebrated on 19 March. Crema Catalana is a traditional dessert served on this day.

References

Other websites

A guide to crème brûlée history and how to prepare a recipe

Desserts

Crème brûlée


In baseball, batting is the act of going against the other team's pitcher and trying to hit the baseball ball. A batter or hitter is the player who swings his bat to try to hit the ball. In Major League Baseball, pitchers usually do not bat unless they are playing in the National League where batters have to bat even if they are pitchers. In the American League, pitchers do not bat, and only pitch.

Batting the primary method by which Baseball teams play offense and score runs. A Batter bats by standing in the Batter's Box at Home Plate and either swinging or not swinging at the pitches the Pitcher throws. This activity collectively is known as an At Bat. The goal of the batter is get to get a hit, while the pitcher wants to get an out.

Other websites
 Official Rules of Major League Baseball "The Batter"

Baseball

Batting (baseball)


Sadler's Wells Theatre is a performing arts theatre in London.  It is in Rosebery Avenue, Clerkenwell in the London Borough of Islington.  The theatre which now stands is the sixth building that has been there since 1683.  There are two performance spaces: a 1,500 seat main auditorium and the Lilian Baylis Studio.  There are many rehearsal rooms and technical facilities. Sadler's Wells is one of the most important theatres for dance in the United Kingdom.  Several dance companies perform there.

During World War II the theatre was closed and the dance and opera companies toured to many parts of the United Kingdom.  After World War II the dance company was renamed Sadler's Wells Ballet. The opera company became the English National Opera.  When the theatre reopened they performed Benjamin Britten's opera Peter Grimes.

In 1946 the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden reopened and the ballet company was invited to become the resident company there. A second ballet company was formed to perform at Sadler's Wells. This was called the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet. In 1956 the Sadler's Wells company later moved to Covent Garden where it became The Royal Ballet Touring Company. After a number of years as a touring group, it returned to Sadler's Wells in 1976, becoming the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet.

In 1990 the  Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet moved to Birmingham and changed its name to Birmingham Royal Ballet. Since then there has not been a resident ballet company at Sadler's Wells.

The opera company moved out of Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum in 1968 and was later renamed English National Opera. Sadler's Wells Theatre was used by foreign companies and by dancers at the beginning of their careers. The Lilian Baylis Theatre opened in 1988.

The theatre that now stands was opened in 1998.  The first performance was of Iolanthe and was given by Rambert Dance Company.

Other websites

Sadlers Wells website
 Independentopera in Sadler's Wells

Dance
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Islington

Sadler's Wells Theatre


A hierarchy (in ; this comes from -hieros, sacred, and -arkho, rule) is a way of ranking and organizing things or people. Beneath the top of the hierarchy, each part of it is below some other part. This turns out to be like a pyramid. It is a system to decide who can make decisions, and who is forced to comply with those decisions.

An example with people would be the structure of a company. There is the top manager, and there are a few levels of middle and lower management. At the bottom are the common workers. Another example would be an army that might have a general, followed by colonels, corporals, and sergeants, then privates.

In democracy this is done by educating people in the issues and then voting - in an election to choose leaders, or a referendum to actually choose one option from several. Competing power networks each form a political party and each offers only one leader or one option to the public, to simplify the issues to make decisions possible. After the decision, they typically do not fight it to the point of civil war, but wait for the next election.

In dictatorship this is done by asking one powerful person to make the decision and then agreeing to force everyone to follow it. Any who will not are exiled, imprisoned, or killed, even if the decision is not very important, since the refusal to follow is taken as a challenge to the power structure itself. There is only one power network and all others are forced to become part of it, or fight it. Civil war is much more common in a dictatorship than in a democracy.

In these examples, people who are higher up have more authority and power than people below them.

Related pages
 Anarchism
 Social class

Hierarchy


Darab Jehangir Jussawala (1915–1999) was an Indian medical-cum-surgical oncologist, medical writer and the director of Tata Memorial Centre. He was the co-founder of Indian Cancer Society, along with Naval Tata in 1951, and the founder of the Indian Cancer Rehabilitation Centre in Parel, Mumbai, in 1956, the first such centre in India and the largest in Asia. He served as the director of Lady Ratan Tata Medical and Research Center and as the honorary consultant at two Mumbai hospitals, Breach Candy Hospital and Jaslok Hospital. An elected fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and the American College of Surgeons, he was a recipient of the Dhanwantari Award as well as several Oration Awards. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1975, for his contributions to Medicine.

Biography
Darab Jussawala was born on 13 April 1915 to Jehangir Bezonjee Jussawalla and Shirinbai in Bombay, in the western Indian state of Maharashtra and graduated in medicine in 1938 from Bombay University after which he secured a master's degree from the same university in 1942. Subsequently, he obtained the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in medical and surgical oncology and started his career as a surgeon at Tata Memorial Hospital in 1948, becoming one of the first surgical oncologists in the country. He served the institution as a surgeon till 1973 when he became the director of the hospital, a post he held till 1980 after which he served as a professor of oncology till 1983 and continued his association with the hospital till 1986. In 1986, he moved to Lady Ratan Tata Medical and Research Center,  but was associated with Breach Candy Hospital and Jaslok Hospital as a consultant oncologist.

In 1951, with the assistance of Naval Tata, Jussawala founded Indian Cancer Society, the first non-profit organization for fighting the disease of cancer and served as its founder secretary from 1953. Five years later, under the aegis of the society, he established the Indian Cancer Rehabilitation Centre, the first centre for the rehabilitation of cancer patients in India, which was also the largest of its kind in Asia. It was again under the scope of services of the Indian Cancer Society that he contributed research data to the first Population-based Cancer Registry in 1963, the same year as he founded the Indian Journal of Cancer, followed by the establishment of a comprehensive cancer rehabilitation centre in 1968. The Indian Association of Surgical Oncology (IASO) (1977) and the Lady Ratan Tata Medical and Research Center (1984) were also reportedly established by Jussawala and he was credited with the establishment of the first cytology laboratory and the first chemotherapy facility in India, both at Tata Memorial Centre. He served as a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Cancer and as the corresponding Fellow of Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. He was also a member of the Association of Surgeons of India and the Chief Editor of the Indian Journal of Cancer. The Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer is a textbook on oncology published by him in 1980. Besides, he published several medical articles published in peer reviewed journals and his writings have been cited in many oncological texts.

Jusswala died on 29 January 1999, survived by his wife, Gertrude.

Awards and honours
The National Academy of Medical Sciences elected Jussawala as their fellow in 1966 and two other Indian science academies, the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy followed suit by electing him as a fellow in 1975 and 1983 respectively. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and the American College of Surgeons. He delivered several award orations and Dr. Munsiff Oration Award (1968), Dr. Ernest Borges Oration Award (1974), Dr. Bhansali Oration Award (1975), Dr. B. C. Roy Memorial Oration Award (1976), Dr. N. C. Joshi Memorial Oration Award (1977), Mrs. Vimla Shah Oration Award (1979) and Sandoz Oration Award (1983) are some of the notable ones.

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) awarded him the Raja Ravi Shersingh of Kalsia Memorial Award in 1971 and the Government of India included him the Republic Day Honours list for the civilian award of the Padma Bhushan in 1975. He was also a recipient of the annual award (1981) of the Danwanthari Foundation.

See also
 Naval Tata

References

Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine
1915 births
1999 deaths
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Indian oncologists
Indian surgeons
Indian medical academics
Indian medical writers
World Health Organization officials
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Medical doctors from Mumbai
Indian officials of the United Nations
20th-century surgeons

Darab Jehangir Jussawala


A computer mouse is an input device that is used with a computer. Moving a mouse along a flat surface can move the cursor to different items on the screen.

Buttons
Items can be moved or selected by pushing the mouse buttons (called clicking).

Today's mouse has two buttons, the left button and right button, with a scroll wheel in between the two. Many computer mice use wireless technology and have no wire.

Actions
Today, this device is on almost every desktop computer. The main function is to move the mouse pointer on the screen. The mouse pointer can be used for many actions on the computer. Clicking or double clicking an icon, folder, or other object will open a document or start a program. Users can also move an icon, folder, or other object by clicking a mouse button and dragging the object with the mouse pointer. Pointing to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the item. When you point to something, a small box often appears that describes the item.

Types
There are many types of mouse: Optical mouse, wireless mouse, mechanical mouse, trackball mouse. A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can move and select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface such as a mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer. The picture to the right is an example of a desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel. The mouse was originally known as the X-Y position Indicator for a display system and was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963 while working at Xerox PARC. However, due to Alto's lack of success, the first widely used application of the mouse was with the Apple Lisa computer.

History

In 1964 Douglas Engelbart (1925-2013), a researcher at Stanford Research Institute, wanted to find a way to make using computers easier. In those days, computers were large and expensive. Using them was very hard because everything had to be typed in on a keyboard. This command line interface is still used by some people, such as programmers, to get things done faster.

After studying and designing for a long time, Engelbart succeeded in inventing an input device which he named 'XY index'. At first, it needed two hands to use, but it was changed so that only one hand was needed to use it. This model was more like the mouse that we use today, but was made up of a big ball that the user had to roll in different directions to move the cursor.

The computer mouse began to be widely used when Xerox Palo Alto Research introduced a GUI in 1981, where the mouse was used to click things on the screen. This was also the case with the Macintosh operating system from Apple of Apple Inc when it came out in 1984, as well as Microsoft Windows. Windows became popular over the years, so over time computer mice became used with many computers.

In 1991, the company Logitech invented the wireless mouse. Unlike a normal mouse, wireless mice were connected by radio signals. Newer wireless mice use Bluetooth or WiFi to connect wireless mice to computers.

Uses
On most computers, the user can move the mouse to move the cursor in the same direction. To choose something that is on the screen,  the user can move the cursor to it and "click" the left mouse button. The right  button is used to open menus that are different depending on where the cursor is. The other mouse buttons can do different things, depending on the software. Most mice have two buttons to click.

Most mice also have the "scroll wheel"—a small wheel found between the two main mouse buttons. The user can move the wheel back and forth to "scroll" through things like a website or folder. "Scrolling" means moving the words or pictures up or down on the screen, so another part of the page comes into view. The wheel can also be pressed, to click it like another button.

A mouse can also be connected to and used the same way with a laptop computer, but unlike a desktop computer, one does not have to be connected to use the laptop. This is because along with the keyboard, laptops have a built-in input device called a trackpad which does the same thing as a mouse. Similarly, tablet computers have a touchscreen as an input device, but some, like the Microsoft Surface and those that use Android, also work with mice.

Related pages
 Touchpad
 Trackball
 Touchscreen

References

Other websites
 Mouse (computing) Citizendium

Computer hardware
Data input

Computer mouse


People have been using spices for thousands of years. Often they wanted ones that didn't grow near them, so they got them from far away. One of the biggest spice routes was a route between Asia and Europe.

Only a few spices grew in Europe, so the others had to be brought from Asia. People made a route to go from Europe to Asia to buy spices. The route was very difficult and so the spices were expensive. People tried to find ways cheaper than the spice route, including going the other way around the world. This made the Age of Discovery, when they found places that they didn't know about, such as the Western Hemisphere.

Countries traded spices for gold and other things. They did this so they could get new spices or gain money and gold by selling their own. Sometimes people traded the spices because their country is running out of that certain spice.

.

Trade routes

Spice trade


The Cray Time Sharing System, also known in the Cray user community as CTSS, was developed as an operating system for the Cray-1 or Cray X-MP line of supercomputers in 1978. CTSS was developed by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL now LANL) in conjunction with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL now LLNL). CTSS was popular with Cray sites in the United States Department of Energy (DOE), but was used by several other Cray sites, such as the San Diego Supercomputing Center.

Overview
The predecessor of CTSS was the Livermore Time Sharing System (LTSS) which ran on Control Data CDC 7600 line of supercomputers. The first compiler was known as LRLTRAN, for Lawrence Radiation Laboratory forTRAN, a FORTRAN 66 programming language but with dynamic memory and other features.  The Cray version, including automatic vectorization, was known as CVC, pronounced "Civic" like the Honda car of the period, for Cray Vector Compiler.

Some controversy existed at LASL with the first attempt to develop an operating system for the Cray-1 named DEIMOS, a message-passing, Unix-like operating system, by Forrest Basket. DEIMOS had initial "teething" problems common to the performance of all early operating systems. This left a bad taste for Unix-like systems at the National Laboratories and with the manufacturer, Cray Research, Inc., of the hardware who went on to develop their own batch oriented operating system, COS (Cray Operating System) and their own vectorizing Fortran compiler named "CFT" (Cray ForTran) both written in the Cray Assembly Language (CAL).

CTSS had the misfortune to have certain constants, structures, and lacking certain networking facilities (TCP/IP) which were optimized to be Cray-1 architecture-dependent without extensive rework when larger memory supercomputers like the Cray-2 and the Cray Y-MP came into use. CTSS has its final breaths running on Cray instruction-set-compatible hardware developed by Scientific Computer Systems (SCS-40 and SCS-30) and Supertek S-1, but this did not save the software.

CTSS embodied certain unique ideas such as a market-driven priorities for working/running processes.

An attempt to succeed CTSS was started by LLNL named NLTSS (New Livermore Time Sharing System) to embody advanced concepts for operating systems to better integrate communication using a new network protocol named LINCS while also keeping the best features of CTSS. NLTSS followed the development fate of many operating systems and only briefly ran on period Cray hardware of the late 1980s.

A user-level CTSS Overview from 1982 provides, in Chapter 2, a brief list of CTSS features. Other references are likely to be found in proceedings of the Cray User Group (CUG) and the ACM SOSP (Symp. on Operating Systems Proceedings). However, owing to the fact that LANL and LLNL were nuclear weapons facilities, some aspects of security are likely to doom finding out greater detail of many of these pieces of software.

See also
EOS (operating system)
Timeline of operating systems

References

Cray software
Fortran software
Time-sharing operating systems
Proprietary operating systems
Supercomputer operating systems

Cray Time Sharing System


Gatka is a  South Asian martial art most commonly practised in the Punjab region. Though today generally identified with Punjabi Sikhs, it has also traditionally been practiced by other ethno-cultural groups in India and Pakistan, in various parts.

The word gatka properly refers to the wooden sticks which were originally used for sparring in this sport although now a range of other weapons are also employed.

Gatka can be practiced either as a contact sport (khel) or ritual/ceremonial demonstration (rasmi).

Martial arts
Sport in India
Sport in Pakistan

Gatka


Pokémon is a Japanese video game franchise created by Satoshi Tajiri for Nintendo in the 1990s. It is known as Pocket Monsters in Japan. The Pokémon franchise is now made up of animated television programs (anime), Japanese comic books (manga), trading cards, and toys but, most importantly, the video games. There are currently 898 monsters, with Pokémon Sword and Shield.  Pikachu is the most well-known Pokémon. When the idea was invented, there were only 150 Pokémon, which was upgraded to 151 (including Mew) when the Blue version in Japan was released. In the United States and Europe, the number of Pokémon was 151 from the beginning. There are now over 800 altogether.

The Pokémon games involve making decisions about what to do and when to do it. They allow the player to catch the monsters, train them to make them better and attack other monsters so that they get better abilities and possibly evolve into different Pokémon. It is also possible to trade Pokémon with a friend. The Pokémon in the battles never bleed or die; they only faint. All Pokémon love human beings, except for Shadow Pokémon - the doors to their hearts have been artificially closed. The game's slogan in the U.S. was "Gotta catch 'em all!", although now it is not used officially any more. The Japanese slogan is "Let's get Pokémon". Over one hundred million (100,000,000) of the games have been sold so far, not counting the ones released for the Nintendo 64 and the Nintendo GameCube. This makes it the second best-selling video game series of all time (after Nintendo's Mario series).

Pokémon video games (by year)
There is a sequence of games that is considered to be the "main series" in this line of games. These games are RPG style games, and are always feature new Pokémon, in a new region, with a new Protagonist, or are a remake in some way of a previous man series game. They are marked below with an *

First generation
Pocket Monsters: Red and Green(Game Boy)
 *Pocket Monsters: Blue (Game Boy)
 *Pokémon Red and Blue (Game Boy)
  (Nintendo 64)
 *Pokémon Yellow (Game Boy)
 Pokémon Trading Card Game (Game Boy Color)
 Pokémon Gold and Silver (Game Boy Color)
 Pokémon Stadium 2  – known as Pokémon Stadium in US and Europe (Nintendo 64)

Second generation
 *Pokémon Crystal (Game Boy Color)
 Pokémon Snap (Nintendo 64)
 Pokémon Puzzle Challenge (Game Boy Color)
 Pokémon Puzzle League (Nintendo 64)
 Hey You, Pikachu! (Nintendo 64)
 Pokémon Stadium Kin Gin – known as Pokémon Stadium 2 in US and Europe (Nintendo 64)

Third generation
 Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (Game Boy Advance)
 Pokémon Colosseum (Nintendo GameCube)
 *Pokémon Box: Ruby and Sapphire (Nintendo GameCube)
 Pokémon Channel (Nintendo GameCube)
 *Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (Game Boy Advance)
 *Pokémon Emerald (Game Boy Advance)
 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team (Game Boy Advance)
 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Dash (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Trozei! (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness (Nintendo GameCube)
 Pokémon Ranger (Nintendo DS)

Fourth generation
 Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Battle Revolution (Wii)
 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia'' (Nintendo DS)
 My Pokémon Ranch (Wii)
 *Pokémon Platinum (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky (Nintendo DS)
 Poképark Wii(Wii)
 Pokémon Rumble(Wii)
 Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver (Nintendo DS)

Fifth generation
 Pokémon Black and White (Nintendo DS)
 Pokémon Conquest  (Nintendo DS)
 *Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 (Nintendo DS)

Sixth generation
 *Pokémon X and Y (Nintendo 3DS)
 *Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire (Nintendo 3DS)

Seventh generation
 *Pokémon Sun and Moon (Nintendo 3DS)
 *Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon (Nintendo 3DS)
 *Pokémon Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! (Nintendo Switch)

Eight generation
 *Pokémon Sword and Shield(Nintendo Switch) *Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl (Nintendo Switch)

History
The first games, released in 1998, were Pokémon Red and Blue, which became big hits and are still among the best-selling video games of all time. They followed the adventures of the player, a Pokémon trainer who catches, raises, and battles with Pokémon, collects badges from the 8 Gym Leaders, explores all over Kanto (the region), and trades Pokémon with other people who have the game by using the Game Boy's Game Link Cable. Later, a sequel to Red and Blue was released: Pokémon Yellow. In this game, the player's character design is similar to Ash Ketchum (from the anime.) Also, instead of the Pokémon given to the player at the start of Red and Blue (the player can choose Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle) in Yellow the only possible choice is Pikachu, which represents the Pokémon Ash started with in the anime.

When Nintendo realized how popular Red, Blue, and Yellow had become, they decided to support the production and release of more games. After Yellow came Pokémon Gold and Silver, released in 2000, which had a total of 251 catchable Pokémon, as opposed to only 151 previously. A sequel to the two games was released, Pokémon Crystal, which had several new features that were not on Gold and Silver: Pokémon had animated sprites when they came into battle, there was a subplot within the games relating to the different letter shapes of the Pokémon Unown, and there was a new building called the Battle Tower, where players could battle very strong Pokémon to win items and set records. Once the player has beaten the Elite Four, they can go to Kanto, the region in Red, Blue, and Yellow.

In 2003, Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were released. They were the first Pokémon games on the Game Boy Advance, and this upset many players because they could not trade Pokémon with Red, Blue, Yellow, Gold, Silver, or Crystal. However, there were 135 new Pokémon, bringing the total to 386. There were many new features, like a PokéNav (a new item used for many ingame tasks), many more kinds of Poké Balls, a far bigger region (Hoenn) than in previous games (Kanto and Johto), and a Battle Tower different from the one in Crystal. Players could also create Secret Bases, small hideouts hidden in trees and rock walls.

Later in 2004, Pokémon Fire Red & Leaf Green were released. They did not take place in a new region, and they did not have any new Pokémon. They were simply remakes of Pokémon Red & Blue, adding a new "extra region" called the Sevii Islands, and a few new features. However, they made it possible for players of Ruby and Sapphire to get earlier Pokémon in their games. If a person had Ruby, Sapphire, Colosseum, FireRed, and LeafGreen (which many fans of the games did), they could have all 386 Pokémon, which made many players happy.

In 2005, Pokémon Emerald was released. It is a sequel to Ruby and Sapphire. It was the first "main" Pokémon game since Crystal where Pokémon had battle animations instead of static images. There was also a new place called the Battle Frontier where players could go after they beat the Elite Four. It was similar to the Battle Tower in Crystal, Ruby, and Sapphire, except it was eight different facilities, all with different rules. Players earned Battle Points which could be used to buy items for Secret Bases, items for Pokémon, and other things.

In 2007, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl were released. They take place in a new region called Sinnoh. They had 107 new Pokémon, which brought the total to 493. Another noticeable difference from the previous games was that Diamond and Pearl did not capitalize all the letters in names of Pokémon, people, towns, items, and other things that were important to the games. For example, Lugia would appear as "LUGIA" in previous games, but in Diamond and Pearl it would just say "Lugia." This cleared up a lot of players' confusion, because many thought that a sentence like "LUGIA is found in the WHIRL ISLANDS" looked unusual. A sequel to Diamond and Pearl, Pokémon Platinum was released in the United States in March 2009. In May 2009 it was released in the UK.

In 2010, Pokémon HeartGold & SoulSilver were released. They did not take place in a new region, or have any new Pokémon. They were simply remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver. Like Pokémon Yellow, the player's Pokémon can follow them. The games come with a pedometer like device, called the Poké Walker, that can let players walk with their Pokémon, and gain Watts, which can be used to fight Pokémon, or dowse for items.

Later in 2010, Pokémon Black and White were released. They take place in a new region called Unova. They had 156 new Pokémon, bringing the total to 649. They introduced seasons, where areas appear differently depending on the season, and some areas can only be reached during certain seasons.

In 2012, Pokémon Black 2 & White 2 were released. They are sequels to Pokémon Black and White. They had a number of new areas and characters, as well as characters from Black and White.

In 2013, Pokémon X & Y were released. They are the first ever 3D games in the main Pokémon'' series. They take place in a new region called Kalos. There are many new features, including the Mega Evolution, where some Pokémon like Mewtwo, Blaziken, and Lucario are be able to evolve into stronger forms during a battle if they are holding a Mega Stone. There is also a new type called Fairy, which is strong against Dragon-type Pokémon.

in 2014, Pokémon Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire were released, which were remakes of ruby and sapphire. it added more mega evolutions, including the other hoenn starters, beedrill, Sableye, etc. tons of features were also added.

In 2016, Pokémon Sun & Moon were released, which introduced people to a new region, Alola. there were a total of 803 (including mythical's). however, only 403 are in the alolan pokedex, with the others being able to be transferred from past games. rotom is now your pokedex, called the rotomdex, and z moves were introduced. z moves does a lot of damage,but can only be done once per battle. gyms, and gym leaders were taken out, and were replaced with totem pokemons, and island kahunas. a lot of features were added including SOS battles, where a wild Pokémon send out help to exactly the same Pokémon (or evolutions) to help when weakened.

In 2017, Pokémon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon were released, which was like sun & moon, but more features were added. it increased the Pokémon number to 807, and added ultra wormholes, where different Pokémon are seen and caught, which made shiny hunting very easy and accessible.

Other websites
 The Official Site (United States) (Note: Requires Adobe Flash.)
 The Official Site (Japan)

Pokémon (video game series)


A stall is what happens when an aerofoil can not make enough lift to keep the aircraft in flight. Stalling can be risky and dangerous when caused unintentionally or with lack of enough vertical distance for recovery.

Cause
A stall is caused when the critical angle of attack, or AoA, is exceeded. The angle of attack, which is the angle between the chord line and relative wind of the aircraft's wing, is typically around 15 degrees.

Signs of the stall

The signs of the developing stall are:

stall warning horn (if equipped)
less effective controls
light buffet (shaking) in the stick and rudder pedals

The signs of a full stall are:

heavy buffet in the controls
nose drops
the aircraft descends (falls).

There is the chance of entering a spin if the aircraft controls are not coordinated

Recovery from a stall
To recover from a stall, the pilot must push the nose down. Then the pilot must increase the engine power using the throttle. When air speed increases again, the pilot can level the wings and pull up to return the aircraft to normal flight.

Deep stall
An aircraft with a T tail is at risk from deep stall, because the turbulent air coming back off the stalled wings covers the elevators and makes it very difficult to push the nose down and recover.

Training
In the United States the FAA requires private pilots to understand the theory and execute stalls at altitude. This, ideally, enables them to recognize the indicators of a stall and prevent an accidental stall at low altitude.

Power on stall (Departure Stall)
Used to simulate a stall while executing a take off, go around or climbing.

The steps to execute a power on stall are:

 Pick a safe altitude to allow for a timely recovery.
 Execute a clearing turn.
 Slow the aircraft down (optional).
 Add full power while increasing right rudder to counteract left turning tendencies and pulling the nose up briskly.
 After reaching desired stall recover.

Power off stall (Approach stall)
Used to simulate a stall while in a low speed "dirty" configuration(flaps out, gear down, etc.) such as while on downwind, base or final while prepping to land.

The steps to execute a power off stall are:

 Pick a safe altitude to allow for a timely recovery.
 Execute a clearing turn.
 Pull the power to idle.
 Maintain altitude by pulling back on the nose.
 When appropriate add flaps and gear.
 After reaching desired stall recover.

Accelerated Stall
An accelerated stall is very similar to the power off stall, however it is performed while executing a turn. The term accelerated comes from the fact that while in a turn there is an extra "load" due to the G-force being exerted on the plane. This extra force makes it easier for a stall condition to occur.

Stall turn
A stall turn is an aerobatic manoeuvre also known as a hammerhead. The pilot lowers the aircraft's nose to increase speed, then pulls up sharply to the vertical. The aircraft slows to a low airspeed, then the pilot applies rudder to yaw to the left or right through 180 degrees. The pilot then recovers from the subsequent dive once the aircraft has sufficient airspeed. If executed correctly the wing is not stalled at any point, hence the preferred name of "hammerhead" for this manoeuvre.

Aviation

Stall (flight)


is an eroge visual novel by Leaf. It is a suspense adventure game dealing with psychological warfare as players are pitted against a cunning and powerful criminal while trapped in the open sea on a cruise ship.

Although this game produced Leaf, much of the staff for this game was outsourced. This was because the game was outside of the fantasy or true love scenario games that have become the company's backbone. Instead the game had twisted dark scenarios.

As the game's story progresses, game play revolves around the player making the correct selections and collecting items. If the wrong selections are made, or an item missed, the story will eventually conclude abruptly with death and game over. The goal is to kill the criminal on board, which may happen in one of 9 different endings in the game. These multiple endings range greatly, from a happy ending, to twisted bad endings.

Story
The stage of this tale is set inside the high speed experimental ship Basilisk. Kyosuke Koduki, the game's protagonist, is invited on the ship's maiden test voyage as a guest by his friend's mother. When the ship finds castaway Yoichi Kishida, things go horribly wrong for the voyage.

Characters
  The male protagonist of the game. A high school student who has lost his father at a young age. The tender-hearted elder brother of Chihaya, and reliable guy among his friends. CV:Daisuke Ono
  A long-time childhood friend of Kyosuke, and daughter of Shino. A gentle girl with strong convictions. CV:Ryōko Ono
  A reserved and precocious girl. Because she tries hard not to display her feelings, she is hard to read. CV:Yuria Hokuto
  The eldest daughter of a noble family and  sister of Tamami. A brash elitist with a large ego. CV:Yuka Tanaka
  The younger sister of Karen, although she is only one year younger than her sister, she looks and acts many years younger. Despite her immaturity and propensity to play pranks, she is quite clever at MacGyver-ing items. CV:Asuka Tanii
 Kyosuke's younger sister. Although constitutionally weak, she  is very strong-willed girl, because of the loss of her father at a young age. Highly attached to her brother. CV:Ryu Ueto
  Kyosuke's best friend by circumstance of sharing the same interests. He is very vain and patronizing person, who is very self-centered.
  Mother of Akeno, and the chief person in charge of the "BaShiRiSuKu" voyage. She is the one that invites everyone on the ship's maiden test voyage. A very accepting and generous woman. CV:Kaoru Shinomiya
 A man found adrift at sea. Claiming to be a marine researcher, he boards the ship, and murders the ship's crew. A fearsome person skilled at psychological manipulation and terror tactics. CV:Kenji Hamada

Release and sales
Kusari was the fifth top selling computer game on getchu.com for the month of its release, and it was the 44th top selling eroge for 2005. Although these are very good sales overall, they pale in comparison to many of Leaf's other titles, most notably against Leaf's To Heart 2 XRATED  which ranked #1 in the same year.

Source code release
Kusari was one of four games (Aruruu to Asobo!!, Tears to Tiara, Kusari and ToHeart2 XRATED) Leaf was forced to release its source code to the public due to having used the Xvid video codec in the game without complying to the software's license. XVid is licensed under the GNU Public license, which requires that programs using the codec to make their source code available to program users. A source code mirror is hosted on a GitHub repository.

References

External links
Official website

2005 video games
Bishōjo games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Eroge
Japan-exclusive video games
Leaf (Japanese company) games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Windows-only games
Aquaplus games

Kusari


Marie Neurath, born Marie Reidemeister (27 May 1898 – 10 October 1986), was a German designer, social scientist and author. Neurath was a member of the team that developed a simplified pictographic language, the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics (Wiener Methode der Bildstatistik), which she later renamed Isotype. She was also a prolific writer and designer of educational books for younger readers.

Biography
Marie Reidemeister was born in Braunschweig, Germany on 27 May 1898. Her brother was mathematician Kurt Reidemeister. Reidemeister studied mathematics and physics from 1917 to 1924 in Göttingen, Germany, while also taking courses at the "Kunstschule" (art school) in 1919. Just before graduating she met Otto Neurath and soon moved to Vienna. In 1925 she began work at the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in Wien (Social and Economic Museum of Vienna). The museum was founded to communicate the city's social reform programme to the public. This was the start of her long activity as the main "transformer" (in English, one would now say designer) working with Otto Neurath in the teams that made graphic displays of social information, an early form of information design.

The other essential member of the Neurath group, the German artist Gerd Arntz, joined in 1928. Marie Reidemeister worked at this museum in Vienna until the brief civil war in Austria in 1934, moving then with Neurath (a prominent Social Democrat) and Arntz (who had allegiances to radical-left groups) to The Hague. A new name was needed for the Vienna Method now that its original context was left behind: Marie Neurath developed the acronym Isotype (International System of Typographic Picture Education) in 1935 on the analogy of Charles Kay Ogden's "Basic English". It was intended as a method of pictorial statistics that could clarify scientific relationships for non specialists. Large data volumes were translated in a comprehensible and memorable visual form. The data was illustrated and interconnections were to be presented, the result was a promoted democratisation of knowledge. Neurath collected the information, Arntz developed the pictograms and graphics and Reidemeister converted the information and data into a visual understandable presentation. She linked technical experts and graphic designers as well as the target audience. Otto Neurath called this position the "trustee of the public".

In 1940, as the German army invaded the Netherlands, Reidemeister escaped with Neurath to England, while Arntz stayed behind in The Hague. In 1941, after release from internment (as "enemy aliens"), Marie and Otto Neurath were married, and resumed their work in Oxford, founding the Isotype Institute. The Isotype Institute produced more than 80 illustrated children's books, half are dedicated to science education. After Otto Neurath's death in 1945, Marie Neurath carried on the work with a small number of English assistants, moving to London in 1948.

After her retirement in 1971, she gave the working material of the Isotype Institute to the University of Reading, where it is housed in the Department of Typography & Graphic Communication as the Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection. Thereafter she devoted much energy to establishing a record of Otto Neurath's life and work, and editing and translating his writings. She died in London in 1986.

References

Further reading

Otto Neurath (ed. Marie Neurath and Robert S. Cohen), Empiricism and Sociology, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1973.
 Michael Twyman, Graphic Communication Through Isotype, Reading 1975.
 Liz McQuiston, Women in Design – A Contemporary View, London 1988.
 Gerda Breuer and Julia Meer (ed), Women in Graphic Design, p.  520/521, Jovis, Berlin 2012, .

External links
 Marie Neurath
 Isotype revisited

1898 births
1986 deaths
Writers from Braunschweig
Information graphic designers
University of Göttingen alumni
People associated with the University of Reading

Marie Neurath


Enrico "Erri" De Luca (born 20 May 1950, Naples) is an Italian novelist, translator and poet. He has been recognized by critic Giorgio De Rienzo of Corriere della Sera as "the writer of the decade". He is also known for his opposition to the Lyon-Turin high speed train line, and is being sued for having called for its sabotage. On 19 October 2015, De Luca was cleared of inciting criminal damage. He reacted to the not-guilty verdict declaring that "An injustice has been avoided."

Biography
Erri De Luca's original first name was Enrico ("Henry").
 is an Italian version of his uncle's name, "Harry".

Upon completing high school in 1968 Erri De Luca joined the radical left-wing movement . After the organization's disbanding he left political involvement. He worked as a blue-collar worker at the Fiat factory in Turin and at the Catania airport. He was also a truck driver and a mason, working at job sites in Italy, France, and Africa. He rode relief convoys in Yugoslavia during the war between 1993 and 1999.

Erri De Luca is self-taught in several languages including Ancient Hebrew, Swahili, Russian and Yiddish. He has translated books of the Old Testament from Old Hebrew and written commentaries on the Sacred Texts, as a "non-believer".
He has published more than 70 books, numerous collections of short stories and poems, translated into more than 30 languages.

He appeared in a cameo role (of a mechanic) in the film , by Costanza Quadriglio.
Erri De Luca's debut as a screenwriter and leading actor was in the short film  (Beyond the Glass), presented at The Venice Film Festival 2011, Italy, World Premiere. "A night-time conversation between a man and his mother and a trip down memory lane through the phantoms of life. Erri De Luca opens the door to his house, transporting us into the universe of the past."

Again, with "The Nightshift Belongs to the Stars" he was a screenwriter and actor, directed by Edoardo Ponti. The short was on the shortlist for the 2013 Academy Awards and won an award at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival. In the same year, Erri De Luca began writing the story for the documentary film, "Trees that Walk", and in 2014 he wrote and interpreted, "A Musical Imprinting," a musical biography about his life.

In 2018 he co-produced the movie "Happy Times", directed by Michael Mayer.

De Luca is a passionate mountain climber. A reclusive character, he currently lives in the countryside of Rome.

Literature
Although he never stopped writing since he was 20, his first book was published in 1989, Non ora, non qui (Not now, not here). Many more books followed, best-sellers in Italy, France and Israel, his work being translated and published in Spain, Portugal, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, USA, Brazil, Poland, Norway, Denmark, Romania, Greece, Lithuania, and more. He has himself translated several books of the Bible into Italian, including Exodus, Jonah, Ecclesiastes, and Ruth, and explored various aspects of Judaism, as a non-believer.

In France, he received the France Culture Prize in 1994 for Aceto, arcobaleno, the Laure Bataillon Award in 2002 for Tre cavalli and, also in 2002, the Fémina Étranger for Montedidio, translated in English as God's Mountain. In 2010 he was given the German international literary Petrarca-Preis. He was a member of the jury at the Cannes Festival in 2003. In 2013, he received the European Prize for Literature. In 2016, he received European Book Prize for his novel "Le plus et le moins". In 2020 he received Le prix André Malraux.

Erri De Luca wrote for various newspapers (La Repubblica, Il Corriere della Sera Il Mattino,
Avvenire), and other magazines.

Works

 Non ora, non qui, Feltrinelli, 1989
 Una nuvola come tappeto, Feltrinelli, 1991
 Aceto, Arco baleno, Feltrinelli, 1992
 I colpi dei sensi, Fahrenheit 451, Milano, 1993
 Prove di risposta, Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Roma, 1994
 In alto a sinistra, Feltrinelli, 1994
 Pianoterra, articoli, Qiqajon, Bose, Magnano, 1995
 Il cronista scalzo e altri scritti, Legatoria del Sud
 Alzaia, Feltrinelli, 1997
 Ora prima, Qiqajon, Bose, Magnano, 1997
 Tu, mio, Feltrinelli, 1998 (Me, You, Other Press)
 Tufo, Dante & Descartes, 1999
 Tre cavalli, Feltrinelli, 1999 (Three Horses, Other Press)
 Un papavero rosso all'occhiello senza coglierne il fiore, Interattiva, 2000
 Montedidio, Feltrinelli, 2002 (God's Mountain, Other Press)
 Opera sull'acqua e altre poesie (poetry), Einaudi, 2002
 Lettere da una citta' bruciata, Dante & Descartes, 2002
 Nocciolo d'oliva, EMP, 2002
 Il contrario di uno, Feltrinelli, 2003
 Immanifestazione, Dante & Descartes, 2003
 Morso di luna nuova. Racconto per voci in tre stanze, Mondadori, 2004
 Precipitazioni, Dante & Descartes, 2004
 Chisciottimista, Dante & Descartes, 2005
 In nome della madre, Feltrinelli, 2006
 Sulla traccia di Nives, Mondadori, 2006
 Napolide", Dante & Descartes, 2006
 Sottosopra (with Gennaro Matino), Mondadori, 2007
 lettere fraterne (with Izet Sarajilic), Dante & Descartes, 2007
 L'isola è una conchiglia, La Conchiglia, 2008
 Almeno cinque (with Gennaro Matino), Feltrinelli, 2008
 L'ospite incallito (poetry), Einaudi, 2008
 Il cielo in una stalla, Infinito, 2008
 Tentativi di scoraggiamento (a darsi alla scrittura), Dante & Descartes, 2009 (Attempts at discouragement (when taking up writing))
 Penultime notizie circa Ieshu/Gesù, Messaggero, 2009
 Il giorno prima della felicità, Feltrinelli, 2009 (The Day Before Happiness, Other Press)
 Il peso della farfalla, Feltrinelli, 2009
 Tu non c'eri, Dante & Descartes, 2010
 Rivolte inestirpabili, Forum Edizioni, 2010
 E disse, Feltrinelli, 2011
 Le sante dello scandalo, La Giuntina, 2011
 I pesci non chiudono gli occhi, Feltrinelli, 2011
 Il Turno di Notte lo Fanno le Stelle, Feltrinelli, 2012 ("The Nightshift Belongs to the Stars")
 Il torto del soldato, Feltrinelli, 2012
 Il Turno di Notte lo fanno le Stelle, OH!PEN/Feltrinelli, 2012
 La doppia Vita dei Numeri, Feltrinelli, 2012
 The Nightshift Belongs to the Stars, Feltrinelli 2012
 Ti sembra il Caso?, Feltrinelli 2013
 Storia di Irene, Feltrinelli 2013
 The Crime of a Soldier, Feltrinelli
 La musica Provata (A Musical Imprinting), Feltrinelli 2014
 La parola contraria, Feltrinelli 2015
 Il più e il meno, Feltrinelli 2016
 La Faccia delle nuvole, Feltrinelli 2016
 La Natura Esposta, Feltrinelli 2016
 Diavoli Custodi, Feltrinelli 2017
 Il giro dell'oca, Feltrinelli 2018
 Impossibile, Feltrinelli 2019
 A Grandezza Naturale, Feltrinelli 2021
 Spizzichi e Bocconi, Feltrinelli 2022

 Translations by the author
 Esodo/Nomi, Feltrinelli, 1994
 Giona/Iona, Feltrinelli, 1995
 kohelet/Ecclesiaste, Feltrinelli, 1996
 Il libro di Ruth, Feltrinelli, 1999
 Salmo secondo ovvero Elogio del massimo timore, in Micromega, 2000
 Noah Ansheldell'altro mondo (of Dovid Katz), translation from Yiddish, Dante & Descartes, 2002
 Vita di Sansone dal libro Giudici/Shoftim, Feltrinelli, 2002
 Vita di Noè/Noa, Feltrinelli, 2004
 L'ospite di pietra. L'invito a morte di Don Giovanni. Piccola tragedia in versi, Feltrinelli, 2005
 Canto del popolo yiddish messo a morte (of Ytshak Katzenelson), Mondadori, 2009

References

External links
Italian writer faces jail over call for sabotage of high-speed rail line
Sabotaging Free Speech in Italy
 Erri De Luca va in California: 'Tra i vicoli di Napoli e l'America'
 http://www.rai.it/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-74a41666-90f2-4054-a578-a7ece87ebd25.html?p=0
 The Trench
 THE NIGHT SHIFT BELONGS TO THE STARS
 http://www.cbc.ca/player/Radio/ID/2389925401/
 The Crime of a Soldier
 Italian Poetry 2 de Luca
 https://video.repubblica.it/dossier/la-repubblica-delle-idee-2019/repidee-2019-dialogo-la-scrittura-e-un-impegno-con-erri-de-luca-la-clip/336669/337266
 Per capire un padre devi abbandonarlo (e poi amare il suo puzzo d'aringa)

20th-century Italian novelists
21st-century Italian novelists
Italian translators
Italian male poets
Living people
1950 births
Prix Femina Étranger winners
Translators of the Bible into Italian
Writers from Naples
Italian male novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
21st-century Italian male writers

Erri De Luca


The Spy Who Came in from the Cold is a 1963 Cold War spy novel by the British author John le Carré. Alec Leamas is a British agent. He is sent to East Germany as a part of trick to spread lies and confusion about a powerful East German spy. In 1965 Martin Ritt directed the movie of the novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, with Richard Burton as Leamas.

Characters
 Alec Leamas: A British field agent in charge of spying in East Germany.
 Hans-Dieter Mundt: Leader of the East German Secret Service, the Abteilung.
 Fiedler: East German spy, and Mundt's deputy.
 Liz Gold: English librarian and member of the Communist Party.
 Control: Head of The Circus
 George Smiley: British spy
 Peter Guillam: British spy.
 Karl Riemeck: East German bureaucrat and British spy

Awards and nominations

 1963 Gold Dagger award from the Crime Writers' Association for "Best Crime Novel"
 1965 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for "Best Mystery Novel"
 1966 Edgar Award, "Best Motion Picture Screenplay", Screenwriters Paul Dehn and Guy Trosper changed the story of the book into the 1965 screenplay.
 2005 "Dagger of Daggers" a one-time award given to the Golden Dagger winner on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dagger Awards,   for the best of the fifty winners

Other websites
 Le Carré describes how he came to write the book (in an article published in The Guardian newspaper (April 2013) on the novel's 50th anniversary): "After a decade in the intelligence service, John le Carré's political disgust and personal confusion 'exploded' in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold."
  Retrieved Saturday, 29 October 2016

British novels
1963 books

The Spy Who Came in from the Cold


Reginald Heber Roe (3 August 1850 – 21 September 1926) was a headmaster of Brisbane Grammar School, Queensland, Australia and first vice-chancellor of the University of Queensland.

Early life
Roe was born at Blandford, Dorset, England, the son of John Banister Roe, a draper, and Mary Anne née Allies.
Reginald had a sister, Eliza Banister Roe (wife of Alfred Downing Fripp, artist) and a brother Henry Dalton Roe (Master Mariner). Reginald Roe was educated at Christ's Hospital school, London, was head Grecian in 1869, and won a scholarship which took him to Balliol College, Oxford, intending to enter the Church. Roe rowed in the college eight and won first-class honours in the final mathematics in 1872 and second-class honours in the final classical schools in 1874. Roe graduated B.A. (1875) and M.A. (1876). He was a private tutor at Oxford for a short period.

Career
In 1876, Roe was appointed headmaster of the Brisbane Grammar School (founded  1868) and had only a small number of pupils, but during Roe's reign of 33 years he built up a great public school. He was a good administrator and recruited quality staff; he was thoroughly interested in the problems of education, and, an athlete himself, realized the importance of games and the help they could give in the development of the boy's character. Roe married Annie Maud, daughter of Captain Claudius Buchanan Whish, on 23 December 1879 in Brisbane.

Roe worked tirelessly for the foundation of a university in Queensland, and in 1890 gave an address on "A University as a Part of National Life". He was for a period president of the university extension movement, and, when the University of Queensland was established in 1910, became its first vice-chancellor and held this position until 1916. He was an early member of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, was a member of its publication committee, and at the meeting held at Christchurch in January 1891, was president of the literature and fine arts section. His presidential address is printed in the Report of that meeting. Roe had visited England in 1900 and reported to the Queensland department of public instruction on state inspection as applied to secondary schools. In 1909 he resigned from Brisbane Grammar School to become inspector general of schools and chief educational adviser to the Queensland government, retiring in 1919. He died at Brisbane on 21 September 1926 and buried in Toowong Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, four sons and two daughters. Roe's third son, (Dr) Arthur Stanley Roe, became the first Queensland Rhodes scholar in 1904.

Legacy
Roe was a good swimmer, rower and lawn tennis player, and has been called the father of lawn tennis in Queensland. At different periods was president of the Queensland Rowing, Swimming and Lawn Tennis associations. He was also a member of the Queensland Club. As an educationist he was a combination of learning and sound common-sense, interested in ideals and all things intended for the improvement of mankind. Roe did useful work as educational adviser to the government and as vice-chancellor in the difficult early days of the university, but his greatest influence was as the head of a great school.

References

External links
Roe Reginald Heber — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search

1850 births
1926 deaths
Australian headmasters
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
British emigrants to colonial Australia

Reginald Heber Roe


Karl Goldmark (born Károly Goldmark, Keszthely, 18 May 1830 – Vienna, 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian-born Viennese composer.

Life and career

Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. His father, Ruben Goldmark, was a chazan (cantor) to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely, Hungary, where Karl was born. Karl Goldmark's older brother Joseph became a physician and was later involved in the Revolution of 1848, and forced to emigrate to the United States. Karl Goldmark's early training as a violinist was at the musical academy of Sopron (1842–44).

He continued his music studies there and two years later was sent by his father to Vienna, where he was able to study for some eighteen months with Leopold Jansa before his money ran out. He prepared himself for entry first to the Vienna Technische Hochschule and then to the Vienna Conservatory to study the violin with Joseph Böhm and harmony with Gottfried Preyer.
Until he became a member of Vienna's Carl Theatre in 1850, Goldmark was impoverished, surviving on menial odd jobs and handouts. [Douglas Townsend, liner notes to Columbia Records MS7261, Rustic Wedding (Leonard Berstein, NY Philharmonic)]
The Revolution of 1848 forced the Conservatory to close down. Goldmark was largely self-taught as a composer, and he supported himself in Vienna playing the violin in theatre orchestras, at the Carlstheater and the privately supported Viennese institution, the Theater in der Josefstadt. This gave him practical experience with orchestration, an art he more than mastered. He also gave lessons: Jean Sibelius studied with him briefly. Goldmark's first concert in Vienna (1858) met with hostility, and he returned to Budapest, returning to Vienna in 1860.

To make ends meet, Goldmark also pursued a side career as a music journalist. "His writing is distinctive for his even-handed promotion of both Brahms and Wagner, at a time when audiences (and most critics) were solidly in one composer's camp or the other and viewed those on the opposing side with undisguised hostility." (Liebermann 1997) Johannes Brahms and Goldmark developed a friendship as Goldmark's prominence in Vienna grew. Goldmark, however, ultimately distanced himself because of Brahms' prickly personality.

Among the musical influences Goldmark absorbed was the inescapable one, for a musical colorist, of Richard Wagner, whose anti-semitism stood in the way of any genuine warmth between them; in 1872 Goldmark took a prominent role in the formation of the Vienna Wagner Society. He was made an honorary member of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, received an honorary doctorate from the University of Budapest and shared with Richard Strauss an honorary membership in the Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Rome.

Goldmark's opera Die Königin von Saba ("The Queen of Sheba"), Op. 27 was celebrated during his lifetime and for some years thereafter. First performed in Vienna on 10 March 1875, the work proved so popular that it remained in the repertoire of the Vienna Staatsoper continuously until 1938. He wrote six other operas as well (see list).

The Rustic Wedding Symphony (Ländliche Hochzeit), Op. 26 (first performed in 1876), a work that was kept in the repertory by Sir Thomas Beecham, includes five movements, like a suite composed of coloristic tone poems: a wedding march with variations depicting the wedding guests, a nuptial song, a serenade, a dialogue between the bride and groom in a garden, and a dance movement.

His Violin Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 28, was once his most frequently played piece. The concerto had its première in Bremen in 1877, initially enjoyed great popularity and then slid into obscurity. A very romantic work, it has a Magyar march in the first movement and passages reminiscent of Dvořák and Mendelssohn in the second and third movements. The concerto has started to re-enter the repertoire with recordings by such prominent violin soloists as Itzhak Perlman and Joshua Bell. Nathan Milstein also championed the work. Milstein's recording of the Concerto (1957) is widely considered the definitive one.

He wrote a second violin concerto, but it was never published. A second symphony in E-flat, Op. 35, is much less well known. Goldmark also wrote an early symphony in C major, between roughly 1858 and 1860. That work was never given an opus number and only the scherzo seems to have ever been published.

Goldmark's chamber music, in which the influences of Schumann and Mendelssohn are paramount, although critically well received in his lifetime, is now rarely heard. It includes the String Quintet in A minor Op. 9 that made his first reputation in Vienna, the Violin Sonata in D major Op. 25, two Piano Quintets in B-flat major, Op. 30 and C-sharp minor, Op. 54, the Cello Sonata Op. 39, and the work that first brought Goldmark's name into prominence in the Viennese musical world, the String Quartet in B-flat Op. 8 (his only work in that genre). He also composed choral music, two Suites for Violin and Piano (in D major, Op. 11, and in E-flat major, Op. 43), and numerous concert overtures, such as the Sakuntala Overture Op. 13 (a work which cemented his fame after his String Quartet), the Penthesilea Overture Op. 31, the In the Spring Overture Op. 36, the Prometheus Bound Overture Op. 38, the Sappho Overture Op. 44, the In Italy Overture Op. 49, and the Aus Jugendtagen Overture, Op. 53. Other orchestral works include the symphonic poem Zrínyi, Op. 47, and two orchestral scherzos, in E minor, Op. 19, and in A major, Op. 45.

Goldmark's nephew Rubin Goldmark (1872–1936), a pupil of Dvořák, was also a composer, who spent his career in New York.

Death

Goldmark died in Vienna and is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), along with many other notable composers. Many of his autograph manuscripts are in the collection of the National Széchényi Library, with "G" catalogue numbers attached to various works (including those without opus number.)

List of works

Operas
 Die Königin von Saba (The Queen of Sheba) (1875)
 Merlin (1886)
 Das Heimchen am Herd (1896), adapted from Dickens's The Cricket on the Hearth.
 Der Fremdling (1897) (The Changeling)
 Die Kriegsgefangene (1899), (The Prisoner of War) a Trojan War story taking Achilles' captive Briseis as central figure.
 Götz von Berlichingen (1902), after Goethe's play about the historical figure
 Ein Wintermärchen (1908), adapted from Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.

Symphonies
 Rustic Wedding Symphony, Op. 26
 Symphony No. 2 in E-flat, Op. 35

Works for Orchestra
 Sakuntala, Op. 13 (concert overture)
 Scherzo in E Minor, Op. 19
 Penthesilea, Op. 31 (concert overture)
 Im Frühling (In Springtime), Op. 36 (concert overture)
 Sappho, Op. 44 (concert overture)
 Scherzo in A Major, Op. 45
 Zrínyi, Op. 47 (symphonic poem)
 In Italien (In Italy), Op. 49 (concert overture)
 Aus Jugendtagen (From Youthful Days), Op. 53
(Note: All above works have been recorded by the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra under Fabrice Bollon for cpo label: Vol. 1 555 160-2 and Vol. 2 555 251–2.)

Concerti
 Violin Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 28
 Violin Concerto No. 2 (unpublished)

Chamber music
 Ballad for Violin and Piano, Op. 54
 Piano Quintet in B-flat major, Op. 30
 Piano Quintet in C-sharp minor, Op. 54
 Romanze for Violin and Piano
 Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op. 25
 Sonata for Cello and Piano, Op. 39
 Piano Trio, Op. 33, No.2
 Piano Trio, Op. 4
 String Quartet in B-flat major, Op. 8
 Suite for Violin and Piano in D major, Op. 11
 Suite in A Major for Violin and Piano
 String Quintet in A minor, Op. 9

Piano works (solo unless indicated)
 Sturm und Drang, nine characteristic pieces, Op. 5
 Three Pieces for Piano Duet, Op. 12
 Hungarian Dances for Piano Duet, Op. 22 (later orchestrated by the composer)
 Zwei Novelletten, Op. 29
 Georginen, six pieces, Op. 52

Choral works
 Regenlied for unaccompanied chorus, Op. 10
 Two Pieces for unaccompanied men's chorus, Op. 14
 Frühlingsnetz for men's chorus, 4 horns, and piano, Op. 15
 Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt for men's chorus and horns, Op. 16
 Two Pieces for unaccompanied men's chorus, Op. 17
 Frühlingshymne for contralto, chorus, and orchestra, Op. 23
 Im Fuschertal, a set of six choral songs, Op. 24
 Psalm CXIII for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, Op. 40
 Two Pieces for unaccompanied men's chorus, Op. 41
 Two Four-Part Songs with piano accompaniment, Op. 42

Lieder
 12 Gesänge, Op. 18
 Beschwörung, Op. 20
 4 Lieder, Op. 21
 7 Lieder aus dem 'Wilden Jäger', Op. 32
 4 Lieder, Op. 34
 8 Lieder, Op. 37 (Leipzig, 1888 or 1889);
 Wer sich die Musik erkiest (for piano and four solo voices), Op. 42
 6 Lieder, Op. 46

References

Further reading
 Hofer, Johann: Carl Goldmark: Komponist der Ringstrassenzeit. Wien: Edition Steinbauer, 2015.

External links

 Doblinger Musikverlag: Composers Find the "Carl Goldmark" entry with the "A - Z" link on the left.
 Carl Goldmark String Quintet, Op.9 and Piano Trio No.2, Op.33 Sound-bites and short bio

1830 births
1915 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Hungarian musicians
19th-century male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Hungarian musicians
20th-century Hungarian male musicians
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Honorary members of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
Hungarian classical composers
Hungarian classical musicians
Jewish Hungarian musicians
Hungarian opera composers
Hungarian Romantic composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish opera composers
Hungarian male classical composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Vienna
People from Keszthely
People from Leopoldstadt
Composers from Vienna

Karl Goldmark


Thabazimbi is an iron mining town in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The town is at the feet of the Ysterberg and is surrounded by the Witfonteinrand and Boshofberg with the majestic Kransberg in the background. The name Thabazimbi means mountain of iron because of the large iron ore reef that was discovered in 1919 by J. H. Williams. The mine boasts one of the largest mining shafts in Africa. More than two million tonnes of ore are mined every year and hauled by train to Mittal's iron and steel works. The railway line from Rustenburg reached the area in the 1930s and full scale iron and steel production began. The town was proclaimed in 1953. Kumba Iron Ore, previously Kumba Resources, is now the principal operator of the iron ore mine.

The Marakele National Park about 20 km north-east of the town and in the heart of Waterberg Mountains is characterised by contrasting mountain landscapes, hills and valleys, as well a variety of wildlife. Marakele National Park is also the home of some of the Tuli elephants that were caught up in controversy in 1999 involving animal cruelty in South Africa.

In the post-apartheid era, the town made headlines in 2003 as the site of Kamp Staaldraad, the Springboks' infamous training camp prior to the Rugby World Cup.  The excesses of Kamp Staaldraad helped lead to an almost complete housecleaning of the upper administrative levels of South African rugby union.

References

External links

Thabazimbi Online Business Catalog
Die Kwêvoël

Populated places in the Thabazimbi Local Municipality
Mining communities in South Africa

Thabazimbi


This page is about the Shakespearean character.  For the opera by Verdi see Falstaff (opera)

Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare. In two of the Henry IV plays, he is a friend of Prince Hal, the man who becomes King Henry V.

Falstaff is very fat.  He thinks he is very important and is always boasting.  He is also a coward.  Falstaff makes Prince Hal get into trouble.  When Hal becomes king Falstaff is rejected.

Falstaff is a comic figure, but Shakespeare makes him say some things which tell us a lot about human nature. For example: before a battle in Henry IV he explains that his cowardice is actually common sense, because honour in battle is not really worth anything. Honour would not stop other people saying he was a coward and it would not help him if he got injured.

Falstaff also appears in The Merry Wives of Windsor.

Shakespeare's character inspired several musicians to compose music about him.  Carl Otto Nicolai wrote an opera called Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor (1849). Verdi's wrote an opera Falstaff based on the same play.  It is often thought to be Verdi's greatest opera. Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote an opera called Sir John in Love, (1924–1928).  Elgar wrote a brilliant piece for orchestra called "Falstaff" which he called: "a symphonic study".

It is likely that Shakespeare based the character of Falstaff on a real person.  Many ideas have been discussed but no one can be sure who Shakespeare may have had in mind.

Characters in Shakespeare's plays

Falstaff


Fast & Furious 6 is a 2013 action-thriller movie. This movie is about a professional criminal gang who retired after an earlier bank heist. Dwayne Johnson plays Hobbs. Paul Walker plays Brian.

The movie grossed almost $790 million worldwide.

Cast
 Vin Diesel as Dominic "Dom" Toretto
 Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner
 Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs
 Michelle Rodriguez as Letty
 Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto
 Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pierce
 Chris "Ludacris" Bridges as Tej Parker
 Sung Kang as Han Seoul-Oh
 Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar
 Luke Evans as Owen Shaw
 Gina Carano as Riley
 John Ortíz as Arturo Braga / Ramón Campos

2013 action movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s chase movies
Fast & Furious movies
Movies directed by Justin Lin

Fast & Furious 6


A medical diagnosis (an. Greek δια-γνωστικος — able to recognize) is when a doctor finds out what is making someone sick. Sometimes doctors can diagnose a sickness by asking the person questions and looking at the person's body. Sometimes doctors do tests. Tests can mean taking a small bit of blood, urine, or tissue which is sent to a hospital laboratory where it is tested. X-rays are another form of test. Tests are ways to see how the body is working.

When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend treatment.

Process
The process of diagnosis begins from the very beginning of the patient's examination in a medical institution or during a call to the doctor at the patient's place of residence. Diagnosis of the disease begins with the collection of medical history. After collecting the anamnesis, the doctor examines the patient, during which he performs percussion and auscultation of the patient, palpation of the disease, measures the patient's blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate, and measures the patient's body temperature.

Laboratory examination methods include general clinical tests, which include a general blood test, a general urine test, and a stool test. Laboratory methods of examination also include biochemical methods of examination, during which the level of glucose, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, liver enzymes, blood lipids is determined; coagulogram, which analyzes the indicators of blood clotting; blood hormone tests; determination of tumor markers; tests of blood and other biological materials for infectious diseases; allergological, toxicological, cytological and parasitological examinations.

Instrumental methods of examination include X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs (including ECG and EEG) and a number of other methods of examination.

To diagnose disorders of some systems and organs, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs are used, which include, in particular, ECG and EEG.

References

Medicine

Medical diagnosis


Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band. They were started in 1976 in London by Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin. They met at a Roxy Music concert the year before. The band broke up in 1996. They later performed together again in 2002 for a tour. They released 11 studio albums between 1978 and 1995. Their most popular song in the UK was "Dear Prudence", a Beatles cover. It reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart. They were less popular in the United States, but their 1991 single "Kiss Them For Me" reached 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. They were also the second headliners for the first Lollapalooza.

The group played their first concert at the 100 Club Punk Festival. Sid Vicious played drums. Marco Pirroni played guitar. Without practising beforehand, they did a twenty-minute improvised version of the Lord's Prayer. The band had no name and was going to break up after the concert, but they were asked to play again.

Two months later Kenny Morris joined as a drummer and Peter Fenton as a guitarist. After a few performances, the band realized that Fenton didn't fit in and John McKay took his place.

In 1978, the band were signed to Polydor Records. They released their first single "Hong Kong Garden". It reached 7 on the UK Singles Chart. They released their first album, The Scream, in November. It reached number 12 in the UK Albums Chart. It got mostly good reviews. Sounds said it was "the best debut album of the year".

Robert Smith was guitarist in the band's 1979 tour for Join Hands. He joined the group again in 1982 to replace John McGeoch. He left in 1984 because he said that being in two bands at once was too much stress. He was replaced by John "Valentine" Carruthers. Before he left he wanted his time with the band to be documented, so the band released a cover of the Beatles' "Dear Prudence" with Smith on guitar.

Peter Edward Clark, known as Budgie, also joined the band for the Join Hands tour. He stayed a member until the band broke up. In 1987 Carruthers left and was replaced with Jon Klein. Martin McCarrick became the band's full-time keyboard player.

In 1987, the band released Through the Looking Glass, an album of covers of songs by other musicians.

Between January and June 1988, the band recorded their ninth album, Peepshow. It was released on 5 September 1988. It had a more pop sound than their previous albums. It got very good reviews. Q gave it 5 stars.

In 1991, Superstition, the Banshees' tenth album, was released. The single "Kiss Them for Me" became their biggest US hit.

In 1995, they released their last album, The Rapture. A few weeks later, Polydor dropped them from their label. Guitarist Klein was replaced with Knox Chandler for the band's last tour.

Discography
 The Scream (1978)
 Join Hands (1979)
 Kaleidoscope (1980)
 Juju (1981)
 A Kiss in the Dreamhouse (1982)
 Hyæna (1984)
 Tinderbox (1986)
 Through the Looking Glass (1987)
 Peepshow (1988)
 Superstition (1991)
 The Rapture (1995)

Other websites
 Siouxsieandthebanshees.co.uk  Official website
 Siouxsie.com  Official website

English rock bands
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in England

Siouxsie and the Banshees


Beatification (from Latin beatus, "blessed" and facere, "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed"  (abbreviation "Bl.") before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".

History
Local bishops had the power of beatifying until 1634, when Pope Urban VIII, in the apostolic constitution Cœlestis Jerusalem of 6 July, reserved the power of beatifying to the Holy See.

Since the reforms of 1983, as a rule, one miracle must be confirmed to have taken place through the intercession of the person to be beatified. Miracles are almost always unexplainable medical healings, and are scientifically investigated by commissions comprising physicians and theologians.

The requirement of a miracle for beatification is waived in the case of someone whose martyrdom is formally declared by the church.

The feast day for a beatified person is not universal, but is celebrated only by territories, religious institutes, or communities in which the person receives particular veneration. For instance, Kateri Tekakwitha was especially honored in the United States and Canada during her time as Blessed. John Duns Scotus was honored among the Franciscans, in the Archdiocese of Cologne and other places. Similarly, veneration of Chiara Badano is particular to the Focolare movement.

The blessed, elected by popular acclamation (the vox populi) enjoyed only local veneration. While the procedure of canonization was taken in hand from the twelfth century by the papacy in Rome, that of beatification continued on a local scale until the thirteenth century before settling at the Council of Trent, which reserved to the pope the right to say who could be venerated.

Practices under the popes
Pope John Paul II (1978–2005) markedly changed previous Catholic practice of beatification. By October 2004, he had beatified 1,340 people, more than the sum of all of his predecessors since Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590), who established a beatification procedure similar to that used today.

John Paul II's successor, Pope Benedict XVI, personally celebrated the Beatification Mass for his predecessor at St. Peter's Basilica, on the Second Sunday of Easter, or Divine Mercy Sunday, on 1 May 2011, an event that drew more than one million people.

See also

 Canonization (delineates the process of beatification)
 Chronological list of saints and blesseds
 List of saints
 List of venerated Catholics
 List of Servants of God
 List of beatified people
 List of people beatified by Pope Francis
List of people beatified by Pope Benedict XVI
 List of people beatified by Pope John Paul II

References

Citations

Sources

 De Meester, A., J.C.D., Juris Canonici et Juris Canonico-Civilis Compendium Nova Editio, Tomus Tertius, Pars Secunda (Brugis: Desclée de Brouwer et Sii, 1928)
 Saunders, Rev. William (2003). "The Process of Becoming a Saint". Reprinted from Arlington Catholic Herald. Via Catholic Education Resource Center. catholiceducation.org.
 Vatican website, with new procedures

External links
 List of all Blesseds in the Catholic Church  by GCatholic.org.

Catholic theology and doctrine
Posthumous recognitions
Canonization

Beatification


Frank Abbandando (July 11, 1910 – February 19, 1942), nicknamed "The Dasher", was an American contract killer (someone who murders for money) for a notorious gang called Murder, Inc.

He born in Brooklyn, New York City to an Italian family. He was found guilty of murder after several of the Murder, Inc. bosses were arrested. He was sentenced to death in 1941 and executed by electric chair in 1942 in Sing Sing, Ossining, New York.

References

1910 births
1942 deaths
American people executed for murder
American mobsters
People executed by electric chair
People from Brooklyn

Frank Abbandando


The Tropic of Cancer (cancer (♋) is Latin for crab) is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that is 23° 26' 22" north of the Equator. At every June Solstice the Sun passes straight overhead on the tropic. This never happens anywhere north of the Tropic of Cancer.

Related pages
Northern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropics
Tropic of Capricorn
Southern Hemisphere
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle

Lines of latitude

Tropic of Cancer


A sound change in a language is when the sounds of the language become different over time in historical linguistics. Since people of different languages or dialects often talk to each other, the way people talk becomes more like the way the others talk. Because of this, it is natural for languages to sound differently overtime. Sometimes it happens slowly, while in other times it happens quickly.

An example of a sound change in English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all of the long vowel sounds in Middle English changed into what they are today. This is why the way English is spelled is so differently from how it is spoken.

Spelling systems that do not change with the sound changes of a language are often more difficult for a learner to learn how to read in that language. These kinds of spellings are called fossilized spellings. These include spelling systems like English, French, Mongolian script, and Thai. All of these spelling systems have changed little for the past few hundred years, even though their spoken languages sound very different from how they used to sound. Spelling systems that change with the sound changes are often easier for a  learner to learn how to read. These languages include Japanese, Turkish, and German.

Another much smaller sound shift in many dialects of English is the cot-caught merger, where words with lower back vowels like in cot and caught sound exactly the same to native speakers of certain English dialects and are spoken without any difference between the two sounds.

Linguistics

Sound change


Devi is the word for "goddess" in Hinduism. The male equivalent is Deva, the male aspect of the divine. Devi is synonymous with Shakti, the female aspect of the divine. She has many different incarnations. Among these incarnations are Saraswati, Lakshmi, Durga, Kali, Parvati, Sita and Radha. The Hindu worshipers of Devi are called 'Shaktas'.

Hindus believe in millions of female gods. Each goddess of the Hindus has her own story and history. They all look different too. Some goddesses can change how they look, so they have two or three different images. Some learned persons think that all Hindu goddesses are different forms of a single big or supreme goddess. Some learned persons also think that worship of goddesses by Hindus shows their respect for female gender.

Origins

Indus Valley
The Indus Valley Civilization was an old civilization of Ancient India. It lasted from 3000 to 1500BC. Archeologists found some female figures at some places of this civilization. Some persons believe that these figures show the worship of goddess at that time. Some learned persons think that people of that time worshipped a mother goddess. This was similar to worship of a mother goddess in the Mediterranean.

Vedic period
The Vedic period or Vedic civilization of India was a very old civilization. Vedas tell about a number of goddesses. Some of the names of goddesses are Ushas, Prithivi, Aditi, Saraswati, Vac, Nirrti, Ratri. Beside them, some more names of goddesses are there like Puramdhi, Parendi, Raka, Dhisana. Some more names are like Ila, Bharati, Mahi, and Hotra.

Some important goddesses of Hindus are Lakshmi, Parvati, Sita, Radha, Durga, Kali, Mahadevi, Matrakas, Tara, Chhinnamasta, Mahavidyas, and many more. Some goddesses are also connected with places and rivers.

Manifestations

Durga
Durga is one of the most powerful goddesses of Hindus. Hindu scriptures say that Durga came to kill the asuras, that is, the demons. Male gods had failed to control asuras and she was created. She has the powers of all the male gods combined. Mainly Durga is the fighting and most powerful form of Parvati. She is often pictured riding a tiger or a lion!

Saraswati
Saraswati is the goddess of speech and learning. She is the Goddess of science, arts and music. The Vedas tell about her. In her hands, she holds a book, a rosary, a pot of water, and a lute. She is also considered as daughter of Parvati or Durga. Maha Saraswati is the partition form of Parvati`s mahavidya (power of super learning). The mahavidya have two forms.  One is maha saraswati and another is neel saraswati. In ancient times, there was also a river named the Saraswati River. The river dried up long ago. This river was also considered a form of this goddess. Saraswati is also the wife of Brahma "god of knowledge, wisdom, and many other things".

Lakshmi

Lakshmi, also called Sri or Sri Lakshmi is an important goddess of Hindus. Lakshmi is the epitome of everything good and prosperous in the world. She as the power behind Lord Vishnu, aids in the preservation of the world. Lakshmi like Vishnu has many incarnation the most important ones being: Sita, Radha and Rukmini.actually Maha laxmi is the partition form of the beauty of parvati or Durga.devi laxmi is also worshipped as goddess of power or cursed free devi.she is worshipes by name of mahalaxmi, dhan ki devi matalaxmi, shree laxmi. she plays an important role on tridevi's place.

Parvati
After death of Sati, the divine power or Shakti was reformed from the 51 shakti peeth. By this Goddess Sati was reborn as Goddess Parvati. In Sanskrit language, Parvati means a daughter of the mountains, the Himalayas. she again married Shiva. so Goddess Parvati is the wife of Shiva, one of the three main Hindu gods. She has two son called Ganesh and Kartikeya. She is also called Gauri. She has eighteen arms and forty legs. She also has more than 108 names. Durga, Kali, Jagadatri, Bharat Mata (mother India) are the popular forms of the goddess Parvati.

Kali
Kali is one of the main goddesses of Hindus. She is a very powerful goddess. Sometimes she is also called Chandi. Durga and Kali killed many asuras (demons) who used to disturb human beings.
Kali is a form of Durga that sprang from her head during Durga's battle with the demon Raktabija (who represents the power of thoughts, the power which constantly and unceasingly reproduce in the mind) whose blood when touch to the earth generated another Raktabija. To end this battle between Raktabeeja and Durga, Kali consumed every drop of blood until Raktabija Bled out.
Kali is the highest form of the Supreme. Kali's name has two meanings; the first meaning is "dark" which means she represents the Void. The second meaning is "Time" which is the Destroyer of Everything. When Asur and Dev were having samudra madan than halahal came out, shani was who was ready to drink that poison halahal, than Lord Shiva stopped him and said i will drink, when he drank that he was about to die, but mahakali came to save him. and he was saved. If there is death then there is also life.

Sati
Sati is a Hindu goddess. She is the 1st form of the divine power or Shakti. She was the daughter of Dakshya-raj, and the 1st wife of Lord Shiva. After her death in the Dakshya-Yagna, Shiva took the deadbody of Sati and started to dance. By Sudarshana Chakra Lord Vishnu cut the body parts of Sati. The parts fell at 51 places in the Indian subcontinent. These places are called the 51 Shakti peeth. Many forms of Shakti like Durga, Kali, Kamakshya, Hingula are worshipped in these places.

Bhuvaneswari
The concept of Goddess Bhuvaneswari as the supreme goddess emerged in historical religious literature as a term to define the powerful and influential nature of female deities in India. Throughout history, goddesses have been portrayed as the mother of the universe, through whose powers the universe is created and destroyed. The gradual changes in belief through time shape the concept of Bhuvaneswari and express how the different Goddesses, though very different in personality, all carry the power of the universe on their shoulders.

Other aspects

Sita
Sita is one of the most popular goddesses of Hindus. Hindus of north India especially worship her. She is an avatar of Lakshmi. She was married to Rama, an avatar of Vishnu. Hindu scriptures say that Vishnu and Laxmi are husband and wife.

Radha
The word Radha means prosperity and success. She is worshiped with Krishna, another avatar of Vishnu. Many scriptures and religious texts describe Radha as the avatar of goddess Lakshmi.

Related pages
 Hindu gods

Other websites

References

More reading
 Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions () by David Kinsley
 The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition () by Tracy Pintchman

Devi